U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
OF THE SMITH RIVER, VIRGINIA
1970
MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION- III 6th and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGHyENTS 1
SOT/WARY fc CONCLUSIONS 2
INTRODUCTION 4
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 5
PREVIOUS STUDIES 7
METHODS 8
STUDY RESULTS 9
REFERENCES 12
APPENDIX
Map of Study Area
Table #1 : Survey Results: Kinds of benthic organlsms/sq. Ft.
Table #2 : Description of Industrial & Municipal Waste Source.
Figure #1 : Number of Organisms per Square Foot of River Bottom.
Number of Genera represented at each station
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Those providing much appreciated assistance in the conduct of
I field activities and the compilation of background material were:
Mr. Donald M. Lewis, Pollution Control Co-ordinator, E. I. Dupont
de Nemours & Co., Inc., Martinsville, Virginia; the U. S. Army Corps
of Engineers, Wilmington District; the U. S. Geological Survey of the
U. S. Dept. of Interior; the Virginia Division of Water Resources,
and the Virginia State Water Control Board.
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SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
A "biological survey conducted on Virginia's Smith River, between
September 28 and October 2, 1970 showed that aquatic life resources
were adversely affected and water quality degraded by the addition of
numerous industrial and municipal discharges:
1. The Smith River upstream from Philpott Reservoir supported a large
and diverse population of clean water forms characteristic of good
| water quality.
M 2. The numbers and diversity of stream benthos were greatly reduced
between Philpott Dam and Bassett, Virginia. Among the factors
I contributing to this were the scouring effect of regulated releases
from Philpott dam and a stream bottom unsuitable for the development
jf of a high density population of bottom fauna.
_ 3. Numerous industrial and domestic discharges to the Smith River
" between Bassett and Martinsville resulted in degraded water quality
and a bottom fauna composed primarily of pollution-tolerant species.
4. Martinsville Reservoir exhibits the high degradation commonly
found in small impoundments receiving high organic waste loads and
sediment. Organic Pollution from upstream sources supplied food for
a bottom fauna comprised primarily of pollution tolerant forms.
5. Prior to entering North Carolina the Snith River supports a
highly diverse assemblage of clean water bottom organisms indicating
that the river has recovered from the effects of discharges in the
Bassett-MartdESville area.
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I 6. The substrate of the Snith River Immediately downstream from
the Virginia-North Carolina line was of marginal quality and was
J the primary factor which limited the numbers of clean water organisms.
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INTRODUCTION
1
A biological survey of the Staith River from Virginia Route
J 704 Bridge to its confluence with the Dan River at Leaks vi lie, North
- Carolina was conducted between September 28 and October 2, 1970 at
the request of the U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District.
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of releases made
from the Philpott Dam and waste discharges from the Basse tt-Martinsvi lie,
Virginia area on the biota of the fitaith River. The biological para-
meters used to determine water quality were the various benthic macro-
invertebrates, composed primarily of Immature insect forms. These
invertebrates are a recognized indicator of past and present water
quality conditions.
V Bottom organisms have been placed in three general categories
according to the severity of water pollution which they may tolerate.
m Clean water associated benthos (pollution-sensitive) are characterized
M by individual species which may exist only within a narrow range of
water quality conditions generally considered healthy. Pollution-
B tolerant forms are characterized by species which can live within a
greater range of water quality conditions, but, which live best in
| aquatic environments which are polluted. The remainder of benthic
_ organisms may be generally defined as being able to exist within a
* wide range of water quality conditions, the optimum environment being
only vaguely defined for each species. These forms are classified as
pollution-intermediates and indicate water of varying quality between
clean and polluted. Of course, in reaches where pollution reaches
toxic proportions, little if any benthic organisms are able to exist.
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
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Smith River is an interstate stream rising out of the Blue Ridge
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Mountains in Southern Virginia and flowing approximately 80 miles to
join the Dan River in North Carolina (map 1). The drainage area com-
prises approximately 540 square miles and is part of the Roanoke River
ij Basin. Two-thirds of the watershed is forested and precipitation
_ averages approximately 43 inches annually. In the upper reaches the
stream flows through rugged terrain and is characterized by steep
M gradient, rocky bed and a relatively narrow flood plain. Downstream
from Martinsville the flood plain broadens and stream flow is less
j turbulent. Stream bottom is primarily a rock-gravel composition
f which contains large quantities of sand and slit in the lower reaches.
Philpott Reservoir, a multi-purpose project operated by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers is located approximately 6 miles upstream from
Bassett, Virginia. This project provides flood protection and hydro-
electric power generation for the area in addition to recreation bene-
fits. The City of Martinsville also uses the river to generate hydro
power at a small run-of-the-river dam and reservoir located near the
south city limits. The average daily stream flow recorded at Philpott
dam is about 290 cfs and at Martinsvilie, 470 cfs.
I The Smith River ie generally free from major sources of pollution
until it reaches Bassett. However, in the 11 mile reach between Bassett
and Martinsville there are 11 industrial and 16 municipal waste sources
(Table #2).
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M The main stem has been designated an Interstate stream and is,
therefore, subject to Federal-State Water Quality Standards. Bene-
| ficial water uses within the study area to be protected by these
j| standards include public water supply, primary and secondary contact
recreation, and fish and aquatic life. A portion of the main stem
If upstream from Philpott Reservoir is classified as natural trout
water whereas the 9 mile segment between the dam and Koehler supports
| a put and take trout fishery. Both reaches are stocked annually with
^ trout by the Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries.
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PREVIOUS STUDIES
Since 1961 the Virginia State Water Control Board has conducted
several investigations of pollution problems in the Smith River
I watershed. In 1961 and 1963 the State Water Control Board made
biological surveys of the Smith River from Philpott Dam to
* Martinsville, Virginia. The first study was prepared to evaluate
the effects of untreated wastes entering the stream in the Bassett-
Martinsville area. The second study was conducted as a result of
I citizens' complaints that industrial wastes from the area were
causing taste and odor problems in the water supply of Eden (Spray),
I North Carolina, 20 miles downstream. In both surveys a cursory
<* examination of the benthic fauna and flora was used to indicate water
quality.
In 1969 a fish kill occurred on the Smith River below Bassett.
Subsequent survey by the State Water Control Board indicated that the
| kill was the result of discharges from Bassett Industries, Inc. In
Ethe fall of that year Dr. John Cairns Jr. and members of the staff of
Virginia Polytechnic Institute measured the level of the macro-inverte-
9 brate standing crop upstream and downstream from the discharges of
E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co. in Martinsvilie, Virginia.
P In the spring of 1970 the State Water Control Board conducted a
survey which identified sources of discharges to the Smith River and
its tributaries.
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1| METHODS
IB Sampling stations were selected which would correspond with
areas sampled In previous surveys with additional stations included
to extend the survey area upstream from Philpott Reservoir and
downstream from the North Carolina State line. Each stream station
m was quantitatively sampled once at mid-channel using the Surber
m Square Foot Sampler, except those at which excessive bedrock or un-
suitable substrate prevented meaningful sampling. Qualitative samples
V were obtained by extensive sampling of the various habitats found at
each river station. Only quantitative samples were taken in the
| Martins vl lie Reservoir. Each station in the reservoir was sampled
^ at three points on a transect across the impoundment using a Petersen
Dredge .
All substrate collected was placed in large metal palls, washed,
and filtered through No. 30 mesh U. S. Standard Series sieves. All
I material retained by the sieve was removed and preserved in a 5-10$
formalin solution and returned to the Environmental Protection Agency
* Technical Support Laboratory, at Char lottesville, Virginia for analysis.
Classification of organisms was made following the taxonomy pro-
vided by Pennak (1953), Ward and Whlpple (1963), Mason (1968), Klein
(1967) Usinger (1963), Leonard and Leonard (1962), Needham and Needham
(1962), and Sinclair (1964), (Table #1). Results of the quantitative
samples were expressed as number of organisms per square foot of river
bottom (Figure 1) . Results of both qualitative and quantitative samples
were expressed by the number of genera per station (Figure ^2) . i
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SURVEY" RESULTS
In the headwaters of the Smith River above Philpott Reservoir
* good water quality was indicated by high diversity of bottom
I organisms and the dominance of pollution-sensitive species such
as mayfly numphs and caddis fly larva, which are excellent fish
1 foods.
^ Sampling in the three mile reach between Philpott Dam and Va.
Highway 871* showed that the stream bottom was sparsely populated
*ft with bottom organisms. Species diversity was reduced to 9 kinds at
Station 3 as compared with 26 genera upstream from the reservoir.
Since water quality in this stream reach is sufficient to
support a put and take trout fishery, the paucity of bottom organisms
must be due to factors other than low quality waters released from
M the reservoir. Although the study results are inconclusive, it
appears that the poor benthic population was the result of (l) an
unsuitable bottom type which, in many area was composed primarily of
bed rock and large boulders and (2) the scouring effect of highly
variable releases from the dam for power generation which are often
6 or 8 times greater than mean low flow.
Just upstream from Bassett, Virginia (Station #4), the benthic
community had increase substantially. Bottom fauna along one bank
was represented by 38 genera including pollution-sensitive mayflies,
I stoneflies and caddisflies (Figure 2). However, along the opposite
bank, the stream bottom was covered by a rust colored precipitate
and devoid of benthic fauna for several hundred feet downstream from
I the Bassett Mirror Co. outfall. This reduction in bottom organisms.
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tt indicated that the effluent had a toxic effect on stream biota.
One (1) river mile downstream the toxicant appeared to be dissipated
Q and a large population of pollution-tolerant forms (over 2,000
organisms/sq . ft.) predominated, indicating an abundant organic food
* supply.
V Downstream from Stanley-town most of the pollution-intermediate
species, such as midge and crane fly larvae replaced pollution-
tolerant bristleworms . The benthio population was reduced to 338
^ organisms per square foot and with a diversity of fourteen kinds,
indicated a slight water quality improvement. However, at Fieldale
(station 8 & 9) the discharge of organic wastes severly degraded the
river. Five genera of pollution- tolerant bristleworms represented
95/6 of the benthic community (Figure #1) , with a population density at
station 9 of 1,981 organisms per square foot. The diversity of the
m benthos declines rapidly through Koehler as the river's velocity slows
under the influence of Marti nsvi lie Dam and the substrate of sand and
hard rock prevent development of a benthic community.
V Martinsville Reservoir is a classic example of many small shallow,
run-of-the-river impoundments which have filled in with sediment. The
substrate of the reservoir was composed of sand, mica, organic mulch,
m and fine organic silts . Although industrial and domestic wastes
discharged to the river upstream contribute significant organic enrich-
ment to the impoundment, sediment build up on the bottom has a smothering
effect on benthic fauna and prevents development of a large benthic
jj population. Six genera of pollution- tolerant bristle and sludgeworms
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constituted the dominant benthic life forms with a population
0 rangeing from 6 to 302 organisms per square foot.
M The population density of the benthos immediately downstream from
Martinsville Dam (Station #17) increased to 1,071 organisms per square
fl foot indicating the impact of organic nutrients from the reservoir.
Pollution-tolerant bristleworms predominated (Figure #1). However,
0 these data also indicate that the benthic community had responded to
the return of a favorable substrate with a substantial increase of
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m diversity (Figure #2). This substrate, composed of gravel, large
"to stones and small quantities of sand extends into North Carolina.
At station 18, 5 miles upstream from the North Carolina line, the
Smith River supported a benthic fauna typical of an unpolluted stream.
_ Here the bottom organisms numbered 550 per square foot with a diversity
of 27 genera (Table #1). Furthermore, 86 percent of all organisms
were pollution-sensitive stoneflies, mayflies and caddisflies which
demonstrated that water quality had completely recovered from upstream
pollution.
Just upstream from the Eden (Spray) Water Power and Land Co.
Reservoir (station 19), North Carolina the number of bottom organisms
was drastically reduced, as substrate composition changed to coarse
sand. Downstream from the impoundment, at Leaksville, North Carolina
the substrate returned to a favorable composition. Seven genera of
pollution-sensitive organisms including mayfly numphs and caddisfly
larva were present. However, a population density of 176 organisms
M per square foot including large numbers of pollution-intermediate
midges and pollution-tolerant bristleworms indicated that the Snith
I River was slightly degraded before flowing into the Dan River.
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REFERENCES
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£ 1. Anon.
1959-1969 Water Resources Data for Virginia. Part 1, Surface
I Water Records. Part 2. Water Quality Records. U.S. Dept. of
the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
]| Richmond, Virginia viii + 330 pp.
_ 2 . Anon .
1967 Economic Data Summary, Henry County and the City of
* Martinsville No. 67-18. Governor's Office, Office of Adminis-
tration, Division of Planning, Richmond, Virginia 20pp.
| 3. Anon.
1969 Projections and Economic Base Analysis, Martinsville
City, Henry County Area. No. 69-11. Division of Planning and
> Community Affairs, Richmond, Virginia 22pp.
4. Burks, B. D.
I 1953 The Mayflies or Ephemeroptera of Illinois. Bulletin of
the Illinois Natural History Survey, Volume 26, Article 1,
V Urbana, Illinois 216 pp.
5. Cairns, J.
1969 A Survey of the Bottom Fuana of the Smith River in the
Vicinity of Dupont's Martinsville Plant. Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 16pp.
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V 6. Klein, W. L.
1967 Picture-Key to the Genera of Aquatic Midges. Technical
I and Advisory and Investigations Branch. U.S. Dept. of Interior
Mm Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Cincinnati,
Ohio 25 pp.
I 7. Leonard, J. W. and F. A. Leonard
1962 Mayflies of Michigan Trout Streams, Craribrook Institute
| of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 140pp.
._ 8. Mason, W. T.
1968 An Introduction to the Identification of Chironomid
I Larvae. Division of Pollution Surveillance. U.S. Dept. of
Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Q Cincinnati, Ohio 89pp.
9. Muenscher, W. C.
' 1944 Aquatic Plants of the United States, Cornell University
Press, Ithaca, New York.
10. Needham, J. G. and P. R. Needham
M 1962 A Guide to the Study of Freshwater Biology 5th ed. Holden-
Day, Inc., San Francisco, California.
11. Paessler, A. H.
1969 Unpublished letter. Fish Kill (69-008) Smith River
Bassett-Henry County. State Water Control Board. Richmond
Virginia 2pp.
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12. Pennak, R. W.
1953 Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States. The
I Ronald Press Co., New York, New York
13. Sinclair, R. M.
m 1964 Water Quality Requirements of the Family Eladdae
(Colleoptera). Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board,
Tennessee Dept. of Public Health. Nashville, Tennessee
I 14 PP.
14. Smith, G. M.
Q 1950 The Freshwater Algae of the United States, 2nd ed.,
_ McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, New York.
* 15. Tackett, J. H.
A 1961 Memorandum: Bassett-Martinsville Area-Biological
Stream Bottom Survey. State Water Control Board, Richmond,
£ Virginia 5pp.
_ 16. Tackett, J. H.
* 1963 Memorandum: Biological Stream Survey-Smith River.
State Water Control Board, Richmond, Virginia 20pp.
17. Thaler, C. M.
J 1970 Memorandum: Survey of 3nith River, Philpott Dam to a
^ point below Martinsville Senvage Treatment Plant. State Water
Control Board. Richmond, Virginia 2 pp.
18. Usinger, R. L.
1956 Aquatic Insects of California, University of California
I Press. Berkeley, California
19. Ward, H. B. and C. C. Whipple
1959 Freshwater Biology. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York,
New York
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