EPA 903/9-75-015
EFFECTS OF OCEAN DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES ON
MID-CONTINENTAL SHELF ENVIRONMENT
OFF DELAWARE AND MARYLAND
Compiled and Edited by
Donald W. Lear
Annapolis Field Office
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Gerald G. Pesch
Environmental Protection Agency
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory
Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882
January 1975
Project Officer
William C. Muir
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvnaia 19106
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This report has been reviewed by Region III, EPA, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
- 1;: ; ;;,l3'ฃon Agency
Sesourea
Sa v ป-.>jt Street
Fi^oriptia, PA 19107
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CONTENTS
Page
Conclusions iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgements vii
Introduction 1
Results
I. Distribution of Dumped Materials 5
II. Effect of Dumped Materials 15
References 29
Appendix A - Data Report, Operation "Ides", March 1974
Appendix B - Data Report, Operation "Deep Six", August 1974
Appendix C - Cruise Report, Operation "Piggyback"
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CONCLUSIONS
Observations were made over a period of approximately one year
on two mid-temperate mid-continental shelf ocean dumpsites.
The hydrographic regime was found to generally approximate the
classic winter isothermal-summer stratified system, but incursions
of fresher water from the Delaware estuary and intrusion of offshore
slope water were found to influence this hydrographic regime. Summer
and winter density discontinuities may influence the distribution of
conservative pollutants.
The distribution of metals in bottom sediments and organisms
indicate these potentially toxic materials persist in bottom materials,
and are apparently translocated as a result of hydrographic forces.
This increases their potential toxicity to a relatively great area,
with its indigenous biota. There is evidence of accumulation in benthic
organisms, notably the mahogany clam, Arctica islandica.and the scallop,
Placopecten magellanicus. There are indications of mortalities of the
mahogany clam.
There is no evidence of accumulation of the nonconservative para-
meters observed.
The benthic substrate, medium to fine sands, does not apparently
influence the distribution of the metals examined in this nondepositional
environment. The microtopographic ridges and swales, observed directly
from the submersible, may influence the local distribtuion of pollutants
as well as biota.
iii
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Observations of the benthic infauna are as yet incomplete, and
may influence current conclusions when analyzed.
Dumping operations of the acid waste source and of the sewage
sludge materials are apparently separately distributed in the
environment.
An area of at least 1000 square nautical miles, or 3600 square
kilometers, was affected. The limits of the dispersion are not yet
known.
IV
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Area of Study ix
2 Vanadium Concentrations in Arctica 19
3 Vanadium Concentrations in Scallops 20
4 Cadmium Concentrations in Arctica 21
5 Cadmium Concentrations in Scallops 22
6 Zinc Concentrations in Arctica 23
7 Zinc Concentrations in Scallops 24
8 Distribution of Dead Arctica Shells 27
9 Distribution of Arctica Clappers 28
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
1 Annual Input of Metals 6
2 Relationships of Metals in Sediments 12
3 Mean Concentrations of Metals in Sediments 13
4 Analysis of Variance Results for Metal
Levels in Arctica islandlea Collected in
Spring 1974 in Vicinity of Delaware
Dumpsites 17
5 Metals in Scallops, Operation "Ides" 18
VI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, and the
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island,
gratefully acknowledge and thank the many persons and institutions
that have participated directly and indirectly in the planning and
execution of these multidisciplinary studies.
Acknowledgements by name would be a major listing, but special
thanks must go to Marria L. 0'Mai ley, Susan K. Smith and Margaret Munro,
Annapolis Field Office, EPA, and the director and staff at AFO for many
contributions to these efforts. Patricia Johnson made the many metals
determinations. Bruce Reynolds, NMWQL, has played a continuous leading
role in all of this program.
Messrs. Albert Montague, Robert Davis, George Pence, and Ralph Rhodes,
EPA Region III, Philadelphia, have been instrumental in the program and
the field phases of these operations. The Wheeling Field Office, EPA,
assisted in the cruises, as noted in the appendices. Mr. John Kafka
was especially effective in his endeavors.
Dr. Robert Dill, Asst. Director of the MUST program, NOAA, was
instrumental in providing the services of the submersible. Dr. David
Folger, USGS, served as chief scientist, and grateful acknowledgement
is made to him and the participating scientists and crew, mentioned in
Appendix C.
Many members of the professional oceanographic fraternity have
shared of their expertise but special acknowledgement is due to
vii
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Dr. Harold Palmer and Mr. Joseph Forns, Westinghouse Ocean Research
Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland; Dr. Michael Champ, American University,
Washington, D.C.; and Mr. Bob Swift, the Marine Science Consortium,
Lewes, Delaware.
With a small permanent staff, the assistance of the abovementioned,
as well as many others, made the efforts to date possible.
The officers and men of the R/V Advance II, the survey vessel in
the March 1974 cruise, were invaluable in the extra effort they provided.
Many others gave freely of their time and talents in the scientific
party and are gratefully acknowledged in the data report, Appendix A.
The officers and crew of the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Alert provided
a hospitable and capable effort in the conduct of the summer 1974 cruise,
Operation "Deep Six". We are especially grateful to Cdr. O'Brien,
Cdr. Dux and Ens. Gadzly for their extraordinary interest, advice and
support.
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FIGURE 1
AREA OF STUDY
76"
40"
40'
39'
76'
75'
SCALE IN MILES
fsumsss
0 10 20 30 40 50
IX
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INTRODUCTION
The inception of environmentally regulated dumping by PL-92-532,
the "Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972," allows
the issuance of permits for the disposal of materials at sea, but
with the stipulation that the effects of such activities must be
known.
In compliance with this mandate, EPA Region III and the EPA
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island,
instituted a series of oceanographic cruises designed to evaluate
the consequences of such activities off the coasts of Maryland and
Delaware. Many other institutions participated in the endeavors,
directly and indirectly, as noted in the acknowledgements.
The primary objectives of the field effort were to determine
(1) the fate of the disposed materials in this marine environment, and
(2) the effect of the materials on the ecological entities in the area.
It was opted initially to examine the broad scale longer term effects,
as contrasted to immediate and near field effects at the time of dumping.
A multidisciplinary approach was made initially, with as many pertinent
observations as practicable in the fields of physical, chemical bio-
logical, geochemical, and geological oceanography. As the fate and
effects became known, consequent reduction of parameters could be made,
with concomitant emphasis on parameters that indicated environmental
change.
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The first cruise, Operation "Quicksilver", was made in May 1973,
with the objectives of assessing the environment at the muncipal sludge
dumpsite, previous to the disposal of sludge. The area of investigation
was restricted to the sludge dumpsite, with three reference stations
presumably outside the effects of disposal activities.
Industrial acid wastes have been disposed at the acid waste site
approximately 24 kilometers north-northwest of the sludge site since
September 1968. Consequently the second expedition, Operation "Fetch"
in November 1973, was expanded to evaluate, and possibly discriminate,
the effects of both dumpsites. Some previous stations were occupied
for continuity, and new stations added in the acid waste site.
The results of these cruises have been reported (Palmer and Lear,
1973; Lear, Smith and O'Malley, 1974; Lear, 1974).
It became apparent from these cruises that the affected area, as
indicated by metals in the benthic environment, was of greater extent
than the area surveyed. The third cruise, Operation "Ides" in March
1974, was designed to further explore the extent of the affected area,
to develop a statistical basis for the evaluation of distributions,
and to evaluate the forces responsible for the known distribution.
The results of the cruise, as known to date, are reported as Appendix A
of this report.
In August 1974, Operation "Deep Six" continued the investigation
of the extent of materials dispersal, the causes thereof, and accumulation
and/or amplification in the biota. This cruise was run nearly concom-
itantly with a joint NOAA-EPA cruise using a two-man submarine to
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determine first hand the conditions in the water column and benthos.
The results to date of Operation "Deep Six" are reported as Appendix B
to this report, and the cruise report of the submarine operations
reported by Dr. David Folger, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont,
as Appendix C.
The uses of a given body of water may to some extent indicate the
types and degree of stresses applied. In the area of consideration
(see Figure 1), the waters are constantly traversed by major seagoing
vessels, in coastwise and international trade, due to the location off
Delaware Bay and the proximity to the Chesapeake.
This shelf environment is also extensively used by the ground
fishery, as evidenced by the activity of domestic and foreign trawlers
in the area. The sea clam fishery (Spisula solidissima) is inshore
of the release zones. In addition to the already exploited fishery,
sea scallops, mahogany clams, squid, rock crabs, Jonah crabs, and
lobster are found in the area, but are currently not exploited.
In summer, sport fishermen are evident, after bluefish, bonita,
dolphin, and, offshore of this area, the billfishes. Some winter sport
codfishery is found in this region.
Of ecological concern is the observation of these areas as spawning
and nursery areas for many species.
Military operations have been observed in this area, and the extent
and usage of this environment for such purposes are generally unknown.
Recently this area has been considered as a major potential for
petroleum exploration and production. The exploration and production
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sites, while at present not specifically defined, seem to overlap
the areas affected by disposal activities.
From consideration of the above known uses of this area, possible
multiple impacts must be considered in the overall ecological evaluation.
With respect to regulatory responsibilities, it becomes important to
discriminate the various sources of stress, as well as the overall effect.
This report summarizes the conclusions from data and observations
at an arbitrary point in time of a continuous study. Many samples and
data, primarily biological in nature, remain to be analyzed, and may
affect further conclusions.
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THE DISTRIBUTION OF DUMPED MATERIALS
One aspect of this program, the distribution of dumped materials,
was to determine the distribution of the materials after release. The
short term effects, immediately after dumping in the water column, were
not attempted by this program. These have, however, been done by the
DuPont Company (DuPont, 1972) and by the Marine Science Consortium
(Champ, 1974). Generally it is indicated that in summer when the thermo-
cline is established, the materials penetrate to this thermocline and
there reside, are further dispersed horizontally to an unknown extent
and ultimately penetrate the thermocline and settle to the bottom. This
has been modeled by Hydroscience Company (DuPont, 1972)' and has also
been observed visually in dives of the submersible, as reported in
Appendix C of this report.
This program, however, is designed to look at the long term effects
of the dumping of these materials. For this purpose, the conservative
materials, especially the metals, were used as tags of the released
materials. This was done because they are dumped in significant quanti-
ties and the relative amounts of metals from the acid waste source and
from the municipal sludge source may assist in discriminating the
relative effects of dumping from these two discrete sources only a few
kilometers apart. The annual inputs of the metals to this system are
shown in Table 1.
The March and August, 1974 cruises indicated intrusions of slope
or other offshore water into this area from the east. This has also
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Table 1
Annual Input Delaware Dumpsites
DuPont* Total Input Philadelphia
Fe
Cu
Cr.
Al
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
V
Cd
Zn
Ti
118,000,000
446,700,000
1.19
531,573,000
21,360,000
2,400
39,600
364,000
270
572,000
5,630
4,800
4,752
74,300
338
18,300
733,000
gal/yr
1/yr
spec grav
kg/yr
Specific Metal
o/
h
95.8 kg/yr
2.8
34.4
25.0
10.4
87.5
3.7
35.5
10.2
97.1
5.2
5.2
99.2
150,000,000
568,000,000
1.03
584,500,000
Input
946,000
83,150
75,670
1,094,000
2,314
81,400
145,000
8,740
41 ,655
2,226
6,200
334,000
5,851
%
4.2
97.2
65.6
75.0
89.6
12.5
96.3
64.5
89.8
2.9
94.8
94.8
0.8
* Estimates based on DuPont reports submitted for period
February 6 - July 11, 1974
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been noted by Myers (1974). In addition to the impedance of distri-
bution of dumped materials by the density discontinuities exhibited
by thermoclines, these intrusions may act vertically, rather than
horizontally, as density discontinuities in affecting the distribution
of metals. The coincidence of the warm water plug in the southeast
sector of the study area in March 1974, reported in Appendix A,
Operation "Ides", and the distribution of the metals on the bottom
indicate a coincidental pattern. There are insufficient data currently
to definitely ascribe these two distributions, but the indications
are strong enough to establish a working hypothesis for experimental
design purposes. The paucity of data on tidal currents at the moment
precludes conclusions on the shorter term benthic distribution of the
metals by these causes.
The benthic environment was characterized as a relatively monot-
onous plain of medium to fine sands, as indicated by recording fathom-
eters aboard ship. The variability of results in metals concentrations
from five replicate bottom grabs, made while the ship was drifting,
indicated there may be a microtopography of smaller ridges and swales,
that would not be detected by the usual bathymetric methods aboard ship,
because the amplitude of the microtopography would be smaller than the
resolution afforded on the rolling ship. This hypothesis was confirmed
by direct observation of using the submersible as reported in Appendix C.
There appear to be small ridges and swales in the order of magnitude of
a meter, crest to crest, and in the order of magnitude of centimeters
from trough to crest. This microtopography presumably could affect
7
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the deposition of the metals. The great prevalence of iron in these
wastes with its tendencies to create a floe and to scavenge other
materials within the floe, would lead to a hypothesis that this floe
material would be more likely to accumulate in these small troughs
and be relatively clear on the ridges. The direct observations using
the submersible have not yet clearly established whether this hypo-
thetical distribtuion actually exists.
Measurements have been made of such nonconservative materials
as phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, pH, and dissolved oxygen.
There appears to be no apparent accumulation of these materials in
the water column, even immediately above the bottom. There does appear
to be detectable accumulation of the conservative metals, as indicated
in Appendix A and Appendix B, and the earlier reports (Palmer and Lear,
1973; Lear, Smith and O'Malley, 1974; Lear, 1974). Possibly organo-
halogens, especially PCB, and organic carbon in sediments may on further
investigation be found to be increasing as a result of dumping activities.
These conclusions are drawn from the results of the March Operation "Ides"
cruise and the August Operation "Deep Six" cruise, reported in Appendices
A and B of this report.
The contoured distribution of each of the various metals appeared
to be fairly coincidental on each cruise, but appeared to be in different
locations on various cruises. To determine whether this was a statis-
tically sound observation, the distribution of iron on Operation "Ides"
was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-statistic to discriminate between
the areas of high concentration of iron and the areas of low concentration
8
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of iron. The high areas were Stations B, 8 and 2, and the low stations
on that cruise were Stations A, C, 14, E, 9, and 17. The Mann-Whitney
test showed a significant difference between these two sets of stations
(U=15; N-j=16, N2=15; P >0.05). These same stations were tested using
the same statistical procedure with data from Operation "Fetch" reported
earlier (Lear, Smith, O'Malley, 1974) and it was found the U-statistic
between the same sets of stations was not significantly different. The
same stations were tested on Operation "Deep Six" and found not to be
significantly different. There were, however, on Operation "Deep Six"
other statistically discrete areas of high and low concentrations of
iron as reported in Appendix B. This would indicate that the materials
were not firmly depositing on the bottom but rather were moved about
from time to time, presumably as a function of tidal current and storm
activity. The rates and directions of this translocation of bottom
materials are not yet known in detail. This mobility of these potenti-
ally toxic materials on the bottom would indicate they are potentially
capable of affecting extremely large areas, depending upon their
residence time at any given location and the relative dispersion and
dilution during translocation.
The taking of beach-worn cobbles during Operation "Ides", reported
in Appendix A, indicates this environment is not presently depositional
and that these materials being deposited are probably not being buried.
While the discrete distributions of the given metals varied from
cruise to cruise, some areas were consistently more affected than others.
The acid waste site and the stations immediately adjacent to it to the
9
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northeast and west showed evidence of metal deposition, the greatest
being in the acid site. In the sludge site, evidence of increased
metals was consistently found within the release area and to the
southeast, south and southwest of this site. There appeared to be a
discontinuity between the two release sites, in which metals buildup
was not found.
In the areas so far examined, approximately 1000 nautical square
miles or 3600 square kilometers have indicated accumulations of metals.
The eastward, westward and southwestward extent of this distribution
is not yet known.
Replicate samples of bottom sediments were taken during Operation
"Ides" (Appendix A) to determine whether there were any relationships
between metals concentrations and particle size. Plots of the median
Phi diameters from 55 samples, representing all stations, were plotted
against manganese, lead and mercury concentrations for each sample. No
obvious relationship existed between median Phi and these three metal
parameters. It was hypothesized that smaller particles would accumulate
in the small troughs and larger particles be representative of the crests
in the microtopography, and presumably the floe with its concomitant
metals would be in the troughs. This would have resulted in a relation-
ship between sediment size and metals concentration, either a linear
relationship or a bimodal distribution. Such was apparently not the
case, as indicated from data by current bottom grab sampling techniques.
Possibly selective sampling using a submersible and direct visual
observation of the sample acquisition may yield further information.
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In an earlier cruise (Lear, Smith, O'Malley, 1974) a relation-
ship between iron and other metals was noted. This could indicate
common behavior of these materials by the time they reach the bottom
and may discriminate sources of these materials. These relationships
were examined using data from all previous cruises, shown in Table 2.
Iron and mangenese, iron and zinc, iron and lead, and iron and
chromium showed statistically linear regressions. Iron compared with
mercury, copper and nickel did not consistently show the statistically
significant relationship. It should be noted that mercury, copper
and nickel were in low concentrations compared with the other materials.
As iron is released through dumping activities in much greater concen-
trations than these other metals, an increase in slope should result
if there is an accumulation of these materials. Over the period of
these operations, approximately nine months of observations, no trends
in increase of slope can be noted.
Another approach to determining whether metals were increasing as
a function of time was made by comparing (1) the mean of all the statis-
tically significant high concentration stations and each metal as a
function of time, (2) with the mean for the lower concentration stations
(3) with the mean of all stations, each cruise, and (4) the maximum
values observed on any given cruise. These results are shown in Table 3.
No apparent trends as a function of time are evident, with the possible
exception of the increase of mercury in the bottom sediments. This
relatively short period of observation, nine months, would not be expected
to show startling increases over such a large area of bottom^
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Table 2
Relationships of Metals in Sediments
Regression Equations
Iron/Manganese
Operation "Fetch" (11/73)
Operation "Ides" (3/74)
Operation "Deep Six" (8/74) Fe
Iron/Zinc
Operation "Fetch"
Operation "Ides"
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Lead
Operation "Fetch"
Operation "Ides"
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Chromium
Operation "Fetch"
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Mercury
Operation "Ides"
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Copper
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Nickel
Operation "Deep Six"
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
Fe =
8
11
16
]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.63 +
.91 +
.95 +
.12 +
.003
.002
.002
.0013
.0009
.84 +
.17 +
.018
.42
0.
0.
0.
0.
Zn
Zn
Pb
Pb
Pb
0.
0.
- 0
+ 0
0095
0132
0051
Mn
Mn
Mn
00162 Zn
- 0.1
94
- 1.21
- 1.
+ 1.
+ 0.
0006
0067
55
55
87
Cr
Cr
.00003 Hg
.0001
4 Hg
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
= 6.
= 5.
= 2.
= 5.
= 29.
= 8.
= 5.
= 6.
= 4.
= 2.
= 11,
= 2.
= 1.
63**
23**
59*
24**
46**
42**
08**
59**
60**
65*
95**
34*
42
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
= 11
= 57
= 56
= 11
= 57
= 56
= 11
= 57
= 56
= 11
= 56
= 31
= 55
Fe = 0.0008 Cu - 1.76 t = 1.42 d.f. = 53
Fe = 0.000006 Ni + 1.33 t = 1.23 d.f. = 56
12
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Iron -
Mn -
Zn -
Pb -
Ni -
Cd -
Cr -
Cu -
Hg -
Table 3
Mean Concentrations of Metals in Sediments
Operation
"Quicksilver"
5/73
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " 28.78
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " 7.00
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " <1
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " <1
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " <1
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " 2.11
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " <1
Maximum
Mean All Stations <0.01
Maximum
Operation
"Fetch"
11/73
_
-
2,600
6,490
_
-
33.33
72
_
-
5.33
71
_
-
3.59
8
_
A .
= 1
2
_
-
<1
<1
_
-
2.50
5
_
-
<1
1
<0.01
0.04
Operation
"Ides"
3/74
2,601
1,324
1,918
10,750
58.5263
26.5128
37.000
188
7.6896
3.4827
5.59
11
6.57
2.89
4.12
14
_
n.
= 1.2
16
_
-
<1
<"!
5.5500
1.9711
2.3362
11
_
-
<1
12
0.032
0.228
Operation
"Deep Six"
8/74
4,157
2,299
2,886
4,900
41.9651
20.8221
31.5791
95
8.9758
3.501
5.1338
12.5
5.2183
2.4625
3.3328
8.8
2.4431
0.9165
1.3450
3.4
0.1144
0.0643
0.0880
0.27
2.9863
1.6644
2.0150
5
1.5700
0.3002
0.6343 .
2.8
0.83
1.1
13
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It should be noted that the preceding discussion is of metals
in sediments and does not include the fate, distribution or effect
of metals in any of the biota.
Summarizing the general trends from the data on the fate and dispersal
of dumped materials into this mid-continental shelf environment indicates
that in summer, with the thermocline acting as a density discontinuity,
materials are released, presumably in the release zones, settle to the
thermocline, are dispersed by tidal currents over the order of magnitude
of several days before penetrating through the thermocline and being
released to settle on the bottom. In winter, with no thermocline develop-
ment, presumably materials would settle relatively rapidly to the bottom,
except when density discontinuities are induced into this area, either
through intrusions of offshore, warmer Gulf Stream or slope water or
by intrusions of less saline estuarine sources from the Delaware estuary,
to form vertical pycnoclines. These may affect the ultimate distri-
bution of these materials on the bottom.
There is strong indication, (1) by direct observation as a function
of time, (2) by inference with the relatively large size of the sediment
particles, and (3) by direct visual observations of the floe material,
that the material at the bottom is not buried, but at or just above the
sediment-water interface, and is translocated to other areas, the extent
of which is not yet known, by tidal current action or by storm surge
movement. These metals, known to be conservative in their properties
and potentially toxic to organisms, show the greatest potential hazard
to the indigenous biota of all materials released at the present time.
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EFFECT OF DUMPED MATERIALS
The effect of disposed materials on marine biota may be viewed in
two time frames (1) short term, measured in minutes, hours and days,
and (2) long term, measured in months and years. Short-term effects
are best studied by coordinating observations with disposal operations.
At the Delaware ocean disposal sites materials are dumped from moving
barges. Observations should be made before, during and after a dump
with primary emphasis placed on studying water column organisms. The
main concern is estimating the toxic properties and extent of impact
as the disposed materials mix and disperse into sea water. Long-term
effects are best studied by selecting conservative parameters, primarily
properties of the benthic environment, at stations spaced within and
around dumpsites. These parameters should be sampled for a time period
sufficient to discriminate natural fluctuations from changes imposed by
dumping activities. The main concerns are accumulations of nondegradable
dumped materials and estimations of environmental damage associated
with these accumulations.
Environmental Protection Agency efforts have focused on the long-
term effects. We want to know if contaminants are accumulating in the
benthic environment. If so, how large an area is affected? We need to
know present levels so as to follow future trends. If trends exist,
what is their environmental significance?
Large quantities of various metals are dumped at these sites
annually (Table 1). Animals and sediments within and around these
sites have been analyzed for evidence of metal accumulation. On the
15
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spring '74 cruise, Operation "Ides", an area exceeding 1000 square
miles was studied. Of 13 metals examined, 11 clearly indicated
accumulations in animals and/or sediments in the vicinity of one or
both dumpsites. Some of these metals are introduced predominantly
by one or the other dumper, for exairple DuPont dumps 97% of the
vanadium while Philadelphia dumps 95% of the cadmium (Table 1).
These metals may serve as useful tracers for the dumped materials.
Four such metals (Fe, Mn, V, and Ti) of DuPont waste, and five such
metals (Cu, Ag, Ni, Cd, and Zn) of Philadelphia sludge showed statis-
tically significant distribution patterns in the "Ides" study area
(Tables 4 and 5). Some of these tracers displayed elevated concen-
trations in shellfish in areas extending from the dumpsites to the
limits of the area covered by the "Ides" cruise. Vanadium levels in
the tissues of the clam, Arctica islandica, and the scallop, Placopecten
magellanicus, clearly show this pattern (Figures 2 and 3). Presumably
these animals were exposed to DuPont wastes. Prevailing currents
should sweep these wastes southwest from the dumpsite. Significantly,
these tissue levels remain elevated at the farthest station southwest
of the DuPont site. The "Ides" cruise was not extensive enough to
permit delineation of the area influenced by DuPont's waste.
Some of the metals characteristic of Philadelphia sludge, e.g.,
Cd and Zn (Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7) displayed elevated concentrations in
clams and scallops from the dumpsite area. However, these patterns
are not clearly associated with the dumpsite. There are several possible
reasons why these trends are not as definitive as those associated with
DuPont wastes. Philadelphia had used the site for .less than one year
16
-------
Table 4
Analysis of Variance Results for Metal Levels
in Arctica islandica Collected in Spring 1974
in Vicinity
Metal
Vanadium
Zinc
Cadmium
Silver
Copper
Chromium
Manganese
Cobalt
Nickel
Titanium
Aluminum
Iron
Lead
of Delaware Dumpsites
F level Signi
33.54
6.34
5.12
3.07
3.02
2.80
2.74
2.25
1.95
1.92
1.62
1.36
1.29
ficance
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
05
05
--
--
_ _
17
-------
Table 5
OPERATION "IDES"
Metals in Scallops
pprn/dry wt.
Metal
V
Cd
Zn
Ni
Cu
Cr
Ag
Ti
Mn
Al
Fe
Pb
Co
F ratio
11.885
6.896
5.376
5.300
4.194
3.130
3.096
2.832
2.347
2.088
1.787
1.434
1.117
Significance
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.05
.05
--
--
18
-------
FIGURE 2
OPERATION "IDES"
ARCTICA
METAL CONCENTRATION
VANADIUM
ppm dry wt
-38* 30
R"D'
38* 00'
.o
19
-------
FIGURE 3
OPERATION "IDES"
SCALLOP
METAL CONCENTRATION
VANADIUM
ppm dry wt
17.5
-38* 30'
R "D
23.1--'
38* 00'-
20
-------
FIGURE 4
OPERATION "IDES"
ARCTICA
METAL CONCENTRATION
CADMIUM
ppm dry wt
oo JU ~ "^
*
,
> ^*
/.
* *
ซ
#
ซ *
*
*
*
:"'
*
ซ'* .
i
* * **
* *
* * * "
/1 .8
* *
1.8
.''.
.1.5 ' /
1.6
*
." .
/ ..6 m :
*
1 *
* *
2.0 : .
2.5 j.-::--:
** * **
.-
** m"
...-'.-'X...
. ' 'ป* / ซ2.4-
*
ซ*" " ^
S^
- ' f
/
'2.0 " ซ2.4 /
1
-} V
?
'. .'
* ซ
*'-7 2.5.X'"' y>0,--''
N
\
\
2.8 ..;..
-^^v
V."*
4.0..V
.-*/ .-*'
*
^t
r~
38' 00'
21
-------
FIGURE 5
OPERATION "IDES"
SCALLOP
METAL CONCENTRATION
CADMIUM
ppm dry wt
-38* 30
38' 00'
1?
I9.6
,,o
22
-------
FIGURE 6
OPERATION "IDES"
ARCTICA
METAL CONCENTRATION
ZINC
ppm dry wt
-38* 30
.0
38* 00'
,O
(3
23
-------
FIGURE 7
OPERATION "IDES"
SCALLOP
METAL CONCENTRATION
ZINC
ppm dry wt
-38* 30
R "D'
38' 00'
24
-------
at the time of the "Ides" cruise. DuPont had been dumping for five
years. The physical and chemical properties of the two wastes differ
considerably. It is unlikely that these wastes would react and behave
in a similar manner when dumped.
Analyses of sediments and shellfish show patterns of metal accumu-
lation. Some inferential evidence of impact on shellfish may be
obtained by quantifying distribution patterns of dead shell. Figures
8 and 9 represent measures of total dead shell and dead Arctica
obtained in half-hour dredge hauls at each station during the "Ides"
cruise. Both patterns are associated with accumulated metals from
DuPont waste. The results of a DuPont sponsored study are in good
agreement with these findings. A survey revealed a "trend toward fewer
live sand dollars and higher mortality in areas south of the disposal
area than in areas immediately to the west and north ..." (Myers, 1973).
The few selected species, studied in some detail, have been affected by
dumping activities. However, the benthic community, studied as a whole,
has shown little effect. Community structure indices calculated from
results of early cruises, "Quicksilver" and "Fetch", reflect those of
unpolluted oceanic waters (Lear, Smith, O'Malley, 1974). Data from
later cruises, "Ides" and "Deep Six", are not available. If the benthic
community is impacted, it will probably be a long term, chronic effect.
The accumulation of nondegradable waste materials may take years to
effect noticeable changes in the benthic community structure.
Short-term effects of dumping were the subject of a student cruise
conducted by the Marine Science Consortium during August 1973. This group
25
-------
made observations before, during and after dumps of DuPont waste.
A reduction in the number of phytoplankton species was the most
obvious immediate impact. The numbers were "reduced to 76% immedi-
ately upon barge disposal of acid wastes and continued to decrease
until it stabilized at approximately 84% of the original assemblage
for the duration of the sampling ." (Champ, 1973). Other parameters
were considered during this student exercise. This study remains
the only published data on short-term effects at either the DuPont
or Philadelphia dumpsites.
26
-------
FIGURE 8
OPERATION "IDES"
DISTRIBUTION OF
DEAD SHELL
lunit= 10 liter buckets)
-38' 30
R"D
<*
r-
38* 00''
^0
27
-------
FIGURE 9
OPERATION "IDES"
DISTRIBUTION OF
ARCTICA CLAPPERS
-38* 30-
R "D?
2
I/
0
'72
91
6
0
0
0
0
10
II
15
I
6
o
fO
6
N
2
\
0
.30
o
o
o
38' 00'
28
-------
APPENDIX A
Operation "Ides"
R/V Advance II - 11-15 March 1974
DATA REPORT
CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables A- 3
List of Figures A- 4
Station Data A- 5
Station Location Chart A- 7
Hydrography A- 8
Bathythermograph Data A-10
Salinity Analyses A-12
Distribution of Temperature A-15
Distribution of Temperature and Salinity A-16
Currents A-22
Water Quality Parameters A-24
Distribution of Total Phosphorus A-27
Distribution of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen A-28
Bacteriological Results A-29
Sediments A-32
Size Analyses A-33
Organic Carbon in Sediments A-32
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Sediments A-40
Organohalogens in Sediments A-42
Metals in Sediments A-45
A-l
-------
APPENDIX A
OPERATION "Ides"
CONTENTS
Biota
Phytoplankton Populations*
Zooplankton Populations*
Occurrence of Organisms from Trawls*
Metals in Organisms from Trawls*
Metals in Organisms from Rocking Chair Dredge*
Benthic Infauna Populations*
Scientific Log A-64
Ship's Log A-75
Cruise Plan A-85
*Awaiting sample or data analysis
A-2
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
LIST OF TABLES
faai
1 Station Data A- 5
2 BT Data A-10
3 Salinity A-13
4 Water Quality Parameters A-25
5 Bacteriological Stations A-31
6 Sediment Size Fractions A-33
7 Total Organic Carbon and Total Kjeldahl A-40
Nitrogen in Sediments
8 Organohalogens in Sediments A-43
9 Metals in Sediments A-47
10 Metal Concentrations in Arctica A-60
11 Metal Concentrations in Scallops A-62
A-3
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Station Locations A- 7
2 Temperature-Salinity Distribution A-16
3 Temperature- Salinity Profiles A-"1?
4 Shore Currents, Direction A-22
5 Shore Currents, Speed A-23
6 Distribution of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen A-27
7 Distribution of Total Phosphorus A-28
8 Distribution of Sediment Size A-35
9 Cobbles A-36
10 Cobbles A-37
11 Cobbles A-38
12 Cobbles A-39
13 Total Organic Carbon in Sediments A~41
14 Distribution of Organohalogens in Sediments A"44
15 Distribution of Cadmium in Sediments A-51
16 Distribution of Chromium in Sediments A-52
17 Distribution of Copper in Sediments A-53
18 Distribution of Lead in Sediments A-54
19 Distribution of Zinc in Sediments A-55
20 Distribution of Nickel in Sediments A-56
21 Distribution of Manganese in Sediments A-57
22 Distribution of Iron in Sediments A-58
23 Distribution of Mercury in Sediments A-59
A-4
-------
Station
A
C
B
D
2
8
9
17
36
27
F
24
25
14
19
30
29
28
18
21
Date Time
2/11/74 0800
1145
1535
1745
2039
3/12/74 0045
0418
0735
0936
1417
1700
2055
2345
3/13/73 0515
1028
1755
1950
2237
3/14/74 0420
0545
Table 1
OPERATION "IDES"
Station Data
11-15-March 1974
Loran A
3H4 3H5 Lat.
3512
3420
3395
3401
3356
3361
3217
3181
3110
3182
3300
3305
3345
3500
3610
3680
3630
3580
3550
3490
3065
3043
3053
3030
3009
3008
3057
3030
3017
2974
2974
2998
2937
2968
2997
3010
3047
3078
3032
3009
38ฐ42.0'
38ฐ31.5'
38ฐ31.0'
38ฐ28.5'
38ฐ21.9'
38ฐ22.5'
38ฐ18.3'
38ฐ10.5'
38ฐ05.0'
38ฐ05.0'
38ฐ13.7'
38ฐ17.4'
38ฐ12.7'
38ฐ28.9'
38ฐ40.5'
38ฐ47.4'
38ฐ48.0'
38ฐ47.6'
38ฐ40.3'
38ฐ33.7'
Long.
74ฐ20.0
74ฐ20.0'
74ฐ23.9'
74ฐ17.2'
74ฐ12.7
74ฐ12.5'
74ฐ33.7'
74ฐ29.5'
74ฐ28.2'
74ฐ13.9'
74ฐ08.T
74ฐ13.9'
73ฐ58.4'
73ฐ58.6'
74ฐOO.T
73ฐ59.8'
74ฐ09.5'
74ฐ19.2'
74ฐ10.r
74ฐ07.8'
Meters
35
44
36
31
54
46
42
49
42
57
68
54
75
53
53
46
46
40
44
46
A-5
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Station Data (continued)
Loran A
Station Date Time 3H4 3H5 Lat. Long. Meters
23 3/14/74 0815 3445 2998 38ฐ27.7' 74ฐ18.7' 58
20 " 1930 3430 3060 38ฐ34.0' 74ฐ22.8' 42
22 " 1115 3345 3053 38ฐ26.9' 74ฐ26.2' 48
E 3/15/74 0037 3351 3025 38ฐ24.0' 74ฐ18.6' 42
A-6
-------
FIGURE 1
STATION LOCATIONS
OPERATION IDES
II- 15 MARCH 1974
-38' 30-
R "D'
28 /
29
/A
n?
20
B
22
.-"17
26
38' 00'
21
D
8
2
24 <
F
^0
27ป
ป30
N
19
23 ; /
\
.30
K.O
o
o
A-7
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
HYDROGRAPHY
The distribution of temperature and salinity during this early
spring cruise indicate that the onset of the annual thermocline had
not yet come about. The surface layers down to 15 meters were generally
isothermal and characteristic of the shelf water at that season.
There is, however, evidence of a warm water intrusion from the
southeast. The intrusions have been reported before (Harrison, Norcross,
Pore, and Stanley, 1967; Myers, 1973). This area is apparently a region
that is affected, not only by incursion of less saline estuarine water
in the surface from the westward but warm water intrusions of slope
water origin are noted intruding from the southeast in this instance
(Figure 2).
Observations published by the U.S. Navy (Gulf Stream Reports,
Vol 9, 1974) indicate Gulf Stream eddies were active just offshore of
this area during this season. It is difficult to determine, with any
degree of certainty, whether any of these eddies may have had some
affect on this distribution of temperature and salinity.
Surface and bottom current meters were maintained for 96 hours on
two stations during this cruise. A malfunctioning meter on the bottom
at one station precluded good observations at that station; however,
Station 2, at the surface and the bottom, indicate during this period
that the prevailing currents were headed towards the southeast at the
surface at Station 2 and towards the northeast at the bottom at Sta. 2
during this period (Figures 4 and 5). These observations would appear
A-8
-------
to be in contradiction to the net movement observed by the seabed
drifter releases reported in the earlier report (Palmer and Lear, 1973)
The current observations, however, are of short term and apparently
reflect the tidal currents under the particular climatic regime.
The current velocities at the bottom at Station 2 indicate that
velocities are attained in this region about 16.8 percent of the time
which are capable of transport of the bottom materials at this station.
This would indicate that the materials settling to the bottom are
subjected to scouring action and translocation.
A-9
-------
Station
14
19
OPERATION "IDES"
BT Data
Temperature Degrees Cc
30 23 F 9
22
28
Depth
Ft M
007
10 3.0
20 6.1
30 9.1
40 12.2
50 15.2
60 18.3
70 21.3
80 24.4
85 25.9
2 7
90 27.4 7.30
95 29.0 7.35
100 30.5 7.35
105 32.0 7.35
110 33.5 7
0 7
10
115 35.0 7.15
120 36.6 7.20
125 38.1 7.25
35 8.
130 39.6 7.30 8.
40 9
9
9
50 7.0 8
7.20
7.40
7.60 8
55 8
60
55 9.30 8.70
9.30 8.80
9
60
9.70
35 8.75
8
9
10
10.40
10
40
135 41.2 7.35
140 42.7 7.50 8.55
65
65
8
70
05 10
20 7
25
0
ป
10 6
5
A-10
-------
Station
14
19
30
OPERATION "IDES"
BT Data (continued)
Temperature Degrees Cฐ
23 F 9 8
22
28
Depth
Ft M
145 44.2 7.55
150 45.7 7.60 8.65 10
155 47.3 7.70
160 48.8 8.80
165 50.3
170 51.8
175 53.4
180 54.9
185 56.4 10
70 10.10
75
190 57.9
195 59.5
200 61.0
A-ll
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
SALINITY ANALYSES
R. J. Callaway
EPA Pacific Northwest Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon
The results of salinity analysis of "Ides" samples received
from the Annapolis Field Office are reported to 0.01 part per thousand
(ฐ/oo)- Many of the samples were not sufficiently large to provide
a sample cell rinse prior to analysis. Over the range analyzed 31.00ฐ/00
to 35.00ฐ/oo,this could cause an error of as much as 0.04ฐ/00. Most of
the samples, however, varied by only 1.00ฐ/0o which would cause an error
of 0.01ฐ/oo.
Samples for which results were judged anomalous were reanalyzed,
size of sample permitting. These values are reported in the summary.
The greatest difference was 0.02ฐ/00 from the original analysis.
Instrument drift over the period of analysis was less than 0.010/00
The samples were analyzed on a Hytech 6220.
A-12
-------
Table 3
OPERATION "IDES"
SALINITY
Location
Sta. 2
Sta. 8
Sta. 9
Sta. 14
Sta. 19
Depth
(meters)
1
18
36
50
4
23
30.5
46
5
15.5
23
31
2
19
35
51
3
23
30.5
55
Salinity Remarks
34.46
34.45
34.99
34.84
34.25
34.28
35.09
33.28
32.95 Reanalyzed value = 32.94
33.91
31.08 Reanalyzed value = 31.10
34.51 Values rechecked; not enough
sample for reanalysis
33.26 " " "
34.40 Reanalyzed value = 34.41
34.35
33.47 Reanalyzed value = 33.41
33.40
33.39
33.58
A-13
-------
SALINITY (continued)
Location
Sta. 22
Sta. 26
Sta. 28
Sta. 30
Sta. C
Depth
(meters)
1
10
20
35
1
16
32
40
1
21
30.5
42
1
15
30
45
6.1
22.9
30.5
42.7
Salinity Remarks
33.39
33.48
33.53
34.20
34.08 Value checked; insufficient
sample for reanalysis
33.96
33.91
33.91
33.35
33.15 Reanalyzed value = 33.14
33.37
33.44 Duplicate analysis value =
33.45
34.05 Value checked; insufficient
sample for reanalysis
33.96
33.74
33.82
33.94
33.99
34.07
34.20
A-14
-------
SALINITY (continued)
Depth
Location (meters) Salinity Remarks
Sta. E 2 33.71
Sta. F 12 34.25
22 34.25
37 34.26
67 34.60
A-15
-------
FIGURE 2
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION MARCH 1974
C WARMER^
0,234
A-16
-------
in
M
o.
OJ
O
<*)
CO
T
o
r
o
I
o
I
o
(O
n
o
- LJ
in 10
u,
c.'
J-Q:
(M
o .
mj
U
o
CL
2
m
r>'
ro
OJ
00
OJ
CO
Q.
2 J
UJ <
I- CO
o
CVJ
I
o
m
1
O
o
to
I
o
A 17
-------
t')
ijj
J
.
CM
o.
CM
CO
O.
CD
CM
CO"
I
O
I
O
CM
I
O
I
o
I
o
m
1
o
A-18
-------
co
fvj
8-
tO
m.
ro
rO
J
L.
J m J
" uJ
-. z <">
J-r m
c 2 ^ w
l t? <-9
(M
ro"
ซ>.
ro
O
rvj
m
ro"
C31
LO
I
O
I
o
(M
O
to
I
O
I
O
m
I
o
(O
i
o
I
I
I
a' .
2 _j
ui <
i.
u
o.
in J
O
o
Q.
2
UJ
c\J
O
o
CM
I
O
\
O
I
O
in
1
o
I
o
r-
SH313W-Hld3Q
A-19
-------
m
Cvll 00
o.
CM
o
CO
LJ
_J
U.
O
0.
> LJ
t9
z
31
LJ (T
CC LJ
.
Id
a.
S
LJ
h-
m
'O.
O.
m-
m
ro'
00
OJ
ro
(O
ro
m
'
ro
ro
ro
-------
O .
CM
m
ro'
<
ro
ro
ro'
CO
- UJ
- o
CM
ro'
I
O
(VJ
I
O
00
I
O
I
O
m
I
o
-------
Id
d
\L.
O
V LปJ
z
~J 5 "m
< 9 w
(D
ro"
(O
(M
I
I
I
o:
u
-> a.
r- o
3
s-
't
fO'
O.
">.
ro
00
O
Z
U
o
a
"2.
LJ
CM
rO'
r
o
o
(M
I
O
ro
r
o
in
o
to
A-22
-------
FIQURE 4
300-
MO -
100 -
STATION 2
SURFACE
~ XJ^JUjff
-5M
.LdHDfEbl
*O 1*0 270
DIRECTION [DEGREES]
Z
i
100 -
0 -
STATION 2
BOTTOM
-49M
90 ISO 270
DIRECTION [DEGREES]
SHORE CURRENTS
MARCH 1974 - DEPTH 54M
A-23
3*0
-------
FIGURE 5
600
500
400
Z
Z> 300
O
u
200
100
0
STATION 2
^l^i^l^^^HH^^^^BM^^BMI^HHM ^^H
BOTTOM
16.8
^H
0 10 20 30 40 50 75
SPEED (CM/SEC)
A-24
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
The distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds in the
water column at this season indicate no obvious buildup of these
materials in any area (Figures 6 and 7).
The total carbon and total organic carbon would appear to be
comparable in dumping areas and reference areas in the water column.
Bacteriological results indicate no buildup of coliforms or fecal
coliforms in the water or sediments examined.
A-25
-------
Table 4
OPERATION "IDES"
Water Quality Parameters
N02+N0-:
Depth Total P Inorg. P TKN (mg/1) JC TOC
Station Date Time (meters) P04(mg/l) P04(mg/l) (mg/1) N03-N (mg/1) (mg/1
2 3-11-74 2130 1
18
36
50
8 3-12-74 0045 4
23
30.5
46
9 3-12-74 0412 5
15.5
23
31
14 3-13-74 0515 2
19
35
51
19 3-13-74 1028 3
23
30.5
55
.056
.038
.057
.047
.065
.060
.058
.065
.075
.077
.064
.061
.053
.060
.062
.061
.064
.061
.056
.058
.032
.035
.052
.037
.035
.031
.049
.029
.032
.024
.032
.041
.027
.031
.027
.040
.035
.032
.037
.041
.210 <0.10
.207
.187
.207
.207
.175
.226
.220
.175
.220
.207
.149
.162
.194
.200
.168
.155
.155
.168 >
s.
37.75 7.70
29.80 7.20
31.65 7.20
31.00 7.50
f
.168 <0.10 28.85 6.44
A-26
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Water Quality Parameters
Depth
Station Date Time (meters)
22 3-14-74 1115 1
10
20
35
26 3-12-74 0936 1
16
32
40
28 3-12-74 2237 1
21
30.5
42
30 3-13-74 1540 1
15
30
45
Total P
POadng/l)
.072
.064
.061
.066
.039
.054
.049
.046
.065
.091
.068
.056
.062
.062
.057
.065
N02+N03
Inorg. P TKN (mg/1) TC TOC
P0d(mg/l) (mg/1) NO^-N (mg/1 ) (mg/1
.037
.041
.029
.041
.036
.032
.045
.046
.029
.032
.034
.041
.037
.045
.035
.033
.265 <0.10
.246 '
.175
.226
.226
.246
.246
.252
.220
.239
.230
.317
.323
.213
.233 >
t.
34.55 5.88
31.10 7.55
28.55 6.71
^
.239
-------
FIGURE 6
DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN >igm/l
OPERATION IDES
to
or.
a.
L-J
Q
A 28
-------
FIGURE 7
DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL PHOSPHORUS >igm/l
OPERATION IDES
10
20
to
cc
UJ
(-
UJ
f 30
a
LiJ
Q
40
50
60
54
49
77
64
61
/r
/ i
61
66
JL
65
38
54
47
65
60
58
i i
68
56
I I
rr
w
53/
60
V
62
57 _
/
7
65
7
:o
20
50
- ,
1 ' /
! i /
V29
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
BACTERIOLOGY
M. O'Malley and S. K. Smith
Two studies are reported for the area of the two interim ocean
dumpsites. Baseline conditions are recorded in a report by EPA, Region
III (Palmer and Lear, 1973) while conditions after municipal sludge
dumping began are described in a second report for EPA, Region (Lear,
et al, 1974).
Nine stations for bacteriological analyses of the bottom waters
and sediments were occupied in the interim dumpsites areas. Stations
2, 8 and E were located in the site for municipal sludge disposal
while Station C was in the center of the acid waste site. The remaining
five stations were control stations located outside of the two disposal
sites.
A Niskin sterile bag sample (General Oceanics, Inc.) was used to
take water samples from varying depths at 1.5 m above the bottom. A
2.7 ml flame-sterilized cylindrical spoon was used to subsample sediments
from an undisturbed Shipek bottom grab. This aliquot was introduced
into a French square containing 100 ml sterile distilled water and treated
as a normal bacteriological sample.
Water and sediment samples were subjected to the standard total coliform
and fecal coliform MPN (most probable number/100 ml sample) analyses
as outlined in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water," \3th Ed., SPHA, 1971.
A-30
-------
Using sample aliquots of 10.0, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 ml, a 3-tube,
4-dilution scheme was followed.
Negative MPN results were recorded for both total coliforms and
fecal coliforms at all stations. A negative result indicates an MPN
index of less than three coliforms or fecal coliforms per 100 ml of
sample at the 95% confidence limit. Laboratory controls were also
negative for both coliforms and fecal coliforms.
A-31
-------
Table 5
OPERATION "IDES"
Bacteriological Stations
Station Date Time Depth (m)
2 3-11-74 2039 53.9
14
19
22
26
3-12-74 0330
3-12-74 0550
3-13-74 0515
3-13-74 1028
3-14-74
3053
3-12-74 0936
3-11-74 1145
3-15-74 0230
45.7
42.0
53.0
53.0
47.5
42.0
43.9
42.0
Sample
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water - LA*
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment - LA*
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
All samples were negative for coliform and fecal coliforms
*LA - Lab Accident, no analysis
A-32
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
SEDIMENTS
Particle size analyses, using a sieve series, indicate these
sediments in nearly all the areas are coarse to fine sands with no
appreciable silt or clay fractions present. Visual observations by
use of the two-man submersible, as reported in Appendix C, indicate
there is much broken shell, and in some areas gravel on the bottom
as we!1.
At Station C in the acid waste release site, the rocking chair
dredge came up with a varied assemblage of apparently wave-worn
cobbles. These are illustrated in Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11, courtesy
of Dr. Harold D. Palmer, Westinghouse Ocean Research Laboratory,
Annapolis, Maryland. These cobbles may indicate the locus of an
interglacial still-stand (Swift, et al, 1972). If these cobbles are
available to the dredge, which would dig a maximum of 18 inches, would
indicate that this area is not depositional in character, and that
relatively little sediment has accrued here since glacial epochs.
Among the cobbles are some large oyster shells. These character-
istically estuarine animals are not currently found in this area and
are presumably fossil shells from this earlier geological period.
Shells have been submitted for radiocarbon dating. This area is also
overlying the buried Delaware River Valley and may have a relationship
with the relict estuary.
Organic carbon concentrations in these sediments indicate no
obvious buildup of this material (Table 7, Figure 13).
A-33
-------
Table 6
OPERATION "IDES"
Sediment Size Fractions
Weight Percent
Station
2
8
9
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Dry wt.
gm
26.09
16.87
21.16
35.52
37.89
26.65
25.32
41.67
28.41
54.34
28.78
32.00
24.33
22.30
30.00
24.27
25.40
27.07
25.21
30.33
24.86
41.65
30.43
9.32
30.02
25.05
27.48
32.20
45.54
36.20
27.62
Phi -1.0
mm -2.0
15.57
3.91
0.00
0.87
0.26
2.66
0.18
1.65
2.46
3.25
4.55
0.25
3.78
1.79
0.56
1.97
0.94
0.44
0.00
0.03
0.20
40.76
27.83
0.00
7.02
1.84
3.89
2.36
2.74
1.02
1.33
0.0
1.0
1.43
0.41
0.18
0.14
0.07
11.78
0.79
1.00
15.06
1.25
7.22
2.12
4.27
1.61
0.36
0.74
0.15
0.11
0.00
0.46
0.28
10.46
9.86
3.00
11.55
2.24
1.56
2.57
2.02
1.83
1.33
1.0
0.5
3.99
0.88
0.51
0.87
0.34
19.10
8.33
6.64
32.17
7.74
26.16
19.62
26.34
11.30
4.27
1.94
0.28
0.48
-
1.88
0.92
14.06
16.10
7.08
36.34
10.78
13.94
14.34
15.17
17.34
14.40
2.0
0.25
10.48
11.49
9.73
9.68
8.57
30.43
10.07
8.63
40.80
11.75
46.14
58.43
52.24
64.22
67.50
21.63
10.20
17.73
1.62
67.46
12.39
8.30
27.08
19.74
38.64
54.73
57.75
60.83
62.56
63.48
62.03
3.0
0.125
63.23
78.54
84.68
82.74
85.80
32.87
73.54
75.59
8.97
70.15
14.38
18.65
12.04
20.00
25.73
69.72
83.23
80.12
77.31
25.16
70.92
20.04
17.12
45.39
6.96
33.09
22.56
19.03
17.14
15.93
19.29
4.0
0.062
3.32
3.73
4.01
5.01
4.59
2.55
5.88
5.75
0.63
3.95
0.69
0.10
0.69
0.17
1.26
3.62
1.85
2.36
13.53
0.09
14.16
5.47
1.18
12.87
0.13
0.44
0.43
0.40
0.24
0.24
0.39
Median
Phi
2.26
2.45
2.45
2.50
2.50
1.54
2.65
2.65
1.05
2.55
1.28
1.45
1.30
1.55
2.39
2.34
2.46
2.40
2.64
1.70
2.51
0.00
0.76
2.44
0.86
1.65
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
A-34
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Sediment Size Fractions (continued)
Weight Percent
Station
27
28
29
30
A
B
C
D
E
F
Dry wt.
gm
25.01
28.98
30.77
25.65
27.41
22.30
30.00
27.50
35.72
29.31
27.02
21.03
34.07
20.58
49.57
42.21
27.56
32.54
32.81
33.61
30.99
27.35
30.49
21.72
Phi-1.0
mm -2.0
0.67
0.20
1.33
0.54
0.07
0.49
1.33
0.72
0.08
1.80
1.11
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.94
0.18
2.58
0.09
1.84
29.62
20.69
8.88
1.15
0.0
1.0
0.27
4.86
2.27
0.23
0.03
0.31
2.96
0.21
0.11
0.20
6.03
0.19
0.05
0.24
0.06
3.36
0.25
3.90
0.12
2.85
31.30
37.07
10.47
1.33
1.0
0.5
8.44
40.48
18.62
0.23
0.51
1.97
16.36
1.05
1.90
0.44
31.05
0.51
1.50
1.31
1.39
9.14
3.33
19.36
0.94
19.48
23.68
27.75
26.11
9.85
2.0
0.25
80.49
48.20
57.43
10.84
15.57
46.64
60.76
33.16
49.66
27.49
52.66
18.73
33.28
16.22
33.97
47.55
43.97
58.23
25.60
58.43
12.00
12.35
36.08
33.19
3.0
0.125
9.92
6.21
18.75
83.27
77.82
43.87
16.53
58.40
45.04
62.84
8.29
73.98
60.90
74.53
61.04
36.79
48.73
15.48
66.62
16.30
1.45
1.53
16.82
52.16
4.0
0.062
0.03
0.24
0.94
4.67
6.71
0.73
1.03
6.07
2.85
6.58
0.25
5.99
3.61
6.51
3.30
0.94
2.68
0.27
5.97
0.23
0.09
0.10
1.11
1.56
Median
Phi
1.52
1.10
1.30
2.48
2.42
2.01
1.50
2.25
1.97
2.30
1.22
2.40
2.25
2.45
2.25
1.75
2.05
1.40
2.35
1.43
-0.66
-0.02
1.10
2.01
A-35
-------
FIGURE 8
OPERATION "IDES"
DISTRIBUTION OF
SEDIMENT SIZE
MEDIAN PHI
-38* 30-
-30
/ j.io/7
.1.30
2 42* /
0
2 34
2.46
2.40
^.48
N
\
2.64
2 '40
^-u
/, nl
^01
i en
. 1-50
1.22
2'40
? ?*;
t. ca
2 45
t .HB
1.97
2 51
ooo
ฐ'UU
1.75
2.05
2'.35
1.43
': 1.55
0.76ป
.30
-0.6i
-0.0
i
1.54
2-65.
i!o5*
n fin
2.00
2.50
2.44.
0.86*
1.6
1
1
51
50
1.50
1.50
n 1.50
^f
r-
o ..
o
38* 00'
^O
X-*
A-36
-------
tt
r :
-------
-------
-------
fi-
fe:'
-------
Table 7
OPERATION "IDES"
Total Organic Carbon and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Sediments
Station
C
2
8
9
14
19
22
22
24
24
26
28
30
Date
3-11-74
3-11-74
3-12-74
3-12-74
3-13-74
3-13-74
3-14-74
3-14-74
3-12-74
3-12-74
3-12-74
3-13-74
3-13-74
Time
1145
2039
0100
0412
0515
1028
2318
2318
2055
2055
2936
2237
1540
Wet wt.
g/ml
1.8439
1.7945
1.8275
1 .8847
1.8522
1.5784
1.8622
1 .8357
1.5171
1.9462
1.9055
1.8918
1.7189
Dry wt.
g/ml
1.4625
1.4080
1.4219
1.5477
1.5149
1 . 0904
1.4310
1.3712
.8783
1.6197
1.5321
1.5502
1.2780
TOC TKN
% Dry wt. % Dry. wt
.142
.075
.146
.103
.109
.104
.069
.149
1.427 .152
.054 .011
.024
.060
.072
A-41
-------
FIGURE 13
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
Percent dry weight
Depths in fathosns
-38' 30
R "D
38* 00'
.foal
.060
.072
N
104
.142
.069
.149
.024
..146
.075
1.427
.054
^0
.109<
.30 ''
K.O"
o
o
A-42
-------
The distribution of the organohalogens indicates that there
may be accrual of these materials in some areas (Table 8, Figure 14).
The distribution of metals in the sediments indicate possible
buildup of these materials due to dumping activities (Table 9). For
the analysis of the distribution of these metals, the higher concen-
trations were contoured visually, then the hypothesis was tested
statistically that the contoured areas were statistically significant
from the remaining areas. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was
used for these purposes and the distributions shown are statistically
discrete. It would appear, from the distribution of these metals,
that materials from each of the release zones are at this moment
settling separately to the bottom (Figures 15-2). The coincidence
of the contours makes this hypothesis very tenable. These distri-
butions would indicate that the material released at the acid waste
site are distributed around the site and to the northeast, and the
materials from the municipal sludge site are distributed in the
eastern half of the site and to the southeast. These observations
are in accordance with the observed current structure at this time.
A-43
-------
Location
Table 8
OPERATION "IDES"
Organohalogens in Sediments
Gms. Extracted
Dry Weight
6% Fraction off Florisil Col
Aroclor Aroclor
1254 1242
(PPb)
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
C
2
9
19
24
24 (dup)
26
81
73
87
78
55
74
82
.1808
.0716
.0783
. 0302
.0505
.2666
.4842
4
28
4
4
172
56
n
.7
.7
.3
.8
.4
.0
.0
(PPb)
1.
33.
4.
6.
49.
86.
14.
9
0
6
5
0
0
3
A-44
-------
FIGURE 14
OPERATION "IDES"
DISTRIBUTION OF
ORGANOHALOGENS
IN SEDIMENTS
Arochlor 1242 /Arochlor 1254
parts per billion
6.5,
N
-38' 30'-
'4.7
R "D1;
.30
38* 00'-
33.0,
/28.7
.4.1
f4.3
I49.0/
I86.0/
'172.4
'56.0
14.3
o
fO
o
o
A-45
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Metals in Sediments
P. G. Johnson
Sediment samples were taken using a Shipek sampler.
The sediment samples were transferred from whirl-paks to glass
jars and well mixed. A portion (approximately 10 grams) was removed
and spread to dry at room temperature for 48 hours. The samples were
again mixed and pulverized to separate the sand grains and to expose
surface areas. At this time any large rocks, pebbles, or shells
(>5mm) were removed. The samples were allowed to air-dry at room
temperature for an additional 48 hours.
A known weight (5.0000 gms) of dry sediment was put in a 125 ml
glass-stoppered flask. Small amounts of deionized-distilled water
were used to aid in the transfer. The addition of 21.5 ml of concen-
trated nitric acid provided a digestion solution of 50-75 ml. This
solution was heated at 48-50ฐC (1) for 4-6 hours in a shaking hot water
bath. After digestion, the samples were cooled to room temperature and
filtered through a .45 micron membrane filter and the volume adjusted
to 100 ml. Blank solutions were run throughout the same digestion
procedure (2,3).
The filtered acid extracts were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni,
Zn, Mn, and Fe using a Varian Techtron AA-6 atomic absorption spectro-
photometer equipped with a standard pre-mix burner. Air-acetylene
was used for all the metals. Standard operating parameters follows.
A-46
-------
Cd
3
A
a
0
Cr
5
A
a
R
Cu
3
A
a
0
Pb
6
A
a
0
Zn
5
A
a
0
Ni
5
A
a
0
Mn
5
A
a
0
Fe
5
A
a
0
OPERATION "IDES"
Metals Procedures
Operating Conditions
Lamp Current (ma)
Fuel
Support
Flame Condition
Wavelength 228.8 357.9 324.7 217.0 213.9 232.0 279.5 386.0
Spectral Band Pass (nm) .5 .2 .2 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .2
Working Range (mg/1 ) .5-2 2-8 2-8 5-20 .4-1.6 3-12 1-4 50-200
Typical Sensitivity (mg/1) .011 .055 .04 .11 .099 .066 .024 .90
A - acetylene, a - air, 0 -oxidizing, R - reducing
Mercury was analyzed using an automated flame! ess atomic absorption
technique. All sediment results were expressed as mg/kg dry weight.
The organisms were dissected for certain organs or digested whole.
The digestion procedure used was the same as that used for the sediments
except that a known wet weight was used and the results were expressed
as mg/kg wet weight.
The calculations for the sediment and organisms are as follows:
SED1MENTS:
100 ml 1 L
ORGANISMS: _ final answer (mg/1) = 100Q = /fe
wet weight (gms) 1000 ml y/y y/ a
~
100 ml ~TT
A-47
-------
V*
OO
COOO'd-CM *3-tjOOOJ CO 000000
S-Or fO^-r-i LOC\JC\J, Or OCVjOi
OOOOOOOOOO OOOOCVJOO
V.OCOO
t OJ i CM CM CVJ
vv
vvvv
, ro m
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
OOCOCMrOCOCOi i
CM CM C\J CO CM
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
A-48
-------
en
Ol
LL-
*
ฐ '^.
0 z
3
LU 51
Q ~^_
'-' CT.
P
OPERATION
Sediments i
Pb
C
(/I 0
ra
] ^
CO
s:
o
o
r~
i i
ro
^-)
oo
O CM Vฃ5 CM CM
CMi c i CMr i COCM
OOOOOOOOO
V V V V
CO^l-i i LT>ซ=3-LnCMO
r i CMCMCMCMCMCMCM
coi nco^j-corococM
i i CMi i i i CMCM
m^r^coo,^o,coLO
------2^-
CM CM CM r r f rซ !ป - ^~
V
i CMfo CMCOOOCOCMOO
vvvvvvvvv
CM CTl CM O
r , ^J- O i r CTlO
OOOOOOOi
v v v
s-concnco voor
CM 00 r^. 00 CM CO CM Li")
CM CM i CM r i
ooLocoroi i i co
CMi CMi i i CMi
V
COCn^-OOCOCOCMLO
000,00^^-^^
V V V V
COCMi CMi r i i
V V V
vvvvvvvv
o
V
CTl
CM
1"
-
V
co
CM
V
CM
V
A-49
-------
ooooooooooooooooo
V V V V V V \
CO I r Q
v v v v v
0)
LJ_
00
oo o
co r i i
r_ i i CMCMrCOr CMCMi O
co cn
co CNJ
CMi
i OO
OOCOOO^Oi CM.
ฃ
O
O
CO
LU
Q
O
Cฃ
Q-
O
S-
-O
cn
cn
10
C
i
o
O)
co
co
3
O
tNI
V V V
i CM i
V i V
VVV
4J
O)
cococoซd-cocoLncM^j-r-.co
CM CM r r- CsJ
o
vvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvv
CVICMC\J
-------
cu
+J
c
o
o
oo
UJ
o
^ ^
S *>
2 ฃ
c
M
.= a.
OO
to
-(-)
O)
o
to
00
oo
O O O O O O
*
V V V V
o ซ* i i oo ^J-
r oo if) r** ^o o
CTl OO 1^- i <* CM
i OO i CM
LO if) CM i 00 *
i r 00 LO 00
r i i i CM
V V V V
CM ซ* UO 00
CVJ
*ฑ CM ซ*
CM OO CM OO
^o **o i^^ co cr^ c^
CM CM CM CM CM OO
A-51
-------
FIGURE 15
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
CADMIUM
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
-38* 30-
.
< i
-------
FIGURE 16
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
CHROMIUM
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentration
are significantly
greater than others
z = 3.28
P = >0.01
-38* 30-
R "D'
1 .-
2 -'
3 /
o
ro
2
29
1
2
2
3
3
1
2
2
3
3
2
3
N.O
o
o
38' 00'-
A-53
-------
FIGURE 17
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
COPPER
mg/ kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
->oซ -ป ซ *
* ^
1
N
\
\
^ 1 *
1 *
-------
FIGURE 18
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
LEAD
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
-38* 30'-
R "D1
,o
N
.0
38' 00'-
J3
A-55
-------
FIGURE 19
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES
ZINC
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly higher
than others
z = 5.37
P = >0.001
-38* 30'-
R "D1
N
38' 00'
A-56
-------
FIGURE 20
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
NICKEL
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
_.-
"^ n* in' i
' oo JU ^ ; *^
R D /^2\ "
*
'
0
Jv
..-'2/ .
* 1
1
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:;
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: * 3
1 ..-".
"' *': i ] ] * :. ;
1 *] ' /
^ 1
1 1
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1 2 2 /*:
1*2
. " * *
*'" *" * 11
'.'' .*'' '.'...'' I
-' / ^ '
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. ,
' - / 1 -.
..-'"' /' 1
/ :' * 2
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2
N
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2 ..'""
ซ
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ซ
o
rO
O
O
38' 00'
.o
vO
A'57
-------
FIGURE 21
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES
MANGANESE
mg/kg/dry wf
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
greater than others
z = 4.36
P = >0.001
-38' 30'
R "D1
-38' 00'-
J2.
A-58
-------
FIGURE 22
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
IRON
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
greater than others
z = 5.90
P = >0.001
-38* 30-
R "D'
''1086
.'920
1751 .
.-1129 /
*1607
o
ro
1012
949
920
1 910
884
N
.0
1751
38' 00'
A-59
-------
FIGURE 23
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
MERCURY
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
3 O 1 l"l'
jo JU ; ซ-
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A
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/ '..092 9
/ :"-100 .-
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. 008/ : < . 01 < . 01
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.01 .01 :
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: / * '" .228 .036 : /
:. <-01 .008 / -..
:- ซ<.01 .022
.02 .01 /;
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-------
SCIENTIFIC LOG
Operation "IDES"
March 11, 1974
0200 - Depart Lewes, Delaware
0805 - On Station A - 19 fathoms - Loran 3512 3065 - moderate sea,
wave height 5', 0% clouds, winds N 8-10
0830 - Water column profile, salinometer probe cut off by prop
BT - Shipek 6 replicates - some dead sand dollars
1 metal sample - phytoplankton sample taken
0944 - Dredge over & fishing
1025 - Dredge on board - good catch Arctica,sand dollars, skate,
flounder, starfish, Polinices, sponge cancer,
old, large, thick oyster shells & cobbles brought up in dredge
NBS thermometer broken
1100 - Underway to Station C
1145 - On Station C - 24 fathoms - Loran 3420 3043 - slight sea,
wave height 3-4', 100% clouds, rain - winds N 7-10
BT taken - no thermocline - surface temp. 8.2ฐC
1230 - Hydrocast
Depth
20'
75'
100'
140'
Niskin bacti taken - Shipek 6 replicates (some dead sand dollars)
5 metals, 1 pesticide, 1 sediment size
1258 - Current meter array 3407 3041
A-65
-------
March 11, 1974
1330 - Clam dredge 30 minutes, good catch - Arctica, skates, eel
starfish, sand dollars, Cancer, Polinices, Astarte,
4 spotted flounder, muscles, goosefish, cobbles,
iron covered module - zooplankton tow - Secchi disc 7 m.
1430 - Otter trawl - 25 minutes, good catch, starfish, juvenile
flounder, skate egg cases, blood stars, skates, 4 spotted
flounder, goosefish, large hake, juvenile sculpin, sand dollars
1509 - Underway to Station B
1537 - Arrive Station B - 20 fathoms - Loran 3395 3053
Slight sea, wave height 1-2', 20% clouds, wind N 3-4
1540 - Shipek - 6 replicates, 5 metals, phytoplankton sample taken,
Secchi disc 7 meters
1608 - Clam dredge 30 minutes, zooplankton 15 minutes
clam dredge,good catch, many live sand dollars, Pagurus in
Polinices, Cancer erroratus, Arctica live & boxes, scallops,
starfish, Spisula shell, cobbles
1710 - Underway to Station D
1745 - Station D - 17 fathoms - Loran 3401 3030, slight sea,
wave height 1-2', 20% clouds,wind N 3-4
1755 - Clam dredge over & fishing, flounder, 4 skates, starfish,
Arctica, 1 goosefish, 1 sand dab, 2 Cancer, approx.
bucket of shells
Shipek - 6 replicates, 5 metals taken, phytoplankton
sample taken
A-66
-------
March 11. 1974
1918 - Otter trawl over - trawl rolled, no catch, aborted
2039 - Station 2 - 30 fathoms - Loran 3356 3009, calm sea,
wave height 1-2', 100% clouds, wind N 1-2, snow
2100 - Current meters over 3358 3009
2130 - Hydrocast
Depth _pH
1
18
36
50
Shipek - 6 replicates, 5 metals, 1 sediment size, 1 pesticide
Bacti, sediment & bottom waters
2115 - BT - surface temp. 8ฐC
2200 - Clam dredge, small catch, Arctica, Pagurus, 1 scallop
0005-0025 - Trawl over & fishing, good catch, scallops, squid,
summer flounder, sand dollar, 4 spotted flounder, starfish
sand dab, Cancer , hake, goosefish, pompano, juvenile
flounder, sand shrimp, juvenile skate, unknown spotted fish
Underway to Station 8
March 12, 1974
0045 - Station 8 - 25 fathoms - Loran 3361 3008, calm sea
100% clouds, heavy snow
Hydrocast
Depth
4
23
30
45
A-67
-------
March 12. 1974
0045 - Station B (cont.) BT, surface temp 6ฐC, phytoplankton
sample taken, Shipek 6 replicates, 5 metals, bacti, sediment
sample, water sample
0200 - Clam dredge 40 minutes, zooplankton tow 15 minutes
0255 - Underway to Station 9
0418 - On Station 9 - 23 fathoms - Loran 3217 3051, slight sea
wave height 2-3', wind NE 5, 100% clouds
Hydrocast
Depth (m)
4
15
23
30
38
BT, surface temp 5ฐC, phytoplankton, bacti, sediment sample,
water sample, Shipek 6 replicates, 5 metals, 1 pesticide,
strange black line across top of sample collected for metals
0500 - Clam dredge out & fishing, 40 minutes duration for tow,
zooplankton tow 15 minutes, lost #10 bucket off 1 C-B net,
duplicate tow made
0605 - Trawl over & fishing, 40 minute tow
0650 - Underway to Station 17
0735 - On Station 17 - 27 fathoms, Loran 3181 3030, calm sea,
wave height 2-3', winds NE 10, clearing, Shipek, 1 metals
sample - clam dredge, good catch C erroratus (young and
mature), Arctica (live and boxes), goosefish, flounder,
Polinices, scallops, Busyeon shell, Spisula shell,
A-68
-------
March 12, 1974
0735 - Station 17 (cont.) sand dollars, starfish, sulfur sponge
Ensis shell, phytoplankton grab
Underway to Station 26
0935 - On Station 26 - 23 fathoms - Loran 3117 3017
Shipek - 5 replicates - 5 metals - sand, silt, clay
Hydrocast surface - phytoplankton sample
16 m
32 m
40 m
1005 - BT 40 m - 9ฐ surface temp. - no trace - not reduced
1010 - Rocking chair overboard and fishing
1040 - Rocking chair aboard - good catch, welk shell, Polinices,
skates, flounders, Cardian, Arctica, scallops, Cancer, starfish
and sand dollars
1205 - Trawl over and fishing
1236 - Trawl on board - good catch, Bryozoan, sand dollars, starfish,
skate, juvenile & adult flounders, scallops, crabs, juvenile
sea spider (Libinia dubia), juvenile Cancer, Ensus, hermit crab
in Polinices & welk shells, sea horse, Crepidula shell
Discolored water reported from bridge during trawl
Many gulls astern when lying to
1255 - Underway to Station 27
1415 - On Station 27 - 31 fathoms - Loran 3182 2974
Wind 25-30 N - Seastate 4 - 100% clouds - Secchi disc-6 meters
Shipek 5 drops - sea mouse in Shipek drop - phytoplankton sample
A-69
-------
1440 - Dredge over and fishing
1517 - Haul dredge - good catch, Polinices, scallops, goosefishes,
Crepidula, Arctica, hermit crabs, Pagarues, starfish, eel
Spisula shell, Ensis shell, Astarte shell
1530 - Dredge in - underway to Station F
17 Arctica, 2 Cancer, 100-150 juvenile scallops, 6 adult
scallops, 12 starfish, sponge, 8 bushels of shells
1735 - Dredge on board
1805 - On Station F - 37 fathoms - Loran 3300 2974
1820 - Shipek - 2 metals and 1 biological - Shipek wouldn't catch
Phytoplankton sample taken - Hydrocast surface, 22 m, 37 m, 67 m
Bt - surface temp. 10ฐ
1914 - Zooplankton trawl
1925 - Trawl on bottom - 1 starfish, 1 skate
2030 - Underway to Station 24
2052 - On Station 24 - 30 fathoms - Loran 3305 2998 NE 18 knots
2100 - Shipek - 3 metals - sediment size - 5 biological
Odd sample - black Vjscus layer about 2-1/2" thick on top of
clean sand - Phytoplanktori sample taken
2130 - Clam dredge
2230 - Trawl - underway to Station 25
2245 - On Station 25 - 41 fathoms - Loran 3345 2937 -
NE 10 knots - seastate 4 - wave hts. 4
2355 - Shipek - sediment size - 1 metal
A-70
-------
March 13. 1974
0008 - Clam dredge, Ihr. - Zooplankton, 15 min.
Rocking chair, 1st haul 50 min. - winch stalled, dredge
washed astern for 50 min. - Cancer, scallops, Arctica,
Spisula shell, starfish
0155 - Commenced 2nd clam dredge
0240 - Rocking chair dredge, 2nd haul - starfish, Cancer, Arctica,
scallop, 1 Rolling Rock bottle (good condition, no deposit-
no return) Underway to Station 14 - wind direction changed
NW, clear, cold, windy
0515 - Arrive Station 14 - 29 fathoms - Loran 3500 2968 WNW 40 knots
hydrocast wire angle 35ฐ - no bacti, bag broken - sea state
very rough
0640 - Chair dredge over
0710 - Dredge onboard - little catch
0725 - Dredge overboard - underway to Station 19
1028 - Dredge over 1 mi. from Sta. 19 - small catch
1153 - Reset dredge w/following sea
1219 - Dredge onboard - regained station -
1230 - On Station 19 - 29 fathoms - Loran 3610 2997 -
sea state 4 - wave ht. 8
1318 - Shipek - 3 biologicals, sediment size, pesticide, bacti
1400 - Hydrocast - 4.6 m, 22.9 m, 30.5 m, 55 m
BT - surface temp. 4ฐC - phytoplankton sample
1426 - Underway to Sta. 30
A-71
-------
1550 - Dredge over - 1 mile from Station 30
1650 - Dredge up - catch poor
1710 - Second dredge haul
1740 - Dredge up - too rough for CB sampler or trawl
1800 - On Station 30 - 25 fathoms - Loran 3680 3010
Shipek - 2 replicates - 1 metal - 1 sediment size
1830 - Hydrocast - BT - surface temp. 8ฐC
1843 - Underway Station 29
1952 - Clam dredge over and fishing - SE of Sta. 29
2055 - On Station 29 - 25 fathoms - Loran 3630 3047 - NW 28-32 -
rough and cold - clam dredge - 5 Arctica, Russian bottle
2115 - Shipek drops - 1 metal - phytoplankton sample taken
2145 - Underway for Station 28
2337 - Slow to tow dredge - 1 mile SE from Sta. 28
2250 - Dredge towing
2320 - Hauling dredge - small catch, Limulus, flounder, skate,
Arctica, Spisula, oyster shell (fossilized), sponge
2345 - Second clam dredge - underway
March 14, 1974 - towing dredge
0015 - Hauling dredge - good catch, 4 horseshoe crabs, 4 Arctica,
4 Polinices, sand dollars, skate, sponge, hermit crab,
scallops, sand dab
0055 - On Station 28 - 22 fathoms - Loran 3580 3078 - WNW, 36 knots
0100 - Shipek - 2 metals, 1 sediment size, 2 biologicals
Phytoplankton sample taken - BT taken
A-72
-------
0140 - Hydrocast - surface, 4.6 m, 21 m, 30.5 m, 42.7 m
0204 - Underway to Station 18
0257 - Dredge over
0303 - Dredge over and set
0405 - Dredge in - good catch, Arctica, hermit crab, skate, 4 spotted
flounder, goosefish, scallops, mussels, starfish, limpet,
Cancer, Polinices
0420 - On Station 18 - 24 fathoms - Loran 3555 3032
high winds - very rough, cold
0425 - Shipek - 2 metals, 1 biological - phytoplankton sample taken
0447 - Hydrocast
0415 - Underway to Station 21
0527 - Clam dredge over
0544 - Clam dredge set
0654 - Clam dredge up - good catch
0705 - On Station 21 - 25 fathoms - Loran 3490 3009
cold, windy, rough - Shipek - 2 biologicals, 1 metal
Phytoplankton sample taken
0733 - Underway to Station 23
0805 - Clam dredge over - 1 mile NW of Station 23
0815 - Dredge set and fishing
0905 - Dredge aboard - bag open, needed repairs - made station while
repairing dredge
0945 - On Station 23 - 32 fathoms - Loran 3445 2998 - NW 20 knots
rough, windy, cold - Shipek - 3 replicates, 3 biologicals,
1 metal - phytoplankton sample - BT taken - surface temp. 9ฐC
A-73
-------
1010 - Rocking chair dredge - repairs completed, over and fishing
1050 - Rocking chair hauled - good catch, scallops, Arctica, skate,
flounder, Cancer
1100 - Trawl over - following sea
1200 - Trawl aboard - 2 sea robins, starfish, small scallops,
juvenile fish, sand dollars
1215 - Underway to Station 2 to retrieve current meters
1910 - Underway to Station 20
1940 - Dredge over and set - steaming toward Station 20
2040 - Dredge aboard
2045 - On Station 20 - 23 fathoms - Loran 3430 3060 - weather
moderating - Shipek - 5 replicates - 2 metals, 5 biologicals
Phytoplankton sample taken
2107 - Underway to Station 22
2143 - Dredge over and set
2230 - Dredge up - needed second run
2300 - Hauling dredge
2318 - Dredge aboard - huge catch - dredge full
March 15, 1974
0003 - On Station 22 - 26 fathoms - Loran 3345 3053
Shipek - 6 biologicals, 3 metals, 1 sediment size (taken because
there was very coarse gravel present - very different from other
samples -- 1 very dark sample taken)
Hydrocast - surface, 10m, 20 m, 35 m bacti taken
BT - surface temp. 6ฐC
A-74
-------
0011 - Underway to Station E
0037 - Dredge over
0150 - Dredge aboard
0207 - On Station E - 23 fathoms - Loran 3351 3025
Shipek - 5 replicates 1 metal, 5 biologicals - bottom water
sample taken - phytoplankton sample taken
0230 - Dredge over for second haul
0330 - Dredge in - Limulus, Polinices, flounder, goosefish, scallops,
Arctica
0335 - Trawl over and fishing
0357 - Trawl aboard - Spisula, Arctica, scallop and Polinices shells
0400 - Underway to Station 8 to resample with dredge
0435 - Dredge out and fishing
0543 - Dredge up - underway to retrieve current meters Station C
0700 - Lifeboat lowered to retrieve current meter array
0815 - Retrieved current meters - calm NW 2-4 - clear, cold
0850 - Trawled thru discolored water, presumably acid dump -
pH meter inoperative
0945 - Trawl aboard - many live sand dollars, 1 squid, starfish,
small skate - trawl line parted in winch
1000 - Secured oceanographic operations -
Underway to Lewes, Delaware
A-75
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
R/V Advance II
SHIP'S LOG
Date: 3-11-74
Time
0330
0428
0500
0538
0600
0730
0745
0805
0830
0900
0944
1000
1025
1100
1130
1145
1215
1240
1258
1308
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3411
3451
3472
3500
3502
3468
3512
3507
3504
3523
3508
3512
3491
3438
3420
3414
3410
3407
3407
3150
3114
3094
3074
3066
3066
3065
3066
3065
3064
3064
3065
3057
3043
3043
3042
3041
3041
3040
Comments
Buoy R "F" @ 4.8
R "F" 12.8
Stop for Sta. A
Towing dredge
Stop to haul dredge
Underway
Stop for Sta. C
Stop for Sta. C
Stop for Sta. C
Current meter over Del . buoy
Del. buoy 256ฐT @ 12.6 mi.
A-76
-------
Date 3-11-74
Time
1315
1400
1407
1430
1455
1509
1530
1537
1608
1642
1710
1727
1730
1745
1755
1837
1847
1900
1918
1950
2000
2030
2039
3 H4
3407
3426
3420
3416
3428
3425
3393
3395
3394
3418
3417
3405
3403
3401
3393
3391
3401
3402
3885
3384
3356
3356
3 H5
3040
3045
3043
3042
3044
3044
3051
3053
3050
3049
3050
3041
3039
3030
3031
3032
3032
3033
3027
3027
3013
3009
Comments
Recov. Sta. C tow scallop dredge
Recov. plankton net
Sta. C end of plankton tow & scallop dr
Otter trawl over
Haul otter trawl
Underway Sta. B
Underway Sta. B
Sta. B
Underway rocking chair dredge/plankton
Tow completed
Underway for Sta. D
Current buoys to port 1/8 mile
Sta. D 17 fathoms
Dredge on bottom
Dredge off bottom
Regaining station
Sta. D
Trawl ing
Stop for Sta. 2
A-77
-------
Date 3-11-74
Time
2102
2106
2130
2200
2230
2239
2300
2330
0015
0025
0050
0103
Date
0115
0130
0158
0215
0230
0237
0255
0300
Posi
3 H4
3358
3358
3358
3364
3361
3353
3349
3361
3359
3364
3365
3361
3-12-74
3359
3358
3355
3365
3359
3352
3350
3344
tion
3 H5
3010
3009
3011
3009
3013
3012
3012
3012
3015
3014
3013
3008
3006
3007
3006
3006
3011
3012
3013
3014
Comments
Current meter
Towing dredge
Stop to haul dredge
Towing trawl
Haul net
Regaining Sta. 8
Sta. 8 (Sta. not rega
due to current meter
Sta. 8
Underway for plankton
scallop dredge
u/w for plankton tow
u/w for plankton tow
Stop - haul dredge
Underway to Sta. 9 -
ined precisely
location)
tow &
& scallop dredge
& scallop dredge
course 250ฐ
u/w to Sta. 9 - course 250ฐ
A-78
-------
Date 3-12-74
Time
0330
0403
0418
0500
0540
0605
0650
0735
0800
0830
0900
0930
0935
1010
1030
1200
1230
1236
1255
1330
1400
1415
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3284
3222
3217
3212
3235
3227
3183
3181
3177
3180
3152
3117
3110
3103
3106
3105
3119
3120
3116
3148
3175
3182
3028
3044
3051
3051
3053
3055
3053
3030
3031
3034
3029
3018
3017
3018
3019
3019
3019
3019
3020
2999
2982
2974
Comments
Underway to Sta. 9 - course 250ฐ
ii M ii M n
Sta. 9
Dredge on bottom
Dredge off bottom
Trawl on bottom
Trawl off bottom - u/w to Sta. 17
Sta. 17
n ii
n M
M M
M n
Stop Sta. 26
Underway towing dredge
Dredge overboard
Towing net
ii ii
Haul net
Net aboard - proceed to Sta. 27
course 090ฐ
n n n n n n
n n M u n n
Sta. 27
A-79
-------
Date 3-12-74
Time
1430
1440
1500
1517
1530
1600
1658
1700
1755
1805
1837
1854
1907
1922
2000
2030
2052
2101
2106
2130
2200
2203
2216
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3175
3173
3180
3187
3187
3236
3300
3300
3304
3300
3287
3305
3301
3309
3333
3319
3305
3304
3301
3303
3306
3304
3288
2975
2975
2975
2974
2974
2974
2974
2974
2974
2974
2970
2974
2974
2974
2976
2985
2998
3036
2998
3000
2997
2997
2998
Comments
Sta. 27
Dredge over
it n
Haul dredge
Dredge in - proceed to Sta. F
n n n n n
Sta. F
M n
Dredge on board - regaining Sta. F
Sta. F
Underway to regain Sta. F
Sta F regained (allowing for set)
Setting trawl
Trawl on bottom
M M n
n n n
Stop for Sta. 24
Towing dredge
n n
Hauling in dredge
Dredge aboard
A-80
-------
Date 3-12-74
Time
2230
2300
2330
Date
0000
0008
0030
0100
0107
0148
0200
0225
0240
0300
0330
0400
0430
0445
0512
0555
0637
0708
0724
Posi
3 H4
3302
3333
3350
3-13-74
3245
3341
3349
3345
3344
3345
3346
3349
3349
3371
3409
3443
3472
3480
3500
3493
3497
3502
3505
tion
3 H5 Comments
2990
2970
2948
2937 Sta. 25
2937 Dredge & Plankton tow
2938
2944 " " "
2941 Clam dredge
2933 Commence 2nd dredge tow
2934
2939 Clam dredge
2942 Dredge aboard - depart for Sta. 14
2950
2956
2960
2960
2962
2968 Sta. 14
2966 Messenger
2966 Dredge on bottom
2967 Dredge off bottom
2968 Dredge on bottom
A-81
-------
Date 3-13-74
Time
0800
0830
0900
0930
1000
1018
1038
1100
1134
1200
1219
1240
1318
1400
1426
1500
:530
1539
1544
1655
1708
1743
1755
1810
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3515
3521
3530
3551
3588
3598
3604
3611
3618
3610
3595
3581
3610
3618
3613
3643
3693
3682
3684
3723
3717
3694
3680
3682
2969
2969
2984
2997
2996
2996
2995
2996
2997
2995
2991
2988
2997
2997
2993
2999
3007
3008
3009
3021
3018
3009
3010
3009
Comments
Dredge on bottom 1 mi. from Sta. 19
On Sta. 19 towing dredge
ii H n H n
II M II II II
Clam dredge
Dredge aboard - regain sta.
Regain Sta. 19
Hydrocast
Proceed to Sta 30
Dredge over
Dredge set - Sta. 30
Dredge up - underway Sta. 30
Dredge set
Dredge up
Sta. 30
Comp. grabs - commence hydrocast
A-82
-------
Date 3-13-74
Time
1900
1930
1952
2005
2030
2055
2100
2115
2142
2200
2230
2237
2250
2300
2311
2320
2342
Date
0000
0020
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3690
3676
3652
3625
3630
3639
3642
3641
3630
3636
3624
3585
3580
3580
3579
3580
3580
3580
3-14-74
3583
3582
3013
3022
3038
3044
3046
3046
3046
3047
3048
3048
3053
3066
3069
3069
3072
3075
3078
3080
3074
3070
Comments
Underway for Sta. 29
Dredging Sta. SE Sta. 29
Towing dredge on Sta. 29
Dredge aboard
Grab down
Complete Sta. 29 - underway Sta. 28
Slow to tow dredge 1 mi . SE Sta. 28
Dredge set
Sta. 28 towing dredge - course 305ฐ
Hauling dredge
Turn for second dredge tow
Clam dredge
A-83
-------
Date
Time
0033
0054
0140
0204
0230
0257
0303
0330
0405
0425
0447
0451
0514
0527
0544
0654
0703
0733
0805
0815
0900
0905
1010
1022
3-14-74
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3578
3580
3582
3582
3583
3563
3558
3554
3555
3555
3559
3561
3536
3500
3495
3485
3490
3494
3445
3445
3446
3448
3449
3445
3070
3078
3076
3076
3057
3039
3035
3029
3034
3032
3031
3031
3021
3012
3011
3009
3009
3011
3003
2999
2991
2998
2997
2998
Comments
Clam dredge up - regain Sta. 28
Sta. 28 - Shipek
Hyd recast
Underway for Sta. 18
Dredge over
Dredge over
Dredge set - towing across Sta. 18
Dredge in
Sta. 18 - grab
Hydrocast
Underway for Sta. 21
Dredge Sta. - course 170ฐ true - 1/3 spd.
Dredge set
Dredge up
Sta. 21 - grab - hydro
Underway for Sta. 23
Dredge over 1 mi. NW Sta. 23
Dredge set
Towing dredge
Dredge aboard
Dredge over
Towing dredge on Sta. 23
A-84
-------
Date 3-14-74
Time
1057
1100
1129
1200
1215
1230
1330
1500
1530
1612
1907
1910
1940
2040
2045
2100
2107
2143
2200
2213
2230
2300
2318
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3444
3445
3445
3447
3445
3426
3358
3364
3379
3407
3407
3407
3412
3430
3430
3427
3421
3373
3359
2245
3331
3336
3345
3009
3009
2998
2987
2986
2989
3008
3004
3018
3039
3040
3040
3047
3057
3060
3060
3054
3053
3053
2053
3054
3053
3053
Comments
Dredge aboard
Trawl over 1 .5 mi . NW Sta. 23 - C 124 T
Towing trawl on Sta. 23
C/H trawl
Trawl aboard - underway Sta. 2
Retrieving current meter, Sta. 2
Meter aboard - underway Sta. 2
Second meter
Buoy over marking current meter
Underway for Sta. 20
Dredge set
Dredge aboard
All stop Sta. 20
Underway
Dredge over & set
Sta. 22
Hauling dredge
Dredge aboard - on Sta. 22
A-85
-------
Date 3-15-74
Time
0003
0011
0037
0100
0128
0130
0144
0150
0207
0230
0240
0335
0347
0400
0415
0435
0437
0500
0543
0700-0815
0830-0945
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3350
3342
3350
3351
3347
3346
3347
3349
3351
3348
3353
3342
3352
3355
3330
3301
3301
3319
3350
3407
3400
3042
3049
3030
3022
3015
3019
3023
3024
3025
3023
3023
3022
3024
3024
3016
3014
3014
3016
3020
3040
3037
Comments
Hydrocast complete - BT cast
Underway to Sta. E
Rocking chair dredge over- C 125ฐ
c/c to 305ฐ
c/h dredge
Dredge aboard
Sta. E - Shipek
Finish hydro - dredge over
Dredge set
c/h trawl
Trawl aboard
Underway to Sta. 8
Dredge out
Dredge set
Sta. 8
Dredge up - underway for current meter
station
Retrieved current meter and anchor
Trawl
A-86
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Annapolis Field Office
Annapolis Science Center
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
OPERATION "IDES"
Cruise Plan
March 11-15, 1974
A-87
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
March 1974
Ocean dumping operations on the continental shelf off Delaware
and Maryland show evidence of elevated concentrations of potentially
toxic metals in the sediments and biota, as determined from survey
cruises to the area.
The spring 1974 cruise was designed with the objectives:
1. Extend monitoring observations of environmental conditions
at previously observed locations.
2. Expand observations to delineate affected depositional areas.
3. Develop statistical comparisons of affected and unaffected
areas.
4. Expand circulation information with current meter array.
5. Incidentally gather baseline data of environmental conditions
at potential oil drilling sites. These are normal reference stations
for ocean dumping monitoring.
6. Collect indigenous organisms for bioassay development in the
laboratory.
Rationale:
The vagaries and uncertainties of early spring weather indicate
the desirability of establishing priorities of stations and sampling.
Accordingly, 10 stations have been assigned priority over the
remaining stations, and sediment retrieval and benthic animal collection
given sampling priority.
A-88
-------
Operation "IDES"
Stations
Station
Sequence
A
19
14
C
B
D
2
8
9
17
26
27
F
25
24
E
23
21
18
20
22
Priority Latitude
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(apporx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
40.
40.
27.
31.
35.
28.
22.
20.
11.
12.
05.
05.
13.
13.
17.
23.
28.
32.
40.
34.
27.
6'
7'
8'
2'
T
5'
3'
7'
9'
T
2'
2'
6'
0'
0'
5'
0'
8'
6'
2'
2'
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
W
N
Longitude
74ฐ19.
74ฐ 0.
73ฐ57.
74ฐ19.
74ฐ18.
74ฐ17.
74ฐ14.
74ฐ19.
74ฐ32.
74ฐ28.
74ฐ27.
74ฐ13.
74ฐ 08.
73ฐ57.
74ฐ14.
74ฐ18.
74ฐ08.
74ฐ 08.
74ฐ10.
74ฐ22.
74ฐ26.
5'
0
0'
5'
T
O1
2'
O1
9'
3'
7'
4'
7'
8l
5'
2'
0'
5'
5'
8'
O1
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
3H4
3512
3610
3500
3420
3440
3401
3356
3313
3217
3181
3110
3182
3300
3346
3305
3350
3445
3490
3557
3430
3345
3H5
3065
2996
2968
3043
3048
3030
3009
3018
3051
3030
3017
2974
2985
2936
2998
3025
2998
3009
3032
3060
3053
A-89
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Watch List
PORT WATCH
1. Smith
2. Thomas
3. Pesch
4. Downing
5. Davis
6. Yff
7. Bailey
8. Muir
9.
STARBOARD WATCH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
O'Malley
Lear
Meyers
Reynolds
Crutchley
Williams
Kafka
Steibolt
McCleary
A-90
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
STANDARD STATION
1. Niskin sampler
1. Bacti
2. Shipek 6 replicates
1. Bacti
2. Metals
3. Particle size
4. PCB's, Pesticides
5. Organisms
6. TOC
3. Probe readings
(Sal., Cond.,Temp., DO, pH)
4. Hydrocast
1. Metals (Sta. 2 only)
2. Fe & Nutrients
3. TOC (Bottom f^O's only)
5. Phytoplankton grab (surface water
PORT MATCH
Smith
M
Bailey, Thomas
Smith
Davis, Downing
Muir, Yff
1. I.D.
6. Zooplankton tow
1. I.D.
2. Metals
7. Trawl
1. Organisms
2. Metals
8. Rocking Chair Dredge
1. Organisms
2. Metals
only)
Davis, Muir
Bailey, Thomas
Pesch, Downing
STARBOARD WATCH
O'Malley
H
Crutchley, Lear
O'Malley
Meyers, Kafka
Williams, McCleary
Kafka, Meyers
Crutchley, Lear
Reynolds, Steibolt
A-91
-------
Operation "IDES"
Station Routine
A. ANCHORED
1. Shipek - 6 drops
a. Bacti - sediment - process @ station
b. Chemistry
(1) PCB - glass jar - store
(2) Metals - whirlpak
(3) Sediment size - whirlpak
(4) TOC - whirlpak
c. Biology (5 replicates) gal. jars with buffered formalin (5%)
2. Hydrocast
a. Niskin - bottom hLO
(1) Bacti MPN
b. Van Dorn bottles or submersible pump (surf,)
(1) Metals (Sta. 2 bottom only) gal cubi - freeze
(2) Fe & nutrients (water col. & bottom waters) qt. cubi - freeze
(3) TOC - whirlpak - freeze
(4) Phytoplankton grab - fix - Lugol's soln.
B. UNDERWAY
a. Rocking chair clam dredge
(1) I.D. and count organisms
(2) Freeze representative species for metals
b. Trawl
(1) I.D. and count organisms
(2) Freeze representative species for metals
c. Zooplankton tows (2)
(1) I.D. - preserve
(2) Metals - freeze _
-------
Operation "IDES"
March 11-15,1974
SEDIMENTS
Samf
Parameter Sampler Per
Bacti Shipek
PCB's,
Pesticides
TOC
Metals
Sed. Size
Biology "
WATER
Bottom Mis kin
Bacti
Bottom Van Dorn
Metals
Bottom
TOC
Bottom Fe
& Nut.*
Water Col.
& Nut.*
BIOLOGY
Organisms
Metals Rocking
Chair
Metals Trawl
PHYTOPLANKTON
I.D. Grab
ZOOPLANKTON
I.D. Tow
Metals Tow
)le #
Station
1
1
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
4
1/20
1
2
2
Max #
Sampler
8
5
7
5
105
8
1
8
8
20
20
8
8
w
Analyses
8
5
7
400
5
105
8
1
u
4'C
100
20
8
80
Container
Fr. Sq.
Pt. Mason
Glass
Whirlpak
Jar
Gal .Mason
Fr. Sq.
Gal .cubi
Whirlpak
Qt. cubi
Qt. cubi
Plastic
bags
Plastic
bags
Fr. Sq.
Glass
Whirlpak
Preservative
Process
Stow
Freeze
ii
Stow
5% Formalin
Process
Freeze
ii
n
H
Freeze
Freeze
Formalin
Formalin +
Hexo.
Freeze
Analyst
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
Corval
AFO
AFO
AFO
Narra.
AFO
APO
AFO
AFO
uata
Inter.
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
lis?
AFO
AFO
AFO
Narra
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO .
* Nutrients: Total POas P04, Inorganic P04, TKN, N02+N03
A-93
-------
Q.
O ป
O O
O .0
M tO
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O)
01
T3
CD
CMCMCMCM CMCMCM CM
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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i LOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLO
GO
LU
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cu
-<3 N
GO GO
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nj
"CU
s:
to
cu
D-
X
LO LO
LO LO
1 1
LO LO
X
LO
1
1
LO
1
LO
X
LO
1
1
LO
1
LO
X
LO
1
LO
1
LO
X
LO
O 1
1 1
i LO
1
LO
X
LO
1
LO
1
LO
X X
LO LO LO
lO IO lOOOOOOOO
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
LO LO LO
X X
CO
CQ
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X X
O 4-*
C_> 3
S-
O) o3
(O O)
O
O
S-
O CQ Q
OJ CM
A-94
CMCM
CM CM
OO
O CM
CM CM
-------
Fe, Hg, Cr, Pb, and In - 5 replicates on 10 circled stations
Other five metals determined once on circled stations
All 10 metals determined once on remaining stations
Pesticides - once at double circled stations
-------
-------
t)
-------
-------
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
USCG "Alert" MEC 630 - 12-15 August 1974
DATA REPORT
CONTENTS
List of Tables B- 3
List of Figures B- 4
Station Data B- 5
Station Locations B- 6
Hydrographic Data B- 7
Distribution of Temperature and Salinity B-22
Water Quality Parameters*
Bacteriological Results B-35
Virological Results*
Sediments
Size Analysis*
Total Organic Carbon in Sediments B'37
Organohalogens in Sediments*
Metals in Sediments B"41
Distribution of Metals in Sediments B"47
Biota
Phytoplankton populations*
Occurrence of Organisms from Trawls*
B-l
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
DATA REPORT
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Metals in Organisms from Trawls*
Benthic Infauna Populations*
Cruise Plan B-58
* Awaiting sample or data analysis
B-2
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1 Station Data B- 5
2 Hydrographic Data B- 8
3 Bacteriological Results B-36
4 Total Carbon and Total Organic Carbon B-38
in Sediments
5 Atomic Absorber Operating Conditions B-42
6 Metals in Sediments B-43
B-3
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Station Locations B- 6
2 Temperature-Salinity Profiles B-22
3 Distribution of Total Organic Carbon B-40
in Sediments
4 Distribution of Iron in Sediments B-49
5 Distribution of Manganese in Sediments B-50
6 Distribution of Zinc in Sediments B-51
7 Distribution of Nickel in Sediments B-52
8 Distribution of Lead in Sediments B-53
9 Distribution of Cadmium in Sediments B-54
10 Distribution of Chromium in Sediments B-55
11 Distribution of Copper in Sediments B-56
12 Distribution of Mercury in Sediments B-57
B-4
-------
Table 1
OPERATION "DEEP SIX" - STATION DATA
Loran A Loran C
Sta. Date Time
"31 R-19-74 19Aฐ,
qp " iqqp
oc. lyoo
22 8-13-74 0015
E " 0550
2 " 1225
8 "- 1415
94 " 1 745
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3H4 3H5 SS7-Y SS7-Z Lat.
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52257.0 70430.5 74ฐ25.8'
52239.7 70465.4 74ฐ19.0'
52216.3 70474.0 74ฐ15.3'
52273.3 70488.8 74ฐ18.8'
3290 2996 ~"' 74ฐ1 4 3 '
*DOOQ 9Q7Q ซซ V^Oro r- |
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Long.
N
OQOOO 01
38ฐ26.5'
38ฐ23.3'
38ฐ23.0'
38ฐ19.6'
qpoip c>
qpoi q 71
qp o fie 7 '
qpo-|7 -i i
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qpo p q r\ '
38ฐ28.2'
OQO Ofl C '
-
qpoqp r I
Oo Oc . O
qpoqp pi
Oo O^L . c
qpo/ip qi
5 Q o A 7 9 '
Depth
Meters
qi
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40
38
44
44
CO
Qj
CO
Do
qp
Oo ,
qc
OD
qc
OO
36
An
HU
cq
oo
qp
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An
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qc
B-5
-------
FIGURE 1
STATION LOCATIONS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
AUGUST 1974
3!
-38' 30
R "D';
33ซ
/I?
28 //
29
18
0?
20
B
C
21
22
D
..
E
ft
2
24-
H7
26
38* 00'-
N
19
V
v
14
.30
25.-
o
O
B-6
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
HYDROGRAPHY
The hydrographic data indicate the thermocline was well developed
at all stations during this cruise and was found at approximately 16 to
20 meters. The weather was calm during this whole cruise, consequently
no perturbations due to wind stresses would be expected.
The salinity distributions on this cruise show, at the surface,
the influence of 33 parts per thousand coming in from the west, presumably
due to the influence of the Delaware estuary. From the east side, a very
pronounced tongue of 35 parts per thousand water at the surface, from the
slope, intrudes and it would appear from the irregular distributions of
salinity that this whole region is one of mixing of estuarine and outer
shelf, possibly slope, waters (Figure 2). The U. S. Naval Oceanographic
Office publication, "The Gulf Stream", published monthly, indicates that
in July 1974 there were well defined anticyclonic eddies to the east of
this area. The influence of these eddies, which were noted for the past
six or eight months, on the distribution of temperature and salinity in
this area, is as yet not known.
B-7
-------
Table 2
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
2 8/13/74 1225 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
8 8/13/74 1415 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
43
Temp.
23.16
23.10
22.91
22.40
11.00
9.36
9.44
9.24
-
22.90
22.54
22.58
14.16
9.67
9.76
9.51
9.26
9.19
-
Salinity
34.8
34.8
34.8
-
40.1
34.9
35.1
34.8
-
33.9
34.0
34.4
34.5
34.9
35.3
35.1
35.0
35.0
-
PH
8.0
-
8.0
-
-
-
7.8
-
7.8
8.0
7.8
-
-
-
-
-
7.8
-
7.8
B-8
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
9 8/15/74 0055 Surface
5
7
10
15
20
25
30
31
35
39
14 8/16/74 0331 Surface
5
10
12
15
20
30
40
48
50
Temp.
22.9
23.1
-
22.5
19.5
11.5
10.5
10.6
-
10.4
-
23.46
23.51
23.40
-
22.98
21.92
10.49
7.
-
7.51
Salinity
33.5
33.4
-
33.5
33.7
34.4
34.6
34.5
-
34.6
-
34.8
35.2
35.1
-
34.9
36.2
35.4
35.3
-
35.0
PH
8.2
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
-
7.9
-
7.9
8.2
-
-
8.2
-
-
-
8.0
8.0
_
B-9
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
17 8/14/74 2023 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
36
18 8/16/74 1235 Surface
5
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
37
40
Temp.
23.24
23.08
22.52
13.80
11.50
10.74
10.63
10.02
-
23.9
23.6
23.0
-
22.5
15.8
13.2
12.6
9.4
-
9.2
Salinity
32.7
32.7
32.6
33.7
33.5
33.5
33.9
34.0
-
35.1
34.3
34.3
-
34.4
35.3
34.9
35.4
35.9
-
35.3
PH
8.1
8.2
-
-
-
-
8.3
-
7.8
7.5
-
-
7.6
-
-
-
-
-
7.5
7.6
B-10
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sampl e
Station Date Time Depth
19 8/16/74 1055 Surface
5
8
10
15
20
25
30
35
38
40
43
20 8/18/74 2112 Surface
5
8
10
15
20
25
27
30
35
36
Temp.
23.8
23.3
-
23.3
22.3
14.7
10.7
8.2
8.0
-
8.2
-
23.1
23.0
-
22.5
21.3
13.5
11.5
-
10.8
10.3
_
Salinity
34.1
34.1
-
34.1
34.2
35.0
34.5
34.6
34.7
-
34.5
-
33.9
34.1
-
33.9
33.9
34.0
34.3
-
34.6
34.5
_
PH
7.8
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.85
-
7.8
7.8
-
7.6
-
-
-
-
7.4
-
-
7.4
B-n
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
21 8/15/74 2252 Surface
5
10
11
15
20
25
30
34
35
40
46
22 8/13/74 0425 Surface
5
8
10
15
20
25
27
30
38
B-12
Temp.
23.4
23.4
23.3
-
23.1
23.6
16.4
14.8
-
11.4
8.6
-
22.2
21.9
-
22.1
20.6
11.7
11.3
-
11.0
-
Salinity
34.2
34.3
34.7
-
34.8
35.6
35.5
35.3
-
34.8
34.8
-
33.2
33.4
-
33.4
34.4
34.4
34.5
-
34.4
-
PH
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
8.0
-
7.8
-
-
-
-
7.8
-
7.8
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
24 8/13/74 2134 Surface
5
10
11.5
15
20
23
25
30
35
40
45
49
25 8/14/74 0008 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
83
Temp.
23.6
23.7
23.6
-
23.5
23.1
-
20.3
14.5
10.4
8.5
8.3
-
24.12
23.94
23.90
-
23.94
23.86
23.88
23.30
20.90
ซ.
Salinity
35.1
34.9
34.9
-
35.2
35.1
-
32.7
35.1
33.6
34.9
35.0
-
36.7
37.0
37.1
-
37.0
36.9
37.0
36.6
37.1
_
PH
8.1
8.0
7.7
-
-
-
-
-
7.7
8.0
-
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
7.9
7.8
B-13
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
26 8/14/74 1612 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
27 8/14/74 0925 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44
45
53
Temp.
23.71
23.11
23.23
23.38
14.54
10.02
9.69
9.78
23.8
23.7
24.0
23.8
20.0
18.8
15.2
15.0
10.1
-
8.4
_
Salinity
32.8
33.0
33.6
34.0
33.9
33.5
34.0
33.9
34.4
34.7
35.0
35.2
35.5
35.8
35.0
34.8
34.1
-
34.1
_
pH
8.0
-
7.9
-
-
-
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.7
-
8.0
B-14
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
28 8/16/74 2150 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
42
29 8/17/74 0150 Surface
5
9
10
15
20
25
30
32
35
42
Temp.
23.64
22.88
22.07
22.12
16.55
12.84
11.66
-
23.6
23.2
-
23.0
22.6
13.3
10.6
10.3
-
10.1
.
Salinity
33.8
33.4
33.4
33.9
33.5
34.2
34.2
-
33.5
33.5
-
33.6
34.1
34.1
34.3
34.4
-
34.6
.
PH
7.7
-
7.7
-
-
-
7.7
7.7
8.2
-
8.2
-
-
-
-
-
7.9
-
7.9
B-15
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth Temp. Salinity pH
31 3-12-74 1800 Surface 22.5 33.8 8.2
5 22.4 33.2
10 22.0 33.4
15 16.1 34.0
20 14.4 34.2 8.0
25 14.2 34.2
30 14.0 34.2 8.0
35 14.0 34.1 8.0
B-16
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
32 8/12/74 1938 Surface
5
10
15
20
22
25
30
35
33 8/15/74 0235 Surface
5
6
10
15
20
24
25
30
Temp.
22.70
22.54
21.92
21.78
14.77
-
13.81
13.20
13.11
22.4
22.5
-
20.5
14.0
12.2
-
11.6
10.9
Salinity
33.9
33.1
33.5
33.4
33.8
-
34.2
34.1
34.2
33.1
33.6
-
34.1
34.0
34.2
-
34.3
34.4
PH
8.2
-
8.2
-
-
8.0
-
-
8.0
8.2
-
8.2
-
-
-
7.9
-
7.9
B-17
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sampl e
Station Date Time Depth
A 8/16/74 1745 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
34
B 8/15/74 1225 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temp.
23.92
23.30
22.26
21.34
15.06
12.19
11.25
-
22.85
22.69
22.33
20.94
14.43
11.47
9.99
9.84
Salinity
33.5
33.9
33.5
33.7
34.5
34.3
34.4
-
33.8
33.6
33.8
34.0
34.5
34.8
34.5
34.6
PH
7.8
-
7.8
-
-
-
7.7
7.6
8.1
8.2
-
-
-
-
8.0
8.0
B-18
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sampl e
Station Date Time Depth
C 8/15/74 1735 Surface
5
8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44
D 8/15/74 0821 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temp.
24.2
23.4
-
22.8
22.3
17.2
10.5
10.1
10.0
9.9
-
23.45
23.32
23.20
23.16
14.20
9.71
9.76
9.66
Salinity
34.3
34.3
-
34.2
34.3
34.9
34.5
34.9
34.5
34.3
-
34.5
34.5
34.5
34.2
34.5
34.5
34.5
34.6
PH
7.8
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
7.5
-
-
7.5
8.4
8.4
-
-
-
-
8.1
8.2
B-19
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Station Date Time
D 8/15/74
E 8/13/74 0700
Sample
Depth Temp.
Surface
5m
16m
30m
35m
Surface 22.3
5 22.3
8
10 22.4
15 22.0
20 13.6
25 9.3
27
30 9.3
38
Salinity
-
-
-
-
33.8
33.7
-
33.9
33.7
35.0
34.9
-
35.0
_
PH
7.8 (In dis
colored
7.8 water)
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
8.0
-
7.8
B-20
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
F 8/14/74 0653 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
56
Temp.
23.14
23.68
23.91
23.68
20.24
15.33
13.80
8.83
8.26
8.45
_
Sal inity
34.4
34.8
35.0
35.5
36.5
35.0
35.3
35.2
34.9
34.9
M
PH
8.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8.1
7.8
B-21
-------
i CM
uJ <
H I/)
O
-t
O
o
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-------
k.
' J
I I
_)
o _ r- -
"T"
o
' 1 '
0
rvi
1
o
f~>
1
o
-------
;
01
k
!...
- cr, "1 | 1 | 1
o o o
CM
1
o
n
1
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1 1
o
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o
o
o
I
o
iO
n.
2 _j
ui <
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(D
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3-24
-------
.J
o
O
O
O
- L.J
; a.
' O
J
O
O
C\l
o
I
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"C
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I-
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B-25
-------
i.l-'
J
o
-; I-J
~T
o
I
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LO
UI <
1- o o o
-------
n
o
_J
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:i '.$
,,'. tn
n
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o
o
o
(\J
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o
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(-O
q.
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H OT
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-------
-o
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ซo
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B-28
-------
(\J
a
2
!o!
i
-> o
I ' [ ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1
o o o o o c
tO '-J
I CM
a' .
2 _i
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a
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T , . , r
o o o
o
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o
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r-
B -29
-------
I
o
T
o
m
o
to
I
o
r-
n_
ui <
I- ut
j r
a
o
If)
o
ID
O
r-
ild'JO
B 30
-------
0
o
CM
I
o
^
o
o
IO
ru .
>, _j
U.I <
h- 10
o
in
o
to
m j/!- Hid
B-31
-------
"T '
o
r-")
1
Q
Tj-
1 1
O
in
1 - !' 1
O
<ฃ>
1
O
r-
I
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in
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l- to
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r-
SiOi -1/1- HldiO
B-32
-------
-------
I
o
I
o
UJ <
o
o
o
r-
B 34
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS
Coliform determinations only were made on this cruise because
of a malfunctioning incubator that was to be used for determination
of fecal coliforms.
The bacteriological results again indicate no buildups of
coliforms in the area (Table 3). Generally, the levels were below
the detectable limits, less than 3 coliforms per 100 ml. And at
Station 14, the bottom water indicated a 93 which may be anomalous
due to the relatively primitive laboratory conditions aboard ship.
Also, the sediments at Station E indicated 4 coliforms per 100 ml.
The generally low counts of these organisms indicates no major
buildup in bottom waters or sediments.
B-35
-------
TABLE 3
OPERATION"DEEP SIX"
BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA
Station
2
8
9
111
19
26
G
E
Date
8/13/7U
8/13/7U
8/15/7U
8/16/71*
8/16/7U
8/1V7U
8/15/7 li
8/13/7U
Time
1U15
0850
0130
1810
1055
1730
1800
0730
Bottom Water
Goliform
MPN/100 ml
<3
<3
<3
93
<3
<3
<3
<3
Sediment
Colifonn
MPN/100 ml
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
U
B-36
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBONS IN SEDIMENTS
The distribtuion of total organic carbon in sediments indicates
higher values associated with the dump release zones and with Station F
that also showed high concentrations of metals. Generally, there is a
great deal of variation in the concentrations at stations that do not
show accumulations of metals, which are used as tags for the ultimate
fate of materials in this program.
These data indicate the possibility of increased total organic
carbon in the areas of release of dump materials , both of the acid
wastes and of the sewage sludge. This parameter should have more
concentrated attention in future cruises.
B-37
-------
TABLE 4
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Sediment Data
Total Carbon and Total Organic Carbon
Station
2
8
8
9
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
TC (mg/kg)
300
450
510
160
300
240
220
550
570
370
710
210
290
340
350
180
240
470
340
460
170
TOC (mg/kg)
140
270
330
060
150
100
090
360
410
170
500
070
090
180
180
040
070
250
200
310
050
B-38
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Sediment Data
Total Carbon and Total Organic Carbon
Station
A
B
C
C
D
E
F
TC (mg/kg)
190
LA*
670
750
270
800
630
TOC (mg/kg)
090
LA*
530
610
130
640
430
*Lab accident
B-39
-------
FIGURE 3
TOC IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
ppm dry wt
Depths in fathoms
-38* 30-
R "D'
310
50<
,o
60<
70 /'/
250
A/
90
360
200
\
410
530
610
170 :
500
130
640
270
140
100
70*
430*:
180
KO
40,
o
150
.30'
90
180
o
o
38* CO'-
~0
B-40
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Metals in Sediments
P. G. Johnson
Sediment samples were taken using a Shipek sampler.
The sediment samples were transferred from whirl-paks to glass
jars and well mixed. A portion (approximately 10 grams) was removed
and spread to dry at room temperature for 48 hours. The samples were
again mixed and pulverized to separate the sand grains and to expose
surface areas. At this time any large rocks, pebbles, or shells
(>5mm) were removed. The samples were allowed to air-dry at room
temperature for an additional 48 hours.
A known weight (5.0000 gms) of dry sediment was put in a 125 ml
glass-stoppered flask. Small amounts of deionized distilled water
were used to aid in the transfer. The addition of 21.5 ml of concen-
trated nitric acid provided a digestion solution of 50-75 ml. This
solution was heated at 48-50ฐC (1) for 4-6 hours in a shaking hot water
bath. After digestion, the samples were cooled to room temperature and
filtered through a .45 micron membrane filter and the volume adjusted
to 100 ml. Blank solutions were run throughout the same digestion
procedure (2, 3).
The filtered acid extracts were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni,
Zn, Mn, and Fe using a Varian Techtron AA-6 atomic absorption spectro-
photometer equipped with a standard pre-mix burner. Air-acetylene was
used for all the metals. Standard operating parameters are shown in
Table 5.
B-41
-------
Lamp Current (ma)
Fuel
Support
Flame Condition
Wavelength
Spectral Band Pass (nm)
Working Range (mg/1)
;d
3
A
a
0
Cr
5
A
a
R
Cu
3
A
a
0
Pb
6
A
a
0
Zn
5
A
a
0
Ni
5
A
a
0
MN
5
A
a
0
Fe
5
A
a
0
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Metals in Sediments
TABLE 5
Operating Conditions
Cd Cr Cu
353
A A A
a a a
0 R 0
228.8 357.9 324.7 217.0 213.9 232.0 279.5 386.0
.5 .2 .2 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .2
.5-2 2-8 2-8 5-20 .4-1.6 3-12 1-4 50-200
Typical Sensitivity (mg/1) .011 .055 .04 .11 .099 .066 .024 .90
A - acetylene, a - air, 0 - oxidizing, R - reducing
Mercury was analyzed using an automated flameless atomic absorption
technique. All sediment results were xpressed as mg/kg dry weight.
The organisms were dissected for certain organs or digested whole.
The digestion procedure used was the same as that used for the sediments
except that a known wet weight was used and the results were expressed
as mg/kg wet weight.
The calculations for the sediment and organisms are as follows:
final answer (mg/1)
innn mi
x 1000 = mg/kg dry
SEDIMENTS:
ORGANISMS:
5.0000ogmsTdry)
final answer (mg/1 ) _
wet weight (gms) x igOO_ml = mg/gm x 100Q = mg/kg
B-42
-------
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B-44
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B-45
-------
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B-46
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
DISTRIBUTION OF METALS IN SEDIMENTS
The distribution of metals in sediments was different than
previous cruises. For the analysis of the distribution of these
metals, the higher concentrations were contoured visually. Then the
distribution hypothesis tested statistically showed that the contoured
areas were statistically signifiant from the remaining area. The
nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used for these purposes and the
distributions as shown are statistically discrete. It would appear
again, as noted in Operation "Ides", that the material from each of
the release zones are settling separately to the bottom. The coin-
cidence of the contours of many of the metals make this hypothesis
very tenable.
During the summer season, with stratification well developed, the
residual materials reaching the bottom would appear to be northwest of
the acid release site and in the sewage sludge site and at one station,
Station F, to the south of the sewage sludge site.
The incidence of single stations showing relative high values,
compared to surrounding stations, may indicate that (1) discrete patches
of released materials are being moved about the bottomeither as large
aggregations or as single dumps, or (2) the releases may not be made
accurately within the dumpsites.
The different distributions of metals in sediments found on
different cruises indicate the metals released through ocean dumping
B-47
-------
activities are probably mobile along the sediment-water interface
and not remaining in any discrete area.
B-48
-------
FIGURE 4
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
IRON
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concer
are significantly
different from others^
d = 5.99
P = >0.001
-38' 30-
R "D'
-T678ซ
3570
4453
3733'
408*0
2662
T3b2 Z3TZ
" 3097 222S
2985 ซ. 2524
2798
2151 2499
,2001
, .1
1852
1920
2102'
..'" 2100
1816
1144
1654
o
r-l
38* 00' .-
B-49
-------
FIGURE 5
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
MANGANESE
mg /kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significant
different than
d = 5.91
P = >0.001
-38' 30'-
R "D1
.0
38* 00'
B-50
-------
FIGURE 6
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
ZINC
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
8.41*
Contoured concentr
are significantly
different from others
d = 4.99
P - >0.001
-38' 30
R "D
3.14
2.53
2.10
3.24
4.43
.0
38' 00'-
B-51
-------
FIGURE 7
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
NICKEL.
trig /kg /dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others.
A - 5 57
a - D . o/
P = >0.001
0.69*
5 o i r\*
o o j U ; ซ^
/
R"D(3) " '":'
*
1.22 ''
1.04 :'
.69.
1.30*
1.57 .'
^0
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B-52
87 /?
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-------
FIGURE 8
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
LEAD
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others.
d = 5.99
P = >0.001
-38* 30'
R "D
2.69
2.83
2.56
3.37
3.10
.0
B-53
-------
FIGURE 9
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
CADMIUM
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others
d = 5.24
P = >0.001
-38* 30-
R"D';
.08 /;"
Io4-v
.08
.03 '
.11
.10
.21
.19
.10
.12
."m
.12
.12
.12
,08
.04
.02
N
.10
.12
.10
.06
JO
.30
o
38* 00'
B-54
-------
FIGURE 10
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
CHROMIUM
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
<
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others
:"' 1.19/;/
A/
-38* 30-
V.520
V
2.07
1.41
.1.41
/ 1.63
;. 1.96
ซ .76
.87
- 38* 00' ^
B-55
-------
FIGURE 11
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
COPPER
mg /kg /dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others
d = 5.71
P = >0.01
.12*
*
-Q. -,~ซ
*
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R"D"@
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-------
FIGURE 12
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
MERCURY
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
-38'
. 088
1.006
0.80
0.18
0.034
0.068
,0
.128 ....
.466//
.132
ฐ92
.208
.136
.340
.152
.094
.084
.362 .068
.118
7.10
7.48
. 1 52
.118
.242
.078
- .045
.014 .368
.188 ซ.228
.188
.58 .208
.3.48
T772-
5.04
. 040* . 0*4
. 248 ;
. 164
. 168 :
1.068ฐ:
.140ฎ.
1.1
.401
'-. .78
,- .38
: LOS
\ .30
.368
N
a
o
33* 00'
,O
.o
3-57
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
Annapolis Field Office
Annapolis Science Center
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Cruise Plan
August 12-17, 1974
B-58
-------
Cruise Plan - Operation "Deep Six", USCGC Alert, August 12-17. 1974
Observations of the environmental effects of ocean disposal
practices have been made by EPA since the spring of 1973 on two dump-
sites off the coast of Delaware and Maryland. The cruise plans were
designed primarily to look at the long-term effects of the dumping
practices on the continental shelf environment. The findings to date,
although all the data are not completely analyzed, indicate that
certain metals from the disposed materials are settling to the bottom
in a fairly wide area from the release zones. Quite a bit of vari-
ability in replicate sampling of this material has been noted. The
metals, which are potentially biocidal materials as well as indicators
of the fate of these pollutants, appear to settle geographically in
response to hydrographic regimes, especially discontinuities such as
the pycnocline. The bottom materials are fairly coarse sands. These
observations might indicate that the metals floe or precipitate out
of the water column and rest loosely upon the bottom. The coarse nature
of the bottom sediments would not be conducive to firm binding of these
materials, consequently these materials may be moved from one area to
another in response to bottom currents, especially those generated by
storm action.
The summer cruise, Operation "Deep Six", will have as objectives:
1. Extend the monitoring observations of the ocean dumping
activities at selected previously observed locations, and at three
B-59
-------
new stations west of previous areas covered. The water column and the
bottom will be examined.
2. Observed dispositional trends of metals and accumulation in
the sediments and the biota under stratified hydrographic conditions
pertained in summer.
3. Expand the hydrographic information as related to the distri-
bution of pollutants.
4. Examine for evidence of discrete patches of disposed materials.
A sample on the previous cruise indicated that there may be areas in
which material is accumulating, either through too rapid a dump or by
environmental conditions causing accumulation.
5. Incidentally gather baseline data of environmental conditions
at potential oil drilling sites using the normal reference stations
of the ocean dumping monitoring program.
A complementary cruise in cooperation with NOAA and the USGS is
planned on August 7, 8 and 9, in which the R/V Atlantic Twin and a
two-man submersible, the Nekton boat, plan a series of dives and obser-
vations on these dumpsites. The objectives of the submersible program
include:
1. Examine for evidence of discrete falls of material as may
happen from a rapid dump, especially when there is no thermocline
established and has been suggested by the extreme variability of
replicate bottom samples encountered on some occasions. The sewage
sludge material may appear as dark black patches in the bottom and
B-60
-------
the resultant materials from the acid wastes may appear as floes or
slurries close to the bottom.
2. Examine for possible temporary entrapment of these materials
in the microtopography. Conversely, determine the stability of these
materials, if they are concentrating in swales, by deliberate disturb-
ance of this material and watch visually for transport. If possible,
selective sampling should be accomplished. Analyses will be done by
EPA. Make a systematic observation of the order of magnitude of the
bottom relief on an approximately 100-meter square area. This would
greatly expand our concepts of the bottom topography and transport
mechanisms of the area.
3. Observe currents close to the sea floor by visual estimation
of the movement of either indigenous materials in the area or by the
release of some sort of neutrally buoyant marker such as a dye material.
Currents very near to the sea floor, less than one meter, are difficult
to observe or record by meters, and these observations would be invaluable.
4. There is evidence that the flocculent materials released from
the acid waste dumpsite accumulate in the thermocline under summer
conditions. Visual observations of the thickness and estimates of the
length and breadth of these accumulated materials in the pycnocline will
be of great value in the design of further sampling from shipboard.
B-61
-------
Station No.
2
8
9
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
A
B
C
D
E
F
Lati
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
22
20
11
27
12
40
40
34
32
27
17
13
05
05
47
47
40
32
22
40
35
31
28
23
13
Operation "Deep Six"
Stations
tude Longitude
.3'
.7'
.9'
.8'
.1'
.6'
.7'
.2'
.8'
.2'
.0'
.0'
.2'
.2'
.8'
.8'
.2'
.1'
.8'
.6'
.1'
.2'
.5'
.5'
.6'
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
W
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
74
74
74
73
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
73
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
0
o
o
o
0
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
14
19
32
57
28
10
0
22
08
26
14
57
27
13
20
10
30
31
32
19
18
19
17
18
08
.2'
.0'
.9'
.0'
.3'
.5'
.0'
.8'
.5'
.0'
.5'
.8'
.7'
.4'
.0'
.0'
.5'
.2'
.7'
.5'
.1'
.5'
.0'
.2'
.7'
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
Loran A
3H4 3H5
3356
3313
3217
3500
3181
3557
3610
3430
3490
3345
3305
3346
3110
3182
3571
3640
3450
3372
3275
3512
3440
3420
3401
3350
3264
3009
3018
3051
2968
3030
3032
2996
3060
3009
3053
2998
2936
3017
2974
3080
3047
3094
3079
3063
3065
3048
3043
3030
3025
2985
B-62
-------
Port Watch
Operation "DEEP SIX"
August 12-17, 1974
Scientific Party
Starboard Watch
W. Muir, Captain
R. Davis
E. Truesdell
A. Montague, Project Officer
W. Rosenberg
A. Benosa
D. Lear, Captain, Chief Scientist
W. Thomas
B. Reynolds
J. Kafka
T. Dignes
F. Hamons
B-63
-------
Operation "DEEP SIX"
August 12-17, 1974
Sample Processing
SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Big Winch
A. Shipek (4 Replicates)
1. 1st Replicate
a. Bacti
b. Organo-
halogens
Port
HONCHO
Starboard
Container
Davis
Lear
Kafka
TOC
Metals
Sediment size
Replicates
Infauna
c.
d.
e.
2. 3
a.
Trawl
1. Macrofauna (I.D.)
2. Macrofauna (metals) "
Rocking chair dredge
1. Macrofauna (Histo.) Truesdell
2. Macrofauna (Metals)
Reynolds
Fr. sq.
Pt. Mason
Glass
Plastic jar
Jar
Gal. jar
Preservative
Process
Stow
Freeze
Freeze
Stow
5% Formalin
Process (I.D.)
Plastic bags Freeze
Drums
Bags
Formalin
Freeze
HATER SAMPLES
Hydrowinch
A. Hinge Sampler
1. Bacti
B. Niskin Bottles
1. Metals
2. TOC
3. Nutrients
4. Phytoplankton grab
C. Zooplankton Tow
1. I.D. sample
2. Metals
Davis
Lear
Kafka
ii
M
n
n
n
Fr. Sq.
Gal. cubi
Whirlpak
Qt. cubi
Fr. Sq.
Glass
Whirlpak
Process
Freeze
n
n
Lugo! 's soln
Formalin
Freeze
B-64
-------
Hydro Winch
Operator
BT
Hydrocast
pH
D.O.
Bacteriology
Zooplankton
Big Winch
Operator
Shipek
Trawl
Rocking Chair Dredge
Bacteriology
Samples (all)
Operation "DEEP SIX"
August 12-17, 1974
STATION ROUTINE
Watch
Port
Stbd.
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
Special Stations
1. Current meter deploy and retrieve
2. Local bathymetry
Honcho
Port
Stbd.
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
Montague
Thomas
Rosenberg
Dignes
Rosenberg
Dignes
Rosenberg
Dignes
Rosenberg
Dignes
Benosa
Lear
Rosenbert
Dignes
Muir, Watch Captain
Lear, Watch Captain
Davis
Kafka
Benosa
Hamons
Truesdell
Reynolds
Benosa
Lear
Davis
Kafka
B-65
-------
Number
Parameter Sampler Stations
Operation "DEEP SIX"
August 12-17, 1974
Samples/ No. of Data
Stations Analyses Container Preservative Analyst Inter.
SEDIMENTS
Bacti Shipek
Organo-
halogens "
TOC
Metals
Sediment
Size
Infauna "
WATER
Bottom Hinge
Bacti sampler
Bottom
Metals Niskin
Bottom TOC
Nutrients - "
TP, Pi,
N03, TKN
BIOLOGY
Benthic Rocking
Macrofauna chair
Metals in
Macrofauna "
Benthic
Macrofauna Trawl
Metals in
Macrofauna "
Phyto-
plankton Niskin
Zooplankton
ID Tow
Metals
8
8
25
25
25
25
8
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
1
1
1
5 at 8
1 at 17
1
3
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1)
i ?-spli
U
8
8
25
45
25
75
8
11
1
4
11
-
.
1
. 2
* 11
Fr. Sq.
Pt. Mason
Glass
Plastic jar
Jar
Gallons
Sterile
Fr. Sq.
Gal . cubi
Whirl pak
Qt. cubi
Drums
Bags
Plastic bags
Fr. Sq.
Glass
Whirlpak
Process
Stow
Freeze
1 "
2 "
Stow
5%
Formalin-
Process
Freeze
11
Forma 1 i n
Freeze
Process
(ID)
Freeze
Lugol 's
soln.
Formalin
Freeze
On board AFO
AFO AFO
AFO AFO
AFO AFO
Contract AFO
AFO AFO
Contract AFO
On board AFO
Contract AFO
AFO AFO
AFO AFO
Narra-
gansett
Narra. Narra
On board AFO
AFO AFO
Contract AFO
Contract AFO
AFO AFO
Contract
B-66
-------
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-------
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STATION" LOCATIONS,
/
''?. ,*'; ',1
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60 t
29
ftPERfUON DEEP
.-.'-,' "B-68*4"1
-------
:,,.""' !..._" i.. ;. : \ r~~VT:V;"[ i Vf ~, .; jj f 1;r'.".;"? - , I L"M i i r; cfi i J i"rq"(r[.i.i-fr_rn'[:r i '''^-1L n~7-i-ur=
(Ti.; r.r.';'.-":; r-:
CRUISE TRACK
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
.',.'./:.' ' B-69 S'"'
1 .'* .>
-------
Hydro Winch Routine
1. Log in position on station.
2. Take BT
3. Determine depth of thermocline
4. Make Hydrocast
Surface
1/2 way to thermocline
1/2 way thermocline to bottom
Bottom (Hinge sampler also on bacti stations)
5. Draw sample for D.O. determination. Log in D.O.
6. Draw sample for pH. Log in.
7. Fill quart cubitainer (label with date, time, station no.)
Freeze in Blood box.
8. Fill 8 oz. French square, add Lubol's iodine until it looks
like weak tea. Label. Store. Surface samples only.
9. Fill 8 oz. French square full for salinity determination,
label with date, time, station, depth. Store.
10. Fill gallon cubitainer with residual bottom water only.
Label. Freeze for metals analysis.
11. Give hinge sampler to bacteriologist for analysis.
12. Take Secchi disc reading during daylight hours.
13. Take temp., salinity and conductivity at 5-meter intervals
with Beckman induction salinometer.
14. Take zooplankton tow during trawling or dredging operations.
Surface tour for 15 minutes. Place in pint Mason jar, fill
3/4 full with sea water from this station. Place in plankton
splitter, place 1/2 in labeled 16 oz. whirlpak, freeze.
Place other half back in Mason jar, add 60 ml formalin, make up
with sea water. Label inside and outside jar, store.
B-70
-------
STATION LOG
Hydrographic Winch
Sta. No.
Position
Wind Dir.
BT time
Depth
Cond.
Tir
Vel
Sd 1 * / o o
ne
.
Temp.
Da1
Def
Sea ste
Secchi di
D.O.
:e
ith
ite
sc
PH
Bacti sample
Phytoplankton sample / /
Time secured
Salinity sample / /
Zooplankton tow / /
Position
B-71
-------
Big Winch Routine
1. Log in position on station.
2. 1st Shipek drop.
a. Take bacti sediment with flame-sterilized metal
mud scoop. Put into 6 oz. French square with
100 ml distilled water. Give to bacteriologist.
b. Fill a pt. Mason jar with teflon liner for organo-
halogens (Label with date, time, sta. no.) Stow.
c. Fill a white plastic metals jar. Freeze in blood box.
d. Fill 6 oz. Fr. sq. for TOC. Freeze in blood box.
e. Fill 16 oz. whirlpak with sediment for size analysis.Stow.
f. Core 40 dram labeled vial, add 20 ml formalin. Stow.
3. 3 Shipek replicates
a. Fill white plastic metals jar at indicated stations.
Freeze in blood box.
b. Empty bucket into plastic bag. Take to sample area, put
into 1 gal. polyethylene jar with 500 ml formalin. Label
inside and out with date, time, sta. no.
4. Rocking chair dredge
5. Trawl
a. Identify and estimate number of macrofaunal species.
b. Take representative species for metals analyses. Put in
plastic bags. Label and freeze in blood box.
Keep trawl rigged for next station. Will laternate with
rocking chair dredge to save onrigging time.
B-72
-------
STATION LOG
Big Winch
Sta. No. Time Date
Position Depth
Wind dir. Vel. Sea state
Shipek drops
Bacti sample / /
Size analysis sample / /
Infauna samples / /
Organohalogens / /
TOC / 7
Metals /7
Rocking chair dredge
Position out Time out
Position in Time in
Organisms:
B-73
-------
Trawl
Position out Time out
Position in Time in
Organisms:
Observations
B-74
-------
APPENDIX C
Philadelphia Sewage and DuPont Acid
Dump Site Survey
7-9 August 1974
* Dr. David Folger
, U.S. Geological Survey
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Vessel: T/V Atlantic Twin - Tom Anderson, Master
Submersible: NEKTON GAMMA - Terry Shi Her, Pilot
Scientific Observers: D. Folger, USGS, Sea Scientist
B. Reynolds & G. Morrison, EPA
H. Palmer & Jo. Forns, Westinghouse
F. Childress, MUS&T
B. Oostdam, Marine Science Consortium
Fourteen dives were carried out in and around the two dumpsites
located about 40 nautical miles southeast of the mouth of the Delaware
v
Bay. The study was part of a coordinated effort involving surface
ships R/V ANNANDALE, R/V ADVANCE II, Erts Overpass, and the sewage
release by the City of Philadelphia.
The eight dives carried out at five locations in the Philadelphia
site lay along or close to the track of the barge which released sewage
on 7 August. Unfortunately, only one dive near the area preceding the
dump also was made on the 7th. Winds of 30-40 knots precluded addition-
al dives. The remaining seven dives took place on the 8th and 9th. A
summary of observations is as follows:
v Water Column - The thermocline lay between about 12 and 30 meters
with a temperature decline of about 23ฐC to 12ฐC. Highest turbid-
ity occurred in and below the thermocline although no significant
B-75
-------
variations with depth were often noted by observers. Bottom
currents were sluggish (2-5cm/sec) and moved mostly to the NW
or NE. One observation showed flow to the east.
Bottom - In the northwest part of the site, the bottom topography
is relatively flat with common small hummocks and depressions
(about 15cm diameter, 5cm high or deep). In the central and
southeast parts of the area ripples are common. Wavelengths
measured were about 30cm to 100cm and wave height 2-5cm. Most
are symmetrical with broad flat tops oriented northwest to south-
east. The bottom is partially to almost completely covered by
a thin (2-3mm) veneer of brownish gray flocculated material below
which light tan to gray, fine to coarse, sand is present. The
floe material was often absent or thin on ripple and mound crests
arid was usually present and thickest in depressions. Shell
detritus on the bottom most often included sea flams, razor clams
and sand dollars. Empty shells generally lay concave side up.
Bottom depth was between 140-180 feet.
Biology - Among living organisms on the bottom, sand dollars were
P 2
most abundant (20-180/meter^) with less common shrimp (<100/meter )
O O
and starfish (10/meter ). Sea scallops were most abundant (3-4/meter )
in the southeast part of the dumpsite. Other less common organisms
included crabs, nudibranchs, flounder, and hake.
In summary, no obvious layer of settling sludge was apparent in the
water column nor were sludge accumulations on the bottom identified.
The sludge, in part, may account for the flocky layer on the bottom but
B-76
-------
it was a consensus of experienced observers that the layer could have
been due to natural processes. In any event, its distribution on the
bottom clearly indicates that fine organic detritus will concentrate
in swales, ripple trough, and depressions. The biologists did not
note any obvious significant disruptions of the fauna! and floral
bottom community.
In the acid dumpsite, 5 dives were carried out at 4 locations.
One took place on the 7th of August while the remainder took place on
the 9th. The results are as follows:
Hater Column - Thermocline lay between 11-30 meters with a tempera-
ture decline from 23ฐC - 12ฐC. No distinctive differences in
water column turbidity during the dive carried out on the 7th or
on the dives on the 9th in the southeast corner of the site were
noted. Near the center of the site, however, light green water
was observed at the surface extending east-west in about 1/2
nautical mile wide. Two dives carried out in this green water
revealed increased turbidity above and in the thermocline. On one
dive in this area, a layer of 0ฐ visibility extended from 6-9
meters and was overlain by a zone (12-15 meters) containing abundant
large (l-3cm diameter) reddish-yellow floes. Fine suspended
material, similar to that observed at other locations, was present
above and below the two zones. The pH of the water above about
15 meters was reduced and the anomalous water was probably due to
the most recent acid dump. Bottom current flow measured at two
locations was northward and 4-5cm/second.
B-77
-------
Bottom - The bottom was either humocky (10cm diameter; 1-Son/high)
or had ripples (wavelengths 15-75cm; l-5cm high) oriented mostly
northeast to southwest or north-south. At one location, ridges
and swales were present with a 3-5 meter wavelength. The surfacial
layer on the bottom was comprised of patchy deposits of flaky to
granular yellow brownish material usually left thin (2mm thick).
The loose flocky material common in the sewage site was rare. The
underlying gray fine sand was commonly exposed on ripple and mound
crests. Shell fragments included mostly sea clams, razor clams,
and sand dollars. Bottom depth was between 140-180 feet.
Biology - Sand dollars were often the most common organisms
(180-270/meter2);crab and blood stars were the next most common.
Juvenile flounder, skates, scallops, and hake were present but not
as abundant.
In summary, the low visible layer and the underlying zone contain-
ing large red yellowish floes above and in the thermocline were the
major anomalies observed in the site. The lack of a flocculated layer
on the bottom may be related to acid additions but this possiblity
cannot be proven without further observations.
B-78
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