-------
Table 14 (continued)
Family Pectinidae
(QK, FE) Placooecten magellanicus Gmelin
Order Eulamellibranchia
Family Arcticidae
(QK, FE) Arc tic a islandica Linne
Family Astartidae
(FE) Astarte boreal is Schumacher
(QX) As tarte castanea Say
(QX, FP]) Ao tar te s ub equ i 1 a jjer a Sowerby
(QX) Astarte unda_ta ?Gould)
_
Family Cardiidae
(OK. FL) Ceras toderraa pinnula turn Conrad
(QX, FE) Tr a c hyc ar d ium mur ica turn Linnc
Family Carditidae
(QK, FE) Venericardia bore alls (Conrad)
Family Corbulidae
(QK, FE) Corbula coutracta (Say)
Family Lucinidae
(QK) ?:iacoides f j^losus Stimpson
rarely Lyonsiidae
(FE) I-'onsia hyalina (Conrad)
if:.-^^ly Mactridae
(QX, FE) 5pisula solidissima (Dillwyn)
Family Pandoridae
(QX) Pandora gouldiana (Ball)
(QX, FE) Pandora trilineata Say
F-^iiy Semelidae
(QK) .-era, lioica Dall
(FE)
Fsnily Solenidae
(QX. FE) V.nsis directus (Conrad)
??--i_lv Tellinidae
(QK, FE'! Tellina a^ilis. (Stimpson)
F:-nily Veneridae
(QX) L :>sj.nia. discus Reeve
(QX) r-ztar rtiorrhuana (Linsley)
Trans^nella stimosoni Dall
Pliylun Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Subclass .'Jalacosti'aca
Order Cu.nacea
Family Diastyli'lae
(0 X) _I) i a s t y 1 i s s p .
VA . :\ i 1 y J .e u c; o n i d a e
(QX) t^-l^^j^1 si}-
(FE) Eudoro Llo]-)sis d_o^_o_V£ajL_s (Kroyei1)
0 i1 a c i' T n n 'J. i d a c e a
FiiviL Ly j-'.ir.iLL.uai dae
r '.-"j corhol i a sp .
53
-------
Table 14 (continued)
Family Tanaidae
(FE) Tan a is s us lilljeborgi (Stebbing)
Order Isopoda
Suborder Anthuridea
Family Anthuridae
(FE) Pfcilanthura tricar in a Menzies and Frankenberg
Suborder Flabellifera
Family Cirolanidae
(QK) Cirolana concharum (Stimpson)
(QX, FE) Giro. I an a impressa (Harger)
(QK, FE) Cirolana polita (Stimpson)
Suborder Valvzfera
Family Idoteidae
(QK) Chiridotea arenicola (Wigley)
(QK) Chiridotea stenops (Menzies and Frankenberg)
(QK) Edotea tri'loba (Say)
Order Amphipoda
Suborder Gammaridea
F-irally Ampeliscidae
(QK) A-npelisca v a do rum (Mills)
(QK, FE) A.T.p_elis~ca' a e q ufccxr n i s Bruzelius
(QK, FE) 'E rolls serrata (Smith)
Family Calliophiidae
(QK) An her us a gracilis (Holmes)
Family Corophiidae
(FE) Lep toe heir us pinguis (Stimpson)
(FE) ?';eudounciol^ obljauua (Shoemaker)
(QK) Sipnonoecetes smithianus (Rathbun)
(QK) . '-"nciola dissimilis (Shoemaker)
(OK) Luciola inermig ^
(QK) L'nciola irrorata (Say)
Family Haustoriidae
(FZ) .^canthohaustorius mills_i Bousi'ield
(QK) Pro tohaus tor ius deichmannae (Bous field)
(OK, FE) Protohaus torius wigleyi (Bo'usf ield)
Family Lyssianassidae
(OX. FE) nippornedon serratus (Holmes)
Family Phoxocephalidae
(QK) Paraphoxus spinosus (Holmes)
(OK. FE) Phqxocephalus holbolli (Kroyer)
(OK) Trichophoxus epistomus (Shoemaker)
family Stcnothoidae
Pro hole ides holme si (Bousi'ield)
Suborder Cap re 1 lidea
P'a in i. 1 y Ca p re J 1 1 d ae
icoi'nis (Kroyer)
'" Dt capoda
Fanily Craicridae
Cancer- j^rrjora Uis Say
Cancer bor-?a_lj.3_ Stimpson
54
-------
Table 14 (continued)
Phylum Ectoprocta
Class Gymnolaemata
Order Ctenostomata
Family Alcyonidiidae
(QK) Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassall)
Family Flustrellidae
(QK) Flustrellidra hispida (Fabricius)
Family Vesiculariidae
(FE) Bowerbankia sp. cf. B. gracilis Leidy
Order Cheilostomata
Suborder Anasca
Family Alderinidae
(QK. FE) Callopora sp.
Family Scrupariidae
(QK) Scruparia chelata (Linne)
Suborder Ascophora
Family Microporellidae
(QK, FE) .Microporella ciliata (Pallas)
Family Schizoporellidae
(FE) Schizoporella errata (Watess)
Family Smittinidae
Parasmittina sp.
Phylum Entoprocta
Family Pedicellinidae
(FE) Barentsia sp.
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Echinoidea
Family Arbaciidae
(QK. FE) Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck)
Family Echinarachnidae
(QK, FE) Zchinarachnius parma (Lamarck)
Class Ophiuroidea
(QK, FE) Ophiuroid sp.
PhylLim Chorda ta
Subphylum Urochordata
Class Ascidiacea
(QK) Ascidian sp.
55
-------
Comparison of Species Rank, Number, and Cumulative Percent
of Benthlc Invertebrates from Quicksilver and Fetch
Species from both sampling periods were ranked according
to number of individuals (Tables 15 and!6). In addition, the
percent of fauna by number, the cumulative percent of fauna,
the number of occurrences per species, and the percent of
occurrences were included in the same tables. Comparison
of these tables revealed the following trends.
The top ten species of Quicksilver comprised approxi-
mately 81% of the fauna whereas the top 17 species of Fetch
represented about 81% of the fauna (Tables 15 and!6). The
top two species of Quicksilver contained about 47% of the
fauna while a similar percent was represented by the top
five species of Fetch. Dominance was more widely distributed
in species from retch than Quicksilver. The total number
of individuals collected in Quicksilver and Fetch was 1,121
and 1,684, respectively. The addition of meiofauna, to be
described later, would double the abundance for Fetch (Table
In Quicksilver, two polychaetes, Goniadella gracilis
and Lumbrinereis acuta, and the amphipod, Trichophoxus epistomus,
were the dominant (number) species (Table 15). These poly-
chaetes were identified as Progoniada reguluris and Lumbrinereig
paradoxa in an earlier repor" in Maurer, et al. (1973) (Palmer
and Lenr, 1973). Since then, these species were reexamined
; i our rec|U..-?st by a pclychae 1,0 specialist, and Identified as
Gon 1 n-Jo 11 a lujicilts and Larnbft:nereis _acuta (K. Fauchald, per-
sonal co;rumr.ication) .
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63
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In Fetch, G_._ gracilis and L. acuta were ranked 1 and 8,
respectively (Table 16). Three species of polychaetes, the
syllids, Exogone verugera, Parapionsyjllj.:s longicirrata^, and
the spionid. Spiophanes bombyx were also important as they
ranked 2, 3, and 5, respectively. The amphipods, Trichophoxus
epis tomus and Sybils serrata, remained in the top ten. The
polychaete, Aricidea j_effreysii, shii'ted from 8 to 11. In
terms of species composition, the presence of the syllids
and the spionid represent the biggest changes in the top
ten or eleven species between Quicksilver and fetch.
Life Stage
During the examination of species collected for Quick-
silver (March 1973), there; was some evidence of reproductive
activity. Specimens of the syllid, Autolytus cornutus con-
tained chains of -emale sexual buds. However, specimens
from Fetch sho^ec additional indications of reproductive
activity or yoang ~>f the year. Among specimens of the echino-
cern Arbacia punc tulata, about 98% were less than 5 mm in
diameter. This size would indicate setting within two to
six weeks ol sampling (November 5-10, 1973). Specimens oi'
syllids were collected in various stages of reproduction.
P..i r-;r 1.o\\o :', y ] 1 is l^'V^-A^j^f^t^ aii^ ^XS2^2P-^ veii!u-i£eJlE commonly
contained sexual spi tokos with long swiia.uiag setae. Another
s.vl.lj.d iuentili'^d -.13 S r, cepiosyl i is arenae showed the swollen
eyes a.id Ion;;- setae characteristic of sexual epjtokes. Ac-
64
-------
cording to Pettibone (1963) sexual epitokes are unknown
for this species. The nephtyid, Nephtys picta and the gonia-
did, Goniaclella gracilis, \vere collected as adults during
Quicksilver, but commonly as juveniles in Fetch. Finally,
approximately 75% of the ampeliscid amphipod, Byblis serrata,
contained developing young in brood pouches.
Meicfauna
Although this emphasized macroscopic benthic organisms,
specimens of the meiofauna (normally less than 0.5 mm) were
also collected. Because sampling techniques were not de-
signed to collect zhe meiofauna and their systematics are
locally poorly >:nown, only a few of easily recognizable
species were identified. However, for general information
purposes, some comments can be made.
Specimens ci calcareous and arenaceous Foraminifera
were recognized _u Fetch samples. In the former group, the
Family Milioiidae was represented by species of Quinqueloculina,
Tr iloculina, and Miliola. The genus, Eponide_s_ in the Family
Roraliidae was also collected. ftsj^rorhiza was the principle
representative 01 arenaceous Foraminifera. None of the above
genera of Foraminifera were included in the species list
e:-vO :'v) t A a i.^orhiza (T;< b I e ] 4).
Specimens of o^tracods, nematodes, oligochaetes, and
i'l'Oiiments OL nernf-^tean^ wei^e also collected. The oligochaetes
did not occur in high numbers and were not-widely distributed.
65
-------
In contrast, nemerteans and fragments of nemerteans were
abundant and occurred in a variety of samples (Tables 15 and
16).
The archiannelid tentatively identified as Polygordius
sp. deserves special mention. This species, a member of
the meiofauna, was the most abundant benthic invertebrate
collected for either sampling period. The total number was
3,901 individuals. When this meiofaunal organism was com-
pared with the macroscopic forms, it was ranked number one
and accounted for 70% of the fauna and occurred in 54% of
the samples (Table ]5). These figures were presented to
illustrate the dramatically different results which can be
obtained using neiofaunal organisms compared to macrofauna.
Faunal Diversity
The diversify of each sample (Tables 17 and 18 was de-
termined according to Fager (1962). These values were pooled
and averaged for T. single diversity value per station per
sampj-.'.ng period. The station diversity values per sampling-
period were compared with the nonparametric sign test (Table
19). Assumptions for the sign test and its computation can
be .f'uuud io Conover (197.1). The null hypothesis was that
for -1 '.-no-1 'xi led t'^sJ- diversity values of Folch were smaller
th.-ui or cqui.1 \.o d Lvo c.cji ty values of Quicksilver. Results
of Hit1 .'--j'Lj.i test indicalo that the null hypothesis must be
re.jc'.o : o;l at a probability level of .05 (Table 19). Thus, the
66
-------
25
diversity values for Fetch stations were significantly greater
than diversity values for Quicksilver. The occurrence of
benthic invertebrates for all samples examined during Quick-
silver and Fetch were included in Tables 20 through 28 and
29 throunh 36.
67
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70
-------
Table 19
Sign Test for Comparison of
Faunal Diversity for Comparable Stations of
Operation Quicksilver and Operation Fetch
Station Quicksilver Fetch Sign
Diversity * Diversity *
1
2
5
8
9
11
14
17
.540
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.571
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Null hypotnesis rejected at <^c = .05.
* Diversirj values were computed from pooled
replicate samples.
71
-------
Discussion
Species List and Comparison of Abundance
One parameter commonly used as an ind'icator of marine
pollution is a shift in species composition (Sindermann,
1972). This may involve deletion or introduction of a key
species or a decrease or increase in abundance. In the
present case, there has been very little shift in key
species composition or change in abundance that cannot be
explained by natural processes. Moreover, the difference
in total species and total numbers between Quicksilver (118,
1121) and Fetch (133, 1664), exclusive of meiofauna, (Tables
15 and 16ycan be explained in several ways. One is an arti-
fact of taxonomic methodology, the second is based on season-
ality.
Examination of Tables 15 and 16 shows that the number of
polychaete species has almost doubled in Fetch. In part,
this is due to the common practice of using the taxonomic
notation sp. and of. (compares favorably) to indicate some
doubt as to the reliability of the identification. Sometimes
an organism may have been damaged in collection, lost key
morphological ieatures in preservation, or xs in a juvenile
stage with only general diagnostic features. Under such
circumstances identificatior.s can be difficult and so quali-
fications such as ci. ov sp. are placed on the identification
As a result, the apparent number oi species can be increased
72
-------
very rapidly, when in fact some of the organisms are really
poorly preserved specimens of species already identified.
The second reason for an increased number of species
and greater number of individuals in Fetch is biological
and is considerably more important than taxonomic reasons.
Since there were only two collecting dates (March arid early
November), seasonality cannot be invoked unequivocally to
explain the differences. However, the juvenile sizes, sexual
stages, and egg-bearing mode among adult-size invertebrates
from Fetch strongly indicated recent and ongoing recruitment.
This contrasted with the adult size and general lack of re-
productive stages among Quicksilver adults. Samples from
Quicksilver primarily represented adult populations with a
shift to smaller size classes corresponding to recruitment
prior to and during: Operation Fetch.
Other data -*hich supported this seasonal explanation
was the presence of large numbers of the archiannelid, Poly-
gordius. The seasonal nature of members of the meiofauna
has been discussed (Mclntyre, 1969). The settlement of
Polygordius between sampling periods was consistent with
annual recruitment by some members of the macrofauna.
Faunal Diversity
Diversity is a complex biological concept which can be
useful in pollution studies v/hen applied with other data.
Shifts in diversity have commonly been used to indicate the
73
-------
response of communities to changing environments. Increased
diversity has been interpreted as an improved environment,
decreased diversity as a reduction in environmental quality.
Plowever, diversity applied without supporting data to pol-
lution studies can be misleading. A discussion of diversity
is beyond the scope of this report; however, we urge caution
in blindly following the direction of diversity indices.
For example, in this study there was a statistically
significant increase in diversity between sampling periods
(Table 19). Based on diversity alone one might conclude
that dumping in the study area significantly improved the
environment. We do not subscribe to this point of view.
Rather we submit that the increase in diversity was primarily
caused by natural seasonal recruitment and, to a considerably
lesser extent, taxonomic artifacts. We would discourage the
use of the increased diversity values computed here as an
indication of an improved environment.
General Statement
The benthic invertebra.te fauna recorded for Quicksilver
and Fetch was characteristic of many areas in the shallow
conti.'.&n tail she]f area nurtb of the Delmarva Peninsula through
Nantucket (Pratt, 1973). In general, these faunas were con-
siders! indicative of unpolluted oceanic waters. The main
exception would be the New York Bight (Pararas-Carayannis,
197.';) .
74
-------
In the area under study, it would be highly unlikely
that the interim dumping to date would cause immediate lethal
effects to the benthos. The particulnte nature of the dis-
posal waste, the short duration of dumping (.ime, the disper-
sion of the waste, and relatively small volume of waste com-
pared to annual rates in the New York Bight would support
this opinion. What may be more insidious are long range
chronic effects related to other activities. Palmer and
Lear (1973) presented data which indicated accumulation of
copper and iron in invertebrates from the study area. They
tentatively suggested there may be some leaching from the
acid waste dump si~ce 10 miles north of the interim dump site.
Palmer and Lear -vere reluctant to make stronger statements
pending further study. In view of the fact that the general
direction of the surface current moves south from the acid
dump site, the interim dump site would be down current.
Whether this is part of a trace metal sink remains unknown
for now.
Regardless of the source of the trace metals, many
invertebrates are known to accumulate high concentrations
without obvious adverse effects to themselves (Kopfler and
Mayer. 1973). However, this response primarily holds for
adults because embryonic and larval development may be very
sensitive and adversely affected by trace metals (Calabrese,
at al.. ]973). Indeed chronic effects on long term biologi-
cal processes (reproduction, growth, incidence of disease)
75
-------
are poorly known even among adults. It would seem that
small scale, detailed studies of chronic effects on larvae
of benthic invertebrates, holoplanktors, and long-term bio-
logical processes on adults would be productive in resolving
this problem. Waste from both dump sites should be used.
76
-------
Summary
1. The number of macrobenthic species and individuals
from "Quicksilver" were 118 and 1,121, respectively.
2. The same categories for "Fetch" were 133 species and
1,664 individuals.
3. Inclusion of the meiobenthic archiannelid, Polygordius
to the "Fetch" total yielded another 3,901 individuals.
4. There were no major shifts of key species (Goniadella
gracilis, Lumbrinereis acuta, Trichophoxus epistomus) between
collecting periods.
5. The presence of many juvenile stages, sexual stages,
adults with eggs and brood pouches with developing young in
"Fetch" invertebrates strongly indicated seasonal recruitment
here.
6. Fauna! diversity increased significantly between
"Quicksilver" and "Fetch", but was attributable primarily to
seasonal recruitment and secondarily to artifacts of taxonomy.
7. Based on the benthic organisms alone no measurable
effect of pollution was determined.
8. Long term studies of chronic effects of sewage waste
disposal and acid waste disposal on larvae of benthic inverte-
brates, holoplankters and on biological processes (reproduction,
growth, incidence of disease) of adults were urged.
77
-------
Table 20
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 1
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
Polychaeta
Lunbrinereis acuta
Goniadella graci iis
Tharyx sp.
Ceratocephale loveni
Clymenella sp.
Paraoniuae sp.
Chaetozoae sp.
Aricidea jeffreysii
Cirratulidae sp.
Asabellides sp.
Nephtys lAglaophamus)
Nephtyidae sp.
1 5
- 17
1
1
circinata
3263
1 16 25 22
1
i
2
6
2
1
13 3
12 3
1
2
1
Mollusca
Spisula solidissima
Venericardia borealis
Placopecten
magellar.icus
Ceras toderma pinnulatxra
As tarte undata
Crepidula pi an a
Margaritas groenlandicus
Ac ceon sp .~ ~~~
Ensis directus
Nucula proxima
Anomia 3 ^.-
Crepidul
aicata
Transene lla s c imps on i
As carte castanea
iNassarius trivittatus
Busycon caniculaturn
Anadara trunsversa
Crassos trea virginica
Mytilus edulls
Tr a c h y c a c d i u a in uric a bum
PoiiiiLces duplicatus
V
V
V
V
V
D
1
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
V
V
V
V
D
-
-
V
V
V
V
-
-
V
V
V
V
-
-
V
-
D
V
V
-
V
-
-
V
V
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
V
D
V
V
V
V
D
-
D
-
-
V
V
V
D
-
V
V
V
V
V
-
-
V
-
V
V
V
-
V
D
-
-
V
V
V
-
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
~
-
V
V
D
-
-
-
-
V
V
V
-
V
D
D
V
D
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
D
r:ru'3 fcace
camannae
C-P-i.3 torn us
_
(.' 1 ~~ o L a a a couchariiin
Jvblis '-_;~>rra t; a
1
1
2
78
-------
Table 20 (continued)
Species
Crustacea (continued)
Siphonoecetes smithianus
Chiridotea stenops
Cirolana polita
Hippomedon serratus
Unciola inerniis
Phoxocephalus holbolli
Ampelisca aequicornis
Unciola irrorata
Others*
Echiaarachnius parma
Obelia so.
Microporella ciliata
Eudendrium dispar
Sertularia argentea
Ophiuroid sp.
Sample
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
1-2
_ _ "i
3
P
P
1 1
1
_ -i
-i _
2
P
1
2
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
79
-------
Table 21
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 2
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
11
12
14
15
Polvchaeta
Nephtys (Aglaophamus) circina.ta
Clymenella sp.
GoniadeJ.la gracilis
Mepntyidae sp.
Lumbi"inereis acuta
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
Mollusca
Cerastoderiaa pinnulatum
Mytilus edulis
Venertcardia borealis
Phacoides filosus
Transenella stimpsoni
Astarre undata
Colas pygmaea
Arctica islandica
Polinices immaculatus
?.Iarqarites groenla.nei.-cu3
Snsis directus
Nucula proxima
.\laaa;elia cerina
As carte subequilatera
Natica canrena
V
-
V
V
V
V
V
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
-
V
-
-
V
-
V
1
V
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
~
-
V
2
-
-
1
1
V
-
-
-
-
V
-
V
V
-
V
-
-
T-
-
V
1
Crustacea
GiroIana conenarum
Trichopnoxu3 eO-LStoraua
Paraphoxus spinosus
,x \',\p e 1 ± 3 e i :i ae ^ :>.
Cumacea sp.
C iroluaa inoreS3a
j'v o Co.: an 3 c > ? v i us deichnannae
C i ! o 1 ri n a rj o 1 i t a
2
1
3.
1
1
1
2
1
'i j ,jar::ia
.; vri i.an cjo .
'ie " L ''.! -; o .
6
P
P
joiaecl
80
-------
Table 22
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 5
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
Polychaeta
Goniadella gracilis
Paraonidae sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
Aricidea jeffreysii
Chaetozone sp.
Clymenella sp.
*
Mollusca
Ensis directus
Spisula solidissima
Vener i c ard i a boreal is
Placopecten magellanicus
Cerastoderma pinnulaturn
Arctica islandica
Tellina agilis
Crepidula plana
Anomia simplex
Astarte und.ata
Astarte castanea
Crenella glandula
Tr achy card iura muricarTira
Colus pygmaea
Crustacea
Cirolana polita
Edotea criloba
Unciola inerrais
Unciala irrorata
Paoxocep aa 1 as~~Ho Ibo Hi
Leptochelia sp.
Others
38
I
1
39
2
1
40
10
2
3
1
1
3
41
9
6
1
7
1
1
42
V
V
V
V
D
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
V
V
-
-
V
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
-
V
-
-
-
-
V
V
1
-
-
-
-
V
V
V
V
~
-
V
-
1
-
D
D
-
V
V
V
D
-
-
-
-
V
V
-
-
Ecaiuarachnius parma
r.iicroporella cilia ta
oan sp. ~L
11
P
4
D - D?n.d gastropod or dead valves joined together
V -- Separate valve
^ - Fr 3 s e a t
81
-------
Table 23
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 8
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
43
Polychaeta
Goniade i La ,'j;racii is
Clymenella sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
Nephtys (Aglaophamus) circinata
5 tauronereis rudolphi ~
Parapionoriyllis longicirrata
Glycera dibranchiata
Aricidea jeffreysii
Tharyx marioni
Stauronereis sp.
Nephtys picta
1
1
44
7
2
8
1
45
7
3
3
1
2
46
4
3
1
47
22
11
4
1
4
1
Mollusca
Anomia simplex
Spisula solidissima
Veriericardia borealis
Astarte castanea
Placopecten magellanicus
Cerastoderma pinnulatua
Kassarius trivittatus
Crenella glandula
Crepidula piana
Telliaa agilis
Arc tic a islandica
Natica 5 o .
Transenella s t imps on i
Dosiaia riiscus
Ensis directus
Nucula _,r.j:
Margarines
i na
groenlandicus
V
V
1
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
D
V
V
1
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
D
V
V
V
V
D
D
D
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
Crustacea
Unciola inerrais
Phoxocephalus holbolli
Leptochel ia 3p.
sp ,
nciola J i s s i r; i 1 i
A;noe iisca vudoruni
1
3
2
L
2
1
1
1
82
-------
Table 23 (continued)
Species
Sample
43 44 45 46 47
Others
Nemertean sp. #1
Echinarachnius parma
Sertularia argentea
Flustrellidra hispida
Oligochaete sp. #1
P
P
4
3
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
83
-------
Table 24
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 9
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
48
49
50
51
52
Polychae ba
;i run icola
Goniadella gracilis
Lombrinereis acuta
Clymenella sp.
_Ar icicle a jeifreysii
Nephtys picta
S thenelaio limicola
Autolytus cornutus
4
1
1
8
1
1
2
1
i.lollusca
Ensis directus
Anomia simplex
Pandora trilineata
Venericardia borealis
Cerastoderma
Transenella
pinnulatum
timpsoni
Astarte castaaea
Tellina agilis
Turbonilla interrupta
Phacoides f ilosus
Pitar morrhuana
Crenella
Placoecten
glandula
magellanicus
Margari tes groenlandicus
Polinices immaculatus
Spisula solidissirna
Crepidula pi an a
Arc tic a Lslandica
N as s arms trivit C"a tvis
Crustacea
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
D
1
V
D
V
V
D
V
V
D
Chiridotea stenops
Protonaustorius wigleyi
Trichophoxus epistomus
Cirolana concliarum
C Lrolana poli t.a
i_i' r > r a rus
too ai-.';nicola
Hi
C ii i r i d 'J
!\ e ,g i oi o_a i
r'1 r:i -j e L 1 s < a
i c o c n i is
. . i .: ' ) v : : L s
robo loide,s holmesi
1
1
3
2
84
3
2
2
1
3.
1
1
1
-------
Table 24 (continued)
Species
Sample
48 49 50 51 52
Others
Echinarachnius parma
Sertularia argentea
Scruparia chelata
Campanularia neglecta
.Sadendrium dispar
P
P
P
P
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
85
-------
Table 25
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 11
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
16
17
18
19
20
Polychaeta
Goniadella ^racilis
Lumorinereis acuta
Sy His c 1'. cornuta
Teredellidae sp.
Cirratulidae sp.
Glycera dibranchiata
Clymeuella sp.
Ar icicle a je£freysii
Syllis cornuta
Mollusca
Astarte castanea
Venericardia borealis
jEusis directus
Placopecten raagellanicus
Crenella glandula
Colus pyg;maea
Spisula solidissiina
Polinices immaculatus
Taliina agilis
Nucula proxima
Corpula contracta
Transeneila stimpsoni
Ceras'
Nassarius t
ocema pinnulatu^i
ivittatus
Crus tacea
Un 3 J,ola ir.errais
Uacioia irrorata
oiphonoecet
s mi t hi anus
sp
Ci L'ol'xaa cone ha rum
C_L rola 1 1 a poll t a
:\ "! n.clorum
17
7
2
1
V
V
V
V
V
1
1
9
33
8
V
V
D
1
1
1
19
103
37
1
6
4
2
2
4
14
11
1
2
23
8
1
2
V
V
V
-
1
V
V
V
V
1
V
V
V
V
-
1
V
-
-
-
-
-
V
-
V
V
-
V
V
-
-
-
D
-
1
1
disnar
L'I - IK id ;.j,us cropod or d-3ad valves joined !:o«c ther
V ~ o>-.' '.rate valve
r, .. - , ,, 86
-------
Table 26
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 13
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
22
23
24
25
26
Polychaeta
Clymenella sp.
Lumbrinereis sp.
Exogone varugera
Ma.rph.ysa belli
Goniadella gracilis
Sabella microphthalma
Glycera dibranchiata
Aricidea jeffreysii
Lumbrinereis paradoxa
Aricidea wassi
Phyllodoce maculatus
Eunice sp.
Mo11usea
Astarte castanea
Venericardia borealis
Ensis directus
Crenella glandula
Placopecten magellanicus
Cerastoderma pinnulatum
Natica sp.
Busycon canaliculaturn
Colus pygmaea
Arctica islaadica
Margarites groenlandicus
Trachycardiurn muricatum
1
1
1
1
1
1
V
V
V
V
V
V
1
D
1
1
1
V
1
2
6
V
V
V
V
D
1
V
3
1
1
1
V
V
V
V
V
D
D
Crustacea
Uriciola irrorata
Ampelisca sp .
Sybils s err at a
Unciola inermis
£udorella~~s'p~]
Am e I i j c u aequicornis ,
l|TFl c hop hoxus epis to.-nas
4
1
1
3
1
3
4
Otnars
(phiuroidea sp.
liehinurachnius parma
^ Lcrooore'Lla ciliata
1
2
P
1
P
87
-------
Table 26
Species
Others (continued)
Sertularia argen tea
Eudendrium dispar
Callopora sp.
As terias vulgaris
Arbacia pane tulata
Alcyonidium polyoum
Parasmitcina sp.
22
P
P
23
P
P
P
Sample
24
25
26
1
1
P
P
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
-------
Table 27
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station
(Quicksilver)
Sample
14
Species
28
29
30
31
32
Polychaeta
Clymenella sp.
Goniadidae sp.
Goniadella gracilis
Eteone he teropoda
Sabelllaae sp.
Aricidea suecica
Aricidea iel'freysii
E teone sp.
Euchone sp.
Nephtyidae sp.
Clymenella torquata
Eteone cf. heteropoda
Asabellides sp.
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
1
1
1
1
2
Mollusca
Ensis directus
Cerastoderma
Astarte castanea
Placopecten magellanicus
As barte undata
Venericardia borealls
Arctica islandica
Trac'ay ca rdium miricatuji
Pol in ices ininiaculatiis
Soisula soiidissima
V
1
V
_
-
-
-
-
D
V
-
V
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
V
V
V
V
D
-
-
-
V
-
V
-
2
Crustacea
Tr ic iaophoxuB epistomus
o 1 phono eg e t e s siuithianus
Ampelisca p.eouicornis
' -;£j-2 _c a. t_a
grvj r.a
Pno'coceDhalus hlbolli
ybll
_
tohauotor ius
;j,9vi
0 r/iiers'
5
1
1
1
]
1
J. c P. inar ;\c Lin ius p ar nia
2
1
^'id ;;ascropod or dead valves joined together
ioax'ate valve
89
-------
Table 28
Occurrence of Benthlc Invertebrates at Station 17
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
33
34
35
37
Polychaeta
Clymenella sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
Chae tozone sp.
Aricidea je f freysjLi
Cirratulidao sp.
N'ephtys picta
Aricidea wassi
Nep'ntys bucera
Sigalion arenicola
Spiophanes bombyx
Scolecolepides viridis
Mo11usea*
Spisula solidissima
Tellina agilis
Ve ner i ca a d i a boroalis
Crenella glandula
Astarte castanea
Ceras codorma pinnulatum
Busycon canaliculatum
Crepidula piana
Nassarlus trivittatus
Anomia simplex
Pandora i:riiineata
As tar -a ur^oajta.
Caecum coooeri
Anadara
insv&rsa
Abra 1i o i c a
Corbula contrac_ta
Ensis cirec tus
>,atica "p"usilla
Pandora ; >n ^ i_ana
Margine i I i.;-'1 e 3D .
Placopeutail ,iagel''.anicua
ari *:es u. roeniandicus
4
4
1
V
V
V
V
V
D
D
D
D
V
V
1
1
V
V
V
V
D
D
V
1
2
1
V
V
V
V
D
1
V
D
V
V
1
1
1
V
V
D
V
V
V
V
D
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
Crus tacea
Tr i c h o r_j h o x u s ec> istomus
(. irr> lana r>o. i to
C :. r o 1 a ii a i A o y e s s a
t'. y :j i i. s o e r r a t a
1
1
6
]
1
1
^
I
I
L
I
90
-------
Table 28 (continued)
Sample
Species 33 34 35 36 37
Others
Echinarachnius parma 12343
Nemertean sp. fr2 - - - 1 -
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
91
-------
Table 29
Orrurreure ui Benthic Invertebrates at Station 1
(Fetch)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Po Lychaeta
Spiophanes bombyx 7 16 1
Ha r mo thoe imbricata - 1 1
Nepii t vs p i c t a - 1 1
Glycera cap I tata 1 1
ixogone verugera 12-
Spiopganes wigleyi 111
Neph tys c f. picta 32-
Goniadella gracilis - 1 1
Phyiiodoce niuc_os_a - 1 -
Aricidea wassi 3
Caulleriella killariensis 1 - -
;,Iagelona c±. pny 1 iisae - - 1
jL;
Mollusca
EQS is direc tus V - V
Cerastoderrna pinnulatum V - V
Spisula solidiss ima V - -
Venericardia oorealis 1
lilargarites groenlandicus - D D
Ar thropoda
£ adore 1lops i s aeformis 11-
T r i c h o p hoxus cpistomus 4 2 10
~~ i lITa t hur a r.; i c arTn a 1
"^Z°Jj-^ serrau 4
j'ro to.i aus tori'js wig ley i - 1 1
O t._h_r: rs
hohiiia.rachn.ius parma 1 - -
.' "TTT'Tu :Ti"lTT"";. ~ f 10 1L 3 3 H
i.e-rier re an sp , 1
0! i ^oo^aete sp. A. - - 1
d : a-; i f oooil «.;?' dOt
-------
Table 30
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 2
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta
Spiophanes bombyx
Glycera capitata
Exogone verugera
Nephtys cf. picta
Travisia carnea
Aricidea wassi
Aricidea jeffreysii
Tharyx sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
Aricidea suecica
Tharyx cf. acutus
Cirratulidae sp.
Streptosyllis arenae
Parapionosyllis longocirrata
Caulleriella killariensis
Aglaophamus circinata
Mollusca
1
2
4
5
2
1
2
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
10
7
1
4
].
2
1
3
1
2
Ens is direc tus
Corastoderrna pinnulatum
Spisula soliaissima
Venericardia 'oorealis
Margarites ^roenlandicus
Fie tus a canaliculata
Trachycardium muricatura
Capalus
?
lacopecten magellanicus
Anemia simplex
Astarte subequilatera
Crenel la glandula
1
D
D
1
D
V
1
V
V
V
V
1
V
V
V
Ar i. hropoda
epistomus
Lis serrata
CJu-'j.)lana ))o.li_t1a
-\ fi:)&l '-sea aeqaicornis
Ac a a i uo-iaus tor ias mil Is i
11
G
8
2
1
1
8
5
o
2
4
5
5
6
1
93
-------
Table 30(continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Archropoda (continued)
Unciola irrorata 2 - -
Ciroiana impressa - 1 -
Tanaissus lilljeborgi 2 2
Pseudouncio'ia obliquua - 1 -
Others
Echinai-achnius par ma 321
'Polygordius sp. 141 83 149
Nemertean sp. 3 4 24
arbacia punctulata 966
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
94
-------
Table 31
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 5
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta
Spiophanes bombyx
Exogone verugera
Goniadella gracilis
Phyllodoce mucosa
Glycera dibranchiata
Nephtys incisa
Clymenella torquata
Eteone ?
Glyceridae
Nereis sp .
Clymenella sp.
l?pionidae~ ?
Aricidea sp.
Pnyllodocidae
*
Mollusca
01
1
9
1
1
1
02
03
3
3
6
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
Ensis directus
Spisula solidissima
Venericardia borealis
Margaritas groenlandicus
Placopecten ir.agellanicus
Anomia simplex
As carte subequilatera
Corbula conrracta
Lyons ia hyalina
C 'Tiiis pygmaea
Nucuia proxima
V
D
V
1
D
V
V
V
V
V
M ytilus
ArcLica
edulls
islundica
V
V
D
V
V
hropoda
Trichophoxus epis tomus
By bits serra ta
Anpelisca aequicor_nis
7
1
hiuarac. hn iu3 pa rmu
95
-------
Table 31 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 Oi
sk
Others (continued)
Polygordius sp . 11 - 30
'.[icroporella cilia ta p
Callopora sp. P
I) - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
96
-------
Table 32
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 8
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta
Glycera capitata
Exogone verugera
Goniadella gracilis
Travisia carnea
Aricidea .jef freysii
Lumbrinereis acuta
Tharyx cf . acutus
Parapionosyllis longocirrata
Caulleriella killariensis
Neph tys incisa
Clymenella torquata
Tharyx mar IDE i
Tharyx setieera
Lumbrinereis :ragilis
Sigalion are'mcola
Chaetozone ser
Clymenella zcn
sa
Sphaerosyll~s -.ystrix
Mollusca*
Ensis direc rus
Ceras toderma. r.innulatum
Spisula 3olid^3sima
Venericardia "orealis
Vlacopecten ~a^e11anicus
Anoxia sinip_J.ex
Crenella ^ia
L -ronsia Ji vai
Ai'ctica is i^naica
Tellina agilis
C vepi riu'ia . : c a i c a ha
C'rooidula p lana
Po i In ices dup i ic a tus
1
8
1
8
29
1
3
4
1
1
V
V
V
V
V
1
V
V
D
2
1
18
6
6
18
1
2
3
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
D
1
32
3
14
12
2
5
1
10
V
V
V
V
TJO i L ta
97
-------
Table 8 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Arthropoda (continued)
Unciola irrorata 491
Tanaissus lilljeborgi 1
Cancer irroratus - - 1
Others
Polvgordius sp. 139 351 3
Arbacia punctulata 21-
Astrorhiza sp. 4-3
Scaphopoda 2
Oligochaete A. 2 - -
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
98
-------
Table 33
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 9
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Spiophanes bombyx
Glycera capitata
Exogone verugera
Goniadella gracilis
Lumbrinereis acuta
Tharyx c±'. rnarioni
Glycera dibranchiata
Clymenella torquata
Paraonis sp.
Aricidea sp.
Paraonis lyra
Polydora caulleryi
Brania ?
Phyllodocidae
Caulleriella sp.
Asabellides sp.
Clymenella zonalis
Syllis cornuta
Lumbrinereis latereilli
*
Mollusca
C e r a s t o d e r na j. innu la turn
Spisula soliaissima
Margarites v;roenlandicus
Placopecten rsagellanicus
Tellina agi11s
Cuningia ?
1
1
1
1
2
V
V
1
2
3
5
2
1
8
2
1
2
1
2
V
D
1
1
7
1
1
1
2
Av 'riiropoda
Tr i chop bo xus epistomus
I'yblis serr a t a
P r o t ohaustorius wigleyi
;ca aeciuicornis
i ivror_a c:i
'a s J_LLU H.!2i£ZEi
m'£i'ALa_ 0''ll^'J^ei:
i rroratus
boreal is
T'iioxocepha
Jac, I
3
7
2
11
1
1
2
14
1
6
us holbolli
99
-------
Table 33 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
*
Others
Echinarachnius parma -33
Polygordius sp. 462 322 109
Nemertean sp. 2 - -
Arbacia punctulata 3
Microporella ci1iata P - -
Astrorhiza sp. - - 2
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
TOO
-------
Table 34
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 11
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Nephtys
Exogone
picta
verugera
Goniadella gracilis
Aricidea jeffreysii
Lu m b r i n ereis ac_uta
Tharyx cx. acu ius
Cirratulidae sp.
Parapionosyllis longocirrata
Caulleriella killariensis
Clymenella torquata
Tharyx setigera
Paraonis lyra
Asabellides sp.
Stauronereis rudolphi
Clymenella zonalis
Syllis cornuta
Q.rbinia ornata
Lumbrinereis latereilli
17
1
12
1
1
8
7
70
2
16
1
4
2
3
1
1
7
2
4
7
31
1
7
1
3
1
1
Mollusca
Ensis
Cerastoderma
direc -.us
oinnulatum
Venericardia borealis
Placopecteri nagellanicus
Lyonsia hyal-L.ia
Arctlea isla.ndica
Crepidula fornicata
Crepidula
Polinicos
pi an a
duplicatus
Lunatia heros
V
1
V
D
1
D
1
1
V
V
D
D
Ar thro p oda
Pyblis
er ra
/ 1 ; ipe 1 ^_c_T. i<_
"! n > : i o ! T. i L r
_ _
holbolli
1
11
1
2
18
]0
2
1
1
3
5
2
101
-------
Table 34(continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
*
Others
Ecninarachnius parma - 1 -
Polygordius sp. 60 177 214
Nemertean sp. - 19 5
Arbacia punctulata 4 2
Microporella ciliata - V -
Callopora sp. - V -
Astrorhiza sp. 2
Schizoporella errata V
Sertularia argentea V - -
Oligochaete A. - 2 4
Oligochaete B. - 7 -
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
102
-------
Table 35
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 14
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychae ta
Nephtys picta
Spiophanes bombyx
Glycera capitata
verugera
picta
Exogone
Nephtys cf
Goniadella
gracilis
Aricidea wassi
Aricidea jef freysii
Lumbri nereis acuta
Streptosyllis arenae
Aglaophamus circinata
Clymenella torquata
Stauronereis rudolphi
Potamilla neglect a
Maldanidae so.
Nereis grayi
Scalibregma inf latum
Neoleanira tetragona
Pherusa af finis
Scoloplos f ragilis
*
Mollusca
1
1
1
13
1
1
1
2
9
2
7
1
1
2
1
1
Ensis direcrus
Cerastoderrua pinnulatum
venericardia porealis
'jar go rites groenlandicus
Trachycardium niuricatum
Capulus ?
Pin cop ec: ten naggllanicus
Crenel La glandula
Colus pygraaea
'-\Tc tic a~Ts I a n d i c a
Lu a 'a t i a hero s
t, a
'j'i.r''v;< ''; i J. la ir tc.-i'
As c a r t e b o \ ' e ? i i s
D
V
V
D
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
D
P
D
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
Arthvnnoda
Ti'iehoptioxuo eoi stoiaus
12
103
-------
Table 35 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Arthropoda (continued)
Byblis serrata - 8 -
Protohaustorius wig ley i_ -28
Lepbochejrus pinguis 4
Others*
Echinarachnius parma - 1 2
Polygordius sp. - 50 104
Nemertean sp. 5 - -
Arbacia punctulata 127
Microporella ciliata V
Callopora. sp. V
Ophiuroidea 11-
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separo.ce valve
104
-------
Table 36
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 17
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta
Spiophanes bombyx
£xogone verugera
Spiophanes wigleyi
Nephtys cf. picta
Goniadella gracilis
Aricidea wasjsi
Aricidea jeffreysii
Tharyx sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
Cirratulidae sp.
Streptosyllis arenae
Parapionosyllis longocirrata
Caulleriella killariensis
Clymenella torquata
Clymenella sp.
Tharyx marioni
Lumbrinereis fragilis
Tharyx cf. setigera
Sigalion arenxcola
Chaetozone setosa
Polydora caulleryi
Caulleriella sp.
Asabellides sp.
Stauronereis rudolphi
Ophelia denticulata
Syllides longocirrata
Syllis sp.
Clymenella zonalis
Sphaerosyllis hystrix
Drilonereis magna
Nereis grayi
Lumbrinereis coccinea
10
7
21
3
1
1
3
9
3
21
57
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
7
45
4
4
3
1
1
4
1
1
1
4
13
42
3
1
3
43
1
2
7
1
1
1
1
Mollusca
C o v a o L. o derm a. p I n nu la!: um
;Clll'-rlii.^ soridissima
Vouericardia borealis
Hetu3_a canaliculata
Piacooec cen magellanicus
D
D
i
V
V
V
D
V
105
-------
Table 36 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Mollusca (continued)
Anomia simplex V - V
Crenella glandula V - V
Arc tica islandica v
Teliina a^ilis V V
Crepidula fornicata D - -
Crepidula plana - - D
Pandora trilineata D 1 -
Vitrinella cf. helicoidea D D
Arthropoda
Trichophoxus epistomus 739
Protohaustorius wigleyi 834
Unciola irrorata - 1 1
Edotea triloba- - 1
Others
Echinarachnius parma . 2-1
Polygordius sp. 97 745 415
Neinertean sp. 6 32 18
Arbacia puncuulata 3 18 8
Astrorhiza sp. 2-1
106
-------
2. Macrobiota
Macrobiota collected during Operation Fetch are listed in
Table 37. Collection was either by using a Fall River "rocking
chair" dredge or a 16-foot otter trawl. That the otter trawl fished
bottom was shown by the occurrence of benthic invertebrates. A
total of 19 species were collected.Of this number 7 were molluscans
and 6 fishes. The remaining species were distributed among the
Porifera, Arthropoda, Cnidaria, and Echinodermata. Collection of
macrobiota was primarily for metals analyses but physical condition
of organisms was noted. Organisms showed no outward signs of stress
(e.g. fin rot) Previous work in the dump site (Palmer and Lear, 1973)
included deploying a trawl at Station 2. Recovery of Echinodermata
and 4 species of fishes was recorded. Organisms were also regarded
as healthy.
107
-------
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o
-------
3. Metals in Macrobiota
The introduction of non-biodegradable materials, with a potential
for toxicity, into the food web of the biota is of prime concern in
the management of ocean disposal practices. Other field observations
have consistently shown detectable increases of metals in the benthic
biota (Buelow, 1968; Davey, 1972; Palmer and Lear, 1973; Vaccaro, et al,
1972).
Table 38 shows iron and copper concentrations in the tissue of
five species of benthic invertebrates, Echinarachnius parma, the sand
dollar, Pecten (Placopecten) magellanicus, the sea scallop, Artica
icelandica, the mahogany clam, Polinices heros, the moon snail, and
Spisula solidissima, the surf clam. In the case of Pecten and Spisula,
large enough animals were occasionally collected to permit the separation
of the adductor muscle (the part normally eaten in the scallop) from
the viscera and foot so that each could be evaluated separately and the
results combined for the total animal measurements.
Metal determinations were made through atomic absorption spectro-
photometry after HNO- digestion of the tissue and ashing at 425°C for
24 hours. The results are reported as micrograms of metal per gram of
tissue ash or in the case of the sand dollars per gram of dry tissue
(parts per million).
The following observations and conclusions may be derived from the
results:
1. In general, the iron concentration in sand dollars was found
to be significantly less (7-10 times) than those reported for the same
109
-------
station for the QUICKSILVER Cruise in May 1973 (Palmer and Lear, 1973).
This is consistent with the University of Delaware-Hydroscience study
of the acid waste site (duPont, 1972) in which the conclusion is reached
that the summer thermocline prevents dumped material from reaching the
bottom while the lack of a thermocline in winter permits such exposure.
Thus, samples were taken after the summer protection period. This
also suggests that the iron is subsequently lost seasonally rather than
permanently accumulated indicating possibly surface adsorption rather
than ingestion. In any case, these values would be expected to rise
again by the time of the proposed sampling next May.
2. The copper concentration in sand dollars was found to have
increased consistently since last May. This suggests that copper is
not lost seasonally but is permanently and continuously incorporated
in the tissues from residual sediment accumulations. Whether or not
such accumulations are present has yet to be determined from the sediment
samples collected. Both of the foregoing conclusions depend heavily on
the dynamics of sand dollar populations in the area. Since the University
of Delaware-Hydroscience study (du Pont, 1972) postulates a significant
winter kill (November-March), observed accumulations result from the
complex interaction of animal age (hence length of exposure), dumping
times which correspond to the presence or absence of a thermocline,
and the presence or absence of large viable populations to receive such
material such that there is definitely not a uniform deposition and
uptake pattern over the months.
110
-------
3. The separated samples of Pecten and Spisula show higher
concentration of both metals in the gut portion than in the adductor
muscle portion as might be expected since the former contains transient
amounts contained in the food and gut linings while the latter contains
only that incorporated into muscle tissue. The whole-animal measurement
approach the viscera measurements because of the much higher concentra-
tions and proportionate weights of the latter. It is worth noting here
that the copper levels in both shellfish are much lower than those
found in coastal oysters. The iron concentration in the viscera of
both shellfish are the highest measured, further substantiating the
idea that iron, while in high concentration in the environment, is
largely passively taken up by the animals and only slightly metabolized.
4. Other differences between samples are not markedly demonstrated
by the iron concentrations (sand dollar measurements cannot be compared
thus because of the different weight bases); however, with respect to
copper, it is clearly obvious that the levels in Polinices are up to 10
times greater than those found in the other shellfish. This is of partic-
ular importance because Polinices feeds directly on other shellfish,
hence the amounts observed are the result of the consumption and bio-
accumulation of copper from that contained in the tissue of other shellfish
and not the passage of the dumped waste itself. Further examples of this
common phenomenon are expected when the analyses for other metals, now
in progress, are completed.
Ill
-------
5. The minimal differences in the results observed between the
stations in the two dump sites and those more remote locations is again
perhaps due to the seasonal variation in deposition as a result of the
presence or absence of a thermocline. In the summer, it would be
expected that the material being dumped in both sites would be mixed
and well distributed in the surface water before it eventually reaches
the bottom in a much more uniform depositional pattern than would be
expected from the disposal of a more dense and compacted material. All
of the foregoing, it must be emphasized, overlooks any consideration
of short dumping which would have a profound effect on the results and
their interpretation.
112
-------
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Heavy metals in randomly selected benthic macrofauna samples
are shown in Table 39 . These samples were selected to phylogene-
cically scan some of the available biota, in contrast to the
systematic comparison of metal levels in sand dollars and mahogany
clams from all stations (vide supra).
Samples of the viscera of fish show higher levels of Fe, Mn,
Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cu than in flesh or gonads, probably reflecting
the ingestion of materials. Chromium, cadmium and mercury do not
seem to be similarly distributed.
While most of the samples shown in Table 39 are from organisms
from the acid waste dumpsite, a comparison with organisms from the
sewage sludge dumpsite, before dumping operations began, is instructive
(Palmer and Lear, 1973).
There are apparently greater concentrations of Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd
in the organisms generally at this later time at the acid waste site,
although the paucity of data precludes statistical comparison.
The available evidence suggests accumulations of metals at these
sites, and accumulation of statistically significant bodies of data
as a function of time, space and phylogeny is indicated.
117
-------
Table 39
Operation "Fetch"
Heavy Metals in Benthic Macrofauna
(mg/kg wet weight)
Sponge
(Suberites sp)
Starfish
(Asterias sp)
Crab fat
(Cancer pagurus)
Crab eggs
Skate viscera
(Raja sp)
Skate viscera
Sea robin viscera
(Prionotus carolinus)
Sea robin muscle
Skate muscle
Skate gonads
Skate viscera
Flounder viscera
(Pseudopleuronectes
americanus)
Spisula solidissima #17
Station Fe
C
C
C
C
C
E
E
s)
E
A
A
A
#1
#1
#17
70
52.
153
19
65
45
105
4
4
15
68
101
6
47
.8
.1
.6
.8
.7
.2
.2
.5
.9
.4
.9
.4
.9
.8
Mn
1.5
4.6
4.3
1.9
3.1
1.5
5.5
<0.1
<0.1
2.4
2.0
1.7
0.2
1.9
Ni
0.9
5.9
2.2
9.2
2.6
12.5
2.8
1.0
0.6
<0.3
15.9
2.6
0.3
2.7
Zn
6.5
51.3
19.0
37.9
22.3
9.9
43.1
2.1
5.3
16.4
14.3
18.5
4.0
9.6
Pb
1.7
7.3
2.2
1.1
2.1
0.9
2.0
1.3
<0.3
0.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
<0.3
Cu
1
3
32
17
10
9
12
1
0
1
3
4
1
1
.3
.2
.8
.3
.7
.7
.0
.0
.2
.7
.8
.2
.0
.6
Cr
0.9
1.7
1.6
<0.2
0.8
1.2
1.2
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.2
<0.2
1.0
1.4
Cd
0.4
0.1
3.3
2.7
1.4
0.5
0.5
0.8
1.4
1.7
1.1
0.6
1.2
0.2
H9
0.22
0.23
0.14
0.19
0.24
7.79
0.07
0.14
0.37
0.05
0.23
0.47
0.43
0.41
118
-------
4. Bacteriology
Baseline conditions for the area are described in a report by
EPA, Region III, previously cited (Palmer and Lear, 1973). Results
from another study in relatively close proximity to this study area
are reported by the U. S. Public Health Service (Buelow, 1968).
Twelve bacteriological stations were occupied in the vicinity
of two interim ocean dumpsites. Stations 14, 17, 9, and A were control
areas outside the sibes while the remainder of the stations were located
in the immediate sites. Stations B and C were occupied in the interim
site for disposal of industrial acid wastes. Numerical stations and
Station E were located in the interim area designated for the disposal
of municipal sludge.
Water samples were taken from varying depths 1.5 m from the
bottom with a Niskin sterile bag sampler (General Oceanics, Inc.).
Sediments were subsampled, using a 2.7 ml flame-sterilized cylindrical
spoon, from an undisturbed Shipek bottom grab. Samples were introduced
into a French square bottle containing 100 ml sterile distilled water.
These were treated as normal bacteriological samples.
Standard total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's (most probable
number/100 ml sample) were estimated following analyses outlined in
"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,"
13th Ed., APHA, 1971. A 3-tube, 4-dilution scheme was employed
using sample aliquots of 10, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 ml. Water from a
sterile dilution blank was used as a laboratory control.
119
-------
MPN results are shown in Table 40, A negative result indicates
an MPN index of <3 coliforms/100 mo sample at the 95% confidence
limit. Positive coliform counts were recorded for Stations 9 and A.
Station 9 had 3.0 coliforms in sediment sampled while Station A had
a 23 MPN in the water column. Fecal coliforms were not found at any
station. The laboratory controls were negative for both coliforms and
fecal coliforms.
Discussion
Previous data (Palmer and Lear, 1973) indicated a 4 MPN coliform
count for Station 9 in the water column. Data gathered from this
cruise show a MPN coliform count of 3.0 in sediment sampled for the
same station. Both counts could possibly be due to the proximity of
the station to shore. This might also apply to the 23 MPN count
detected at Station A in the water column. Wastes from ocean-going
ships is another possible source of contamination. However, results
indicate an aqueous environment relatively free from terrestrial
bacteriological influences.
120
-------
Table 40
Sample No.
FE7309011101
FE7309011201
FE7309021101
FE7309022101
FE7307051101
FE7307052101
FE7309081101
FE7309082101
FE7307091101
FE7307092101
FE7308111101
FE7308112101
FE7308141101
FE7308142101
FE7307171101
FE7307172101
FE7309A 1101
FE7309A 2101
FE7309B 1101
FE7309B 2101
FE7309C 1101
FE7309C 2101
FE7305E 1101
FE7305E 2101
Col i forms,
and
Station Date
1
1
2
2
5
5
8
8
9
9
11
11
14
14
17
17
A
A
B
B
C
C
E
E
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-7-73
11-7-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-7-73
11-7-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-7-73
11-7-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-5-73
11-5-73
Fecal Coliforms in Water Column
Sediments (MPN/100 ml)
Operation "Fetch
Time Denth(ft) ("0 Sample
0200
0200
0950
0950
0500
0500
0300
0300
1630
1630
0800
0800
1700
1700
2100
2100
0700
0700
1300
1300
0300
0300
1730
1730
155' 47.2
155'
145' 44.2
145'
145'
145'
125' 38.1
125'
115' 35.1
115'
153' 46.6
153'
165' 50.3
165'
117' 35.7
117'
125' 38.1
125'
145' 44.2
145'
155' 47.2
155'
145' 44.2
145'
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Fecal
Col i form Col i form
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.0
-
-
_
-
No sample
-
23
-
-
-
-
-
-
LA* LA
laboratory accident
121
-------
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128
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APPENDIX A
PARTICIPANTS IN OPERATION "FETCH"
ABOARD R/V ANNANDALE
Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis Field Office
Don Lear
Sue Smith
Maria O'Malley
Bill Thomas
Vic Guide
Environmental Protection Agency, Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
Bill Muir
Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
Bruce Reynolds
Jerry Pesch
Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon
Dick Callaway
Environmental Protection Agency, Wheeling, West Virginia
Jim Bailey
John Kafka
City of Philadelphia
Bob Romaine
American University, Washington, D.C.
Leo Buss
Lee Markowitz
Skip Goldy
Marine Science Consortium, Lewes, Delaware
John Miller, Captain
Bill Flohr, Mate
Sandy Hislop, Mate
Gary Tasselman, Engineer
Maggie Nugent, Cook
129
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Date: 11/7/73
Operation "Fetch"
R/V Annandale
SHIP'S LOG
Time Depth
1340
1343
1430
1535
1700
1900
2000
3115
2200 121'
2325
0015
0045 130'
0200
0315
0355
0625
0630 157'
0730
0930
1000
Posi
3 H4
3227
3224
3231
3222
32,26
3222
3183
3196
3183
3178
3274
3312
3330
3292
3334
3346
3356
3362
3329
3343
tion
3 H5 Comments
3054
3051
3051
3051 On Station 9
3048
3054 One mile north of 9
3034 Station 17
3037 2 miles NW of 17 (tow) - clam
3029 Wind WNW - back on 17
3026 NW to 8 - 11 .4 miles - ETA 0033
3016
3020 On station 8
3018
3022 To station 5-4 miles - course 62°
3013 On station 5
3013
3009 Station 2
3018 140
3006
3007 Start of box search
130
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Date:
Time
1216
1307
1408
1650
1800
2000
Date:
2130
2215
2300
2325
Date:
0012
0145
0220
0243
0800
0915
0930
1035
1105
11/7/73
Depth
170'
166'
11/8/73
156'
150'
11/9/73
160'
132'
3
149'
142'
(cont. )
Posi
3 H4
3330
3405
3513
3511
3450
3348
3379
3374
3345
3368
3366
3370
3401
3420
3483
3459
3440
3416
3415
tion
3 H5 Comments
3009 End search - cc to 58° for sta. 14
16.5 miles - 98 min. - ETA 1402
2987 cc to 51° - 9.2 miles
2967 On station 14
2963 cc to 238° for sta. 11 - 13.2 miles
2981
3000
3994 Trawl out
2993 Trawl in
3012
3019 Station 1
3020 Wind 320/20 G 28
3021 cc to 340° to sta. C - 7.2 miles
3038
3043 On sta. C
3051 A
3027
3045 B - 2 trawls - small catch
3048
3029
131
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Date: 11/9/73 (cont.)
1145
1215
1312
1347
1515
1538
1615
1625
0024
0142
3411
3422
110' 3410
130' 3401
150' 3385
3389
130' 3364
3360
3370
Abeam BW "DC"
3053
3432
3045
3C30
3035
3038
3052
3053
3153
c
On C end cc 137° - 21 min.
On D
Finished dredge
cc 267° - 4.1 miles
Station G
132
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APPENDIX C
Scientific Log - Operation "Fetch"
11-05-73 - 0900 - Engines needed new injectors
1130 - Underway - cast off brow line - snowing
Delaware light - Loran fix - right on
1300 - Monster buoy - Loran fix - right on
1645 - Station E - anchored
Wind NE 18-20 - rough - 150' depth - thermocline BT 75'
1720 - Hydrocast 35' 70' 110' 150'
1735 - Hydrocast up
1700 - Shipek - 5 drops
1730 - Shipek up (1) 4 biologicals fixed - buffered formalin
(2) 5 pesticides samples
(3) 1 bacti - sed.
(4) 1 particle size
(5) 1 metals
(6) 3 TOC sediments
Probe readings Cona., Sal., Temp. DO
Hydrocast Fe samples - 4
C samples - 4
Bacti sample - 1
Metals in H20 - 1 gal. 110'
Phyto. - 2 tows - 4 samples
1915 - Station E - up anchor
Rocking chair dredge- many sea clam, oyster, Arctica
and pecten shells, Arctica live and abundant
133
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2030 - Trawl - 15 min.
1 adult, 2 juvenile skates
Sea robins, small fish (juveniles)
Many live sand dollars
Adult and juveni'e squid, Pagurus
2100 - Departed for Sta, F. Sky cleared, wind NW, rough
2230 - Anchored Station F
Loran 3310, 2985
Depth - 35 fathoms
Shipek - 10 tries - none
Phyto - 2 tows - 4 samples
Rocking chair dredge - 1 try - no samples
Shells - 1 Pecten - 1 Arctica - 1 Spisula
2230 - Hydrocast
Depth 30', 70', 200'
Very rough
2235 - Secured station
2330 - Underway - Bow into sea toward beach & Lewes
Wind NW 40+
Seas up to 18'
11-06-73 - 1330 - Arrived Lewes
Secure MSC dock
134
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11/7/73 - 0700 - Weather advisory indicates 10-20 NW
0853 - Cast off - laying off dock for pictures
0928 - Underway
1345 - Search for buoys on Station 9 - expanding square
pattern 1/2 mi. legs - wind NW 10-15,chop
1420 - Radio call to Al Montague - RO
1536 - Station #9
Loran 3051, 3222 - 120'
Drifting
1545 - BT taken
Seabed drifters 01400-01424
Seabed drifters 3631-3640, 3671-3680
Probe readings RS-5
Temp.
15.56
15.44
15.50
16.80
16.86
Copper cable caught in rocking chair dredge -
also many artica
1845 - Trawling
Shipek - 4 drops
No zooplankton tow
1925 - Secured station
Final Loran fix 3224, 3054
1925 - Underway to Station #17
135
Surface
10'
20'
30'
40'
Cond.
42.00
41.08
41.14
44.64
45.01
Sal.
34.00
33.24
33.22
35.33
35.54
-------
11/7/73 - 2000 - Station #17
Loran 3183, 3034 - 120'
Zooplankton & Phytoplankton tows
2017 - Seabed drifters - 01375-01399
Surface drifters - 3621-3630
3661-3670
2055 - BT
2100 - Clam dredge - very full- many Arctica & sand dollars
No trawl - Steamed back to station
2200 - Anchored - Hydrocast & Shipek
Wind NW 15 - small sea running
Niskin did not trip
2245 - Secured station
2325 - Underway to Station #8
11/8/73 - 0035 - Station #8
Loran 3313, 3020 - 130'
0035 - Shipek down
0055 - Shipek completed
0055 - Hydrocast 20', 60', 110' sterile bag 5' from bottom
OT15 - Seabed drifters 01525-01549
0135 - Rocking chair dredge down
0155 - Rocking chair dredge up - no sand dollars -
many Arctica,skate & flounder
0210 - Rocking chair clam dredge back down
0240 Rocking chair clam dredge back up - no sand dollars,! Arctica
0245 - Otter trawl - no catch
0325 - Underway to Station #5
136
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0350 - Arrived Station #5
Loran 3334, 3013 158'
0355 - Shipek
0410 - Finished Shipek
0400-0415 - Hydrocast 30' 60' 150'
0420-0450 - Clam dredge - no catch
0455-0515 - Clam dredge reset - no sand dollars, several Arctica
0530 - Trawl deployed
0600 - Trawl up - squid, scup, sea robin, sea nettles
3 sand dollars
0610 - Underway to sta. #2
0630 - Arrived Station #2
Loran 3356, 3014 157'
0640 - Shipek
Hydrocast 30' 60' 150'
0700 - Seabed drifters 01450-01473
01374
01500-01524
0720-0745 - Clam dredge - Astarte , Arctica , scallops,
Policlnes, hermit crabs, flounder
0830 - Zooplankton & phytoplankton tows - Calm, winds from S
0915 - Otter trawl - jelly fish, 2 small pelagic fish,
did not fish bottom
0945-1225 - Buoy watch
Wind freshened SW 25-30
1225 - Underway to Sta. #14
137
-------
1415 - Arrived Station #14
Loran 3513, 2967 170' wind SW 20-25
1420 - Trawl out - few jellyfish - trawled in following sea
one engine - apparently sailed
1445 - Rocking chair clam dredge - scallops
1530 - Phytoplankton & zooplankton tows
1605 - BT, Shipek, hydrocast
Shipek caught best in trough
1605 - Seabed drifters 01425-01449, 1550-1573
Surface drifters 3611-3620
3651-3660, 3641-3650
3601-3610
3681-3690
1650 - Secured Station #14, underway to Station #11
2030 - Arrived Station #11
Loran 3371 , 3000 158'
2030 - Seabed drifters 01474-01499
Surface drifters 3751-3760
3691-3700
2030-2110 - Shipek
2040-4055 - Hydrocast 30' 60' 150'
2120 - Clam dredge - starfish, Arctica, Astarte , scallops,
drill Polinices, sand dollars
2125-2150 - Phytoplankton
2200 - trawl - nothing - sailed
2305 - Underway for Sta. #1
138
-------
2330 - Arrived Station #1
Loran 2368, 3319 160'
2335 Rocking chair clam dredge - good catch
Shipek
Phytoplankton & zooplankton tows
Winds NW 25 knots
11-9-73 - 0239 - Arrived Station C
Loran 3420, 3043 160' raining
0312 - Shipek - Hydrocast
Phytoplankton tow
Rocking chair dredge - small catch of /\rctica, starfish
0350 - Reset rocking chair - scallops, Polinices, Arctica,
starfish, skate, sponge, Cancer
Tried Ponar drop on BT winch - empty
Underway to Sta. A
0620 - On Station A
Loran 3065, 3505 132'
0625 - Shipek - Hydrocast
Rocking chair dredge - skate, sponge, skatecases,
sand dollars, no clams
0800 - Reset clam dredge - no clams, many shells
0855 - Underway to Sta. B
0930 - Station B
Loran 3416, 3048 150'
0935-1000 - Clam dredge - horse mussels , Polinices, skates
139
-------
1000-1025 - Reset rocking chair clam dredge - no clams
skates & flounder
1 mi. west of B - returned to station
1035 - Shipek - looked very rich in worms, worm cases,
small crabs present
1035 - Hydrocast 25' 70' 140'
1120 - Phytoplankton tow
Underway for Stc. C
1230 On Station C (returned to Sta. C)
1235 - Otter trawl - sand dollars, small squid, small
flounder, hermit crabs, some dead sand dollars
1330 - Underway for Sta. D
1335 - Station D
Loran 3401, 3030 130'
1335 Surface drifters - 3701-3710
3741-3750
3761-3770
1335 - Hydrocast 30' 60' 125'
1335 - Shipek - 1 sample - broke Shipek
Peterson too light, wouldn't trip
1445-1510 - Rocking chair clam dredge - live Arctica
1520 - Phytoplankton tow
1540 - Underway to Sta. G
Wind NW 25-28 - getting rough
140
-------
1625 - Station G
Loran 3360, 3053 130'
Anchor dredge - good catch
1645 - Rocking chair dredge
1900 - Station H
Loran 3085, 3360
Rocking chair dredge
1930 - Winds 45+ - Very rough - secured watch
Returning to Lewes
11-10-73 - 0345 - Anchored behind breakwater
0630 - Arrived Lewes
141
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