EPA-450/1-73-004
MONITORING
AND AIR QUALITY
TRENDS REPORT, 1972
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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EPA-450/1-73-004
MONITORING
AND AIR QUALITY
TRENDS REPORT, 1972
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
December 1973
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Office of Air and Water Programs of the Environmental Protection Agency would like
to thank the Regional Offices and the many state and local agencies that have contributed
air quality data. Thanks also are extended to the Quality Assurance and Environmental
Monitoring Laboratory, NERC-RTP, for providing air quality data from the National Air
Surveillance Network.
This report has been reviewed by the Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Water Programs, Environmental
Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Copies are avail-
able free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and non-
profit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
or copies may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20460.
Publication No. EPA-450/1-73-004
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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vi
ABSTRACT viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ,,; viii
1. SUMMARY 1-1
1. 1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 National Monitoring and Air Quality Data Summary 1-1
1.2.1 Monitoring Network Summary 1-1
1.2.2 Air Quality Summary 1-2
1.3 Trends in Air Quality 1-6
1.3.1 Trends in Total Suspended Particulate 1-6
1.3.2 Trends in Sulfur Dioxide 1-6
1.3.3 Trends in Sulfates as Related to Total Suspended Particulate and
Sulfur Dioxide 1-6
1.3.4 Trends in Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Oxidants 1-11
2. INTRODUCTION 2-1
2. 1 General Background 2-1
2.2 Air Quality Surveillance Programs 2-1
2.2.1 Status of NASN Decentralization 2-1
2.2.2 Status of CAMP Network 2-2
2.3 Report Limitations 2-2
2.4 References . .- 2-2
3. STATUS OF MONITORING AND AIR QUALITY DATA 3-1
3. 1 Status of Monitoring Networks 3-1
3.1.1 National Monitoring Summary 3-1
3.1.2 State Monitoring 3-1
3,1.3 Regional Monitoring Progress Summary 3-2
3,2 Summary of 1972 Air Quality Data 3-2
3.2.1 National Summary 3-2
3.2.2 AQCR Summary 3-22
3.2.3 Individual Station Summary 3-53
3.3 References , 3-53
4. TRENDS IN AIR QUALITY ' 4-1
4. 1 Trends in Total Suspended Particulates 4-1
4.1.1 Nationwide Trends 4-1
4.2 Trends in Sulfur Dioxide 4-1
4.2.1 Nationwide Trends 4-1
4.2.2 Comparison of Trends and Percent Sulfur Content Regulations in
Distillate and Residual Fuel Oil for Selected AQCR's 4-4
4.2.2.1 New Jersey-New York-Connecticut Interstate AQCR 4-4
4.2.2.2 Metropolitan Philadelphia Interstate AQCR 4-6
4.2.2.3 Metropolitan Chicago Interstate AQCR 4-7
4. 3 Trends in Sulfates as Related to Total Suspended Particulate and
Sulfur Dioxide 4-8
4.3.1 Statistical Methodology 4-8
4.3.2 Comparison of Long-Term Trends in Sulfates, Total Suspended
Particulate, and Sulfur Dioxide 4-9
iii
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4.3.3 Comparison of Yearly Changes in Sulfates and Sulfur Dioxide Between
1969 and 1970 4-10
4.3.4 Geographical Relationships , . . . 4-10
4.3.4.1 Sulfates and Total Suspended Particulates 4-10
4.3.4.2 Sulfates and Sulfur Dioxide 4-11
4.3.4.3 Trends and Geography 4-11
4.3.5 Discussion of Results 4-12
4.3.6 Extrinsic Sulfate Formation on Glass Fiber Filters 4-13
4.3.7 Summary and Conclusions 4-13
4.4 Trends in Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxides,and Oxidant 4-13
4.4.1 Methodology 4-14
4.4.2 General Patterns 4-14
4.4.3 Los Angeles 4-14
4.4.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Trends in Los Angeles 4-21
4.4.3.2 Nitrogen Dioxide Trends in Los Angeles 4-23
4.4.3.3 Oxidant Trends in Los Angeles 4-23
4.4.4 New Jersey 4-23
4.4.4.1 Carbon Monoxide Trends in New Jersey 4-27
4.4.4.2 Nitrogen Dioxide Trends in New Jersey 4-27
4.4.4.3 Oxidant Trends in New Jersey 4-27
4.4.5 Comparison of Trends with Average Highway Emission Factors
for Highway Vehicles . 4-29
4.5 References ., . . 4-30
APPENDIX. SUMMARY OF DATA FROM AIR QUALITY MONITORING
STATIONS BY AQCR, 1972 A-l
A. 1 Suspended Particulate Matter . A-2
A. 2 Sulfur Dioxide A-2
A. 3 Carbon Monoxide A-3
A. 4 Oxidants A-3
A. 5 References . . .A-3
TV
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1-1 Status of Suspended Particulate Levels, 1972 . . . ..... 1-7
1-2 Status of Sulfur Dioxide Levels, 1972 ............ 1-8
1-3 Status of Carbon Monoxide Levels, 1972 ........... 1-9
1-4 Status of Oxidants Levels, 1972 .............. 1-10
1-5 Composite Levels of Total Suspended Particulate at Urban and
Nonurban NASN Stations .................. 1-11
1-6 Composite Levels of Sulfur Dioxide at 32 NASN Stations ... 1-12
3-1 Status of Suspended Particulate Levels, 1972 ........ 3-49
3-2 Status of Sulfur Dioxide Levels, 1972 ........... 3-50
3-3 Status of Carbon Monoxide Levels, 1972 ..... ..... 3-51
3-4 Status of Oxidants, 1972 .................. 3-52
4-1 Composite Levels of Total Suspended Particulate at Urban
and Nonurban NASN Stations ................. d-2
4-2 Composite Levels of Sulfur Dioxide at 32 NASN Stations ... 4-3
4-3 Comparison of SC>2 Trends at Bayonne, New Jersey, -with Regu-
lations Governing Percent Sulfur Content in Fuel ...... 4-5
4-4 Comparison of SC^ Trends in Philadelphia -with Regulations
Governing Percent Sulfur Content in Fuel .......... 4-6
4-5 Comparison of SOo Trends in Chicago with Regulations Govern-
ing Percent Sulfur Content in Fuel ............. 4-7
4-6a Nationwide Distribution of Average Sulfate Concentrations,
1968-1970 ........................ 4-12
4-6b Nation-wide Distribution of Average Sulfate Fractions Expressed
as Percent of Total Particulates , 1968-1970 ......... 4-12
4-7 Graphs of Instrumental Analyses of CO, NO2, and Ox for
Selected Sites in Los Angeles Area at 25 ฐC ........ 4-15
4-8 Graphs of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Total Oxi-
dants for Selected Sites in the State of New Jersey ..... 4-19
4-9 Seasonal Patterns of Nฉ2 and Oxidant at the West Los Angeles
Station, 1963-1971 ..................... 4-20
4-10 Location of Air Monitoring Sites in Los Angeles Area .... 4-20
4-11 Location of Air Monitoring Sites in New Jersey ....... 4-26
4-12 Percent of Observations Above Primary Oxidant Standards by
Hour (May-October) at Camden Station Between 1964 and
1972, and at Bayonne and Newark Stations Between 1966 and
1972. 4-28
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Nationwide Summary of State Monitoring as Reporting to NADB 1-2
1-2 Status of Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) with Respect to
State Implementation Plan Requirements as of September 1973 1-2
1-3 Status of Monitoring Activity as Reported to NADB, September 24, 1973 1-3
1-4 Standards Status of Monitoring Stations, by Pollutant, 1972 1-4
1-5 AQCR Status with Respect to Standards, Summarized by
Priority Classification, 1972 1-5
3-1 Nationwide Summary of State Monitoring Stations Reporting to
NADB, October 1973 3-2
3-2 Status of Monitoring Activity a^s Reported to NADB, by States,
September 24, 1973 3-3
3-3 Status of Monitoring Activity as Reported to NADB, by Regions.
September 24, 1973 3-7
3-4 Status of Monitoring Activity for EPA Regions as Reported to
NADB, September 24, 1973 3-8
3-5 AQCR Status with Respect to Standards, Summarized by Priority
Classification, 1972 3-21
3-6 Standards Status of Monitoring Stations by Pollutant, 1972 ....... 3-23
3-7 Summary of AQCR1 s Exceeding National Ambient Air Quality
Standards, 1969-1972 3-24
4-1 SO2 Annual Arithmetic Means for Selected NASN Stations, 1970-1972. . 4-3
4-2 Total Annual Degree-Days for Selected NASN Stations, 1970-1972 4-4
4-3 Summary of Chicago City Regulations on Sulfur Content of'All Fxiels . . . 4-7
4-4 Long-Term Temporal Patterns in Sulfates as Compared with Trends
in TSP and SO2, 1964-1970 4-10
4-5 Association of Year-to-Year Changes Between SC>2 and Sulfate
Stations, 1969-1970 4-11
4-6 Percentage of Daily Excursion Above the 8-Hour Carbon Monoxide
Standard of 10 mg/m3 in Los Angeles County, 1963-1971 4-21
4-7 Annual Maximum 1-Hour Carbon Monoxide Values in the Los Angeles
Air Basin, 1963-1972 4-22
4-8 Number of Hours Above Oxidant Standard by Month and Time of Day
at Downtown Los Angeles Station, 1971 , ... 4-24
4-9 Number of Hours Above Oxidant Standard by Month and Time of Day
at the Riverside Station, 1971 4-25
VI
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Table Page
4-10 Number of Times National Oxidant Standard was Exceeded at
Los Angeles County Sites, 1963-1972 4-26
4-11 Annual Frequency of Daily Excursions Above 8-Hour Carbon Monoxide
Standard of 10 mg/m at the New Jersey Site, 4-27
4-12 Annual Maximum 1-Hour Carbon Monoxide Values in New Jersey,
1966-1972 4-29
4-13 Average Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles Based on
Nationwide Statistics 4-29
A-l Data from Stations Monitoring TSP with Gravimetric 24-Hour
Hi-Vol Filter Sample A-4
A-2 . Data from Stations Monitoring SO2 with West-Gaeke (Sulfamic
Acid) 24-Hour Bubbler Method A-70
A-3 Data from Stations Monitoring SC>2 with West-Gaeke Colorimetric
Method A-97
A-4 Data from Stations Monitoring SC>2 with Conductometric Method . . . A-98
A-5 Data from Stations Monitoring SC>2 with Coulometric Method A-100
A-6 Data from Stations Monitoring CO with Nondispersive Infrared
Continuous Method A-102
A-7 Data from Stations Monitoring Ox with Alkaline Potassium
Iodide KI Method A-107
A-8 Data from Stations Monitoring Ox with Colorimetric Neutral
Potassium Iodide KI Method A-108
A-9 Data from Stations Monitoring Ox with Coulometric Neutral
Potassium Iodide KI Method A-l 11
A-10 Data from Stations Monitoring Ozone with Chemiluminescence
Method A-l 12
V11
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ABSTRACT
This report presents a comprehensive tabulation of the nation's air quality and monitoring
activities for 1972. Its findings are based on extensive monitoring activities conducted by Fed-
eral, State, and local air pollution control agencies organized within established Air Quality
Control Regions. Information is provided for four of the five pollutants for which National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been set. In addition, an analysis of the trends of
CO, oxidants, and NO2 are presented for selected AQCR's. A discussion of the trends in sulfate
concentrations at National Aerometric Surveillance Network stations is included along with an
update for 1972 of the previously published analysis of TSP and SO2-
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AQCR Air Quality Control Region
CAMP Continuous Air Monitoring Program
HC Hydrocarbons
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NADB National Aerometric Data Bank
NASN National Aerometric Surveillance Network
NO Nitric Oxide
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
NOX Oxides of Nitrogen (NO and NO2)
Ox Total Oxidants
PM Particulate Matter
SAROAD Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data
SIP State Implementation Plan
SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
TSP Total Suspended Particulates
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MONITORING AND AIR QUALITY
TRENDS REPORT, 1972
1. SUMMARY
1.1. INTRODUCTION
This report, which is the second in a series to be issued periodically by the Office of Air
and Water Programs, presents an overview of the status of air quality monitoring on a national
scale for 1972. Besides providing information to the public, this document should prove useful
to Federal and State officials in assessing the progress toward achievement of national air
quality goals.
The findings presented in this report are based on extensive monitoring activities con-
ducted by Federal and other agencies within 247 established Air Quality Control Regions
(AQCR's) . Information is furnished for four of the five pollutants for which National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been set. These pollutants are suspended particulate
matter (PM) , sulfur dioxide (SC>2) , carbon monoxide (CO) , and photochemical oxidants (Ox)
No data for nitrogen dioxide are presented for two reasons: (1) although three candidate
methods have been proposed, a standard reference method has not as yet been designated;
(2) the regional classification system has been revoked. A new one has been proposed but not
yet promulgated as a final regulation. Information on trends in NO2 concentrations is presented
for a limited number of areas, however, since the main concern is yearly change rather than
absolute averages.
The data acquired by State air quality monitoring stations established under the State
Implementation Plans (SIP's) are to be submitted to EPA on a quarterly basis. These data
furnish the Agency the bases both for periodic air quality information evaluation and assessment
of the rate at which SIP's are achieving their stated goals. Because the report includes informa-
tion both on current air quality and on the status of SIP air monitoring networks, it should serve
as a reference for reviewing the present status of the air quality monitoring program .
1.2. NATIONAL MONITORING AND AIR QUALITY DATA SUMMARY
In interpreting data presented in this report, it should be understood that State monitoring
networks are to meet the Federal requirements by June 1974. Also, a time lag exists between the
installation of a monitor in the field and the incorporation of data into the National Aerometric
Data Bank (NADB) . This is to emphasize that this report portrays a cross section of an evolving
process rather than a final result.
1.2.1. Monitoring Network Summary
Table 1-1 is a summary of nationwide monitoring activity as reported to NADB . As indica-
ted in the first two columns, there has been a substantial increase in the number of reporting
stations for all pollutants from 1971 to 1972. This increase can be attributed to both additional
monitors being put into the field and others reporting for the first time as a result of SIP reporting
requirements. In some cases, the existing number of reporting monitors exceeds the legal
1-1
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Table 1-1. NATIONWIDE SUMMARY OF STATE MONITORING AS REPORTING TO NADB
Pollutant/method
TSP/hi-vol
S02/ continuous
S02/bubbler
0 /continuous
A
CO/continuous
Total
1971a
1313
62
347
50
58
1830
1 972a
2683
129
935
113
128
3988
1974
proposed
3511
698
1431
458
457
6555
Legal
requirement
1352
213
666
209
133
2573
Represents the number of stations for which valid data exist for at
least one quarter. Valid means the data were taken for at least 75
percent of the time interval and were well distributed over that time
interval.
requirement; this should be viewed with some caution, however, since the geographical
distribution results in many AQCR's being below the minimum requirements, as is demonstra-
ted in Tables 1-2 and 1-3.
Table 1-2. STATUS OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS (AQCR) WITH RESPECT TO STATE
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN REQUIREMENTS AS OF SEPTEMBER 1973a
Pollutant
TSP
so2
CO
Oxidants
N02b
Number of AQCR's
Meeting minimum
requirements
152
no
6
5
0
Not meeting
minimum requirements
95
137
23
49
45
Monitoring
required
247
247
29
54
45
"Based on 1972 data.
The standard reference measurement method is currently undergoing
re-evaluation. A new method and monitoring frequency will be
designated by March 1974.
1.2.2. Air Quality Summary
The relationship between the total number of monitoring stations for a given pollutant and
the number of those stations whose measurements exceeded established standards is presented
in Table 1-4. Tfeis information is presented for ]972. Note that this table reflects only those
stations from the NADB for which sufficient data were available to permit valid assessments of
ambient air quality. It does not include all operating stations and, therefore, must not be con-
strued as representing the total number of stations for which measurements may have exceeded
air quality standards.
To ensure effective sequencing of State plan development, the Federal Regulations set
forth a Priority Classification system under which all AQCR's are grouped into three priority
categories. These categories are based on the severity of pollutant concentrations either
1-2
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Table 1-4. STANDARDS STATUS OF MONITORING STATIONS, BY POLLUTANT, 1972
Suspended participates
Total stations with year's valid data3
Exceeding annual secondary standard
Exceeding annual primary standard
Total stations with valid data for 1 or more quarters
Exceeding 24-hr secondary standard
Exceeding 24-hr primary standard
Sulfur dioxide
Total stations with year's valid data
Exceeding annual primary standard
Total stations with valid data for 1 or more quarters
Exceeding 24-hr primary standard
Exceeding 3-hr secondary standard
Carbon monoxide
Total stations with valid data for 1 or more quarters0
Exceeding 1-hr standard
Exceeding 8-hr standard
Total oxidants or ozone
Total stations with valid data for 1 or more quarters'
Exceeding 1-hr standard
Number of stations
1589
871
516
2683
1100
261
500
9
1064
24
10
128
13
95
in
93
Sufficient data available from which statistics can be calculated.
This is considered to be an air quality guide rather than a standard.
directly measured or estimated. A given AQCR LS categorized by individual polhitant rather
than on an overall basis. Thus, a Region may be classified as Priority I (most severe) for one
pollutant and Priority III for another . This Priority Classification system was designed to guide
the States in allocating resources for pollution control measures.
Table 1-5 presents a summary of the number of AQCR's with measurements in excess of
NAAQS by pollutant priority classification. Based on data available in NADB , 3 TSP Priority I
or la AQCR's did not exceed any standards in 1972. More importantly, in 1972, 9 Priority III
AQCR's exceeded the annual primary standard (7 others exceeded only the secondary guide),
and 12 exceeded the primary 24-hour standard (8 others exceeded only the secondary standard) .
The fact that Priority I AQCR's have met or are meeting NAAQS is encouraging, but
because of data limitations, it can not be concluded that NAAQS are being met everywhere in
the Region. The fact, however, that concentrations in excess of NAAQS are being measured in
Priority III Regions is a matter of important interest since SIP requirements may be less stringent
for these Priority III Regions and, thus, promulgated control strategies might not necessarily
be effective in achieving NAAQS .
In addition, 124 Priority I and II AQCR's exceeded any primary 1'SF standaird in IVY/,
while 162 AQCR's had stations reporting data in excess of any secondary standards.
Only 19 out of 162 AQCR's with data were in excess of any primary standards for SO2-
1-4
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Table 1-5. AQCR STATUS WITH RESPECT TO STANDARDS, SUMMARIZED
BY PRIORITY CLASSIFICATION, 1972
Status
Suspended parti culates
Total AQCR's in each priority class
No. of AQCR's not exceeding any standards
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient quarterly or annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding any secondary standard or guide
No. of AQCR's exceeding any primary standard
No. of AQCR's exceeding secondary 24-hr standard
No. of AQCR's exceeding primary 24-hr standard
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding secondary annual guide
No. of AQCR's exceeding primary annual standard
No. of AQCR's reporting only sufficient quarterly data
No. of AQCR's reporting insufficient data to compare to
NAAQS
Sulfur dioxide
Total AQCR's in each priority class
No. of AQCR's not exceeding any standards
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient quarterly or annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding the secondary 3-hr standard
No. of AQCR's exceeding any primary standard
No. of AQCR's exceeding primary 24-hr standard
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding primary annual standard
No. of AQCR's reporting only sufficient quarterly data
No. of AQCR's reporting insufficient data to compare to
NAAQS
Carbon monoxide
Total AQCR's in each priority class
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient quarterly or annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding any primary standard
Oxidants
Total AQCR's in each priority class
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient quarterly or annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding any primary standard
Priority
I
120
3
118
113
102
no
77
no
103
93
8
2
60
29
52
6
13
13
41
4
11
8
30
22
21
55
31
25
II
70
9
63
49
22
41
10
53
38
20
10
7
41
III
57
9
37
23
14
20
12
28
16
9
9
20
146
23 ! 53
31
1
4
4
27
0
4
10
79
0
2
2
55
0
24
67
217
26
21
192
7
3
Totals
247
21
218
185
138
171
99
191
157
122
27
29
247
105
162
7
19
19
123
4
39
85
247
48
42
247
38
28
1-5
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In almost every AQCR where data were taken, the 8-hour standard for CO was exceeded.
Of the 48 AQCR's for which data were available, 42 Regions21 of which are classified Priority
IIIexceeded at least one CO standard.
For oxidants, out of 38 AQCR's with data, 28 were in violation of the 1-hour standard.
A pictorial and geographical display of AQCR status with respect to air quality standards
is shown in Figures 1-1 through 1-4.
1.3. TRENDS IN AIR QUALITY
The air quality trends discussed in this report are based on Federal as well as State and
local data. The Federal data, collected via the National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) pro-
vide the basis for an assessment of national trends in total suspended particulates, sulfur
dioxide, and sulfates.
At the inception of NASN, resource limitations dictated placement of only one major sta-
tion in each urban area. Stations were located primarily in downtown or center-city areas and,
therefore, do not necessarily reflect the "worst" air quality to be found in heavily industrialized
portions of many cities. Thus, the national trend interpretations must be viewed with this data-
collection limitation in mind.
When examining carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxidant, there are insufficient
historical data to make a national assessment. For this reason, two Regions were selected, Los
Angeles and selected sites in New Jersey. The Los Angeles area was selected because this
region has a large number of sites and is therefore amenable to both spatial and temporal
analyses. To complement the discussion of this West Coast Region, three sites in New Jersey
are also examined to indicate comparable patterns in a different geographical region.
1.3.1. Trends in Total Suspended Particulate
As demonstrated in Figure 1-5, concentrations of total suspended particulate matter
experienced a general decline at many urban areas across the nation during the 1960's. In
comparison, only a minor overall change has been observed thus far during the 1970's. For
the urban sites, the composite average decreased from approximately 110 ug/m' m 1960 to
82 ug/m^ in 1972, an overall decrease of approximately 25 percent.
1.3.2. Trends in Sulfur Dioxide
A nationwide decrease in ambient sulfur dioxide concentrations was observed throughout
the stations of the NASN over the 8-year period 1964-1971, as can be seen in Figure 1-6. It
can be noted that, although the level is higher for 1972 than 1971, it is comparable to the level
of 1970 at many sites and is usually lower than the levels present during the late 1960's.
Seven stations with the largest increase in SO2 concentrations between 1971 and 1972 -were
selected for a detailed examination that compared their air quality concentrations with their
annual degree-day values. The conclusion derived from the analysis is that the decrease in
the SO2 composite average between 1970 and 1971 was probably a true decrease, whereas the
reversal from 1971 to 1972 is greatly exaggerated because the number of degree-days for 1972
was above normal. Therefore, it is not certain that a trend reversal was begun in 1972 but,
rather, it would appear that the higher levels that were experienced are of a temporary, non-
sustaining nature, provided there is no significant change in air pollution control strategies
dealing with SO2 sources.
Finally, a detailed discussion of trends in SO2 concentrations compared with regulations
governing sulfur content in fuel is presented for three metropolitan areas. For the most part,
the decrease in SO2 concentrations for each of these areas can be attributed primarily to sulfur-
content regulations.
1.3.3. Trends in Sulfotes as Related to Total Suspended Particulate and Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfates were examined because it is recognized that human respiratory disease is more
closely associated with sulfates than with sulfur dioxide. In light of the downward trends in
1-6
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Figure 1-5. Composite levels of total suspended particulate at urban and nonurbanNASN stations.
TSP and SO2,a corresponding decline in sulfates (SO^) might be expected. Tlie lesultd of this
analysis, based on data from 62 sites over the years 1964 through 1970, do not bear out this
expectation. In the majority of instances, the quantity of sulfate in the high-volume samples
has remained essentially unchanged. Moreover, sulfate concentrations seem to be somewhat
independent of ambient sulfur dioxide concentrations at individual locations and can be better
described by the concentration of total suspended particulates and the general geographic
locality of the monitoring station.
1.3.4. Trends in Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Oxidant
Because of insufficient historical data to make a national assessment, two regions were
selected for trends analysis--Los Angeles and selected sites in New Jersey. Although each
1-11
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dioxide at 32 NASN stations.
site has its own particular pattern, it is possible to make certain generalizations regarding
the trends for these pollutants. Oxidant reaches a peak in the summer months, whereas nitro-
gen dioxide and carbon monoxide peak during the winter.
Overall carbon monoxide averages have decreased notably since 1968. Even after
adjusting for the upward bias from 1 to 4 ppm (1.1 to 4.6 mg/m^) due to instrumental modifica-
tion for sites in Los Angeles County prior to April 1968, there has still been a decline in CO
concentrations in Los Angeles County. While the frequency of excursions above the 8-hour
primary standard has dropped since 1968, a corresponding reduction in 1-hour maximum con-
centrations was not always achieved.
Trends in the annual average for nitrogen dioxide showed a mixture of patterns. Where-
as the three New Jersey sites reported marginal declines, the predominant pattern in the Los
Angeles area was increasing .
Oxidant concentrations have shown a general decline since the late 1960's. Although
oxidant is an area-wide pollutant, the discussion of Los Angeles indicates the variability of
patterns that co-exist within a fairly specific geographical area.
Finally, a comparison is made between carbon monoxide, oxidants, and nitrogen oxides
and their associated emissions. It is shown that trends in the pollutants generally corresponded
with the trends in their associated emissions, demonstrating the success of the emission control
strategy for mobile sources.
1-12
-------
2. INTRODUCTION
This report presents a comprehensive tabulation of the nation's air quality and monitoring
activities for 1972. Its findings are based on extensive monitoring activities conducted by
Federal, State, and local air pollution control agencies organized within established Air
Quality Control Regions (AQCR's) . Information is provided for the four pollutants for which
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been set. In addition, analyses of the
trends of CO, oxidants, and NO2 are presented for selected AQCR's. A discussion of the
trends in sulfate concentrations at NASN is included along with an update for 1972 of the pre-
viously published analyses of TSP and SC>2 1
The two-volume report entitled The National Air Monitoring Program: Air Quality and
Emissions Trends Annual Reportl contains air quality data and monitoring network informa-
tion for years prior to 1972, along with the aforementioned analyses of the air quality trends
at the NASN.
2.1. GENERAL BACKGROUND
As a result of the Clean Air Act (amended 1970) and various regulations^ >3 promulgated
by EPA, the States were required to adopt and submit to the Administrator a plan which pro-
vides for the achievement of air quality standards and maintenance of existing air quality
where standards are already being met. EPA has the responsibility for surveillance of the
SIP's to determine whether they are being adequately supported and whether sufficient progress
is being made toward meeting national air quality goals. Because of EPA's recognition of the
deficiencies of many of the air quality data used to develop these plans, the States were re-
quired to establish air quality surveillance systems (meeting minimum criteria) which must be
operational by June 1974. Data submitted from the operation of these networks are to form the
basis for assessing the degree to which NAAQS's are realized. In addition, the States are
required to submit to EPA, on a quarterly basis, all of the air quality data which they have
obtained from their existing monitoring networks. These data are to be submitted to the EPA
Regional Offices for examination for inconsistencies and errors. The corrected data are then
to be forwarded to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards for inclusion in the National
Aerometric Data Bank.
The time required to process the air quality data from the States through the Regional
Offices to the NADB, and evaluate the data for trends or for compliance with NAAQS's is on the
order of 6 months. Thus, this report will contain only 1972 data.
Data on 1972 NO2 air quality or NOฃ monitoring networks will not be covered in this
report since the reference method will not be designated until March 1974. Data from existing
networks will be summarized as soon as a new reference method and equivalency factors for
existing networks are established.
2.2. AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
The following is a brief account of the status of the NASN and CAMP networks. A more
detailed discussion of the nature and purpose of all the Federal and State monitoring networks
has been published previously. 1
2.2.1. Status of NASN Decentralization
The National Air Surveillance Network is currently undergoing a decentralization from
NERC/RTP to the Regional Offices. This process involves the transfer of NERC personnel and
some of the laboratory functions to the Regions. The Regional personnel can either perform
the laboratory work themselves or rely on the States for the analyses. A quality control program
is being conducted by NERC personnel to ensure that samples analyzed by the various labora-
2-1
-------
tories will be comparable. In addition, contacts have been established to provide ior a smooth
and orderly transfer of responsibilities and to minimize any discontinuities in the data-flow
process.
As a result of this decentralization, several stations are either being shut clown or re-
moved. It is the policy of Monitoring and Data Analysis Division not to move or alter the sam-
pling environment of sites which have a long history of data collection (over 10 years) . MDAD
personnel are coordinating with the NERC and Regional Offices to ensure that these long-term
sites remain intact.
2.2.2. Status of CAMP Network
The Continuous Air Monitoring Program has been providing continuous delta on air pollu-
tants since the early 1960's. It was established by the Division of Air Pollution of the Public
Health Service because a good data base did not exist at the time and little was known about di-
urnal air pollution patterns .
Because many State and local agencies are currently collecting data on a continuous
basis, the need for the CAMP data has diminished. The CAMP network, however , does in-
clude some of the very few monitoring stations for long-term trend data. Also, several SIP's
were based on data derived from these stations. Therefore, it was desirable to retain these
stations to maintain the ability to look at long-term trends and also to monitor progress towards
meeting the goals of the SIP's.
All of the CAMP stations (Denver, Cincinnati, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, Chicago,
and Philadelphia) will remain in operation under funding by the EPA Regional Offices or
NERC/RTP. The Cincinnati station will be closed temporarily while it is moved to a new
location due to urban renewal activity at its present location.
2.3. REPORT LIMITATIONS
This report presents a comprehensive compilation and analysis of air quality data for
1972. Even though it is comprehensive, it must be recognized that there are several limita-
tions which prevent a complete and representative analysis of the nation's air quality.
The first limitation concerns the scope of the national coverage of air quality data.
For some pollutants, nearly all AQCR's are reporting measured data; for other pollutants,
the national sample is heavily -weighted by a handful of states.
Another limitation involves the fact that, on an AQCR basis, there may be a miminum
required network in operation. In some areas, however, the samples may not be taken in
representative areas of the Region, or an adequate quality control program may not be
fully operational.
Finally, in other AQCR's, minimally adequate networks are not yet operational.
Thus, compliance with NAAQS's in these areas is difficult to determine with confidence.
2.4. REFERENCES
1. The National Air Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emissions Trends Annual Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication
Numbers EPA-450/l-73-001a (Vol. I) arid EPA-450/1-73-OOlb (Vol. II). August 1973.
2. Federal Register, Vol. 36, No. 84, April 30, 1971, National Primary and Secondary
Ambient Air Quality Standards.
3. Federal Register, Vol. 36, No. 158, August 14, 1971, Requirements for Preparation,
Adoption, and Submittal of Implementation Plans.
2-2
-------
3. STATUS OF MONITORING AND AIR QUALITY DATA
This section presents a summary account of national air quality and monitoring network
data collected up to the end of calendar year 1972. Because of delays in State information
processing and transmittai, the data for the first two quarters of 1973 are not yet available
in sufficient amounts to -warrant their inclusion in this report. The discussions of both air
quality and monitoring networks are preceded b} descriptions of the basic collection mech-
anisms by which these data were obtained. Summaries of the collected data are presented
on both a national and an AQCR basis and include interpretative comments designed to high-
light significant findings.
It is expected that the summary data presented in this section will be of value in pro-
viding an assessment of the degree to which the States are attaining compliance with the
monitoring requirements that they must meet under the implementation planning program. In
interpreting the data contained in this section, the reader should keep in mind that the pro-
gram requirements are to be achieved progressively over a. period ending not later than 1977.
A discussion of the implementation planning process can be found in the National Air
Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emissions Trends Annual Report. 1
Both air quality and monitoring network data are first presented on a nationwide basis
to provide a preliminary overview. Data are then tabulated on an AQCR basis in order to
display prevailing patterns within any specific Region of interest.
Review of the data presented in this and the following section should be conducted with
the understanding that the interpretation of a specific measurement should take into account
not only its degree of validity per se, but also its usefulness as a representative indicator
of air quality. The usefulness of data presented is influenced by many factors which are
independent of the measurement process. All such factors, which include meteorological
and topographical effects, atmospheric reactions and removal processes, and sensor loca-
tion, influence the degree to which a given measurement is representative of air quality.
3.1. STATUS OF MONITORING NETWORKS
The following sections present both a national and regional overview of the State
monitoring networks. These summaries are based on data in the National Aerometric Data
Bank as of October 1973.
3.1.1. National Monitoring Summary
The relationship between the number of stations now existing and the minimum national
totals on a pollutant basis which must be operational by 1974 provides one measure of progress
in implementation plan achievement. The number of monitoring stations both existing and
required under the implementation planning process by pollutant and method on a nationwide
basis is presented in Table 3-1. As this table shows, the number of existing stations in a
given category, in some instances, exceeds the 1974 legal requirement.
3.1.2. State Monitoring
Table 3-2 presents a summary of the States' progress in achieving the required net-
work size. Another breakdown is shown in Table 3-3 for each of the 10 EPA Regions. A
more detailed discussion of these data for each AQCR is presented in the next section.
The degree of network completion progress varies by pollutant. For TSP , over two-
thirds of the AQCR's have greater than the required number of high-volume samplers. Nearly
half of the SC>2 networks exceed the minimum requirements. Over 90 percent of the CO net-
works and nearly 82 percent of the oxidant networks exceed the requirements.
3-1
-------
Table 3-1. NATIONWIDE SUMMARY OF STATE MONITORING STATIONS REPORTING
TO NADB. OCTOBER 1973
Pollutant/method
TSP/hi-vol
S02/continuous
S02/bubbler
Ox/ continuous
CO/continuous
Total
1971a
1313
62
347
50
58
1830
1972a
2683
129
935
113
128
3988
1974
proposed
3511
698
1431
458
457
6555
Legal
requirement
1352
213
666
209
133
2573
Represents the number of stations for which valid data exist for at
least one quarter. Valid means the data were taken for at least 75
percent of the time interval and were well distributed over that time
interval.
It should be noted, however, that many AQCR's are not required to have any CO or
oxidant monitors. Further, the comparisons made here are based on minimum requirements
rather than on the number of monitors needed for an adequate network size to meet all ob-
jectives of a monitoring program. Thus, the progress in CO and oxidant monitoring networks
based on the above percentages is optimistic. (Under current regulations, only 29 md 51
AQCR's are required to have monitors in the field for CO and oxidants, respectively.)
3.1.3. Regional Monitoring Progress Summary
Table 3-4 presents for each AQCR (for interstate AQCR's, the State portions are
presented) a status report of the progress being made towards achieving the minimum re-
quired network size. This analysis was based on stations that have reported to the NADB as
of October 1973. Thus, monitors that have just been installed recently would not be included.
It must be emphasized that in many cases, especially for the automotive related pol-
lutants (i.e. , CO and oxidants) and in AQCR's where transportation control plans are required,
the minimum required networks would not be considered adequate at this time for defining the
pollutant levels and distribution. Regulations governing state monitoring requirements are
currently being reevaluated by MDAD . These regulations will also cover areas not addressed
previously, such as nondegradation and complex sources.
3.2. SUMMARY OF 1972 AIR QUALITY DATA
The 1972 air quality data available in NADB as of October 1973 have been analyzed, and
summaries on the status with respect to air quality standards have been included in this
section on both a national and an AQCR basis. Breakdowns are presented by Priority Class-
ification where appropriate. Detailed data on individual stations are presented in the
Appendix.
3.2.1. National Summary
Table 3-5 sorts the AQCR numbers by Priority Classification for each pollutant and
presents the number of AQCR's in each classification that have at least one station exceeding
one or more of the standards in 1972.
Under suspended particulate, for example, the table lists Priority I AQCR's according
to whether they meet all particulate standards or have exceeded one or more of these standards.
In addition, Priority II and III AQCR's are listed each according to their standing with respect
to the particulate standards based on the available data. Columns are included showing AQCR's
with fragmentary data or with no data on record with NADB as of mid-October 1973.
3-2
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Table 3-5. AQCR STATUS WITH RESPECT TO STANDARDS, SUMMARIZE.
BY PRIORITY CLASSIFICATION, 1972
Status
Suspended parti culates
Total AQCR's in each priority class
No. of AOCR's not exceeding any standards
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient quarterly or annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding any secondary standard or guide
No. of AQCR's exceeding any primary standard
No. of AQCR's exceeding secondary 24-hr standard
No. of AQCR's exceeding primary 24-hr standard
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding secondary annual guide
No. of AOCR's exceeding primary annual standard
iNo. of AQCR's reporting only sufficient quarterly data
No. of AOCR's reporting insufficient data to compare to
NAAQS
Sulfur dioxide
Total AQCR's in each priority class
No. of AQCR's not exceeding any standards
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient quarterly or annual data
No, of AQCR's exceeding the secondary 3-hr standard
No. of AQCR's exceeding any primary standard
No. of AQCR's exceeding primary 24-hr standard
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding primary annual standard
Mo. of AQCR's reporting only sufficient quarterly data
No. of AQCR's reporting insufficient data to compare to
NAAQS
Carbon monoxide
Total AQCR's in each priority class
No. of AQCR's reporting sufficient quarterly or annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding any primary standard
Oxidants
Total AQCR's in each priority class
No. of AOCR's reporting sufficient quarterly or annual data
No. of AQCR's exceeding any primary standard
Priority
I
120
3
118
113
102
110
77
110
103
93
8
2
60
29
52
6
13
13
41
4
n
8
30
22
21
55
31
25
II
70
9
63
49
22
41
10
53
38
20
10
7
41
23
31
1
4
4
27
0
4
10
III
57
9
37
23
14
20
12
28
16
9
9
20
146
53
79
0
2
2
55
0
24
67
217
26
21
192
7
3
Totals
247
21
218
185
138
171
99
191
157
122
27
29
247
105
162
7
19
19
123
4
39
85
247
48
42
247
38
28
3-21
-------
Based on data available in NADB , 3 TSP Priority I or la AQCR's met all standards for
1972. More importantly, in 1972, 9 Priority III AQCR's exceeded the primary annual standard
(7 others exceeded only the secondary guide) and 12 exceeded the primary 24-hour
standard (8 others exceeded only the secondary standard) . The fact that Priority I AQCR's
have met or are meeting NAAQS is encouraging , but because of data limitations, it cannot
be concluded that NAAQS are being met everywhere in the Regions. The fact that con-
centrations in excess of NAAQS are being measured in Priority III Regions, however, is a
matter of important interest since SIP requirements were less stringent for these Priority
III Regions and, thus, promulgated control stragegies might not necessarily be effective
in achieving NAAQS .
In similar fashion, the AQCR's that are Priority I, II, or III for sulfur dioxide are
sorted according to their standing with respect to the standards for that pollutant.
Priority I or III AQCR's for carbon monoxide are listed according to their standing
with respect to the 1-hour and 8-hour standards.
Priority I or III AQCR's for total oxidants meeting or exceeding the 1-hour standard
are also presented.
An analysis of monitoring stations with valid data, by pollutant, showing the number
whose measurements exceed primary and secondary standards, is presented in Table 3-6.
It should be noted that this table reflects only those valid data available from NADB during
1972. Previous discussions pertaining to the inclusion of State and local data in iNAUti are
applicable. Accordingly, because the table does not include all operating stations, it should
not be construed as representing the total number of monitoring sites for -which measurements
exceed air quality standards.
3.2.2. AQCR Summery
Table 3-7 presents a summary of the number of stations in each AQCR for which
measurements are available through NADB and which exceed NAAQS. Under the annual
standard headings (ANNUAL) the number of stations (#STA) includes only those reporting
data that meet the validity criteria for computing representative annual statistics. Short-
term standards (24-hour, 1-hour, etc.) are appraised at these stations plus any additional
stations reporting at least one quarter of valid data. Therefore, the figure for ''#STA'' under
short-term standards may be greater than in the corresponding column under annuail
standards.
Stations with less than a complete year of data have been included in the appraisal of
short-term standards because the data, even though fragmentary, could include values
exceeding a short-term standard and should not oe disregarded. If, however, data from
such stations do not indicate violations of a short-term standard, this is not conclusive
evidence that the standard has been met. (The identity of individual stations that exceeded
the standard and an indication of whether they reported a year's valid data are presented
in the Appendix.)
In Table 3-7, the columns under SULFUR DIOXIDE parallel those for suspended par-
ticulates, with the addition of a column for the number of stations at -which the 3-hour
standard-was exceeded. This column can apply only to instrument methods producing 1-hour
data from which the running 3-hour averages can be calculated. All instrument methods,
continuous and integrating (24-hour), are combined under the "#STA" columns, implying a
comparability among the SC>2 measurement methods that has not yet been rigorously sub-
stantiated. The Appendix, which summarizes ths status at each individual station, separates
the stations by instrument method.
Figures 3-1 through 3-4 portray the status of the Nation's 247 Air Quality Control
Regions -with respect to standards for measurements of suspended particulate matter , sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxidants taken during 1972. The clear or unshaded areas
are the AQCR's or groups of AQCR's where all the reported data are below the primary stand-
ards. It does not necessarily follow that all of these areas can be considered to have met the
standards, because the data available at the time are not necessarily representative or com-
prehensive, amounting in a few instances to as Lttle as one quarter's measurements at one
3-22
-------
Table 3-6. STANDARDS STATUS OF MONITORING STATIONS BY POLLUTANT, 1972
Number of
stations,
1972
Suspended particulates
Total stations with year's valid data3 1589
Exceeding annual secondary standard'3 871
Exceeding annual primary standard 516
Total stations with 1 or more valid quarters 2683
Exceeding 24-hr secondary standard 1100
Exceeding 24-hr primary standard 261
Sulfur dioxide
Total stations with year's valid data3 500
Exceeding annual primary standard 9
Total stations with 1 or more quarter's valid data 1064
Exceeding 24-hr primary standard 24
Exceeding 3-hr secondary standard 10
Carbon monoxide
Total stations with 1 or more quarter's valid data3 128
Exceeding 1-hr standard 13
Exceeding 8-hr standard 95
Total oxidants or ozone
Total stations with 1 or more quarter's valid data3 111
Exceeding 1-hr standard 93
Sufficient data available from which statistics can be calculated.
ฐThis is considered to be an air quality guide rather than a standard.
3-23
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station. For more detailed information on the number of stations and quantity of reported data
in specific AQCR's, see Table 3-7 and the Appendix. This table updates a similar table found
in the National Air Monitoring Program Report-"- and contains corrected entries for the years
1969 through 1971.
The cross-hatched areas are the AQCR's or groups of AQCR's in which a standard has
been exceeded.
The dotted areas are those for which no data (or less than a quarter's valid data) had
been received as of September 1973.
Suspended particulates are seen to be still a pervasive problem, notwithstanding
recently documented downward trends.
Sulfur dioxide levels above standards are occurring in relatively few cities and areas
where large industrial sources are located.
Although data on carbon monoxide for 1972 are quite limited, it is noteworthy that the
majority of operating stations are reporting values exceeding the 8-hour standard.
Data on oxidant concentrations are also limited, but a number of major population cen-
ters are reporting values above the standard.
3.2.3. Individual Stations Summary
A detailed summary, listing individual stations and their standings with respect to
NAAQ, is presented in the Appendix. A separate table is presented for each pollutant meas-
urement method. There are 10 tables in all: 4 for SO2, 3 for oxidants, and 1 each for TSP,
ozone.> and CO. The station listings are in alphabetical order by AQCR. In the case of Inter-
state Regions, the listing of stations is also subdivided by State within each AQCR.
3.3. REFERENCE
1. The National Air Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emissions Trends Annual Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication Num-
bers EPA-450/l-73-00/a and EPA-450/l-73-00/b . August 1973.
3-53
-------
-------
4. TRENDS IN AIR QUALITY
Air quality trends are determined on a pollutant-by-pollutant basis. Although an assess-
ment can be made of national trends for total suspended particulate, sulfur dioxide, and sulfates,
there are limited historical data for carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxidant, on a
national basis. Therefore, in the section dealing with the latter pollutants, two specific geo-
graphic areasLos Angeles and selected cities in New Jersey were used. The techniques
employed in analyzing the data are discussed with the analysis for each of the pollutants in
the following sections.
4.1. TRENDS IN TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICIPATES
This section examines national trends by analyzing data collected through the National
Air Surveillance Network, a Federally funded air quality monitoring network operated with
the assistance and cooperation of State and local agencies. At NASN's inception, resource
limitations dictated placement of only one station in each major urban area. Stations were
located primarily in the downtown or center-city areas and, therefore, do not necessarily
reflect the "worst" air quality to be found through heavily industrialized portions of these
cities.
4.1.1. Nationwide Trends
Levels of total suspended particulate matter experienced a general decline at many
urban areas across the nation during the 1960's. In comparison, only a minor overall change
has been observed thus far during the 1970's. This is exemplified by the rather constant
level in composite average TSP for 96 selected NASN locations with a long historical record
(Figure 4-1) . For these center-city urban sites, the composite average decreased from ap-
proximately 110 ug/m^ in 1960 to 82 ug/m^ in 1972, an overall decrease of approximately 25
percent.
The report, The National Air Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emissions Trends
Annual Report, * discusses trends in total suspended particulates in considerable detail. It
examines trends over three different time periods: 1960-1971, 1964-1971, and 1968-1971.
Both the 12- and 8-year time periods indicate a long-term decline in levels of suspended
particulate matter, whereas no significant net trend is discernible for the most recent 4-year
period.
Further analysis of the 1968-1971 period indicates that downward trends are associated
with higher concentrations in the base period ( >. 90 iig/m^) , whereas the upward trends are
associated with lower concentration levels (< 90 jig/m-^) . Therefore, locations with the worst
problems have shown the most improvement, and the cleaner areas have shown a tendency
toward degradation.
4.2. TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE
This section presents the trend in ambient sulfur dioxide concentrations. Thirty-two
selected sites from the National Air Surveillance Network and sites from State and local air
pollution agencies are utilized to provide a nationwide overview of the trends in SO2 and a
detailed discussion of the relationship between the observed trend in SO2 and local regula-
tions implemented to control sulfur emissions.
4.2.1. Nationwide Trends
As indicated in Reference 1, a nationwide decrease in ambient sulfur dioxide concentra-
tions was observed throughout the stations of the NASN over the 8-year period 1964-1971.
These decreases were most evident at the sites with the highest concentrations, which are
characteristically situated in the northeastern and north central sections of the country.
4-1
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Examination of this trend in more detail reveals that decreases in ambient SO2 were most
noticeable during the beginning of the 1970's. Since that time, it can be generally stated that
the trend has been relatively level in comparison to previous years.
Figure 4-2 presents a nationwide composite of annual average SO2 at 32 NAS.N sites
accompanied with the corresponding range of averages among the component sites. Although
the composite 1972 level is slightly higher than in 1971, the levels are comparable to those of
1970 at many sites and are usually lower than the levels during the late 1960's.
Seven stations with the largest increase in SC>2 concentrations between 1971 and 1972
were selected for detailed examination. These stations exhibited a downward trend over the
1968-1971 period as reported in Reference 1. The SC>2 levels at the seven stations for the 1970-
1972 period are shown in Table 4-1.
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64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
YEARS
Figure 4-2. Composite levels of sulfur
dioxide at 32 NASN stations.
Table 4-1. S02 ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEANS FOR SELECTED
NASN STATIONS, 1970-1972
jug/m
Station
Hammond, Indiana
Evansville, Indiana
Covington, Kentucky
Baltimore, Maryland
Detroit, Michigan
Youngstown, Ohio
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1970
58
25
26
54
38
30
57
1971
32
19
19
29
12
17
50
1972
56
24
27
48
42
38
63
The apparent reversal is unexpected since sulfur content in fuels has generally decreased
through regulatory actions. The most plausible explanation is a possible temporary increase
in fuel use for space heating purposes. Since fuel use for space heating is a major component
of the total fuel consumption (in the cities associated with these seven stations) , an examination
was made of the annual number of degree-days for the corresponding stations and years and
the deviation from normal. These data are shown in Table 4-2. The fuel demand has been
found through experience to be proportional to the number of degree-days for space heating
purposes.
4-3
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Table 4-2. TOTAL ANNUAL DEGREE-DAYS9 FOR SELECTED NASN STATIONS, 1970-1972b
(percent above/below normal in parentheses)
Station
Hammond, Indiana
Evans vi lie, Indiana
Covington, Kentucky
Baltimore, Maryland
Detroit, Michigan
Youngs town, Ohio
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1970
6178
(ฑ0)
1971
5851
(-5)
4893 4428
(+10) (+0)
5037 4819
(-4) (-8)
4622
(-D
6461
(+4)
6667
(+10)
5393
(+2)
4401
(-5)
5993
(-10)
6491
(+1)
5291
(ฑ0)
1972
6789
(+10)
4909
(+11)
5474
(+4)
4703
(+D
6637
(+6)
7026
(+9)
5448
(+3)
Normal0
6155
4435
5265
4603
6232
6417
5291
aTotal degree-days are the sums of the negative departures
of average daily temperatures from 65 ฐF.
Data from nearest National Weather Service Station.
C30-year normals (1931-1960).
It appears significant that all seven stations exhibit a reversal in the year-to-year
pattern of degree-days similar to the pattern in annual average SC>2 levels. Unlike the other
2 years, 1972 had uniformly higher-than-normal degree-day values. The other 2 years,
1970 and 1971, showed a slight tendency to be above and below normal, respectively.
The conclusions derived from the above analysis are that (1) the decrease in SO2 be-
tween 1970 and 1971 was probably a true decrease, although the lower number of degree-
days would indicate that the decrease may have been exaggerated slightly, and (2) the
increases in SC>2 levels from 1971 to 1972 are more probably attributable in large measure
to the increase in heating demand (corresponding to the upswing in the normal year-to-year
fluctuation in heating degree-days) rather than a substantial alteration in fuel or source
emission characteristics. Relaxation of some "clean-fuel" ordinances during the 1973-1974
winter may produce more substantial but, hopefully, temporary increases.
4.2.2. Comparison of Trends and Percent Sulfur Content Regulations in Distillate
and Residual Fuel Oil for Selected AOCR's
The general decrease in SO2 observed in center-city locations has been attributed to the
implementation of local regulations scheduled to restrict sulfur content in fuels. A more
detailed discussion of trends in 862 concentrations is presented for three metropolitan areas.
These trends are broadly interpreted in light of the particular regulations for each area. The
areas chosen depict air quality in Air Quality Control Regions with historically severe SC>2
problems: New Jersey-New York-Connecticut; Metropolitan Philadelphia; and Metropolitan
Chicago.
4.2.2.1. New Jersey-New York-Connecticut Interstate AQCR
The impact of regulations controlling the sulfur content of fuels in the New Jersey-New
York-Connecticut Interstate AQCR is demonstrated by SC>2 air quality monitored in Bayonne,
New Jersey . This site was chosen because it has a complete record of SC>2 air quality
dating from the mid-sixties through 1972.
The trend line seen, in Figure 4-3 demonstrates the improvements in average SO2 air
quality. The trend line shows a significant decrease in SO2 levels from a high of nearly 300
4-4
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MAXIMUM 24-HOUR CONCENTRATION
QUARTERLY LINE
TREND LINE
24-HOUR PRIMARY STANDARD (365)
ANNUAL PRIMARY STANDARDS (80)
5/1/68 COAL = 1%S
RESIDUAL OIL = 1%S
LIGHT 01 L = 0.7% S
10/1/70 RESIDUAL OIL= 0.5% S
LIGHT OIL= 0.4% S
10/1/71 ALL OIL= 0.3% S
COAL=0.2%S
Figure 4-3. Comparison of SOg trends at Bayonne, New Jersey, with regulations governing
percent sulfur content in fuel."
ug/m3 in 1967 to a current low of approximately 50 jag/m^. The quarterly SO2 averages
clearly fluctuate about the long-term trend line with peaks occurring in the winter months
corresponding with peak heating demands. The short-term SC>2 concentrations (maximum
24-hour SO2 concentration per quarter) are also improving. Concentration peaks which were
were well over the standard in the winter of 1969-1970 have declined to values somewhat
below the primary 24-hour standard in 1972.
The improvement in SC>2 air quality at this site can be attributed primarily to SO-, regula-
tions which have become effective in the states of New Jersey and New York. A significant
improvement is noted between 1967 and 1968 when sizable shifts in the usage of high sulfur
fuel oil and coal (~2.5% S) occurred. The fuel shift occurred in advance of the effective date
of the regulations (May 1968) because fuel supplies were available to user? =ornewV-?>t earlier
than the prescribed compliance date.
Additional regulations effective in October of 1970 and in 1971 in New Jersey limited the
sulfur content of all fuel oil to 0.3 percent or less. The latter step of these regulations has
4-5
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resulted in air quality at the Bayonne site slightly below the primary standards. A similar
trend has occurred in the New York City area. Overall, however, the SCK air quality standards
have not been achieved in spite of current sulfur restrictions requiring fuel oil sulfur content
to be no greater than 0.3 percent.
4.2.2.2. Metropolitan Philadelphia Interstate AC.CR
Figure 4-4 depicts the seasonal and long-term pattern of SOn air quality in Philadelphia
monitored at the laboratory station of the Department of Public Health. The graphs consist of
average and maximum 24-hour SO2 concentrations by calendar quarter. They both clearly
indicate the typical pattern of higher concentrations in the winter quarters (first and fourth)
and lower concentrations in the summer quarters.
960
800
"I 640
o
u
480
320
160
QUARTERLY AVERAGE
ANNUAL STANDARD
i
1967
1968
* BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRA-
CITE COAL OF THIS
SULFUR CONTENT ARE NOT
BEING USED BECAUSE OF
SCARCITY.
1%9 1970
OIL 5/1/70
FUEL OIL NO. 5 AND 6 1.0%
FUEL OIL NO. 4 0.7%
FUEL OIL NO. 2 0.3%
COAL
BITUMINOUS 2.0%
ANTHRACITE 0.7%
v- --^LTA-^xir^. ____
t I Ti s
i ili I i i I i I i i __
1971 1972 1973
1971
7/1/71
I
1972
10/1/72
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%*
0.3%
Figure 4-4. Comparison of S02 trends in Philadelphia with regulations governing percent sulfur
content in fuel.
Trends in average concentrations, as exemplified by amoving average of four calendar
quarters, show concentrations decreasing by 50 percent from the 1967-1968 level of 160 jig/m^
to the current air quality level of 80 ug/m . The maximum 24-hour concentrations have ex-
perienced a similar decline.
The observed decreases in the average SO2 concentrations appear to coincide with the
implementation of local regulations which restrict the sulfur content in fuel. The first concen-
tration decrease closely followed the May 1970 regulation which established a maximum limit
of 1 percent sulfur in residual oil and coal, and 0.3 percent sulfur in distillate fuel. The
annual average SC>2 continued to decline until it leveled off at the NAAQS in the second quarter
of 1971. It then remained at that level for the next 2 years. After the implementation of the
4-6
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second sulfur regulation in October of 1972, which limited residual oil to 0.5 percent S and
distillate fuel and coal to 0 .3 percent S, the average air quality appeared to continue to im-
prove. Prior to the implementation of the May 1970 sulfur regulation, the short-term, 24-hour
NAAQS had been consistently violated at levels of more than twice the primary standard. Sub-
sequently, the observed maximum 24-hour levels have decreased significantly.
A violation of the standard did not occur again until January 1973 when a 24-hour level
of 637 ug/m3 was observed. Although the increase was apparently attributable to adverse
meteorological conditions, it did occur despite the reduction in sulfur emissions created by
the sulfur regulation of October 1972.
4.2.2.3. Metropolitan Chicago Interstate AQCR
The Chicago NASN No. 02 site (Figure 4-5) shows the same general decline in SO2
levels that has been seen at sites throughout this region. The slight upturn in the fourth
quarter of 1972 is due primarily to a single high observation. Data from other sites indi-
cate that the steady decline in SO2 levels is being maintained.
As shown in Table 4-3, restrictions on sulfur content in fuels has been accomplished
through a series of regulations that began in 1970 for the various sources. Prior to that time,
a
oc.
UJ
o
o
o
CHICAGO NASN SITE 02
SULFUR DIOXIDE
100
1967
YEAR
Figure 4-5. Comparison of SC>2 trends in Chicago with regulations governing percent
sulfur content in fuel.
Table 4-3. SUMMARY OF CHICAGO CITY REGULATIONS ON SULFUR CONTENT OF ALL FUELS
(percent)
Effective
date
7/1/70
11/1/70
9/1/71
1/1/72
9/1/72
New area
sources
1
1
Existing area
sources
2
1.25
1
Industrial
combustion
2
1.5
1
Utility
power
1.8
1
1
4-7
-------
regulation of emissions came under somewhat general public nuisance laws. The City of
Chicago has indicated that the enforcement of all existing regulations has been extensive.
In addition to these basic regulations concerning sulfur content of fuels, there has been
significant fuel switching in the area. According to the Chicago Department of Environmental
Control, the strategy is to convert small users from coal to either gas or oil. Coupled with
this is a policy of denying gas to large users who are capable of using other control methods.
There has also been a significant change in the mix of fuels used by utilities. From 1967 to
1971, coal usage decreased 19 percent, ^vhereas oil and gas usage increased dramatically.
The net effect of these fuel switches by utilities has been estimated at a 25 percent reduction
in emissions. For example, the Crawford Utility Plant in downtown Chicago switched from
predominantly coal usage to gas during this period with an estimated 77 percent reduction in
emissions.
Thus, the steady decline in SC>2 levels in this area may be viewed as the result of a
sequence of steps that have been implemented to reduce emissions.
4.3. TRENDS IN SULFATES AS RELATED TO TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
AND SULFUR DIOXIDE
While no standard presently exists for sulfates, information is now emerging from the
Community Health Effects Surveillance System* that human respiratory disease is more closely
associated with sulfates than with sulfur dioxide. The levels of suspended sulfates necessary
to cause adverse health effects have been found to be an order of magnitude lower than the
levels of sulfur dioxide or total suspended particulates required to produce similar effects.
Laboratory studies conducted with animals3 have shown that, in terms of comparative toxicity,
sulfuric acid and some metallic sulfate compounds such as zinc ammonium sulfate are more
potent irritants than sulfur dioxide. For these reasons, this section will present a nationwide
overview of temporal and spatial variation of sulfates by considering long-term trends in annual
means, and geographical patterns among average sulfate concentration levels. These results
are placed in perspective by examining some of their interrelationships both -with patterns
of the total suspended particulate matter and sultur dioxide, and with some factors influencing
sulfate formation.
A major portion of the sulfate ion fraction in total suspended particulate matter samples
is commonly assumed to originate with the burning of sulfur-bearing lossil luels, reiming
and smelting operations, either emerging directly as some sulfate compound or more likely
evolving from gaseous SC^ or SOj through atmospheric reactions. There is also evidence
that ambient SC>2 in the air stream of a hi-vol sampler reacts with material being collected on
the filter and remains to slightly inflate the apparent particulate sulfate fraction. In any
case, reasonably good correlations would be expected between sulfur dioxide and the sulfate
fraction, and between total suspended particulates and the sulfate fraction. Such relation-
ships were inferred from early NASN data. '^ la light of the recently assessed downward
trends in total suspended particulate matter and SC>2 in urban areas, 1.6 one might :xpect a
corresponding decline in the amount of sulfate in the particulate samples. The results of
this study, based on data from 62 sites over the years 1964 through 1970, do not bear out that
expectation. In the majority of instances, the quantity of sulfate in the hi-vol samples has
remained essentially unchanged. Moreover, sulfate concentrations seem to be somewhat inde-
pendent of ambient sulfur dioxide concentrations at individual locations and can be better
described by the concentration of total suspended particulates and the general geographic
locality of the monitoring station.
4.3.1. Statistical Methodology
The sites considered in this analysis were chosen from the National Air Surveillance
Networks which have at least 6 years of valid' sulfate data during the 7-year period, 1964-1970.
The Community Health Effects Surveillance System (CHESS) is operated by the Human Studies
Laboratory, National Environmental Research Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
Resep-ch Triangle Park, N. C.
tA year of valid data connotes adequate annual coverage consisting of at least five observations
per calendar quarter.
4-8
-------
The study was limited to this particular time frame because of availability of comparable infor-
mation on ambient sulfur dioxide and recent sulfate measurements. Annual mean concentra-
tions were utilized in the data analysis of long-term trends . The parameters considered were
annual geometric mean sulfate concentrations, annual geometric mean TSP, the ratio of mean
sulfate to mean TSP (reflecting the geometric mean sulfate percentage of the TSP) , and arith-
metic mean SOT-
Long-term temporal patterns were established on the basis ot statistical correlation of
the annual pollutant level with time. The Spearman correlation coefficient, one based on the
relative rankings of the observations, was used to provide the necessary indication of increas-
ing or decreasing patterns. Use of such a non-parametric measure of correlation precluded
the necessity for any particular transformation of the data "/hich could have imposed unneces-
sary assumptions on the analysis. The use of ths Spearman coefficient for examination of
association with time is referred to as the Daniels Test for Trend. Statistically significant
correlations of the annual level with time are indicative of consistent (but not necessarily
linear) changes and are used in the analysis to indicate relative numbers of increasing and
decreasing trends at individual locations. The tDtal number of sites with either positive or
negative correlations with time, regardless of the statistical significance level, is used to con-
stitute the total number of increasing and decreasing patterns and, as such, provides a broader
generalization about the national sample.
4.3.2. Comparison of Long-Term Trends in Sulfates, Total Suspended Participate,
and Sulfur Dioxide
With few exceptions, annual sulfate levels have essentially stayed unchanged during a
period that evidenced numerous downward trends in TSP and SO^- In effect, the observed
decreases in TSPconsisted of changes in the non-sulfate portion of the TSP; as a consequence,
the sulfate percentage of the total suspended particulate had consistently increased during
the study period 1964-1970.
Of the 62 urban sites examined which had at least six annual means of TSP and 804 for
the 7 years of the study period, 23 sites (37 percent) showed significant* downward trends
in TSP. In fact, almost all(95 percent) had downward patterns and none were significantly
increasing. At a subset of these sites where appropriate analyses could be made, SO2t
evidenced similar behavior as indicated in Table 4-4. On the other hand, only nine sites
(15 percent) had significant trends in sulfates, some increasing and some decreasing. The
sites that experienced the declines in sulfates had the more highly significant trends of the
group and, in most cases, had accompanying downward trends in SO2 and TSP. Conversely,
sulfates basically stayed unchanged at a majority of locations that experienced significant
declines in sulfur dioxide or TSP. In fact, there is one instance where an upward trend in
sulfate existed in spite of downward trends in both TSP and SO2
Although correct classification of trends at some specific locations may be suspect, the
character of the overall national sample remains clear. With only a few possible exceptions,
sulfates have not experienced a sustained change in the concentration levels that existed in
the period 1964-1970. At some locations, sulfate concentrations experienced wide variation
from one year to the next, whereas others remained remarkably constant. The coefficient of
variation ranges from 5 percent to 85 percent; the median coefficient of variation is around
18 percent.
The independent temporal behavior of sulfates as compared with the total suspended
particulate matter and ambient sulfur dioxide is also exemplified by the temporal change in the
annual sulfate percentage of the total particulate. In almost all cases, its overall pattern was
increasing, and was statistically significant at 16 sites (26 percent) . An extreme example
occurred when the sulfate percentage of TSP increased despite a significant decrease in both
TSP and SO2, as well as a decrease in the quantity of sulfates.
*Trend is defined as significant association at a/2 = 0.05 level.
'Site was included for trend assessment -with at least four annual means of SO2
4-9
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Table 4-4. LONG-TERM TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN SULFATES AS COMPARED
WITH TRENDS IN TSP AND S02, 1964-1970
Increasing patterns3
Trends
Marginally significant
Significant0
Other increasing patterns
Decreasing patterns
Trends
Marginally significant
Significant
Other decreasing patterns
No change
Total
Sulfate
30
2
3
25
31
4
27
1
. 62
aSpearman correlation > 0.
bO. 05-0. 10 level.
C0.05 level.
Spearman correlation < 0.
eSpearman correlation = 0.
TSP TSP
Number of
3
3
59
6
17
36
62
, % sulfatc
stations
55
12
4
39
5
5
2
62
SO,,
3
3
20
I
5
14
1
24
4.3.3. Comparison of Yearly Changes in Sulfates and Sulfur Dioxide Between 1969 and 1970'
Because of the limited number of stations with concurrent SC>2 and sulfate data considered
thus far, a separate but larger sampling of NASN stations was evaluated for examiimtion of the
relationship between changing levels in sulfate and ambient sulfur dioxide. The directions of
change between 1969 and 1970 annual mean concentrations of the pollutants were compared
among 63 NASN stations. The results, shown in Table 4-5, demonstrate that relatively no
association exists between changes in these two pollutants on an individual site-by-site basis.
The results also indicate that, despite a decrease in SO2 at the vast majority of stations, sul-
fates have increased equally as often as they have decreased.
It is apparent that, although the annual levels of the TSP and SO2 have declined, the
sulfate fraction has not declined, and may have even occasionally increased. In effect, the
emission regulations designed to reduce TSP and SC>2 have not always had the same effect on
the sulfate fraction of the total particulate.
4.3.4. Geographic Relationships
For the purpose of deriving some nationwide generalizations, geographic patterns of
the 62 select site locations with respect to characteristic sulfate levels have been examined
for any possible associations with the previously discussed temporal relationships.
4.3.4.1. Su[fates and Total Suspended Particulate
Typical sulfate concentrations and percentages of the total particulate are described by
their most recent 3-year averages (1968-1970). The average urban sulfate concentrations
4-10
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Table 4-5. ASSOCIATION OF YEAR-TO-YEAR CHANGE BETWEEN
S02 AND SULFATE STATIONS, 1969-1970
Sulfur dioxide
Increase
No change
Decrease
Total
Sul fates
Increase
2
2
19
23
No change
1
9
10
Decrease
4
2
24
30
Total
6
5
52
63
ranged from 2 /tg/m^ j0 26
from 3 percent to 21 percent.
. The average percentages of the total particulate ranged
There are several fairly well defined geographical clusters of sites charac-
terized by similar sulfate percentage of TSP and by average sulfate concentrations. Stations
exhibiting increasing and decreasing patterns appear to be distributed among each of these
geographical clusters. Figures 4~6a and 4~6b depict the geographical distribution of sulfate
levels and corresponding percentages of the TSP, respectively.
Sites in the same state and, in general, in the same section of the country tend to agree
in both the average sulfate particulate percentage and the concentration levels. The highest
levels of sulfates, both in percentage of TSP and average concentration, are situated in the
industrial northeastern section of the United States bordered by the Mississippi River. In
general, the sulfates are lowest in concentration west of the Mississippi River, particu-
larly in the western mountain states.
The sulfate percentages of the total particulate clearly exhibit further characteristics
of separation. The sites east of the Mississippi appear to cluster into at least two major
groups. One group consists of the region containing the New England and Mid- Atlantic States,
with sulfates constituting about 15 percent or mare of the total particulate. The second group
consists of the north-central region around the Great Lakes, where the sulfate percentage of
TSP is typically 9 to 11 percent.
4.3.4.2. Sulfates and Sulfur Dioxide
There is also general agreement between levels of particulate sulfate, ambient sulfur
dioxide, and SO2 emissions. The highest SO2 levels, both in ambient concentrations and in
emission densities, are found in the industrial northeast sector of the country. This sector's
total sulfur oxide emissions account for nearly '>0 percent of the national total. Outside the
northeastern region, both ambient SO2 concentrations and emission densities are contrastingly
lower. Northeastern sites, however, exhibit considerable site-to-site variability in annual
average SO2 concentrations. Nevertheless, sites with lower average SO2 levels comparable
to areas outside the northeast still maintain relatively high average sulfate concentrations.
4.3.4.3. Trends and Geography
Although sulfate levels and proportions vary according to geography, their year-to-
year temporal patterns seem to be somewhat independent of such a macro-generalization. One
state, New Jersey, has both an upward-trend location as well as two locations with downward
trends in sulfate concentrations. Both sites with downward trends, however, are situated in
a single AQCR , whereas the site with the upward trend is in another AQCR .
The sites that experienced significant increases in the sulfate percentage of TSP were
distributed throughout the United States, as were sites with decreasing trends in the TSP.
4-11
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Figure 4-6a. Nationwide distribution of average sulfate concentrations, 1968-1970.
Figure 4-6b. Nationwide distribution of average sulfate fractions expressed
as percent of total particulates, 1968-1970.
There are too few sites with statistically significant trends in sulfate concentration to war-
rant any generalization.
4.3.5. Discussion of Results
Factors identifying the actual formation of particulate sulfate and its relationship to
sources of sulfur dioxide and other sulfur-bearing compounds must be identified to further
pursue this absence of trend in the particulate sulfate fraction.
4-12
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Although sulfate concentrations have basically remained unchanged while ambient levels
of SO2 and TSP have declined in center-city locations, there is still significance in the broad
geographic similarity that exists between overall ambient concentration levels of sulfur dioxide,
the sulfate fraction of the TSP, and area-wide SO2 emission densities.
This is suggestive of different spatial distributions of emissions around center-city
locations or different transport mechanisms affecting the source-receptor relationships be-
tween ambient sulfur dioxide and particulate suL'ate .
Sulfur oxide emissions generated at ground-level area sources such as residential and
commercial space heating have a much larger impact on local ambient SO2 levels than the same
emissions from an elevated point source. Moreover, large point sources such as power plants
are frequently not able to locate near or in center-city areas. Although strict local regula-
tions have limited the use of high-sulfur content fuels in residential and small commercial
sources, contributing to the downward trend in ambient SO2 > total SOX emissions from fuel
combustion in power plants and industrial plants and other industrial processes have in-
creased. These are the sources that contribute to most of the total SC>2 emissions. 5
Because most particulate sulfate is probably generated by atmospheric reaction of SO2,
the influence of more distant SC>2 emissions on sulfate concentrations could satisfactorily
explain both the general geographic similarity of sulfate levels and the apparently contrasting
behavior of ambient SC>2 and sulfate concentrations. Detailed information on SO2 emissions
and a dense network of ambient air sampling stations would be required for conclusive
verification.
4.3.6. Extrinsic Sulfate Formation on Glass Fiber Filters
It has been demonstrated^ (Lee and Wagman) that significant amounts of extraneous
sulfate can be formed on the glass fiber filters utilized by the hi-vol sampler. Presumably,
the extrinsic sulfate formation is a product of oxidation of adsorbed sulfur dioxide. 1 his
phenomenon, however, should not affect the conclusions of the trend analysis, although ob-
served concentrations may be somewhat inflated. Lee and Wagman found that the amount of
extrinsic sulfate ranged from 12 to 16 percent of the total sulfate collected. It appears that
the extrinsic portion of the total sulfate is truly multiplicative rather than a constant additive
component. This suggests that factors conducive to the generation of the extrinsic sulfate,
such as humidity, would also be associated with the formation of the actual true ambient sul-
fate. A declining availability of SC>2 above some minimum required threshold concentration
could, at most, cause an apparent decrease in observed sulfates; this in fact was observed
only infrequently.
The real significance of this phenomenon is the possibility that total sulfates collected
by NASN can lead to overestimation of true atmospheric sulfate by as much as 16 percent.
Moreover, when sulfates constitute a sizable proportion of the total suspended particulate,
the TSP could be overestimated as well. In the industrial northeast, where sulfates typically
constitute 10 to 20 percent of the TSP, extrinsic sulfates may constitute as much as 3 percent
of the total collected material.
4.3.7. Summary and Conclusions
The sulfate portion of TSP remained essentially unchanged at the majority of sampling
stations from 1964 through 1970 in spite of concurrent decreases both in TSP and SC>2 . Since
it has been assumed that a significant portion of sulfate compounds originate with the major
sources of particulate or SO2 either directly or through atmospheric reactions working on
the SO2, the relatively constant level of sulfates presents something of a mystery. The cir-
cumstances responsible for these sustained levels of sulfates must be better understood before
effective control strategies for sulfates can be developed.
4.4. TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE, NITROGEN DIOXIDES, AND OXIDANT
This section discusses trends in carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxidant. At
the present time there are limited historical data for these pollutants on a national basis. The
limited extent of the data can be seen by examining Table 3-7. For this reason, the approach
4-13
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employed is to consider two specific geographical areas, Los Angeles and selected sites in New
Jersey. In general, the state of California has submitted extensive data to the National Aero-
metric Data Bank concerning these pollutants from their long-standing monitoring program. The
Los Angeles area was selected because this region has a large number of sites and is therefore
amenable to both spatial and temporal analysis. To complement the discussion of this west
coast region, three sites in New Jersey are also examined to indicate comparable patterns in a
different geographical region.
Both regions employed the nondispersive >nfrared measurement method for carbon
monoxide and the Saltzman method for nitrogen cioxide. The oxidant data from California
were obtained using an instrumental colorimetric neutral KI method, whereas the New Jersey
data were obtained using an instrumental alkaline KI method.
4.4.1. Methodology
There have been numerous studies of trends in air quality, and a variety of statistical
techniques have been employed. Since the emphasis in this report is descriptive, a major
factor considered in selecting a technique was the clarity of visual presentation. For this
reason, the Whittaker-Henderson Type A curve-smoothing technique was chosen.' This is
a mathematical technique for curve-smoothing and has been used previously in summarizing
air quality trends. This technique provides a convenient means of graphically illustrating
trends.
4.4.2. General Patterns
Although each site has its own particular pattern, it is possible to make certain general-
izations regarding the trends for these pollutants. The specific patterns in each area are dis-
cussed in more detail in the following sections .
Figures 4-7 and 4-8 graphically present the data used in this analysis. For each site, a
graph is presented showing monthly average carbon monoxide levels, monthly average nitrogen
dioxide levels, and monthly maximum 1-hour oxidant levels. Superimposed on each of these
graphs is the smooth curve resulting from the Whittaker-Henderson technique. While detailed
examination of these graphs is not essential in understanding this report, it would provide
background material.
From these graphs, it is apparent that each pollutant has certain characteristic patterns.
Seasonality is evident in most of the graphs. Oxidant peaks in the summer months, and
nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide peak during the winter. As an example of the consistency
of these patterns, Figure 4-9 depicts the seasonal variability at the West Los Angeles site for
nitrogen dioxide and oxidant. This graph presents a seasonal smoothing curve for both pol-
lutants plotted versus an arbitrary concentration scale. This is sufficient to indicate the con-
sistent seasonality in the data. In aidition to these seasonal patterns, there are trend com-
ponents in the data that are briefly summarized below.
Overall, carbon monoxide averages have decreased notable after 1968. As a ^onsequenee,
the frequency of excursions above the 8-hour primary standard has dropped appreciably since
1968. A corresponding reduction in l-hour maximum con centtv dons, however, ha<; rr~>t always
been achieved.
Trends in annual average for nitrogen dioxide showed a mixture of patterns. Whereas
the three New Jersey sites reported marginal declines, the predominant pattern in the Los
Angeles area was increasing.
Oxidant concentrations have shown a general decline since the late 1960's. Although
oxidant is an area-wide pollutant, the discussion of Los Angeles indicates the variability of
patterns that co-exist within a fairly specific geographical area.
4.4.3. Los Angeles
This analysis discusses 12 sites in the Lot Angeles area having historical data for all
three pollutants (CO, NO2, Ox) . The geographical locations of these sites are shown in
4-14
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r
OXIDANT
N02
63
64
65
66 67
YEAR
68
69
70
71
Figure 4-9. Seasonal patterns of N02 and oxidant at the West Los Angeles Station, 1963-1971.
Figure 4-10, The Los Angeles Air Quality Control Region has been designated as a Priority I
region for these three pollutants, indicating high ambient concentrations.
The predominant pattern for carbon monoiide in this area shows a pronounced decline
in average concentration; the Riverside site has shown an increase . Despite this general
improvement, carbon monoxide levels are still high relative to the national 1-hour standard
at some sites and to the 8-hour standards at most sites. The general downward trend in
oxidant levels shows an improvement since the late 1960's, with the degree of improvement
being less pronounced for sites in the Riverside area. As with carbon monoxide, despite the
overall downward trend in oxidants, many of the sites remain well above the national standard.
RESEDA
BURBANK
WEST LOS ANGELES
LOS ANGELES
AZUSA
SAN
BERNARDINO
REDLANDS
RIVERSIDE
Figure 4-10. Location of air monitoring sites in Los Angeles area.
4-20
-------
In contrast to the improvement in air quality shown for carbon monoxide and oxidant, 'he
nitrogen dioxide levels in this region have been rising fairly consistently. With these general
patterns in mind, the next sections discuss more specific trends for each pollutant.
4.4.3.1. Carbon Monoxide Trends in Los Angeles
Trends in carbon monoxide concentrations are predominantly downward throughout the
Los Angeles air basin, but display some similarities and differences according to general
spatial proximity.
Table 4-6 presents the percentage of daily excursions above the national 8-hour standard
of 10 mg/m3 for sites within and outside Los Angeles County.
The greatest improvement in average concentration and corresponding frequency of
excursions above the 8-hour standard has been demonstrated by the monitoring data within
Los Angeles County. It must be noted, however, that a modification was made to the Los
Angeles County CO instruments in April 1968 to eliminate water vapor interference. The Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District estimates that its reported concentration of
carbon monoxide prior to April 1968 at all locations in Los Angeles County may be biased
upward from 1 to 4 pptn (1. 1 to 4.6 mg/m^); the actual amount in this range is dependent on
the absolute humidity at the time of measurement.
Because of this problem with the data from Los Angeles County, the data prior to
April 1968 are presented in Figure 4-7 as an interval defined by the reported levels minus
the maximum bias.
Table 4-6. PERCENTAGE OF DAILY EXCURSIONS9 ABOVE THE 8-HOUR CARBON MONOXIDE
STANDARD OF 10 mg/m3 IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, 1963-1971
Location
Burbank
Lennox
Long Beach
Downtown L.A.
West L.A.
Reseda
Pomona
Azusa
Anaheim
Redlands
Riverside
San Bernardino
63
86-100
49-99
58-97
59-99
7-71
16
3
13
64
61-99
78-100
54-95
53-97
4-47
20
1
17
65
81-100
99-100
78-100
78-99
72-100
75-100
62-100b
11-71
47
13
41
Year
66
93-100
79-100
65-100
43-90
77-99
49-96
60-100
17-76
34
24
79
67
58-97
56-99
42-98
40-87
32-82
79-97
58-100
29-96
33
64b
27
63
68
49-54
47-50
41-44
40-48
42-43
34-43
30-39
11-30
25
52
11
46
69
52
37
28
51
26
38
19
9
9,b
26
1
18b
10
70
56
55
37
40
35
44
30
8
28
~j
40b
11
71
34
42
32
32
21
35
18
5
16b
7
59
16
Due to instrumental modification in
excursions is provided for sites in
DDenotes incomplete annual coverage.
April 1968, range of annual
L.A. County for 1963-1968.
4-21
-------
Similarly, Table 4-6 presents a range of percentages of the annual frequency of ex-
cursions above the national 8-hour standard for the cities within Los Angeles County. The
interval is defined as the frequency of excursions above the 8-hour standard of 10 rng/rr>3
and above 14.6 mg/m^ which is the standard plus the maximum instrument bias.
In spite of instrument modification, there has still been a clear decline in CO concen-
trations in Los Angeles County. This decline has produced a substantial reduction in frequency
of excursions above the 8-hour standard even after taking instrument bias into consideration.
The monitoring sites in the eastern counties of the area display a different picture.
The reported average concentrations at these sites were notably lower than those initially
observed at the sites within Los Angeles County. Also, the eastern county sites clo not
demonstrate the same marked seasonal patterns in average concentration. Anaheim and San
Bernardino show some variation in the overall long-term trend, but have not appreciably
changed over the 10-year period. Riverside, ori the other hand, has displayed an increasing
pattern over the entire period and, as such, stands uniquely alone. It can be noted that
Azusa possesses a transitional pattern with similarities to both the sites in Los Angeles
County,and in the outlying counties.
The overall trends in the maximum 1-hour concentrations are similar to the trend in
average concentration, but its overall long-term pattern is not as pronounced. The monthly
variation in 1-hour maximum concentrations, however, displays a more pronounced season-
ality than the corresponding average concentrations, especially in sites outside Los Angeles
County.
Many, but not all, sites in the basin have aistorically exceeded the annual 1-hour
standard of 40 mg/m^. Table 4-7 presents the annual maximum 1-hour value during 1963-
1972, monitored at the selected sites throughout the area. Downtown Los Angeles, West Los
Angeles, and Burbank have recently dropped below the standard; Reseda dropped below the
standard in 1972. The Lennox site, which has historically experienced some of the highest
Table 4-7. ANNUAL MAXIMUM 1-HOUR CARBON MONOXIDE VALUES
IN THE LOS ANGELES AIR BASIN, 1963 - 1972
(mg/m3)
Location
Anaheim
Azusa
Burbank
Lennox
Long Beach
Los Angeles
(Downtown)
Los Angeles
(West Los
Angeles)
Pomona
Redlands
Reseda
Riverside
San Bernardino
Year
63
30
31
78
43
48
51
20a
24
64
25
29
43
40
54
52
18
28
65
37
23
46
68
39
44
60
29a
51
28
40
66
40
22
46
58
38
41
52
67
35
24
48
59
40
46
51
35 26
26a
51 ; 48
25
38
25
31
68
32
23
53
62
38
53
46
25
29
47
26
30
69
623
22
62
75
43
45
48
31
23
52
28&
25
70
23
18
53
55
51
43
38
33
22
62
353
23
71
283
23
37
56
47
35
39
26
21
43
35
21
72
39
16
35
45
28
39
25
25
23
39
29
20
Denotes incomplete annual coverage.
4-22
-------
1-hour concentrations, has shown little change in this parameter and is the only site still
above the 1-hour standard. All remaining sites, which are situated inland to the east, have not
historically had a problem with levels exceeding the 1-hour standard and are all currently
in compliance.
4.4.3.2. Nitrogen Dioxide Trends in Los Angeles
Although the general trend for average NC>2 levels in the Los Angeles area was indi-
cated as being upward, there is a mixture of patterns within the region . The Anaheim ,
Lennox, and Long Beach sites experienced a slight rise from levels in the mid-1960's, but
have been relatively stable since the late 1960's. It may be seen in Figure 4-10 that these
three sites are in the same general geographical area. While discussing the general trend,
it should be noted that the Redlands, Riverside, and San Bernardino sites are not complete
for all years, and thus trend determination for this geographical grouping is not that definite.
Despite the leveling-off phenomenon exhibited by some sites, the Azusa, Reseda, and West
Los Angeles sites show a consistent increase since approximately 1965. In contrast, the down-
town Los Angeles site shows an overall increase with a slight decline during the late 1960's,
but a marked increase during 1970-1971.
4.4.3.3. Oxidant Trends in Los Angeles
As indicated previously, the general trend in oxidant levels in the Los Angeles area has
been downward since the late 1960's. This area has been the subject of numerous studies, and
the California Air Resources Board has recently published a report discussing these trends
over the past 10 years. A variety of parameters can be used in presenting oxidant data. The
ones chosen for this report are the maximum hourly value for each month and the number of
times the national 1-hour standard was exceeded on an annual basis. Although these param-
eters afford convenient summaries, it is important to realize that meteorology is a critical
component in determining the overall trend . Thus it is possible that an apparent downward
oxidant trend is the result of a temporary favorable shift in meteorological conditions rather
than of control actions.
Although not discussed explicitly in this report, there have been studies incorporating
the role of meteorology, and these studies have substantiated the general pattern of improvement.
Oxidants have pronounced diurnal and seasonal patterns, as may be seen in Tables 4-8
and 4-9, which summarize the number of hours the national standard was exceeded by month
and time of day for the downtown Los Angeles and the Riverside sites for 1971. The diurnal
pattern is readily apparent, and the marginal totals indicate the seasonality. These tables
also indicate the spatial variation within a region with respect to the magnitude of the problem .
The Riverside site exceeds the national standard with much greater frequency than the down-
town Los Angeles site. Thus, even though oxidant is an area-wide pollutant, there can be
considerable spatial variability within a limited geographical region.
This variability is also exhibited in the varying trend patterns. Whereas sites in the
western and southern portions of this region show marked improvement since the late 1960's,
the sites in the northeastern section have not shown as clear a shift.
Table 4-10 indicates the number of times the national standard was exceeded at each
site on an annual basis. Since the national standard may be exceeded only once per year, this
table shows that, despite the marked improvement, the oxidant problem in this region is still
serious.
4.4.4. New Jersey
This section discusses trends in carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxidant at
three locations in New Jersey: Bayonne, Camden, and Newark, indicated in Figure 4-11.
Although all three sites are operated by the state of New Jersey, they represent two different
Air Quality Control Regions. The Camden site is in the Metropolitan Philadelphia AQCR; the
other two are in the New York City AQCR. The comments regarding spatial variability in the
Los Angeles area indicate the dangers inherent in using one or two sites to determine trends
4-23
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Table 4-10. NUMBER OF TIMES NATIONAL OXIDANT STANDARD WAS EXCEEDED
AT LOS ANGELES COUNTY SITES, 1963 - 1972
Location
Anaheim
Azusa
Burbank
Lennox
Long Beach
Los Angeles
(Downtown)
Los Angeles
(W. Los
Angeles)
Pomona
Redlands
Reseda
Riverside
San
Bernardino
63
402
1190
641
121
921
741
1432
1155
64
[
365
1349
645
157
896
547
1551
1222
65
896
1520
1176
272
202
986
762
882a
1094
1246
1065
66
720
1636
1199
209
190
1163
714
1376
1486
1244
1262
Year
67
685
1537
1344
265
131
896
848
1322
273
1369
1666
1217
68
575
1397
171
62
768
650
1015
1098
397a
1009
69
560
1361
180
72
703
624
848
1284
70
370
1531
1052
132
53
602
447
1152
1111
1119
1206
71
226
1227
808
100
78
393
235
760
942
908
1526
1025
72__
249
1082
701
32
30
516
176
775
834
753
lOOQa
691
Denotes incomplete annual coverage.
BAYONNE
Figure 4-11. Location of air monitoring sites
in New Jersey.
4-26
-------
and status for an entire AQCR. Nevertheless, the discussion of these sites serves to comple-
ment the previous treatment of the Los Angeles sites.
As with the Los Angeles sites, the Bayonne and Newark sites showed a decline in the
late 1960's in average carbon monoxide concentration. The Camden site showed an upward
trend in the early 1970's but there are no data prior to 1968 from which to determine the pat-
tern in the late 1960's. The average nitrogen dioxide levels at all three sites have shown a
slight decline during this period and there has also been a marked decline in oxidant levels.
4.4.4.1. Carbon Monoxide Trends in New Jersey
Trends in carbon monoxide in the state of New Jersey are examined for the period 1966
through 1972. Table 4-11 presents the annual frequency of daily excursions above the 8-hour
standard. Changes in average CO concentrations depicted in Figure 4-10 generally correspond
to the frequency of excursions.
Table 4-11. ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF DAILY EXCURSIONS ABOVE THE 8-HOUR
CARBON MONOXIDE STANDARD OF 10 mg/m3 AT THE NEW JERSEY SITES
(percent)
Location
Bayonne
Newark
Camden
Year
66
39
90
L_67___
2
84
68
a,b
40
2
69
1
14
2
70
0
28
4
71
b
20
4
72
0
22
7
Denotes incomplete annual coverage.
DLess than 0.5 percent.
Both parameters have substantially declined from 1966-1968 at the N. J .-N .Y .-Conn. AQCR
sites in Newark and Bayonne, and have since remained fairly stable. Although the Newark site
has experienced concentrations twice that of the Bayonne location, each site has displayed a
similar pattern. On the other hand, the Metropolitan Philadelphia AQCR site at Camden has dis-
played a slight increase in average CO and a corresponding increase in the frequency of 8-hour
excursions since 1968. The validity of this apparent upward trend can not really be assessed
because pre-1968 data were unavailable.
Maximum 1-hour concentrations at all three locations have been below the 1-hour standard
of 40 mg/m^ in recent years, as indicated in Table 4-12. A decrease in the magnitude of annual
1-hour concentrations has been observed at the sites in Newark and Bayonne.
4.4.4.2. Nitrogen Dioxide Trends in New Jersey
While all three sites show a slight long-term downward trend, the 1971-1972 data indicate
a stabilization, and any trend determination appears marginal. Average levels at all three sites
are closely comparable; the Newark site is slightly above the annual standard, and the Bayonne
site is slightly below the standard, and the Camden site is still lower.
4.4.4.3. Oxidant Trends in New Jersey
While the general decline in oxidant levels at all three sites is seen in comparing the max-
imum hourly values on a monthly basis, the extent of the decline is even more apparent when
considering the number of times the national standard was exceeded. Figure 4-12 summarizes
these results by time of day, and it is apparent that the improvement in air quality with respect
to oxidants is uniform throughout the entire diurnal pattern.
4-27
-------
8.
et
>
a:
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o
s
g.
c^r
i
s
cc
LJJ
CO
o
0600
1200
1800
TIME, hours
Figure 4-12. Percent of observations above primary oxidant standard by hour
(May-October) at Camden Station between 1964 and 1972, and at Bayonne and
Newark stations between 1966 and 1972.
4-28
-------
Table 4-12. ANNUAL MAXIMUM 1-HOUR CARBON MONOXIDE VALUES
IN NEW JERSEY, 1966 - 1972
(mg/m3)
Location
Bayonne
Newark
Camden
" '
66
r 1
20a
58
. _ ___.^ _
^ 67 68
18 ' 15
43 | 3ia
1
18
Year
69
26
56
52
L 70
n
35
35
71
18
34
34
72
12
35
32
Denotes incomplete annual coverage.
4.4.5. Comparison of Trends with Average Highway Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles
Average emission factors for highway vehicles are given in Table 4-13. These factors
were calculated by year based on statistical data for the United States. 10 Because the major-
ity of highway vehicle emissions are produced by gasoline-powered light-duty vehicles ,
these are the only vehicles considered.
In examining Table 4-13, the trend in emission factors is down for carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons, whereas the trend in nitrogen oxide emission factors is increasing from 1965
through 1971 and constant from 1971 through 1973. The downward trends in oxidant in both
Los Angeles and New Jersey correspond to the downward trends in the emission factors for
hydrocarbons, the oxidant precursor. Finally, the trend in nitrogen dioxide is generally
increasing in the Los Angeles region, but demonstrates stability in New Jersey, making any
trend determination there marginal.
In summary, the trends in carbon monoxide, oxidants, and nitrogen oxides correspond
to the trends in their associated emissions, demonstrating the success of the emission control
strategy for mobile sources .
Table 4-13. AVERAGE EMISSION FACTORS FOR HIGHWAY VEHICLES
BASED ON NATIONWIDE STATISTICS9
j Hydrocarbons !
| Crankcase Nitrogen
Carbon
and oxides
monoxide Exhaust evaporation i (NOX as N02)
Year
1965
1970
1971
1972
1973
g/mi
g/km , g/mi
89 55
78
74
68
62
48
9.2
g/km g/mi
5.7
f
7 Q l A Q
/ .0 i 4.O
46 7.2
42
39
O . 0
6.1
4.5
4.1
5.8
3.9
3.5
g/km g/mi 1 g/km
I
3.6 : 4.8
2.4 , 5.3
2.2 5.4
2.9 1.8 ; 5.4
3.8 ^2.4 I1-5 _[ 5'4
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Second Edition, AP-42,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C.,
1973.
4-29
-------
4.5. REFERENCES
1. The National Air Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emissions Trends Annual Report,
Publication No. EPA~450/l-73-001a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N.C. , 1973.
2. Health Consequences of Sulfur Oxide: A Report from CHESS, 1970-1971. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. (in preparation) .
3. Amdur, M.O. and M. Corn. The Irritant Potency of Zinc Ammonium Sulfate of Different
Particle Sizes, Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 2_4: 326-333, July-August 1963.
4. Air Quality Data, 1963, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, USPHS,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1965.
5. Altshuller, A.P. Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfate, Distribution of Concentrations
at Urban and Nonurban Sites in the United States, Environmental Science and Technology,
1973.
6. National Air Quality Levels and Trends in Total Suspended Particulates and Sulfur
Dioxide Determined by Data in the National Air Surveillance Network, 1973.
7. Nationwide Air Pollutant Emission Trends 1940-1970, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1973.
8. Lee, R.E. and J. Wagman. A Sampling Anomaly in the Determination of Atmospheric
Sulfate Concentrations, Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. Volume 27, 1966.
9. Spirtas, R. and H. J. Levin. Patterns and Trends in Levels of Suspended P articulate
Matter at 73 NASN Sites from 1957 through 1966. Presented at 62nd Annual Meeting,
APCA, New York, N.Y. , 1969.
10. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Publication No. AP-42, Second Edition,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1973.
4-30
-------
APPENDIX. SUMMARY OF DATA FROM AIR QUALITY
MONITORING STATIONS BY AQCR, 1972
These listings of selected statistics from individual stations within each AQCR, for each
pollutant method, complement the national and regional tables presented in the main report.
Tables in this appendix include quantitative information on the measurements acquired at
each station and should)be useful in assessing the degree to which a standard has been met.
Data collected by different instrument methods are listed separately because the degree
of comparability has not been strictly defined. Reference methods are identified.
Data collected by different agencies are identified by the last three characters (the
agency/project code) in the station identification code. The letter A identifies a station as
Federally supported (although many have been operated by local personnel) . An F identifies
a State agency station, G a county agency, H a city agency, I a district agency, etc. (see
APTD-0633, SAROAD Users Manual). The code 01 identifies an urban or population-oriented
station, 02 identifies a source-oriented station, 03 identifies a nonurban or rural background
station, 10 identifies a CAMP station.
Only stations that have at least one quarter's valid data on record in the data bank ap-
pear in these tables. Annual summary statistics are displayed only for those stations that have
records including four valid quarters.
For 24-hour integrating samplers (e.g., hi-vols, bubblers), a valid quarter's record
consists of at least five sample measurements representatively distributed among the months
of that quarter. Distributions of measurements that show no samples in 2 months of a quarter,
or that show no samples in 1 month and only 1 sample in another month are judged unaccept-
able for calculating representative estimates of means and ranges. For continuous instru-
ments, at least 75 percent of the possible hourly values must be present in a quarter to cal-
culate valid summaries.
Since all four quarters must be valid to support representative or valid annual summary
statistics, there must be a minimum of 20 measurements derived from a 24-hour integrating
method. Because such samples are nearly always collected on a carefully defined schedule,
meteorological and day-of-the-week biases tend to average out over a year's time.
Validity requirements are imposed to provide a basic statistical reliability to assess-
ments of data with respect to NAAQS . Where annual summary statistics are included with a
station's summary, the data can be considered representative for comparison with both annual
and short-term standards. If the data are too fragmentary to support annual statistics, but at
least one quarter's record is valid, these data are summarized where short-term standards
apply. If a station with an incomplete annual record reports values exceeding a short-term
standard, that information is useful. If such a partial data record includes no values exceed-
ing a short-term standard, the result must be considered inconclusive.
In addition to a representative amount of data from an individual station, a minimum num-
ber of stations is needed to provide a representative picture of the spatial variation in diverse
sectors of an Air Quality Control Region. A table recommending a minimum number of stations
for each AQCR has been presented in a previous report. -*- Even if all station measurements in an
AQCR meet the standards for a pollutant, the resulting data must be considered inconclusive
if the number of valid stations is less than that recommended for representative coverage.
A-l
-------
A.I. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER
At present, there is only one generally accepted method for the measurement of suspended
particulate matter, i.e. , gravimetric analysis of the net weight of material collected on a 20- by
25-centimeter (8- by 10-inch) fiberglass filter through which approximately 2200 cubic meters
of air have been drawn over a 24-hour period by a high-volume sampler.
The hi-vol stations in this table are listed in the first column by Air Quality Control
Region. If a region encompasses parts of more than one state, the stations are sorted accord-
ing to State areas within that region. On the same line as each region's number and name is
the current Priority Classification for the particular pollutant.
Each line in the body of the table includes the station code and name as well as the year
being summarized and the number of valid values reported.
The next two columns show thejiumber, if any, of daily values exceeding the 24-hour
standards, both secondary (150 ug/m ) and primary (260 ug/m ). To provide a quantitative
measure of the upper end of the sample distribution, the first and second highest 24-hour
values are listed in the next two columns. From these values, one can understand either the
degree to which a 24-hour standard has been exceeded or the margin by which it has been met.
The final three columns pertain to the annual geometric mean, showing its ratio to the
secondary (60 ug/m^) and primary (75 ug/m^) annual standards in addition to the annual geo-
metric mean :i;self.
Stations appearing in this listing, but showing no entries in the three annual summary
columns, have valid data for at least one quarter on record, but do not meet the yearly validity
criteria.
A.2. SULFUR DIOXIDE
The stations reporting 24-hour bubbler data for sulfur dioxide are listed by Air Quality
Control Region in Table A-2 . After each AQCR code and name is the AQCR Priority Classifica-
tion. Each line under the AQCR name contains a station code and station name, followed by the
year being summarized and the number of valid values reported. The next column shows the
number of values that exceeded the primary (366 ug/rrP) 24-hour standard. The next two col-
umns list the first and second highest 24-hour values in order to provide quantitative measure
of the upper end of the distribution of measurements. The final two columns pertain to the an-
nual-mean, showing the ratios of the mean to the primary (80 ug/m^) annual standards, in ad-
dition to the value of the annual arithmetic mean for that station.
Stations appearing in Table A-2, but showing an asterisk in the annual summary column,
have valid data for at least one quarter, but do not meet the annual validity criteria.
The format in Tables A-3, A-4, and A-5 is identical. Following each AQCR code and
name are the AQCR Priority Classification and the list of stations in the AQCR, by State if it is
an interstate region. Beside each station name is the year being summarized and the number
of valid hourly values reported. The next column displays the number of 24-hour eiverage
values that exceeded the primary (365 Mg/m ) 24-hour standard. The next column contains
the highest 24-hour average values (midnight to midnight) . The next column provides the
number of 3-hour averages that exceeded the 3-hour standard (1300 ug/m^) .
The final two columns pertain to the annual mean, first presenting the ratios of the mean
primary (80 ug/m-') annual standard, in addition to the value of the annual arithmetic mean for
that station.
Stations appearing in these three tables, but showing an asterisk in the annual summary
columns, have valid data for at least one quarter, but do not meet the annual validity criteria.
A-2
-------
A.3. CARBON MONOXIDE
Table A-6 summarizes hourly data for carbon monoxide measured by the non-dispersive
infrared (NDIR) method. Following each station code and name are the year for which the data
are reported, the number of valid hourly values reported, and the number of values exceeding
the 1-hour and 8-hour standards. (Note: the 8-hour standard is applied to running 8-hour av-
erages; i.e. , after calculating the average for the first 8 hours, the first hour is dropped and
the ninth hour is added, etc . )
The next two columns list concentrations, in milligrams per cubic meter and the 99th per-
centile of 1-hour values, which gives some perspective to the distribution of values in the upper
range. The first and second highest 1-hour values and the highest 8-hour value define the
upper extreme of the distribution. (The second highest 8-hour value will be included in
future reports.) The final column contains the annual arithmetic mean if valid data have
been reported for 75 percent of the hours in the year.
A.4. OXIDANTS
Measurements of total oxidants are reported separately in Tables A-7, A-8, A-9, and A-10
for each instrument method because the comparability of the results has not been strictly defined.
The format of the four tables is identical.
Each AQCR listing begins with the AQCR code, name, and priority classification. Subse-
quent lines contain a station code and name. The next two columns show the year being sum-
marized and the number of valid 1-hour values reported. The next column contains the number
of 1-hour values exceeding the standard (160 ug/m^) , and the next two columns list the first
and second highest 1-hour values. The final column lists the 99th percentile of 1-hour values,
which gives some perspective to the distribution of values in the upper range.
A.5. REFERENCES
1. The National Air Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emissions Trends-Annual Report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication
Numbers EPA-450/l-73-001a (Vol. I) and EPA-450/l-73-001b (Vol. II). August 1973.
2. Federal Register, Vol. 36, No. 84, April 30, 1971, National Primary and Secondary
Ambient Air Quality Standards.
3. Federal Register, Vol. 36, No. 84, August 14, 1971, Requirements for Preparation,
Adoption and Submittal of Implementation Plans.
A-3
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Table A-2 (continued). DATA FROM STATIONS MONITORING S02 WITH WEST-GAEKE (SULFAMIC ACID) 24-HOUR BUBBLER METHOI
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