.il C eiiiei Ini t-nviummfm;il lrttf>rm,ilitm
1!SI I'A Region III
IdSO Arch Si
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ISSS^Mj, WiioT VIHGIIIA
l.iJST'HOPOLI'SAl SSAtlS^lC/iL AREV
are&i; of Water
i! ij&al fVontroi Adirtialstratiorj
'i 7,.;-oM)feri'OK,J. 5ei.J.tb Service
Pi-iblic Health Service
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
REGION III
220 7TH STREET N.E.
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 22901
July 20, 1970
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICE
THROUGH: N. H. Dyer, M.D., M.P.H.
State Director of Health
Mr. Robert McCall, Director
Environmental Health Services
State Department of Health
State Office Building Ho. 1
1800 Washington Street, East
Charleston, West Virginia 25305
Dear Mr. Me Call:
I am pleased to submit to you our Report on the "Community Water Supply
Study - Charleston, West Virginia, Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area". As you know, the Study included thirty (30) water supply systems
in Kanavha County, and was part of a national study effort which encom-
passed seven (7) other metropolitan areas and one (l) entire State.
The field work for the Study was completed in March 1969, however, some
of the laboratory analytical results were not available until the Pall.
Further delay in presenting a final report was caused by many factors.
In the interim period we have forwarded the laboratory results to you,
and attempted to keep you informed of findings of the Study.
Because the Report basically includes information on conditions as they
existed in March, 1969, we feel that it is important to acknowledge the
improvements that have been made to some water supply systems, and the
changes that have occurred which affect water supply activities in the
Division of Sanitary Engineering.
System Improvements
1. The West Virginia Water Company has extended the Montgomery system
to serve the Community of Handley at a cost of $200,000. The water
supply system operated by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway will dis-
continue supplying water to the Community as soon as service is
provided from the Montgomery system.
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Mr. Robert McCall - Page 2
2. Saint Albans completed installation of tubular settling units in
their sedimentation basins providing a significant improvement
in clarification. They are proceeding with installation of mixed
media filters to expand plant capacity.
3- Charleston system pressures and capacities are being improved by
a series of actions. These include new reservoirs, booster stations,
and enlargement of mains in conjunction with interstate highway
construction.
Water treated at the Charleston plant is now delivered to Dunbar
and the Spring Hill section of South Charleston which were formerly
served from the Hitro plant.
k. A new well has been drilled resulting in better quality water and
now serves as a source of supply for the Community of Ronda. Samples
collected from the Ronda system during the Study showed excessive
concentrations of iron, manganese and total dissolved solids.
Changes Affecting Water Supply Activities
in the Division of Sanitary Engineering
1. Revised "Public Water Supply Regulations" were adopted by the Depart-
ment of Health effective December 1, 1969. The Regulations represent
an improvement in that they contain provisions for increased bacterio-
logical, chemical, and radiochemical surveillance and include limits
for certain chemical constituents.
It should be emphasized that the regulations in force prior to
adoption of present regulations required a substantially lower level
of bacteriological surveillance than that required by the Public
Health Service "Drinking Water Standards." Since the Public Health
Service "Drinking Water Standards" were utilized in the Study to
evaluate bacteriological surveillance, some of the communities listed
in the Report in Appendix C as not collecting sufficient bacterio-
logical samples, were actually complying with the State regulations.
2. Professional positions authorized by the Legislature in January, 1969,
and effective July 1, 1969, were recently filled. The State Health
Department's professional staff had decreased in July, 1968, to one
engineer working part time on water supply activities plus bacterio-
logical laboratory support. "By the time of the Community Water
Supply Study, one engineer had been added. The next change was in
January, 1970, when two (2) chemists were employed. The professional
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Mr. Robert McCail - Page 3
staff now assigned to public vater supply activities includes
tvo and one-half (2^) engineers, one and one-half (l|r) chemists,
and two (2) bacteriologists for a total of six, contrasting with
an estimated requirement of at least 15-
3« Improvement of the State Health Department's surveillance program
has been on a statewide basis and was predicated upon completing
preparation of the new regulation and meeting its requirements.
The water supply files were completely revamped to enable prompt
recall of data, including bacteriological results, operating
reports, plan reviews, chemical analyses, and plant inspections.
When the regulation became effective on December 1, 1969, a copy
was sent to each system in the State and advice given on the number
of samples required and the number of samples received as of that
date. Beginning with the third quarter of Fiscal Year 1970, a
quarterly summary was initiated and will continue to be provided
to each water supply system indicating their compliance or non-
compliance with bacteriological and operating report requirements.
Each system is now required to submit detailed plant data in support
of an application for an operating permit. With the employment of
two chemists in January, 1970, progress is being made to enable
complete chemical and radiochemical analysis for all systems in the
State. Limited analyses have been accomplished during the staffing,
equipping, and organization of the laboratory. Routine analyses of
all State water supplies should commence in the first quarter of
Fiscal Year 1971.
k. The improvement in surveillance over water supply systems in Kanawha
County is illustrated in tabulated form below for the past two (2)
fiscal years:
FISCAL YEAR FISCAL YEAR
1969 1970
BACTERIOLOGICAL FREQUENCY MET 3 15
COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 0 10
SYSTEMS WITH LICENSED OPERATORS 17 18
PLAHT mSPECnOMS 1 14
Mr. Gerald Ferguson and I are very pleased to note the above improvements
to the systems in Kanawha County, and to water supply activities in the
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Mr. Robert McCall - Page
Division of Sanitary Ingineerlng. We wish you success in further
strengthening of the Division, and implementing recommendations
contained in the Report on the Coamunity Water Supply Study -
Charleston, West Virginia, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.
We would like to take this opportunity to express our appreciation
for the cooperation and assistance extended to us by employees of
the Division of Sanitary Engineering, the Charleston-Kanawha County
Health Department, and especially to the water supply system operators
who participated in the Study.
Sincerely yours,
Edwin C. Lippy, P/
Acting Regional Representative
Bureau of Water Hygiene
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TABLE OF CONTESTS
SlltlARY OF FHDIMG8 AID OOMCUJSIONS i
RKXMBJ1JATI01TS vii
mmoDucnoi i
SCOPE k
Systems Studied k
Study Area 5
General Description of Area 8
EVALUATION CRITEIIA 11
Water Quality Criteria 11
Facilities Criteria ik
Bacteriological Surveillance Program Criteria 1^
METHODS 16
Field Surrey l6
Sampling Progrssi l6
Laboratory Procedures 19
StMIARY OF RESULTS 23
Study Sanrple 23
Water Treatment Practices 2k
Water Quality 2k
Facilities Evaluation 29
Surveillance Program Evaluation 3U
Laboratory Analyses 3^
DISCUSSIOH OF RESULTS 37
APPENDICES
A. - Brief Discussion of Each System
- Including Deficiencies
B. - Forms Used to Gather Data
C. - Summary Table
D. - Laboratory Results
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
As part of the Community Water Supply Study (CWSS), the
Bureau of Water Hygiene of the U.S. Public Health Service, Region
III, Office of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
(DHEW) in cooperation with the West Virginia State Department of
Health and the Charieston-Kanawha County Health Department, con-
ducted a study of vater systems in the Charleston Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area (SMSA) during March 1969. The study included thirty
(30) public vater supplies serving about 229,000 people or 91 percent
of the SMSA population, and was designed to assess: (a) the status
of drinking water quality, (b) water supply system facilities, and
(c) bacteriological surveillance programs in urban and suburban areas.
The following are the principal findings of the study.
A. Drinking Water Quality
1. To determine the quality of the drinking water in the 30
communities studied, samples were taken at various places in
the distribution systems. The data were averaged for each system
and constituent concentrations compared to the bacteriological,
chemical, and physical constituent limits of the 1962 U-S. Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards (DWS). On this basis:
(a) Fourteen (Ik) or forty-seven (kj) percent of the systems
delivered drinking water that did not exceed any of the
constituent limits.
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II
(b) Additionally, thirteen (13) or forty-three (^3) percent
of the systems delivered drinking water that exceeded at
least one of the DWS "recommended limits" (Defined on Page 12)
"but did not exceed any of the DWS "mandatory limits" (Defined
on Page 13).
(c) Finally, three (3) or ten (10) percent of the systems
delivered drinking water that exceeded one or more of the
DWS mandatory limits.
2. The quality of drinking water delivered to the smaller and
larger population groups is compared and summarized below:
LESS THAN GREATER THAN ALL
5000 Population 5000 Population SYSTEMS
(25 Systems Total) ( 5 Systems Total) (30 Systems)
DOBS HOT EXCEED
COHSTITUEHT LIMITS 11 (kk%) 3 (6056) Ik
EXCEEDED RECOMMENDED
LIMITS 12 (U8*) I (20%) 13
EXCEEDED MANDATORY
LIMITS 2 ( 8%) I (20%) 3
3- Of the thirteen (13) systems that delivered water that exceeded
the recommended constituent limits, iron, manganese, turbidity,
and total solids were the constituents most often exceeded.
U. Of the three (3) systems that delivered water that exceeded the
mandatory limits, two (2) exceeded the bacteriological limits
and one (l) the chemical limits.
5« Samples of water from surface water supplies were analyzed for
pesticides and only insignificant traces were found.
6. Sixty-three (63) percent of the total population served or
14^,000 people were served water that met the constituent limits,
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iii
twenty-eight (28) percent or 64,000 people vere served
water that did not meet the recommended limits and nine
(9) percent or 21,000 people were served vater that did
not meet the mandatory limits.
7. The most common consumer complaints reported by operators
were from taste and odors and plumbing fixture staining
resulting from deposition of iron and manganese.
B. Water Supply System Facilities
1. To determine the status of the facilities used to treat,
distribute, and store public drinking water, site surveys and
interviews with operators were conducted regarding the water
supply system. Based on this information only two (2) systems
or six (6) percent did not have any major deficiencies while
twenty-eight (28) systems or ninety-four (9*0 percent had one
or more of the following major deficiencies: (l) Inadequate
source protection, (2) inadequate disinfection and/or control
of disinfection, (3) inadequate clarification (removal of
suspended matter) and/or control of clarification and, (4)
inadequate pressure in the distribution system.
2. Four (h) systems or thirteen (13) percent did not provide
chlorination, and twelve (12) or forty (Uo) percent practiced
inadequate chlorination.
3- Twelve (12) or forty (1*0) percent did not have adequate
clarification, and of these seven (?) or twenty-three (23)
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iv
percent did not have adequate control of the clarification.
k. Inadequate pressure (less than 20 psi) in the distribution
system was found in twelve (12) systems or forty (1*0) percent
of the systems surveyed.
5« Eight (8) systems are providing fluoridated water to the
consumers. These are the larger systems and serve 215,000 people
of the 229,000 served by public water systems.
6. Reliable data regarding safe yield for surface sources and
maximum dependable draft for groundwater sources was not avail-
alkie or unknown for most of the communities surveyed.
C. Bacteriological Surveillance Programs
1. The bacteriological records both in the utilities and in the
State Department of Health were not carefully maintained, and in
some cases it was difficult or impossible to find them. (Since
the field survey, the State Department of Health has made considerable
improvements in the maintenance of records.)
2. To determine the status of the bacteriological surveillance
over each water supply system surveyed, records in the State
Department of Health and the utilities were examined for the
number of samples collected and their results during the last
twelve (12) months of record. Based on this information, only
three (3) systems or ten (10 percent) had bacteriological
surveillance that met the criteria (see page 13) while twenty
seven (27) or ninety (90) percent either did not collect sufficient
samples or samples showed poor bacterial quality, or both.
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3« The data on the adequacy of bacteriological surveillance
programs related to system size are summarized below:
LESS THAN GREATER THAN ALL
5000 Population 5000 Population SYSTEMS
(25 Systems Total) (5 Systems Total) (30 Systems)
MET CRITERIA 1 (k%) 2 (bO%) 3 (lO)
DID NOT MEET 2k (96$) 3 (60#) 21
CRITERIA
k. During the previous twelve (12) months sufficient samples were
collected from four (U) systems. Of these four (4) systems, three
(3) had satisfactory results.
D. Other Major Findings and Conclusions
1. Data were collected on the date of the previous sanitary
survey, last complete chemical analysis, and the status of a
program to eliminate and control cross-connections and hazardous
plumbing conditions. Results indicate that in most cases there
was no record of the last sanitary survey, and that a survey had
not been conducted within the past three years; that a complete
chemical analysis had not been conducted for any system; and,
that none of the systems had a cross-connection control program.
2. All plant operators are required by State regulation
to be registered and certified. Seventeen of the thirty
(30) community water supply systems surveyed have complied
with this regulation. Of the thirteen (13) systems that
are operated by uncertified operators, twelve (12) are in
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vi
the population group serving less them 1000 people. The
State Department of Health has a training program to certify
and upgrade operators and is proceeding with the examination
of operators and issuing certificates to successful candidates.
3. Twelve (12) of the fourteen (lfc) systems serving population
groups of less than 1000 people are operated on a part-time
basis. Eighteen (18) systems are operated by personnel on a
full-time basis.
k. In some cases, the quality of water delivered, operation
and maintenance of facilities, and surveillance could be
improved if the systems serving several small communities
merged to form a public service district or one utility.
5. In general, the larger systems delivered water of better
quality, are better operated and maintained, and exhibited a
better degree of surveillance than the smaller systems.
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vii
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on results of the Community Water Supply Study conducted
in the Charleston, West Virginia Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area, the following recommendations are presented:
1. Surveillance by the Division of Sanitary Engineering,
West Virginia State Department of Health over water supply
systems be drastically improved. This improvement should
consist of the following:
(a) surveillance be improved for those twenty-seven (27)
systems not in compliance with bacteriological requirements
of the Drinking Water Standards.
(b) surveillance be improved for the thirty (30) systems
not in compliance with chemical requirements of the Drinking
Water Standards.
(c) periodic site visits or sanitary survey of water supply
systems be increased to an acceptable frequency, but not
less than once per year.
(If results of the Study of one County are applicable state-
wide, a significant increase in manpower for surveillance-
type activities in the Division of Sanitary Engineering is
indicated)
2. Necessary improvements be initiated for each system which
exhibited bacteriological and chemical concentration in excess
of the Drinking Water Standards and priority be given to improving
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vlii
those three (3) systems not in compliance with the mandatory
constituent limits.
3. Improvements be made to those twenty-eight (28) systems where
deficiencies were found in the storage, treatment, and distribution
of water.
k. Safe yield for surface sources and maximum dependable draft
for groundwater sources be computed for each system where appli-
cable, so that planning and future expansion as well as daily
reliability to meet demands is based upon known capability of
the source.
5. The feasibility of mergingsmaller systems into a public service
district or one utility to improve operation and maintenance, sur-
veillance, and quality of water, and to reduce costs be investigated.
If merging does not prove feasible, consideration be given to utiliz-
ing the resources of several small systems in a cooperative effort
to employ full-time certified operators for these thirteen (13)
systems currently operated by personnel who are not certified.
6. The Division of Sanitary Engineering of the State Department of
Health assist the management of water supply systems in implementing
programs to eliminate and control cross-connections and hazardous
plumbing conditions.
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33JTRODUCTION
The purpose of the Community Water Supply Study (CWSS) was to
determine if the American consumer's drinking water met the Drinking
Water Standards. To obtain nationwide coverage, the Bureau of
Water Hygiene of the U. S. Public Health Service initiated the CWSS
in February of 1969 in nine areas across the country. The field work
for the CWSS was conducted by the Bureau of Water Hygiene in cooperation
with the state and local health departments and the water utilities.
This study was designed to give an assessment of drinking water
quality, water supply systems, and surveillance programs in urban and
suburban areas in each of the nine regions of the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. These areas were selected to give examples of
the several types of water supplies in the country. A whole Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) was the basis of each study, except
in Region I where the entire State of Vermont was included, with
evaluations made on all public water supply systems, as defined herein,
in each study area. This coverage allowed an assessment of the drinking
water quality of the large central city, the suburbs, and the smaller
communities located in the counties in the SMSA, and the interaction
between them.
The definition of Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)
is given belowj
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area - The boundaries
and titles of standard metropolitan statistical areas are
established by the Bureau of the Budget with the advice
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of the Federal Committee on Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas. An SMSA is a county or group of contiguous counties,
which contains at lease one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more
or "twin cities" with a combined population of at lease 50,000.
In addition to the county, or counties, containing such a city
or cities, contiguous counties are included in an SMSA if,
according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan
in character and are socially and economically integrated with
the central city.
Specifically, the objectives of this study were accomplished by
determining whether:
1. The quality of the urban and suburban American consumer's
drinking water in the selected study areas does not exceed the
constituent limits of the Drinking Water Standards (IMS);*
2. The water supply systems supplying this drinking water to
the consumers are essentially free from major deficiencies; and
3- The surveillance programs over these water supply systems
meet the bacteriological surveillance criteria.
The authority for the Community Water Supply Study is found in
Title III, Part A, Section 301, Public Health Service Act, as amended
(1*2 U.S.C. 2^1).
"Sec. 301 - The Surgeon General shall conduct in the Service,
and encourage, cooperate with, and render assistance to other
appropriate public authorities, scientific institution^ and
scientists in the conduct of, and promote the coordination of,
research, investigations, experiments, demonstrations, and
studies relating to the causes, diagnosis, treatment, control,
and prevention of physical and mental diseases and impairments
of man, including water purification..."
*1962 U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards; PHS Publ.
Ho. 956, Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 20k)2, 6l pp.
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In Region III, the Charleston, West Virginia, Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area vas selected for the Study. It includes all of Kanawha
County. All vater supplies serving 25 or more people, or having at
lease 15 services, vere surveyed. The field work began on March IT,
1969, and terminated on March 27, 1969.
In the conduct of this study cooperation was received from the
West Virginia State Department of Health and the Charleston-Kanawha
County Health Department.
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SCOPE
Public vater supplies In the United States numbered 19,236
serving sane 130,000,000 vhen last Inventoried in 1963.* The
revaluing 50,000,000 people had private vater supplies. Most of
the public vater supplies were snail, about 85 percent serving
5,000 or less people. About half of the public was served by the
lB,837 supplies that each served 100,000 or less persons and the
other half (77,000,000) ware served by the 399 larger supplies. About
75 percent of these public vater supplies have ground vater as a
source, vhile 18 percent use surface vater. The remaining 7 percent
have a mixture of ground and surface vater source.
A. Systems Studied
This study covered 969 public vater supply systems, including 89^
community vater supply systems (91. ^ of the total) and 75 special
vater supply systems (9.6£ of the total). For this study the following
definitions of the systems vere used.
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLT SYSTEM - A vater supply system includes the
vorks and auxiliaries for collection, treatment, storage, and
distribution of vater from the sources of supply to the free.
flowing outlet of the ultimate consumer. Water supply systems
vere included in this study, if they had 15 or more service
connections and/or served 25 or more consumers.
Special Water Supply Systems - are thoss systems serving
trailer and mobile home parks, and institutions with resident
populations.
Community Water Supply Systems - are all other systems
studied in an SNSA.
"Statistical summary of Municipal Water Facilities in the United States,
January 1, 1963: PES Publ. Mo. 1039, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 1965, 66 pp.
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B. Study Area
In the Charleston (SMSA) 30 public water supply systems were
studied serving about 229,000 persons. They consisted of 13 ground
water systems (veils and springs), 1^ surface water systems, and
3 systems buying finished water from another system, hereafter
called wholesale finished water source systems.
For the purpose of this report, water supply systems were
divided into four categories; l) those using surface water or a
mixture of surface and ground water as a source; 2) those using
ground water as a source (this category was further divided into;
a) wells, b) springs, and c) springs and wells); and 3) those purchas-
ing finished water as a source; and k) special water supply systems.
Table 1 gives data on type, population, average daily demand,
and source for the supplies included in this study. Table 3& and 3b
(pages 25 and 26 ) ahow the number of systems in each category and the
populations served.
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TABLE 1
Average
CoBBninity
Acme
Alun Creek
Belle
Burnvell
Carbon
Cedar Grove
Charleston
Chelyan
Clendenin
Corton
Crovn Rill
Decota
Eastbank
Glasgov
Handley
Kayford
Leevood
Miami
Montgomery
Hitro
Pinch
T?J*
2a
1
1
2a
2a
1
1
1
1
1
3
2a
3
3
l
2b
2a
2a
1
1
1
Population
Served
120
2,000
8,700
100
130
1,750
121,000
2,100
3,500
36
250
320
1,200
1,000
1,000
100
150
1,100
6,500
52,000
1,025
Daily Demand
(M.Q.) Source
0.005
0.075
0.950
»
0.007
0.075
18.000
0.108
0.185
0.010
0.020
0.020
0.080
o.ioo
0.170
T
0.010
0.050
0.276
9.000
0.050
ground
Coal River
Kanavha River
ground
ground
Kanavha River
Elk Uver
Kanavha River
Elk River
Elk River
Pratt
ground
Cedar Grove
Cedar Grove
Kanavha
gi^und
ground
ground
Kanavha River
Kanavha River
Elk River
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Table 1 - Continued
Average
Conaninity
Pratt
Rensford
Republic
Ronda
St. Albans
Sissonvllle
Shrevsbury
Ward
Winifrede
type
1
2a
2a
2a
1
1
2a
2a
2a
Population
Served
1,250
100
90
256
20,000
2,500
6ko
*5
60
Daily Denand
(M.S.)
0.080
0.010
0.003
O.OlU
1.210
0.107
0.0^5
0.025
0.010
Source
Kanavha River
ground
ground
ground
Coal River
Pocatalico
ground
ground
ground
River
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8
C. General Description of Area
The Charleston, West Yirginia, Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area includes all of Kanawha County. The terrain
of this area is extremely hilly and land vith a gentle slope
is at a premium, or already developed. The Majority of the
development is along Major drainage channels or the flood
plain, as shown by the nap on the following page. This type
of development is possible by the use of reservoirs and levees
for the control of flood flows.
Industrial, conmercial, and residential development in the
Charleston area is along the Kanawha and Elk Rivers. Other
development is generally confined to the banks of small tributaries
of these rivers.
The I960 Census indicates that Kanacwaa County population was
252,900. The population was projected for the purpose of a water
resource study of the Kanswha River Basin as follows:
I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
5527900 5517000 5517200 5577too SE57ooo 5857100 5557300
These projections were later revised to reflect the philosophy
of expanded development under the Appalachian Regional Development
Act, and were tensed "developmental benchmarks." They are as follows:
I960 1980 2000 2020
5527900 33*7ioo 5557900 5897900
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10
Development under the Act has not Influenced population growth
in the Charleston Area, mainly 'because sufficient tine has not
elapsed since its inception.
Assuming that population has followed the earlier projections,
the present population should be approximately 252,000.
The Kanavha River is heavily relied upon by Industry in the
Charleston Area. Manufacturing eiraloys approximately 2.% of the
labor force, •with almost one half of this number working in chemicals
and allied products. Approximately 4o$ of the labor force is evenly
divided between wholesale and retail trade, and personal and business
service. Mining and construction account for another 10$ with the
reminder going to other forras of employment. The Kuucwna River
Basin has been referred, to as the "Ruhr Valley of America."
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11
EVALUATION CRITERIA
Each vater supply system was investigated on three bases:
1) drinking vater quality vas determined by sampling the finished
and distributed vater and returning these samples to the laboratories
of the Bureau of Vater Hygiene for bacteriological, chemical, and
trace metal analyses, 2) the status of the vater supply system
facilities vas determined by a field surrey of the system and the
gathering of data on three standard forms (four items were chosen
to represent major problems; a) source(s), b) treatment, if any,
c) distribution system pressures, and d) operation); 3) the status
of the surveillance program over the vater supply system vas evaluated
by obtaining bacteriological vater quality data for the previous
12 months of record from State and county health department files.
A. Water Quality Criteria
Water quality vas judged either:
(l) Not to exceed the Constituent Limits of the DWS (hereafter
called Does not exceed limits), or,
(2) To exceed at least one "recoaaaended" Constituent Limit
(soce are aesthetic paraaseters), but does not exceed any
"mandatory" Constituent Limit (hereafter called Exceed
recoasaended, but not mandatory limits) or,
(3) To exceed at least one "mandatory" Constituent Limit (here-
after called Exceed mandatory limits).
The limits for the constituents raeasured in this study are
summarized in Table 2.
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12
TABLE 2
Partial List of Bacteriological, Chemical, and Physical
Constituent Concentration Limits Taken from the 1962 U. 8.
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards
RECOtMBOED LIMITS
Constituent
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate
(Measured as methylene-blue-
actlTe substances)
Arsenic
Boron
Chloride
Color
Copper
Carbon-Chloroform Extract (CCE)
Cyanide
Fluoride
Temp. (Ann.Arg.Max.Day, 5 years
or more
50.0-53*7
53.8-58.3
58.^*63.8
63.9*10.6
70.7-79.2
79.3-90.5
Iron
Manganese
Nitrate
Radiraa-226
Strontium-90
Sulfate
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Turbidity
Untreated
Treated by more than
disinfection
Zinc
Limit
0.5 «g/l
0.01 mg/1*
1.0 mg/1**
250 mg/1
15 Units
1.0 mg/1
0.200 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
1.7 mg/1
1.5 mg/1
1.3 mg/1
1.2 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
0.8 mg/1
0.3 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
1*5 mg/1
3 uuc/l (pc/1)***
10 uuc/1 (pc/l)**»
250 mg/1
500 mg/1
5 Units
1 Unit
5 mg/1
-------
13
TABLE 2 (Cont'd)
MAHDATOHT LIMITS
(If the concentration of any of these constituents are exceeded,
the further use of this water for drinking and culinary purposes
should be evaluated by the appropriate health authority because
vater of this quality represents a potential hazard to the health
of consumers.)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Colifora organisms (Measured
by membrane filter technique)
Limit
Cyanide
Fluoride
Temp. (Ann.Avg.Max.Cay - 5 years
or more)
50.0-53.7
53.8-58.3
58.4-63.8
63.9-70.6
70.7-79.2
79.3-90.5
Gross Beta activity (in the
absence of alpha or Sr-90)
Lead
Selenium
Silver
0.05
1.0 mg/1
5.0 mg/1**
0.01 mg/1
0.05 ag/1
Fails std. if:
a) Arithmetic average
of samples collected
greater than 1 per 100 ml
b) Two or more samples
(5# or more if more than
20 examined) contain
densities more than
4/100 ml
0.2 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
2.4 mg/1
2.2 mg/1
2.0 mg/1
1.8 mg/1
1.6 mg/1
1.4 mg/1
1,000 uuc/1 (pc/l)<
0.05 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
•Although the recommended arsenic concentration is 0.01 mg/1, because
of interferences in some waters, the concentration of arsenic was only
determined to be less than 0.03 ng/1. For the purposes of this study,
these waters were considered not to exceed the recommended standard.
••Proposed for inclusion in the Drinking Water Standards.
*«*If these limits are exceeded, refer to Section 6.2 of the WS.
-------
-------
B. Facilities Criteria
Source, treatment, operation, and distribution facilities
nere Judged either:
1) To be essentially free from major deficiencies, or
2) To hare one or more of the following major deficiencies
(vhere applicable)
a) Inadequate source protection (in absence of disinfection
or buying chlorinated vater)
b) Inadequate disinfection (if disinfection practiced)
c) Inadequate control of disinfection (if practiced or
if purchasing chlorinated vater)
d) Inadequate clarification capabilities (if
clarification practiced)
e) Inadequate control of clarification (if clarification
practiced)
f) Inadequate pressure (<20 pal) in some or all areas
of the distribution system
c* Bacteriological Surveillance Program Criteria
The bacteriological surveillance program over the **-rter
supply system vas Judged either:
1) To meet the following criteria or,
2) Hot to meet one or both of the following,
a) Collection of the required number* of bacteriological
*See pages 3-6 of the Drinking Water Standards.
-------
15
samples for no less than 11 months during the previous
12 months of record.
b) Passing the bacteriological quality standard* for
no less than 11 months during the previous 12 months
of record.
*See pages 3-6 of the Drinking Water Standards.
-------
16
METHODS
A. Field Survey
The regional office staff, in cooperation with the West
Virginia State Department of Health and the Charleston-Kanavba
County Health Department officials prepared a listing of all
known water supplies meeting the definition adopted for this study.
The list contained the supply name, address, name of the superin-
tendent or person in charge, and the telephone number. The list
was cross-checked with community and subdivision names to elimi-
nate duplication and establish those areas for which the water
supply facilities were apparently unknown. A Form PHS-682, Report
of Water Supply Used on Interstate Carriers, was prepared for each
supply from State records. The completed list became the basis
for work schedules for the field engineers. Actual field surveys
were made by a staff of k PHS engineers from headquarters and the
regional office.
During the field survey, the engineer completed Forms ECA-18,
Inventory of Municipal Water Facilities, and ECA-19 Muricipal
Water Supply Sanitary Survey, to provide information on source;
treatment; operation; laboratory control; personnel; distribution;
surveillance practices; planning for improvements; and water rates.
Examples of the standard forms are in the Appendix B.
B. Sampling Program
The following samples were collected and dispatched to
various Bureau of Water Hygiene .laboratories:
-------
IT
1) Raw vater - I sample for bacteriological analysis
2} Finished vater ready for distribution - k or 5 samples for
chemical analyses as follows:
a) 2 1/2-gallon sample to the Northeast Water Hygiene
Laboratory. This was a grab sample for most ground
water and small surface water treatment plants, but
where possible a 14-day composite was taken. The
following analyses were made on this sample:
Arsenic Cyanide Sulfate
Boron MBAS TDS
Chloride Nitrate Turbidity
Color Selenium
b) 8-oz. aliquot sample for trace metals analysis was
taken out of sample 2)a) above and sent to the Cincinnati
Laboratory. The following analyses were made on this
sample:
Barium Copper Manganese
Cadmium Fluoride Nickel
Chromium Iron Silver
Cobalt Lead Specific Conductance
Zinc
c) 1-gallon sample for radioactivity analyses was sent to
one of the three Bureau of Radiological Health labora-
tories. It was collected in the same manner as sample
2)a.) above. The following analyses were made on this
sample:
-------
18
Specific gamma emitting radionuclides
131 137 i;+o
(I , Cs , 3a )
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Radiurn-226, if gross alpha exceeded 3 pc/1
Strontium-90, if gross beta exceeded 10 pc/1
Tritium - (run on 10$ of samples)
d) 1-gallon sample for pesticide analysis to the Gulf
Coast Water Hygiene Laboratory from surface water
supplies. It was collected in the same manner a.s
sample 2)a) above. The following analyses were
made on this sample:
Aldrin Dieldrin Heptachlor Epoxide
Chlordane Endrin Lindane
DDT1 Heptachlor Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
e) 1 activated carbon monitor sample to the Cincinnati
Laboratory from twelve systems having surface sources.
Two systems that had surface sources were not sampled
because the sources were considered similar to ones
being sampled. Carbon chloroform extract (CCE) and
carbon alcohol extract (CAE) concentrations were de-
termined from this monitor.
3) Distribution System
Samples for bacteriological and trace rietal analyses at
the rate of 10 percent of the number required by Figure 1,
of the D¥S, with a miniinu"! of 2 each from any water supply.
-------
C. Laboratory Procedures
Bacteriologi cal
All samples were collected in 8-oz. sterile, plastic,
wide-mouth, screw-capped bottles which contained 0.2 ml of a
10$ solution of sodium thiosulfate as a dechlorinating agent.
This concentration of thiosulfate was sufficient to neutralize
a sample containing about 15 mg/1 residual chlorine, an amount
above any residual that was present. Refrigeration of all samples
was required during transportation back to the laboratory. Maxi-
mum time between collection and analysis did not exceed 30 hours.
The bacteriological procedures were those of Standard Methods.*
The membrane filter (MF) procedure was used for total
coliform detection in this study for three reasons. One, larger
volumes (100-ml portions) of distributed water could be examined
than with the MPN technique; two, the MF procedure yields more
precise results; and three, less processing time would be in-
volved per sample, so reexamination of many of the samples could
have been made within the 3^-hour time limit if required. All
potable and source water samples were examined for total coliforms
using M-Sndo MF broth, incubated at 35°C for 20-2^ hours. Because
raw water quality varied with its source, three decimal sample
portions were filtered, the volume being determined by the
estimated water quality.
^Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewa,ter,
12th Ed., APHA, AWWA, and VPCF. American Public Health Assoc.
New York, N.Y., 1965. 796 pp.
-------
Any coliform colonies detected in the examination of
o, sample were further verified by transfer to phenol red lactose
for 2h~ and 48-hour periods at 35°C incubation. All positive
phenol red lactose broth tubes then vere confirmed in brilliant
green lactose at 35°C for verification of total coliforrus and
in EC medium at kh.5°C for detection of fecal coliforms. This
procedure further confirmed the standard total coliform MF test
a,nd supplied additional information on the potentially hazardous
occurrence of fecal coliform in those potable water supplies.
Basic knowledge was also needed on the general bacterial
population of potable water. Therefore, the general population
of bacterial count (plate count) was also made on all distribu-
tion system samples. Sample portions of 1 ml and 0.1 ml in
plate count agar (Tryptone-Glucose-Yeast Agar), incubated ^3
hours at 35°C vere sufficient to yield the desired data.
Chemical
The five samples, as noted above, taken to determine
the chemical quality of the finished and/or distributed water
were analyzed as follows:
Sample 2)a), General Chemistry.
These constituents were generally determined by Standard
Methods. except as listed below.
Barium
No sta.nderd method existed at the tine this study
was undertaken. An atomic absorption procedure,
which will appear ~:r. t> e next edition of Standard
-------
21
Methods, was used and vas found acceptable. The
analysis was made only on those samples that had
less than 2 mg/1 because above that concentration
the barium precipitates out of solution.
Chloride
A variation of the potentiometric titration pro-
cedure was used; which is a tentative method in
Standard Methods, page 372. Rather than titrate with
silver nitrate to a specified end-point in millivolts,
using a glass electrode and a silver-silver chloride
electrode, a standard curve was prepared that re-
lated millivolts to chloride concentration. The con-
centration of an unknown is then determined from the
standard curve. The procedure was just as accurate
as the titration method and was simpler to carry out.
Fluoride
A fluoride electrode method, which will appear in
the next edition of Standard Methods, was used.
Precision and accuracy was generally better nan any
other method and the method wa,s simpler to cnrry
out.
Sample 2)b), Trace Metals.
The atomic absorption spectrophotoraeter method wa.s used for
all heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese,
silver, zinc, nickel, and cobalt) because its sensitivity, specificity.
simplicity and speed of analysis far exceeded the usual wet chemical
methods. An atomic absorption method for these metals will appear in
-------
the next edition of Standard Methods.
Sample 2)c), Radioactivity.
These radiological constituents were determined using
standard radiological counting techniques.
Sample 2)d), Pesticides.
No standard procedure for pesticide determinations existed
at the tine the CWS3 was undertaken. Gas chroinatography is
generally the accepted method of a.nalysis and will appear in the
next edition of Standard Methods. Therefore, this technique was
used.
Sample 2)e), Organics (CCE and CAE).
These organic constituents were determined using standard
extraction techniques.
-------
-------
This Surmary of -iesults section contains data on the
three major objectives of this study, 2. dcter-ain^-tic/i of:
l) the drinking water Duality in the study areas, °) the
stab1-'? of the water supplj systems providing this drinking
water, and 3) the status o" the surveillance programs over
these water supply systems. The evaluation of each syster Tor
various categories is shown on the summary table in -Appendix C-
In an attenpb to 3tudy a \ariety of v/ater supply
problon.:;. and a variety of types of vater supply systems o"
various sizes, the decision '.-.'as riade, in Mie design o" tlie -
national study, to investigate all cf the public \.-;.^r supplies
in r.ire geographically c'ir; hribut.ed s1,udy areas, "..hile this
["/ochri-nie ."-?.3 not expected to provide a '"perfect" randor; s mple
of water suppjy systens thrpagl out the coiuitry, the --Tsulhs
•;ers ^rcpectcd bo be reasonably representative o" the 'V_ ^ u.',is o" !
water supply industry in the United States.
The -'harleston, 'rest Vir^i.iia 3!-13A include-"; ,-:.ll c" Xan.vha
County. It was selected to represent those supplies using
surface wafers that receive the wastes from a highly Indus;,ra-
Iv'.ed area, and t,he small coal " line town supplies repres^-n!,
-------
2k
"'-~--~'3~ --'''. economically 'i.:prer;'ec areas of the northern
~'ablv 3;i an- 3b indicate ;~.hat thers ar-3 fcur
that c'o no.. disinfect, clarify, or buy chlorinated -;ai,^r,
tcn(io) •!•/•:".'•. dicinfecb or buy chlorinated "-rater, fi "tc-enC?.^)
..'.:-.:, ol.irJ. 7y an/ fasin "ect . an<; or.e(l) th.-.t clarifierj b^t .Joe"
fable 3o indicates, a" would be expected, That r.o-'t o° tie
smaller systems do not treat the water before distribution,
?jid nost of those that do '.'.pply chlorination only.
.'ater j .-uality
Table: L and ^ show that fourteen(lu) or "i7 per jent on '"he
w-.ter suiDply riystens do no~ exceed the constiT'ieat "'i'lito of
the Drinlcln^ '-;ater Standards. Included in the rena.ii1 Inj
~3 pfi" cant or 3i>:teer(l'j) water systems, '..he^t: \mr-~- ir per cent
or thrc--o(3J that ;:.*;cecd^d ouo or nore of the riandatory l.trntts
waile t":.3 r'nain.ln^ .'. 3 per "cna or thi:rteon(l3) '"a'-^r ~"Ptem:i
s::3ee l"jd o:~"- or r1 ore o" th--- r'r'jo'.imenced co:i3ti'-V'?:''t ll"ii'.^.
?"o cono :,itu'?nt3, iron a_a'3 r.i^mganene T'ere the pz-incipal
causes ;"or a system to exc'-ed the recommended liniit/.
dclifom or^.rmisn densities, an-1 barium v/erp
••.href suppl.ior; to ?r.:;eio t> •: n'1-idatory lii'it;'.
-------
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29
Table k indicates that the well sources produced the
poorest quality of water. This was because of inadequate
protection and high inorganics in the water that were not
removed by treatment. Systems utilizing surface wate? although
often drawn from polluted sources, usually improve the quality of
their distributed water by treatment. Because of this treatment
the overall quality of finished water from surface and mixed
sources was usually better than well source systems.
The footnote on Table k indicates that 63 percent of the
study population was served water that essentially met the
constituent limits. Most of the remaining 37 percent of the
population were furnished water that exceeded the recommended
limits. However, bacteriological samples from Leewood and
St. Albans showed the presence of coliform organisms in excess
of the limits. A sample from Miami exceeded the mandatory limits
for barium. The population of these three communities was
21,250 or about 9 percent of r,he study population.
Table 5 shows that, in general the larger commuMties
produce better quality water than the smaller ones. The
percentage not meeting one or more recommended or mandatory
limits also varies inversely with size.
D. Facilities Evaluation
Table 6 and 7 show that two (2) or 7 percent of the water
systems investigated were essentially free from major deficiencies.
-------
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U.S. EPA Region III
Regional Center for Environmental
Information
1650 Arch Street (SPM52)
Philadelphia, PA 19103
El
Bareai; of Water *
UK Mxal Control Administration
Public Health Service
-------
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
REGION III
220 7TH STREET N.E.
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 22901
July 20, 1970
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICE
THROUGH: N. H. Dyer, M.D., M.P.H.
State Director of Health
Mr. Robert McCall, Director
Environmental Health Services
State Department of Health
State Office Building Ho. 1
1800 Washington Street, East
Charleston, West Virginia 25305
Dear Mr. Me Call:
I am pleased to submit to you our Report on the "Community Water Supply
Study - Charleston, West Virginia, Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area". As you know, the Study included thirty (30) water supply systems
in Kanavha County, and was part of a national study effort which encom-
passed seven (7) other metropolitan areas and one (l) entire State.
The field work for the Study was completed in March 1969, however, some
of the laboratory analytical results were not available until the Pall.
Further delay in presenting a final report was caused by many factors.
In the interim period we have forwarded the laboratory results to you,
and attempted to keep you informed of findings of the Study.
Because the Report basically includes information on conditions as they
existed in March, 1969, we feel that it is important to acknowledge the
improvements that have been made to some water supply systems, and the
changes that have occurred which affect water supply activities in the
Division of Sanitary Engineering.
System Improvements
1. The West Virginia Water Company has extended the Montgomery system
to serve the Community of Handley at a cost of $200,000. The water
supply system operated by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway will dis-
continue supplying water to the Community as soon as service is
provided from the Montgomery system.
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Mr. Robert McCall - Page 2
2. Saint Albans completed installation of tubular settling units in
their sedimentation basins providing a significant improvement
in clarification. They are proceeding with installation of mixed
media filters to expand plant capacity.
3- Charleston system pressures and capacities are being improved by
a series of actions. These include new reservoirs, booster stations,
and enlargement of mains in conjunction with interstate highway
construction.
Water treated at the Charleston plant is now delivered to Dunbar
and the Spring Hill section of South Charleston which were formerly
served from the Hitro plant.
k. A new well has been drilled resulting in better quality water and
now serves as a source of supply for the Community of Ronda. Samples
collected from the Ronda system during the Study showed excessive
concentrations of iron, manganese and total dissolved solids.
Changes Affecting Water Supply Activities
in the Division of Sanitary Engineering
1. Revised "Public Water Supply Regulations" were adopted by the Depart-
ment of Health effective December 1, 1969. The Regulations represent
an improvement in that they contain provisions for increased bacterio-
logical, chemical, and radiochemical surveillance and include limits
for certain chemical constituents.
It should be emphasized that the regulations in force prior to
adoption of present regulations required a substantially lower level
of bacteriological surveillance than that required by the Public
Health Service "Drinking Water Standards." Since the Public Health
Service "Drinking Water Standards" were utilized in the Study to
evaluate bacteriological surveillance, some of the communities listed
in the Report in Appendix C as not collecting sufficient bacterio-
logical samples, were actually complying with the State regulations.
2. Professional positions authorized by the Legislature in January, 1969,
and effective July 1, 1969, were recently filled. The State Health
Department's professional staff had decreased in July, 1968, to one
engineer working part time on water supply activities plus bacterio-
logical laboratory support. "By the time of the Community Water
Supply Study, one engineer had been added. The next change was in
January, 1970, when two (2) chemists were employed. The professional
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Mr. Robert McCail - Page 3
staff now assigned to public vater supply activities includes
tvo and one-half (2^) engineers, one and one-half (l|r) chemists,
and two (2) bacteriologists for a total of six, contrasting with
an estimated requirement of at least 15-
3« Improvement of the State Health Department's surveillance program
has been on a statewide basis and was predicated upon completing
preparation of the new regulation and meeting its requirements.
The water supply files were completely revamped to enable prompt
recall of data, including bacteriological results, operating
reports, plan reviews, chemical analyses, and plant inspections.
When the regulation became effective on December 1, 1969, a copy
was sent to each system in the State and advice given on the number
of samples required and the number of samples received as of that
date. Beginning with the third quarter of Fiscal Year 1970, a
quarterly summary was initiated and will continue to be provided
to each water supply system indicating their compliance or non-
compliance with bacteriological and operating report requirements.
Each system is now required to submit detailed plant data in support
of an application for an operating permit. With the employment of
two chemists in January, 1970, progress is being made to enable
complete chemical and radiochemical analysis for all systems in the
State. Limited analyses have been accomplished during the staffing,
equipping, and organization of the laboratory. Routine analyses of
all State water supplies should commence in the first quarter of
Fiscal Year 1971.
k. The improvement in surveillance over water supply systems in Kanawha
County is illustrated in tabulated form below for the past two (2)
fiscal years:
FISCAL YEAR FISCAL YEAR
1969 1970
BACTERIOLOGICAL FREQUENCY MET 3 15
COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 0 10
SYSTEMS WITH LICENSED OPERATORS 17 18
PLAHT mSPECnOMS 1 14
Mr. Gerald Ferguson and I are very pleased to note the above improvements
to the systems in Kanawha County, and to water supply activities in the
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Mr. Robert McCall - Page
Division of Sanitary Ingineerlng. We wish you success in further
strengthening of the Division, and implementing recommendations
contained in the Report on the Coamunity Water Supply Study -
Charleston, West Virginia, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.
We would like to take this opportunity to express our appreciation
for the cooperation and assistance extended to us by employees of
the Division of Sanitary Engineering, the Charleston-Kanawha County
Health Department, and especially to the water supply system operators
who participated in the Study.
Sincerely yours,
Edwin C. Lippy, P/
Acting Regional Representative
Bureau of Water Hygiene
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-------
TABLE OF CONTESTS
SlltlARY OF FHDIMG8 AID OOMCUJSIONS i
RKXMBJ1JATI01TS vii
mmoDucnoi i
SCOPE k
Systems Studied k
Study Area 5
General Description of Area 8
EVALUATION CRITEIIA 11
Water Quality Criteria 11
Facilities Criteria ik
Bacteriological Surveillance Program Criteria 1^
METHODS 16
Field Surrey l6
Sampling Progrssi l6
Laboratory Procedures 19
StMIARY OF RESULTS 23
Study Sanrple 23
Water Treatment Practices 2k
Water Quality 2k
Facilities Evaluation 29
Surveillance Program Evaluation 3U
Laboratory Analyses 3^
DISCUSSIOH OF RESULTS 37
APPENDICES
A. - Brief Discussion of Each System
- Including Deficiencies
B. - Forms Used to Gather Data
C. - Summary Table
D. - Laboratory Results
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
As part of the Community Water Supply Study (CWSS), the
Bureau of Water Hygiene of the U.S. Public Health Service, Region
III, Office of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
(DHEW) in cooperation with the West Virginia State Department of
Health and the Charieston-Kanawha County Health Department, con-
ducted a study of vater systems in the Charleston Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area (SMSA) during March 1969. The study included thirty
(30) public vater supplies serving about 229,000 people or 91 percent
of the SMSA population, and was designed to assess: (a) the status
of drinking water quality, (b) water supply system facilities, and
(c) bacteriological surveillance programs in urban and suburban areas.
The following are the principal findings of the study.
A. Drinking Water Quality
1. To determine the quality of the drinking water in the 30
communities studied, samples were taken at various places in
the distribution systems. The data were averaged for each system
and constituent concentrations compared to the bacteriological,
chemical, and physical constituent limits of the 1962 U-S. Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards (DWS). On this basis:
(a) Fourteen (Ik) or forty-seven (kj) percent of the systems
delivered drinking water that did not exceed any of the
constituent limits.
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-------
II
(b) Additionally, thirteen (13) or forty-three (^3) percent
of the systems delivered drinking water that exceeded at
least one of the DWS "recommended limits" (Defined on Page 12)
"but did not exceed any of the DWS "mandatory limits" (Defined
on Page 13).
(c) Finally, three (3) or ten (10) percent of the systems
delivered drinking water that exceeded one or more of the
DWS mandatory limits.
2. The quality of drinking water delivered to the smaller and
larger population groups is compared and summarized below:
LESS THAN GREATER THAN ALL
5000 Population 5000 Population SYSTEMS
(25 Systems Total) ( 5 Systems Total) (30 Systems)
DOBS HOT EXCEED
COHSTITUEHT LIMITS 11 (kk%) 3 (6056) Ik
EXCEEDED RECOMMENDED
LIMITS 12 (U8*) I (20%) 13
EXCEEDED MANDATORY
LIMITS 2 ( 8%) I (20%) 3
3- Of the thirteen (13) systems that delivered water that exceeded
the recommended constituent limits, iron, manganese, turbidity,
and total solids were the constituents most often exceeded.
U. Of the three (3) systems that delivered water that exceeded the
mandatory limits, two (2) exceeded the bacteriological limits
and one (l) the chemical limits.
5« Samples of water from surface water supplies were analyzed for
pesticides and only insignificant traces were found.
6. Sixty-three (63) percent of the total population served or
14^,000 people were served water that met the constituent limits,
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iii
twenty-eight (28) percent or 64,000 people vere served
water that did not meet the recommended limits and nine
(9) percent or 21,000 people were served vater that did
not meet the mandatory limits.
7. The most common consumer complaints reported by operators
were from taste and odors and plumbing fixture staining
resulting from deposition of iron and manganese.
B. Water Supply System Facilities
1. To determine the status of the facilities used to treat,
distribute, and store public drinking water, site surveys and
interviews with operators were conducted regarding the water
supply system. Based on this information only two (2) systems
or six (6) percent did not have any major deficiencies while
twenty-eight (28) systems or ninety-four (9*0 percent had one
or more of the following major deficiencies: (l) Inadequate
source protection, (2) inadequate disinfection and/or control
of disinfection, (3) inadequate clarification (removal of
suspended matter) and/or control of clarification and, (4)
inadequate pressure in the distribution system.
2. Four (h) systems or thirteen (13) percent did not provide
chlorination, and twelve (12) or forty (Uo) percent practiced
inadequate chlorination.
3- Twelve (12) or forty (1*0) percent did not have adequate
clarification, and of these seven (?) or twenty-three (23)
-------
iv
percent did not have adequate control of the clarification.
k. Inadequate pressure (less than 20 psi) in the distribution
system was found in twelve (12) systems or forty (1*0) percent
of the systems surveyed.
5« Eight (8) systems are providing fluoridated water to the
consumers. These are the larger systems and serve 215,000 people
of the 229,000 served by public water systems.
6. Reliable data regarding safe yield for surface sources and
maximum dependable draft for groundwater sources was not avail-
alkie or unknown for most of the communities surveyed.
C. Bacteriological Surveillance Programs
1. The bacteriological records both in the utilities and in the
State Department of Health were not carefully maintained, and in
some cases it was difficult or impossible to find them. (Since
the field survey, the State Department of Health has made considerable
improvements in the maintenance of records.)
2. To determine the status of the bacteriological surveillance
over each water supply system surveyed, records in the State
Department of Health and the utilities were examined for the
number of samples collected and their results during the last
twelve (12) months of record. Based on this information, only
three (3) systems or ten (10 percent) had bacteriological
surveillance that met the criteria (see page 13) while twenty
seven (27) or ninety (90) percent either did not collect sufficient
samples or samples showed poor bacterial quality, or both.
-------
3« The data on the adequacy of bacteriological surveillance
programs related to system size are summarized below:
LESS THAN GREATER THAN ALL
5000 Population 5000 Population SYSTEMS
(25 Systems Total) (5 Systems Total) (30 Systems)
MET CRITERIA 1 (k%) 2 (bO%) 3 (lO)
DID NOT MEET 2k (96$) 3 (60#) 21
CRITERIA
k. During the previous twelve (12) months sufficient samples were
collected from four (U) systems. Of these four (4) systems, three
(3) had satisfactory results.
D. Other Major Findings and Conclusions
1. Data were collected on the date of the previous sanitary
survey, last complete chemical analysis, and the status of a
program to eliminate and control cross-connections and hazardous
plumbing conditions. Results indicate that in most cases there
was no record of the last sanitary survey, and that a survey had
not been conducted within the past three years; that a complete
chemical analysis had not been conducted for any system; and,
that none of the systems had a cross-connection control program.
2. All plant operators are required by State regulation
to be registered and certified. Seventeen of the thirty
(30) community water supply systems surveyed have complied
with this regulation. Of the thirteen (13) systems that
are operated by uncertified operators, twelve (12) are in
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vi
the population group serving less them 1000 people. The
State Department of Health has a training program to certify
and upgrade operators and is proceeding with the examination
of operators and issuing certificates to successful candidates.
3. Twelve (12) of the fourteen (lfc) systems serving population
groups of less than 1000 people are operated on a part-time
basis. Eighteen (18) systems are operated by personnel on a
full-time basis.
k. In some cases, the quality of water delivered, operation
and maintenance of facilities, and surveillance could be
improved if the systems serving several small communities
merged to form a public service district or one utility.
5. In general, the larger systems delivered water of better
quality, are better operated and maintained, and exhibited a
better degree of surveillance than the smaller systems.
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vii
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on results of the Community Water Supply Study conducted
in the Charleston, West Virginia Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area, the following recommendations are presented:
1. Surveillance by the Division of Sanitary Engineering,
West Virginia State Department of Health over water supply
systems be drastically improved. This improvement should
consist of the following:
(a) surveillance be improved for those twenty-seven (27)
systems not in compliance with bacteriological requirements
of the Drinking Water Standards.
(b) surveillance be improved for the thirty (30) systems
not in compliance with chemical requirements of the Drinking
Water Standards.
(c) periodic site visits or sanitary survey of water supply
systems be increased to an acceptable frequency, but not
less than once per year.
(If results of the Study of one County are applicable state-
wide, a significant increase in manpower for surveillance-
type activities in the Division of Sanitary Engineering is
indicated)
2. Necessary improvements be initiated for each system which
exhibited bacteriological and chemical concentration in excess
of the Drinking Water Standards and priority be given to improving
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vlii
those three (3) systems not in compliance with the mandatory
constituent limits.
3. Improvements be made to those twenty-eight (28) systems where
deficiencies were found in the storage, treatment, and distribution
of water.
k. Safe yield for surface sources and maximum dependable draft
for groundwater sources be computed for each system where appli-
cable, so that planning and future expansion as well as daily
reliability to meet demands is based upon known capability of
the source.
5. The feasibility of mergingsmaller systems into a public service
district or one utility to improve operation and maintenance, sur-
veillance, and quality of water, and to reduce costs be investigated.
If merging does not prove feasible, consideration be given to utiliz-
ing the resources of several small systems in a cooperative effort
to employ full-time certified operators for these thirteen (13)
systems currently operated by personnel who are not certified.
6. The Division of Sanitary Engineering of the State Department of
Health assist the management of water supply systems in implementing
programs to eliminate and control cross-connections and hazardous
plumbing conditions.
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33JTRODUCTION
The purpose of the Community Water Supply Study (CWSS) was to
determine if the American consumer's drinking water met the Drinking
Water Standards. To obtain nationwide coverage, the Bureau of
Water Hygiene of the U. S. Public Health Service initiated the CWSS
in February of 1969 in nine areas across the country. The field work
for the CWSS was conducted by the Bureau of Water Hygiene in cooperation
with the state and local health departments and the water utilities.
This study was designed to give an assessment of drinking water
quality, water supply systems, and surveillance programs in urban and
suburban areas in each of the nine regions of the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. These areas were selected to give examples of
the several types of water supplies in the country. A whole Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) was the basis of each study, except
in Region I where the entire State of Vermont was included, with
evaluations made on all public water supply systems, as defined herein,
in each study area. This coverage allowed an assessment of the drinking
water quality of the large central city, the suburbs, and the smaller
communities located in the counties in the SMSA, and the interaction
between them.
The definition of Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA)
is given belowj
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area - The boundaries
and titles of standard metropolitan statistical areas are
established by the Bureau of the Budget with the advice
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of the Federal Committee on Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas. An SMSA is a county or group of contiguous counties,
which contains at lease one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more
or "twin cities" with a combined population of at lease 50,000.
In addition to the county, or counties, containing such a city
or cities, contiguous counties are included in an SMSA if,
according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan
in character and are socially and economically integrated with
the central city.
Specifically, the objectives of this study were accomplished by
determining whether:
1. The quality of the urban and suburban American consumer's
drinking water in the selected study areas does not exceed the
constituent limits of the Drinking Water Standards (IMS);*
2. The water supply systems supplying this drinking water to
the consumers are essentially free from major deficiencies; and
3- The surveillance programs over these water supply systems
meet the bacteriological surveillance criteria.
The authority for the Community Water Supply Study is found in
Title III, Part A, Section 301, Public Health Service Act, as amended
(1*2 U.S.C. 2^1).
"Sec. 301 - The Surgeon General shall conduct in the Service,
and encourage, cooperate with, and render assistance to other
appropriate public authorities, scientific institution^ and
scientists in the conduct of, and promote the coordination of,
research, investigations, experiments, demonstrations, and
studies relating to the causes, diagnosis, treatment, control,
and prevention of physical and mental diseases and impairments
of man, including water purification..."
*1962 U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards; PHS Publ.
Ho. 956, Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 20k)2, 6l pp.
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In Region III, the Charleston, West Virginia, Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area vas selected for the Study. It includes all of Kanawha
County. All vater supplies serving 25 or more people, or having at
lease 15 services, vere surveyed. The field work began on March IT,
1969, and terminated on March 27, 1969.
In the conduct of this study cooperation was received from the
West Virginia State Department of Health and the Charleston-Kanawha
County Health Department.
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SCOPE
Public vater supplies In the United States numbered 19,236
serving sane 130,000,000 vhen last Inventoried in 1963.* The
revaluing 50,000,000 people had private vater supplies. Most of
the public vater supplies were snail, about 85 percent serving
5,000 or less people. About half of the public was served by the
lB,837 supplies that each served 100,000 or less persons and the
other half (77,000,000) ware served by the 399 larger supplies. About
75 percent of these public vater supplies have ground vater as a
source, vhile 18 percent use surface vater. The remaining 7 percent
have a mixture of ground and surface vater source.
A. Systems Studied
This study covered 969 public vater supply systems, including 89^
community vater supply systems (91. ^ of the total) and 75 special
vater supply systems (9.6£ of the total). For this study the following
definitions of the systems vere used.
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLT SYSTEM - A vater supply system includes the
vorks and auxiliaries for collection, treatment, storage, and
distribution of vater from the sources of supply to the free.
flowing outlet of the ultimate consumer. Water supply systems
vere included in this study, if they had 15 or more service
connections and/or served 25 or more consumers.
Special Water Supply Systems - are thoss systems serving
trailer and mobile home parks, and institutions with resident
populations.
Community Water Supply Systems - are all other systems
studied in an SNSA.
"Statistical summary of Municipal Water Facilities in the United States,
January 1, 1963: PES Publ. Mo. 1039, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 1965, 66 pp.
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B. Study Area
In the Charleston (SMSA) 30 public water supply systems were
studied serving about 229,000 persons. They consisted of 13 ground
water systems (veils and springs), 1^ surface water systems, and
3 systems buying finished water from another system, hereafter
called wholesale finished water source systems.
For the purpose of this report, water supply systems were
divided into four categories; l) those using surface water or a
mixture of surface and ground water as a source; 2) those using
ground water as a source (this category was further divided into;
a) wells, b) springs, and c) springs and wells); and 3) those purchas-
ing finished water as a source; and k) special water supply systems.
Table 1 gives data on type, population, average daily demand,
and source for the supplies included in this study. Table 3& and 3b
(pages 25 and 26 ) ahow the number of systems in each category and the
populations served.
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TABLE 1
Average
CoBBninity
Acme
Alun Creek
Belle
Burnvell
Carbon
Cedar Grove
Charleston
Chelyan
Clendenin
Corton
Crovn Rill
Decota
Eastbank
Glasgov
Handley
Kayford
Leevood
Miami
Montgomery
Hitro
Pinch
T?J*
2a
1
1
2a
2a
1
1
1
1
1
3
2a
3
3
l
2b
2a
2a
1
1
1
Population
Served
120
2,000
8,700
100
130
1,750
121,000
2,100
3,500
36
250
320
1,200
1,000
1,000
100
150
1,100
6,500
52,000
1,025
Daily Demand
(M.Q.) Source
0.005
0.075
0.950
»
0.007
0.075
18.000
0.108
0.185
0.010
0.020
0.020
0.080
o.ioo
0.170
T
0.010
0.050
0.276
9.000
0.050
ground
Coal River
Kanavha River
ground
ground
Kanavha River
Elk Uver
Kanavha River
Elk River
Elk River
Pratt
ground
Cedar Grove
Cedar Grove
Kanavha
gi^und
ground
ground
Kanavha River
Kanavha River
Elk River
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Table 1 - Continued
Average
Conaninity
Pratt
Rensford
Republic
Ronda
St. Albans
Sissonvllle
Shrevsbury
Ward
Winifrede
type
1
2a
2a
2a
1
1
2a
2a
2a
Population
Served
1,250
100
90
256
20,000
2,500
6ko
*5
60
Daily Denand
(M.S.)
0.080
0.010
0.003
O.OlU
1.210
0.107
0.0^5
0.025
0.010
Source
Kanavha River
ground
ground
ground
Coal River
Pocatalico
ground
ground
ground
River
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8
C. General Description of Area
The Charleston, West Yirginia, Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area includes all of Kanawha County. The terrain
of this area is extremely hilly and land vith a gentle slope
is at a premium, or already developed. The Majority of the
development is along Major drainage channels or the flood
plain, as shown by the nap on the following page. This type
of development is possible by the use of reservoirs and levees
for the control of flood flows.
Industrial, conmercial, and residential development in the
Charleston area is along the Kanawha and Elk Rivers. Other
development is generally confined to the banks of small tributaries
of these rivers.
The I960 Census indicates that Kanacwaa County population was
252,900. The population was projected for the purpose of a water
resource study of the Kanswha River Basin as follows:
I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
5527900 5517000 5517200 5577too SE57ooo 5857100 5557300
These projections were later revised to reflect the philosophy
of expanded development under the Appalachian Regional Development
Act, and were tensed "developmental benchmarks." They are as follows:
I960 1980 2000 2020
5527900 33*7ioo 5557900 5897900
-------
-------
-------
10
Development under the Act has not Influenced population growth
in the Charleston Area, mainly 'because sufficient tine has not
elapsed since its inception.
Assuming that population has followed the earlier projections,
the present population should be approximately 252,000.
The Kanavha River is heavily relied upon by Industry in the
Charleston Area. Manufacturing eiraloys approximately 2.% of the
labor force, •with almost one half of this number working in chemicals
and allied products. Approximately 4o$ of the labor force is evenly
divided between wholesale and retail trade, and personal and business
service. Mining and construction account for another 10$ with the
reminder going to other forras of employment. The Kuucwna River
Basin has been referred, to as the "Ruhr Valley of America."
-------
11
EVALUATION CRITERIA
Each vater supply system was investigated on three bases:
1) drinking vater quality vas determined by sampling the finished
and distributed vater and returning these samples to the laboratories
of the Bureau of Vater Hygiene for bacteriological, chemical, and
trace metal analyses, 2) the status of the vater supply system
facilities vas determined by a field surrey of the system and the
gathering of data on three standard forms (four items were chosen
to represent major problems; a) source(s), b) treatment, if any,
c) distribution system pressures, and d) operation); 3) the status
of the surveillance program over the vater supply system vas evaluated
by obtaining bacteriological vater quality data for the previous
12 months of record from State and county health department files.
A. Water Quality Criteria
Water quality vas judged either:
(l) Not to exceed the Constituent Limits of the DWS (hereafter
called Does not exceed limits), or,
(2) To exceed at least one "recoaaaended" Constituent Limit
(soce are aesthetic paraaseters), but does not exceed any
"mandatory" Constituent Limit (hereafter called Exceed
recoasaended, but not mandatory limits) or,
(3) To exceed at least one "mandatory" Constituent Limit (here-
after called Exceed mandatory limits).
The limits for the constituents raeasured in this study are
summarized in Table 2.
-------
12
TABLE 2
Partial List of Bacteriological, Chemical, and Physical
Constituent Concentration Limits Taken from the 1962 U. 8.
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards
RECOtMBOED LIMITS
Constituent
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate
(Measured as methylene-blue-
actlTe substances)
Arsenic
Boron
Chloride
Color
Copper
Carbon-Chloroform Extract (CCE)
Cyanide
Fluoride
Temp. (Ann.Arg.Max.Day, 5 years
or more
50.0-53*7
53.8-58.3
58.^*63.8
63.9*10.6
70.7-79.2
79.3-90.5
Iron
Manganese
Nitrate
Radiraa-226
Strontium-90
Sulfate
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Turbidity
Untreated
Treated by more than
disinfection
Zinc
Limit
0.5 «g/l
0.01 mg/1*
1.0 mg/1**
250 mg/1
15 Units
1.0 mg/1
0.200 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
1.7 mg/1
1.5 mg/1
1.3 mg/1
1.2 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
0.8 mg/1
0.3 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
1*5 mg/1
3 uuc/l (pc/1)***
10 uuc/1 (pc/l)**»
250 mg/1
500 mg/1
5 Units
1 Unit
5 mg/1
-------
13
TABLE 2 (Cont'd)
MAHDATOHT LIMITS
(If the concentration of any of these constituents are exceeded,
the further use of this water for drinking and culinary purposes
should be evaluated by the appropriate health authority because
vater of this quality represents a potential hazard to the health
of consumers.)
Constituent
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Colifora organisms (Measured
by membrane filter technique)
Limit
Cyanide
Fluoride
Temp. (Ann.Avg.Max.Cay - 5 years
or more)
50.0-53.7
53.8-58.3
58.4-63.8
63.9-70.6
70.7-79.2
79.3-90.5
Gross Beta activity (in the
absence of alpha or Sr-90)
Lead
Selenium
Silver
0.05
1.0 mg/1
5.0 mg/1**
0.01 mg/1
0.05 ag/1
Fails std. if:
a) Arithmetic average
of samples collected
greater than 1 per 100 ml
b) Two or more samples
(5# or more if more than
20 examined) contain
densities more than
4/100 ml
0.2 mg/1
0.2 mg/1
2.4 mg/1
2.2 mg/1
2.0 mg/1
1.8 mg/1
1.6 mg/1
1.4 mg/1
1,000 uuc/1 (pc/l)<
0.05 mg/1
0.01 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
•Although the recommended arsenic concentration is 0.01 mg/1, because
of interferences in some waters, the concentration of arsenic was only
determined to be less than 0.03 ng/1. For the purposes of this study,
these waters were considered not to exceed the recommended standard.
••Proposed for inclusion in the Drinking Water Standards.
*«*If these limits are exceeded, refer to Section 6.2 of the WS.
-------
-------
B. Facilities Criteria
Source, treatment, operation, and distribution facilities
nere Judged either:
1) To be essentially free from major deficiencies, or
2) To hare one or more of the following major deficiencies
(vhere applicable)
a) Inadequate source protection (in absence of disinfection
or buying chlorinated vater)
b) Inadequate disinfection (if disinfection practiced)
c) Inadequate control of disinfection (if practiced or
if purchasing chlorinated vater)
d) Inadequate clarification capabilities (if
clarification practiced)
e) Inadequate control of clarification (if clarification
practiced)
f) Inadequate pressure (<20 pal) in some or all areas
of the distribution system
c* Bacteriological Surveillance Program Criteria
The bacteriological surveillance program over the **-rter
supply system vas Judged either:
1) To meet the following criteria or,
2) Hot to meet one or both of the following,
a) Collection of the required number* of bacteriological
*See pages 3-6 of the Drinking Water Standards.
-------
15
samples for no less than 11 months during the previous
12 months of record.
b) Passing the bacteriological quality standard* for
no less than 11 months during the previous 12 months
of record.
*See pages 3-6 of the Drinking Water Standards.
-------
16
METHODS
A. Field Survey
The regional office staff, in cooperation with the West
Virginia State Department of Health and the Charleston-Kanavba
County Health Department officials prepared a listing of all
known water supplies meeting the definition adopted for this study.
The list contained the supply name, address, name of the superin-
tendent or person in charge, and the telephone number. The list
was cross-checked with community and subdivision names to elimi-
nate duplication and establish those areas for which the water
supply facilities were apparently unknown. A Form PHS-682, Report
of Water Supply Used on Interstate Carriers, was prepared for each
supply from State records. The completed list became the basis
for work schedules for the field engineers. Actual field surveys
were made by a staff of k PHS engineers from headquarters and the
regional office.
During the field survey, the engineer completed Forms ECA-18,
Inventory of Municipal Water Facilities, and ECA-19 Muricipal
Water Supply Sanitary Survey, to provide information on source;
treatment; operation; laboratory control; personnel; distribution;
surveillance practices; planning for improvements; and water rates.
Examples of the standard forms are in the Appendix B.
B. Sampling Program
The following samples were collected and dispatched to
various Bureau of Water Hygiene .laboratories:
-------
IT
1) Raw vater - I sample for bacteriological analysis
2} Finished vater ready for distribution - k or 5 samples for
chemical analyses as follows:
a) 2 1/2-gallon sample to the Northeast Water Hygiene
Laboratory. This was a grab sample for most ground
water and small surface water treatment plants, but
where possible a 14-day composite was taken. The
following analyses were made on this sample:
Arsenic Cyanide Sulfate
Boron MBAS TDS
Chloride Nitrate Turbidity
Color Selenium
b) 8-oz. aliquot sample for trace metals analysis was
taken out of sample 2)a) above and sent to the Cincinnati
Laboratory. The following analyses were made on this
sample:
Barium Copper Manganese
Cadmium Fluoride Nickel
Chromium Iron Silver
Cobalt Lead Specific Conductance
Zinc
c) 1-gallon sample for radioactivity analyses was sent to
one of the three Bureau of Radiological Health labora-
tories. It was collected in the same manner as sample
2)a.) above. The following analyses were made on this
sample:
-------
18
Specific gamma emitting radionuclides
131 137 i;+o
(I , Cs , 3a )
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Radiurn-226, if gross alpha exceeded 3 pc/1
Strontium-90, if gross beta exceeded 10 pc/1
Tritium - (run on 10$ of samples)
d) 1-gallon sample for pesticide analysis to the Gulf
Coast Water Hygiene Laboratory from surface water
supplies. It was collected in the same manner a.s
sample 2)a) above. The following analyses were
made on this sample:
Aldrin Dieldrin Heptachlor Epoxide
Chlordane Endrin Lindane
DDT1 Heptachlor Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
e) 1 activated carbon monitor sample to the Cincinnati
Laboratory from twelve systems having surface sources.
Two systems that had surface sources were not sampled
because the sources were considered similar to ones
being sampled. Carbon chloroform extract (CCE) and
carbon alcohol extract (CAE) concentrations were de-
termined from this monitor.
3) Distribution System
Samples for bacteriological and trace rietal analyses at
the rate of 10 percent of the number required by Figure 1,
of the D¥S, with a miniinu"! of 2 each from any water supply.
-------
C. Laboratory Procedures
Bacteriologi cal
All samples were collected in 8-oz. sterile, plastic,
wide-mouth, screw-capped bottles which contained 0.2 ml of a
10$ solution of sodium thiosulfate as a dechlorinating agent.
This concentration of thiosulfate was sufficient to neutralize
a sample containing about 15 mg/1 residual chlorine, an amount
above any residual that was present. Refrigeration of all samples
was required during transportation back to the laboratory. Maxi-
mum time between collection and analysis did not exceed 30 hours.
The bacteriological procedures were those of Standard Methods.*
The membrane filter (MF) procedure was used for total
coliform detection in this study for three reasons. One, larger
volumes (100-ml portions) of distributed water could be examined
than with the MPN technique; two, the MF procedure yields more
precise results; and three, less processing time would be in-
volved per sample, so reexamination of many of the samples could
have been made within the 3^-hour time limit if required. All
potable and source water samples were examined for total coliforms
using M-Sndo MF broth, incubated at 35°C for 20-2^ hours. Because
raw water quality varied with its source, three decimal sample
portions were filtered, the volume being determined by the
estimated water quality.
^Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewa,ter,
12th Ed., APHA, AWWA, and VPCF. American Public Health Assoc.
New York, N.Y., 1965. 796 pp.
-------
Any coliform colonies detected in the examination of
o, sample were further verified by transfer to phenol red lactose
for 2h~ and 48-hour periods at 35°C incubation. All positive
phenol red lactose broth tubes then vere confirmed in brilliant
green lactose at 35°C for verification of total coliforrus and
in EC medium at kh.5°C for detection of fecal coliforms. This
procedure further confirmed the standard total coliform MF test
a,nd supplied additional information on the potentially hazardous
occurrence of fecal coliform in those potable water supplies.
Basic knowledge was also needed on the general bacterial
population of potable water. Therefore, the general population
of bacterial count (plate count) was also made on all distribu-
tion system samples. Sample portions of 1 ml and 0.1 ml in
plate count agar (Tryptone-Glucose-Yeast Agar), incubated ^3
hours at 35°C vere sufficient to yield the desired data.
Chemical
The five samples, as noted above, taken to determine
the chemical quality of the finished and/or distributed water
were analyzed as follows:
Sample 2)a), General Chemistry.
These constituents were generally determined by Standard
Methods. except as listed below.
Barium
No sta.nderd method existed at the tine this study
was undertaken. An atomic absorption procedure,
which will appear ~:r. t> e next edition of Standard
-------
21
Methods, was used and vas found acceptable. The
analysis was made only on those samples that had
less than 2 mg/1 because above that concentration
the barium precipitates out of solution.
Chloride
A variation of the potentiometric titration pro-
cedure was used; which is a tentative method in
Standard Methods, page 372. Rather than titrate with
silver nitrate to a specified end-point in millivolts,
using a glass electrode and a silver-silver chloride
electrode, a standard curve was prepared that re-
lated millivolts to chloride concentration. The con-
centration of an unknown is then determined from the
standard curve. The procedure was just as accurate
as the titration method and was simpler to carry out.
Fluoride
A fluoride electrode method, which will appear in
the next edition of Standard Methods, was used.
Precision and accuracy was generally better nan any
other method and the method wa,s simpler to cnrry
out.
Sample 2)b), Trace Metals.
The atomic absorption spectrophotoraeter method wa.s used for
all heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese,
silver, zinc, nickel, and cobalt) because its sensitivity, specificity.
simplicity and speed of analysis far exceeded the usual wet chemical
methods. An atomic absorption method for these metals will appear in
-------
the next edition of Standard Methods.
Sample 2)c), Radioactivity.
These radiological constituents were determined using
standard radiological counting techniques.
Sample 2)d), Pesticides.
No standard procedure for pesticide determinations existed
at the tine the CWS3 was undertaken. Gas chroinatography is
generally the accepted method of a.nalysis and will appear in the
next edition of Standard Methods. Therefore, this technique was
used.
Sample 2)e), Organics (CCE and CAE).
These organic constituents were determined using standard
extraction techniques.
-------
-------
This Surmary of -iesults section contains data on the
three major objectives of this study, 2. dcter-ain^-tic/i of:
l) the drinking water Duality in the study areas, °) the
stab1-'? of the water supplj systems providing this drinking
water, and 3) the status o" the surveillance programs over
these water supply systems. The evaluation of each syster Tor
various categories is shown on the summary table in -Appendix C-
In an attenpb to 3tudy a \ariety of v/ater supply
problon.:;. and a variety of types of vater supply systems o"
various sizes, the decision '.-.'as riade, in Mie design o" tlie -
national study, to investigate all cf the public \.-;.^r supplies
in r.ire geographically c'ir; hribut.ed s1,udy areas, "..hile this
["/ochri-nie ."-?.3 not expected to provide a '"perfect" randor; s mple
of water suppjy systens thrpagl out the coiuitry, the --Tsulhs
•;ers ^rcpectcd bo be reasonably representative o" the 'V_ ^ u.',is o" !
water supply industry in the United States.
The -'harleston, 'rest Vir^i.iia 3!-13A include-"; ,-:.ll c" Xan.vha
County. It was selected to represent those supplies using
surface wafers that receive the wastes from a highly Indus;,ra-
Iv'.ed area, and t,he small coal " line town supplies repres^-n!,
-------
2k
"'-~--~'3~ --'''. economically 'i.:prer;'ec areas of the northern
~'ablv 3;i an- 3b indicate ;~.hat thers ar-3 fcur
that c'o no.. disinfect, clarify, or buy chlorinated -;ai,^r,
tcn(io) •!•/•:".'•. dicinfecb or buy chlorinated "-rater, fi "tc-enC?.^)
..'.:-.:, ol.irJ. 7y an/ fasin "ect . an<; or.e(l) th.-.t clarifierj b^t .Joe"
fable 3o indicates, a" would be expected, That r.o-'t o° tie
smaller systems do not treat the water before distribution,
?jid nost of those that do '.'.pply chlorination only.
.'ater j .-uality
Table: L and ^ show that fourteen(lu) or "i7 per jent on '"he
w-.ter suiDply riystens do no~ exceed the constiT'ieat "'i'lito of
the Drinlcln^ '-;ater Standards. Included in the rena.ii1 Inj
~3 pfi" cant or 3i>:teer(l'j) water systems, '..he^t: \mr-~- ir per cent
or thrc--o(3J that ;:.*;cecd^d ouo or nore of the riandatory l.trntts
waile t":.3 r'nain.ln^ .'. 3 per "cna or thi:rteon(l3) '"a'-^r ~"Ptem:i
s::3ee l"jd o:~"- or r1 ore o" th--- r'r'jo'.imenced co:i3ti'-V'?:''t ll"ii'.^.
?"o cono :,itu'?nt3, iron a_a'3 r.i^mganene T'ere the pz-incipal
causes ;"or a system to exc'-ed the recommended liniit/.
dclifom or^.rmisn densities, an-1 barium v/erp
••.href suppl.ior; to ?r.:;eio t> •: n'1-idatory lii'it;'.
-------
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29
Table k indicates that the well sources produced the
poorest quality of water. This was because of inadequate
protection and high inorganics in the water that were not
removed by treatment. Systems utilizing surface wate? although
often drawn from polluted sources, usually improve the quality of
their distributed water by treatment. Because of this treatment
the overall quality of finished water from surface and mixed
sources was usually better than well source systems.
The footnote on Table k indicates that 63 percent of the
study population was served water that essentially met the
constituent limits. Most of the remaining 37 percent of the
population were furnished water that exceeded the recommended
limits. However, bacteriological samples from Leewood and
St. Albans showed the presence of coliform organisms in excess
of the limits. A sample from Miami exceeded the mandatory limits
for barium. The population of these three communities was
21,250 or about 9 percent of r,he study population.
Table 5 shows that, in general the larger commuMties
produce better quality water than the smaller ones. The
percentage not meeting one or more recommended or mandatory
limits also varies inversely with size.
D. Facilities Evaluation
Table 6 and 7 show that two (2) or 7 percent of the water
systems investigated were essentially free from major deficiencies.
-------
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32
The remaining tventy-eight (28) or ninety-three (93) percent
had deficiencies in various aspects of the systems as follows:
1. Source Protection
Table 6 shovs that six (6) or twenty (20) percent of
the systems have inadequate source protection in the absence
of disinfection. As expected, it was the smaller communities
that had this deficiency most often.
Three systems, Crown Hill, Eastbank, and Glasgow purchase
water from other systems. Since these systems were judged to
have deficiencies such as clarification, they were considered
as an inadequate source.
2. Disinfection
Table 6 shows that twelve (12) or forty (Uo) percent of the
systems had inadequate disinfection if it were practiced. This
was generally true with well supplies and was probably caused
by the presence of hydrogen sulfide or other interferring sub-
stances.
In addition to lack of residual chlorine in the distribution
system, chlorination was judged inadequate if there had been any
interruption of chlorination during the past year, and if no
emergency equipment was available.
3• Clarificat i on
Again Table 6 shows that twelve (12) or forty (Uo) percent
of the systems had inadequate clarification if it were practiced.
This deficience was not limited to the small systems.
-------
-------
33
Clarification was judged inadequate if any of the
following was unsatisfactory: (a) chemical feed capacity,
(b) chemical mixing, (c) flocculation, (d) settling, or
(e) filtration.
U. Control of Clarification
Seven (7) systems or twenty-three ( Mi) percent were
deemed to have inadequate control of clarification if it
were practiced. Control was deemed inadequate if a turbidity
test was not run daily or jar tests were not run at frequent
intervals.
5- Distribution System Pressure
Thirteen (13) or forty-three (^3) percent of the systems
had low (<20psi) pressure in some areas of the distribution
system. This deficiency was evident in about all size systems.
In the larger systems it may be caused by rapid economic growth
without increasing size of mains, and in the smaller ones it
probably was caused by corrosion due to poor chemical quality
of the water.
Based on the above analysis, it was judged that there were
only two (2) systems or seven (7) percent of the total, that
were essentially free of major deficiencies. These were Kayford
and Pinch.
-------
E. SvLrveillance Program Evaluation
Tables 8 and 9 indicate that only three systems or 10
percent took a sufficient number of bacteriological samples
and had satisfactory results in accordance with the criteria
established for this survey. (See discussion on Bacteriological
Surveillance Program Criteria). One other system took a
sufficient number of samples but they vere not satisfactory.
The remaining 26 systems or 87 percent did not take sufficient
number of samples.
F. Laboratory Analyses
Appendix D lists the chemical, physical, bacteriological,
and radio chemical results of samples taken from the distribution
systems of each utility.
No values were recorded for the pesticide samples collected
from the surface water supplies because the results were only
insignificant traces.
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37
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Thirty water supply systems were surveyed in the Charleston,
West Virginia, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. The systems
serve about 229,000 people which is 92 percent of the population
of the statistical area. Therefore, 8 percent of the population
rely on individual systems or are served by a system with less than
15 services and/or 25 people. A brief discussion of each system
is included in Appendix A.
In the Charleston Service Area there are three treatment plants,
owned and operated by the West Virginia Water Company, serving
181,700 people, or about 78.3 percent of the population of the SMSA.
This service area is outlined on the map on page 9- The three treatment
plants are located in Nitro, Belle, and Charleston. The first two
utilize water from the Kanawha River, and the latter from the Elk
River.
The Kanawha River, in the Charleston area, is grossly polluted.
Effects of pollution from this area result in a 30 to Uo mile reach
downstream from Charleston being devoid of oxygen during lov stream
flows. Municipal wastes contribute to oxygen depletion, but they
comprise only a small fraction of the industrial contribution.
Industrial wastes also cause a severe taste and odor problem in the
Kanawha River. The plant at Nitro is located downstream from
-------
-------
.:>"• provided '.,o produce potable rater and reduce t^.rto am" odors '"or
,,ho ;' ,000 people server.
don:r\r:-?radli research and pilot studies were undertaken at thi;
"Titro pi or.': in hhe past to deterni'.ii the type of treatr.en, Mi.-'.t
vould be recuirad to remove bas^e and odor producir.,; orj;utluc.
'iloratioa thro-.ic;Ii beds o.r granular activated carbo i :.'a" -ho.-ren.
Tula oroG'T".' doTir.iL'ily i:iprovod r,he '-uali^y of --;^r,e^ '"vlivfired
to the con.iurior. Gcrbon dhlorol'or,". extract (i'dJ) i;; a .; ^ "\ire
of or^ani-,1 re^i^ires in water. The X£ concent rat ion j ir< Tinished
•'ater at +rc ":'.bro plant have met the Standar'1 wliich is "00 ppo.
"lo'.rever, in spite 01 opecial treatront anc CO", levels ccnpl/in£
•-,•?.'-}. the -tandard, there are freciuent custorier conplai:vt:-
re^«?rdinr; '-ast;^ and odors.
-A'l'U.r.-;ly tde taol.e and. odor problems are related to '.;>e
"'yp07? -^ -'-'-II --^ to the amount of organ^cs, since Khore -c not
a con 'iJte.it rold'oion^hip botwean v..v.~,te,r and odors and d;d,. l!ore
rG"?irjh i-; required in this arai to provide *. nore ne:J.T' n •; \i1.
.-ita.n''ar-u. or a ;iore e ^ricicni. :"arr.pling-analyi;i'"al procedi;r"- :.~
re-- uirsd.
rnr .,eni, Virginia ..'ator dorpan.y is currenbljr planniiif; a nev
trea*T.'=nt pi .ant and expansion or intake Tacilii ie--- on th- ,1k iiver
'.vJ'.ich •,'ill >erve Lhe entire area no.: served by the thre^ p'Lint"^
(Charleston, "dir.ro, and Belle). T1'!; existing three plan'."- are
o^er-ria.'" at or naar designed capac";'.y and aro in n?." •.' r"p-:ir •.
-------
-------
39
The quality of the Elk River is generally good, and is not
influenced by the pollution vhich affects the Kanawha River. Plans
and specifications have been prepared and approved by the State
Department of Health. Approval is also required by the Public
Service Commission. Improvements in the system are needed and
the plan to use the Elk River to serve Charleston, Nitro and Belle,
will provide a better quality of raw water.
With adequate planning, the Charleston Service Area system
could be extended to serve the smaller communities upstream on the
Kanawha River. This would be especially desirable because several
of these supplies are old and poorly operated, as indicated by the
number of deficiencies listed.
The smaller communities having populations less than 1,000 rely
on ground water as a source of supply with two exceptions. Ground
water quality is influenced greatly by iron and manganese. Thirteen
communities are using water with concentrations of these elements
in excess of the Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
Sampling results indicate that one community is using water with an
iron concentration 1? times the Standard of 0.3 mg/1.
Another observation that can be made from the Survey is that
eight systems are providing fluoridated water to the consumer. These
systems are the larger ones and serve 215>000 people of the total
229,000 served by public water systems in the Standard Metropolitan
-------
Statistical Area. None of the small supplies fluoridate. From
these statistics, it can be deduced that approximately 37,000
people in Kanawha County are not receiving the benefits of water
containing fluoride in optimum concentration.
Appendix A gives a brief discussion of each system including
comments on the major deficiencies. Appendix C indicates for each
system vhat processes are practiced and what items are considered
inadequate. From Appendix C and Table 1, it can be concluded that
the majority of people are furnished water that meet the constituent
limits, but that the majority of systems produce water that does
not meet the constituent limits. Also most systems have major
deficiencies in the facilities or operations, and that there is a
lack of bacteriological surveillance.
Sixty-three (63) percent of the 229,000 people or l¥*,000 are
furnished water that meets the constituent limits. Twenty-seven
(27) percent of the people are supplied water that does not meet
the recommended limits, and ten (.10) percent are furnished water
that did not meet the mandatory standards.
The majority of the systems or sixteen (l6) produced water that
exceed the constituent limits. Since these 16 systems served only 37
percent of the population, it is apparent that the poor quality water was
produced by the smaller systems. As discussed previously the solution
to part of this problem would be the merging of the smaller supplies
-------
into the larger ones vhere practical and feasible. Another approach
is more adequate surveillance by the State and local health depart-
ments and the publicizing of the deficiencies in order to gain public
support for the improvements.
The analyses of the survey results shov that only two (2)
systems are essentially free of major deficiencies while twenty-
eight (28) had such deficiencies. Generally the smaller systems
are located in economically depressed areas and have more diffi-
culties in raising funds to make the necessary improvements. In
some of the larger systems, it was observed that there were problems
with clarification. In some cases these could be solved without
expensive structural changes.
One of the most glaring deficiencies is the lack of bacterio-
logical surveillance. This responsibility rests with the water
utility as well as with the health departments. A sufficient
number of bacteriological samples were collected and analyzed from
only four (k) or thirteen (13) percent of the systems. This
deficiency was generally attributed to the smaller commui.ities.
However, the two largest utilities did not collect quite enough
samples so they were also judged deficient. Only 8 percent of the
population were served by utilities that satisfied this criteria.
If the two largest utilities had taken a few more samples, then
eighty three (83) percent of the population would be served by
utilities that met this requirement. However, that would leave
seventeen (17) percent of the population served by utilities
-------
deficient on this account. In several cases no samples at all
were collected during the entire year.
The State Department of Health did not call this deficiency
to the attention of the utilities and require that it be corrected.
The budget of the Sanitary Engineering Division had been cut to
such a degree that it did not have the personnel to discharge its
responsibility in the water-hygiene program. (Since the field survey
was made the State Legislature has increased the budget of the
Division of Sanitary Engineering, so that it is doing a better job.)
However, considerably more funds are needed before the Division
can satisfactorily discharge its responsibility.
To insure that potable water is distributed to the consumer
it is not only necessary to have satisfactory quality of water
leaving the water plant, but the distribution system must be free
from defects which may contaminate water in the systems. Therefore,
there is a need for utilities to have a program to search out and
eliminate cross-connections with unapproved sources and hazardous
plumbing conditions which may permit back siphonage of contaminated
liquids. Although some communities have a plumbing code for ^ew
construction, no utility has a continuous program to insure that
cross-connections and hazardous plumbing conditions are eliminated.
There is a need for the State Department of Health to initiate a
program of cross-connection control and back siphonage surveillance.
-------
APPENDIX A
BRIEF DISCUSSION OF EACH SYSTEM
BfCIUDHG DEFICIENCIES
-------
A-l
APPEHDIX A
BRIEF DISCUSSIOH OF EACH SYSTEM INCLUDING DEFICIENCIES
1. Acme
This system consists of a veil and a distribution system which
serves about 120 people. Little information was available about
the system or quality of the water, except it contained noticeable
amounts of hydrogen sulfide. There were no records of chemical
or bacteriological analyses. Two samples collected during the
survey had satisfactory bacteriological results. The water is
not chlorinated. The pressure in the distribution system was
deficient.
2. Alum Creek
Water from Coal River is softened, filtered, chlorinated, and
distributed to about 2,000 people. The plant was neat and clean,
but the records were somewhat incomplete. The chemical quality
of the water was satisfactory, however, better follow-up should
be made when samples are bacteriologically unsatisfactory. There
is inadequate control of the clarification process nd bacterio-
logical surveillance. Residual chlorine is not maintained
through the system.
3. Belle
Water from the Kanawha River is coagulated, settled, filtered,
chlorinated, fluoridated and distributed to approximately 8,700
consumers. The plant is well operated, but it is quite old and is
-------
A-2
being operated at, or near, designed capacity. The clarification
process was judged inadequate. Plans are underway to obtain
•water from the proposed nev plant in Charleston, if and when it
is built. Sufficient number of bacteriological samples are
collected and are satisfactory. Those taken during the survey
•were also satisfactory.
4. Burnvell
Water from a spring is distributed to about 120 people. Small
pipes and inadequate elevation of storage caused lov pressures
in the system. There vere no data on the reliable yield of the
spring. There vas insufficient residual chlorine, probably
because of the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Sufficient bacteri-
ological samples have been collected, but the results were unsat-
isfactory. Samples taken during the survey indicated satisfactory
bacteriological results, but the chemical results were high in iron
and manganese.
5. Carbon
Carbon obtains its •water from a well and distributes it to about
130 people. The facilities of the system seem satisfactory except
for inadequate chlorination. Only one bacteriological sample had
been collected in the last year and that was unsatisfactory. During
the survey there •was no residual chlorine in the system. The
bacteriological samples collected during the survey were sat-
isfactory, while the chemical sample vas high in iron and manganese.
6. Cedar Grove
Water from the Kanawha River is coagulated, settled, filtered,
chlorinated, and pumped to about 1,900 people in Cedar Grove.
-------
A-3
In addition, water is wholesaled to Glasgov and Eastbank which
have a combined population of 2,000 people. The treatment
facilities seem to hare sufficient capacity but some of the
equipment is in poor condition and in need of repair. Of the
samples taken, the chemical and 'bacteriological results were
satisfactory. However, of the twenty-four samples required for
the year, only four were collected. The clarification of the
water aad the control of clarification were considered inadequate.
7. Charleston
This is the largest system in the survey serving seme 121,000
people. It is owned by the West Virginia Water Company. However,
the plant which treats water from the Elk Hirer is old and needs
renovating. The real solution is to build a new one. Plans are
being developed to construct a large plant to serve Charleston,
Hitro, Belle, and other nearby communities, but there are some
difficulties to be resolved before construction is started. Bac-
teriological samples were satisfactory, but not quite enough were
collected. Residual chlorine is maintained through the system.
Becords are sufficient and available. There were indications
that clarification was inadequate,
8. Chelyan
This system treats water from the Kanawha River and pumps it to
approximately 2,100 consumers. Complaints have been received of
-------
A-U
low pressure at ends of the distribution system. There are
insufficient safety precautions in the chlorination process.
There was Inadequate control of the clarification process, and
the turbidity was not satisfactory.
9. Clendenin
Water from the Elk River is treated and pumped to approximately
3,500 consumers. The plant is old and chlorination procedure was
Judged inadequate. The chemical and bacteriological quality of
the filtered water is satisfactory for the samples collected.
However, insufficient numbers of bacteriological samples are being
collected. There was inadequate control of clarification and the
turbidity vas not satisfactory. Plans are being made to construct
an additional filter and more mains.
10. Gorton
This small community obtains its water from the Elk River, and
after treatment, distributes it to 36 people. Somewhat insufficient
number of bacteriological samples have been taken, but all those
taken were satisfactory as were thosetaken during the survey. The
chemical analyses were also satisfactory. There was inadequate
control of clarification but the turbidity was within acceptable
limits.
11. Crown Hill
This community of 250 people obtains its water from Pratt. The
distribution system is old, poorly maintained, and has sections
with insufficient pressure. No samples are collected by Crown
-------
A-5
Hill, and insufficient samples are collected by Pratt. Because
of deficiencies in the Pratt system, it was considered that
Crown Hill source was Inadequate.
12. Decota
Water from a veil is pumped through a system which serves about
320 people. The pressures are adequate, but storage is not. The
high hydrogen sulflde content makes chlorination process ineffective.
Only three bacteriological samples were taken last year although
2k are required, but these were satisfactory as vere the two taken
during the survey. The chemical samples indicate the presence of
unsatisfactory amounts of iron and manganese.
13. Eastpank
Water is purchased from Cedar Grove and retailed to about 1,200
consumers. This system is in poor condition. There is a need
for elevated storage and Improvement of the water mains as water
pressure is inadequate. No samples were collected from the system.
Two samples collected during the survey were satisfactory and the
residual chlorine was sufficient. Since Cedar Grove was judged
inadequate in clarification, clarification control, and bacteriolog-
ical surveillance, the source of Eastbank was judged inadequate.
l*f. Glasgow
Glasgow also purchases water from Cedar Grove and distributes it
to about 1,000 consumers. The distribution system is in reasonably
good condition, and there are no dead ends. Samples are not collected
-------
A-6
from this system. The two collected during the survey were sat-
isfactory. Since Cedar Grove was judged inadequate in clarification,
clarification control, and bacteriological surveillance, the source
of Glasgow was judged inadequate.
15. Handley
This community is furnished water by the Chesapeake and Ohio
Railroad which treats Kanawha River water primarily for boilers.
Chlorination is not practiced. The operation is inadequate and
pressures are low in the system. Insufficient bacteriological
samples are taken. The two collected during the survey were sat-
isfactory. There is talk of obtaining water from Montgomery
instead of the railroad. This would be an excellent solution to
the water supply problem.
16. Kayford
This supply is primarily for industry but furnishes water to 100
people. The source is a well and infiltration gallery. The main-
tenance of the system is poor but chlorination seems adequate.
There are no major physical ieficiencies reported. Only three
bacteriological samples were collected last year, but •hhese were
satisfactory as were the two collected during the survey. The
chemical analysis was also satisfactory.
17. Leewood
Water from a well is supplied to 150 people by a distribution system
which is poorly maintained and has areas of low pressure. The
concentration of hydrogen sulfide is so high that no residual
chlorine can be maintained in the system. At time of survey, the
-------
A-T
chlorinator was not being used. Bacteriological samples were
collected only two months last year and the results for one
nonth vere unsatisfactory. One of the two bacteriological samples
taken during the survey was unsatisfactory.
18. Miami
arounctvate- is pumped from a well, aerated, coagulated, settled,
filtered, chlorinated and distributed to about 1,100 consumers.
The purpose of the treatment is to reduce the hydrogen sulfide,
iron, and manganese. The clogging of the filter with manganese
and consumer ccnrplaints indicate that the treatment is not very
effective. Chlorination was inadequate. The well is subject to
flooding. Insufficient bacteriological samples are being taken
and those collected do not meet the Standards. The two collected
during the survey were satisfactory. Barium exceeded the mandatory
limits.
19. Montgomery
This system is also owned by the West Virginia Water Company and
provides the same trealaient to Kanawha River water as does the
Belle system. Sixty-five hundred people living in MonJ-hosiery,
London, Hugheston, are served by this system. At times there are
taste and odor problems and low pressures in some areas. Sufficient
bacteriological samples are collected and they are satisfactory,
as were those collected during the survey. Problems have been
experienced in clarifying the water.
-------
A-8
20. Nltro
There is em old plant that treats Kanawha River water taken
from below the industrial complex at South Charleston. The rav
•water contains such large amounts of chemical •wastes that it is
very difficult to remove the tastes and odors by the nornsal
treatment process. Granulated, activated carbon is used in lieu
of sand in the filter to help solve the problems. The ultimate
solution is a new source of water and this is being planned (see
Charleston discussion).IBP efficient bacteriological samples are
collected and they were satisfactory. The chemical analyses
indicated that the limit for manganese was exceeded. In some
parts of the distribution system there is low pressure. At the
time of inspection there were some problems with clarification.
The system is being operated as trail as possible under the cir-
cumstances. About 52,000 people are served by this system.
21. Pinch
Water from the Elk River is softened, filtered, chlorinated,
fluoridated, and distributed to about 1,025 consumers. The
treatment plant has sufficient catr.eity. Th* plant appears well
designed and maintained. Only one bacteriological sample was
collected last year anc1 It -was unsatisfactory. The two collected
during the survey were satisfactory.
22. Pratt
Kanawha River w&ter is coagulated, filtered, chlorinated, and
distributed to 1,250 consumers in Pratt and 250 in Crown Hill and
Hansford. The plant is operated at, design capacity. There is a
present need to increase the sedimentation capacity and the amount
-------
A-9
of storage in the system. At times the filter runs are five
hours or less. The plant is allowed to operate when no operator
is on duty. Insufficient "bacteriological samples are collected.
Those collected during the survey were satisfactory, Turbidity
and iron were in excess of the recommended limits.
23. Reasford
Groundvater is pumped from three walls to supply 100 people. The
•wells are inadequately protected as coal dust finds its way into
the water. As with most of the smaller systems, little information
was available about the system. Only four bacteriological samples
were taken last year and one was unsatisfactory. The two collected
during the survey vere satisfactory. Chlorination is not practiced.
Chemical analyses indicated that the water was high in iron and
manganese.
2k. Republic
The system consists of a veil, pump, and distribution system
which seems quite adequate for the 90 people it serves. The
chemical quality of the •water is poor, having excessive iron,
manganese, and hydrogen sulfide. It is difficult to maintain
any residual chlorine in the system. No bacteriological samples
were taken the last year, and one of the two taken during th«
survey was unsatisfactory.
25. Ronda
Water is pumped from a well through a distribution system to
approximately 256 people. The well is located too close to a
septic tank and a privy. The water is high in iron, manganese
and sulfides which destroys the residual chlorine before it
-------
A-10
reaches the end of the system. No bacteriological samples
vere taken last year and one of the tvo collected during the
field survey vas unsatisfactory.
26. St. Mbans
Water from Coal River receives conventional treatment and is dis-
tributed to about 20,000 consumers. The quality of the rav
water is affected by mine drainage and occasional discharges
of municipal sewage. The present plant is producing at, or
over, designed capacity. Plans are being developed to construct
another 1.5 mgd. plant to be operated in parallel with the
present plant. Only eleven of the 2^0 samples required were
collected during the last year. Those collected were satisfactory
as were those collected during the survey. Short filter runs
indicated that coagulation and settling vas inadequate.
27" Shrewsbury
Water from two drilled wells is treated to reduce iron, manganese,
and hydrogen sulfide and then is pumped into the distribution
system which serves 6ko people. This system also serves Monarch,
West Virginia. The facilities are old and evidently lo not
work well and consumers complain that the water stains. Chemical
analyses of samples collected during the survey confirm this
complaint. Insufficient bacteriological samples were collected
last year. Those collected were satisfactory as were the two
taken during the survey.
-------
A-ll
28. Sissonville
Water from Pocatalico River is coagulated, settled, filtered,
chlorinated, fluoridated, and distributed to about 2,500
consumers. Oil veil pollution has increased the chlorides in
the vater source so much that a nev temporary Intake was con-
structed 2^ miles from the plant on the left branch of the
Pocatalico River. Thie line has frozen in the vlnter, adding
to the utility's problems. There are a number of design
problems in the plant vhich need changing. Both the raw and
finished vater transmission lines need to be improved to prevent
freezing and lov pressure. The pollution of the source needs
to be eliminated. Insufficient bacteriological samples have
been collected and those that were do not meet the Standards.
Hovever, the tvo collected during the survey vere satisfactory.
Clarification was inadequate and resulted in turbidities above
the constituent limits. Chlorination was also inadequate.
29. Ward
This industrial supply is serving only ^5 people vho will soon
be moving. Ihe system is to be abandoned. Bacteriolo^"*!
samples have not been collected recently. The tvo collected
during the survey vere satisfactory. Chlorination is not
practiced routinely. There is lov pressure in the distribution
system.
-------
A-12
30. Vinifrede
This industrial supply serves about 60 people. It consists of
a veil, pump, and distribution system. It is poorly maintained
and the chemical quality of the water is also poor. The veil
is subject to flooding. No bacteriological samples were taken
the past year. One sample collected during the survey was
satisfactory, mere is no chlorination.
-------
APPENDIX B
FORMS USED TO GATHER DATA
-------
B-l
-------
KIituCUAu VATcR S',;>?! A' KAMIAKY .ulJj'.V^
H.j (to- '
EA
f? A f**
SURVi-Y DATK
;x\«o)
POD £Sc.-v%<£.
'--
yr.
O • if *"?I
j;. AJ •:(•'. loi; __*»?
p«*»aMi
4. D«".;an.-'-, ,5 i-C:
^•taBMcm
A. A-y.. fjay
n, '"' ' X d '• •
c<»rcioon nutne, if different
10-YR. ESTIMATE
UNKNOWN
e4
?vi?
•^ I' 6
/
\
_J
'40
!
0
a
•4Z
a
54
tr\" y .-. .J ':> is bef-n re-:. (_ r i cl ".Q (..._ I '
times for a total of
days during
f,".y one yesf o* the-
•^To\V COrTROL
riuctf rio!oj;ical (.')ir.cr.ribution system only) j—•
(1) MLn. number se?ipies recoramended per month by PHS DW^—£>
(2) -v-s!, nureber/nonth for Ja8t 12 months
of lcr;3t and most monthly
camplea
from
to
70
G O
*vt-J
^t
'_ J, c. r.
*m »a
UN
K.NO
^'-
II
L Nurrber of months the Drinking Water Standards were
Aj.'not r:,ec durinx the last 12 months for: KI #*
£ vi C«
ElJO
SA^^^7 r\ v. / c
©C O. & " U. W. o*
CO. <
^^ r^'.b) Numbur of samples <|
P £, ,
iioNi: collected $3, gawn'^ c S "
•'""«>( 5) Are S(|n!pleR reprcsentative^of distribution .system? «j
i
i yes I ! no
• - iz
(6) Are chrch cnirpies collected as provided for in th
Drinking Water Standards?
®
(7) Are saapies requiring check saraples reported bvri*£E3pnc
_.je<""~
(8) Is the laboratory certified?
i—
(a) Within the pAst A^
^~&*
(b) ^ ^ynT^to one or both, by whom was it certified.
\v^*c
(9) Are samples received by lab within 30 hours?
,39
yes
yes
Statt
no
no
ECA-19
-------
B.
tf""
-'
1 (finished witex only)
£ r—j i—i
£\C 1) Samples of finished water are anaiyzed eac'.i i. uos.lh, L Jyear,
f^ ' i 2 years, , ;3 yean;, , I ', pf rcquent 1 >• [ _J never.
»• 3fi 3-< IA-* < '"% /-A-"* '- i" "'"
, (2) Type of analysis: [ | oor'^U-f^ Jj^il. u ' P-?^'"!> ' • '' "J 'T^jf"*- V f1
PU ^, -—,=.n ,.-,-•_.-, j-"-—V ~";
,t/7v3) Date of last cherrical analysis ^—J—J Lg^ ' L_J_-_J
? 0 f ) | j " ' r—i i 1 y ' [-"
Aiialysed by | .lutility, | Istate, | |PHS, | J university , i jother.
5>l 5E. S3 S<5 5>S
(5) TestE run for operational control and their frequency are:
B-3
Tests
Frequency
Con
Alkalxnity
Alurai nun
Chloride
Chlorine residual
(E*JD C*.'1C> 71* oj [zj
Color flo
Fluoride
Hardness
Iron
Jar tetts
Manganese
pH
Taste £, Odor
Turbidity
Zeta potential
Other
sinuous Each shift Daily Weekly than \-:c:1
i?
0,2
(,7
~7Z-
'3
/Pj
? 5
~2tb
35
38
4}
•&Q
?-3
.j
• <^-
-0-
0*'
^
— ~v^
%*^
I]
LJ
D
r
8
U
0
c
r* 7
n
C
Radioactivi ty
(1) Samples are analyzed each
t
I infrequently
month,
70
year,
•?/
rn
2 years, j j 3 years,
never.
3)
(*) Date of last radiological analysis
(3) Analyzed by | [utility, j (state,
0 mo.
PHS,
m
'
ay
universi ty,
other.
^ (specify)
EGA-19
-------
7. SANITARY SURVEY
pr—;—j j ,[---!i
A. Date of a>o:.t r.-cer.t suivey '. v'•/_•*;'*•"'T'LlX'^'J.
i—ii ri r~]
B. Survey ryue by: ' _'state, i_,j PHS, I _j[ local health department,
it , , 3 L4/*\/Li y VCO
"'"1
C. Facilities surveyed: l___j source,
trail Pais
r~~] I?*,"* '.TOfV
, 1 I tt vvcaent,
storage, ! i distribution.
'Vi ";i"V"'-?-;
r" v lt-wv,.? ."•
u
8. FACILITIES & OPERATION (describe deficiencies on reverse side)
A. Are there coiraon walls between finished and lesser quality water?
•» •^•'' f ' " . ' e
B. Are there inter-connections to other systems
(i) of known acceptable
(2) of unknown quality
(a) with protection KIOT^ flOVW
•
(b) without protection
C. Is there a cross-connection control program
(1) on new construction only
(2) for continuous re-inspection
D. Are finished water reservoirs properly covered?
E. Is there detectable chlorine residual in distant parts of the
distribution sy;.te:a?
F. Can the treatment plant be by-passed?
G. Are there satisfactory procedures to:
(1) prevent personal accidents
(2) prevent chlorine accidents
(3) disinfect all new and/or repaired distribution system mains,
valves, fittings, including check samples before being
placed in service?
H. Are there areas of low pressure ( < 20 psi) in tl•> distribution
system under toaxiraura water use?
YES NO
r
C © r-
I. Operating prcbleass most often encountered are: I I taste & odor
—i 67
phenols,
a«;..i *-..,,*"
G
L_
£/•-
C
C
S7 SB
L
n n
n
corrosive water,
Jshort filter runs,
other, specify.
tCA-19
-------
_ 8. FAC ! LIT 1 :•'.'•> & GPi-.\/.T ION , c^nl ir.ai. J
l — |
J. Chlorination process was interrupted I ____ ! i times
in the last 12 months.
(1) Interruption-; were due to:
I I feedwater
purap,
other, explain.
changing cylinders,
7C (END CACO 4) [±]
K. Percent of land area within service area where water is
available (nearest whole percent)
L. Were plai.s and specs, for treatment plant approved by the state?
B-5
chlorinator failure,
power failure,
YES NO
17
YES
NO
t
^
J
r«j _ .P .. L, J .
PL|<£ MO
8» <*> *T»
-------
-------
B-6
9. SOUKCh, IY.r-ATKc.N7 & DISTKiiiUTlON, continued
A. /re Che follovjrg adequate (continued):
(4) Treatment, continued:
(f) settling
(g) recarbnnation
(h) filtration
(i) disinfection, capacity
(j) disinfection, stand-by equipment
(k) taste & odor control
(1) fluoridation
(5) Distribution, with respect to the following:
(a) storage
(b) booster chlorination
(c) high service pumping
(d) booster pumping
(e) pressure
(6) Maintenance
(7) Records for:
(a) disinfection
(b) filter runs
(c) chemical consumption
(d) operational control tests
(e) bacteriological examinations
(8) Cross-connection control
(a) ordinance
(b) program implementation
(c) progress
YtS NO
1
_->.TL *?f (_•--;
Jfei
Sfe
33.
fa?
D
BO
KCA-1Q
-------
B-T
9. SOLKCrJ, TKLA':>L.,iT t ^ISIKID'JTION, continued
B. During the pa.st 3 years, raw vater quality has L_J improved»
f--, ' i~i
, or L_J stayed the
Tl« I M
*I I 5
10. PtRSONN'KL
A. Water Purification Operator
(1) Highest level of fomal education:
«;-o ;~t .-9
* *•«•.-•»
1 I
high school,
zz
8th grade or less,
technical or
\
, l_ J university.
p.**.
, L J on the
(2) Level of training in water t'S^J'^t-Yic: j ! collect •- f.-^'f^-i
_, technic.".^L-'*£^:*?rade school, |_ ' ,cHor
Qyv/none, Ljothcr,,
A-
(3) Lenpth
J. '
t'h^s job:*, L~^ji-vi"!f '^
.,-• * -'V V3^
months.
(4) Number of prev;_rus \joi i'tions as water treatment operator
ig\&
(5) Total >'t-Jlrs of water purification experience
(6) Level of study in sanitary microbiology:
."38
college course,
I technical or trade school,! I short school,
*~V i *1 7
on
n ^
L I none , ! i
•34 '".'-.
other , specify^
(7) Level o£ study in water chemistry: I college courst , •
technical
or trat.'e scliool, ,
4fci
other, specif/.
sh.ort school,
on the job, i ,ncne,
51
(8) Is the operator a full-time employee?
(9) Salary range (per year) of operator:
n
yes i no
Si
,$5,000-7,499 i i $7,500-9.999
. <*1,999
$10,000
$2,000-^,999
EGA-19
-------
TCI. i'i.H.-XjS'?•':,:,, Ci'Jlt i :im 'i
A. corH i nu. '-!
(10) If. vi..'ur ,>r*. Efp.t. staff adequate f n: W1 O 4&
' ^ »
ri r I
(a) !ii,:-2bt.r ! _!yes I I no
r~1 i^i
(b) quality I J yes L I no
B. OpiTdtot's matlor complaint ___^
C. HobU frequent customer's complaint: ReCCtV^C Y1 ' •* _Li'j!jL;J 1"*,
/ ' T
D. Ka:irt£enuT>t' s moGt frequent complaint: _
EGA-19
-------
J
F 1NAVJ J A). I'.i-UcM. .: ION
A. tA.rio' c! i'iU»') . dness: '^ater suprlv)
(. i ) G' ni i a 1 i" 11 >'r,: ion bonds ? i. ^.!
r ^'- ^ y
L > i
I
$
fto
st «•.v>. <. r\ 1
"T"
-•r---r-
LT,.I._.:__L_I_ _ 1 _.!,„.
f !T]TJiri_7~
$;
( 2 J fv.- v- nu> Dun J s
C a) statutory limit
B. Capital stock, par value
bonds, par value
[-- "J rn
C. Water iundb drc'__ kept separate or 1. ...'coinglfd with other fund
^ -* <~, -ral fund?
L, Operation is contrv>lled by:
, __• inoependi. nt water board,1, : otht r, specify.
1 no
\ * s
mayor-counci1, t mayor-coramissipn ,
1. Is thcrt- active planning for exp.sii.sion'or itaprovt-ncni?
$!
(1) Value of planted improvement
r "i
(.') Planning DV u'. ility L ..' y
I
(3) Planning by consultants '- -- Ve!
..y,s !_ no
r - -' — i
=• s L J
no
' \ J
l^ T V it T V
tit"
Liriliry. -•
- A" - -ih -
1 1
uiranr;
r'n
1
G. If expansion ib platmid, it will be carried out wittiin:
1 VK. 2-5 TRS. 6-10 YT
( 1) Sou rei
(2) Tr,-,-.Ln- ,it
( 3 ) L'l r. t r i but iun
h
Otlu r
[_ J
,'Z
1 ["1
H. C:>:;ifa of proriucri'>n:
(1) Chemicals
(2) Labor, power, etc.
(3) Depreciation
(A) Other, including office, administration, [~
met) r ri ad i ;i« , col 1 ec 11 on , < t c , ^^ L
(5) Total L
Ct.MS/1 ,(«) f,,,L
r r - - ,
L .!. j.
**T -
i I
It
.
3 A
KCA-19
-------
B-10
11.
I. T.'-'-'ff (r^identl^:! )
(I) Conntit ion fee
i
( 2 ) da les unit i •> t
IT"!"
l.OOO gallons or[^_j'per 1CD cu. ft.
t- first. [
(a) I J 1 i cents for the
i ] T~~j
(b) L_. L. .'cents for the next
J J cents for the nexi
(d) tie. as needed to cover steps.
(O L
5 7
. ,
I units
uni t s
units
-Flo,*!"
it I
A o
{
«f
t
all
g
So
LCA-19
-------
APPEHDEC C
SUMMAKY TABLE
-------
APPENDIX C
Summary Table
COMMUNITY
Acme
Alum Creek
Belle
Burnwell
Carton
Cedar Grove
Charleston
Cheylan
Clendenin
Gorton
Crown' HP ii
Dec ota
Eastbank
Glasgow
Handley
Kayford
Leewood
Miami
Montgomery
Nitro
Pinch
Pratt
Rensford
Republic
Ronda
St. Albans
Shrewsbury
Sissonville
Ward
Winifrede
TOTAL
Does not disinfect, clarify
or buy chlorinated water
*
*
#
*
k
Disinfect only or buys
chlorinated water
*
*
*
#
#
#
*
*
*
*
10
Clarifies and disinfects
*
*
*
*
#
* ^
*
#
*
*
*
•R-
#
*
*
15
Clarifies without disinfection
*
1
Does not exceed constituent
limits
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Ik
Exceeds one or more of the
recommended limits
U
U
U
U
U
U
Exceeds one or more of the
mandatory limits
U
?
U
U
U
U
U
U
13
U
?
Inadequate source protection
in absence of disinfection
U
U
U
U
U
U
6
* For Information only - not used in evaluation of systems
S Satisfactory - met criteria used in evaluation of systems
U Unsatisfactory - did not meet criteria
-------
APPENDIX C
Summary Table
(continued)
coMflwrar
Acme
Alum Creek
Belle
Burnwell
Carbon
Cedar Orove
Charleston
Cheylan
Clendenin
Gorton
Crown Hill
Decota
Eastbank
Glasgow
Handley
Kayford
Leewood
Miami
Montgomery
Nitro
Pinch _^
Pratt
Rensford
Republic
Ronda
St. Albans
Shrewsbury
Sissonville
Ward
Winifred
TOTAL
Inadequate disinfection if
practiced
U
U
u
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
12
Inadequate clarification if
practiced
U
II
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
12
Inadequate control of clari-
fication if practiced
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
7
Low Pressure
,
v
u
U
u
u n
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
12
Essentially free of
major deficiencies
S
S
2
Meets bacteriological
surveillance criteria
S
S
S
3
Does not meet bacterio-
logical surveillance criteria
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U J
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
17
u
27
Insufficient bacterio-
logical samples collected
U
U
U
U
U
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
U 1
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
2e
-------
APPEBDIX D
LABORATORY RESULTS
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