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IV - 1
IV. BASIN DESCRIPTION
A. Area and Population
The Maryland and Virginia Atlantic drainage and the
Chesapeake Bay drainage of the Eastern Shore include all of
Virginia's two Eastern Shore counties, western and southern
Delaware (parts of all three counties comprising slightly more
than one-third of the State) and all of Maryland's Eastern Shore
except for about one-fourth of Cecil County which drains to the
Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers. A small part of Chester County
in southeastern Pennsylvania also lies within the Basin, and the
entire Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, an important commercial
waterway between Chesapeake Bay and Delaware River (Cecil County,
Maryland, and New Castle County, Delaware) was included arbitrarily.
The entire Eastern Shore except northern Cecil County and the
Pennsylvania portion lies in the Coastal Plain geophysical province.
The Fall Line runs roughly northeastward across Cecil County from
the mouth of the Susquehanna River, and divides the County approxi-
mately in half. Traditionally and economically, the area north of
the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is not a part of the Eastern
Shore, but it is necessarily included for the basin-oriented study.
Land areas and population are presented in the following
table.
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IV - 2
TABLE III
LAND AREA AND POPULATION, EASTERN SHORE
CHESAPEAKE BAY AND MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA
ATLANTIC OCEAN DRAINAGE
Area (square mile) Population (1965)
Delaware U60 M*,800
Maryland 3,290 215,500
Pennsylvania 90 700
Virginia 700 U
TOTAL ^,590 308,400
Only eight towns in the "basin have populations of 2,500
or more.
TABLE IV
TOWNS OF POPULATION GREATER THAN 2,500 5
Town County Population (1965)
Salisbury
(Salisbury Metropolitan
Area)
Cambridge
Easton
Seaford
Chestertown
Crisfield
Pocomoke City
Laurel
Wicomico, Md .
Dorchester, Md.
Talbot, Md.
Sussex, Del.
Kent, Md.
Somerset, Md.
Worcester, Md.
Sussex, Del.
16,300
(36,000)
12,200
6,300
U,Uoo
3,650
3,500
3,350
2,750
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IV - 3
Except for the Salisbury metropolitan area, these numbers
do not include fringe areas or adjacent town populations, some of
which are significant. Both the Salisbury and Cambridge areas are
growing rapidly, and there is also growth in other towns and rural
areas as well. Increasing activity along the shoreline is reported
in Virginia
Census tabulations for all towns, unincorporated communities
of 1,000 or more, and farm populations, plus a road map count of
unincorporated communities of less than 1,000 accounted for only
70 per cent of the total population. The place of residence of the
other 30 per cent of the Eastern Shore population could not be
determined from the information available; and in Cecil County,
Maryland, 59 per cent were found to live in places not on the road
map and also not on farms. Many of these residents undoubtedly
live in small shoreline communities and subdivisions, as well as
in fringe areas of the larger towns and in hamlets along highways.
In the northeastern Chesapeake Bay region (Cecil and Kent Counties,
Maryland) and at the eastern end of Bay Bridge (the Kent Island-Kent
Narrows are in Queen Annes County, Maryland) shoreline communities
are expanding rapidly.
B. Water Use and Hydrology
Tidewaters are the most important water resources of the
Eastern Shore. The free-flowing river reaches are short compared
to the tidal portions, and much of the runoff goes directly into
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IV - It-
tidewater through small sandy runs of which there is little water
use. Except for the major estuaries, there is no central river
system of any importance (Figure l)„
Surface water is unimportant as a source of municipal or
industrial water supply. Of nine withdrawals, only three are in
the coastal plain province. The majority of agricultural water
use, however, is surface water from fresh water streams and from
normally brackish waters when salinities are low,
Average annual rainfall over Maryland's Eastern Shore is
about 43 inches, more than half of which is removed by evaporation
and transpiration„ Local average rainfalls, however, vary signifi-
cantly. The average stream flow is I.l4 cfs per square mile,
equivalent to 36 per cent of the mean annual precipitation
In many locations high tide rises to a point halfway
across the peninsula. On the Pocomoke River, the head of tide is
above Snow Hill, Maryland; on Nanticoke River it reaches Seaford,
Delaware . Except in northwestern Cecil County, ground elevations
rarely exceed fifty feet. The divide between Chesapeake Bay and
Delaware Bay drainage parallels the Delaware coast about ten miles
inland, so that most of the Eastern Shore is in the Chesapeake Bay
Basin. Rivers on the southern half of the Shore flow much of their
length through marsh; the Pocomoke in particular originates and
flows virtually its entire length through cypress swamp. Large
volumes of water are available far inland, and low stream flow
conditions affect waste dilution principally by reducing the net
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IV - 5
seaward movement. Under low flow conditions there is also con-
siderable salt-water encroachment into the Wicomico, Nantieoke,
Choptank and Chester Rivers *. Because of the flat terrain,
generally sandy soil and lack of concentrated runoffs flow augmen-
tation is not a pollution control alternative on the Eastern Shore.
C„ Economy
Agriculture and related activities are the outstanding
industries on the Eastern Shore. In 1961*, the total value of farm
products sold on the Delmarva peninsula, the majority of which is
in the study areas was $264 million (55 per cent from poultry alone)„
By comparison, the value of shellfish sold in 196^ was $8,^ million,
and the value of the entire fishery catch was $W,5 million0 Fifteen
per cent of the Eastern Shore work force was engaged in agriculture
and ten per cent in food manufacturing (including seafood) in 196^ .
Certain trends in the agricultural industry are significant
in terms of water quality, There is a trend toward consolidation
of poultry processing plants. Although poultry raising is increasing,
the number of processing plants in Delaware declined from 15 to six
in the last 15 years. Two of the six existing plants, however, are
integrated egg to product operations, including by-product rendering,
3 °-
and the other four are moving in this direction "„ Concurrently,
with the increase in poultry raising is an increased emphasis on
easily harvested field crops for feed at the expense of vegetables .
The number of small canneries is declining, probably as a result of
the decreased proportion of vegetables and competition from larger,
more efficient plants„
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iv - 6
Clamming and oystering, both of which depend on high water
quality, are traditional occupations on the Eastern Shore. Oysters
accounted for ^3 per cent and soft-shelled clams for l6 per cent
of the value of the total fishery catch in 196^. The value of the
shellfish harvest declined l8 per cent during the period 1960-6^;
a 25 per cent decline in the value of the oyster harvest was slightly
offset by a five per cent increase in clams. Both species, moreover,
lost ground in relation to the national shellfish production33.
Management practices in Maryland were responsible for a serious
depletion of oysters in former years5. There are present indications
that the oyster industry is making a comeback,
The MSX oyster virus appeared in Atlantic waters and in
Chesapeake Bay as far north as Tangier Sound in 1959-60. The
disease produced by this viruss which affects young oysters, cut
deeply into shellfish production in these waters. The Virginia
harvest has partially recovered through harvesting waters of salinity
too low to support the virus„ These headwaters, however, are more
subject to pollution and produce oysters of lower quality41,
While care should be taken to avoid over-reliance on shell-
fish as a factor in economic development 5) the industry is still
important, accounting for a large share of the ten per cent of the
labor force employed by the seafood industry in 196^-, and it has
a significant growth potential, given adequate resource management,
pollution control, and some promotional effort.
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V - 1
V° RECEHT PROGRESS IN POLLUTION CONTROL
The most significant progress has been the increased attention
now being paid to Eastern Shore problems and to pollution control
in general. Several new sewage treatment plants have been built
within the last few years, and many more are in the planning stage.
Field surveys and surveillance activities being conducted by States
and the FWPCA Chesapeake Field Station survey, will provide a much
better picture of water quality than has been available in the past.
Planning activities have also taken place. Maryland has
required each county to prepare comprehensive plans for water and
sewerage by 1970 9 „ It would be desirable for these planning
activities to be conducted as a continuous process with adoption
of interim plans for immediate needs before 1970, preparation of
a comprehensive plan by the scheduled date, and periodic reviews
and additional plans as required thereafter. The overall Economic
Development Program of the Delmarva Advisory Council which recognizes
water pollution control as an essential need for the Eastern Shore
is part of such a continuous activity. The life of the program as
adopted is about a year, after which review and re-evaluation are
necessary.
The Delaware State Planning Office and the Delaware Water
and Air Resources Commission are cooperating with Sussex County
officials and other Federal agencies in studies and the preparation
of comprehensive development and comprehensive water and sewer plans
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V - 2
for Sussex County, Requests for Urban Planning and Technical
Assistance Grants from HUD and EDA have been made to carry out
these planning activities.
Maryland has taken action which will require eventual
certification of sewage treatment plant operators. Unless the
sewer districts recommended in Part VI are established, or some
other provision is made to obtain full-time operators of adequate
competence, the potential benefit of this program will not be
fully realized.
The most significant setback in area water quality enhance-
ment has been the delay experienced by MDWR in forcing abatement
of gross pollution— notably in Buntings Branch and Marshall Creek.
Progress has been made during the study period in preparation
of plans and estimates and consideration of new projects. It is
recognized that actions or programs recommended in this report
may already be under development by the State and local governments
involved„
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VI - 1
VI. IMMEDIATE POLLUTION CONTROL NEEDS
A. General Needs
The needs cited below are studies or actions generally
applicable to the entire Basin.
1. Waste Source Inventory and Data Compilation
Recent progress in pollution control has done much to
resolve principal pollution problems, and it is believed that all
major existing sources of pollution are evaluated in this study.
A program to maintain and improve water quality, however, will
require a complete inventory of pollution sources which, for the
Eastern Shore, will require the locating of rural pollution sources.
Such detail is usually of minor significance In areas with less
sensitive water uses, but it is essential for the Eastern Shore,
in view of the large shellfish areas affected. The inventory
should also include waste load discharges to streams and treatment
plant efficiencies which will require a more comprehensive effluent
sampling program than currently exists„
Water quality data in each State are recorded by the
agency responsible for water quality (MDWR, VWCB, BWARC). Many
bacteriological data, however, are also available from shellfish
units in the State health departments and from local health depart-
ments. It is recommended that recent data be compiled and maintained
in a central file in each State.
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VI - 2
Establishment and maintenance of current waste inventory
and water quality data files are an essential requirement for
adequate pollution control and are the responsibility of the
several State water quality control agencies (DWARC, MDWR, and
VWCB) and of the FWPCA.
2. Field Studies
Current studies by the Chesapeake Field Station, FWPCA,
and the State agencies, particularly MDWR, were designed to deter-
mine the extent and degree of known pollution. Attention was con-
centrated on major rivers, and the smaller streams were surveyed
only where there was obvious gross pollution. Further intensive
studies of organic and bacterial pollution are required to the
extent indicated by further inspection of the area and gaps in
existing data. There are undoubtedly many needs for surveys in
minor streams.
Studies are needed to determine the present state of
eutrophication and the degree to which it is being accelerated
by man's activities. Eutrophic conditions exist in some Eastern
Shore rivers, and have historically been of benefit to some water
uses, but the growth of metropolitan areas and the increased
importance of agriculture and application of modern techniques
are a threat to previous natural balances. Field studies needed
to make this determination are the responsibility of the State
water quality control agencies (DWARC, MDWR, VWCB) and of the FWPCA.
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VI - 3
3. Sewer Districts
The small size of most Eastern Shore communities and the
marginal, highly competitive nature of the food processing industry
offer obstacles to needed construction and reliable treatment plant
operation. Existing administrative units, whether governmental or
industrial, generally do not have the resources necessary to review
plans or propose alternatives. Most towns are too small to afford
many skilled employees, and sewage treatment plants have in the
past received low priorities in municipal budgeting. Small towns
and communities are also too small to obtain favorable interest
rates in their bond financing.
It is recommended that formation of sewer districts to
contract for necessary design and construction and to operate,
maintain and administer the sewage treatment facilities after
construction be promoted. Sewer districts independent of municipal
governments also offer a promising means of apportioning combined
industrial waste and municipal waste treatment costs by adopting
regulatory sewer ordinances and a system of equitable charges for
waste treatment. A sewer district organization will also be able
to offer technical assistance to the planning agency because of the
familiarity of district officials with local conditions.
Community waste disposal facilities are generally planned
with primary emphasis upon economy rather than maintenance of
receiving water quality. The sewer district offers the advantages
of consolidating sewerage facilities to achieve the economy possible
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VI - U
through lower unit construction costs of the sewerage and sewage
treatment plants, the more competent maintenance and operating
personnel that can be provided and the incidental benefits of
better receiving water quality that can be realized. Of the
advantages cited above, the one which could be realized most
quickly would be the greater competence available for small plant
operation and more efficient and flexible use of operating staffs.
Most of the small, separate treatment plants do not require a
full-time operator, but it would be desirable to have an operating
staff for a group of plants to provide for sickness, leave, per-
sonnel turnover and similar contingencies.
The DWARC presently encourages establishment of local
sewer districts. The proposed Maryland Waste Acceptance Service
is a step toward making water quality a primary instead of an
incidental goal.
B. Area Needs
The following sections are detailed discussions of needs
in areas where pollution is adversely affecting water use. Area
needs are discussed in the following order:
1. Atlantic Coast Drainage of Maryland
Ocean City Inlet and Adjacent Waters
Buntings Branch and St. Martins River
Kitts Creek, Trappe Creek, and Newport Bay
Marshall Creek
2. Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay Drainage of the
Virginia Peninsula
3. Northeastern Chesapeake Bay Area
Northeast River
Elk River
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VI - 5
U. Chester River Basin
5. Eastern Bay Drainage
6. Choptank River Basin
7. Nanticoke River Basin
8. Wicomico River Basin
9. Little Annemessex River
10. Pocomoke River Basin
1. Atlantic Coast Drainage of Maryland
Maryland's Atlantic Coast Drainage area consists of a
strip of land extending two to ten miles inland, including a small
area of lower Sussex County, Delaware. This strip drains into a
series of landlocked bays enclosed by Fenwick and Assateague
Islands, and thence to the Atlantic Ocean. Major coastal waters
are Assawoman Bay, Isle of Wight Bay, Sinepuxent Bay, Newport Bay
and Chincoteague Bay. Drainage to the Atlantic occurs through
Ocean City Inlet and several channels at the southern end of
Chincoteague Bay. These are still important shellfish waters,
although the oyster harvest has been affected by the MSX virus;
Chincoteague oysters, particularly, are well-known for their
flavor and quality and highly valued as raw-bar stock.
Ocean City Inlet and Adjacent Waters
Ocean City, Maryland, at the southern end of Fenwick
Island, discharges sewage to Ocean City Inlet without treatment.
This has required closing adjacent landward bay waters to shellfish
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VI - 6
harvesting **. The discharge may also affect the bacterial quality
of ocean beach waters. Ocean City has an extremely variable
population; the permanent population of 1,800 may increase to as
much as 150,000 on a summer weekend, although not all of the
visitors occupy areas served by sewers. To cope with this problem,
consulting engineers have recommended dual treatment plants-- a
small plant for permanent residents and a large plant for summer
operation. Both plants are to be of only primary treatment
capability, but a k,000-foot outfall will carry the effluent to
the Atlantic Ocean . There is some doubt as to whether or not
this combination is adequate in view of the intensive use of the
ocean beaches and the possibility that the plant effluent could
be driven back onto the beach. Secondary treatment for 100,000
population during the summer season has, therefore, been specified
as an immediate need. Ocean City should be required to show that
it would be impossible for the sewage effluent to return to the
ocean beaches except under the most unusual storm conditions before
a primary plant is considered acceptable. Adequate plant control
measures are also essential.
Buntings Branch and St. Martins River
Buntings Branch and its tributary, Sandy Branch, are
polluted by septic tank overflows and direct sewage discharges
from the unsewered town of Selbyville, Delaware. The H and H
Poultry Company, a fairly small operation located in Selbyville,
3 3
discharges wastes after some settling and chlorination . These
wastes cause serious degradation of Buntings Branch water quality1*3
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VI - 7
Just south of the Delaware border, Buntings Branch receives
waste from the Bishop Processing Company near Bishop, Maryland, via
a small tributary. The effluent from the processing (rendering)
plant is a foul, bluish-black stream carrying large floating solids
and globs of grease43 . Flows estimated by MDWR as a part of its
Buntings Branch water quality survey were all greater than one
million gallons per day . It was not ascertained whether the
waste stream came from the plant directly or from a break in the
wall of a lagoon, which at the time of observation was a festering
swamp. Any attempt being made by the processing company to treat
its waste was grossly inadequate.
At Bishopville, Maryland, a small impoundment on Buntings
Branch, originally intended as a recreational pond, is grossly
polluted by the three sources cited above. The water was sooty
black and putrid at the time of inspection. Water quality in
Bishopville Prong of St. Martin's River is also adversely affected
by these wastes . The two industries cited above should provide
waste treatment adequate to maintain water quality standards as
soon as possible. Selbyville, Delaware, should construct sewers
and provide secondary treatment for its sewage. Consideration
should be given to combined treatment of Selbyville and H and H
Poultry Company wastes, to the extent that it is consistent with
policies of the DWARC. Both Selbyville and the H and H Poultry
Company are under orders from DWARC to abate the pollution caused
by their discharges.
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VI - 8
Kitts Creek, Trappe Creek, Newport Bay
These waters are adversely affected to an undetermined
degree and extent by sewage and laundry wastes from Berlin, Maryland
(population 2,100), which receives inadequate treatment in an
overloaded, obsolete Imhoff tank constructed in 1935. Consulting
9 1
engineers have recommended secondary treatment for these wastes ,
and this has been listed as an immediate need.
Marshall Creek
The Ralph L. Mason Canning Company seasonally discharges
wastes from tomato canning operations with screening treatment
only. This waste seriously degrades the water quality of Marshall
Creek and creates an obvious nuisance . The Mason Company should
provide a minimum equivalent of secondary treatment.
2. Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay Drainage of the
Virginia Peninsula
The Virginia Eastern Shore, consisting of Northampton
and Accomack Counties, extends 65 miles southward from the Maryland
border to Cape Charles, at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. The
peninsula is only tenmiles wide at its broadest point, excluding
the extensive coastal marshes on the Atlantic side. The Poeomoke
River and Sound, portions of which are in Virginia, are discussed
separately.
Chincoteague, Virginia (town population 2,800, island
population ^,000), has a serious problem because of a concentration
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VI - 9
of septic tanks in an area generally unsuitable for tile fields.
Sewers and treatment facilities should be constructed. Shellfish
harvesting is now the principal income on the island, but tourism
is expected to increase rapidly because of the island's location
at the southern end of the Assateague National Seashore. Plant
control measures should be provided, or a discharge location
selected, so that the treated discharge will not interfere with
either shellfish or tourism.
Onancock, Virginia (population 1,800), discharges sewage
to Onancock Creek after treatment which is believed to be inadequate,
Secondary treatment has been recommended as an immediate need,
unless further investigation reveals that present treatment is
adequate.
The Town of Cape Charles, Virginia (population 2,100},
discharges sewage without treatment to Cape Charles Harbor. Cape
Charles sewage should receive secondary treatment.
There are several industries on the peninsula with
significant pollution potential. The Green Giant Corporation
operates a food manufacturing plant near Exmore, and there are
menhaden processing plants at several locations. The VWCB has
indicated that these plants cause no water quality problems in
tidal waters 5>lt . Surveillance of water quality below these
plants should be continued.
Waters are closed to shellfish harvesting at seven
locations on the Virginia Eastern Shore, in addition to the
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VI - 10
Pocomoke areas. Two of the closed areas are sewage treatment plant
buffer zones, and one is the result of the Cape Charles sewage
discharge. The remaining four are closed because of shoreline
activity or land runoff from unsewered areas. Other areas are
expected to be closed in the foreseeable future1*1 and the VSDH has
stated that the areas already closed probably cannot be recovered15
These areas should not be abandoned without fully exploring the
possible means of recovering them. Sanitary conditions in many
locations'along the Virginia peninsula, particularly in migrant
labor camps, are notoriously poor, and correcting such conditions
at shoreline locations would probably produce significant improve-
ment in the sanitary quality of adjacent waters.
The value of the shellfish which might be harvested from
recovered areas, however, is probably not as important as the value
of the recreational potential as an attraction both to tourists
and to new residents. Action should be taken to insure that this
potential is not diminished. Bacteriological data and shoreline
conditions should be reviewed to determine where bacterial con-
tamination might interfere with recreational uses.
3. Northeastern Chesapeake Bay Area, Stump Point
(Susquehanna River) to Swan Point (Chester River),
Maryland
Waters of this region, because of their proximity to
Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia, and because of their
natural beauty, are among the most popular recreational waters
of the Chesapeake Bay Area. Sassafras River, in particular, is
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VI - 11
considered by many the most beautiful river of the Eastern Shore.
Elk and Northeast Rivers are the other two large rivers which are
tributary to the Bay, and the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal runs
eastward from Elk River to the Delaware River. There are, in
addition, many creeks in the area which drain directly to Chesapeake
Bay. Most of the shoreline lies in Cecil County and the remainder
in Kent County, Maryland. Headwaters of streams are in northern
Delaware (New Castle County) and southeastern Pennsylvania (Chester
County).
Along the shorelines of the rivers are numerous small
communities. Some are composed predominantly of summer homes,
but others have many year-round residences. It is estimated that
in Cecil County as much as half of the population lives in small
communities and rural subdivisions, many of which are located on
the shoreline and almost all of which are served by septic tanks.
Although sanitary conditions have not required that any bathing
beaches be closed, coliform densities of 1,000 MPN per 100 ml and
greater have been found on occasion by the Cecil County Department
of Health . Some of these densities may possibly be attributed
to treated sewage discharges, and chlorination procedure at existing
sewage treatment plants in this region should be reviewed.
Continued development of unsewered communities, including
conversion of summer homes to year-round residences, however, poses
an immediate threat to water quality. A detailed study should be
made of the area, especially along the shoreline, to determine the
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VI - 12
existence of a water quality problem. If a problem exists, the
extent to which further development of the shoreline can be expected
and the feasible means of providing treatment facilities should be
explored.
The northernmost shellfish beds in Chesapeake Bay lie in
the northeast region, between Pooles Island and Swan Point. This
area is closed to shellfish harvesting from March 15 to May 1 because
of excessive coliform counts from the Susquehanna River during spring
runoff release from flood gates **. This water may also contribute
to high coliform densities experienced in the rivers to the north.
Conditions other than bacterial quality in the rivers
adjoining Chesapeake Bay in the northeast region are as follows;
Northeast River
The Town of North East, Maryland (population 1,630),
discharges sewage to Pedlars Run, near the head of tide in the
Northeast River, after primary treatment and chlorination. This
plant should provide secondary treatment, although at the present
time it is believed that there is only marginal interference with
water use.
Elk River
Elk River tributaries are of good quality where they enter
Maryland from Pennsylvania, but industrial discharges cause serious
degradation of Little Elk Creek between the Pennsylvania border and
the head of Elk River. Galaxy Chemicals, Incorporated, in Providence,
Maryland, discharges a strong butanol and organic solvent waste in
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VI . is
unknown quantities. Chemetron Chemicals and Stauffer Chemical
Company, in Elkton, Maryland, discharge acid also in unknown quanti-
ties. Chemetron has neutralization facilities, but control of the
operation is inadequate. Elk Paper Manufacturing Company, in Childs,
Maryland, has discharged paper waste and grease in the past, although
no discharge has been observed recently
Airco Chemical Division in Elkton, Maryland, discharges a
polyvinyl acetate waste without adequate treatment to Bens Gut, a
tributary of Big Elk Creek . Equivalent of secondary or higher
treatment for organic wastes and adequate neutralization should be
provided for the waste discharges cited above. The possibility of
a common waste treatment plant for present and prospective industries
in the Elkton Industrial Park should be investigated.
The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which runs eastward
from Elk River through Back Creek and a dug channel to Delaware
River, receives partially treated sewage from Imhoff tanks at
Chesapeake City, and untreated wastes from the Losten Dairy near
Chesapeake City have been observed flowing into a culvert leading
toward the Canal. These wastes should receive secondary treatment.
k. Chester River Basin
Chester River rises in Kent and New Castle Counties,
o q
Delaware, but receives no known waste discharges in this area .
In Maryland, it forms the boundary between Kent and Queen Annes
Counties, in which most of its drainage area lies. In Maryland,
the River is closed to shellfishing from the head of tide to about
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VI - lU
ten miles below Chester-town because of shoreline septic tank leaching
and erratic operation of the obsolete Chester-town (population 3}650)
sewage treatment plant **. Coliform densities in excess of 1,000 MPN
per 100 ml have not been experienced 36. A new lagoon for Chester-
town is under construction, and action should be taken by local
authorities to correct septic tank malfunctions.
Queenstown, Maryland (population 375), has forced closure
of Queenstown Creek to shellfish harvesting because of septic tank
leaching ttl . Queenstown plans to build a lagoon for a design popula-
tion of 600, as proposed by consultants 27. Queenstown should also
be included in the Kent Island-Kent Narrows Area study (see Eastern
Bay discussion and special study needs).
Septic tank leaching in Rock Hall, Maryland (average popula-
tion 1,200), has forced the closing of Rock Hall Harbor to shellfish
harvesting ** . Rock Hall plans to build a lagoon for 1,500 population
as proposed by consultants 20 . Current plans are to discharge the
treated effluent to Grays Inn Creek.
5. Eastern Bay Drainage
Eastern Bay lies south of the Kent Island-Kent Narrows Area
and north of Tilghmans Island. The drainage area lies entirely in
Talbot and Queen Annes Counties, Maryland. Principal tributaries
are the Miles and Wye Rivers and Prospect Bay.
Septic tank leaching along the rural shoreline area around
the Miles River tributaries of Spencers Creek, Little Neck Creek,
Newcomb Creek, and Leeds Creek has required closing these waters
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VI - 15
to shellfish harvesting. Wye River, Wye East River, Wye Narrows
and Skipton Creek are also closed to shellfish harvesting because
of septic tank problems along the rural shoreline area ** . Local
authorities should take action to correct the septic tank malfunctions,
Until recently, Miles River was closed in the vicinity of
St. Michaels, Maryland, because of buffer zone requirements for the
St. Michaels' sewage treatment plant. This area was opened on the
condition that adequate plant capacity, control measures, and alarm
precautions be provided. Miles River is the only Eastern Shore area
where buffer requirements have been relaxed
Kent Narrows, the channel dividing Kent Island from the
main part of Queen Annes County, and Cox Creek are closed to shell-
fish harvesting because of septic tank malfunctions along the shore-
line area, which includes the communities of Stevensville, Chester
and Grasonville, as well as many marinas . Total population of
this area is in excess of 35000. Sanitary conditions along the
shoreline in the Kent Island-Kent Narrows Area are notoriously poor.
It is doubtful that these conditions can be corrected by routine
septic tank maintenance. A survey should be made in this area,
including Queenstown, to investigate conditions thoroughly and to
determine the need for public sewers.
6. Choptank River Basin
The Choptank River, largest of the Eastern Shore rivers,
is the most valuable of all its oyster waters currently closed by
qi,
pollution . The River rises in Kent County, Delaware, but most
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VI - i6
of its drainage area is in Talbot, Caroline and Dorchester Counties,
Maryland. There are no known sources of pollution in the Delaware
portion of the Basin 33.
Greensboro (population 1,200) discharges raw sewage into
the Choptank River above the head of tide. This discharge is the
apparent cause of a median coliform density of ^0,000 MPN per 100 ml
below Greensboro. The median coliform density is 1,000 MPN per 100
ml at the Town of Choptank (Hunting Creek), about 25 miles downstream
from Greensboro 35.
Other discharges contribute to pollution in the upper reaches
of the tidewater. The Textron Company, in Denton, discharges poultry
processing waste into Choptank River after screening treatment only.
Ridgley (population $00) discharges sewage to Tuckahoe Creek about
ten miles upstream from Choptank River after some treatment in an
obsolete primary plant constructed in 191^. East New Market (population
225) discharges sewage to Warwick River after treatment in a 1939
Imhoff tank plant. Septic tanks in Secretary (population 365) affect
the bacterial quality of Warwick River, and there are other rural
septic tank problems in the shoreline area and communities in the
upper Choptank Basin 36. Secondary treatment should be provided for
the towns cited above and corrective action on shoreline septic tank
violations should be taken by local health officers. At present only
Secretary, for which a consultant has recommended construction of
sewers and a treatment lagoon, has definite plans 28. Although East
New Market and Secretary are only two miles apart, the cost of
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VI - 17
transmitting raw sewage between them would probably exceed significantly
the cost of providing a separate new treatment plant for East New
Market. Consideration might be given, however, to pumping the
effluent from East New Market's Imhoff tank to the Secretary lagoon.
Cambridge, Maryland, the largest town in the Choptank
Basin and the second largest on the Eastern Shore, discharges about
,7 mgd of sewage and industrial waste effluent to Choptank River
after primary treatment and heavy chlorination ' . Although the
population served is 13,000 plus some fringe population, the plant
receives an organic load of 52,000 population equivalent because
of industrial contributions. Principal industrial waste contributors
are the Maryland Tuna Corporation (canned tuna), Chun-King Corporation
J( //•,'!,;,«. "* -
(Chinese speciality foods), Coastal Foods Corporation, and Weotogn-
Pr±nt±ng~?md Mth©g3?apb4ng Company. In addition, Coldwater Seafood
Corporation, a tuna canning operation, has made definite plans to
move to Cambridge. The Cambridge sewage treatment plant needs both
secondary treatment capability and additional capacity. Only ex-
cellent operation of the Cambridge sewage treatment plant has pre-
vented serious degradation of water quality thus far.
The Choptank is open to shellfish harvesting below the
Cambridge buffer zone. Cambridge, because of the massive chlorine
dosages applied to the effluent, does not contribute significantly
to bacterial contamination except during periods of heavy rainfall.
Because of the importance of the potential shellfish harvest in
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Choptank River, measures should be taken to avoid closure of shell-
fish waters for buffer zones. MDWR is currently conducting field
surveys to determine water quality in the Cambridge vicinity. Data
from earlier surveys above Secretary are now being published.
7. Nanticoke River Basin
The Nanticoke Basin, second largest of the Eastern Shore,
is the largest single drainage area in Delaware. The Nanticoke
and its larger tributaries, Marshy Hope Creek and Broad Creek, all
originate in western Sussex and Kent Counties, Delaware. Slightly
less than half the drainage area lies in Maryland, in Caroline,
Dorchester and Wicomico Counties. The River is navigable to the
head of tide at Seaford, Delaware.
Sewage from the Town of Seaford (population 4,^00) receives
primary treatment in a modern plant before discharge to the Nanticoke.
Secondary treatment should be provided for Seaford wastes to protect
and enhance water quality in the receiving stream.
A large nylon manufacturing plant operated by the DuPont
Company is located at Seaford. This plant has an enormous pollution
potential but in-plant measures and careful waste segregation has
limited this plant's effect to an "occasional DO problem."33
Sludges and concentrates are barged to sea. Game fish pass in
water adjacent to the plant in season 32; apparently neither organic
nor thermal discharges interfere seriously with sport fishing.
During a 1957 water quality survey by DWARC * , the minimum dissolved
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oxygen concentration measured in Nanticoke River was 3-1 mgd, or
35 per cent saturation. Dissolved oxygen fluctuations characteristic
of eutrophic streams were apparent in these data. The DuPont plant
has cut back on operation during periods of critical stream conditions
to avoid degradation of water quality33.
On the basis of the program now in effect, it is believed
that the DuPont plant management and the DWARC will continue to
take action as necessary to maintain water quality in the Nanticoke
River. No immediate need was cited for the DuPont plant.
Sharptown, Maryland (population 700), discharges raw sewage
just downstream from the Delaware border. This sewage should receive
secondary treatment as soon as possible.
Federalsburg, Maryland (population 2,100), located above
the head of tide on Marshy Hope Creek, provides secondary treatment
for its sewage and wastes from the John N. Wright Company (vegetable
cannery) and the Textron Company (chicken processing). Treatment
is adequate except during the sweet potato season. Expansion of
treatment facilities or industrial pretreatment is an immediate
need to prevent a seasonal effect on water quality.
Vienna, Maryland, (population Uoo), located at the U. S,
Route 50 crossing of the Nanticoke, discharges sewage to the river
without treatment. Vienna's sewage should receive secondary treat-
ment as soon as possible.
The bacterial quality of Nanticoke River does not become
acceptable for shellfish harvesting until Newfoundland Point, a
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VI - 20
short distance below Wetipquin Creek 2 . Oyster beds extend several
miles above this point. The importance of shellfish in these pro-
hibited waters was not determined during this study, but they are
potentially productive. The salinity of these waters is too low
to support the MSX virus. There is a productive area below the
prohibited area and above the more saline waters of Tangier Sound.
8. Wicomico River Basin
The Wicomico River receives waste from the Salisbury area,
the largest and fastest growing area of the Eastern Shore. The
drainage area of the Wicomico, which is one of the smaller Eastern
Shore rivers, lies principally within Wicomico County; the remainder
is in Sussex County, Delaware, and Somerset County, Maryland. Only
a few small tributaries feed the Wicomico above Salisbury where
the tidal action is stopped by dams.
The Salisbury (population 17,000) sewage treatment plant,
a modern trickling filter plant, is of adequate capacity for the
population served (about 28,000), but industrial wastes raise the
total BOD load to 8^,000 population equivalent. A single year-round
food manufacturing plant operated by the Campbell Soup Company
contributes 27 per cent of the flow, 57 per cent of the BOD load,
and ko per cent of the suspended solids load to the sewage treatment
plant. Caustic discharges from the Campbell Soup Company plant also
interfere with proper operation.
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VI - 21
In spite of excellent operation and a conscientious (often
round-the-clock) control program, the plant cannot cope with the
load it receives. A study has been made by a consulting engineer,
and badly needed plans for plant expansion are being considered
by the city25.
The Salisbury area, however, consists not only of Salisbury,
but also of a fringe area outside the incorporated limits and the
contiguous unsewered Town of Fruitland (population 2,UOO). Septic
tank leachings and overflows from Fruitland have an adverse effect
on water quality, and, in addition, the Green Giant Corporation,
Dulany Frozen Foods Division, has a land disposal system which
seeps and overflows to Sharps Creek, a small tributary of Wicomico
River. A consulting engineer has recommended sewering Fruitland
and building a 0.37 mgd trickling filter plant for the town only22.
Consideration should be given instead to building a plant which
would provide both greater economy in unit costs and more flexi-
bility for municipal growth. One alternative would be to provide
a new secondary treatment plant to treat Fruitland's sewages Green
Giant's waste (after adequate pre-treatment) and a portion of
Salisbury's sewage as required to prevent overloaded conditions
from occurring at the existing Salisbury plant, A second alter-
native would be to expand the existing Salisbury plant to provide
secondary treatment for wastes from the sources listed above.
Costs given in the summary are for plans as now proposed. This
construction, however, should not be undertaken without a review
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VI - 22
of the action outlined above and other relevant alternatives.
Fruitland is a logical part of the Salisbury metropolitan area,
and treatment needs should not be considered limited by political
boundaries established when the Towns were separate physical entities,
Waste loads from the Salisbury area may require, even at
the existing population level and state of industrial development,
BOD removal greater than 85 per cent, advanced waste treatment for
nutrient removal, or diversion to an area which will provide more
adequate dilution and flushing. Field studies of water quality in
the Wicomico are now being conducted by the Chesapeake Field Station,
FWPCA.
There are currently no waste discharges to the Wicomico
below Salisbury, and no known waste sources below the Fruitland
area. Coliform densities between the Salisbury area and Wicomico
Creek vary from 1,000 to greater than 2,^00 MPN per 100 ml35.
Wicomico Creek itself has a median coliform density greater than
2,400 MPN per 100 ml. Below Wicomico Creek, the median density
is less than 1,000 MPN per 100 ml, and at Mt_ Vernon (Buoy 2l),
bacterial quality of the Wicomico is acceptable for shellfish
harvesting. Since oyster beds extend only slightly above Mt.
Vernon, interference with the harvest is probably marginal. The
salinity of these waters is too low to support the MSX virus, and
there are productive oyster grounds between the prohibited zone
and Tangier Sound.
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VI - 23
The excessive coliform densities are apparently not the
result of the Salisbury sewage treatment plant discharge36. Fruitland
certainly has an adverse effect on river water quality, but unsewered
areas downstream are also significant, particularly in Wicomico Creek,
Sewering these areas is not practical at this time. Local health
authorities should require correction of shoreline septic tank
malfunctions.
9* Little Annemessex River
Crisfield, Maryland (population 3,500), discharges sewage
after primary treatment to the Little Annemessex within the embayment
formed by James Island, where the State of Maryland plans a state
park development. Extensive marina facilities have already been
constructed at Somers Cove in Crisfield. In view of the extensive
water use which this area is expected to receive, Crisfield sewage
should receive secondary treatment.
The Town of Crisfield is not entirely sewered nor are fringe
areas served. The town is so low in elevation that tidewater floods
some streets,and ditches within the Town are known to be contaminated ^
The Crisfield area should be the subject of a pollution source survey.
10. Pocomoke River Basin
The Pocomoke River originates in lower Sussex County,
Delaware. The remainder and by far the largest part of its drainage
area lies in Maryland, except for a small area in northern Accomack
County, Virginia. Lower reaches of the Pocomoke form the boundary
between Worcester and Somerset Counties, Maryland, and between
Somerset County and Accomack County, Virginia.
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VI - 2k
The Pocomoke is a beautiful and interesting river which reminds
one more of the bayou country of the Gulf Coast than of the other
rivers to the north. It originates and flows through the northernmost
cypress swamp in the United States and supports an abundant fish
and wildlife population in its waters and marshes. Because its
shoreline is predominated by marsh, long reaches of the river remain
wild. Large well-kept farms and stately houses occupy the higher
land, especially in the lower reaches.
There are no known sources of pollution in the Pocomoke Basin
upstream from Snow Hill, Maryland33'35. Snow Hill (population 2,^00),
provides primary treatment for its municipal sewage. Maryland
Chicken Processors, Incorporated, operate a very large poultry
processing plant in Snow Hill and discharge waste to the Pocomoke
River with essentially no treatment. The effect of these wastes
on river water quality has not yet been determined, but a nuisance
is created by feathers and offal in the river43. Snow Hill plans
to add an extended aeration treatment plant for the poultry pro-
? O
cessing waste adjacent to the municipal primary plant . Bids
received for this construction in response to recent advertising
were 40 to 60 per cent above the consulting engineers' December
1965 cost estimate, and the Town did not let a contract for the
work40, but current indications are that they will go ahead. The
Maryland Chicken Processors plant waste is a major pollution source
and should receive a minimum of equivalent of secondary treatment.
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VI - 25
The W. T. Onley Company, located across the river from Snow Hill,
discharges about 0.6 mgd of vegetable canning waste in season after
screening treatment only. This waste should receive a minimum of
equivalent secondary treatment. Snow Hill should also provide
secondary treatment.
Pocomoke City (population 3,^00) discharges raw sewage to
the Pocomoke River. Three small meat-packing plants and a cannery
located in Pocomoke City all discharge raw or inadequately treated
wastes to Pocomoke River and are listed in Table I. The Campbell
Soup Company is modernizing the old Birdseye food manufacturing
plant, a large installation, and will start operation in the near
future. Engineering studies were recently completed for a lagoon
and interceptor to collect and treat sewage and industrial waste
from Pocomoke City38. This facility should be constructed as soon
as possible.
Pitts Creek originates in Wagram Swamp in Maryland but
lies largely in Virginia. Cannery wastes discharged with less
than secondary treatment by H. E. Kelley and Company near New
Church, Virginia, degrade water quality in a small tributary, al-
though their effect on Pitts Creek is undetermined . This waste
should receive equivalent secondary treatment.
The median coliform density in the Pocomoke River is
greater than 2,400 MPN per 100 ml below Pocomoke City. The coliform
density is generally in the hundreds in the lower reachess but
bacterial quality is not acceptable for shellfish harvesting
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VI - 26
downstream to the outer waters of Pocomoke Sound36. The waters
closed to shellfishing, however, are not important commercially;
crabs are the important catch in Pocomoke Sound. Abating the raw
sewage discharge from Pocomoke City will, of course, produce immediate
improvement in the bacterial quality of Pocomoke River. Bacterial
contamination from poultry and livestock farms along the river and
upper sound may also be significant, however, and an estimate of
their contribution should be made in the course of preparing a
pollution source inventory.
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VII - 1
VII. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
In Delaware, the Water and Air Resources Commission (DWARC)
has the responsibility for maintaining water quality and a general
authority over all waste discharges and treatment facilities. As
its name implies, the scope of authority of DWARC is quite broad.
The only water-related functions not included in its jurisdiction
are shellfish sanitation and review of health aspects of waste treat-
ment, which are under the jurisdiction of the Delaware State Depart-
ment of Health (DSDH).
Maryland and Virginia institutional arrangements rrc very much
alike. The Maryland Department of Water Resources (MDWR) and Virginia
State Water Control Board (VWCB) both have responsibility for main-
taining water quality and general authority over industrial waste
discharges and treatment facilities in their respective States.
Similarly, in both States the MSDH and VSDH have jurisdiction over
sewage discharges, treatment plants and shellfish sanitation. The
Maryland Department of Chesapeake Bay Affairs (MDCBA) has general
jurisdiction in Maryland over the use of the Bay as a resource.
In all three States, county health departments have juris-
diction over local sanitation. Measures to correct unsatisfactory
local sanitary conditions are outside the jurisdiction of pollution
control agencies, but there are many shoreline areas where these
local conditions affect water quality. The problems involved in
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VII - 2
the assumption of responsibility for building and operating sewage
treatment plants by small towns and industries have been discussed
in preceding sections (III and IV). The existing pattern of local
government on the Eastern Shore does not lend itself to a near-optimal
program of pollution control.
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VIII - 1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reports, Books and Papers
Aulenbaeh, D« L0 and Kaplovsky, A0 J0, of the Delaware Water
and Air Resources Commission (Then Water Pollution Commission) ,
"A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT WITHIN THE
NANTICOKE RIVEK DRAINAGE BASIN," July 1958 „
Benet, S_ V., "JOHN BROWN'S BODY," Holt, Rinchart and Winston,
New York, 1927S p» 72, kQtla printing,
3. Bureau of the Census, "UNITED STATES CENSUS OF POPULATION," 1960,
h. Carpenter, J, W.,Jr,JS Public Health Service^ U» S. Department
of Health, Education and Welfare, "EVALUATION OF THE MARYLAND
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SHELLFISH GROWING AREA SANTTA^Y
SURVEY PROGRAM," March 1964, as revised L':rc-tj:i Pe^m'ber 15, 196*4,
and as corrected through June 196? per oral communication
with MSDH.
5o Delmarva Advisory Council, "OVERALL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM s
DELMARVA PENINSULA," Salisbury, Maryland, April 20, 1967.
6. DeRoses C0 ROJ Maryland Department of Water Resources, "A REPORT
ON THE EFFECTS ON CANNERY WASTE ON MARSHALL CZEEK," (Survey of
October 1965) „
7o Frankel, R« J., "WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT^ AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC
MODEL FOR DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL," University of California,
Berkeley, PhD 1965.
8« Henbeck, A „ , Jr., et al, , (A Study Commission to Investigate
the Problems of Water Pollution Control, Maryland), " A
PROSPECTUS s WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN MARYLAND ,"' February 21, 1967,
9. Maryland, State of, Senate Bill 335, 1966 Session of the General
Assembly.,
10 o Maryland Water Resources Commission and Department of Water
Resources "GENERAL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND SPECIFIC WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS," Water Resources Regulation 4.8, June 30, 1967.
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¥111 - 2
11. Otton, E. G. and Heidel, S0 G_, Geological Survey, l\ S „
Department of the Interior, "MARYLAND WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND
STUDY , PART I, BASIC DATA, VOLUME 59 THE EASTERN SHORE."
12. Public Health Service, U0 S. Department of Health, Education
and Welfare, "NATIONAL SHELLFISH SANITATION MAFJAL OF OPERATION ,
PART I, fANITATION OF SHELLFISH GSOWING AREAS/' 1965 revision.
NOTE; This manual provides for certain variations in policy "by
the states, and the text discussion applies primarily to Maryland
practices „
13 „ Rand, McNally and Company, "TOURING MAP OF CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA/'
Texaco, Incorporated,, 1965.
1^. Rubelmann, R0 J0, Maryland Department of Water Resources, "A
REPORT ON THE BUNTINGS BRANCH SURVEY, SURVEY P.EPOFT 63-9 -SB,"
January
15. Virginia Water Control Board, "PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ATLANTIC OCEAN DRAINAGE
BASINS IN VIRGINIA/' Publication No, WQ-3**, June l6s 1967.
Consulting Engineers ' Studies
l6. Bourne, Thomas B0 ,Associatess Incorporated, Consulting Engineers,
Washington, D0 C,, Subjects Engineering Study on Sewerage and
Sewage Treatment for Betterton, Kent County, Maryland, April 28, 196?,
17» Bourne, Thomas B0 sAssociates, Incorporated, Consulting Engineers,
Washington, D0 C_, Subjie_ct; Engineering Study on Sewerage and
Sewage Treatment for Cecilton, Cecil County, Maryland, June 3>
l8. Bourne, Thomas B0 ^Associates, Incorporated, Consulting Engineers,
Washington, D. Cu, Subjects Engineering Study on Sewerage and
Sewage Treatment for Fair lee, Kent County, Maryland, April 28, 196? „
19. Crockett, James Associates, Consulting Engineers, Baltimore,
Maryland, Subjjects Engineering Study on Sewers and Sewage Treat-
ment for the Town of North East, Cecil County, Maryland, January 30,
1963 o
20o Crockett, James Associates, Consulting Engineers, Baltimore,
Maryland, ^ubject^i Engineering Study of Sewerage and Sewage
Treatment for Hock Hall, Kent County, Maryland,
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VIII - 3
21. George, Miles and Buhr, Consulting Engineers, Salisbury, Maryland,
Subject; Engineering Study on Sewage Treatment for Berlin,
Worcester County, Maryland, December 1966,
22, George, Miles and Buhr, Consulting Engineers, Salisbury, Maryland,
Subjects Engineering Study of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment for
Fruitland, Wicomico County, Maryland, March 17, 196?.
23. George, Miles and Buhr, Consulting Engineers, Salisbury, Maryland,
Subject; Engineering Study of Waste Treatment for Maryland Chicken
Processors, Incorporated, Snow Hill, Worcester County, Maryland,
December 1965, (grant under provisions of PL 660 applied for
by Snow Hill).
2k, George, Miles and Buhr, Consulting Engineers, Salisbury, Maryland,
Subjects Engineering Study of Sewage Treatment for Vienna,
Dorchester County, Maryland, April 6, 196?, (information from
grant application by Vienna under provisions of PL 660)„
25. Pirnies Malcolm, Engineers, White Plainss New York, "Report on
Operation of Sewage Treatment Plant Facilities", City of Salisbury,
Wicomico County, Maryland, December 19660
26. Richardson, Edward H., Incorporated, Consulting Engineers, Newark
and Dover, Delaware, and Snow Hill, Maryland, SubJect; Engineering
Study of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment for Newark, Worcester
County, Maryland, December 1966„
27= Rummel, Klepper and Kahl, Consulting Engineers, Baltimore, Maryland,
Subject; Engineering Study of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment for
Queenstown, Queen Annes County, Maryland, March 1966,
28. Rummel, Klepper and Kahl, Consulting Engineers, Baltimore, Maryland,
Subject; Engineering Study of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment for
Secretary, Dorchester County, Maryland, December 1965.
29- Rummel, Klepper and Kahl, Consulting Engineers, Baltimore, Maryland,
Subject; Engineering Study of Sewers, Sewage Treatment and Outfall
for Sudlersville, Queen Annes County, Maryland, April 19660
Personal Communications_by Chesapeake Field Station Staff Members
30. Cambridge, Maryland, sewage treatment plant superintendent
31. Cecil County, Maryland, Department of Health
32. Charles Holt (marina owner), Seaford, Delaware
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VIII
33. Delaware Water and Air Resources Commission
3^. Maryland Department of Chesapeake Bay Affairs
35. Maryland Department of Water Resources
36. Maryland State Department of Healths Division of Food and Milk
Sanitation
37. Maryland State Department of Health, Division of Water Supply
and Sewage Treatment
380 Pocomoke City, Maryland
39* Salisbury, Maryland
kO. Snow Hill, Maryland
4l. Virginia State Department of Health (Shellfish)
k2. Virginia State V.'ater Control Board
In-file Data
1*3. Chesapeake Field Station, FWPCA, Annapolis, Maryland, INSPECTION
BY STAFF MEMBERS.
WK Chesapeake Field Station, FWPCA, Annapolis, Maryland, "Preliminary
Data from Reconnaissance Survey of Pocomoke, Wicomico, and
Wanticoke Rivers," July 196?.
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