ID
903R80002
5V*
U.S. EPA Region III
Regional Center for Environmental
Information
1650 Arch Street (3PM52)
Philadelphia, PA 19103
THE WEST VIRGINIA SURFACE
IMPOUNDMENT ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
FINAL REPORT
prepared for
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WATER SUPPLY BRANCH
prepared by
THE WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
GROUND WATER/HAZARDOUS WASTE SECTION
m
Regional ( writer for Einironinmt.il Information
rsHPARegioniii Marrh
1650 Arch st uarcn,
Philadelphia p\ 1DI01
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I
_ TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Tables iii
• Illustrations iv
Maps v
• Acknowledgements vi
Program Personnel vii
• Chapter 1 1
Executive Summary
Chapter 2 5
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Chapter 3 8
Program Methodology
• Chapter 4 18
I
I
I
Presentation and Analysis of the Data
Chapter 5 41
Water Table Aquifers
Chapter 6 43
Ground Water Contamination from Surface
Impoundments and Potential Impact
I Chapter 7 55
Evaluation of Existing State Program
• Chapter 8 59
Evaluation of Existing Federal Programs
• Chapter 9 62
Ground Water Use in West Virginia
I
I
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I
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ii
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TABLES
Table 1-1 4
Site and Impoundment Statistics, by Category
Table 3-1 16
Published Information Unsed for S.I.A. Assessments
Table 4-1 19
Location and Count and Assessment Statistics
Table 4-2 31
Impoundment Statistics, Grouped by Industrial Activity
Table 4-3 37
Summary of Impoundment Types
Table 4-4 38
Characteristics of Liner Materials
Table 4-5 39
Characteristics of Flexible, Synthetic, Membrane Liners
Table 4-6 40
Liner/Industrial Waste Compatibilities
iii
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 4-1 23
Graph of Site Statistics
Figure 4-2 24
Graph of Impoundment Statistics
Figure 4-3 26
Graph of Average Number of Impoundments
per Site in Each Category
Figure 4-4 29
Graph of Distribution of Industrial Impoundments
and Industrial Impoundment Sites According to
Geological Situation
Figure 4-5 31
Map of Availability of Ground Water from
Industrial and Public Water Supply Wells
Figure 4-6 33
Graph of Average Number of Impoundments
per Industrial Site, Grouped by Industrial Activity
Figure 4-7 -.34
Graph of Number of Industrial Impoundments and
Impoundment Sites, Grouped by Industrial Activity
iv
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MAPS
Map 1 Waste Water Impoundment Sites
Map 2 Industrial Impoundment Sites
Map 3 Geologic Map Indicating Hydrogeologically
Sensitive Units
Map 4 Public Ground Water Supplies
All maps are located in the pocket in the back of the report.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank the following persons for their contributions to the
West Virginia Surface Impoundment Assessment Program:
Pat McClure for her help and patience in putting the report together.
Ward Foeller for his fine graphics work on the report.
Teena Turner for her help in sending out the questionnaires.
All Division of Water Resources field personnel for their invaluable
assistance with our field investigations.
VI
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PROGRAM PERSONNEL
The West Virginia Surface Impoundment Assessment Program was executed by
three geologists, a hydrogeologist, three temporary workers and various clerical
personnel. The responsibilities and technical backgrounds of each of the
participants are as follows:
John Northeimer — Geologist and Program Coordinator
John received a B.S. in geology from West Virginia University in 1971, and
worked in the Industrial Waste Section of the West Virginia Water Resources
Division from 1971 to 1979. He initiated the S.I.A. program and is responsible
for development of the Underground Injection Control Program under the Safe
Drinking Water Act and the Hazardous Waste Management Program under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act. He is currently acting as section leader for
the Ground Water/Hazardous Waste Section.
Richard Shaver — Geologist
Rick received a B.S. in geology from West Virginia University in 1978, his
work experience includes three summers as temporary geologist with Columbia Gas
Transmission Corporation. He worked on the S.I.A. from October, 1978 to March,
1980. He performed the location and count, set up the file system, performed
assessments, collected field data and assisted in writing the state report.
Scott MacMillin — Geologist
Scott received a B.S. in geology from Juniata College in 1977. He undertook
graduate work at West Virginia University from 1977-78. He worked on S.I.A. from
November, 1978 to March, 1980 and performed the same functions as Richard Shaver.
Fred S. Moore — Hydrogeologist
Fred received a B.S. in geology from Ohio University in 1973 and an M.S.
in geology from West Virginia University in 1976. He worked as a geologist with
the West Virginia Department of Highways in 1973-74 as a soil fill inspector.
He worked on the S.I.A. from February, 1979 to August, 1979, performing assessments
vii
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field work.
Tom Ryan — Temporary Engineer
Tom is a student in civil engineering at West Virginia University. He
worked on the S.I.A. from May to August, 1979. He worked on the location
and count of MUN and MNG impoundments, performed field work, ran grain size
analyses of soil samples and located public ground water supplies.
Hoss Jones — Temporary Engineer
Boss is a student in mining engineering at West Virginia Institute of
Technology. He worked on the S.I.A. from June to August, 1979, performing
the same functions as Tom Ryan.
Joe Hughart — Temporary Geologist
Joe received a B.S. in geology from West Virginia University in 1979. He
is currently a graduate student in geology at Ohio University. He worked on
the S.I.A. from July to August and from November to December, 1979, performing
all of the MNG assessments and field work.
It should be noted that the temporary S.I.A. workers provided high quality
work that was invaluable to the program.
viii
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE
I SECTION
Engineer
Randy Sovic, Leader
Secretary
Teena Turner
Engineer
Dwight McQure
Engineer
PERMITS BRANCH
Engineer
Jerry L. Ray, Head
Clerk
Sandy ThorhhiJ]
MUNICIPAL WASTE
SECTION
Engineer
Pravin Sangani, Leader
Steno
Mavis Adams
Engineer
Jack Strode
Engineer
Fred High
Eng. in Training
Joe Marakovits
Eng. in Training
Lee Spencer
.COAL
SECTION
Engineer
Paul Ware, Leader
Clerk
Pat Neal
Geologist
Pam Hayes
Inspector
Harold Dunbar
Eng. in Training
Ken Fields
Engineer
Arden Cunningham
En§. in Training
Don Wass
Inspector .
Bill Richardson
HAZARDOUS WASTE
SECTION
Nat. Resources Adm.
John Northeimer, Leader
Clerk.
Pat McClure
Planner *
Rob Jelacic
Geologist
Fred Moore
Engineer
Dick Alford
Planner
Rick Shaver
Planner .
Scott MacMillin
Engineer
Chemist
Neilima Senjalia
Planner
Pat Hissom
Secretary
IX
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CHAPTER 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The major objective of the Surface Impoundment Assessment Program was
to provide an inventory of surface waste impoundments in West Virginia and
to determine their potential impact on ground water quality. Surface
impoundments were grouped into four (4) major categories; industrial, municipal,
mining, and agricultural. Although each category was addressed, the major
emphasis of the program was directed towards industrial impoundments.
Surface impoundments are commonly used in waste water treatment and dis-
posal systems. While most of these facilities are under state permit, the
major concern is usually directed only toward surface discharge quality. The
West Virginia Surface Impoundment Assessment Program was the first systematic
program in the state to evaluate the potential ground water problems posed by
surface impoundments, with the exception of recent permit reviews of new
industrial facilities.
The program was performed in two basic steps; the Location and Count and
the Assessment. The Location and Count provided basic information on all
impoundment sites, including ownership, addresses, latitude and longitude, and
the number of impoundments per site.
The Assessment was considered to be the most important phase of the program.
In this procedure a numerical rating was assigned to four (4) physical parameters
related to each impoundment. These included a rating of the unsaturated zone,
the saturated zone, the background ground water quality and the waste
potential. These four (4) ratings were then summed to give an overall site
rating.
The unsaturated zone is that volume of earth material, above the water
table, whose pore spaces are not completely saturated with water. This zone
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was rated according to its thickness and permeability. The saturated zone is
that volume of earth material whose pore spaces are completely saturated with
water. This zone was also rated according to its thickness and permeability.
This rating system was designed around a simplified hydrogeologic system. In
most cases, the actual hydrogeologic situation was far more complex and
necessitated a certain amount of judgement on the part of the personnel making
the evaluations. The third rating was based on the natural quality of ground
water at the site. High quality ground water received a high rating. The
rating for waste hazard was assigned in relation to the degree of hazard the
particular waste represented.
The geologic conditions under lying the majority of impoundment sites in
West Virginia can be divided into three (3) groups. These include unconsoli-
dated alluvial valleys consisting of clay, silt, sand and gravel; consolidated
rock consisting of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, shale and coal; and
carbonate rock consisting of limestone and dolomite.
The topography of a large portion of West Virginia consists of steep,
deeply dissected valleys. Therefore, many of the suitable industrial develop-
ment sites lie along alluvial river bottoms. A large proportion of industrial
impoundments are located on these alluvial systems, some of which are quite
prone to ground water contamination. This is due to the relatively high
permeability of the deposited materials.
Impoundments located in carbonate rock areas also have a high geologic
potential for ground water contamination due to solution channels, conduits
and fractures. Impoundments located in most other consolidated rock areas
have generally been considered to have a lower ground water contamination
potential due to lower associated permeabilities. This situation is highly
variable, however and site suitability must be determined on a site-specific
basis.
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There are some problems with the rating procedure which casts some doubt
upon the validity of the ratings. These include inadequate waste hazard rating
guidance, the relative weight carried by each rating step and evaluator bias.
It is recognized that no. attempt should be made to compare the average rating
of one category to the average rating of another category. The ratings might
be better used to compare individual impoundments at a particular site or in
a particular region within one category. It is stressed, however, that the
main value of this program is indicated by the data obtained for each impound-
ment. - No conclusion should be made about a particular impoundment without
analyzing the source and value of the data utilized in the rating.
In most cases, there were not adequate resources available to document
the actual existence of ground water contamination problems. However, some
actual contamination cases were determined in addition to cases where contam-
ination was highly suspected. Under current statutes there are approaches that
are being pursued to require that remedial work be conducted at these facilities.
This is usually done through the use of permit modifications. In these cases,
companies or individuals have been required to upgrade certain activities and
to install ground water monitoring facilities.
The data gathered in all phases of the S.I.A. program was entered into a
data processing system operated and maintained by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency. Statistical information regarding the program was listed,
tabulated, and plotted at the completion of the program.
The number of impoundments located and counted and assessed are listed in
Table 1-1. It will be noted that an original estimate of the number of impound-
ments is also listed. The final determination of the number of impoundments
varied considerably from the original estimate.
The program is considered to have been successful and useful in delineating
the potential for ground water contamination from surface impoundments in West
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Virginia. This program will have many useful applications in the area of
ground water protection programs at the state and federal levels.
SITE AND IMPOUNDMENT STATISTICS, BY CATEGORY
Number
Located
& Counted
ones
W V.S.I.A.
Estimate
of Total
Number
I
Number
Assessed
i
Original
Estimate
of Total
Number
llllj;UUIlUJlltJlli
XT . W.V.S.I.A.
Number £ -^ ••!•«••
Located fT t 1
& Counted °um°bear
Number
Assessed
Average
Ground-Water
Contamination
Potential Rating
Industrial (IND)
Municipal (MUN)
Mining (MNG)
Agricultural (AGR)
Abandoned
Industrial (AIN)
Abandoned
Municipal (AMU)
Abandoned
Mining (AMG)
Abandoned
Agricultural (AAG)
Total
99
331
250
17
9
14
41
2
763
•(&
473
313
57
18
35
103
4
CM!?}
99
319
37
15
9
0
0
0
479
10001
SO1
18002
351
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2885
2863
404
1095
22
19
14
142
3
1985
^E>
577
1369
73
38
35
35
6
'""2450"^
^r ^
278
394
272
19
19
0
0
0
982
19.8
18.4
20.0
19.5
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1 Geraughty and Miller Estimate
2 Water Resources Division Estimate
3 See Text
TABLE 1
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CHAPTER 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The West Virginia Surface Impoundment Assessment Program is considered
to have been a successful program, serving as an initial step towards the
development of a ground water protection program in the state. A number of
conclusions based on program results are listed below.
1) The program established the fact that there is a significant potential
for ground water contamination in West Virginia from surface waste
impoundments. Actual cases of ground water contamination emanating
from surface impoundments were documented, and highly suspected cases
of ground water contamination were identified.
2) The heavy industrial development along the major alluvial valleys,
represents a particular potential for ground water contamination
due to hydrogeologic factors and associated waste characteristics.
3) State permitting programs have not addressed ground water contamination
from surface impoundments. While most surface impoundments are under
state permit, the requirements of the permit usually relate only to
hydraulic design and treatment efficiency.
4) The lack of a regulatory program governing water well placement,
construction and abandonment has limited the available data base
utilized for assessments.
5) The validity of the numerical rating system is questionable. The
guidance provided for the assignment of waste hazard ratings was not
specific and the geologic potential was weighted more heavily than the
waste hazard potential, which tended to produce overall ratings that
fell within a rather narrow range.
6) The data that was compiled for impoundment assessments can be applied
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to the evaluation of other activities occurring on site (landfills,
land application, etc.).
7) The program provided excellent training for the participants. This
will be advantageous for the implementation of other programs
pertaining to ground water protection at the state level.
As a result of the conclusions, derived from the Surface Impoundment
Assessment Program, a number of recommendations have been made regarding the
effectiveness of current programs for the protection of ground water in West
Virginia. These recommendations are listed below.
1) State programs permitting impoundments should be reviewed and revised
to provide for ground water protection. Impoundment liner standards
should be established and ground water monitoring programs should be
initiated.
2) Sites at which evidence of ground water contamination is presumed
should be further investigated in order to delineate the exact extent
and nature of the problem. Remedial work should then be required in
order to resolve any problems.
3) The full effectiveness of the Surface Impoundment Assessment Program
can be most fully utilized if more than just the final rating is
considered when evaluating the potential for ground water contamination
at a particular site. Each of the individual rating steps should be
considered separately in order to best determine what degree of impact
a particular impoundment might have on ground water.
4) The data compiled for the impoundment assessments should be utilized
for assessments of other activities at the same site,
5) A state regulatory program should be established to control the
development and utilization of ground water.
Some of the above recommendations have already been implemented. The data
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collected from the site assessments has been used to develop a priority list
to be used for designation of sites for further investigations and/or remedial
work. Participation in available federal programs and development of state
level comprehensive management plans should assure the maintenance of ground
water quality.
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CHAPTER 3
PROGRAM METHODOLOGY
S.I.A. FILE SYSTEM
The S.I.A. program files were arranged by category: Industrial,
Municipal, Mining and Agricultural. Within each category, each site was
assigned a consecutive number starting with 00001, as they were identified.
All information and correspondence associated with the particular site was
filed under the assigned number with a cross index by company name.
Each site was denoted with a red 4mm hexagon and located on a 7.5'
topographic map. In the case of multiple pond sites, the hexagon was placed
at the center of the site. The latitude and longitude at the center of each
site was recorded. The site category and number was marked beside each
hexagon.
The individual methods for locating and describing facilities within
each category are listed below.
Municipal (MUN)
These are sites with waste ponds containing municipal (sanitary) waste.
There was some confusion with this definition in the case of mining and
industrial sites that had separate sanitary waste treatment ponds. In the
case of duplication of categories for one site, only one file was prepared
with the MUN category preempted by the industrial or mining category.
Municipal Waste Section permit files provided basic information for the
location of municipal sites. The files provided some construction details
about the ponds, but did not provide any geologic information.
Questionnaires were mailed to municipal permit holders in an effort to
obtain better information related to location and geologic information. The
response rate was poor and yielded little useful information.
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I
Week long field trips were completed in each of the six (6) Water Resources
Division field districts. Field inspectors, who had actual contact with the
• sites were able to locate permitted sites and previously unknown unpermitted
sites and to identify abandoned sites. The field trips were also used to
I generate site specific geologic information. Some MUN sites were impossible
to locate.
Industrial (IND)
The Industrial Waste Section has a permit file mailing list that was
utilized for distributing questionnaires. Information that was requested
referred to location, details of ponds, and subsurface geologic and hyrologic
information. The number of responses for the industrial category was quite
good and the information provided was often excellent. A typical response
might include a site map showing all ponds, a page listing technical informa-
tion on the ponds, and foundation borings giving USCS soil classifications.
Field inspections with district personnel yielded few new sites due to
the completeness of the Industrial Waste permit files.
Additional subsurface information was obtained from on-site investigations
during field trips. Field work often confirmed previous locations and added
additional technical information regarding the impoundments.
Mining (MNG)
The Coal Preparation Section has a permit file mailing list that was used
for the distribution of questionnaires. The questionnaires were identical to
those sent to the industrial facilities, although the response rate was not as
good as that of the Industrial facilities. Information returned with the
questionnaires provided accurate locations but did not provide subsurface
information. There was also some confusion among coal companies as to which
ponds should be included and which should be excluded. With these problems
and also the fact that there was some confusion as to ownership of some sites,
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it was decided to abandon the use of the questionnaire and to use only coal
preparation files for the purpose of pond location.
The Mine Drainage Permit Section issues permits for acid mine drainage
discharges. These files were used to locate additional ponds. Unfortunately
the files were less than adequate for this purpose. The description of this
particular treatment facility was often vague and frequently did not specify
the exact method of treatment. While many ponds are employed for acid mine
drainage treatment, they are not specified in the permit. Therefore, many
existing pond sites could not be located. The location descriptions were
not adequate in that they located the outfall rather than the actual treat-
ment plant. In practice, these may be separated by as much as a mile.
The field inspectors were able to clear up many problems that we
encountered. One problem is that coal mining facilities change ownership
frequently. Often the permit files were not up to date with the record of
ownership changes. Facilities that were temporarily shut down, due to poor
coal market conditions, were assessed as being active sites.
Field work at some coal facilities served to confirm previous locations
and supply additional subsurface geologic information.
Agricultural (AGR)
Very little effort was expended to specifically locate agricultural sites.
We gave agricultural sites lowest priority because it was felt that their
impact on ground water quality would be low in West Virginia due to the relative-
ly low waste hazard and the limited development of agriculture in the state.
Most agricultural ponds were located with the use of the municipal waste
files. A few others were located with the aid of the field inspectors. Most
of the agricultural ponds that were located and counted were liquid manure
ponds, either from cattle, hog or poultry raising. None of the agricultural
ponds that were located were related to irrigation.
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Abandoned Municipal (AMU)
No effort was made to specifically locate this category. Some question-
naire responses from municipal permit holders indicated that some ponds were
abandoned in favor of other types of treatment. Also, field inspectors
provided this information in some cases.
Abandoned Industrial (AIN)
A moderate degree of effort was made to locate these facilities. Only
a few sites were actually located. Most of the sites that were located were
found in the industrial permit files. Additional sites could be located
with an extensive review of industrial "dead" files.
Abandoned Mining (AMG)
A moderate degree of effort was made to locate these facilities. Both
questionnaire responses and field inspectors indicated abandonment of mining
facilities. Many more sites could have been located if all the "dead" mining
files had been utilized.
There was some question as to the definition of an abandoned mining pond.
One definition could be simply abandonment. The other could mean abandonment
and subsequent backfilling and reclamation. It was thought, for the purposes
of assessment, that each situation would pose different degrees of risk.
However, both groups were classified as "Abandoned", in part because it was
impossible to determine if a site had been reclaimed or not.
Abandoned Agricultural (AAG)
No effort was made to locate ponds in this category.
ASSESSMENT METHODS
Each category required a somewhat different method of assessment due to
different sources and availability of information. Assessment methods for
each category are discussed below.
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Industrial (IND)
The industrial category was designated the priority category with the
intent of deriving high confidence assessments. This approach was selected
based on the belief that industrial facilities pose the greatest threat to
ground water quality due to the waste hazards and the geographic distribution
of the sites. One hundred percent (100%) of all of the IND sites located
were assessed.
The information provided through questionnaire responses from industrial
sites .was often good enough to perform a high confidence assessment. In other
cases published ground water reports were detailed enough, in regions where
there were concentrations of industry, to perform high quality assessments.
In cases where little or no information was available from the previously
mentioned sources, every effort was made to generate site specific information
through field investigations.
Municipal (MUN)
This category was assigned a lower priority than that of the industrial
category. However, ninety-six percent (96%) of all sites that had been located
were assessed.
Information used for assessment was usually much less detailed than that
used for industrial assessments. Rarely was on-site information available so
many assessments were based on general, published information. Some on-site
field investigations were made to generate specific information but assessments
for this category were, for the most part, of only poor to fair confidence.
Mining (MNG)
Mining facilities were assigned a lower priority than MUN facilities. It
is felt that the waste type from site to site is much more homogeneous than for
most other categories. Coal fines and clay are thought to make the ponds some-
what self-sealing. For these reasons a fifteen percent (15%) random sample was
12
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taken for assessment.
Because a small sample was selected for assessment, a high confidence
assessment was desired. Lack of published information and the very cylic,
non-uniform nature of the Pennsylvanian rocks involved, made high quality
assessments very difficult. Therefore, on-site investigations were performed.
About two-thirds (2/3) of the sampled mining sites were investigated.
The waste hazard ratings used for the assessment of the mining impound-
ments were based on several factors. The S.I.A. rating table indicated a
hazard rating value of seven (7) for bituminous coal mining wastes and a
rating value of six (6) for sulfide bearing mine tailings. In West Virginia
there is a fairly definite geographic division between coals containing low
levels of pyrite. Impoundments located in coal regions containing high levels
of pyrite were assigned the higher rating of seven (7) due to the higher
potential for the production of sulfuric acid and ferric hydroxide. Impound-
ments in coal regions containing low levels of pyrite were assigned a rating
of five (5). The particular type of impoundment system further defined the
waste hazard rating that was applied. In the case of Acid Mine Drainage
treatment ponds the degree of treatment employed in the system determined this
rating. An iron precipitation pond with no pH adjustment received a higher
rating than a pond that did receive pH adjustment.
Mining impoundments in a system arranged in series were all assigned the
same waste hazard potential. This is different from industrial impoundments
arranged in series where each impoundment in the series was assigned a
decreasing value. The mining impoundment system differs from the industrial
system in that it removes primarily only solids, leaving most soluble contam-
inants present in the treated water and thus the waste hazard rating would not
be likely to decrease progressively.
13
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Agricultural (AGR)
The assessment procedure was virtually the same as for MUN sites.
Abandoned Industrial (AIN)
One hundred percent (100%) of all sites that had been located and counted
were assessed. Old permit files and published information were used to a
great degree for these assessments. On-site investigations were used in some
instances.
None of the following categories were assessed:
Abandoned Municipal (AMU)
Abandoned Mining (AMG)
Abandoned Agricultural (AAG)
INFORMATION SOURCES
Permit Files
The industrial files are contained in the Industrial Waste Permit Section.
Permit applications contained detailed information, covering both site location
and pond descriptions. Foundation borings and other subsurface information were
sometimes available from these files.
The municipal files are contained in the Municipal Waste Permit Section.
Sites were often difficult to locate from these files although pond construction
details were usually sufficient. Subsurface data was absent.
Mining site information was available from files in two locations: the
Coal Preparation Section permit files contain excellent location and site
description information, however, they provide no subsurface information. Mine
Drainage files contain less specific information regarding both location and
description, than the Coal Preparation files. In both cases, the mining site
ownership and physical layout changes so frequently that the information
contained in the files often goes out of date quickly.
14
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Field Offices
The West Virginia Department of Natural Resources maintains six (6)
district offices statewide. Each district has a district office in which the
field inspectors are stationed. The field inspectors assigned to each individ-
ual district have extensive knowledge of many of the impoundment sites.
Inspectors were able to give the greatest assistance on mining facilities. They
were able to provide information on plant layout and operation and acted as a
liason between the field group and the coal companies.
Questionnaires
Questionnaires were distributed to industrial, mining and municipal sites.
These questionnaires requested latitude and longitude of the site, subsurface
information such as foundation borings, a site map, liner type and any other
information related to site conditions.
Field Investigations
Field trips were made to each of the district field offices in order to
work with the field inspectors and to make on-site investigations of impoundment
sites. These investigations were made in cases where the confidence of existing
information was poor. Soil samples were obtained using a hand auger. Depth to
ground water was measured and water samples were obtained when possible. Soil
samples were analyzed for grain size and other physical properties. Water
samples were analyzed for the particular chemical constituents related to the
site in question. In cases where borings were impossible or impractical, out-
crops were observed.
Published Information
Published reports and maps were used to a great extent where site-specific
information was unavailable.
15
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16
-------
VARIATIONS FROM THE GRANT PROPOSAL
The number of full time personnel working on the S.I.A. program was lower
than projected. Three people were employed for the whole grant period and one
was employed for about half of the period. The grant allowed for five full
time people to be hired. However, this was supplemented with temporary help.
Only the program coordinator was able to attend the EPA training session.
Training for the rest of the participants was performed in-house. This was
not judged to be a significant problem.
The Location and Count was conducted as outlined in the grant proposal,
except that orthophotoquads and aerial photos were not used and the files were
not cross indexed by SIC codes. Also the Location and Count was not conducted
as a discrete step, but rather was done as a continual process, along with the
assessment.
The random sample was conducted on only the mining category. In addition,
far less than seventy percent (70%) of allocated resources were spent on the
industrial category, due to the high quality and availability of information
for assessing sites in this category.
DEVIATIONS FROM THE S.I.A. GUIDELINES
Very few deviations were made from the guidance documents. Influent and
effluent data was not collected due to the fact that we were unable to identify
any facilities that maintained this information. In addition, the S.I.A. team
added a few additional miscellaneous identifiers. These are in reference to
various geologic regions. See Figure 4-5.
17
-------
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
The data collected in the S.I.A. program is too voluminous to present
in whole in this report. Therefore, the information presented will be an
overview of all the data compiled. As industrial sites were designated a
higher priority for the purpose of assessment, a more detailed description
of these sites will be presented. Industrial sites with documented or
highly suspected ground water pollution problems are discussed in Chapter 6.
An estimate of the percentage of impoundments that were located and
counted is presented in Table 1-1. The percentage of the impoundments
located and counted that were actually assessed is also presented in Table
4-1. A discussion of the findings for each category follows below.
Industrial (IND)
It is thought that about ninety percent (90%) of all existing industrial
waste impoundments were located. This statement can be made with a high
degree of confidence. Due to the priority nature of the IND category, a
large effort was made to locate sites and to verify these locations by the
use of field office files and personnel visits.
Several factors made IND sites much easier to locate than most other sites.
Most of the IND sites are very permanent facilities that do not change much
with time. This makes them much easier to identify than some of the other
categories. It is also believed that a large percentage of IND sites are
under permit. Where a site was identified, determining the number of impound-
ments was usually not difficult.
Municipal (MUN)
It is believed that about seventy percent (70%) of the MUN sites were
18
-------
% Located and Counted % Assessed of
of No. of Impoundments Impoundments Located
Estimated by W.V.S.I.A. and Counted
Industrial (IND)
Municipal (MUN)
Mining (MNG)
Agricultural (AGR)
Abandoned Industrial (AIN)
Abandoned Municipal (AMU)
Abandoned Mining (AMG)
Abandoned Agricultural (AAG)
90%
70%
80%
30%
50%
40%
40%
50%
97%
98%
25%*
86%
100%
0%
0%
0%
*Number of Mining sites assessed based on a random sample of 15% of Mining sites.
TABLE 4-1
19
-------
located and counted. This figure can be justified with only fair confidence.
This is due to the fact that many MUN sites are not under permit. Where they
are under permit, some sites were difficult or impossible to locate.
Field inspectors were consulted in depth in order to identify sites in
the Teays Valley and in Wood County, both areas thought to have large numbers
of ponds. Many unpermitted ponds, known to the inspectors, were located in
both of these regions. This is probably due to the fact that both areas are
growing rapidly and the fact that there has been a moratorium on septic systems
in the. Teays Valley. It is also believed that the Beckley area would have a
fairly large number of umpermitted ponds, but this was not definitely determined.
Inspectors, consulted in some other areas of the state, had less knowledge
of MUN type sites in general. The inspectors in coal regions had a very high
workload related to coal mining and didn't have enough time to adequately cover
other activities such as inspection of MUN impoundments. Other inspectors were
unable to identify additional unpermitted sites because few unpermitted sites
were present in that particular area.
Based on these factors, we feel that about ninety percent (90%) of all
MUN ponds were located in Wood County and the Teays Valley. In addition, about
half of all ponds in the Beckley area were probably located and most all of the
ponds in the remaining parts of the state are believed to be located and counted.
With these figures we arrived at an estimate of seventy percent (70%) of actual
ponds located and counted.
Mining (MNG)
Mining facilities can be divided into three (3) categories. These include
coal preparation plants, acid mine drainage ponds and ponds associated with deep
mines not included in the above groups. Excluding deep mine ponds, it is believed
that approximately eighty percent (80%) of all MNG ponds were located. This
statement can be made with fair to good confidence.
20
-------
Almost all of the operating coal preparation impoundments were located.
These were located using permit files which are well organized and very complete.
These locations were checked with the inspectors and found to be complete. One
problem associated with the coal prep plants is that they change frequently,
in their ownership and their physical layout. This makes the location and count
somewhat difficult in some cases.
Acid Mine Drainage Treatment (AMD) ponds were located from the Mine Drainage
permit files. These files were inadequate for confidently locating and counting
many AMD pond sites due to their vague description of the treatment methods.
By consulting with field inspectors and conducting field investigations it was
determined that a very rough estimate of AMD ponds located would be fifty
percent (50%).
No effort was made to locate impoundments associated solely with deep mine,
non-acid drainage. It has been suggested that these types of impoundments are
very common in some areas. This type of impoundment is thought to receive
pumpage from drainage sumps in these deep mines. They would contain coal fines,
lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids as well as some acid.
Agricultural (AGR)
Due to the fact that little effort was made to locate this category it is
thought that only about thirty percent (30%) of all AGR ponds were located and
counted. Most of the sites that were located and counted were so identified
from Municipal Permit files. In no way are the permitted AGR ponds representa-
tive of all AGR ponds. Consultation with the field inspectors revealed that
AGR ponds are probably not very widespread in West Virginia. However, it is
believed that the eastern panhandle, with its greater density of agriculture,
probably has a correspondingly higher density of AGR sites.
Abandoned Industrial (AIN)
It is estimated that about half of the AIN sites were located. Most
21
-------
abandonments of major industrial sites within the past ten years are probably
known. Older abandonments are not as well known. Fortunately for location
purposes, older plants probably had fewer impoundments due to the fact that
there was less of an emphasis on industrial effluent treatment.
Abandoned Municipal (AMU)
It is estimated that roughly forty percent (40%) of all AMU site were
located. This is an extremely rough estimate. Most known AMU abandonments
are due to changeover from stabilization ponds to package plants or public
sewerage systems. It is believed that there is a significant number of
unknown AMU sites.
Abandoned Mining (AMG)
A large number of more recent abandoned prep plant sites were located.
Far more could have been located with more effort, however. Therefore, it is
believed that somewhat less than half of the abandoned prep plant sites were
located. Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Ponds are a new development, so it is
believed that very few of these ponds have been abandoned. For these reasons,
an estimate of the number of AMG sites is given at forty percent (40%),
Abandoned Agricultural (AAG)
There is almost no information available on AAG sites and only two were
located. It is believed, however, that because liquid manure ponds are a
newer development that there probably have not been too many abandonments.
An extremely rough estimate is made at fifty percent (50%).
22
-------
I
SITE STATISTICS
Number Located & Counted
W.V.S.I.A. Estimate of Total Number
Number Assessed
Industrial
(IND)
Municipal
(MUN)
Minin[
(MNG
Agricultural Abandoned Abandoned Abandoned Abandoned
(AGR) Industrial Municipal Mining Agricultural
(AIM) (AMU) (AMG) (AAG)
FIGURE 4-1
23
-------
IMPOUNDMENT STATISTICS
2000-
1800-
1600H
1400 -I
1200-
lOOO-i
800-
600 -\
400n
200 H
Original Estimate of Total Number
Number Located & Counted
1 W.V.S.I.A. Estimate of Total Number
J
I Number Assessed
Industrial
(IND)
Municipal
(MUM)
Mining
(MNG)
Agricultural
(AGR)
Abandoned
Industrial
(AIM)
Abandoned
Municipal
(AMU)
Abandoned
Mining
(AMG)
Abandoned
Agricultural
(AAG)
FIGURE 4-2
24
-------
I
The total number of sites and impoundments that were located and counted
* and also those that were assessed are presented in Table 1-1 and Figures 4-1
I and 4-2. This data can provide an insight into the relative abundance of
industrial, mining, agricultural and real estate development in West Virginia.
I The original estimate of the total number of impoundments is quite close
_ to the final estimate made by the S.I. A. group. However, the original estimates
" of the IND and MUN categories made by Geraughty and Miller have been found to
I be substantially in error. The estimate of the number of IND impoundments was
far top high and the estimate of the number of MUN impoundments was far too low.
I Municipal (MUN)
_ The MUN category contained the largest number of impoundment sites. The
average number of impoundments per site was only 1.22 so the total number of
I MUN impoundments was not high. There appear to be several geographic concen-
trations of MUN sites in the state (Map 1). These are located in Wood County
• around Parkersburg, in Raleigh County around Beckley, and in the Teays Valley
_ . area of Cabell and Putnam Counties. These three areas are thought to corres-
pond with the areas of the state with the greatest rate of population growth.
I There are also many other areas of the state with minor concentrations of MUN
sites.
f The siting of MUN facilities does not correspond to any particular topo-
_ graphic or geologic situation. This is probably due to the fact that the
housing that these facilities serve is located in many different parts of the
• state.
The MUN impoundments are used either for primary treatment of domestic
| waste or for secondary treatment in conjunction with another impoundment, a
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Surface Impoundments and
Their Effects on Ground Water Quality in the United States, 1978.
-------
1
1
5.0-
1
1 4.0-
1
3.0-
1
| ,0-
1
1 0 -
1
I 0.0-
IS
m
S
~~''%ti"*''"..,,i
ps
",_;s! , ,',;, •• •
'4fe~Avi-
• ,.'"'' ./ '•<
':-V--:
AVERAGE NUMBER OF IMPOUNDMENTS PER SITE
IN EACH CATEGORY
'-,^V
V'
, •/ jv'S
•-••""^
'•",„'. ,,"Jj
:^l,
'"•/
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'•'i -),;•'•;., ,.,' :"';',' _ "' • ]~ -'-?,4^ti¥
•'" '"' . '-•:• •'" ?"'*'" . : .-- '"S?V$&&
'11 f?1 "^ '^ IS
."s,:\-^!!- ' v- '" ; - •'' ': "-;1 '"^-y"feril
. ••^"- ' ,:' ' ' -••' • - • ''/ •
Industrial Municipal Mining Agricultural Abandoned Abandoned Abandoned Abandoned
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(IND)
(MUN)
(MNG) (AGR) Industrial Municipal Mining Agricultural
(AIN) (AMU) (AMG) (AAG)
FIGURE 4-3
26
-------
package plant or both. These ponds are either aerated or unaerated. Most
treatment systems utilizing MUN impoundments were small systems serving
trailer courts or subdivisions.
Most of the MUN impoundments were unlined. Some impoundments were said
to have "natural clay liners" but this was usually considered as no liner.
Some ponds are considered to be "evaporation" ponds. Since the net
annual balance of precipitation vs. evaporation is positive, it becomes
apparent that evaporation ponds are not possible in West Virginia. This
type of pond is almost certainly discharging to the ground.
Nearly all of the MUN impoundments were assessed. However, the
confidence of most of the assessments was low due to the difficulty of
obtaining high quality geologic information. The average Ground Water
Contamination Pollution Potential Rating was found to be 18.4. This is the
lowest average rating of any category.
Mining (MNG)
The MNG category contained by far the largest number of impoundments.
The MNG sites also had the largest average number of impoundments per site,
at 4.38. These sites are evenly distributed over several regions of the state;
in the southern portion of the state, in the northern panhandle, and in a band
extending south from Monongalia County. These areas correspond with the coal
mining regions of the state. All MNG sites are located either on alluvium
along small streams or on coal bearing consolidated rocks of Pennsylvanian age.
The MNG impoundments that were assessed can be placed in two groups:
Coal Preparation Plant treatment ponds and Acid Mine Drainage treatment ponds.
There are several types of impoundments associated with coal preparation facil-
ities. The major example is one that is exclusively referred to as an "impound-
ment" by coal companies. This consists of a very large impoundment created by
damming the head of an entire stream drainage. This is utilized for the permanent
27
-------
disposal of slurry consisting of clay and coal fines. Other small coal prep
plant ponds are also used for collection of similar coal wastes. These ponds
are often constructed in series and are periodically dredged out. Acid mine
drainage ponds are used for flocculation of iron from pH adjusted mine drain-
age. The resulting iron sludge is periodically removed. Very few MNG impound-
ments have been lined.
Fifteen percent (15%) of the MNG sites were selected for assessment through
a random sample. The selected sites included twenty-five percent (25%) of the
total number of MNG impoundments. Therefore, the sites that were selected and
assessed had a greater average number of impoundments per site than those not
assessed. This may be due to more careful scrutiny of a site on Assessment
than on Location and Count.
No geologic information was submitted by coal companies. Published geo-
logic information for MNG facilities was not specific enough. Due to these
facts the S.I.A. group made field investigations to more than half of the MNG
sites that were assessed. These field investigations were made in an effort
to upgrade the confidence of these assessments. The average Step 5 rating of
the MNG impoundments is 20.0.
Agriculture (AGR)
The AGR was by far the smallest category. The average number of impound-
ments per site is calculated at 1.29. Most of the AGR impoundments are located
in the eastern portion of the state.
Most AGR impoundments are used as liquid manure ponds. These ponds are
used for the collection and treatment of animal waste, the effluent of which is
then spray irrigated. The construction and operation of AGR impoundments is
essentially the same as that of MUN impoundments. Therefore, these impoundments
were assessed in the same manner as MUN impoundments.
28
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
175
150
125
100-
DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL IMPOUNDMENTS AND
INDUSTRIAL IMPOUNDMENT SITES
ACCORDING TO GEOLOGIC SITUATION
LI Industrial Impoundment Sites
Industrial Impoundments
Shale & Sandstone of
Pre-Pennsylvanian,
Sandstone &
Conglomerate of
upper Pennsylvanian, Lower Pennsylvanian
& Permian Ages
Age
Limestone & Dolomite
o f Pre-Pennsylvanian
Age
Ohio & Kanawha
Valley Alluvium
• Delineated Sensitive Aquifers
Other Alluvium
FIGURE 4-4
Wilford S.^Stewart, State of the Art Study of Land Improvement Techn-u
(Cincinnati, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1978).
29
-------
Industrial (IND)
The IND category is considered to be the most important category due to
the nature of the wastes involved, the proximity to important aquifers and the
proximity to population centers. A large number of IND impoundments are
located in the designated aquifers (see Chapter 5). These areas include the
Ohio and Kanawha River valleys alluvium and the carbonate formations of the
Eastern Panhandle around Martinsburg. Most of the remaining IND sites are
located in a band between Morgantown and Clarksburg and in non-carbonate
regions around Martinsburg (see maps).
The geologic setting of the IND sites was further subdivided. These
include the shales and sandstones of pre-Pennsylvanian, upper Pennsylvanian
and Permian age rocks and the sandstones and conglomerates of lower Pennsyl-
vanian age rocks. These have been subdivided on the basis of average well
yields after Wilmoth.
Most IND impoundments are utilized as part of a waste treatment facility.
However, a number of IND impoundments are used for the final disposal of
industrial waste, usually flyash. The average number of impoundments per IND
site is 2.89. The average number of impoundments per industrial group is
broken down further in Figure 4-6.
The largest number of IND impoundments are located at plants manufacturing
organic chemicals. Most of these impoundments are related to waste treatment
with some for flyash disposal. The second largest group of impoundments are
located at coal-fired electric power plants. Most of these are flyash or bottom
ash ponds. Other important groups include inorganic chemical manufacturing,
primary metal industries including steel production and in heavy machinery
cleaning and repair (see Figure 4-7).
All of the IND impoundments were assessed. Most sites were assessed with
high confidence data. However, no clear trends were observed in the average
30
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SCALE
LEGEND
Alluvium of Quaternary age.
Yields 50 to 900 gpm, avg. 200 gpm.
Shale and sandstone of pre- Perm.,
upper Penn., and Permian ages. Yields
less than 20 to ISOgpm., avg.SOgpm.
— Sandstone and conglomerate of lower
Penn. age. Yields less than 50 to I.OOOgpm.
avg. 200gpm.
— Limestone and dolomite of pre-Penn. age.
Yields 25 to more than 500gpm. avg. ISOgpm.
Availability of ground water from industrial and public water-supply wells in West Virginia.
FIGURE 4-5
B.M. Wilmoth, "Development of Fresh Ground Water Near Salt Water in
West Virginia", Groundwater, January-February, 1975, pg 27.
31
-------
IMPOUNDMENT STATISTICS, GROUPED BY INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
Oil & Gas Extraction
Food Product Manufacture
Textile and Apparel Product
Manufacture
Lumber & Wood Product Manufacture
Paper & Paper Product Manufacture
Inorganic Chemical Manufacture
Organic Chemical Manufacture
Petroleum Refining
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastics
Products Manufacture
Leather & Leather Products
Manufacture
Glass & Concrete Manufacture
Primary Metal Industries
Fabricated Metal Products Manufacture
incl. Machinery & Electrical Products
Heavy Machinery & Railroad; Cleaning
& Repair, including Metal Plating
Electrical Power Production & Gas
Distribution
Car Washes
Bulk Oil Storage & Distribution
Automobile Service Stations
Other
No. of Sites
2
3
2
4
1
6
21
5
1
1
5
8
11
7
13
2
2
4
1
100
No. of
Impoundments
4
9
5
11
3
25
86*
8
1
5
8
23
23
9
41
2
2
4
1
278*
Aver. No.
of Ponds
per Site
2.0
3.0
2.5
2.8
3.0
4.2
4.1*
1.6
1.0
5.0
1.6
2.9
2.2
1.3
3.2
2.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.8
% of Total
IND Sites
2.0
3.0
2.0
4.0
1.0
6.0
21.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
8.0
11.0
7.0
13.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
1.0
% of Total IND
Impoundments
1.3
3.3
1.8
4.0
1.1
9.2
31.3
2.9
0.4
1.8
2.9
8.5
8.5
3.3
15.0
1.8
0.7
1.5
0.4
Average Step
5 Rating
19.0
18.9
12.6
19.8
20.0
20.4
20.5
19.1
13.0
19.8
18.8
22.1
23.0
19.7
18.2
17.0
25.0
20.5
20.0
19.8
*See Text.
TABLE 4-2
32
-------
Overall Average
O
5
I Automobile Service Stations
Bulk Oil Storage & Distribution
o
Cfl
s/3
1 Electrical Power Production & Gas
Distribution
™ '*
4
-.',,
'-
:
o"
if
if
& G°
a f
e. g.
TO §
B
oo
[Fabricated Metal Products Manufacture
incl. Machinery & Electrical Products
'•
Primary Metal Industries
-
••
'•
'
Glass & Concrete Manufacture
s-"
1 Leather & Leather Products
Manufacture
.. ',"• \',
•':::','•
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastics
Products Manufacture
' '-, •• '
,/'*
.,.._.;
1 Petroleum Refining
1 Organic Chemical Manufacture
;-
- , , "
^ ,'-;/,
;
?''
••"_
Inorganic Chemical Manufacture
%i.
; " , ,
>-_
V :
1 Paper & Paper Product Manufacture
;
,
Lumber & Wood Product Manufacture
'•'
*
1 Textile and Apparel Product
1 Manufacture
r
Food Product Manufacture
V
I Oil & Gas Extraction
-
••
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FIGURE 4-6
33
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Car Washes
Bulk Oil Storage & Distribution
Automobile Service Stations
Other
i 4 \
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Electrical Power Production & Ga:
Distribution
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Manufacture
Glass & Concrete Manufacture
Primary Metal Industries
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastics
Products Manufacture
Petroleum Refining
iMWU
Organic Chemical Manufacture
||| H
1 5 £> lap
o' w ^ "" NH """
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237 £,,> a
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FIGURE 4-7
34
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I
Step 5 ratings for each industrial group. This is probably due to diverse
• geologic settings and the general nature of the waste hazard ratings.
• An organic chemical manufacturing facility that produced explosives has
a series of sixty-eight (68) very small pits. Each of these pits was assessed
• separately, but received the same score. It has become evident that this
number of pits would severely and incorrectly weight this sub-category. These
• pits are part of three disposal areas so this site, for tabular purposes, has
• been reconsidered to have only three impoundments. This is reflected in the
figures marked with an asterisk (*).
I
I
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I
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I
I
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I
I
I
I
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPOUNDMENTS
Most impoundments are utilized for waste treatment. Other impoundments
are used for waste storage or for the ultimate disposal of wastes. A summary
of most major types of impoundments is given in Table 4-3. There may be
other types of waste impoundments but most are variations on the described
• impoundments types.
There are several typical methods of impoundment construction. These
• include diking, excavation, the combination of diking and excavation, and the
• damming of natural surface drainages. The latter could range from a 0.25 acre
stabilization pond to a 50 acre coal slurry impoundment. However, most
• impoundments are of the excavated and diked type.
Although most impoundments are not lined, impoundments that are lined
I are constructed using many different types of liner materials. These liners
• are summarized in Table 4-4. Ponds said to be lined with "natural" in-place
clay were usually considered to be unlined for the purpose of this study.
• Data concerning physical characteristics of industrial impoundments was
unavailable at most sites, with the exception of some of the larger industrial
I sites. In all cases, with one exception, no data was available to determine
•j if an impoundment was losing material due to seepage. The influent and effluent
were shut off and water level in the impoundment was measured allowing for
• precipitation and evaporation. From this data, a seepage rate was calculated.
Ground water is monitored at a few sites. Where it is monitored, reports
• are submitted on a quarterly basis to the West Virginia Water Resources Division.
• Parameters reported are water level, temperature, total dissolved solids, and
other chemical characteristics associated with the particular site. Ground
• water is not monitored at the majority of impoundment sites. Almost all
ground water monitoring that is performed is for industrial impoundments or
I
36
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landfill sites. Ground water monitoring is being required, at all IND
impoundment sites applying for new or revised state permits.
Category
Impoundment
Type
Purpose of
Impoundment
SUMMARY OF IMPOUNDMENT TYPES
Impoundment Description
IND
MUN
. MNG
AGR
Settling
Biologic
Equalization
Holding or Surge
Emergency*
Stabilization
Polishing
Settling
Runoff
Disposal
liquid Manure
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
Storage
Storage
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
Disposal
Treatment
Settling out solids in various types of treatment systems.
Biologic degradation of certain biologic wastes.
pH adjustment and precipitation.
Primarily for storage pending treatment or disposal.
To contain waste in case of spill or treatment facility failure.
Primary biologic treatment of sanitary waste.
Secondary or tertiary treatment after a stabilization pond or package plant.
Small coal slurry pond associated with a coal preparation plant, system
usually incorporates several staged settling ponds.
To collect coal fines from runoff at coal preparation plants and spoil piles.
Very large pond, usually created by damming an entire valley for disposal
of preparation plant slurry, Contains coal fines and clay. The only pond
referred to by coal companies as an "Impoundment".
Collection and primary treatment of livestock waste before being sprayed
on land.
*Emergency ponds not assessed where frequency of use is not regular.
TABLE 4-3
37
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— i 53
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c°a S
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LINER / INDUSTRIAL WASTE COMPATIBILITIES '
Liner Material
PeuoSum sJSSding ^troplating Toxic
Sludge Waste SludSe Pesticides Sludg
Waste
Compacted Qay Soil
Bentonite Modified Soil
Asphalt Concrete
Asphalt Membranes
P
P
F
F
P
P
F
F
P
P
F
F
G
G
F
F
G
G
P
P
G
G
F
F
G
G
G
G
Flexible Synthetic Membranes
Polyethylene
Polyvinylchloride
Butyl Rubber
Hypalon®
Ethylene Propylene Rubber
Chlorinated Polyethylene
Polypropylene
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
F
F
G
G
G
F
G
F
F
G
G
G
F
G
G
G
F
F
F
F
G
F
G
P
P
P
P
G
G
G
F
F
F
F
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
TABLE 4-5
Wilford S. Stewart, State of the Art Study of Land Impoundment Techniques,
(Cincinnati, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1978).
39
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CHARACTERISTICS OF FLEXIBLE SYNTHETIC MEMBRANE LINERS
Liner Material Weatherability
(p.)
"SST
Light
<°baMS
Solvents
Polyethylene
low density
Polyethylene
high density
Polyvinylchloride
Butyl Rubber
Hypalon@
Ethylene
Propylene Rubber
Chlorinated
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
P
w/o carbon
black
P
w/o carbon
black
P-F
G
E
E
E
P
w/o carbon
black
1 ,300 -
2,500
2,400 -
4,800
2,500 -
3,500
1,000-
4,000
1,000-
2,000
1,300-
1,500
1,800
4,000-
32,000
P
w/o carbon
black
P
w/o carbon
black
P-F
G
E
E
G
P
w/o carbon
black
P-G
G
G-E
G
G
G-E
G-E
G-E
G-E
G-E
G-E
G
G-E
G-E
G-E
G-E
P-G
P-G
G
G-E
G
G-E
P
P
F-G
F-G
G
P
F
P
P
G
F-G
F-G
G
P
G
P
G
G
TABLE 4-6
Wilford S. Stewart, State of the Art Study of Land Impoundment Techniques,
(Cincinnati, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1978).
40
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I
CHAPTER 5
• WATER TABLE AQUIFERS
| The mapping of water table aquifers was not an element of the West Virginia
« Surface Impoundment Assessment Program. The task is presently being performed
by the Underground Injection Control Program.
a water table aquifer map (Map 3). The purpose of this map is to indicate
I A map delineating hydrologically sensitive units was developed in lieu of
I
I
certain geologic units that, as aquifers, have a high potential risk for
contamination from surface contaminant sources. These have been selected on
the basis of areal extent, continuity, and permeability. These units include
• alluvial systems and carbonate units.
The alluvial valleys of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers were chosen because
| of their relatively high permeability, homogeneity and thickness. There are
M many other alluvial valleys in the state but they are either much less homo-
geneous or have a significantly lower permeability. None are utilized
• substantially as aquifers. The Ohio River valley has been differentiated
from the Kanawha River valley because of its significantly higher permeability,
| due to larger mean grain sizes.
Carbonate units have been included because of their high relative potential
for ground water contamination through solution channels, conduits, and fractures.
The carbonate units have been divided into three (3) groups: Mississippian
limestones, Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian limestones, and the Cambro-
Ordovician limestones and dolomites. This grouping has been made strictly by
age and does not reflect relative permeabilities.
Other geologic units have been omitted from this map either because they
Cardwell, D.H. and others, Geologic Map of West Virginia, 1:250,000.
(Morgantown, West Virginia Economic and Geologic Survey, 1968).
-------
lack sufficient permeability to cause as great a risk to ground water quality
or are not of large areal extent. Also omitted are the cyclic sequences of
sandstones, siltstones, shales, coals and limestones such as the Pottsville
group. While utilized as aquifers in many areas, these units would be
impossible to characterize at this scale due to the high degree of lateral
variability in lithologies.
A large percentage of industrial impoundment sites in West Virginia are
located on alluvial plains along major rivers. These areas are some of the
only flat lying sites in many parts of the state and usually have a relatively
abundant water supply. Many of these sites are located on the Ohio River
alluvial aquifer, which is delineated as a hydrologically sensitive unit (Map 3)
This aquifer is heavily used as a ground water supply for both domestic and
industrial use. These facts would indicate a special need for proper site
construction and monitoring to protect the quality of ground water in this area
and other similar areas as well.
42
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I
CHAPTER 6
I GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION FROM SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
AND POTENTIAL IMPACT
I
Sources of ground water contamination from surface impoundments have
• been divided into two groups: confirmed sources, and strongly suspected
sources.
• Confirmed sources are those in which ground water contamination has
• been documented and sufficient data exists to reasonably conclude that a
surface impoundment or impoundments are the main source of the contamination.
• Field investigations for the Surface Impoundment Assessment Program often
revealed information leading to confirmation of a problem.
» Strongly suspected sources are those in which either: 1) investigations
• have been made which indicate a high potential for ground water contamination,
or 2) ground water contamination has already been documented but sufficient
I data has not been generated to identify the impoundment(s) as a contributing
source.
• The actual or potential sources of ground water pollution from surface
• impoundments to be discussed in this chapter will be limited to industrial
sites. The industrial sites generally had a higher hazard rating due to
• higher waste hazard potential and proximity to populated areas. Therefore,
the industrial impoundments generally pose a greater threat to ground water
• than do those in other categories. A paucity of data for mining and munici-
• pal sites also contributed to the lack of confirmed or strongly suspected
sources of ground water contamination.
• Excess S.I.A. funds will be utilized for contractual work related to
further study at several sites. Approximately ten (10) sites have been chosen
' for this work which will include a standard earth resistivity survey and may
• include construction and testing of monitoring wells, sludge leachate tests,
I
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pond liquid analyses, soil contaminant analyses, and raw material analyses
for confirmation of survey results.
The results of the contractual studies will be included as a supplemental
report.
CONFIRMED SOURCES OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION FROM SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
Organic Chemicals Company
The plant site is on an alluvial flood plain of the Kanawha River with
sediment consisting of silty clay overlying forty (40) to fifty (50) feet of
sand and gravel. This company makes small batch amounts of many organic and
inorganic chemicals which are uneconomical for the larger chemical firms to
produce.
This facility has three clay lined basins used in the plant treatment
system for industrial wastes. Two excavated diked lagoons are also employed,
one for storage of waste chemicals and one for storage of sludge from the
waste treatment plant. The waste in these impoundments contains several
priority pollutants which have been documented in both the lagoons themselves
and in ground water withdrawn from monitoring wells installed at the site.
Depth to the water table at this site is approximately 5.4 meters with
the nearest water supply being the Kanawha River at a distance of six hundred
(600) meters. A preliminary resistivity study indicated possible waste plume
movement in the ground water in a northwest direction towards the River.
This facility is currently under a court order to complete remedial work
on the lagoons.
Wood Preserving Company
The plant is located in an alluvial flood plain of the Elk River. The
alluvial deposits consist mainly of a clayey silt and overlie flat lying
sandstones, shales, and coals of the Pennsylvanian age Allegheny Formation.
44
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This facility preserves timbers by pressure treatment with creosote and
chromated copper arsenate.
This company utilizes two impoundments to collect runoff from a treated
timber storage area. The first impoundment is an excavated pond and the
second is a diked storage pond to contain overflow from the first pond. These
impoundments apparently contain only runoff from the treated timber area and
no process wastewater.
The plant is approximately ninety (90) meters from the Elk River. The
water table is at a depth of four (4) meters below the ground surface adjacent
to the excavated pond. A test boring at the site showed high phenol levels
in the saturated zone.
This facility exhibits poor housekeeping as evidenced by ponded water
(poor grading) in many places, and continual overflow of the excavated pond
into the working area.
Additional evidence is being generated by the Division of Water Resources
to pursue enforcement action at this site.
Gas Supply Company
This brine treatment facility has three impoundments in soil consisting
of weathered upper Pennsylvania shale, sandstone, and coal. This facility uses
its impoundments for treatment of wastes from natural gas processing.
There are three diked impoundments at the facility: a settling pit, an
aeration pit, and a holding pit. Brines, condensates, and other material
from natural gas processing are contained and treated in these pits.
The closest water supply to the impoundments is the West Fork River,
approximately one hundred (100) meters away. Depth to the water table is
approximately 1.5 to 3.5 meters with a hydraulic gradient sloping towards
the river.
The company is one of the few in West Virginia having a monitoring well
45
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program under terms of their Water Pollution Control Permit. The three monitor-
ing wells have indicated high levels of IDS and chlorides in the ground water.
Oil Distribution Company
This company is located on alluvium consisting of sand, silt and clay
overlying upper Devonian shale and sandstone. The company is a bulk oil storage,
wholesale, and retail sales company.
One small unlined pond is excavated into cinder fill which is approximately
two (2) meters thick. This pond is used as an oil-water separation unit.
A.test boring at this site showed a perched water table which was highly
contaminated with oil and gasoline.
This company is probably typical of many other bulk oil storage and whole-
sale distributors in this state. The ground water contamination problem here
is thought to be a combination of spillage from loading operations and seepage
from the pond.
STRONGLY SUSPECTED SOURCES OF GROUND
WATER CONTAMINATION FROM SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
Coke Works
This plant made coke for use in steel production using coal as the raw
material. This coke works is situated on a deposit of Quaternary alluvium
overlying upper Pennsylvanian shales and sandstones. The Quaternary "alluvium"
probably consists of both alluvial and lacustrine sediments.
There are two unlined excavated settling ponds on the plant site for
treatment of process water from the coking operation. Contaminants in the
process water include cyanide and other heavy metals.
A test boring was placed at the coke works. The depth to ground water
was not conclusively determined but the soil was found to consist of a sandy
silt and clay with sand lenses. Tests of a monitoring well on the plant site
indicate elevated levels of cyanide and other contaminants. Both of the ponds
46
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are within ten (10) meters of a stream which drains into the Monongahela
River.
The coke works is now closed, and the company has secured a consultant
to investigate existing conditions and outline necessary remedial action for
proper closure of this facility.
Steel Corporation
The facility occupies an abandoned channel of the Ohio River. The
alluvial fill consists of sand and gravel, twenty-one (21) to twenty-seven (27)
meters in thickness. The company manufacturers steel and tin plate.
Two of this company's impoundments are located in the abandoned river
channel, two others are located along the Ohio River. All four lagoons are
at or slightly below water table and are unlined. These lagoons receive
treated waste from many different processes including boiler blowdown and
pickling operations. All four lagoons were assigned a Ground Vlater Pollution
Potential rating of 28 (on a scale of 1 to 29),
Ground water contamination at the steel corporation is documented in
Groundwater Resources of the Ohio River Valley in West Virginia by Carlston
and Graeff, published by the West Virginia Geological Survey in 1955.
Several instances of well contamination were documented before the lagoons
were installed, so the ponds cannot be confirmed as a source of ground water
contamination based on this data source.
Welding Wire Company
The company is located on an alluvial floodplain of the Ohio River. The
alluvium here consists of a silty sand overlying coarse sand and gravel. This
company uses plating and rinsing baths in the manufacture of welding rod and
wire.
There are two excavated unlined lagoons at the wire plant. These lagoons
47
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contain water from rinsing of plated wire and other treatments. Copper,
chlorides, and sulfates are the main contaminants present in significant amounts.
The lagoons cannot maintain a water level due to percolation into the alluvium.
Several options are being explored to correct this problem, including precip-
itating the copper from the waste stream before discharge as an effluent.
Depth to the water table under these lagoons is approximately fifteen (15)
meters and they are sixty (60) meters from Dry Run. There are two water supply
wells on the plant site.
This welding wire company is now looking into the feasibility of other
methods of waste disposal to enable them to reclaim their lagoons.
Paint Chemicals Company
A paint chemicals company is located on an alluvial plain of the Kanawha
River. The alluvium consists of clays and silts overlying fine to medium sand.
This facility manufacturers water-based paints, coatings and adhesives.
Three (3) excavated diked ponds are used at this site. These ponds are
lined with a polyethylene sheet but the integrity of these liners is in doubt.
A recent sludge analysis from the largest pond shows the presence of both lead
and mercury. The permeability of this sludge decreases with time due to
settling and consolidation, and curing of the latex material may further reduce
its permeability.
The ground water elevation in this area usually occurs at 4.7 meters to
6.3 meters below land surface. There is no present ground water use in the
area. The direction of flow is assumed to be west towards the Kanawha River.
A field investigation was conducted recently at the company to generate
more information on subsurface conditions and pond leakage potential. This
study concluded that the ponds represent a moderate threat to ground water;
but that the threat could be eliminated if the latex material is allowed to
cure and solidify. A recent permit requires that the ponds be drained and only
48
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I
solidified latex disposed of in the lagoons.
' Chemical Company
• A chemical company is located on a floodplain of the Ohio River. The alluvium
consists of between twenty-two (22) and fifty-two (52) meters of sand and
• gravel. This company manufacturers many industrial organic and inorganic
chemicals, including liquid chlorine, caustic soda, chlorinated benzenes,
• hydrochloric acid, mercuric and other sulfides, and ammonia.
• There are three (3) settling ponds used in the waste treatment processes
at this plant. The inorganics waste pond, a diked unlined pond, contains
• various sulfides and other solids which are settled out of plant waste streams.
A second diked unlined pond is used to contain fly ash from plant boilers.
• Another diked pond, the temporary mercury settling pond, receives waste streams
• which are high in salinity and alkalinity and is specifically for settling of
mercuric sulfide. This pond has a Hypalon liner.
• Depth to ground water is approximately ten (10) meters below ground surface
under the three (3) ponds and the closest water supply is a plant well approxi-
* mately one hundred-fifty (150) meters from the ponds.
• These impoundments received extremely high ground water pollution potential
ratings (Inorganics Waste Pond = 25, Temporary Mercury Settling Pond = 27) due
• to very permeable unsaturated zone material and high waste hazard ratings. No
investigative field work has been conducted here as of yet.
~ Printing Plate Company
• This company is situated on a residual clay soil overlying a highly folded
and fractured Ordovician limestone formation. Photographic printing plates are
I manufactured at this plant.
The company employs six (6) impoundments in the waste treatment system,
* three (3) as wastewater treatment ponds, and three (3) to hold sludge from
I different plant processes. These ponds are all diked and clay lined. Because
49
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I
_ the plant processes were considered proprietary specific waste types could
not be divulged. Heavy metals, though, are believed to be possible consti-
• tuents.
Estimates of depth to ground water under these ponds vary from less than
• one (1) to approximately seven (7) meters. The nearest water supply is a
_ surface stream which is between ten (10) and one hundred-eighty (180) meters
from the ponds. Four (4) of these ponds received high ground water pollution
I potential ratings due to high waste type hazard and fractured limestone
_
bedrock. i
The company is in an area of domestic ground water use, making it a site
to be considered for further study.
Glass Works
I This company manufacturers household glassware and other ceramic products.
The site is located on steeply dipping Ordovician limestone beds overlain by
f approximately one (1) to six (6) meters of clay.
_ Three (3) ponds in series receive cooling water, polishing and settling
compounds, small glass fragments, and treated domestic waste. Low levels of
• arsenic have been documented in the wastewater. These ponds are excavated and
diked but not lined. A fourth impoundment approximately one mile east of the
| plant site receives final discharge from the on-site ponds. This impoundment
is excavated into fractured, steeply dipping shale.
Depth to ground water under this site is generally less than ten (10)
meters. Flow direction of ground water is uncertain in this highly folded and
fractured limestone and shale area. There are private ground water supplies
within a mile of the site.
This site is a good example of the problems which may be encountered in
using ponds for waste containment in karst terrain. One of the three ponds in
series has had a partial collapse of its floor into a sinkhole and correction of
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this problem has been difficult.
Ferroalloys Company
A ferroalloys company operates a facility on a floodplain of the Kanawha
River. The alluvial sediment here consists mainly of clayey sand, with some
gravel and slag fill.
There are four (4) excavated ponds on the plant site and the nearest of
these to the river, a flyash pond, has slag fill diked walls and is unlined.
Two (2) unlined settling ponds receive blowdown from scrubbers above a
ferrichrome silicate furnace. These ponds are currently being enlarged to
approximately twice their present area. A fourth pond receives backwash from
a drinking water filtration plant. This pond has gravel dikes with a Hypalon
liner.
Depth to the water table grades from approximately ten (10) meters beneath
the two unlined settling ponds to three (3) meters under the flyash pond near
the river. The closest water supply is the Kanawha River, which is approximately
one hundred-ninety (190) meters from the two unlined settling ponds.
The unlined settling ponds which are being expanded present the greatest
potential hazard to ground water at this site. A waste hazard rating of eight
(8) combined with the permeable nature of the soil in this area result in a
high contamination potential (overall ground water pollution potential rating
of twenty-seven (27)).
Organic Chemical Company
This company is located on a floodplain of the Ohio River. The alluvium
consists of a thin layer of sandy clay overlying approximately eighteen (18)
meters of sand and gravel. The company's plant produces various organic
chemicals used in many industrial processes.
There are four (4) impoundments in use at this plant: a spill basin, an
ash basin, an equalization basin and an organic residue disposal area. These
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are all diked ponds only one of which, the equalization basin, has a liner
• (Hypalon). The equalization basin and the residue disposal area have the
• greatest ground water pollution potential because of their high waste hazard
ratings.
I Depth to ground water at this site is approximately six (6) meters and
flow direction is west towards the Ohio River. There is a public water supply
• well approximately nine hundred (900) meters from the ponds site.
• This chemical company has taken the initiative to hire an engineering firm
for a ground water monitoring and hydrologic study of their plant site with a
• view towards future R.C.R.A. regulations. This has involved cooperation with
the Division of Water Resources and is a good example of government/industry
™ cooperation.
• Metal Plating Company
This plant is on the bank of a tributary of the Monongahela River. The
• alluvium here is relatively thin (less than four (4) meters) and consists of
sand and silt overlying upper Pennsylvanian sandstone and shale.
™ Two (2) wastewater settling ponds are employed by the company. These are
• small unlined excavated ponds and contain several heavy metals from the
plating processes.
I Depth to ground water under the ponds is 1.5 meters and flow direction
is towards the creek. The closest surface water supply is at a distance of
™ approximately ten (10) meters.
I The high waste type hazard rating and thin layer of permeable alluvium
combine to give the two settling ponds on this site a pollution potential rating
Jf of twenty-five (25). As requirements of their most recent Water Pollution
— Control Permit, this plating company has completed a test boring and will be
required to line the ponds.
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Ferro-Manganese Alloy Plant
This company operates a manganese reduction plant on the Cheat River.
The alluvium under the site consists mainly of silty sand overlying sand and
gravel.
There are three (3) excavated diked ponds, all of which are unlined, on
the plant site. Two of these are ponds containing cooling water from plant
processes, and the third pond contains metal oxide and hydroxide waste sludge.
Depth to ground water in this floodplain is generally less than three (3)
meters and flow direction is towards the Cheat River. The river is approximately
forty (40) meters from the sludge settling pond.
This company is one of the few smaller firms in West Virginia who were able
to furnish us with both soil boring and water level information. This made
possible a high confidence assessment of the saturated and unsaturated zones
without a field investigation. The thin (3.15 m.) permeable alluvium combined
with a high waste hazard rating give the sludge settling pond a high ground
water pollution potential (23).
Electrical Cable and Conduit Company
This company is located on a floodplain of the Ohio River. The floodplain
sediment consists of a thin layer of silty sand overlying at least thirty (30)
meters of sand and gravel. This firm manufacturers different types of electrical
cable and conduit using steel, zinc, and sulfuric acid as principle raw materials.
Two sludge settling ponds are currently in use on the site. These are both
diked, unlined ponds receiving wastes from electroplating and other operations
in the cable and conduit manufacturing process. The predominant constituents in
this waste sludge are acidity, iron, and zinc, with lower levels of chromium,
phosphate, and cyanide.
Depth to ground water under this site is approximately fifteen (15) meters
and flow direction is west towards the Ohio River. A local water department has
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a well field within three hundred (300) meters of the ponds in the probable
downgradient direction.
This site is in sediment which is probably extremely permeable. Whether
enough clay material is present in the upper soil zone to absorb metal compounds
out of any leachate from the pond is questionable. Leachate tests run however,
have shown the sludge to be relatively insoluble.
The ponds at this site are to be reclaimed during 1980 and a filter press
system will be installed. The filter press will produce dewatered sludge cakes
which, together with the reclaimed pond material, will be disposed of on-site
in a Division of Water Resources approved landfill.
Wood Preserving Company
This facility uses two (2) preserving methods: normal creosoting and salt
preserving. This site is on Quaternary alluvium overlying upper Pennsylvanian
siltstones, shales and sandstones.
There are two (2) diked settling ponds on the plant site which receive
runoff from the treated wood area. Although the ponds are clay lined, they are
located in an area of disturbed soil. This was confirmed by a Division of
Water Resources test boring which revealed fresh wood fragments to a depth of
twelve (12) feet. The main waste constituents in the runoff are arsenic,
chromium, copper, and phenol; all of which are priority pollutants.
The water table is at a depth of approximately eleven (11) meters at this
site and flow direction is towards a creek. There is a water supply well within
four hundred-fifty (450) meters of the ponds in the anticipated flow direction;
however, it is probably cased below the alluvium.
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CHAPTER 7
EVALUATION OF EXISTING STATE PROGRAM
There are three regulatory agencies within the State of West Virginia
which have some control over surface waste impoundments. These agencies
are the Division of Water Resources and the Division of Reclamation, both
under the Department of Natural Resources and the Environmental Health
Division of the Department of Health. The Division of Reclamation's regula-
tory power is generally limited to the structural integrity of dams and coal
refuse impoundments (over a specified impounded surface area or height) and
therefore the regulatory emphasis is not directed towards the prevention of
ground water contamination.
The Division of Water Resources is the state agency charged with the
protection and maintenance of both surface and ground water quality. This
regulatory power is derived from Chapter 20, Article 5A of the Code of West
Virginia. The Division of Water Resources is divided into six branches:
administration, monitoring, enforcement, laboratory, field operations, and
permits. The Permits Branch is further subdivided into four sections: coal,
municipal, industrial, and ground water/hazardous wastes.
The Ground Water/Hazardous Wastes Section was established specifically to
develop the various federal programs concerning ground water related activities,
These include the Surface Impoundment Assessment Program and the Underground
Injection Control Program under the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Hazardous
Waste Management Program under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Prior to the establishment of this section, there was no structured
approach to the maintenance or protection of ground water within the Division.
*
Less than two man-years annually were devoted to the regulation of facilities
with the potential to affect ground water quality, prior to implementation of
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the Surface Impoundment Assessment Program in October, 1978.
• The resources committed to ground water protection were necessarily
• restricted to the review of new permit applications. Existing facilities,
including industrial waste landfills, disposal wells and impoundments were
• addressed as resources allowed. Existing surface waste impoundments (all
categories) probably represent the greatest threat, relative to other facil-
• ities, because of their greater numbers and the fact that the majority are
• an integral part of a waste water treatment system, where consideration was
given to hydraulic design (treatment efficiency) rather than isolation of
I wastes from underlying ground water resources. Also ground water monitoring
facilities were not a required condition of most permits.
' The Environmental Health Division of the Department of Health has
• regulated two activities utilizing surface waste impoundments. These include
stabilization and polishing ponds related to sewage treatment and leachate
• collection and treatment facilities serving municipal waste landfills. Again
the main emphasis was placed on treatment efficiency rather than isolation of
™ waste from ground water resources. The Department of Health derives its
• authority from Chapter 16 of the Code of West Virginia.
The situations outlined above are symptomatic of the increased emphasis
I on abatement of surface water pollution with no regulatory momentum directed
towards the protection of ground water. This unbalanced regulatory approach
' has only recently been addressed at both the state and federal level.
• The problems associated with surface waste impoundments are not related
to the lack of statutory authority, but rather to the absence of a well
I developed regulatory and enforcement program. The inventories and assessments
completed under the S.I.A. program have no force or effect, if remedial measures
™ are not pursued. However, now that the relative magnitude of each problem has
• been identified, priorities can be established. This will allow for a systematic
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abatement program.
™ The Division of Water Resources has been designated the lead agency for
• the development of programs under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act. Legislation has been introduced (joint resolution, S.B. 330 and
J H.B. 1295) that will allow the State of West Virginia to assume primacy
(authorization) for the Hazardous Waste Management Program. A provision of the
* proposed legislation is that the Division complete and publish a study of
• existing and abandoned hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal activities,
The S.I.A. program will provide much of the information required by the study
I relative to surface waste impoundments utilized for the treatment, storage, or
_ disposal of hazardous wastes.
* The proposed regulations (Section 3004, Subtitle C) relating to surface
• impoundments outline specific design criteria for the protection of ground and
surface water. The interim status standards to be promulgated in April, 1980
J (effective October, 1980) will require ground water monitoring along with other
^ activities such as record keeping, security, etc. This will be the initial
regulatory step, followed by the promulgation of permanent standards in October,
I 1980 (effective April, 1981). At this time surface impoundments will have to
meet design criteria or demonstrate equivalent protection of the environment
| and public health.
The results of the S.I.A. program will also be utilized for purposes of
the "open dump" inventory under Subtitle D of R.C.R.A. Section 4005, Subtitle
D, requires that after publication of the inventory of "open dumps", which
cannot comply with required standards within a maximum five year period. The
term "open dump" means a site for the disposal of solid waste which is not a
sanitary landfill. The definition of "solid waste" is broad and the inventory
will include most improperly operated impoundments utilized for disposal,
which do not fall under the requirements of Subtitle C. The required standards
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for sanitary landfills (as opposed to "open dumps") will be outlined in the
• regulations to be promulgated pursuant to Section 4004, Subtitle D.
• The Clean Water Act requires, under Section 208, the development and
implementation of areawide waste treatment management plans. These plans
• must include a process to control the disposal of pollutants on land or in
subsurface excavations in order to protect ground and surface water quality
• (Section 208 (b)(2)(k)). The inventory and assessments derived from the
• S.I.A. program will be utilized in meeting the objectives of Section 208.
The Division of Water Resources has applied for funding under Section 208 for
I the development of use criteria and ground water quality standards. This will
obviously enhance the State's management program.
• Although the State's ground water protection program is still in the
• development stage, participation in the various federal programs, addressing
ground water, is providing the necessary resources for an effective regulatory
• framework. As the state assumes primacy for these programs the proper manage-
ment of ground water will become a reality. The only foreseen deficiency, is
* related to control over the utilization and development (consumptive and non-
• consumptive use) of ground water. Currently there is not a state agency that
regulates the placement and/or abandonment of water supply wells. This is
I considered a critical problem. The lack of standards for well construction
_ and abandonment creates the potential for ground water quality degradation.
Also, since records (drillers' logs) are not required, the State's ground water
I data base is severly limited.
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CHAPTER 8
EVALUATION OF EXISTING FEDERAL PROGRAMS
The State of West Virginia is currently involved in several programs
under Federal Acts addressing specific activities related to ground water
protection. These Acts include: the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean
Water Act, the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Surface
Mining Control and Reclamation Act.
The relationship of the Clean Water Act and the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act to surface waste impoundments was discussed in Chapter 7,
and therefore further discussion will be restricted to the relationship of
federal programs to ground water management in general.
Safe Drinking Water Act
The Underground Injection Control Program under the Safe Drinking Water
Act provides for the protection of underground drinking water sources through
the regulation of the subsurface disposal of fluids by well injection. The
Act also requires that all aquifers serving as drinking water sources be
protected and further that all aquifers which can supply ground water with less
than ten thousand (10,000) mg/1 total dissolved solids be designated as potential
underground drinking water sources.
Five (5) classes of wells are included under the program. Class I wells
are used for the disposal of industrial, municipal, or nuclear wastes below
designated drinking water sources. Class II wells are used for the disposal
of fluids related to oil and gas production, the injection of fluids for
enhanced recovery of oil or gas, and the storage of hydrocarbons. Class III
wells are used for solution mining, in-situ gasification of oil shale and coal,
and to recover geothermal energy. Class IV wells (which will be prohibited)
are used for the disposal of hazardous wastes above or into an underground
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drinking water source. Class V wells are all wells not included in Classes
I through IV.
All classes of wells are regulated by either permit or rule. Requirements
for each well vary, but generally provide for the demonstration of mechanical
integrity and periodic monitoring and reporting.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act provides for the regulation of
hazardous wastes from the point of generation to the point of ultimate disposi-
tion. . It includes specific requirements for generators and transporters of
hazardous wastes and regulates the storage, treatment, and disposal of hazard-
ous wastes by permit.
The Hazardous Waste Management Program not only provides for the proper
design, operation, and maintenance of surface waste impoundments but also
landfills, land application systems and storage facilities. Operators must
also demonstrate financial responsibility during the life of the facility and
provide for post-closure monitoring and maintenance.
Although the Act provides for the management of existing and new facilities
it does not provide for the cost of remedial actions associated with orphaned
or abandoned facilities.
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act was enacted to minimize the
impact of coal mining activities on the environment, land use and the public
welfare.
The Act specifically provides for mining programs that will minimize the
effects on the hydrologic balance at the mine-site and in associated offsite
areas, and maintain the quality and quantity of water in surface and ground
water systems both during and after surface mining operations.
This is accomplished through controlled blasting programs, the casing and
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seating of boreholes, shafts and wells, and the isolation of toxic mining
• wastes from ground and surface waters.
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CHAPTER 9
GROUND WATER USE IN WEST VIRGINIA
public ground water supplies and thirty-one percent (31%) from individual
7
• Ground water is an important source of water in West Virginia.
Fifty-three percent (53%) of the population is supplied from ground water
I sources. Of this population, twenty- two percent (22%) is derived from
I
ground water supplies.
I Public community water supplies, from both ground and surface sources
O
serve about fifty-one percent (51%) of the state's population. The following
• trends in public water supply sources have been observed in West Virginia.
| Most municipalities, of all sizes, along the Ohio River utilize ground
water as a supply source.
Most municipalities, of all sizes, in the Eastern Panhandle (underlain by
limestone) utilize ground water as a supply source.
Most municipalities, of all sizes, underlain by upper and lower Pennsylvanian
units utilize surface water with the exception of small municipalities in
southern counties which utilize ground water almost exclusively.
These observed trends reflect geologic, geographic, and demographic
distribution patterns.
The exact locations of the public community ground water supplies in the
state, were determined by the S.I. A. group. This has been done in an effort to
supplement S.I. A. assessments as well as for future use in ground water planning
activities.
' United States Environmental Protection Agency, Waste Disposal Practices and
Their Effects on Ground Water, pg. 19.
o
Ronald A. Landers, A Practical Handbook for Individual Water Supply Systems
in West Virginia, (Morgantown. West Virginia Geologic and Economic Survey,
1976), pg. 13.
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The West Virginia State Department of Health regulates all public
I water supplies in the state and was able to supply a listing of all public
water supplies indicating their source of supply and the address of the
• owner. However, this list did not include supply locations.
• Questionnaires were used to locate ground water supplies. The questionnaire
included a topo map of the area of the water supply and had an enclosed,
I stamped, addressed envelope. The individual was asked to mark the location of
the supply on the map. The rate of response to the questionnaires was very
™ good, especially when follow up phone calls were used.
• Ground water supplies were located on 7.5' topographic maps and on
Map 4. A file system is maintained using the Department of Health's numbering
| system. Well locations and other well data will be stored in a computer
inventory system now managed by the Department of Health.
* Presently in West Virginia there is no regulation of private individual
• water wells. This make management of ground water a difficult task due to
the fact that no well records are available except for those maintained by
| drillers. This lack of well records eliminates a potentially valuable source
of geologic information for the state. Due to the relatively high percentage
of ground water use in the state, especially by individual systems, it is
believed that more work to inventory new and existing systems is required.
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REFERENCES CONTAINING SPECIFIC DATA APPLIED TO SITE ASSESSMENTS
Bader, J.S. and others. Water Resources of the Coal River Basin, W. Va.,
Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1976.
Bader, J.S. and others. Water Resources of the Guyandotte River Basin, W. Va.,
Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1977.
Bain, G.C. and others. Water Resources of the Little Kanawha River Basin, W. Va.,
Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1972.
Bieber, P.O. Groundwater Features of Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, W. Va.,
Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1961.
Cardwell, D.H. and others. Geologic Map of West Virginia, 1:250,000, Morgantown:
West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1968.
Carlston, C.W. Groundwater Resources of Monongalia County, W. Va., Morgantown:
West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1958.
Carlston, C.W. and others. Geologic and Economic Resources of the Ohio River
Valley, Part III, "Ground Water Resources", Morgantown: West Virginia
Geologic & Economic Survey, 1955-56.
Chisholm, J.L. and others. Records of Wells, Springs, Chemical Analyses of Water
and Streamflow Summaries from the Upper New River Basin in W. Va.,
Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1975.
Department of the Army, Huntington District Corps of Engineers, Flood Plain
Information:
Big Sandy River, Wayne County, W. Va., 1972
Little Coal River, Madison, W. Va., 1970
Little Kanawha River, Glenville, W. Va., 1970
Little Kanawha River, Grantsville, W. Va., 1970
Mill Creek, Ripley, W. Va., 1971
Mud River, Milton, W. Va., 1968
Ohio River, Cabell and Wayne Counties, W. Va., 1973
Ohio River, Jackson County, W. Va., 1975
Ohio River, Mason County, W, Va., 1975
Department of the Army, Pittsburgh District Corps of Engineers, Flood Plain
Information:
Little Wheeling Creek, Ohio County, W. Va., 1970
Monongahela River, Monongalia County, W. Va., 1975
Monongahela, West Fork and Tygart Rivers, Marion County, W. Va., 1975
Ohio River, Brooke County, W. Va., 1971
Ohio River, Hancock County, W. Va., 1971
Ohio River, Marshall County, W. Va., 1971
Ohio River, Ohio County, W. Va., 1971
Ohio River, Wetzel County, W. Va., 1971
West Fork River, Harrison County, W. Va., 1976
West Fork River and Elk Creek, Clarksburg and vicinity, Marion County,
W. Va., 1973
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Department of the Army, Pittsburgh District Corps of Engineers, Special Flood
Hazard Information Report, Tygart River, Taylor County, W. Va., 1978.
Dennison, J.M. Geology of the Keyser, W. Va. 7V Quadrangle, Morgantown:
West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1963.
Doll, W.C. and others. Water Resources of Kanawha County, W. Va., Morgantown:
West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1960.
Hobba, W.A. Ground Water Hydrology of Berkeley County, W. Va., Morgantown:
West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1976.
Holland, S.M. and others. A Hydrologic Study of Well Yields and Ground Water
Quality related to stratigraphic and structural settings in North Central
Tyler County, W. Va., Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1977.
Jeffords, R.M. Groundwater Conditions Along the Ohio Valley at Parkersburg,
W. Va., Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1945.
Jeffords, R.M. and others. Groundwater Conditions at Charleston, W. Va.,
Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1947.
Jones, D.S. A Hydrologic Study of Water Well Yields and Ground Water Quality
Related to Stratigraphic and Structural Settings in Western Jackson
County, W. Va., Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1978.
Morris, L.M. Coal in Monongalia County, Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic
& Economic Survey, 1932.
Moore, F.S. A Study of Ground Water Quality, Eastern Monongalia County, W. Va.,
Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1976.
Nace, R.L. and others. Geology of the Martinsburg, W. Va. 7^' Quad, Morgantown:
West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1964.
Robinson, T.M. Occurence and Availability of Ground Water in Ohio County, W. Va.,
Morgantown: West Virginia Geologic & Economic Survey, 1964.
Sole, T.L. Hydrogeology and Ground Water Chemistry of Pricetown, Wetzel County,
W. Va., Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1975.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Surveys;
Barbour County, W. Va., 1968
Berkeley County, W. Va., 1966
Brooke, Hancock and Ohio Counties, W. Va., 1974
Fayette and Randolph Counties, W. Va., 1975
Greenbrier County, W. Va., 1972
Hampshire, Mineral and Morgan Counties, W. Va., 1978
Jackson and Mason Counties, W. Va., 1961
Jefferson County, W. Va., 1973
Marshall County, W. Va., 1960
Monroe County, W. Va., 1965
Preston County, W. Va., 1959
Tucker and Northern Randolph Counties, W. Va., 1967
Wood and Wirt Counties, W. Va., 1970
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U.S. Geological Survey, 100 Year Flood Elevation Quadrangle Maps, 1:24,000,
1972-76.
U.S. Geological Survey, Topographic Maps, 1:24,000, 1948-79.
Ward, P.E. and others. Ground Water Hydrology of the Monongahela River Basin
in W. Va., Morgantown: West Virginia Geological & Economic Survey, 1968.
Grimsley, G.P.
Grimsley, G.P.
Hennen, R.V.
Hennen,
Hennen,
Hennen,
Hennen,
Hennen, R.V.
Hennen, R.V.
Hennen,
Hennen,
R.V.
R.V.
R.V.
R.V.
West Virginia Geological Survey, County Reports:
Grimsley, G.P., Jefferson, Berkeley and Morgan Counties, W. Va., 1916
, Pleasants, Wood and Ritchie Counties, W. Va., 1910
, Ohio, Brooke and Hancock Counties, W. Va., 1907
, Braxton and Clay Counties, W. Va., 1917
, Doddridge and Harrison Counties, W. Va. , 1912
, Fayette County, W. Va., 1919
, Logan and Mingo Counties, W. Va., 1915
, Marshall, Wetzel and Tyler Counties, W. Va., 1909
, Monongalia, Marion and Taylor Counties, W. Va., 1913
and others, Preston County, W. Va., 1914
, Wirt, Roane and Calhoun Counties, W. Va., 1911
, Wyoming and McDowell Counties, W. Va., 1915
, Boone County, W. Va., 1915
, Cabell, Wayne and Lincoln Counties, W. Va., 1913
, Jackson, Mason and Putnam Counties, W. Va., 1911
, Kanawha County, W. Va., 1914
and others, Raleigh and Summers Counties, West of New
River and the Coal Area of Mercer County, W. Va., 1916
Price, P.H. and others, Greenbrier County, W. Va., 1937
Price, P.H., Pocahontas County, W. Va., 1929
Reger, D.B., Barbour, Upshur and West Randolph Counties, W. Va., 1918
Reger, D.B., Lewis and Gilmer Counties, W. Va., 1916
, Mercer, Monroe and Summers Counties, W. Va., 1925
and others, Mineral and Grant Counties, W. Va., 1924
, Nicholas County, W. Va.
,B., Randolph County, W. Va.
,B., Tucker County, W. Va.,
Reger, D.B., Webster County, W. Va.,
Tilton, J.L. and others, Hampshire and Hardy Counties, W. Va., 1927
Tilton, J.L. and others, Pendleton County, W. Va., 1927
R.V.
R.V.
Krebs, C.E.,
Krebs, C.E.
Krebs, C.E.
Krebs, C.E.
Krebs, C.E.
Reger, D.B.
Reger, D.B.
Reger, D.B.
Reger, D.
Reger, D.
,, 1921
, 1931
1923
1920
Wilmoth, B.M. Development of Fresh Ground Water near Salt Water in West Virginia,
G-roundwater, Vol. 13, Ne. 1,- January «• 'February, -1975, 25-31.
Wilmoth, B.M. Ground Water in Mason and Putnam Counties, West Virginia,
Morgantown: West Virginia Geological & Economic Survey, 1966.
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OTHER REFERENCES
Ahnell, G. The effect of Pittsburgh Coal Mining on Groundwater levels in
Monongalia County, W. Va., Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1977.
American Society for Testing and Materials Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Part 19, 1978.
Blatt, H. and others. Origin of Sedimentary Rocks, Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Butzer, K.W. Geomorphology From the Earth, New York: Harper and Row, 1976.
Compton, R.R. Manual of Field Geology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1962.
Davis,.S.N. and others. Hydrogeology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966.
Governor's Office of Economic and Community Development, West Virginia
Manufacturing Directory, 1978.
Green, W. and others. Procedures for Evaluation of Potential Groundwater
Contamination by Hazardous Chemicals, Ft. Collins: Colorado State
University, 1979.
Jones, W.K. Hydrology of Limestone Karst, Morgantown: West Virginia
Geological & Economic Survey, 1973.
Landers, R.A. A Practical Handbook for Individual Water Supply Systems in
West Virginia, Morgantown: West Virginia Geological & Economic Survey,
1976.
Mendenhall, W. Introduction to Probability and Statistics, North Scltuate:
Duxbury Press, 1975.
Office Management and Budget. Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972.
Patchen, D.G. and others. Catalog of Subsurface Information for West Virginia,
West Virginia Geological & Economic Survey, 1977.
Quagliotti, J.A. Variables Affections Water Well Yields in Eastern Monongalia
County, W. Va., Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1974.
Selley, R.C. An Introduction to Sedimentology, London: Academic Press, 1976.
Stewart, W.S. State-of-the-Art Study of Land Impoundment Techniques, Cincinnati:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Surface Impoundments and Their Effects on
Ground Water Quality in the United State - A Preliminary Survey, 1978.
U.S. Geological Survey, Drainage Map of West Virginia, 1:500,000, 1966.
West Virginia Department of Highways General County Highway Maps - W. Va.,
1:62,500, 1978.
-------
West Virginia State Department of Health. Community Public Water Supplies, 1977.
West Virginia State Department of Health. Public Water System Inventory Subsystem,
1979.
West Virginia State Department of Health. Solid Waste Disposal in W. Va., 1979.
Wilmoth, B.M. Hydraulic Properties and History of Development of Lower
Pennsylvanian Aquifers, Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science,
v. 37, 167-173.
Wilmoth, B.M. Occurence of Shallow Salty Ground Water in Selected Areas of
West Virginia, Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science, v. 42,
202-208.
Wilmoth, B.M. Salty Groundwater and Meteoric Flushing of Contaminated Aquifers
in W. Va., Groundwater, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., 1972, 99-106.
-------
APPENDIX A
STEP 1 ASSESSMENT RATING MATRIX
-UNSATURATED ZONE-
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
n H- H
to 3 cr
rt CD
M to i-h
O t-1 H-
>-! ro i-t
H- 3 cn
ro rt rt
cn cr
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cn vri
H- 3
cn cr
o
3
CL H-
n
to ro
rt to
TO O
cn cr
rt cr
cr o
ro X
_w Thickness Of the
^ Unsaturated Zone
> (in Meters)
*" V
V ' V V i-
O H- ' GO O
1A |A IA IA V
I—1 GO GO
1— » GO O O O
00000
n o P> n J»
I I i i t
b^
"\j *-* r\j & UJ
sjl O U> O !M O
*** *^ *"* ^^ ^*
v*3 ^-O ^p ^j f^
^^ ^M ^13 r*7 i_5'j
1 1 1 1 1
1— 1
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i o n o o
i i t i i
— i. — »• *O xO
3 3 n> ro
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— . Q. Cu to
to ~«s. cr ro
ro -b -<• 3
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-------
APPENDIX B
STEP 2 ASSESSMENT RATING MATRIX
-GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY-
-------
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I
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-------
APPENDIX C
TABULATION OF STEP 5 ASSESSMENT RATING
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
— (GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL) BY SITE ACTIVITY
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
1C r j i»VM .fi. it u,
CODE VALUE IMPOUNDMENTS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
••
1
0211 BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS
12 1
15
TOTAL FOR SIC...
0213 HOG PRODUCTION
24
TOTAL FOR SIC...
0241 DAIRY FARMS
16
17
16
19
20
21
22
TOTAL FOR SIC...
?
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
0751 LIVESTOCK SERVICES
14
TOTAL FOR SIC...
0921 FISH HATCHERIES
20
25
TOTAL FOR SIC...
1011 IRON ORE
ie
20
TOTAL FOR SIC.. .
1211 BITUMINOUS COAL
13
15
16
17
IE
19
20
21
22
23
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
MINING
5
5
11
9
22
37
16
14
49
57
52
TOTAL FOR SIC... 277
-------
I SIC STEP5 NUMBER OF
CODE VALUE IMPOUNDMENTS
1311 NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION
• 20 1
22 1
I TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
I 1382 OIL AND GAS FIELD EXPLORATION SERVICES
17 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
12033 CANNED FRUITS, VEGETABLES, PRESERVES, JAMS AND JELLIES
it* -a
I
I
I
I
1700 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS
13 2
15 I
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
2011 MEAT PACKAGING PLANTS
16 1
22 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 2
2013 SAUSAGE AND OTHER PREPARED MEAT PRODUCTS
21 1
22 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 2
2017 POULTRY AND EGG PROCESSING
20 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
16 3
19 3
22 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 7
2253 KNIT OUTERWEAR MILLS
17 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
-------
I
I
SIC S7FP5 NUMBER OF
CODE VALUE IMPOUNDMENTS
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2491 WOOD PRESERVING
17 2
I
TOTAL FOR SIC... 4
2499 WOOD PRODUCTS, MISCELLANEOUS
119 2
20 3
TOTAL FOR SIC... 5
2631 PAPERBQARD MILLS
I 20 3
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
28 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, GENERAL
121 1
23 1
26 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 4
2812 ALKALIES AND CHLORINE
22 2
25 1
27 3
TOTAL FOR SIC... 6
-------
I SIC STEP5 NUMBER OF
CODE VALUE IMPOUNDMENTS
| -2813 INDUSTRIAL GASES
15 2
117 1
ie i
19 7
20 1
I
I 2819 INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMICALS, MISCELLANEOUS
I
I
TOTAL- FOR SIC... 12
17 3
TOTAL FOR SIC...
2821 PLASTIC MATERIALS, SYNTHETIC RESINS, AND NON-VULCANIZABLE ELASTOMERS
15 I
16 2
117 3
ie 5
19 1
_ 20 3
I 21 3
• 22 2
23 4
25 3
26 8
I
| TOTAL FOP SIC... 39
I 2623 CELLULOSIC MAN-MADE FIBERS
• 21 1
• TOTAL FOR SIC'... 1
I
2851 PAINTS, VARNISHES, LACQUERS, ENAMELS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
20 1
21 1
I
2861 GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS
18 1
TOTAL FOR SIC...
I
I TOTAL FOR SIC...
I
I
-------
I SIC STEP5 NUMBER OF
CODE VALUE IMPOUNDMENTS
I
I
•
I
I
2865 COAL TAR CRUDES AND INTERMEDIATES, DYES AND ORGANIC PIGMENTS
17 1
19 1
20 3
22 1
26 1
I
. TOTAL FOR SIC... 7
2869 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS, MISCELLANEOUS
I 16 1
17 1
18 2
19 1
20 1
21 3
123 1
24 2
26 <»
I TOTAL FOR SIC... 16
2892 EXPLOSIVES
17 3
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
2899 CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS, MISCELLANEOUS
• 22 1
| TOTAL FOR SIC... 2
2911 PETROLEUM REFINING
26 1
27 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 2
12951 PAVING MIXTURES AND BLOCKS
16 £
20 1
I TOTAL FOR SIC... 6
I
I
-------
1
1
1
1
SIC STFP5
CODE VALUE
2992 LUBRICATING
26
TOTAL FOR SIC
NUMBER OF
IMPOUNDMENTS
OILS AND GREASES
2
2
3079 MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS PRODUCTS
1
13
TOTAL FOR SIC
1
1
I sin LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
1
1
1
|
|
•
1
1
1
1
1
19
20
24
TOTAL FOR SIC
3229 PRESSED AND
15
17
21
TOTAL FOR SIC
3273 READY-MIXED
13
16
19
TOTAL FOR SIC
2
2
3
7
BLOWN GLASSWARE
1
3
3
7
CONCRETE
1
1
1
• * • H
33 PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES, GENERAL
22 1
23
27
TOTAL FOR SIC. . .
l
l
3
3312 BLAST FURNACES (INCLUDING COKE OVEN
21
22
28
TOTAL FOR SIC
1
1
. . . o
3313 ELECTROMETALLURGICAL PRODUCTS
20
77
1
1
23 1
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
SIC STEP5
CODE VALUE
26
TOTAL FOR SIC
NUMBER OF
IMPOUNDMENTS
1
* • • *t
3316 COLD ROLLED STEEL
25
TOTAL FOR SIC
3334 PRIMARY
22
2
-------
I
I
I
SIC STEP5 NUMBER OF
CODE VALUE IMPOUNDMENTS
TOTAL FOR SIC... 2
3624 CARBON AND GRAPHITE PRODUCTS
16 3
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
I 3623 WELDING APARATUS, ELECTRIC
27 2
I
I
I
3629 ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL APARATUS, MISCELLANEOUS
I 13 2
TOTAL FOR SIC... 2
3713 RAILROAD EQUIPMENT
116 3
21 2
22 1
I
• TOTAL FOR SIC... 7
I
TOTAL FOR SIC... 10
• 4911 ELECTRIC GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
14 2
I
3899 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
18 4
20 6
I
I
I TOTAL FOR SIC... 37
16 6
17 7
18 2
19 3
20 1
21 6
22 5
23 2
14924 NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION
13 2
TOTAL FOR SIC...
-------
1
1
1
1
1
•
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
^M
1
SIC STEP5
CODE VALUE
NUMBER OF
IMPOUNDMENTS
4941 WATER SUPPLY
19
TOTAL FOR SIC.
1
1
4952 SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
C9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
TOTAL FOR SIC.
5541 GASOLINE
13
15
19
23
TOTAL FDR SIC
5983 FUEL OIL
21
TOTAL FOR SIC
2
6
12
29
22
43
54
28
48
27
36
22
20
9
8
11
3
•• 380
SERVICE STATIONS
1
1
2
1
5
DEALERS
1
1
6552 SUBDIVIDERS AND DEVELOPERS
16
22
TOTAL FOR SIC
3
1
4
7215 COIN OPERATED LAUNDERIES
1
1
20
TOTAL FOR SIC
1
1
-------
I
SIC STEP5 NUMBER OF
CODE VALUE IMPOUNDMENTS
I 7542 CAR WASHES
20 2
I
•
7692 WELDING REPAIR
16 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
TOTAL FOR SIC ...
9999 OTHER
20
TOTAL FOR SIC...
TOTAL FDR SIC...
I
I
I 7699 REPAIR SHOPS ANT) RELATED SERVICES, MISCELLANEOUS
• 22 1
•
1
_
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
APPENDIX D
TABULATION OF LINER TYPES BY SITE ACTIVITY
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
(ASSESSED SITES ONLY)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------
1
1
1
1
^B
1
1
1
1
1
-
"
1
1
•
*
1
1
1
1
1
SIC LINFR TYPE
CODE
0211 BEEF CATTLE FEEDLCTS
NCNE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
0213 HOG PRODUCTION
N^'E
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
0241 DAIRY FARMS
NCNE
TOTAL FDR SIC... 8
0751 LIVESTOCK SERVICES
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
092 1 FISH HATCHERIES
NONE
CLAY
TOTAL FOR SIC... 2
1011 IRON ORES
NCNE
TOTAL FDR SIC... 2
1211 BITUMINOUS COAL MINING
NONE
CLAY
PLASTICIZET PVC
HYPALCN SHEETIKG
TOTAL FOR SIC... 277
1311 NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION
CLAY
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
NUMBE'
IHPOUN
3
1
8
1
1
1
2
269
5
3
2
3
-------
1
1
SIC
CODE
L1NEP TYPE NUMBER OF
IMPOUNDMENTS
13E2 OIL AND GAS FIELD EXPLORATION SERVICES
I
1
1
1
1
1
TOTAL
NOPE 1
FOR SIC... 1
1700 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS
TOTAL
NONE 1
NONE 2
FDR SIC... 3
2011 MEAT PACKAGING PLANTS
TOTAL
NOME 1
OTHER 1
FOR SIC... 2
2013 SAUSAGE AND OTHER PREPARED MEAT PRODUCTS
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
TOTAL
NONE 2
FOR SIC... 2
2017 POULTRY AND EGG PROCESSING
TOTAL
NONE 1
FCR SIC... 1
2033 CANNED FRUITS, VEGETABLES, PRESERVES, JAMS AND JELLIES
TOTAL
NCNE 7
FOR SIC... 7
2253 KNIT OUTERWEAR MILLS
NONE 1
TOTAL
FOR SIC... 1
2491 WOOD PRESERVING
TOTAL
CLAY 4
FOR SIC... 4
2499 WOOD PRODUCTS, MISCELLANEOUS
1
1
TOTAL
NCNE 5
FOR SIC... 5
-------
1
1
1
1
••
1
•
1
1
•
1
1
1
1
1
•
1
1
1
1
SIC LINER TYPE
CODE
2631 PAPERBOARD MILLS
NCNE
-
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
28 CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS,
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
2812 ALKALIES AND CHLORINE
NCNE
NONE
CLAY
BENTONITE MODIFIED
HYPALON SHEETING
TOTAL FOR SIC... 6
2813 INDUSTRIAL GASES
NONE
CLAY
BUTYL RUBBER SHEETING
TOTAL FOR SIC... 12
2819 INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMICALS,
NCNE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
2821 PLASTIC MATERIALS, SYNTHETIC RE!
NONE
NONE
CLAY
BENTONITE MODIFIED
ASPHALT
HYPALON SHEETING
TOTAL FOR SIC... 39
2623 CELLULOSIC MAN-MADE FIBERS
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC... I
NUMBER OF
IMPOUNDMENTS
3
GENERAL
3
\
1
2
1
1
1
1
10
1
MISCELLANEOUS
3
SINS, AND NON-VULCANIZABLE ELASTOMERS
1
16
12
4
5
1
1
-------
I SIC LINER TYPE NUMBER OF
CODE IMPOUNDMENTS
I
I
I
I
I
I
2P51 PAINTS, VARNISHES, LACQUERS, ENAMELS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
PCLYETHYLENE 3
I TOTAL FDR SIC...
I
I
2861 GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
u 2865 COAL TAR CRUDES AND INTERMEDIATES, DYES, AND ORGANIC PIGMENTS
I NONE 5
" BENTONITE MODIFIED 1
PLASTICIZED FVC 1
I TOTAL FOR SIC... 7
I 2869 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICUS, MISCELLANEOUS
NCKE 1C
- CLAY 6
™ TOTAL FOR SIC... 16
I
2892 EXPLOSIVES
NCNE I
POLYETHYLENE 2
TOTAL FOR SIC... 3
2899 CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS, MISCELLANEOUS
PLASTICIZED PVC 2
TOTAL FOR SIC...
2911 PETROLEUM REFINING
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC...
12951 PAVING MIXTURES AND BLOCKS
NCNE
TOTAL FOR SIC...
-------
1
IV
1
1
1
M
1
1
1
1
SIC
CODE
2992
TOTA
3079
LINER TYPE NUMBER OF
IMPOUNDMENT
LUBRICATING OILS AND GREASES
NONE 2
L FOR SIC... 2
MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS PRODUCTS
NONE 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
3111
LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
NONE 6
POLYETHYLENE I
TOTAL FOR SIC... 7
3229
PRESSED AND BLOWN GLASSWARE
NONE 5
OTHER MEMBRANE TYPE 2
TOTAL FDR SIC... 7
1
1
1
1
1
1
3273
READY-MIXED CONCRETE
. NONE 4
TOTAL FOR SIC... 4
33
TOTAL
3312
PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES, GENERAL
NONE 2
HYPALON
SHEETING 1
FOR SIC... 3
BLAST FURNACES (INCLUDING COKE' OVENS) , STEEL W01
NONE 2
NONE 4
TOTAL FOR SIC... 6
3313
ELECTROMETALLURGICAL PRODUCTS
NONE 4
TOTAL FOR SIC... 4
3316
COLD ROLLED STEEL
NCNE 2
TOTAL FOR SIC...
-------
1
1
i^p
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
•
1
1
1
1
SIC
CDDE
3334
TOTAL
3356
TOTAL
3471
TOTAL
3531
TOTAL
3555
TOTAL
3623
TOTAL
3624
TOTAL
3629
TOTAL
3743
LINER TYPE NUMBER OF
IMPOUNDMENTS
PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM
BENTDNITE MODIFIED 5
POLYETHYLENE }
FDR SIC... 6
ROLLING, DRAWING AND EXTRUDING OF NONFERRDUS METALS, EXCEPT COPPER AND ALUMINUM
NONE 3
FOR SIC... 3
ELECTROPLATING, PLATING, POLISHING, ANODIZING AND COLORING
N CNE 6
FOR SIC... 6
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
NONE 2
FDR SIC... 2
PRINTING TRADES MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
CLAY 6
FOR SIC... 6
WELDING APARATUS, ELECTRIC
NONE 2
FOR SIC... 2
CARBON AND GRAPHITE PRODUCTS
CLAY 3
FOR SIC... 3
ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL APARATUS, MISCELLANEOUS
NONE 2
FOR SIC... 2
*
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT
-------
1
1
1
SIC LINEP TYPE
CODE I
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC ... 7
NUMBER OF
MPOUNPMENTS
7
3899 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
NONE
PLASTICIZED PVC
ETHYLENE PF.OPYLENE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 10
4911 ELECTRIC GENERATION, TRANSMISSION
NONE
CLAY
POLYETHYLENE
PLASTICIZED PVC
TOTAL FOR SIC... 37
4 92 A NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 2
4941 WATER SUPPLY
NDNE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
4952 SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
NCNE
NONE
CLAY
BENTONITE MODIFIED
CHEMICALLY MODIFIED CLAY
POLYETHYLENE
OTHER
TOTAL FOR SIC... 390
2
3
5
AND DISTRIBUTION
31
3
1
2
2
1
9
334
35
5
I
2
4
-------
SIC LINER TYPE NUMBER OF
CODE IMPOUNDMENTS
5541 GASOLINE SERVICE STATIONS
NCNE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 5
59E3 FUEL OIL DEALERS
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
6552 SUBDIVIDERS AND DEVELOPERS
NCNE
TOTAL FOR SIC... 4
7215 COIN OPERATED LAUNDERIES
OTHER
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
754 2 CAR WASHES
NCNE 2
OTHER 1
TOTAL FOR SIC.. . 3
7692 WELDING REPAIR
NON'E
TOTAL FOR SIC...
7699 REPAIR SHOPS AND RELATED SERVICES, MISCELLANEOUS
KOKE 1
TOTAL FOR SIC... 1
9999 OTHER
NONE
TOTAL FOR SIC...
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