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-------
                       TABLE OF CONTENTS






                                                             Page





  I.  INTRODUCTION	      1




 II.  PROCEDURES ..............  	      2




III.  RESULTS  	 .................      k




 IV.  DISCUSSION .....................      7




  V.  BIBLIOGRAPHY	     11
                        LIST OF TABLES




Table                                                        Page




  1     Station Locations                                     12




  2     Water Quality Parameters                              13

-------
                        I.  INTRODUCTION






        In the summer of 1967 water quality reconnaissance surveys



were conducted in the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Annapolis,



Maryland.



        Objectives of the surveys were 2



        1.  Observe oxygen depletion trends during the summer months,



        2.  Determine horizontal and vertical stratification through



            thermoclines and haloclineSo



        3.  Measure existing water quality in terms of D00., BOD,



            temperature, salinity, nutrients, turbidity and phyto-




            plankton.




        During the surveys three cruises were made, covering five




transects from a north section above Gibson Island to the southern-




most section at Hacketts Point near Annapolis.  Locations are shown



on the map, Figure 1; positions are indicated in Table !„  Depth



profiles are presented as Figures 2 through 6»

-------
                        II.  PROCEDURES






        Temperature was determined initially by a glass thermometer



wired inside a transparent water sampler.  When an electronic




thermometer (integral with the induction salinometer) became avail-




able, in situ measurements were made.  Salinity was determined




12 situ by the induction salinometer.



        Secchi disc readings were made with a 12-inch (30 cm)




white Secchi disc.



        Dissolved oxygen samples were drawn from a Van Dorn water



sampler and fixed aboard the boat prior to being returned to the




laboratory at Annapolis.  These samples were analyzed on an (Fisher



"Titralyzer") automatic titrator, employing the azide modification




of the Winkler Method described in Standard Methods (APHA, 1965).



        Standard 20°C five-day BOD determinations were made with



single initial DO and duplicate final DO analyses.  No dilutions



or seeding were used.



        Turbidity was determined in the laboratory with an electr-c



nephelometric turbidimeter, calibrated against a permanent formazin-



acrylic standard.



        Total phosphorus (expressed as mg/1 PO ) was determined by



the Menzel and Corwin (1965) persulfate procedure, with phosphate



determination,by the Murphy and Riley (1962) procedure.



        Oxidized nitrogen (nitrite-plus-nitrate) expressed as NO -N,



was determined by the cadmium reduction procedure described by



Morris and Riley (1963).

-------
        Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) was determined by the procedure



outlined in Standard Methods for the Analysis of Waters and Waste-




waters (APHA, 1965 <£   This method included HH_-N in the results.




        Chlorophyll was determined by the 90 Per cent acetone




extraction scheme outlined by Strickland and Parsons (1965).

-------
                          Ill„   RESULTS






        The data, as given In Table 2, are summarized as follows;




Temperaturei  Horizontal and vertical stratification of temperature




were indicated in the study area portion of the Bay.  Temperatures




were observed to be a degree or so wanner on the western side of




the Bay than on the eastern.  A greater degree of vertical strati-




fication of temperature was evident, with a 6 C difference between




surface and bottom recorded.  A rather sharp thermoeline between




15 and 30 feet was suggested, more pronounced in June than in July»





Salinity;  Salinity distributions showed horizontal and vertical




stratification, with higher salinities on the western side0  The




rather sharp halocline seemed to be at similar levels as the




thermoeline„





Turbidity;  Water in the eastern side of the Bay was substantially




clearer than on the western side as indicated by turbidity readings




(JTU) from the nephelometer as well as by field measurements of




extinction with the Secchi disc,,  During the study no excessive




rainfalls or windstorms occurred to provide excessive silts„





Nutrient distributions;  Total phosphorus concentrations were




greatest in the northwestern portion of the study area? with a




tendency for greater concentrations above the halocline.  Generally,




concentrations were higher on the western side than the eastern




side of the Bay,,

-------
        Nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogens were generally low, with




slightly greater concentrations in the upper layers of the northerly




transects.




        Total Kjeldahl nitrogen was similar in horizontal distri-




bution to total phosphorus, with greatest concentrations in the




northwestern portion.  The vertical distribution differed, however,




with a tendency for similar concentrations of organic nitrogen




throughout the water column, or in some cases, greater concentrations




of nitrogen at increasing depths.




        Chlorophyll, reflecting the phytoplankton standing crop, was




greatest in concentration in surface waters (to 15 feet depth) in




the same areas where phosphorus and nitrogen were high.  There was




a marked decrease in concentration with depth, as would be expected.




        The trend toward oxygen depletion below concentrations




suitable for aerobic biological forms can be seen in waters from




25 feet to the bottom.  In the area of the study, the depth below




25 feet constitutes a considerable portion of the Bay volume.   This




oxygen depletion of the bottom waters was obvious even in the  channel




(Stations A2, B2 and C2).  Tidal currents in the area are relatively




rapid, two to three knots (Pritchard and Carpenter, 196^).




        Dissolved oxygen concentrations in surface waters showed




definite discrete patterns which, considered with the chlorophyll




£ data, indicated the influence of phytoplankton distributions,

-------
possibly in bloom proportions.  Oxygen production by phytoplankton




was suggested in the northwestern portions of the study area where




chlorophyll was highest.




        The distribution of Biochemical Oxygen Demand was similar




to the distribution of chlorophyll and nutrients, i.e., concentrations




were greatest in the northwestern portion of the study area.  Surface




waters contained more oxygen-demanding material (BOD) than bottom




waters.

-------
                        IV.  DISCUSSION






        Temperature and salinity distributions, showing the laterally




unequal patterns suggested by Pritehard (1952), are due to the




effect of Coriolis forces on Chesapeake Baya  Vertically, the




thermocline and halocline that develop in the warmer months were




already present, and because of time and personnel limitations,




the study was too short to determine maximum extent during the




late summer or to detect the fall overturn.




        The distribution of nutrients seemed to follow the western




side of the Bay above Sandy Point, probably because of the proximity




to sources as well as the location of the channel on the western




side.  Phosphorus and nitrate-nitrite nitrogen seemed to be greatest




in the mixed layer (i.e., above the tl;,ermocline and halocline),




but the distribution of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) throughout




the water column needs further elucidation.  The distribution of




TOT would be expected to parallel total phosphorus., but this was



apparently not the ease., judging from limited data available.




        The standing crop of phytoplankton^ as reflected in chloro-




phyll measurements, paralleled the nutrient distribution in surface




waters, with a fairly large bloom indicated just above the study




area on the two days of sampling of ttiis parameter.  This distri-




bution suggests that urban pressures on the western shore, from




Annapolis to Baltimore, may be causing accelerated eutrophication




of Bay waters in this area, but more observations are needed to




confirm this possibility„

-------
                                                                8






        Light extinction, as measured by Secchi disc, did not



reflect the distribution of chlorophyll, and is apparently at



best a gross index with more value over annual cycles than synoptic



differentiation in this area.



        Of interest is the relationship developed between Secchi



disc readings and nephelometric turbidity measurements in the




study area (Figure ?)•  Analyzed by linear regression, the following



equation was developedi



                  Turbidity = -0.312 Secchi disc + 18.00



This regression fits at the one per cent level of significance.




Extrapolation of this relationship to conditions other than this



study would not necessarily be valid; seasonal changes and varied



runoff patterns would probably affect the slope of the regression



line, if not the validity of the relationship itself.  The regression



fit suggests that a properly related turbidity-extinction relation-



ship could possibly be used in other studies under relatively constant



conditions, and that possibly solids could also be considered from



known relationships of turbidity and solids.



        The study period, June-July 19&7, can be considered early



summer of a "typical" year, with no extremes of flow or temperature.



Unfortunately, the more critical late summer (August-September)



period was not evaluated because of other committments of time




and personnel.  The dissolved oxygen depletion below approximately




25 feet is evident; however, greater depletion can be expected



later in the summer than this study period.

-------
        In this study, BOD of the water only is considered, and




the oxygen demands exerted by bottom deposits are not included.




The greatest concentration of BOD in the waters was found in the




upper layers, and a regression analysis of BOD and chlorophyll




showed a very close relationship, in the range from 1 to 10 mg/1




BOD, viz.,




                  Chlorophyll a  =  10.36 BOD  -  IK80




This relationship suggests that most of the BOD in the waters




was due to the phytoplankton standing crop, and a lesser contri-




bution from organic loadings, i.e., sewage or other water-borne




effluents.  This relationship would not necessarily imply that




all of the oxygen depletion found was due to decomposition of




the phyto-biota because benthic uptake, discharge of oxygen-poor




water into the area, reaeration, and chemical oxidation, among




other factors, must be considered in a total oxygen budget„




        The exceptionally good BOD-chlorophyll regression fit




developed above, for an area where organic loadings are small




relative to chlorophyll, suggested a possible method for assessing




relative demands in an area where both organic loading and




accelerated eutrophication are important factors.  If a fairly




constant relationship between BOD and chlorophyll could be




established in areas with little or no organic loading from sewage




or other waste effluents, then analysis of variance might be used




to evaluate relative demands in an area with both chlorophyll and




significant organic loadings.

-------
                                                               10






        It appears that, at the time of this study,  the BOD in the




water column was primarily due to phytoplankton.   Also, it  appears




that, with present oxygen deficits and a relatively large phyto-




plankton standing crop, the Chesapeake Bay in this region should




be carefully evaluated to determine the allowable organic loadings




(from sewage treatment plants) and secondary eutrophication effects




without creating serious oxygen depletions in the mid-Bay region.

-------
                                                               11
                       V.  BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Public Health Association, 19&5} Standard Methods for the
Analysis of Water and Waste-water, APHA, New York, 769 pages.
Menzel, D. W. and Corwin, N., 1965, "The Measurement of Total
Phosphorus in Sea Water Based on the Liberation of Organically
Bound Fractions by Persulfate Oxidation," Limnology and Oceanography,
Volume 10, pages 280-282.
Morris, A. W. and Riley, J. P., 1963, "The Determination of Mtrate
in Sea Water," Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 29, pages 272-279.
Murphy, J. and Riley, J. P., 1962, "A Modified Single Solution Method
For the Determination of Phosphate in Natural Waters," Analytica
Chimica Acta, Volume 27, pages 31-36.
Pritchard, D. W., 1952, "Salinity Distribution and Circulation in
the Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System," Journal of Marine Research,
Volume 11, pages 106-123.
Pritchard, D. W. and Carpenter, J. H., 196^, "A Comparison of the
Physical Processes of Movement and Dispersion of An Introduced
Contaminant in the Severn River, the Magothy River and the Chesa-
peake Bay Off Sandy Point," Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins
University, Special Report #7, 31 pages.


Strickland, J. D. H. and Parsons, T. R., 1965, A Manual of Sea Water
Analysis, Second Edition, Revised, Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Bulletin 125, Ottawa.

-------
                                                   12
             TABLE 1
Station Locations in Chesapeake Bay
           Summer  1967
Transect
A


B


C


D


E


Station Location
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
l
2
3
1
2
3
39° 05' 30" N 76° 24' 55" W
Off tower at Windmill Point
390 05' 37" N 76° 23' 38" W
Red flasher "loc"
39° 05 ( 43" N 76° 20' 57" W
Black and white buoy "13B"
39° 03' 18" N 76° 25' 43" W
Bed flasher "2" Magothy River
39° 03' 35" N 760 23' 25" W
Red nun "4C"
39° o4' 3U" N 76° 19' 43" W
Black flasher, bell "l"
39° 02' 18" N 76° 2V 03" W
Off house at Tydings-on-the-Bay
39° 02' 55" N 76° 23' 06" ¥
Red flasher, bell "2C"
39° 02' 40" W 76° 20' 38" W
Edge of dumping grounds
39° 00' 32" N 76° 23' 20" W
Off Sandy Point
38° 59' 57" N 76° 22' 42" H
Red flasher, gong "8"
38° 55' 30" W 76° 21' 12" N
South edge of dumping ground
38° 58' 58" N 76° 24' 47" N
Off Hacketts Point
38° 58' 33" N 76° 23' 12" N
Red flasher, gong "4"
38° 57' 30" w 76° 21' 42" N
Off Matapeake ferry slip
Water USC & GS
Depth Chart No.
17 Feet
40 Feet
23 Feet
15 Feet
40 Feet
36 Feet
17 Feet
50 Feet
50 Feet
16 Feet
60 Feet
25 Feet
17 Feet
55 Feet
16 Feet
549
549
549
549
549
549
549
549
549
550
550
550
550
550
550

-------
                                                                       TABLE 2

                                                    Water (Jualitjr Parameters in Mid-Chesapeake, Bay
                                                                     Sunnier 1967
                                                                                                                                                13.
Secchi Water Sample
Disc Depth Depth
Transect Station Date Time Inches Feet Feet
DST
* 1 6/20/67 1300 18 17 Surface
15'
2 1240 24 40 Surface
(Channel) 15'
25'
3 30 23 Surface
15'
A 1 6/26/67 1300 24 17 Surface
15'
2 1330 28 4o Surface
15'
25'
3 1345 42 ?3 Surface
15'
* 1 7/18/67 1245 28 17 Surface
15'
2 1220 2f< 50 Surface
(ChJnnel) 15'
30'
45'
3 1205 5" 23 Surface
15'
B 1 6/20/67 1015 17 10 Surface
\r: '
2 104;, 34 4C Surface
(Chnnjwl) 15'
30'
3 1145 28 3c -urf-ve
\"
B 1 6/26/67 11?5 26 13 lurfice
13'
2 3230 28 40 Surface
15'
30'
45'
3 1330 42 3b Surface
15'
30'
B 1 7/18/67 1014 42 1? 'Surface
12'
2 1030 42 40 'Surface
15'
")C '
^'
3 1110 4? *t Surl-oe
lk '
'"'
Water
Temp.
°C
22
21
22
21
18
21
20
23
22
23
21
18
22
21
25.6
24.9
26.3
23.8
21.4
20.6
25.7
22.7
21
oo
?l
-<•
-'
•>;.

,,
''''.
;,
^2
1
u
22
22
16
25.4
23 c
2; o
24.?
21 3
T i
>-, i
2 ( ;

10
Salinity mg/1
9.13
8.34
8.65
6.91
3.41
8.34
6.75
10.10
8.46
11.38
5.27
2.59
7.57
5.23
7.1 8 58
7.9 5.H
6.6 11.18
8.9 4.82
13.3 1.45
14.5 0.77
>.; 7 61
11.3 2.41
7.23
6.99
7.62
7.07
I 11
-i.!'
? l{
7.2'
o.L'l
5 4o
t.68
IJ\
0.92
3.37
6.70
1 o?
7 5 7.81
76 3 v<
7 3 ' . 2
9.9 .-I:
13.3 1.9?
34.8 n 53
c.' ."i.2Q
c.l '- 21
14 1 ' 1
BOD Turbidity Total P
mg/1 JTU mg/1 PO^
2.87
3.87

3.97
2.38
8.48
4.22
1.56
1.79
2.90
2.29
2.39
1.25














4. Hi
3 JS'
4. "7
''.25
1 ' 1
1 .00
2.01
2 05
1 ?7
16
11
17
8
12
13
5

0.21
0.35
0.36
0.31
0.22
0.12
0.14
0.14
18
18
8


0

12

7 5



^ _ 5


0 ?7
0.37
0.20
0.15
l.la
0.39
0.20
0.15
0 18
150 +HO -K TUB Chlorophyll Sea
Sg/'i3 «*A »Wl Wind State


0.13
0.10
0.15
0.13
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.09
















0.07
0.06
0.18
0.05
o 06
0.06
0.10
0 nc
0.11


0.70
0.82
1.12
0.70
0.78
0.63
0.36
0 59
















0.86
0.86
0.52
0.46
0.79
0.80
0 07
0.50
0 67


34.5
31.5
108.0
26.25
11.25
7.50
27-75
11.25
















94.00
45 00
50.25
21.00
15.00
21.00
28.50
15-75
12.00
BE 10 Moderate
XW Moderate
5 - 10

Variable Calx







re 5 Moderate






NW 10 Moderate





NW 2-3 Calm


Variable calm








          1     6,16/67


          2
                                   .7


                                   r-0
                                                                                                                                             SW 5-10 Moderate
1     6, 26-6?   HSU     2d        lr,


2               1205     32        50





1     7/19/67   1025     34        17


2               1O40     52        50





3               1107     46        50
                                                     uiface

                                                       1.5'
                                                      TO1
3urlace
  15'

Suiface
  15'
  30'


Surface
  15'

Surface
  15'
  30'
  45'

Surface
  15'
  30'
                                                    2'
                                                    19
22
22
16
16

25.8
24.0

25.4
24.6
21.6
21.1

25.3

22.0
19.9
                                                                       7.1
                                                                       9.2

                                                                       8.3
                                                                       8.9
                                                                      12.9
                                                                      13.7

                                                                       7.6

                                                                      12 '.6
                                                                      15.1
9.63
7.34

8.26
7.39
1.53
0.78

8.97
4.77
9.01
7.81
1.83
0.63
5 3o
2.71

2.69
2.76
1.6li
1.92
                                                                           2.5U
                                                                    6.75   2.67
                                                                    2.27   1.62
                                                                    0 96   2.37
0.31
0.20

0 18
0.21
0.13
0.20

0.15
0.15
O.U
0.46
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.03
o 06
0.06

o 15
0.07
o.o7
0.07
1.15
0.88

0.83
0.64
0.75
0.77

0.61
0.74
0.70
1.04
27.75
24.00

25.50
 9-75
 9-75
18.75

17.25
 9.75
36.25
28.5
                                                                                                                                             NW 10   Moderate
                                                                                                                                             SV 3
                                                                                                                                                     Calm
' Mid-channel

-------
TABLE Z (Continued)
Secci WateY Sample Water
T Time Disc Depth Depth Temp.
Transect Station Sale SSI Inches Feet Feet °C
D 1 6/1U/67 1435 29 16 Surface 22
15' 21
2 ll(05 18 57 Surface 21
15' 20
30' 19
k6; ' i L
4? m
60- m
3 1340 44 23 Surface 21
15 ' 20
D 1 6/2S/67 IS'lS 30 17 Surface 21
15 ' 20
2 1310 30 60 Surface 22
-1C' 01
L~) £.}.
-}Q 1 20
45 ' l8
60 ' 17
3 12l(5 38 25 Surface 22
15' 22
D 1 7/19/67 1230 3l( 16 Surface 25 1
1 c i -)), 7
J-7 iff. f
2 1210 43 60 ^Surface 25-7

i oi
30 ?1 k
45' 20.5
bO ' 30 . 3
3 1135 54 25 Surface 25.6
I1"1 24.0
E 1 6/14/6? 1100 32 17 Surface 22,5
35' 2J
2 1125 36 55 Gvrface '-1!
15' i-'O
3C' IQ
i*5 ' i5
3 1140 4'j ^urf^ce r-i

15 ' ol
E 1 6/22/6? 1015 40 3 7 ?urf 8 ce ?2
15' 51
? 1045 4o 4o Surface ?2
15' 2?

45 ' 15
3 1115 34 16 Surface 22
15' 22
E 1 7/W67 1300 . 17 Surface 26
15' 25
2 -50 Surface ?•>
15' 24
^0' 21
4C ' 20
E 1 7/19/67 1255 38 17 Surface 26.0
15 ' 2? H
2 1315 48 50 Surface 2f - q
lx 24.^
3C>' 21. 6
45 ' PC ^
3 1335 U8 16 Surface ?6.7
15' 2l( 7
DO
Salinity mg/1
10 '(O
9.52
12.96
8.88
6.1(8
0.72
0.72
7.68
7.76
6 08
5.72
10.18
7.52
'(.97
3.02
1.67
3.37
f'.33
8 k
P. 5 6.22
7.9 U
f.i 7 62
13.2 3.£LJ
1U.6 r:.67
ll>. 9 0.67
8 7 7.9"
10.1 H.92
o no
o'n'
10 3:
'~J 9€
7 2Q


6 ">.
7 ^2
p . 1^5

7 9^ 3
7 04
2 Qi.
' t'.i( a
7 f^2
7 71
8 92
b.Ol
9.23
6.1(7
2.35
1 31
6 2 n 15 3.
10 1 )i r<3 L.
8 . ;; ^ . k?' U .
go ^ Q^ 2
12.9 1.93 l-i
15.0 i^\ i.:
3 . a ft ay r . ]
9.<" LA 1.'
BOB
rag/1








6.27


1 33



2.36
2.22
2.61
2.7^
1 17
l.UO
1 29
2.00
3.1-1










31

.03







o3
1 ^4

D^
-jl
"^

^
->2
                                                                          lit.
 r

 6




 3

7

6

                                    0-18
                                    0-16

                                    °-13
                                    °-1-3

                                  9-25
                                  0.19
                                  0.19
                    0.07
                    0.06
                    o.<*
                    0.05
                    0-07
                  0.05
                  0.06
                  0.05
                  0.05

                <0.02
                                                          B«/l     ugm/1   Wind  State


                                                                          SW 3  Calm
   0.60
   0.66
   0.58
   O.V8
   0.67
0 61
0.65
0.8b
0 81

0.79
0.58
                                                                         SE   Rough
                                                                       15 - 20
    6.75
    6.75

  17 25
  13.50
                                                                       SW    Moderate
                                                                            Moderate
                                                                      S    Choppy
                                                                   10 - 15
TO 75
18 '66
 6 75
 6^75

18.75
13.75

-------
      STATION  LOCATIONS
CHESAPEAKE  FIELD STATION SURVEY  OF
         CHESAPEAKE  BAY
           SUMMER, 1967
                                        FIGURE  i

-------
   -
   00

   Q
   LU
   >
   or
  LU
  V)
  CD
  o
  u
  LU
  C/>
  2
  <
  o:
  h-

 u.
 o

 LU
 o
 or
 QL
      h-
      o
      LU
O
CD
                 CO
                 Q
                 «  O
                 5  °
                 v  O
                 O ^

                 <" S
                I-
                2T
                O
                N

                a:
                o
                x
                               o
                                             o
                                             CM
 I

O
IO
 I
o
 I
o
in
                                           133J Nl  Hld3Q
                                                                       FIGURE   2

-------
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-------
   18

REGRESSION  of  SECCHI  DISC READINGS  and  TURBIDITIES

              MID-CHESAPEAKE, SUMMER 1967

            TURBIDITY = -0.312 SECCHI DISC + 1800

                    t =  4.56**. d.f. = 26
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 60


FIGURE  7
-------
                          TABLE OP CONTENTS

                                                              Page

   I.  PREFACE	     1-1

  II.  INTRODUCTION	    II - 1

       A.  Purpose and Scope	    II - 1

       B.  Authority	    II - h

 III.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS	Ill - 1

  IV.  BASIN DESCRIPTION	    IV - 1

       A.  Geography .	    IV - 1

       B.  Hydrology	    IV - 2

       C.  Geology	    IV - 3

       D.  Coal Mining Industry	    IV - 6

   V.  SURVEY ACTIVITIES 	     V-l

       A.  CFS Surveys	     V-l

       B.  State Surveys	     V-2

       C.  Industrial Surveys	     V - 3

       D.  1956 U. S. Public Health Service Survey ....     V - 5

  VI.  WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND MINE DRAINAGE
       CONTROL OBJECTIVES  	    VI - 1

       A.  State of Maryland	    VI - 1

       B.  State of West Virginia	    VI - 1

       C.  Mine Drainage Control Objectives	    VI - 1

 VII.  RELATIONSHIP OF ACIDITY TO STREAMFLOW	VII - 1

VIII.  ACIDITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE NORTH BRANCH BASIN  .  .  VIII - 1

       A.  Headwaters to Beryl, West Virginia	VIII - 1
-------
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)

                                                           Page

     B.   Beryl, West Virginia,  to Pinto,  Maryland .  .  .  .VIII  - 9

         1.   Effects of Savage  River	VIII  - 9

         2.   Effects of the Luke Mill	VIII  - 12

         3.   Effects of Georges Creek	VIII  - 13

         4.   Effects of Upper Potomac River Basin
             Waste Treatment Facilities	VIII  - 15

         5.   Effects Below the  Luke  Area	VIII  - 15

     C.   Pinto, Maryland, to Wiley Ford,  West
         Virginia	VIII  - 15

IX.  EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED BLOOMINGTON
     RESERVOIR PROJECT  	   IX  - 1

     A.   Introduction	IX  - 1

     B.   Acidity-Alkalinity Balance  	   IX  - 3

         1.   General	IX  - 3

         2.   Assumptions Regarding Acid Routine  	   IX  - h

         3.   Assumptions Regarding Sources of
             Acidity and Alkalinity  Below
             Bloomington	IX  - 7

         h.   Discussion of Results	IX  - 9

     C.   Acidity Production in  the Mines  at the
         Proposed Bloomington Reservoir  	   IX  - 15

     D.   Acidity Regeneration in Waters of the
         Proposed Bloomington Reservoir  	   IX  - 16

 X.  BIBLIOGRAPHY	    X  - 1
-------
                 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)


                           APPENDICES

                                                           Page

A.  SURVEY PROCEDURES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS  	 A - 1

    1.  Objectives of the Survey	A - 1

    2.  Sampling Procedures	A - 3

    3.  Analytical Procedures	A - 3

B.  MINE DRAINAGE STATION DESCRIPTIONS AND BASIN
    SCHEMATICS	B-l

C.  DATA TABLES	C-l
-------
                           LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                        Page

  1     Streamflow of North Branch Potomac River
        and Tributaries above Cumberland, Maryland ....   IV - k

  2     North Branch at Beryl - Probability Distri-
        bution of Net Acidity Loadings	VIII - 2

  3     Net Acidity Balance Above Steyer	VIII - 7

  k     Net Acidity Contributions of Georges Creek ....   IX - 10

 B-l    North Branch Potomac River, Mine Drainage
        Station Descriptions 	    B-2

 C-l    Hardness and Metals Concentrations, Water
        Temperature, and Stream Discharge  	    C - 2

 C-2    Acidity, Alkalinity, Sulfate, and Solids
        Concentrations, pH and Conductivity	    C - 10
-------
                          LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

  II-l

  IV-1
   V-l


  VI-1

 VII-1



 VII-2


 VII -3


 VII -h
North Branch Basin Map
  Pa

 II
    - 3
North Branch at Kitzmiller, Maryland,
Geometric Mean Discharge of All Months of
Record and 1965 Calendar Year Mean Monthly
Discharges 	

North Branch at Luke, Maryland, pH versus
Time, 1962 - 196?  	
                                                            IV - 5
pH versus Net Alkalinity
  V

 VI
      k

      3
North Branch at Beryl, West Virginia,
Acidity Concentration versus River
Discharge  	 ,
North Branch at Beryl, West Virginia,
Acidity Loading versus River Discharge

North Branch at Kitzmiller, Maryland,
Acidity Loading versus River Discharge

North Branch at Steyer, Maryland,
Acidity Loading versus River Discharge
VII - 2
VII -
VII
                                                           vii -
      5


      6
VIII-1    North Branch Net Alkalinity Loading,
          P (Corresponding Q equalled or exceeded)
          = 80 Percent	VIII - 3

VIII-2    North Branch Net Alkalinity Loading,
          P (Corresponding Q equalled or exceeded)
          = 50 Percent	VIII - h

VIII-3    North Branch Net Alkalinity Loading,
          P (Corresponding Q equalled or exceeded)
          = 20 Percent	VIII - 5

VIII-l*    Savage River, Net Alkalinity by Season  ....  VIII - 11

VIII-5    North Branch Below Luke, Maryland,
          Net Alkalinity Balance, August 1967	VIII - ih

  IX-1    Net Alaklinity Loadings by Month Below
          Bloomington Reservoir, Calendar Year
          1965 Streamflow Conditions	    IX - 11
-------
                    LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Figure                                                       Page

  IX-2    Net Alkalinity Loadings by Month Belov
          Bloomington Reservoir, Synthetic Average
          Year Streamflow Conditions	     IX - 12
                             APPENDICES

 B-l      Legend for Basin Schematics	      B - 8

 B-2      Schematic Diagram, North Branch, Above
          Steyer, Maryland	      B - 9

 B-3      Schematic Diagram, North Branch, Below
          Steyer, Maryland, Above Kitzmiller,
          Maryland	      B - 10

 B-U      Schematic Diagram, North Branch, Below
          Kitzmiller, Maryland, Above Beryl,  West
          Virginia	      B - 11

 B-5      Schematic Diagram, North Branch, Below
          Beryl, Above Wiley Forci, West Virginia
          (Cumberland, Maryland)	      B - 12
-------
                                                              I - 1






I.   PREFACE




            The basin of the Potomac River North Branch is a region of




    steep, narrow, forested valleys and turbulent mountain streams




    draining parts of Maryland and West Virginia on the eastern edge




    of the Appalachian Plateau.  The watershed's few people are scat-




    tered about in hamlets and isolated houses connected by a system




    of narrow roads, as often as not unpaved.  The upper basin of the




    North Branch is, in fact, a part of rural Appalachia.




            As in many other parts of the eastern mountains, coal mining




    activity which in the past has gone uncontrolled has caused exten-




    sive damage to the land and water resources.  Although the total




    extent of the damage may be apparent to only the careful investiga-




    tor, the open surface mines and refuse banks are readily visible to




    any visitor, as is the discolored water polluted by mine drainage.




            This report describes the present extent of mine drainage




    pollution in the North Branch Basin.  In the reach upstream from




    Luke, Maryland, in which acid conditions are most severe, mine




    drainage is the sole significant cause of pollution.  Over U5 miles




    of the North Branch and over 100 miles of tributaries harbor




    virtually no aquatic fauna.




            It has been observed, in the course of repeated visits to




    the Basin, that areas formerly unmined have now been opened; and




    existing surface mines have been expanded.  New miles alter the




    terrain and will cause additional mine drainage pollution unless




    controlled.  Mine drainage pollution and the total damage to the
-------
                                                          1-2






land and water resources will change over the course of a few years




as mining activity continues.  It is recognized, therefore, that




this report is a transitory document whose immediate value is to




serve as a guide in the present situation, and whose longer-term




worth is simply to mark a point on the historical trend.
-------
                                                              II - 1






II.   INTRODUCTION




     A.  Purpose and Scope




             The mine drainage control program under development by the




     Chesapeake Field Station has been divided into the following phases:




         1.  Determining the extent and severity of mine drainage




             pollution.




         2.  Isolating source tributaries of acidic and alkaline waters




             and determining the quantities and temporal distribution of




             acid and alkali from tributaries and within segments of the




             main river.




         3.  Determining the degree of control necessary to meet the




             applicable water quality standards.




         k.  Locating specific sources of mine drainage pollution and




             determining quantities of the individual contributions.




         5.  Developing recommendations for control measures at specific




             locations.






             These activities are being carried out in cooperation with




     the appropriate State agencies, the Maryland Department of Water




     Resources and the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources,




     Division of Water Resources.




             The Chesapeake Field Station program is now well into the




     second phase which is being carried out to the extent necessary to




     obtain precise estimates of acid quantities contributed by the




     various sub-basins in order to establish priorities for corrective
-------
                                                         II - 2






action.  This phase is being partially funded by the Baltimore




District, Corps of Engineers.




        The ultimate objective of the mine drainage control program




under development by the Chesapeake Field Station (CFS), Middle




Atlantic Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, is




to eliminate the adverse effects of mine drainage to attain a water




quality commensurate with the designated water uses,  rfater quality




standards of the States of Maryland and West Virginia are considered




quantitative objectives of the CFS program.  These standards are




described in Chapter IV.




        The Maryland standards are applicable to the Maryland tribu-




taries and virtually all of the North Branch proper, since the




Potomac River lies entirely within the State of Maryland, except




for a two-mile reach below its source.  The right bank of the river




forms the boundary between Maryland and West Virginia.  West Virginia




standards are applicable to the right bank tributaries.




        Mine drainage pollution in the CFS study area is limited to




the North Branch Basin of the Potomac River.  The geographical




setting of this report is the Potomac Basin upstream from the Cumber-




land, Maryland, area.  CFS data from Wills Creek Basin also appear




in the data tables, although mine drainage in that Basin is a local




problem and outside the scope of this report.  A Basin map is shown




as Figure II-l.  Basin schematics are shown in Appendix B as Figures




B-l through B-5.
-------
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                                                         II  -
        This report contains the findings  of the  work  to  date.




The purposes of the report are:




        1.   To provide the following information:




            a.  A tabulation of data obtained from field  surveys.




            b.  A description of the temporal and spatial distri-




                bution of the acidity loading in  the North Branch




                main river.




            c.  An estimate of the effects on water quality of the




                proposed Bloomington Reservoir Project based on




                currently available data and under present loading




                conditions.




        2.   To serve as a framework for the remainder  of  the study,




            leading to a control program in support of the ultimate




            objective.






B.  Authority




        This report was prepared under the provision of the Federal




Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. k66 et seqj,




which directed the Secretary of the Interior to develop programs




for eliminating pollution of interstate waters and improving the




condition of surface and underground waters .
-------
-------
                                                              Ill - 1






III.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS




              1.  Pollution of the North Branch and its tributaries by




      acid mine drainage is more severe and probably more widespread than




      at any time in history.  The River now carries an acid loading




      larger than any previously reported value.




              2.  The acid loading has increased almost five-fold since




      1956, from an average loading of 26,000 Ib/day in 1956 to 120,000




      Ib/day in 196?.  The concentrations resulting from these loadings




      are sufficient to depress the pH belov k.5 at all seasons and below




      2.5 at times of maximum concentration.  The observed pH values at




      Luke, Maryland, have been decreasing steadily over the last five




      years.




              3.  Examination in 1966 of benthic fauna of the North Branch




      and many tributaries revealed only specialized, acid-tolerant forms




      in the streams carrying mine drainage and a complete absence of




      organisms at many locations.  The biological productivity, as




      measured by the density of organisms, has been reduced greatly in




      reaches of streams mildly or intermittently affected.




              k.  There are indications that active mines are a signifi-




      cant, and perhaps the largest, source of acid mine drainage.




              5.  Because there are no strong, natural alkalinity sources




      in the North Branch above Savage River, an extensive mine drainage




      control program will be necessary to attain the approved State




      water quality standards.
-------
                                                        Ill  - 2






        6.  Operation of the proposed Bloomington Reservoir  on the




North Branch would have the following affects,  assuming a continua-




tion of present loading conditions and subject  to the qualifications




expressed in Chapter IX:




            a.  Acid concentrations reaching the Luke area would be




                significantly lower than concentrations under




                natural conditions.  There would be relatively little




                effect on the pH because of the low response of pH




                to acidity changes at concentrations of interest.




            b.  The distribution of the acid loadings reaching the




                Luke area would be similar to the distribution




                expected to occur under natural conditions.   How-




                ever, for the two flow conditions analyzed,  the




                acid loadings during the summer months would be




                in excess of those occurring under natural




                conditions.




            c.  The full potential of the proposed Bloomington




                Reservoir for local water supply and recreation




                will not be realized until water of adequate qual-




                ity for these uses can be impounded.




        7.  Additional stability and partial neutralization  of




Bloomington releases could be obtained by operating Savage River




Reservoir in conjunction with Bloomington Reservoir.
-------
-------
                                                        Ill - 3






        8.  Present analyses are limited by the amount of data




available.  Action is being or has been initiated to obtain addi-




tional information for the purposes listed below:




            a.  To provide adequate resolution of sub-basin load-




                ings and streamflov distribution from ungaged




                tributaries.




            b.  To add precision to the main river acidity-discharge




                relationships indicated by existing data and to




                establish seasonal trends within the general




                discharge-acidity relationship.




            c.  To evaluate the effects of industrial operations




                on the acidity-alkalinity balance below Luke.




            d.  To estimate the effects of Bloomington Reservoir




                based on data currently being collected.




            e.  To establish or refute the possibility of signifi-




                cant acid production in the waters of the proposed




                Bloomington Reservoir or in the coal seams adjacent




                to the Reservoir.




            f.  To determine applicable abatement measures for the




                elimination of mine drainage pollution in the North




                Branch Basin.
-------
-------
                                                              IV - 1






IV.   BASIN DESCRIPTION




     A.  Geography




             The North Branch of the Potomac River rises in Tucker County,




     West Virginia, and flows alternately northeast and southeast in a




     zigzag pattern for about 9$ miles until it joins the South Branch




     to form the Potomac River.  Two miles downstream from its source,




     below Kempton, Maryland, the right bank forms the boundary between




     Maryland and West Virginia; on the Maryland side the river is




     bounded by Garrett and Allegany Counties, and on the West Virginia




     side by Grant, Mineral, and Hampshire Counties.




             The Basin's coal-bearing area lies mainly in a trough-shaped




     valley about 80 miles long, oriented with its axis in a northeast-




     southwest direction.  The North Branch flows northeastward along




     the valley axis for almost 50 miles, then bends to the southeast




     at the three-town area of Luke, Westernport, and Piedmont, and




     leaves the coal-bearing area of the valley.  The area above Luke




     is commonly called the Upper Potomac Coal Field.  The northeast




     part of the valley is drained by Georges Creek which flows south-




     westward to join the North Branch at Westernport.




             The coal region of the North Branch Basin actually extends




     to the northeast past the upper topographic divide of Georges Creek




     Basin into the Wills Creek Basin of Maryland and Pennsylvania.




     Local pollution exists in the Maryland tributaries, Braddock Run




     and Jennings Run, but the extent and severity is limited.  Wills
-------
                                                         IV - 2






Creek, which joins the North Branch at Cumberland, exerts no adverse




affect on it.




        The farthest upstream industry which exerts a significant




affect on water quality, except for the mining and coal-processing




activities, is the Luke Mill of the West Virginia Pulp and Paper




Company.  The discharge from the mill, located downstream from the




confluence of Savage River and the North Branch, exerts the great-




est neutralizing affect in the Basin.  The next industry is Alleg-




heny Ballistics Laboratory, West Virginia, which is located 20




miles downstream near Pinto, Maryland, at the upstream boundary of




the Cumberland industrial area.




        Both the North Branch and Georges Creek valleys are steep




and narrow.  Most of the tributaries are short hillside runs with




less than ten square miles of drainage area draining directly into




the main stem.  Exceptions are Stony River and Abram Creek, which




drain much of the North Branch Basin above Luke on the West




Virginia side.  These tributaries, both of which lie in the coal-




bearing region, each approach 50 square miles in drainage area at




their mouth.






B.  Hydrology




        Flow of Stony River is regulated by West Virginia Pulp and




Paper Company's Stony River Reservoir, about 19 miles above the




North Branch and, to a minor extent, by a Virginia Electric and




Power Company dam about nine miles above the North Branch.  A
-------
-------
                                                         IV - 3






reservoir near the U. S. Route 50 crossing at Mt. Storm, West




Virginia, has been proposed by the Corps of Engineers.




        Savage River, which lies for the most part outside the coal




region, joins the North Branch just upstream from Luke, Maryland.




It is regulated by the Corps of Engineers' Savage River Reservoir




about five miles above the North Branch.  A reservoir (Savage II)




upstream from the existing reservoir has been proposed by the Corps




of Engineers.  The Corps of Engineers has also proposed a large




reservoir, the Bloomington Project, on the Nortn Branch about eight




miles upstream from Luke and Bloomington, Maryland.




        Because of the steep and generally impervious terrain,




streams in this region exhibit rapid flow changes in response to




changes in precipitation or snowmelt.  The streams tend also to




have a low dry weather flow.  Gaging stations in the area of inter-




est, their mean and median discharges, and their drainage areas




are listed in Table 1.  Figure IV-1 shows the medians of mean




monthly discharges for all montns of record at the Kitzmiller gage.




The mean monthly discharges exceeded on the average of 95 per cent




of the time and the 1965 monthly discharges are also shown on




Figure IV-1.






C.  Geology1 »2,3,»t




        The predominant geological formations in the Upper Potomac




coal field of the North Branch Basin are, from top to bottom, the




Conemaugh, Allegheny, and Pottsville formations of the Pennsylvanian
-------
                                                                 IV - It
                                    TABLE 1

                  STREAMFLOW OF NORTH BRANCH POTOMAC RIVER AND

                     TRIBUTARIES ABOVE CUMBERLAND, MARYLAND
   Stream
USGS Gaging
  Station
Drainage
  Area
(sq.mi.)
  Streamflow
Mean   Median
(cfs)  (cfs)
                     Remarks
North Branch   Steyer, Md.



Stony River    Mt. Storm, W. Va.


Abram Creek    Oakmont, W. Va.



North Branch   Kitzmiller, Md.



North Branch   Bloomington, Md.


Savage River   Bloomington, Md.



North Branch   Luke, Md.




Georges Creek  Franklin, Md.

North Branch   Pinto, Md.
                  73.0    160
                  1*8.8


                  ^7.3



                 225



                 287


                 106



                 UOl*
  72.1

 596
          1*98


          162



          681
                   89
82.1


6l.5   238



       238



       281*


        76



       356
 77-9    36

859     ^58
               Median estimated from
               relation with Kitz-
               miller gage.

               Below dam, records
               unadjusted

               Median from USGS pro-
               visional records,
               subject to revision.

               Adjusted for storage
               in Stony River Reser-
               voir.

               Beryl, W. Va., dis-
               continued 1950.

               Below Savage River
               dam records adjusted
               for storage.

               Records adjusted for
               storage in Stony and
               Savage River Reser-
               voirs .
                                         Unadjusted.
-------
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-------
                                                         iv - 6






Age.  Of the beds which outcrop in the Basin, the most central is




the Upper Freeport which forms the uppermost stratum of the Allegheny




formation.  The topmost stratum which outcrops regularly is the




Barton coal, which forms the upper stratum of the lower member of




the Conemaugh formation, about 500 fee above the Upper Freeport.




The lowest coals outcropping in the Basin are the Middle and Lower




Kittanning coal groups which lie in the Allegheny formation about




250 feet below the Upper Freeport.  Coal beds are interspersed with




marine shales, red beds (shales), and clays.  In Georges Creek and




in a few isolated locations in the Upper Potomac field, the Mononga-




hela formation and Pittsburgh coal overlie the Conemaugh formation.




        Calcareous rocks, which would provide background alkalinity,




are not characteristic of the Basin.  Calcareous shales, called




limestone in early geological investigations, are present in several




locations only as thin, lime-poor strata.  A large outcrop of Green-




brier limestone, however, does occur in the Savage River Basin.




This rock unit and the seasonal nature of the drainage (surface




runoff or dry-weather flow) are believed to have the dominant effect




on the alkalinity of Savage Reservoir.






D.  Coal Mining Industry in the Potomac River North Branch Basin5'6




        Coal has been mined in the North Branch Basin for about




150 years.  A mine was operating before I8l6 at Eckhart, Maryland,




in the Georges Creek Coal Field.  Good transportation facilities




were probably instrumental in stimulating the early development




of the Georges Creek Field.
-------
-------
                                                         IV - 7






        Maryland's peak production of coal occurred in 1907, earlier




than any other major coal-producing State.  Coal production for both




the Maryland and West Virginia portions of the Worth Branch Basin




for the 1961-1965 period was.




               1961             1.0 million tons




               1962             1.0 million tons




               1963             1.3 million tons




               196U             2.2 million tons




               1965             3.3 million tons




The 1965 North Branch production amounted to 0.65 per cent of




national production.  About 2.2 million tons vere mined in West




Virginia (Upper Potomac Field) and 1.1 million tons in Maryland.




Of the 1965 Maryland production, 62k,000 tons were mined from the




Upper Potomac Field.  The Upper Potomac Field accounted for 85 per




cent of the 1965 Worth Branch Basin coal production, and the West




Virginia part of the Upper Potomac Field made up the bulk of the




recent increases.  In 196l and 1962, Maryland accounted for about




75 per cent of the coal produced in the North Branch Basin; in 1965




Maryland accounted for only 33 per cent.  While production for the




entire North Branch Basin increased 330 per cent from 196l to 1965,




Maryland production increased only 60 per cent.  These increases




are probably a result of the general national economic upturn dur-




ing these years, and are not indications of the long-term trend.




However, they are significant in terms of present water quality.
-------
                                                         IV - 8






        Output per man increased three times as fast in Maryland




during 1961-1965 as in the United States and the adjacent States;




and in 1965 the output per man was much greater in the Maryland




Upper Potomac Field than in the Georges Creek Field.  The increased




output, probably a result of new explorations and investment in new




equipment, was also experienced in the West Virginia Upper Potomac




Field.




        Because of the increased output per man, mining employment




in the North Branch Basin did not increase in proportion to produc-




tion during 1961-1965-  Employment for these years was:




                        1961 .... 617




                        1962 .... 567




                        1963 .... 631




                        I96h . ... 781*




                        1965 .... 851



Of the 1965 employment, 373 were employed in Maryland and ^78 in




West Virginia.  The figures include not only miners, but all mine-




associated employees.




        The average value of Maryland coal sold on the open market




in 1965 was $3.63 per tone at the mine—below the average U. S.




price of $k.kk and the Pennsylvania (including anthracite) and West




Virginia values of $5-07 and $^.87, respectively.  Coal values have




been stable since 1950.  The average U. S. value at the mine fluc-




tuated within a range of $0.69 per ton from 1950 to 1965.  West
-------
                                                         IV - 9






Virginia Upper Potomac Field values were probably comparable to the




Maryland coal values.  This makes the North Branch Basin 1965 pro-




duction worth about $12 million, or 0.53 per cent of the value of




all U. S. coal mined in 1965.




        The West Virginia Upper Potomac 1965 production would have




been worth $8 million, about one per cent of the total value of the




West Virginia coal production.  The Maryland 19^5 production of $it




million was about three ten-thousandths of one per cent of the gross




Maryland State product, and about six per cent of the total value of




the mineral industry in Maryland.
-------
                                                              V - 1






V.  SURVEY ACTIVITIES




    A.  CFS Surveys




            The Chesapeake Field Station (CFS)  of the Middle Atlantic




    Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,  maintains




    a mine drainage surveillance program in the North Branch of the




    Potomac River and tributaries between Cumberland and the headwaters




    near Kempton, Maryland.  The purpose of the program is to ascertain




    the effects of mine drainage pollution in terms of (l) extent of




    area affected; (2) severity of water quality degradation; and (3)




    quantity of mine drainage pollution to be abated.




            The field surveys were carried out in cooperation with the




    Maryland Department of Water Resources and the West Virginia Depart-




    ment of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources.   Sampling




    was started in August 1966 and has continued at intervals since.




    This report contains a summary of survey procedures and analytical




    methods, descriptions of sampling stations, and data collected




    through March 1968 (Appendices A through C).  Sampling stations are




    indicated on Basin Map (Figure II-l) and on Basin Schematics




    (Figures B-l through B-5).




            In August 196?» CFS conducted an intensive water quality




    survey of the North Branch from Luke to Cumberland, Maryland.  One




    objective of this survey was to determine the acidity reduction




    afforded by the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company's Luke Mill,




    and the extent of downstream movement of acidity due to a reduc-




    tion of the mill's caustic discharges during 1966.  Data are
-------
                                                          V - 2



published as a separate report.7  An investigation of benthic life


in streams affected by mine drainage was conducted by CFS personnel


in late summer of 1966.  Results are to be published as a separate


report.8


        In July 196T, a study of mine drainage in the North Branch


Potomac was published as a part of the report on mine drainage in


the Chesapeake Bay-Delaware River Basins.^  Measurements of acidity


and metal concentrations were limited to low flow samples; conse-


quently, the interpretation is of limited applicability.



B.  State Surveys


        The Maryland Department of Water Resources has an active


surveillance program for the streams in Maryland subjected to mine


drainage pollution.  Results of sampling through the end of 1966

                   * 10
have been published.      Like the CFS survey, this is a continuing


project.  In addition, the Maryland Department of Water Resources


(MDWR) has a complete survey of Maryland mine locations and areas


and many effluent analyses.11  The MDWR also earlier conducted a


pH survey of Maryland streams and many West Virginia tributaries


to the North Branch.12  A monitoring program is currently being


maintained by the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources,


Division of Water Resources.
*
   The use of unpublished data of Maryland Department of Water

   Resources is gratefully acknowledged.
-------
                                                          V - 3



C.  Industrial Surveys


        Three industrial organizations maintain stream sampling


programs in the Basin at Cumberland and above.  The West Virginia


Pulp and Paper Company's Luke Mill samples the North Branch at Luke


above and below the mill, at McCoole, Maryland (opposite Keyser,


West Virginia); at Dawson, Maryland; and on Georges Creek.  West


Virginia Pulp and Paper Company's pH data were used to determine


the trend in water quality.  Monthly median pH values from the


sampling point located above the Luke Mill and below Savage River


indicate a steady decline over at least the last five years.

            13
(Figure V-l)


        The Celanese Corporation plant near Cresaptown, Maryland,


samples the North Branch at points above and below the plant.  The


Kelly-Springfield Company samples the North Branch at two locations


in the City of Cumberland.


        Analyses performed by these organizations include pH and


alkalinity or acidity, as appropriate.  At the more downstream loca-


tions, data have only recently become of interest, because lime dis-


charges at Luke formerly prevented significant downstream acid


movement.  West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company acidity and alkalinity


data differ in certain respects from other survey data.


        These industrial data are summarized annually by the Inter-


state Commission on the Potomac River Basin.14
-------
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-------
                                                          V - 5






D.  1956 U. S. Public Health Service Survey




        The Public Health Service conducted a survey of the North




Branch during September and October of 1956.  The survey data indi-




cated that the mean daily loading of acidity in the North Branch




at Bloomington was about 26,000 Ib/day.  For 50 per cent of the




year, the loading varied between 15,000 and 1*7»000 Ib/day, with  a




yearly range of 3,000 to 200,000 Ib/day.




        It was estimated that the pH was between k.l and 5-0 for




50 per cent of the year; the mean annual pH was U.5.  The annual




pH range of the North Branch was 3.0 to 6.9-  The data indicate




that the pH could fall as low as 2.8 for one week every ten years




at times of extreme low flow.




        The Public Health Service report15 contained a summary of




studies conducted through 1956.  Comparison of this summary to the




more recent data indicate that the locations of principal sources




of mine drainage have changed considerably.  In 1938 it was reported




that (l) 5^ per cent of the mine drainage entering the North Branch




Basin originated in the Georges Creek and Wills Creek Basins, and that




(2) hQ per cent of the drainage was carried by the Hoffman Drainage




Tunnel, which drains mines in Georges Creek Basin, to a tributary




of Wills Creek.




        Recent sampling by the MDWR and the CFS indicated that mine




drainage in Wills Creek Basin exerts no adverse effect on the North




Branch, and the mine drainage problem is extremely small when compared




to the problems in other mining areas.
-------
                                                              VI - 1


VI.  WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL OBJECTIVES

     A.  State of Maryland16

             The vater quality standards of the State of Maryland, as

     approved by the U. S. Department of the Interior on August 7, 1967,

     state:

             "Normal pH values for the water of the zone must
             not be less than 6.0 nor greater than 8.5, except
             where ... and to the extent that ...  pH values
             outside this range occur naturally."

     Maryland standards apply to the North Branch  proper, since the

     entire River lies within Maryland.


     B.  State of West Virginia

             At the present time, water quality standards of the State

     of West Virginia have not been approved or adopted.  When the West

     Virginia standards become effective, they will apply to the West

     Virginia tributaries„


     C.  Mine Drainage Control Objectives

             In developing any pollution abatement program commensurate

     with the water quality standards, it is necessary to relate the

     water quality standards to mine drainage control objectives.  The

     standard most applicable to mine drainage is  pH.  To maintain the

     pH at the standard value of 6.0, a reduction  in acidity will be

     required.

             To aid in simulating the response of  pH to a reduction in

     acidity as a result of an abatement effort, the net alkalinity-pH
-------
                                                         VI - 2


                                                                *
relationship was established from existing stream sampling data.


(Figure VI-l)  The graph indicates that an acidity reduction to


attain a net alkalinity of zero or greater will be required in the


North Branch to meet the water quality standard of pH 6.0.  Attain-


ing this water quality standard is considered the objective of the


mine drainage control program.


        It has been observed that there are active mining operations


in every sub-basin in which significant contributions of acid to the


North Branch have been detected.  The significance of active mines


as compared to abandoned mines as acid sources has not been estab-


lished by individual mine effluent sampling; however, stream survey


data provide a strong implication that active mines are responsible


for much of the pollution.
*
   This relationship is analogous to an acidity titration curve.
-------
                             
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-------
                                                              VII - 1


VII.  RELATIONSHIP OF ACIDITY TO STREAMFLOW

              Inspection of data developed by the CFS and the MDWR showed

      an inverse relation of acidity concentration to river discharge

      which can be expressed mathematically as:


                                  C = aQb

      where

              C = acid concentration in mg/1

              Q = river discharge (cfs)

              a = a constant

              b = an exponent

      In the range above median discharge, concentration exhibits an

      inverse linear response of about one to one to changes in dis-

      charge and can be expressed mathematically as:


                                  C = aQb
             /•>
      where |b|  > |b|


              Plots of the logarithm of the concentration versus the loga-

      rithm of the discharge for main river stations (Steyer, Kitzmiller,

      and Beryl) revealed that in the range below median discharge the

      concentration response to changes in discharge is insensitive almost

      to the point of independence.   The C versus Q, graph for the Beryl

      station is shown in Figure VTI-1.  These concentrations result in

      pH values from i*-5 to less than 3 over virtually the entire range

      of flow.
-------
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-------
                                                        VII - 3






        The basic relationship used in this report is a plot of




the logarithm of the acidity loading versus the logarithm of the




river discharge—a graph whose shape is the reverse of the C




versus Q.  In the below-median flow range, the loading is highly




dependent on discharge, since the loading is a product of the dis-




charge and concentrations which vary on the average within narrow




limits.  The loading in this flow region is expressed in terms of




flow as given below:





                            L= cQd




where




        L = acid loading (lb/day)




        Q = river discharge (cfs)




        c = a constant




        d = an exponent





In the above-median flow range, the loading becomes constant and




can be mathematically formulated as:





                             L = K




where




        K = a constant





        The L versus Q graph, basically a derivation of the C versus




Q relationship, is a better working relationship in that it facili-




tates the comparison of tributary and in-stream loadings.  L versus




Q graphs for main river stations are shown in Figures VII-2




through VH-h.
-------
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-------
                                                                                                       VII  -  5
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-------
VII - 6,
-------
                                                       VII  - 7






        The net alkalinity, which is defined as total alkalinity




minus total acidity, has been used in this report to describe the




acidic or alkaline character of waters.  The net alkalinity is used




as a continuous function which can assume either a positive or a




negative sign, depending on whether alkalinity (positive) or acidity




(negative) is in excess of the other.  It is zero at the boundary




between acidic and alkaline conditions; that is, at neutrality.  A




logarithmic scale, which has no zero, normally cannot be used to




describe such a variable; however, the prevailing pH in the llorth




Branch is less than 4.5 at virtually all flow conditions.  At such




conditions the total alkalinity is zero, and the total acidity is




equal to the (minus) net alkalinity.




        In the range below median flow, the C versus Q curves indi-




cate (on a basin-wide scale) the oxygen and acidic material are




reacting nearly to the extent possible with the water available.




The small changes in acidity concentration over this flow range




indicate that additional water does not dilute the reaction product




(acid) in proportion to the amount of water added to the system.




In the range above median discharge, the addition of water to the




system causes a corresponding decrease in the concentration, indi-




cating that the effect of additional water in this flow range is




to dilute the acid.  Acid loading reaches a maximum near the median




discharge and then remains constant throughout the higher flow range.




At these conditions, reactions are probably proceeding at their




maximum rates in an excess of water.
-------
                                                        VII - 8






        The acid loading at a given time and location in the North




Branch is the result of a set of tributary sub-basin discharges.




At low-flow conditions, when tributaries and river are discharging




at relatively steady rates, the river loadings would be expected to




equal the sum of the upstream tributary loadings.  Also, at low-flow




conditions, the drainage area above the given river location would




have a more uniform probability of discharge among its tributary




sub-basins than at higher flow conditions when the sub-basin dis-




charges would tend to be partially independent.  At higher flows,




which are generally unsteady, the river loading depends on the




tributary loadings, their times of origin and time of travel.




        At low-flow conditions, loadings derived from load-discharge




relationships at a uniform probability of occurrence for all tribu-




tary sub-basins should add up to the loading indicated for a main




river station at the same probability.  At higher flows, this rela-




tive uniformity would be absent, and sub-basins would discharge at




probabilities varying greatly from the overall basin probability




of occurrence.  The additive properties of loadings indicated by




L versus Q curves would therefore also be absent.  The preceding




discussion, although somewhat speculative, illustrates the nature




of the problem in defining the relationship between tributary and




main river loadings.




        The reaction conditions which determine the rate and extent




of the acid-forming reaction among oxygen, water, and acidic mate-




rials are largely functions of climatological factors.  This suggests
-------
-------
                                                        VII - 9






that loadings may also vary with season.   Among the more important




reaction conditions are temperature, extent and time of water con-




tact with acidic material, and the occurrence and intensity of




bacterial action.




        Because of the general lack of natural alkalinity in the




Basin, the computational analyses have been made using acidity as




a conservative parameter.  It was also assumed that the turbulent




character of the River keeps it well saturated with oxygen.  Under




oxidizing conditions, and in the absence of carbonate, iron is




expected to go to the ferric state to release the bulk of the po-




tential acidity, which is then exerted within the sulfuric acid




equilibrium.  For this reason, the mobility of ferrous iron as an




acid precursor is believed to be quite limited.17  Channel storage




of reduced iron forms, and subsequent exertion as acidity by resus-




pension of bottom material has been assumed to be zero.  The ana-




lytical procedure used measures the entire active and potential




acidity (see Appendix A); therefore, differences in the oxidation




state of acid precursors at different locations do not affect the




use of acidities in a mass balance.
-------
                                                              VIII - 1


VIII.  ACIDITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE NORTH BRANCH BASIN

       A.  Headwaters to Beryl, West Virginia

               The Basin drained by the reach of river from its headwaters

       (River Mile 98) to the sampling station at Beryl (Bloomington, Mary-

       land, River Mile 53.6) accounts for the major portion of the acid

       loading carried by the North Branch.  Mean annual acid loading at

       Beryl is roughly six times that of the mean combined contributions

       of Savage River (near zero) and Georges Creek, although the ratio

       varies widely depending on streamflow conditions.  Upstream from

       Beryl there are no significant sources of alkalinity; hence, the

       acidity loading is cumulative throughout the reach.  The probability

       distribution of acidity loadings shown in Table 2 indicates that

       about two-thirds of the total annual loading at Beryl occurs at

       above-median flow conditions.

               Net alkalinity profiles at three equivalent flow conditions

       were constructed from the logarithmic graphs of loading versus dis-
                                                          $fr
       charge (L versus Q graphs) and flow-duration curves  18 for the main

       river stations (Figures VIII-1 through VIII-3).  River discharges
          Reference 18 contains duration curves for Kitzmiller and Beryl
          (Bloomington, now abandoned).  The duration curve for Steyer
          was obtained from the Kitzmiller curve on a discharge per square
          mile basis after determining the similarity of runoff character-
          istics.  The high-flow end of the Steyer curve was then adjusted
          upward on the basis of regional flood discharge variations with
          drainage area published in Bulletin 25.  The mean annual discharge
          obtained from the duration curve agrees closely with the mean of
          record.
-------
                                                      viii  -  •-:
                           TABLE 2

                    WORTH BRANCH AT BERYL

        PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF NET ACIDITY LOADS
P(Q)   ATimc
                cfs    11/day
                                   Load      % c*" Total
                                  Ib/yr        Annual
98 3-5
95 k.O
90 7.5
80 10
70 10
60 10
50 10
1*0 10
30 10
20 10
j. 0 7 ;;
5 !KO
2 3,5
Total Annual
32
1*3
57
»9
139
200
261
380
510
710
1,150
I ,6(30
2,590
Loac;
23,000
29,000
37,000
52,000
73,000
97,000
130,000
160,000
172,000
172,000
172,000
17°, 000
172,000

2914
*23
1,013
2 ,398
2,661*
3,5J(0
^,71*5
5, 8140
6,270
6,27^
1.70F-
2,511
2,197
1*2, '(00
,000 C.v
,000 L.I
,000 2,k
, 000 -, , ?
,000 6.3
,000 C.3
, 000 11 . 2
,000 13. C.
,000 1^.3
,000 lit 8
,00''> i'l,,:
,000 5.9
,roo 5.2
,000
'•-7
~ t v
4,1
6 6
] lj . 9
23,2
3, , ^
3 o /%
HO £;
63.0
7V "
c,'. 9
•;/t ^
120.0

Mean Daily Load
                       116,000
-------
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-------
                                                       VIII - 6






of 80, 50, and 20 percent probability of being equalled or exceeded




were selected as representative of low, median, and high flows,




respectively.




        The 80 percent profile represents acid loadings at low flow




discharges which could occur more or less simultaneously at the




three sampling points,  The acidity loadings for this condition




are considered to be from a relatively steady flow system.  Simul-




taneous occurrence of median (50 percent) and 20 percent discharges,




however, would be relatively rare, since unsteady flow is the rule




at these conditions.  The median and high flow profiles, therefore,




indicate loadings which have the same probability of occurrence but




which would not occur simultaneously.




        In general, the proportion of acidity loadings from the more




upstream reaches is slightly smaller at the higher river discharges,




although, as indicated by the L versus Q curves, all instream load-




ings are much higher at the greater discharges„




        At low-flow conditions (for discharges equalled or exceeded




80 percent of the time) the reach above Steyer receives almost 80




percent of the loading at Beryl<,  At average flow conditions, the




loading at Steyer is about ^0 percent of the instream loading at




Beryl, and the loading at Kitzmiller is more than 90 percent of the




Beryl loading,,  At discharges equalled or exceeded 20 percent of




the time, the acidity loading at Steyer is about 60 percent and the




loading at Kitzmiller still about 80 percent of the Beryl loading«,




However, the increase from Steyer to Beryl under these high-flow
-------
-------
                                                              viii  - 7


       conditions represents a 70,000 Ib/day influx of acidity in a reach

       which receives a relatively minor quantity at low to median  flow.

       The location of tributaries known to be significant contributors to

       the acidity loadings are indicated at the top of the profiles, as

       well as the location of Stony River, where overall effect is unknown.

       Where influent loadings have been estimated, they are shown  by bars

       at the tributary locations.

               Only in the reach above Steyer has a reasonably satisfactory

       balance been obtained between acid inflows and the instream  loadings

       indicated by L versus Q graphs.

               This balance is shown below,


                                   TABLE 3

                       NET ACIDITY BALANCE ABOVE STEYER

Elk Run
Laurel Run
Buffalo Creek.
P(Q)
(low
Loading
Ib /day
20,000
h,000
1,500
= 80%
flow)
Percent of
Steyer's L
50
10
h
P(Q) = 505?
(median flow)
Loading Percent of
Ib/day Steyer's L
62,000 81+
12,000 16
7,000 9
P(Q)
(high
Load i ng
Ib/day
? 62, 000
25,000
19,000
= 20%
flow )
Percent
Steyer1
>56
23
17

of
s L



Total          25,500       6k      81,000      109      >106,000     >9b
Comparison to
  Steyer's
  Loading     (U0,000)             (7^,000)              (110,000,'
-------
                                                       VIII - 8






        The partial balance was obtained by summing the influent




loadings of the tributaries above Steyer at a uniform yield (cfs




per square mile).  This procedure should produce the most satis-




factory balance at low-flow conditions , assuming that low flows




represent the steadiest flows and most uniform sub-basin yields.




The inability to obtain a balance between the estimated tributary




loadings and the Steyer loading at the low-flow condition is at-




tributed to inadequate definition of tributary acidity loading and




discharge characteristics.  It is unlikely that an undiscovered




acid source of the magnitude indicated exists, since this area has




been surveyed extensively,.




        The percentages shown for the three tributaries in Table 3,




when multiplied by the fraction of Steyer's loading to Beryl's,




indicate that Elk Run contributes about 35 percent of the loading




at Beryl; Laurel Run contributes about six to ih percent, and




Buffalo Creek between three and ten percent of the Beryl loading„




        In the reaches below Steyer, a balance could not be ap-




proached at higher flows when the differences between Steyer, Kitz-




miller, and Beryl stations were significant„  The influent loadings




which produced these differences are attributed to known tributary




sources still undefined as to quantity, to the possibility that many




tributaries become acidic at high flows, and, possibly, to undetected




acid discharges which enter directly into the River,,  Deep mine work-




ings are fairly extensive throughout this reach, and it is possible




that sub-surface discharges occur under hydrostatic pressure„
-------
                                                       VIII - 9






B.  Beryl, West Virginia, to Pinto, Maryland




        In this reach the alkalinity-acidity balance is influenced




significantly by four discharges which occur predominantly in the




Luke area.  Savage River, vhich alternates between alkaline and




acidic conditions, joins the North Branch at River Mile 53.5.  A




major influence in the reach is the neutralizing effect created by




water withdrawals and waste discharges of the West Virginia Pulp




and Paper Company's Luke Mill, which is located on the North Branch




about one-half mile below the Savage River confluence.  Georges




Creek, which joins the North Branch at River Mile 51.1|, is continu-




ously acidic.  The Upper Potomac River Commission Waste Treatment




Facility at Westernport (River Mile 50.0) is a large alkaline




influence.  The discharges between Luke and Pinto are discussed in




detail below.




        The tributaries downstream from Westernport, except for New




Creek, are minor hillside runs.  In fact, during periods of low to




moderate flow, water losses in the Luke Mill frequently cause the




river discharge at Pinto, 21 miles downstream at River Mile 32.2,




to be less than the discharge upstream from the mill.






    1.  Effects of Savage River




        Savage River is regulated to maintain a discharge of 93 cfs




at Luke in conjunction with the unregulated flow of North Branch.




The only source of mine drainage in the Basin is Aaron Run, a small




creek between the dam and the confluence with the North Branch.  The
-------
                                                      VIII - 10






quality of Savage River where it enters North Branch is extremely




variable, depending on both the acidity being discharged by Aaron




Run and the alkalinity of water released from the reservoir.




Because of these conditions, there is no fixed relation of load to




discharge in Savage River.




        In 1966 an intensive water quality survey by the Chesapeake




Field Station personnel indicated an average alkalinity at the mouth




of Savage River of 43 mg/1, the highest on record.  Year-round




sampling by the Maryland Department of Water Resources indicates




net alkalinities varying from -6k to +38 mg/1.  The U, S. Public




Health Service 1956 survey revealed an average alkalinity of 19 mg/1




above the reservoir.  These data are presented graphically in




Figure VIII-4.




        The higher values have been measured during dry periods; in




particular, the August 1966 survey was conducted at the end of the




drought conditions of that year.  A much lower concentration was




observed in October, after the dry conditions were relieved by




rainfall.  It appears that the alkalinity content of Savage River




is greater during a period of sustained dry weather than during




wet weather.  This is attributed to two influences:  (a) Aaron Run




is more likely to contribute a significant acid loading during wet




weather; and (b) Savage River drains a limestone region above the




reservoir, and the proportionately larger groundwater inflow during




sustained dry weather probably carries greater alkalinity concen-




trations into the reservoir and thence into the release flow.
-------
                                                                                      VIII  -  11
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                                                                             to
                                                                             
-------
                                                      VIII - 12






    2.  Effects of the Luke Mill




        The West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company's mill at Luke




normally withdraws about 108 cfs of water, of which 66 cfs is for




cooling and U2 cfs is for process water.  Cooling water is used on




a once-through "basis, without treatment except during low flow




periods when as much as 25 cfs may be recirculated by returning it




to the pond above the mill through spray nozzles.




        About 29 cfs of process water is pumped downstream to the




Upper Potomac River Commission Plant where it receives secondary




biological treatment.  A volume of approximately 9 cfs of evapora-




tor condensate of a pH ranging from h to 7 is discharged without




treatment.  A daily volume of about 2.h cfs of smelter boiler house




waste of pH 7 to 11 is discharged without treatment.15  In addition,




an unknown volume of supernatant from a flyash settling lagoon is




released to the River.




        The effect of the process water withdrawal is to reduce the




acidity loading in direct proportion to the acidity concentration




of the water withdrawn:




        Wet Acidity Reduction (ib/day) = k2 (process water withdrawn)




            x (5.^» a conversion factor) x (acidity concentration of




            the river water, mg/l)




This reduction is, in effect, an increase in the net alkalinity,




although the water of the North Branch remains unchanged in quality




until neutralized by the wastewater returned to the River.  During




the Chesapeake Field Station's North Branch survey of August 1967,7
-------
                                                      VIII - 13






the effect of the mill was to change the net alkalinity loading




from -H,000 to +1,000 Ib/day (see Figure VIII-5).  Process water




withdrawal accounted for an acidity reduction of 17,000 Ib/day.




The neutralizing capacity of wastewater returned to the River was




about 28,000 Ib/day net alkalinity, exclusive of wastewater treated




at the Upper Potomac River Commission Waste Treatment Facility.




Mass balances approximated from West Virginia Pulp and Paper Com-




pany data for several other flow conditions support the 28,000




Ib/day estimate for low-flow conditions.




        In 1966, the mill eliminated spent lime discharges by




installing a lime recovery process,  The effects of this change




have been observed as far downstream as Pinto.  It is evident that




because of the size of the mill operation, future changes in waste




treatment policy may exert the deciding effect on the alkalinity-




acidity balance.






    3.  Effects of Georges Creek




        The instream loading for Georges Creek varies from 2,500




Ib/day acidity at 6.8 cfs (which has a 90 percent chance of being




exceeded) to 37,000 Ib/day acidity at a discharge of 188 cfs (which




has a ten percent chance of being exceeded).  At median flow, 36




cfs, the instream loading is 20,000 Ib/day net acidity.




        Stream loadings for the same probabilities at Beryl are




37,000, 190,000, and 130,000 Ib/day net acidity, respectively.




Although the contribution of Georges Creek is much smaller than
-------
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  SJD 61)  = 0 —




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 SJO  08 = 0 —

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                                                                              00
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                                                                      FIGURE SHE-5
-------
                                                      VIII - 15


that of the North Branch above Beryl, it is a significant source

of acid.


    h.  Effects of Upper Potomac River Basin Waste Treatment
        Facilities

        The mass balance obtained from the water quality survey of

August 1967 indicates that the Upper Potomac River Basin Commission

(UPRC) facility contributes about 15,000 Ib/day net alkalinity to

North Branch.  This loading is believed to be relatively steady.


    5.  Effects Below the Luke Area

        The UPRC facility is the most downstream of the major influ-

ences.  As indicated by the profile obtained from the 1967 survey,

there is no substantial change in alkalinity loading between the

Poland sampling station (River Mile Up) and Pinto, Maryland (River

Mile 32).  No estimate is currently available of the neutralizing

capacity available downstream from Luke at higher flows.  Recent

data taken at Pinto indicate that the pH falls between U.5 and 6

during high-flow periods, but that the acid is largely neutralized.

Acidic conditions would not be expected at Pinto during low-flow

periods.  The occurrence of acidic conditions at Pinto is attributed

to the cessation of spent lime discharges in 1966 at the Luke Mill.


C.  Pinto, Maryland, to Wiley Ford, West Virginia

        The reach of river between Pinto and Wiley Ford flows

through the Cumberland, Maryland, industrial area.  The U. S.

Geological Survey Cumberland gage is located at the bridge between
-------
                                                      viii - 16






Cumberland and Wiley Ford, near the downstream edge of the indus-




trial area.  The Maryland Department of Water Resources samples




regularly at this point.




        The principal tributaries in this reach are Wills Creek,




which joins the Worth Branch at River Mile 21.7, and Evitts Creek.




Jennings Run and Braddock Run, tributaries of Wills Creek, receive




mine drainage in their upper reaches.  Braddock Run, in particular,




receives drainage from mines in the Georges Creek Basin via the




discharge of the Hoffman Tunnel near Clarysville.  Wills Creek,




however, is no longer acidic at its mouth and does not exert a




significant influence on the quality of the North Branch.




        As noted in the previous section, acidic conditions have




been observed at Pinto.  There is no evidence that they have




extended below Cumberland at any time.
-------
                                                              IX -  1






IX.  EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED BLOOMINGTON RESERVOIR PROJECT




     A.  Introduction




             The Bloomington Reservoir Project,  located on the North




     Branch eight miles upstream from Bloomington, Maryland,  is in  the




     final stages of pre-construction planning,   This project, when con-




     structed, will be a multi-purpose project with storage provided  for




     water supply, water quality control, flood  control, and  recreation.




     At the conservation pool level, the dam will impound 9^,700 acre-




     feet of water.




             Since the proposed reservoir will impound waters which are




     currently degraded by mine drainage pollution, it becomes important




     to evaluate the effect this pollution will  have on the intended  uses




     of the reservoir.  An analysis designed to  evaluate the  impact this




     project will have on the quantity and quality of water in the  North




     Branch Basin should determine:




             lo  The effects of stratification within the reservoir.




             2.  The possibility of acid regeneration in the  waters




                 of the proposed project,,




             3.  The effect the project will have on downstream water




                 quality and water supply.




             k.  The possibility of operating the proposed project  in




                 conjunction with the existing Savage River Project to




                 achieve the most beneficial use of the water resources




                 of the area.
-------
                                                         IX - 2






        Data is not currently available on which an analysis could




be based which would supply a complete answer to all the problems




posed above.  In fact, such problems as the effect of stratification




and the possibility of acid regeneration within the reservoir pool




may never be resolved completely until the reservoir project is




actually constructed.




        Field and laboratory studies, sponsored in part by the




Baltimore District, Corps of Engineers, are being conducted by the




personnel of the Chesapeake Field Station.  These studies will




supply some of the basic data needed to evaluate the effects of




the proposed project.




        In order to gain some insight on the possible effect of the




Bloomington Project on downstream water quality, a preliminary anal-




ysis was made based on currently available data.  The reliability




and usefulness of this analysis are limited by a scarcity of data




regarding effects in the Luke area; by lack of experience regarding




flow and circulation in deep reservoirs; and by an inadequate




expression of the variability of acid loadings under given flow




conditions.




        The lack of data in the Luke Area is a result of recent




changes in industrial waste discharge practices at the West Virginia




Pulp and Paper Company.  It is expected that further changes will




occur in the direction of attenuating the quantity of alkalinity




which now reaches the North Branch concurrently with the control




of untreated waste discharges.
-------
                                                         IX - 3



        It is apparent that the exact analysis of the effect of


the Bloomington Project on the downstream alkaline-acid balance is


dependent on information which is still in the process of being


collected.  However, the analysis that follows was based on avail-


able data, and the assumptions that were made seem to be reasonable


in the light of current knowledge of alkaline-acid interactions.


        Although the following analysis should provide some insight


into the possible effects of the proposed Bloomington Project, final


conclusions relating to a project of this size should not be made


until all the data from current field and laboratory studies are


available„



B,  Acidity-Alkalinity Balance


    1.  General


        The effects of Bloomington Dam on the reasonal distribution

                                                                *
of loads and concentrations downstream were estimated by routing


acidity loadings through the reservoir under (,l) low-flow and (2)


average-flow conditions „  Discharges at the tL Su Geological Survey


Kitzmiller gage were used as a basis for the streamflow pattern.


Mean monthly river discharges for the calendar year 1,965 were used


to represent low-flow conditions.


        Average flow conditions were represented by the mean monthly


flow exceeded 50 percent of the time.  The mean monthly flow values
   Routing was done using the River Basin Simulation Program with
   the assistance of Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
   Division of Technical Control,
-------
                                                         IX - k






comprising the average flow conditions were determined for each




month by plotting mean monthly flows on log-probability paper and




reading the 50 percentile value.  Since the logarithmic-probability




plots reduce the influence of the months containing high flows, the




mean annual discharges derived from these plots are somewhat less




than the mean of record.  The annual hydrographs used in this




analysis are shown in Figure IV-1.




        Acidic and alkaline effects below the Bloomington Dam,




principally in the vicinity of Luke, were added to the release




loadings to estimate the loadings and concentration downstream from




the Luke area.






    2.  Assumptions Regarding Acid Routine




        a.  Bloomington Reservoir would be operated to maintain a




minimum discharge of 305 cfs at Luke, in conjunction with Savage




River Reservoir releases.  It was assumed for analysis that 210 cfs




would be provided by Bloomington and 95 cfs by Savage; in fact, the




anticipated typical releases are about 270 and 35 cfs for Blooming-




ton and Savage, respectively.  The anticipated releases were formu-




lated to reserve the excellent quality Savage River water for




municipal and industrial use.  The releases assumed for this anal-




ysis, however, were formulated with the object of using Savage River




water to the maximum extent for dilution and neutralization of the




acidic Bloomington releases.
-------
                                                         IX - 5


        b.  Storage deficiencies "below the conservation (normal

full) pool level would be maintained to provide flood storage

capacity in the conservation pool until mid-April, in accordance

with the proposed operating plan of the Corps of Engineers.  The

following equations were used as a generalization of this rule:

        Months of the Year              Release Rule

        May through November            D = 210
        December through March          D = 210 + 0.5Q
        April                           D = 210 + 0.25Q

where

        D = minimum release from reservoir in cfs

        Q = flow into the reservoir in cfs


        c.  The flow into the reservoir would be 1.09 times stream-

flow at the Kitzmiller gage.  The factor 1.09 was derived from the

ratio of median discharge of the Bloomington (Beryl) gage to the

median discharge of the Kitzmiller gage (Ratio = 1.19) and the dam's

location halfway between the gages.

        d.  Flood storage would not be used for low flow augmenta-

tion.  The operating plan indicates that a flood of more than five-

year recurrence interval is required to occupy a significant portion

of the flood storage capacity.

        e.  There would be neither neutralization nor generation of

acid in the reservoir.  It is conceivable that acid could be pro-

duced within the reservoir; this possibility is discussed subse-

quantly in this chapter.
-------
                                                         ix - 6






        f.   Incoming flows would mix instantly and uniformly with the




reservoir contents.  This assumption represents a large departure




from the real physical conditions encountered in deep reservoirs,




The effects of the departure cannot be evaluated quantitatively;  how-




ever, the conditions implied in the assumption are discussed below:




            (l)  Summer stratification would result in summer river




inflows of highly acidic water (concentration about 100 mg/l) float-




ing above colder bottom water of considerably lower acidity (about




kO mg/l), the bottom water concentration being a residual condition




of spring inflows and the spring overturn.   The effects of strati-




fication, it was assumed, could be eliminated by simultaneous multi-




level withdrawal or other techniques to obtain a mixture of top and




bottom water which would result in an acidity concentration in the




release water equal to that which would exist in a completely mixed




reservoir.   Release of only the less acidic bottom water at the rate




of 210 cfs would result in exhaustion of bottom water during late




summer or fall, after which the reservoir contents could consist of




the more acidic top water until winter flows became available for




dilution.  Releasing a large volume of this water would result in




a slug loading well in excess of loadings which would otherwise




occur.  It is believed that current knowledge of the operating




characteristics of such systems is not adequate to allow a conclu-




sive statement on the degree of mixing to be expected.




            (2)  A second implied condition is that winter strati-




fication would not inhibit mixing significantly.  If the Bloomington
-------
                                                         IX - 7


reservoir is operated as proposed, the fall overturn will occur

near the time when reservoir contents are at a minimum; and the

reservoir would be refilled gradually over the winter, with the

target date for a full reservoir being April 15.  Formal winter

stratification, in which a. bottom layer of dense water near k° C

is overlain by a less dense mixture of water and ice, will be modi-

fied by the proposed type of operation.  It is to be expected that

the winter inflows will have a greater mixing effect upon a reser-

voir which is, on the average, only partly full than upon one which

is filled as soon as possible.  Current predictive capabilities are

not adequate to describe these effects.

            (3)  The third implied condition is that complete over-

turn of reservoir contents would occur each spring and fall.  In

deep reservoirs complete overturns do not always take place, and

some strata or pockets may be trapped and released subsequently.


    3.  Assumptions regarding Sources of Acidity and Alkalinity
        Below Bloomington

        a.  Acid loadings from the drainage area between Kitzmiller

and Beryl would be divided equally so that half the loading would

enter the reservoir and half would enter the river between the dam

and Beryl.  This assumption should be supported by additional data,

although it will exert little effect on the results of the analysis.

        b.  Savage River would contribute 95 cfs at an alkalinity

of 30 mg/1, which was the case during the summer months of 1965.

Since the contribution is of less importance under winter conditions,
-------
                                                         IX - 8



the net alkalinity loading of 15,000 Ib/day was assumed to be


constant for the entire year.


        c.  Savage River, under synthetic average year flow condi-


tions, would contribute 95 cfs at 10 rag/1 alkalinity, or a loading


of 5,100 Ib/day net alkalinity.  Data are not available at this time


to confirm the validity of the 10 mg/1 alkalinity concentration.


        d.  The Luke Mill discharges 28,000 Ib/day of net alkalinity.


This alkalinity is contained in untreated waste discharges which, it


is assumed, will eventually be diverted to the Upper Potomac River


Basin Commission plant with some attenuation of alkalinity.


        e.  The ^2 cfs process water withdrawal by the Luke Mill


would reduce the net acidity by 5,500 Ib/day under 19^5 streamflow


conditions and by 6,900 Ib/day under streamflow conditions of the


synthetic average year.  The difference in the process water with-


drawal effects for the two years is due to its dependence on the


concentration of net alkalinity at the point of withdrawal in the


North Branch below Savage River.  Withdrawal effects were computed


at times of typical summer concentrations, thus near the time of


maximum effect.  Since the withdrawal effect is small in comparison


to the high-flow loadings, and since the winter alkalinity decline


in Savage River water causes a change of the opposite sign in the


withdrawal effect, the withdrawal effect has been considered constant,
     i

        The withdrawal effect was computed as follows:
-------
                                                         IX - 9
                         n  (5.10 (L.  + L )
                    L  = Q        _ b _ s
                     w    x
where :




        L   = loading of net acidity, Ib/day




        Q   = flow in cfs




        5.^ = conversion factor




and subscripts indicate:




        w = process water withdrawal




        b = quantities in North Branch at Beryl




        s = quantities in Savage River above confluence with

            North Branch




Therefore, in 1965:



               L  = h2 ($5,000 - 15,000) =   50Q

                w    d      210 + 95       >^




And under Synthetic Average Year flow conditions :







                  • >*
        f.  The Upper Potomac River Basin Commission plant would




add 15,000 Ib/day of net alkalinity to the North Branch.




        g.  Georges Creek would contribute acidity loadings vary-




ing from 1,900 to 1*0,000 Ib/day in 1965, and in a median year from




^,500 to 36,000 Ib/day.  Contributions by month are shown in




Table k.






    k.  Discussion of Results




        The results of the routine analysis under low-flow and




average flow  conditions are shown in Figures IX-1 and IX-2,
-------
                                             IX - 10
                 TABLE it




NET ACIDITY CONTRIBUTIONS OF GEORGES CREEK






                  Contribution (ib/day)
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Synthetic Average Year
35,000
30,000
19,000
7,200
7,200
4,500
6,500
14,000
25,000
31,000
32,000
36,000
1965
38,000
28,000
8,500
3,600
3,400
1,900
4,000
6,000
14,000
35,000
37,000
40,000
-------
                                                                       IX - 11
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-------
                                                                     IX  - 12
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-------
                                                        IX - 13






respectively.  For the low-flow year (1965) the reservoir releases




in the summer months would contain acidity loadings in the range




of minus 45,000 to minus 60,000 lb/day of net alkalinity, consider-




ably in excess of the natural-flow loadings.  For the average-flow




year, the summer release loadings would be in the range of minus




65,000 to minus 80,000 Ib/day net alkalinity; but the difference




between loadings at natural conditions and the release loadings




would be less pronounced than in a low-flow year.  The reason for




the greater release loadings under expected (synthetic average




year) summer conditions is found in the loading versus discharge




curves discussed in Chapter VII.  The summer water which mixes with




reservoir contents is of a relatively constant concentration; thus




greater flows serve to strengthen the acidity of the mixture.




        Winter release loadings would differ as shown from the




natural-condition winter loading, which is constant on the average.




Natural and released winter loadings are all in excess of the




neutralizing capacity downstream.




        The acidity concentrations associated with the synthetic




average year summer and fall release loadings (at 210 cfs) vary




from roughly 50 to 75 mg/1.  Concentrations associated with 1965




summer and fall releases (210 cfs) vary from roughly 30 to 60 mg/1.




Concentrations under natural flow conditions would be on the order




of 100 mg/1 and at times much greater.  The expected concentrations




with the reservoir in operation, however, could still cause pH




values below h in the reach between Bloomington Dam and Beryl
-------
                                                        IX - lU


(see Figure VI-l); thus, no significant improvement in the "bio-

logical condition would be expected.  Use of reservoir release

water for municipal and industrial water supply in this reach
                                    *
would require that it be neutralized  or that other measures be

taken to obviate its acidic effects.  For example, at the Luke Mill

stainless steel piping is used so that cooling water can be circu-

lated without treatment.

        Acidity concentrations of the release waters under winter

conditions would be on the order of 25 to hO mg/1 which, as with

the summer concentrations, would cause pH values below k.

        Figures IX-1 and IX-2 indicate that under low-flow condi-

tions (summer, 1965) the River would be alkaline below the Luke-

Westernport area as a result of neutralization in that area.  Under

the expected summer conditions (synthetic average year) the acid

loadings would not be completely neutralized.  Acid loadings on the

order of 15,000 to 25,000 Ib/day would pass the area with a flow of

305 cfs, resulting in concentrations of 9 to l6 mg/1 acidity and pH

values of 5 to 6.  These conditions do not meet Maryland standards,

although they are not comparable in severity to those above Luke.

        Winter release loadings, as noted earlier, are expected to

be in excess of the neutralizing capacity in the Luke area.  Based

on recent experience with winter flows, it is believed that discharges
   Softening and iron and manganese removal would probably be
   necessary for most purposes.  Depending on the unit process
   chosen for treatment, these may be a part of the same process
   as neutralization.
-------
                                                        IX - 15


of the magnitude indicated would cause acidic conditions at Pinto

or below.  It is probable that the Maryland water quality standards

would not be met consistently for several months of each year in

the reach between Luke and Pinto.


C.  Acid Production in the Mines at the Proposed Bloomington
    Reservoir

        Drawdown for water supply and quality control in the pro-

posed Bloomington Reservoir will cause extreme fluctuations in pool

elevations.  Normal drawdown will be about 56 feet.  Beyond the

normal drawdown, the elevation will fall much more rapidly with the

release of additional water; thus, the drawdown will be considerably

greater than 56 feet in low-flow years.  During the drought years of

1930-1931, the maximum drawdown would have been about 170 feet.

        Abandoned mines in the drawdown range will be subject to

recurrent filling and emptying.  This condition may be conducive

to the production of acid; since air, water, and acidic material

of the mine will be brought together.  At the normal operating pool

level, the reservoir surface will intersect the Upper Freeport,

Upper Kittanning, and the Middle and Lower Kittanning coal seams.

It may also intersect the Bakerstown coal seam.  The Upper Freeport

and the Bakerstown coal seams are believed to be associated with

severely acidic conditions in Laurel Run (Kempton), Maryland, and

Elk Eun and Abram Creek in West Virginia.

        The generation of any additional acidity in North Branch

above the impoundment would aggravate the adverse effect of acid
-------
                                                        IX - 16


mine drainage on water quality and detract from the usefulness of

the reservoir.


D.  Acidity Regeneration in Waters of the Proposed Bloomington
    Reservoir

        Depletion of oxygen in the lower layers of the reservoir

during summer stratification, a usual tendency in deep reservoirs,

would be a major environmental change from the turbulent, well-

oxygenated conditions now characteristic of the North Branch.

Ferric iron present in the reservoir would then tend to be reduced

to the ferrous state.  Strongly reducing conditions are not required

for this action to take place.  Upon re-exposure to oxidizing condi-

tions, the ferrous iron will be reoxidized to the ferric state, thus

releasing two moles of acidity per mole of iron.  The effect of this

regeneration of acidity may become significant as iron sediments

are deposited behind the dam.  After a certain amount of mine drain-

age abatement work has been accomplished, the pH of the river may

be expected to rise.  As the pH rises, the tendency for iron pre-

cipitation is increased; moreover, the biological action which

causes oxygen depletion may be expected to be more vigorous at

higher pH values.  As abatement work proceeds, therefore, the pro-

portion of iron which takes part in the oxidation-reduction cycle

will tend to increase.
-------
                                                              X -  1


X.  BIBLIOGRAPHY

    1.  Maryland Geological Survey, Geologic Map of Garrett  County,  1953.

    2.  Maryland Geological Survey, Geologic Map of Allegany County,  1953-

    3.  West Virginia Geological Survey, Map II, Mineral County showing
        General and Economic Geology, 1923.

    h.  West Virginia Geological Survey, Map IV, Grant County showing
        General and Economic Geology, 1923.

    5.  National Coal Association, "Bituminous Coal Data, 1966."

    6.  Maryland Geological Survey, Bureau of Mines, "Forty-Third  Annual
        Report, 1965."

    7.  Chesapeake Field Station, Middle Atlantic Region, FWPCA, "Investi-
        gation of Water Quality in the North Branch Potomac  River  Between
        Cumberland and Luke, Maryland, August 1967."

    8.  LaBuy, James L., "Investigation of the Benthic Fauna in the  North
        Branch Potomac River Basin, Chesapeake Field Station, Middle
        Atlantic Region, FWPCA, Report in Preparation.

    9.  Middle Atlantic Region, FWPCA, "Water Quality and Pollution  Control
        Study, Mine Drainage, Chesapeake Bay-Delaware River  Basins," Working
        Document No. 3, July 1967-

   10.  Hopkins, Thomas C., Jr., Maryland Department of Water Resources,
        "Physical and Chemical Quality from the Effects of Mine Drainage
        in Western Maryland," August 1967-

   11.  Hopkins, Thomas C., Jr., Maryland Department of Water Resources,
        "Western Maryland Mine Drainage Survey, 1962-65," 3  Volumes.

   12.  Rubelmann, R. J., Maryland Department of Water Resources (then
        Water Pollution Control Commission), "Interim Report No. 1 on
        the Western Maryland pH Survey," June 10, 1963.

   13.  West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, Luke Mill, "Waste Control
        Report" (monthly), data obtained through cooperation of Maryland
        Department of Water Resources and Interstate Commission on the
        Potomac River Basin.

   lk.  Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, "Potomac River
        Water Quality Network, Compilation of Data" (annual).
-------
                                                           X - 2
15.  Public Health Service, U.  S.  Department of Health,  Education,
     and. Welfare, "Investigation of North Branch Potomac River,  Report
     on Benefits to Pollution Abatement from Low Flow Augmentation on
     the North Branch Potomac River," Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineer-
     ing Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1957-

l6.  Maryland, State of, Water Resources  Commission and  Department of
     Water Resources, "Water Resources Regulation U.Q General Water
     Quality Criteria and Specific Water  Quality Standards."

17-  Morris, J. Carrell, and Stumm, Werner, "Redox Equilibria and
     Measurements of Potentials in the Aquatic Environment," Chapter
     13 of Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water Systems, American
     Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 1967-

18.  Darling, John M., Maryland Streamflow Characteristics,  Maryland
     Geological Survey, Bulletin 25, Baltimore, Maryland, 1962.
-------
                                                          A - 1






                           APPENDIX A




            SURVEY PROCEDURES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS






1-  Objectives of the Survey




    a.  To measure the severity or intensity of the effects of




mine drainage on the surrounding environment.




        These effects are primarily on the biota, on the useful-




ness of the water for municipal, industrial, or recreational pur-




poses, and on structures because of the corrosive effects of acidic




vater.  The pH and acidity concentrations are basic parameters for




this purpose.




    b.  To measure the net requirement or capacity of vaters for




neutralization.




        In order to predict the effects of different loading condi-




tions, it is necessary to determine the mass flow rates of both the




acidic and alkaline components around a region in which changes are




occurring.  The use of net alkalinity, a single continuous parameter




encompassing both components, has been adopted by the Middle Atlantic




Region, FWPCA.  Net alkalinity is defined as the total alkalinity




minus the total acidity.  It can assume either a positive or a nega-




tive value, although the term net acidity is sometimes used to




avoid dealing exclusively in negative numbers.  Experiments by




personnel of the Susquehanna Field Station, Middle Atlantic Region,




FWPCA, and by Wilkes College under contract by FWPCA have demonstrated




the applicability of the additive properties of net alkalinity to




acidic-alkaline stream interactions.
-------
                                                          A - 2






        In the CFG work to date, the effect  of sources  of neutra-




lization was determined by the difference in net alkalinity mass




flow rates above and below the source.   It was, therefore, not nec-




essary to predict the effect of mixing but simply to state the




quantity of net alkalinity available in terms of the effect.  For




these purposes, alkalinity (where present), acidity, and stream




discharge are basic parameters.




    c.  To measure the background acidity or alkalinity of areas




which are not major contributors to the pollution.




    d.  To measure the concentrations of iron and other metals and




hardness.




        These components also affect the biota and water use, both




by the physical effects of bottom-blanketing precipitates and by




altering the mineral balance of the water and, therefore, changing




the toxic action of acidity or toxic metals.  These components were




measured during reconnaissance work but are considered of secondary




importance because (l) the qualitative effects are generally well




known but quantitative effects are extremely difficult to estimate,




and (2) they have a common source with acidity, i.e., sulfuritic




material.




    e.  To measure a mass tracer parameter.




        Sulfate is the best parameter for this purpose because it




originates as an acidic component and is less subject to change by




neutralization than acidity.  The reaction product, hydrated calcium




sulfate, is soluble to over 2,000 mg/1 and more so in acidic solution,
-------
                                                          A - 3






2.  Sampling Procedures




        Samples were obtained by dipping and transferring the water




to a sample container.  Plastic containers were generally used




except for samples to be analyzed for iron, for which glass bottles




were used.




        On samples collected from the start of the survey through




November 1967, analyses were performed at or near the sampling point




in a mobile camper-laboratory equipped with an AC generator and the




necessary electronic analytical equipment.  Analysis was completed




before moving to the next site, with only an occasional exception.




Samples collected during 1968 were returned to the CFS laboratory




at Annapolis for analysis.






3-  Analytical Procedures




    a.  Acidity




        (l)  General




        The "hot" acidity has been used as a basic parameter.  In




the hot procedure, heat and peroxide are used to drive off carbonate




buffer salts and to oxidize acidic precursors.  Carbonates will be




present either as free CC>2 or as carbonic acid at the pll values




prevalent at most locations in the North Branch Basin.  Within a




low-pH system, these components will be either lost to the atmos-




phere or converted to a part of bicarbonate buffer system as the




stream recovers normal pH values during neutralization.  In such a




system, carbon dioxide and carbonic acid are not permanent components
-------
-------
                                                          A - U






of the acidity and are not measured as such.  They are subsequently




measured as alkalinity, provided the initial pH is greater than it. 5.




        The total effects of acidic precursors (unhydrolyzed mettalic




salts—principally iron—and the unoxidized ferrous iron) are measured




by the hot procedure, because the entire acidity potential is released




during oxidation.




        Results have been reported to conventional pH U.5 and 8.3




end points.  During analysis, however, several end points are read




over the titration range and a curve drawn.




        The "cold" acidity procedure measures the carbon dioxide-




carbonic acid component as a part of the acidity, provided adequate




precautions are taken in sampling, handling, and titrating.  The




cold acidity is not considered to provide adequate assurance that




precursor components have been measured.  The cold acidity procedure




has been discarded for routine work by the Chesapeake Field Station.




        (2)  Acidity, Hot




        A water sample of 50 or 100 ml is boiled for two minutes




after adding 0.3 ml of 30 percent II202-  The sample is then cooled




to room temperature and titrated with 0.02 N sodium hydroxide to




end points of pH *t. 5 (methyl orange or mineral acidity) if approp-




riate, and pH 8.3 (phenolphthalein or total acidity).  Electrometric




titration is preferable to colorimetric because sample color and




colored precipitates frequently obscure color changes.  Time series




analysis of acidity indicated that hot acidity is stable for at




least several days.
-------
                                                          A - 5






        (3)  Acidity, Cold




        A water sample of 50 or 100 ml is titrated with 0.02 N




sodium hydroxide to pH U.5 and pH 8.3 end points.   In mine drainage




work, when it is suspected that free CC>2 or other volatile compo-




nents of the acidity may be present; sampling, sample preservation,




and analysis must be done in a way to avoid losing volatiles to the




atmosphere by temperature change and agitation.






    b.  Total Alkalinity




        Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water




and Wastewater, 12 Edition, 1965.




        The total alkalinity was determined by titrating 100 ml,




or suitable aliquot, to pH ^.5 with standardized 0.02 N sulfuric




acid.  A Leeds and Northrup laboratory pH meter was used to indicate




pH changes.






    c.  Sulfate
        Reference:  Fisher Scientific Company, Technical Data,




TD-178.




        The sulfate content of the sample was determined by the




barium chloranilate method.  The sample was first passed through




an ion exchange column to remove interfering cations.   The efflu-




ent was then allowed to react with the reagent, filtered, and the




color intensity determined on a spectrophotometer.
-------
                                                          A - 6
    d.  Total Iron




        Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water




and Wastewater, 12 Edition, 1965.




        The total iron was determined spectophotometrically.  All




ferric iron was reduced to the ferrous state with hydroxylamine-




hydrochloride as the reducing agent.  Orthophenanthroline was added




to form an orange-red complex.  The color intensity was determined




using a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20.






    e.  Ferrous Iron




        Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water




and Wastewater, 12 Edition, 1965.




        The ferrous iron was determined spectrophotometrically.




All ferric iron was maintained in the oxidized state.  Orthophenan-




throline was added to form an orange-red complex.  The color inten-




sity was determined using a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20.






    f.  Aluminum




        Reference:  Methods for Collection and Analysis of Water




Samples, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1^5^, United States




Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., I960.




        The aluminum content was determined spectrophotometrically.




Ferronorthophenanthroline was used to give a color complex.  The




color intensity was determined using a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20.
-------
                                                          A - 7






    &•  Total Hardness




        Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water




and Waste-water, 12 Edition, 1965.




        The total hardness was determined by titrating the sample




with standard EDTA using Eriochrome Black T as an indicator.
        The pH measurements were made at the sampling point with




a Beckman Model N Field pH Meter.






    i.  Specific Conductance




        Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water




and Wastewater, 12 Edition, 1965.




        The specific conductance was measured directly in micromhos/




cm using an Industrial Instruments, Inc., RB3 Solu Bridge.






    j .  Filterable Residue




        Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water




and Wastewater, 12 Edition, 1965-




        The filterable residue was determined by evaporating to




dryness a known volume of sample that has been millipore filtered.




The evaporation was done by using a tared evaporating dish as a




carrier.  The drying oven was maintained at 105° C.  When the




evaporation of the sample was complete, the dishes were cooled and




weighed.  The gain in weight represents filterable residue.
-------
                                                          A - 8






    k.  Nonfilterable Residue




        Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water




and Wastewater, 12 Edition, 1965-




        The nonfilterable residue was determined by filtering a




known volume of sample.  A predried and weighed Gelman Type A glass




fiber filter was used.  The filter and its contents were then dried




in an oven at 105° C, cooled, and reweighed.  The gain in weight




represents nonfilterable residue.






    1.  Total Residue




        Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water




and Wastewater, 12 Edition, 1965.




        The total residue was determined by evaporating to dryness




a known volume of the sample as received.  The evaporation was done




by using a tared evaporating dish as a carrier.  The drying oven




was maintained at 105° C.  When the evaporation of the sample was




complete, the dishes were cooled and weighed.  The gain in weight




represents total residue.






    m-  Aluminum, Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese




        These metals were analyzed by atomic absorption techniques




using a Perkin-Elmer model 303 atomic absorption spectrophotometer,
-------
                                           B - 1
            APPENDIX B






MINE DRAINAGE STATION DESCRIPTIONS




       AND BASIN SCHEMATICS
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                                                          B -
Symbol
LEGEND FOR BASIN SCHEMATICS

 (Figures B-2 through B-5)


                    Item
  ^P              CFS Regular Sampling Station

  (^J)              CFS Reconnaissance Station
 \  /
                  MDWR Sampling Station

1, 1A, 2, ...   CFS Stations numbered from most upstream

M-l, M-2, . .   .   (not sequential)  CFS stations numbered from
                  most downstream.  These stations were estab-
                  lished by MDWR during the Western Maryland pH
                  survey.  The numbers, less the "M," coincide
                  with the station numbers in the MDWR report
                  of June 10, 1963.12

(^.5)             Drainage area square miles
Example:
         Dobbin Road
            Laurel Run
            7-5)
Trib.
              Station No. k, DA = 7-5 sq. mi,

              CFS Reconaissance Station

              MDWR Station located at Dobbin

              Road crossing of Laurel Run
                                                     Figure B-l
-------
96.1
91.7
89.9
86.4

 LU
81.3
                                                                  B - 9
     DOBBIN ROAD


     LAUREL  RUN
                                                                  KEMPTON ROAD
                                                                  3 \(4J9)
                                                     SAND RUN
                                                  NYDEGGER RUN
                                             M-9K4.5)
STEYER C73)
 USGS GAGE
                               SCHEMATIC  DIAGRAM
                               NORTH  BRANCH
                                 ABOVE  STEYER Md.
-------
                                                                  B - 10
81.8
78.3
 t
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(X
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E
70.4
                                            6  STEYER (73)
            DIFFICULT CREEK
              STONY RUN
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                           USGS GAGE (48.8)
             ABRAM CREEK
                         16 OAKMONT
                         USGS GAGE (47.3)
                                        1
                                             8A
                                                 •e-
                                                       LOSTLAND RUN
                                               M-66 (9.2)
                                             e-
                                                     SHORT RUN
                                             M-63  (3.1)
                                             -e-
                                                    WOLFDEN RUN
                                             17 (5.1)
68.9
                                            18  KITZMILLER (225)
                                               USGS GAGE
                               SCHEMATIC   DIAGRAM
                                NORTH BRANCH
                         BELOW STEYER.Md. ABOVE KITZMILLER, Md.
-------
                                                                B - 11
3.9
 .6
18  KITZMLLER  (225)
DEEP RUN ^
o
22 (a4)
UNNAMED _
O
M-47KX5)
PINEY SWAMP RUN ^
25 (4.8)
1
^
<*>
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^^ ELKLICK RUN
O
23 A Q.7}
23 B BARNUM (ca.256)
^ FOLLY RUN
O
23 C (4.7)
                                            26  BERYL  (287)
                               SCHEMATIC   DIAGRAM
                                NORTH  BRANCH
                         BELOW KITZMILLtR, Md. ABOVE BERYL, W.Va.
-------
                                                                B - 12
53.6
26  BERYL (287)
52.4
51.4
 CO
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 ST.
 lit
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 10
                 NEW CREEK
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                                                SAVAGE RIVER
       1
                          E>
                                                 WVa
                                                 PAP
^
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    o
UPRC  WASTE TREATMENT
          FACILITY
                                           50 PINTO -USGS GAGE

                                                        WILLS CREEK
                                           WILEY FORD -USGS GAGE
                              SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
                              NORTH  BRANCH
                   BELOW BERYL ABOVE WILF.Y FORO.Md. (C'IMBERLANDfM-U
-------
                                  c - i
 APPENDIX C







DATA TABLES
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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS






                                                            Page






  I.  INTRODUCTION 	     1




 II.  PROCEDURE	     2




      A.  Sampling	     2




      B.  Chemical Analysis	     2




      C.  Bacteriological Analysis 	     3




III.  STATION DESCRIPTIONS   	     5




 IV.  SURVEY RESULTS 	     7
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                       I.  INTRODUCTION






        The Chesapeake Field Station of the Middle Atlantic Region,



Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, conducted an inten-



sive survey of the Shenandoah River Basin during June 196?.  Separate



surveys were made on (l) the Main Stem of the Shenandoah River,



(2) the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, including the South



River and the Middle River, and (3) the North Fork of the Shenan-



doah River (see Figure l).  The report is a summary of the data



collected on these surveys.



        The purposes of these surveys were to aid in verifying the



DO and BOD model parameters and to determine general water quality.



The survey should also show the extent of any diurnal quality




fluctuations.
-------
                        II.  PROCEDURE






    A.  Sampling




        1.  All samples for chemical analysis were obtained by



dipping a plastic container full of the shallow stream water.   A



quart cubitainer was then filled from the dipped sample and iced.



A portion of the dipped sample was siphoned into a DO bottle until




overflowing and fixed.  A portion of the dipped sample was also



used to measure the pH and temperature at the time of sampling.



The iced samples were returned to the camper laboratory within




two hours where the analyses were started immediately.




        2.  All bacteriological samples were obtained by dipping



a sterile sample bottle directly into the stream.  The full



bacteriological sample bottle was then capped and iced.






    B.  Chemical Analysis



        1.  Dissolved Oxygen



            Reference?  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., 1965.



            Dissolved oxygen was determined by the azide modification



of the basic Winkler method with the titration done potentiometrically



with an automatic TITRALYZER.



        2.  Biochemical Oxygen Demand



            Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., 19650
-------
            The biochemical oxygen demand was determined by the




azide modification of the basic Winkler method with the titration



done potentiometrically with an automatic TITRALYZER.   The samples,



as received, were diluted if necessary and transferred to standard



300 ml BOD bottles in triplicate.  One initial DO and two final




DO determinations were used throughout.  Incubation was started



immediately at 20 C and continued for five days after which they



were titrated.




        3.  PH



            The pH measurements were made with a field pH meter.






    **•  Bacteriological Analysis



        1.  Coliform




            Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., 1965.



            The water samples were inoculated into fermentation



tubes containing 10 ml of lauryl sulfate tryptose using decimal



dilutions of one ml.  Five fermentation tubes were used for each



dilution and four dilutions were made.  The production of gas in



any amount in the inner fermentation tubes after 2k and h8 hours



of incubation at 25  - 0.5 C constituted a positive presumptive



MPN test.




            All positive presumptive tubes were submitted to the



confirmatory test using tubes containing 10 ml of brilliant green



lactose bile broth.  Incubation was done for a period of 48 hours
-------
at 35° - 0.5°C.  The production of gas in any amount in the inner



fermentation tubes constituted a positive confirmed MEW test.



        2.  Fecal Coliform




            Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., 1965.



            All positive presumptive tubes from the coliform



test were submitted to the confirmatory test for fecal coliform



using tubes containing 10 ml of EC media.  Incubation was done



for a period of 2k hours at if5.5° - 0.5°C.   The production of



gas in any amount in the inner fermentation tubes constituted



a positive confirmed MPH test.
-------
                      III.,  STATION DESCRIPTIONS
Number

M - 0

M - 1

M - 1 A

M - 2

M - 3

M - k


S - 1

S - 3

s - 3 A

S - It

S - k A

s - 6

s - 6 A

s - 8

s - 9


s - 9 B


S - 10

S - 11

S - 12

s - 13
Station

Main Stem

Main Stem

Main Stem

Main Stem

Main Stem

Main Stem
Shenandoah

Shenandoah

Shenandoah

Shenandoah

Shenandoah

Shenandoah
South River

South River

South River

South River

Middle River

Middle River

Middle River

Grassy Creek (Black Run)

North River


North River


South Fork Shenandoah

South Fork Shenandoah

South Fork Shenandoah

South Fork Shenandoah
Location

PEPCO Dam (before spillway)

Rt. 62k Bridge north of Front Royal

Rt. U. S, 50 Bridge

Rt. 7 Bridge east of Berryville

Rt, 9 Bridge east of Bloomery

Rt. U. S. 2^-0 Bridge south of
  Harpers Ferry

Chesnut Ave. Bridge in Waynesboro

Etc 6ll Bridge near Coiners Mill

Bridge in Harriston off U. S. 340

Rt. 629 Bridge in Port Republic

Rt. 629 Bridge in Port Republic

Rt. 256 Bridge west of Grottoes

Rt. 668 Bridge west of Grottoes

Rt. 86? Bridge east of Mt. Crawford

Rt. U. S. 11 Bridge south of
  Mto Crawford

Rt. U. S. 276 Bridge in Rockland
  Mill

Rt. 659 Bridge north of Grottoes

Rt0 649 Bridge east of McGaheysville

Rt. U. S. 33 Bridge west of Elkton

Kt, 602 Bridge west of Shenandoah
-------
Number
Station
Location
S - 19      South Fork Shenandoah

S - 20      South Fork Shenandoah

N - 1       North Fork Shenandoah

N - 1 A     North Fork Shenandoah

N - 2       North Fork Shenandoah

N - 2 A     Worth Fork Shenandoah

N - 2 B     Smith Creek


N - 3       North Fork Shenandoah

N - 3 A     Stony River

N - 3 B     North Fork Shenandoah


N - k       North Fork Shenandoah

N - 5       North Fork Shenandoah

N - 6       North Fork Shenandoah

N - 7       Passage Creek
                         Luray Ave.  Bridge in Front Royal

                         Rt.  U. S, 3kO Bridge in Front Royal

                         Rt,  259 Bridge near Cootes Store

                         Bridge off  Rt. 259 in Broadway

                         Rt.  k2 Bridge in Timberville

                         Bridge off  Rt. 260 near New Market

                         Bridge off  U0 S, 11 about 0,5 mile
                           north of  R'ades Hill

                         Rt0  ?6y Bridge east of Quicksburg

                         Bridge off  U. S. 11 in Edinburg

                         Bridge off  U. S. 11 two miles
                           below Edinburg

                         Rt.  663 Bridge northeast of Woodstock

                         Rt0  55 Bridge east of Strasburg

                         Rt.  U. S. 3kO Bridge in Front Royal

                         Rt.  55 Bridge west of Front Royal
-------

















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-------
                       TABLE OF CONTENTS






                                                             Page






  I.  INTRODUCTION 	      1




 II.  PROCEDURE	      2




      A.  Sampling	      2




      B.  Chemical Analysis  	      2




III.  STATION DESCRIPTIONS . ,	      5




 IV.  SURVEY RESULTS	      6
-------
                       I.  INTRODUCTION






        The Chesapeake Field Station of the Middle Atlantic Region,




Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,  conducted an




intensive survey of the James and Maury Rivers in the vicinity




of Glasgow, Virginia during September 1967 (see Figure l).   The




purpose of this survey was to measure the effects of reported high




organic loadings on these two rivers in the vicinity of their




confluence and to determine pesticide levels in an area with a




reported massive fish kill.
-------
                        II.  PROCEDURE






    A.  Sampling



        Top samples for all stations were obtained by dipping a



plastic container full of the stream water.  Bottom water samples




for Stations 3 and k were obtained at a depth of five feet above



the bottom of the river using a Van Dorn sampler.  For all stations



a gallon cubitainer was filled from the sampling container,  .A




portion of the sample was siphoned into a DO bottle until over-



flowing and fixed.  A portion of the sample was also used to



measure the pH and temperature at the time of sampling.  All



samples were returned to the camper laboratory within two hours



where the analyses were started immediately.  A total of six



sampling runs was  made.  On two of the sampling runs, on different



days, special samples were taken for pesticide analysis„   These



samples were obtained at Stations 1, 2, 3> ^? and 6 by dipping



a one quart glass bottle full.  The samples for pesticide were



sealed and sent to the Robert A, Taft Sanitary Engineering Center



for analysis,






    B.  Chemical Analysis



        1.  Dissolved Oxygen




            Reference;  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., 1965.
-------
            Dissolved oxygen was determined by the azide modification



of the basic Winkler method with the titration done potentiometrically



with an automatic TITRALYZER.



        2.  Biochemical Oxygen Demand



            Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed.? 1965.




            The biochemical oxygen demand was determined by the



azide modification of the basic Winkler method with the titration



done potentiometrically with an automatic TITRALYZER.  The samples



as received were diluted if necessary and transferred to standard



300 ml BOD bottles in triplicate.  One initial DO and two final



DO determinations were used throughout.  Incubation was started



immediately at 20°C and continued for five days after which they




were titrated.




        3.  pH



            The pH measurements were made at the sampling point



with a field pH meter.



        4,  Color



            Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., 1965.



            The color of the samples was determined by visual



comparison with solutions of known concentrations of potassium



chloroplatinate.  The samples as received were centrifuged to



remove all turbidity present.  The visual comparison was then made




using equal volumes of sample and standards in nessler tube.
-------
        5.  Filtrable Residue



            Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., 1965.



            The filtrable residue was determined by evaporating



to dryness a known volume of sample that has been millipore



filtered.  The evaporation was done by using a tared evaporating



dish as a carrier.  The drying oven was maintained at 105°C.




When the evaporation of the sample was complete, the dishes were



cooled and weighed.  The gain in weight represented filtrable



residue.





        6.  Turbidity



            Reference:  Standard Methods for the Examination of



Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., 1965.




            The turbidity of the sample was determined by using



a turbidimeter.  A portion of the sample was transferred to a



curette and inserted in place in the turbidimeter and read



directly in Jackson Turbidity Units.
-------
                      III.  STATION DESCRIPTIONS
Number
Station
Location
1
2
3
k
5
6
7
8
Maury River
Maury River
James River
James River
James River
James River
Maury River
Maury River
One hundred yards upstream from
James Lee outfall
Near public ramp below Va. Rt. 2^9
Bridge
Approximately one-half mile upstream
from Maury River confluence
One hundred yards upstream from
Balcony Falls Dam
Below spillway of Balcony Falls Dam
U. S. Rt. 501 Bridge
South Buena Vista Bridge below STP
Goose Neck Dam
-------




















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-------
                       TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                             Page

  I,  INTRODUCTION .....................    1

 II.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS  ...............    k

III.  DATA EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION ..........    6
                         LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                        Page

  I   Bottom Organism Data of Gillie Creek .........   Ik

 II   Bottom Organism Data of Appomattox River .......   15

III   Bottom Organism Data of Bailey Creek .........   16

 IV   Tabulation of Bottom Organisms by Station
        on Gillie Creek - August 1967  ...........   17

  V   Tabulation of Bottom Organisms by Station
        on the Appomattox River - August 1967  .......   19

 VI   Tabulation of Bottom Organisms by Station
        on Bailey Creek - August 1967  . .  .  .	21
                        LIST OF FIGURES
                                                           Follows
Figure                                                       Page

  1   Map of Study Area and Profile of Biological
        Conditions on Gillie Creek^ Appomattox
        River, and Bailey Creek in the James River
        Basin  ».»*.. .«£.,,..,>.».  .„..,><,   21
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                       I.  INTRODUCTION






        Biological surveys of Gillie Creek in the Richmond area, the



Appomattox River in the Petersburg area, and Bailey Creek between



Fort Lee and Hopewell (all tributaries of the James River in Virginia)



were conducted in August 1967.  The surveys were centered on these



areas, as each of them was known to have serious pollution problems,



and additional data were needed.



        Gillie Creek was surveyed from Oakley Lane north of Virginia



Heights to its mouth at Dock Street in Richmond.  The Appomattox



River was surveyed upstream from Petersburg at the Virginia Route 36



Bridge and downstream from Petersburg at the Virginia Route 10 Bridge.



Bailey Creek was surveyed from its headwaters on the Fort Lee Military




Reservation to its mouth near the Virginia Route 10 Bridge.



        For purposes of the study, the community of bottom (benthic)




organisms was selected as indicator of the biological condition of



the stream.  Bottom organisms serve as the preferred food source



for higher aquatic forms and exhibit similar reactions to adverse



stream conditions.  The combination of limited locomotion and life



cycles of one year or more, for most benthic species, provide a long-



term picture of the water quality of a stream.  Fish and algal popu-



lations were given some consideration, but only to the extent that



obrious conclusions could be drawn based upon incidental observations.



        In unpolluted streams a wide variety of sensitive clean-water



associated bottom organisms is normally found.  Typical groups are



stoneflies, mayflies, and caddisflies.  These sensitive organisms
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usually are not individually abundant because of natural predation
and competition for food and space; however, the total count of
organisms at a given station may be high because of the number of
different varieties present.
        Sensitive genera (kinds) tend to be eliminated by adverse
environmental conditions (chemical,, physical, and biological)
resulting from wastes reaching the stream.  In waters enriched with
organic wastes, comparatively fewer kinds are normally found, but
great numbers of these genera may be present.  Organic pollution-
tolerant forms such as sludgeworms, rattailed maggots, certain species
of bloodworms such as red midges, certain leeches, and some species
of air-breathing snails may multiply and become abundant because of
a favorable habitat and food supply.  These organic pollution-tolerant
bottom organisms may also exist in the natural environment but are
generally found in small numbers.  The abundance of these forms in
streams heavily polluted with organics is due to their physiological
and morphological abilities to survive environmental conditions more
adverse than conditions that may be tolerated by other organisms.
When inert silts or organic sludges blanket the stream bottom, the
natural home of bottom organisms is destroyed, causing a reduction
in the number of kinds of organisms present.
        In addition to sensitive and pollution-tolerant forms, some
bottom organisms may be termed intermediates, in that they are capable
of living in fairly heavily polluted areas as well as in clean-water
situations.  These organisms occurring in limited numbers, therefore,
cannot serve as effective indicators of water quality.
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        Streams grossly polluted with toxic wastes such as mine drain-



age will support little, if any, biological life and will reduce the



population of both sensitive and pollution-tolerant organisms.



        Classification of organisms in this report is considered in



three categories (clean-water associated, intermediate, and pollution-



tolerant) which provide sufficient biological information to supplement



physical and chemical water quality data for a basin-wide analysis.



Detailed identification and counts of specific organisms have been



tabulated and are available upon request.
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                 II.  SUMMARY AMD CONCLUSIONS






        1.  Biological surveys of Gillie Creek in the Richmond area,



the Appomattox River in the Petersburg area, and Bailey Creek between



Fort Lee and Hopewell were conducted in August 1967.   All three of



these streams are tributaries to the James River.



        2.  Bottom organisms were selected as the primary indicator



of biological water quality,




        3-  Gillie Creek was found to be mildly polluted from its



headwaters near Virginia Heights, which is located east of Richmond,



to Laburnum Road (Virginia Route 672).  Fair biological conditions



were found at Jennie Scher Road, indicating some recovery from the



upstream station.  Downstream at the Fulton Street Bridge in Richmond,



however, heavy organic pollution was found, and this  continued to



the mouth at Dock Street in Richmond.  Gillie Creek contributes poor



quality water to the James River.



        h.  The Appomattox River was sampled upstream from Petersburg



at the Virginia Route 36 Bridge, and high water quality was found.



            Downstream from Petersburg at the Virginia Route 10



Bridge, degraded biological conditions were found.  The Appomattox



River contributes poor quality water to the James River.



        5.  Bailey Creek was found to exhibit fair biological conditions



in its headwaters near the Fort Lee Hospital.  Downstream from Fort




Lee it becomes polluted, and, as it enters the Hopewell industrial



complex, it is grossly polluted by industrial wastes.  Bailey Creek



contributes a high pollutional load to the James River.
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        6.  The James River was inspected off Bailey Creek and the



HopeweU industrial complex.  Gravelly Run,  which drains part of the



industrial complex, was found to be contributing thermal pollution



to the James River.  The River on the Hopewell side appears to be



grossly polluted throughout this reach.
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                                                                   6





           III.  DATA EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION






        As part of selected biological surveys, Gillie Creek,  the



Appomattox River, and Bailey Creek were found to be contributing poor



quality water to the James River.



        In addition, Gravelly Run, which drains part of the Hopewell



industrial complex, was found to be contributing thermal pollution



to the James River.  Because of the magnitude of the industrial develop-



ment and the tidal action, it was impossible to pinpoint the sources;



but the Hopewell area is without doubt one of the more seriously



polluted areas in the entire James River Basin.  A more detailed



study is definitely needed in this area.



        Sampling stations were located after consideration of the



following conditions:



        1.  Effects of tributaries



        2.  Areas having a known water quality problem



        3.  Physical capability for sampling




        Bottom organisms are animals that live directly in association



with the bottom of a waterway.  They may crawl on, or burrow in, or



attach themselves to the bottom.  Macro-organisms are usually defined



as those organisms that will be retained by a No. 30 sieve.  In



essence, the organisms retained by the sieve are those that are



visible to the unaided eye.



        Each station was sampled once, and the kinds of macro bottom



organisms were observed for the purpose of evaluating water quality.
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Quantitative bottom samples were also taken, using a Surber Square



Foot Sampler, a Petersen Dredge (0.6 sq. ft.) or an Ekman Dredge



(0.5 sq. ft.), and the number of organisms per square foot was



counted or calculated.



        Quantitative samples were not taken at stations in non-



critical areas or where organisms were very sparse.



        Discussions of stations proceed downstream unless otherwise



noted.
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                                                                8


Gillie Creek in the Richmond Area


Station #1 - Gillie Creek at the Oakley Lane Bridge north of the
             drive-in theatre at Virginia Heights

        The water was clear, and filamentous algae were abundant,

suggesting excessive nitrogen and phosphorus.  This station was

located in the headwaters, and the stream was quite small at this

location.  Bottom organisms were not abundant, and only seven

genera (kinds) were found.  They consisted of pollution-tolerant

bloodworms, sludgeworms, another bristleworm, the intermediate

flatworms, and intermediate midge larvae (three genera).  Only

k3 organisms were found in the square foot sample, consisting of

32 sludgeworms, two bristleworms, six bloodworms, and three inter-

mediate midge larvae.  Mild organic pollution was indicated and

is probably the result of septic tank failures and seepage from

the surrounding surburban developments.


Station #2 - Gillie Creek at Laburnum Road (Virginia Route 672)
             Bridge east of Richmond

        Although the stream banks were littered with trash along

Laburnum Road, the water remained clear; however, bottom organisms

were sparse, and a quantitative sample was not taken for this reason.

Six genera of bottom organisms were found, consisting of one clean-

water associated mayfly, two intermediate midge larvae, and three

pollution-tolerant air-breathing snails.  Mild organic pollution

was still indicated„
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idtation #3 - Giilie Creek at t'*e F< rd at  Jennie Sober Head in
             Richmond
        The stream was clear in spite of the road construction in

the area? and nine genera of bottom organisms were found which

consisted of clean-water associated mayflies (two genera), caddis-

flies,, intermediate midge larva? 'two generaj^, and pcllution-

tolerant sludgewormsc, bloodworms,, and air-breathing snails (two

genera).  Out of a total ff ?ij bottom organisms la the square

foot sample,, there were 205 intermediate midge larvae. 11 sludge-

worms, and one bloodworm <,  Only fair biological conditions were

indicated at t'ai* location.


Statios #t - Gillie Creek at the F'ulton Street Bridge in Eichmond

        The water was turbid., a ad a?» extremely strong raw sewage

odor was present „  The bottoms uf the rocks were blacK, and all

of the rooks were cr.versd wits a sewage mold.  Large quantities

of trash and garbage littered th<=» barjt-s-i and drrnestic waste was

observed in the stream,  Cutso'-jses were present an the area,  A

large sewer pipe was observed under tr-e bridge but «?as not dis-

charging at the time of the inspection..  As preparations were

underway for inspection of the stream, a pickup trwi loaded with,

garbage approached the bridge„  The trackcs occupants were about

to dump the garbage when they became aware of the inspection partye

presence and hastily drove away,,

        The only bottom organisms sampled were sludgeworms and

bloodwormso  In spite of the large sludgeworm and bloodworm

populations in the sludge banks9 the quantitative sample taken in
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                                                                 10


the gravel in midstream produced only two large bloodworms.  Gross

organic pollution was indicated at this station,


Station #5 - Gillie Creek at the Dock Street Bridge at the mouth
             in Richmond

        The water was turbid, and the quantitative sample had the

odor of oil and decomposing organic matter.,  Gas storage tanks are

in the vicinity.  Outfalls with evidence of previous flow were

observed but were not discharging at the time of inspection*  The

only bottom organisms found were sludgeworms., but only 46 were

collected in the square foot sample,,  Toxic wastes may be keeping

down the sludgewora population.  Gross pollution was indicateds

and poor water quality was contributed to the James River.


The Appomattox River in the Petersburg Area

Station #1 - Appomattox Kiver at the Virginia Route 36 Bridge
             upstream from Petersburg

        This station was selected after aa abortive attempt to

sample the River at Matoaca,, which is the first bridge crossing

upstream from Petersburg,  Due to a dangerously shifting sand

bottom created by the construction work on the new bridge and

poor access on the side opposite Matoaca^ the next bridge crossing

upstream was substituted,,

        The water was slightly turbids but a moss was present on

the rockso  High water quality was indicated by 19 genera of

bottom organisms? including such clean-water associated forms as
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                                                               11


stoneflies (two genera), mayflies (four genera), caddisflies (four

genera), hellgrammites, and a gill-breathing snail.  Only 14 bottom

organisms were collected in the square foot sample, but this was

due to the extremely large rocks in the stream bottom which prevented

efficient quantitative sampling even with the square foot sampler.

The quantitative sample consisted of 12 mayflies, one caddisfly

larva, and one fingernail clam.  The qualitative sample indicated

good populations of stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, and gill-

breathing snails.  In addition^ good biological conditions were

suggested by the fishermen with pickerel, channel catfish, bluegill,

and a large shiner in their creels„


Station #2 - Appomattox River near its mouth at the Virginia Route
             10 Bridge

        This station was located downstream from Petersburg and

north of Hopewell.  The water was turbid, but a few fish (primarily

shad) were observed in the area.  This station was sampled by boat

using an Ekman Dredge due to the river depth.  The only bottom

organisms sampled were sludgeworms and midge larvae.  The quanti-

tative sample on a square foot basis consisted of 55 sludgeworms

and seven intermediate midge larvae.  Mild pollution appears to

be indicated at this station.  Poor quality water is contributed

to the James River by the Appomattox River.
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                                                               12
Bailey Creek between Fort Lee and Hopewell


Station #1 - Bailey Creek in its headwaters at the "A" road crossing
             southeast of the Fort Lee Hospital

        The water was clear, and minnows were abundant at this

station.  Bottom organisms were not too abundant, and only five

genera of bottom organisms were sampled.  They consisted of clean-

water associated mayflies, intermediate midge larvae (three genera),

and a pollution-tolerant sludgeworm.

        Only fair biological conditions were indicated.  Bottom

organism diversification could be limited by the habitat and possible

spraying for mosquitoes.  This station is upstream from any known

discharge.


Station #2 - Bailey Creek at the Virginia County Road 630 Bridge
             downstream from Fort Lee

        The water was turbid and had a whitish-gray color.  A

strong sewage odor was present.  The underside of the gravel in

the stream bed was black, and sewage mold was present on the rocks.

In spite of an intensive search, bottom organisms could not be

found.  Degraded biological conditions are indicated at this location.


Station #3 - Bailey Creek at the Virginia Eoute 156 Bridge at the
             south edge of Hopewell

        The water remained a very turbid whitish-gray color even

in the sampling bucket.  The only bottom organisms which could be

found were sludgeworas, and they were not very abundant.  Only 36
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                                                               13


sludgeworms were collected in the square foot sample.  Polluted

conditions are suggested at this location.


Station #4 - Bailey Creek at Virginia Route 10 Bridge at the east
             edge of Hopewell

        The water was a black color with a great amount of white

floe floating on it.  Strong chemical odors were noted.  Since

this station is within the range of tidal excursion, part of this

pollution evidence may be carried up from the James Biver in addition

to the pollution coining downstream,,  Bottom organisms could not be

found at this location.

        Extremely heavy industrial pollution was indicated at this

station.


Station #5 - Mouth of Bailey Creek and the James River off Hopewell

        The James River was investigated off Hopewell and the mouth

of Bailey Creek.  The water off the industrial complex was dark

and flocculent? with a great deal of dead filamentous algae»  The

area along the bank was heavily silted and remained shallow a

considerable distance out from the bank.  Gravelly Run,, which drains

part of the industrial complex,, was observed to be contributing a

large volume of thermal pollution,,  The mouth of Bailey Creek was

very similar to its upstream station.  Bottom organisms could not

be found in either section,,  Heavy industrial pollution was indicated.
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                     TABLE  I
       BOTTOM ORGANISM DATA OF GILLIE CREEK
Station
Number
1
Location
Gillie Creek at the
Oakley Lane Bridge
north of the drive-in
theatre at Virginia
Heights
Bottom
No. of
Kinds
7
Organisms
No.
S
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                                                                    15
                               TABLE II

               BOTTOM ORGANISM DATA OF APPOMATTOX RIVER
Station
Number
Location
 Bottom Organisms                 Indicated
No. of     No. Per     Dominant     Water
Kinds	So. Ft.  	Forms	Quality
           Appomattox River at     19
           the Virginia Route 36
           Bridge upstream from
           Petersburg

           Appomattox River near    2
           its mouth at the
           Virginia Route 10 Bridge
                             ik     Mayflies     Excellent
                                    Caddisflies
                                    Stoneflies
                             62     Sludgeworms  Mild
                                        and      pollution
                                    Intermediate
                                    Midge Larvae
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                                                        16
                   TABLE  III

      BOTTOM ORGANISM DATA OP BAILEY CREEK
Bottom Organisms
Station
Number
Location
No. of
Kinds
No. Per
Sq. Ft.
Dominant
Forms
Indicated
Water
Quality
Bailey Creek in its      5
headwaters at the "A"
road crossing southeast
of the Fort Lee Hospital

Bailey Creek at the Va.  0
County Rd. 630 Bridge
downstream from Fort Lee

Bailey Creek at the Va.  1
Rt. 156 Bridge at the
south edge of Hopewell

Bailey Creek at Va. Rt.  0
10 Bridge at the east
edge of Hopewell

Mouth of Bailey Creek    0
and the James River
off Hopewell
      Mayflies     Fair
      Intermediate
      Midge Larvae
      Sludgeworms
0
0
0
Polluted
      Sludgeworms  Polluted
Heavy
pollution
Heavy
pollution
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         AL-
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                         ™ — — ~
                                              LOCATION MAP
                  A B C D
A B C  D
            H 0 P £ W E L
                 A B C D
                               O 0 0 0
                               A B C D
                LEGEND
                  O

                  A
                                       _A^L_  KINDS (GENERA)


                                       BOTTOM ORGANISMS
                     EQ FT SAMPLE

                     SO FT SAMPLE


                     IN SO FT SAMPL
           -O-
   n j	£
  A B C  D
                 A B C  0
                          JAMES   RIVER  BASIN
                      CHESAPEAKE DRAINAGE  AREA
      BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY
 JAMES & APPOMATTOX RIVERS
(RICHMOND-PETERSBURG-HOPEWELL  AREA)
                         U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                   FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL  ADMINISTRATION
                   REGIONAL OFFICE           CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA.
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