EPA-480/1-74-001
January 1974
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
I
It
II,,
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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EPA-450/1-74-001
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical
Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
January 1974
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This report is published by the Environmental Protection Agency to report infor-
mation of general interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free
of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit
organizations - as supplies permit - from the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, or from the Superintendent of Documents.
EPA-450/1-74-001
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources , 1
B. Control Methods 56
C. Measurement Methods 105
D. Air Quality Measurements 145
E. Atmoshperic Interaction 196
F. Basic Science and Technology 207
G. Effects - Human Health 220
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 308
I. Effects - Materials 336
J. Effects - Economic 338
K. Standards and Criteria 343
L. Legal and Administrative 350
M. Social Aspects 366
N. General 367
AUTHOR INDEX 371
SUBJECT INDEX 383
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LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards prepared, selected, and compiled the approximately 1835 ab-
stracts on lead in this bibliography. The abstracts are arranged within the categories
listed in the Contents. The abstracted documents are thought to be representative of
available literature, and no claim is mad€' to all-inclusiveness.
The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and accession
number. The author index lists all author s individually; primary authorship is indicated
by an asterisk. Generally, higher accession numbers have been assigned to more re-
cent documents.
A previous publication* covered literature from 1950 through 1964. Dxiplication or
omission in the present bibliography was prevented by checking its abstracts against
those in the previous bibliography.
Current information on lead and many other air pollution-related subjects may be found
in APTIC' s monthly abstract bulletin. +
All of the documents abstracted by APTIC are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers
outside the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may seek the documents directly
from publishers, from authors, or from libraries.
* Biological Aspects of Lead: An Annota.ted Bibliography, May 1972. Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Order No.
EP 4. 9:104 @ $6. 75 per two-part set.
+ Air Pollution Abstracts, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. Subscription price: $27. 00 per year; $6. 75 additional
for foreign mailing. (more than 6300 abstracts and subject and author indexes in each
issue, plus two separate cumulative indexes)
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
00962
R. I. Larsen
Am POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES. Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., 136(12):275-301, Aug. 26, 1966. (Presented at a
meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences, April 6,
1966.)
Motor vehicles are a major source of urban air pollution. They
emit carbon monoxide that reduces man's ability to transport
oxygen to his tissues; lead that increases man's body burden
of this toxic metal; cancerigenic hydrocarbons; and reactive
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that combine with sunlight
to produce eye-irritating, plant-damaging, visibility-obscuring
photochemical smog in New York as well as in California.
Present and predicted air pollutant concentrations are com-
pared with pollutant effects and air quality standards. Emis-
sion-reduction features presently used in new cars sold in
California will improve air quality, but will not completely
solve the problem. Indications are that 95 percent reduction in
emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen
oxides from new cars sold in the United States may be needed
by 1975. Such a 'clean-air car' by 1975 is suggested as a
research goal for automobile manufacturers. At present, im-
proved fuel cells or improved battery power seem to be the
most likely means for achieving this goal. (Author abstract)
01565
E. S. Starkman
ENGINE GENERATED AIR POLLUTION - A STUDY OF
SOURCE AND SEVERITY. Preprint. (Presented at the
Federal International Societes Ingeneures Techniques De
L'Automobile, Germany, June 15, 1966.)
A brief comprehensive view of the state of knowledge, legisla-
tion, research and application of devices to control the in-
fluence of reciprocating engine emissions on man and his en-
vironment is presented from the viewpoint and experiences of
a California observer. The pollutants considered are: unburned
hydrocarbons; carbon monoxide; oxides of nitrogen; car-
cinogens; paniculate matter; lead; odor; and oxides of sulfur.
Engine operating modes and severity of emissions; engine fac-
tors and emissions; and legislative control of emissions are
considered.
01624
D.A.Jensen
SOURCES AND KINDS OF CONTAMINANTS FROM
MOTOR VEHICLES (INFORMATIVE REPT. NO. 4). J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (8) 327-8, Aug. 1964. (TA-10
Vehicular Exhaust Committee).
The sources of the pollutants, the important compounds, and
the magnitude of the several contaminant sources from both
gasoline and diesel powered motor vehicles are indicated.
01868
J.W. Gardner
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION. (THIRD REPORT OF THE
SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
TO THE U.S. CONGRESS PURSUANT TO PUBLIC LAW 88-
206 - THE CLEAN AIR ACT.) 89th Congress (2nd Session)
(Document 83) Mar. 25, 1966. 17 pp.
Reduced exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide have become a reality in California with the in-
troduction of the 1966-model passenger cars and light commer-
cial vehicles. Recognition of the need for still further control
measures is evidenced by the adoption of nitrogen oxide stan-
dards by the California Board of Health. The Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare is implementing the new
responsibilities and authories conferred by the Motor Vehicle
Air Pollution Control Act. Standards for the control of emis-
sions from gasoline-fueled vehicles are being deveoped ac-
cordingly, to become effective with the 1968 models. Some ad-
ditional technical information has become available. Further
studies of the effect of ambient temperature on exhaust emis-
sions indicate that low temperatures tend to increase exhaust
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, particularly following
cold engine starts. Preliminary results obtained from a study of
the effect of leaded fuels indicate that combustion chamber
deposits may not significantly affect the quantities of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emitted in exhaust gases.
A survey conducted to measure carbon monoxide levels in
urban communities suggests that human exposure to carbon
monoxide may be greater than routine atmospheric monitoring
data had indicated. A number of new projects are being in-
itiated by the Government to study the performance charac-
teristics of production-type exhaust emission controls in varied
environments, to develop more definitive data on exhaust
emissions from small cars and diesel-powered vehicles, to
learn more about human tolerance of lead and carbon monox-
ide, and to effect control of oxides of nitrogen. An expansion
of industry research in automotive air pollution and its control
is indicated by the recent activities of technical associations.
(Author summary)
02636
J. A. Walker
INFLUENCE OF GASOLINE COMPOSITION ON THE CON-
STITUTION OF ENGINE EXHAUST (PART H OF AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION: A SURVEY OF SOME ASPECTS
OF THE EMISSIONS FROM PETROL-ENGINED VEHICLES
AND THEIR TREATMENT). British Technical Council of the
Motor and Petroleum Industries, England. Sept. 1965. 35-64
pp.
The major component, adverse to health, in gasoline engine
exhausts is carbon monoxide. Fuel composition has no in-
fluence on the production of this toxic compound and it is
recommended therefore that work is carried out to develop
other practicable methods of minimixing CO in engines of Eu-
ropean design. Traces of unburned hydrocarbons are also
present in exhaust gases and in California they contribute to
smog formation by participating in photochemical reactions
promoted by sunlight. This reaction rarely occurs in Europe,
and thus hydrocarbons are of importance only because they
may make a small contribution to the presence of carcinogenic
compounds in the air. The AMA has stated that in some 1966
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LEAD AND MR POLLUTION
model cars, an engine afterburner system will be fitted as
original equipment which will convert CO and hydrocarbons io
the harmless compounds CO2 and water. Any method adopted
in Europe for removing CO from exhaust gases is likely to be
of a similar type and inevitably the major part of the hydrocar-
bons present in the exhaust will also be converted into in-
nocuous materials. It is recommended that work is carried out
to assess the importance of the presence of oxides of nitrogen
hi the air, and if necessary to develop means of preventing
their emission from gasoline engine exhausts. Particulate
matter is emitted from engine exhausts consisting of sulphur
compounds, carbon, compounds of lead and other materials.
At the present it is not considered that these represent any ap-
preciable health hazards, but it is recommended that close
touch is maintained with workers in the U.S.A. and in the
U.K. who are measuring the concentration and nature of par-
ticulate matter in the air, particularly under high traffic density
conditions. Evaporation of gasoline vapours from the car fuel
tanks and carburetors will probably be controlled in the U.S.A.
The contribution to atmospheric pollution from these sources
must be extremely small, but it is recommended that some
work is carried out in European engines to investigate the fac-
tors involved. (Author summary)
03278
R. O. McCaldin.
ESTIMATION OF SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD AND
MEASURED ATMOSPHERIC LEAD LEVELS. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div of Air Pollution. (Presented at
the Symposium on Environmental Lead Contamination, Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Dec. 13-15, 1965.) Mar.
1966. pp. 7-15. GPO 0-210-345; y4HEW-1440
Limited data is available regarding emission data from the fol-
lowing sources: industrial activities; burning of waste materials
containing lead; re-entrainment into the air of lead- bearing
soils. The following figures are stated for lead pollution in the
Cincinnati Metropolitan area: 54 to 270 pounds per day for
coal, depending on the amount of lead retained in the ash or
air cleaning equipment, and 1,700 pounds per day from leaded
gasoline. General urban air pollution levels for lead may run
from about 1 to 3 microgram per cubic meter, but atmospheric
measurements taken near automobile traffic may show about
40 microgram per cubic meter, depending on proximity to traf-
fic density. It appears that the principal source of atmosphric
lead in urban areas is that resulting from combustion of leaded
gasoline. There are tables showing the lead consumption in the
United States during 1963 and concentration of lead in the at-
mosphere with respect to sampling locations.
03279
K. H. Lewis.
THE DIET AS A SOURCE OF LEAD POLLUTION. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Environmental En-
gineering and Food Protection. (Presented at the Symposium
on Environmental Lead Contamination, Public Health Service,
Washington, D.C., Dec. 13-15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. pp. 17-20
GPO 0-210-345; V4HEW 1440
Exclusive of individuals accidentally poisoned or occupa-
tionally exposed, it is generally agreed that the diet is the
major source of lead exposure and contributes about 90 per-
cent of the total intake. Techniques used to estimate dietary
exposure include the direct determination of lead in whole
diets and the calculation of lead intake from either the lead
content of individual items that comprise a diet or the amount
of lead excreted by the individual. Of particular interest is the
amount of lead in milk. Milk is an important source of food,
particularly for children, and it and its products are used
throughout the country. In view of the importance of the diet
as a souce of lead exposure to man and manifold factors
which influence its level in food, any activity aimed at con-
trolling the overall level of lead exposure should include con-
tinued surveillance of the diet and critical studies on the cause
and effect relationships between lead in the environment and
in food.
03280
M. B. Ettinger.
LEAD IN DRINKING WATER. Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, Basic and Applied
Sciences Branch. (Presented at the Symposium on Environ-
mental Lead Contamination, Public Health Service, Washing-
ton, D.C., Dec. 13-15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. pp. 21-7. GPO 0-210-
345; HEW 1440
Lead or lead compounds come into direct contact with drink-
ing water in a variety of ways. Lead chromate paints are
favored by the water works industry for painting the inside of
steel water- storage tanks. Copper tubing is one of the more
popular means of conveying water in water distribution service
systems. This is almost invariably soldered in a multiplicity of
places with lead- solders. There is an abundance of evidence
that lead derived from sources within the water distribution
system has caused both morbidity and mortality. There are no
clear and unequivocal rules for delineating the boundaries of
conditions under which measurable amounts of lead cannot be
picked up from water handling systems.
03982
B. Bryk, R. Malmstrom, E. Nyholm
FLASH SMELTING OF LEAD CONCENTRATES. J. Metals
(Japan) 18, (12) 1298-9, Dec. 1966.
Encouraged by the good results of flash smelting processes,
the Outokumpu Co. has worked on developing a flash smelting
process for sulfidic lead concentrates. Beginning with laborato-
ry experiments and followed by testing the different smelter
units on a pilot-plant scale, the company was; ready by 1964 to
build a pilot-plant including all units necesary for the complete
process. The process and its reactions are described. The pilot
plant equipment for drying of the lead concentrate, its
cyclone, and the air preheater are discussed.
04460
J. C. Gagliardi
THE EFFECT OF FUEL ANTI-KNOCK COMPOUNDS AND
DEPOSITS ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS. 90th Congress ('Air
Pollution--1967, Part I (Automotive Air Pollution)' Hearings
before the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the
Committee on Public Works, U.S. Senate, Feb. 13-14, 20-21,
1967, pp. 487-554.) (Presented at the Automotive Engineering
Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 9-13, 1967, Paper No. 670128.)
The effect of fuel anti-knock compounds and combustion
chamber deposits on exhaust hydrocarbon emissions was in-
vestigated. Six Ford Galaxies equipped with production non-
Thermactor 289-CUD, 2V engines were operated on a light-duty
driving schedule for periods of 12- 30,000 miles at Ford's
Michigan Proving Grounds. Three fuel blends were used in
mileage accumulation-Indolence Clear (a Hull boiling range
nonleaded gasoline), Indolence 30 (Indolence Clear plus 3.0
ml/gallon of motor mix blend), and Indolence 30 plus 0.2
theory of an organic phosphorous compound. Two engine
lubricants were evaluated for the first 12,000 miles - a petrole-
um base SAE - POW - 30 used for Ford factory fill and a
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
synthetic oil, di-2-ethyl hexal sebacate. After 12,000 miles, all
test engines were operated on the petroleum based lubricant.
Exhaust emissions were monitored at 3,000-mile intervals on
the chassis dynamometer using the California Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board seven-mode procedure. Additional
seven-mode cycles were conducted on each engine after com-
bustion chamber deposits were removed at the completion of
the mileage accumulation phase. The increase in exhaust
hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of the vehicles operating on In-
dolene 30 and Indolene 30 plus 0.2T phosphorus was substan-
tially higher than the HC increase of vehicles operated on In-
dolene Clear (an average HC increase of 15 ppm for Indolene
Clear versus an average HC increase of 171 ppm for Indolene
30). Operation of nonleaded fuel showed no deleterious effect
on intake or exhaust valves or other engine components.
(Author abstract)
05067
S. T. Cuffe, R. W. Gerstle, A. A. Orning, and C. H. Schwartz
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED POWER
PLANTS; REPORT NO. 1. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14,
(9) 353-62, Sept. 1964 (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13,
1963.)
Air pollutant emissions from two types of coal burning power
plant furnaces were studied. Particulates entering the fly-ash
collector from the low-intensity-mixing, vertically fired boiler
of Unit A accounted for 60% of the ash contained in the coal
charge. In the high-intensity-mixing, horizontally fired Unit B,
85% of the total ash entering the boiler in the coal was carried
to the fly-ash collector. The fly-ash collectors effectively
removed 85 to 95% of the particulate matter and showed es-
sentially the same efficiency in removal of common trace
metal compounds. Concentrations of sulfur trioxide ahead of
the dust collector varied widely. For Unit A, the vertically
fired boiler, they averaged about 4% of the SO2 concentration;
for Unit B, the horizontally fired boiler, formation of SO3 was
lower, averaging less than one percent of the SO2 concentra-
tion. The fly-ash collectors effected an appreciable reduction
in sulfur trioxide emissions on Unit A but not on Unit B. For
both units SO3 emissions were less than one percent of their
SO2 emissions. Nitrogen oxide concentrations during normal
full-load operation were increased 30 to 40% by passage
through an electrical precipitator. Organic acid concentrations
were appreciably higher than those of gaseous hydrocarbons,
formaldehyde, and carbon monoxide. The very small concen-
trations of gaseous hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, and carbon
monoxide indicated very complete and efficient combustion
during both full-load and partial-load operation. Emissions of
polynuclear hydrocarbons from large power plant boilers were
found to be very small in comparison with those from smaller
coal-fired units having less efficient combustion processes.
05171
f. g. rounds, P. A. Bennett, and G. J. Nebel
SOME EFFECTS OF ENGINE-FUEL VARIABLES ON EX-
HAUST GAS HYDROCARBON CONTENT. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 5 (2), 109-19 (Aug. 1955) and Trans. ASME
(Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs.) 63, 591-601 (1955). (Presented at the
Annaul Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit,
Mich., Jan. 10-14, 1954.)
The aim was to obtain a better understanding of the factors in-
fluencing the concentration of hydrocarbons in engine exhaust.
Initially, tests were made to determine the fraction of the total
fuel supplied to the engine which appeared as hydrocarbons in
the exhaust at different driving conditions. Later, more ex-
haustive tests were made to determine the effect of common
engine-fuel variables at each driving condition. The data are
based on mass spectrometer and/or Orsat analyses of exhaust
gas samples obtained from 163 passenger cars and 8 public
transit buses. Reductions in exhaust gas hydrocarbon content
can be achieved through proper maintenance and design. Mass
spectrometer analyses have indicated that the hydrocarbon
content of engine exhaust gas varies appreciably with driving
condition. The most important engine- fuel variable affecting
the hydrocarbon content at idle was mixture ratio with the
highest hydrocarbon contents being observed at rich mixtures.
A substantial reduction in the average hydrocarbon content
could be obtained by adjustment of the idle mixture ratio of all
cars to the range resulting in best idle operation. The current
trend toward the overhead valve V-8 engine should also help
to reduce idle hydrocarbon losses since these engines will idle
acceptably with leaner mixtures than either 6 cyclinder or line
8 engines. Fuel type was found to have essentially no effect
on the exhaust gas hydrocarbon content. None of the engine-
fuel variables investigated at part throttle were observed to af-
fect significantly the hydrocarbon content. These included
mixture ratio, compression ratio, fuel type, coolant tempera-
ture, engine type, engine speed, and engine load. The most im-
portant engine- fuel variable affecting the hydrocarbon content
during simulated deceleration was manifold vacuum. The
hydrocarbon content was found to increase sharply to high
values at manifold vacuums above 21 inches of mercury. Since
manifold vacuum during a closed throttle deceleration depends
upon engine speed, the trend toward automatic transmissions
and lower rear axle ratios made possible by higher output en-
gines tends to reduce hydrocarbon losses by reducing engine
speed at a given car speed. Limited studies using gasoline,
LPD, and Diesel powered public transit buses have suggested
that there is no significant difference in the total amount of
hydrocarbon released to the atmosphere by the three different
engines provided that the overall fuel consumption is compara-
ble.
06220
K. Homma
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR PREPARING METAL
FUMES. Ind. Health (Kawasaki, Japan) 4, (3) 129-37, Oct.
1966.
The size and shape of the metal fumes generated in a high-
frequency induction furnace were varied with the changing
flow rate of the nitrogen carrier gas and the temperature of the
furnace. The mechanism of the fume formation of toxic metals
has not been explained clearly. Fumes with a narrow size
range were produced if the evaporated metal vapor passed
through a higher temperature zone than that of the molten
metal and then was cooled gently in the carrier gas which was
kept at a low velocity. The mean diameter of the fumes de-
pended on the evaporating temperature. The size distribution
was a function of the velocity of the carrier gas which agrees
with previous studies with salt and metallic oxide. Based on
the electron microscope, the lead fumes were spherical if the
vapor was condensed with a steady rate of cooling and
brought into the atmosphere at temperatures below the soften-
ing point. The fumes produced no spherical shapes with quick
condensation and an increasing flow of the nitrogen carrier
gas, in which case the fumes changed more to the oxide form.
06351
R. F. Abernathy and F. H. Gibson
RARE ELEMENTS IN COAL. (Bureau of Mines, Washington,
D.C.) (Information Circular 8163). (1963). 73 pp.
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LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Data are presented showing trends in the content of chlorine,
phosphorus, titanium, and manganese although these elements
are not included in the category of rare and uncommon ele-
ments in coal. It is suggested that elements may be called rare
when the amount in the earth's crust is not much greater than
0.01 percent. By uncommon is meant unusual concentrations
of elements greater than normally occur in the mineral matter
of coal. The occurrence of 34 elements in coal is reviewed.
These do not include the elements silicon, aluminum, iron, cal-
cium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and sulfur, which con-
stitute the main part of the mineral matter in most coals. Some
of the rare elements found in coal probably were derived from
the original coal-forming plant material. Elements occuring in
sufficient concentration to be detected as minerals usually are
considered as extraneous substances deposited in coal beds
from external sources. Three main stages of the enrichment of
elements in coal are suggested: (1) Concentration during the
life of the plants; (2) concentration during decay of the plants;
and (3) concentration during mineralization of the coal. There
are three hundred eighty (380) references.
08039
M. Alperstein, R. L. Bradow
EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS RELATED TO ENGINE COM-
BUSTION. SAE (Soc Automot. Eng.) 4., 85(8):52-53, July
1968.
A study was made of combustion chamber formation inorganic
and organic materials found in spark-ignition engine exhausts.
The oxides of nitrogen are flame-formed with only a limited
amount of NO decomposition occurring in the post flame
period. Organic exhaust constituents contributed by slow-com-
bu«tion reactions include olefins, aldehydes, ketones, and ring
ethers when operating with isooctane fuel. The presence of
tetraethyl lead inhibits slow-combustion reactivity, thus reduc-
ing concentrations of slow- combustion products in the ex-
haust.
08972
Brunner, M.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENGINE FUEL COMPOSITION.
((Der Einfluss der Treibstoffzusammensetzung.)) Text in Ger-
man. Z. Praeventivmed. 11(2):206-219, March-April, 1966.
The relationships between the composition of gasoline for 2
and 4-cycle engines, diesel fuel, and the toxic exhaust gases
are discussed. Tabulated data present the composition of regu-
lar and super gasolines, their influence on the exhaust gas
composition, and the composition of diesel fuel as well as the
sulfur content of diesel fuel and diesel exhaust gases. The
composition of gasoline in 4-cycle engines has only a slight in-
fluence on the exhaust gas composition as far as CO and
nitrogen oxides are concerned. The SO2 content in diesel ex-
hausts, the lead content in 2 and 4 cycle engine exhausts and
the oil smoke in 2-cycle engine exhausts have a relationship to
the composition of the fuel. The air-fuel ratio is of much
greater importance. For gasoline vapors which escape through
the tank, carburetor and blow-by, the composition of the fuel,
particularly its lead and aromatic hydrocarbon content, is im-
portant.
09210
Bucher, K.
AUTOMOBILES AS PRODUCERS OF NOXIOUS SUB-
STANCES. ((Autos als Produzenten stofflicher Noxen.)) Text
in German. Praxis (Bern), 55(7):178-181, 1966
Automobile traffic generates air pollutants by exhaust gas
emission and also by attrition of tires. Although the deposition
of rubber particles in the respiratory system does not cause
acute changes it is not known whether the presence of rubber
particles in the lymphatic system for long periods can be
harmful. The noxious substances in the exhaust are lead, lead
compounds, CO, and local irritants such as nitrogen oxides. In
addition to these substances, photochemical smog is formed
when unburned hydrocarbons react with nitrogen oxides. The
time has come for definite measures against, air pollution.
09355
Pahnke, Alden J. and Edward C. Squire
LEAD IN GASOLINE: NO EFFECT ON EXHAUST EMLS-
SIONS FOUND IN 18-MONTH CONSUMER-CAR TEST. Oil
Gas J., 64(50): 106-110, Dec. 12, 1966.
Use of tetraethyl lead in gasoline does not significantly affect
exhaust emission characteristics of vehicles driven by the mo-
toring public. This is the conclusion reached after a test of
leaded and unleaded gasoline in 122 privately owned and
operated cars spanning a period of 18 months and covering a
total of 2,500,000 miles. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon-
emission levels of the cars operated on leaded gasoline were
essentially equivalent to those of the cars driven on unleaded
gasoline. Photochemical reactivity and nitrogen oxide levels
for the two car groups were also equivalent, further demon-
strating the absence of any effects of tetraethyl lead on vehi-
cle emissions either positive or negative.
09393
Hettche, O.
AIR POLLUTION IN LOCALITIES WITH HEAVY TRAFFIC
IN METROPOLITAN CITIES. ((Die Verunreinigung der At-
mosphare an verkehrsreichen Punkten in Grossstadten.)) Text
in German. Z. Praeventivmed. 11(2):122-133, March-April 1966.
27 refs.
Data on the variations in time of CO, SO2, NO, NO2,
hydrocarbons, polycyclic hydrocarbons, lead compounds and
dust in various European cities such as Stuttgarg, Frankfurt,
Hamburg, Essen and London are discussed and compared
with data from Los Angeles. In heavy traffic, concentrations
of up to 20 mg. CO, 0.2 mg. NO, 0.1 mg. NO2, 0.05-0.4 mg
SO2, 2-10 mg. hydrocarbons and 4 microgram of lead per
cubic meter were found. Polycyclic hydrocarbons such as
benzpyrene and coronene can be determined accurately only
in tunnels by analysis of the intake air and the air in the tun-
nel. In Germany, more diesel engines are in operation than the
0.3 percent in Los Angeles. Diesels generate only about 1 per-
cent CO but maintenance must be frequent and soot emission
must be controlled. Two-cycle engines give a very low CO
emission. Methods used in Germany for the determination of
pollutants are outlined. Standardization of analytical methods
is emphasized.
09686
R. L. Duprey
COMPILATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FAC-
TORS. Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Publication No. 999-AP-42,
67p., 1968. 126 refs.
Detailed emission factors are given for the following processes
and industries: fuel combustion, refuse incineration, chemi-
cals, food and agriculture, metallurgical refining, minerals,
petroleum, pulp and paper solvent evaporation and gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle emissions).
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
10749
Gobson, F. W.
NEW BUICK LEAD SMELTER INCORPORATES FORTY
YEARS OF TECHNICAL ADVANCES. Eng. and Mining J.,
169(7):62-67, July 1968.
Four significant innovations in the design and operation of
lead smelters will be combined for the first time when the new
Buick complex goes on stream this year near Bixby, Mo. The
plant, designed to produce 100,000 tpy of 99.99% lead, will
feature: updraft sintering, air pollution control through produc-
tion of sulfuric acid, continuous tapping of molten lead, and
vacuum dezincing. While none of these processes is new, this
will be the first plant to utilize all four.
11702
Ter Haar, G. L., R. B. Holtzman, and H. F. Lucas, Jr.
LEAD AND LEAD-210 IN RAINWATER. Argonne National
Lab, HI., Radiological Physics Div., Annu. Rept. ANL-7360, p.
144-146, July 1966 through June 1967. 16 refs. CFSTI: TID-
4500
Samples of rainwater collected at semirural and rural sites
were analyzed for lead and Pb210. The concentrations of the
stable lead and Pb210 and the amount and type of rainfall in
various samples are tabulated. The arithmetic mean lead con-
centration of 18.9 micrograms/1 at the semirural site was essen-
tially identical to the 17.4 micrograms/1 at the rural site.
Similarly, the mean concentrations of Pb210 were 1.26 and
1.78 pCi/1 at the respective sites. There appeared to be a cor-
relation between the type of rain and the concentrations; a
shower had lower concentrations than a slow, even rainfall.
Thundershowers ususally had lower concentrations. No cor-
relation was found between lead concentration and length of
time between rains. The rates of deposition of lead and Pb210
in the soil were small. The average specific activities of the
lead (pCi Pn210/gPb) were 67,000 pCi/g at the semirural site
and 104,000 pCi/g at the rural site; the correlation coefficients
for concentrations of lead and Pb210 at the two sites were 0.98
(p less than 0.0001) and 0.63 (p less than 0.1), respectively. The
data show a good mixing of lead and Pb210 in the atmosphere
before they are returned to earth in rainfall. Thus Pb210 is a
valid tracer for stable lead in the atmosphere.
12624
J. Cholak, L. J. Schafer, D. Yeager
THE MR TRANSPORT OF LEAD COMPOUNDS PRESENT
IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
1. 29(6):562-568, Nov.-Dec. 1968. 13 Ref.
The movement of particulate lead compounds from the ex-
haust of gasoline-driven motor vehicles on a heavily travelled
high-speed roadway (120,000 vehicles/24 hr) is under investiga-
tion in the Cincinnati area. The findings for the first year of
the investigation indicate an average concentration of 7.8
microgm/cu m at the roadway, 1.7 microgm/cu m 1300 ft to
the leeward, and 1.1 microgm/cu m at the station, 11000 ft
leeward of the source of the Pb. The concentration of Pb in
the air at the latter station is approximately the same as that of
six years ago, as reported in the Public Health Service Publi-
cation No. 999-AP-12. The mass median equivalent diameter of
the Pb particles was found to be approximately 0.30 micron,
with 70% of the Pb being in the particles below 1 micron in
diameter. Diurnal patterns reflected rush hour traffic as well
as climatic conditions. Concentrations of Pb in soils and
grasses varied according to the distance from the roadway,
with most of the contamination occurring within 100 ft of the
roadway. Author's Abstract
12751
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOLUME H: APPENDICES A AND B. Contract PH
86-65-85, Rept. 993, 88p., June 1969. 72 refs. CFSTI: PB 184
885
A systems study of the primary copper, lead, and zinc smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economi factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. Sulfur oxide emissions for various types of
smelting operations are tabulated, including gas flows and
compositions and an analysis of sulfur oxides generation and
recovery. Smelter flow diagrams are presented for the control
methods of contact sulfuric acid, absorption, reduction to ele-
mental sulfur, lime wet scrubbing, and limestone wet
scrubbing. Sulfur oxide recovery processes that were in-
vestigated and rejected as not being suitable for economic
analysis are listed. Cost estimates for various control
processes are given.
12823
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOL I. Contract PH 86-65-85 Rept. 993, 188p., June
1969. CFSTI: PB 184 884
A systems study of the primary copper, zinc, and lead smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economic factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. The nature of smelting practice is described,
and potential air pollution problems in smelter areas are
revealed. Five processes for the control of sulfur oxides are
presented, including contact sulfuric acid, absorption, reduc-
tion to elemental sulfur, lime wet scrubbing, and limestone wet
scrubbing. Current sulfur oxide emissions from U. S. smelters
are given, and forseeabl emission trends are discussed. Mar-
kets for sulfur byproducts are mentioned, the costs of control
by available methods are tabulated, and control method
evaluation with plant models is considered. A research and
development program for control methods and smelting
process technology is recommended.
13524
Fuller, F. T.
PROCESS FOR DHtECT SMELTING OF LEAD CONCEN-
TRATES. J. Metals, 20(12):26-30, Dec. 1968. 2 refs.
St. Joseph Lead Company has recently been investigating a
single- step lead smelting operation involving a new approach
and several new ideas. Costly handling of the intermediate
product (sinter) would be eliminated, fuel for heating and
reduction would be eliminated, as would recirculation of
diluent. Off gases would be rich in SO2 making recovery as
sulfuric acid economically attractive, and concentrates could
be used as received. The process involves direct reaction of
oxygen and PbS in a gas bubble in a lead bath. The reaction
vessel resembled a slice cut from a Pierce Smith converter. A
large square opening served as a gas and fume exit. Gas and
fume leaving the converter were drawn into a short section of
flue which then joined the plant dust-and gas-handling system.
While the blow was hi progress in the converter, the gas
stream was analyzed for SO2, oxygen, and nitrogen by means
of a continuously operating chromatograph on a 2-minute cy-
-------
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
cle, and a strip chart recorder. Fume samples were collected.
This condition was maintained by an automatic controller. The
theoretical maximum for S02 in flue gases is 16.6 percent, and
13 to 14% were obtained.
14033
Pahnke, Alden J. and James F. Conte
EFFECT OF COMBUSTION CHAMBER DEPOSITS AND
DRIVING CONDITIONS ON VEHICLE EXHAUST EMIS-
SIONS. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New
York, N. Y., 24p., 1969. 15 refs. (Presented at the Interna-
tional Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan.
13-17, 1969, Paper 690017.)
Hydrocarbon exhaust emission levels of new cars driven under
consumer-type conditions increase during the initial 5000 to
10,000 miles of operation; the magnitude of the increase is less
with vehicles equipped with exhaust control systems. The role
of combustion chamber deposits in increasing hydrocarbon ex-
haust emission levels during the initial period of vehicle opera-
tion was considered. Analyses have shown these deposits to
contain high concentrations of lead salts originating from the
combustion of lead alky Is present in gasoline. Two consumer-
type vehicle tests to determine the effect of leaded and un-
leaded gasoline on exhaust emissions were completed. One
test involved 122 cars without exhaust control systems and the
other, 36 cars with exhaust control systems. In both tests,
hydrocarbon exhaust emissions of the leaded and unleaded
cars increased during the initial period of mileage accumula-
tion and then leveled out as equilibrium was reached. Average
hydrocarbon emission levels of the leaded cars were higher
than those of the unleaded cars with the difference or net lead
effect amounting to 7% in both the 122-car and the 36-car
tests. No significant differences in carbon monoxide or
nitrogen oxide emission levels were observed. Photochemical
reactivity levels were essentially the same for the leaded and
unleaded car groups in the two tests. A limited study of the ef-
fect of mileage accumulation conditions on exhaust emission
levels was carried out. Results obtained under rapid or ac-
celerated mileage accumulation conditions did not correlate
with consumer test results. (Author abstract modified)
14135
Warren, Harry V. and Robert E. Delavault
LEAD IN VEGETABLES. Lancet, vol. 1:1252, June 8, 1968.
12 refs.
The study points out the variations in the lead contents of
oven-dried vegetable samples collected from various sites in
England, Scotland, Wales, and British Columbia. The lead
content was summarized in a table. Most of the abnormally
high values could be correlated with soils containing large
amounts of the metal. The lead in some of these soils was
caused by intense industrial pollution. In other areas, there is
ample evidence that the lead originates from the parent rocks
of which those of Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian ages
are probably the most important. Many of the high-lead sam-
ples also came from private gardens, the owners of which are
probably exposed to a higher lead intake than they would be if
they bought their vegetables from the general markets.
14459
Weaver, E. E.
EFFECTS OF TETRAETHYL LEAD ON CATALYST LIFE
AND EFFICIENCY IN CUSTOMER TYPE VEHICLE OPERA-
TION. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New
York, 8p., 1969. 18 refs. (Presented at the International Au-
tomotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17,
1969, Paper 690180.)
Effects of four levels of tetraethyl lead (TEL) on the efficien-
cy and life of a commercially available hydrocarbon and car-
bon monoxide catalyst were investigated. The four fuels used
in mileage accumulation were the base Indolene with no added
lead and blends containing respectively 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 ml
TEL per gallon. The vehicles were eight Fords equipped with
289-CID non-emission controlled 2-V engines, unmodified ex-
cept for a lean carburetor and the catalytic exhaust system.
The eight vehicles were paired off and each pair operated on
one of the four fuel blends. In each pair, a radial flow con-
verter, which required no supplemental air, was located under
the front seat in one vehicle and near the rear axle in the other
vehicle. Exhaust emissions were monitored at approximately
3000-mile intervals during accumulation of 18,000 miles in
customer-type service. Tetraethyl lead in the fuel adversely af-
fected the rate of warm up, the ability of the catalyst to
remove hydrocarbons from the exhaust, and accentuated the
differences in performance between front and rear converters
as mileage was accumulated. On non-lead fuel, the catalyst
performed well in preferentially removing olefins and aromatic
hydrocarbons to yeild an exhaust of very low reactivity, until
problems were encountered with losses of catalyst. The
catalyst removed CO, aliphatic aldehydes, and acetylenes
equally well on leaded or non-leaded fuel. (Author abstract
modified)
14461
Hall, C. A., A. E. Felt, and W. J. Brown
EVALUATING EFFECTS OF FUEL FACTORS ON STABIL-
IZED EXHAUST EMISSION LEVELS. Preprint, Society of Au-
tomotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 20p., 1969. 5 refs.
(Presented at the International Automotive Engineering Con-
gress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17, 1969, Paper 690014.)
Single-cylinder engine studies showed that the severity of the
test cycle used for deposit accumulation markedly affects the
level of exhaust emissions obtained with stabilized combustion
chamber deposits. These studies also show that the relative
stabilized emission levels with non-leaded and leaded fuels
vary significantly with the aromatic content of the base fuel.
An extensive evaluation in three groups of passenger cars
operated by their owners in normal service showed no signifi-
cant difference between the stabilized emission levels obtained
with commercial non-leaded and leaded fuels. A dynamometer
engine test procedure was developed that simulates short-trip,
city- type operation. The accelerated cooldown procedure al-
lows for rapid accumulation of test mileage. Use of this
dynamometer procedure showed that a prototype highly aro-
matic non-leaded fuel produced a higher deposit stabilized
emission level than that obtained with an average presently
used leaded fuel. (Author abstract modified)
14462
Gagliardi, J. C. and F. E. Ghannam
EFFECTS OF TETRAETHYL LEAD CONCENTRATION ON
EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN CUSTOMER TYPE VEHICLE
OPERATION. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
New York, 19p., 1969. 9 refs. (Presented at the International
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 13-17,
1969, Paper 690015.)
Effects of various concentrations of tetraethyl lead on exhaust
emissions were investigated. Eight Ford Galaxies equipped
with production non-exhaust emission-equipped 289-CID, 2-V
engines were operated in customer service for 18,000 miles in
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
the Detroit area. Four fuel blends were used in mileage accu-
mulation. All engines were operated on the same petroleum
base engine lubricant. Exhaust emissions were monitored at
approximately 3000-mile intervals using the California Motor
Vehicle Pollution Control Board seven-mode procedure. Addi-
tional seven-mode tests were obtained on each engine after
combustion chamber deposits were removed at the completion
of the mileage accumulation phase. The increase in exhaust
hydrocarbon emissions of vehicle operation on the leaded
fuels was substantially higher than the hydrocarbon increase
of vehicles operated on Indolene Clear (a full boiling range
non-lead gasoline). At the 12,000 mile point, for example, the
average hydrocarbon increase for the leaded fuels was approx-
imately 100 ppm as hexane, while the hydrocarbon increase on
Indolene Clear was negligible. No deleterious effect, due to
the fuel used, was observed on any engine component.
(Author abstract modified)
14945
Sano, I.
PARTICULATE LEAD IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES.
(Jidosha haikigasu chuno horoidojo namari kahobutsu). Text
in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning As-
soc., Tokyo), 7(2):6-8, June 1969. 11 refs.
Aerosols of lead-containing particles from automobile exhaust
found in urban atmospheres were measured, with particular
emphasis on their weight concentration and particle size. Au-
tomobiles were mounted on a dynamometer, and particles in
the exhaust gas were collected by a Cottrell precipitator. Tests
in the U. S. and Japan showed that the weight concentration
of lead per cubic meter of air in cities was in the range of a
few tenths of a microgram to several milligrams. The concen-
tration was in the range where a deleterious effect upon
human health might be found. An aerosol spectrometer and
millipore filter were jointly used to analyze the urban air,
where the particle size was found to be much smaller than 1
micron in diameter and the aerosols were considerably stable.
For the purpose of establishing an ambient air quality criterion
with respect to lead, Kehoe's study on humans and Huester's
experiment on animals were considered. It is concluded that a
method for detecting a lead-containing particle in an at-
mosphereic aerosol and measuring its size is technically dif-
ficult, but that the development of such a method is impera-
tive.
15205
Murozumi, M., Tsaiwha J. Chow, and C. Patterson
CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANT LEAD
AEROSOLS, TERRESTRIAL DUSTS AND SEA SALTS IN
GREENLAND AND ANTARCTIC SNOW STRATA. Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 33(10):1247-1294, 1969. 71 refs.
Lead analyses in annual ice layers from the interior of
northern Greenland and in annual layers of ice from the interi-
or of the Antarctic continent are reported. It was shown that
lead concentrations increased from less than 0.001 micro-
grams/kg ice in 800 BC to greater than 0.2 micrograms/kg ice
today in north pole ice sheets. The sharpest rise occurred after
1940. The levels of lead in south polar ice sheets were
generally below detection limits before 1940 and rose to about
0.020 micrograms/kg ice after 1940. The increase of lead with
time in north polar snows was ascribed mainly to lead smelte-
ries before 1940 and to burned lead alkyls after 1940. The dif-
ference between the concentrations of lead in northern and
southern polar snows was ascribed to barriers to north-south
tropospheric mixing which originate from meridional circulat-
ing cells and which hinder the migration of aerosol pollutants
from the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic. Observations
of the chemical concentrations of the common elements in ice
from the interior of Greenland and Antarctica were explained
in terms of simple relations among sea salts and terrestrial
dusts. Ten times more dust and one-half as much sea salt were
found in Greenland interior ice than in antarctic interior ice.
The proportions of Na, C12, Mg, Ca, and K adhered closely to
sea salt ratios in ices that were relatively free of silicate dusts.
The amounts and chemical composition of silicate dusts in
Greenland were no different in coastal and interior ices. There
are seasonal variations in the amounts of pollutant lead, sea
salts, and silicate dusts in the snows. Pollutant lead and sea
salts were 2-3 times more concentrated in winter than in
summer snows, while silicate dusts were three tunes more
concentrated in spring than in winter snows. The interpretation
of the data was consistent with most related chemical and
meteorological observations at temperature latitudes. (Author
abstract modified)
15295
Lee, Robert, E., Jr., Ronald K. Patterson, Walter L. Crider,
and Jack Wagman
CONCENTRATION AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRD3UTION
OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS IN AUTOMOBILE EX-
HAUSTS. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, 25p., 1969(7).
24 refs.
Particulate samples of hot, concentrated automobile exhaust
were fractionated and collected with cascade impactors in a
specially designed sampling chamber. Samples of cool, diluted
auto exhaust were also taken, and some were exposed to
photoirradiation. Lead, nitrate, sulfate, and chloride com-
ponents in exhaust emissions were predominantly of sub-
micron size, a finding that is consistent with atmospheric mea-
surements. In hot, concentrated automobile exhausts, more
water soluble than water insoluble lead was found. The parti-
cle size distributions of sulfate and nitrate showed a
monotonic temperature dependence, the average sizes decreas-
ing with increasing exhaust temperature. With irradiation, the
concentration of water soluble lead increased, and the concen-
tration of water insoluble lead decreased. Two possible
mechanisms, both based on photochemical transformation of
lead compounds, are proposed as explanations for the relative-
ly lower amount of lead that accumulates in the bones of mice
exposed to irradiated exhaust. Irradiation produced an increase
in the concentrations of paniculate chloride, sulfate, and
nitrate but a decrease in the average particle sizes. The parti-
cle size distribution of chloride in diluted exhaust was in-
fluenced by added SO2, while irradiation produced a narrow
distribution of chloride in particles below 1 micron diameter
with and without added SO2. (Author summary modified)
15599
Vendramini, R., G. G. Calapaj, and G. Rausa.
A CHEMICAL AND STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE POLLU-
TION OF THE INTERNAL ATMOSPHERE OF THE AU-
TOVEHICLES FROM EXHAUSTED GASES. (L'inquinamen-
to da gas di searico nell'atmosfera interna degli autoveicoli.).
Text in Italian. L'Igiene Moderna, 62(l-2):3-26, Sept. 1969. 31
refs.
In the metropolitan area of Padua, Italy, and on national and
local high-ways branching out from this city, data was col-
lected for two seasonal periods: Autumn-Winter (October 1967
to February 1968) and Spring-Summer (March to July, 1968).
Urban traffic conditions were classified in three categories:
free- flowing (on wider streets outside rush hours), medium
-------
8
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
(same streets during rush hours), and sluggish (during rush
hours on streets less than six meters in width and with a large
number of traffic signals). Test automobiles were equipped
with two pumps, one at a low level and one at a high level,
which gave readings of atmospheric content between the two
front seats. A N/10 solution of sodium hydroxide was used to
trap formaldehyde and nitrogen oxide, while 1/1000 palladium
chloride was used to detect carbon monoxide. The upper pump
drew about 20 liters per minute of air through a SS 6021k
paper filter, which captured lead from the air, this could the a
be extracted from the filter with nitric acid. Each sampling
period lasted 10-15 minutes, during which time the vehicle was
operated with closed windows, open vents, and no operating
fans. All samples were collected on windless days. Results
were expressed in ppm (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
formaldehyde) and micrograms/tnc (lead). Statistical analysis
showed a relationship in the increase of other pollutants with
respect to increased CO. Two indexes were calculated: the
'eta' of Cucconi and the 'rho' of Spearman. The other pollu-
tants were found highly correlated with CO concentrations, re-
gardless of seasonal variations. Presence of pollutants in the
interior of motor vehicles was sufficiently high to cause
hypoxia affecting vision and the higher centers of intellect.
15769
Pursall, B. R.
POLLUTION IN ROAD TUNNELS. Consulting Eng., 33(8):57-
58, Aug. 1969. 9 refs
The sources and causes of the build-up of pollutants in road
tunnels are discussed. The two main sources of poisonous ex-
haust gases are gasoline and diesel engines. Diesel exhaust
emits a smaller percentage of carbon monoxide than the
gasoline engine, but because the diesel engine is larger, it
emits a larger volume. The diesel engine also produces more
nitric oxide and nitrogen peroxide. Vehicles emit up to 50%
more carbon monoxide on the up-gradient than on the level;
on the down gradient, they emit 40% less. In calculations for
two-way tunnels, an average figure for carbon monoxide emis-
sion can safely be taken. Tests showed that the amounts of
carbon monoxide and other combustion products vary directly
with speed. Differences in tunnel concentrations for the
Sumner Tunnel in Boston and the Central Tunnel in London
were attributed to different vehicle speeds and variation*
between British and American vehicles and fuels. The varia-
tions resulted in higher concentrations of lead and hydrocar-
bons in the Sumner Tunnel; carbon monoxide concentrations
were similar for average daytime periods in both tunnels. The
effects of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and lead com-
pounds are briefly discussed. It was concluded that if the con-
centration of CO can be diluted to below 100 ppm, the concen-
tration of nitrogen oxides and other gases should be relatively
harmless. Visibility should also be satisfactory under these
conditions. In a 2 way tunnel, the maximum ventilation rate
was calculated to be 200 cu ft/min/ft. With one way traffic,
ventilation is induced from the portals by the moving vehicles,
but additional artificial ventilation would be necessary when
the traffic is stopped or moving slowly. In most large tunnels,
alarms operate if the CO concentration exceeds 250 ppm.
16156
Bernhart, Alfred
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR CARS.
Eng. J. (Toronto), 52(12):12-16, Dec. 1969. 15 refs.
In North American cities, cars, trucks, and aircraft contribute
57% of the air pollutants; in Los Angeles, the percentage is
£>. At 50 mph, the average car emits 80 cu m/hr of exhaust
gases which contain 17 Ibs/hr carbon dioxide, 3.5 Ibs/hr carbon
monoxide, 0.5 Ibs/hr hydrocarbons, 0.5 Ibs/hr nitrogen oxides,
4 gram/hr of lead particles, and 0.4 to 0.7 micrograms of
benzo(a)pyreae. Engine exhausts contribute 97% of the total
carbon monoxide emission, plus 65% of the total hydrocar-
bons, plus 100% of the nitrogen oxides; crankcase ventilation,
3% of the total carbon monoxide, plus 25% of hydrocarbons;
carburetor, 5 to 10% of hydrocarbons; and the gasoline tank,
10 to 15% of the hydrocarbons. Combinations of crankcase
emission return systems, evaporation proof carburetors and
gasoline tanks, crankcase control devices, engine modification
systems, or air injection systems should reduce daily emis-
sions to 2.4 Ibs of carbon monoxide, 0.05 Ibs of hydrocarbons,
and 0.08 Ibs of nitrogen oxides. The devices will not reduce
carbon dioxide emissions, which are expected to increase from
40 to 52 Ibs per day. The cost of these devices will account for
only 1.5% of the purchase price of a car.
16766
Charlson, R. J. and J. M. Pierrard
VISIBILITY AND LEAD. Atmos. Environ., 3(4):479-480, July
1969. 8 refs.
Evidence presented in the literature supports the belief that
particulate matter emitted in the exhaust of automobiles
causes visibility degradation. Since it has been shown that lead
is a major component of this particulate matter (30-50 percent
by weight as the metal), it appears that control of lead emis-
sions could result in a significant improvement in visibility.
Based on the literature, two approaches to the estimation of
the percentage of extinction coefficient attributable to lead
compounds are discussed. The magnitude of the estimated
contribution makes it clear that this is an area of investigation
which should be pursued.
17304
Focke, Rolf J.
TOXICITY OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES. (La tox-
icidad de gases de escape en automotores). Text in Spanish.
Ingenieria (Mexico City), no. 1004:17-27, 1969 (?). 6 refs.
A total survey of the auto exhaust problem is made for a non-
technical readership. Gasoline additives used to dissolve lead
deposits in motors cause the formation of lead bromide and
lead chloride, which evaporate at 800 C and could therefore
cause air pollution. About 15% of all hydrocarbon vapors can
be traced to the evaporation of fuel from tanks and carbure-
tors. Crankcase ventilation is the source of about one third of
all hydrocarbon pollutants. To prevent the formation of carbon
monoxide, a stoichiometric mixture of air and fuel would have
to be used: about 14.5 kg of air for each one kg of fuel; how-
ever, best effects are obtained with a rich mixture (lambda
value equals 0.8-0.9), while the best fuel economy is obtained
with a lean mixture (minus lambda equals about 1.1, with an
allowance of 10-12% for power leakage). A further difficulty is
the presence of unevaporated droplets of fuel, whose distribu-
tion is irregular from cylinder to cylinder. An investigation of
the automotive pollution problem in the USA in 1962 cost 14
million dollars, of which the Federal and state governments
contributed 9.8 million and the universities, 0.5 million, the
rest coming from industry. By 1963, the cost of the investiga-
tions had reached 22 million. During 1962, the damage in the
USA caused by this pollution amounted lo 11 billion dollars.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
17325
Odaira, Toshio
AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN THE
METROPOLITAN TRAFFIC IN VIEW OF AMBIENT AIR
POLLUTION a- IN TOKYO. (Kankyo osen kara mita daitoshi
ni okeru jidosha haiki gasu ni tuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai
to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(2):109-117, Feb. 15, 1966.
An analytical investigation was undertaken of the effect of
each component of auto exhaust gas on air pollution. Com-
ponents of auto exhaust gas can be divided into those related
to imperfect combustion and those indifferent to imperfect
combustion. Gasoline oil is perfectly reduced in water, carbon
monoxide gas, and a small amount of ashes with the proper
supply of oxygen, relevant temperature, and time; but in ac-
tuality, it produces carbon monoxides and hydrocarbons by
imperfect combustion. Compounds indifferently generated by
imperfect combustion are nitrogen oxides, sulfur gases, and
lead. One of the effects of nitrogen oxides on air pollution is
currently recognized as an important constituent of
photochemical smog which is caused by the existence of ul-
traviolet light, which nitrogen oxides can remain as nitrogen
dioxide in a stable atmosphere. Crude oil, natural gas, and coal
are the major hydrocarbon containing mmaterials whose
sources are petrochemical plants and motor vehicles. Carbon
monoxide emissions, which are largely responsible for air pol-
lution in cities such as Tokyo, need to be controlled by techni-
cal devices or improved engine systems. Lead compounds
have a relatively long lifetime, accumulating in the bodies of
individuals constitutionally predisposed to chronic lead poison-
ing. The major source of lead had been lead plants and steel
plants, but the recent increase of lead compounds in polluted
atmospheres has been caused by the increasing number of
motor vehicles using gasoline with lead additives.
17339
Dimitriades, Basil, B. H. Eccleston, and R. W. Hum
AN EVALUATION OF THE FUEL FACTOR THROUGH
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF PHOTOCHEMICAL REAC-
TIVITY OF EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
20(3):15
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10
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Measurements have been made in the town of Norrkopirg,
Sweden with about 90,000 inhabitants of heavy metals such is
lead, cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium, nickel and zinc. In
59 sites, at least 50 meters from any road, three samples were
taken at each site. The metals were analyzed in common
mosses, Hypnum cupressifonne. The maximum values were
lead: 286 ppm, cadmium: 4.9 ppm, cobalt: 41 ppm, copper: 265
ppm, chromium: 36 ppm, nickel: 38 ppm and zinc: 530 ppm.
The high precipitation of cobalt, copper, cadmium, and zinc
can probably be explained by emissions from an industry just
outside the town.
18510
Hamilton, E. I.
SOME PROBLEMS CONCERNING LEAD IN THE NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT. Proc. Intern. Symp. Radioecological Con-
centration Processes, Stockholm, Sweden, 1966, p. 355-358. 15
refs. (April 25-29.)
The significance of the distribution and concentration of lead
in man can be approached by a consideration of its toxicity or
by studies concerning damage to body tissue as a result of
ionizing radiation emitted from the naturally occurring
radioisotope of lead at mass-210. The concentration of lead
and uranium in rocks is dependent upon their total chemical
compositions. In general, the concentration of both these ele-
ments increases with the concentration of silica and potassium.
The distribution and chemical form of lead and uranium in a
soil depends on many factors including climate, organic con-
tent, and pH. Soils contain many organic species such as the
amino acids that are capable of acting as modes of transport
for various elements. The concentration and distribution of
Pb(210) in rocks, soil, and vegetation is partially controlled by
the distribution of radon. The concentration of lead in plants
and foods is very variable and is simply an expression of the
heterogenous distribution of lead in soils. Articles such as lead
piping, paint, and solder are obvious sources of lead. Exhaust
fumes of automobiles also contain lead. High concentrations
of lead in the blood may result in permanent brain damage.
19598
Tada, Osamu
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION.
(Jidosha haiki to taiki osen). Text in Japanese. Rodo Kagaku.
J. Sci. Labour, Tokyo), 41(10):481-492, 1965.
An extensive review of the literature on chemical compositiori,
photochemical production, environmental level, and biological
effects of automobile exhaust gas is presented. Chemical com-
position of the automobile exhaust gas differs according to the
action of the engine (idling, acceleration, cruise, and decelera-
tion) and the air to fuel ratio. Exhaust gas of a diesel engine
characteristically has low concentrations of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons (olefins, paraffins, and aldehydes), nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and 3,4- benzpyrene. In .a
gasoline or propane gas engine, CO and aldehyde are in-
creased during idling and deceleration of the engine, respec-
tively. The 3,4-benzpyrene which is potentially carcinogenic is
included more in the exhaust gas of a gasoline engine than that
of a diesel engine. Lead is included in the anti-knock agent,
and is changed to haloid lead or its ammoniac salt causing
small particles of less than 5 microns in diameter (4 to 12% of
the particles have diameters of 1 to 0.1 micron). The main
components of the Los Angeles type smog are the secondary
products (nitro-olefin, aldehyde, ozone, or other oxidants) of
automobile exhaust gas emitted into the ambient air which
have harmful effects on plants and human bodies. A syste-
matic study of the automobile exhaust gas harmful to human
bodies showed that the main pollutants from the ambient air
are CO and Pb compounds, and neither benzpyrene nor
anthracene is greatly related to air pollution. In Tokyo in 1962,
CO, NO2, SO2, and HCHO showed high concentration in the
center of Tokyo, while O3 had higher concentration in the
suburban area. Principles of air pollution due to automobile
exhaust gas should be established more precisely in Japan.
19684
Chow, Tsaihwa J. and John L. Earl
LEAD AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE: INCREASING
CONCENTRATIONS. Science, 169(3945):577-580, Aug. 7,
1970. 19 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society
National Meeting Symposium on Geochemical Atmospheric
Constituents, Houston, Texas, Feb. 25, 1970.)
In 1968 and 1969, concentrations of lead aerosols were deter-
mined for downtown San Diego and three other sites in the
San Diego area: a mountaintop observatory 47 miles west of
the city, an observation pier extending 1000 ft into the Pacific
and located in a residential district, and a valley station
located 10 miles inland in an area of heavy traffic flow. When
considered together with previously reported concentrations
for the mid-Pacific, the results show that the frequency of at-
mospheric lead distribution increases logarithmically from the
mid-ocean to remote high mountains, to seashore, suburban,
and urban environments. The annual lead concentration in San
Diego, where the level set by the World Health Organization
has already been exceeded, is increasing by 5% per year, that
in the inland valley by 15%. In contrast, concentrations at the
observation pier and mountain top are relatively low. The
seasonal variations at the sampling sites are noted and ex-
plained by meteorological conditions. The isotopic composition
of the lead aerosol in the San Diego area is similar to that of
lead aerosol in the San Diego area is similar to that lead addi-
tives isolated from gasoline. This indicates that the excess lead
in the aerosols can only be attributed to automobile exhausts.
19955
Murozumi, M., T. J. Chow, and C. Patterson
LEAD, DUST, AND SALT IN FIRN AND ICE FROM CAMP
CENTURY AND BYRD STATION. Antarctic J. U. S.,
4(5):218, Sept.-Oct. 1969.
As determined by analyses of salts, dusts, and lead in firn and
ice at Camp Century, Greenland, and at Byrd Station, Antarc-
tica, lead concentrations in north polar ice sheets have in-
creased from less than 0.001 gamma Pb/kg ice in 800 B. C. to
more than 0.200 gamma Pb/kg ice, the sharpest rise occurring
after 1940. Lead levels in south polar ice sheets are generally
below detection limits before 1940 and rise only to about 0.020
gamma Pb/kg ice after 1940. The increase of lead with time in
north polar snow is ascribed mainly to contamination from
lead smelters before 1940 and to burned lead alkys after 1940.
Differences between the concentrations in north and south
polar snow are ascribed to barriers to north-south tropospheric
mixing. Seasonal variations exist in the amounts of pollutant
lead, sea salts, and silicate dust in polar snows; concentrations
of lead and sea salts are two to three times higher in winter
than in summer snow, while silicate dust concentrations are
three times higher in spring than in winter snow. Special care
was taken to avoid the contamination of ice samples, which
were found to have a purity nearly equal to that of the purest
laboratory water.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
11
20545
Megonnell, William H.
THE AUTOMOBILE AND THE ATMOSPHERE. Preprint,
Missouri Univ., Columbia and Missouri Air Conservation
Commission, Jefferson City, lip., 1969. (Presented at the Con-
ference on Air Pollution, Columbia, Mo., Nov. 18, 1969.)
The automobile has become one of the major sources of air
pollution in the U. S. Today, approximately 90 million automo-
biles are producing smog in every major urban area in the
country, and this is only of the automobile products that
threaten the environment. The automobile is responsible for
75% of the carbon monoxide discharged to the air each year.
It is responsible for more than 50% of the hydrocarbon emis-
sions, 50% of the nitrogen oxides, and it is the chief source of
lead. The Federal emission standards, which apply nationwide
will significantly reduce the amount of pollutants discharged
from the automobile, il is believed, however, that even wun
the more stringent standards contemplated for 1973, CO levels
are not going to be reduced sufficiently in the cities to protect
human health. These standards will prolong the downward
curve in vehicle emissions until the early 1980's, when the
level will again rise. It is recommended that the amount of
tetraethyl lead in gasoline be reduced to the absolute minimum
necessary to accomplish its function. There is also the problem
of the basic components of the fuel itself, which affect such
things as fuel volatility, reactivity, and other characteristics
which have a bearing on pollution emission. Modifying the in-
ternal combustion engine may solve these problems. The final
solution, the development of a relatively pollution-free vehicle,
is left up to the automobile manufacturers and the petroleum
industry.
20652
Hishida, K.
CONTROL OF LEAD CUPOLA FURNACES FROM VIEW-
POINT OF SMOKE PROPERTIES. (Namari saiseiren sagyo
ni tomonau haien no seijo to taisaku). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):81, 1969.
(Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, 1969.)
Smoke that accompanies lead refining contains complex dust
particles. Lead scraps from dry-cell manufacturing are fused in
the cupolas and the resulting crude ingots are refined into 97 -
98% purity by means of a kiln. Most of the dust particles
originate from the bakelite (phenol formaldehyde) and glass
fibers in the cupola fusion. An investigation was conducted on
the characteristics of the dust particles, the elimination of
which was attempted in a plant with two cupolas, one kiln, a
cyclone scrubber, and a 23 meter high chimney. The quantity
of dust particles was measured and their compositions were
analyzed to obtain 85% lead and 15% sulfur trioxide; the
chemical reation in the refining process was also examined. A
filter, capable of collecting dusts up to the average size of 0.5
micron was installed. Problems such as cooling, plugging of
pores, and noise were solved by cooling the exhaust to below
the melting point of glass fibers; by adding no fresh air; and
with exhaustive water treatment beforehand. The efficiency of
the operation increased to 98%.
20927
Northern Research and Engineering Corp., Cambridge, Mass.
NATURE AND CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT ENGINE EX-
HAUST EMISSIONS. NAPCA Contract PH22-68-27, Kept.
1134-1, 388p., Nov. 1968. 136 refs. CFSTI: PB 187771
Aircraft are small contributors of pollutants in metropolitan
areas; but in the vicinity of air terminals, the density of pollu-
tant emissions and the resulting concentrations are comparable
to emission densities and concentrations in adjacent communi-
ties of the same pollutants from other sources. Exhaust emis-
sions of primary concern are carbon monoxide, organics and
nitrogen oxides, emitted as gases or vapors, and paniculate
matter consisting mainly of lead compounds or carbon. Tur-
bine emgine emissions are most serious during idle and taxi
conditions, whereas piston engine emissions of CO and or-
ganics are high during all operating modes except cruise, per-
haps due to afterburning. Nitrogen oxide emissions by turbine
engines are greater than those from piston engines, which is
less than from automobile engines of comparable size or fuel
consumption. Emissions of all aircraft pollutants are expected
to increase with more activity and changes in equipment; but
reduction of emissions could be accomplished by combustion
chamber modification, exhaust treatment systems, and curtail-
ing ground operations of transport aircraft, although no practi-
cal methods have been developed for reducing nitrogen oxide
emissions. (Author conclusions modified)
21069
Patterson, Clair C. and Joseph D. Salvia
LEAD IN THE MODERN ENVIRONMENT. HOW MUCH IS
NATURAL? Sci. Citizen, 10(3):66-79, April 1968. 38 refs.
From isotope dilution studies of changing lead concentrations
in polar snows of recent centuries and in seawater, lead con-
centrations apparently have increased about four hundred per
cent between 1750 and 1950, and by about another three hun-
dred per cent since 1940 near the North Pole. Samples of snow
were collected in Thule, Greenland, from the vertical faces of
ancient glaciers at the edges of the ice caps (800 B. C.), from
deep tunnels at the polar research station Camp Century (200
years ago), and from surface snow layers in undisturbed virgin
regions of the arctic. Data gathered in Antarctica were in
sharp contrast with the Greenland results and suggest that the
increase in lead content of Northern snows is due to at-
mospheric contamination; most industrial contamination of the
air occurs in the northern hemisphere, and the prevailing air
currents set up an effective barrier against the transmission of
airborne contaminants to the southern hemisphere. Measure-
ments taken in the Atlantic, Pacific, and the Mediterranean
show that the recent distribution of lead in sea waters follows
a pattern of relatively high surface concentrations which
decrease sharply with depth. Much of the lead entering the
stomach passes through the gastrointestinal tract unabsorbed;
for a unit of lead entering the lungs and a unit of lead entering
the stomach, nearly an order of magnitude greater fraction is
absorbed into he body by the lungs. In the U. S., the signifi-
cant range of blood lead is from about 0.05 parts per million to
0.4 parts per million, with a mean level of about 0.25 parts per
million, while the mean body burden is about 200 milligrams of
lead; a conservative estimate of average lead concentrations in
existing urban atmospheres is about 1.3 micrograms of lead
per cubic meter.
21109
Schroeder, Henry A.
AIRBORNE METALS. Sci. Citizen, 10(3):83-88, April 1968. 14
refs.
The frequency of cadmium, lead, and tin in the lungs of peo-
ple from every country but Africa suggests industrial con-
tamination as the source; lead and cadmium are among the ele-
ments known to shorten the life-span of mice and rats. Lead
poisoning in human beings is a long-recognized problem, and
-------
12
LEAD AND Am POLLUTION
cadmium has been linked to at least one chronic disease of
human beings, high blood pressure. It is likely that cadmium
enters the air as a by-product of industrial processing of zinc,
and the principle source of airborne lead is undoubtedly tetra-
ethyl lead, an anti-knock agent added to gasoline since 1924.
Although average lead concentrations in the air are not con-
sidered high, varying from 0.2 micrograms per cubic meter on
the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain areas to 0.7 micrograms
per cubic meter in New England and the Pacific Coastal
states, concentrations of six micrograms per cu m, and in ex-
treme cases seventeen to forty-five micrograms or more, have
been measured in cities, especially on traffic- crowded streets
or highways.
21722
Murozumi, M., Tsaihwa J. Chow, and C. Patterson
CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANT LEAD
AEROSOLS, TERRESTRIAL DUSTS AND SEA SALTS IN
GREENLAND AND ANTARCTIC SNOW STRATA. Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, vol. 33:1247-1294, 1969. 71 refs. CFSTI,
DDC: AD 697871
Lead analyses in annual ice layers from the interior of
northern Greenland and from the interior of Antarctica are re-
ported. Lead concentrations increase from less than 0.001
gamma Pb/kg ice at 800 BC to more than 0.200 gamma Pb/kg
ice today in North Pole ice sheets, the sharpest rise occurring
after 1940. The lead levels in South Pole ice sheets are
generally below detection limits before 1940 and rise to only
about 0.020 gamma Pb/kg ice after 1940. The increased lead
levels at the North Pole are ascribed mainly to lead smelters
before 1940 and to burned lead alkyls after 1940. The dif-
ference between the lead concentrations in the northern and
southern polar snows is ascribed to barriers to north-south
tropospheric mixing; these originate from meridional circulat-
ing cells which hinder the migration of aerosol pollutants from
the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic. The Greenland in-
terior ice contains about ten times more dust than Antarctic in-
terior ice, but the latter contains twice as much sea salt as the
former. The proportions of sodium, chlorine, magnesium, cal-
cium, and potassium adhere closely to sea salt ratios in ices
relatively free of silica dusts. In Greenland, the amounts and
chemical composition of silica dusts are similar in both coastal
and interior ices. Concentrations of lead and sea salts increase
in the winter, while concentrations of silica dust increase in
the spring. (Author abstract modified)
22367
Singer, M. I. and L. Hanson
LEAD ACCUMULATION IN SOILS NEAR HIGHWAYS IN
THE TWIN CITIES METROPOLITAN AREA. Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. Proc., 33(1):152-153, 1969 11 refs.
The use of tetraethyl lead in vehicle fuel has resulted in a
general increase in the lead content of both the atmosphere
and the soil. Most of the lead from gasoline exhausts is
deposited as the highly soluble chlorobromide. The soil ad-
jacent to 12 highways in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan
area had lead accumulations in the range of 128 to 700 ppm.
The lead concentrations found were related to traffic volume
and distance from the highway. Further studies are needed to
determine if biological or environmental hazards are possible
from the lead contained in these soils. (Author abstract
modified)
22370
Ruhling, Ake and Germund Tyler
ECOLOGY OF HEAVY METALS- A REGIONAL AND
HISTORICAL STUDY. Botan. Notiser, vol. 122:248-259, 1969.
10 refs.
Samples of the moss Hypnum cupressiforme collected during
1968-69 in northeastern Gotaland, the low-land areas and the
ridge areas of Skane (southern Sweden) were analysed for
lead, zinc, copper, nickel and chromium. 1'he concentration of
these metals were significantly lower in the north-eastern area
than in the areas of Skane, particularly in Pb, Ni, and Cr.
Between the two areas in Skane differences were only
established for Pb and Cu, with the largest concentrations in
the humid ridge areas. The differences in the concentrations of
these heavy metals between north-eastern Gotaland and Skane
will be explained by the geographical position with respect to
the large industrial regions of Europe. Samples of the same
species, collected in Skane during 1870-1943 have also been
analysed. Significant increases during the decades around 1900
were demonstrated for Cu and Zn. In the concentrations of Ni
a rapid rise has occurred since about 192:0, when this metal
was introduced in the world production. The content of Ni in
the samples from 1969 is more than twice as large as in the
samples collected before 1920. The historical trends in the con-
centrations of Pb have earlier been demonstrated. There is lit-
tle doubt that the rise in the concentrations of these metals is
an effect of a larger air-borne supply, originating from human
activity. (Author abstract modified)
22579
Wozniczek, Henryk
AIR POLLUTION BY MOTOR CAR EXHAUST GASES.
(Zatrucie powietrza przez spaliny samochodowe). Ochrona
Pracy, 21(5):14-17, May 1966. 16 refs. Translated from Polish.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 12p., Dec. 16, 1969.
Components from motor vehicle combustion gases are
discussed in terms of concentrations emitted and the symp-
toms which they produce. Narcotic properties of saturated
hydrocarbons increase with an increasing number of carbon
atoms in the molecule, while all hydrocarbons mixed with air
in suitable proportions form explosive mixtures. Hydrocarbon
vapors above C5 do not require high concentrations, and a
concentration of 1 ing/liter is sometimes sufficient to cause
dangerous effects in the human organism in a period of a few
minutes. Ethylene, propylene, butylene, hexylene, and hep-
tylene induce almost the same disease symptoms as hydrocar-
bons of the paraffin series. A permissible concentration limit
of 0.1 mg/liter is recommended for these unsatu rated
hydrocarbons of the ethylene series. Diolefins act on mucous
membranes in the gaseous or vapor state. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons of the acetylene series oxidize more readily than
hydrocarbons of the paraffin and olefin series, and are able to
very easily attract atoms, atom groups, and particles from
other compounds to their molecules. Fatty acids and their an-
hydrides act destructively on tissues, while formaldehyde is al-
ready able to lead to chronic intoxication at a concentration of
0.02-0.07 mg/liter. Aldehydes induce diseases of the respiratory
tract, liver and kidney diseases, and diseases of the eyes and
skin. Pure ketones produce diseases of the respiratory tract,
the eye protective system, and diabetes and anemia. The
human organism can tolerate a maximum of 0.01% CO by
volume on continuous action for 8 hours daily. Intoxication
causes loss of consciousness, convulsions, breathlessness, and
asphyxiation. Swelling of the lungs occurs in severe cases of
intoxication from nitrogen oxides, while sulfur dioxide acts
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
13
similarly as a powerful irritant, especially on the mucous mem-
branes. Gasoline vapors induce diseases of the respiratory
system, nervous system, and the protective system of the
eyes. Toxicity of gasoline vapors increases with increasing CO
content in the mixture, and mental disturbances are among the
chief symptoms of acute tetraethyl lead intoxication.
22825
Goodacre, Charles L.
LEAD REMOVAL FROM GASOLINE NOT YET CERTAIN-
OTHER POLLUTION FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED.
Petrol. Times, 74(1898):62, 64, July 3, 1970.
The 'Queensberry Rules' pertaining to exhaust emissions are
mentioned, as well as the difficulties encountered with the
catalytic afterburner, Man-AirOx, and other attempts to con-
trol photochemical smog. Confounding this problem is the
recent re-discovery that significant pollution carbon monoxide
is apparently coming off the ocean. Certain sea life exudes
carbon dioxide and forms a smog like haze on the surface of
the sea to some 30-40 meters above the surface. Preceded by 1
year in California, Federal limits set for 1968 cars were un-
burned hydrocarbons 275 ppm and carbon monoxide 1.5%.
Unfortunately, some cars were naturally high emitters, and the
makers of such cars started to call for lead-free gasolines
when Man-AirOx and UnDetox did not reduce the emissions
sufficiently. A chemical company came out with a very expen-
sive thermal reactor which reduced the unburned hydrocarbon
emissions from 1000 ppm to 50 ppm and the CO from 5% to
0.50%. Yet, construction required high nickel alloys in an
amount that approximates the world's yearly nickel output.
The reactor also produced a foul-smelling exhaust with car-
cinogenic dross and was a potential fire hazard. Standards are
becoming stricter, and oil companies have been asked to make
lead-free gasoline available for 1972 cars. Hydrocarbon limits
for 1970 are 180 ppm and carbon monoxide is limited to 1.1%.
22941
McJones, R. W. and R. J. Corbeil
NATURAL GAS FUELED VEHICLES EXHAUST EMISSIONS
AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. New York, 23p., 1970.
8 refs. (Presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress,
Detroit, Mich., Jan. 12-16, 1970, Paper 700078.)
Natural gas fuel in a lean mixture with 25% excess air
operates satisfactorily in an otherwise normal automotive en-
gine. All exhaust emissions known to contribute to air pollu-
tion are reduced to levels meeting or bettering currently
proposed standards. For example, carbon monoxide, lead, and
soot are virtually eliminated, while oxides of nitrogen and
hydrocarbons are reduced significantly. Emissions from carbu-
retor and fuel tank evaporation are nearly zero. Dual-fuel
operation with gasoline as a standby fuel permits immediate
use of natural gas prior to the establishment of a widespread
fueling network. (Author abstract modified)
22976
Fussell, D. R.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION FROM PETROL AND DIESEL
ENGINED VEHICLES. Petrol. Rev., 24(283): 192-202, July
1970. 52 refs.
Major pollutants from the gasoline engine are unburned
hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, lead, some sul-
fur oxides, and participates. Up to 4% hemoglobin deactiva-
tion can occur after exposure to street concentrations of 15-25
ppm CO, while there is some evidence that 5-10% deactivation
may disturb psychomotor abilities, visible and audible percep-
tion, and multiple limb co-ordination. Photochemical reactions
in which unburned hydrocarbons are involved occur mostly in
Los Angeles; the prime concern is their possible carcinogenic
nature. The main interest in nitrogen oxide emissions is as-
sociated with its smog forming potential, while the concern
with lead has to do with its being a cumulative poison. Vehicle
emission legislation is mentioned for the United States and Eu-
rope. Emissions occur from the crankcase, the fuel tank, the
carburetor, and the exhaust. The influence of mechanical and
operating conditions, as well as fuel factors on emissions is
discussed. Pollutant control techniques are also reviewed. As
with gasoline engines, numerous mechanical and operating fac-
tors effect the emissions from diesel engines. When compared
with the 'untreated' gasoline engine, diesels emit very much
less CO, significantly less HC, but similar quantities of NO.
White, black, and blue diesel smoke are discussed. The most
effective of the antismoke additives have been colloidal
dispersions of organic barium compounds.
23058
Hammond, P. B.
LEAD POISONING. AN OLD PROBLEM WITH A NEW
DIMENSION. In: Essays in Toxicology. F. R. Blood (ed.),
Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press, 1969, Chapt. 4, p. 115-155.
92 refs.
Sources and uses of lead, the metabolism of lead, its toxic ef-
fects, environment and the body burden, and the evaluation of
blood levels are reviewed. Common forms of lead poisoning
result from the mining, processing, and commercial dissemina-
tion of lead. The amount of lead proouced annually in the
United States is more than one million tons. Tetraethyl lead
represented roughly 20% of U. S. lead consumption in 1966,
while it is estimated that 70-80% of the TEL in motor fuel is
eventually exhausted into the atmosphere to be either inhaled
directly or deposited on vegetation, soil, and water. Much of
the lead retained is probably actually swallowed, although it
also can be absorbed through the gastro-intestinal tract. X-ray
diffraction studies have suggested that lead assumes position
within the bone crystal, either by ion exchange or by occupa-
tion of lattice interstices. At extremely low concentrations,
lead is an effective nucleating agent for inducing the formation
of calcium phosphate crystals; this property may serve to trap
lead at the surfaces of bone crystals and it may be important
in pathological processes of soft tissue calcification. More than
95% of the lead circulating in the blood is associated with
erythrocytes, and the reamining is in the plasma. Long-term
exposure to lead is potentially hazardous at some daily level of
intake far below the acute toxic dose. Mortality and the in-
cidence of lead poisoning in infants is much higher during the
summer months than it is during the rest of the year. Exposure
to light, particularly in the ultraviolet range, increases the
excretion of coproporphyrin in the rabbit following administra-
tion of lead. The effects of lead are discussed on the
hemopoietic system, on the central and peripheral nervous
system, and on the kidneys. The minimum blood concentration
of lead below which it is most unlikely that poisoning will ever
occur is 0.08/100 gm blood. Lead poisoning in infants,
domesticated animals and wildlife, is also discussed.
23239
Chow, T. J. and J. L. Earl
LEAD AND URANIUM IN PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE.
Chem. Geol., vol. 6: 43-49, 1970. 8 refs.
Lead concentration, its isotopic composition, and the uranium
content of Pennsylvania anthracites was determined. Mass
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14
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
spectrometic analyses were performed on samples which had
been pulverized, weighed, and ashed at 425 C to constant
weight. Square root of mass ratio corrections are incorporated
in the data to compensate for velocity discrimination in the:
electron multiplier. Lead and uranium concentrations were
determined by the isotope dilution method which is accurate to
0.01 micrograms. The ash content of the four washed Pennsyl
vania anthracites ranged from 9.5-12.8%, contrasted with the
one Rhode Island unwashed meta-anthracite with 58% ash
The uranium concentration of three Pennsylvania anthracite
samples was 1.55, 2.10 and 2.65 ppm, respectively. For the
Eastern Middle, Western Middle, and Southern Field
anthracites, the average lead concentration was 11.4 ppm, with
the Northern Field sample having a lead concentration of 33.S
ppm, three times higher than the others. This disparity is alsc
reflected in the isotopic composition, with the Northern Field
anthracite lead being less radiogenic than the other three leads.
From the isotopic analysis, it is interpreted that common lead
was incorporated into the ancient, bedded plant material in
Carboniferous times prior to coalification, while the uranium
was introduced into the anthracite after coalification.
23250
Myers, P. S.
AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS-A STUDY IN ENVIRONMEN-
TAL BENEFITS VERSUS TECHNOLOGICAL COSTS.
Preprint, Inst. of Mechanical Engineers, London (England),
Automobile Div., 19., 1969. 57 refs. (Presented at the Institu-
tion of Mechanical Engineers, Automobile Division Council,
Coventry, England, Nov. 4, 1969, Paper 700182.)
Recent increase in man-caused additions to the atmosphere are
markedly changing its quality. With rising population, these
additions will increase in the future. The magnitude of the
overall problem in relation to mass rate balances for panicu-
late matter, carbon dioxide, and monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
sulfur dioxide, lead, and hydrocarbons is discussed. Pollution
from automobiles is discussed specifically, along with some
possible solutions (both with the existing reciprocating engine
and alternate power sources), the effect of controls, and the
long- term reduction of emissions. Exhaust recycling, mixture
variations, and catalytic exhaust systems are possible controls.
Methods of cooperation between government, manufacturers,
and the public are suggested. (Author abstract modified)
23280
Danielson, Lennart
GASOLINE CONTAINING LEAD. Swedish Natural Science
Research Council, Stockholm, Ecological Research Commit-
tee, Bull. 6, 45p., Dec. 19, 1967. 145 refs.
In 1967, the world's use of leaded gasoline amounted to ap-
proximately 500 billion liters. At that time, the lead content of
gasoline was 0.64 g/1, and has been increasing regularly since.
Laboratory experiments on humans indicate that approximate-
ly 1/3 of the lead absorbed by the human body is permanently
retained. Present trends indicate that the emission of lead from
automobiles in Sweden will increase 100-200% by 1977. The
safety margin between the present lead absorption for a per-
son living in a city and that absorption which gives rise to
chronic damage in man is apparently very small, possibly non-
existent. Gasolines of an octane rating equal to that of today's
best leaded gases can be produced in quantity at a total in-
crease in production cost of 2-3 0/gal. The recommendation is
made that leaded gasolines be prohibited in Sweden, and that
during the change-over period, the tax on leaded gasoline be
increased and the tax on unleaded gas be decreased to provide
motorists with an incentive to assist in the drive to reduce the
lead content of the atmosphere.
23316
Kendler, J. and A. Donagi
MOTOR CARS AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF AIR POLLU-
TION. Text in Hebrew. Harefuah (J. Israel Med. Assoc.),
78(6):289-294, March 15, 1970. 20 refs.
Haagan-Smith of California discovered that the main source of
air pollution is cars. Car engines are divided into two groups,
gasoline fueled and diesel fueled. Gasoline engine exhaust con-
tain carbon monoxide, lead, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
hydrocarbons The concentration and mix depend upon the
condition of the engine and its motion status: idling, accelerat-
ing, cruising, or decelerating. By comparison, the diesel engine
emits less CO, NO, NO2, and no lead at all. Two types of
smoke are characteristic of diesel exhausts, hot smoke and
cold smoke. The former is a result of burning too rich a fuel
mixture in an attempt to get more power, which it does at the
cost of eliminating the inherent economy of diesel operation.
Certain faulty driving techniques provide a similar exhaust.
Cold smoke, resulting from low-temperature combustion as
when the engine is not up to its normal operating temperature,
contains small particles of unburned fuel. Both diesel and
gasoline engines are important contributors to air pollution and
its concommittant danger to health, animal and vegetable life,
and the weather. The principal differences between automotive
and industrial pollution is that the former is emitted in more
populated areas. In the United States and particularly in
California, they are very advanced in the means of controlling
or avoiding the problem of automotive pollution. Automobile
manufacturers are compelled to install special devices on all
new cars to reduce the emission of harmful gases. One of the
main problems that has not been solved yet is the reduction of
NO and NO2 emissions.
23561
Morgan, George B. and Guntis Ozolins
THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT. Preprint. National Air Pollution Control Administra-
tion, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Quality and Emission Data,
12p., 1970.
The population of a large part of the world has been exposed
to polluted air for many decades and, in some cases, centuries.
Significant increases are forecast for the future. If control ac-
tions are not intensified, air pollution may increase by a factor
of six to ten by the year 2000. Befoie any meaningful control
efforts can be carried out, we must know what the ambient
levels of pollution are and how they relate to levels established
as causing health or economic effects. Many pollutants have
always been a part of the natural atmosphere. They are now
called pollutants because, with man's help, they are now ex-
cessive in quantity. Participate pollution is the most recognized
and pervasive. Its health effects are functions of both particle
size and composition. Another significant effect is that,
suspended in the atmosphere, participates reflect away part of
the sun's energy and could result in an over-all lowering of the
earth's temperature. Gases, 90% of all pollutants, are the
second class of pollutant. Examples are sulfur dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen
fluoride. A third major pollutant class is the family of
hydrocarbons. These participate in photochemical reactions
which result in the formation of secondary pollutants such as
peroxyacyl nitrates, ozone, formaldehyde, other aldehydes,
and ketones. It is from these secondary pollutants that the pri-
mary danger to both animal (including the human animal) and
vegetable life arises. Numerous industrial processes and the
ubiquitous automobile emit these assorted products that are a
serious problem in the environment surrounding their source.
Almost all human activity results in some form of air pollu-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
15
tion, direct or indirect, participate or gaseous. High-tempera-
ture combustion, automotive, industrial, and domestic, is the
principal offender. Parameters that must be considered when
evaluating effects of pollution include quantity, distribution,
and environmental tolerance for pollutants, individually and in
concert. Locally, micrometeorology and topography also
require consideration. Of all identified pollutants, suspended
particulates and sulfur dioxide have been the most extensively
measured and studied. As analytical techniques become availa-
ble, other pollutants will come under programmed surveillance.
Among these are asbestos, mercury, lead, pesticides,
fluorides, and biologically active metals. International assess-
ment of these problems is necessary for the preservation of
the biosphere.
23620
Schaefer, Vincent J.
AUTO EXHAUST, POLLUTION AND WEATHER PAT-
TERNS. Bull. At. Sci., 26(8):31-33, Oct. 1970.
Most of the pollution comes from effluents which consist of
invisible paniculate matter and accompanying vaporous gases
which cannot be seen when they are released into the at-
mosphere. If one looks at the air along a freeway or other
heavily traveled road, very little if any exhaust smoke can be
seen coming from the traffic, while going through a long
vehicular tunnel, a bluish haze will be seen in the air and if the
windows are open a foul smell can be noted. Such air contains
tremendous numbers of small particles as well as gases of
combustion, particularly carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, the
nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. While carbon particles are
essentially inert, they can serve as frameworks on which gases
adsorb and other liquids and solids agglomerate. When con-
verting visible particles to invisible sizes, the residence time of
such particles is greatly extended, and some of the natural
nitrogen in the air is oxidized to produce nitrogen oxides.
Hazards of the supersonic transport are cited, as well as inad-
vertent weather modification. A potent source of ice nuclei ap-
pears to be found in air polluted with automobile exhaust from
leaded gasoline. Submicroscopic lead compounds probably
react with small quantities of iodine vapor to form lead iodide.
High concentrations of ice nuclei may stabilize clouds contain-
ing low amounts of liquid cloud water and thus reduce or
prevent precipitation; on the other hand, if a rich source of
moisture moved into a region and entrained extensive areas of
polluted air containing many potential ice nuclei, it could
produce excessive amounts of snow or rain.
23789
Eccleston, Barton H. and R. W. Hurn
COMPARATIVE EMISSIONS FROM SOME LEADED AND
PROTOTYPE LEAD-FREE AUTOMOBILE FUELS. Bureau
of Mines, Washington, D. C., Kept, of Investigations 7390,
24p., May 1970. 9 refs. CFSTI: PB 192004
An investigation is reported of the effect upon automobile
emissions in changing from leaded to lead-free gasolines. Typi-
cal U. S. leaded gasolines and prototype lead-free gasolines of
comparable octane quality were used in eight vehicles
operated to simulate city driving. The experiments were run at
70 and 95 F. Exhaust and evaporative emissions were mea-
sured and the photochemical effect of the emissions was ex-
perimentally observed in an artificial smog chamber. Results
of the study reveal the manner and degree in which the
changes in fuel composition alter th amount and characteristics
of both exhaust and evaporative emissions. The compositional
differences between leaded and prototype lead-free fuels
resulted in higher photo-chemical pollution potential of the
emissions from the lead-tree fuels. The effect is attributed to
the photochemical characteristics of high-octane fuel com-
ponents that are used in gieater quantity in the lead-free fuels.
Emissions of carbon nu-.ss/xide, oxides of nitrogen, and al-
dehydes were not affected significantly by the changes from
leaded to lead-free fuel formula. It is emphasized that these
results are not related to the effect of lead, per se. Rather,
they bear on the net effect on air pollution if fuel composition
were to be changed to meet fuel octane and volatility require-
ments without the use of lead antiknock additives. (Author ab-
stract modified)
24031
Widmark, Gunnar and Anders Laveskog
RESEARCH CONCERNING VEHICLE EXHAUST AND LET-
TERS. Stockholm Univ. (Sweden), Inst. for Analytical
Chemistry, 1969. Translated from Swedish. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 42p., June 19, 1970.
Notes pertaining to research on the amount of organic lead
pollutants in the streets (city air) are enclosed. Possible
research problems are suggested and include improving
analytical methods to determine tetramethyl and tetraethyl
lead ;n the same tests; improving the possibility to monitor
reactions or converted products from TML/TEL: how much
of the TML/TEL which is breathed is absorbed by the body
and are the isotopic combinations of lead which are isolated
from human blood distinguishable from the common mine lead
in that district. Several comments concerning the test
procedure are cited for the research analyst.
24080
Hoog, H.
CONSERVING OUR ENVIRONMENT: WHAT CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING CAN AND SHOULD DO. Chem. Engr. (Lon-
don), no. 240:CE204-CE210, July-Aug. 1970. 27 refs.
(Presented at the 48th Annual General Meeting of The Institu-
tion of Chemical Engineers, Birmingham, England, April 21,
1970.)
Various types of pollution are considered with respect to their
sources, effects, and the application of chemical engineering
to their control. The types are air, rivers and lakes, oceans,
soil, solids pollution, and noise and light. A general procedure
is presented for minimizing pollution from new plants and
specific examples are given of pollution control in the petrole-
um industry. Practices recommend for new plants include site-
selection studies; pre-operational studies to establish a base
level of noise and of air and water quality; optimization stu-
dies of alternative processes; and attention to pollution-con-
scious design, engineering, and construction. Specific mea-
sures for controlling air pollution from petroleum production
include tall stacks, use of liquefied natural gas for power-
generation plants, fuel-oil and flue-gas desulfurization, and
removal of lead from gasolines. Water pollution by oil can be
reduced by reusing process water, reducing effluent water by
gravity separation or by air cooling followed by trim water
cooling, and complete segregation of drainage systems for
clean and oily water. Discharge of oil at sea is curtailed by the
"load on top' procedure. In this procedure, the mixture of oil
and water produced by cleaning tanks at sea is separated in a
special slip tank. After separation the clean water is pumped
out and the next cargo loaded on top.
-------
16
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
24156
Kobayakawa, Takashi
SPECIAL EDITION ON MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST -
FROM MANUFACTURER'S VIEWPOINT. (Jidosha haiki
tokushu a Meka toshiteno tachiba). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 6(9): 553-562, Sept. 25, 1970. 3
refs.
Both a lead poisoning episode and a photochemical smog
episode that occurred in Tokyo during the summer of 1970 are
attributed solely to auto exhaust gas emissions. These ac-
cidents are discussed in the context of the problems facing au-
tomobile manufacturers in their attempts to control exhaust
emissions. The technology exists for removing lead from vehi-
cle emissions, but, reported in the United States the control
devices have a number of disadvantages. A considerable quan-
tity of CO and HC emission in return is evident, along with a
slow-down of horsepower troubles with engine unit, and an
increase in fuel consumption. Apart from these mechanical
aspects, the tolerance limit of lead in the human body has not
yet been definitely determined. This factor also delays the
development of prototype devices capable of meeting the am-
bient standard to be issued in the near future. The unforeseen
photochemical smog can be attributed to sulfur mist: it was
not photochemical smog in the strict sense because there were
recognize differences between and Los Angeles smog. The ex-
isting Japanese carbon monoxide emission standard from
motor vehicles is more strict than that of the United States,
since the permissible limit varies according to maximum
weight and types of vehicles.
24281
Livingston, H. K., J. L. Hyde, and M. H. Campbell
EFFECT OF SULFUR ON COMBUSTION OF LEADED
GASOLINE. Ind. Eng. Chem., 41(12):2722-2726, Dec. 1949. 23
refs.
Sulfur compounds in gasoline combine directly or indirectly
with tetraethyl lead in the engine cylinder to produce a lead
reaction product of reduced antiknock activity. The extent of
this reduction in antiknock activity is greatest for the more
reactive sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
dioxide, mercaptans, or disulfides. Sulfur compounds that are
very unreactive at low temperatures probably only affect the
antiknock action of tetraethyl lead by contributing sulfur diox-
ide and trioxide to the burned gas formed on combustion. A
small amount of this burned gas remains in the engine cylinder
after the exhaust stroke and mixes with the fresh-air mixture.
The sulfur oxides from the unreactive sulfur compounds then
interact with the tetraethyl lead to reduce its antiknock effi-
ciency. Variation of the Cooperative Fuels Research engine
spark advance, to produce a large change in pressure-tempera-
ture-time relations existing in the fuel-air mixture, did not alter
the antiknock efficiency of tetraethyl lead when sulfur-con-
taining fuels were compared at a constant level of knock inten-
sity. The sulfur-tetraethyl lead interaction is remarkably insen-
sitive to engine conditions. Analyses of combustion chamber
deposits from engines operating on leaded sulfur-containing
gasolines show deposit composition to depend on sulfur con-
centration in the gasoline. Lead oxysulfates are more common
than lead oxide or sulfate in typical deposits. (Author abstract)
24285
Swain, Robert E.
SMOKE AND FUME INVESTIGATIONS. A HISTORICAL
REVIEW. Ind. Eng. Chem., 41(ll):2384-2388, Nov. 1949. 18
refs.
Several outstanding cases of injury to animal and plant life by
emanations from industrial plants at Ducktown, Tenn.,
Anaconda, Mont., Salt Lake City, Utah, and Trail, B. C. are
cited in a historical survey of atmospheric pollution and the
steps that have been taken to prevent and combat it. Sulfur
dioxide from two copper smelters was the offender in
Ducktown, reaching for 30 miles across the broad-leafed
forests of northern Georgia. A crisis came when Georgia
brought suit against Tennessee to compel it to cancel the
franchise of the smelting companies, but out. of this came the
design, erection, and successful operation of an adaptation of
the lead chamber process to convert SO2 from copper smelt-
ing operations to sulfuric acid. With the installation at the
Anaconda smelter in 1910 of an enormous Cottrell system for
electrical precipitation of solids, one of the most remarkable
cases of injury to livestock by smelter smoke ever recorded
passed into history. The emissions from the low stacks of an
old plant operated at a neighboring location had killed all
vegetation, and losses of livestock by arsenical poisoning had
been heavy over the near-lying area. A new smelter was
erected with stacks over 300 feet tall, bul there were still
emitted daily 2300 tons of SO2, 200 tons of sulfur trioxide, 30
tons of arsenic tnoxide, 3 tons of zinc, and over 2 tons each
of copper, lead, and antimony trioxide. Lead and SO3 fumes
were soon put under complete control in Utah by liming and
bag filtration, and by electrical precipitation. About
$13,000,000 was invested at Trail in recovering airborne wastes
and converting them to marketable by-products. These were
tied together into a smoothly operating system and soon
phosphate fertilizers of several types, ammonium sulfate, and
sulfur were being produced on a large scale. Contributions of
research and diurnal fumigation are also discussed.
24718
Withrow, Lloyd and Gerald M. Rassweiler
EFFECT OF TETRAETHYLLEAD ON PR1EFLAME REAC-
TIONS IN AN ENGINE. Ind. Eng. Chem., 27(8):872-879, Aug.
1935. 11 refs.
Ultraviolet absorption spectra of the gaseous charge in an en-
gine indicate that when tetraethyl lead is added to the fuel to
prevent knock, there is an effect on the preflame reactions in
that pordon of the charge which, in the absence of tetraethyl
lead, suddenly inflames at the time of knock. Atomic lead has
been identified in the noninflamed charge in the knocking zone
at the moment that antiknock action is being effected, but no
accompanying absorption by lead monoxidle has been ob-
served. When lead is vaporized in a hot nichrome tube, the ab-
sorption spectra exhibit lead monoxide bands at lower tem-
peratures than atomic lead lines. Comparison of experiments
in and out of the engine indicate that lead monoxide is being
reduced in the noninflamed charge. (Author abstract)
24829
LEADED OR NON-LEADED GASOLINE... WHAT ARE THE
FACTS? Ethyl, no. 2:4,10, 1970.
The change from leaded to unleaded gasoline will not reduce
hydrocarbon emissions, improve the paniculate loading of the
atmosphere, or make exhaust catalysts less prone to attrition
and loss. By exposing millions of cars to excessive exhaust
valve seat wear, unleaded gasoline will bring about a sevenfold
increase in exhaust emissions. Increasing the aromatic content
of unleaded gasoline to achieve antiknock quality equivalent to
tha of leaded gasoline will specifically increase emissions of
hazardou polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and al-
dehydes, which participate in photochemical smog reactions.
To produce unleaded gasoline meeting 91-octane requirements
will increase refining costs by ten million dollars (5.17 cents a
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
gallon). One alternative to unleaded gasoline is the lean reactor
approach developed by the Ethyl Corporation. Very low emis-
sions are achieved in a lean reactor car through significant im-
provements in the induction, ignition, and exhaust systems.
With this car it should be possible to meet gaseous emission
levels that have been proposed for 1975.
24996
West, Wallace
STEAMER TIME? Analog Sci. Fiction/Sci. Fact, 82(l):77-95,
Sept. 1968. 5 rets.
Steam-driven cars are gaining popularity because they produce
virtually no hydrocarbons, no lead, and very little carbon
monoxide nitrogen oxide, or other components of air pollution.
Although other types of non-polluting engines exist, the steam
engine has an advantage in that plans and specifications of
once popular models still exist. In addition, conversion to
steam engine manufacturing would require far less extensive
changes than electri cars would. The history of steam cars is
recounted, and personal experiences with steam cars are
described. Turbine powered cars have been successfully tested
by several Detroit manufacturers, but the emphasis is still
being placed on control equipment which can be fitted to stan-
dard or slightly mod'fied internal combustion engines. The
emission requirements called for by recent Federal legislation
are discussed in terms of the various types of controls, and
the theory of internal combustion design is discussed. A type
of steam car manufactured by the Williams Company is
described, and the resistance it has met from the automobile
establishment is documented.
25125
May, Hans, Eberhard Plassmann, and Franz Josef Dreyhaupt
RESEARCH ON AUTOMOBILE EMISSION IN INDUSTRIAL
CENTERS. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 36p., 1970. 22 refs. (Presented at the
International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,
Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper SU-12C.)
North Rhine-Westphalia has developed a registration system
for ever kind of emission contributing to air pollution. This re-
gistration system serves to produce an area-oriented emission
register containing data on place, time, duration, quantity,
type, condition, and temperature of emissions. The emission
characteristics are computer processed to determine their rela-
tion to the operating condition of the responsible technical in-
stallations. For the registration of motor vehicle traffic, street
sections are defined as line sources. The systems analysis used
in the registration of traffic differentiates between two emis-
sion sources: the specific vehicle data and the specific traffic
data. The former refers to the type of fuel mixture prepara-
tion, type of combustion, form of combustion chamber, com-
pression ratio, and so forth; the latter to the number of vehi-
cles and driving modes. These sources are determined by test-
stand investigations and investigations of traffic. With the help
of test cycles, driving conditions for all possible traffic situa-
tions are simulated on a chassis dynamometer. These tests
produce data about the average emission of exhaust com-
ponents in relation to the driving condition. By use of traffic
densities found with the help of aerial photos and traffic
counts, exhaust emissions can be calculated as a function of
time and place. It is hoped that the results will produce new
ideas for city planning for the control of regional traffic
planning. (Author abstract modified)
25295
Chow, Tsaihwa J,
ISOTOPIC IDENTIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLU-
TANT LEAD. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 15p., 1970. 10 refs. (Presented at the
International Clean Air Congress 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec.
6-11, 1970, Paper CP-2A.)
Each lead ore deposit has its characteristic isotopic composi-
tion which is fixed during mineral ore genesis, and this unique
chemical property can be a useful tool in identifying the
sources of lead pollutants. Research on the geochemistry of
lead aerosols demonstrates that by correlating their isotopic
compositions, the lead alkyl additives in gasoline are identified
as the largest contributor to atmospheric lead pollution. In
1968 the United States consumed more than 260,000 tons of
lead as antiknock additives, and their isotopic character sug-
gests that a portion of the additives were made with lead im-
ported from Canada, Peru, and Mexico. (Author abstract
modified)
25417
Jaworowski, Z.
STABLE AND RADIOACTIVE LEAD IN ENVIRONMENT
AND HUMAN BODY. Inst. of Nuclear Research, Warsaw
(Poland), Dept. of Radiobiology and Health Protection, Rept.
NEIC-RR-29, 181p., 1967. 220 refs.
A study was undertaken to determine the level of stable and
radioactive lead in typical components of the biosphere and in
the organism, as well as to examine their sources and temporal
and geographical distribution. A historical review is included,
and the abundance and isotopic composition of lead are con-
sidered. Methods of determination are described. Both natural
and artificial origins are considered for the stable lead present
in the ambient atmosphere, water, soil and food. The origin
and levels of lead-210 are also discussed. Stable lead and lead-
210 in the body, tissue distribution, skeleton concentrations,
amounts in the hair, and their intake and elimination are in-
cluded. Toxicity of lead is mentioned, as well as the half-lives
and effective equilibrium of lead-210 and its daughters. Radia-
tion dosimetry is discussed.
25581
Smith, D. S., R. F. Sawyer, C. A. Frondizi, and R. C. Carr
THE EFFECTS OF LEAD ADDITIVES ON REACTIONS IN
EXHAUST SYSTEMS. In: Project Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley, Thermal Systems Div., California Univ. Res. Proj.
S-l, 23p., Sept. 1, 1970.
The continued reaction of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and
hydrocarbons in the exhaust system of an internal combustion
engine and the effect of lead alkyl on exhaust system reactions
were investigated. The investigation included variations in the
lead content of fuel, mixture richness, and compression ratio.
The exhaust gas samples were drawn from locations six inches
downstream to 40 inches downstream of the exhaust port. The
exhaust gas was 600 C and at approximately atmospheric pres-
sure in the test section. No measurable exhaust system reac-
tions were observed for any of the sampled species. (Author
abstract)
26100
Petroleum Inst., Tokyo (Japan), Gasoline Panel Group
STATE OF AFFAKS AND PROBLEMS INVOLVING AU-
TOMOTIVE FUEL GASOLINE. (Jidosha gasorin no doko to
mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai Shi (J. Japan
Petroleum Inst., Tokyo), 13(ll):23-38, 1970. 71 refs.
-------
18
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
A very intensive and analytical report was prepared covering
many aspects of automotive fuel, including combustion gas
emission problems and other reference data. This chapter
presents a comparison between Japanese gasoline and that
used in the United States, which reveals a greater aromatic
hydrocarbon content and higher specific gravity for the
former. Volatility is related to the shape, temperature, and
other characteristics of the manifold. Although a lower volatili-
ty results in lower evaporation losses, this adversely affects
starting and warming-up engine operations. Gasoline properties
and their relation to evaporative loss are depicted graphically.
Lead anti-knock additives are mentioned, and deposits in the
combustion chamber are discussed in relation to the amount of
lead added. The combustion process in various parts of the en-
gine is described.
26134
Katayama, H., T. Kobayakawa, Y. Shibusawa, M. Harada,
and N. Yatsumaki
SYMPOSIUM: RECENT PROBLEMS ON AUTOMOTIVE
FUELS. (Jidosha no nenryo mondai ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai Shi (J. Japan Petroleum Inst.,
Tokyo), 13(ll):844-854, Nov. 1970.
Problems concerning the control of pollution due to automo-
biles are discussed, particularly in terms of improvements of
the engine and fuel. Exhaust emission control is mainly
reviewed from a panel discussion of the Petroleum Society
(Feb. 8, 1970, Osaka), with some corrections to bring the
situation up to date and additions pertaining to conditions in
Europe and the United States. Composition and the properties
of gasoline are correlated to the composition of automobile ex-
haust, while engine operation is related to its fuel. Recent
problems concerning light diesel oil, catalysts for cleaning ex-
haust emissions, and the production of leadless gasoline and
its cost are reviewed. Emission control in Japan pertains to tail
pipe exhaust, not to crankcase emissions or evaporation
losses, in spite of their regulation in Europe and the United
States. The amount of carbon monoxide which can be emitted
is less in Japan than in the United States, as in the latter
country it is determined from the average amount emitted
rather than a maximum. Although methods for controlling car-
bon monoxide have been developed, simultaneously treating
the oxides of nitrogen presents a problem. Recirculating ex-
haust gas for intake air is a possible way to control the
nitrogen oxides. Standards to control the particulate matter
emitted from automobiles yet need to be established in Japan.
26191
Hogan, Austin W.
ICE NUCLEI FROM DIRECT REACTION OF IODINE
VAPOR WITH VAPORS FROM LEADED GASOLINE.
Science, 158(3802):800, 1967. 3 refs.
Large amounts of ice nuclei, active at -15 C or colder, were
generated by mixing vapors from leaded gasoline with iodine
vapor. When unleaded gasoline was substituted for leaded
gasoline, no particles could be observed. In a bottle with a
capacity of 2 liters, the reaction between iodine vapors and
leaded gasoline vapors pioduced more than 1,000,000 Aitken
nuclei per cu cm. These results suggest that evaporative losses
from carburetors and gas tanks can be a significant source of
atmospheric lead and freezing nuclei.
26441
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr. and Grady B. Nichols
A MANUAL OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
TECHNOLOGY. PART II -- APPLICATION AREAS.
Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala., NAPCA Contract
CPA 22-69-73, 875p., Aug. 25, 1970. 118 refs. NTIS: PB 196381
The application of electrostatic precipitators is reviewed for
the electric utility industry, the pulp and paper industry, the
iron and steel industry, the rock products industry, the chemi-
cal industry, in cleaning municipal incinerator dusts, for the
petroleum industry, and in the nonferrous metals industry.
Particular emphasis is placed on the dust and gaseous emis-
sions of the processes discussed. This is followed by a tabula-
tion of input and design parameters for precipitators operating
on various types of dust control problems and an analysis of
critical design parameters and test results. Cost data are also
presented. The electrolytic reduction of aluminum, the produc-
tion of copper, primary lead, and zinc reduction are discussed
in the area of the nonferrous metals industry. In the petroleum
industry, catalytic cracking and detarring are indicated as ap-
plication areas. Refuse properties are discussed, as well as
types of incinerators. Sulfuric acid production, the production
of elemental phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and carbon black,
warrant the use of precipitators in the chemical industry. In
the rock products industry, the manufacture of Portland ce-
ment and the gypsum industry present problems. Coke ovens,
sinter plants, blast furnaces, open hearth furnaces, basic ox-
ygen converters, electric arc furnaces, scarfing machines, and
iron cupolas are areas of application in the iron and steel in-
dustry. In the pulp and paper industry, precipitators are in-
dicated for the recovery of boiler particulate emissions and
sulfate process flue gases. Fly ash precipitators are needed in
the electric utility industry.
26454
Lazrus, Allan L., Elizabeth Lorange, and James P. Lodge, Jr.
LEAD AND OTHER METAL IONS IN UNITED STATES
PRECD?ITATION. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(l):55-58, Jan.
1970. 14 refs.
Atmospheric precipitation samples collected by a nationwide
network of 32 stations throughout the United States were
analyzed for lead, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and nickel
by atomic absorption. Values for each station averaged over
approximately six months during 1966 and 1967 indicate
human activity as the primary source of these materials in at-
mospheric precipitation. Maps of average concentrations of
the elements are presented for the specified periods. The con-
centration of lead in precipitation correlated with the amount
of gasoline consumed in the area in which the sample was col-
lected. The overall mean concentrations of the metals in
precipitation are compared with analogous values in surface
water supplies. While the concentration of only lead is signifi-
cantly high with respect to the allowable concentration in
drinking water, the evidence indicates that lead forms insolu-
ble materials in surface waters and is removable by sedimenta-
tion or by filtration. (Author abstract modified)
26552
Balke, S.
CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENT. (Chemie und Umwelt).
Text in German. Deut. Lebensm. Rundsch , 66(ll):366-374,
Nov. 1970. 20 refs
A major difficulty with the present approach to environmental
preservation is that thinking on the subject is still dissipated
among the many disciplines into which our scientific world is
divided. Scientists are preoccupied with cleaning up individual
sources of pollution, while in many cases each problem is
meanwhile being strongly influenced by politics and other fac-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
19
tors unrelated to ecology. The biosphere, in which human life
exists, is an envelope of gases only 120-150 km in thickness.
One German physicist has described man as 'a deep sea crea-
ture living on the floor of an ocean of air'. The chemical in-
dustry, which has often boasted that 'chemistry will conquer
the world' poses one of the most serious threats to the human
environment. In the area of air pollution, the automotive in-
dustry, rather than the chemical industry, is the chief of-
fender, due to the harmful products create by the internal
combustion engine. At the present time, about 15 million tons
of motor fuel containing tetraethyl lead is being used annually
in West Germany, and each liter of fuel contains an averag of
0.5 grams of lead. The United States used about 225 thousand
tons of the anti-knock lead product in 1968. Other aspects of
the problem discussed here are the contributions of biology,
agricultur and the protection of plant life, radioactivity, chemi-
cal warfare, economic and legal factors, and food purity regu-
lations. A strateg is outlined for combatting in an integrated
way the problems of water and air pollution, noise pollution,
food contamination, the relationship between technological
goals and human freedom, the population explosion, and the
impending dangers of a natural catastrophy or a serious
disturbance in the biological balance of our world.
26645
Colucci, Joseph M. and Charles R Begeman
CARCINOGENIC AIR POLLUTANTS IN RELATION TO AU-
TOMOTIVE TRAFFIC IN NEW YORK. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 5(2):145-150, Feb. 1971. 33 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Annual Meeting, 61st, St. Paul,
Minn., June 1968.)
Particulates and carbon monoxide were sampled at five
metropolitan New York sites to relate polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons to automotive traffic. The polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons determined were benzo(a)pyrene, a strong car-
cinogen, and benz(a)anthracene, a weak carcinogen. A large
'absolute' filter, containing 26 sq m of all-glass filter paper,
was mounted about 1.5 m above ground in a truck. Air was
drawn through the filter at 140 cu m/min, while the volume fil-
tered in a sampling period ranged from 92,000 cu m to 816,000
cu m. About 2% of the filter paper was used in analyses for
lead, vanadium, and sulfate; the other 98% was extracted with
benzene plus methanol (4 to 1), and the benzene soluble por-
tion reduced to tar. Lead indicated automotive air pollution
sources, and vanadium and sulfate nonautomotive combustion
sources. Carbon monoxide was measured continuously during
particulate sampling periods with a nondispersive infrared
analyzer, also indicating automotive air pollution sources. Pol-
lutant concentrations were highest at Herald Square, lowest in
suburban Scarsdale. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations ranged
from 0.1 to 9.4 micrograms/1000 cu m, were higher during the
day than at night, and highest in autumn and winter. For all
data, the correlation coefficient for BaP and carbon monoxide
was 0.65; for lead, 0.74; for vanadium, 0.54; and all were
statistically significant. At individual sites, however, only
some of these correlations were significant. BaP in air, even in
heavy-traffic areas, appears related to both automotive and
nonautomotive sources. At the central New York sites, BaP
was lower than that measured in central Detroit, even though
New York traffic was greater. BaP in New York was lower
than that of most other U. S. cities, and much lower than BaP
in European cities. (Author abstract modified)
26763
Caretto, L. S., M. W. McElroy, J. L. Nelson, and P. D.
Venturini
AUTOMOBILE ENGINE DEVELOPMENT. TASK FORCE
ASSESSMENT. In: Projec Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Task Force, 1,
Vol. 1, 68p., Sept. 1, 1970.
A review is presented of the current knowledge and ongoing
research and development efforts in the area of automotive
emissions and control. Basic pollutant formation processes,
emissions characteristics of current engines, current and
proposed control techn iques, alternative power plants, special
problems of chemical analysis, and effects of fuels and addi-
tives are discussed. Five broad subject areas of recommended
research projects are classified. The most economical means
to meet future emission standards may be the use of catalytic
control devices. Dual catalyst systems, catalytic materials, and
catalytic control evices. Dual catalyst systems, catalytic
materials, and catalytic control devices are the areas of
emphasis in this subject area. The goal of the projects in the
basic combustion area is to elucidate the mechanisms by
which pollutants are formed in various engine combustion
systems. The pollutants considered include carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, smoke, and odors. In the area
of conventional engines, the replacement of air by oxygen to
eliminate nitrogen oxides is under consideration. Non-conven-
tional vehicle studies include hybrid systems and Rankine en-
gine systems. Research projects devoted to finding batteries of
sufficient energy and power density to be used for vehicular
applications include solid state electrolyte batteries and
nonaqueous electrolyte batteries. The sources of uncontrolled
automotive emissions include the exhaust, crankcase blowby,
and evaporation. Present and future emission standards are
tabulated. Discussions of the turbine and diesel engine are in-
cluded, and the role of tetraethyl lead in the exhaust is demon-
strated.
26891
Patterson, C. C.
LEAD. Preprint, California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Div. of
Geological Sciences, 17p., 1970 (?). 37 refs.
Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, world lead produc-
tion climbed from 100,000 tons/yr in 1750 to 3,500,000 tons/yr
in 1966. The rise in production is summarized in a table of the
tons of lead smelted or burned as alkyls per yr since 1750. In-
dustrial lead, which until recently was recognized as only an
occupational health hazard, enters the oceans by rivers and by
atmospheric aerosols. Contributions from both routes
gradually increased during past centuries, but pollution from
the atmosphere increased abruptly during the last two decades
as a consequence of the increased use of leaded automotive
fuels. It is likely that man has polluted the mixed zone of
northern hemisphere oceans with industrial lead to such a
degree that most of the lead originally there has been dis-
placed. It is also probable that the average lead concentration
in these oceans has been elevated by a factor of two or three,
with a subsequent elevation of the lead body burden in higher
organisms near the ends of the food chain. Tentative estimates
of lead concentrations in the 100 meter surface layer of
northern hemisphere oceans and at 200 meters are 0.25 and
0.12 gamma Pb/kg water, respectively.
-------
20
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
26925
Loucks, Ronald H. and John W. Winchester
POLLUTION CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERIC
INVENTORY OF CHLORINE AND BROMINE IN
AEROSOLS OVER CONTINENTAL U.S.A. In: I. Occurrence
of Halogens in Atmospheric Aerosols and Precipitation. II. Air
Pollution Inputs of Trace Metals to Lake Michigan Water.
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, Dept. of Meteorology and
Oceanography, AEC Contract AT(11-1)-1705, ORA Proj.
08903, PR-3, p. 233-250, May 1970. 29 refs.
Particle size distributions of chlorine and bromine in continen-
tal aerosols, determined by sampling with cascade impactors
and analyzing by neutron activation, show marked differences
from fresh marine aerosols. Calculation of major sources
shows most of the Cl in continental aerosols to be derived
from the sea, but most of the bromine appears to be derived
from the combustion of ethyl fluid. Approximately 95% of the
total U. S. bromine production, about 100,000 metric tons of
Br per year, is converted to ethylene dibromide and burned
with tetraethyl lead. Most of the Br containe in the lead halide
aerosol appears to be volatilized in the atmosphere and may
react further, probably by bromination of organic materials.
(Author abstract)
27113
Craig, Paul P.
LEAD IN THE BIOSPHERE - A CASE STUDY IN UNNECES-
SARY INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION. Brookhaven National
Lab., Upton, N. Y., 6p., 1970. NTIS: BNL 14661
The average American today carries about 200 mg of lead in
his body mainly in his bones, equivalent to about 3 ppm by
weight, or close to toxic level. Most of this lead is a result of
the activities of man from such sources as tetraethyl lead in
gasoline and lead used as solder (e.g., in food cans), batteries,
and pewter vessels. Atmospheric lead arising almost entirely
from gasoline additives accounts for at least a third of the lead
in urban-dwelling Americans. The contribution is largest in
people working in atmospheres heavily laden with gasoline
fumes such as garage mechanics and traffic police; lead levels
are highest in congested urban areas and near highways. The
response of the body to low doses of lead is complex and
poorly understood, and lead poisoning is particularly insidious
and hard to diagnose when less than massive doses are in-
volved. There is some evidence that lead at existing levels may
be producing damage, and that this damage is most likely to
occur in children. Lead is a totally unnecessary pollutant in
our urban atmosphere which should be removed from
gasolines without delay.
27180
Mayer, Ludwik and Eugeniusz Trybula
CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND PREVENTING OF AT-
MOSPHERE POLLUTION BY EXHAUST GASES
EMANATED FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES:
PART I. (Przyczyny, skutki i zwalczanie zanieczyszczenia at-
mosfery gazami wylotowymi z silnikow spalinowych). Text in
Polish. Nafta (Katowice), 26(6):176-182, 1970.
In comparison with the pollution problems of certain American
citie and those of London, Paris and the Ruhr industrial com-
plex of Europe, Warsaw and other Polish cities are still not
seriously threatened by the problems arising from the use of
automotive vehicles with combustion engines. In 1968, the fol-
lowing statistic were given on the use of automotive vehicles
in Poland: 1,266,000 motorcycles, 275,000 passenger cars,
243,000 trucks, 24,500 buses. The number of motorcycles
decreased from 1966 to 1968, while there were slight increases
in the other categories (about 13% for passenger vehicles in
the two years). Poland used 6.3 million tons of petroleum
products in 1968, and 4.8 million tons in 1965 (compared with
70.3 million for West Germany in 1965). Of this total, 1.72 mil-
lion tons of gasoline was used in Poland in 1968, and 1.39 mil-
lion tons in 1965. The chemical processes occurring in the in-
ternal combustion motor are briefly examined, and the various
products present in automotive exhaust are examined separate-
ly (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons,
aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, lead oxides,
polynuclear hydrocarbons, soot and smoke). The formation of
smog is also explained.
27249
Hum, R. W.
AIR POLLUTANTS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION EN-
GINES. Preprint, American Inst. of Aeronautics and As-
tronautics, New York, 14p., 1971. 3 refs. (Presented at the
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 9th, New York, Jan. 25-27, 1971,
Paper 71-122.)
The basic engine and fuel factors which influence pollutants
are discussed in the context of achieving low emissions; the
penalty to performance, if any, is also discussed. Advantages
and disadvantages in the use of lead-free gasoline, natural gas,
and propane are reviewed. Finally, the more prominent
characteristics of the several types of internal combustion en-
gines are summarized with respect to the potential each holds
for development to meet clean-air requirements. With less air
than required for complete combustion, carbon monoxide is
produced in addition to the dioxide and, typically, more
hydrocarbon is left unburned than is the case with fuel-lean
mixtures. In spark ignited engines, very lean mixtures tend to
misfire with a resultant sharp increase in hydrocarbon emis-
sions. Ignition timing and injection also have an influence on
hydrocarbon emissions. The concentration of oxides of
nitrogen in combustion gases is dependent primarily upon peak
flame temperature reached in the combustion, but oxygen
availabilit and time-temperature history also have an influence.
While the relationship to combustion parameters is not well
defined, it is believed that aldehydes are produced as inter-
mediates in the combustion process. High temperature stress
upon fuels in the presence of oxygen yields aldehydes, and
they therefore are produced in misfire of very rich mixtures
and in quenched or partial combustion. Smoke is produced
when fuel is burned with insufficient oxygen. Although odor
sources and originating mechanisms are very poorly un-
derstood, attention to efficient air utilization and some en-
gineering measures are effective in reducing combustion re-
lated odor. The amount of carbonaceous p articulate is related
primarily to the availability of oxygen and to quenching in the
combustion process; the amount of lead particulate is related
to lead in gasoline.
27272
Stafford-Gaffney, W.
AIR POLLUTION AND THE MOTOR VEHICLE IN AUS-
TRALIA. S. African Mech. Engr. (Johannesburg), 20(11):360-
363, Nov. 1970.
The main causes of automotive pollution—emission of carbon
monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and unburnt hydrocarbons
which form a photochemical smog under the action of bright
sunlight-are outlined. These include incomplete combustion,
weak or rich fuel- air ratios, and the mode of engine operation.
Excessive diesel smoke results from poor maintenance of fuel
pumps and injectors, excessive fuel enrichment under tempo-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
21
rary loads as when hill climbh-;, or excessive engine overload-
ing. In doses increasing from 50 ppm over an 8 hour period,
CO can produce effects ranging from dizziness, loss of vision,
and lack of muscular control to acute nausea, collapse, coma,
and finally death. Carbon monoxide is absorbed in the blood
stream and severely restricts the blood's oxygen carrying
capacity. Lead alkyls and asbestos fibers are also mentioned
as they result from motor vehicles. Desirable courses of action
to combat pollution are discussed along with possible control
methods for both gasoline and diesel engine emissions. Recom-
mendations which include emission standards are suggested to
prevent serious pollution problems from developing in Aus-
tralia in the future. (Author abstract modified)
27458
Felt, Arthur E. and Robert V. Kerley
USE OF LEAD-FREE GASOLINE CAN PRESENT SERIOUS
PROBLEMS. Automotive Eng., 79(3):54-56, March 1971.
Consequences of leaving the lead out of gasoline may include
an increase in engine octane number requirements and larger
quantities of undesirable exhaust pollutants. The carbonaceous
deposits formed in the absence of lead have a higher heat
capacity than lead deposits, and so, after extended mileage,
the result is a higher octane requirement for the engine
operated on nonleaded gasoline. Aromatic blending stocks are
used to bring back the octane number 'lost' when the lead is
left out of gasoline, and the various emissions are increased in
proportion to this increase in aromaticity. Results of octane
measurements with 26 pairs of cars, one car of each pair hav-
ing been operated on nonleaded gasoline and the other car on
leaded gasoline, are mentioned. The major direct chemical ef-
fect of removing lead is an increase in the aldehyde content of
the exhaust. The indirect effects occur when aromatic
hydrocarbons are used to upgrade the octane number of
gasoline in the absence of lead. There are three primary in-
direct effects: increased aromatic aldehydes, increased
photochemical (smog forming) reactivity of the exhaust gases,
and increased emission of polynuclear aromatics and phenols.
The presence or absence of lead antiknocks in a fuel of con-
stant hydrocarbon composition has no effect on polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbon emissions. The controlling factor is the
aromatic content of the fuel burned. Some of these hydrocar-
bons are known to induce tumor formation in experimental
animals.
27595
Carroll, Robert E.
TRACE ELEMENT POLLUTION OF AIR. Missouri Univ.,
Columbia, Environmental Health Center and Missouri Univ.,
Columbia, Extension Div., Proc. Missouri Univ. Third Annu.
Conf. Trace Substances Environ. Health, Columbia, Mo.,
1969, p. 227-231. 6 refs. (June 24-26.)
Trace elements constituting a present or potential community
health hazard include lead, cadmium, beryllium, barium,
nickel, and fluorides. As a contaminant from motor vehicle
fuel, lead is known to be present in amounts sufficient to raise
the body burden. Cadmium has been linked to hypertensive
diseases, and high air levels seem to be correlated with in-
creased mortality. Beryllium is recognized as a serious indus-
trial hazard that can produce disease at very low concentra-
tions. Because of its use in rocket and missile fuels, communi-
ty beryllium levels must also be carefully monitored. Barium
has become a community concern because of its increasing
use as a motor vehicle and diesel fuel additive. No health ef-
fects have been demonstrated from current nickel levels, but
further research is needed. Excess fluoride in air may pose re-
gional problems involving contamination of animal forage or
plant damage. A major problem in evaluating trace elements is
that very little is known about the ecological cycles from air-
to-food chains and water supplies. (Author abstract modified)
27858
Kohayagawa, Takeshi
PROBLEM OF POLLUTION DUE TO AUTOMOBILE EX-
HAUST GAS. (Jidosha haishutsu gasu kogai no mondai). Text
in Japanese. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Shi (J. Japan Soc. Mech.
Engrs. (Tokyo), 74(626):217-227, March 1971. 59 refs.
The extent to which lead in gasoline must be reduced is still an
open question since leadless gasoline is likely to cause valve
recession in existing automobiles and thus contribute to air
pollution. Moreover, lead-free gasoline will have a low octane
number unless aromatic hydrocarbons are added, and these
cause photochemical smog. If the octane number is kept low,
air pollution will be enhanced. The photochemical smog
characteristic of Tokyo is unique in that the presence of
peroxyacyl nitrates has not been detected nor ozone clearly
identified. In Japan, 1973 and 1975 are target years for the
reduction of air pollution. Problem area in controlling automo-
tive emissions include methods for testing hydrocarbon activi-
ty, vapor loss, nitrogen oxides, airborne particulates, odors,
and diesel smoke. To achieve emission reductions from 2-cycle
and 4-cycle engines by the target years, studies are being con-
ducted on improvements of engine factors, catalytic oxidation,
secondary combustion, and improved fuels. In the case of 4-
cycle engines, air-to-fuel ratios and improvements in ignition
are also under investigation.
27943
Romanovsky, J. C.
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS RELATING TO TRANSPOR-
TATION AND ITS EFFECTS UPON AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Mid-Atlantic
States Section, 13 p., 1970. (Presented at th Air Pollution
Seminar, Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 8-9, 1970.)
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare has issued
four ai quality criteria documents that impinge directly on the
problem of transportation and air pollution. These documents
deal with paniculate matter, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
and photochemica oxidants. Particulates in the respiratory
tract may produce injury separately or by acting in conjunc-
tion with gases. Lead and polycyclic organic matter are more
specific components of the unclassified paniculate matter
common to urban atmospheres. Carbon monoxide is absorbed
through the lungs and reacts primarily with the hemoglobin of
red blood cells, thus decreasing the oxygen- carrying capacity
of the blood. Levels common to polluted atmospheres have
been related to the impairment of time-interval discrimination
and visual acuity. Photochemical oxidants cause irritation of
mucous membranes, damage to vegetation, and deterioration
of materials. They affect the clearance mechanism of the lungs
and alter resistance to respiratory bacterial infection. They
have been implicated, too, as accelerators in the aging process.
Hydrocarbons serve as precursors of other compounds that
result in photochemical smog. Nitrogen oxides are also essen-
tial ingredients of the photochemical smog system. They have
been associated with increased incidences of acute bronchitis
and damage to vegetation and materials.
-------
22
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
28210
Bolotov, M. P.
CERTAIN SOURCES OF LEAD IN SOIL AND STREET DUST
OF CITDJS. (0 nekotorykh istochnikakh svintsa v pochve i v
ulichnoy pyli gorodov). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no.
1:49-50, 1940. 3 refs.
Lead content was determined foi dust samples taken from
various surfaces in the cities of Kranodar, Moscow, and
Leningrad. Highest lead content was found in samples taken
from rubber footwear (2368 mg/100 g), and in paint and
scrapings from zinc- plated roofing (1860 mg/100 g). It is con-
cluded that corrosion, abrasion, and atomization of lead-bear-
ing materials constitutes an important pollution source.
28336
Kleinert, Reinhard
GENERAL AND SPECIAL MARKETING QUESTIONS OF
THE METAL LEAD. (Allgemeine und spezielle Marktfragen
des Metalls Blei). Text in German. Z. Erzbergbau MetaUhuet-
tenwesen, 24(l):18-25, 1971. (Presented at the Gesellschaft
Deutscher Metalhuetten- und Bergleute Meeting, Berlin, May
28, 1970.)
Lead is used to manufacture storage batteries, cable sleeves,
dyes and as an antiknock agent and for soldering metal. The
use of tetraethyl lead is widely debated, some groups demand-
ing a total prohibition. The outcome of this controversy cannot
be predicted. The chairman of Ethyl Corp., USA, is resisting
all efforts to introduce lead-free gasoline, which will cost the
consumer much more. It is not positvely known whether lead
contributes to air pollution; lead-free gasoline with a high oc-
tane content is dangerous to human health. It is assumed that
some content is dangerous to human health. It is assumed that
some limitation in the use of tetraethyl lead will be introduced
in all industrialized countries sooner or later. In Great Britain,
consumption of tetraethyl lead rose rapidly between 1967 and
1968, while a regressive tendency was observed between 1968
and 1969. On the average, the world's lead consumption will
rise between 2.5 and 3.5% before 1980.
28394
Dabelstein, Werner
THE PROBLEM OF LEADING GASOLINE. (Zur Problematik
der Benzinverbleiung). Text in German. Erdoel Kohle (Ham-
burg), 24(1):37-40, Jan. 1971. 16 refs. (Presented at the DGMK
Bezirksgruppe Hamburg - Bremen, Hamburg, West Germany,
Nov. 24, 1970.)
Lead alkyls, primarily tetraethyl lead and more recently
tetramethy lead, have been used for more than 40 years as an-
tiknock additives for gasolines for Otto engines to increase the
octane number of the gasoline. Straight-run gasolines have oc-
tane numbers between 30 and 70 while Otto fuels containing
lead have octane numbers of 100 (super) and 93 (normal).
Removing lead from gasolines while maintaining the octane
number would cost refineries four billion dollars. This would
mean an increase in the price of gasoline 2-5 cents/gallon. Ex-
tensive experiments and observations have shown that there
are no substitute additives for lead alkyls. Lead-free gasolines
would not satisfy engines designed for super gasolines. Cars
which run with normal gasoline would have to switch to lead-
free super gasoline and no market would be left for lead-free
normal gasoline. The major efforts, therefore, concentrate on
reducing the lead content rather than eliminating it entirely. As
studies have shown, the effects of leaded gasolines on humans
are not as harmful, as once thought. Lead intake from food
and drink is ten times as high as by inhalation. Ninety percent
of the lead intake (including inhaled lead) is discharged
directly, only 10% entering the blood stream.
28560
Rixmann, W. and K. E. Hailer
CONTRIBUTION TO AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY - A
RETROSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE VDI/ATG MEETING IN
MANNHEIM 1970. (Beitraege zur Fahrzeugtechnik -
Rueckblick auf die VDI/ATG-Tagung in Mannheim 1970). Text
in German. (Automobiltechnische Zeitsc'lirift) (Stuttgart),
73(2):62-71, Feb. 1971. 6 refs.
At the meeting of the expert panel on automobile technology
(ATG) of the Association of German Engineers (VDI) in
Mannheim, 1970, waste-gas emission from the rotating com-
bustion engine, composition of exhaust gas from the FM-
gasoline engine, and gas turbines for trucks were among the
subjects discussed. Because waste-gas temperatures in Wankel
engines are high (1000 to 1150 C), use of a hot flame reactor
behind the engine is feasible. Ignition timing has been so op-
timized that exhaust- gas temperatures remain rather high over
the entire operation range. The air quantity in the waste gas is
20%. According to the California test, the exhaust gases con-
tain 150 ppm hydrocarbons and 1.02% by volume carbon
monoxide. The FM engine reduces noxious emissions by in-
fluencing combustion. The formation of nitrogen oxides in the
FM engine corresponds approximately to that of the diesel en-
gine. Fuels with a lower lead content will pose no problems
for the FM engine. The 350 HP gas turbine still operates at
temperatures around 920 C and without a heat exchanger. The
latter is in the development stage. The emission level of the
gas turbine is much lower than of diesel engines, and the ex-
haust gases are also less noxious than those of diesel engines.
A maximum of 320 to 400 ppm of nitrogen oxides, 0.1 to
0.01% by volume CO, and 150 to 0 ppm hydrocarbons is
presently emitted.
28862
Dreessen, Waldemar C., Thomas I. Edwards, Warren H.
Reinhart, Richard T. Page, Stewart H. Webster, David W.
Armstrong, and R. R. Sayers
THE CONTROL OF THE LEAD HAZARD IN THE
STORAGE BATTERY INDUSTRY. Public Health Bull. no.
262, 138p., 1941. 64 refs.
Following a preliminary survey of 26 lead storage battery fac-
tories the working environment was investigated in 13 plants.
Manufacturing processes were studied to find out what materi-
als were used in each operation and what products and by-
products resulted. Air samples were taken at strategic loca-
tions to ascertain the atmospheric lead concentrations at the
breathing level of workers. Samples were also taken under
controlled and uncontrolled conditions to test the efficacy of
control methods. In six of these factories, field offices and
laboratories were set up and 766 male employees were ex-
amined. Blood specimens from each worker were divided for
hematologic studies, chemical analysis of lead content, and a
K.ahn test; a urine sample was subjected to the usual chemical
and microscopic tests. Nine men, all exposed to atmospheric
lead concentrations in excess of 1.5 mg Pb per 10 cu m of air
ivere diagnosed as cases of incipient plumbism. There were
168 men diagnosed as cases of lead absorption less affected
than the cases of incipient plumbism. The prevalence of early
plumbism increased with increasing atmospheric lead concen-
tration. A study of the diagnostic value of several laboratory
tests was made. Urinary lead concentrations correlated well
with blood level concentration. Reticulotyte percentages
(Osgood), stipple cell counts, and poly chroma tophilia were so
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
23
related in their occurrence that if one of these types of cell
was found to be abundant the other types were likely to be nu-
merous also. Albuminuria was found twice as frequently
among lead-affected workers as among nonaffecte workers.
No relation was found between atmospheric lead exposure and
the occurrence of arteriosclerotic-hypertensive heart disease.
Three-plus or four-plus Kahn reactions were obtained in 2.2%
of the workers. Equipment and practices found to be effective
in reducing lead exposure are discussed.
28873
Starkman, Ernest S.
FORMATION OF EXHAUST EMISSION IN THE COM-
BUSTION CHAMBER. Preprint, Federal International
Societes Ingenieurs Technique de 1'Automobile and Society of
Automotive Engineers, New York, 21p., 1970. 14 refs.
(Presented at the International Automobile Safety Conference
Brussels, Belgium, 1970, Paper 15.3.D.)
A combination of optical methods and direct sampling of the
combustion gases was applied to the cylinder of a spark igni-
tion engine. The instantaneous concentrations of gases were
studied. In addition to fixed species, such as carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons, the concentra-
tion of hydroxide was also measured. The formation of CO,
NO, and unburned hydrocarbons and why they appear in the
exhaust in relatively large quantities than simple theory pre-
dicts was determined. Engine variables as well as the effect of
lead alkyl anti-knock agents were investigated. The effects of
engine speed, spark timing, and fuel-air ratio are included. The
influence of lead, both on the composition of gases in the
cylinder as well as in the exhaust is reported. (Author summa-
ry modified)
29096
Vogel, Hans
MAN, HIS ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY. (Der
Mensch, seine Umwelt und die Technik). Text in German.
Chem. Rundschau (Solothurn), 24(13):257, 259, March 31,
1971.
Above our cities hovers a haze which absorbs about 20% of
the sunlight. In such polluted areas, 20 to 30% of the children
suffer from rickets. About 350 chemical compounds, some of
which are extremely toxic, are contained in gaseous particulate
and emissions. Among them are carcinogenic substances and
substances toxic to the respiratory, circulatory, and nervous
systems. The emissions stem from stacks, automobiles, and
home machines. The haze above Tokyo is so dense that is re-
sidents rarel see the sun. Pollutants have been measured at a
height of 14 km above cities in the United States. Even the
poles and the deserts suffer from air pollution. Lead from au-
tomobile exhausts has been determined in arctic ice. Carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides pollute not only air but also
water. The higher carbon dioxide content of the ambient air
causes climatic changes. The equilibrium between assimilation
and dissimilation is disturbed. The oxygen background concen-
tration is one the decrease because of its consumption by com-
bustion processes.
29127
Stacey, M. J.
OIL REFINERS PREPARE FOR ANIT-POLLUTION CON-
TROLS. Chem. Process Eng., 52(3):63, 65, 67, 69-70, March
1971.
Oil refineries are using many processes to reduce pollution in
two areas—sulfur dioxide and particulate pollution from indus-
trial and power generation installations, and the more complex
pollution caused by motor vehicles. Fuel oils cause about 15%
of all atmospheric SO2 pollution, as well as pollution caused
by inccompletely-burned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and
partial oxides of other oil contaminants. These pollutants are
eliminated simultaneously by the processes of vacuum distilla-
tion, visbreaking (a modern thermal cracking process), and
hydrogenation. Although medical research shows little
evidence for the elimination of lead from gasoline, it has
become a target for anti-pollution campaigners. The alkylation
processes, which produces a high-grade gasoline blending
stock from refinery gases, is likely to replace the use of lead
alkyls to improve octane rating. Because European gasoline
taxes are high, they encourage production of high-octane fuels.
Thus, cracking processes such as polymerization and its
modern counterpart, alkylation, will be increasingly used to
produce gasolines of higher octane ratings which can also be
blended with lower octane fuels. Although aromatic com-
pounds also have high octane ratings, they produce unburned
hydrocarbons. Afterburners can be used to limit hydrocarbon
emissions.
29364
Kimura, Motoo
AUTOMOTIVE FUELS AND AIR POLLUTION BY AU-
TOMOTIVE EMISSION. (Jidosha yo nenryo to haishutsu
gasu taiki osen). Text in Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (J. Soc. Au-
tomot. Engrs. Japan), 25(3):303-314, March 1971. 28 refs.
Air pollution caused by automotive emission was reviewed
with emphasis on the automotive fuel, gasoline. It is suggested
that de-leading and other increasingly severe requirements im-
posed upon the gasolines lack definite scientific grounds in
Japan, and no definite conclusion is yet available either on the
relationship between the constituents of fuels and those in au-
tomotive exhaust gases or on the effects on human health of
lead compounds contained in the exhaust gas. Various studies
on carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in au-
tomotive emissions are reviewed. Since HC is an important
constituent in photochemical reactions, the total reactivity
against the quantity of aromatics in the fuel is discussed. It is
indicated that the reactivity remains practically unaffected by
the quantity of olefin in the fuel, and that the photochemical
reactivity of the exhaust gas is not notably affected by fuel
composition. The effect of tetra-alky lead and of de-leading
gasolines is discussed. The emission of lea compounds from
automotive engines is described. The negative factors resulting
from the de-leading of gasolines such as valve recession and
the subsequent increase in the cost of automotive fuel are
emphasized.
29516
Urlaub, A.
THE EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION AT THE FM
GASOLINE ENGINE. (Ueber die Abgaszusammensetzung
beim FM-Benzinmotor). Text in German. Automobiltech. Z.
(Stuttgart), 73(4):115-121, April 1971. 3 refs. (Presented at the
VDI-ATG Tagung, Mannheim, West Germany, Oct. 1970.)
The carbon monoxide emission of the FM engine is far below
the maximum allowable concentration in California—130 g
CO/kg fuel referred to lamda equals 1. Hydrocarbon emissions
from FM engines were measured with both a flame ionization
detector and an infrared analyzer. Again with reference to
California standards, the hydrocarbon emissions were far
below the allowable maximum value of 8.5 g CH/kg fuel in al-
most all operating ranges. By curtailing the air intake in FM
engines, a further hydrocarbon reduction is achieved. Emis-
-------
24
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
sions of nitrogen oxides from FM engines are comparable to
those of diesel engines and lower than those of Otto engines.
On the average, 15 to 20 nitric oxide kg fuel are emitted at
lamda equals 1. The maximum allowable NO emission will be
reduced in California to about 7.5 g NO/kg fuel beginning in
1974. This limit is not yet met by FM engines. By delaying
combustion, the NO emission can be reduced from 20 g
NO/kg fuel to 10 to 15 g NO/kg fuel. While this will increase
CO emissions, they will remain below the California limit.
Hydrocarbon emissions will also rise but not above the set
limits. FM engines operate smoothly on lead-free or low-lead
gasolines.
29539
Eda, Shizuo, Hiroshi Ito, Hiroshi Hikichi, Ycshiichi
Funayama, Shijeo Nagayama, and Kaoru Nishiyama
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN THE ONAHAMA INDUS-
TRIAL AREA. 1ST REPORT. DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY
METALS IN SOIL. (Onahama kogyo chitai niokeru jukinzoku
osen. Dai 1 po. Dojo no jukinzoku osen bunpu to sono kento).
Text in Japanese. Fukushima Kogyo Koto Senmon Gakko
Kiyo (Mem. Fukushima Tech. Coll.), 7(l):22-32, 1971. 15 refs.
The amount of heavy metal pollution in the Onahama industri-
al area soil was determined by an atomic absorption spec-
trometer. The concentration of cadmium, lead, copper, and
zinc was 1.07 to 0.27 ppm, 51 to 12 ppm, 65.7 to 12.6 ppm, ami
172.4 to 35.1 ppm respectively. The metal ratio Cd:Pb:Cu:Zn
was 1:48:65:170. This pollution occurred more than two km
from A refinery and was caused by the high stacks of the A
and B refineries. The rate of cadmium compound sedimenta
tion at Minamitomioka village in Onahama was 36 mg Cc
metal/sq m, year. If the present rate of pollution continues
the heavy metal concentration in the soil would be about three
times the present concentration in 10 years. The quality grade
of ore and the heavy metal ratio in the soil are used to deter-
mine whether copper or zinc is a greater pollutant.
29572
Paluch, Jan and Stanislaw Karweta
AIR POLLUTION BY LEAD AND ZINC IN THE AREA OF
COMBINED METALLURGICA WORKS AND ITS IN-
FLUENCE ON VEGETATION AND SOIL. (Die Luftverun-
reinigung durch Blei und Zink im Bereich eines metallur-
gischen Kombinates und ihr Einfluss auf Vegetation und
Boden). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Humboldt Univ. Berlin
Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):495-497, 1970.
A study was made for over three years in the area of a large
non-ferrous metals plant that started operations in 1966, and
which was located in a formerly very clean wooded area. Its
production includes zinc oxide and lead; by-products include
sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate. The zinc oxide melting
furnaces emit about 30 tons of gas per month, containing
about 50% zinc plus lead. Additional quantities of zinc and
lead dust in the air originate from the charging of the furnaces
with powdered raw material, from transportation and handling
of scrap material, from the sintering plant for zinc-lead ores,
and from the shaft furnace in which the metal oxides are
reduced to metals. A distinct increase in dust fall and air pollu-
tion in the areas adjacent to the plant was observed, reaching
a peak two years after start of operations, and then leveling
off. Emission of zinc- and lead-bearing dust into th air was
found to cause an accumulation of these metals in the soil and
in plants, the accumulation in the soil was observed only in
the surface layers. The emission of zinc and lead from the
melting units takes place mainly in the form of oxides which
are emitted together with considerable quantities of calcium
oxide. The accumulation of these three metal groups leads to
soil alkalinity. The process of assimilation of zinc and lead in
plants is far more intensive than in the soil.
29661
Hasegawa, Toshio, Akiyoshi Sugimae, and Junko Fujii
DETERMINATION OF LEAD CONTENTS IN AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST GAS. (Jidosha haikigasu chu no namari ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 5(1):253, 1970. 3 refs. (Presented at the Japan Society of
Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Japan, 1970.)
Lead content and size were determined for the exhaust gas
from running automobiles at the speed of 10 to 70 km/hr. Dust
in the exhaust gas was collected by high volume air sampler
and/or Cascade Sampler. The lead content of the dust col-
lected on glass fiber filters was determined by emission spec-
trochemical analysis. The content was 6300 to 6500 microg/cu
m at low speed and up to 3900 microg/cu m at high speed.
More than 99% of this lead dust was less than 1 micron in
size. The ratio of lead dust/total dust was 23% at low speed
and 83% at high speed.
29782
Becker, K.
WHY LEAD IN GASOLINE? THE EFFECT OF LEAD CON-
TAINING ANTI-KNOCK AGENTS FOR OTTO ENGINE
FUELS. (Warum Blei im Benzin? Wirkungsweise von bleihal-
tigen Antiklopfmitteln fuer Ottokraftstoffe). Text in German.
VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Nachr. (Berlin), 25(9):7, 1971.
Since the discovery of the anti-knock effect of tetraethyl lead
in 1920, this compound has been used as antiknock agent for
gasolines. Usually 0.5 gPb/1 are added to achieve octane num-
bers of 5 to 10. In spite of intense research, the exact operat-
ing mechanism of tetraethyl lead as antiknock agent remains
known; however, the chain break theory is generally accepted.
It is estimated that 70 to 80% of the lead residues are emitted;
the remaining particles deposit in the combustion chamber and
occasionally are loosened and then emitted. As the combustion
chamber of the engine becomes smaller, because of the
depositions, the octane number increases. However, these lead
residues do reduce wear and tear. All attempts to replace
tetraethyl lead with another antiknock agent have failed, since
other compounds are either uneconomicail or even more toxic
than the lead compound.
29786
Becker, Karl H.
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION.
(Physikalisch- chemische probleme der Luftverunreinigung).
Text in German. Chem. Unserer Zeit., 5(1):9-18, Feb. 1971. 46
refs.
Principal air pollutants are reviewed. Carbon monoxide is
generated by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, for in-
stance in an automobile engine which emits 0.5 to one ton of
carbon monoxide per automobile per year. Since CO is con-
verted to the harmless carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures
only, it can stay in the atmosphere for two to three years. Sul-
fur dioxide is produced when heavy fuel oils and coal, con-
taining sulfur in various concentrations are burned. When in
the air, sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide, which can
combine with water vapor to form sulfuric acid and can cause
the formation of smog which disappears from the atmosphere
with rain. Hydrocarbons are emitted by petrochemical industri-
al plants and are also components of automobile exhausts. Au-
tomobile exhausts also emit nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
25
Halides as pollutants usually occur in small concentrations, ex-
cept in some areas of steel and aluminum producing plants
where greater concentrations of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric
acids may occur. The incineration of scrap synthetic materials,
such as polyvinyl chloride and teflon also cause pollution from
the chlorine and fluorine compounds. Other pollutants men-
tioned are carcinogens such as benzpyrene and other poly-
cyclic hydrocarbons contained in the soot emitted by diesel
engines and lead compounds present in automobile exhaust
gases, if gasoline containing tetraethyl lead as antiknock agent
is used.
29787
Eda, Shizuo, Hiroshi Ito, Hiroshi Hikichi, Sadakichi, Ejiri,
Shigeo Nagayama, and Kaoru Nishiyama
INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN
IWAKI CITY. (Iwaki shi ni okeru jukinzoku osen chosa).
Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),
7(4):317-324, April 1971. 15 refs.
There are pollution problems of sulfur dioxide, heavy metals,
dust, hydrogen sulfide, cyanide, mercury, and cadmium, in the
Onahama industrial area. Analyses of the soil, paddy field
rice, cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, and other heavy metals.
Results showed that there is typical heavy metal pollution of
the air which is carried by the wind. There is no need to worry
about pollution of paddy fields, upland fields, and soils by fac-
tory effluents. Cadmium pollution of the soil exceeding 1 ppm
is seen in only a few spots, and is considerably lower than
Bandai Town, Fukushima Prefecture. A Pollution Prevention
Agreement was imposed. The enterprises must comply with
smoke emission standards and environmental standards and
adjust their operation in accordance with meteorological condi-
tions.
29872
Bryce-Smith, D.
LEAD POLLUTION--A GROWING HAZARD TO PUBLIC
HEALTH. Chem. Brit., 7(2):54-56, Feb. 1971. 21 refs.
Levels of airborne lead are noted to have increased markedly
since the Industrial Revolution, and very sharply since about
1940. The increase is particularly important because approxi-
mately 50% of airborne lead can be absorbed on inhalation, in
contrast to the 5-10% absorbed from lead-contaminated food
and water through the alimentary tract. Several studies have
shown the principle source of airborne lead to be the lead-con-
taining aerosol emitted with exhaust fumes from motor vehi-
cles operating on gasolines with lead alkyl antiknock agents.
As determined by a U. S. study, no other toxic chemical pollu-
tant has accumulated in man to average levels so close to the
threshold for overt clinical poisoning. Among the general
population, blood-lead levels alone exceed those at which in-
terference with metabolic processes can occur. Among chil-
dren, even modest elevations of blood lead appear to be as-
sociated with biochemical abnormalities in the brain.
29936
Yamamoto, Takeo, Kunosuke Nishida, Takashi Suzuka, and
Tsuneo Honda
ON COMPOSITION AND LEAD CONTENT OF COMMER-
CIAL GASOLINE. (Shibai gasorin no sosei to enganryo ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society of Civil En-
gineers, Osaka, Kansai Branch, 2p., 1971. (Presented at the
Japan Soc. Civil Engineers, Osaka, Kansai Branch, Annual
Meeting, May 9, 1971, Paper 11-57.)
A study was conducted to determine if commercial gasoline
contains more aromatics than before to compensate for
decreased octane value resulting from reduction of the lead
content in the fuel. If this is so, benzene, formed as a result of
cracking or decomposition of heavy aromatics and similar un-
burnt substances, will increase to cause air pollution. The test
samples were collected from 120 gasoline stands selected at
random from among 400 located in Kyoto in July 1970 and
Feb. 1971. The samples were collected at two different times
to compare the lead content before the industry s voluntary
control of lead content with that after voluntary control An
atomic absorbency spectrometric analyzer was used for analy-
sis of the lead content and a gas chromatograph for aromatic
content. According to the gas chromatogram obtained, the two
samples contained an extra-large amount of toluene indicating
that some commercial gasolines have added thinner, organic
solvent, or white oil. These two samples were sold at very low
prices. Those found to contain benzene in excess of 5%
weight, the regulatory criterion, accounted for 25% of the total
number of samples. The TEL-converted value of the lead con-
tent indicated practically the same average value for all the
manufacturers but one. The average value was somewhat
lower than the JIS specification (0.79 ml/1). Some samples
from the same manufacturer showed a lead content value of
only 1/2-1/6 the average value for the same manufacturer. This
causes some question as to product uniformity. All samples
collected after commencement of the voluntary control
showed less lead content than before. Results indicate an up-
ward trend of aromatic content to secure a high octane value
in line with the decreasing lead content of commercial
gasoline.
30001
Clay, A. J.
MARKET TENDENCIES FOR LEAD AND ZINC. (Tendenzen
auf dem Markt fuer Blei und Zink). Text in German. Me tall.
(Berlin), 25(5):523-524, 1971.
One reason for the decrease in the market for lead observed
over the past six months of the last year is the controversy
over lead in gasolines. Many countries introduced regulations
to reduce the lead content in gasolines. There are signs of a
new awareness, however, that lead is probably the least toxic
substance in the exhaust gases of automobiles. Elimination of
lead might, under certain circumstances, worsen the exhaust
emissions. Because of pending regulations and the anti-lead
drive, a surplus of 12,000 metric tons arose.
30027
Hawkes, A. S.
GASOLINE, LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION. World Petrol.,
42(5):142, 144, 1946, June 1971. 13 refs.
Available evidence indicates that lead in automobile exhaust
gas is not injurious to public health and that removal of lead
from gasoline additives would reduce hydrocarbon emissions
by only 1%. The presence of lead in gasoline is without effect
on carbon monoxide emissions. Moreover, present catalytic
exhaust control devices are ineffective with both leaded and
unleaded gasolines. Octane requirements of unleaded-fuel cars
average 6.3 research octane number (RON) higher for cars
designed for regular-grade gasoline and 4.6 RON higher for
premium-gasoline cars. It is also generally acknowledged that
engines operating on unleaded gasoline face serious valve
failure in a comparatively short period. In addition, removal of
lead from gasolines will cause significant changes in the
photochemical reactivity of exhaust gases by increasing emis-
sions of partially oxidized aromatic hydrocarbons.
-------
26
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
30067
Blanchard, Lawrence E., Jr.
TAKING ANOTHER LOOK BEFORE WE TAKE THE LEAD
OUT. Automotive Eng., 78(12):24-29, Dec. 1970.
Although lead is incompatible with all catalysts that have been
suggested for use in catalytic converter systems to reduce en-
gine exhausts neither is any catalyst available for use with un-
leaded gasolines; removal of lead will only lead to inefficient
cars at increased costs. Moreover, removal of lead antiknocks
from all gasolines would reduce participates in the atmosphere
only about 1% on the average, and any improvement in visi-
bility would be more than offset by the smog effects of the
reactive hydrocarbons necessary to replace lead. As indicated
by one recent study, the photochemical reactivity of auto
emissions was increased by as much as 25% when a typical
leaded gasoline was replaced with a prototype unleaded fuel
Future emission standards can be met by operating automo
biles either with excess fuel or with excess air. These ap
proaches have already been successfully tested on prototype;
cars and could easily be adopted to production models.
30414
Ubisch, Hans von and Karl Westerlund
THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN A
CITY BUILDING AND IN UNDERGROUND GARAGES.
Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockoholm), 52(l):48-52, 1971. 1 ref.
Although the pollution of urban outdoor air is well docu-
mented, that of indoor air has been neglected. A study was
conducted to determine carbon monoxide concentrations in-
side a building and in underground garages. The results from
measurenv -ts inside the building showed the variations of the
traffic inuasity in the area for Monday through Friday.
Records from Saturdays and Sundays showed nothing more
than another traffic rhythm. The contribution of smokers was
negligible. However, if revolving doors are used, they may in-
troduce carbon monoxide-rich air from the street level. The
most important factor was the height of the air intake above
street level. The CO in four underground garages was mea-
sured in the air intake and outlet. The ventilation systems were
designed to keep CO-levels below the maximum allowable
concentration levels. Carbon monoxide production per visiting
car was calculated for the garages as 64, 51, 33, and 48 liters
respectively. The differences reflect depths and distances in
the garages and the type of traffic. Dusts were also sampled at
the building and garages. Lead levels were approximately 0.5-
one percent; iron levels were higher and zinc levels, lower.
30428
Ault, Wayne U., Ronald G. Senechal, and Woodland E.
Erlebach
ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION AS A NATURAL TRACER OF
LEAD IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
4(4):305-317, April 1970. 8 refs. (Presented at the American
Chemical Society Meeting, Symposium on Air Conservation
and Lead, 157th, Minneapolis, Minn., April 14-15, 1969; in-
cludes discussions by Paul W. Oast and Richard B. Holtzman.)
The isotopic ratio of lead-206 to lead-204 was investigated as a
means of defining the lead in various environmental media;
this isotopic ratio, together with appropriate abundance data,
would allow distinguishing between lead from different
sources. Significant differences were found in the lead isotopic
ratios in rock and soils, grasses, tree leaves and tree rings, air
particulates, and in some industrial products such as coal, fly
ash, gasoline, and fuel oil. Leaf, grass, and soil samples taken
across the New Jersey Turnpike showed a change in lead
isotopic ratios from the Turnpike to a point one mile to wind-
ward. The mean value of the Pb-206/Pb-204 ratio in top soil
within 500 feet of the Turnpike was 18.2 plus or minus 0.2 and
beyond 500 feet was 18.7 plus or minus 0.15. Lead sampled
from soil profiles in two forested locations in northern New
Jersey showed an increase in Pb-206/Pb-204 ratios, with depth
from 18.7 to 19.9 in a 30-inch profile. The lead abundance
decreased from 47.5 to 12.0 ppm. The mean ratios of Pb-
206/Pb-204 from coal and gasoline analyzed were 18.8 plus or
minus 0.2 and 18.3 plus or minus 0.3, respectively. The mean
value for the same ratio in the published data on coal is
somewhat higher. Fly ash and the coal from which it came
both contained lead of the same isotopic ratio. (Author ab-
stract modified)
30513
Kobaysshi, Yoshitaka
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES
IN FACTORY. (Kojo ni okeru kogai boshi taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Safety Engineering Assoc., Tokyo (Japan),
22p., 1970. (Presented at the Association of Safety Engineering
Seminar, 19th, Yokohama, Japan, Nov. 26-27, 1970.)
Various forms of environmental pollution for which industrial
activities are primarily responsible are discussed, including the
results of a survey of measures taken by 2512 plants to com-
bat industrial pollution. With regard to air pollution, several
major cities in the U. S. are compared with Tokyo in terms of
sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbon, oxidant, carbon monoxide, and
nitric oxide. Sources of industrial pollution are tabulated to in-
dicate types of air pollutants discharged from particular
branches of industry; for instance, SO2 from power genera-
tion, iron and steel manufacturing, oil refining and petrochemi-
cal operations. Of the 2512 plants surveyed in February 1970,
only 1089 attempted to check industrial pollution. Antipollution
measures being taken by representative firms are also listed by
individual firms. The effects of sulfur oxides on human health
is shown by a graphic representation of liie case of Yokkaichi
asthma; according to the graph, significant health effects are
seen when man is exposed to air with an SO2 density of even
less than 0.02 ppm for about a year, or to air with 1.0 and 2.0
ppm SO2 for a few minutes. The atmospheric density of CO
(ppm) and rate of carboxyhemoglobiri in blood (%) are
discussed in relation to human health. A table of chemical sub-
stances with their critical density for offensive odors is given
as well as a diagram indicating lead density by month in rela-
tion to rainfall and wind velocity. Another diagram indicates
photochemical process in an experimental case and still
another shows the relationship between lead density and cad-
mium density in the atmosphere.
30604
Matthes, Dieter
REFLECTIONS ON THE PROBLEM OF AIR POLLUTION
BY AUTOMOBILES. (Ueberlegungen zum Problem der Luft-
verunreinigung durch Kraftfahrzeuge). Text in German. Tech.
Ueberwach. Sicherheit Zuverlaessigkeit, 12(6): 181-185, June
1971.
The conditions under which pollutants are emitted by the in-
ternal combustion engine, ways in which their emission can be
limited, the testing of engines for the emission of pollutants,
legislation governing their maximum emission levels in the
U.S.A. and in Europe, and alternative automobile propulsion
systems are reviewed. Both in the U.S.A. and in Europe, max-
imum emission levels are in force for carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons only until 1974. Since no simultaneous reduction
of CO, HC, and nitrogen oxides through measures affecting
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
27
the thermodynamics and the kinetics of combustion in the en-
gine can be expected within the next few years, a reduction of
CO and HC can currently be accomplished only by means of
afterburners and the catalytic oxidation of exhaust gases. A
partial solution would be to feed the engine with a rich full
mixture (lambda smaller than one) to reduce NOx emission to
a simultaneously control CO and HC by afterburners, but this
is unsatisfactory because it is uneconomical. No catalyst has
been found which could withstand the presence of lead in
gasoline; this, if catalytic oxidation of exhaust gases is to be
introduced, lead will have to be eliminated from fuels. All
measures designed to reduce pollution reduce the output of en-
gines. Alternative propulsion systems are the internal com-
bustion engine with rotary pistons whose high HC emission is
compensated by higher combustion temperatures which poten-
tiates the effectiveness of afterburners; engines fed by gaseous
fuels which have very ' • - """* on-i KG "- '•^.•'•-•r, .,-•' »<-ier-«-'
NOx emission levels; gas turbine engines with low CO and HC
emission which are used only for commercial vehicles because
of cost of interest; the Stirling engine with low CO, HC, and
NOx emissions whose construction problems have however
not yet been solved satisfactorily; the steam engine with low
CO, HC, and NOx emissions which is unwiedly, expensive,
and uneconomical; and the electric engine which is emission-
free but suffers from energy storage problems. All European
legislation governing automobile emission limits should be
promulgated by Common Market authorities.
30674
Ullman, William W.
LEAD IN THE CONNECTICUT ENVIRONMENT. Conn.
Med., 35(6):360-362, June 1971. 12 refs.
Lead in the environment of the state of Connecticut is
discussed. A task force has been active in reviewing all
aspects of the hazards associated with lead-based paints and in
developing recommendations to help formulate preventative
programs. The main source of atmospheric lead is automobile
gasoline. Approximately 70% of the lead in gasoline is ex-
hausted from the tail pipe. Approximately half of the ex-
hausted lead becomes airborne; about 250 million pounds of
lead are discharged into the air each year from automobile ex-
hausts. Industries burning coal and discharging airborne soil
particles may also contribute to the lead present in ambient
air. The absorption of lead in the respiratory tract depends on
a number of factors, including the solubility of the compound
and the particle size. It is estimated that lead inhaled from the
atmosphere of Connecticut ranges from 0.001 to 0.05 mg/day.
In a heavy smoker, a few micrograms per day of lead may be
added to the body burden. The average smoker will absorb 10
mg of lead more/day than a non-smoker. The presence of lead
in food and water is also discussed.
30759
Melton, Carl W., Ralph I. Mitchell, William M. Henry, Paul R.
Webb, and W. Eugene Chase
THE PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAR-
TICLES ASSOCIATED WITH POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS PRESENT IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
(FINAL REPORT). Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio,
Columbus Labs., Contract CRC-CAPE-12-68-Neg. 59, Proj.
CRC-CAPE- 12-68 Neg. 59, Rept. CRC-CAPE-12-68 Neg. 59,
42p., Jan. 29, 1970. 4 refs. NTIS: PB 196796
The physical-chemical characteristics of the particles as-
sociated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons present in
automobile exhaust were investigated. The major emphasis
was placed on an attempt to determine whether there is a
selective association between the presence of benzo(a)pyrene
and specific particle types. Analyses were performed on single
particle or aggregates and on particle-size fractions separated
with the Battelle cascade impactor. Lead was found to be the
metal constituent in the most prevalen smaller particles, and
calcium and iron were found primarily contained in larger par-
ticles. Compositional variations among impactor size-fractions
were not found to correlate with the distribution of
benzo(a)pyrene which was detected in each impactor fraction
analyzed. (Author abstract modified)
30976
Mueller, F.
WASTE GAS DECONTAMINATION - THE MAIN CON-
CERN OF RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT. (Abgasentigiftung-
ein komplexer Entwicklungsschwerpunkt). Text in German.
Technik (Berlin), 26(7):450-451, July 1971. 10 refs.
No efficient alternatives to the combustion engine in automo-
biles will be available in the near future. Fuel cells are still
much too expensive. The costs for one kW installed power are
$2000. In 1967, 11 million passenger cars in East Germany
emitted 10 million tons of carbon monoxide, one million tons
of hydrocarbons, 750,000 tons of nitrogen compounds, and
5000 tons of lead compounds at the Leipzig fair, 95% of all
CO concentrations measured in a 24-nr period exceeded the
maximum allowable emission concentration. In Berlin, the
figure was 45.5%. The drastic measures necessary to reduce
auto emissions will require the cooperation of experts in many
branches of the sciences.
31085
Tims, J. M.
LEAD IN GASOLINE. 2. THE PROBLEMS. Petrol. Rev.,
25(294): 228-230, June 1971.
Lead alkyls currently provide the cheapest source of octane
quality needed for modern engines. Any significant limitation
on their use will force the oil industry to include more aro-
matics and alkylate in gasoline formulation. This can be done
by such available processes as superfractionation, catalytic
reforming, catalytic cracking, isomerization, alkylation,
polymerization, and hydrocracking. However, the massive in-
vestment costs for appropriate plants will affect the price of
gasoline. Moreover, the high octane materials produced by the
processes are relatively high boiling, and this could upset both
tatility and octane distribution. Aromatic amines have the
ther disadvantage of being toxic, bad-smelling, a source of
nitrogen oxides production.
31088
Hawkes, A. S.
LEAD IN GASOLINE. 1. THE ISSUE. Petrol. Rev., 25(294):
227-228, June 1971.
Exhaust lead is not, as charged, a health hazard in urban areas
or a source of increased hydrocarbon emissions. With regard
to exhaust catalyst systems, the problem is not lead poisoning,
but keeping the catalyst bed intact in a very severe environ-
ment for the required 50,000 miles of use. Unleaded fuels can
cause severe valve recession, varnish deposits, and lube oil
problems. Without lead, octane requirements also increase and
front-end gasoline quality is more difficult to maintain. Esti-
mates of the increased manufacturing cost of lead free fuels
run from two to six cents/gallon.
-------
28
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
31133
Kasamatsu, Gisaburo and Takahiro Matsue
PUBLIC HARM BY EXHAUST GASES OF AUTOMOBILE.
(Jidosha no haiki no haiki gasu kogai (Zokuho). Text in
Japanese. Hiroshima Kogyo Daigaku Kenkyu Kiyo (Mem.
Hiroshima Inst. Technol.), 5(2):49-52, April 1971. 3 refs.
Fuels for automobile engines include gasoline, petroleum, and
liquefied petroleum gas. Public automobiles use gasoline.
Liquefied petroleum gas is used only by taxis and for reasons
of economy rather than increased power. Engines operating on
liquefied petroleum gas can be driven at a higher compression
ratio without detonation than gasoline-operated engines.
Tetraethyl lead must be added to gasoline to prevent detona-
tion. The exhaust gas, therefore, contains lead compounds.
Liquefied petroleum gas, by contrast produces clean exhaust
gas containing no lead compounds and a maximum of one per-
cent carbon monoxide. The internal combustion engine was
studied at constant compression ratio and with power up. The
efficiency of liquefied petroelum gas was lower than that of
gasoline; but research at higher compression ratios showed
that this problem can be solved. (Author abstract modified)
31136
Aalund, Leo R.
NO REST FOR JAPAN S HARRIED REFINERS. Oil Gas J.,
69(19):34-36, May 10, 1971.
Japanese refiners must satisfy their country s voracious de-
mand for oil energy while combatting the harmful impact of
about seven billion Ib/year of unwanted sulfur on the nation s
environment. Differences between the product patterns of the
Japanese and U. S. refining industries are cited. For one thing,
since motor fuel is a small part of the product picture in
Japan, the program to eliminate lead has not caused as much
as a commotion there. Nevertheless, the Japanese refining in-
dustry expects that additional installation of catalytic reform-
ing and cat cracking units will be necessary. The government
is promoting importa of low-sulfur crude oil construction of
fuel oil/flue gas desulfurization facilities, and development of
low-sulfur crude sources overseas.
31313
Ullmann, William W.
HEAVY METALS IN THE CONNECTICUT ENVIRONMENT.
Assoc. Food Drug Offic U. S. Quart. Bull., 35(3):147-152, July
1971. (Presented at the New England Association of Food and
Drug Officials, Winter Meeting, Windsor, Conn., Feb. 4,
1971.)
Connecticut s involvement with the prevention of lead poison-
ing originated in the 1930 s with a program aimed at protecting
occupationally exposed workers. Industrial air samples from
areas where lead is used in manufacturing processes were
periodically collected and analyzed, and urine and blood
analyses were performed by industry on all workers who may
have been exposed. Once a worker s blood lead level has
reached 0.08 mg/100 cc, he is removed from the job to a func-
tion not involving lead until the level has returned to 0.07
mg/100 cc or less. Fatalities in Connecticut due to lead poison-
ing totaled 14 in the ten-year period from 1959 through 1968.
Many more victims certainly were afflicted with non-fatal
symptoms including mental retardation, damage to the central
nervous system, convulsions, and anemia. As a result of the
awareness of the critical problem of lead poisoning, a Gover-
nor s Task Force was commissioned in 1969 and has been ac-
tive in reviewing all aspects of the hazards associated with
lead-based paints and in developing recommendations to help
formulate preventive programs. Lead poisoning in children and
screening programs are discussed. Sources of lead and its ab-
sorption in the body are mentioned. The problem of mercury
in food is also cited.
31315
Strunz, W.
CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE. (Chemie
und Umwelthygiene). Text in German. Allgem. Prak. Chem.
(Vienna), 22(2):25-31, Feb. 1971. (Presented at the Bundesin-
nungstagung des chemischen Gewerbes, Wien, West Germany,
Oct. 23, 1970.)
There are 300 chemical substances which are termed air pollu-
tants. Some of the most common air pollutants are sulfur diox-
ide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, chlorine,
nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, ketones, lead, hydrogen chloride,
carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide and tetraethyl lead.
Among the heaviest polluters are power plants. In a thermal
power plant with a capacity of 300,000 kW/hr, 70 tons of oil
are burned and one million cu m flue gases are produced. The
rain water in industrial centers has, at times, a pH of five. Au-
tomobiles are also heavy polluters. In Vienna, 90,000 tons of
CO are emitted into the air/day. The emissions of hydrocar-
bons, lead, and SO2 are 9000, 0.55, and 180 tons respectively.
The maximum allowable concentration for nitrogen oxides is
one mg/cu m air, for C12 0.3 mg/cu m air, for hydrogen sulfide
0.15 mg/cu m, for SO2 0.40 mg/cu m, for lead 0.004 mg/cu m,
for 0.1 mg lead/day. The atmospheric pollution affects hu-
mans, animals, and plants.
31323
Sherwood, P. T. and P. H. Bowers
AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC--A REVIEW OF
THE PRESENT POSITION. Ministry of Transport,
Crowthorne (England), Road Research Lab.; Ministry of
Transport, Crowthorne (England), Earthworks and Founda-
tions Section; Ministry of Transport, Crowthorne (England),
Climate Section, RRL Rept. LR 352, 28p., 1970. 28 refs.
NTIS: PB 196744
To provide a basis for assessing the needs for further research
into the problem, the present position in Great Britain con-
cerning air pollution from traffic is presented. Carbon monox-
ide, oxides of nitrogen, lead compounds, smoke, unburned
fuel and secondary products produced from the fuel, and vari-
ous particulate matter are cited. None of the major com-
ponents of air pollution from traffic has been identified in con-
centrations large enough to be considered to have a more or
less immediate and permanent effect on health, though some
temporary effects may be present. There may, however, be
temporary effects that affect behavior and there is no doubt
that smoke and smell from traffic are unpleasant. Considera-
tion should be given to these two aspects to find the extent of
the problem so that the value of emission controls can be as-
sessed. Methods of reducing emissions from road vehicles are
discussed, as well as the legislation in force for controlling
emissions in other countries. If controls of invisible emissions
are introduced in Great Britain, it will be necessry to establish
whether the legislation is having any effect. There will, there-
fore, be a need for a rapid method of assessing whether a
vehicle complies with the law and for monitoring the levels of
pollutants in the air. (Author abstract modified)
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
29
31324
Freed, Virgil H.
TETRAETHYL LEAD IN GASOLINE. In: Environmental
Quality in Oregon 1971. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, En-
vironmental Health Sciences Center, NSF Grant GT-14, p. 30-
33, 1971.
The removal of lead from gasoline is proclaimed to be the only
possible solution to cleaning the atmosphere by some authori-
ties and is condemned as a measure which will increase pollu-
tion by others. In order to significantly reduce emissions, it
may be necessary to attach auxiliary equipment such as a
direct flame afterburner or the catalytic reactor to the auto ex-
haust pipe. Research showed that tetraethyl lead oxidation
products in auto exhaust will poison the catalyst and reduce its
efficiency. Another important reason for removing lead may
be biological. The tetraethyl lead oxidation products are
emitted as condensed paniculate matter which have quite
small diameters. Biologically significant distribution of lead
does occur along freeways and city streets. The levels of lead
in the blood of persons living and working in large cities can
be twice that of persons living in suburban or rural areas.
Possible chronic physiological effects are a concern. The use
of unleaded gasolines will eliminate one source of lead con-
tamination in the environment, but the octane rating must be
consistent with the engine requirements.
31395
Wegner, Helmut
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, A TASK OF EUROPEAN
INTERNAL POLICY. (Umweltschutz, eine Aufgabe eu-
ropaeischer Innenpolitik). Text in German. Staedtehygiene
(Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(7):149-151, July 1971.
The fight against air pollution is a struggle for life. Little is yet
known about the regeneration of air. The 13.9 million pas-
senger cars now operating in Germany annually emit eight mil-
lion tons of carbon monoxide, 1.2 million tons hydrocarbons,
900,000 tons nitrogen oxides, 12000 tons particulates and 7000
tons of lead. Industry spends about $120 million/yr on air pol-
lution control measures. The cement industry succeeded in
reducing dust emissions from 25% of its production to one
percent. In the industrial center between Duisburg and Dort-
mund, where the world s heaviest dust emissions weree mea-
sured in the early 1960 s dust emissions are one fifth of former
values. According to predictions of cancer researchers, nearly
18 million Germans will develop cancer, half of whom will die
from it. The cause is to a large extent the increasing quantities
of carcinogens in the atmosphere.
31520
Gammelgard, P. N.
STATEMENT. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.,
Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 131-133. (Dec.
13-15.) NTIS: PB 198104
It is suggested that a regulation requiring the petroleum indus-
try to make lead-free gasoline will drive dozens of the nation s
270-odd refineries out of business overnight. Before action is
taken in either reducing or eliminating lead from gasoline, it is
hoped that more work will be done to reach an objective
definition of the role of lead in the environment as it affects
health and welfare.
31525
Stokinger, Herbert E.
RECENT HISTORY OF LEAD EXPOSURE IN U. S. INDUS-
TRY, 1935-1965. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.,
Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 29-36. (Dec. 13-
15.) (PHS Pub. 1440) NTIS: PB 198104
A review has been made of mostly hitherto unassembled and
unpublished data on lead exposure as measured by concentra-
tions in air and in urine, in seven of eight work categories
representing the major uses of lead: auto body, collision and
manufacture; foundries, printing (electro-type); storage battery
manufacture and rebuilding; secondary smelters. The large
category of munitions is excepted. Insofar as the concentration
of lead in air and in urine can be used as measures of expo-
sure to inorganic forms of lead, the clear, consistent, and
unmistakable conclusion is that exposure to airborne lead,
dust, and fumes, is less by a factor of several magnitudes in
all industrial categories since 1934. This decrease has con-
tinued, but at a slower rate since 1945. Of a ninth work-expo-
sure category, involving exposure to gasoline additives and
their breakdown products, only one, garage mechanics,
showed evidence of exposure slightly in excess of normal, but
still well below acceptable limits. (Author conclusions
modified)
31596
Corner, E. S. and A. R. Cunningham
VALUE OF HIGH OCTANE NUMBER UNLEADED
GASOLINES IN THE U. S. Preprint, American Chemical
Society, Washington, D. C., 26p., 1971. 27 refs. (Presented at
the American Chemical Society, Division of Water, Air, and
Waste Chemistry, Los Angeles, Calif., March 28-April 2,
1971.)
A study was undertaken to define the optimum octane level of
future unleaded gasoline. Calculations of the value of octane
number to the consumer have been based upon fuel economy
considerations at constant performance. Even though the con-
sumer will pay more for higher octane number gasolines, the
better fuel economy obtainable can reduce his actual transpor-
tation costs per mile of travel. Although additional crude (or
energy equivalent) is required to manufacture a given volume
of higher octane number gasolines, the better fuel economy
obtainable in higher compression ratio engines can more than
compensate for this additional crude per unit volume of
gasoline produced. The effect of compression ratio on fuel
economy has been computed, as well as the relationship
between compression ratio and octane number. It is necessary
to convert octane number requirements in terms of primary
reference fuels to requirements in terms of Research and
Motor octane number qualities, which are the variables defin-
ing the road antiknock performance of both clear and leaded
gasolines. A multi-grade system permits a much higher com-
pression ratio than does a single grade at a constant Research
octane number gasoline pool. The relationship between relative
fuel economy and pool Research octane number was ex-
amined, as well as the value of octane numbers to the
customer, costs of unleaded gasolines, and conservation of
natural resources. As pool Research octane numbers increase,
value to the customer of the higher octane number gasolines
increases. At the same time, the cost to the customer of the
higher octane number gasolines also increases. However, the
customer will benefit as long as the rate of increase in value is
greater than the rate of increase in cost. The customer benefits
in potentially lower transportation costs up to the 97% pool
Research octane number unleaded gasoline.
-------
30
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
31632
Cross, F. L., Jr., R. J. Drago, and H. E. Francis
METAL AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM IN-
CINERATORS BURNING SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MIXED
REFUSE. American Society of Mechanical Engineer New
York, Incinerator Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., Cincin-
nati, Ohio, 1970, p. 62-64, 189-195. 3 refs. (May 17-20.)
A municipal incinerator is described that has two separate 150-
ton/day, circular batch-fed furnaces with individual secondary-
combustion chambers. Effluent from these two chambers
feeds into a single expansion and waterspray chamber before
enterin the 196 plus or minus ft stack. Waste heat from one
furnace is used to dry sewage sludge by the Raymond process;
dried sludge is then returned to the same furnace and burned
in suspension. The spray chamber has refractory baffles that
are continuously wetted and a drain system that leads to a
clarifier for fly-ash settling and disposal. Water from the clari-
fier is returned to the sewage-treatment-plant effluent line. As
determined by stack-sampling tests, metals are important con-
stitutents in air-pollutant emissions from municipal incinera-
tors. Emissions of metals while burning refuse ranged from
0.007 Ib/hr (cadmium) to 1.5 Ib/hr (lead); when both refuse and
sludge were burned, at a 3.5 to one ratio, the range was 0.007
Ib/hr (cadmium) to 2.13 Ib/hr (zinc). Design engineers must
develop methods of removing and recovering metals from in-
cinerator stack gases.
31649
McCaldin, Roy O.
ESTIMATION OF SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD AND
MEASURED ATMOSPHERIC LEAD LEVELS. Public Health
Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamina-
tion, 1965, p. 7-15. 15 refs. (Dec. 13- 15.) (PHS Pub. 1440.)
NTIS: PB 198104
Literature on sources of lead emissions and atmospheric lead
levels is reviewed. Emissions resulting from insecticide,
storage battery, and paint manufacture are discussed. Other
possible lead emission sources are municipal incineration,
burning dumps, burning waste materials associated with build-
ing demolition, and combustion of lead-burning fuels. Re-en-
trainment into the air of lead-bearing soils is a source of pollu-
tion but only a minor contribution for urban soils. The use of
emission inventories as a point of departure to estimate the
relative quantity of lead emitted when coal and gasoline are
burned is discussed. Data on atmospheric lead levels for
specific urban areas are presented. The conclusions indicate
that data on lead emissions and its sources are minimal. Based
on available data, the principal source of atmospheric lead in
urban areas is combustion of leaded gasoline.
31934
Ohira, Toshio, T. Komeiji, Y. Igoshi, K. Asakoya, T.
Kubodera, T. Yamamoto, and Z. Shinozaki
MEASUREMENT OF LEAD AND AROMATIC HYDROCAR-
BON IN GASOLINE. (Gasolin chu no namari oyobi hokozoku
tanka suiso no sokotei). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Nyusu
(Air Pollution News), no. 65:4-6, July 1971.
Benzene, toluene, and the other aromatic hydrocarbons con-
tained in gasoline have been implicated as one of the causes of
photochemical smog. Major gasoline blends on the market
were tested to determine to what extent they contained
tetraethyl lead, aromatic compounds, and thinner. It has been
suggested that aromatic compounds are added to gasolines to
maintain octane as lead compounds were removed. The lead
standard (less than 0.3 ml/liter) was met for all brands, and,
except for one or two brands, there was no marked difference
in aromatic hydrocarbon content between the gasolines. Since
the blend with a high concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons
also had a high lead concentration, it was concluded that aro-
matic compounds were not added intentionally. No thinner
was added to the various blends.
32035
Horton, Robert J. M.
MAJOR SOURCES OF LEAD POLLUTION. Public Health
Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamina-
tion, 1965, p. 137-142. (Dec. 13-15.) NTIS. PB 198104
Air pollution levels for lead at ordinary urban measuring sta-
tions show values ranging from one to three micrograms/cu m
of air. Rural values are normally below these levels, while
measurements taken near automobile traffic may be as high as
40 micrograms/cu m, depending on the proximity to the road-
way and traffic density. The average daily diet contains about
.3 mg/day of lead, with a range from .1 to two mg. Contamina-
tion of drinking water by various sources was reviewed in
terms of the Public Health Service drinking water standards of
.05 mg/1. Also, a review was made of mostly hitherto unassem-
bled and unpublished data on lead exposure measured by con-
centrations of lead in air and urine in seven or eight work
categories representing the major uses of lead: auto body
manufacture and repair, foundries, electrotype printing,
storage battery manufacture, rebuilding of storage batteries,
and secondary smelters. Lead in tobacco and paints was also
considered.
32447
THE REDUCTION OF ADX POLLUTANTS THROUGH OTTO
FUELS FOR AUTOMOBH.ES. (Zur Verminderung von Luft-
verunreinigungen durch Ottokraftstoffe fuer Kraftfahrzeugmo-
toren). Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg),
22(8): 193-194, Aug. 1971.
Annual lead emission in West Germany was low (7000 tons)
compared to emissions of carbon monoxide (8 million tons),
hydrocarbons (1.2 million tons), nitrogen oxides (900,000 tons),
and participates (12,000 tons), but it was the most toxic of all
emissions. Allowable working place concentrations for lead
were between 20 and 200 micrograms, compared to 50 mg for
CO. The lead content in the blood of street cleaners in Frank-
furt/Main was much higher than in a control group consisting
of a cross section of the population. In 15% of the workers,
the concentration had reached the critical level. An extremely
high lead concentration was measured in the atmosphere over
Frankfurt. These findings triggered federal government action
into ruling that by Jan. 1, 1972, gasoline lead concentration
may not exceed 0.40 g/1; by Jan. 1, 197(5, the concentration
shall further decrease to 0.15 g/1.
32492
Kumashiro, Kazuo and Masana Ogata
THE EARTH SURFACE POLLUTION BY LEAD AT CROSS-
ROADS. (Kosaten ni okeru doro dojo no namari osen). Text
in Japanese. Igaku to Seibutsugaku, 82(3):89-91, March 10,
1971. 4 refs.
Lead and potassium were determined in soil alongside heavily
traveled roads, moderately traveled roads, and roads with little
traffic in Okayama City. The traffic volume was 3000-4000
cars/hr in the first group, 500-1000 cars/hr in the second
group, and 0-10 cars/hr in the third group. Significant dif-
ferences were not found concerning the potassium content of
the soils from the three different groups. The mean lead con-
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
31
tent was 480 ppm for the first soil group, 110 ppm for the
second group of samples, and 30 ppm for the third group.
32523
Suzuki, Takashi, Yukio Isogai, Tokushige Fukami, and
Hatsune Ito
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
GASOLINE. (Gasorin chu namari no kan-i teiryoho). Text in
Japanese. Nagoya-shi Kogyo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku
(Res. Rep. Nagoya Munic. Ind. Res. Inst.), no. 45:24-26, 1971.
3 refs.
Lead in gasoline was analyzed by the
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) absorption photomet-
ric method and dithizone colorimetry following extraction with
concentrated nitric acid, to determine if the methods were suf-
ficiently practical and simple. A desired amount of gasoline
was taken into a separator funnel, mixed with concentrated
nitric acid in an amount 1.5 times greater than the sample, and
shaken for 20 minutes or more. The acid layer containing ox-
idated organics formed in the process was extracted, mixed
with perchloric acid, and heated (for complete oxida-
tion/decomposition of the organics) until white smoke was
emitted. After being made alkaline by addition of ammonium
hydroxide, the lead was then determined by EDTA or
dithizone absorption photometry. Results obtained with both
methods for several brands of commerical gasoline were in
satisfactory agreement with those obtained by the Japanese In-
dustrial Standard method.
32621
World Health Organization Geneva (Switzerland), Expert
Committee on Urban Air Pollution and Motor Vehicles
URBAN AIR POLLUTION WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO MOTOR VEHICLES. REPORT OF A WHO
EXPERT COMMITTEE. World Health Organ. Tech. Rept
Sen, no. 410:1-53, 1969. 20 refs.
Worldwide trends in urban air pollution and control legislation
are briefly reviewed. Air pollution from motor vehicles is con-
sidered at length in terms of the sources, nature, and composi-
tion of pollutants; methods of sampling and analysis; and the
effects of vehicle exhaust on visibility, health, vegetation, and
materials. Technological methods of controlling motor vehicle
pollution are evaluated as is control through fuel modification
or alternate power systems, such as steam, electric, or gas tur-
bine engines. The necessity of supplementary control though
environmental and health surveillance programs is stressed.
Problems in applying air quality critera and standards are
noted, and a recommendation is made for a worldwide col-
laborative study of air pollution in urban areas. Such a study
would provide a means of asessing the relative contributions
of different sources of pollution in different countries and per-
mit the prediction of probable future trends in pollution. In ad-
dition, seven specific areas where more information is
required are outlined. Spark ignition engines and diesels
produce emissions of participates, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead, peroxyacyl nitrates, ozone,
smoke and oxidants from exhaust, crankcase emissions, and
fuel evaportaion.
32748
Dedolph, Richard, Gary Ter Haar, Richard Holtzman, and
Henry Lucas, Jr.
SOURCES OF LEAD IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AND
RADISHES. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(3):217-223, March 1970.
9 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society, Division
of Water, Air, and Waste Chemistry, National Meeting, 157th,
Minneapolis, Minn., April 1969.)
Experiments designed to assess the relative importance of air,
water, and soil as sources of lead in perennial ryegrass and
radishes showed that only air and soil were significant sources.
Subsequent experiments reaffirmed that both grass and radish
leaves derived two to three micrograms of lead/gr of dry
weight from soil sources. Leaf lead levels in excess of this
were derived from, and quantitatively related to, atmospheric
lead concentrations. Lead levels in radish roots were less than
or equal to soil derived leaf lead levels. The lead concentration
in this edible portion of the radish plant was apparently unaf-
fected by variations in lead concentrations in either soil or air.
Collectively these data woul' not support a contention that the
food of prehistoric man contained only a small fraction of the
lead in the food of contemporary man, urless one assumes
that prehistoric man assiduously eschewed plants as a food
source. (Author abstract)
32875
Hishida, Kazuo
PRESENT SITUATION OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS
POLLUTION AND FUTURE POLICY. (Jidosha haishutsu
gasu kogai no genjo to kongo no taisaku). Text in Japanese.
Toshi Kaihatsu (Urban Development), 9(100):68-74, Aug. 1971.
11 refs.
Carbon monoxide concentration varied from 3.4 ppm to 27.5
ppm, depending upon the time of day, at intersections in
Tokyo; in non-urban areas, CO concentrations ranged between
1.1 and 6.0 ppm. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons emitted
from automobiles are considered to be the cause of
photochemical smog. Automobile exhaust gas and sulfuric acid
mist from chimneys were thought to cause a pollution episode
on July 18, 1970, when students at the Rissho High School
became ill. Oxidant concentrations were unusually high. Lead
concentrations were highly correlated with CO concentrations
at one intersection. In order to minimize CO concentrations,
idling must be controlled, exhaus control devices installed,
garages designated where repairs can be made, and traffic
volume reduced. Blowby reduction and evaporation control
equipment should be installed to control HC emissions.
Cooperation between the gasoline manufacturer and the public
is needed to produce low lead gasolines. April 1974 is the
present deadline for lead gsolines.
33087
Sticksel, Philip R. and Richard B. Engdahl
DERIVATION OF THE EMISSION DATA AND PROJEC-
TIONS USED IN PLANNING. In: The Federal R and D Plan
for Air Pollution Control by Process Modification. Battelle
Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Labs., APCO
Contract CPA 22-69-147, Rept. APTD-0643, p. B-l to B-19,
Jan. 11, 1971. 11 refs. NTIS: PB 198066
The derivation of the emissions data and projections used in
the five-year research and development plan for the reduction
of emissions from energy-conversion combustion sources by
combustion process modification are presented. The emissions
include particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, lead, sulfur oxides, ash, and polynuclear aromatics.
Sources include power plants, industry, steam generation, gas
turbines, internal combustion engines, residential heating, air-
craft, trucks, diesel engine, natural gas engines, and automo-
biles.
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32
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
33169
Autelitano, di Giuseppe
TOXIC GASES EMITTED BY MOTOR VEHICLES. (I gasi
nocivi emessi dagli autoveicoli). Text in Italian. Inquinamento.,
13(5):14-20, 1971. 16 refs.
A review of the literature discloses that the highest concentra-
tion of carbon monoxide in the air is encountered in the cen-
ters of cities, where traffic is heavier, rather than in the sub-
urbs. Under equal traffic conditions, the greatest CO levels are
found at stop signs and stop lights where the engines of the
automobiles are often subjected to acceleration and decelera-
tion. Local conditions greatly affect the CO levels, as demon-
strated by observations made in underpasses and tunnels
where the circulation of the air is confined. The level of CO in
the air of large cities such as Rome and Milan was about 50
ppm, which is a lower figure than the limit values (100 ppm)
set by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hy-
gjenists. Lead, another component of automobile exhaust, was
from 0.7 micrograms/cu m of air in Detroit to 5.22 mg in dust
in Milan. The toxic effects of CO and lead are reviewed. Other
significant components of automobile exhaust are hydrocar-
bons, nitrogen dioxide, particulates, and sulfur dioxide.
33293
Ettinger, Morris B.
LEAD IN DRINKING WATER. Public Health Service,
Washington, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination,
1965, p. 21-27. 12 refs. (Dec. 13-15.) (PHS Pub. 1440) NTIS:
PB 198104
Data on the lead content of both raw and finished water in the
United States have been gathered from various public health
sources, including data generated by routine monitoring activi-
ties such as the Water Pollution Surveillance System and the
monitoring of water supplied to interstate carriers. Lead from
motor boats, lead removal by sewage treatment processes,
lead in unfiltered surface waters, lead dissolved in surface
waters, and lead in rain water are mentioned. In addition, the
avenue of entrance of lead into the water supply reaching the
tap of the general consumer has been reviewed. In the analysis
of the data, the recently reviewed Grounds for Rejection limit
of 0.05 mg/liter for lead in drinking water has been used as a
suitable guide point in considering the lead present in various
waters.
33350
Rossini, Frederick D., Philip Myers, Bruce Bailey, S. L.
Meisel, G. J. Stopps, A. L. Aronson, Gary Ter Haar, Bruce H.
Simpson, and A. F. Forziati
PANEL DISCUSSION. SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
(I) - LEAD IN GASOLINE. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 61(2):138-147,
1971. (Presented the Symposium Science and the Environ-
ment, Washington, D. C., Jan. 21, 1970.)
A panel discussion considered the effect of lead in gasoline.
The indiscriminate setting up of standards, which are
technologically unattainable within the given time schedule,
will seriously cripple the economy of our society and tend to
immobilize a very mobile society. Problems in acquiring a
definition of particulates in emission testing procedures are in-
dicated. The generation of ammonia and other emissions from
the tailpipe is cited. Cost-benefit considerations and the con-
trol of lead emissions are mentioned.
33365
Myers, P. S.
SPARK IGNITION ENGINE COMBUSTION AND LEAD. J.
Wash. Acad. Sci., 61(2):58-74, 1971. 36 refs.
Lead is used in gasoline to prevent knock, i.e., to permit the
last part of the air-fuel mixture to burn, to withstand higher
pressures and temperatures before auto-igniting. The ability to
withstand higher thermal stresses permits higher compression
ratios, which in turn give better fuel economy and higher
power output. The addition of lead does not affect the cool
flame limits during motored operation but definitely affects
auto-ignition limits. Lead does not seem to significantly affect
energy release rates. However, its effect on auto-ignition limits
can differ between different fuels. It appears that the lead
must first decompose to lead oxide and that different kinds of
lead oxides have different antiknock capabilities. Different
fuels have different antiknock characteristics. Thus removal of
lead, which will cause a decrease in gasoline antiknock quali-
ty, must be accompanied either by a reduction in engine com-
pression ratio or a change in refining techniques to produce
fuels having higher antiknock properties. It appears that
removal of three cc of lead plus reduction in compression ratio
would give an increase in fuel consumption of as much as
10%. Lead also affects combustion chamber deposits which in
turn affect knock and, to a lesser extent, exhaust emissions.
There is some evidence to indicate that deposits from un-
leaded gasoline cause a higher increase in antiknock require-
ment than do deposits from leaded gasoline. There is also
some evidence to indicate that leaded deposits cause slightly
higher exhaust emissions. Lead normally acts as a poison for
catalysts to reduce exhaust pollutants but does not seem to af-
fect exhaust pollutant reactions per se. (Author abstract)
33378
Cheklich, George E.
U. S. ARMY S HYBRID COMBUSTION ENGINE AND THE
1975 FEDERAL EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS. J.
Wash. Acad. Sci., 61(2):85-90, 1971.
Two processes utilizing the stratified charge principle (a form
of hybrid combustion) are under investigation: The Texaco
Combustion Process (TCP) and the Ford Combustion Process
(FCP). Only a small amount of fuel reaches the combustion
chamber walls in a stratified charge engine, leading to reduced
quenching and thereby minimizing unbumed hydrocarbons.
Very lean air-fuel ratios minimize formation of carbon monox-
ide and nitrogen oxides. With a FCP hybrid combustion engine
and a catalytic reactor, the highest production army vehicle
(the M-151 jeep) surpasses the 1975 Federal emission stan-
dards. Even without the catalyst, the FPC engine easily meets
the 1972 standards. Currently, the TPC system approaches the
1972 standards without a catalyst and the 1975 standards with
a catalyst. However, expected significant improvements in
emissions should make TCP performance comparable to the
FCP. Major advantages of the TCP are its capability to be tur-
bocharged and the fact that it is not octane or cetane limited.
The use of low-octane lead-free fuels is possible. Exhaust
emission data for both systems are tabulated.
33626
Bailey, Bruce S.
GASOLINE-MOTOR ENGINEERING. J. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
61(2):74-84, 1971. 4 refs.
A maximum efficiency obtainable by a gasoline engine is
limited, among other things, by the octane number of the
available fuel. Lead has been instrumental in making possible
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
33
today s high octane gasolines, and the removal of lead from
gasoline will produce direct and indirect octane losses that will
force substantial reductions in engine efficiency. A review of
pure hydrocarbon octane data indicates that: the octane poten-
tial of unleaded gasolines is not as high as present leaded
gasolines; good motor octane performance will be particularly
difficult to achieve in unleaded gasolines; and high octane un-
leaded gasolines will require high concentrations of aromatics.
The two real problems resulting from the use of lead are in-
creased exhaust-system corrosion and decreased spark-plug
life. Both problems can be minimized through use of high-
quality gasolines and engine oils and proper maintenance
procedures. No ready solution exists for the problems, particu-
larly valve recession, that occur when engines are operated
under heavy duty conditions on unleaded gasolines. Future use
of lead antiknocks should not be foreclosed until it is clear
that a clean engine cannot be developed which uses leaded
fuels. (Author abstract modified)
33667
Sies, W.
THE GENERAL SITUATION ON THE LEAD SECTOR.
(Allgemeine Situation auf dem Bleisektor). Text in German.
Metall. (Berlin), 25(iO):1195-1196, Oct. 1971. (Presented at the
Internationalen Blei-Tagung, 4th, Hamburg, West Germany,
Sept. 22, 1971.)
The status of lead emissions from automobiles is reviewed.
Due to the higher demand for better automobile performance,
lead consumption for the production of tetraethyl lead doubled
since 1960, but is projected to decrease after 1975 due to regu-
lations limiting the addition of lead to gasolines.
33710
Kifune, Ikuei, Ryuichi Sugai, Yoshio Urushiyama, and Eiko
Abe
INVESTIGATION ON AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES IN
NIIGATA CITY. (Niigata shinai ni okeru jidosha haiki gasu
chosa hokoku). Text in Japanese. Niigata-ken Eisei Kenkyusho
Shudankai Shoroku (Niigata Prefect. Public Health Lab. Meet.
Abstr.), 1970:21-22, 1970.
Automobile exhaust gases were monitored and measured at
four main intersections of Niigata City. Carbon monoxide was
measured by high volume air sampler, and lead concentration
was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Traffic
volume from 8:00 am-6.00 pm was calculated each for ten
minutes on the hour. The traffic volume mean values were
1050 cars/ten minutes at the line Toko crossroads and 400
cars/ten minutes at the Yamanoshita Boseki, Sekiya Dankuro,
and Furumachi crossroads. The mean CO value was 6.4 - 8
ppm, with the maximum at 9.8 - 12 ppm. A reciprocal relation-
ship between CO and numbers of running cars for all time-
zones was established for two intersections. The maximum
and minimum lead values were 3.81, 2.02 micrograms/cu m at
two separate crossroads. For correlations between lead and
dust concentrations the rate of lead in dust was 0.6% for rainy
and 0.2% for fine days at the Toko line crossroads.
33822
Pierson, William R., Wanda Brachaczek, and Joseph T.
Kummer
SEARCH FOR AIRBORNE PARTICULATE DEBRIS FROM
RUBBER TIRES. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Water Air Waste
Chem., Gen. Pap., ll(2):236-244, 1971. 13 refs. (Presented at
American Chemical Society, Division of Water, Air and Waste
Chemistry, National Meeting, 162nd, Washington, D. C., Sept.
12-17, 1971.)
To determine how much of the material lost from rubber tires
becomes airborne paniculate matter, air collected from ex-
haust ducts and from the vicinity of tunnel exit ports was
analyzed for styrene-butadiene rubbert (SBR), zinc, bromine,
and lead by infrared adsorption spectroscopy. The results are
presented as Zn/Pb, Zn/Br, and SBR/Pb ratios, under various
meteorological conditions, between amount of tire paniculate
and amount of gasoline-engine exhaust paniculate. The tire
data pertain to tires of all vehicles. The lowest results are
presumably the more definitive ones since all are upper limits.
The ratios indicate that there is, at most, less than 40% as
much paniculate matter from tire wear as from exhaust. The
upper limit on tire particulates suspended in the atmosphere
should be lower, as tire-wear particles tend to be bigger than
exhaust particles. On the other hand, tire-wear conditions at
the two tunnel sites are relatively mild, and more work will be
necessary to justify dismissing tire particulates as a relatively
insignificant concern.
33963
Chiba Prefecture (Japan) Dept. of Hygiene
WHITE PAPER ON ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS IN
CHIBA PREFECTURE. 1970. (Chiba-ken kogai hakusho.
Showa 45 nendo ban). Text in Japanese. 384p., Feb. 1971.
The paper consists of general considerations the actual condi-
tion and countermeasures of environmental hazards in Chiba,
problems for the future and a data section. The progress of the
pollution problem after the first occurrence and changes of the
administrative organization in Chiba Prefecture are discussed.
The following pollutants are discussed: odors, carbon monox-
ide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, suspended
particulates, lead, sulfur oxides, and smog. Various standards
and regulations, the general aspects of the pollution sources,
the relation to meteorological factors, and the effects on
human bodies and plants are discussed. Future problems on
administrative treatment, especially the pollution control pro-
gram in the Chiba-Ichihara district are discussed in detail.
Results of determination of air pollution, water pollution and
ground shrinkage in 1969 and 1970 are included in the data
section. Measurement and control methods are discussed.
33965
Fukuoka Prefectural Government (Japan), Public Nuisance
Section
FUKUOKA PREFECTURE WHITE PAPER ON ENVIRON-
MENTAL HAZARDS. 1970. (Showa 45 nendo kogai hakusho).
Text in Japanese. 167p., Jan. 1971.
The actual condition, administration, and public problems re-
lated to environmental hazards caused by air, water, and noise
pollution in Fukuoka Prefecture were summarized. Industrial
emissions, automobile exhaust gases, and emissions from
heaters are the major sources of pollution. The condition of
pollution and its control was discussed for different areas
within the Prefecture. The influence of cadmium on crops and
humans in the Omuta district is discussed. Fanners in Omuta
received a chronic intoxication of cadmium. Metals, suspended
dust, lead, sulfur oxides, oxidants, nitrogen oxides, hydrocar-
bons, and carbon monoxide are other important pollutants.
Control methods, measurement methods, and effects on
human health are mentioned. The environmental control pro-
gram, legislation, advisory services, and standards are also
discussed.
-------
34
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
34018
Bernhart, A. P.
NOTES ON AIR POLLUTION: THE INGREDIENTS
DEFINED. PART I. Water Pollution Control (Toronto),
109(10):41-42, Oct. 1971. 19 refs.
The problem of air pollution in Canada is reviewed with
respect to effects on human health (respiratory diseases),
animals, plants, buildings (soiling and deterioration), traffic
(visibility), and economy; breakdown by individual pollutant;
and major sources. The major pollutants and their sources in-
cluded suspended participates and dust fall from furnaces, in-
cineration, and cement plants; pollen from grasses and trees;
sulfur oxides from coal furnaces; carbon monoxide from cars;
hydrocarbons from engine exhausts and gasoline evaporation;
aldehydes from diesel exhausts and dry cleaners; nitrogen ox-
ides from power plants; oxidants; odors from slaughterhouses,
garment factories, glue factories, and diesel buses; fluorides
from aluminum and fertilizer plants; lead from car exhausts;
benzopyrene; carbon dioxide; and other minor pollutants, i.e.,
organic acids, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, chlorine, and
bromine.
34031
Keller, J. G.
UNLEADED MOTOR FUEL AND THE VALUE OF OCTANE.
American Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of Refining, Proc.
Am. Petrol. Inst., Div. Refining, vol. 51:898-921, 1971.
(Presented at the Midyear Meeting, 36th, San Francisco,
Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
Strong social, legislative, regulatory, and technical pressures
are expected to cause the use of lead alky Is as octane improv-
ing agents to be phased out of motor fuel in the United States.
A study of the relationship of octane number to engine com-
pression ratio and thus to efficiency indicates that higher com-
pression ratios and higher octane numbers are desirable. The
customer would obtain lower transportation costs up to 97 un-
leaded pool Research octane number. He would benefit sub-
stantially in two- or three-grade marketing systems over a sin-
gle system at all levels of pool octane number. Also, natural
resources (crude petroleum equivalent) are conserved as pool
Research octane number increases up to 97 Research octane
number. (Author abstract modified).
34040
Medeiros, Robert W.
LEAD FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. Chemistry,
44(10):7-9, Nov. 1971. 5 refs.
Air pollution due to leaded gasoline consumed in motor vehi-
cles was examined with respect to background material on
lead in gasoline, octane rating as a measure of engine per-
formance, and conversion of tetraethyl lead in the gasoline to
lead bromide and lead chloride. The direct correlation between
increased lead content in city air and traffic conditions de-
mands new research into gasoline additives. Control methods
for lead emissions from motor vehicles include low-lead or
lead-free gasolines and substitutes for lead in gasolines.
34068
Djuric, Dusan, Zarka Kerin, Ljubica Graovac-Leposavic,
Ljiljana Novak, and Marija Kop
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION BY LEAD FROM A
MINE AND SMELTER. Arch. Environ. Health, vol. 23:275-
279, Oct. 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the Conference on Inor-
ganic Lead, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Nov. 28, 1968.)
The contamination of a large area in Yugoslavia by lead from
a mine and smelter is illustrated in a preliminary report by
fragmentary data obtained by the determination of lead in the
surrounding air, in the water of a river draining the area, in
the soil, and in local vegetation. A screening test (determina-
tion of the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid) ap-
plied to groups in the population suggests that the absorption
of lead by members of the groups may be hazardous. (Author
abstract)
34177
Struth, Bert W.
THE IMPACT OF NEW GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS ON
REFINERIES OF THE FUTURE. Preprint, American Inst. of
Chemical Engineers, New York, 26p., 1971. (Presented at the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, National Meeting,
68th, Houston, Tex., Feb. 28-March 4, 1971.)
Normal growth, a changing natural resources picture, ob-
solescence, and pollution control will result in refinery expan-
sion of over 10 billion dollars over the next decade. The
refinery processing resulting from anticipated changes in
gasoline specifications due to pollution control regulations is
discussed. The major question facing the industry is how to
replace the leaded octane numbers. Advantages and disad-
vantages connected with catalytic cracking, alkylation,
hydrocrackling, residuum upgrading processes, and catalytic
reforming are considered, as well as the supply/demand
balance. Future trends are cited. Isopentane separation from
the light straight run, followed by isomerization of the nor-
mals, appears to be the first step in upgrading the low-octane
naphthas. The carbon-6 to carbon-9 aromatics are by far the
most economically available hydrocarbons. The feed for cata-
lytic reformers will change drastically. Next to aromatics, al-
kylate made of isobutane and C2 to C5 olefins offers the
refiner the next highest research octane value component. The
effect of lead removal is discussed.
34341
Rossenbeck, Martin
FUEL MODIFICATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT. (Kraftstoffwandel im Zeichen des Um-
weltschutzes). Text in German. Automobiltech. (Stuttgart),
73(11):415-421, Nov. 1971. 62 refs.
Tetraethyl lead has been used for more than 45 years all over
the world as an anti-knock agent in gasoline for automobiles.
The first country which limited the leat content was Sweden.
The maximum allowable concentration has been reduced to 0.7
g/1 (beginning with January 1, 1970) from 0.84 g/1. The Federal
Republic of Germany has passed a law reducing the lead con-
tent to a maximum of 0.40 g/1 beginnig with January 1, 1972
and to 0.15 g/1 by January 1, 1976. The U. S. has no law yet
for limiting the lead content. Lead is emitted in the com-
bustion of hard coal in the form of lead oxide; in the vicinity
of lead-working plants, lead has been found in larger concen-
trations (particle size: 0.5 to 5 micron). The main charac-
tertistic of the lead compounds emitted by automobiles is the
small particle size which is on the average less than 0.125
micron. Part of the inhaled or ingested lead is deposited in the
bones and part in the blood. Lead is a toxin which interferes
with the blood formation. A correlation exists between the
lead content in the blood, in the urine, and in the air. The ef-
fect of lead on humans and their organs was studied for the
first time by exposure to an atmosphere with constant lead
concentrations for half a year. Initially, the lead content in the
blood rose until it had reached a certain plateau. The limitation
of the lead in gasoline will reduce the octane number from 100
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
35
to 98 for super gasoline and to 91 for normal gasoline. A
reduction of 0.40 g lead/1 should cause no trouble with most of
the presently existing engines. For reduction to 0.15 g/1 other
anti-knock agents must be found.
34350
Wolff, Josef
INTEGRATION PROBLEMS OF TRAFFIC AND TOURISM.
PRESENT SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENT. (Integration-
sprobleme in Verkehr und Touristik. Derzeitige Situation und
Entwicklung). Text in German. Tech. Ueberwach. (Duessel-
dorf), 12(ll):318-325, Nov. 1971.
Traffic is one of the major polluters of the environment. The
emissions by automobiles must be divided into gaseous com-
bustion products, fuel losses, tire abrasions, and old oil. By
1980, 21.5 million automobiles will consume 30 million tons of
fuel per year. The efforts by the automobile industry and the
federal government of the Federal Republic of Germany are
directed toward improvement of the old vehicles and novel
construction for the new cars. Through such measures emis-
sions can be cut by 50%. Further research concerning the
biomedical influence of gas components such as hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and lead will be necessary. An
exhaust gas monitoring station has been established in Essen
and other parts of the country.
34442
Malschaert, F. P.
AUTOMOBILE AIR POLLUTION AND WAYS TO FIGHT IT.
(Luchtverontreiniging door benzinemotoren en middelen tot
bestrijding). Text in Dutch. Ingenieursblad, 40(15-16):417-428,
1971.6refs.
The harmful components of the automobile exhaust gases are
carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
sulfur dioxide, and lead. The concentration of these pollutants
depends on the thermodynamics of the engine. A gasoline en-
gine exhaust contains high CO, high HC, and low NOx con-
centrations. The diesel engine exhaust contains low CO, low
HC, but high NOx concentration. Comparisons of a typical
European and American automobiles are given. The emissions
of NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons during stationary running, ac-
celeration, deceleration, and constant speed running of a pas-
senger car is sketched. European Economic Community tests
are discussed. Passenger cars are tested inspection stations in
Sweden. Automobile standards issued by the State of Califor-
nia and the Federal government are mentioned. Different
methods of reducing air pollution are given, such as improved
carburetion, a transmission controlled spark advance system,
and an exhaust gas collector reactor. Methods of NOx and Pb
reduction are summarized. A list of topics of interest for
research in automobile air pollution is included.
34647
Hamilton, Wayne L. and James E. Miller
HIGH LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN COLUMBUS SNOW.
Ohio J. Sci., 71(5):313-316, Sept. 1971. 4 refs.
Lead concentrations in snow collected on the ground within
100 feet of streets and roads in January, 1970, were deter-
mined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of
dissolved and paniculate fractions of impurities. Twenty-seven
samples of snow were collected over a 20 sq mile, suburban,
mainly residential part of Columbus, Ohio. Measured concen-
trations were between 0.05 and 1.09 ppm Pb, with an average
of 0.41 ppm. In all but one sample, the lead concentration ex-
ceeded the U.S. Public Health Service safe limit for drinking
water of 0.05 ppm. The temporal and areal distributions of
concentrations, together with a comparison with iron concen-
trations measured in the same samples, indicated that automo-
bile exhaust was the probable source of the lead. (Author ab-
stract)
34774
Baba, Arimasa
AIR POLLUTION AND FUEL. (Taiki osen to nenryo). Text in
Japanese. Naika, 21(5):810-812, May 1968.
Air pollution due to imperfect combustion of fuels is ex-
amined. Soot, containing 80.0-92.4% carbon and 20-1.6%
hydrogen, forms when the air supply is not sufficient for burn-
ing the fuel at a high temperature. Highly volatile fuel creates
less soot because it mixes well with the air and combustion is
quick. A new type of coal fuel is being developed by treating
coal at less than 450 C and forming it into a shape and size
that would facilitate ventilation and prevent fly ash. Common
fuels in the order of least soot production include city gas;
natural gas (methane); propane (liquid petroleum gas)
kerosene; anthracite; coke; heavy oil; volatile bituminous coal;
tar; city dusts and solid waste. Japanese coal contain less than
1% combustible sulfur; the raw oil, used in Japan before the
war, also had very little sulfur content. Oil imported from the
Near and Middle East contains around 2% sulfur. Sulfur diox-
ide, influenced by many factors, and turns into sulfur trioxide
photochemically or by the catalytic action of suspended par-
ticulates. Sulfur dioxide and SO3 in smoke can be cleansed by
liquid absorbent, or treated by manganese oxide, lime, ac-
tivated coal, or ammonia; the most effective SO2 control
method would be to import heavy oil with minimal sulfur con-
tent. Automobile exhaust gas contains carbon gas, water, car-
bon monoxide, aldehyde, tar-like hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides. Ideal gasoline would contain mostly isoparaffin,
without tetraethyl lead CO and would have a high octane
value. Diesel engines emit less than 0.1% but create much
soot.
34788
Proctor, Paul Dean and Thomas R. Beveridge
POPULATION, ENERGY, SELECTED MINERAL RAW
MATERIALS, AND PERSONNEL DEMANDS, 2000 A. D.
Preprint, Society of Mining Engineers, AIME, N. Y., New
York, N. Y., 19p., 1971. (Presented at the American Institute
of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Annual
Meeting, New York, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971, Paper 71-H-107.)
The people of the United States currently consume 32% of the
world s energy and similarly large percentages of the world s
mineral raw materials. A minimal two percent increase per
year in the standard of living in the United States and a four
percent increase elsewhere in the world, beyond the demands
of the estimated population increases, suggest the magnitude
of the increased need for energy-mineral raw materials and the
possible crises the world will face in these areas by 2000 A.D.
Iron ore, copper, lead, and zinc, sulfur, and fertilizer con-
sumption and projections are considered. Better trained and
increased manpower needs are also indicated.
34916
Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C.
PRODUCT CLASSES - VALUE SHD7PED BY ALL MANU-
FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS: 1947, 1954, 1958, 1963 TO
1967. In: Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals and Al-
loys, p. 33C-29, 1970.
-------
36
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Quantities shipped by all manufacturing establishments of
copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, primary nonferrous metals, and
secondary nonferrous metals are tabulated for 1947, 1954,
1958, and 1963 to 1967. Both smelter and refined materials are
included.
34921
Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C.
MATERIALS CONSUMED, BY KIND: 1967 AND 1963. In:
Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals and Alloys, p.
33C-31, 1970.
The quantity consumed in the smelting and refining of nonfer-
rous metals and alloys of aluminum ingot, aluminum and alu-
minum-base alloy scrap, copper, lead, zinc, and tin is listed
for 1963 and 1967. Delivered costs are also indicated.
35050
Wagner, T. O.
MOTOR GASOLINE AND AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION.
SAE (Soc. Automot. Engrs.) Spec. Pub., no. 365:55-62, June
1971. 6 refs.
Until 1970, the emission standards and the car modifications
needed to comply with them had relatively little effect on
gasoline quality, either in California or the remainder of the
country. The only regulation on gasoline relevant to vehicle
pollution was a limit of about 15% placed on total olefin con-
tent by California, and this limit required relatively small
changes in refinery operations for compliance. Then, in 1970,
Ford and General Motors announced that nearly all of their
1970 and later model cars would be designed to operate on un-
leaded gasoline of 91 Research octane number. The production
capabilities of the petroleum industry, the effect of leaded
gasoline on emissions, consumer advantages and disadvantages
of unleaded gasoline, gasoline volatility, and future gasoline
quality are discussed.
35052
Kiyoura, Raisaku
ENERGY AND POLLUTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF POLLU-
TION-FREE FUEL. Chem. Economy Eng. Rev., 3(ll):25-32,
Nov. 1971. 1 ref.
The world s energy consumption has been increasing at an
average annual rate of four to five percent, while Japan s con-
sumption has been expanding at a rate of more than 10%.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and electric power consumption
figures for major countries are presented tabularly. In Japan,
the rapid rise in energy demand has sharply increased the na-
tion s dependence on imported raw materials such as oil, cok-
ing coal, and iron ore in the energy consuming sectors. The
rise in energy consumption and the increase in industrial
wastes are contributing to air pollution. Efforts are being made
with added momentum, however, to secure low-sulfur crude,
to develop desulfurization techniques, to generate atomic ener-
gy on a commercial basis, and to import a large volume of
liquefied natural gas. Nationwide emissions and emission
sources are indicated for the United States. Sulfuric acid fal-
lout is discussed; the air stream which moves from south to
north carries acidic air from central Europe and blows it north.
Lead compounds in automobile exhaust are also mentioned.
Sulfur oxide control processes include activated carbon, Rein-
luft method, manganese oxide, alkalized alumina, limestone,
scrubbing, ammonia, oxidation, absorption, and adsorption.
Japanese efforts against pollution and Japanese standards are
given.
35065
John, Matt K.
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF SOME AGRICULTURAL
SOILS IN WESTERN CANADA. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
5(12):1199-1203, Dec. 1971. 19 refs.
The content of nitric acid soluble lead among 700 soil samples,
mostly from agricultural soils in British Columbia, was related
to proximity to industrial and population centers. Soluble lead
was immobilized in surface horizons and ranged from 0.5 to
180.4 ppm in the agricultural soils. The soluble lead content in
surface samples collected near a battery smelter was as high
as 59,580 ppm. Fractionation of lead into total, native, and
soluble forms was useful in assessing the degree of soil pollu-
tion. Since plant availability of lead may depend on many fac-
tors other than soil lead content, it is difficult to conclude
whether some of the high levels of lead present in these soils
could result in excessive accumulation in plants. (Author sum-
mary modified)
35078
Loebsack, Theo
THE POLLUTED AIR (2). (Die verpestete Luft (2)). Text in
German. Kosmos (Stuttgart), 67(9):379-382, Sept. 1971.
By photochemical processes, sulfur dioxide is changed into
sulfur trioxide. Ozone can form in smog under the influence of
sunlight, and then combine with other pollutants, becoming an
irritant to the eyes and the respiratory organs. Ozone inhaled
for an extended period of time can cause fatal lung edema.
Between 1900 and 1960 the concentration of carbon dioxide
and dust in the air rose from an average of 290 ppm to 330
ppm. A meteorologist in Munich has calculated that an in-
crease of 10% CO2 causes the average temperature of the at-
mosphere to go up by 0.3%. This in turn creates an increase of
the water vapor content, the cloud cover becomes denser,
with a consequent detrimental effect on plant photosynthesis
due to the weakened light energy, resulting in reduced forma-
tion of oxygen by the plants. The exhausts from gasoline en-
gines produce, apart from carbon monoxide, unsaturated
hydrocarbons, nitric oxides, lead compounds, and the car-
cinogen 3,4-benzopyrene. An interesting aspect with com-
bustion engines is the fact that they consume vast amounts of
oxygen. One study reveals that nobody in the United States
would be alive now, if the human demand for oxygen were
covered solely by the oxygen produced by the plants in the U.
S. In actual fact, one third of the demand is derived from
sources outside the boundaries of the continental U. S., for in-
stance from the oxygen produced by the plant plankton of the
Pacific Ocean. Pollution of the air by fluorides is caused by
emissions from metallurgical plants of the aluminum, iron, and
non-ferrous metal industries, ceramics industries, and plants
manufacturing phosphorus and phosphate fertilizers.
35123
Pierrard, J. M. and R. A. Crane
AUTO EXHAUST - LEAD VS AROMATICS. Hydrocarbon
Process., 50(9):142-146, Sept. 1971. 17 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Atlantic City, N. J., June
29, 1971.)
Laboratory and field tests were conducted to determine the ef-
fect of paniculate emissions in vehicle exhaust on atmospheric
soiling and visibility degradation. Leaded and unleaded
gasolines were compared using 1969, 1970, and 1971 model au-
tomobiles. In the first phase of the investigation, cars were
operated on a programmed chassis dynamometer on leaded
and unleaded fuels of both high and low aromatic content, and
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
37
the soiling and visibility degradation effects of the paniculate
matter in the diluted exhaust were determined. In the second
phase, two fleets of cars were driven in the controlled at-
mosphere test space afforded by an idle traffic tunnel. Soiling
and visibility degradation were more severe with the unleaded
fuel at both high and low aromatic content. Unleaded gasoline
caused 84% more degradation of light transmission than
leaded, and soiling was 57% worse for unleaded gasoline.
35168
McCabe, Louis C.
AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS IN LOS ANGELES COUN-
TY. Lead Industries Assoc., New York, Proc. Lead Hyg.
Conf., Chicago, Illinois, 1948, p. 102-11. 2 refs. (Nov. 15-16.)
Los Angeles air pollution regulations affecting metallurgical in-
dustries and from an investigation of air pollution problems in
ferrous and nonferrous industries in the area are summarized.
Smoke cannot exceed Ringelmann No. 2 for more than 3
min/hour, and no contaminant can be emitted that is as opaque
as smoke at Ringelmann No. 2. Paniculate matter cannot ex-
ceed 0.04 grains/cu ft at the point of discharge. Lead and zinc
oxides are restricted to 0.035 grains/cu ft and sulfur com-
pounds to 0.2% by volume (calculated as sulfur dioxide). The
average loss due to volatilization and recondensation for brass
foundries and smelting operation is about 1% of the melt
charged. A loss of this magnitude is in violation of the present
rules. Foundries handling copper-lead, magnesium, aluminum,
and high nickel-brass alloys will be within legal limits, pro-
vided good foundry practices are followed. For the ferrous in-
dustry the percent loss is 0.5 to 0.9. Most of the time, the fer-
rous industry violates the present law on stack loading and
opacity. Three types of equipment can be applied at nonfer-
rous installations at reasonable expense: fabric filters,
mechanical scrubbers, and packed towers. Installation costs
will run from $.25 to $1.50/cu ft of gas handled.
35199
Felt, A. E. and R. V. Kerley
ENGINES AND EFFECTS OF LEAD-FREE GASOLINE.
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 8p., 1970.
19 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers,
Mississippi Valley Section Meeting, Oct. 22, 1970, Paper
710367.)
Problems posed by the use of lead-free gasoline in conven-
tional passenger cars are discussed. Under heavy-duty opera-
tion, severe exhaust valve seat wear can occur. This will even-
tually result in one or more valves remaining open with ex-
tremely high exhaust emissions. Combustion-chamber deposits
formed in the absence of lead are typically more car-
bonaceous. These deposits have a higher heat capacity than
lead deposits and the result, after extended mileage, is higher
octane number requirements for engines operated on leaded
gasolines. The use of aromatic blending stocks to increase the
octane number of nonleaded fuels increases undesirable ex-
haust emissions. Amounts of phenols, benzaldehydes, total
aromatic aldehydes, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in
the exhaust are directly proportional to the aromaticity of the
fuel. In addition, the photochemical reactivity of automobile
emissions can be increased by as much as 38%. (Author ab-
stract modified)
35224
Halley, James H. and Bruce E. McNay
CURRENT SMELTING SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELATION
TO AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers New York and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 20p., 1970. 5 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos, Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Aug.
30-Sept. 2, 1970.)
The non-ferrous smelting operations, using metallic sulfides as
feed material, are briefly described. These include copper,
lead, and zinc smelting. Conditions and the nature of waste
gas streams are discussed in relation to extraction and
recovery of sulfur. Major problems of high temperatures, un-
clean gases, and low sulfur oxide concentration are noted.
Possible changes in equipment and processes are discussed, as
well as the manufacture of sulfuric acid from relatively strong
sulfur dioxide waste gas. (Author abstract modified)
35353
Gagliardi, J. C., E. E. Weaver, and C. S. Wodkowski
EFFECTS OF NON-LEADED FUELS ON EXHAUST
HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION AND CATALYST LIFE.
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem., Preprints, 16(2):E65-E69,
March/April 1971. 23 refs.
The effects on non-leaded or low-leaded gasolines and fuel ad-
ditives on the level of total hydrocarbon emissions, hydrocar-
bon composition of exhaust, photochemical reactivity of
hydorcarbons in exhaust, and paniculate emissions have been
investigated, along with the use and effects of catalytic control
systems. Currently marketed non-leaded fuels were similar in
composition to regular leaded fuels and therefore emitted ex-
haust of similar composition and photochemical reactivity.
Hydrocarbon emissions with non-leaded fuels would increase
no more than 10% due to combustion chamber deposits, while
with leaded fuels they would increase as much as 35%. Olefin
content of the exhaust increased with olefin content of fuels.
An increase in aromatic content indicated a slight decrease in
total hydrocarbon emissions. Aromatic aldehydes were in the
exhaust only if aromatic hydrocarbon were determined in the
fuels. Catalytic devices had a relatively short life with leaded
fuels; they permitted the control of hydrocarbons and
hydrocarbon reactivity, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide to low levels. Lead
derived particles were a major portion of the particulate
matter in the exhaust. (Author summary modified)
35398
Carpenter, Kathleen E.
A STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF RIVERS POLLUTED BY
LEAD MINING IN THE ABERYSTWYTH DISTRICT OF
CARDIGANSHIRE. Ann. Appl. Biol. (London) ll(l):l-23,
April 1924. 16 refs.
The fauna of certain streams in the Aberystwyth district of
Wales was examined with respect to substratum, water acidi-
ty, and correlation with pollution by lead mining and lead
washing operations. Such operations affected the rivers by the
discharge into the waters of galena particles in all stages of
divisions and by the formation of lead salts in diffusible form
through chemical interaction with natural water. The correla-
tion of fauna lists with water analyses determined that poverty
of fauna, especially fish, was always accompanied by the
presence of lead salts. (Author summary modified)
35477
Hinkamp, J. B., M. E. Griffing, and D. W. Zutaut
AROMATIC ALDEHYDES AND PHENOLS IN THE EX-
HAUST FROM LEADED AND UNLEADED FUELS. Am.
Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem., Preprints, 16(2):E5-E11,
March/April 1971. 32 refs.
-------
38
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on the concentration of
aromatic aldehydes and phenols in the exhaust of cars operat-
ing on various fuels and determined test cycles was in-
vestigated. Two fuels of equal octane level, leaded and un-
leaded, were tested for the effects of the removal of lead an-
tiknocks. Although total aldehyde concentration was not sig-
nificantly altered by fuel composition, the concentrations of
total aromatic aldehydes and benzaldehyde increased with the
aromatic content of the fuel. Phenol concentration increased
with fuel aromaticity in both the cold and hot cycle tests.
35481
Esso Research and Engineering Co., Linden, N. J., Products
Research Div.
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT ON GASOLINE COMPOSITION
AND VEHICLE EXHAUST GAS POLYNUCLEAR ARO-
MATIC CONTENT. National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration Contract CPA-22-69-56, Coordinating Research Council
Proj. CAPE-6-68, 117p., Feb. 17, 1970. 18 refs. NTIS: PB
200266
Exhaust emissions of phenols and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (benzo(a)pyrene and benz(a)anthracene) were in-
vestigated on cars with and without emission controls to deter-
mine the effects of fuel and vehicle variables, emission rates,
phenol emission, increasing fuel aromaticity and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbon content, changes in Ocombustion
chamber deposits, and adding lead to both deposits and fuels.
Pollution control methods for reducing carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were ex-
amined. The effect of air-fuel ratio, spark timing, operating cy-
cles, and oil consumption on exhaust emissions was also stu-
died. Experimental procedures and test data are included.
35484
Peters, Bruce, Harrison Sigworth, Jr., P. S. Myers, and O. A.
Uyehara
THE 1970 CLEAN AIR CAR RACE AND THE UNIVERSITY
OF WISCONSIN ENTRIES. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol.
Chem., Preprints, 16(2):E73-E86, 1970. 9 refs.
Two spark ignition engine powered cars, fueled by unleaded
gasoline and liquid petroleum gas, and equipped with extensive
intake and exhaust system modifications for low emissions are
examined against the results of a Clean Air Car Race. The
modifications included retarded spark-timing, blowby emission
control, special carburettcn, catalytic muffler, exhaust port air
injection, exhaust gas recirculation, thermal reactor, and
changed air-fuel ratio. Test description, procedures, and
results and control equipment used are discussed. Concentra-
tions of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, and particulates emitted were determined.
35676
Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D. C., System
Planning Div.
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY AIRPORT, CHESTERFIELD,
VD1GINIA. DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATE-
MENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 102 (2) (C) ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLICY ACT OF 1969 (P.L. 91-190). 24p., April 27,
1971. 2 refs. NTIS: PB 198759
The potential impact on the environment of a proposed airport
to accomodate single-engine and light twin-engine aircraft at
Chesterfield, Virginia, is investigated. Site description, con-
struction techniques, noise levels, water pollution, and effects
on air quality are considered. Projected emission concentra-
tions of carbon monoxide, organics, nitrogen oxides, particu-
lates (lead compounds and soot), and sulfur dioxide were com-
puted for engine cycles, and air quality criteria were
established.
35788
Koide, Minoru and Edward D. Goldberg
ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR AND FOSSIL FUEL COM-
BUSTION. J. Geophys. Res., 76(27):6589-6596, Sept. 20, 1971.
19 refs.
Chloride and sulfate concentrations in ice samples from the
Greenland ice sheet were spectrophotometrically determined
and compared with previously reported values. The analyzed
samples were collected in 1964-1965 and were primarily from
the Camp Century area and from a virgin site 80 km east-
southeast Camp Century. The determined values are uniformly
higher than published values; but regardless of the the values
used, substantial changes in the sulfate-chloride ratios do not
appear until 1964-1965. The sulfur dioxide released in the com-
bustion of fossil fuels appears to be competing during the last
decade with natural processes such as volcanoes and the ox-
idation of hydrogen sulfide derived from organic matter. In
recent glacial strata, the amount of sulfate co-varies with the
amount of lead, suggesting similar source areas and at-
mospheric paths for the two pollutants.
35818
Padrta, F. G., P. C. Samson, J. J. Donohue, and H. Skala
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST.
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol. Chem., Preprints, 16(2):E13-
E23. March 1971. 8 refs. (Presented at the Los Angeles Meet-
ing, March 28-April 2, 1971.)
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAH) in auto exhaust
were spec trome trie ally analyzed following sampling with ther-
mal gradient traps, benzene extraction, and benzene concen-
tration. To learn more about the origin of PNAH in exhaust,
fuel, and motor oil compositions were varied. Also, both new
and old engines were used. Addition of C8 aromatics to in-
dolene did not significantly alter the level of PNAH in the ex-
haust, but addition of C8 aromatics to isooctane noticeably in-
creased the level of PNAH in exhaust over isoocatane without
added aromatics. Lead-free and leaded Indolene produced es-
sentially similar PNAH exhaust levels. Larger differences in
PNAH levels were observed for different engine wear condi-
tions than for different fuels. A catalytic converter operating
at higher than normal space velocities reduced PNAH in ex-
haust by 90+% and C8-C10 alkylbenzenes by 95+%.
35919
Griffing, M. E., A. R. Maler, J. E. Borland, and R. R. Decker
APPLYING A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING
BENZO(A)PYRENE IN VEHICLE EXHAUST TO THE STUDY
OF FUEL FACTORS. Am. chem. Soc., Div. Petro Chem.,
Preprints, 16(2):E24-E31, March 1971. 19 refs. (Presented at
the Los Angeles Meeting, March 28-April 2, 1971.)
The effect of fuel aromaticity and tetraethyl lead content on
benzo(a)pyrene emissions from cars using prototype fuels and
cars without emission control devices was investigated.
Complete experimental procedures and test data are discussed.
In general, the BaP emitted was increased with an increase in
fuel aromaticity; tetraethyl lead content had no effect on BaP
emissions. Using a car not equipped with emission control
devices, a positive straight line relationship was determined
between fuel aromaticity and BaP emissions. The nonaromatic
portion of the fuel formed some BaP emissions during com-
bustion. The BaP emissions varied more during cold cycle
operation than during hot cycles. Of the two alternates for ob-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
39
taining octane number, low aromatic leaded fuels produced
less BaP than higher aromatic unleaded fuels. A new tracer in-
jector and sampling system was used for the tests. (Author
conclusions modified)
35953
LEAD ELIMINATION FROM LEADED GASOLINE. (Blei-
Eliminierung aus dem Bleibenzin). Text in German. Protectio
Vitae, 16(5):231-234, Oct. 1971.
Man s use of lead has led to pollution of the environment to
Othe extent that the natural background concentration can no
longer be determined. The lead contamination by industries is
enhanced by the combustion of lead-containing gasolines. The
lead concentrations in the gasolines differ and range from 0.2
g/1 to 1.1 g/1 (average 0.44 g/1). The total quantity of lead emis-
sions from automobiles is estimated to amount to several hun-
dred thousand tons per year for the northern hemisphere. This
amount increases each year by 3.5%. The ground level air
along highways and streets and in cities contains about 10
micrograms Pb/cu m. Sometimes this amount rises to 40
micrograms/cu m and more. According to the World Health
Organization, the air man breathes should not contain more
than two micrograms Pb/cu m. Inhaled and ingested lead has a
long residence time in organs, which increases the danger of
an accumulation of the element. The smallest concentrations
of lead inhibit the activity of the delta-aminolevulinic acid
dehydratase. Tetraethyl lead can permeate healthy skin and
can concentrate in the central nervous system.
35957
Tada, Osamu
METAL FINISHING INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH. (Hyomen shori kogyo to kankyo eisei). Text in
Japanese. Hyomen Shori Janaru (Metal Finish. J.), 4(4):62-66,
April 1971.
The effects of various metal finishing processes such as weld-
ing, coating, and plating on the working environment and the
maximum permissible concentration of pollutants are
reviewed. In metal plating pretreatment, inhaling of vapors of
trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene can damage nervous
system and liver. Various acid baths give off mists, nitric ox-
ide, and nitrogen dioxide, which can cause respiratory disor-
ders, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Electrolysis mist can cause
inflammation of membranes in the nose and throat. Inhalation
of zinc fume can cause headache, exhaustion, debility, high
fever, but the effects are not long-lasting. Ammonium chloride
inhalation causes discomfort, but poisoning cases have not
been reported. Ammonia can irritate eyes and respiratory
systems. Lead can cause chronic disorders to blood cells,
digestive systems, or nervous systems. Common effects of or-
ganic solvent used for paints, coating, and sealing materials
are paralysis of the body, irritation of skin and membranes,
and disorders of liver, kidney, nerve, and blood. During paint
spraying, skin damage can occur, particularly with epoxy-
based plastic. During the drying of paints, thermal decomposi-
tion of melamine creates formaldehydes, which irritate eyes,
irritate the respiratory system, and cause general discomfort.
Maximum permissible concentration is five ppm, but even one
to two ppm creates a considerable irritation of eyes and noses.
A harmful amount of ozone can be created in welding by inert
gas arc, especially when welding nonferric metals. A concen-
tration of one to two ppm causes headache, dizziness, nausea,
and higher concentrations cause bronchial and lung inflamma-
tions.
36006
Tanaka, Katsuhiko, Katsuhisa Fukaya, Kiyoshi Yoshitani,
Syozo Fukui, and Saburo Kanno
HYGIENIC CHEMICAL STUDIES ON PUBLIC HAZARDS
BY HARMFUL SUBSTANCES. IV. ATOMIC ABSORPTION
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
GASOLINE. (Yugaibutsu ni yoru kogai no eisei kagakuteki
kenkyu (daiyonpo). Genshi kyuko kodoho ni yoru gasorin-chu
no namari no teiryoho). Text in Japanese. Eisei Kagaku (J.
Hyg. Chem.), 17(6):393-397, Dec. 1971. 2 refs.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of different kinds of or-
ganic lead gave different values of lead even in the equivalent
concentration of lead when using a premix burner. However, a
total consumption burner gave equal absorptions for
equivalent concentration solutions of lead diethyldithiocarba-
mate, tetraethyl lead, and tetramethyl lead. A simplified
method for the determination of the lead content of gasoline
was established based on this fact. The sample of gasoline is
diluted with methyl isobutyl ketone and absorbance is mea-
sured at 2170 A, using the total consumption burner. The stan-
dard solution is prepared from the standard aqueous lead
nitrate solution by the addition of sodium diethyldithiocarba-
mate solution and by extracting it with methyl isobutyl ketone.
This method is convenient and safe, because dangerous
tetraalkyl lead is not used as the standard substance. The lead
content of 24 kinds of commercial gasoline was analyzed by
this method.
36032
Wiklander, Lambert
LEAD IN SOH. AND PLANTS. I. INFLUENCE OF MOTOR
VEHICLES. (Ely i mark och vaxter. I. Inverkan av motor-
trafik). Text is Swedish. Grundfoerbattring, 23(3-4):163-169,
1970. 3 refs.
Snow accumulated during the winter in Uppsala, Sweden, was
analyzed for lead at various distances from a main road. Sam-
ples of soil were collected in the spring at depths of 0-1 and
10-15 cm, and samples of wheat were collected in August.
Shoots of a Norwegian spruced hedge were also cut and
analyzed. The atmospheric deposition of lead was high close
to the road and rapidly decreased to a normal value at 45 m.
The accumulation of lead in the soil surface showed a similar
pattern, while at a depth of 10-15 cm the lead concentration
was invariable with the distance. Lead content of the wheat
and Norwegian spruce was high in the proximity of the road.
Soil profiles from a park area in Gothenburg with heavy traffic
ranged from 12-117 ppm of soluble lead and 69-425 ppm total
lead.
36080
Grouse, W. W., R. H. Johnson, and W. H. Reiland
EFFECT OF UNLEADED FUEL ON LUBRICANT PER-
FORMANCE. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., New York, 6p., 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the Society of
Automotive Engineers, Mid-Year Meeting, Montreal, Quebec,
June 7-11, 1971, Paper 710584.)
The performance of motor oils in engines run on unleaded
fuels was evaluated using several makes of United States cars.
These oils were run in high mileage or turnpike service, as
well as suburban service. The performance with unleaded fuels
was not significantly different from that for leaded fuels in the
areas of wear, sludge, varnish, or rust. Valve seat recession
was detected in several of the cars, but had an effect on per-
formance in only one case. Further testing using laboratory en-
gines and a patrol fleet in pursuit service demonstrated the ef-
-------
40
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
feet of lubricant composition on valve seat recession. In addi-
tion, engines preconditioned on leaded fuels afforded better
protection against valve seat recession than new engines.
(Author abstract modified)
36082
Bell, A. G., J. A. Keene, and K. Reders
ROAD ANTIKNOCK PERFORMANCE OF LOW LEAD AND
NONLEADED GASOLINES IN EUROPEAN CARS. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 27p., 1971.
6 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers,
Mid-Year Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, June 7-11, 1971, Paper
710625.)
An experiment designed to evaluate the road antiknock per-
formance of low-lead and nonleaded gasolines is described.
Over 100 test fuels covering a wide range of research octane
number, lead content, sensitivity, and front-end quality were
prepared. They were then tested in nine European and one
American car under both accelerating and wide-open throttle
constant-speed conditions. The design of the experiment and
the analysis and interpretation of the results are described. In
general, in European cars knocking at low speed, road antik-
nock performance can be adequately described in terms of
research octane number, sensitivity, and front-end quality, and
that there is no additional benefit to be gained from the use of
a high concentration of lead. By contrast, in European cars
knocking at high speed and in the one American car tested,
gasolines with a high lead content gave a better performance
than the equivalent nonleaded gasolines. This was particularly
so in the case of fuels leaded with tetramethyl lead as opposed
to tetraethyl lead. (Author abstract)
36083
Pless, Loren G.
SOME EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL VEHICLE EMISSION
CONTROL SYSTEMS ON ENGINE DEPOSITS AND WEAR.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
13p., 1971. 20 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive
Engineers, Mid-Year Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, June 7-11,
1971, Paper 710583.)
Passenger car tests were conducted to evaluate the effects on
deposits and wear of three types of vehicle emissions control
systems intended to reduce either evaporative emissions, ox-
ides of nitrogen in the exhaust, or crankcase emissions. These
tests used 1965-70 model cars, operating with leaded commer-
cial gasolines and 13 different engine oils, in several kinds of
service. A crankcase storage evaporative emissions control
system increased engine rusting in short-trip service, and in-
creased sludging and valve train wear in low-speed, stop-and-
go service. When the crankcase purging rate was reduced in
vehicles with crankcase storage to overcome hot-starting and
driveability problems, such deposit and wear increases were
even larger than with the production positive crankcase ven-
tilation (PCV) valve purging rate. An exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR) system for reducing oxides of nitrogen increased engine
rusting in short-trip service. Heavy lead-salt deposits accumu-
lated in the EGR system in other tests. Doubling the PCV
valve idle air-flow rate from two to four cfm greatly reduced
engine rusting in short-trip service. This reduction in rusting
was about the same as that obtained, using production two
cmf PCV valves, by doubling the concentration of rust inhibi-
tor in the engine oil. Progressively increasing the PCV rate
also progressively decreased engine deposits and oil degrada-
tion in mixed city-suburban-expressway service. A deep-
breathing PCV system providing more thorough ventilation of
the engine crankcase reduced deposits and oil degradation.
(Author summary modified)
36084
Morris, W. E., J. D. Rogers, Jr., and R. W. Poskitt
CARS AND THE NEW GASOLINES 19711. Preprint, Society
of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 56p., 1971. 14 refs.
(Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers, Mid-Year
Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, June 7-11, 1971, Paper 710624.)
The recent introduction of lower compression ratio engines
and the concurrent marketing of unleaded and low-lead con-
tent gasolines of generally lower octane number made it ap-
propriate to investigate the interrelationships of engine per-
formance and gasoline octane quality using the new engines
and fuels. Fuel economy of eight 1971 cars was 6.6% lower
than that of eight corresponding 1970 cars. Acceleration per-
formance of these 1971 cars was significantly poorer than that
of the 1970 cars. Commercial leaded or unleaded gasolines of
91 research octane level are expected to knock in more than
half the 1971 cars. Research octane number is a poor index of
road octane performance for either premium or regular
gasolines in 1970 and 1971 cars. As has been the case for
many years, the road octane quality of premium gasolines in
1970 premium cars is related to R plus M/2 (0.5 research plus
0.5 motor octane number). The road octane quality of regular
gasolines in 1971 cars and in 1970 regular requirement cars is
related primarily to motor octane number. At a given motor
octane level, lead content has little effect on road octane
number in 1971 cars or in 1970 regular requirement cars. Cur-
rently available unleaded commercial gasolines generally are
high in sensitivity (research minus motor octane number) and
aromatic content relative to leaded commercial gasolines.
Because of their higher sensitivity, typical unleaded gasolines
must be higher in research octane quality than leaded gasolines
to give the same road octane number. For equal road octane
number, unleaded premium gasoline must be about four
research octane numbers higher than the leaded premium and
unleaded regular must be about one research octane number
higher than leaded regular. (Author summary modified)
36527
Rossenbeck, Martin
FUEL AND THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVDXONMENT,
PART I. (Kraftstoffwandel im Zeichen des Umweltschutzes).
Text in German. Automobiltech. Z. (Stuttgart), 73(11):415-421,
Nov. 1971. 62 refs.
The current lead content limit in gasoline in the U. S. is 1.12 g
PbA, against 0.84 g Pbfl in Japan, and 0.7 g Pbfl in Sweden. In
West Germany the maximal permissible lead content will be
gradually reduced to 0.40 g/1 on Jan. 1, 1972, and to 0.15 g/1 on
Jan. 1, 1976. Lead compounds emitted by automobile exhaust
gases have a particle size below 0.125 micron and thus remain
suspended in the atmosphere; industrial lead emission consists
of coarse particles, 0.5 to 5 micron in diameter. The maximal
permissible atmospheric lead concentration in West Germany
is 0.2 mg Pb/cu m. Lead which is inhaled and reaches the
lungs is more dangerous than lead ingested with food. Pan of
the lead is deposited hi bones, part is eliminated by the blood.
It is unresolved whether only the blood level of lead or the
total body lead content should serve as a criterion of lead
poisoning. As of July 1, 1971, there are 12 low lead gasolines
and 9 lead-free gasolines with an octane rating of 91 on the
market in the U. S. The automobile industry reacted to
reduced octane ratings by lowering the compression ratio and
hp of cars. To compensate for the elimination of tetraethyl,
lead refineries are raising the octane rating of gasolines by in-
troducing new technologies including reforming,
hydrocracking, isomerization, alkylation, polymerization, the
molecular sieve treatment, and cracking.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
41
36535
Lafferty, W. L., Jr. and R. W. Stokeld
ALKYLATIN AND ISOMERIZATION. Advan. Chem. Ser.,
no. 103:130-149, 1971. 45 refs.
Alkylation processes for the production of highly branched
paraffins for use in high octane gasoline have attained excep-
tional importance in the petroleum industry over the past 30
years. The rapid growth of alkylation created large demands
for isobutane, and to help supply these demands, butane
isomerization processes were developed. Subsequently, isome-
rization technology was applied to higher molecular weight
paraffins, and various isomerization processes were developed
to complement alkylation as a tool for gasoline manufacture. If
the demand for gasoline continues to increase at the present
rate, 40,000-60,000 BPD of new alkylation capacity will be
added annually in the years ahead. Gradual reduction or total
elimination of lead antiknock compounds will result in even
higher annual growth rates of alkylation, and in additional
isomerization capacity. Legislation on the volatility, olefin
content, or aromatic content of gasoline could also accelerate
the growth of alkylation and isomerization.
36541
Stoefen, Detlev
AGAIN: THE FUTURE FUEL FOR AUTOMOBILES.
(Nochmals: Der kuenftige Autotreibstoff). Text in German.
Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(11):265, Nov. 1971. 2
refs.
The fear has been voiced that a reduction of the lead content
in the gasoline would lead to irresponsibly high concentrations
of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylol). This
fear has come true. Heavy fractions of mineral oil are used for
conversion to gasoline. For this conversion the reforming
process is primarily used in Europe. During this process cyclic
hydrocarbons are converted into aromatics. At a maximum al-
lowable lead content of 0.15 g/1, as is presently required by the
law, the aromatics concentration is about 50% if the present
anti-knocking properties are to be maintained. The benzene
content should be kept below 5%.
36623
Pearce, A. W. and C. S. Windebank
CLEAR AIR-THE BALANCE SHEET: THE VIEWPOINT OF
THE FUEL INDUSTRIES-OIL. Nat. Soc. Clean Air Proc.
Ann. Conf., p. 104-117 1970. (Presented at the National
Society for Clean Air, Annual Conference, Southport, En-
gland, Oct. 20-23, 1970.)
Although petroleum products have advantages over solid fuels
from almost every aspect of air pollution, they are neverthe-
less a significant emissions source because of the immense
quantity consumed and the projected rate of growth of this de-
mand. Basically, pollution from fossil fuels can be limited by
using fuels with low carbon-hydrogen ratios (petroleum
products, and gas in particular) and by burning them with
maximum efficiency. Current abatement efforts and control
methods are reviewed for the principal pollutants, including
participates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
and lead compounds from automotive exhausts, and sulfur ox-
ides. Continuing research on improved control technology is
being conducted by individual petroleum firms, by petroleum
industry trade associations, and study groups (domestic and in-
ternational), and in cooperation with other concerned indus-
tries, e.g., autombile manufacturers. Summary data are in-
cluded on world and United Kingdom energy consumption, U.
K. fuel usage and smoke emissions, and sulfur dioxide
sources, emissions, and concentrations.
36664
Dept of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Technical Advisory
Board Panel on Automotive Fuels and Air Pollution
AUTOMOTIVE FUELS AND AIR POLLUTION. 32p., March
1971.
Results are presented of a study on the influence of fuel com-
position, including additives, on the amount and nature of at-
mospheric pollutants from automotive vehicles. Specifically,
the panel concerned itself with the influence of fuel composi-
tion on the ability of auto manufacturers to meet increasingly
stringent emission standards for future vehicles; the influence
of fuel composition on emissions from present vehicles; in-
creased costs associated with some potential changes in fuel
composition; and other sources of pollutants which will
become important when exhaust emissions are substantially
controlled. Regulatory strategies are defined which will result
in the availability of low leaded and unleaded fuels when
needed and which impose only modest demands for construc-
tion and small increased fuel costs to the public. Removal of
lead in high octane fuels would probably result in an increase
in the aromatic hydrocarbon content of fuels, but these could
be removed by an additional step in the refining process. The
Environmental Protection Agency should be granted authority
to regulate the following aspects of fuel: amount of lead-con-
taining additives; amount and nature of aromatic hydrocar-
bons, olefin content and volatility; detergents and other addi-
tives.
36846
Yoshinaga, Shunichi and Sadao Iki
SOn. CONTAMINATION BY HEAVY METALS IN AT-
MOSPHERIC DEPOSIT IN KITAKYUSHU CITY.
(Kitakyushushi ni okeru dojochu no kinzoku seibun). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):212, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The manganese, titanium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, chromi-
um, cadmium, lead, and vanadium contents in soil collected at
ten polluted locations in Kitakushu City were measured and
compared with those in the unpolluted area, Fukuoka and
Kyoto City. The metallic composition of soil was very similar
to that of suspended participates and deposited participates.
The metallic content in soil of Kitakushu City were generally
higher than the Clark s number, particularly Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb,
and V content.
37015
Bach, W.
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST HAZARDS. (Bin Beitrag zur
Schaedlichkeit der Autoabgase). Text in German. Vitalst.
Zivilisationskr., vol. 13:120-123, June 1968. 27 refs.
The extent of the air pollution problem caused by automotive
exhausts, and potential hazards to human health are examined.
As of January 1966, world vehicle registration was 177 million,
of which about 90 million were registered in the United States
and about 10 million in West Germany. Estimates indicate that
a car consuming 45 liters of gasoline emits about 19 liters of
carbon monoxide, four liters of hydrocarbons, and one liter of
nitrogen oxides. Other major constituents of automotive ex-
hausts include ozone, aldehydes, sulfur dioxide, and lead.
Symptoms resulting from exposure to exhaust components are
discussed, and measured concentrations are compared with of-
ficial threshold values.
-------
42
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
37166
Kiyoura, Raisaku
ENERGY AND POLLUTION -- DEVELOPMENT OF POLLU-
TION-FREE FUEL. Chem. Economy Eng. Rev., 3(ll):25-32,
Nov. 1971.
Data are presented on energy consumption in major countries,
emission of air pollutants in major countries, nationwide emis-
sions in the U. S., sulfur dioxide concentrations in major in-
dustrial nations, and sources of carbon monoxide, sulfur ox-
ide, and particulate emissions. The decrease in the pH value of
precipitation in Europe and the parallel increase in the sulfuric
acid content is discussed, as is the worldwide increase in lead
pollution. Major requirments of the U. S. Clean Air Act are
summarized and major flue-gas desulfurization processes are
outlined. Japan, with its severe environmental standards for
sulfur oxides, is making extensive efforts to produce sulfur-
free fuel. Numerous heavy-oil desulfurization plants are in ex-
istence, and the average sulfur content of imported crude has
been reduced to 1.8%. In oil refining, the investments in desul-
furization facilities represent 14.7% of the investments in total
equipment.
37176
Ter Haar, G. L., D. L. Lenane, J. N. Hu, and M. Brandt
COMPOSITION, SIZE AND CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST PARTICLATES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
22(1):39^6, Jan. 1972. 14 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Accosiation, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N.
J., 1971, Paper 71-111.)
Several vehicles manufactured during 1966-1970, operated on a
chassis dynamometer under Federal 7-mode cycle conditions,
were tested to determine total particulate composition, size of
exhausted lead particulates, and the effects of traps on total
lead emitted. Cars varied widely in the amounts and composi-
tion of their particulate emissions. Cold-cycle operation gave
2-8 times more particulate than hot engine operation. Lead
compounds represented less than 1/3 of the total particulates,
the remainder being carbon compounds along with ammonium
and nitrate ions and unknown materials. Exhausted lead varied
with the condition of the exhaust system and ranged between
7 and 30% of the lead consumed by the engine. Fuel additives
affected the amount of emitted particulates. Probe sampling
techniques underestimated by a large factor the amount of par-
ticulates emitted by vehicles. Trapping systems offered poten-
tial for greatly reducing the emission of suspended total par-
ticulates. The size of lead particulates was determined using 26
1966-model cars with stabilized exhaust deposits. Under
Federal Cycle conditions, 18% of the lead burned was emitted
as fine and 11% as course particles. (Author abstract modified)
37190
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND CULTIVATION OF
THE ENVIRONMENT IN LOWER SAXONY. (Umweltschutz
und Umweltpflege in Niedersachsen). Text in German. Staed-
tehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(ll):266-267, Nov. 1971.
The emission limit values for sulfur dioxide and dust are ex-
ceeded in Lower Saxony during normal weather conditions
only in individual critical areas. In the Nordenham area the
soil and the vegetation are heavily enriched with lead and zinc
dust, sulfur dioxide, and fluorine. The lead content of the soil
has reached 120 times and zinc has reached ISO times the nor-
mal values. The milk of animals grazing in this area has to be
heavily mixed with other milk in order to make it drinkable. In
Delmhorst, the natural composition of the air is changed by
the emissions of a linoleum plant and a lacquer-resin plant.
During the oxidation of linseed oil and the melting of resins,
acrolein, formic acid, acetic acid, and phenols are liberated. In
Osterwald, the fluorine emissions of a ceramic plant has
destroyed a large forest. Injuries in forests were also observed
in Bad Salzdetfurth from the emissions of a potassium plant
and near Munich by a cellulose plant. Animal mass breeding
stations cause unbearable odor emissions in Suedoldenburg,
Bersenbrueck, Diepholz, Bassum, and Nienburg.
37312
Robbins, John A. And Franklin L. Snitz
BROMINE AND CHLORINE LOSS FROM LEAD HALIDE
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST PARTICULATES. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 6(2):164-169, Feb. 1972. 18 refs.
Preliminary experiments indicate that bromine and chlorine are
lost relative to lead in particulate matter present in fresh au-
tomobile exhaust from combustion of leaded gasoline. The loss
rate for bromine is much greater than for chlorine during the
first hour, and the rate is apparently not affected by the
presence or absence of sunlight during this time. The mea-
sured loss rates may be accounted for quantitatively by assum-
ing outward diffusion of halide ions to particle surfaces where
they are volatilized. With additional information, especially
simultaneous particle size distribution measurements, alterna-
tive models could be examined using techniques developed in
this work, (Author conclusions)
37372
Yamaki, Naoomi
EXHAUST GAS POLLUTION AND FUEL. (Haiki gasu kogai
to nenryo). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society of
Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo, 17p., 1971. 40 refs. (Presented
at the Seminar on Environmental Pollution by Internal Com-
bustion Engine and its Countermeasure, Tokyo, Japan, Nov.
29-30, 1971.)
The relationship between fuels and automotive exhaust gas,
and various components of exhaust gas which are regarded
harmful pollutants are reviewed. Tests on exhaust gas using
lead gasoline and non-lead gasoline showed that the exhaust
contained 23 to 50% aromatic hydrocarbons. Omission of lead
from gasoline results in an increase of aromatic hydrocarbons
in exhaust, and consequently increases toxic aromatic al-
dehydes. When the hydrocarbon composition in fuels is the
same, non-lead gasoline emissions contain 10 to 14% more al-
dehydes than lead gasoline. Theoretically, 20 to 30% of the
total lead supply is contained in the exhaust deposit of a car
with a 20,000 to 30,000 mileage. Therefore, 70 to 80% of the
entire lead content in the deposit and lubricant is emitted in
the air. A car driving in a city emits 20 to 60% of lead supply;
the rest is accumulated in the exhaust system. Of the emis-
sion, 27 to 39% are particles of more than five micron which
settle quickly; the rest is suspended in the air. Alkyl lead
which is added to gasoline as an antiknock agent increases the
amount of lead emission, but it also lowers the catalytic action
of purifying exhaust gas. The effect of the catalyst decreases
in proportion to the amount of lead additive. By using non-
lead fuel, the exhaust emission standard could be met success-
fully by use of a catalyst, even after 50,000 miles.
37648
Balke, Siegfried
CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENT. Chemie und Umwelt.
Text in German. Tech. Ueberwach. Zicherheit Zuverlaessig-
keit, 12(2):33-36, Feb. 1971.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
43
Air pollution is caused by industry, households, traffic, soil
erosion, and metabolic processes. The internal combustion en-
gines driven by fuels containing lead pollute the air because of
the exhaust gas. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the an-
nual consumption of fuel containing tetraethyl lead amounts to
15 million tons containing about 0.5 g pure lead per liter fuel.
In 1968 in the USA, about 225,000 tons of antiknock com-
pounds were consumed. The general situation concerning
radioactive material did not become worse because of the
severe legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany and the
prescriptions of EURATOM. Special attention is paid to still
active gaseous by products deriving from nuclear fission.
37721
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan) Dept. of
Environmental Pollution Control
ABOUT THE NATURE AND EtFECT OF HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES (POISONOUS AND DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES
CONTROL LAW. Article 2, Item 1, No. 3. (Yugai busshitsu
(Ho dai 2 no, Dai 1 ko, Dai 3 go) no seijo oyobi eikyo ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. 44p., May 1971.
The nature, permissible concentration, and measurement
methods of cadmium, chlorine, fluorine, lead, nitrogen, and
their compounds. Cadmium and its compounds include metal-
lic cadmium, cadmium oxides, and cadmium salts. Oral and in-
haled toxicities are mentioned. The dithizone method is used
to measure cadmium. The rhodanic mercury method is used to
measure hydrogen chloride and the detecting tube method and
the orthotolizine method is used to measure chlorine. Acute
and chronic effects of chlorine compounds are discussed.
Fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, difluoric oxides, and fluorides are
measured by the alizarin complexon method. Lead, inorganic
lead compounds, metallic lead, lead oxide, lead chloride, and
organic lead each have unique toxic properties. The dithizone
method is used to measure lead. Nitric oxide, nitric anhydride,
nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide are discussed. The detecting
tube and naphthylethylene-diamine methods are explained.
38022
Giaume, L., E. Godani, and B. Nardi
ATOMIC ABSORPTION DETECTION OF TRACE AMOUNTS
OF LEAD IN LIGHT DISTILLATES. Text in Italian. Riv.
Combust. (Milan), 25(11):509-512, Nov. 1971. (Presented at the
Symposium on Developmental, Analytical, and Instrumental
Chemistry in the Petroleum Industry, Rome, Italy, May 27-28,
1971.)
Lead present as lead alkyls in low concentrations (50-500
micrograms/kg) in light petroleum distillates (e.g., solvents,
naphthas, and gasolines) is determined by direct combustion of
the sample in the burner of an atomic absorption spec-
trophotometer, followed by measurement of absorbance at
2833 A. The measured absorbance is then compared with a
blank having a lead content below 10 micrograms/kg. The
method is rapid and has satisfactory accuracy and repeatabili-
ty. However, the spectrophotometer response is affected by
tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead radicals and other organo-
lead compounds.
38330
Rossenbeck, Martin
FUEL CHANGES WITH A VIEW TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION. PART II. (Kraftstoffwandel im Zeichen des
Umweltschutzes). Text in German. Automobiltech. Z. (Stutt-
gart), 73(12):466-469, Dec. 1971. PART I. Ibid., 73(11):415-420,
Nov. 1971.
38331
Schwanecke, R.
WAYS TO A LEAD-FREE GASOLINE. (Wege zum Bleifreien
Benzln). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(12):442-445,
Dec. 1971. 3 rets.
At present three possibilities exist for production of a lead-
free gasoline with about 92 to 102 RON (research-octane-
number), namely reforming, isomerization, and alkylation. In
catalytic reforming the initial material for powerforming is
naphtha from the mineral oil distillation. Naphtha is first
desulfurized, heated, compressed, and passed over the cata-
lytic beds of the three reactors. There the naphthenes are con-
verted to aromatics at temperatures between 450 and 500 C
and at pressures of 10 to 30 atm. The investment costs for a
reforming plant with an output of 1 million tons/yr amount to
about 6 million dollars, including the catalyst but without
desulfurization and stabilization. For the isomerization
process, a mixture of pentane/hexane from the crude oil distil-
lation is heated with hydrogen to between 350 and 450 C and
compressed to 20 to 40 atm and desulfurized. After stabiliza-
tion, hydrogen is added again and the aromatics present in the
mixture are converted to paraffins at 330 C and 60 atm. For
better activation of the catalyst, a small quantity of hydrogen
chloride is added; finally the mixture is converted at 160 C and
18 to 25 atm to an isomeric mixture consisting primarily of
methylpentanes and methylbutanes. For alkylation of paraffins
or naphthenes, the isobutane is brought to reaction with suita-
ble olefins at 20 to 25 C in presence of hydrogen fluoride as a
catalyst. In a fractionating column the light hydrocarbons
(propane, Hydrogen fluoride) are driven off and the paraf-
fin/alkylate mixture is stabilized. The German Federal
Republic would have to invest $190 million for construction of
reforming, isomerization, and alkylation plants, should the
gasoline become lead-free. The price of the gasoline would go
up 1-2 cents/1 fuel.
38522
Fersen, Olaf von
THE ROTATING COMBUSTION ENGINE TODAY. RO 80
HAS OVERCOME BEGINNER S MISTAKES, CONTINUOUS
EXISTENCE OF THE MODEL IN QUESTION. (Der
Kreiskolbenmotor heute. Ro 80: Kmderkrankheite ueberwun-
den, Weiterbestand des Modells in Frage gestellt). Text in Ger-
man, VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Nachr. (Berlin), 26(1):6, 7, Jan.
1972.
There are indications that the RO 80 as car model will go out
of existence but the rotary piston engine will continue to gain
increasing interest at home and abroad, primarily because of
the problem of exhaust gas decontamination. The rotary piston
engine operates with low-lead or unleaded gasolines without
great reduction of the engine power. The shape of the com-
bustion chamber, which is theoretically an unfavorable one,
helps to keep the development of oxides of nitrogen low. The
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon contents are rather high,
but they can be easily removed by afterburning. The relatively
high temperature of the exhaust gases greatly aids afterburn-
ing. The pollutant concentrations in the exhaust gases of the
rotary piston engine plus thermal reactor are much lower than
the limit values set by the Europe test: 6.5 g/test instead of 13
g/test for CH and 90 g/test instead of 182 g/test for CO.
38543
Lajthay, Jeno
ELIMINATION OF ENVHtONMENTAL POLLUTION
CAUSED BY TRAFFIC. (A kozlekedes kornyezeti artal-
mainak kikuszobolese). Text in Hungarian. Jarmuvek,
Mezogazd, Gepek, 18(12):441-447, Dec. 1971. 10 refs.
-------
44
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
General characteristics of air pollution caused by internal com-
bustion engines are outlined, and measures for the total
elimination of pollution by traffic are described. In the exhaust
gas, carbon monoxide accounts for 91%, unburnt hydrocar-
bons for 63%, nitrogen oxides for 48%, and sulfur oxides for
4% of the total volume of gaseous pollutants. Dust from ex-
haust amounts to 8% of the total volume. Modifications on en-
gines give only partial decreases of pollution. A total ban on
lead should be introduced. The use of natural gas instead of
gasoline requires comprehensive research. Total elimination of
air pollution caused by traffic could only be reached by vehi-
cles powered by electric energy. Vehicles powered by accumu-
lators, fuel cells, possibly by primary elements could be em-
ployed in different fields. The main emphasis should be on
city traffic. Also, railroad transportation could profit from the
electric drive. Compared to the operating costs of internal
combustion engines per km, savings of 55%, 45%, and 20%
could be reached with electrically powered small city cars,
trucks, and fork-lifts, respectively.
38625
Sawyer, Robert F.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY AIRCRAFT ENGINES
AND FUELS - A SURVEY. California Univ., Berkeley, Dept.
of Mechanical Engineering, Advisory Group for Aerospace
Research and Development Rept. AGARD-AR-40, 38p., March
1972. 109 refs.
The problem areas of aircraft air pollution, grouped under the
main categories of engines, fuels and lubricants, aircraft
operations, airports, atmospheric interactions, and control and
enforcement, were surveyed, and research within the areas
was reviewed. Air pollutants from aircraft include carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, al-
dehydes, carbon dioxide, smoke, particulates, lead, metals,
odorous sulfur compounds, halogen compounds, and odorants.
Specific areas of studies within the main categories are engine
emission characteristics, test procedures, visible smoke reduc-
tion, nitric oxide formation, CO and hydrocarbons at low
power, particulate emissions, exhaust odor and aldehydes, ef-
fect of reheat, combustor modeling, piston engines, auxiliary
power units, effect of fuel composition and properties, lubri-
cant contribution, fuel damping, ground operations, flight
operations, aircraft control, air quality within aircraft, at and
near airports, and in terminal buildings, V/STOL facilities, air-
port siting, effects of low and high altitude emissions and air
basin impact, establishment of emission standards, enforce-
ment procedures, cost-effectiveness and trade-off, and interna-
tional controls.
38759
METALS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. INCREASING ACTIVI-
TY ON METAL MARKETS. (Metalle im Ausland. Zuneh-
mende Belebung an den Metallmaerkten). Text in German.
Metall (Berlin), 26(4):412-413. April 1972.
The lead market was mildly active to active in the second half
of February and the first half of March in Europe and particu-
larly London. In the U. S. there was a lively demand for the
metal. Lead producers were hardly impressed by an announce-
ment that gasoline producers have to produce at least one type
of lead-free gasoline beginning with July 1, 1974. At present,
1/10 of the world lead production is used for the manufacture
of the anti- knocking agent tetraethyl lead.
38819
Terada, Kiyoshi
FUELS, COMBUSTION, AND KILNS. (Nenryo, nensho oyobi
chitsuro). Text in Japanese. Seramikkusu (Ceramics), 6(5):307-
311, 1971.
The relationships between the combustion of fuels in ceramic
kilns and soot are discussed. The composition of the com-
bustion gas in a kiln is not necessarily the same as that in the
flue. The combustion gas from a ceramic kiln contains, in ad-
dition to soot created in the combustion of fuels, dusts and
gases created by the materials treated in the kiln, carbon
monoxide, soot dust, sulfur dioxide, dust particulates, volatile
materials in the treated materials such as lead or alkali, and
special soot such as ammonium chloride. When the flames are
suddenly cooled on the surface of a low-temperature material,
soot is created on the surface of the material and carbon
monoxide and hydrogen are emitted. When gas fuel or liquid
fuel sucks in a large amount of cool air, the flames are drasti-
cally cooled. The thin film of soot formed on the surface of
the material has a low heat conductivity and it lowers the heat
capacity of the kiln. This sucked air is called false air. The
quantity of false air may be calculated simply and accurately
by analyzing combustion gas, and by analyzing the gases at
various places in the furnace where false air is most likely to
enter; the exact locations and amounts may be measured and
calculated, and actual control and prevention method may be
devised.
38891
Grandjean, E.
POWER PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTEC-
TION. (Energieproduktion und Umweltschutz). Text in Ger-
man. Technica, 19(6):418-419, March 1972.
The increasing air pollution is caused by the population in-
crease, the technological and economical progress, and the in-
crease of power consumption. In Switzerland the combustion
of fuel oil and gasoline provides the major source of air pollu-
tion. The combustion of fuel oil mainly causes the emission of
sulfur dioxide as well as nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide; au-
tomobiles are primarily responsible for the emission of carbon
monoxide. In the year 1963 the SO2 emission for the entire
city of Zurich was calculated to have amounted to about 1.8
tons. A reduction of the sulfur concentration in fuel from
0.52% to 0.39% in Lausanne lead to a reduction of the SO2
concentration in the city atmosphere from 0.035 ppm to 0.017
ppm. An automobile emits about 300 to 1000 1/min exhaust
gas. Apart from CO they also emit small amounts of aromatic
hydrocarbons and lead.
39035
Garcia Escolar, L. and M. Paz Castro
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN GASOLINES. VI. (Deter-
minacion de plomo in gasolinas. VI.). Text in Spanish. Ion
(Madrid), 32(367):100-101, Feb. 1971. 1 ref.
Increased amounts of mineral digesting agents are required for
lead determination in gasolines with large amounts of nonsatu-
rated hydrocarbons. The excess of chlorine is then removed
with hydrogen peroxide, sodium thiosulfate, or sodium
bisulfite. The technical procedure includes extraction of 10-25
ml gasoline samples with carbon tetrachloride chlorine solu-
tions and reextraction with distilled water. The water extracts
are then brought to boiling temperatures, treated with a few
drops of 3% H2O2, and added to a known amount (10 ml) of
EDTA. The mixture is removed from the heating plate 1 min
later, 1 ml of hydroxylamine and 1 ml of potassium cyanide
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
45
are added (to prevent interference with manganese or iron,
respectively), and the mixture is titrated with a 0.01 M mag-
nesium ion solution in the presence of an appropriate indicator
Utilization of 2,3-dimercapto-l-propanole which displaces lead
(but not manganese) from its EDTA complex is required to ac-
count for large amounts of manganese, if present in the sam-
ple. Reference is made to a previous paper where the
technological procedure for the analytical method was
thoroughly described. Utilization of H2O2 for the removal of
excessive chlorine from digested gasoline samples was tested
on two automobile and two aircraft fuel varieties (10-12 fold
repetitions) and satisfactory reproducibility of analytical
figures was observed.
39067
Aalund, Leo R.
REFINING TRENDS ARE SUBMERGED BY FLOOD OF UN-
CERTAINTIES. Oil Gas J., 70(13):108, 111, 115, 117, 120,
125-126, March 27, 1972.
Leading the list of uncertainties confronting refinery industry
planning are capital availability, crude oil supply, lead
removal, fuel costs, refinery sites, processing schemes and
product patterns, and environmental protection regulations. In
1965 capital expenditures for refining were $600 million, in
1970, $1.075 billion. This was a growth rate of over 12%/yr.
After capital, the biggest uncertainty facing refiners is U. S.
oil-iaiport policy, and the increasing reliance on both foreign
crude and capacity. The Environmental Protection Agency
timetable for lead removal from gasoline and the motor vehicle
modified with a lower compression motor and a catalytic con-
verter present the refiner with difficult to meet process modifi-
cation requirements. The choice between hydrocracking and
catalytic cracking is considered.
39152
Kaltstein, Andrej
AK POLLUTION - ITS PHYSICAL EFFECTS - CAUSES
AND REDUCING MEASURES. (Luftverschmutzung - Ihre
gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen - Ursachen Abhilfemassnah-
men). Text in German. Bl. Nat. Umweltschutz, 52(2):36-39,
April 1972.
Air pollution caused by automobiles has quadrupled in the past
two years, as determined by measurements for the area of
Munich. The automotive emissions which are considered
harmful to man are hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, lead, and fine dust. The maximum allowable con-
centration for NOx (0.5 ppm) is exceeded at many points in
Munich. Maximum CO concentration measured in Munich was
100 ppm; such high concentrations impair the vision and alert-
ness. Persons which are frequently in traffic situations in Mu-
nich may accumulate carboxyhemoglobin concentrations of 2-
6%. The lead concentration in the larger cities of West Ger-
many measure 5-10 micrograms/cu m. In Moscow, where
leaded gasoline is prohibited, the lead content of the air is only
0.7 micrograms/cu m. Although the air pollution situation calls
for immediate drastic action, the federal government has
drafted an emission protection law which deserves to be called
an industry protection law. The polluter is not held responsible
for control or clean-up, and, even in severe cases, risks no in-
terference from authorities.
39367
Biersteker, Klaas
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE NETHERLANDS.
Tijdschr. Soc. Geneesk., 50(1):17-21, Jan. 1972. 22 refs.
(Presented at the Regional Office of WHO, Copenhagen,
Denmark, Jan. 19-22, 1971.)
Trends and developments in air pollution control in the
Netherlands are reviewed. Although the problem is not a new
one, factors such as the absence of very large cities, the
limited use of soft coal the presence of strong winds, topo-
graphic factors, and late industrial developments contributed
to a relatively favorable pre-war situation. The main areas of
concern at the moment include the malodors produced by
refineries, petrochemical industries, and food and feed opera-
tions; the transmission and amplification of trace elements,
e.g., lead, mercury, and cadmium, and of pesticides; the
potential hazard of production, storage, or transport of dan-
gerous chemicals; photochemical smog due to traffic exhaust
and hydrocarbon emissions from industries; and the inhalation
of asbestos fibers. The use of natural gas for domestic heating,
higher chimneys, and improved urban ventilation have greatly
minimized pollution due to sulfur dioxide and smoke. Control
measures for the pollutants and their sources are implemented
by legislation, inspections, air pollution effect studies, air
quality controls, permits, and emission standards. New legisla-
tion now opens possibilties to approach the pollution on a re-
gional scale, which is essential for effective control.
39462
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME
III - HANDBOOK OF EMISSION PROPERTIES. Air Pollu-
tion Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-
C, 626p., May 1, 1971. 302 refs.
Details of the methodology employed to obtain data concern-
ing the kind and number of stationary participate sources, the
chemical and physical characteristics of both the particulates
and carrier gas emitted by specific sources, and the status of
current control practices, are presented. Emission factors and
rates, chemical and physical properties of effluents, and con-
trol practices and equipment are given for stationary com-
bustion processes (power generation and furnaces); mineral
processing; agricultural operations (field burning, grain eleva-
tors, cotton gins); iron and steel manufacturing; cement manu-
facturing; forest products industry (sawmills, pulp industry);
primary nonferrous metallurgy (copper, lead, zinc, and alu-
minum smelting and refining); clay products; fertilizer manu-
facturing; asphalt; ferroalloy manufacturing; iron foundries;
secondary nonferrous metals industry; coal preparation; car-
bon black manufacturing; petroleum refining; acid manufac-
ture (sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid); and incineration. The
control equipment includes cyclones, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, mist eliminators, and after-
burners. Effluents include dusts, particulates, fly ash, sulfur
oxides, hydrocarbons, and other noxious gases. Costs for con-
trol equipment purchase and operation are given. This hand-
book constitutes a reference source for available information
on the distinguishing features of the various particulate pollu-
tion sources and should be of value to air pollution regulatory
agencies, control equipment manufacturers, and industrial con-
cerns.
39603
Lear, William P. and Kenneth L. Nail
VEHICLE AIR POLLUTION - THE PROBLEM AND ITS
SOLUTION. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
New York, 28p., 1970. 82 refs. (Presented at the Society of
Automotive Engineers, Chicago Section, May 12, 1970, Paper
710272.)
-------
46
LEAD AND AYR POLLUTION
The internal combustion engine probably cannot be economi-
cally modified to eliminate detrimental air pollution products
of combustion. Both gas turbines and steam engines are in-
herently low-emission vehicles which must be considered as
the best alternative currently available. Total future automo-
tive emissions by type of pollutant and high- and low-emission
vehicles are calculated as a function of time, and costs of en-
forced control of pollution from internal combustion engines
are estimated for California and the entire U. S. A vapordyne
power system, including steam involute expander, having very
low emissions is described in detail, and a hybrid turbine-elec-
tric system is noted. Both are designed to run on kerosene but
burn any combustible liquid. A public transporation system,
based on a low-emission bus of completely new design, is also
detailed. Several aspects of urban air pollution are discussed,
including the role of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in smog
formation and the chemistry of combustion with application to
hydrocarbon fuels. The concentration of major pollutants (car-
bon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, lead, ozone,
and sulfur oxides) in the U. S., and health hazards from air
pollution are briefly considered. An appendix gives the mathe-
matical basis for computation of future air pollution from
motor vehicles.
39609
Habibi, K.
AUTOMOTIVE PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS AND THEIR
CONTROL. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
New York and American Chemical Society, Washington, D.
C., 7p., 1970. (Presented at the Society of Automotive En-
gineers-American Chemical Society, Joint Meeting, Midland,
Mich., Oct. 24, 1970, Paper 710638.)
Two methods of sampling automotive exhaust particulates, a
proportional and a total collection system, are briefly
described and studies of exhaust lead size distribution, effect
of mileage on size of exhaust lead, total participate emissions
from leaded and unleaded cars, and emission of exhaust tars
are summarized. Age and mileage of the vehicle have the most
pronounced effect on the size of exhaust lead particles;
average diameter increased from about 1-2 micron at low mile-
age to over 15 micron at 28,000 mi. Under typical motorisc
driving conditions, about five times the volume of participate
matter was emitted with the unleaded car compared with the
vehicle run on leaded fuel. Both cars failed to meet the
proposed 1975 participate emission standard of 0.1 g/mi.; an
advanced trap system based on particle growth and tail pipe
cyclones is described that is capable of reducing emissions to
less than the proposed standard and that effectively removes
particles in a wide size range, including a 2:1 reduction in
those particles smaller than 0.2 micron diameter. The nu-
merous and complex problems in automotive participate sam-
pling and measurement are discussed.
39610
Taliaferro, Harold R., Lawrence T. Wright, and Russell C.
Mallatt
GASOLINE FOR REDUCING AUTOMOBILE POLLUTION.
Preprint, American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science,
Washington, D. C., 29p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, Annual
Meeting, 137th, Chicago, 111., Dec. 26, 1970.)
Regular use of lead-free gasoline, either in new cars or cars
which have used leaded gasolines, reduces unburned hydrocar-
bons in the exhaust and eliminates the exhaust of lead-contain-
ing paniculate. A test of cars in commuter driving service and
a survey of drivers by a marketing research firm have yielded
maintenance cost savings for unleaded gasoline users in the
range of 2 to 5 cents/gal of gasoline purchased. Exhaust valve
recession can be demonstrated when some current engines are
operated long distances at very high speed and load on un-
leaded gasolines. Valve recession is minimized by the addition
of a phosphorus-containing additive and several refiners are
using this additive. Critics of the new unleaded gasolines have
claimed they contain more aromatics than the current leaded
premium and regular gasolines and that these aromatics yield
exhaust with greater smog-forming potential. However,
analyses reveal that they are similar in aromatic content to the
current leaded gasolines. The extent to which changes in
gasolines will be required in the future to reduce emissions
from new and used cars is not clear. However, both gasoline
volatility and hydrocarbon-type composition, which are now of
concern, will be of less importance in the iuture as more effi-
cient evaporation loss control and exhaust treatment devices
are installed on new cars. (Author abstract modified)
39754
Coordinating Research Council, Inc., New York, Air Pollution
Research Advisory Committee
THE EFFECTS OF LEADED AND UNLEADED GASOLINES
ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS CAUSED BY COMBUSTION
CHAMBER DEPOSITS. (FINAL REPORT). Rept. CRC 441,
Project CRC-APRAC-CAPE-3-68, lOlp., July 1971. 4 refs.
NTIS: PB 201946
The influence of lead alkyls in gasoline on combustion
chamber deposits and their effect on exhaust emission levels
were investigated. Hydrocarbon emissions from consumer-type
cars using unleaded fuels to accumulate mileage were about
7% lower on the average than the cars using leaded fuels. The
net lead effect was essentially the same for cars with and
without exhaust control systems. Lead did not have any effect
on carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions. In rapid
mileage accumulation vehicle tests, the overall hydrocarbon
net lead effect was 20%, or about three times as great as in
the consumer-type vehicle tests. In laboratory engine and spe-
cial tests, combustion chamber deposits were responsible for
almost all of the increase in hydrocarbon emission. There was
a 1-10% increase in hydrocarbon emissions due to lead alkyls.
Test summaries are tabulated in detail.
40314
Kehoe, Robert A., Frederick Thamann, and Jacob Cholak
ON THE NORMAL ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF
LEAD. ffl. THE SOURCES OF NORMAL LEAD ABSORP-
TION. J. Ind. Hyg., 15(5):290- 300, Sept. 1933. 70 refs.
Certain classes of foodstuffs frequently contain more than
average amounts of lead; among these in the order of increas-
ing importance are, bread-stuffs, meats, processed meats, ice-
cream, candy, leafy green vegetables, and certain fruits. Op-
portunities for the ingestion of lead with food are greater
under the more highly industrialized conditions of American
life than in the more primitive Mexican environment. This is
attributed to the use of lead insecticides. The presence of lead
in food is to be expected partly as a normal occurrence and
partly as a consequence of contamination from a variety of
sources. The chief problem from lead compounds is not in the
lead absorption of the general public but in title high incidence
of occupational lead poisoning. Lead mines, lead smelters, au-
tomotive exhaust, pottery, and water pollution are other
sources of lead.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
47
40455
Ellis, J. C.
FUTURE AUTOMOTIVE FUELS. Automotive Eng., 80(6):36-
41, June 1972. (Presented at the International Conference on
Transportation and the Environment, Washington, D. C., May
31-June 2, 1972.)
The influence of emission control requirements on gasolines is
analyzed. It is believed that gasoline properties will become
more important in future years, even if the present severe
federal emission standards are modified. The gasoline of the
future will be unleaded and of octane quality appropriate to
satisfy antiknock requirements of cars. Future gasolines will
also be free of all other materials inimical to engine and con-
trol system performance and durability. Additives containing
only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are acceptable
materials, provided they impart no deleterious characteristics
to the bulk fuel and are not toxic or odoriferous. Materials
such as lead, phosphorus, and sulfur, which poison catalysts
or otherwise impair control system performance, will be
restricted. It is predicted that the use of light olefins will not
be restricted beyond the regionally imposed limits on bromine
number control. Aromatic content of gasoline is expected to
increase as lead is phased out and as octane quality of the un-
leaded grades begins to increase. This increase will have a
minor effect on hydrocarbon quantity and reactivity. Evidence
available at this time indicates that some reduction in the
higher boiling constituents of gasoline is beneficial, and the
ability of existing prototype engines and control systems to ap-
proach the 1975 emissions standards appears to be improved
by such fuels. Modest changes, therefore, to accommodate
emissions control requirements as well as p \ssenger-car
driveability and customer acceptability will be mad>\
40583
Wells, A. E.
CONDITIONS IN AND AROUND THE SELBY SMELTER
AND THE SELBY SMOKE ZONE. Bull. Bureau Mines, no.
98:63-81, 503-520, 1915. 86 refs.
Dusts, fumes, and gases from metallurgical furnaces at the
Selby Smelter, Contra Costa, California, were measured and
analyzed. The furnaces were those in the roasting department,
smelting department, lead refinery, and gold and silver
refinery. Also studied were the effects of general wind condi-
tions and topography on contaminant dispersion in and around
the smelter and the Selby smoke zone. The only uncontrolled
contaminants during the investigation were the dust and fumes
from roasters during part of the period and the sulfur dioxide
from the roasters during the whole period. Lead- and arsenic-
containing dust and fumes from roasting furnaces eluded
baghouse control due to improper cleaning of bags and ac-
cidental placement of a damper in the flue. Amounts of sulfur
dioxide produced by roasting furnaces were variable and de-
pended largely on the charge and operating conditions. To a
degree not usual around most smelters, all natural conditions
in the Selby smelter area tend to retard the dispersion and dif-
fusion of smelter emissions, making them more concentrated
over the smoke zone than would be expected. Thus, even
small amounts of S02, dust, and fume pose a serious problem.
40677
Yamaki, Naoomi
AIR POLLUTION BY AUTOMOBILES AND ITS CONTROL.
(Jidosha taiki osen no genjo to sono taisaku). Text in Japanese.
Mitsubishi Sekiyu K. K. Gijutsu Shiryo (Tech. Rev., Mit-
subishi Oil Co., Ltd.), 20(1): 66-82, Nov. 1971. 16 refs.
Carbon monoxide, photochemical smog, and lead pollution are
discussed as important air pollutants in Japan, referring to en-
vironmental standards. Emission quantities by sources and
load ratio are presented by a table. According to the 1967
records, 874,000 tons of CO were emitted from automobiles,
1000 tons from factories and power plants, and 2000 tons from
airplanes. The ratios were 99 7%, 0.1%, and 0.2% respectively.
35.9% of the nitrogen oxides came from automobiles 63.5%
from factories and electric power plants, and 0.6% from air-
planes. The total nitrogen emission was 178,000 tons. The total
hydrocarbon emission was 185,000 tons, of which 97.1% came
from automobiles, 1.6% from factories and power plants, and
0.5% from airplanes. Of the 460,000 tons of sulfur oxides
emissions, 1.0% came from automobiles and 99% came from
factories and power plants. Characteristics, damages, and the
formation mechanism of photochemical smogs were studied.
The relationships of oxidant and the concentration of
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides were analyzed on the basis
of data from main cities of the United States. Exhaust
manifold reactors, catalytic converters, and recirculation of
exhaust gas are discussed as positive technical improvements
for the future. Fuel improvements and non-lead gasoline are
also discussed.
40759
Lehnert, G.
LEADED GASOLINE - AN ECOLOGICAL POISON?
(Bleibenzra - ein ekologisches Gift)? Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Mu-
nich), 152(5): 559-563, 1969 (?). 36 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., Up., Dec. 1971.
The demands of todays automobile engines on antiknock per-
formance have led to the practice of adding tetraethyl lead
and/or tetramethyl lead to the fuel, with maximum concentra-
tions of 1.12 g/1. During the combustion process, the lead al-
kyls break up into water, carbon dioxide, and lead oxide.
Since the melting point of Pb2O3 is at 900 C, in order to avoid
a clogging of the cylinder chambers, ethylene dichloride and
dibromide are added to the knock suppressor. By means of
these halogen compounds, more volatile lead chloride and lead
bromide are created which, together with other highly toxic
exhaust gas components, escape from the engine into the at-
mosphere. By means of these automobile exhausts, the general
public is contaminated by lead through inhalation. Based on an
average atmospheric Pb(II) concentration of 2 cu/m, the
human organism is burdened with approximately 30 micro-
grams Pb(II)/l at an average volume of breath inhaled of 10
1/min. The primary cause for clinically objectifiable Pb(II)
damage is the ability inherent to a greater or lesser degree in
all inorganic matter to act as enzyme effectors. Since Pb(II)
forms quite stable mercaptides with thiol groups, it is the
prototype of an inhibitor of SH containing enzymes. Hence, in
addition to a disturbance of the electrolyte equilibrium, it also
influences numerous metabolic processes, possibly the
biosynthesis of hemoglobin, the nucleic acids, proteins, and
various hormones.
40776
Patterson, Donald J.
THE AUTOMOBILE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH AND
EDUCATION. Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor; Eastern Michigan
Univ. Ypsilanti; and Wayne State Univ., Detroit, Mich., Proc.:
Mich. Water Air Pollut. Stand., 1970, p. 36-51.
Gasoline powered automobiles emit unburned hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, and
paniculate matter. On a nationwide basis, automobiles con-
tribute 92% of the CO, 4% of the SO2, 46% of the oxides of
nitrogen, 63% of the hydrocarbons, and 8% of the particulates
-------
48
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
in the atmosphere. Exhaust emissions have been reduced by
70% and good potential remains for an additional 25% reduc-
tion. Annual inspections of emission control devices are ad-
vised. The petroleum industry has proven that emissions are
unrelated to fuel blend. They have found that the tendency to
form combustion chamber deposits is caused by tetraethyl lead
and future additives that modify or reduce deposit buildup can
improve the emission picture. A reduction in fuel volatility can
cut evaporative losses of hydrocarbons in half. There are,
however, many who feel that the gasoline engine will be una-
ble to meet emission levels set for 1980. As a result, a great
deal of interest has been generated in alternative power plants
such as electric car and steam engines. Research and study
programs at the University of Michigan are discussed.
40947
Mutsaars, P. M. and J. E. Van Steen
DETERMINATION OF LEAD ALKYLS IN GASOLINE: A
COMBINED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC-FLAME
PHOTOMETRIC METHOD. J. Inst. Petrol. (London),
58(560):102-107, March 1972. 9 refs.
A method was developed for separation and detection of lead
alkyls by combining gas chromatography with flame
photometry. Any chromatograph is suited, but in this case a
coiled aluminum column filled with Chromosorb was used.
The flame photometer was a model 139 UV-VIS Hitachi Per-
kin Elmer spectrophotometer equipped with a modified flame
attachment and photomultiplier unit, connected to a
Honeywell-Brown type 15-1 mV potentiometric recorder with
disc integrator. The method proved to be fast, reliable, and ac-
curate. The whole concentration range from 1000 ppm down to
1 ppb can be covered by injecting a suitable amount of sam-
ple. No previous treatment of the sample is necessary. Inter-
ference by other components is almost completely eliminated.
(Author summary modified)
40981
Coenen, R., W. Fritsch, S. Goetzmann, H. Kesberger, J.
Langhein, H. D. Piotrowski, and R. Schladitz
CHEMICAL-TOXICOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL PROTECTION. (Chemisch-toxikologische Probleme
des Umweltschutzes). Text in German. Naturwissenschaften
(Berlin), 59(3):106-111, March 1972. 2 refs.
In May 1970, the Federal German Government commissioned
the Study Group for Systems Research, Heidelberg, to carry
out a study of environmental pollution. Questionnaires were
sent in two stages to representatives of university depart-
ments, independent research organizations, industry, and local
authorities (182 questionnaires sent, 95 replies received). Esti-
mates are made of the contributions to air pollution from in-
dustrial, domestic, and traffic sources; the main pollutants are
sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, dusts, and
aerosols containing noxious substances, particularly lead.
Methods of garbage disposal were reviewed as well as pollu-
tion due to industrial and sewage effluents, and the effects of
pesticide usage in agriculture. The section on the toxic effects
of pollutants on humans and ecosystems revealed how little is
known in this field. Of the 3.6 million tons of SO2 emitted in
1969, 44% came from power plants, 15%, by domestic heaters;
and the remainder, from industrial or other firing systems.
Four million tons of dust was emitted in 1969. Of the 8 million
tons of CO, 90% came from traffic which also solely ac-
counted for the 7000 tons of lead emitted in 1969, and for 50%
of the 2 million tons of hydrocarbons as well as for 45% of the
2 million tons of NOx. In addition to these pollutants, such
substances as fluorine, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, and
organic compounds such as mercaptans and aldehydes must be
considered annoyins and possibly dangerous.
41035
Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Japan) Itabashi Ward Office
ANNUAL REPORT ON ANTI-POLLUTION BUSINESS - 1970.
(Kogai taisaku jigyo nenpo). Text in Japanese. 95p., Dec.
1971.
At an air/fuel ratio higher than 14.7, almost no carbon monox-
ide was evolved from engines. However, the air/fuel ratios of
automobile engines were usually under 14.7, therefore, the for-
mation of carbon monoxide could not be prevented. Sixty per-
cent of the hydrocarbons in air are from automotive exhaust
gas, whereas the 40% result from other reasons such as blow-
by gas. Lead and CO concentrations were measured at 27 in-
tersections in Tokyo, and the average CO concentration was
9.3 ppm, while seven intersections had hourly average lead
concentrations for 10 consecutive hours higher than 5 micro-
grams/cu m. There are 5047 factories in this ward, of them 45
factories were tested for harmful pollutants in 1969. All were
found having more than one harmful pollutant. Air pollution
control regulations on car exhaust gas were revised from Jan.
23, 1971. Controls on factory pollution has also been rein-
forced.
41145
Mueller, Peter K. and Miles Imada
ORIGINS OF SUBMICRON PARTICUALTE MATTER IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 28p., 1970. 33 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, West Coast Section, Technical Meet-
ing, 5th, San Francisco, Oct. 1970.)
A perspective of the current information about submicron par-
ticulate matter in the atmosphere was presented. The primary
sources of these particles are attributed to anthropogenic
origins and evolved directly from stationaiy as well as vehicu-
lar sources. Suspended paniculate matter exists in a size range
anywhere from condensation nuclei (0.002 micron) to giant
particles (10-20 micron). Most of the aerosol mass is concen-
trated in the size range from 0.1 to 20 micron. Concentration
and size distribution by number and chemical composition as a
function of particle size were discussed. Lead, sulfate, and
other metal content in particulates were also discussed. Parti-
cles vary in the atmosphere due to various meteorological con-
ditions such as rain, fog, smog, and time of day. Data from
the National Air Sampling Network for several cities is men-
tioned.
41518
Kellogg, Herbert H.
ENGINEERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT. J. Metals, 24(6): 13-
17, June 1972. 13 refs.
The drop in engineering enrollment in colleges is just one
symptom of ecological consciousness and public disenchant-
ment with technology and its products. The need for new pri-
orities and the concept of social thrift is exemplified in our
handling and use of lead and aluminum and the projections of
their future use and supply. At the present rate of consump-
tion, known world reserves of lead will 'be exhausted in 26
years. Even with a five-fold increase in reserves, the 2% an-
nual growth rate in lead consumption will result in exhaustion
within 64 years. Lead must be eliminated as a gasoline addi-
tive, and all storage batteries must be recycled. Bauxite
reserves for aluminum production are expected to last only 31
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
49
years at the present expansion rate of 6.4%/yr. The cost of
producing aluminum from clays and shales will be con-
siderably greater than at present. A pound of aluminum uses
11 times more coal than a pound of steel, producing in the
process high air pollution potential. As of 1968, 2% of the
domestic aluminum supply was generated from the recycling
of scrap. The U. S. Bureau of Mines projects that the use of
aluminum for can and packaging will increase from 460,000 t
in 1968 to 2,300,000 t by 2000.
41604
Cipriano, Joaquim Mendes
A FAST AND PRECISE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN GASOLINES. (Metodo rapido e precise
para determinacao do chumbo nas gasolinas). Text in Portu-
guese. Rev. Port. Quim., 5(3):129- 132, 1963. 2 refs.
A method for the determination of tetraethyl lead in gasolines
by means of direct titration with a disodium salt of EDTA re-
agent is presented. Lead compound extracts obtained accord-
ing to the American Society of Testing and Materials
procedure are collected into a 200 ml volumetric flask and
brought to volume with distilled water at 20 C. Fifty ml from
this solution are then treated with 2.0 g of tartaric acid, and an
excess of concentrated ammonia after neutralization in the
presence of litmus paper. Titration is performed with a stan-
dard solution of the EDTA reagent in the presence of
eryochrome Black T as an indicator and following addition of
1.0 ml of magnesium chloride reagent. A small amount of
potassium cyanide should be added to gasoline extracts con-
taining manganese metal additives such as nickel, cobalt, cad-
mium, to prevent interference. Potassium cyanide cannot
prevent interference from calcium or magnesium. Comparison
with the ASTM method which is a gravimetric procedure last-
ing 24 hrs, opposed to the above technique which is performed
within 1.0 hr and with the French Petroleum Institute method
indicated the new metShod to be of satisfactory accuracy.
41654
Aktiebolaget Atomenergi, Stockholm (Sweden), Guidance
Group
AK POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES. 123 refs.
Translated from Swedish. 202p., 1971.
Vehicles are responsible for roughly half of the total amount
of air pollution which is emitted in Sweden. Such pollutants
are primarily carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen ox-
ides, soot, and lead compounds. Extensive measurements of
exhaust pollutants were carried out in Stockholm and in other
cities. The fast growth of the number of vehicles in Sweden
has led to Sweden having the highest number of motor vehi-
cles per inhabitant in Europe. An estimation was made of the
average emission per motor vehicle of the various exhaust pol-
lutants at an exhaust gas laboratory. Results are summarized
for both gasoline-fueled and diesel-fueled vehicles. Possible
control measures for reducing air pollution by motor vehicles
were studied, including town and traffic planning, technical
measures on gasoline-fueled vehicles, altered composition of
fuels, technical measures on diesel-fueled vehicles, enactment
of regulations, and alternatives to the internal combustion en-
gine. The effects of proposed emission standards and esti-
mated costs were calculated.
41738
Zeilinger, K.
FUELS WHICH DO NOT HAVE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT. (Umweltfreundliche Kraftstoffe). Text
in German. Umschau (Berlin), 72(10):322-323, May 1972. 3
refs.
The problems of fuels with minimum harmful effects on the
environment and the basic trends in this area are outlined. The
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon contents in exhausts are
largely dependent on the excess-air ratio, while nitric oxide is
formed at high temperatures. Fuels with minimum harmful ef-
fects on the environment should satisfy several requirements:
high volatility and low viscosity for minimum hydrocarbon and
CO emission; wide range of ignition temperatures for
minimum hydrocarbon, CO, and NO emissions; low rate of
combustion for minimum NO; high octane number with low
lead content; purification of carburetor, suction pipes, and
combustion chamber; and minimum smoke from diesel fuels.
Some of these requirements cannot be realized by the availa-
ble technical means. Due to the reduction of lead content.
changes in the structure of hydrocarbons are necessary, while
hydrocarbons with chain structure will be preferred to aro-
matic hydrocarbons. The compression rate will be reduced due
to the decrease in the octane number in a near transitory
period. While the changes in the fuel structure are not likely to
entail important changes in the exhaust composition, there are
no additives available for widening the ignition temperature
range. Cyclohexane, added to diesel fuel at a rate of about 3%
by volume as a smoke inhibitor, reduced soot, CO, and NO
emissions. W>
41889
Soukup, Albert V.
SURVEY OF WATER QUALITY. In: Helena Valley, Mon-
tana, Area Environmental Pollution Study. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Office of Air
Programs, Pub-AP-91, p. 61-63, Jan. 1972. NTIS: PB 207126
Water samples were taken at seven locations in Helena Valley,
Montana, between July, 1969 and April, 1970. All samples
were analyzed for the following: arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc,
iron, manganese, sulfate, fluoride, chromium, silver, copper,
cobalt, nickel, chloride, nitrate, boron, cyanide, selenium, pH,
specific conductance, turbidity, color, and total dissolved
soilds. Analyses of the first seven components gave pertinent
information to the study. The chemical constituents deter-
mined did not exceed the mandatory limits of the Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards. The sulfate results
show that there is no contamination by sulfur dioxide. The
water in Prickly Pear Creek contains elevated levels of ar-
senic, cadmium, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese. The water at
the Helena city water intake has elevated levels of arsenic,
lead, and manganese. These elevated levels are due to the
smelting complex in East Helena.
41890
Miesch, A. T. and Claude Huffman, Jr.
ABUNDANCE AND DISTRD3UTION OF LEAD, ZINC, CAD-
MIUM, AND ARSENIC IN SOILS. In: Helena Valley, Mon-
tana, Area Environmental Pollution Study. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Office of Air
Programs, Pub-AP-91, p. 65-80, Jan. 1972. 12 refs. NTIS: PB
207126
The arithmetic mean concentration of lead, zinc, cadmium,
and arsenic in the upper 4 in. soil layer within a 0.67-10-mile
radius of the smelter stack at East Helena, estimated by in-
tegration of the appropriate regressions equations, are as fol-
lows: lead, 69 ppm; zinc, 79 ppm; cadmium, 2.5 ppm; and ar-
senic, 11 ppm. Similar estimates for the 6 to 10 in. depth zone
are lead, 22 ppm; zinc, 58 ppm; cadmium, 1 ppm; and arsenic,
-------
50
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
7 ppm. Assuming that the original metal contents of the soils
were similar to the mean concentrations of the metals in the
soil samples collected outside the Helena Valley in this in-
vestigation, the amounts of each that have been added by
smelter contamination to the upper 10 inches of soil in the
area beyond 0.67 mile from the smelter are as follows: lead,
10,000 tons; zinc, 5600 tons; cadmium, 290 tons; arsenic, 860
tons. Contamination beyond that attributable to the smelter
was noted along railroad tracks but not highways.
41945
Fish, R. A.
POLLUTION. J. Oil Colour Chemists Assoc. (London), vol.
55:493- 506, 1972.
Under the aegis of the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968, the
emission of smoke in London has been reduced from an
average of 309 micrograms/cu m in the winter of 1958-9 to 66
micrograms/cu m in 1969-70. The sulfur dioxide content of the
air was ignored by the Clean Air Acts and has probably in-
creased. The steady decrease to 192 micrograms/cu m for
1969-70, two-thirds of that for 1958-65, is thought to result
from the high stack policy of the Central Electricity Generat-
ing Board. It is thought that further substantial reductions
would result if the use of low-sulfur fuels became mandatory.
Street level measurements of carbon monoxide rarely exceed
50 ppm, and the total contribution of the automobile to air pol-
lution is small. Studies are in progress to determine the rela-
tionship between the automobile and carbon oxides, hydrocar-
bons, nitrogen, and lead. It is suggested that a pilot monitoring
system be established for all pollutants, especially the nitrogen
oxides. The history of river pollution, refuse disposal, radioac-
tive waste disposal, and noise pollution are all discussed.
41959
Duffy, Leo J., Neil R. Everett, James J. Sevcik, and Frank J.
Piehl
KEEPING THE LEAD OUT OF UNLEADED GASOLINES.
Preprint, American Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of Refin-
ing, 19p., 1972. 2 refs. (Presented at the American Petroleum
Institute, Division of Refining, Midyear Meeting, 37th, New
York, May 9, 1972, Paper 01-72.)
The decision of American Oil Company to market an unleaded
(less than 0.05 g/gal) gasoline on a broad basis in 1970 resulted
in many problems of blending and transporting a lead-free
product from the refinery to the motorist and keeping it lead-
free in a system full of lead. Their solution or minimization is
discussed, including analytical methods used to determine lead
at this level; monitoring lead at the refinery; preventing con-
tamination in transportation of the gasoline by pipeline, barge,
tanker, truck, or rail; monitoring at the station pump; and mo-
bile laboratories to monitor lead throughout the entire market-
ing operation. A gasoline can be produced and distributed
which meets, on the average, the proposed 0.05 g/gal level set
by the EPA. However, these levels cannot be achieved with
complete consistency with the present distribution system as
long as the industry is distributing both leaded and unleaded
gasolines.
42080
Hayashi, Hiroshi
AIR POLLUTION DUE TO AUTOMOBILE EMISSION.
(Jidosha kogai). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Tokyo),
23(7):951-956, July 1972.
The public nuisance due to automobile emissions is mainly air
pollution, noise, and interference of electric waves. The waste
gas from automobiles contains carbon monoxide, hydrocar-
bons, nitrogen oxides, dust, oil mist, lead, black smoke, and
hydrocarbons such as aldehydes and ketones. According to the
Department of Public Welfare of the Japanese Government,
the breakdown of pollution is as follows: 99.2% sulfur dioxide
by industry, 92.8% dust by industry, 99.3% CO by gasoline,
90.5% HC by gasoline, 73.1% nitrogen oxides by industry, and
18.1% nitrogen oxides by gasoline. Hydrocarbons and CO are
mainly emitted by automobiles. Both HC and NOx cause
photochemical reactions and develop toxic: ozone, oxidant, and
smog. Diesel engines emit less nitric oxide than gasoline en-
gines. However the mixed gas for gasoline engines is
homogeneous and the mixed gas for Diesel engines is
heterogeneous. Control methods are mentioned.
42212
Radzimirski, S.
REASONS FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF NOXIOUS COM-
PONENTS IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. (Pr-
zyczyny powstawania skladnikow szkoclliwych w spalinach
samochodowych). Ochrona Powietrza (Warsaw) (English trans-
lation), 4(15):6-18, 1970. 12 refs.
The three main sources of emission of noxious gases from au-
tomobiles are the exhaust system, the crankcase, and the fuel
feed system. The exhaust system is the principal source of air
pollution associated with automotive engine operation. It ac-
counts for about 65% of the hydrocarbons, 98% of the carbon
monoxide, and 100% of the nitrogen oxides and carbon black
present in automotive exhaust emissions. Hydrocarbons occur
in exhaust gases due to the incomplete combustion of fuel.
The principal reason for their emission, in distinction to CO is
not the composition of the air-fuel mixture, but the quenching
effect of the combustion chamber walls, consisting of the tem-
perature in the vicinity of the walls being too low to allow ox-
idation of the fuel. Among the hydrocarbons emitted from the
exhaust system are heavy aromatic hydrocarbons which are
suspected of carcinogenic activity; benzopyrene and
dibenzoanthracene show the highest biological activity.
Nitrogen oxides are formed in the combustion chamber in a
reaction with oxygen. The maximum concentrations of
nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases depend primarily on the tem-
perature in the combustion chamber. Exbaust gases also con-
tain sulfur compounds, lead compounds, and aldehydes. The
engine crankcase is a second source of noxious emission. Ap-
proximately 20% of the hydrocarbons emitted from the au-
tomobile result from crankcase emissions. The gases emitted
from the crankcase also include CO whose concentration is
0.2-0.5% by volume. The fuel-feed system accounts for some
15% of all hydrocarbons exhausted by vehicles with internal
combustion engines. The cause of emission of these com-
pounds is the vaporization of the fuel. In certain cases, at high
environmental temperatures, the fuel losses due to evaporation
may exceed five percent of the fuel supplied.
42377
Corbeil, R. J. and S. Smith Griswold
ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS (METHANE) AS A FUEL
FOR MOTOR VEHICLES. International Union of Air Pollu-
tion Prevention Associations, Proc. Int. Clean Air Congr., 2nd,
Washington, D. C., 1970, p. 624-631. (Dec. 6-11, Paper EN
10A.)
The advantages of natural gas over conventional gasolines
were presented; test results were obtained from vehicles
equipped with the dual fuel system, which permits operation
with gasoline as a standby fuel and routine operation on com-
pressed natural gas. The use of compressed natural gas is
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
51
restricted because fueling stations are widely spaced and tank
size and weight are limited. Liquefied natural gas permits ex-
tended range and is best suited for vehicles traveling more
than 80-100 miles between fuelings. The gas/air mixer provides
uniform mixture distribution and maintains excess air in the
mixture at all times; virtual elimination of carbon monoxide is
an expected result. In addition, hydrocarbon emissions from
the carburetor and fuel tank evaporation are almost zero. The
chemical characteristics of natural gas along with the accurate
control of the variable venturi mixer permit satisfactory vehi-
cle operation with low oxides of nitrogen. Thus the use of
natural gas can reduce emissions to levels of any exhaust
emission standards yet proposed. Other advantages are: the
total elimination of lead; the virtual elimination of soot; the
improvement of odor; reliable idling; stumble-free accelera-
tion; and greater safety. Natural gas also has economic ad-
vantages: approximately 50% benefit when idling and substan-
tial savings on operating and maintenance costs; and easy
starting.
42676
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrheim-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
NONFERROUS METALLURGY. (NE-Metallerzeugung). Text
in German. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wir-
klichkeit. Moehnesee- Wamel, West Germany, K. ron Saint
George, 1972, p. 60-65.
The present situation and future trends in the output and emis-
sions in the nonferrous metallurgy of North Rhine-Westphalia
are described. The aluminum industriy, which accounts for
more than 50% of the total output of West Germany, will ex-
perience rapid growth. The basic pollutants are gaseous
fluorine compounds (0.8-1.5 kg/t), aluminum- and fluorine-
bearing dust (9-20 kg/t), sulfur dioxide (3-15 kg/t), and carbon
monoxide. Aluminum remelting is expected to increase 100%
by 1980. Chloride aerosols, metal oxides, and gaseous fluorine
compounds are the chief pollutants. Dust separation at a rate
of 15% was applied to rotary furnaces in 1970. Dust emissions
will decrease from 1320 tons in 1970 to 680 tons in 1980 by
lowering the dust concentration to 150 mg/N cu m and 100
mg/N cu m for rotary furnaces and thermal chips treatment
facilities, respectively. Gaseous fluorine emissions, 90 tons in
1970, will be reduced to 50 tons in 1980 by applying wet-type
gas cleaning. Sulfur dioxide emissions from lead manufactur-
ing will be reduced 90% due to waste-gas desulfurization. The
efficiency of SO2 separation at sulfuric acid production facili-
ties is 98%. Lead and zinc emissions, amounting to 350 and
180 tons in 1970, will decrease to 50 tons each in 1975. Sulfur
dioxide emissions from copper manufacturing, for which a 2%
yearly rate of growth is predicted, will rise from 900 tons in
1970 to 1100 tons in 1980, the waste-gas SO2 concentration
being 0.2 g/N cu m. Hydrochloric acid emissions, now 500
tons, will decrease by 50%. While total dust emission will be
reduced from 600 to 300 tons, no further reduction in lead,
zinc, and copper emissions is possible. The dust emissions
from copper alloy manufacturing will be 10% of the 1970 level
by 1980, as an upper limit of 50 mg/N cu m will be set in 1973.
Sulfur dioxide emissions from zinc manufacturing, for which
electrolytic processes are increasingly used, will decrease from
1800 tons in 1970 to about 1500 tons in 1980. The imposition of
a maximum allowable dust emission of 50 mg/N cu m in 1973
will result in zinc and lead emissions, now 160 and 40 tons,
decreasing to 80 and 20 tons, respectively, despite a growth
rate of 40%.
42679
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrheim-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
TRAFFIC AS AN EMISSION SOURCE. (Die Emittenten-
gruppe Verkehr). Text in German. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen.
Utopie oder Wirklichkeit. Moehnesee-Wamel, West Germany,
K. von Saint- George, 1972, p. 78-81.
Trends in transportation generated air pollution in North
Rhine- Westphalia are outlined. Railroad traffic, consuming
about 1.5 million tons of coal and some 0.6 million tons of fuel
and Diesel oil in 1969, is minor pollution source, and a steady
decrease in railroad emissions is expected. While pollution due
to ships continues to be negligible, that due to air traffic is in-
creasing rapidly. The traffic-generated air pollution is primarily
due to road traffic. Automotive emissions will not increase at
a rate corresponding to the expected increase in the number of
vehicles because the intensity of use will decrease. While the
standards imposed in 1971 resulted in a relative decrease in
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions, a slow increase
in CO and a higher increase in hydrocarbon emissions, as well
as disproportionately high rise in nitrogen oxides emissions are
expected. By the end of the decade CO and hydrocarbon emis-
sions will be at their 1970 levels. The lead content of gasoline,
set at 0.4 g/1 as of 1972, will be further reduced to 0.15 g/1 in
1976. As the present emission standards, except for those on
lead, are not satisfactory, further standards requiring 80%
reduction as against the 1971 level, should be introduced as of
1976 (3 g of CO, 0.3 g of hydrocarbons, and 0.25 g of nitrogen
oxides per km). These should be followed by an additional
reduction of 35% as of 1980.
42726
Worcester, A. and D. H. Beilstein
LEAD - PROGRESS AND PROGNOSIS. THE STATE OF THE
ART - LEAD RECOVERY. Preprint, American Inst. of Min-
ing, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, New York, Metal-
lurgical Society, 22p., 1971. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, An-
nual Meeting, 100th, New York, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971, Paper
A71-87.)
Present methods in general use to recover lead metal from its
ores, including methods for sintering, heavy smelting,
dressing, refining, and emissions control, are described.
Baghouses and electrostatic precipitators are the most com-
mon dust and fume collectors. In some emission control opera-
tions sulfuric acid, cadmium, and thallium are recovered.
Probable short and long term advances in the lead recovery
process are suggested. The history of lead smelting is briefly
reviewed. Lead consumption in the United States in 1970 was
1.267 million tons, distributed as chemicals: 278,000 tons; bat-
teries: 570,000 tons; pigments: 98,000 tons; and metal: 371,000
tons.
42791
Yamakawa, Tsumoru and Shigeaki Suzuki
LEADLESS GASOLINE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM.
(Muenka gasorin seizo sochi). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kikai
(Ind. Machinery), no. 258: 9-14, March 1972. 2 refs.
Various methods of contact formation of non-leaded gasoline
are discussed. For a change of gasoline quality, dehydration,
paraffin hydrocarbon isomerization, isomerization and cyclic
dehydration, and hydrogenation decomposition are practiced.
The most important is the dehydration process. The format of
dehydration is classified by the method of catalyst packing;
there are the fixed bed process, the moving bed process, and
-------
52
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
the fluidized bed process. Discussion of the types of reactors
presently used in Japan include (1) the IRE cyclic power form-
ing method, (2) the magna forming method, (3) the platforming
method, (4) and the reinforming method. The IRE method can
control the process severity automatically and transfer the
reactor without dropping the operation efficiency. The magna
forming method can operate at two levels, the first at a low
temperature and low cycle, and the second at a high recycle.
The platforming method contains the total reaction processes
in one system. The reinforming method can be operated at a
lower pressure than the other methods.
42980
Norbye, J. P.
THE WANKEL ENGINE-AN EVALUATION OF ITS POTEN-
TIAL. Preprint, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York, 12p., 1972. (Presented at the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Design Engineering Conference and
Show, Chicago, 111., May 8-11, 1972, ASME Paper 72-DE-33.)
Lower cost, lower weight, less bulk, and cleaner emissions are
some of the reasons why the Wankel engine, which is a rotary
type of internal combustion engine, will replace the V-8 in
many applications. Its compactness facilitates installation and
makes for improved space utilization in the vehicle - offering
greater opportunities for new vehicle concepts. It has far
fewer parts than the piston engine, and since it has no
reciprocating parts, it is practically free of vibration. It has
about twice the power-to-weight ratio of a V-8 engine. The
Wankel engine supplies power for about 2/3 of its combustion
phase, against only 1/4 in the piston engine. It can digest low
octane lead-free fuel without loss of power or economy, and is
uncritical of lube oil quality. The design lends itself well to au-
tomated manufacture and assembly. The advantages of the
Wankel engine as a power source for automobiles are con-
sidered. (Author abstract modified)
43271
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY. In: Compilation of Air Pol-
lutant Emission Factors. GAP Pub-AP-42, p. 7-1 to 7-22, Feb.
1972. 61 refs. NTIS: PB 209559
Primary and secondary metal industries are discussed. The pri-
mary industries, producing metals from ore, reviewed are:
non-ferrous operations of aluminum ore reduction, copper
smelters, lead smelters, zinc smelters, iron and steel mills, fer-
roalloy production, and metallurgical coke manufacture. Large
quantities of sulfur oxides and particulates are emitted by
these industries. The secondary metallurgical industries, which
recover metal from scrap and salvage and produce alloys from
ingot, include aluminum operations, brass and bronze ingots,
gray iron foundries, lead smelting, magnesium smelting, steel
foundries, and zinc processing. The major air contaminants
from these operations are particulates in the forms of metallic
fumes, smoke, and dust. Control methods used are: cyclones,
electrostatic precipitators, filters, and baghouses.
43346
Parker, Albert
ESTIMATES OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNITED KING-
DOM IN THE YEAR 1970- 71. Clean Air, 1(6):18-19, 1972. 1
ref.
Energy generation and smoke and sulfur oxide emission from
fuel combustion and emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocar-
bons, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, and SOx from petrol and
diesel engines are estimated and tabulated for the United
Kingdom in 1970-1971. Smoke and SOx concentrations
generated by combustion of coal for fuel in domestic heating,
railways, coal mining, electric power stations, coke ovens, the
gas supply industry, carbonization plants, and fuel plants
equaled 0.72 and 3.40 million metric tons, respectively. Coke
combustion for domestic and industrial sources contributed
0.17 million metric ton of SOx. The use of oil for power
sources in domestic, industrial, and commercial sources, the
gas supply industry, road transport, railways, and marine craft
resulted in emissions of 6.07 million metric tons of SOx.
Equivalents for hydro-electricity, nuclear power generation,
and natural gas are included. Petrol and diesel engines, respec-
tively, emitted 6.7 and 0.11 million tons of CO; 0.34 and 0.021
million tons of hydrocarbons; 0.01 and 0.003 million tons of al-
dehydes; 0.23 and 0.07 million tons of NOx; and 0.025 and 0.04
million tons of SOx. The amount of lead in the compounds
discharged in exhaust gases from petrol engines was estimated
at about 6000 tons.
43776
Ohba, Hideki
MORE RESTRICTIONS ARE REQUESTED ON AUTO-EX-
HAUST. (Jidosha no motarusu osen mondai - isogareru
jidosha haishutsu gasu no kisei). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 8(7):641-653, July 1972. 17 refs.
There were more than 1,700,000 automobiles in Japan in the
year 1970, almost three times that in 1965. Statistics show that
99.7% of the carbon monoxide, 97.9% hydrocarbons, 35.9%
nitrogen oxides, and about 1% sulfur oxides in air resulted
form automotive exhaust. The carboxylhemoglobin concentra-
tion in the blood of nonsmokers increases 2.0 to 2.5% after
being exposed to 10 to 15 ppm of CO for more than 8 hours
and a high concentration of nitrogen dioxide causes edema of
the lung. The lead content in blood of human beings increases
as that in air increases. From July 1972, the maximum of
volatile HC has been restricted at 2 g/test and from Oct. 1972,
that of CO concentration in exhaust at idling decreased to
4.5%. From April, 1974, non-leaded gasoline will be supplied.
The improvements of the gasoline will be supplied. The im-
provements of the gasoline engine and the development of al-
ternative engines are also discussed.
43966
Inokoshi, Yukio, Kunihiko Asakino, Tadayoshi Kubodera, and
Tatsuo Yamamoto
MEASUREMENTS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN
GASOLINE. (Gasorinchu no hokozoku tanka suiso no soku-
tei). Text in Japanese. Tokyo-toritsu Aisotopu Sogo Ken-
kyusho Nenpo (Tokyo Met. Isotope Gen. Res. Inst. Annu.
Rept.), 1971:46-49, Oct. 1971.
Aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline are regarded as one of the
causes of photochemical smog. In July, 1970, 12 regular and
high octane gasoline brands on the market in Japan were in-
vestigated. Two gas chromatograph units were used to analyze
and measure the aromatic hydrocarbons. Infrared absorption
spectra and mass spectra were also used. Standard solutions of
ether, benzene, and ethyl acetate were used to measure the
thinner. The results of measurement for lead, tetraethyl lead,
benzene, toluene, and xylene are presented in tables. The gas
chromatograph of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline is
presented. The results indicate that high counts of aromatic
hydrocarbons in gasoline does not necessarily accompany low
amounts of lead.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
53
44227
Harmsen, Hans
WHAT IS EACH INDIVIDUAL S CONTRIBUTION TO EN-
VD1ONMENTAL POLLUTION? (Was traegt der Einzelne zur
Belastung der Umwelt bei)? Text in German. Staedtehygiene
(Uelzen/Hamburg), 23(7):161-164, July 1972.
Cars have become the number one air polluter. The carbon
monoxide concentration which accumulates during traffic rush
hour is already so high that it impairs the capacity of the
driver. While all hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and the ox-
ides of nitrogen are dissociated through solar radiation, the
lead additive to the fuel which is emitted cannot be destroyed
and thus tends to be stocked in the environment. The reduc-
tion of the lead concentration in the fuel is no real help,
although such a step is to be welcomed. A real solution would
be provided solely by the development of an electric drive.
44252
Kimura, Motoo
POLLUTION BY AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS AND FUEL.
(Jidosha haishutsu gasu kogai to nenryo). Text in Japanese.
Gijutsu Shiryo (Tech. Data), 20(1):105-121, 1971 (?). 41 refs.
Air pollution caused by the exhaust gas from a gasoline engine
and its relationship to fuel are discussed. The carbon monox-
ide concentration in exhaust gas depends almost exclusively
on the air/ fuel ratio (A/F). An A/F ratio of about 11 gives the
minimum CO concentration. Equations have been derived for
the calculations of olefins, paraffins, and aromatic hydrocar-
bons in exhaust gas by using fuels of known compositions for
combustion in automobile engines at different conditions. Ap-
proximately 30% of the hydrocarbons in exhaust result from
unburned fuel; the higher the aromatic hydrocarbon concentra-
tion in fuel is, the higher the hydrocarbon content in exhaust
gas. No relationship has been found between the fuel composi-
tion and the nitrogen oxide concentration in exhaust gas. Stu-
dies of lead in exhaust gas show that 70 to 80% of the total
lead compounds are discharged from the exhaust pipe, while
20 to 30% remain in muffler and in lubricants, and most of the
lead compounds are micro-particles of less than 5 micron.
44464
Mortstedt, S. -E., K. -E. Egeback, and A. Laveskog
DUST EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOMOTIVE EX-
HAUST. (Stoftutslapp med bilavgaser). Text in Swedish. Ak-
tiebolaget Atomenergi (Sweden), Kept. BIL-70, 21p., Nov. 17,
1971. 4 refs.
Results of exhaust dust emission measurements, carried out on
five different type four-stroke engines (Diesel engine with
direct fuel injection, preignition Diesel, conventional Otto en-
gine with electronically controlled fuel injection, and liquified
gas- and propane-propene gas-fueled Otto engine) are sum-
marized. The total exhaust volume was filtered, and gravimet-
ric dust determination was applied. While the highest amounts
of dust were emitted by Diesel engines, the emissions from
gas-powered engines and Otto engines with electronically con-
trolled fuel injection were lowest. Though gasoline engines
emitted less dust than Diesel engines, their dust contained 40
to 90% of the lead compounds in the form of particles largely
below 1 micron. One One part of the lead alkyl may be ad-
sorbed by dust particles. Both the total dust and the lead emis-
sion was lower from prechamber type than from conventional
engines. The bulk of the lead is retained within the exhaust
system under low load conditions, and is blown out under high
loads. The emissions were lower from a warm than from a
cold motor. The emission from a Diesel with direct fuel injec-
tion as measured during idling was less than one tenth of that
measured under full load.
44682
Doelling, R. P., A. F. Gerber, and M. P. Walsh
EFFECT OF GASOLINE CHARACTERISTICS ON AUTOMO-
TIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. Am. Soc. Testing Mater. Spec.
Tech. Publ., no. 487:20-35, 1971. 20 refs. (Presented at the
American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Meeting,
73rd, Toronto, Ontario, June 21-26, 1970; includes a discus-
sion.)
Fuel modifications encompassing composition, volatility, and
lead content were investigated as a means of reducing automo-
tive exhaust emissions. Several test programs are summarized,
and numerous conclusions are listed. Fuel hydrocarbon com-
position has no effect on exhaust hydrocarbon emission levels.
However, the percentages of aromatics, olefins, and saturates,
in the exhaust increase with increased percentages of the cor-
responding hydrocarbon type in the fuel. Fuel hydrocarbon
composition has no significant effect on exhaust hydrocarbon
reactivity. Olefins are generated during the combustion
process. Higher-boiling components of gasoline have no sig-
nificant effect on exhaust hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide
emission levels. Exhaust hydrocarbon levels of vehicles
operated on fuel leaded to 3.13 g/gal are significantly greater
than the exhaust hydrocarbon levels of vehicles operated on
unleaded fuel. Similar increases in exhaust hydrocarbon levels
result from operation on fuel leaded to 1/2, 1, 2, and 3 g/gal
but not with unleaded fuels. Engine operation on fuel leaded
to only 1/4 g/gal also increases exhaust hydrocarbon emission
levels. As fuel lead content is increased, equilibrium hydrocar-
bon emission levels are obtained after fewer hours of engine
operation. (Author abstract modified)
44821
Bell, A. G., J. A. Keene, and K. Reders
ROAD ANTIKNOCK PERFORMANCE OF LOW-LEAD AND
NONLEAD GASOLINES IN EUROPEAN CARS. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 27p., 1971.
6 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers,
Mid-Year Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, June 7-11, 1971, Paper
710625.)
An experiment designed to evaluate the road antiknock per-
formance of low-lead and nonlead gasolines is described. Over
100 test fuels covering a wide range of research octane
number, lead content, sensitivity, and front-end quality were
prepared. They were then tested in nine European and one
American car under both accelerating and wide open throttle,
constant speed conditions. In European cars knocking at low
speed, road antiknock performance can be adequately
described in terms of research octane number, sensitivity, and
front-end quality, and there is no additional benefit to be
gained from the use of a high concentration of lead. In Eu-
ropean cars knocking at high speed and in the one American
car tested, gasolines with a high lead content gave a better
performance than the equivalent nonleaded gasolines. This was
particularly so in the case of fuels leaded with tetramethyl lead
as opposed to tetraethyl lead. (Author abstract modified)
45072
Lagerwerff, J. V.
HEAVY-METAL CONTAMINATION OF SOILS. American
Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C.,
Agr. Qual. Environ., 1966, p. 343-364. 101 refs. (Dec.)
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54
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
A soil is contaminated when foreign substances are introduced
into the plow layer damaging the quality or quantity of crops
produced. The five major sources of heavy metals are
aerosols, pesticides, limestone or phosphate fertilizers,
manures and sewage sludge, and mine waste. Heavy metals
considered are copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, aluminum,
mercury, cadmium, and lead. The interrelated factors of pH
and microbial activity determine the equilibrium between the
mobile low-valency forms and the less mobile high- valency
forms. To some extent the metals occur as chelates by accu-
mulating biologically in living systems or by reacting with soil
organic matter. The usual order of decreasing competition with
Fe is Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Zn, Mn, Pb. The toxicity to plants does
not necessarily follow this order. Phosphates of the metals are
insoluble in high pH. Unfavorable effects on plants can
usually be alleviated by liming, stubble mulching, or applica-
tion of phosphates until the pH is at or above 6.5. Foliar or
direct application of Fe alleviates unfavorable effects in some
cases. Absolute values for treatments depend on plant species
and ecological conditions.
45092
Platt, M., R. C. Baker, E. K. Bastress, K. M. Chng, and R. D.
Siegel
THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS
UPON AIR QUALITY. Northern Research and Engineering
Corp., Cambridge, Mass., Environmental Protection Agency
Contract 68-02-0085, Rept. 1167-1, APTD-1085, 333p., Dec. 29,
1971. 57 refs. NTIS: PB 208950
Predicted concentrations of total hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide due to aircraft emissions exceed their respective na-
tional ambient air quality standards in the vicinity of major air-
carrier airports. Predicted concentrations of nitrogen dioxide
due to airport emissions alone do not exceed the standard, but
can contribute significantly to excessive concentrations. Air-
craft contributions are small for particulates and sulfur diox-
ide. Lead levels are significant but do not presently exceed the
level associated with increases in blood-lead levels. Future
projections indicate that nitrogen oxides will rise sharply
through 1980. Total hydrocarbons should drop. However, total
concentrations of hydrocarbons and CO are still projected to
exceed national air quality standards. Based on preliminary
estimates, emissions of CO, total hydrocarbons, NOx, and
particulates from turbine-engine aircraft can be largely
reduced. Some control methods have not been developed or
tested. Control methods include catalytic reactors, increasing
idle speed, redesigning the combustion chamber, water injec-
tion, and changing air-fuel ratio. Meteorological conditions af-
fecting air quality are also discussed.
45136
Morris, W. E., J. D. Rogers, Jr., and R. W. Poskitt
CARS AND THE NEW GASOLINES 1971. Preprint, Society
of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 56p., 1971. 14 refs.
(Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers, Mid-Year
Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, June 7-11, 1971, Paper 710624).
Fuel economy of eight 1971 cars was 6.6% lower than that of
eight corresponding 1970 cars. Acceleration performance of
these 1971 cars was significantly poorer than that of the 1970
cars. Commercial leaded or unleaded gasolines of 91 research
octane number are expected to knock in more than half of the
1971 cars. Research octane number is a poor index of road oc-
tane performance for either premium or regular gasolines in
1970 and 1971 cars. Road octane quality of premium gasolines
in 1970 premium cars is related to the research octane number
plus the motor octane number divided by two, as has been the
case for many years. Road octane quality of regular gasolines
in 1971 cars and in 1970 regular requirement cars is related
primarily to motor octane number. At a given motor octane
level, lead content has little effect on road octane number 1971
cars or in 1970 regular requirement cars. Currently available
unleaded commercial gasolines generally are high in sensitivity
(research minus motor octane number) and aromatic content
relative to leaded commercial gasolines. Because of their
higher sensitivity, typical unleaded gasolines must be higher in
research octane quality than leaded gasolines to give the same
road octane number. For equal road octane number, unleaded
premium gasoline must be about four research octane numbers
higher than leaded premium and unleaded regular must be
about one research number higher than leaded regular. (Author
summary)
45145
American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science,
Washington, D. C., Air Conservation Commission
POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS. In: Air Conservation.
AAAS Pub. 80, p. 60-194, 1965. 267 refs.
The sources, reactions, atmospheric concentrations, plant,
animal, and property damage effects, measurement, control,
and global implications are reviewed for sulfur and its com-
pounds (sulfur oxides, mercaptans, and hydrogen sulfide), car-
bon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide
and nitrogen dioxide), photochemicals (hydrocarbons, aro-
matics, and aldehydes), paniculate matter, lead and other
metals, fluorides, radioactive pollutants, and economic poisons
such as pesticides and fungicides. The epidemiological rela-
tionship between lung cancer and exposure to air pollutants is
discussed. Incomplete combustion of organic materials is a pri-
mary source of airborne carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Agricultural uses, including ground and aerial application and
nonagricultural uses of economic poisons are described.
Radioactive contamination of the atmosphere results from the
reactor fuel cycle; the use of nuclear energy as a source of
propulsive power,; the use of radioisotopes in industry,
agriculture, medicine, and scientific research; and from
nuclear weapons testing. The radionuclides that are present in
the radioactive debris from fallout and that have the greatest
significance in terms of their effects on man are strontium-90
and strontium-89, which are beta emitters and principally ir-
radiate the skeleton; cesium-137, which is a beta-gamma
emitter and concentrates in soft tissues, resulting in internal
whole-body irradiation; carbon-14, a beta-gamma emitter,
which accumulates in the body and delivers whole-body ir-
radiation; iodine-131, a beta-gamma emitter, which concen-
trates in the thyroid gland; and a number of short-lived fission
products that produce extermal whole-body irradiation when
deposited on the ground. The behavior of these materials in
the food chain is examined. Monitoring systems and counter-
measures for radiation pollution are described.
45274
Lockhart, Luther B., Jr., A. W. Ali, and P. W. Mange
A SURVEY OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS. Naval Research
Lab., Washington, D. C., Chemistry Div.; Naval Research
Lab., Washington, D. C., Space Sciences Div.; and Naval
Research Lab., Washington, D. C., Plasma Physics Div.; NRL
Problem KO3-50, Proj. 74073-1507, NRL-MR-2346, 43p., Oct.
1971. 30 refs. NTIS, DDC: AD 738799
A survey was made of the generation, dispersal, and removal
processes for the various automotive emissions and their natu-
ral counterparts in the atmosphere, and of their effects on man
and his environment. In only a few categories, such as carbon
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES 55
monoxide and lead, are automotive emissions of significance breakup of smog-producing inversion conditions, normal at-
relative to other anthropogenic or natural sources of pollutants mospheric processes of photooxidation and deposition rapidly
in the atmosphere as a whole; however localized effects can retum ^ atmos here to its near-primitive purity. There are
be overriding as a result of peculiar geographical or . ... , ...
meteorological factors. Under certain conditions of population apparently no significant long-term atmospheric changes that
density, automobile usage, and weather, photochemically man might produce which cannot be rapidly reversed at any
modified automotive effluents have approached the threshold time by man s curtailment of his own activities. (Author ab-
toxicity limits for susceptible individuals and plants. Upon the stract)
-------
56
B. CONTROL METHODS
00015
L. J. E. Hofer, J. F. Shultz, and J. I. Feenan
EFFECT OF LEAD DEPOSITS ON ACTIVITY OF AUTOMO-
TIVE EXHAUST CATALYSTS. Bureau of Mines, Washing-
ton, D.C. (Report of Investigations 6243.) 1963, 26p.
This study, part of a broad program of research in air pollu-
tion related to minerals, was conducted to determine the na-
ture and extent of the poisoning of catalysts when used to
remove certain air pollutants from exhaust gases. The poison-
ing examined in this investigation occurs when leaded gasoline
is used as a fuel for automotive engines. The smog in the Los
Angeles area is attributed to the effect of radiant energy on
the mixture of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides found in the
atmosphere there. To prevent the escape of these hydrocar-
bons into the atmosphere catalvtic mufflers have been
proposed. In principle, these are simple and nonmechanical,
consisting of a vessel charged with a catalyst capable of
destroying the exhaust hydrocarbons by catalyzing their oxida-
tion. However, these catalysts are severely affected by the
paniculate matter, mainly in the form of lead sulfate, lead ox-
ysulfate, and lead chlorobromide, contained in the exhaust
gas. Deposition of lead on the catalyst restricts catalytic activi-
ty. After 20,000 miles of operation, the temperature necessary
to achieve 50% conversion of isopentane in a mixture of 0.2%
isopentane, 2% CO and 4% oxygen, and the balance N at
10,000 hourly space velocity has risen from 400 to 500 C. even
with a catalyst taken from the exit portion of the catalyst bed.
The rest of the catalyst was more severely affected. It would
appear that operation for 20,000 miles is near the limit for a
catalyst.
00063
DEVELOPMENT OF DEPLETED-URANIUM CATALYSTS
FOR DESTRUCTION OF AIT POLLUTANTS IN AUTOMO-
EILE EXHAUST. (Fiscal Year 1961 Kept, of Research
Progress). Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. 1961. 61 pp.
CFSTI: PB 171980
Uranium-based catalysts supported on activated alumina have
been studied by bench-scale laboratory methods to determine
their effi- cacy for effecting catalytic oxidation of selected
combustible air pollutants in automobile exhaust and in the ex-
haust stream of a single-cylinder test engine operated continu-
ously for 2 weeks. An alumina-supported uranium/oxide
catalyst was tested in afterburner units in a mobile laboratory
under modified road-use conditions, in conjunction with a
dynamometer-connected engine mounted on a test stand, and
in a passenger car under typical road-use condi- tions. A CU-
CR promoted, supported uranium-oxide catalyst was tested in
afterburner units in engine-dynamometer runs and in 10,000
mi. of passenger car operation under typical road-use condi-
tions. Below 600 C, unpromoted uranium catalyst was only
moder- ately effective for oxidation of the hydrocarbon and
ineffective for CO. The alumina support was only about 5% as
effective as the supported catalyst. Tests of a uranium-based
catalyst promo- ted with both CU and CR indicated that both
hydrocarbons and CO would be removed in substantial
amounts at a bed temperature of 500 C. A CU-CR-promoted,
uranium-oxide catalyst gave some promise of achieving signigi-
cant destruction of hydrocarbons and CO in afterburner units
used in passenger-car road tests and en- gine-dynamometer
tests. Passenger-car evaluation of the promoted catalyst in-
dicated about 60% removal of hydrocarbons during idling
operation after warmup, acceleration, and deceleration; under
cruise conditions, from 20 to 50% was removed. From 25 to
55% of the CO was destroyed under the foregoing conditions.
Engine- dynamometer tests gave results somewhat more
favorable than those from road tests. Radiation monitoring of
both passenger-car and engine-dynamometer operations in-
dicated that there were no apparent radiological hazards.
00107
S. S. Griswold
CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES (TECHNICAL
PROGRESS REPT. VOLUME 1). Los Angeles County Air
Pollution Control District, Calif. Apr. 1960. 191 pp.
As a result of the intensive source control measures ad-
ministered in Los Angeles County, Virtually all industrial
operations have been brought within the scope of the air pollu-
tion control program. From the melting of metal to the paint-
ing of manufactured goods, specific industrial processes and
equipment have been subject to air pollution control measures.
This volume provides individual discussion of control
techniques applied to the most significant stationary sources of
air contamination. Certain source emission problems, such as
those traceable to the operation of railroad locomotives and
ships, are not discussed in this volume in view of the current
unimportance of the source. The material reported in this
volume generally contains only those developments occurring
subsequent to the publication of the Second Technical and Ad-
ministrative Report on Air Pollution Control in Los Angeles
County, 1950-51. (Author)
00899
R. Gelius R. Muller
(THE ELIMINATION OF LEAD FROM FUELS CONTAIN-
ING TETRA ETHYL LEAD BY MEANS OF SULFUR TRIOX-
IDE.) Die Entbleiung TetraathyIbleihaltiger Kraftstoffe mit
Schwefeltriorid. Chem. Tech. (Berlin) 18(6):371, June 1966.
Freshly prepared 0.2-0.4 M sulfur trioxide solution in
dichloromethane was used to separate tetraethyl lead from 3
types of gasoline used as test samples. The tetraethyl lead con-
tent was determined before and after sulfur treatment by com-
plexometric titration with xylenol orange as an indicator. The
sulfur trioxide solution was added at room temperature in 1:4,
1:2 and 1:1 ratios to 250 ml. of the test gasoline. After several
minutes the brown and black sulfonation products of the
tetraethyl lead appeared; the filtrate was fenerally clear. Ex-
cept in the case of the third test gasoline which was an im-
ported gasoline of unknown origin, treatment with sulfur triox-
ide in a 1:4 ratio resulted in the removal of more than 90% of
the tetraethyl lead. When the ratio of sulfur trioxide to
gasoline was increased to 1:2, the separation reaction was al-
most quantitative.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
57
01484
A. J. Celebrezze
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION (A REPORT TO THE U.S.
CONGRESS IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW 88-206,
THE CLEAN AIR ACT). Preprint. Dec. 1964.
Photochemical air pollution or smog is a problem of growing
national importance and is attributable largely to the operation
of the motor vehicle. Manifestations of this type of air pollu-
tion are appearing with increasing frequency and severity in
metropolitan areas throughout the United States. Biological
studies of animals show that the photochemical reaction
products of automotive emissions produce adverse health ef-
fects. There is substantial evidence that these effects may ap-
pear in humans after extended exposure to air which is known
to be polluted with these same products in many of the larger
urban areas. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that
reductions of atmospheric hydrocarbons, an important emis-
sion from motor vehicles, can reduce photochemical ak pollu-
tion and such manifestations as eye irritation and plant
damage. Other automotive emissions such as nitrogen oxides
and carbon monoxide have also been determined as signifi-
cant. Nitrogen oxides, which appear in engine exhaust gases as
well as the effluent of other combustion processes, also play
an important role in photochemical air pollution. Technical
procedures for reducing these emissions are not so clearly
established as for hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide, although
not a contributor to atmospheric photochemical reactions, is a
directly toxic substance. Technical procedures have been
developed which substantially reduce emissions of this pollu-
tant. The current problem and progress in its resolution are re-
ported. (Author summary modified)
01851
C.R. Begeman
CARCINOGENIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AU-
TOMOBILE EFFLUENTS. Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., New York also published in Vehicle Emissions (Selected
SAE Papers) 6, 163-74, 1964. (Presented at Congress of the
Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit, Mich., Jan 8-12,
1962, Paper 440C.)
This paper is part of the joint effort by the General Motor
Research Laboratories and the Sloan-Kettering Institute to
evaluate the contribution by automobiles to the trace amounts
of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Benzene-
soluble 'tar', containing carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, is recovered from the total volume of exhaust
and blowby gases of an engine operated on a simulated city
driving schedule. Fuel composition was found to influence
both the pyrene, a carcinogen. Iso-octane and diisobutylene
fuels gave only 20% as much 'tar' as did a typical commercial
gasoline, and a fuel comprised of equal volumes of ortho-
xylene and benzene gave 70% as much 'tar' as did gasoline.
The emission rate of benzo(a)pyrene with diisobutylene fuel
was only 7% of the rate with gasoline. Benzo(a)pyrene emis-
sion in blowby gas was less than 4% of the total
benzo(a)pyrene emitted from the engine. On the assumption
that benzo(a)pyrene from automobiles settles out of the air in
the same manner as the lead from exhaust gas, automobiles
may contribute, on the average, about 2% of the total
benzo(a)pyrene in the air over cities. On the other hand, if
benzo(a)pyrene is dispersed with little or no settling, as is the
case for carbon monoxide from exhaust gas, the contribution
of benzo(a)pyrene by automobiles may average about 10%.
(Author abstract)
03125
Mahler, E. A. J.
METHODS OF REDUCING POLLUTION CAUSED BY
SPECDTIC INDUSTRH5S. (CHAPTER H. NON-FERROUS
METALS). European Conf. on Air Pollution, Strasbourg,
1964. p. 279-282.
This report does no more than attempt to indicate in a general
way the nature of the emissions from processes used in non-
ferrous metallurgy, the means taken to deal with them from in-
formation based on the national reports and the writer's own
experience with the results achieved. For achievements and
the special problems of different countries reference should be
made to national reports . Zinc, lead, and aluminum are con-
sidered.
03232
G. W. Thorn and A. F. Schuldt
THE COLLECTION OF OPEN HEARTH DUST AND ITS
RECLAMATION USING THE SL/RN PROCESS. Can. Mining
and Met Bull. (Montreal) 59, (654) 1229-33, Oct. 1966
The authors describe the dust collection system for iron oxide
dust from the basic oxygen hearths using electrostatic
precipitators, then removing the zinc and lead oxides and sul-
fur compounds by direct reduction in a rotary kiln using the
SL/RN Process. (SL/RN designates the two groups of compa-
nies who developed the process.) In this process bentonite is
added to the dust to form green balls. Then dolomite and
anthracite were added to the balls which were fed into the
kiln. The coal acted as a reductant and also provided energy.
The dolomite removed released sulfur. The results of kiln tests
are presented.
03337
Beinstock, D., Brunn, L. W., Murphy, E. M. and Benson, H.
E.
SULFUR DIOXIDE - ITS CHEMISTRY AND REMOVAL
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE GASES. Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D. C. (Information Circular 7836.) 1958. 101 pp.
More progress had been made in removing SO2 from flue
gases by gas-washing processes than by other techniques. The
developed processes include the Battersea, the Howden-I.C.I.
cyclic lime, the basic A12(SO4)3 I.C.I., the Lurgi 'sulfidine',
the Fleming and Fitt dime thy laniline, the ammoniacal liquor,
the Johnstone and Singh Na2SO3, and the Mg(OH)2 system. A
major disadvantage common to all these wet absorption
processes is that cooling of the gases occurs; the scrubbed
gas, which still contains some SO2, loses its buoyancy and
may settle in the immediate vicinity of the plant. No commer-
cial methods based on adsorption have been developed for
removing SO2 from flue gases. However, the use of an ad-
sorption process is conceivable, and fundamental data for ad-
sorption of SO2 on C, SiO gel, Pt, and on the oxides of A, Fe,
and V are presented. Reduction of SO2 with gaseous reac-
tants, H2, H2S, CO, and CH4 occurs at commercially feasible
rates and temperatures. Reduction products include S, H2S,
and CS2. Several commercial processes are based on these
methods. Reduction of SO2 with C in the form of coke and
anthracite has also been practiced on a laboratory and plant
scale. SO2 may be oxidized to SO3 with air or oxygen in the
presence of a catalyst as in the contact-acid process, or with
O3, light, or electrical discharge. Basic metallic oxides in the
solid phase might serve as effective absorbents of SO2 at flue-
gas temperatures. Sulfates formed in the absorption could be
electrolyzed for recovering S as H2SO4 and for regenerating
metallic oxide. Electrolytic recovery would be desirable at a
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58
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
powerplant installation, where electrical energy is available at
a low cost. Thermal decomposition of sulfates could also be
employed and S02 or S03 recovered. Sulfites formed in the
absorption also could be thermally decomposed or oxidized
with air to the sulfate. The Bureau has considered removing
SO2 from flue gases by develloping absorption processes,
which could be conducted at flue-gas temperatures in order to
prevent loss of buoyancy of the flue gases. Several possible
methods, including both solid-phase and gas-phase reactions,
are suggested as hot-absorption processes.
03754
G. L. Allen, F. H. Viets, and L. C. McCabe
CONTROL OF METALLURGICAL AND MINERAL DUSTS
AND FUMES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIF. Bureau
of Mines, Washington, B.C. (Information Circular 7627.) Apr.
1952. 85 pp.
The nonferrous pyrometallurgical industry of Los Angeles has
three unusual characteristics that contribute to its difficulties
in developing suitable fume control: (1) It consists of a mul-
tiplicity of relatively small establishments subject to wide
variations in products and operating schedules; (2) operations
are largely of the secondary or reclaiming nature; and (3)
much of the industry is. concentrated near the center of a city.
A difficulty inherent in most nonferrous foundries is the high
volatility of zinc and the extremely small mean particle size of
the resulting zinc oxide fume. The nonferrous industry has
found only one type of equipment that could be depended
upon to adequately remove particulate matter emitted by the
larger furnaces in which the gases are characterized by heavy
dust loadings at high temperatures. This is a specially equipped
baghouse, and its first cost is rather high. For smaller fur-
naces, particularly of the crucible type, the conventional sock-
type baghouse has proved satisfactory. The inert slag cover,
which reduces emission at the source, has proved fairly effec-
tive and economical, particularly with the crucible-type fur-
nace and pouring ladle, but is successful use depends on the
skill of the operators. The gray-iron-foundry branch of the fer-
rous industries has not Fared as well as the nonferrous branch,
despite extensive investigation and development of equipment
for control of cupola emissions. Appreciable progress has been
made in adapting equipment suitable technically and cost-wise
for cupola-exit gases, and development continues. Equipment
capable of producing the required clearances is available but is
not within the financial ability of many small foundries. The
baghouse equipped with specially woven glass-fabric bags, as
used commercially in the nonferrous industry, has technically
been the most successful single device to date for controlling
cupola emissions and has been proven in pilot operations.
After extensive investigation, electrical precipitation has been
adopted for cold-metal open-hearth work, and hydrodynamic
scrubbers and baghouses have been adopted for electric-steel-
furnace fumes. In addition to the fact that such equipment
removes the necessary dust, capital and operating costs were
important factors in their selection.
05214
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. (Jan. 1963 48 pp.) (Kept.
No. TID-8213.)
DEVELOPMENT OF DEPLETED-URANIUM CATALYSTS
FOR DESTRUCTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN AUTOMO-
BILE EXHAUST (REPORT OF RESEARCH PROGRESS-
FISCAL YEAR 1962).
Catalysts were tested for oxidation activity in the continuous
flow system. Four catalysts, all impregnated on alumina
spheres, were active enough to oxidize isopentane from 0.2
percent concentration to below 0.033 percent at 600 C. in the
presence of 2 percent carbon monoxide and 4 percent oxygen
at an hourly space velocity of 10,000, (which corresponds to a
reasonably sized muffler of 1/2 cubic foot volume for an
average automobile.) Two catalysts were also active enough to
oxidize the carbon monoxide content from 2 percent to 1.5
percent at temperatures below 400 C. A promoted urania
catalyst was shown to be effective in oxidizing automotive ex-
haust when used in a muffler of a 1/2-ton truck. With a non-
leaded gasoline practically complete conversion of hydrocar-
bons and carbon monoxide was obtained during the idle por-
tion of the cycle and fairly high conversions of the hydrocar-
bons were obtained while cruising at 30 mph. Carbon monox-
ide produced by the engine during the 30 mph cruise was less
than 0.3 percent. At this low concentration, carbon monoxide
was not oxidized by the catalyst. However, this quantity
emitted to the atmosphere is not of significant pollutant value.
In operating the engine under idle conditions from a cold start
the temperature of the exhaust is insufficient to start and
sustain catalytic activity. However, during the driving cycle
the temperature of the exhaust leaving the engine is sufficient
to maintain high catalytic activity. After reaching operating
temperatures (400 C.) the catalytic reactor generates enough
heat to operate effectively even at idle conditions for extended
periods. With a leaded gasoline there was a gradual loss in
catalytic activity. The efficiency of the catalyst in oxidizing
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide decreased by 23 percent
over a period of 122 hours and 1,366 miles with the leaded
gasoline (2 ml TEL/gallon). This rate of decline is excessive
for commercial application. To retard the decline in activity, a
replaceable zone of unimpregnated alumina spheres, located
before the catalytic reactor, may be sufficient to remove most
of the lead.
05300
Lodwick, J. R.
CHEMICAL ADDITIVES IN PETROLEUM FUELS: SOME
USES AND ACTION MECHANISMS. J. Inst. Petrol. (London)
50, (491) 297-308, Nov. 196 (Presented at the Northern Branch
Symposium, Manchester, England, Apr. 23, 1964.)
The paper enumerates the types of anti-oxidants, copper deac-
tivators, corrosion inhibitors, combustion chamber modifiers,
anti-icing compounds, anti-knock agents, and anti-static addi-
tives in current use or proposed for use in the near future.
Where possible the action mechanisms whereby these addi-
tives operate have been given and discussed. (Author summa-
ry)
06493
V. A. Mikheev, and G. S. Gubauidullin
AGGLOMERATING ROASTING OF LEAD CHARGES ON
AN UP-DRAFT SINTERING MACHINE, WITH RECHtCULA-
TION OF GASES AND THE USE OF OXYGEN. Soviet J.
Non-Ferrous Metals (English Transl.) 4(4), 26 (Apr. 1963).
Russ. (Tr.)
The advantages of using agglomerated roasting of sulfidic lead
concentrates on an up-draft sintering machine were outlined.
Gas recirculation was used to explain the possibility of obtain-
ing gases with increased sulfurous anhydride concentrations in
the sintering machine and further use of these gases in the sul-
furic acid industry. That possibility makes it possible to effect
a substantial increase in agglomerating roasting efficiency, to
eliminate atmospheric contamination with harmful gases and to
effect a more complex extraction of valuable charge com-
ponents.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
59
07606
Lagarias, J. S.
DISCHARGE ELECTRODES AND ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10(4):271-
274, Aug. 1960. 4 refs. (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26,
1959.)
Discharge electrodes are made in many shapes and of different
materials depending upon the application involved. Factors
which must be considered include the type of dust, operating
temperature, corrosion, and ozone generation. The efficiency
of a precipitator is shown to depend on the total power input
and is especially sensitive to the discharge current. Laboratory
and field data verify the use of barbed discharge electrodes to
improve precipitator efficiency.
08562
Culhane, F. R.
PRODUCTION BAGHOUSES. Chem. Eng. Progr., 64(1):65-
738 Jan. 1968. 1 ref.
Tests and field results are discussed for several baghouse in-
stallations associated with roasters, sintering machines, and
reverberatory furnaces in the lead, zinc, and copper industries.
Design considerations, such as air-to-cloth ratio and type of
construction, are discussed. (Authors abstract)
09231
Lemmenmeyer, W. K.
TRENDS IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING. ((Tendenzen in
der Automo- biltechnik.)) Text in German. Z. Praeventivmed.,
11(2):226- 236, March-April 1966. 20 refs.
The effects of automobile design on exhaust gas emission are
dis- cussed. To produce correct gasoline-air mixtures under
varying operating conditions modern carburetors should be
equipped with systems for idling, starting, accelerating, operat-
ing speed, and rich mixture production. Vehicles operated at
elevated altitudes exhaust more CO, but a barometric sensor
can be used to eliminate this problem. Forced crankcase ven-
tilation, by which the gases are returned through the air filter
into the engine, can reduce the amount of unburned hydrocar-
bons in the exhaust by 20-40 percent. The removal of CO by
afterburners was not successful but chem- ical catalysts are
being tested for this purpose. The system of air injection into
the exhaust is considered promising. Gas tur- bine exhausts
contain neither CO nor lead. Wankel engine ex- hausts contain
high amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and CO.
09798
Hammond, William F., James T. Nance, and Emmet F.
Spencer
SECONDARY BRASS-AND BRONZE-MELTING PROCESS.
In: Air Pollu- tion Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control
District, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp.
and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 270-
284, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
The control of air pollution in brass- and bronze-melting
processes is discussed in terms of the type furnace utilized.
The reverberatory, electric, crucible, and cupola type furnaces
are used. A comparison of emissions from various type fur-
naces is outlined. The air contaminants emitted from brass fur-
naces consist of products of combustion from the fuel, and
particulate matter in the form of dust and metallic fumes. In
copper-base alloy foundries, as much as 98 percent of the par-
ticulate matter contained in furnace stack gases may be zinc
oxide and lead oxide, depending upon the composition of the
alloy. The particle sizes of zinc oxide fumes vary from 0.03 to
0.3 microns. Lead oxide fumes are within this same range of
particle size. Regardless of the efficiency of the control
device, air pollution control is not complete unless all the
fumes generated by the furnace are captured. Hooding and
ventilation requirements of the various types of furnaces are
discussed separately since different problems are encountered
with each. An example problem illustrates calculations in-
volved in designing a side-draft hood for a rotary- tilting-type
furnace. Baghouses with tubular filters are used successfully
to control the emissions from brass furnaces. The results of
tests performed on baghouses venting brass furnaces are out-
lined. Electric precipitators have not proved entirely satisfac-
tory on lead and zinc fumes. A number of dynamic and static
scrubbers have been tested on brass furnaces and all have
been found unsatisfactory. The results of several scrubber
tests are summarized.
10558
Lange, Alfred and Werner Trinks
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF LEAD AND ZINC
COMPOUNDS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GAS
PHASE. APPLICATIONS TO ELECTROSTATIC GAS
CLEANING. ((Der elektrische Widerstand von Blei- und Zink-
verbindungen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der
Gasphase. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der elektrischen
Gasreinigung.)) Text in German. Neue Heutte, 12(2):81-88,
Feb. 1968. 8 refs.
The use of electrofilters in dust elimination from flue gases in
nonferrous metallurgy in many cases is attended by failure due
to the poor conductivity of the dust deposited on the filter
electrodes. Hence, the determination of the electrical re-
sistance of particular dust types is of interest. The literature
on this subject is reviewed and original resistance measure-
ments are reported which utilized a specially constructed ap-
paratus permitting gas phase measurements up to temperatures
of 400 degrees C. Electrical resistance measurements of lead
oxide, carbonate and sulfide are described and illustrated by
graphs. The results of these measurements and of deposition
experiments with lead oxide and lead sulfate fly ash are
detailed. At high temperatures the resistance of lead and zinc
compounds lies below the critical limit, thus deposition in a
hot-gas atmosphere (EGR) is possible in principle; however,
larger quantities of gas and larger filters are consequently
required. The reported results suggest that lead oxide fly ash
should be deposited in the temperature range of 320 and 380
degrees C., and lead sulfate fly ash at temperatures above 350
degrees C. During the deposition of lead oxide fly ash, the
partial oxygen pressure of the gas phase should be as high as
possible, in contrast to the conditions required for zinc oxide
fly ash. In the deposition of lead sulfate fly ash, especially,
the constant presence of SO2 in the gas phase is essential.
13982
Yemel'yanov, B. V., Z. N. Shemyakina, and V. N. Shvarov
REMOVAL OF TETRAETHYL LEAD FROM AIR BY
OZONIZATION ON A SOLO) CATALYST. (Ochistka voz-
dukha ot tetraetilsvintsa okisleniyem ozonom na tverdom
katalizatore). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. (Moscow),
44(7):498-500, 1968. 14 refs.
Laboratory and pilot studies of the removal of tetraethyl lead
from air by ozonization on solid catalysts are discussed. Ac-
tivated charcoal was found to be a more effective catalyst
than aluminum oxide or silica gel. Pilot operation with this
process began in 1964, processing air at a rate of 500,000 cu
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60
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
m/hr at a cost of 5.53 kopecs per 1000 cu m. The catalyst was
replaced every 4-6 months and the degree of purification in the
second year of operation was 92% with no traces of mineral
zinc or ozone in the purified air. Replacement of the catalyst
and adjustment of the operating regime raised the degree of
purity to 99% and reduced operating cost. This method is
recommended for industrial application and for portable equip-
ment to be used with various forms of gasoline transport.
14604
Hamblin, R. J. J. and W. J. Faust
CATALYTIC SYSTEMS FOR LEADED AND UNLEADED
GASOLINE EXHAUSTS. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Materials Science and Engineering Dept. and
Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Proc. First Natl. Symp. on
Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution, Philadel-
phia, Pa., Nov. 1968, p.131-159.
The problems of achieving complete catalytic combustion of
oxidizable components other than unburned hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides are discussed. A
catalyst placed in the exhaust system must be capable of deal-
ing with lead, halogens, sulfur, and phosphorus in all combina-
tions with oxygen and with each other. The catalyst must have
a size and shape consistent with requirements for good flow
distribution and low pressure drop. The catalyst bed itself and
the individual particles must also not be subject to plugging by
particulate matter. A catalytic converter lowers the concentra-
tions of all pollutants in the exhaust gas stream and does not
manufacture any new ones. The automobile manufacturers
achieved significant reductions in carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbon emission levels by controlling carburetion and ig-
nition and by adding secondary air to the exhaust system.
However, the still lower levels of emission desired after 1970
will be difficult to attain without further losses in vehicle per-
formance. They may even be unattainable without catalytic
converters. The use of present-generation catalysts may permit
the recovery of the performance that already is sacrificed by
engine modifications. The development of catalysts which can
operate successfully for extended mileage on leaded fuels was
accomplished. The performance of catalysts on unleaded fuels
is outstanding. With leaded or unleaded fuel, a catalytic con-
verter coupled closely lo the exhaust manifold, under any en-
gine operating conditions, assures lower emission levels than
any other system.
15208
Agarkova, N. A., M. A. Ryss, V. N. Gusarov, V. P. Zaiko,
and I. S. Bedov
PURIFICATION OF THE OUTGOING GASES WHEN FER-
ROTUNGSTEN IS MELTED IN ELECTRIC FURNACES,
AND REUSING THE DUST EXTRACTED. Steel (USSR) (En-
glish translation from Russian of: StaT), no. 6:565- 567, June
1969. 2 refs.
The gases evolved during the melting of ferrotungsten include
particles of rare and toxic substances. A system was proposed
for purifying the outgoing gases in which a battery cyclone is
followed by an electric filter. This system is an effective
means of preventing contamination of the atmosphere. A
pyrometallurgical method of reusing the dust enables scarce,
costly elements (bismuth and lead) to be extracted. The ele-
ments in the dust are selectively reduced. When the dust is re-
melted in an electric furnace with a shortage of the reducing
agent, nearly all the lead and bismuth are extracted to form an
alloy. The tungsten is not extracted and remains in the slag
This two- stage method provides a considerable saving due to
the additional extraction of tungsten and the sale of a product
containing the valuable bismuth.
16053
HI-PURITY LIQUID SO2 FROM ROASTER GASES. Chem.
Eng., 60(4):274-277, April 1953.
Liquid sulfur dioxide of 99.9975% purity can be manufactured
on a commercial scale by the absorption-desorption process
using by-product roaster gases as the sulfur dioxide source and
dimethylaniline (DMA) as the absorption medium. The process
utilizes chemical and antimonial lead as the chief materials of
chemical construction. Lead is used because of its excellent
resistance to the corrosive characteristics of sulfur dioxide in
combination with DMA. Sulfur dioxide from the roasting gases
is conveyed to the sulfur dioxide plant and cleaned. The gas
then enters an absorbing tower consisting of a series of bubble
caps which force the gas into intimate contact with DMA. The
quantity of gas that is dissolved in DMA depends upon the
temperature, the cooler the liquid, the greater the quantity of
gas dissolved. During absorption, the temperature of DMA
liquid increases and it must be cooled at intervals by recircula-
tion through a water-cooled lead pipe coil situated outside the
tower. The DMA saturated with sulfur dioxide is passed
through heat exchanger coils where it is preheated on its way
to the stripping tower. In the stripping tower, it is heated with
indirect steam heat and denuded of its sulfur dioxide content.
The heated, stripped DMA liquid leaving the stripping tower
passes back through the heat exchanger, where it is cooled be-
fore reentering the absorbing tower. The sulfur dioxide from
the stripping tower passes through a third bubble cap tower
where concentrated sulfuric acid reduces its water content to
less than 25 ppm. The pure gas passes to a compressor where
it is liquified under pressure and stored in a large steel tank.
17525
Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
TION RESULT OF AN ELECTRIC PKECIPITATOR IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (VI) - FLUE
GAS TREATMENT AT REFINERIES (I). (Gyoshubetsu ni
miru denkishujinsochi no setsubikeikaku to untenkoka. (VI)
Seirenjo ni okeru haigasu no shori (I)). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(.'i):303-309, May 15,
1967.
Vaporized substances from a melting furnace become oxidized
when they come into contact with air and are cooled. The ox-
idized substances form a metallic dust which has surface area
out of proportion to its weight. This dust damages clothing and
curtains. Furthermore, the dust is high in electric resistivity
and poor in water-absorbency. Its removal in an electrostatic
precipitator requires that the relative humidity of the waste gas
be high. Smoke abatement in several typiczJ nonferrous-metal
refining processes is described. Among the points considered
are Weltz-kiln dust control in zinc refining, dust control in
zinc re-refinement from the slag of copper refining, alloying
furnace dust recovery, and cadmium recovery from zinc
refinery waste gases. Zinc waste gas is effectively purified in
electrostatic precipitators. In precipitating lead dust, the rela-
tive humidity of the gas should be over 40%. An automatic
regulator is suggested for lead dust. Dust generated by titani-
um oxide refining is worth recovering as a final product; this
dust is easily treated in an electric precipitator when
precipitated at high temperatures. For sulfur trioxide control,
it is necessary to cool the gas and precipitate the dust as a
mist. For optimum precipitation of copper lefinery dust, care
must be taken to avoid air leaks.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
61
17906
Agnew, W. G.
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH. Proc. Roy.
Soc. (London), Ser. A., 307(1489):153-181, Oct. 1968. 68 refs.
Some of the progress which has been made in the United
States toward the objectives of automotive air pollution
research with respect to photochemical smog, carbon monox-
ide, poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, lead, and diesel
smoke and odor are reviewed and discussed. Automotive air
pollution research has as its objectives: (1) to understand the
nature of the atmospheric effects; (2) to understand the nature
of vehicle emissions; and (3) to develop concepts for the con-
trol of significant pollutants. Attempts to determine the mag-
nitude of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions from vehi-
cles immediately face two severe difficulties: (1) automobiles
are operated in an almost infinite variety of steady-state and
transient driving conditions, ambient conditions, and states of
repair; and (2) the exhaust is made up of hundreds of in-
dividual compounds with different degrees of significance and
the proportions of these compounds vary with operating condi-
tions and fuel types. The estimated contributions of the engine
crankcase, exhaust, and carburetor and fuel tank to the
hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions from an average un-
controlled vehicle are presented. Numerous charts and illustra-
tions are given. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and lead in
the atmosphere appear to be below the levels of any health
hazards, but information in this area, as well as understanding
of the vehicle emissions of these materials, is inadequate.
Diesel smoke is currently a commercial economic problem
requiring legal enforcement, but its odor remains a chemical
mystery.
18053
NO LEAD, LESS RVP COMING IN GASOLINE. Can. Chem.
Process., 53(3): 47-50, March 1969.
The problems of air pollution control must be faced by au-
tomotive engineers and gasoline refiners. If the motor vehicle
industry staves off pressure to do away with pollution-causing
power units, it will only do so as a result of measures that
remove at least 80% or more of the noxious fumes. This may
force sacrifices in fuel economy since most anti-pollution
devices appear to reduce the mileage per gallon. It could also
put the manufacturers of lead additives out of business and
complicate the task of refiners seeking to achieve maximum
octane ratings at the lowest cost. With the many unknowns in
the equation, it is difficult to assess how the refiners will
respond to the public demand for pollution control. Although
many technological tools are available, use of them will
require a readjustment in the use of the hydrocarbon fractions.
Two approaches under study that may minimize the loss in
fuel economy are discussed.
19331
Gardner, Conrad O.
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION SYSTEM AND AP-
PARATUS. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,503,188. 4p.,
March 31, 1970. 18 refs. (Appl. April 25, 1966, 3 claims).
A system is proposed for collecting and processing exhaust
emissions from motor vehicles travelling along a highway. Au-
tomobiles are provided with both magnetic sensors for locating
metal inlet gratings embedded in the highway and a moveable
extension of the exhaust pipe; the extension controlled is
nearly flush with the gratings. The gratings are positioned on
top of a main duct running parallel to and under the highway.
Suction fans are located in side ducts in such a manner as to
draw exhaust emissions through the inlet gratings and main
duct to processing units where gases will be purified and the
purified air returned to the atmosphere. The processing units
can be designed to remove a particular contaminant. One unit,
for instance, could be equipped with a catalytic muffler for the
oxidation of hydrocarbons and another supplied with am-
moniacal solutions for the absorption of carbon monoxide.
Either unit could additionally be provided with an electrostatic
precipitator for the recovery of particulate lead. The bulk
equipment that can be used by the processing units has the ad-
vantage of higher efficiencies than the compact pollution-con-
trol devices installed in cars.
19637
Grennard, Alf H.
LEAD ADDITIVES IN GASOLINE AND UNNECESSARY AU-
TOMOTIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. Preprint, 23p., 1969 (?).
Gasolines and the limited prospects of reducing the lead con-
tent with regard to the existing refinery pattern in Europe are
discussed. It is not regarded as a promising prospect, since
limitations of the lead content tend to increase the price of
gasoline. Gasolines contain a number of poisonous materials
including aromatics and organic lead compounds. Due to their
vapor pressures, they evaporate when stored in open vessels
such as gasoline tanks and carburetors. Closed fuel systems
and devices for recovering gasoline vapors have been
developed to solve these problems. Another method of con-
trolling automotive emissions is by mechanically or electroni-
cally controlling the fuel injection. Improving the combustion
chamber, reducing the carbon/hydrogen ratio of the fuel, and
changing to gaseous fuels can also reduce poisonous emis-
sions.
19710
O'Neill, Donald
SWITCH TO UNLEADED FUEL OFFERS BENEFITS, POSES
PROBLEMS. S.A.E. (Soc. Automot. Engrs.) J., 78(8):17-26,
Aug. 1970.
Without lead in the gasoline, cars have reduced hydrocarbon
emissions; long-life exhaust catalytic converters become
technically feasible. Since valve recession occurs under some
high-speed, high-load conditions, engine valve trains must be
modified to run with all types of fuels, and engine compres-
sion ratios must be reduced and spark timing modified to ac-
commodate the lower octane numbers. Commencing July 1,
1971, every gasoline marketer in California will be required to
provide at least one grade of fuel with a minimum 90 octane
number that contains a maximum of 0.5 g Pb/gal. Implications
of the California proposals on the refining industry are as-
sessed. The deleterious effects of leaded gasoline on catalytic
converters and two other exhaust control devices are
described. The most immediate benefit accruing from the
removal of lead from gasoline is a 20-ppm reduction in
hydrocarbon emissions from new cars. Without lead deposits,
spark-plug life would be extended and the anti-foul
phosphorus additive used in some gasolines could be
eliminated. Though experimental particle traps are up to 65%
effective, removal of lead from gasoline would eliminate a
prime source of particulate matter.
19725
Vdovichenko, V. T., N. P. Galenko, and A. V. Larionov
CONVERSION OF METHANE TO CARBON DISULFIDE BY
SULFUR DIOXIDE. (Konversiya metana sernistym an-
gidridom do serougleroda). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khim.,
vol. 32:347-350, 1959. 10 refs.
-------
62
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Production of carbon disulfide by reaction of natural gas (98%
methane) with sulfur dioxide was investigated at temperatures
ranging from 700-1000 C using a number of catalysts: alumina
gel; bentonite; bentomte impregnated with Pb + + or Fe-f+;
pumice impregnated with Pb+ + ; and silica gel impregnated
with Pb+ + . Pumice impregnated with 5% Pb++ by treatment
with lead acetate proved to be the best catalyst, giving a max-
imum CS2 yield of 0.92 g/liter SO2 at 900 C with a CH4/SO2
ratio of 3.10.
19808
Kobayakawa, Takashi
EXHAUST EMISSION CONTROLS OF U.S.A. AND EUROPE.
(Obei ni okeru haikigasu taisaku). Text in Japanese. Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
8(2):18-26, June 1970. 4 refs.
Smogs essentially fall into two different categories. London
type smog has little to do with automobile exhausts and is the
combination of household and industrial smoke plus fog. On
the other hand, the smog characteristic of Los Angeles is
mainly due to automobile emissions and is known as
photochemical smog. The two types of smog are compared ac-
cording to meteorological, seasonal, diurnal conditions, and
their main sources. Various emission standards of the state of
California are listed for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, and smoke emissions, in addition to future
control programs. Although smog in Japan and Europe falls
into the London type, the significance of carbon monoxide is
being recognized in large cities such as Paris and London.
Nitrogen oxides are also demanding attention, but further
research is yet to be conducted in Japan. Different emission
standards for automobiles are listed and compared for the
United States, Japan, and Economic Commonwealth of Eu-
rope. Another important component of air pollution from au-
tomobiles is participates arising from the lead additives in
gasoline. It has come to be recognized by the automobile
manufacturers in the United States that the removal of lead
additives would contribute to abatement with respect to the
following points: the effectiveness of catalysts for removing
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons will be prolonged;
manifold reactor life will be extended; the effectiveness of ex-
haust recycling system will be boosted; and other benefits
such as avoiding the formation of lead salts will be gained. In
connection with the above, several different types of exhaust
treatment systems are introduced by means of block diagrams.
Other methods of powering automobiles are considered, such
as electric and steam engines, but they are still much un-
derdeveloped. The present attempts by European countries to
abate automobile exhaust pollution, especially the visible black
smokes and obnoxious odors, are discussed.
20735
Moser, Charles E.
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION RESEARCH. Chem. Eng.,
77(9):221-226, April 27, 1970.
Advances in the reduction of automotive air pollution since
1962 are reviewed and current and proposed programs con-
cerning automotive emission suppression are discussed. Fuels
are considered in terms of their vapor pressure, olefin content,
and the effects of their lead content as an atmospheric pollu-
tant. Engine modification programs discussed included cata-
lytic reactors to render exhaust fumes innocuous, thermal
reactors for additional combustion, and fuel evaporation
recovery systems to prevent the escape of smog-forming
hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. Principle emphasis is on
the current and proposed studies to accurately define the
problem in terms of realistic driving cycles, types and amounts
of pollutants released into the atmosphere, chemical and
physical factors involved in the build- up and dispersion of
pollutants once they reach the atmosphere, and the relation-
ship between the physical and chemical properties of pollu-
tants. Also discussed are engineering studies for the develop-
ment of unproved instrumentation and corresponding measure-
ment techniques to precisely identify individual pollutants and
reactions among them.
20740
Spengler, Guenter and Gerhard Haupt
THE EFFECT OF FUEL ADDITIVES PREVENTING SOO1
FORMATION IN THE COMBUSTION OF DIESEL ENGINES.
(Ueber die Wirkung russhemmender Kraftstoff-Zusaetze bei
der Verbrennung im Dieselmotor). Text in German. Motortech.
Z. (Stuttgart), 31(3):102-108, 1970. 11 refs.
The soot preventing properties of 29 chemical compounds
were studied in a diesel engine; 18 were metal-containing com-
pounds and 11, organic compounds. All tests were performed
with a one-cylinder four stroke diesel engine. Commercially
available diesel fuel was used. The influence of the fuel/air
ratio and of the number of revolutions on soot formation was
studied. At 1650 rpm, a minimum of soot formation occurred.
A clear relation between soot formation and the amount of ox-
ygen present could be confirmed. At diminshed oxygen partial
pressure, the soot formation clearly increased. The fuel/air
ratio also influenced the formation of components adsorbed by
soot. These components are primarily products of incomplete
combustion of the fuel or of partial oxidation of the fuel
molecules, or products of polymerization or condensation. The
quantity of polycyclic aromatics increased slowly until the fuel
to air ratio dropped to 1.15; below that, the increase was rapid.
Formation of aromatics and adlehydes depends largely on the
fuel quantity and the oxygen partial pressure in the cylinder,
as well as on the residence time. Of the metal-containing addi-
tives, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ironpen-
tacarbonyl, and tetraethyl lead were most effective. The effect
of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl began with
the addition of 0.22g/l. Larger quantities (about 7.2 g/liter)
were required with the use of organic additives. Also, their ef-
ficiency was not as high as that of metal containing additives.
They were not able to remove more than 22% of the total soot
content.
20844
THE WAR ON POLLUTION. AIR QUALITY CONTROL.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. Oil Gas J., 68(24):97-117, June
15, 1970.
The direct and indirect contributions of the petroleum industry
to air pollution center largely around the refining operations.
Direct contributions, in the form of tank vapors, gas flares,
and slush pits, are uneconomical to the refinery and therefore
kept to a minimum. Controls in the form of vapor-recovery
equipment, salvaging of waste products, and emission controls
are extensively used. Indirectly, through fuel production,
refineries are responsible for automobile emissions. These
emissions are being reduced by employing control devices on
the automobile and by changing the composition of the fuel it-
self. Catalytic and thermal afterburners, thermal-reactor
systems and lean-reactor methods of control are discussed, as
well as a radical manifold converter which is used to refine
lead-free gas. The effect of lead-free gas on performance is
described, and possible engine redesigns are considered. The
role of tetraethyl lead in increasing octane rating and therfore
increasing exhaust emissions is quite significant, and is
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
63
discussed in depth. Representatives of leading oil companies
discuss methods of analysis and air quality standards as they
apply to the respective geographical areas.
21040
Yarrington, Robert M. and William E. Bambrick
DEACTIVATION OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST CONTROL
CATALYST. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(6):398-401,
June 1970. 10 refs.
A catalytic converter for controlling automobile exhaust emis-
sions was evaluated in California in 1964. Results of this fleet
test and subsequent analysis of the spent catalyst are
presented. Statistical analysis of dynamometer test indicates a
strong effect of tetraethyl lead content of the gasoline on ac-
tivity decline. Analysis of spent catalyst revealed that both
surface area and accumulated lead are major factors in activity
decline. At above 100 sq m/g, a further increase in surface
area at constant lead level resulted in a decline of activity.
(Author abstract)
21303
Wilson-Jones, R. A.
ENGINES. Automobile Engr., 60(6):200-210, May 8, 1970.
The technology available to restrict automobile-caused pollu-
tion is reviewed. To meet current legislation, attention has
been turned from minor modifications to further refinements
in induction and ignition systems. The concensus in design is
toward the V-type engine; several significant new V-types
have recently been announced. The Wankel engine is being in-
creasingly used. Its advantages are small size and weight for a
given output. Fuel injection systems are increasing due to high
costs for modified carburetors. Fuel will probably be lead-free
in the near future. The development of complex anti-emission
equipment such as exhaust recirculation devices and thermal
and catalytic reactors is of prime importance in pollution con-
trol.
21324
Kato, Yujiro
PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM AT VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
(VI). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN THE METALWORK-
ING INDUSTRY. (Gyoshubetsu ni mini rokashiki shujin sochi
no keikaku to unten jisshi rei (VI). Kinzoku kogyo ni okeru
baggu firuta). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(10):663-668, Oct. 15, 1968.
The operational conditions of bag filters used for emission
control in the metalworking industry are illustrated by exam-
ples. In the zinc refining industry, bag filters are used at vari-
ous points. The baghouse for the independent electric power
plant which is provided to allow the exhausted material to cool
down is one example. Another is the baghouse for controlling
emissions from a smelting furnace exhaust. The applications of
bag filters to the aluminum industry is illustrated by the
baghouse used to control emissions from an alumina coveying
process. In a powdered lead manufacturing plant, a complete
dust collector has to be provided since the lead dust is ex-
tremely toxic and cannot be allowed to escape into the at-
mosphere. Complete hooding is also necessary. In the nonfer-
rous metal working industry, emissions are commonly worth
recovering. High efficient dust collectors are adequate for this
purpose. In the iron and steel industry, the collected material
from the exhaust is generally of little value, but dust collectors
are necessary for air pollution control. Their use is typified by
baghouses equipped for controlling emissions from electric-arc
steelmaking furnaces and from electric furnaces for ferro-alloy
manufacture. In the metal processing industry, bag filters are
also used for controlling emissions from various processes. An
example is the baghouse equipped for controlling emissions
from the finishing process of iron casting.
21719
ADDITIVES FOR FUELS. In: Petroleum Products, Properties,
Quality, Application. (Nefteprodukty, Svoystva, Kachestvo,
Primeneniya.) B. V. Losikov (ed.), 1966, Chapt. 5. 98 refs.
Translated from Russian. Foreign Technology Div., Wright-
Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation Div., p. 304-394, Aug. 22,
1969. CFSTI, DDC: AD 698546
Five principle categories and 16 sub-categories of motor fuel
additives are identified. Physical and chemical properties of
specific additives in each sub-category are discussed, both sin-
gularly and in combination. Two categories in most widespread
use are additives that improve fuel motor properties and addi-
tives that improve stability of fuels during storage, shipment,
and use in engines. Other categories identified include addi-
tives that reduce detrimental effects of fuels on apparatus and
mechanisms, additives that facilitate the use of fuels at low
temperatures, and a category identified as other additives
which includes such sub-categories as dyes, additives that
prevent the accumulation of static electricity, and additives
that prevent microorganism spoilage of fuels. It is of particular
interest 10 note the superiority of manganese based anti-knock
compounds over lead based anti-knock compounds.
21762
Steinhagen, William K.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL METHODS FOR THE
GASOLINE POWERED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich., 29p., 1967. 36 refs.
(Presented to the Panel on Electrically Powered Vehicles, Of-
fice of the Secretary, Dept. of Commerce, Feb. 18, 1967.)
Three sources of emission are identified for the internal com-
bustion engine: crankcase emissions, evaporation losses, and
exhaust emissions. It is claimed that crankcase emissions are
of academic interest since this source of emission has been
completely controlled by positive crankcase ventilation
techniques. Evaporation losses are identified as originating in
the automobile's fuel tank and carburetor. Control appears to
be technically feasible, but the present progress in this field is
limited to checking procedures for measuring these losses. The
approach to control showing the most promise is the adsorp-
tion-regeneration technique, but no production hardware is yet
designed. Several exhaust control systems are in the develop-
ment and/or field test stage. Air injection reaction (AIR), con-
trolled combustion system, and catalytic reactors are but a
few. The first of these operates by injecting air into the ex-
haust manifold to more completely burn hydrocarbons and to
oxidize CO to CO2. The second utilizes heated carburetor air
to permit operation on a leaner fuel mixture, thereby reducing
the concentration of all pollutants in the exhaust gas. The prin-
ciple drawback to using catalytic exhaust manifolds is that the
catalyst is rapidly fouled by the lead in the gasoline. Brief
mention is made of the control of the lead content of gasoline
as being beneficial in the control of automotive emissions.
22414
Dishart, K. T.
EXHAUST HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION. ITS RELA-
TION TO GASOLINE COMPOSITION. American Petroleum
Inst., New York, Div. of Refinin Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect.
-------
64
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
III, vol. 50:514-543, 1970. 12 refs. (Presented at the American
Petroleum Institute, Division of Refining, Midyear Meeting,
35th, Houston, Tex., May 13-15, 1970.)
The influence of changes in hydrocarbon composition of
leaded gasolines on the individual hydrocarbons found in the
exhaust of vehicles equipped with various types of emission
control systems is determined. Changes in gasoline olefin con-
tent have little effect on the amounts of the predominant
olefins in the exhaust- ethylene, propylene and isomeric bu-
tylenes. Increases in gasoline aromatic content increases the
amounts of the predominant aromatic compounds found in the
exhaust — toluene, meta and para xylene — but decreases the
amounts of predominant exhaust olefins. The source of the
ethylene, propylene, and butylenes is attributed to the high oc-
tane alkylate components which, in leaded gasolines, decrease
as the fuel aromatic content increases. While the type of emis-
sion control device affects the level of hydrocarbons in the ex-
haust, the relative amounts of individual hydrocarbons remain
fairly constant, except with an exhaust manifold thermal reac-
tor control system which markedly reduces the proportion of
the 'reactive' hydrocarbons as well as markedly reducing the
total hydrocarbons in the exhaust. Leaded premium grade
gasolines with similar octane quality and volatility charac-
teristics are used. The aromatic and olefin contents of these
gasolines covers the usual range found in today's commercial
premium gasolines. The vehicles in which these fuels are
tested are equipped with different types of emission control
systems. These include the conventional air injection and en-
gine modification systems, and a Du Pont exhaust manifold
reactor system capable of very low exhaust emission levels.
Also included is a car without a control system. (Author ab-
stract modified)
22436
Barbier, J. C., J. Cosyns, M. Derrien, and J. F. Le Page
OLEFIN REDUCTION IN GASOLINES BY HYDROGENA-
TION. American Petroleum Institute, New York, Proc. Am.
Petrol. Inst., Sect, in, vol. 50:12-48, 1970. 13 refs. (Presented
at the American Petroleum Institute, Division of Refining,
Midyear Meeting, 35th, Houston, Tex., May 13, 1970.)
A review of the effects that are caused by the presence of
olefinic compounds in fuels, and of methods to reduce the
olefin content of gasoline is presented. When olefins are
emitted into the atmospher by losses through evaporation dur-
ing storage, transfer, or use, the are more susceptible than
other families of molecules to photochemical transformations
in the atmosphere, which lead to smog eye irritation, and other
phenomena. To reach a required octane rating, adding olefins
serves to reduce the lead content and in thi way to decrease
the risks of lead pollution. Various methods to reduce the
olefin content of gasoline are discussed, particularly
hydrogenation. The chemical reactions, catalysts, and operat-
ing conditions of each method are presented.
22492
Rozenshteyn, I. S. and K. N. Gorbunova
MEASURES TO ELIMINATE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
FROM 'VTORTSVETMET' MILLS. In: American Institute of
Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Ef-
fects and Symptoms of Air Pollutes on Vegetation; Resistance
and Susceptibility of Different Plant Species in Various
Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts and
as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), vol. 2, Silver
Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1969, p. 24.
1 ref. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ural. Filial. Komis. po Ok-
hrane Prirody. Rastitel' nost' i promyshlennye zagrayzneniya.
Okhrana prirody na Urale. V (Sverdlovsk), 1966, p. 59.) Areas
where lead-babbit shops are located suffer from heavy pollu-
tion by lead oxides discharged from the furnaces and the ven-
tilation system. The average daily concentration of lead, in
some cases at 200 m, was 0.085 mg/cu m, and at 1000 m, 0.026
mg/cu m. These values are 122 and 38 times higher than the
permissible limit for air in settled areas. TCI reduce the lead
discharge and purify the exhaust gases from the furnaces, a
scrubber-cooler, compound cyclone, and bag filter complex
was installed. Following purification, the gases are discharged
through an 80 m stack. After installation, the average daily
concentration of lead, in the atmosphere beyond the 500 m
sanitation protective zone of green plants, was lowered to
0.00035 mg/cu m. Discharge from the ventilation system of
lead-babbit shops should also be purified in bag filters. To pro-
tect the population from the injurious effects of industrial
discharges, a protective zone belt of green plants should be in-
cluded in the sanitation plans.
22520
Hama, Akira
DUST CONTROL OF REVERBERATORY AND BLAST FUR-
NACES FOR BATTERY SCRAP. (Namariyokai seiren saiseiro
no haigasu shujin no jisshi rei). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(8):645-648, Aug. 1970.
The flue gas from a lead refinery contains 50-70% lead in the
dust, and its high density makes the rising and dispersion of
the gas difficult. The operation of the furnace without the use
of a dust collector is almost impossible. Low-cost, wet type
dust collectors used to be employed for lead reverberatory fur-
naces, but because of the difficulty due to high SO2 and SO3
contents in their maintenance, efficiency, waste-water control,
and dust collection a dry-type apparatus was developed em-
ploying a bag filter. The design and operation of the dust col-
lector are described. An inverted U-shaped, venturi type spray
system is employed to cool the gas to 80-90 C. The main fea-
ture of the present device is the vibro-clean bag filter. The
dust accumulated on the cloth felt filter is shaken off by a
one-half second blast of air, at a pressure of 400-500 mm Hg,
vibrating at a frequency of 1000 Hz. The felt filter is operated
at the flow speed of 1.0-1.5 cu m/min, and the pressure loss of
150-200 mm Hg. The filter is renewed after a period of 10-15
months. A safety device for the abnormal temperature rise of
the filter and its maintenance is described. The development of
an inexpensive anti-corrosive liner material and an SO2-
removal device are some tasks left for the future.
22834
Frederick, Franklin P.
TAKING THE LEAD OUT OF PETROCHEMICALS. Oil Gas
J., 68(36):115-119, Sept. 7, 1970. 2 refs.
A model was designed to study the transition to an unleaded
octane and its effect on the business environment. At one ex-
treme, significant impact would be felt by the automobile
manufacturers, at the other it would be felt most strongly in
the refining and petrochemical industry. One of these is a con-
dition which represents a decrease in the octane requirements
of the automobile population, while the other extreme would
require continuing production of actane quality to satisfy the
present car population. At very high octanes, most of the cur-
rent octane contributors cease to be effective when blended
without lead. The most notable is butylene alkylate. Ethylene
alkylate has a high octane but generally is sufficiently more
expensive than arotnatics so as to be uneconomical. The net
effect of lead removal with high octane demand is the reduc-
tion of aromatics to petrochemical while increasing the availa-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
65
bility of olefin plant feeds. Five cases are analyzed and sum-
marized when the model of an integrated fuels-petrochemical
refinery was used to examine the influence of lead elimination
on the long term economic outlook.
22890
Bastress, E. Karl and Ronald S. Fletcher
AIRCRAFT ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. Preprint,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 12p.,
1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Nov.
16-20, 1969, Paper 69-WA/APC-4.)
A study of aircraft engine exhaust emissions is presented.
Both jet and propeller type engines are considered. Aircraft
are classified by operation, with appropriate emission factors
assigned for different operations. Aircraft fuel characteristics
are discussed, and consumption figures are presented. Emis-
sions of concern are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, and particulate matter consisting of lead compounds
and carbon. Average daily emissions for air terminals are tabu-
lated. Reduction of emissions can be accomplished through
fuel modification, engine design modification, and by altering
ground operations. The principal impact of aircraft emissions
is local in nature and is expected to become more severe in fu-
ture years.
23540
Fisher, C. E.
CATALYTIC CONVERTER-PANACEA OR PANDORA. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Los Angeles, West Coast Section,
Proc. Air Pollution Contro Assoc., West Coast Sect., 1st Tech.
Meet., Los Angeles, Calif., 1957, p. 52-59. (March 25-26.)
Three approaches to controlling the emission of unburned
hydrocarbons from motor vehicle exhausts are represented by
improved design of the internal combustion engine, carburetor
fuel shut-off devices which restrict the flow of fuel during
deceleration, and devices such as afterburners and catalytic
converters that oxidize the combustibles contained in the ex-
haust. Gains from the first approach are offset by the develop-
ment of larger displacement engines, while shut-off devices
will produce only a 10-20% removal of hydrocarbons. Catalytic
converters appear capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons to a level
of approximately 100 ppm and thus offer the best possibility
of success. However, their design and operation involve a host
of problems including cost, space required for installation,
length of time required to heat the catalyst, and deterioration
of the catalyst at high temperatures. Costs of a unit will be
reduced and its installation simplified by reducing the mass of
catalyst required. A smaller catalytic bed will be heated to
operating temperatures more quickly with resultant higher effi-
ciency; it can be protected against excess temperatures by a
thermostatically controlled air valve. These smaller beds will
be a possibility, once lead which requires a large quantity of
catalyst is removed from motor fuel.
23697
Ebel, Robert H.
CATALYTIC REMOVAL OF POTENTIAL AIR POLLU-
TANTS FROM AUTO EXHAUSTS. In: Advances in Environ-
mental Sciences. J. N. Pitts, Jr. and R. L. Metcalf (eds.), vol.
1, New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1969, p. 237-287. 131 refs.
A review of catalyst technology in relation to the control of
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen is
presented. The argument contained is principally for the
systems approach to the problem of catalytic muffler design,
the system to include all phases and modes of automobile
design, operation, and maintenance. Rather than create one
all-purpose device for all cars under all conditions, it is better
to make the necessary trade-offs in carburetion, combustion
chamber design, exhaust manifold design, fuel economy, main-
tenance schedules and techniques, and performance to obtain
maximum emission control for each class of power train. The
problem of lead pollution of the catalyst and back-pressure
build-up would be handled by replacement in much the same
way an ai filter is replaced. Temperature is controlled by
distance from the exhaust manifold; temperatures catalysts
can handle rather than the real malfunction temperatures and
frequent thermal cycling is discussed. Reliability data at tem-
perature is based on steady state operating conditions cited in
petroleum processing. An excellent, detailed discussion of car-
buretion and combustion is included in the description of the
chemistry of pollutant generation. Choices available to the
petroleum industry and the auto industry are listed and proba-
ble decisions specified. For the auto industry, the alternatives
listed include an alternate power source, (steam or electric),
modification of existing engines to meet increasingly restric-
tive emission limitations, or catalytic mufflers. A combination
of the second and third choices is expected. Auto manufac-
turers have demonstrated that the average car in good condi-
tion can pass the California 7-mode test. Unfortunately, cars
are mass-produced and vary, even when new, in accordance
with the bell curve of distribution. Since every car will have to
pass inspection, redesign will continue on engines, carbure-
tors, and accessory systems for exhaust recirculation, fuel in-
jection, air injection, and water injection. Production
tolerances will be tightened as far as economically practical.
But in the end and at the end will be added one or possibly
two catalytic mufflers in series. In the latter case, oxides of
nitrogen and the remaining pollutants would be separately ox-
idized.
23923
EUROPE STUDYING LEAD-FREE GASOLINE. Automotive
Ind., 143(3):33-35, Aug. 1, 1970.
Elimination of lead from gasoline results in the reduction of
octane values, which in turn means that lower engine compres-
sion ratios are mandatory. While this will not have too much
effect on large American engines, in Europe the small high-ef-
ficiency engine relies on high compression for that efficiency.
Sweden is introducing regulations to reduce the lead content
of gas progressively until fuel is lead-free by 1980. Volvo was
the first European manufacturer to fit emission-control as
standard on all its cars in 1968. A large proportion of these
Volvo cars are fitted with the Strombery Constant Depression
Starter Emission (CDSE) carburetors as supplied by Zenith in
England. Zenith has been in the forefront in Europe in exhaust
control, and its laboratories at Dunstable were among the first
to be certified by the California authorities. The diesel, gas
turbine, and Wankel engines are mentioned.
24182
LEAN REACTOR CAR CUTS EXHAUST EMISSIONS. Ethyl,
no. 1:31-33, 1970.
An engine was modified by the Ethyl Corporation to produce
very low exhaust emissions while operating on conventional
leaded gasoline. Emissions have been reduced to less than 50
ppm unburned hydrocarbons, 0.4% carbon monoxide, and 600
ppm nitrogen oxides. Ethyl's major modifications comprise an
experimental high-velocity carburetor, including deceleration
control and improved choke, a two-step control of vacuum ig-
nitions advance, and an exhaust system that includes stainless
-------
66
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
steel port liners, insulated stainless steel exhaust reactors, and
a large insulated exhaust pipe. The high-velocity carburetor
feeds thoroughly mixed fuel and air to the engine's cylinders,
permitting satisfactory car operation on extremely lean air-fuel
mixtures. These lean mixtures also provide substantial oxygen
in engine exhaust.
24184
Martin, Richard
TEL...POLLUTION...'JUMBO' TANKERS...RESII)
SHORTAGE-LABOR... Petro/Chem Engr., 42(10):11-12, 18,
20, 24, 26, 28, 30-31, 33-34, 36-38, Oct. 1970.
Of the 90 million tons of pollutants discharged to the at-
mosphere by the nation's 105 million vehicles, about .0025% is
lead particulates from antiknock compounds. This means that
lead pollution from vehicle exhaust constitutes .0001% of all
pollutants from all sources. Nevertheless an estimated 90% of
1971 model cars will have engines designed for 91-octane fuel
rather than the traditional 94-100 octane fuels. Among the
refineries that will make no lead gasolines are American Oil,
Atlantic Richfield, Shell Oil, Standard Oil of California, and
Texaco. Low-lead fuels will be available from Gulf Oil, Hum-
ble Oil, Marathon Oil, Sun Oil, Phillips Petroleum, and Stan-
dard of California. No decision regarding lead has been
reached by Mobil Oil or Continental Oil. Capital investment
costs for unleaded gasolines will be massive for both refineries
and retail outlets, adding about three cents a gallon to the
price of gasoline. Strongly opposed to the removal of lead is
the Ethyl Corporation, which maintains that removing lead will
increase both carcinogens and smog. The company believes
that all emissions can be burned to a point where they are
harmless in a thermal reactor, i.e., a 'built-in stove.' Restric-
tions on lead antiknocks are also opposed by the Du Pont
company, which is designing a thermal reactor system to meet
the projected 1980 emission goals. Also Noted are the environ-
mental threat posed by supertankers, the incapacity of the
refining industry to supply the demand for residual fuel oil,
and the health and safety provisions now being demanded for
union contracts.
24186
Ewing, Robert C.
LEADED AND UNLEADED GASOLINE ARE BLENDED IN
THE SAME UNIT. Oil Gas J., 68(38):139-141, Sept. 21, 1970.
American Oil Company's two-year-old leaded gasoline blender
at its Texas City refinery is being converted to blend both
leaded and lead-free gasoline on an alternate basis. The
blender, largely automatic, is a combination batch and on-line
blender. Two large shipping tanks are being cleaned and recon-
ditioned to to facilitate the new unleaded product. Storage
tanks provide the advantage of correcting a blend should a
malfunction of equipment produce an off-specification blend.
Two additional smaller tanks are being revamped to be used as
flush or mixed component tanks. They will be equipped with
foam valves for fire prevention and mixers to agitate the
mixed stocks. Sine-: the new lead-free gasoline is to be dyed
blue, new dye tanks, lines, loading meters, isolating valves,
and pumps must be installed. Mode switches, part of an inter-
locked system set in the control-room panel, control leaded,
flush, and unleaded operations; a blocked system allows lead
and bronze dye to be injected simultaneously only if the blue
dye valve is closed. Knock engines produce both research and
motor octane numbers. Starting the blend is discussed, as well
as switching from a leaded to unleaded gasoline.
24553
Welch, Harry V.
COLLECTION OF LEAD AND ZINC DUSTS AND FUMES
BY THE COTTRELL PROCESS. Trans. AIME (Am. Inst.
Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engr.'l, vol. 121:304-338,
1936. 42 refs.
A review of the historical background of Cottrell precipitators
and a discussion of the theory of conditioning blast furnace
and Dwight-Lloyd gases is followed by a summary of the
design, operation, and application of various Cottrells. In-
cluded are the exposed pipe, submerged pipe, plate, rod-cur-
tain, screen, and cylindrical-rod designs. Collection of lead and
zinc dusts and fumes by the Cottrell process at a selected
number of representativ smelters is described.
24696
Logan, John O. and C. G. Gerhold
SUMMARY OF STATEMENT OF JOHN O. LOGAN AND C.
G. GERHOLD OF UNIVERSAL OIL PRODUCTS CO., DBS
PLAINES, ILL., WASHINGTON, D. C., MARCH 20, 1970.
In: Air Pollution-1970, Part 3. 91st Congress (Senate), Second
Session on S.3229, S.3466, S.3546, p. 1141-1150, 1970.
(Hearings before The Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollu-
tion of the Committee on Public Works and the Committee on
Commerce, March 24, 25, 1970.
The results of research on control of automobile emissions are
presented. In order to achieve best possible control, a com-
bination of engine redesign, fuel control, and catalytic con-
verter system must be employed. Data resulting from the in-
stallation of a catalytic converter on a standard vehicle with
modified carburetion using lead-free gasoline are presented.
Catalytic control of nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons is ob-
tained. Strict control of air-fuel ratios are necessary to achieve
the desired control. Similar results could not be achieved with
conventional leaded gasoline. A discussion of the role of lead
in achieving octane ratings is included. Tampering with olefins
and aromatics in fuel should be considered with extreme cau-
tion. Refining costs and technology to produce optimum fuels
are discussed.
24722
Mikita, J. J. and E. N. Cantwell
EXHAUST MANIFOLD THERMAL REACTORS - A SOLU-
TION TO THE AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS PROBLEM. In:
Air Pollution - 1970. Part 2. 91st Congress (Senate), Second
Session on S.3229, S.3446, S.3546, p. 521-538, 1970. (Hearings
Before the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the
Committee on Public Works, March 19, 20, and 23,
1970.)(Presented at the National Petroleum Refiners' Assoc.
Annual Meeting, 69th, San Antonio, Tex., April 5-8, 1970.)
An exhaust emission control system is described which corn-
prises an exhaust manifold thermal reactor to control the
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide and an exhaust gas recir-
culation system to control nitrogen oxide levels. This system
will meet the proposed standards for 1975 which require that
hydrocarbons be reduced to less than 0.5 gram per mile, car-
bon monoxide to 11 grams per mile, nitrogen oxides to 0.9
gram per mile, and paniculate matter to 0.1 gram per mile. The
reactors provide a high-temperature zone in which the
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are oxidized thermally to
carbon dioxide and water. They will also operate satisfactorily
with leaded fuels, while long-term tests have shown that they
are capable of controlling HC and CO emissions for the nor-
mal life of the vehicle or 100,000 miles without any main-
tenance. Considerations do exist which pertain to its size and
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
67
the excessively high temperatures in the interior of the reactor.
Introduction of the exhaust gas into the carburetor dilutes the
incoming fuel/air mixture to the engine with the inert material
(exhaust gas) and lowers the peak combustion temperatures
within the cylinder, thus reducing the formation of nitrogen
oxides. With regard to the removal of lead paniculate from the
exhaust gas stream, one of the more effective ways to accom-
plish separation and retention of such participates is to employ
an inertial device, such as a cyclone.
24813
Yanagihara, Shigeru
EMISSION AND PERFORMANCE OF GASOLINE ENGINE.
(Gasorin kikan no seino to haiki joka gijutsu). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo),
49(521):646-655, Sept. 20, 1970. 14 refs.
Most automobile emissions are products of a high temperature
and high pressure combustion chamber. The formation of car-
bon monoxide and nitric oxide are explained by equilibrium in
the combustion reaction; the quench zone in the combustion
chamber yiel unburned hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons can be oxidized in the expansion stroke or ex-
haust systems. Reduction of nitric oxide and participate emis-
sion is a serious problem for exhaust control techniques.
Although an exhaust thermal reactor and catalytic converter
have been developed, non-leaded fuel is necessary for their ef-
fective operation. A low emission vehicle should appear by
1975, but the power plant of the family car still may be the
gasoline engine. In the near future, fuel will be subject to
more severe restrictions to reduce the pollutants in exhaust
gas; as an immediate target, at the risk of reducing some of
gasoline's performance, it would be made in such a way that
emission of pollutants would be about 10% of the former level.
In 5 or 10 years, automobiles should hardly be a problem as
sources of environmental pollution.
25033
Rueb, Friedmund
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUSTRIAL PAINT-
SPRAYING PLANTS. (Luftreinhaltung in industriellen
Lackierbetrieben). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(9):347-353, Sept. 1970.
The construction and operation of paint spray booths and
cabins with dry separators, of water-rinsed booths, of en-
closed spraying and drying booths, the drawing off and recla-
mation of organic solvents, thermal combustion of polluted
air, and its catalytic combustion are described. In dry separa-
tion, paint mists are drawn off by ventilators through labyrinth
filters; wet separation where the walls of the spray booths are
constantly being rinsed with water or where the mist has to
pass through a screen of water produces exhaust air of higher
purity and minimizes the danger of fires. Enclosed spray
booths use principally for spray painting automobiles are so
constructed that the operator is supplied fresh air. Paint and
solvent separation is the same as in open booths. The recovery
of solvents is accomplished by absorption with activated car-
bon whence the solvent is expelled by steam. When the emis-
sion of solvents into the atmosphere exceeds 10 kg/hr, then
the German law stipulates the mandatory use of a thermal or
catalytic combustion installation. The presence in the at-
mosphere of catalytic poisons like lead or phosphoric acid
esters makes catalytic combustion inapplicable. Combustion
takes place at 650-800 C. The advantage of catalytic com-
bustion is that it operates with higher concentrations and lower
temperatures.
25096
AN EFFICIENT PROGRAM FOR CONTROL OF THE LEAD
CONTENT OF GASOLINES. (Un programma razionale per il
controllo del piombo nelle benzine). Text in Italian. Riv. Com-
bust. (Milan), 24(7-8):360- 364, July-Aug., 1970.
The work of a convention held in Sacramento, California,
March 4-5, 1970, under the auspices of the California Air
Resource Board, for the purpose of examining the effect of
lead-alkyl additives on the emissions from automotive vehicles
is reported. Limitations in the use of lead additives were ex-
amined in the light of three possible methods of reducing emis-
sions that would be benefited by such a limitation: catalytic
converters, thermal reactors, and recycling of exhaust. As
much as 45% greater emissions of hydrocarbons has been at-
tributed to deposits inside the engine and exhaust system that
promote their formation. It has been shown that the emission
of solid particles from the exhaust is directly proportional to
the content of lead additives. The relationship of lead additives
to octane rating is discussed in detail, the conclusion being
reached that in many case the use of 'extra' gasolines rather
than 'regular' is a wasteful practice. About 90-95% of present
day vehicles could operate on 'regular' gasolines, and 50%
could use a proposed gasoline with an octane rating of 90.
25155
Uchida, K.
TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY. (Jidosha haiki gasu gijutsu taisaku no doko).
Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Tokyo), 21(12):1632-1636,
Dec. 1, 1970.
In automobile exhaust gas, carbon monoxide is more prevalent
during idling; hydrocarbons, during deceleration; and nitrogen
oxide during acceleration. The thermal reactor, a control
device, oxidizes unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide,
and no catalyst is used. Oxidants are supposed to be related to
NO2, and lowering the maximum temperature of gas in the en-
gine cylinder is one of the effective means to reduce NOx in
automobile exhaust. Since exhaust gas itself contains charac-
teristics of inactive gas, it might be utilized for dilution of
fuel-air mixtures by circulating it into the engine's induction
system. The results of testing were favorable with an average
emission of 1.3 g/mile after a 20,000 miles running test. A
combination of thermal reactors and exhaust gas circulation
equipment was attached to a V-8 engine and the results are
tabulated. No routine method has been developed to grasp
amounts of lead compounds and other fine particles, although
there is available a cyclone type separator. With mechanical
improvement, the separator will be able to trap 90% as com-
pared to the present 70% for solid inorganic matters as was
proved by a 67,000 mile test on a chassis dynamometer. If 4-
alkyl lead is completely eliminated from gasoline, the ratio of
the HC mixture within the gasoline would change, and unburnt
HC, one of the causes for photochemical smog, might in-
crease. Also, 4-alkyl lead is effective in forming oxidized film
over the valve sheet of the engine, preventing it being burned
up. The use of catalyst leaves much to be improved.
25301
Ninomiya, J. S., W. Bergman, and B. H. Simpson
AUTOMOTIVE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 19p.,
1970. 17 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-
10G.)
A special constant volume sampler was constructed to make
short-interval mass rate studies of vehicle exhaust particles,
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68
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
and a high-resolution, 10-stage Anderson impactor was built to
operate for long periods of time and to collect samples for
chemical analysis and for microscopic determination of size
distribution. Significant reductions in exhaust particle mass
emissions were observed when tetraethyl lead and lead
scavengers were removed from gasoline. A reduction of 77%
with nonleaded fuel was observed under stabilized operation
conditions; however, 40-93% reduction was observed under
various test conditions. Greater differences in particulate emis-
sions between fuels were observed with the total volume sam-
pler after continued vehicle operation. Particle size distribution
was noticeably different with leaded vs. nonleaded fuel; parti-
cles smaller than 0.1 micron represented about 40% of the
total particulate mass with leaded fuel compared to about 10%
with nonleaded fuel. Particulate mass emissions decreased
rapidly with successive driving cycles after starting cold. With
leaded fuel, the particulate emission rate dropped about 50%,
comparing the first four 'cold' cycles to the stabilized rate.
With nonleaded fuel, a drop of 80% was noted.
25334
Bainbridge, C. A.
FUME CONTROL AND RECOVERY IN LEAD SMELTING
FURNACES. Chem. Process Eng., vol. 41:344-345, 347, 351,
Aug. 1960.
Probably the most popular type of gas-cleaning process in the
lead industry is the fabric filter because of its high efficiency,
economy of operation, and ease of maintenance; it is applied
in many forms from the old-fashioned, hand-operated, so-
called bag house, requiring a relatively large staff, to the
modern, fully automatic, multi-compartment plant run by one
man part-time. Despite careful control of the process to
produce lead from scrap materials, the high temperature in the
furnace inevitably causes some of the lead to evaporate, and
the vaporized lead when it leaves the furnace combines with
oxygen to form lead oxide. Hood and duct design, the gas-
cooling plant, filter plant, and operational experience are
discussed for the new production unit of a lead company.
Horizontal ducting was used between the furnaces, and pro-
vided with an adequate number of cleaning doors and fume
hoppers with fitted lids to facilitate regular cleaning. Final
design of the cooling section which had to dissipate over 1 mil-
lion BTU/hr consisted of a series-parallel arrangement of four
inverted 'U' tubes mounted on trough section hoppers, con-
nected by a screw conveyor and an isolating valve arrange-
ment for occasions when only one furnace would be in opera-
tion. Because of the sticky nature of lead fume, cleaning doors
were put at the top of each 'U' tube and on each hopper.
Filter plant requirements location of fans, and plant instrumen-
tation are also cited.
25377
Hoekstra, James
TREATMENT OF COMBUSTIBLE WASTE PRODUCTS. (U-
niversal Oil Products Co., Des Plaines, 111.) U. S. Pat.
3,409,390. 8p., Nov. 5, 1968. 5 refs. (Appl. April 1, 1963, 7
claims).
A method is described for effecting the oxidation of noxious
exhaust gases, which comprises contacting these gases at ox-
idation conditions with a catalytic composite consisting essen-
tially of alumina, a platinum group metal component in an
amount of from about 0.1 to 1% by weight thereof, and in ex-
cess of 1% by weight of an alkaline earth component selected
from the group consisting of calcium, strontium, and barium.
The alkaline earth component, when incorporated into the
catalyst composite, is critically important in improving the sta-
bility or the life of the catalyst, as well as decreasing lead
pick-up when effecting the conversion of automobile exhaust
gases. While the use of a catalytic composite encompassed by
the present invention is adaptable to the elimination of
products of incomplete combustion from internal combustion
engine exhaust gases, other products may also be treated such
as unsaturated hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides.
25470
Brass and Bronze Ingot Inst., Chicago, III. and National Air
Pollution Control Administration, Raleigh, N. C.
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF BRASS AND BRONZE
SMELTING AND REFINING INDUSTRY. Pub. AP-58, 63p.,
Nov. 1969. 18 refs. NTIS: PB 190259
The principal source of atmospheric emissions in the brass and
bronze ingot industry is the refining furnace. The exit gas from
the furnace may contain the normal combustion products such
as fly ash, soot, and smoke. The use of low-sulfur fuel results
in trace amounts of sulfur oxide emissions. Because zinc is a
major low-boiling-point alloying constituent, appreciable
amounts of zinc oxide are normally present in the exit gases
also. Analysis of dust collector catch indicates that from 56 to
96% of the collected dust is zinc oxide. About 6 to 8% is lead
oxide along with lesser amounts of other metallic oxides.
These small particles are in the submicron range, wherein they
have the greatest opacity to light; therefore, the uncontrolled
emissions form dense plumes. The only air pollution control
equipment to receive general acceptance in the brass and
bronze ingot industry is the baghouse filter collector. The
emissions from a baghouse in satisfactory condition are
usually invisible. Cost for installation of a baghouse depends
to a large extent upon the auxiliary equipment required for
proper ductwork, hooding, gas cooling equipment, and so
forth. Reports indicate installed costs for dust collection
systems of up to $5.00 or more per cubic foot per minute
capacity. Information from a few installations that use wet
scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators indicates that signifi-
cant maintenance problems and low efficiency have been en-
countered. Most of the material preparation processes involv-
ing mechanical or wet treatment do not produce air pollutants.
Some heat treatment operations produce emissions that are
combustible. These fumes may be satisfactorily controlled by
an afterburner or by secondary combustion techniques. The
major air pollution control problem is the capture and ducting
of fume emissions from the furnaces to the baghouses. Captur-
ing the dust-laden gases generated during charging and pouring
operations is particularly difficult. Ultimate control of air pol-
lution and occasional in- plant contamination may require
changes in furnace design, new metallurgical processes, or
new technology for the capture of fumes at the point of
generation. (Author summary modified)
25781
Hallows, R. L. and B. M. O'Harra
MODERN AUTOMATIC BAGHOUSES FOR COLLECTION
OF LEAD-FURNACE FUMES. Trans. AIME (Am. Inst. Min-
ing Metallurgical and Petroleum Engrs.), vol. 121:299-303,
1936.
A comparison is drawn between automatic and old style
baghouses for filtering fumes, based on operating experience
with both types in a lead smelter. The modern type is charac-
terized by its small filtering bags and frequency of shaking
(usually every few minutes) as opposed to the old type which
uses much larger bags shaken at much longer intervals (2-12
hrs apart). Good practice for the modern baghouse calls for
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
69
only 1 sq ft of filter cloth to ..-andle from 3-8 cu ft of gas per
minute; thus, the filtering area may be as little as one-tenth
that in the old type for handling the same volume and dust
concentration. This is the most striking differenc and probably
the greatest single advantage of the new type; others include
greater cleanliness and uniform draft conditions due to the
frequency of cleaning, more convenient repair of leaks, and
lessene danger of fire. Although initial bag equipment costs for
the new type are lower, the longer life of a bag in the old
baghouse is much longer, so the cost of bag replacement is
considerably in favor of the old type. Little trouble or expense
is experienced in maintaining the new filters. Operating details
are given.
25894
Kobayakawa, Takashi
CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF MOBILE EXHAUST EMISSION.
(Enjin ni okeru haiki gasu boshigijutsu no tenbo). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(11):851-
858, Nov. 1970.
Reviews and comments on automobile exhaust emission con-
trol technology are presented. The criteria established toward
reductio of various pollutants that have to be met by 1973 and
1975 are also discussed. The need to establish control criteria
based on more scientific research and their data is pointed out.
No environmenta control criteria except for carbon monoxide
has yet been establishe for automobile exhaust. Much more
time is necessary to define criteria for nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons (HC), lead, or particulates in the exhaust gas.
The formation mechanism of photochemical smog remains yet
to be clarified, particularly in Japan where the study of emis-
sion factors such as NOx and HC is lagging. To meet the
criteria by 1975, the measures being taken or conceived in-
clude the development of exhaust gas purifiers and lead reduc-
tion of gasoline. Exhaust reactors, catalyst converters, and af-
terburners are the purifiers. Each has problems to be solved
such as how to keep the exhaust gas at high temperature for
reaction with the exhaust reactor, the development of catalysts
made of low-cost material such as copper, manganese, and
iron, and availability of material withstanding the burning tem-
perature of over 1000 C for the afterburner. Lead reduction is
not as simple as is generally assumed. A perfectly lead-free
gasoline is said to cause damage in the valves, contributing to
further pollution, but automobile manufacturers in Japan are
said to come up with cars that can use lead-free gasoline.
26153
Stanford Research Inst., Irvine, Calif.
STUDY OF CATALYTIC CONTROL OF EXHAUST EMIS-
SIONS FOR OTTO CYCLE ENGINES. (FINAL REPORT).
NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-115, 60p., 1970. 40 refs. NTIS:
PB 193533
Results are presented of a state-of-the-art study of the chemis-
try of various catalytic systems for control of nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide and their application to
motor vehicles, based mainly on the scientific and patent
literature published between 1960 and 1969. Subjects discussed
include assessment of catalyst performance, effects of
tetraethyl lead, properties of catalyst carriers, solid-state in-
teractions, catalyst preparation and regeneration, and costs. A
promising approach for NOx control appears to be its reaction
with CO in a two-stage catalytic system, but data are in-
complete and meager, and no reduction system for these emis-
sions has yet been demonstrated that would be operative with
leaded fuels for an extended period under practical operating
conditions. Although many of the problems associated with the
physical and mechanical properties of the solid catalysts have
been partially solved (such as attrition, sintering, flow re-
sistance), the chemical interactions due to additives (lead com-
pounds) and gasoline contaminants (sulfur compounds, metal
compounds) require further attention. Catalyst systems will
require excellent engine maintenance for emission control ef-
fectiveness. Estimated equipment and operating costs on new
and used vehicles are given based on a metal-oxide catalyst
system operating with lead-free fuel. Costs of the dual-catalyst
systems for control of NOx CO, and HC to within 1975 stan-
dards, or better, range from $113 to $320, or prorated over a
50,000-mile driving period, 0.60 to 1.240 per mile.
26243
Adler, Stephen Fred and Robert Murphy Yarrington
IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR PURD7YING THE EXHAUST
OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION MOTORS. (Precede perfec-
tionne de purification des gaz d'echappement des moteurs a
combustion interne). Text in French. (American Cyanamid
Company, New York) French Pat. 1,539,444. 5p., Sept. 13,
1968. (Appl. Oct. 4, 1967, 5 claims).
The elimination of lead products from the exhaust of gasoline
motors is improved by means of prolonging the life of the
lead-sensitive catalyst. This is accomplished by providing
another catalyst, which promotes the formation of sulfur diox-
ide from the other oxides of sulfur present in the exhaust. The
sulfur dioxide then reacts with the volatile lead compounds to
form less volatile compounds, after which the exhaust gases
are brought in contact with a purifying catalyst which converts
the products of incomplete combustion into carbon dioxide
and water. A preferred formula for the first catalyst is a mix-
ture of 7-9% vanadium oxides, 10-15% potassium oxides, 20-
30% of a substance yielding sulfate ions, and a silicon base.
The vanadium can be replaced by other noble metals, and any
pyrosulfate of an alkali metal can be used, provided it melts at
a reasonably low temperature.
26269
Pitts, J. N., Jr.
ALDEHYDES, POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCAR-
BONS, AND ATMOSPHERIC LEAD. In: Project Clean Air.
California Univ., Berkeley, Task Force No. 7, Section 5, 4p.,
Sept. 1, 1970. 7 refs.
Aldehydes, aromatic compounds, and lead compounds in au-
tomobile exhaust are discussed with reference to their
photochemical reactivities. Aldehydes are far more reactive
than aromatic hydrocarbons and constitute a noteworthy por-
tion of exhaust. Lowering hydrocarbon emissions by increas-
ing air-fuel ratio alone could result in substantial increases in
aldehydes, but compromises in mixture ratio and spark timing
would probably produce parallel reductions of both aldehydes
and hydrocarbons. Removal of lead additives from gasoline
with concommitant increases in monocyclic aromatic com-
pounds might lead to an increase in polynuclear compounds
and also increased photochemical reactivity of exhaust. While
neither polynuclear compounds nor aldehydes are presently as-
sociated with health problems, the former have carcinogenic
properties and the latter may play a synergistic or antagonistic
role in tumor induction. When irradiated, certain inorganic
compounds produced by leaded fuels may produce lead oxides
that in turn catalyze or photosensitize the oxidation of gaseous
pollutants. Aspects of smog chemistry requiring additional
research are noted.
-------
70
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
26532
Honma, Katsunori
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF RESIN-TREATED FILTER
MATERIALS FOR METALLIC FUMES. (Jushishori rozai no
kinzokufyumu ni taisuru hoshuritsu). Text in Japanese. Sefuti
Daijesuto (Safety Dig.), 16(3):12-19, March 1970.
The Micron-Filter and Electro-Filter are electrostatic filters
that are made of wool treated with resin. Laboratory experi-
ments were conducted in order to measure their collection
rates according to particle size for lead, zinc, and antimony
fumes. The filters are not only effective against mineral dust
particles, but also many types of metallic fumes. Thus any dif-
ferences in collection rates for mineral dusts and metallic
fumes should be attributed not to the quality of particles, but
to the effects of particle size. For multi-dispersive lead fumes,
the collection rate for Micron-Filter was on the average 98.5%,
and 99.7% for Electro-Filter at 5 cm/sec. With a dust mask
made out of these materials, the lead fume concentration will
be below the allowable concentration of 0.15 mg/cu m.
26600
HOMESTAKE POLLUTION CONTROL. Mining Mag. (Lon-
don), 124(l):26-27, Jan. 1971.
Among the innovations claimed for a new smelter producing
approximately 100,000 tons of lead concentrate annually is up-
draft sintering. By blowing a draught of air upward, rather
than downwar through the sintering machine, higher lead-con-
tent sinter is produced, more sulfur is removed, lead is
eliminated in windboxes, and the gas produced is suitable for
direct conversion to sulfuric acid. The sulfur dioxide gas from
the sinter machine is filtered through a six-compartment
baghouse to eliminate dust and metallic fume impurities,
cooled in a tower packed with ceramic rings to eliminate ex-
cessive water vapor, then passed through an electrostatic
precipitator where any remaining fume and dust are removed
along with any acid mist. Conversion of the purified SO2 to
SO3 takes place on a vanadium pentoxide catalyst; the SO3
produced is absorbed in sulfuric acid. In addition to dust from
the sinter machine and primary crushers, the baghouse also
handles smoke from two lead blast furnaces and a dross rever-
beratory furnace. Overall dust and fume recovery is estimated
to be in excess of 99%, and there is no visible plume from the
stack.
27371
Moran, John B. and Otto J. Manary
EFFECTS OF FUEL ADDITIVES ON THE CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE EMIS-
SIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST. INTERIM REPORT.
Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., Organic Chemic Dept.,
Contract CPA-22-69-145, 169p., July 1970. 2 refs. NTIS: PB
196783
A research program is reported that is intended to develop
methods of generating, collecting, and analyzing particulates in
automotive engine exhaust by a means sufficiently accurate
and reproducible to allow determination of the effects of fuel
additives on exhaust particulate size, concentration, and com-
position. It was determine that it is essential to condition the
clean (new) engine with the test fuel for a period of at least 75
hours under cycled conditions before stable gaseous and par-
ticulate emissions are achieved. An air dilution chamber was
designed which allows for cooling, dilution, and mixing so that
representative paniculate samples can be obtained at a sam-
pling station which is essentially equivalent to 8-10 feet
downstream of the end of the exhaust pipe on a vehicle at
highway speeds. Temperature of the diluted exhaust at the
sampling station is around 110 F. The work reported was con-
ducted using a 1970 Chevrolet 350 CJD engine of 9.0:1 com-
pression ratio with a standard exhaust system attached, loaded
by means of an engine dynamometer. Sampling was conducted
with the engine operating at 2250 RPM and 17.0' Hg manifold
vacuum from 4 of the 8 cylinders. A few sampling runs were
conducted under mild cycled conditions consisting of several
cruise modes. Special analysis techniques were developed for
the analysis and characterization of exhaust particulates. The
details of these techniques are included From studies with an
anti-knock compound (tetraethyl lead), lead scavengers, and a
detergent additive (DMA-4A) showed that increased concen-
tration of TEL from trace levels to intermediate levels (1.5
ml/gal) produces an unusual increase in hydrocarbon emissions
buildup and in combustion chamber deposits but a small in-
crease in particulate emissions. Additives which effectively
remove reaction products from the combustion chamber also
reduce hydrocarbon emissions of the stable, conditioned en-
gine but, as a result, increase particulate emission levels. It ap-
pears that, in effect, the presence or absence of TEL and
scavengers does not substantially change the total amount of
organic material present in all collected particles, but the per-
centage organic is much higher for low TEL fuel runs because
the mass of particles emitted is much lower, probably because
the essentially same base fuel is used for all runs.
27503
Morse, Tony
CLEAN AIR: IT'S UP TO OIL MEN, SAY CAR MAKERS.
Engineer (London), 230(5951):14, Feb. 12, 1970.
American car manufacturers claim that they have cut pollution
drastically through engine design changes and hardware
devices. In appealing to the oilmen to produce a lead-free
gasoline, the chief of Atlantic Richfield announces that his
company plans to sell lead-free gasoline in California by the
end of 1971, providing the motor companies can produce an
engine which will run on it. Accepting that lead alkyls are es-
sential at present as an antiknock agent, there are four good
reasons for eliminating, or at least reducing the tetraethyl lead
and tetramethyl lead additives. Health hazards are one argu-
ment against them, while they also tend to deactivate the
catalysts used in pollution control systems. Tetraethyl lead
tends to inhibit hydrocarbon oxidation in the combustion
chamber, thus increasing hydrocarbon emissions. Lead and/or
lead scavengers used with tetraethyl lead detract from lubri-
cant performance and exhaust system durability. The problem
in Britain is small compared to the U. S., with tetraethyl lead
additions at about 2 ml/gal as compared with up to 4 ml/gal.
However, recent studies on carbon monoxide in city centers
show that there is a marked fall-off m driver reaction in
summer congested traffic. Volatility directly affects vehicle ef-
ficiency and also the evaporative emission control devices.
Olefin content is also important, but engine combustion
produces reactive olefinic compounds even when they are ab-
sent from the fuels.
27824
Jesser, Benn W.
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE PETROLEUM IN-
DUSTRY. American Inst. Chemical Engineers, New York and
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Proc.
MECAR Symp. Design and Operation for Air Pollution Con-
trol, New York, 1968, p. 26-31. Oct. 24.
By the end of 1968, the petroleum industry will have expended
over a billion dollars in three years for air arid water conserva-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
71
tion. Of the $380,000,000 earmarked for 1968, 45% is for air
pollution control, 55% for water pollution control, and 8%, or
28.4 million dollars, for research and development. Technology
is available to solve the problem of the projected rise in sulfur
dioxide emissions but it is not economic at this time and con-
tinued research of considerable magnitude will be necessary to
the solve the problem. It can be hoped that controls restricting
the sulfur content of oil to 1% or 0.3% will not be applied on a
nationwide basis before the industry can develop commercially
feasible flue gas and fuel desulfurization processes. With re-
gard to desulfurization of fuel, the industry is at the threshold
of commercial success, though the costs of desulfurization
may increase the cost of fuel as much as 25-30%. Also under
development are means and mechanisms for controlling lead
and nitrogen oxide emissions from refineries. The means are
already available for controlling particulates, carbon monox-
ide, and hydrocarbons.
27850
WILL THE NEW GASOLINES LICK AUTO POLLUTION?
Consumer Repts., 36(3):156-1S9, March 1971.
This year, the auto industry reduced compression ratios and
made other modifications in most of the 1971 engines to allow
the use of lower-octane gasoline. This in turn has permitted oil
companies to reduce or eliminate lead in some of their
gasolines. Criticisms leveled at the new engines and gasolines
include the charges that they may increase other atmospheric
pollutants through decreased efficiency and fuel economy,
produce hydrocarbon emissions that react more readily with
sunlight to form smog, or cause valve recession. Some ecolo-
gists are also concerned about the environmental effects of
phosphorus-containing additives being used as substitutes for
lead. The validity of these charges is examined. It is concluded
that low- or no-lead gasolines are only a very small step in the
direction of a 'clean' engine, which, in any case, should be
only an intermediate goal. What the country clearly needs are
alternatives to the automobile, not just its engine.
27876
Wishart, Donald J.
CONTROL OF HARMFUL EMISSIONS FROM ENGINE EX-
HAUSTS. SAE Australasia, 39(6):205-207, Nov.-Dec. 1970.
The recent Australian Senate Select Committee report on air
pollution indicates that every one pound of gasoline burned in
cars, roughly one half pound of harmful products is
discharged. Per pound of gasoline these products include 0.417
Ib carbon monoxide, 0.042 Ib hydrocarbons, 0.014 nitrogen ox-
ides, and 01002 Ib others such as sulfur and lead compounds.
Formation of carbon monoxide depends almost entirely on the
ratio of air to fuel. If the mixture is rich there is not enough
oxygen for complete oxidation of the carbon of the fuel.
Causes of unburned hydrocarbons include flame quenching,
the use of richer than stoichiometric mixtures, use of a fuel
with too high a final boiling point, precombustion reactions,
and misfiring. Nitric oxide concentrations in exhaust gases are
related to peak combustion temperature, the lower the tem-
perature the lower the NO concentration. A typical series of
curves of air/fuel ratio versus CO, HC, and NO concentra-
tions in exhaust gas are presented. Operation at eigher a rich
or lean mixture is mentioned, as well as use of the Wishart
split cycle. Because the Wishart cycle is particularly emenable
to stratified combustion, lean mixtures can be used with
resultant complete oxidation of the fuel to carbon dioxide and
water. The split cycle engine operates on lead free fuels so
that this source of air pollution is eliminated. Results of emis-
sion tests are mentioned.
28059
BILL PROPOSED FOR THE LIMITATION OF THE LEAD
CONTENT IN FUELS FOR OTTO ENGINES. (Der Gesetzent-
wurf zur Begrenzung des Bleigehalts von Ottokraftstoffen).
Text in German. Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg), 24(l):55-56, Jan.
1971. 14 refs.
A bill has been proposed which limits the lead content in fuels
for Otto engines to 0.4 g/liter. It is to become effective in Jan.
1972, while a further reduction of the lead content to 0.15
g/liter is proposed for the beginning of 1976. However, the oil
industry does not see itself able to meet this deadline, as new
processes and new plants would be needed. The bill blocks
any processes which would substitute other toxic substances
for lead, and a fine is to be levied for disregard of the law.
28060
Seidel, Guenther H.
MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN AIR. THE CONTRIBUTION BY
THE MINERAL OIL INDUSTRY. (Reinhaltung der Luft. Der
Beitrag der Mineraloelwirtschaft). Text in German. Energie
Tech., 23(1): 6-9, Jan. 1971. 1 ref.
The mineral oil industry is closely linked to the automobile in-
dustry, and any measure taken to curb exhaust emissions is
reflected in the former. With the introduction of closed crank-
case ventilation, the oil industry began production of oils with
a five fold increase of alkalinity and which were better able to
counteract cold sludge formation. The industry also had to
produce new fuel additives for combating carburetor fouling.
Presently, the oil industry is hard to work to produce lead-free
fuels, but does not appear to be able to accomplish this
without some drop in octane number. While the oil industry
has succeeded in producing soot suppressing additives for
diesel fuels, it has not avoided long term deposition on nozzles
and in th combustion chamber. As a consequence, the com-
bustion process is disturbed and more soot is produced than
before.
28108
Rayzacher, B.
PETROLEUM REFINING AND UTILISATION: EFFECTS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT. (Le reffinage et 1'utilisation du petrole
et 1'environnement). Tex in French. Ann. Mines, (Paris), no.
11:45-54, Nov. 1970. 11 refs.
The energy consumption of Western Europe in 1965 amounted
to 7.9 trillion kcal. It is estimated that this figure reached 9.4
trillion in 1970 and will be 15 trillion in 1980. In recent
decades, petroleum has been replacing coal as a source of
power. In 1965, 45.3% of the power used came from coal, and
42.4% from petroleum products. By 1980, it is predicted that
petroleum will be the source of 58.8% of the power, and coal
only 13.7%. During the same period of time, nuclear power is
expected to increase from 0.7% to 10.4%, the latter figure cor-
responding to an output of 100,000 MW from nuclear genera-
tors in 1980. Figures are given of the number of petroleum
refineries in Italy, West Germany, France, Great Britain, the
Netherlands, and Belgium, together with their total production
capacities. The average capacity of the European refinery is
3.73 million tons per year, slightly above that of the United
States. The Pernis refinery in the Netherlands, the largest in
the world, produces 25 million tons per year. A study of pollu-
tion due to escaping odors, in which half the European refine-
ries participated, found that about 85% or more of such odors
escaping from storage tanks could be eliminated by proper
maintenance of pipe connections. The distillation units are an
important source of odors, a condition that can be corrected
by installing condensers in new plants, while in existing plants
-------
72
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
the situation can be improved by the installation of screens
and by the extracting and burning of gases that cannot be con-
densed. A number of industries have sought a solution to sU-
fur dioxide pollution by building high smokestacks, 150 meters
or more in height. One recently installed European plant bu;lt
a chimney 213 meters high, costing 4.6 million dollars, which
receives the combustion fumes from 24 furnaces and 14 boiler
plants. Proper adjustment of carburetor and ignition by in-
dividual automobile owners would reduce air pollution from
automobile exhaust by as much as 50%. The estimated cost of
a new antiknock additive to replace tetraethyl lead in gasoline
is 2.1 cents. It has been estimated that Africa alone contains
sufficient low-sulfur petroleum sources to meet all the needs
of European consumption.
28172
Miura, Mitsugu
NEW TYPE OF DUST COLLECTING AND DESULFURIZA-
TION EQUIPMENT. (Shinkeishiki no shujin datsurya sochi).
Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(1):12-21, Jan. 1971.
A new gas scrubbing and dust collecting apparatus is described
that uses much less water than traditional equipment. The
device is a cylinder into which gas is introduced tangentially at
20 m/sec and through which the gas rises at the same speed.
As the gas swirls through the cylinder, a film of water at the
bottom is dispersed as & fine spray to contact dust and sulfir
dioxide contained in the gas. The liquid containing the dust
and that containing the SO2 are separated by the motion of the
gas. A three-stage version of the device, which is essentially a
cyclonic venturi scrubber, reduces the floor space required by
an SO2 absorption tower to 1/10 that of conventional towers.
The apparatus can also be used with mixed fumes of alu-
minum chloride, ammonium chloride, hydrogen sulfide and
SO2; mixtures of sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist; tar
mist; fertile particulates; oxidized lead fumes, and other ex-
haust pollutants.
28286
North American Rockwell Corp., Canoga Park, Calif.,
Atomics International Div.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOLTEN CARBONATE PROCESS
TO REMOVE LEAD AND OTHER PARTICULATES FROM
SPARK IGNITION ENGINE EXHAUSTS. Contract CPA 70-3,
AI-70-47, 57p., July 8, 1970. 62 refs. NTIS: PB 194132
The effectiveness of a molten alkali carbonate eutectic in
removing lead compounds from gaseous mixtures was in-
vestigated. Test results showed that the size of the lead
chloride particulates produced in laboratory generation experi-
ments approximated those found in automobile exhaust. In-
creasing concentrations of lead chloride vapor produced par-
ticulates of larger average size. Both impingement of the gas
on the molten salt surface and contacting the gas with molten
salt wetted-mesh scrubbers were effective lead removal
techniques, a finding confirmed by field testing on an automo-
bile with a preliminary molten carbonate device. The lead
removal efficiency is a wetted-mesh scrubber increased as the
gas residence time in the wetted mesh increased, decreased as
the gas velocity through the mesh increased, increased as the1
melt temperature decreased, and was essentially independent
of the lead paniculate concentration in the gas stream. The
results also indicated that the fraction of lead removed aftei
impingement against a molten salt surface increased as the
impingement velocity increased and that removal by impinge-
ment is more effective as the temperature decreased. Control
of lead emissions by this technique would be a technical and
an economically feasible (less than 1 cent/gal) alternate to
prohibiting the use of leaded gasoline. Has the added ad-
vantage of simultaneously reducing inorganic and organic par-
ticulates, sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. (Author
summary modified)
28377
Middleton, John T.
PLANNING AGAINST AIR POLLUTION. Am. Scientist,
59(2):188-194, March-April 1971.
Major sources of air pollution and methods used for its mea-
surement and control are summarized. The automobile ac-
counts for more than half the hydrocarbons, nearly half the
nitrogen oxides, and two-thirds of the carbon monoxide that
are released into the air of the United States each year. It is
also the chief source of lead in the atmosphere. Some
hydrocarbons are toxic in themselves, and other participate in
a series of reactions with the oxides of nitrogen to form'oxi-
dants'. These products cause eye irritation, allergenic respon-
ses, reduced work performance, depressed mitochondrial ac-
tivity, and destructive effects on vegetation, polymers, and
other materials. Pollution control standards for the elimination
of automobile emissions are indicated, as well as the efforts of
the Clean Air Act of 1967 and its amendments to reduce emis-
sions from stationary sources. The sulfur oxide problem is
discussed, and energy-producing techniques are mentioned. By
itself, undifferentiated particulate pollution-from panicles
under 500 micron in diameter-can injure surfaces within the
respiratory system and affect climate, visibility, building
materials, textile fibers, and vegetation. Effects of pollution on
the weather and the role of meteorological conditions to
produce photochemical smog are reviewed. Simulation model-
ing is discussed, as well as a zoning plan under study in
Chicago, and the broader role of the scientist.
28699
Russell, D. R.
AIR POLLUTION AND THE MOTOR VEfflCLE-WHAT
NEXT? Petrol. Rev., 25(291): 103-113, March 1971. 59 refs.
Emission control systems for gasoline powered vehicles follow
two basic principles: to prevent the pollutant from forming,
and to destroy the pollutant after formation. The first principle
entails making various modifications to the induction system
and combustion chamber to enable the engine to run ac-
ceptably at weak mixtures; the second principle involves injec-
tio of additional air into the exhaust manifold so that the ox-
ygen-deficient gases leaving the combustion chamber undergo
further oxidation in the exhaust manifold. Legislation concern-
ing automobile emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
and nitrogen oxides is mentioned for both the United States
and Europe. Control of blow-by emission is possible using a
crankcase ventilation system which feeds the gases back into
the induction manifold to be consumed in the engine. Control
of evaporative losses when the car is stationary is achieved
either by absorption in a charcoal filled canister or by storage
in the crankcase where the gasoline vapors can be partially ab-
sorbed in the engine oil. Stored vapors are then ducted to the
intake manifold where they can be consumed during sub-
sequent engine operation, together with the hydrocarbons
evaporated while the engine is running. Exhaust emission con-
trol systems may rely on improved mixture distribution, im-
proved combustion conditions, or an exhaust manifold air in-
jection system. Future emission control is discussed, as well
as methods to obtain maximum power from the engine. Cata-
lytic devices are mentioned, and particulate control is
reviewed. Alternative power sources which are indicated in-
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B. CONTROL METHODS
73
elude turbines and electric cells. Fuel quality and the reduction
of lead are cited. Alternative fuel systems being investigated in
the U. S. include compressed natural gas, liquefied natural
gas, and liquefied petroleum gas.
28730
Yokohama City Health Bureau (Japan)
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS COUNTERMEASURE
WHICH MADE THE START - ENVIRONMENTAL STAN-
DARD ON CARBON MONOXIDE DETERMINED. (U-
gokitashita jidosha haiki gasu taisaku-Issanka tan so kankyo
kijun kimaru). Text in Japanese. Kenko na Hama (Healthy
Kama), no. 34, 4p., May 1970.
Automatic exhaust gas monitors will be set up at 4 points in
Yokohama City, and the measured concentration of exhaust
pollutants will be telemetered to a central station. The environ-
mental standard for carbon monoxide is less than 20 ppm for 8
successive hrs and less than 10 ppm for 24 successive hrs. To
maintain these standards, carbon monoxide emissions during
idling are set at 5.5% for small cars; 3.0% for light vehicles;
and less than 1.5% for LPG cars. Used cars can pass these
requirements through carburetor adjustment. The telemeter
system in Yokohama will relay information not only on carbon
monoxide, but also on hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and
dust. At the central station data processing equipment will
analyze hourly changes in concentrations, minimum and max-
imum averages and whether or not the value is within the en-
vironmental standard. In addition to the telemeter system,
measurement cards will travel around the city, automatically
recording four items; carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, dust,
and nitrogen oxides. Sulfur dioxide and wind direction and
velocity will also be measured. All the vehicles used by the
city, health centers, and hospitals are equipped with catalyst-
type exhaust gas purification devices. Since 1966, about 300
privately owned cars have been equipped with exhaust gas pu-
rification devices. Pollution rates measured at busy intersec-
tions are reported to the Ministry of Health and Welare, which
confers with the Ministry of Transportation over the control of
emissions of from new and old cars. Some intersections in
Yokohama have exceeded the 20 ppm level. However, the en-
viromnemtal standard for lead, tentatively 5 micrograms/cu m,
is not often exceeded.
28860
Musser, G. S., J. A. Wilson, R. G. Hyland, and H. A. Ashby
EFFECTIVENESS OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION
WITH EXTENDED USE. Preprint, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, Inc., New York, 32p., 1971. 5 refs. (Presented at the
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 11-15,
1971, Paper 710013.)
A program was conducted to study the long-term operability
and effectiveness of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) as part of
the complete emission control system and its effect on engine
durabilit Basically, the recycle gas is taken from the exhaust
system immediately before the muffler and introduced into the
carburetor just above the throttle plates. Introducing the ex-
haust gas above the throttle plate results in a relatively con-
stant ratio of recirculated exhaust gas to carburetor inlet air.
Recirculation is turned off below about 20 mph cruise and on
deceleration; since throttle position is used for control, ex-
haust gas recirculation is present under all acceleration modes.
The amount of recirculation was established by the amount
needed to give an initial oxides of nitrogen level below 750
ppm or by the maximum recirculation with acceptable drivea-
bility. During the 52,000 test miles, engine wear and cleanli-
ness were normal with exhaust gas recirculation; vehicle per-
formance with EGR did not decay. However, the throttle area
and exhaust valves were found to be sensitive to leaded fuels.
An observed higher than normal standard deviation of
hydrocarbon emissions was probably due to either highly
transient exhaust valve leakage or highly transient spark plug
bridging. Compatible with air injection and engine modification
systems for HC and carbon monoxide control, EGR effective-
ly reduced the NOx levels with no decrease in reduction over
the 52,000 miles.
28865
Allen, R. R. and C. G. Gerhold
CATALYTIC CONVERTERS FOR NEW AND CURRENT
(USED) VEHICLES. Preprint Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Los Angeles, Calif., West Coast Section, 45p., 1970. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, West
Coast Section, Technical Meeting, 5th, San Francisco, Calif.,
Oct. 8-9, 1970.)
In the last decade, Universal Oil Products has invested more
than $10,000,000 in research and development directed specifi-
cally toward the problems of reducing air pollution produced
by automobiles. This program has resulted in the development
of a number of practical catalytic exhaust converter devices
and suitabl catalysts to be used with them. Converters are part
of the total vehicle system, however, and each of several parts
must be in harmony with the whole to achieve optimum
results. The three principal components from the point of view
of exhaust emission control are: the UOP catalytic converter
with three-component control catalyst, the engine mixture
ratio adjusted to an air-fuel ratio centered around
stoichiometry, and unleaded gasoline. UOP's catalytic con-
verter reduces the oxides of nitrogen and oxidizes the
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide into water and carbon
dioxide in a single unit. Lead removal in and of itself lowers
hydrocarbon emissions by 20-50 ppm, and decreases pollution-
causing cylinder deposits by approximately 70%. Other ad-
vantages are cited, and costs are discussed. The Cost Effec-
tiveness Index for the UOP system is shown to be -$.046 per
vehicle over ten years for each equivalent reactive ton of pol-
lutants removed per day.
29058
Yamanaka, Tatsuo
UTILIZATION OF CATALYST IN AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL (3). (Kogai boshi gijutsu ni okeru shokubai no riyo - 3).
Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Tokyo), 22(4):534-539, April
1971.
The use of catalysts for removal of nitrogen oxides discharged
from nitric acid plants and for air purification purposes and
the effects of leaded gasoline on the catalysts are discussed. In
connection with the use of a catalyst for removal of NOx, the
following points should be given careful consideration: selec-
tion of catalyst type (pellet or honeycomb); minimization of
oxygen content in gas fuel; selection of a one-stage or two-
stage purification process; and desulfurization of fuel to avoid
deterioration of the catalyst. The removal efficiency of NOx is
higher when the temperature of gas at the exit is high. There-
fore, the one-stage process is preferable in NOx only is to be
removed from the emission gas. The two-stage process pro-
vided with a cooling device between the first and second
stages is used when the temperature should not be very high.
An example is the nitric-acid tail-gas purification system. For
air purification, platinum or palladium catalysts that can func-
tion at lower temperatures are used. For removal of hydrocar-
bons or other organi compounds iron cobalt copper or Man-
ganese oxide with Pt or Pd is used as the catalysts. A heat
-------
74
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
exchanger or a damper is incorporated in order to avoid lower-
ing the temperature of the catalyst layer. The basic
mechanisms of the catalyst-type air purifier are described. Ex-
perimental observations show the Pt or Pd catalyst to be ad-
versely affected by zinc, silver, cadmium, tin, mercury, lead,
or bismuth only when water content is present in liquid form,
never when in gaseous form. The adverse effects were most
conspicuous at low temperture ranging from 50 to 90 C. When
the temperature was high, these harmful metals were neutral,
producing no adverse effects on the catalyst. In an experimet
in which the catalyst was kept in contact with lead at 200-300
C for 5 hours, the catalyst was unaffected This suggests that
deterioration of the catalyst used in an automobile can be
prevente if the lead compound and water content are im-
mediately driven out by air blown in before the catalyst layer
cools after the engine stops.
29126
Rinehart, W. E., S. A. Oendernalik, and L. F. Gilbert
FUEL FACTORS IN AUTOMOTIVE TAILPIPE EMISSIONS.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 32(3): 179-187, March 1971. 25 refs.
Fuel factors affecting tailpipe emissions are surveyed on the
basis of existing published information and unpublished
research data. Special emphasis is given to the proposed use
of nonlead fuels and (he effects of removal of lead antiknocks
on tailpipe emissions. A nonleaded low-octane fuel used in
low-compression engines adjusted for optimum driveability
might be expected to yield, at the tailpipe, 5-10% more carbon
monoxide, 10-14% more aldehydes, and 25% less paniculate
matter. Since automotive particles are only 4% of the total at-
mospheric p^rticulate load, the overall improvement resulting
from the ri ioval of lead antiknocks is of questionable sig-
nificance. Aromatic-enriched fuels of the present octane
number, but without lead antiknocks, will greatly change the
character of hydrocarbon emissions. Reactive components will
increase by 38%, aromatic aldhydes by 70%. There will also be
a large increase in polynuclear aromatics. It is concluded that
removal of lead from automotive fuels is not a satisfactory ap-
proach to the emissions problem.
29204
Sasaki, Kiyomi, Minao Kurihara, Shigeru Yazaki, and
Katsuhiko Aizawa
EXHAUST GAS PURIFIER MUFFLER FOR INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE. (Nainenkikan yo haiki joka mafura).
Text in Japanese. (Tokyo Roki K. K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho
46-1203. 4p., Jan. 13, 1971. (Appl. April 8, 1964, claims not
given).
An exhaust gas purifier muffler is presented which features
the use of two or more separate layers of catalyst, each layer
packed in a separate container very close to each other. The
device comes in an encased unit and has, for example, two
layers of catalyst parallel to each other at the center of the
unit. Spaces below and above the catalyst layers are provided
for preheating. The exhaust gas is taken in through the intake
port under the catalyst layers and flows up through the lower
layer and then the upper layer, then the lower layer again,
down to the lower preheating chamber, and goes out through
the discharge port. With a conventional single-layer system,
catalyst balls or pellets deteriorate during activity as a result
of the absorption of lead compounds from the exhaust gas.
Those still active tend to mix with each other because of the
engine vibrations, thus lowering efficiency of the catalyst as a
whole. The new device performs oxidation and decomposition
of harmful combustibles contained in the exhaust gas first in
the first layer and then in the second layer. Since each layer
comes in a separate container, the layers will not mix, thus
avoiding the above-mentioned defect of efficiency drop. In-
stalled close to each other, the two layers can be kept at prac-
tically the same temperature for effective performance. The
catalyst in each container can be easily replaced. A compart-
ment containing a chemical to remove lead compounds from
the exhaust gas may be provided prior to the first catalyst
layer.
29414
Stoefen, Detlev
WHICH FUEL WILL REPLACE LEAD-CONTAINING
GASOLINE? (Welcber Autotreibstoti wiril das verbleite Benzin
abloesen?). Text in German. Staedtehygieue (Uelzen/Hamburg),
22(4):88-91, 1971. 12 refs.
Alcohol olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene,
toluene, and xylene could theoretically be used as antiknock
agents instead of the toxic tetraethyl lead. Alcohol slightly in-
creases the antiblocking property. Olefins are good antiknock
agents but more expensive than gasoline. Both substances
pose little danger to human health. Aromatic hydrocarbons,
however, are extremely hazardous. Much higher quantities
than tetraethyl lead must be mixed with gasoline. In the
Federal Republic of Germany, the tolerance limit for long-term
emission concentrations for benzene is 3 mg/cu m; for toluene
and xylene, 20 mg/cu m. The Soviet Union has set a maximum
emission concentration limit of 0.8 mg/cu m for benzene. Tests
on 5 persons showed that a benzene vapor concentration in-
crease from 1 5 to 2 mg/cu m, a toluene vapor concentration
increase from 0.6 to 1.0 mg/cu m, and a xylene vapor concen-
tration increase from 0.21 to 0.32 mg/cu m suddenly changed
the electroencephalogram. The potentials dropped in the case
of benzene and toluene and rose in the case of xylene. The ad-
dition of aromatics to gasolines is not tolerable because of
their toxicity. Exposure of female rats to 1 mg benzene/cu m
changed their pregnancy duration, and affected the number
and health of the newborn rats.
29531
Tomizuka, Kiyoshi
EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
(Nainen kikan no haiki) Text in Japanese. Japan Society of
Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo, Proc. Special Symp. Air Pol-
lution, 27th, 1971, p. 43-53. 6 refs. (April.)
Effective solutions to the problems of noxious gas emissions
from the internal combustion engine can be found in the pre-
war technological achievements in the engineering aspects,
some of them developed as early as the 1900s. Prior to the use
of lead- containing fuel that started only 40 years ago, the in-
ternal combustion engine operated successfully. It was
recently argued that the de-leading of automotive fuel caused a
serious problem of valve recession. The problem is reportedly
solved by the use of a valve seat of heat-resistant steel. To
check possible performance deterioration due to the octane
value drop resulting from gasoline de-leading, one of the most
effective solutions is removal of the hot spot from the com-
bustion chamber of the engine. The sleeve valve system which
was popular with automobiles up to 1925 and now forgotten by
most auto engineers of today should be pointed out as the
solution. Another possible solution is the use of mushroom-
shaped exhaust valves. It is also feasible to develop a non-
emission, non-pollution engine. The principle of this engine is
very simple; oxygen and hydrogen are used as heat-generating
compounds while an inert gas like argon is used as diluent.
However, both oxygen and hydrogen are expensive at present
and bulk for carrying, but they can be liquefied and carried in
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
75
a vacuum bottle to save bulkiness. Several other suggestions
to solve the emission problems were given.
29605
Meyer, W. E.
TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS. Pennsylvania State Univ.,
University Park, Center for Air Environment Studies.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Air Pollution Con-
trol Engineering Aspects, Allentown, Pa., 1971, p. 1-19. 4 refs.
(Paper 202-71.)
As things presently stand, the emissions from all means of
transportation other than the automobile are minimal, and
even their effects on the environment are negligible, except
perhaps in specific locations, such as in the neighborhood of
busy airports or railroad switchyards. Exhaust emissions per
automobile before controls were 16 8 g'rsu h-'drocurbrms, 125 0
g/mi carbon monoxide, and 4.u g/uu oxides of nitrogen; the
proposed standard for 1976 and the following years calls for
0.46 g/mi hydrocarbons, 4.7 g/mi carbon monoxide, and 0.4
g/mi oxides of nitrogen. All alternatives to the internal com-
bustion engine are going to be significantly more expensive.
Blowby and evaporation contribute only hydrocarbons to the
atmosphere since no combustion is involved. When the fuel-air
mixture is rich, not enough oxygen is available to permit all
fuel molecules to oxidize completely, and carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbons appear in the exhaust. With lean mixtures
some of both will still be present because the mixture is not
perfectly homogeneous and because combustion is inhibited
when the flame reaches the comparatively cold combustion
chamber walls. Various control methods and the problems as-
sociated with them are cited. Fuel injection, catalysts, water
and alcohol injection, the elimination of lead in fuels, electric
propulsion, Wankel engines, and other control methods are in-
cluded.
29625
Zeitz, A. H.
FUTURE OF GASOLINE WITH LEAD ANTIKNOCKS. Min-
ing Congr. J., 57(3):39^5, March 1971. 12 refs.
Lead antiknock compounds are essential ingredients of today s
motor gasoline and are used in over 98% of these fuels. The
use of lead allows gasoline to be manufactured to today s
quality standards at a cost saving of 1 1/2 to 6 cents per gallon
at the refinery level. Restrictions of antiknocks would require
a substitution which would result in increasing the aromatic
content of gasoline in order to maintain octane ratings. In-
creased concentrations of aromatics in the fuel would increase
photochemical smog, as well as increase the eye irritating ef-
fect of the exhaust, and perhaps bring about a risk of increas-
ing polynuclear aromatics. Aldehydes decrease in the presence
of lead antiknocks, while premature valve damage occurs with
unleaded gas.
29628
LAW-MAKERS SAY: CLEAN UP OR SHUT DOWN. Can.
Chem. Process., 55(4):47-50, April 1971.
The major push by the Canadian government to control air
pollution will surely come once Parliament approves Bill C-
224, the Clean Air Act. Under the Act, air polluters may be
fined up to $200,000 per instance of violating one or more of
the emission standards to be set by the Federal government.
Also, the Act will empower federal authorities to fine any pol-
lution source regardless of location; this is a major departure
from current federal/provincial division of powers. Controlling
the fumes from coking is mentioned, as well as regulations
pertaining to the emissions from petroleum refineries, lead-in
gasoline, automotive emissions, and aircraft exhaust smoke.
Processes for the removal of sulfur dioxide are listed tabu-
larly. The British Columbia government has offered a prize of
$250,000 for the first individual or company to come up with a
device to eliminate air pollution and odor of pulpmills.
29656
Teshirogi, Naohisa, Teiichi Ozaki, Yoshitada Uchiyama, and
Nobuyuki Watanabe
AN EXPERIMENT ON VALVE RECESSION BY NON-
LEADED GASOLINE. (Muen gasorin niyoru barubu riseshon
nitsuiteno ichi jikken). Text in Japanese. Kenkyu Happyo
Gaiyo (Abstr. Published Res.), p. 5, April 15, 1971.
Non-leaded gasoline, which lessens the public nuisance due to
auto exhaust, has a problem of exhaust valve seat recession.
Depending upon the engine design and operating condition, the
seat wears abnormally and gives rise to an increase in pollu-
tants and engine troubles. An air cooled two cylinder four
cycle engine for light automobiles was studied. The exhaust
valve was made of 21-4 N steel, and the seat from acicular
cast iron. Non-leaded and regular gasoline were fed to each
cylinder. At 50 hour intervals during the 130 hour operation,
both cylinders were dismantled to check the exhaust valve and
seat for abrasion, deposits, and a general pattern of wear. No
valve recession was observed.
29664
Homma, Katsunori and Shigeharu Koshi
COLLECTION EFFICIENCIES OF GLASS FIBER FILTERS
FOR EACH SIZE OF LEAD AEROSOLS. (Garasu sen iroshi
no namari-ryushi ni taisuru ryudobetsu hoshuritsu). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc Air Pollution),
5(1):67, 1970. (Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution,
Annual Meeting, llth, Japan, 1970.)
The collection efficiencies of glass fiber filters for the sizes
0.22 micron to 0.05 micron of lead were studied. Four leading
brand filters were used for the test. Although minor dif-
ferences in efficiency were observed between these 4 filters,
they gave satisfactory results for aerosol sampling ranging
99.7% to 100%.
29898
Yamanaka, Tatsuo
UTILIZATION OF CATALYST IN AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL (S). (Kogai boshi gijutsu ni okeru shokubai no riyo (5)
Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Chem. Eng.), 22(6):809-814,
June 1971.
Four different types of 2-5 m spherical grain catalysts, im-
pregnated with precious metal, were tested in 8 cars driven in
city streets and 8 driven on highways. Each group consisted of
4 gasoline-fueled cars and 4 fueled with liquid propane.
Removal efficiency for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
was measured at the time of installation and when the mileage
run reached 20,000 km. The initial and after-20,000 km rates of
reduction in the highway tests were 77% and 92% for CO and
77% and 52% for HC with the gasoline-fueled cars; rates in
the propane vehicles were 98% and 81% for CO and 71% and
69% for HC. Removal efficiency of the catalyst for both CO
and HC is lower after the car has been run for 20,000 km com-
pared with that at the time of installation, although the ability
to remove CO drops less than it does for HC. In fact, 8 of the
16 cars tested indicated a CO emission of less than 1% and 5
of the 8 gave a CO emission of less than 0.3%. The highway
tests were continued up to 50,000 km and compared with the
-------
76
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
urban-area tests. Most of the purification ability was lost with
urban-area driving after 10,000 km, in the case of a gasoline-
fueled car. It dropped after 40,000 km in highway driving; the
purification efficiency was still higher than that after 10,000
km of urban driving. With an LPG car, the efficiency did not
drop as much even when the car was driven in the urban area,
indicating that deterioration is caused by the lead content of
the fuel. Since the toxic action of the lead occurs when liquid
water is present, it does not appear at high temperatures,
where there is no water. However, at the catalyst temperature
of 100 C or lower, as in low-speed driving, both the lead com-
pound and liquid water are present, thus causing poisoning of
the catalyst by the lead.
29920
Lowes, Frederick J.
MUFFLER FOR REMOVING PARTICIPATE LEAD FROM
EXHAUST GASES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.
(Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.) U. S. Pat. 3,563,029. 5p.,
Feb. 16, 1971. 7 refs. (Appl. March 13, 1969, 8 claims).
A muffler adapted to remove paniculate lead matter from en-
gine exhausts is described. It comprises a canister commonly
used with internal combustion engines, having an inlet port for
receiving exhaust gases from the engine and an outlet port for
discharging them to the atmosphere. The bottom wall of the
canister slopes upward to form a sump portion adapted to con-
tain a flux which is liquid at the temperature range of the ex-
haust gas stream. Compartments are formed in the canister by
a weir and one or more baffles. The exhaust gas flow provides
a driving force which continuously splashes the liquid flux
against the baffle surfaces and compartment walls. Thus, the
surfaces are coated with a flux film which entraps the lead
paniculate matter in the gases. The flow of the gas-liquid body
into adjacent compartments is controlled by a slotted edge on
the weir. Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, oxygen aids
of phosphorus, or acid salts of phosphorus are suggested for
use as the flux. (Author abstract modified)
30010
Becker, K.
GASOLINE WITHOUT LEAD. TECHNICAL POSSIBILITIES
FOR A NON-LEADED FUEL. (Benzin ohne Blei. Technische
Moeglichkeiten, Kraftstoffe nicht zu verbleien). Text in Ger-
man. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr. Nachr.) (Berlin), 25(18):1-15, 1971.
Three of the various compounds which have been considered
as replacements for tetraethyl lead as an anti-knock agent in
gasolines are noted: iron pentacarbonyl, manganese carbonyl,
and monomethylaniline. The first has been eliminated as an
anti-knock agent because its combustion product, ferric oxide,
causes extremely high engine wear. Manganese carbonyl has
never been used because of its high price. The efficiency of
monomethylaniline is about 55 times lower than that of
tetraethyl lead. It also forms a large amount of residual matter
in the intake system of the engine. One solution although an
expensive one, is the production of a lead-free or low-lead
gasoline with octane numbers between those of today s normal
and super gasolines. This will be feasible within six years, ac-
cording to the petroleum industry. Secondly, engines with
larger piston displacement and less compression must be con-
structed. The tax based on piston displacement must be
abolished to permit construction of larger engines.
30124
LEAD SMELTING PLANT CONTROLS AIR EMISSIONS.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 5(4):304-305, April 1971.
In a secondary lead smelter where lead from old batteries is
remelted and used to make new ones, odors from the smelting
process are disposed of by incineration at 2400 F; lead oxide
emissions and lead aerosols are trapped by baghouses; and sul-
fur oxide emissions are scrubbed with a venturi scrubber and
mist eliminator. All water and acid from the operation in
which the tops of old batteries are sheared off are collected,
retained, and subsequently neutralized to eliminate acid before
discharge to a water course. Old battery cases are crushed and
used as landfill.
30154
Matsumoto, Keishin and Naoomi Yamaki
STUDY ON THE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO
EXHAUST. (Jidosha haiki gasu no shori gijutsu nikansuru
kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Kokuritsu Kenkyuio no Kenkyu
Seika (Researches of Government Research Inst.), no. 1:295-
296, Dec. 1969. 7 refs.
Cobalt, iron, copper, manganese, and cliromium oxide base
catalysts were tested for activity, resistance to heat and lead
compounds, and cost. Among the coprecipitated catalysts,
copper oxides- magnesia-alumina (?) was found to be the best
in the activity and heat resistivity. Among the infiltrated
catalysts with an alumina carrier, a platinum or copper oxide
base catalyst was effective. Four kinds; of catalysts were
prepared by blending two kinds of noble metals and were
placed in a clarifier attached to 16 passenger cars of 2000 cc.
A road test revealed that the performance of the clarifier for
carbon monoxide depended on the running condition and fuels
used. Drastic degradation of the catalyst was observed for
gasoline vehicles, but medium degradation for liquefied
petroleum gas for vehicles. A noble metal base catalyst was
applicable to LPG vehicles, but the catalyst life must be im-
proved before any catalysts can be applied to gasoline vehi-
cles. The addition of five to 20% methane! to gasoline resulted
in a considerable reduction in CO, but on some occasions an
accompanying increase in hydrocarbons was observed. More
study is needed for blending stability, vapior lock, or carbure-
tor improvement before the methanol blended gasoline is put
into practical use. An online data processing method was
developed for the continuous gas analysis data obtained from
chassis dynamometer tests.
30229
PURIFICATION OF WASTE GASES IN THE PAINT INDUS-
TRY. (Avgasrening vid lackering). Text in Swedish. Koy, vol.
4:30-31, 1971.
Waste gases from paint factories contain such impurities as
lead, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, and large quantities of
vaporized and cracked solvents. The most effective purifica-
tion methods involve the oxidation of the waste gases, other
methods, such as use of scrubbers, are not applicable. Two
basic types of oxidation are used: catalytic and thermal. Cata-
lytic afterburners operate in the temperature range of 250-400
C, depending on the composition of the gases. The most
frequently used catalyst is a noble metal such as platinum,
coated onto a ceramic base. For calculation purposes, one can
assume an average lifetime for the catalyst of 14,000 hours.
Approximately one liter of catalyst should be used for each 25
cu m/h gas flow, a figure that can vary depending on the com-
position of the gases. In cases where the use of a catalyst is
undesirable, direct afterburning can be used; higher tempera-
tures, in the range of 600-800 C, are required. It also is neces-
sary for the waste gases to be maintained at such temperatures
ofr a period of 0.4-10.0 sec. The catalytic process requires less
initial investment in equipment than direct afterburning (about
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
77
$4-5./cu m waste gas, compared with $5-6.) Operating costs
follow a similar pattern, but accurate figures are not available.
30498
Uchinuma, Kazuo
ROLE OF ENGINE OILS FOR AUTOMOBILE EMISSION
CONTROL. (Jidosha haishutsugasu taisaku ni okeru enjinyu
no yakuwari). Text in Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai shi (J. Japan
Petroleum Inst., Tokyo), 14(5):314-318, May 1971. 37 refs.
Many studies are now underway on possible effects of exhaust
gas cleaning devices and the de-leading of gasoline fuel on en-
gine oil, as the introduction of Positive Crankcase Ventilation
(PCV) demanded innovations of the engine oil in the 1960 s.
The Engine Modification System cannot adversely affect
cleaners and the antirust of the engine oil, since the system
reduces hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide promoting perfect
combustion of the fuel. The problem is that the hydrocarbon
emission is less with a higher temperature of the cooling water
which naturally results in a higher temperature of the engine
oil. Under high temperature viscosity of the engine oil in-
creases due to oxidation. This indicates that, whereas the main
problem in the 1960 s was how to improve the low-tempera-
ture performance of the engine oil, it will be how to improve
the high-temperature performance in the 1970 s. The Manifold
Air Injection System and Catalyst Converter System are not
thought to adversely affect the engine oil. Exhaust Gas Recir-
culation System water, nitro,,en oxides, and halogenated lead
increase so that the cleanliness and antirust effect of the en-
gine oil may be adversely affected. The adverse effect on the
cleanliness of the engine oil can be removed by increasing the
quantity of engine oil additive or changing the type of additive.
Reports on the antirust effect are somewhat conflicting. De-
leading of gasoline fuel also affects the engine oil, since the
non-lead gasoline is causing abrasion of the exhaust valve seat
of the engine. Use of high ash content series No. 3 oil was re-
ported to have been effective in reducing the abrasion. The ad-
dition of a phosphorous compound to the gasoline is being stu-
died as a possible solution to the abrasion problem. Studies in
the U.S.A. report that de-leading of gasoline is either unaffect-
ing or adversely affecting the engine oil; Japanese studies say
the de-leading favorably affects the engine oil. Since the rust-
ing and abrasion of a gasoline engine are chiefly caused by a
lead- scavenging agent, the de-leading of gasoline clearly gives
a favorable effect in avoiding the rusting and abrasion. In con-
clusion, more anti-oxidation agent will be added to cope with
the engine oil temperature rise, cleanliness of the oil should
continue to be maintained. The fuel de-leading makes rust
prevention easier, while the addition of a metallic additive
should be reduced to minimize deposits in the combustion
chamber and deterioration of the catalyst.
30633
Daintry, S. H. and B. R. Brown
THE COMBAT AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
IN GREAT BRITAIN. (Der Kampf gegen die Umwelt-
verschmutzung in Grossbritannien). Text in German. Chem.
Rundschau (Solothrun), 24(22):490, June 2, 1971.
The combat against air pollution has been going on for a long
time in England. Combustion of mineral coal was prohibited in
1273. Drastic measures were taken only with the Clean Air Act
in 1956. The act permits the authorities to measure the dust
and soot quantities coming from furnaces. It is not, however,
directed against the most noxious of the pollutants, sulfur
dioxide. Research in the field of air pollution is primarily
financed by public means. Four organizations conduct
research in this field: the Warren Spring Laboratories, the
Medical Research Council, the Atomic Energy Research
Establishment, and the Central Electricity Generating Board.
Automatic measurements are being conducted at more than
1200 sites distributed all over the country. The concentration
of automobile exhausts in the air is not considered high. Also,
the lead contents in the air are not considered high. Also, the
lead contents in the air are not considered dangerous. The
average concentration of automobile exhausts in the city of
London during a typical winter day is about 100 mg/cu m.
Smoke development in London has decreased since 1956 by
75% annually. The visibility in winter improved from 2.4 km to
more than 7.3 km. The SO2 concentration decreased by 38%.
This was achieved mainly by the construction of higher stacks.
Sun radiation has increased in the months from November to
January by 50%.
30717
Bauerle, George L., Gregg R. Service, and Ken Nobe
CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH CAR-
BON MONOXIDE. Preprint, American Chemical Society,
Washington, D. C., 5p., 1971. 3 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Chemical Society, Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., March-
April 1971.)
Heterogeneous catalytic reduction of nitric oxide in the
presence of carbon monoxide was investigated. Reactions
were conducted in a tubular pyrex reactor, fitted with eight
thermowells spaced regularly at equal longitudinal increments.
Immediately upstream of the reactor was a preheating
chamber filled with pyrex beads and helices. Feed gases were
mixed in a manifold equipped with micro-regulating valves and
rotameters. Analyses were made using non-dispersive infrared
instruments for determination of nitric oxide, carbon monox-
ide, and carbon dioxide. A flow colorimeter was used for
determination of nitrogen dioxide. Gas chromatography was
used for determination of oxygen, nitrogen, and nitrous oxide.
Catalysts studied were copper-alumina, platinum-alumina,
rhodium-alumina, ruthenium- alumina, copper chromate,
copper-beta-spodumene, cerium oxide- alumina and sodium
tunstate-alumina. Lead was also impregnated on copper oxide
catalysts to determined its effect on catalytic activity. The
catalysts showed a strong dependence of activity on the pre-
treatment technique. The presence of lead appeared to
promote the CO-NO reaction.
30944
Miyamoto, T.
SAFETY AND EMISSION CONTROL OF AUTOMOBILE
AND SMOG. (Jidosha no mujiko mukogaika to sumogu). Text
in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Tokyo), 22(8):1119-1123, Aug.
1971.
The emission standards for the cars to be produced after April
1973 are: carbon monoxide, less than 11 g/km, hydrocarbon
evaporation, less than six g/day, hydrocarbon exhaust, less
than 1.7 g/km, and nitric oxide, less than three g/km. A mea-
surement method for black smoke from diesel engines will be
developed and decreasing standards will be set. For cars
produced after April 1975: the standards will be CO, less than
seven grams/km, hydrocarbons less than 0.3 g/km, NO, less
than 0.6 g/km, and particulates, less than 0.06 g/km. One
method of controlling exhaust gases completes the combustion
of fuel to limit the generation of CO, hydrocarbons, nitrogen,
oxides, and lead dioxide, another method makes the exhaust
harmless before it is released to atmosphere. For CO, the
air/fuel ratio is kept at 14:1 so that complete combustion will
occur, and hydrocarbons will be converted to carbon dioxide
and water. For this, valves, carburetors, and fuel injection
-------
78
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
pumps, must be designed and produced. Combustuion tem-
peratures must be decreased to reduce nitrogen oxides emis-
sions. This can be accomplished by exhaust gas recycling
devices, water jetting devices, delayed ignition, or a catalyzing
converter in exhaust pipe. The storage method and the ac-
tivated charcoal adsorption method are suggested to decrease
hydrocarbon evaporation. Thermal generation for the opera-
tion of electric cars will increase air pollution. Therefore, bat-
teries must be improved, or nuclear fusion, direct generation
will become necessary. Steam engines, gas turbine engines, ro-
tary piston engines issue less exhaust gas. Exhaust gas clean-
ing by additives is also being studied.
30950
Yolles, R. S. and H. Wise
CATALYTIC CONTROL OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
EMISSIONS. CRC Critical Rev. Environmental Control,
2(1):125-146, April 1971. 91 refs.
A number of catalysts have been examined for efficient oxida-
tion of the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide present in au-
tomobile exhaust under different driving conditions. The ex-
perimental data for the removal of nitrogen oxides are in-
complete. A promising approach to the catalytic control 01:
nitrogen oxides is their reaction with CO in a two-stage cata
lytic system. Further experimental work is needed in the;
development of suitable catalysts to meet the progressively
more stringent requirements for automobile exhaust control
All the catalytic systems are affected by the composition of
the exhaust gases with which they come in contact. Although
many of the problems associated with the physical and
mechanical properties, of the solid catalysts have been partially
solved, the chemical interactions due to additives and contami-
nants require further attention. More effort is needed in the
development of adequate procedures for continuous analysis
of the gas composition issuing from the catalytic converter.
(Author conclusions modified)
31221
Hyman, M. H.
TIMETABLE FOR LEAD. Environment, 13(5):14-23, June
1971. 16 refs.
Lead could be eliminated from gasoline by the end of 1973,
with a resulting increase in gasoline prices amounting to
$10/yr/ automobile. This target date allows for an orderly
phaseout of lead and a parallel introduction of revised automo-
tive and petroleum technology to adapt the internal com-
bustion engine to the change. The direct benefits would be
development of a wider variety of exhaust control devices,
reduced atmospheric haze, and reduced deterioration of engine
devices wwhich cntrol other forms of vehicular pollution.
Lead-induced deposits within engines and lead in exhaust
cause a number of deleterious effects, particularly increased
hydrocarbon emissions. Fuels formulated with a high refor-
mate, or aromatic hydrocarbon content, and reduced or zero
lead content have a number of advantages. Reformate
processing requires pre-treatment to remove sulfur. Therefore,
increased processing will slightly reduce the sulfur oxides
emitted by automobiles. Valuable by-products, such as
hydrogen and propane, can be obtained from reforming. The
result of using a low-lead gasoline to the average car owner
would be a smooth-running, if slightly less powerful, automo-
bile. It is noted that the reduction in pollution would be rela-
tive since internal combustion implies a certain irreducuble
level of pollution.
31246
Lee, L., C. Sorensen, and Ken Nobe
THE EFFECT OF LEAD ON THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION
OF NITRIC OXIDE WITH CARBON MONOXIDE ON CU-
AL203. Preprint, American Chemical Society Washington, D.
C., Div. of Water, Air, and Waste Chemistry, 5p., 1971. 9 refs.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society, Division of
Water, Air, and Waste Chemistry, Los Angeles, Calif., March
1971.)
Copper oxide-alumina catalysts with nominal lead levels were
reduced with carbon monoxide and tested for their activity in
the reduction of nitric oxide by CO. All the catalysts had a sig-
nificantly higher activity for this reaction than an unleaded
sample. In the case of ethylene oxidation, however, a copper
oxide-alumina catalyst became deactivated by lead deposits.
Leaded and unleaded alumina catalysts, also reduced with CO,
possessed no appreciable activity for either the oxidation of
ethylene or the NO-CO reaction.
31314
Jo, S. H. and Saloru Kato
EMISSION CONTROL METHODS IN 4-CYCLE GASOLINE
ENGINE. (Jidoshayo 4-saikuru gasorin engin no haiki seijo
gijutsu). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Tokyo), 22(8):1089-
1100, Aug. 1971.
Eleven automobile manufacturers and oil companies have par-
ticipated in the Inter Industry Emission Control Program
(IIEC) to make a joint study of automobile emission control.
The IIEC adopted a thermal reactor arid catalytic converter
for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide; catalytic converter,
reduction catalyzer and EGR for nitrogen oxides; and engines
able to withstand low-lead or no-lead fuels. The air mixture
and ignition period should be changed so that it would be for
favorable emission control. Studies are being conducted using
concept cars, and at present three types, Package A, Package
B, and Package C, have been manufactured. Package A com-
bines a thermal reactor and EGR; Package B is a combination
of a hydrocarbon CO catalytic converter and EGR; Package C
is a combination of a two layer catalytic converter and EGR.
Package A s exhaust level satisfies the IIEC target in the short
haul, but is 24% lower in fuel economy. However, if a new
reactor is used, the fuel economy drop can be limited to 18%.
Package B issues low levels of hydrocarbons and CO.
Although the nitrogen oxides level is higher than the IIEC tar-
get, the model is being improved, and a durability testing is
being conducted. Package C uses a nitrogen oxides catalyzer
for the first time. This has advantages over Package A or B: it
is possible to minimize the fuel economy drop; there is less
heat load on the hydrocarbon CO catalyzers; and the maneu-
verability of the vehicle improves, since there is less depen-
dence on EGR. The exhaust level of the two layer converter at
the start is low, the fuel economy drop is three percent and
performance drop is four percent. In the case of Package A,
the operation performance and fuel economy must be im-
proved and in Packages B and C, maneuverability must be im-
proved.
31317
Fusamura, Nobuo, Takashi Iwasaki, and Shunji Nagoya
GENERATING AND CONTROLLING OF LEAD-FUME.
(Namari fyumu no hassei to yokusei). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Safety Engineering Assoc. Tokyo (Japan), Tokyo, p.
40-41, 1971. (Presented at the Safety Engineering Symposium,
2nd, Japan, May 27-28, 1971, Paper 20.)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
79
A method for controlling lead-fume is tested. Sampling lead is
put in an iron pot fused by gas burner. The lead fume is ex-
tracted by absorption with a pump which uses a milliporefilter.
The lead is analyzed by the Dithizone method. A photoelectric
colorimeter is used to do the colorimetric determination. The
thickness of oxidized film on molten lead is obtained by its
relation in proportion to its weight. The density of the lead
fume increases following a raise in the fusion temperature of
the lead; if the temperature of fused lead is constant, the den-
sity decreases following an increase in the thickness of ox-
idized film. The control of lead fume by calcium carbonate is
tested. The surface of the fused lead is covered by various
thicknesses of CaCO3 the efficiency of control by the films of
CaCO3 is considered. As the thickness of the film of CaCO3
increases, the density of control against the fume lead
decreases; CaCO3 is therefore efficient in controlling lead
fume. The result indicates that control of the occurrence of
the lead fume is possible. First, the oxidation of lead is con-
trolled by absorbing O2 to reach the fused film. Second, the
lead fume captured by CaC03 film is not released outside.
Third, 2-calcium oxide lead oxide is obtained by a photochemi-
cal reaction on the surface, where CaCO3 is in contact with
the fused lead. Therefore, CaCO3 not only itself inhibits
physically the lead fume but also captures some of it as
2CaOPbO by a photochemical reaction.
31341
Rierig, J. L. and P. L. Young
ADSORPTION HELPS TAKE THE KNOCKS OUT OF
GASOLINE S FRONT END. Oil Gas J., 68(43):62-65, Oct. 26,
1970. 11 refs.
As the public presses for unleaded gasolines, there is an in-
creasing need for gasoline blending components that have high
octane ratings and volatilities ranging between those of butane
and benzene. Among unit refining processes, one that cur-
rently seems to be getting close attention from United States
refiners is isomerization. The direct scheme is to combine C5-
C6 naphtha with the effluent from isomerization, and then
pass this combined feed through an IsoSiv adsorption unit.
This unit will reject all branched isomers, cycloparaffins, and
aromatics to a high octane non-normals product, leaving a con-
centrated nC5-nC6 stream for feeding the isomerizer. This
scheme enables high-octane components of the virgin naphtha
such as benzene and naphthenes to be directed to gasoline
blending, bypassing the isomerizer. Other schemes and esti-
mated costs are mentioned.
31364
Yoshida, Eiichi
GASOLINE AND ENGINE OIL. (Gasorin to engin yu). Text
in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Tokyo), 22(8):84-90, Aug. 1971.
20 refs.
More severe control on fuel and lubricating oil for automobiles
is expected in the future. To achieve the Muskie standard by
1975, work is underway on pollution control values, engine
modification, manifold air jetting systems, the activated coal-
canister absorption method for evaporation loss, and the
crankcase absorption method. Also being developed are
catalyst converters or manifold reactors for carbon monoxide
hydrocarbons, and EGR or catalyst converters for nitrogen ox-
ides, and various traps for participates. Some low-lead or no-
lead gasolines have been used in the U. S. since 1970. In
Japan, only low-lead gasolines have been permitted since July
1, 1970; after April 1, 1974, all gasolines are to be lead-free.
Twenty-five percent of hydrocarbons are said to be crank case
gas. PCV s prevent the discharge of this gas, and have been
made compulsory since September 1970. Both closed- and
shield-types are used. In view of more stringent controls, cata-
lytic converters or manifold reactors will be adopted. Some
engines are already equipped with manifold reactors. There are
catalytic converters for CO, for HC, and for nitrogen oxides.
The problem is that lead in gasoline shortens the catalyst
lifetime. The EGR decreases nitrogen oxides by lowering the
combustion temperature of fuel-air mixtures through exhaust
gas circulation. The activated coal-canister absorption and
crankcase absorption methods prevent evaporation losses from
the fuel tank. Disadvantages of no-lead gasolines are valve
recession and problems of octane level and engine oil function.
Methods are available to protect new cards against valve
recession; for used cars, a solution by means of gasoline or
engine oil is desired. Although increasing the ash content of
engine oil is said to reduce valve recession, not much can be
expected of this method. Phosphoric gasoline additives have a
detrimental effect on catalytic converters, and pollution by
discharge of phosphorus compounds must be clarified. The
problem of polycyclic aromatics must be studied. No useful
additives have been found for minimizing the effect of
hydrocarbon emissions. Cobalt and chrome compounds effec-
tively suppress formation of nitrogen oxides, but much work
remains to be done.
31390
Zemskov, I. F. and A. S. Stepanov
MECHANISM OF INTERACTION OF ORGANOMETALLIC
COMPOUNDS ON THE SURFACE OF ACTIVATED CAR-
BON. J. Appl. Chem. (USSR) (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Zh. Prikl. Khim.), 43(1):185-188, Jan. 1970. 6 refs.
Organometallic vapors in air-gas mixtures were adsorbed on
activated carbon and studied for the nature of their surface in-
teractions. The vapors were tetraethyl lead (TEL), diethylmer-
cury (DEM), tetraethyl tin (TET), and ethylmercuric chloride
(EMC). Tetraethyl lead and TET interacted with oxygen of the
gaseous mixtures on the activated carbon surface. Adsorbed
TEL AND TET underwent mineralization. Treatment of car-
bon saturated with TEL vapors with oxidants such as chlorine
or ozone accelerated mineralization of the adsorbed TEL.
Mineralization of TEL increased the activity of activated car-
bon with respect to TEL vapor. Diethylmercury and EMC
vapors did not interact with oxygen on the carbon surface to
any appreciable extent. When the vapors were adsorbed in the
presence of ozone, the adsorbate content of the carbon in-
creased only in the case of TEL. This was due to the ease
with which TEL is oxidized. (Author conclusions modified)
31441
First, Melvin W.
POSSIBILITIES OF REMOVAL OF SOURCES OF LEAD
CONTAMINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Public Health
Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamina-
tion, 1965, p. 87-94. (Dec. 13-15.) (PHS Pub. 1440) NTIS: PB
198104
Emissions of lead to the environment from mining, smelting,
refining, processing, and fabricating lead and lead-containing
substances and objects may be greatly reduced, both in-plant
and out, by the application of well-known control measures.
Some of these methods are cited. The remaining principal
sources of lead in the environment (lead insecticides, lead-con-
taining surface finishes, lead anti-knock compounds, lead and
brass water and waste-water pipes) may be eliminated entirely
by prohibiting their further use. Suitable substitutes are availa-
ble, although they may be more costly and less convenient to
use. Even if it can be demonstrated that present levels of lead
-------
80
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
in the environment are related causally to a finite number of
lead intoxications of some measurable degree of severity,
there is no assurance that the population will be willing to
make the sacrifices that will be needed to reduce our depen-
dence on lead-bearing products. (Author summary modified)
31496
Kitano, Hisao and Fumio Tanimoto
FUTURE OF AUTOMOBILE GASOLINE AND MUSKIE ACT.
(Jidosha gasoline no shorai to Muskie ho). Text in Japanese.
Kagaku Keizai (Chem. Ind. Econ.), 18(7):28-35, July 1971. 19
refs.
The oil refining capacity in Japan is second to the United
States in the free nations sphere and will reach five million
barrels in 1973. The number of cars in Japan is expected to
reach 26 million in 1973, twice the 1968 figure. In the U. S.
there are rigid regulations on exhaust emissions, but in Japan,
there is only regulation of the carbon monoxide of exhaust
gas. With the passage of the Muskie Bill, in the U. S. exhausts
are to be cut by 90% by 1975, almost impossible figures by the
present technology of car manufacturing. The quickest way to
reach the Muskie standard is the secondary cleaning of au-
tomobile exhausts by using catalyst or adsorbing agents. How-
ever, lead will obstruct the treatment of CO and shorten the
life of catalyst and adsorbing agents. This means lead-free
gasoline should be used. No studies were made as to the
characteristics of car fuel and the engine which would comply
with the Muskie requirements. In Japan, the Ministry of
Transport issued new regulations on car exhausts: control will
expand to light cars and equipped petroleum gas cars after
Jan. 1971; control will be applicable to the new cars after April
1971, and cars produced after Oct. 1971. The CO concentra-
tion during idling will be checked after August, 1970. A blow-
by reduction device for cars produced after September 1970 to
control HC will have to be installed.
31519
Sterba, M. J.
REFINING TO PRODUCE GASOLINES OF REDUCED LEAD
CONTENT. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Symp.
Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 113-130. (Dec. 13-15.)
NTIS: PB 198104
The estimated incremental manufacturing cost to the refiner
for making an unleaded gasoline of current octane number
quality is from 1.1 to 1.5 cents/gal above what it costs to make
current gasolines. This incremental cost will vary, both above
and below the range indicated, depending on the refinery size,
its type, its location, crude characteristics, crude supply situa-
tion, products made, price structures, labor costs, accounting
methods, and many other factors. The important conclusion is
that it is possible to make unleaded gasolines, but at costs that
must be passed on to the driving public. (Author summary
modified)
31604
Ter Haar, G. L., D. L. Lenane, J. N. Hu, and M. Brandt
COMPOSITION, SUE, AND CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST PARTICULATES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 48p., 1971. 15 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, At-
lantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-111.)
Total particulate composition, size of exhausted lead particu-
lates, and the effects of traps on total lead emitted were
described. Work in suspended particulate emission from
several vehicles (models 1966-1970), operated on a chassis
dynamometer under Federal seven-mode cycle conditions,
showed cars vary in the amounts and composition of their par-
ticulate emissions. Cold cycle operation gives two to eight
more particulates than hot-engine operation, lead compounds
represent less than one-third of total particulates, the
remainder being carbon compounds along with ammonium and
nitrate ions, and carbon emission for stabilized cars using
leaded gasoline averages 35% of the total. Suspended particu-
late emissions are nearly equal with new cars whether or not
lead is present. Exhausted lead varies with the condition of the
exhaust system. Fuel additives affect the amount of emitted
particulates. Also, trapping systems offer potential for greatly
reducing the emission of suspended total particulates. A group
of 1970-model cars with less than 1000 miles were used to
determine exhausted suspended particulates from non-leaded
and leaded fuels. Using Federal Cycle operation, the unleaded-
fuel cars exhausted an average of 0.165 g/mi, while the leaded-
fuel cars exhausted an average of 0.152 g/mi. The size of lead
particulates was determined using 26 1966-model cars with sta-
bilized exhaust deposits. About 18% of the lead burned is
emitted as fine and 11% as coarse. This is an emission rate of
0.051 and 0.028 g/mi, respectively. (Author abstract modified)
31690
FANS HELP LABORATORY TO SIMULATE CAR EXHAUST
EMISSIONS. Heating and Ventilating Eng., 45(528):20-23,
July 1971.
To cope with the new international legislation requirements on
car exhaust emissions, Ford of Britain has designed and
equipped what is claimed to be the most technically advanced
facility of its kind in Europe. With six different emission
checks and 15,000 individual tests a year to carry out, the new
laboratory is equipped with six basic cells, each fitted with
variable-inertia roller dynamometers. The rollers enable any
city or high speed motorway driving cycle in the world to be
simulated. In one section of the laboratory, up to 36 cars can
be soaked in an atmosphere which can duplicate the climatic
conditions in export markets. Three types of gas analysis
equipment have been installed: nondispersive infrared, non-
dispersive ultraviolet, and flame ionization detection. The
combustion process, operating variables, and the contaminants
which are produced are discussed. These Include carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, lead com-
pounds, and carbon dioxide. The Improved Combustion
System (IMCO) which Ford utilizes to meet the American
regulations is described. A dual diaphragm distributor tailors
the advance and retard characteristics of the spark and this,
together with a deceleration valve, provides the engine with a
more fully combustible mixture under all conditions. A close
tolerance carburetor provides improved choke calibration and
leaner air-fuel ratios. The IMCO system incorporates a ther-
mostatically controlled air cleaner to provide constant tem-
perature of the air flow through the carburetor so that the en-
gine operates efficiently, and good vehicle performance is
retained, at all ambient temperatures. Computers are also an
important part of the laboratory program.
31819
Venturini, Peter D.
THE AIRR CAR -- A LOW EMISSIONS VEHICLE. Califor-
nia Univ., Berkeley, Thermal Systems Div., NAPCA Grant
AP-385-05, 21p., Aug. 1970. 14 refs.
A low emissions vehicles was designed and built. Reduction of
air pollutants in the exhaust was accomplished by external
modifications to the vehicle s engine. These modifications con-
sist of two exhaust manifold reactors, a platinum-type cata-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
81
lytic muffler, synchronized air injection, exhaust gas recircula-
tion, and unleaded fuel. The vehicle modified was a 1970
Plymouth Belvedere four door sedan. Preliminary testing in-
dicated compliance with 1975 proposed Federal emission stan-
dards. The total cost was $728.47 for the control equipment
which reduced hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides from the exhaust, crankcase, and fuel system.
31825
Venturini, Peter D.
THE AIRR CAR -- A LOW EMISSION VEHICLE. PART H.
California Univ., Berkeley, Thermal Systems Div., NAPCA
Grant AP-385-05, 52p., Nov. 1970. 9 refs.
A low emissions vehicle was built and entered in the 1970
Cross Country Clean Air Car Race. Modifications to the 1970
Plymouth Belvedere included two exhaust manifold thermal
reactors, synchronized air injection, exhaust gas recirculation,
a platinum type catalytic muffler, and unleaded gasoline. The
vehicle finished fourth in class and exhibited exhaust emis-
sions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides
50% below the 1975 proposed Federal standards during cold
start open seven mode testing. A lack of sufficient develop-
ment time resulted in some problems with the vehicle; how-
ever, its overall performance demonstrated the feasibility of
its emissions control system as a viable solution to the au-
tomotive pollution problem. (Author abstract modified)
31985
Kondo, Masahisa
EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION DEVICE MAKING USE OF
SUPERSONIC WAVES. (Choonpa o mochiita haiki gasu no
joka bunri sochi). Text in Japanese. (Assignee not given.)
Japan. Pat. Sho 46-23101. 4p., July 1, 1971. (Appl. Nov. 30,
1967, 1 claim).
An automobile emission control device is described in which
the exhaust gas is purified simultaneously with the removal of
particulates. The device is a cyclone type separator equipped
with a pressurized water jet nozzle and supersonic oscillator.
As pressurized water is jetted through the nozzle, the exhaust
gas is sucked into the device and the harmful gases are
separated, oxidized, and reduced in the high-tension super-
sonic cleaner, while gas components are dissolved in water
and the particulates absorbed. These harmful gases include
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, lead com-
pounds, sulfurous acid mist, sulfur dioxide, and similar pollu-
tants.
32036
Zapp, John A.
SUMMARY: CONTROL OF LEAD POLLUTION. Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Con-
tamination, 1965, p. 167-174. (Dec. 13-15.) NTIS: PB 198104
Articles pertaining to the control of lead pollution which were
presented at the Symposium on Environmental Lead Con-
tamination are reviewed. A reduction consumptive lead con-
tamination could be achieved by prohibiting the use of lead in
gasoline, and the possibility of non-leaded gasolines is
discussed. The lead content of food and water might be signifi-
cantly reduced by prohibiting the unnecessary use of lead in
food processing and storage equipment, the use of lead in
pipes, and the growing of crops near major sources of lead.
32248
Hardison, L. C. and H. R. Herington
STUDY OF TECHNICAL AND COST INFORMATION FOR
GAS CLEANING EQUIPMENT IN THE LIME AND SECON-
DARY NON-FERROUS METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES.
(FINAL REPORT). Industrial Gas Cleaning Inst., Inc. Rye, N.
Y., Air Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 70-150, 293p.,
Dec. 31, 1970. 17 refs. NTIS: PB 198137
Members of the Industrial Gas Cleaning Institute collected and
formalized information on air pollution control for processes
in the lime and secondary non-ferrous smelting industries. The
specific process areas covered are: rotary lime kilns, brass and
bronze reverberatory furnaces, lead cupolas, lead and alu-
minum sweating, lead reverberatory furnaces, zinc calcination,
and aluminum chlorination. The processes in question are
described, as well as the problems special to the processes and
the associated air pollution control equipment. Specifications
and cost estimates to serve each of the processes are con-
sidered. A tabulation of the past installations, and all of the
available test data for each of these industries after January 1,
1960, are presented. Control equipment discussed included wet
scrubbers, fabric collectors, electrostatic precipitators, and
venturi scrubbers. Operating conditions, fuels, and emissions
are also mentioned.
32260
Lepsoe, Robert
HISTORY OF THE TRAIL SMELTING PLANTS. (Historien
om Trail smelteverk). Text in Norwegian. Tidesskr. Kjemi
Bergvesen Met., 7(2):22-25, Feb. 1947.
The history of this plant, located in the Canadian province of
British Columbia, on the Columbia River just north of the U.
S. border is reviewed. The plant produces metallic lead, zinc,
cadmium, gold, tin, elemental sulfur, and sulfur dioxide gas
(for commercial use). At an earlier period, the company had
serious problems with lead poisoning among its workers, but
the institution of regular checkups, including blood tests, of
workers in contact with lead, combined with proper medical
treatments and other personnel policies, has almost eliminated
the problem. Extensive research has been done at the plant on
the problem of recovering sulfur products from the roasting
gases. Among the absorption media tested are zinc oxide,
limestone, basic aluminum sulfate, and organic bases. Granu-
lated lead slag has been found extremely effective as an ab-
sorbing agent, but at the same time its use is not economically
profitable. The basic decision of plant management was to
recover sulfur dioxide in a form in which it could be converted
to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. Reducing SO2 with coke is
complicated by the fact that coke is so expensive locally. On
the other hand, there is an abundance of carbon monoxide
available from thermo electric plants, which can be substituted
for the coke.
32319
Konopka, A. P.
PARTICIPATE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN PRIMARY
NON-FERROUS SMELTING. Preprint, American Inst. of
Chemical Engineers and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 10p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, ODenver, Colo., Sept.
1970.)
The sources and nature of paniculate emissions and control
technology in the primary smelting of aluminum, copper, lead,
and zinc are described. The high dust concentrations generated
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82
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
by bauxite drying and alumina calcining frequently require
multicyclones for preliminary collection, followed by electro-
static precipitation. Installed costs for the combined system
are $4.60-$2.30/CFM, at 99+% collection efficiencies. Elec-
trolytic aluminum reduction cells pose a more complicated
emission problem: moderate-energy wet scrubbers, glass filter
bags, or flushed precipitator installations are used. Representa-
tive installed costs for the three methods are S3.00/CFM,
S2.00/CFM, and $2.00/CFM, respectively. Dry electrostatic
precipitators, preceded by mechanical collectors, are univer-
sally applied in copper smelting. Installation costs for the com-
bined equipment are $6.00/CFM for 50,000 CFM flows and
S3.00/CFM for 2,000,000 CFM flows. Large lead blast fur-
naces employ electrostatic precipitators, smaller units use
fabric filters. Installation costs of vertical flow pipe-type
precipitators in the 100,000 CFM range are S6.00/CFM. Con-
tinuous baghouses for smaller volumes cost $5.00/CFM in-
stalled. Horizontal flow plate precipitators are used on new
zinc sintering machines. Mild-steel construction is common,
and installed costs for 50,000 CFM collectors are $3.50/CFM.
Emissions from flash roasting of zinc ore are also controlled
by plate-type precipitators of mild steel construction. Installed
costs are S3.50/CFM.
32355
Agnew, William G.
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL. Preprint, General
Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich., p. 5-13, 1971. (Presented at the
Conference on Progress in Areas of Public Concern, Milford,
Mich., Feb. 1971.)
Air pollution due to automotive emissions is examined. Au-
tomotive contribution to air pollution, with respect to emission
levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
sulfur oxides, and paniculate matter amounted to 39% of the
total for 1968. This figure was correlated to particular effects
of the pollutants on human health and plant life. When both
total tonnage and these health concern issues were considered,
transportation was responsible for less than 10% of the total
U. S. air pollution problem for 1968. Automotive emission con-
trols are examined, including crankcase controls, evaporative
controls, lower compression ratios, and engine design modifi-
cations which allow cars to operate on lower octane, low-
leaded or unleaded gasoline. Major reductions were made in
hydrocarbon and CO emissions. Future research projects on
emission control include the development of unproved carbu-
retion, electronic fuel injection, a catalytic converter, and al-
ternatives to the spark-ignition engine.
32364
Hirschler, D. A.
MEETING FUTURE AUTOMOBILE EMISSION STAN-
DARDS. Preprint, National Petroleum Refiners Association,
Washington, D. C., 18p., 1970. 8 refs. (Presented at the Na-
tional Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting, San
Antonio, Tex., April 6-7, 1970, Paper AM-70-5.)
A broad research program being conducted on vehicle emis-
sions and the factors that affect them is described. Ways have
been sought to impiove the preparation of fuel-air mixtures so
that a nearly uniform mixture of fuel and air is available to
each cylinder of the engine under all driving conditions.
Steady-state, light-load dynamometer engine data are
presented that illustrate some of the benefits of lean mixture
operation and good mixture preparation. Carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbon emissions are indicated. To
enable satisfactory operation at lean mixtures, experimental
high-velocity carburetion has been developed. Ignition timing
has been modified, and ways to conserve heat in the exhaust
system have been developed. Other design improvements are
indicated. Emissions standards for particulates and the portion
of lead compounds present are discussed, and on-going studies
of the feasibility of reducing exhaust particulates by trapping
devices are noted.
32392
Sorensen, Lee L. C. and Ken Nobe
THE EFFECT OF LEAD DEPOSITION ON THE OXIDATION
ACTIVITY OF COPPER OXIDE-ALUMINA CATALYST.
Preprint, California Univ., Los Angeles, School of Engineering
and Applied Science, 17p., 1971 (?). 11 refs.
The effect of lead deposition on copper oxide-alumina
catalysts in the catalytic oxidation of ethylene was in-
vestigated. The catalyst was prepared by impregnation of
preformed alumina pellets with an aqueous solution of copper
nitrate. Catalyst lead contents of approximately 5, 10, and 15%
were obtained by further impregnation of the catalyst with an
aqueous solution of lead nitrate with subsequent thermal
decomposition. The catalytic activity was determined for
ethylene concentrations of 300 to 1600 ppm in air, at a gas
flow rate of 375 1/hr (25 C, 1 atm) at temperatures of 270 to
400 C. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for
analysis of the solutions. Pore volume of the catalysts was
determined by displacement of isopropyl and mercury, respec-
tively. Surface areas were determined by nitrogen adsorption
at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The catalyst activity was
severely reduced by the lead deposits. (Author abstract
modified)
32424
Hoegger, D.
THE PROBLEM OF LEADED GASOLINE. (Das Problem der
Benzinverbleiung). Text in German. Bull. Eidgenoess. Gesund-
heitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 3:71-104, March 1971.
The Federal Commission for Air Hygiene of the Swiss Depart-
ment of Health has considered the problem of leaded gasoline
by reviewing its effect on humans, animals, and plants and by
studying latest published research findings on the problem. As
a result, it proposed to the Department of the Interior on Oc-
tober 9, 1970 to order a reduction of the lead content in premi-
um gasoline to 0.57 g/Pb/1 and in regular gasoline to 0.54 g Pb/1
effective Jan. 1, 1972 and to change the currently valid or-
dinances accordingly. Increased lead emission by automobile
exhaust gases, the contamination Zurich s air, street dust,
plant life, and milk, and the effect of lead emission on humans
are discussed. The Commission has concluded that while lead
from exhaust gases contaminated especially areas adjacent to
highways and that while persons exposed to these gases for
long periods of time had a somewhat elevated blood lead con-
tent, no imminent danger from this source exists in Switzer-
land for either man, plant, or animal life. In spite of this con-
clusion, the Commission proposed to put a higher tax on
premium than on regular gasoline to discourage its use, to
plant green belts along highways, to introduce more frequent
drinking water and food quality controls, to limit vehicular
traffic in city centers, and to tax powerful engines more heavi-
ly than at present to discourage their use.
32633
Littlefield, J. B., Florence L. Feicht, and H. H. Schrenk
EFFICIENCY OF IMPINGERS FOR COLLECTING LEAD
DUSTS AND FUMES. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Gas
and Dust Section, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Health
Div., U. S. Bureau of Mines Rept. 3401, 9p., May 1938. 2 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
83
Tests were conducted to compare the efficiency of large and
midget impingers for collecting lead dust and lead fume with
that of the electric precipitator. The lead dust used consisted
of 72% litharge (PbO), 25% red lead (Pb304), and three percent
lamp black. The geometric mean of the particle size distribu-
tion of the dust was 0.5 micron. The particle size of the lead
fume, generated by burning tetraethyl lead, was much smaller
than the lead dust. The efficiency of thy impingers agreed
reasonably well with that of the electric precipitator. The effi-
ciency of a single large impinger for lead fume ranged from
21-53%, and from 55-60% for two in series. The efficiency
tended to increase when the fume was allowed to age. The ef-
ficiency of a single midget impinger for lead fume varied from
13-21%.
32760
Schulz, Ulrich and Ulf Richter
THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETER ON
THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECttlTATORS IN NON-FERROUS METALLURGY. (Ein-
fluss technologischer Parameter auf den Abscheidegracl von
Elektrofiltern in der NE-Metallurgie). Text in German. Neue
Huette, 16(7):385-390, July 1971. 13 refs.
Experiments were conducted with a hot gas electrostatic
precipitator to determine efficient design criteria for applica-
tion to the non-ferrous metallurgical industry. A sample flow
was drawn through the precipitator from waste gases coming
from copper, tin, zinc, and lead furnaces. Dust which had
remained in the gas after passage through the precipitator was
removed with a glass fiber reinforced asbestos paper filter. Ef-
ficiency measurements, resistance determinations, and
theoretical considerations revealed that the filter temperature
and water content of the gases influence the collection effi-
ciency by relationships which are controlled by the specific
electric resistivity of dust. In the case of dusts with a resistivi-
ty of less than 10 to th 10th power ohm/cm, temperature and
dew point influence the collection efficiency via the break-
down voltage and the gas viscosity, regardless of the dust re-
sistivity.
32822
Fatzer, R.
POSSIBILITIES OF PROVISORY LEAD ELIMINATION
FROM GASOLINE. (Moeglichkeiten der provisorischen
Bleieliminierung aus dem Benzin). Text in German. Protectio
Vitae, 16(4):164-165, 1971.
The average concentrations of lead in the atmosphere over ci-
ties are 1-3 micrograms/cu m of air. The major source of lead
emissions (lead dust and tetraethyl lead) is the automobile. The
total elimination of lead from gasoline was proved feasible; the
engine of a car driven since 1952 fueled by lead-free gasoline
was not damaged. Several possibilities for the elimination of
lead from gasolines are reviewed. To prevent knocking, the ig-
nition must be turned down to match the octane consumption
of the engine to the lowered octane number of the fuel. For
highly compressed engines, the cylinder head must be raised
for reduction of compression.
32938
Gupta, D. R. and C. P. Gupta
Am POLLUTION BY EXHAUST HYDROCARBON EMIS-
SION FROM AUTOMOBILES. I. Inst. Engrs. (India) (Calcut-
ta), 51(9):177-183, May 1971. 9 refs.
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons,
oxides of nitrogen, lead salts, polyaromatics, soot, aldehydes,
and ketones may be present in automobile exhaust gas. The
problem of air pollution by automobile exhaust was first
recognized in 1945 when a new type of smog, named
photochemical smog, developed over Los Angeles. Concentra-
tions of 30 ppm CO for four hours produce measurable impair-
ment of vision and psychomotor performance. The oxides of
nitrogen cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, reduction in
visibility, and plant damage. Radiation from the sun can readi-
ly dissociate nitrogen dioxide into nitric oxide and atomic ox-
ygen; this reactive oxygen attacks organic matter (unburned
hydrocarbons) resulting in the formation of ozone and other
oxidation products. Peroxyacyl nitrates and ozone can cause
plant damage. Experimental evidence collected by flame
photography and sampling techniques supports the hypothesis
that wall quenching is mainly responsible for exhaust
hydrocarbons under operating conditions other than vehicle
deceleration. The effect of vehicle design factors, air-fuel
ratio, spark timing, intake air temperature, and compression
ratio on hydrocarbon concentrations is discussed. Leaning the
air-fuel ratio reduces the total hydrocarbon concentrations,
while retarding the spark timing has the reverse effect. A
reduction in compression ratio from eight to one to 6.7 to one
decreased the hydrocarbon concentration as surface to volume
ratio was also decreased, but for compression ratios of 6.7 to
one to four to one an increase in hydrocarbon emission was
observed.
33157
Belousova, A. E., L. I. Mekler, A. A. Egizarov, and E. A.
Simkin
HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF DUSTS FROM
DRY ELECTROFILTERS AT COPPER SMELTERS. Soviet J.
Non-Ferrous Metals (English translation from Russian of:
Tsvetn. Metal.), 10(6):37-39, June 1969. 1 ref.
A technology was developed for treating the dusts from dry
electrofilters at copper smelters for the production of a sul-
fide-lead concentrate, a zinc-cadmium intermediate product, a
copper-calcium cake, and ammonium perrhenate, thus increas-
ing the comprehensive use of raw material. By sulfidization of
the lead cakes, a concentrate which contains over 60% Pb can
be obtained. Copper is extracted in the form of an inter-
mediate product, containing 10-15% Cu with a final recovery
of about 70%. Rhenium is sorbed from solutions with the sub-
sequent obtainment of ammonium perrhenate and about a 90%
recovery. Through precipitation with soda, it is possible to
separate from solutions a zinc-cadmium intermediate product
which contains 40-45% Zn, 0.7-0.9% Cd, and to 0.008% thalli-
um. (Author conclusion)
33366
Simpson, Bruce H.
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS CONTROL. J. Wash. Acad. Sci.,
61(2):128-137, 1971. 8 refs.
Motor vehicles account for 38.9% of the total mass of man-
made air pollutants in the U. S., according to a recently
published nationwide emission inventory. However, when rela-
tive harmfulness of individual pollutants is considered, the
motor vehicle contribution is reduced to about 12%. Current
model motor vehicles emit approximately 83% less hydrocar-
bons and 70% less carbon monoxide than precontrolled vehi-
cles. By 1976, vehicles are expected to reduce HC emissions
by 98%, CO by 97%, and oxides of nitrogen by 90%. Motor
vehicle emissions of HC and CO in the South Coast Basin
have beeen reduced by 18% and 13%, respectively, from peak
values which occurred during the mid-1960 s. The NOx emis-
sions continued to increase until 1971, but are now declining.
Total nationwide emissions from motor vehicles are also
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84
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
declining, in spite of an increasing car population. Automotive
power plants for the balance of this decade will be highly
refined derivatives of today s internal combustion engines. Ex-
haust gas recirculation, thermal reactors, and catalytic con-
verter systems are being developed to meet future require-
ments, although both customer acceptance factors and emis-
sion control are not fully acceptable at this time. Lead-free
fuel will be required to insure satisfactory component life, to
minimize harmful effects of combustion chamber deposits, and
to significantly reduce the emission of particulate matter.
Major variations of the reciprocating internal combustion en-
gine, gas turbines, Rankine cycle engines, and electric propul-
sion systems are also being actively developed to meet future
needs for virtually emission-free vehicles. (Author abstract)
33386
Jagel, K. I. and F. G. Dwyer
HC/CO OXIDATION CATALYSTS FOR VEHICLE EXHAUST
EMISSION CONTROL. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Div. Refining,
vol. 51:169-185, 1971. 9 refs. (Presented at the American
Petroleum Institute, Division of Refining, Midyear Meeting,
36th, San Francisco, Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide oxidation catalysts having
good catalytic activity, stability, and improved physical dura-
bility were developed. Based on laboratory tests, these
catalysts are predicted to be able to meet the Inter-Industry
Emission Control Program HC and CO emission levels and the
durability goals in vehicles in which HC, CO, and oxides of
nitrogen goals are achieved simultaneously. The development
of these catalysts has been aided by a mathematical model of
the catalytic converter, and by some unique experimental
techniques. Laboratory tests were complemented by several
vehicle durability evaluations which have shown that although
the IIEC goals were met initially, they were often exceeded
after mileage accumulation. The principal causes for not meet-
ing the goals have been catalyst loss due to inherently low
catalyst attrition resistance and inter-particle abrasion caused
by inadequate converter design. Improved converter designs
and more attrition resistant catalysts have resulted in signifi-
cant improvements in on-the-road durability of these systems.
Laboratory tests predict that some of these catalysts will meet
IIEC HC and CO goals for more than 12,000 miles with leaded
fuel (3.0 g Pb/gal) and that a larger number will meet these
goals for 50,000 miles with low leaded fuel or unleaded fuel.
(Author abstract modified)
33388
Jaimee, A., D. E. Schneider, A. I. Rozmanith, and J. W.
Sjoberg
THERMAL REACTOR - DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND
PERFORMANCE. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Div. Refining, vol.
51:207-240, 1971. 20 refs. (Presented at the American Petrole-
um Institute, Division of Refining, Midyear Meeting, 36th, San
Francisco, Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
Thermal reactor systems have been designed to assist in the
development of a low emission concept vehicle to meet ex-
haust emission goals of 0.82 g/mile hydrocarbon, 7.1 g/mile
carbon monoxide, and 0.68 g/mile nitrogen oxides established
by the Inter-Industry Emission Control Program. The reactor
includes design features required for acceptable life charac-
teristics, together with quick warm-up necessary to achieve
the emission targets. Exhaust gas recirculation and enriched
carburetion are used to reduce the oxides of nitrogen. As-
sociated problems defined during development of several ther-
mal reactor systems are described. The primary problem was
achieving durability at the typically high operating exhaust gas
temperatures (1600-1800 F) necessary for concurrent HC, CO,
and NOx control. Fuel additives such as lead, halogen scaven-
gers, phosphorus, and sulfur were studied extensively under
thermal cycling engine operating conditions to determine their
effects on material durability. Acceptable corrosion control of
potential reactor materials will require the use of an unleaded
or low-lead (0.5 g/gal) fuel. (Author abstract)
33403
Meisel, S. L.
EXHAUST EMISSIONS AND CONTROL. J. Wash. Acad.
Sci., 61(2):91-102, 1971. 32 refs.
The effects of leaded and unleaded gasolines on hydrocarbon,
carbon monoxide, particulates, and nitrogen oxide emissions
from current and future cars and the costs of emission con-
trols to industry and the consumer are examined. Removal of
lead from gasolines does not affect CO and NOx emissions,
but decreases hydrocarbon emissions and changes the nature
of particulate emissions. The exclusive use of lead-free
gasolines could engender exhaust valve recession. The use of
thermal reactors and catalytic converters with low-lead (0.5
g/gal) or unleaded fuels would lower the hydrocarbon and CO
levels to meet standards. Nitrogen oxides control could be ac-
complished through decomposition using a catalyst; reduction
over a catalyst using hydrogen and CO present in the exhaust;
and exhaust gas recirculation systems. Particulate control
systems include coalescers, cyclone separators, precipitators,
and filters. The systems are examined for efficiency and effect
of lead.
33542
Doelling, R. P., A. F. Gerber, and M. P. Walsh
THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE CHARACTERISTICS ON AU-
TOMOTIVE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. Preprint, American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 22p.,
1970. 17 refs. (Presented at the American Society for Testing
and Materials, Workshop on Effect of Automotive Emission
Requirements on Gasoline Characteristics, Toronto, Ontario,
June 24, 1970.)
Fuel modifications encompassing composition, volatility, and
lead content were investigated as a means of reducing automo-
tive exhaust emissions. Several test programs are summarized.
Certain hydrocarbons exhausted by automobiles are known to
be more reactive than others in the formation of Los Angeles
or photochemical type smog. These more reactive hydrocar-
bons, notably olefins, are assigned higher weighting values
when total engine exhaust hydrocarbon levels are evaluated
for their contribution to photochemical air pollution. However,
experiments indicated fuel composition to have no significant
effect on exhaust hydrocarbon reactivity. Higher boiling com-
ponents of gasoline also did not have a significant effect on
exhaust hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide emission levels. Ex-
haust hydrocarbon levels of vehicles operated on fuel leaded
to 3.13 grams per gallon were significantly greater than the ex-
haust hydrocarbon levels of vehicles operated on unleaded
fuel. Engine operation on leaded fuel (only one-fourth gram of
lead per gallon) also increased exhaust hydrocarbon emissions.
(Author abstract modified)
33550
Burtner, R. E.
GASOLINE CHARACTERISTICS AND ADJ CONSERVA-
TION--A REVIEW OF API ENGINE FUELS STUDIES.
Preprint, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, Pa,, 26p., 1970. 16 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
85
ican Society for Testing and Materials, Workshop on Effect of
Automotive Emission Requirements on Gasoline Charac-
teristics, Toronto, Ontario, June 24, 1970.)
Some suggested remedies for pollution of the air by automo-
tive emissions have been changes in volatility and composition
of the gasoline and the removal of lead antiknock agents.
Several programs have been run under the sponsorship of the
American Petroleum Institute to investigate not only whether
these changes would clean air through lower emissions, but
also the effect on car performance. Elimination of evaporation
losses by evaporation loss control hardware is much more ef-
fective than any reasonable reduction in volatility, even as low
as five pounds RVP, and more effective than removal of all
olefins boiling below 220 F from gasoline. Reduction of fuel
volatility to the five pound RVP level would be expected to
result in degraded warming-up performance in a substantial
percentage of new cars in the hands of the customer if the
prevailing ambient temperature is 50 F or lower. For cars in
poorer condition (or the more average car) degraded per-
formance might be expected at prevailing ambient tempera-
tures at least 10 F above this. A small adverse effect on the
amount of exhaust hydrocarbon emissions accompanies a
volatility reduction. Mass evaporative losses are unaffected by
the presence or absence of lead if volatility is not changed. No
important differences could be found in the mass exhaust gas
hydrocarbons due to the absence of lead from the tested fuels
in cars with typical deposits from commercial gasoline. The
pollution effect of unleaded gasolines may be greater than
leaded gasolines because of fuel compositional changes
required to maintain octane quality, although some reactivity
scales show no appreciable increase in the smog potential due
to these changes. (Author conclusions modified)
33628
THE PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE NEW LAW FOR
REDUCTION OF THE LEAD CONTENT IN GASOLINES.
(Zur Problematik des Benzinbleigesetzes). Text in German. Er-
doel Kohle (Hamburg), 24(9):605-606, Sept. 1971. 13 refs.
Beginning in 1971, the lead content in gasolines sold in West
Germany may not go over 0.4 g/1, while by 1976 the reduction
is to be to 0.15 g/1. Although the lower lead content will reduce
the octane number, this should not affect engine performance.
However, it is actually thought that the government acted
without having conducted a sufficient number of studies con-
cerning the effects of lead on the environment. It is also
thought that engine modifications will need be made to operate
on the low-lead gasolines. A reduction of the lead content to
0.15 g/1 might cause a rise in aromatic compounds which are
more dangerous to human health thar lead compounds. It is
also likely that a lead filter will soon be on the market, thus
producing an effect similar to the use of low-lead gasolines.
33657
ENGINE PERFORMANCE WITH LEAD-FREE GASOLINE
IMPROVED BY INDUCTION HARDENING OF INTEGRAL
VALVE SEATS. Ind. Heating, 38(9): 1650-1652, Sept. 1971.
Based on the testing experience of one company, induction-
hardened valve seats may be the solution to the seat recession
problem caused by unleaded gasolines. The seats exhibit 25%
of the wear of nonhardened seats and are less expensive to
produce than valve seat inserts. Heat transfer impairment is
minimal. The induction-hardening equipment is entirely auto-
matic and tied into the head machining line. Each line handles
approximately 200-250 heads per hour. The first unit is now
going into production.
33741
Mayr, Bertold and Peter Ziermann
STUDffiS ON WATER-COOLED HIGH-POWER OTTO EN-
GINES. (Untersuchungen an wassergekuehlten Hochleistungs-
Ottomotoren). Text in German. Automobiltech. Z. (Stuttgart),
73(10):376-383, Oct. 1971. 10 refs.
The combustion process and the influence of the shape of the
combustion chamber on pollutant emissions by BMW four-
cylinder engines was studied. Low-lead fuel (octane number
89) was used with the BMW 2000-tii-engine. A clearly audible
knocking sound at a lower number of revolutions occurred. To
avoid this, the advanced ignition had to be adjusted to smaller
values. Despite this measure, damage of the cylinder head at
longer experimental operation and at a fuel/air ratio of lambda
equals 0.9 was unavoidable. By means of induced pressure,
the effects of low-lead fuel on the engine operation at high
rpm were tested. At lambda 1.0, the engine knocking sound
occurred most frequently up to 5000 rpm. At lambda 1.1, it
went down. At lambda 0.85, where the maximum power is
achieved, knocking occurred more frequently, particularly at
higher rpm. At lambda 0.7, knocking disappeared at higher
rpm entirely; in the lower rpm range, knocking disappeared
only at very early ignition. The size of compression areas in-
fluenced the emission of unburned hydrocarbons. A reduction
of the compression areas by 20% yielded a 35% lower
hydrocarbon emission in the partial load range at a low
number of revolutions and at stoichiometric mixing ratio. In
the full load range, the influence of this measure was not as
great. The carbon monoxide emissions were independent of
the shape of the combustion chamber.
33932
Gartenmann, E.
THE POSSD3ILITD2S OF REDUCING THE LEAD CONTENT
IN GASOLINES FOR AUTOMOBILES. (Ueber die
Moeglichkeiten der Herabsetzung des Bleigehaltes in den
Benzinen fuer motorische Zwecke). Text in German. Bull.
Eidenoess. Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 3: 105-144,
March 1971.
It is technically possible to produce lead-free high octane
gasoline by catalytic reforming of certain petroleum fractions
or by isomerization of light gasoline (Europe) and by catalytic
cracking of heavy oil and alkylation of olefins (U.S.A.), but
while these processes have been operative in the production of
special gasolines and for petrochemical purposes for a long
time, the equipment is old and the capacity is inadequate
should the addition of lead to gasoline cease suddenly. The ad-
ditional production costs involved amount to two to five
Raps/1. The refineries will initially, because of cost and time
factors, produce only regular lead-free gasoline. Lead-free
gasoline will have a higher content of aromatic hydrocarbons,
the benzol content can be kept below the five vol% limit, and
the olefin content will be lower. Lead-free gasoline has a 25%
higher smog producing tendency, and its exhaust gas contains
a higher share of benzanthracene and of other polynuclear aro-
matic substances but the same amount of benzopyrene. Lead
does not only improve the antiknock property of gasoline, but
acts also as a lubricant preventing the corrosion of exhaust
valve seats. Regular gasoline in the U.S.A., which beginning
with 1971 will contain only 0.2 g lead/1, will reduce engine
power by 10% which is no problem with high-powered en-
gines. In Europe, however, this is a problem because most Eu-
ropean engines with small piston displacement would lose too
much power if run on regular lead-free gasoline. For this
reason, the reduction of lead content in gasoline in Europe can
be introduced only gradually as engines are adapted in the
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86
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
direction of higher piston displacement. The use of natural or
of liquefied gas in automobiles should be encouraged.
33994
Charlson, R. J. and J. M. Pierrard
VISIBILITY AND LEAD. Atmos Environ., vol. 3:479-480,
1969. 8 refs.
An estimate is made of how much of an improvement in visi-
bility could result from the control of automotive lead emis-
sions. One approach is to use the recently published linear
relationship between aerosol mass concentration and visual
range and published values for the fraction of lead in the at-
mospheric aerosol. Another approach to estimating the frac-
tion of the total mass concentration (and therefore of the visi-
bility degradation) in situations which are dominated by the
automotive source is to utilize known relationships between
the various pollutants. Both methods are considered, and it is
interesting to note the the approximate agreement of the two
approaches to the estimation of the percentage of extinction
coefficient atributable to lead compounds.
34025
Barren, A. V., Jr.
PARTICIPATE AND SO2 CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR
THE SMALL AND MEDIUM COAL-FIRED BOILER. Com-
bustion, 43(4):44-56, Oct. 1971. (Presented at the Industrial
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., Oct. 7-8, 1970.)
In firing one ton of coal with two percent sulfur, some 40
pounds of sulfur is burned and released into the flue gas. This
40 pounds of sulfur combines with oxygen to form 80 pounds
of sulfur dioxide. The sulfur oxides react with moisture result-
ing in sulfuric acid, eventually making some 125 pounds of sul-
furic acid. The particulates include fly ash, which is the un-
burnable inert material in fuels; soot, which is the burnable
unbumed material left from inefficient combustion; and lead,
unburnable additive in gasoline. Electrostatic precipitators, bag
or fabric collectors, mechanical dust collectors or multiple
cyclones, scrubbers or washers, and thermal or catalytic con-
verters are discussed for use in air pollution control. Design
criteria are presented, as well as advantages and disad-
vantages. An SO2 scrubbing system project built to operate as
a mobile pilot plant, unique in the Zurn designed particulate-
SO2 removal system for the City is discussed. The scrubbing
slurry will be a combination of sea water and pulverized native
coral marl.
34035
Mikita, Joseph J.
COMMENTARY AT SESSION ON INTER-INDUSTRY EMIS-
SION CONTROL REVIEW. American Petroleum Inst., New
York, Div. of Refining, Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Div. Refining,
vol. 51:275-281, 1971. (Presented at the Midyear Meeting, 36th,
San Francisco, Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
Extended tests and the Inter-Industry Emission Control test
indicate that properly designed thermal reactors maintain their
efficiency for oxidizing hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
for very long periods, close to, or up to, 100,000 miles, and
they will do this with leaded gasoline. Catalysts, however, do
deteriorate, even with unleaded gasoline. Increases in emis-
sions with mileage are caused most frequently by carburetors
going off calibration, changes in ignition timing, and im-
properly operating choke mechanisms. Metallurgical considera-
tions indicate nickel-based alloys to be satisfactory for con-
struction of the reactor core.
34071
Hashimoto, Haruhiko
ON TECHNOLOGY OF UTILIZATION OF DUST FROM
STEEL MAKING. (Sangyo haikibutsu dearu seiko enjin no
shigenka gijutsu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Reu-
tilization of Resources Technical Assoc. (Japan), 5p., 1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Reutilization of Resources
Technology, 2nd, Japan, July 12-14, 1971.)
A process is described which uses the dust from the produc-
tion of steel for the smelting of zinc and lead. The dust col-
lected from open hearth or electric furnaces is too fine for
reclamation and, if not handled properly, may be the cause of
secondary pollution. It contains too many other metals to be
suitable for a raw material in the production of steel or non-
ferrous metals. However, taking advantage of the fact that
most of the valuable metals in the dust are oxides and, utiliz-
ing the difference in pressure of these metals, zinc and lead
have been successfully recovered to avoid secondary pollu-
tion. The dust is pelletized, and the appropriate amount of
reaction controlling reagent and coking coal are mixed before
being charged into a rotating kiln. Foreign bodies such as
scrap iron and fire-proof refractory materials should be
eliminated from the dust before processing it. A special
method is described to eliminate the accretion of materials in
the rotating kiln to improve its operating efficiency.
34313
Komissarov, O. G., G. M. Gordon, V. I. Vasilyev, and G. S.
Rozhayskiy
A STUDY ON THE LAWS OF DUST SEDIMENTATION IN
HOSE FILTERS WITH STREAM-LIKE BLOW THROUGH.
(Issledovaniye zakonomernostey osazhdeniya pyli y rukavnom
filtre so struynoy produvkoy). Text in Russian. Tsvetn. Metal.,
no. 7:23-27, 1971. 5 refs.
A radioisotope method based on the measurement of decreas-
ing beta radiation intensity when passed through a layer of
dust was used to study the dust distribution along the hose
filter surface. The filtrating surface of the filter bag was 1.5 sq
m. Air samples were dusted with finely dispersed quartz or
lead. The initial dust concentration ranged between 200 and
600 mg/cu m. An artificial radioactive isotope consisting of
Strontium 90 and Ittrium 90 was the source for beta radiation.
The prophilogram reflecting dust accumulation along the filter
bag was recorded according to the oscillations in beta radiation
intensity, and then it was graphically represented. The upper
portion of the filter hose (at the inlet of the dusty air) showed
the highest degree of dust accumulation during the filtering
process. The dust distribution along the filter hose surface
elicited an exponential rather than a linear trend. The prophilo-
gram recorded following regeneration of the filtrating fabric
could be considered linear. Thy irregular dust distribution
along the filter hose surface should be reflected in the dynam-
ics of the filtering efficiency. This fact will determine the cho-
ice of the optimal ratio between the diameter and the length of
the filter hose.
34381
Brobeck, William M.
STEAM VEHICLE POWER PLANT DESIGN AND DEVELOP-
MENT. Preprint, Dept. of Transportation, Washington, D. C.,
Urban Mass Transportation Administration, 4p., 1971.
(Presented at the Steam Bus Symposium, Washington, D. C.,
Nov. 17, 1971.)
Specifications are presented for steam-powered buses and
trucks, as well as a diagram of a steam power cycle, in rela-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
87
tion to vehicle emission standards. The steam-powered units
will produce 0.2 g/mile hydrocarbons, 1.0 g/mile carbon
monoxide, 0.4 g/mile nitrogen oxides, and no lead emissions,
which are well under the 1975 California emissions standards.
34457
Conta, Lewis D.
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE AND THE ENVIRON-
MENT. Preprint, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York, 8p., 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting,
Washington, D. C. Nov. 28-Dec. 2, 1971. Paper 71-WA/DGP-
1.)
Regardless of what is done to develop suitable substitutes for
the internal combustion engine, and certainly this goal should
be vigorously pursued, at least 100 million more engines will
be built over the next ten years, and the kind of air we breathe
ten years from now will depend more on how these engines
are build than on anything else that is done in the vehicular
propulsion field. Therefore, research in the area of internal
combustion engine emission should be pushed hard and sup-
ported adequately. In setting emission standards, two factors
should be kept in mind: the standards should be rigorous, but
realistic, and other criteria in addition to exhaust composition
should be established to insure that all of the improvements
are not made at the expense of fuel consumption increases,
and the cost of sophisticated add-on gadgetry. Substitutes for
the conventional engine include steam engines, electric power
(batteries or fuel cells), gas turbines, and diesels. Present en-
gines can be modified with improved carburetors, manifolds,
fuel-injection systems, lowering compression ratios, stratified
charge operation, and removal of lead from gasoline.
34536
Roth, James F.
COPPER-BASED AUTO EXHAUST OXIDATION
CATALYSTS. DEACTIVATION AND PHYSICAL ATTRI-
TION. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop., 10(4):381-385,
Dec. 1971. 11 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society, 161st Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., April 1971.)
Adverse aging effects, such as deactivation and physical attri-
tion, on copper-based auto exhaust oxidation catalysts were
investigated in road and laboratory studies of catalysts com-
prising copper oxides on alumina. Exposure to cyclic oxidation
reduction caused physical attrition of poorly dispersed copper-
based catalysts in the presence or absence of halides. This
chemically induced attrition process was relatively indepen-
dent of the hardness of the catalyst support. High dispersion
of the copper component imparted good attrition resistance
even under cyclic conditions. Halides from the lead motor mix
contributed significantly to deactivation via depletion of the
active component from the catalyst surface. In the absence of
halide, little or no deactivation was observed. Exposure of the
copper-based catalysts to excessive temperatures also
produced deactivation. (Author abstract modified)
34611
Kuehn, Martin
WILL THE COMBUSTION ENGINE DIE BECAUSE OF EX-
HAUST GASES? DISCUSSIONO CONCERNING THE EMIS-
SIONS OF AUTOMOBILES. (Stirbt der Verbrennungsmotor
an seinem Abgas? Zur Diskussion ueber die Emissionen von
Kraftfahrzeugen). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.)
Nachr. (Berlin), 25(45):6-7, 1971.
There is no doubt that the combustion engine for automobiles
will survive over the next decades. Through electronically con-
trolled fuel injection and accurate carburetor adjustment, it
has become feasible to fulfill the regulations which have
become effective in the Federal Republic of Germany and in
the Common Market Countries on October 1, 1971. After-
wards it was not only feasible to reduce the carbon monoxide
concentration in exhaust gases to 4.5% but also to comply with
the requirements of the California test which sets a limit con-
centration of 2.5% CO for small and of 1.5% for large engines.
The addition of alcohol as an anti-knock agent is frequently
overlooked in the discussion of reducing the lead content of
fuels. The facilities for the large-scale production of alcohols
are not presently available in any of the Western Countries.
But the process has been developed. It is based on the conver-
sion of CO with water vapor on iron catalysts. The same mea-
sures which are used for reduction of the CO content can be
applied to reduction of the carcinogenic components in the oil
mists. The task of limiting the formation of oil mists still
remains. Engine lubricants should be selected according to
their readiness to decompose by oxidation.
34740
Sood, Sudesh K. and Richard Karuhn
DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS CONTROL
TECHNIQUES SPARK IGNITION ENGINES. (FINAL RE-
PORT). IIT Research Inst., Chicago, Dl, Air Pollution Con-
trol Agency Contract CPA 22-69-134, APCO Rept. CPA 22-69-
134, IITRI Rept. C6186-5, 95p., Feb. 1971. 30 refs. NTIS: PB
198033
The experimental results of two techniques for the removal of
paniculate contaminants from spark ignition engine exahusts
were described. The first technique was based on the thermal
deposition of lead aerosol particles in the size range 0.1-0.8
micron in a packed bed. The effect of gas-packing temperature
differential, packing material, and gas velocity on collection
efficiency of the bed was studied. Experimental results show
that collection efficiency of the packed bed device depends
primarily on the gas-packing temperature differential. At a gas
velocity of 15.5 cm/sec, the collection efficiency of the device
exceeded 95% at a temperature differential greater than 200 C.
Increasing the gas velocity to 130 cm/sec lowered the collec-
tion efficiency of the bed by 10-15%. The second technique
was based on the use of sonic waves to increase the collisions
between the aerosol particles and the relatively coarse parti-
cles of a fluidized bed, and hence increase the collection effi-
ciency. The effect of sound frequency, gas velocity, and
power input to the sound driver units was studied. Experimen-
tal results showed that there was no significant effect of sound
frequency, in the range 250-2700 HZ, on collection efficiency
of the fluidized bed. Collection efficiency of the fluidized bed
increased sharply with power input to the sound driver units
when standing sharp waves were used. The use of travelling
sound waves did not enhance the collection efficiency of the
fluidized bed significantly. (Author abstract modified)
34846
Shroff, G. L. and J. C. Dickson
SCHEDULING AND REBLENDOVG PROBLEMS OF UN-
LEADED GASOLINE. Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers, New York, 22p., 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, National Meeting,
68th, Houston, Tex., Feb. 28-March 4, 1971, Paper (GH-009.)
An attempt has been made to evaluate the loss of flexibility
which accompanies the restriction of lead additives for octane
improvement. Lead is an independent control; without it, oc-
-------
88
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
tane appreciation in gasoline requires variations in all other
components of the blend if volume and other limiting proper-
ties are to remain constant. With the possible exception of bu-
tane as a control on vapor pressure, no such convenient con-
trol exists for other properties of motor gasoline. The costli-
ness of a blend characteristic is measured by multiplying the
incremental cost of varying the characteristic.
35018
Freude, Hermann
THE DECONTAMINATED ENGINE. (Der entgiftete Motor).
Text in German. Kosmos (Stuttgart), 67(5):210-211, 213-215,
May 1971.
If the mixture entering the cylinders of a gasoline engine con-
tains enough air to ensure that each carbon and hydrogen par-
ticle can burn completely, the exhaust gas should, theoreti-
cally, consist of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and the residual
nitrogen from the air intake. However, this ideal condition is
not feasible, since the combustion process is composed of a
sequence of complicated reactions, where intermediate
products of varying stability are formed depending on the gas
temperature which changes rapidly during the combustion cy-
cle. While combustion with somewhat less air intake results in
maximum fuel efficiency, some of the carbon oxidizes into
carbon monoxide only, not into CO2, and not all hydrogen
particles are changed into water vapor, but combine to
hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases. The prevailing high tem-
perature of 2200 to 2400 degree C in the combustion zone
enhances the formation of nitric oxide. The percentage of the
pollutants CO and NO in the exhaust gas can be reduced by
operating with excess air intake. By using intake mixtures with
five percent excess of combustion air, a practical compromise
has been established between efficiency of combustion and
reduction of the concentration of pollutants in the exhaust.
The reason for adding tetraethyl lead to gasoline is to provide
a fuel better suited to increased compression ratios, where
knocking due to premature ignition occurs which is detrimental
to engine life and must be counteracted. The development of
gasolines with new compositions, to replace the noxious lead
additives, appears to be imperative. To reduce, or ultimately,
if possible, eliminate CO, NO, and HC emissions, a number of
methods are being actively investigated, including secondary
combustion in exhaust manifolds of special design, secondary
catalytic combustion, and direction of all exhaust gases from
the crankcase back to the engine intake.
35035
Richter, Ulf
NEWER ACKNOWLEDGES ON APPLICATION OF ELEC-
TROFILTERS TO PRECIPITATE THE MIXTURE OF PB-ZN-
SN OXIDES AT THE EXAMPLE OF A HUNGARIAN
FOUNDRY. (Ujabb ismeretek az olom-, horgany- es onoxidok
levalasztasara szolgalo villamos szurok alkalmazasarol az
egyik magyar kohomuben). Text in Hungarian. Energia Atom-
tech. (Budapest), 23(5):228-229, May 1970.
The flue gases from converters used in scrap copper and
copper vitriol works usually need two precipitators: a bag
filter and electric precipitator. In Hungary, the precipitation of
lead, zinc, and tin oxide participates exiting from the copper
converter is accomplished by an electric precipitator. The elec-
tric resistance of these particles is so high between 30 and 350
C that the back-corona effect reduces the precipitation effi-
ciency to 35-75%, which is too low. Efficiencies of 99% can be
obtained below 100 C or above 280 C gas temperatures (max-
imum oxide resistance at 120 C). By adding steam to the flue
gas, the dew point can be raised to 65 C. In the present appli-
cation, 300 C gas was used. Three arrangements are discussed.
35080
Uchida, Sanichiro
UNLEADED GASOLINE PROBLEMS. (Gasorin no muenka ni
tsuite no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J.
Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 50(534):768-777, Oct. 1971. 20 refs.
In Japan, all the lead additives in both premium and regular
gasolines are to be removed by April 1, 1974. This will present
both technical and economic problems for the refineries, as
they seek a suitable octane booster. The manufacturing indus-
try faces problems of valve seat recession and knocking trou-
bles with the older cars. (Author summary modified)
35112
LEAD-FREE GASOLINE REPERCUSSIONS IN THE
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY. (Essence sans plomb: ses
repercussions sur la petrochimie). Text in French. Chim. Ac-
tualites, no. 1449:14-15, Sept. 30, 1971.
The elimination of lead from gasoline will increase the demand
for aromatic hydrocarbon fractions because they will prin-
cipally be used to increase octane rating. Lead-free gasoline
will thus contain 20-25% more aromatic hydrocarbons than
leaded gasoline. In the U. S., this resulted in an increase in the
cost of these fractions by about $15 per ton due to the rigidity
of refining processes in America. The abandonment of lead in
gasoline will have its biggest effect on olefins which, in the
form of butylene and propylene, will also be used to increase
octane rating. Producers of tetramethyl- and tetraethyl lead,
whose production in Europe amounts to $150 million would
lose their market, should this additive be banned.
35166
Yanagihara, Shigeru
AIR POLLUTION AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES (1). (Taiki
oscn to jidoshayo kikan (1). Kikai No Kenkyu (Science of
Machine), 22(8):1101-1106, 1970. 4 refs. Translated from
Japanese. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 26p.,
Aug. 1971.
The effects of automotive exhaust emissions on air pollution
are reviewed with respect to maximum allowable concentra-
tions, environmental emission standards, regulation of engine
exhausts, and various control methods. Automobiles emit car-
bon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, soot and lead
participates, aldehydes, and odors as combustion gas from ex-
haust pipes, crankcase blowby gas, and fuel tank or carburetor
vapors. Control methods included engine design modifications,
improvements of the air inlet and ignition systems, air-fuel
ratio, exhaust, air injection and fuel injection systems, and
prevention of evaporation loss.
35223
Bernstein, L. S., K. K. Kearby, A. K. S. Raman, J. Vardi, and
E. E. Wigg
APPLICATION OF CATALYSTS TO AUTOMOTIVE NOX
EMISSIONS CONTROL. Preprint, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, Inc., New York, 17p., 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 11-15,
1971, Paper 710014.)
Nickel-copper alloys, marketed under the name Monel, are ex-
tremely active oxides of nitrogen reduction catalysts. At tem-
peratures above 1300 F, and under net reducing conditions,
Monel will catalyze the removal of 90% or more of the nitric
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
89
oxide in automotive exhaust at space velocities of up to
100,000 v/v/hr. On unleaded fuel, Monel catalysts have shown
good activity maintenance in mileage accumulation runs as
long as 31,000 miles. Catalyst life is limited by physical deteri-
oration of the catalyst which causes increases in exhaust back
pressure. The presence of lead in the fuel substantially in-
creases the rate of Monel deterioration. When Monel is used
as part of a dual-bed catalyst system, two problems arise
which appear to be generic to dual-bed catalyst systems. First,
under normal operating conditions, roughtly 10% of the nitric
oxide in the untreated exhaust reacts with hydrogen to form
ammonia in the Monel bed. The NH3 thus formed can be ox-
idized in the oxidation bed. Ammonia formation can be
decreased by careful control of exhaust composition. Alterna-
tively, the concentration of NO in the untreated exhaust can
be lowered by exhaust gas recycling, so that even with am-
monia formation, the nitric oxide concentration in the treated
exhaust will be low enough to meet low emissions standards.
Second, placing Monel or any other NOx reduction catalyst
ahead of the oxidation catalyst slows the warm-up of the ox-
idation catalyst. This problem has been attacked by placing the
catalyst system close to the exhaust ports and modifying the
exhaust system to conserve exhaust gas sensible heat. (Author
abstract modified)
35296
Ichijo, Michio
JAPAN TODAY: POLLUTION-FREE METALLURGY. Min-
ing Mag. (London), 125(5):471-474, Nov. 1971. 10 refs.
A pollution-free process for recovery of various metals from
Kuroko ore is described. The ore is first separated by a flota-
tion process to produce copper, lead, zinc, iron, and slime
bulk concentrates, plus tailings. The copper concentrate is
then treated by a dry method for extraction of crude copper.
Iron concentrate is treated by the Kohwa process to obtain he-
matite pellets. Lead and zinc dust from the copper concentrate
and vaporized copper, lead, and zinc chlorides from the iron
concentrate are treated in a gas-absorbing neutralization tank
and then separated from the transparent solution by precipita-
tion. Lead and zinc concentrates and slime bulk concentrates
are oxidized and leached with ferric chloride solution, separat-
ing the precipitate from the transparent solution. Sulfur is
precipitated as elemental sulfur, then the leached residue is
recycled to the flotation process. The transparent solution,
after leaching with ferric chloride, contains copper, lead, zinc,
and other metallic ions. High purity metals are obtained by
amalgam phase exchange in combination with amalgam elec-
trolysis.
35303
Cattelain, Claude
METHOD FOR TREATING ZINC BLAST FURNACE GASES.
(Metallurgical Processes Ltd., Nassau (Bahamas) and Imperial
Smelting Corp. Ltd., London (England)) U. S. Pat. 3,592,631.
4p., July 13, 1971. 8 refs. (Appl. April 11, 1968, 2 claims).
A method is presented for conveying zinc blast furnace exit
gases from a condenser to a scrubbing tower by means of a
dry crossover duct. Prior practice was to use a crossover duct
in the form of a downcomer to link the top of the condenser
with the bottom of the scrubbing tower. This crossover duct
was irrigated with water to attempt to minimize accretion of
lead and zinc oxides. However, accetions were still a problem.
In the present process, the duct is sloped upward towards the
scrubbing tower to return liquid metal to the condenser. The
scrubbing tower includes sprays for cooling and saturating the
gases in order to avoid accretion at the end of the duct or
tower. (Author abstract modified) 0
35342
White, W. F.
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATIONS -- WATER CLARIFICATION
VIA CENTRIFUGE. Chem. Eng. Progr., 67(9):45-48, Sept.
1971. 2 refs.
The use of centrifuges for dewatering sludges collected from
wet scrubbers in basic oxygen furnace shops is discussed, in a
typical shop with a capacity of 16,000 tons/day, approximately
3000 gal/min of water is used in the scrubbing system. The
water discharged to the water-clarificaton system is normally
one and a half percent to three percent solids. A preclassifica-
tion system will remove approximately 20-40% of the dust; the
remainder going to the clarifier will be essentially minus 100
mesh, with most of the discreet particles less than two micron.
This extremely fine material settles fairly readily: underflow
from the thickener will generally be 15-35% solids. Continuous
solid bowl centrifuges are successfully used to dewater this
underflow. The machines range in size from small 24 by 38 in
machines handling two tons/hr of solids to 36 by 74 or 96 in
machines handling up to five to 10 tons/hr. Maintenance on
the larger equipment is about 12-15 cents ton. The centrifuge
systems can be designed for use with polyelectrolyte floccu-
lants. Other areas of application of solid bowl centrifuges are
electric furnace plants and furnaces used for lead-scrap
recycling. Lead oxide dust can cause problems in the system
by caking and clogging the centifuge.
35352
Grantham, L. F. and S. J. Yosim
REMOVAL OF LEAD FROM GASES WITH MOLTEN AL-
KALI METAL CARBONATES. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Petrol.
Chem., Preprints, 16(2):E88-E99, March/April 1971.
Laboratory experiments to remove lead-containing vapors and
particulates from automobile exhaust gases using molten alkali
metals (lithium, sodium, and potassium) are examined.
Techniques whereby the gas was impinged on the molten salt
surface and contacted on a mesh scrubber wetted with molten
salt were used to test lead removal. Apparatus, test procedure,
paniculate size, and experimental results are discussed. Lead
removal efficiency by impingement of the gas containing lead
halides increased as impingement velocity increased, with gas
temperature, flow rate, residence time, and lead concentration
as effective parameters. The percent of lead particulates
remaining in the gas phase increased as the gas velocity
through the mesh increased but decreased as gas residence
time in the wetted wash increased.
'; 76
Henson, C. G.
POLLUTION FROM BOILER STACKS AND ENGINE EX-
HAUSTS - THE CHEMISTRY OF AIR POLLUTION AND ITS
SOLUTION BY THE PROFIT FACTOR. Clean Air, 1(3):22-
28, Autumn 1971. 9 refs.
Pollutant emissions from boiler stacks and engine exhausts are
examined with respect to chemical interactions, effects on
materials, emission levels, control measures, fuel additives,
and effects on human health. Gaseous products of combustion
from boiler stacks or engine exhausts include carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, smoke, sulfur oxides, sulfuric acid, nitrogen
oxides, unburned hydrocarbons, acid smut, particulates, and
fly ash. The use of lead as an anti-knock agent in petrol en-
gines also contributes to noxious emissions. Remedial mea-
sures consider such factors as combustion engineering, operat-
ing variables (excess air supply), electrostatic precipitators,
scrubbers, filters, and fuel content. Fuel additives such as
manganese can also reduce smoke and other emissions.
-------
90
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
35478
Aizenberg, B. Sh., A. G. Belikov, D. L. Bukhanovskii, G. M.
Gordon, V. P. Kovalev, G. A. Matrakhin, Ya. V. Mishurin,
and V. N. Tsessarskii
OPERATION OF A BAG FILTER WITH AIR JET FABRIC
CLEANING. Soviet J. Non-Ferrous Metals (English transla-
tion from Russian of: Tsvetn. Metal.), 42(8):44-48, Aug. 1969.
Iref.
The operation of bag filters with air jet cleaning to control the
dust content of waste gases was tested on lead smelting shop
exhaust gases in a pilot plant study. Components of the
system, operating procedures, and variable operational factors
were examined. Test results and design criteria are included.
The experimental filteis produced dust outputs of 3.20-7.50
mg/n cu m, 2.0-3.6 mg/n cu m, and 4.3-7.3 mg/n cu m under
different conditions.
35535
Szczeniowski, Boseslaw
THE PROBLEM OF LEADED GASOLINE. Eng. J. (Mon-
treal), 54(ll):22-24, 27, Nov. 1971. 21 refs.
Redesigning the engine for lower compression ratios does not
appear to be the best approach to the problem of tetraethyl
lead in gasoline. Tetraethyl lead, in which there is about 64%
lead by weight, is the most effective antiknocking agent
discovered to date. The most effective substitute antiknock
substance among liquids that may be contemplated as an addi-
tive to gasoline with practical hope is ethanol, more than twice
as effective as benzene. Moreover, experience has shown that
the addition of ethanol to gasoline reduces combustion
chamber deposits concurrently. The problem of avoiding the
use of tetrwthyl lead in fuel is considered, as well as the con-
flicting opinions of the industry and researchers involved.
35540
Yocom, J. E. and W. A. Cote
INDOOR/OUTDOOR ABR POLLUTANT RELATIONSHIPS
FOR AIR-CONDITIONED BUILDINGS. ASHRAE (Am. Soc.
Heat. Refrig. Air-Cond. Eng.) Proc., vol. 77::61-71, 1971. 13
refs.
The quality of indoor atmospheres is a complex function of a
number of variables which include outdoor levels of pollu-
tants, indoor generation of pollutants, permeability of the
building, meteorology, and type of ventilation or air condition-
ing system and its method of operation. A 20-month study of
indoor/outdoor air pollutant relationships was conducted at a
number of buildings in and around Hartford, Conn., and an
analysis is presented of the results obtained in two air condi-
tioned office buildings. Total and respirable suspended particu-
late matter, soiling particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and
sulfur dioxide were measured. Suspended particulate matter
inside the buildings was only about one-half that measured
outside when makeup air rates were low, indicating that
roughing filters used in air conditioning systems are effective
in the removal of relatively large particles. Air conditioning
systems were not especially effective in the removal of that
portion of particulate matter which contains the benzene solu-
ble organic material, the inorganic lead, or which accounts for
the soiling properties. As might be expected, carbon monoxide
was not affected by air conditioning components.
35688
Sorem, S. S.
EFFECTS OF FUEL FACTORS ON EMISSIONS. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York; American
Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.; American Inst. of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York; American Inst. of
Chemical Engineers, New York; and American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, 9p., 1970. 34 refs.
(Presented at the Bay Area Air Pollution Symposium, Menlo
Park, Calif., Sept. 21-22, 1970, Paper 710364.)
Possibilities for reducing automobile emissions through
changes in gasoline composition are discussed. Small benefits
are achievable by limiting front-end volatility and light olefin
content; California has already passed legislation limiting these
fuel properties. Fuel hydrocarbon type, octane number, and
lead antiknock content are interrelated. Maintenance of octane
number while removing lead can be achieved by increasing
aromatic content, but with a resulting increase in exhaust reac-
tivity. Alternatively, lead can be removed without changing
hydrocarbon composition if engine octane number requirement
is reduced. While these changes may reduce exhaust hydrocar-
bons, they will lower engine efficiency, and thus increase ex-
haust flow rates. The net effect on pollutant emission s is in
doubt. Gasoline additives, other than lead, have little direct ef-
fect one engine exhaust. They do perform functions that
minimize the deterioration of engine emission characteristics.
(Author abstract modified)
35703
Koepernik, Karl Hermann
A METHOD OF PRODUCING A CATALYST OF LOW SEN-
SITIVITY TO LEAD FOR OXD3ISING THE EXHAUST
GASES OF MOTOR CARS. (Kali-Chemie A. G., Hannover
(West Germany)) Brit. Pat. 1,143,823. 4p., Feb. 26, 1969. 3
refs. (Appl. Sept. 21, 1966, 8 claims).
A method of producing a catalyst of low sensitivity to lead is
presented for oxidizing exhaust gases of automobiles. A pseu-
doboehmite with an ignition loss of 24 to 30% and a sodium
monoxide content below 500 ppm is made into a paste with a
solution of an ammonium salt of a volatile acid and with acetic
acid, hydrochloric acid, or nitric acid. It is then extruded,
dried at 50 to 70 C, calcined at 800-900 C, and impregnated
with a solution containing 0.5 to 3 gram atoms each of copper
and chromium per liter, dried, and finally activated at 750 to
850 C. The pseudoboehmite can be obtained in various ways,
for instance by precipitation from the reaction of an aluminum
nitrate solution with nitric acid, or by the hydrolysis of alu-
minum alcoholates or glycolates.
35778
Adams, W. E., H. J. Gibson, D. A. Hirschler, and J. S.
Wintringham
MEETING FUTURE EMISSION STANDARDS WITH
LEADED FUELS. J. Automotive Eng., 2(10):12-16, Nov. 1971.
8 refs.
Since exhaust emissions are now measured on a mass basis,
the smaller mass of emissions with a higher compression ratio
becomes a very important consideration. Furthermore, the
higher compression ratio can permit operation at leaner
air/fuel ratios and allow the use of higher rates of exhaust gas
recycle. Both these advantages of high compression are used
in the lean-reactor car program of the Ethyl Corporation.
Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides can be
minimized. A three-venturi carburetor was developed to
produce a lean air/fuel ratio. Reaction in the exhuast system is
improved by conserving heat in the exhaust ports by lining
them with stainless steel tubes insulated from contact with the
cooled walls of the exhaust ports. Further reaction is
promoted by substituting larger than normal exhaust manifolds
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
91
of thin stainless steel for the conventional cast iron manifolds.
The very stringent standards for nitrogen oxides require ex-
haust gas recycling, while lead participates can be ag-
glomerated by cooling the exhaust gases. The gases are then
passed through a cyclone to precipitate particulates. An ex-
perimental car was produced which is close to meeting 1975
emission standards. The lean-reactor car has eliminated 95% of
the unburned hydrocarbons, 90% of the CO, and 80% of NOx.
Emissions of carbon monoxide are similar for the two engines
and emissions of hydrocarbons a little higher for the rotary en-
gine. A specific advantage of the rotary engine in exhaust
emission control is that it can accomodate control devices,
such as thermal reactors, air injectors, and thermal reactors,
much more readily than present reciprocating engines. With
their superior knocking resistance and no valves, rotary en-
gines can also operate satisfactorily on lead-free gasoline.
35814
Roth, James F.
COPPER-BASED AUTO EXHAUST CATALYSTS:
MECHANISMS OF DEACTIVATION AND PHYSICAL AT-
TRITION. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Petrol. Chem., Preprints,
16(2):E53-E58, Man* .*?i. \\ i:'.*. (Picsu-iuj at U*v : . . ,
geles Meeting, March 28-April 2, 1971.)
The physical attrition of copper-based exhaust catalysts on
alumina supports was studied in road tests and in synthetic
laboratory atmospheres. The road tests resulted in a marked
depletion of copper from catalyst surfaces and appreciable
deposition of lead on surface and subsurface layers. The
laboratory tests identified cyclic oxidation-reduction as the
cause of physical attrition of poorly dispersed copper-based
catalysts in leaded or nonleaded atmospheres. Halides in-
troduced into auto exhaust from the lead motor mix con-
tributed significantly to deactivation via depletion of the active
component from the catalyst surface. Highly dispersed
catalysts had good attrition resistance even under cyclic condi-
tions. The degree of dispersion of the copper component de-
pends in part on copper content, support properties, and
method of deposition of copper on the support. Mechanical
properties of the support, beyond minimal levels of crushing
strength, have little or no bearing on the attrition resistance of
coper-based catalysts. (Author conculsions modified)
35816
Hyman, M. H. and W. R. Pyle
GASOLINE LEAD ADDITIVES -- A BALANCED VIEW-
POINT. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. of Petrol. Chem., Preprints,
16(2):E107-E112, March 1971. 7 refs. (Presented at the Los
Angeles Meeting, March 28-April 2, 1971.)
Increasing aromatics content with reformate is an economic
path to boosting lead-free octanes. However, increased aro-
matics content can cause fuel sensitivity to be worse. Gasoline
blended without lead should contain enough branched-chain
paraffins to cancel this effect. Among the environmental
benefits of increased reformate manufacturing are less sulfur
in gasoline; more hydrogen (a reformate by-product) available
for desulfurizing other fuels; more availability of natural gas
(otherwise consumed in hydrogen manufacturing); and more
availability of high-octane liquefied petroleum gas (another
reformated by-product). The main disadvantage is higher crude
oil consumption. However, this may be offset by sales of com-
pact cars with high fuel economy. Other benefits of
withdrawal of lead additives from gasoline are less atmospher-
ic haze, less corrosion of vital auto parts, and the ability to
use a wider variety of control devices.
35821
ROTARY ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS. SAE Australasia,
31(5):187, Sept.-Oct. 1971.
Because its high surface/volume ratio permits combustion to
be carried out at a comparatively low temperature, the rotary
engine emits fewer nitrogen oxides than a reciprocating engine.
36081
Lindsay, R., A. Thomas, J. A. Woodworth, and E. G.
Zeschmann
INFLUENCE OF HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE ON THE EX-
HAUST EMISSIONS OF HYDROCARBONS, CARBON
MONOXIDE, AND NITRIC OXIDE FROM A MUL-
TICYLINDER ENGINE. Preprint, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, Inc., New York, 14p., 1971. 23 refs. (Presented at the
Society of Automotive Engineers, Mid-Year Meeting, Mon-
treal, Quebec, June 7-11, 1971, Paper 710588.)
A fuel-air mixture generator has been developed which allows
a vehicle to be run on a chassis dynamometer under both
transient and steady-state conditions on premixed homogene-
ous gasoline-air mixtures using conventional nonleaded
gasoline. Under these conditions, cylinder-to-cylinder varia-
tions of air/fuel ratio and of carbon monoxide emission from a
90-cu inch four-cylinder engine were virtually eliminated, and
variations of nitric oxide emissions were greatly reduced.
However, variations in hydrocarbon emission were scarcely
affected. With the premixed charge the vehicle could be run
on an extremely lead air/fuel mixture, while retaining good
driveability. At an air/fuel ratio of 22.5/1, CO and NO emis-
sions over the U.S. Federal cycle according to the 1970 test
procedure were 2.7 and 0.4 g/mile, respectively. However, un-
burned hydrocarbon emissions exceeded current legislative
requirements. (Author abstract)
36144
Giles, William
VALVE PROBLEMS WITH LEAD-FREE GASOLINE.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
9p., 1970. 7 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive En-
gineers, Mississippi Valley Section Meeting, Oct. 22, 1970,
Paper 710368.)
High exhaust valve recession rates were observed in light duty
engines operating on lead-free gasoline. Recession proceeded
10-20 times faster than with leaded fuel, and occurred on the
integral cylinder head sets. The reddish deposits covering
recessed valves had a high iron concentration and a low zinc
concentration. Adhesive wear was the most common type of
wear phenomenon, and the only type present in all cases of
surface contact. An equation developed for predicting volume
of material lost through adhesive wear identifies the parame-
ters which should be modified to reduce valve seat recession.
Engine tests showed valve seat angle and cylinder head seat
hardness and/or structure are the most significant factors in
reducing wear. Coatings, wide seats, and improved valve train
stability by themselves are insufficient to stabilize wear rates.
Wide seats, use of seat inserts, and lower seat angles resulted
in shortened valve burning life in engines run with leaded
gasoline. Induction-hardened cylinder head seats reduced wear
with no effect on valve durability.
-------
92
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
36145
Gallopoulos, N. E.
PROJECTED LUBRICANT REQUIREMENTS OF ENGINES
OPERATING WITH LEAD-FREE GASOLINE. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 9p., 1971.
47 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers,
Mid-Year Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, June 8-11, 1971, Paper
710585.)
Changes in compression ratio, spark timing, exhaust gas recir-
culation, catalytic converters, crankcase and evaporative con-
trols, modifications in air-fuel ratio, and emission controls in
engines burning unleaded gasoline will reduce the concentra-
tion of nitrogen oxides in blowby gas, blowby gas flow rate,
and reduce other emissions. With proper engine cooling
systems, engine oil temperatures may not be affected. The
consequences of these changes for engines using high quality
(SE) oils at current drain intervals are virtual elimination of
rust; reduction of sludge; no effect on wear and oil thickening;
and possible worsening of varnish. Therefore, extension of the
drain interval with SE engine oils may be possible, but final
decisions will depend on research findings in the areas of en-
gine wear and varnish and oil thickening. A desirable property
of future oils is low metallic content. (Author abstract
modified)
36453
Black, E. N., IV, W. E. Askey, J. R. Smith, and J. W.
Stephens
REDESIGN OF EXISTING CATALYTIC REFORMING
UNITS FOR OCTANE IMPROVEMENTS. Preprint, American
Inst. of Chemical Engineers, New York, 21p., 1971. (Presented
at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, National
Meeting, 68th, Houston, Tex., Feb. 28-March 4, 1971.)
Recent announcements by major petroleum companies have
indicated a decrease in the amount of lead alkyls used in
gasoline. This trend is expected to accelerate and refiners
today must consider alternate methods of octane improvement.
Redesign of existing catalytic reformers for higher octane
and/or hiher throughput is discussed. These redesigns require
more severe operating conditions with the attendant higher
coke make which can be accommodated by changing to the
new coke tolerant catalysts that contain not only platinum but
also an additional metal such as rhenium (bimetallic catalysts),
or by conversion of a semi-regenerative plant to fully
regenerable (cyclic) operation. Several proposed conversions
from semi-regenerative operation using conventional platinum-
alumina catalyst (platinum catalyst) to either semi-regenerative
operating using bimetallic catalyst or cyclic operation are
presented. The cases that are presented are based on feasibili-
ty studies of actual commercial units. Costs are cited. (Author
introduction modified)
36523
Nelson, Edwin
CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTON. J. Environ.
Health, 34(3):304- 310, Nov./Dec. 1971. (Presented at the An-
nual Education Conference, 35th.)
Progress made by General Motors in controlling automotive
emissions and company plans for producing an essentially pol-
lution-free vehicle are discussed. Between 1960 and 1971, the
company achieved an 80% reduction in hydrocarbon emissions
and a 65% reduction in carbon monoxide emissions from its
cars. All 1971 models meet the California standards for
nitrogen oxides. Advanced control techniques under evaluation
include improved carburetion, electronic fuel injection, ex-
haust gas recirculation (EGR), manifold reactors, and catalytic
converters. Availability of unleaded gasoline on a nation-wide
basis should permit the company to translate some features of
these techniques into production cars meeting 1975 standards.
Alternate power plants such as turbines and steam engines are
also mentioned.
36578
Bernstein, L. S., K. K. Kearby, A. K. S. Raman, J. Vardi, and
E. E. Wigg
APPLICATION OF CATALYSTS TO AUTOMOTIVE NOX
EMISSIONS CONTROL. Preprint, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, Inc., New York, 17p., 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 11-15,
1971, Paper 710014.)
Nickel-copper alloys, marketed under the name of Monel were
extremely active nitrogen oxides reduction catalysts. Monel is
usually used in catalytic afterburners. At temperatures above
1300 F, and under net reducing conditions, Monel will catalyze
the removal of 90% or more of the nitric oxide in automotive
exhausts at space velocities of up to 100,000 v/v/hr. On un-
leaded fuel, Monel catalysts show good activity maintenance
in mileage accumulation runs as long as 31,000 miles. Catalyst
life is limited by physical deterioration of the catalyst which
causes increases in exhaust back pressure. On unleaded fuel,
Monel in its present form will last approximately 10,000 miles
at 1700 F (60 mph) before back pressure begins to rise rapidly.
The presence of lead in the fuel substantially increases the
rate of Monel deterioration. When Monel is used as part of a
dual-bed catalyst system, two problems, which appear to be
generic to dual-bed catalyst systems, arise. First, under normal
operating conditions, roughly 10% of the NO in the untreated
exhaust reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia in the Monel
bed. This ammonia can be oxidized to NO in the oxidation
bed. Ammonia formation can be decreased by careful control
of exhaust composition. Alternatively, the concentration of
nitric oxide in the untreated exhaust can be lowered by ex-
haust gas recycling so that even with ammonia formation, the
nitric oxide concentration in the treated exhaust will be low
enough to meet low emissions standards. Placing Monel or any
other NOx reduction catalyst ahead of the oxidation catalyst
slows the warm-up of the oxidation catalyst. This problem was
attacked by placing the catalyst system close to the exhaust
ports and modifying the exhaust system to conserve exhaust
gas sensible heat. (Author abstract modified)
36721
Lindsay, R. and A. Thomas
POLLUTION FROM ROAD VEHICLES. (A) RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF EXHAUST EMIS-
SIONS FROM PETROL ENGINES. Nat. Soc. Clean Air, Proc.
Ann. Conf., p. 118-136, 1970. 7 refs. (Presented at the National
Society for Clean Air, Annual Conference, Southport, En-
gland, Oct. 20-23, 1970.)
Types of pollutants from the three main sources of undesirable
automotive emissions (the crankcase, fuel tank/fuel system,
and engine exhaust) and associated control technology are
summarized. The technical problems of limiting crankcase and
evaporative emissions are well under control, but much further
progress is required in reducing exhaust emissions. Thermal
reactor/exhaust gas recirculation and catalytic treatments ate
discussed as future exhaust emission control methods. Fuel
composition, detergent additives, and ignition control additives
have some effect in reducing emissions. There is an enormous
cost involved in removing lead additives from fuel; however
the technology exists if the community decides to pay the
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
93
extra cost in money and material resources. Alternative fuel
(liquefied gases) and alternative automotive power sources are
noted. A joint research program by the automotive and oil in-
dustries is underway. A packaged emission control system and
improved vehicle maintenance are major approaches to con-
trolling emissions in cars already in use. The costs of emis-
sions control are discussed; these increase substantially with
decreasing emissions levels. The legislative requirements for
vehicle emissions in several countries are summarized.
37042
Hancock, E. E., R. M. Campau, and R. Connolly
CATALYTIC CONVERTER VEHICLE SYSTEM PER-
FORMANCE: RAPID VERSUS CUSTOMER MILEAGE.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
25p., 1971. 6 refs. (Presented at the Automotive Engineering
Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 11-15, 1971, Paper 710292.)
Two types of catalysts were tested in a fleet of 24 1969 vehi-
cles operated in customer-type urban driving regimes, on both
leaded and nonleaded fuels over a period of one and one-half
years. The two catalyst types, and the converter systems
chosen for this evaluation, were selected on the basis of infor-
mation obtained from an earlier test program involving four
cars durability-tested on a more rapid test track mileage accu-
mulation cycle, indicating that operation on leaded fuel would
seriously affect the life of the catalyst. However, the 6000-mi.
average emission objectives were met for the fleet. The 24-car
fleet demonstrated that many other problems, such as catalyst
attrition with resultant converter plugging, must be solved.
Converter designs should incorporate optimum exhaust flow
distribution through the catalyst to minimize exhaust velocity
effects. Catalyst size, shape and physical integrity, and/or sup-
port play an important part in overall catalyst life. If stringent
emission targets are to be met, converters must be designed
for fast warm-up and be located close to the engine exhaust
outlets. Secondary air is required, and the use of spark retard
on warm-up is advantageous. A means of diverting the exhaust
gas around the catalyst bed is necessary to prevent catalyst
damage from over-temperature during some operating modes
and during periods of engine malfunction. The 24-car fleet was
equipped with a programmed protection system designed to
protect the catalysts from such damage. The use of nonleaded
fuel during road operation extends the life of catalyst emission
reduction systems.
37116
Kaneko, Yasuo, Hiroshi Kuroda, and Kazuyuki Tanaka
SMALL ENGINE - CONCEPT EMISSION VEHICLES.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
19p., 1971. 5 refs. (Presented at the Automotive Engineering
Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 11-15, 1971, Paper 710296.)
Three Japanese automobile manufacturers are engaged in
research and development work on thermal reactor-exhaust
gas recirculation (EGR) and catalytic converter systems for
small engine vehicles. The companies are participants in the
Inter-Industry Emission Control Program which aims at
developing a virtually emission-free vehicle. Specific emission
targets are 0.82 g/mile for hydrocarbons, 7.1 g/mile for carbon
monoxide, 0.68 g/mile for nitrogen oxides, and nil loss from
the crankcase. The emission levels of three concept vehicles
developed by the Japanese companies meet the JIEC goals at
low mileage. Control packages for the vehicles are a thermal
reactor plus EGR, using leaded or unleaded gasoline; a
hydrocarbon-carbon monoxide converter plus EGR, using un-
leaded or low-lead gasoline; and a hydrocarbon-carbon monox-
ide catalytic converter, using unleaded gasoline. Each package
will require further research for improvement in fuel economy,
durability, and driveability, as well as the establishment of
good maintenance characteristics.
37150
Faust, W. J. and M. J. Sterba
MINIMIZING EXHAUST EMISSIONS - A REALISTIC AP-
PROACH. Am. Soc. Testing Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ., no.
487:36-53, 1971. 13 refs.
Piston engines will be the dominant vehicular power plant for
the next 20 years. Although modifications to engine design and
operating conditions will reduce exhaust emissions substan-
tially, catalytic exhaust gas converters will be required to
reach the extreme low levels of emission desired. Lead-free
gasoline will be required to permit the catalyst to function
properly for the desired mileage. The initial drop in gasoline
octane number, due to omission of lead, will be recovered
gradually by refinery process changes. Gasoline will become
more aromatic, more isoparaffinic, and less olefinic, while
being reduced in sulfur content. The total content of
polynuclear aromatics in the exhaust gas is shown to be not
affected by a substantial increase in thy aromatic content of
the gasoline. Polynuclear aromatics in the exhaust are oxidized
almost completely by catalytic converters. Governmental ac-
tions, statements by the automotive industry, and statements
by the petroleum industry are cited. (Author abstract)
37173
Schwarzenbek, Eugene F.
CATALYTIC REFORMING. Advan. Chem. Ser., no. 103:94-
112, 1971. 5 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society
and the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering Joint Con-
ference, Toronto, Canada, May 24-28, 1970.)
The role of the catalytic reforming process in meeting the fu-
ture demand for high octane lead-free gasoline is discussed.
An increase in the severity of reforming is needed to produce
aromatic-rich fractions with octane numbers as high as 110.
Octane improvement in catalytic reforming is a result of the
dehydrogenation reaction to form aromatics and a
hydrocracking reaction to convert higher-boiling paraffins to
lower-boiling higher octane material. Pressure is the operating
variable controlling the relative amounts of these two reac-
tions. Hydrocracking is promoted by high pressure,
dehydrogenation by low pressure. Higher pressures increase
gas and butane production, while lower pressures show a
greater advantage in liquid product yield. The new platinum-
rhenium catalysts show improved stability and will allow the
design of low-pressure semiregenerative systems without the
requirement of high-investment regeneration facilities. The
economics of a semiregnerative unit operating at 200 psig are
detailed. Even at this pressure, the selectivity is more for
hydrocracking than dehydrocyclization, so further improve-
ment in catalyst formulation is needed. (Author abstract
modified)
37195
Matsumoto, Kiyoshi
PRESENT STATE OF COUNTERMEASURE FOR EXHAUST
GAS FROM GASOLINE ENGINES. (Gasorin kikan ni okeru
haishutsu gasu taisaku no genjo). Text in Japanese. Preprint,
Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo, 13p., 1971. 9
refs. (Presented at the Seminar on Environmental Pollution by
Internal Combustion Engine and its Countermeasure, Tokyo,
Japan, Nov. 29-30, 1971.)
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94
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Automotive exhaust emission standards and studies made in
the United States and Europe are reviewed; the countermea-
sures in Japan are discussed. Since the lead pollution episode
in Tokyo in May 1970, lead additives in gasoline have become
an object of study. Complete omission of lead from gasoline is
scheduled to be legalized in April 1974. However, by sub-
sequent investigation, it became clear that non-lead gasoline
caused problems of valve recession, wearing the valve seat
severely. Research is being conducted for developing an en-
gine that can use non-lead gasoline and for additives that can
replace lead. Already lead additives in gasoline Ohave been
reduced to 0.7 - 0.9 g/gal in premium gasoline and to 0.5 g/gal
in regular gasoline. Inprovements are being made on cars by
attaching idle limiters, in carburetion in the intake manifold, in
thermostatic air cleaners, and fuel jet engines. For control of
hydrocarbons, improvements are being made on the shape of
the combustion chamber by reducing surface/volume ratio and
increasing stroke/bore ratio, or preventing knocking. Some
other improvements that have been suggested are delay of
spark timing, increased of air supply at the time of idling, use
of a throttle positioner or opener, use of a dash pot, or
decrease of the fuel supply in case of a fuel injection engine.
In order to control the amount of nitric oxide emissions,
lowering the compression ratio, delaying ignition time, enlarg-
ing the valve overlap, using a lower air/fuel ratio, or suction of
inactive gas or water are suggested.
37222
Grantham, LeRoy F., William A. McCollum, Jr., and Dennis
C. Gehri
PROCEDURE FOR THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES
AND OTHER IMPURITIES FROM GAS MIXTURES. (Ver-
fahren Entfernung von Stickstoffoxyden un anderen Verun-
reinigungen aus Gasmischungen). Text in German. (North
American Rockwell Corp., El Segundo, Calif.) W. Ger. Pat.
2,108,059. 74p., Aug. 19, 1971. (Appl. Feb. 19, 1971, 31
claims).
Power-plant waste gases and automobile exhaust containing
nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, halogens, halides, metal ox-
ides, or fly ash were purified by bringing then1 into contact
with alkali metal carbonates or mixtures containing lithium
carbonate 45 plus or minus 5, sodium carbonate 25 plus or
minus 5 mole% on a metal wire-lattice of stainless steel,
nickel, or copper-nickel-iron alloys at 350-600 deg. Passage of
automobile exhaust at 395 deg through a 20-liter vessel con-
taining a stainless steel grating net with molten alkli metal car-
bonate resulted in removal of up to 95% of the lead in the ex-
haust and 15-50% of the NO. The degree of removal depended
on driving speed and contact time.
37234
Oelert, Henning H.
GASOLINE WITHOUT LEAD. TECHNICAL AND HYGIENIC
ASPECTS OF LEAD EMISSION BY OTTO ENGINES.
(Benzin ohne Blei. Technische und hygienische Aspekte der
Bleiemission von Ottomotoren). Text in German. Umwelt
(Duesseldorf), l(6):36-39, Dec. 1971.
The lead emitted by automobiles produces emissions which are
clearly below the maximum allowable concentration. To date,
no physical damages on humans through the lead emission into
street air are known. However, not much is known yet about
long-term effects. The law in the Federal Republic of Germany
requires a reduction of the lead content in gasolines to 0.4 g/1
beginning in 1972 and to 0.15 g/1 in 1976. Lead-free and low-
lead gasolines with sufficient octane number can be produced
by familiar methods with an acceptable cost increase. The
operation with lead-free gasoline has a general emission
preventing effect. Damages on the engine were observed only
in rare cases. Lower lead emissions improve the possibility for
catalytic afterburning. Tests with lead-free fuel which con-
tained 60 to 80% paraffin showed that the hydrocarbon con-
centration in the exhaust gas was slightly raised. The fuel com-
position had no influence on the emitted concentration of
polycyclic aromatics. The quantity of polynuclear hydrocar-
bons emitted is determined by the air/fuel ratio and the rpm.
In the future all efforts will be directed toward a reduction of
the hydrocarbon emissions to zero. Catalytic afterburning
reduces the carcinogenic polynuclear aromatics by 98%, even
after longer operating times.
37275
Tinard, Henri
THE 1972 AUTOMOBILE (CONTINUATION). THE FIGHT
AGAINST AIR POLLUTION: A COMPLEX PROBLEM. (L
automobile 1972 (suite). La lutte contre la pollution: un
probleme complexe). Text in French. Concours Med. (Paris),
no 45:7961-7964, Nov. 1971.
Perfect combustion can be approached by improvements in
carburetors, fuel-air adjustment, and spark plugs. Settings
made factorially are temporary only. Fuel injection providing
uniform fuel distribution is applied in relatively expensive cars
only. Catalytic and afterburning methods are expensive, and
the catalytic effect is deteriorated by lead additives. To make
catalysts more effective, the use of lead should be discon-
tinued. The absence of lead in fuels could be compensated for
by expensive refinery processes, lowered compression ratios,
or increased stroke volumes. Improvements of carburetion, in-
jection, and ignition air points of main concern at the present
time. For city traffic, the electric car would be an ideal solu-
tion. West European and Japanese 1972 car models are
reviewed.
37408
PRECIOUS METALS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY.
(Edelmetalle in der modernen Technik). Text in German.
Metall. Berlin, 26(l):72-73, Jan. 1972.
The stepped-up measures against environmental pollution have
called for a lead-free gasoline. In order to achieve the same
antiknocking properties in lead-free gasolines as in leaded
ones, a larger quantity of reforming catalyst is needed. An in-
crease of the platinum consumption is thus expected. Automo-
bile exhaust gases from engines driven with lead-free gasoline
can efficiently be cleaned by Pt catalysts. There is a tendency
though to replace these calalysts by non-precious metal
catalysts. For afterburning of toxic and odorous waste gases
from other sources, precious metal catalysts are preferably
used. (Air pollution discussed on p. 73.)
37468
Research Committee for Automobile Fuels (Japan)
REPORT OF THE COLLABORATIVE STUDY ON EXHAUST
VALVE SEAT RECESSION. (Haiki barubu shiito risesshon
kyodo kenkyu hokoku). Text in Japanese. 53p., Sept. 1971.
Field and laboratory tests were conducted from Dec. 1970 in
order to achieve comprehensive and high-degree purification
of automobile exhaust gases. The tests involved evidence of
the occurrence of valve seat recession; effect of valve seat
recession on exhaust gases; and development of a preventive
technique such as preventive agents for valve seat recession.
Four kinds of cars having engine exhaust gas amounts of 360
cc, 1.3 1, 1.5 1, and 1.9 1 and three kinds of trucks with loading
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
95
capacities of 350 kg, 2 t, and 3.5 t were used for the experi-
ments. The experiments were performed with non-lead
gasoline, lead gasoline (TEL 0.2 cc/gal and 0.5 cc/gal), and
phosphor added gasoline (P 0.7 g/cal). The influence of ex-
haust valve recession on exhaust gases and the effect of lead
and phosphor compounds were also studied. The more the
cars accelerated and the smaller the amount of engine exhaust
gas, the more valve seat recession occurred. The exhaust of
non-combustion hydrocarbons caused by the exhaust valve
recession was apt to increase in proportion to the number of
recessions. Phosphor compounds for prevention of valve seat
recession was tested in different engines. It proved to be effi-
cient, but the examination was not carried out concerning
added amounts of phosphor compounds and air pollution
caused by phosphor compounds.
37619
Forster, E. J. and L. E. Stinson
CARS NEED MORE OCTANE WITHOUT LEAD. Hydrocar-
bon Process., 49(12):97-99, Dec. 1970, 2 refs.
The octane number requirements of 29 unleaded-fuel cars
using unleaded reference fuels were compared with the
requirements of 29 leaded-fuel cars using leaded reference
fuels. The cars included 23 1965 model cars and six 1968
model cars, each tested for an average of 56,000 miles. The
octane requirement was surprisingly higher for all cars run on
unleaded fuels, i.e., 4.6 RON higher for cars run on premium
lead-free gasolines and 6.3 RON higher for cars run on regular
lead-free gasolines. The higher requirement of unleaded cars
was influenced to a large extent by greater deposit accumula-
tion in the combustion chambers. The results indicate that new
cars may have to be designed with lower octane requirements
or that unleaded-fuel quality must be higher than 91 RON.
37750
Schulz, Ulrich and Ulf Richter
INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE
DEGREE OF SEPARATION OF ELECTRIC FILTERS IN
NON-FERROUS METALLURGY. (Einfluss technologischer
Parameter auf den Abscheidegrad von Elektrofiltern in der
NE-Metallurgie). Text in German. Neue Huette, 16(7):385-390,
July 1971. 13 refs.
The flying dust generated in non-ferrous metallurgical furnaces
is mostly composed of oxidized particles of zinc, lead, tin, an-
timony, and arsenic. Sheet-type filters and electrostatic
precipitators are used for removal and recovery of these dust
types. Due to the generally high specific electric resistance of
the dust, the process can be carried out effectively only by ad-
hering to certain values of precipitation temperature and water
content of the gas phase. To establish design parameters for
the construction of precipitators for the non-ferrous metal in-
dustry, the precipitation rate of waste gases derived from vari-
ous metallurgical furnaces for copper, zinc, tin, and lead was
measured by a laboratory-type electrostatic precipitator. The
influence of precipitation temperature and water content of the
gas phase on the precipitation rate was investigated. The
results of measurements of precipitation rates and electric re-
sistance of the separated dust material, in combination with
theoretical considerations, lead to the conclusion that with
dust of a specific electric resistance of less than 10 to the 10th
ohm cm, the precipitation rate is influenced by temperature,
dew point of gas, viscosity of gas, and voltage of electric
field, independent of the specific electric resistance of the
dust. Above 10 to the 10th and up to 10 to the llth ohm cm,
the precipitation rate is related to the specific electric re-
sistance of the dust.
37845
Kimberley, J. L.
LEAD IN GASOLINE. AN EVALUATION OF THE SITUA-
TION IN THE UNITED STATES IN SEPTEMBER 1971. (Blei
im Benzin. Eine Betrachtung der Lage in den USA im Sep-
tember 1971). Text in German. Metall (Berlin), 26(l):65-67,
Jan. 1972.
There has been much talk about lead elimination in gasolines.
Many argue that the lead has to be removed first from the
gasoline in order to clean the exhaust gases by catalysts. There
are several factors, however, which speak for the keeping lead
in gasolines. The lead concentration in the atmosphere is at the
moment still far below 4 micrograms/cu m in most cities.
Despite seemingly increasing lead content of the atmosphere
over large cities, no reliable proof exists that the lead content
in the blood of the population is on the rise too. A study, con-
cluded in Dec. 1969, revealed that the women in Pasadena had
less lead in the blood than women living in Rittenhouse Square
in Philadelphia, although the lead concentration in the air over
Rittenhouse Square is just half as high as that in Pasadena.
The inexpensive catalysts for cleaning the exhaust gases could
not be realized. The costs rose to $500 by now. Systems with
lead, with thermal reactors for carbon monoxide and hydrocar-
bon removal, and with waste gas recirculation for the elimina-
tion of the nitrogen oxides with particle collection seem so
much better. There is a growing belief that lead-free gasolines
will lead to an earlier wear of valves which might cause a mas-
sive increase of exhaust gases. There are continuous efforts to
find new catalysts resistant to lead.
37938
Rixmann, W.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TWO-DISK-NSU-WANKEL
ENGINE IN THE MODEL RO 80. (Zur Entwicklung des
Zweischeiben-NSU-Wankelmotors im RO 80). Text in German.
Automobiltech. Z. (Stuttgart), 73(12):476-478, Dec. 1971. 3
refs.
The hydrocarbon emission by the RO 80-NSU-Wankel engine
is twice as large as that of the conventional piston engine.
Through the higher exhaust gas temperature (100 to 150 C
above that of conventional engines), thermal afterburning can
be easily and efficiently carried out. The hydrocarbons can be
eliminated almost entirely. The carbon monoxide emission de-
pends only on the fuel/air ratio. Afterburning also reduces the
CO drastically. The nitrogen oxides concentration in the ex-
haust gas of the RO-80 engine is far below that of the conven-
tional engine to begin with. It is only 30% of that of the con-
ventional engine. Thus the engine meets the legal requirements
set in the U. S. Moreover, the engine can be driven with nor-
mal gasoline. It still functions properly at an octane number of
90. The reduction of the lead content in the fuel will pose no
problems for this engine.
38287
Welbergen, Johannes
OPTIMUM SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST GAS DECONTAMINATION THROUGH UN-
LEADED FUEL. (Optimale Loesung des Problems der Kfz-
Abgasentgiftung ist der bleifreie Kraftstoff). Text in German.
Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg), 24(11):713-715, Nov. 1971.
(Presented at the Deutschen Akademie fuer Verkehrswis-
senschaft, Intemationalen Verkehrswissenschaftlichen Kol-
loquium, Hamburg, West Germany, Oct. 18, 1970.)
Traffic contributes 60% of the total pollutant emissions. The
Federal Republic of West Germany had 15.1 million passenger
cars in 1971. This number will rise to 17.4 million cars in 1975
-------
96
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
and to 19 million cars in 1980. The total carbon monoxide from
cars will be 8 million tons for 1969. The passenger cars alone
emitted more than 5 million tons of pollutants in 1970. A first
step toward reduction of such emissions would be monitoring
of the carburetor adjustment. Development of the conven-
tional carburetor including the suction system should be con-
templated. Such measures are only of a temporary nature,
however. For a long-range solution of the problem the follow-
ing measures seem to be quite promising: thermal reactors for
the oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons plus waste gas return
for prevention of high nitrogen oxide concentrations; a thermal
reactor plus a catalyst for reduction of NOx in the exhaust
gas; a thermal reactor plus a catalyst for oxidation of CO and
CH plus exhaust gas return; oxidation catalyzation plus ex-
haust gas return; and a two-bed catalyst plant for reduction
and oxidation. The fully catalytic exhaust gas treatment plus
the use of unleaded gasoline is the solution with the lowest
costs. The investment costs would cost the consumer $120, the
current costs are $50/yr.
38614
Kaji, Katsuhisa
AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS CLEANER. (Jidosha yo haiki
gasu seijosochi). Text in Japanese. (Nisshin Kogyo Co., Ltd.
(Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 47-5331. 5p., Feb. 15, 1972. (Appl.
Sept. 30, 1969, 1 claim).
Both a muffler with a self-contained catalyst designed to
remove carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and other
impurities of the automotive exhaust gas and a lead filter to
remove tetraethyl lead which becomes lead bromide, they are
usually of a design so that the exhaust gas may flow through
them all the time, regardless of the engine mode. It is well
known that the quantity of harmful substances contained in
the exhaust gas differs with driving modes and that these
cleaning devices are not required at all under certain modes.
Continuous exposure to exhaust gas naturally shortens the
devices life span, especially that of the catalyst. This cleaner
is designed so the exhaust gas may flow through the catalyst
and the lead filter only when the exhaust gas has to be cleaned
with them. To achieve this, it is equipped with the flow-chan-
nel control valve. The control valve installed in the exhaust
gas channel consists of the electromagnetic valve (stop valve)
synchronized with the negative pressure generated in the in-
take manifold of the engine and with opening of the carburetor
s throttle valve controlling this negative pressure and the cen-
trifugal positioner operating according to the rpm of the en-
gine.
38727
Kniprath, Elmar and Wilhelm Goralczyk
PROCEDURE FOR THE OXIDATION OF ARSENIC. (Ver-
fahren zur Oxydation von Arsenik). Text in German. (Nord-
deutsche Affinerie, Hamburg (West Germany)) W. Ger. Pat.
Appl. 2,020,308. 8p., April 25, 1970. (2 claims).
A process for the oxidation of arsenic to recover arsenic acid
from the dust in flue gases emitted by a nonferrous metal
foundry is presented. Previous methods for the oxidation of
arsenic used strong oxidizing agents, primarily nitric acid,
which caused heavy corrosion. The regeneration of the
nitrose-containing waste gas was also a problem. Based on the
present process, 4 1 of slurry from the washing of converter
waste gases of the foundry containing 126 g/1 arsenic, 24.4 g/1
lead, 18.35 g/1 copper, 1.8 g/1 antimony, 3.0 g/1 tin, 20.0 g/1
selenium, 52.0 g/1 sulfates and sulfides, 650.0 g/1 sulfuric acid,
65.0 g iron, and 0.7 g hydrogen chloride was stirred for 2 hr at
130 deg and 10 atm to give a solution containing 492.4 g of ar-
senic at 99% conversion to arsenic acid, 64.0 g copper, 222.1 g
iron, 2800 g sulfuric acid, and 1054 g of a residue containing
10.5 g arsenic, 6.3 g copper, and 51.6 g iron. The sulfuric acid
contained iron, chlorine, and copper arsenide and/or copper
antimonide as reaction promoters.
39272
Sood, Sudesh K. and Richard Karuhn
DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS CONTROL
TECHNIQUES FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES. (FINAL
REPORT). IIT Research Inst., Chicago, Dl., Air Pollution
Control Office Contract CPA-22-69-134, IITRI Proj. C6186,
Rept. C6186-5, 96p., Feb. 1971. 30 refs. NTIS: PB 198033
Two techniques for the removal of participate contaminants
from spark ignition engine exhausts are examined. The first
technique was based on the thermal deposition of lead aerosol
particles in the size range 0.1-0.8 micron in a packed bed. The
effect of gas-packing temperature differential, packing materi-
al, shape, size, contamination buildup, and gas velocity on col-
lection efficiency of the bed was studied. The prime factor
was the gas-packing temperature differential. At a gas velocity
of 15.5 cm/sec, the collection efficiency of the device exceeds
95% at a temperature differential greater than 200 C. Increas-
ing the gas velocity to 130 cm/sec lowered collection efficien-
cy by 10-15%. The second technique was based on th use of
sonic waves to increase the collisions between the aerosol par-
ticles and the relatively coarse particles of a fluidized bed. The
effect of sound frequency, gas velocity, and power input to
the sound driver units was studied. Collection efficiency in-
creased sharply with power input to the sound driver units
when standing sound waves were used. Analytical techniques
used during the studies included a reflectometer and polaro-
graphic and colorimetric methods. (Author abstract modified)
39275
Seegall, M. I., J. C. Napier, and W. A. Compton
CATALYTIC CONTROL OF NOX EMISSIONS FROM MO-
BILE SOURCES. (FINAL REPORT). International Harvester
Co., San Diego, Calif., Researc Labs., Office of Air Programs
Contract EHS 70-114, Rept. RDR 1700, 143p., Dec. 1971. 26
refs. NTIS: PB 204011
The catalytic approach toward the control of nitrogen oxide
emissions from motor vehicle exhaust was investigated. Rate
earth oxide catalysts were investigated and compared with
selected transition metal and noble metal catalysts, i.e., Monel
400, Solar Monel 400 Mod and Core, copper dichromate, a
platinum catalyst, and a palladium catalyst. The initial criteria
for the catalyst were high effectivity for nitric oxides reduc-
tion, reduction, resistance to permanent damage by lead oxide
and lead bromide compounds in the exhaust, physical stability,
and economy. The design of experimental equipment for the
gas reaction process for the investigation of physical and
chemical properties of the rare earth oxide catalysts was stu-
died. Also included were a theoretical NO equilibrium analy-
sis, a reaction kinetics study, and a study in concentration of
NO, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide as a function of
several reaction parameters of the catalytical gas reaction. The
data were analyzed by nondispersive infrared analysis for the
three gases and by titration for the measurement of ammonia
generated. The Monel 400 catalysts were substantially more ef-
ficient than all others for NO reduction and minimum am-
monia formation. The noble metal and copper dichromate
catalysts were in the same NO reduction efficiency range;
however, ammonia formation for the palladium and platinum
catalysts were well beyond acceptable limits. (Author abstract
modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
97
39333
lida, T., C. H. Ruof, N. V. Messina, H. J. Gibson, R. A.
Sholts, J. Ikeda, H. Minamiya, T. Mori, S. Jo, N. Yamaki, H.
Katayama, M. W. Munsell, J. H. Blakney, L. E. Coleman, M.
T. White, Jr., T. Niskihara, N. Watanabe, T. Saito, T. Sakurai,
R. Hirokawa, and M. Ishimaru
FUEL OIL AND LUBRICANT IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
EMISSION CONTROL. (lidosba no haiki kogai boshi taisaku
to nenryo, junkatsuyu). Text in Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai-shi
(J. Japan Petroleum Inst., Tokyo), 15(4):2-7, April 1972.
The minutes of a round-table talk on automotive exhaust emis-
sion control are presented. The talk included discussion on the
proposed classifications of crankcase oil and gear oil. Evalua-
tion of gasoline requirements should include appraisal of antik-
nock performance, exhaust emission control system compati-
bility, introduction system cleanliness, and driveability per-
formance. The antiknock index suggested as representative of
the antiknock performance is obtained by subtracting Motor
Octane Value from the Research Octane Value and then divid-
ing the balance by 2. Correlation between exhaust gas control
devices, (such as catalyst converters and thermal reactors) and
lead content and composition of gasoline is still under review.
An evaluation method on the cleanliness of the carburetor, in-
take manifold, and intake valve is yet to be developed.
Volatility of the gasoline has something to do with the drivea-
bility performance. Poisoning of the muffler catalyst caused by
leaded gasoline was also discussed. The present criterion of
0.07 g/gal lead content for the poisoning might result even with
0.02 g/gal. Effects of the lead content of gasoline and the ash
content of lubricants on the octane requirement increase (ORI)
was also discussed. In a CRC test, ORI was 2.3 with leaded
gasoline and 2.0 with the unleaded. Tested with the oil contain-
ing 1 wt% ash content and with that containing no ash, ORI
was about the same. Other topics included unleaded of
gasoline, cleanliness of engine, exhaust gas control devices,
temperature of engine oil, and effect of the lubricant s ash
content on abrasion of the exhaust valve.
39404
Gartenmann, E.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF REDUCING THE LEAD CONTENT
IN GASOLINE FOR AUTOMOBILES. (Ueber die
Moeglichkeiten der Herabsetzung des Bleigehaltes in den
Benzinen fuer motorische Zwecke). Text in German. Bull.
Eidgenoess. Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no.3:37-76, March
1971.
It is technically possible to produce high-octane lead-free
gasoline in sufficient quantities. In Western Europe deep cata-
lytic reforming of certain distillation fractions and isomeroza-
tion of light gasolines is prevalent; in the U. S. the costly cata-
lytic cracking of gas and of heavy oils and olefin alkylation are
the principal processes used to produce high-octane lead-free
gasoline. Some plant capacity is available (for special gasolines
and petrochemical products) but it is insufficient and the
equipment is old. To substitute all leaded gasoline with high-
octane lead-free gasoline would require a 5% higher volume of
crude oil and a fifty-fold quantity of platinum. In the U. S. the
necessary investment would run to $4 billion, the European in-
vestment would be comparable. In Switzerland the necessary
investment would be $2 billion. High-octane lead-free gasoline
will contain more aromatic hydrocarbons, less olefins, and less
than 5% benzol. Smog formation from lead-free gasolines
would increase by 25%, emission of the carcinogenic
benzopyrene would not increase. Engine power loss with low-
lead gasoline (0.2 Pb/1) is 10%. Small European cars which
rely on a high compression ratio require high-octane gasoline
and cannot be run on regular gas. Thus the reduction of lead
in gasoline in Europe must occur gradually with a simultane-
ous adjustment of engines by the manufacturers. The develop-
ment in Switzerland must of necessit follow that of its
neighbors from whom it imports 60% of its gasoline. The tax
structure will have to be adjusted to the change in piston dis-
placement dictated by the transition.
39492
Lacy, G. A.
VEHICLE EMISSIONS - HOW WE ARE WINNING THE
WAR ON AK POLLUTION. Preprint, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Inc., New York, 7p., 1970. (Presented at the
Society of Automotive Engineers, Indianapolis Section, Oct.
15, 1970, Paper 710365.)
Several systems are briefly described for controlling automo-
tive emissions by modifying many of the factors affecting the
engine combustion process, for controlling evaporative
hydrocarbon losses, and for reducing carbon monoxide emis-
sions. Control of nitrogen oxides is discussed. The technique
depends on reducing the peak combustion temperature; how-
ever, the same conditions that help to lower hydrocarbon and
CO emissions simultaneously help form nitrogen oxides.
Aspects of lead paniculate control and the purported need for
unleaded gasoline are evaluated. Electric, steam, and gas tur-
bine engines are briefly considered as alternative power
sources. The requirement for the stringent controls proposed
for 1975 is questioned.
40411
Gupta, C. P. and P. K. Goel
AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE EMISSIONS. J. Inst. Engrs. (India)
(Calcutta), 52(5):150-151, Jan. 1972.
Automobile emissions, consisting of exhaust, evaporative,
crankcase emissions, account for about 60% of the total pollu-
tants in the air. In an attempt to reduce hydrocarbon exhaust
emissions, two basic approaches have been tried: devices to
oxidize certain components of fuel in the exhaust system and
modification of engine design. Oxidation of fuel components in
the exhaust can be achieved with catalytic and thermal reac-
tors; in the case of catalytic reactors, problems involving lead
poisoning of the catalyst and suitable materials for fabrication
have been encountered. Regarding engine design approaches,
there exists Chrysler s Clean Air Package System and Ethyl s
recommendations for leaning idle mixture, homogenizing the
air/fuel mixture, and retarding the spark advance at idle and
low speeds. In an effort to reduce nitrogen oxide exhaust
emissions, the following methods have been tried: exhaust gas
recirculation, water injection into inlet manifold, exhaust
manifold reactor with recycling, catalytic reduction, and lean
operation. With evaporative emissions there are three types of
losses from carburetor and fuel tank: diurnal, hot soak, and
those during engine operation. Two popular methods of reduc-
ing these emissions are: (1) Esso s Charcoal Systems in which
a charcoal canister collects and holds gas vapors from the fuel
tank and carburetor until a purge valve opens to deliver the
vapor into the manifold and (2) the Chevrolet Evaporative
Control whereby gas vapors are routed from tank and carbure-
tor to storage modules. Regarding crankcase emissions consist-
ing mainly of blowby gases which comprise 70 percent 80 per-
cent fresh air/fuel mixture and 20 percent 30 percent com-
bustion products, several positive crankcase ventilation
(P.C.V.) systems have been fitted to vehicles in the U.S.A.
since 1963, completely eliminating these emissions. A table of
present and future automobile emission control levels in the
U.S.A. is supplied by the author.
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98
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
40709
Powell, H. E., H. Fukubayashi, L. W. Higley, and L. L. Smith
RECOVERY OF ZINC, COPPER, AND LEAD-TIN MIX-
TURES FROM BRASS SMELTER FLUE DUSTS. Bureau of
Mines, Rolla, Mo., Rolla Metallurgy Research Center, Rept.
Investigations 7637, 12p., 1972. 6 refs. GPO: 707-697:319
The smelting of brass and bronze generates a dust composed
primarily of zinc oxide, with lesser amounts of other metal ox-
ides, such as copper, lead, and tin. The small quantity of this
waste generated by individual smelters and the relatively low
unit value of the contained metals, suggests the desirability of
reclaiming the metals onsite or at some nearby point. A
process that fits these requirements was developed, which.
consists of dissolving zinc and copper from the dust with sul-
furic acid, recovery of copper by cementation, recovery ol
zinc as zinc sulfate crystals, and recovery of lead and tin as a
salable residue. Alternatively, zinc may be recovered by elec-
trodeposition. Free acid is recycled and no major pollution
problems are generated by the process. (Author abstract
modified)
40723
Vernet, Daniel
POLLUTION: A MARKET FOR CHEMISTRY. (Pollution: un
marche pour la chimie). Text in French. Chim. Actualites, no.
1476:25-31, May 1972.
The role of the chemical industry in environmental protection
is outlined. The chemical industry, a chief source of pollution,
is at the same time in the position to offer solutions to pollu-
tion control problems. The major contributions of the chemical
industry lie in the areas of waste water treatment, waste
recycling, air pollution control, and in the development of new
biodegradable and photodegradable plastics. Catalysts reducing
the carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and urburned hydrocar-
bons in automotive exhausts are being developed. Such
catalysts should be of minimum volume, resistant to both sud-
den temperature changes and vibrations, and have a life of
80,000 km. Studies of chemical additives, capable of replacing
lead in gasoline, are in progress.
40785
Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, Calif., Office of Corporate
Planning
THE EFFECT OF LEAD ADDITIVES IN GASOLINE ON
EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS WHICH MIGHT BE USED
TO MEET THE 1975-76 MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION
STANDARDS. (FINAL REPORT). Office of Air Programs
Contract F04701-71-C-0172, Rept. TOR-0172(2787)-2, 209p.,
Nov. 15, 1971. 142 refs. NTIS: PB 205981
Studies of the effects of lead additives in gasoline on emission
control systems planned for 1975-76 for light duty vehicles
show that lead additives and scavengers are toxic to catalytic
materials, but effects on other major system components may
be overcome by material selection and design techniques. All
control systems now planned incorporate a catalytic converter.
Lead effects are toxic enough to prevent achievement of a
50,000 mi lifetime for control systems. Sulfur and phosphorous
also have toxic effects. Lead traps or exhaust scrubbers are
not felt to have adequate lead removal capacity. Some systems
have demonstrated approaching the 1975 standards at low
mileage but compliance with the 1976 nitrogen oxide standards
would require the addition of an NOx catalyst and would
render them sensitive to lead. Several combination systems
have met the NOx standards for 1976. Durability tests over 10-
15,000 mi have not been reported. Estimated overall costs to
the consumer are approximately $860 above 1970 vehicle costs
on a system using a dual bed catalytic converter, a low grade
rich thermal reactor, and exhaust gas recirculation. Most
development has been with gasoline at lead levels of 0.02-0.23
g/gal. This level is below the proposed A.S.T.M. specification
for unleaded gasoline of 0.07 g/gal.
41112
Pless, Loren G.
SOME EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL VEHICLE EMISSION
CONTROL SYSTEMS ON ENGINE DEPOSITS AND WEAR.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
13p., 1971. 20 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive
Engineers, International Mid-Year Meeting, Montreal, Canada,
June 7-11, 1971, Paper 710583.)
Passenger car tests were conducted to evaluate the effects on
deposits and wear of three types of vehicle emissions control
systems intended to reduce either evaporative emissions, ox-
ides of nitrogen in the exhaust, or crankcase emissions. These
tests used 1965-1970 model cars, operating with leaded com-
mercial gasolines and 13 different engine oils, in several kinds
of service. A crankcase storage evaporative emissions control
system increased engine rusting in short trip service, and in-
creased sludging and valve train wear in low speed, stop-and-
go service. Reducing the crankcase purging rate to overcome
hot starting and driveability problems with crankcase storage
caused even larger deposit and wear increases. Engine rusting
in short trip service was increased with exhaust gas recircula-
tion; in other tests, heavy lead-salt deposits accumulated in the
recirculation system. Doubling the positive crankcase ventila-
tion valve idle air flow rate greatly reduced engine rusting in
short trip service, and reduced engine deposits and oil oxida-
tion in mixed city-suburban-expressway service. (Author sum-
mary modified)
41544
Schwind, Gene F.
ENGINE CRANKCASE EMISSION CONTROL: MORE THAN
CLEANER AIR. Mater. Handling Eng., 27(4): 106-108, April
1972.
The engine ventilation/filtration system used in fork lift trucks
has wide applicability in industry. The unit is a filter/con-
denser metering unit that takes the place of positive crankcase
ventilation. A condensation filter jar separates the crankcase
vapors into steam, light ends of oil, and unburned fuel for
recycling through the intake manifold. Sulfur trioxide, lead
sulfate, iron oxide, ash, and fine metal powder are collected.
The location of the input between the carburetor and the en-
gine produces a very lean mixture and low emissions during
idle and provides benefits in top end lubrication, removing car-
bon deposits, reducing nitrogen oxides, reducing carbon
monoxide 70 to 90%, promoting longer sparkplug life, more
compression, and sometimes an increase in power. Installing
engine ventilation on old engines has often resulted in a return
to design specifications.
41608
Gross, George P.
THE EFFECT OF FUEL AND VEHICLE VARIABLES ON
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON AND
PHENOL EMISSIONS. Preprint, Society of Automotiv En-
gineers, Inc., New York, 20p., 1972. 29 refs. (Presented at the
Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 10-14,
1972, Paper 720210.)
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B. CONTROL METHODS
99
Exhaust emissions of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and
of phenols were studied with a variety of test fuels, using
cyclic tests in five vehicles including one with emission con-
trol, two with engine modification control, and two with ex-
perimental very low emission systems. The experimental
systems both reduced phenol emissions to less than 0.5% and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon emissions to about 1% of
the levels observed in the vehicles without emission control.
Phenols were reduced 30% by one engine modification control
vehicle, while polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were
reduced by 70% in both engine modification control vehicles.
Fuel composition influenced emissions both directly and
through engine deposits, although these direct effects of fuel
composition generally decreased in the emission controlled
vehicles. High polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon emissions
occurred with deposits from a fuel containing lead and
phosphorus; an unleaded fuel, of different hydrocarbon com-
position and without phosphorus, gave low emission deposits,
but this same fuel, with lead added at 0.5 g/galkm, still gave
low emission. Sampling procedures are mentioned. The control
systems included carburetion variations, thermal and catalytic
afterburners air- fuel ratio changes, and a spark-retard system.
Emissions of carbon monoxide benzo(a)pyrene,
benz(a)anthracene, hydrocarbons, and nitric oxide were mea-
sured. (Author abstract modified)
41793
Graven, Richard G.
PRODUCTION OF LEAD FREE GASOLINE. (Mobil Oil
Corp., New York) U. S. Pat. 3,649,520. 8p., March 14, 1972. 6
refs. (Appl. March 13, 1970, 3 claims).
The yield of lead free gasoline product can be increased when
upgrading low octane gasoline boiling material by a combina-
tion of process steps generally known in the prior art. These
petroleum refining operations include hydrogenation, reform-
ing, aromatic recovery, isomerization, and product separation
steps arranged in a combination which is particularly effective
for producing gasoline products of desired octane rating. The
present method particularly emphasizes the upgrading of rela-
tively low octane C6 hydrocarbon components, as well as the
removal of low octane C7 paraffins.
41922
Palma, Ted V. De and Robert S. Carleton
CATALYTIC CONVERTER FOR EXHAUST GASES. (U-
niversal Oil Products Co., Des Plaines, 111.) U. S. Pat.
3,644,098. 7p., Feb. 22, 1972. 4 refs. (Appl. Sept. 18, 1969, 8
claims).
An efficient catalytic converter is described that is located in
close proximity to the exhaust ports of the engine, thereby
eliminating the need for insulated pipes and/or heating of
secondary combustion air. This prevents deactivation of the
catalyst particles by tetraethyl lead and other metals. The cata-
lytic converter is constructed in such a manner that its various
components are capable of expanding and contracting relative
to each other as the temperature of the apparatus fluctuates.
The converter encases a removable catalyst retaining cartridge
which permits easy placement and removal of the subdivided
catalyst particles.
42131
Welch, Joseph R, Seymour Sudar, and Louis L. Bienvenue
MUFFLER DEVICE FOR REMOVING IMPURITIES. (North
American Rockwell Corp., Canoga Park, Calif.) U. S. Pat.
3,647,394. 8p., March 7, 1972. 4 refs. (Appl. Feb. 20, 1970, 14
claims).
A muffler is described which comprises a liquid scrubbing
medium that will remove lead from the exhaust gas. In previ-
ous muffler systems which used catalysts, one of the most
prevalent problems was lead poisoning on the surface of the
catalyst. The present device can also be used to preclean ex-
hausts before they are recirculated to the engine inlet manifold
for nitrogen oxides control, thus alleviating many of the
operating problems of that system, the muffler device incor-
porates a packing material which is preferably comprised of a
finely divided surface which can serve for filtering impurities
and/or a means for providing chemical reactive sites. The
packing can also serve as a demister to remove entrained
liquid from the gas stream. A reservoir of a material which is
molten or liquid at least at the operating temperatures of the
engine is part of the device, and a venturi is provided for con-
ducting the liquid from the reservoir into the exhaust gas
stream prior to contacting the exhaust gas with the packing.
42166
Frybourg, M.
AUTOMOBILES AND NUISANCES. (Automobiles et
nuisances). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), 14(54):159-
162, April-June 1972.
Nuisances caused by automotive emissions as well as emission
control measures are reviewed. The cumulative effect of the
exhaust components has not been euly investigated. Nitrogen
oxides create the most difficult and expensive control
problems of all components. While research is mainly centered
on improving combustion, catalytic reactors still present quali-
ty problems. New solutions such as gas turbine, steam, elec-
tric, or external combustion engine is a potentiality, and traffic
regulations and modifications to avoid congestion, and thus
reduce emissions, may be of value. An average increase sf
$1000 in the purchase price of z976 U. S. car model, due to
the exhaust emission kontrol measures envisaged, is predicted.
While the health hazards of lead in gasoline have not been
duly substantiated, low-lead rather than no-lead gasoline
should be required. No-lead gasoline would cause increase car-
cinogenic hydrocarbon emissions, but it would eliminate the
problem of catalyst poisoning.
42290
Pattison, John N.
MOTOR VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL NEWS. PROS
AND CONS FOR LEAD IN GASOLINE. J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 21(6):354-355, June 1971. 5 refs.
An attempt is made to explain why lead is added to gasoline,
the consequences of it on the environment, and the potential
consequences of its removal. The higher the compression ratio
of the engine, the hotter the mixture will get due to the heat of
compression, and the more likely any given compound will be
to preignite. This can be prevented by using a gasoline that has
compounds that do not ignite readily such as aromatics, by ad-
ding volatile lead compounds which stop these undesired
flames, or by using a low compression ratio engine. Since all
lead comjounds have some toxicity, there is a potential hazard
if too much is in the air. Other disadvantages in the use of
lead are that it clogs the engine and may produce corrosive
products. Lead removal may result in exhaust valve recession
which leads to increased exhaust hydrocarbon emissions and
expensive repairs, as well as increased gasoline costs. In-
creased aromatics used to compensate for the removal of lead
may be worse than the lead, since the photochemical reactions
of most aromatics can lead to the formation of peroxybenzoyl
nitrate and its derivatives which are extremely potent eye irri-
tants.
-------
100
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
42300
Rogers, Joe E.
SMOG CONTROL DEVICE FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,656,460. 4p., April
18, 1972. 8 refs. (Appl. Sept. 17, 1970, 8 claims).
While the prior devices for controlling emissions from internal
combustion engines have been partially successful, they have
suffered from several deficiencies. First of all, many of the
devices of the prior art operate only at either high or low en-
gine vacuum, but not at both, thus giving incomplete emission
control. It also has been necessary to include valves and other
moving parts in engine smog control devices, thus making
their initial cost high and creating a maintenance problem. A
smog control device for an internal combustion engine is
described which utilizes a first conduit which communicates
the engine crankcase with the suction head of the engine to
draw gases accumulating in the crankcase when the suction
head is maximized. A second conduit which communicates the
engine crankcase with the air passage leading into the engine
draws gases accumulated in the crankcase in response to the
flow of air through the air passage. A third conduit commu-
nicates the engine crankcase with the atmosphere to supply a
flow of fresh air to the crankcase whenever gases are flowing
through either of the first or second conduits to thereby
prevent any vacuum or crankcase pressure balance in the en-
gine. The conduits are arranged to cooperate in maintaining a
perfect pressure balance in the engine at all times without the
need for- any valves or other moving parts. To promote the ef-
ficient combustion of fuel and thereby further reduce the ac-
cumulation of gases in the engine crankcase, a fuel additive in
the form of burned exhaust gases is introduced into the engine
at the inlet of the air passage. This additive also permits the
engine to run on unleaded gasoline. (Author abstract modified)
42330
Blackmore, D. R.
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS-THE BACKGROUND ACTIVI-
TY. Petrol. Rev., 26 (305):169-174, May 1972.
While it is relatively easy to identify pollutants in the exhaust
gas from a motor car which are known to be toxic to human
life at high concentrations, it is extremely difficult to identify
any harmful effects as a consequence of human exposure to
dosages prevalent under normal living and working conditions.
The different levels that different countries have enacted for
vehicle emissions are indicated for the present and for the
next few years. These emissions include hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. Legislation concerning lead in
gasoline is also considered. Some possible solutions comprise
alternative power units, internal combustion engine design
modifications, alternative fuels, and the reduction of lead in
gasoline. Air injection systems, catalytic oxidation, exhaust
gas recirculation, and lead traps are mentioned, as well as the
Wankel engine and the stratified charge engine.
42702
Fuchs, E. J.
UNLEADED VERSUS LEADED FUEL RESULTS IN
LABORATORY ENGINE TESTS. Preprint, Society of Au-
tomotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 29p., 1971. 19 refs.
(Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers, National
West Coast Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Aug. 16-
19, 1971, SAE Paper 710676.)
A test program was conducted using a wide variety of labora-
tory oil and fuel performance test procedures in order to com-
pare effects of unleaded versus leaded fuel. In the area of en-
gine deposits, unleaded fuel shows a consistent pattern of al-
lowing more varnish deposits and slightly less sludge deposits
compared with leaded fuel when using the same crankcase oil.
This was true even when exhaust gas recirculation was used
with both fuels. Engine rust is expected to diminish with use
of unleaded fuels. Although exhaust gas recirculation may
reverse this somewhat, high quality crankcase oils will be able
to counteract any deleterious effects of exhaust gas recircula-
tion of rust. Spark plug life is expected to increase with future
use of unleaded fuels. Exhaust valve seat wear and wear of
some other engine components such as cylinder bores were
exhibited with unleaded fuel. Oil thickening caused by severe
oil oxidation was shown to be much less severe with unleaded
fuel, even when using exhaust gas recirculation. Octane
requirement increase at full throttle conditions may pose
problems for unleaded fuels in low compression engines. The
use of exhaust gas recirculation at part throttle decreases oc-
tane requirements to very low values where no spark knock
problems with unleaded fuels would be likely. Long duration
tape-controlled road simulator tests using unleaded fuels on a
moderate duty type driving cycle indicated no severe deposit
or wear problems. (Author summary modified)
42817
Leikkanen, Henry E. and E. W. Beckman
THE EFFECT OF LEADED AND UNLEADED GASOLINES
ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS AS INFLUENCED BY COM-
BUSTION CHAMBER DEPOSITS. (CRC Project CAPE-3-68).
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
28p., 1971. 7 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive En-
gineers National Combined Fuels and Lubricants, Powerplant
and Truck Meetings, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 26-29, 1971, Paper
710843.)
To assess how lead antiknock compounds in gasolines in-
fluence combustion chamber deposits and exhaust emission
levels, an intensive state-of-the-art review was made, and data
submitted by 18 different companies were analyzed. These stu-
dies ranged in scope from single-cylinder engine investigations
to a 122-car consumer test program. Based on this review, it
was concluded that cars operated on leaded gasolines have
higher equilibrium hydrocarbon emissions than those operated
on unleaded gasolines, and that mileage accumulation condi-
tions exert a major influence on the magnitude of the
hydrocarbon net lead effect. The combustion chamber deposit
effect under consumer-type driving conditions is about 7%,
and under rapid mileage accumulation conditions it is about
20%. The presence of lead in gasoline has no effect on carbon
monoxide emission levels. (Author abstract modified)
42819
Doelling, Ralph P.
AN ENGINE S DEFINITION OF UNLEADED GASOLINE.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
7p., 1971. 14 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive En-
gineers National Combined Fuels and Lubricants, Powerplant
and Truck Meetings, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 26-29, 1971, Paper
710841.)
The effect of leaded gasoline on hydrocarbon exhaust emis-
sions due to combustion chamber deposits and on valve reces-
sion was studied at very low lead levels. Similar fuel lead con-
tents at which these deposit effects are exhibited. An engine
operated on fuel containing less than 0.06 g Pb/gal did not ex-
hibit exhaust HC emission increases associated with lead en-
gine deposits, while emissions increased when the engine was
operated on fuels containing 0.07 g/gal or higher concentra-
tions of lead. Valve recession was not experienced when an
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
101
engine was operated on fuels containing 0.07 and 0.13 g Pb/gal,
but was experienced with fuel leaded to 0.04 g/gal. Similar in-
creases in exhaust HC levels resulted from engine operation of
fuels leaded to 2 and 3 g/gal. Reduction in fuel lead content to
1 and to 0.5 g/gal increased exhaust HC increases. Thus fuels
containing 0.04 g Pb/gal or less may be considered unleaded,
while fuels containing 0.07 g/gal and greater levels of lead
must be considered leaded. Additional measurements would be
necessary to determine the precise lead level between 0.04 and
0.07 g Pb/gal at which lead deposit manifestations occur. The
need for exploring other factors, octane requirement increase
in particular, is discussed.
42829
Pahnke, Alden J. and Wilfred E. Bettoney
ROLE OF LEAD ANTIKNOCKS IN MODERN GASOLINES.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
32p., 1971. 68 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive
Engineers, National Combined Fuels and Lubricants, Power-
plant and Truck Meetings, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 26-29, 1971,
Paper 710842.)
The role of lead antiknocks in modern gasolines is discussed in
terms of engine-fuel relationships. Exhaust emission charac-
teristics of leaded and unleaded gasolines are compared in
terms of both gaseous and particulate constituents. The effect
of removing lead from gasoline on engine cleanliness, exhaust
valve seat recession, octane requirements, and octane require-
ment, increase is assessed. Overall, the effect of leaded fuel on
deposit-induced hydrocarbons emissions is an increase of
about 7%. Exhaust particulate emissions on a grams/mile basis
are higher for operation of leaded fuel than on unleaded fuel.
On a volume basis, the amount of particulate emitted with
leaded fuels is less than that emitted with unleaded fuels.
Since atmospheric visibility and soiling are probably dependent
on the volume of particulate present, a shift from leaded to
unleaded gasoline would be expected to decrease visibility and
increase soiling. Laboratory and field tests have shown this to
be the case. The octane requirement increase associated with
the use of unleaded gasoline is equal to or perhaps slightly
greater than that associated with leaded fuels. A shift from
leaded to unleaded gasoline might discernibly increase the for-
mation of sludge and varnish deposits. Data developed in an
owner-driven, 122-car service test over a period of 4.7 years
show a maintenance cost disadvantage for leaded fuels over
unleaded fuels of 0.052 cent/mile, or 0.72 cent/gal at a fuel
economy of 13.8 miles/gal.
42886
Ruof, C. H., N. V. Messina, H. J. Gibson, R. A. Sholts, H.
Ikeda, H. Minamidani, T. Mori, E. Jo, N. Yamaki, T. lida, H.
Katayama, M. W. Munsell, J. H. Blakney, L. E. Coleman, M.
T. White, Jr., T. Nishihara, N. Watanabe, T. Saito, T. Sakurai,
R. Hirokawa, and M. Ishimaru
CONTRIBUTION OF FUELS AND LUBRICANTS TO AU-
TOMOTIVE EMISSIONS REDUCTION. (Jidosha no haiki
kogai boshi taisaku to nenryo junkatsuyu). Text in Japanese.
Sekiyu Gakkai-shi (J. Japan Petroleum Inst., Tokyo),
15(4):256-261, April 1972.
The contribution of fuels and lubricants to automotive emis-
sion control is discussed. The major topics include new trends
in oil and gasoline classifications with respect to antiknock and
emission performance; poisoning of catalytic emission control
devices by minimal amounts of lead; the effects of lead addi-
tives in gasoline and of sludge dispersants in lubricating oil on
octane requirement increase; unleaded gasoline and engine
cleanliness; engine oil temperature and antipollution devices;
exhaust gas recycling; and future trends in sludge dispersant
levels.
43333
Schwing, Richard C.
THE EFFECTS OF TEL ON OXIDATION IN AN EXHAUST
MANIFOLD REACTOR: A SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE
STUDY. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.,
New York, 14p., 1971. (Presented at the Society for Automo-
tive Engineers, National Combined Fuels and Lubricants,
Powerplant and Truck Meetings, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 26-29,
1971 .Paper 710844.)
In rich-exhaust manifold reactors, complete oxidation of car-
bon monoxide and hydrocarbons, generally characterized by
luminous conditions and high temperatures, is desirable. Some
of the conditions necessary for luminous oxidation in an insu-
lated exhaust reactor have been explored with a single-cylinder
engine using both leaded and unleaded isooctane. Tetraethyl
lead inhibits slow oxidation reactions. Threshold-reactor air-in-
jection rates required for luminous oxidation in the reactor
were determined for engine air-fuel ratios between 11.2 and
14.1. Leaded isooctane produced higher unbumed HC concen-
trations in the exhaust than unleaded isooctane when injection
air was introduced as well as when no air was added. In addi-
tion, oxidation of CO in the reactor was hindered in the tests
with leaded isooctane. During one set of experiments, condi-
tions were such that luminous oxidation in the reactor was
achieved with the unleaded fuel, but was not achieved with
the leaded fuel. In wannup studies, a longer time was required
to reach luminous conditions in the reactor when leaded isooc-
tane was used in the engine than when unleaded isooctane was
used.
43515
Kistler, Jules
TWO MODERN METHODS FOR ABATING AIR POLLU-
TION IN FOUNDRDSS AND IRON AND STEEL WORKS.
(Zwei moderae Verfahren zur Bekaempfung der Luftverun-
reinigung in Giessereien sowie in der Eisen- und Stahlindus-
trie). Text in German. Giesserei (Duesseldorf), 43(13):333-340,
June 1956.
General problems of dust in foundries and iron and steel
works as well as two methods of dust separation are
described. Fine dusts, particularly when containing crystalline
silicic acid, kieselguhr, chalk flint, aluminum, manganese diox-
ide, Thomas slag, or chromium compounds, are most dan-
gerous since they can cause silicosis. Dust emissions are
highest during mold opening and sandblasting. Finest foundry
dust contains 2-15%, and courser dust, above 10 micron, 50-
75% of silicon. More than 90% of foundry dust is made up of
fine fractions. The maximum iron, zinc, and lead contents in
dusts lie at 10.0, 15.0, and 0.15 mg/cu m. The dust concentra-
tion in foundries lies in a range of 4.4- 5.8 mg/cu m, cor-
responding to 5-7 kg/ton of iron, while the respective value for
Siemens-Martin furnaces is 2.75 g/N cu m. Dust problems in
foundries can be effectively solved by two different types of
equipment. Pease-Anthony venturi scrubbers apply gas flow
rates of 60-120 m/sec to agglomerate dust particles with finely
dispersed water. Such scrubbers can be also applied to sulfur
dioxide and sodium sulfide. The efficiency for open-hearth and
blast furnace gases lies at 98-99%. Elex- Schneible type cen-
trifugal wet separators, with low water consumption, can be
used for cupola furnaces as well. The water is dispersed by
turbine blades to form a curtain of fine droplets. Exhaust
hoods installed in foundry facilities are a basic means of abat-
ing dust concentrations. The temperature difference between
the ambient and the fresh air should not exceed 6 C.
-------
102
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
43575
California Air Resources Board, Technical Advisory
Committee
RATIONAL PROGRAM FOR CONTROL OF LEAD IN
MOTOR GASOLINE. 17p., March 12, 1970.
The removal of lead additives from gasoline in an ordered and
considered manner could hasten the attainment of minimum
exhaust emissions from present and future motor vehicles. It
is proposed that starting in 1971 one grade of gasoline be of-
fered whose lead content is no greater than 0.5 g/gal and
research octane number no less than 90. In addition, starting in
1971, the lead content in no gasoline shall be more than 2.0
grams per gallon. In 1974 one grade of gasoline will be lead-
free and in January 1977 no lead whatsoever should be used in
any grade. The basis for these determinations involves many
factors. Principal among them is a limitation which the
presence of lead in gasoline places on development of low-
emission vehicles. Secondly is the effect which lead has in in-
creasing emissions from presently existing vehicles. Another
consideration is the consumption of natural resources involved
in producing high octane number fuels and in burning lead as a
fuel additive. Encouragement to lower vehicular emissions
should be provided by incentives for automobile companies,
oil companies, and the motoring public to strive for operation
on fuels with reasonable octane number and with progressive
elimination of lead as an additive.
43937
Barnard, Paul G., Aaron G. Starliper, Waldemar M. Dressel,
and Morris M. Fine
RECYCLING OF STEELMAKING DUSTS. Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D. C. and IIT Research Inst., Chicago, m., Proc.
Miner. Waste Util. Symp., 3rd, Chicago, m., 1972, p. 63-68. 15
refs. (March 14-16.)
Methods are described for upgrading steel furnace dusts to
produce high-iron pellets for recycling. These dusts contain
impurities such as zinc, lead, and copper which reflect the
character of the feed to the furnace and the operation of the
furnaces. Treatment procedures investigated for the removal
of these impurities and the recovery of an iron-bearing product
include pelletizing and roasting in a reducing atmosphere to
produce an iron material low in zinc and lead; sulfating dust
with sulfuric acid and leaching to remove zinc and copper, fol-
lowed by pelletizing and reduction to remove lead, thus yield-
ing a high-iron pellet and allowing for copper and zinc
recovery from the leach solution; gaseous sulfating with sulfur
dioxide and water leaching to remove copper and zinc, fol-
lowed by pelletization and reduction roasting to remove lead
and residual zinc; and, roasting of pelletized mixtures of vari-
ous types of steel furnace dusts such as high-zinc electric fur-
nace dust with high-carbon blast furnace dust to produce an
iron product low in lead, zinc, and carbon.
44003
Shirai, Tsugumi
AUTOMOBILE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM. (Jidoshayo
kogai taisaku kiki). Text in Japanese. Mitsubishi Denki Giho
(Tokyo), 46(5):545-551, May 1972. 10 refs.
Outlines of automobile exhaust control devices are given.
There are three modes of automobile exhaust, about 25% of
the hydrocarbons as blow-by gas, 20% as evaporated gas, and
gas from the exhaust pipe which includes 55% of the total
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and lead
compounds. By using a crankcase emission control valve, the
blow-by gas is returned to the intake manifold for recom-
bustion. A purge control valve, which uses the adsorption-
desorption characteristic of charcoal, was developed for the
control of evaporated hydrocarbons. The flow characteristics
of the purge control valve are such that the amount of flow in-
creases as the negative pressure of the venturi increases. A
heated intake air system, which consists of a vacuum control,
thermo-valve, and shutter, is used for the control of the ex-
haust gas. An exhaust control system for a rotary engine and
many other devices for exhaust control are also described.
44283
Turner, T. Henry
CLEAN AIR TUNNELS. Clean Air, l(5):4-6, Spring 1972.
The English Channel Tunnel will link the European continent
with the United Kingdom. Responsibility for planning the En-
glish Channel Tunnel is shared by both the British and French
governments and the contractors involved. The problems to be
solved will be complex, the most essential one being providing
clean air. Engine fumes could be reduced by transporting all
road vehicles on special electrically hauled railway flat cars.
Ventilation of steam railway tunnels is very complicated.
Natural ventilation may give an upward draft in winter and a
downward draft in summer. Either may be completely upset
by normal changes in wind speeds and directions. If road vehi-
cles use their own engines in the tunnel, carbon dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, asbestos debris from
brake shoes, and rubber debris from tires will need considera-
tion in the confined conditions of the tunnel. Much research
has been conducted, and its results will be very helpful when
planning the English Channel Tunnel. The following hazards
must be taken into consideration when building a tunnel: dust
and fire risks coming from porous noise-absorbing materials
used for lining; noise which builds up in confined spaces by
echoing; odors of nitrogen oxides produced by electrical
sparking; fire risks from any fixed or mobile sources; humidi-
ty, which, when excessive, will shorten the useful life of elec-
trical components; and temperature variations, which should
be avoided as much as possible for the sake of passengers and
maintenance staff. The salt from the sea air will greatly in-
crease corrosion of essential components. The possibility of
using steam engines should be completely excluded because of
noxious emissions and the danger of not seeing an approaching
engine in the dense fog generated.
44341
Malschaert, F. P.
AIR POLLUTION BY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
AND METHODS FOR ITS CONTROL. (Luchtverontreiniging
door benzinemotoren en middelen t bestrijding). Text in
Flemish. Ingenieursblad, 40(15-16):417-428, Aug. 1971. 6 refs.
Different methods for controlling automotive exhaust emis-
sions and related developments and studies are reviewed. The
influence of the air-fuel ratio on exhaust carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxide contents is shown. Criteria
for minimum CO, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions
are summarized. Good fuel distribution requires carburetors
with at least two venturi tubes, heated air for the carburetor,
and intake pipes with reduced diameter and smooth surface. A
transmission-controlled spark advance system is described.
Both nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons can be reduced by re-
tarded ignition, while idle adjustment constitutes a basic
means of controlling CO emissions. Thermal afterburning of
exhaust gases in the exhaust manifold at 71X1-750 C results in
reduced CO and hydrocarbon emissions. A platinum catalyst
reactor with programmed by-pass for controlling CO and
hydrocarbons is shown. Partial recirculation of exhaust gases
between carburetor and nozzle results in increased CO and
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B. CONTROL METHODS
103
hydrocarbon emissions due to increased fuel consumption. An
experimental catalytic reactor for nitrogen oxides emission
control has been developed. Lead emissions are reduced by
means of cyclones, which require cleaning at regular intervals.
Positive crankcase ventilation represents the basic means of
controlling crankcase gas emissions.
44470
Burtner, R. E.
GASOLINE CHARACTERISTICS AND AIR CONSERVA-
TION--A REVIEW OF API ENGINE FUELS STUDIES. Am.
Soc. Testing Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ., no. 487:102-133, 1971.
15 refs. (Presented at the American Society for Testing and
Materials, Annual Meeting, 73rd, Toronto, Ontario, June 21-
26, 1970; includes a discussion.)
Some suggested remedies for pollution of the air by automo-
tive emissions have been changes in volatility and composition
of the gasoline and the removal of lead antiknocks. Several
programs have been run under the sponsorship of the Amer-
ican Petroleum Institute to investigate not only whether these
changes would benefit cleaner air through lower emissions, but
also the effects on car performance. These programs are sum-
marized. Variations in volatility and its effect on emissions
and starting and warm-up of the car are discussed. Different
olefin concentrations are evaluated for their influence on total
emissions and the reactivity of these emissions. The effects on
emissions of removing lead antiknocks from gasoline, while
maintaining performance qualtities as defined by octane and
volatility parameters, are analyzed. Elimination of evaporation
losses by evaporation loss control hardware is much more ef-
fective than any reasonable reduction in volatility, even as low
as 5 Ib RVP, and more effective than removal of all olefins
boiling below 220 F from gasoline. The pollution effect of un-
leaded gasolines may be greater than leaded gasolines because
of fuel compositional changes required to maintain octane
quality, although some reactivity scales show no appreciable
increase in the smog potential due to these changes. Two addi-
tional studies are mentioned in a discussion following the arti-
cle: one was designed to estimate the effect of reducing fuel
volatility on emissions in the Los Angeles atmosphere, and the
other was designed to develop a method of characterizing the
evaporative emissions tendency of a fuel. (Author abstract
modified)
44473
Faust, W. J. and M. J. Sterba
MINIMIZING EXHAUST EMISSIONS -- A REALISTIC AP-
PROACH. Am. Soc. Testing Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ., no.
487:36-53, 1971. 13 refs. (Presented at the American Society
for Testing and Materials, Annual Meeting, 73rd, Toronto, On-
tario, June 21-26, 1970; includes a discussion.)
Although modifications to piston engine design and operating
conditions will reduce exhaust emissions substantially, cata-
lytic exhaust gas converters will be required to reach the ex-
treme low levels of emission desired. Lead-free gasoline will
be required to permit the catalyst to function properly for the
desired mileage. The initial drop in gasoline octane number,
due to omission of lead, will be recovered gradually by
refinery process changes. Gasoline will become more aro-
matic, more isoparaffinic, and less olefinic, while being
reduced in sulfur content. The total content of polynuclear
aromatics in the exhaust gas will not be affected by a substan-
tial increase in the aromatic content of the gasoline.
Polynuclear aromatics in the exhaust are oxidized almost
completely by catalytic converters. Governmental actions,
statements by the automotive industry, and statements by the
petroleum industry are cited. (Author abstract modified)
44614
Kent, W. L. and F. T. Finnigan
THE EFFECT OF SOME FUEL AND OPERATING PARAME-
TERS ON EXHAUST VALVE SEAT WEAR. Preprint, Society
of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 9p., 1971. 7 refs.
(Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers, National
West Coast Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Aug. 16-
19, 1971, Paper 710673.)
The potential engine damage in the form of exhaust-valve seat
wear which could result from operating passenger cars and
trucks on lead-free gasolines is illustrated. Comparison of
photomicrographs of exhaust valves and exhaust-valve seats
run with zero-lead and 0.5 g leaded gasolines permits specula-
tion on the mechanism responsible for exhaust-valve seat wear
in engines fueled with zero leaded gasoline. As little as 0.5 g of
lead/gal in gasoline can provide complete exhaust-valve seat
wear protection under relatively severe conditions of speed
and load. Inclusion of phosphorus in zero-lead gasoline is not
a complete solution to the exhaust-valve seat wear problem,
(Author abstract modified)
44660
Communications Dept., Stockholm (Sweden), Guidance Group
Concerning Development Work in the Field of Motor Vehicle
Exhaust Gas
CRANKCASE GASES. REPORT AND SUGGESTED MEA-
SURES PRESENTED BY THE COMMUNICATIONS DE-
PARTMENT S GUIDANCE GROUP FOR AUTOMOTIVE EX-
HAUST STUDIES. (Vevhusgaser. Utredning med forslag till
atgarder av Kommunikationsdepartementets ledningsgrupp
rorande utvecklingsarbete pa bilavgasomradet). Text in
Swedish, lip., March 31, 1967. 4 refs.
The chemical composition and the contribution to total au-
tomotive emissions of crankcase gases are examined, and con-
trol measures to be introduced in Sweden are suggested. The
volume of crankcase gases was dependent on such factors as
the size, design, load, and speed of the engine. Crankcase gas
contains 17.7-19.3% oxygen; 1.0-2.2% carbon dioxide; 0.5%
carbon monoxide, accounting for about 0.3% of total CO emis-
sion; and 0.55-1.0% hydrocarbons, equaling about 15-30% of
total hydrocarbon emission. Approximately 85% of crankcase
gas consists of air-fuel mixture, but volatile organic lead com-
pounds and oil vapors are also present; about 2.5% of the fuel
consumed is present in crankcase gas. Positive crankcase ven-
tilation, a relatively inexpensive and reliable solution, results
in considerable reduction of hydrocarbon emissions (by 15-
30%) and in elimination of lead and odorous emissions from
the crankcase area, while CO emission is nearly unaffected.
Although there is no immediate need in Sweden for positive
crankcase ventilation, it should be introduced possibly for
1969 models in view of the increasing number of cars. Positive
crankcase ventilation for diesel engines however, creates
operational problems and is of little effect.
44742
Drake, John F., Theodore G. Kennard, and W. A. Saylor
CONTROL OF CUPOLA STACK EMISSIONS. Iron Age, vol.
163, p. 88-92, April 7, 1949.
Cupola emission standards for paniculate matter, lead, zinc
oxide, sulfur compounds, and smoke are discussed. Control
methods include operation with a closed top to confine the
gases and prevent combustion in the stack, removal of large
particulate matter in a dry dust catcher, washing the gas
adequately to reduce the particulate matter to less than 0.4
grains/cu ft, and combustion of the cooled and cleaned gas to
reduce smoke. The effect of the regulations on the foundry in-
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104
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
dustry and costs of installing new equipment are considered.
Data is given on the operation and performance of a cupola
with a closed-top charging device, a dry dust catcher, and a
gas washer.
44750
Mortstedt, Sten-Erik
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN
STUDSVIK. (Bilavgasundersokningar i Studsvik). Text in
Swedish. Aktiebolaget Atomenergi (Sweden), Rept. BIL-58,
32p., April 27, 1970.
Automotive exhaust emissions were examined to gather data
aimed at elaborating materials for legislative purposes. A per-
manent laboratory in Studsvik and two mobile laboratory vans
in Stockholm were established. Traffic pattern studies in
Stockholm and Goteborg and tests performed in the permanent
laboratory contributed to the elaboration of the ECE test
method. Basic studies were centered on existing cars and
system cars; the effect of idling adjustment on exhaust; crank-
case gases; exhaust after cold start; possibilities of controlling
carbon monoxide emissions from old cars at idling; testing
cars equipped with exhaust control device; controlling diesel
smoke and dust; odor investigations; nitrogen oxides in ex-
haust gases; use of liquefied petrol gas as fuel; organic lead in
exhaust gases and street air; and testing inventions. Carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, dust, soot, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, and organic and inorganic lead concentrations were
continuously monitored in Stockholm over several three-week
test periods. Emission standards are already imposed on
crankcase ventilation, diesel smoke, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and emissions during idling; standards for
nitrogen oxides, participate emissions, and gaseous diesel ex-
hausts are expected soon.
44853
Larson, Gordon
SMOG: RESOURCE OR NUISANCE?. West Ind., 1951:27-30,
July 1951.
By directing attention to the needs of air pollution control, in-
dustrial research and developments in the Los Angeles area
have resulted in finding processes that produce more or better
products or in finding markets and values in the stack
discharges. Major oil companies in the area sell their hydrogen
sulfide wastes to chemical companies. One such chemical
company produces over 80 tons of sulfur daily from these
sources. The pressure for odor control resulted in three Long
Beach fish canneries installing low-temperature gas dehydra-
tion equipment to eliminate release of odors to the air. As a
result, gas consumption was cut as much as 10% and main-
tenance costs were reduced. All three companies reported a
general improvement in the quality of their fish meal. Emis-
sion control work at a brass foundry resulted in considerable
savings in fuel and horsepower and an increase in furnace
capacity by the use of ingots in place of scrap metal charging.
A paint company installed fume burners on its varnish cookers
and greatly increased the efficiency of its personnel when the
irritating fumes were thus reduced. Many foundries are
promoting extensive research to ascertain which of the materi-
als they can collect from their stacks will have market value or
will be useful in their respective operations. Over 50% of the
substance recovered io secondary lead smelting collection
systems is lead oxide which may be sold or recharged to fur-
naces. Collection of fines at a grain mill cut production costs
appreciably.
4$82
Roensch, Max M.
THE AUTOMOBILE ENGINE-TODAY AND TOMORROW.
Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
17p., 1971. 26 refs. (Presented at the Society of Automotive
Engineers, National Combined Fuels and Lubricants, Power-
plant and Truck Meetings, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 26-29, 1971,
Paper 710845.)
Automotive engine output and efficiency have greatly im-
proved over the years due to the combined efforts of the au-
tomotive and petroleum industries. As compression ratios and
octane ratings of fuels have increased, the automotive en-
gineer has been able to give the customer more for his money
in economy, performance, or a combination of both. A brief
history of these developments serves to point to the problems
of the future, since octane requirements of the 1971 models
generally have been reduced to enable the automobile manu-
facturer to meet stringent exhaust emission standards. Since
lead antiknocks are the most economical and widely used
method of increasing the octane rating of gasoline, their ef-
fects on engine parameters such as durability and emissions
are compared with lead-free gasolines. The economic impact
of the change from the 94 and 100 octane number fuels to a 91
octane lead-free gasoline is presented. Consideration is given
to the question of how much control from automobiles is
really needed to achieve a satisfactory level of ambient air
quality. The future of the piston engine, as well as possible
substitutes such as electric propulsion and the gas turbine, is
discussed in view of the stringent emission controls proposed
for 1975 and 1976. A critical review of both the ambient air
quality and emission standards indicates the need for revisions
and a careful evaluation of the cost-benefit ratio, so that the
passenger car buyer will not be needlessly penalized with both
high initial costs and high operating costs. The potential waste
of our national resources must also receive consideration. An
appendix includes a comment on the proposed national am-
bient air quality standards for carbon monoxide, with particu-
lar reference to the Beard-Wertheim time discrimination test
concerning CO toxicology. (Author abstract modified)
44906
Mills, G. Alex
CATALYSIS FOR CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POL-
LUTION. Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington,
D. C., Div of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 15p.,
1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the American Chemical Society, Na-
tional. Meeting, 161st, Los Angeles, Calif., April 13, 1971.)
The application of catalysis for the control of environmental
pollution is discussed. Major pollutants from the power-
producing industries and from transportation include carbon
monoxide, particulates, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and
nitrogen oxide. Catalysts can be used to decrease pollution
from the automobile by catalytic refining of petroleum to
produce high octane lead-free gasoline, and by using a cata-
lytic muffler to eliminate almost all of the CO, hydrocarbons
and nitric oxide. Isomerizations of paraffins in gasolines and
catalytic reforming to make more aromatics are significant in
catalytic petroleum refining. Catalytic removal of potential pol-
lutants in the power-producing industries include petroleum
desulfurization, and stack gas removal of SOx and NOx. Cata-
lytically produced clean-burning synthetic fuels are considered.
-------
105
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
00056
C.L. Chakrabarti, J.W. Robinson, P.W. West
THE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY OF LEAD.
Anal. Chim. Acta Vol. 34:269-277, 1966
Lead can be determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy at
3 wavelengths. The relative sensitivities are 1:1.5:300. No in-
terferences were found from the cations studied. Anionic in-
terferences were numerous and extensive, but were removed
by adding EDTA. The use of a 'T'-piece increased the sen-
sitivity of atomic absorption when flame atomizers were used.
However, extreme care was necessary in controlling flame
conditions both with respect to oxygen-fuel ratio and the type
of solvent used. The absorption by combustion products in the
flame was high, and in many cases, much greater than that of
the lead itself. The most sensitive conditions for the deter-
mination of lead appeared to be as follows: wavelength, 2170
A; solvent aqueous or organic; flame, oxy-hydrogen, with the
hydrogen atomizing the sample (reversed from normal). A
flame adapter enabled detection limits of 0.013 p.p.m. to be
reached. (Author)
00125
R. L. Blanchard
RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD-210 AND POLONIUM-
210 IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY DEPOSITION ON
NICKEL. Anal. Chem. 38, (2) 189-92, Feb. 1966.
A procedure for determining Po-210 and Pb-210 simultaneously
in environmental samples was developed by finding the op-
timum conditions for the spontaneous deposition of Po-210
and Bi-210 on nickel from an HCI solution. The effects of
HCI concentration, hydrazine concentration, temperature,
time of deposition, surface area of the planchet, and the
presence of the HCIO4 used to ensure oxidation of environ-
mental samples were studied. Recoveries of Po-210, Bi-210
and Pb-210 were determined for various environmental sam-
ples spiked with a (Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210) standard. The Po-210
concentrations were determined by alpha counting. The Pb-210
concentrations were determined by beta counting the Bi-210
daughter. An aluminum absorber was used to eliminate the Po-
210 alpha and Pb-210 beta particles. (Author)
00855
F.L. Ludwig, D.M. Coulson, E. Robinson
SIZE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFATE AND
CHLORIDE PARTICULATES (FINAL REPT.). Stanford
Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif. Feb. 1966. 77 pp.
The sulfate aerosol sampling program for 1964 and 1965 has
provided a total of 74 size distributions using the aerosol spec-
trometer technique developed for this program. A typical size
distribution for these data has a mass mean diameter of about
0.35 micron, a lower quartile of about 0.1 micron, and an
upper quartile at about 1.0 micron. However, as is to be ex-
pected, the individual tests show a considerable degree of
variation about these figures. The size distributions reflected
changes in humidity, time of sample collection, and sampling
location. When size distributions were grouped and averaged
according to the prevailing relative humidity for the test, there
was a definite tendency for larger sizes to accompany higher
humidities. Chloride size distributions are available from a
total of 36 tests, all run during the 1%5 season. These data in-
dicate an average size distribution with a mass median
equivalent diameter of about 0.3 micron, a lower quartile of
0.15 micron, and upper quartile greater than 1.5 micron. This
average size distribution is bimodal. The distribution mode at
smaller sizes is similar to sizes of lead aerosols reported by
Robinson and Ludwig (1964), while the mode at larger sizes is
in the range reported by lunge (1963) for a typical continental
aerosol. Since automobile exhausts are believed to contain
aerosols composed of complex salts of lead, chlorine,
bromine, and oxygen, a similarity between lead and chloride
aerosols is not surprising. Further studies of these two materi-
als might provide an interesting insight into urban aerosol in-
teractions and sources. Analytical methods used for micro-sul-
fur determinations were improved in various ways as the pro-
gram developed and more experience was obtained in its
operation. One of the more important changes involved ther-
mostating the titration cell, which improved baseline stabiliza-
tion. Another change in technique provided for the evapora-
tion of the sample in a stream of clean heated nitrogen instead
of in the open laboratory atmosphere. Both of these changes
improved the reliability of the sulfur determinations.
01230
N. L. Soulages
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF LEAD ALKYLS
AND HALIDE SCAVENGERS IN GASOLINE BY GAS CHRO-
MATOGRAPHY WITH FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION .
Anal. Chem. 38, (1) 28-33, Jan. 1966.
A gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detection
for the determination of lead alkyls and scavengers in gasoline
is described. These compounds are separated in a partition
column and hydrogenated using a nickel catalyst, and the
resulting methane and/or ethane is separated from gasoline
hydrocarbons on an absorption column. The equipment em-
ployed and its application to the continuous analysis of leaded
gasolines are discussed. The reliability of results and the lack
of interferences are verified with both laboratory-prepared and
commercial samples. (Author abstract)
01249
C. R. Hosier and L. B. Lockhart, Jr.
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS OF RN222, PB214, and
BI214 IN AIR NEAR THE GROUND . J. Geophys. Res. 70,
(18) 4537-46, Sept.15, 1965.
Measurement of the rate of decay of Pb214 plus Bi214 beta-ac-
tivity collected on a filter provides a means of determining the
extent of secular equilibrium between radon and its daughter
products in the air; the extent of equilibrium is expressed by
the derived atom concentration ratio rho equals Bi214/Pb214 in
the air. This parameter is used to obtain a correction factor for
relating the beta-counting rates on the filter to radon concen-
tration, by comparing the total (corrected) beta-count against a
-------
106
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
known beta-count from 100 pc of radon per unit volume. To
obtain a calibration of this counting technique simultaneous air
sampling, over 20-min durations, for Pb214 plus Bi214 beta-ac-
tivity by filtration and for radon by alpha-counting of grab
samples, was conducted at elevations of 1 and 91 m above the
ground. The comparative sampling indicates that for normal
weather conditions, by applying a rho correction for indicated
equilibrium departure, the beta-counting technique yields
radon concentrations equivalent to those obtained by grab
samples at an elevation of 91 m; for the 1-m elevation com-
puted concentrations are about 80% of those obtained by grab
sample. The depletion of radon daughter product beta-activity
from the air stream, through impaction or electrostatic effects
by polyethylene tubing, is shown to be negligible. Natural at-
mospheric scavenging processes and dust-loading on filters are
discussed as possible mechanisms leading to errors in the com-
parison of beta-counting rates with directly measured radon
concentrations. (Author abstract)
01607
W.H. Hill
APPLICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY TO ANALYTICAL
PROBLEMS IN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND AIR POLLU-
TION (PROGRESS REPT.). Pittsburgh Univ., Pa., Dept. of
Occupational Health. (NIH Research Grant No. GR-4924(C-2)
(Kept. No. 4, 1959). Apr. 30, 1959. 12 pp.
Two sets of neutron bombarded paper pieces with traces of
tnallium were evaluated, showing promising results but need
for more work. Continuous electrophoresis of urine on the
Spinco instrument was given a thorough study. Failure of this
method for concentration of trace metals is intrinsic in the
design and purpose of the instrument. The use of ion exchange
resin for the concentration of trace amounts of lead in urine
gave good recoveries and correlated with the use of polarog-
raphy for determination of lead in one ml. samples.
01608
W.H. Hill
APPLICATION OF F.LECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY TO
ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS IN INDUSTRIAL HYGD2NE AND
AIR POLLUTION (PROGRESS REPT.). Pittsburgh Univ.,
Pa., Dept. of Occupational Health. (NIH Research Grant No.
RG^924(C1) (Rept. No. 3, 1958). Mar. 10, 1958. 18 pp.
The objective was to design and perfect methods for the de-
tection and determination of micro quantities of toxic metals,
notably lead, and mercury in blood, urine, air, etc., by electro-
chromatographic means. The electrophoresis of lead, dust
spots, and thallium dust was studied as well as indicators for
thallium, ionophoresis of wine and neutron bombardment for
estimating trace quantities of metals.
02164
R. S. Brief, A. R. Jones, and J. D. Yoder.
LEAD, CARBON MONOXIDE AND TRAFFIC - A CORRELA-
TION STUDY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10, (5) 284-8 &
413, Oct. 1960. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26,
1960.)
Atmospheric levels of lead and carbon monoxide were studied
at 6 locations in a northeastern U.S. city with traffic densities
ranging from 0-99 vehicles/min. Sampling site: 30-50- feet from
nearest traffic, 4 feet above ground level. Sampling method for
CO: ambient air at 100 cc/min., filtered through a silical gel
trap and then into 3 commercially available CO indicator tubes
in parallel. Sampling schedule: The program was operated 5
days a week, Thursday through Monday, during a 3-week
period in July and August, 1959. Sampling started at 10:30 AM
and continued through 6:30 PM each day. Each of the sam-
pling locations was used 5 times. Traffic density was averaged
from seventeen 5-10 min. counts during the 8-hr. day. CO con-
centration correlated with traffic density at 99% significance;
CO (ppm)=0.281 + 0.136T (vehicles/min.). Range of CO con-
centrations: (1) LIGHT TRAFFIC (0-5 VEHICLES/MIN.) 0-1
PPM. (2) MODERATE TRAFFIC (3-22 vehicles/min.) 0-6
ppm, and (3) Heavy traffic (16-99 VEHICLES/MIN.) 0-47
PPM.
03034
Kara, N.
THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD ON FILTER
PAPER. Ind. Health (Japan), 3(3-4):101-106, 1965.
In alkali solution, diphenylcarbazide reacts with lead and
produces a water soluble complex of deep red. This method al-
lows 1-50 micrograms lead to be determined and read from the
length of the colored part of the filter paper. The limit of
identification by this method is about 0.01 microgram lead, the
limit of determination about 0.1 microgram.
03037
K. Homma, S. Koshi, and H. Sakabe
THERMAL PRECIPITATOR FOR MEASUREMENT OF PAR-
TICLE SIZE DISTRD3UTION BY MEANS OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE. Bull. Nat. Inst. Indust. Health (Kawasaki,
Japan) 7, 25-30, 1962
A new thermal precipitator is described, based on the Wright
precipitator, which concentrates the number of particles on an
electron microscope grid to the level at which they can be con-
veniently counted, and particle size distribution determined.
The modification involved keeping the temperature of the col-
lecting plate constant during the entire sampling time and thus
being able to increase the sampling time. An example is given
of particle sizes and distributions of lead oxide fumes sampled
at a lead smelter.
03770
R. Mappes
THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF LEAD CON-
TENT IN THE AIR OF A WORKING PLACE BY FOUR
LABORATORIES. STAUB (English Transl.) (Dusseldorf) 26,
(9) 15-8, Sept. 1966. Ger (Tr.)
Four laboratories have checked the reliability of their analyti-
cal methods by carrying out, at the same time and place,
determination of lead present in the air. After taking into ac-
count many possible errors, in spite of the fact that different
instruments and analytical methods were used, it has been
possible to measure lead dust concentrations below the MAK
value (200 microgram Pb/m3) with deviations upto plus or
minus 15% (49 out of 51 values). In the case of concentrations
below the MAK value the disparities were only slightly higher.
This accuracy is quite sufficient for most problems of industri-
al hygiene. (Author summary)
05243
Saunders, Jr.
FILTER PACK TECHNIQUE FOR CLASSIFYING RADIOAC-
TIVE AEROSOLS BY PARTICLE SIZE . Part 2. Isotopic
Fractionation with Particle Size. Naval Research Lab.,
Washington, D. C. Chemistry Div. (NRL Rept. No. 6164.) Oct.
28, 1964. 14 pp.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
107
An evaluation of the relative distribution of some long-lived
airborne fission products among several ranges of particle
sizes has been carried out by the radiochemical analysis of in-
dividual air filters exposed in a pack. The relative quantities of
radioactivity deposited on each of the filters in the packs has
been found to vary considerably throughout 1963; however,
each of the individual isotopes behaves in much the same
manner so that the fractionation of isotopes relative to one
another is slight. Though isotopic fractionation by filters of
different characteristics has not been found to be of great sig-
nificance, there are indications that a more sensitive separating
procedure may show more difference between particles in the
extreme size ranges. The observed differences have been small
and variable, rather than organized, but the variations are too
large to be accounted for by experimental error. The long-lived
natural radioisotope Pb210 has a distribution very similar to
that of the fission p>•:-'"«.Is, bis* w'ft sms- prefe^cr;*'-1 -•";
centration in the smaller size range. The differences are not
sufficient to invalidate the use of collections made on less than
perfect filters for estimating the relative fission product con-
centrations in the air or for the approximate age determination
of bomb debris.
05456
Roschig, M. and Matschiner, H
INVERSE POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATIONS OF
TRACES OF LEAD IN MIXTURES OF TECHNICAL
HYDROCARBONS. Inverspolarographische Bestimmung von
Bleispuren in Technischen Kohlenwasser-Stoffgemischen.
Chem. Tech. (Berlin) 19(2):103-104, Feb. 1967. Ger.
A method is described in which lead in benzene in concentra-
tions of 1 to 100 ppb can be determined. After reducing the
tetraethyl lead with bromine, the lead is extracted with 0.1N
HNO3 and determined in an inverse polarographic cell. The
threshold of detection of 0.8 ppb of lead depends on the purity
of the reagents used. The method is fast, requiring about 45
min. with a standard deviation of plus or minus 7 percent.
05787
West, P. W., Weisz, H., Gaeke, G. C.,Jr., and Lyles, G.
TRANSFER, CONCENTRATION, AND ANALYSIS OF COL-
LECTED AIR-BORNE PARTICULATES BASED ON RING
OVEN TECHNIQUES. Anal. Chem. 32 (8), 9 6 (July 1960).
A procedure has been developed for the analysis of the par-
ticulate material, including aerosols, collected from a very
small air sample (1 cu meter). A number of standard at-
mospheric sampling devices have been used for the collection
of the samples. The ring oven and associated spot tests were
then used for the concentration and final determination
(qualitative and/or quantitative) of the various constituents
present in the mixture. Techniques have been developed for
the direct transfer of the sample from various filter media
used in the sample collection devices to the special paper
required in the ring oven. As little as 2 or 3 micrograms of a
constituent in a total air sample of 1 cu meter can be quickly
and conventiently determined with good accuracy. (Author ab-
stract)
05977
Browett, E. V.
ANALYTICAL METHODS. Ann. Occupational Hyg. (London)
8, (1) 21-8, Mar. 1965. (Presented at the 16th Conference,
British Occupational Hygiene Society, Apr. 7-8, 1964.)
Techniques of performing 'spot* tests for the presence of
metallic or metal-containing contaminants in atmospheres are
reviewed briefly. The procedures for more accurate determina-
tion of the concentration of atmospheric contaminants and for
the determination of the metal content of blood and of urine
are treated as comprising three steps: collection, pre-treatment
and analysis. Methods for the collection and pre-treatment of
various amples are are described. Colorimetric and polaro-
graphic methods of analysis Methods for the collection and
pre-treatment of various samples of prepared sample solutions
are discussed with particular refer- ence to the determination
of trace amounts of lead and attention is drawn to various
precautions that must be taken in order to obtain reliable
results. (Author abstract)
06045
D. L. Adamson, J. D. Stephens, and W. M. Tuddenham
APPLICATION OF MINERALOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND
INFRARED SPECTRA IN DEVELOPMENT OF SPECTRO-
GRAPHIC TECHNIQUES. Anal. Chem. 39(6):574-578, May
1967. (Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, March 5, 1965.)
Correlation of infrared spectra of spectrographic arc residue
beads with emission data revealed that samples yielding beads
containing olivine and pyroxene group minerals evolved
volatile elements in the arc most rapidly and produced the
highest elemental line intensities for the volatile elements and
the lowest intensities for iron. The hypothesis was developed
that combination of iron with silca to form linked ionic groups
within the melt decreased iron evolution. The resulting in-
crease in arc temperature intensified excitation of the volatile
elements. Exclusion of extraneous ions from these ionic
groups also appeared to be a factor in the acclerated evolution
of volatile elements. Methods were developed for determina-
tion of volatile elements—antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmi-
um, gallium, germanium, indium, lead, mercury, tellurium,
thallium, and zinc—in a wide variety of materials, including
iron oxides, limonite, magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, man-
ganite, silca, and silicate minerals in general. (Authors' ab-
stract)
06072
L. J. Snyder
DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF ORGANIC
LEAD IN AD2. (Composite sample method). Anal. Chem. 39
(6), 591-5, May 1967.
A composite sampling method was developed for measuring
trace quantities of organic lead in ambient air. The mean error
of the method is plus 0.001 microgram/cu m and the precision
(standard deviation of the difference between the quantities
found and present in known samples) is plus 0.004 micro-
gram/cu m of air. The method consists of collecting a large air
sample (100 cu m to 200 cu m) by passing it through an ac-
tivated carbon scrubber for a period of 2 to 4 days. Organic
lead collected in the activated carbon is decomposed, ex-
tracted from carbon, and colorimetrically measured by a single
extraction dithizone method. Interference from particulate lead
is eliminated by effective filtration prior to collecting organic
lead. The average quantity of organic lead found hi ambient air
in Los Angeles for a six-week period of time was 0.078 micro-
gram/cu m, or approximately one one-thousandth of the max-
imum allowable limit of 75 microgram/cu m of air for an 8-
hour exposure. The method is of sufficient accuracy to detect
changes in the organic lead content of the atmosphere at this
low level. (Author's abstract)
-------
108
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
06107
Gilardi, E. F. and R. M. Manganelli
A LABORATOR STUDY OF A LEAD ACETATE-TILE
METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (7), 305-9 (July 1963). (Presented
at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Chicago, ffl., May 20-24, 1962.)
Laboratory studies of factors influencing the quantitative use
of a lead-acetate-tile method for H2S were undertaken. These
studies included the preparation of H2S test atmospheres, the
determination of the darkening effect of these atmospheres on
lead-acetate-coated tiles, and investigations on the stability of
the PbS color produced. The following conclusions resulted:
(1) OExposure Units,0 which is the product of H2S concentra-
tion and exposure period, mg.hr/cu in, is a useful parameter in
representing H2S exposure. A regression equation utilizing this
parameter accounts for 98.6 percent of the variation in ab-
sorbance values. (2) Average concentrations of H2S between
0.15 and 1.5 mg/cu m can be determined by the measurement
of the surface absorbance of a lead- acetate coated tile. The
standard error of estimation was plus or minus 001515 ab-
sorbance units in a laboratory-prepared darkening curve. (3)
The tile-darkening curve was approximated by a parabola. A
distinct maximum in absorbance was also observed in tile dar-
kening data. (4) Whether or not a tile absorbance value within
the usable range is on the ascending, defined portion of the
darkening curve may be determined by a consideration of the
reflectance spectrum of the particular tile. (5) The darkening
effect of a given exposure to H2S was increased by increased
air turbulence. (6) Methyl me reap ton, dimethyl sulfide, and
dimethyl disulfide, in concentrations much higher than nor-
mally present in the outdoor atmosphere, had no significant ef-
fect on the H2S sulfide darkening of lead-acetate-coated tiles.
(7) Fading of darken tiles was accelerated both by air turbu-
lence and light. (8) Periods of exposure of lead-acetate-coated
tiles are limited by H2S concentration level and fading of the
PbS color. The higher the H2S concentration, the smaller the
exposure period which will result in a surface absorbance
beyond the usable range. The fading in a louvered, light-proof
chamber places an upper limit of approximately 8 hr. on out-
door exposure periods, (authors' summary modified)
06112
Tada, O.
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Bunseki Kagaku
(Japan Analyst) (Tokyo) pp. 110R-7R. 1966. Jap.
Important papers published in Japan Analyst in 1964 and 1965
are summarized. The subject is limited to measurement
methods of air pollutants known to be toxic to health. Pollu-
tants from stacks and automobile exhausts are covered, in-
cluding many cyclic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
fluorine compounds, hydrogen sulfide, lead compounds, and
offensive odors. Various sampling methods are described,
especially using filtering with glass wool filters, electric dust
collectors, gas absorbers, and portable samplers containing sil-
ica gel. The pollutants can be measured by electroconductivity
methods, colorimetric measurement recorder, gas chromato-
graphic analysis, electron capturing detector, and hydrogen ion
detector. The papers summarized do not include those dealing
with industrial or occupational environment or mining.
06643
G. M. Morgan
TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING LEAD P'ARTICLES IN AIR.
Nature, 213 (5071), 58-9 (Jan. 7, 1967.
A new method of detecting lead particles, based on the activi-
ty of lead iodide as an ice nucleating agent, underwent prelimi-
nary testing. Air entering the acoustical particle counter is first
passed through a small mixing chamber containing iodine
crystals. The resulting lead iodide ice nuclei are then detected.
Laboratory and field trials suggest that this technique may be
useful in monitoring air pollution.
06881
Razamov, V. A., and T. K. Aidarov
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CERTAIN METHODS
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD AEROSOLS.
((StravnitePnaya otsenka rnetodov opredeleniya aerozolei
svintsa v vozdukhe.)) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(1):48-
50, Jan. 1965. Translated from Russian. CFSTI: TT 66-51033
Industrial-sanitary chemistry is making a continuously increas-
ing use of rapid and objective instrumental methods (physical
and physicochemical) in addition to purely chemical analytical
methods. Regrettably, no published comparative data are
available on the employment of (different) instrumental
methods for analysis of the same substances, including lead.
The authors decided to fill this gap by investigating the ad-
vantages and disadvantages of the spectrographic, spec-
trophotometric, polarographic and photocolorimetric methods
in the analysis of lead. In order to reveal the maximum possi-
bilities of these methods, the tests for lead in air samples were
preceded by determinations of its trace amounts in pure solu-
tions. The results for analyses of identical lead concentrations
in pure solutions show that the spectrographic and colori-
graphic determinations are fairly close to one another, while
the spectrophotometric and phototurbidimetric and analytical
errors are somewhat smaller. Under their experimental condi-
tions, the minimum detectable concentrations of lead were
0.000005% with the spectrographic method, 0.00008% with the
polarographic method, and 0.0002% with the spectrophotomet-
ric and phototurbidimetric methods. Comparative data on the
determination of lead in air by the same method show certain
quantitative differences in the analytical results. This probably
should be explained by the different chemical preparation of
the samples for analysis. Therefore, in determining lead in air
by any of the methods under consideration, account must be
taken of the accuracy of the method calculated from actual
samples. Before actual use of any specific method one must
carry out preliminary work to achieve maximum sensitivity
and to reduce the error according to the actual analytical ob-
jects. Of the methods tested, preference is given to the spec-
trographic method which is the most sensitive and rapid; the
number of elements to be determined simultaneously must also
be considered.
06894
Razumov, V. A., and T. K. Aidarov
A FAST METHOD FOR DETERMINING LEAD IN THE AIR.
((Uskorennyi metod opredeleniya svintsa v vozdukhe.)) Hyg.
Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(3):392-394, Mar. 1965. Translated
from Russian. CFSTI: 66-51033
In a number of cases there is a need for rapid and accurate
determination of the lead aerosol content in the air. The usual
chemical and physicochemical methods appb'ed for this pur-
pose are rather lengthy and labor-consuming. The most ad-
vantageous is color reaction on paper without any previous
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
109
working of the ground. The fullest response to all require-
ments is afforded by the color reaction with tetrahydroxy-p-
benzoquinone. Here a legible scale is obtained for microgram
parts of lead on paper, the pink coloring lasts for up to six
months, and the reagent solution itself is stable for up to 4
months. Antimony, bismuth, zinc, copper, iron, arsenic,
chromium and calcium, also cadmium (in equal concentrations
with lead) do not interfere with determination. The air sample
was taken out with an aspirator plant at a rate of 3 1/min onto
filter paper (blue band). When the lead content is within the
normal limits, 10-15 1 of air have to be taken. A disk of paper
17 mm in diameter was placed in a plexiglas holder of the
proper dimensions, and a drop (0.05 ml) of reagent was applied
to the filter in the holder; after it had dried, samples were
taken, and then a drop (0.05 ml) of buffer solution was ap-
plied. The pink coloring appeared at once. Then the filter was
taken out of the holder and was placed on clean filter paper
(with the coloring upward) to dry. After a few seconds, the
coloring was compared with the scale on the paper obtained
by the analogous method for certain lead concentrations. The
sensitivity of the method was 0.015 ug in the drop (0.05 ml).
For more reliable results, it is better to make two parallel (in
the worst case, successive) determinations. The duration of
one determination is not more than seven minutes, if the air
contains lead in more than the normal amount.
06920
G. Lambert, B. Ardouin, M. Nezami and G. Polian
POSSIBILITIES OF USING LEAD 210 AS AN ATMOSPHER-
IC TRACER. Tellus (Uppsala) 18 82), 421-6 (1966). (Presented
at the CACR Symposium, Atmospheric Chemistry, Circulation
and Aerosols, Visby, Sweden, Aug. 18-25, 1965.)
A method for measuring the concentration of lead-210 on An-
tartic continent neves was discussed. The high sensitivity of
the lead-210 measurement through the polonium-210 enables to
date the neve layers of the Antartic continent. Thus, appear
some correlations between the concentration of lead-210 in the
snow and the solar activity. The study of the atmospheric con-
centration of lead-210 above the oceans having proved the
stratospheric origin of this nuclide in these regions, the former
correlations are therefore due to a possible action of the sun's
corpuscular radiations on the stratosphere-troposphere trans-
fers.
08130
Vigdorchik, E. A.
DETERMINATION OF AIR DUSTINESS ACCORDIHG TO
OWEN'S METHOD. In: Survey of U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 1-12,
May 1960. 13 refs. CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The Owens method was tested in order to determine its possi-
ble use in routine sanitary inspection for the determination of
air dustiness in manufacturing plants. On the basis of tests to
which Owens apparatus was subjected in the dust chamber
and under manufacturing plant conditions, it can be stated that
the method and apparatus present a considerable advance in
the problem of dust study. Particularly valuable characteristics
of the instrument are: a. Particles suspended in the air measur-
ing 0.3u and above in diameter can be reliably counted; b.
Diferential particle counts can be made simultaneously; c. The
dusts studied microscopically remain unchanged because of
the special method used in making the preparations; d. Dif-
ferences in duplicate readings do not exceed the limits of ex-
perimental error; e. Sample collecting is not time consuming; f.
As a consequence to the rapidity of sampling, the dynamics of
the dust-laden air can be studied reliably; g. The apparatus is
of small size and is easily portable.
08145
Gernet, E. V.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RETENTION CAPACI-
TY OF DIFFERENT FILTERS USED IN THE GRAVIMETRIC
DETERMINATION OF SMOKE SUSPENDED AEROSOLS.
In: Survey of U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.,
Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p, 78-86, May 1960. 7 refs. CF-
STI: TT 60-21475
Cotton fiber, paper filters, porous glass filters and liquid ab-
sorbers were evaluated to determine the best suited filtering
material for the gravimetric determination of a dispersed phase
of toxic aerosols. The results of the investigation showed that
determination of concentrations of highly dispersed smoke
(particles of which ranged between 0.1 - 1.5 microns) could be
satisfactorily accomplished by aspiration of air samples
through ash-free filter paper of the makes tested, or through
glass filter plates Nos. 2 and 3. Filter paper has the additional
advantage of combustibility thereby reducing to a minimum
loss due to adsorptive retention by the filtering material. Cot-
ton filters, glass filter plates No. 1 and liquid absorber ap-
paratus of the type of Gernet-Rykhter are not recommended
for use in the study of aerosols (smokes) of high dispersion.
08661
Zimmer, Charles E. and George B. Morgan
AN INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON OF LEAD EMIS-
SIONS. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control, ((19))p., 1967. 1 ref.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Cleveland, Ohio, June 1967, Paper No. 67-152.)
A recent study of atmospheric 1-^d concentrations provided an
opportunity to evaluate the degree of reproducibility attainable
by competent, well-run laboratories. Further, it permitted ex-
amining such results for the existence of a laboratory bias
which could seriously affect the interpretation of the data
from a study. The results of an interlaboratory comparison of
lead determinations involving three laboratoies are presented.
Each laboratory used the dithizone method of determining
lead, modified slightly according to its own experience and
judgment. The data presented show that one laboratory
yielded values approximately 10 percent lower and another
laboratory was 10 percent higher than the average for the
three laboratories. In addition, the data show that even under
ideal conditions the precision of an individual lead determina-
tion can range from 7 percent to nearly 30 percent for a given
laboratory. (Authors abstract)
09333
Lial W. Brewer, (ed.)
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR THE ENVDJONMENTAL
HEALTH LABORATORY. Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, N.
Me*., Industrial Hygiene Lab., SC-M-3044, 147 p., Feb. 1968.
13 rets.
This is a manual compiled of thirty-nine analytical procedures
used by an industrial hygiene laboratory. The procedures for
the following substances in air are included: The Determinaton
of Acetone, Acid and Alkali Contaminants; Benzene, Toluene,
and Other Aromatics; Beryllium (Spectrographic Method);
Beryllium (Morin Method); Cadmium; Chromic Acid, Chro-
-------
110
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
mates, and Dichromates; Formaldehyde; Lead; Methanol;
Nitrogen Dioxide; Oil Mist; Ozone (Colorimetric Method);
Ozone (Titration Method; Phosgene; Silica (Colorimetric
Method); Sulfur Dioxide; Thallium; and Zinc.
09476
P. M. Giever
NEEDS FOR REMOTE SENSING DATA IN THE FIELD OF
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. In: Proceedings
of the Fourth Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment,
12, 13, 14 April 1966, Michigan Univ. Ann Arbor, Willow Run
Labs., Contract NRnr 1244(44), 4864-11-X, p. 21-23, June 1966.
CFSTI, DDC; AD 638919
One of the greatest needs is for instrumentation that will accu-
rately evaluate the several oxidants, such as NO, NO2, NO3,
and O3 in the range od parts per hundred million. These
devices are needed for evaluation of stack gases, and for the
ambient atmosphere. Nondispersing infrared has been used for
many years for evaluating carbon monoxide but interference
from water vapor has not been satisfactorily controlled. The
use of infrared with complete accuracy in evaluating CO
would be very helpful and the hydrogen sulphide generation in
sewage sludge digesters and remote sensing instrument would
be very useful as sentinals or its removal from digester gas.
(Authors' summary) alarms. Remote sensing of SO2 with the
data fed into a central point would be helpful. Accurate
identification and quantified- tion of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons in general atmosphere without sampling and
laboratory analysis is needed. Evaluating automobile exhaust
in the atmosphere, separating the constituents of interest and
analyzing each quantitatively would be a major aid to this area
of air pollution control. Sensing devices to evalu- ate odors
would be particularly helpful. There is a need for means of
determining the effective stack height, levels of in- version
layer, and of remote temperature sensing. Instrumentation is
needed for accurately determining the moisture content of
stack gases, new and accurate equipment is needed for the
evalua- tion of rate of flow of effluent in a discharge stack.
Determina- tion of solids in a stack and in the general at-
mosphere by direct reading devices would be a major con-
tribution. Instrumentation which will give accurate reproduci-
ble results in the sizing or counting of the entire spectrum of
size (and shapes) of solid participate is needed. New instru-
ments and techniques to provide fast, accurate analysis for
fluorine, lead, hydrocarbons and many others, each having
long periods of extraction or reaction and many intermediate
steps are also needed.
09888
Flesch, Jerome P.
CALIBRATION STUDIES OF A NEW SUB-MICRON
AEROSOL SIZE CLASSIFIER. Preprint, Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, 17p., 1967. 12 refs. (Presented at the 153rd Meeting,
American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Florida, April 10-
14, 1967.)
The size-fractionating characteristics of a new aerosol classifi-
er operating in the size range 0.015 to 0.5 micron were in-
vestigated with homogenous aerosols of zinc ammonium
sulfate, polystyrene latex spheres, and solium chloride cubes.
Size analyses were carried out by electron microscopy.
Characteristic deposition curves were nearly identical in the
small-particle collection zone and agreed with data for
methylene blue spheres. For the zone above 0.2 micron the
curves differed significantly, probably because of charging dif-
ferences of the various aerosols. Preliminary application of the
classifier to ambient air sampling has yielded size distribution
data for lead in urban Cincinnati. (Author's abstract, modified)
09953
Perin, G.
THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
TETRAETHYL LEAD IN THE ATMOSPHERE. ((La deter-
minazione gas cromatografica del piombo tetraetile nell'at-
mosfera.)) Text in Italian. Med. Lavoro (Milan), 58(10):624-
631, Oct. 1967.
A gas chromatographic apparatus for the detection and quan-
titative analysis of tetraethyl lead in air samples is described.
Using known samples of tetraethyl lead (3-400 microgram/cu
m). recovery was excellent and ranged from 93-99%.
Techniques of air sampling and analysis, according to the sam-
ple concentration, are described. This gas chromatographic
method is fast, precise, and thought to be of value for routine
determinations.
09983
Ubl, Z.
UNIFffiD METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POLLU-
TANTS IN THE FREE ATMOS- PHERE Acta Hygienica,
No. 1, Suppl, 1966. 84p. 24 refs.
Methods for the analysis of pollutants in the air are presented
with precise and complete notes dealing with procedure, ap-
paratus, reagents, and possible problems. Procedures are given
for determining the following compounds in the air: SO2, CO,
NO2, NOx, sulfuric acid aerosols, C12, H2S, Pb compounds,
CS2, phenol, As, F2, NH3, soot, Mn compounds, SiO2, and
formaldehyde. Also discussed are methods of air sampling,
calibration methods, calculations, sensitivity and error in the
determinations interferences from other compounds, and the
principle involved in the method.
10528
Matson, Wayne Reimer
TRACE METALS, EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS OF
TRACE METAL COMPLEXES IN NATURAL MEDIA. Thesis
(Ph.D), Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, Dept. of
Chemistry, Contract Nonr-1841(74), Proj. DSR-74913, 258p.,
Jan. 1968. ((61)) refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 666554
A composite mercury graphite electrode (CMGE) has been
constructed and has been shown to follow the theoretical
behavior for thin film electrodes. Its physical structure has
been studied, and correlated with its electrochemical behavior
and stability. An analytical system capable of performing mul-
tiple analysis of metal ions has been built using the CMGE and
the analytical precision has been investigated over the range of
10 to the minus 7th power to 10 to the minus 10th power M.
Anodic stripping techniques using the CMGE have been
developed for obtaining information on the complicated dis-
tributed of the trace elements Zn, Cd, In, Pb, Cu, Bi, in sam-
ples from the environment, and for obtaining parameters re-
lated to the formation constant K, and the rate constants for
naturally occurring trace metal complexes of these metals and
several others - Fe, Mg, Co, Ni, U. Techniques have been
developed for separating molecular weight fractions of com-
plexes and complexing agents in water samples. A portion of
the trace metals atmospheric samples have been shown to be
bound to particulate material of greater than one micron
diameter. A ubiquitous nonlabile trace metal component has
benn identified in all fresh waters. A quantitatively and
qualitatively different nonlabile components is present in some
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
111
sea water samples. Up to eight different nonlabile complexing
agents have been identified in one sample. The data indicate
that the high molecular weight complexes are at least in part
humic acid type compounds. Estuarine and surface
mechanisms whereby nonlabile materials can be removed have
been studied briefly. A complicated distribution of strong la-
bile complexes which is apparently associated with biological
activity has also been identified in many waters. (Author's ab-
stract)
10556
Lahmann, Erdwin and Manfred Moller
THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND DUST IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE. ((Die Bestimmung von Blei und Staub der at-
mospharischen Luft.)) Text in German. Gesundh. Ingr.
88(6):182-186, 1967. 20 refs.
A method for the determination of lead in atmospheric dust is
described. A high volume sampler (about 80 cu m air/hr.) with
glass fiber filters is used, followed by photometric determina-
tion using the dithizone method. A one-hour sample yielded
1.7-10.3 microgram Pb/cu m air, from 0.12-0.63 mg. dust/cu m.
This long-term monitoring with one-hour sampling periods in-
dicates definite variations in the Pb content of the air from a
well traveled street. The sampling and analytical techniques
used are described, as well as tests of the methodology.
10561L
G. Machata
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF LEAD DUST IN LEAD
PROCESSING PLANTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AIRBORNE DUST.
((Uber die chemische Untersuchung von Bleistaub in bleiverar-
beitenden Betrieben. Unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der
Korngrossenverteihmg des anfallenden Staubes.)) Text in Ger-
man. Mitt. Oesterr. Sanitatsverwaltung (Vienna), 67(9):220-221,
1966.
In connection with efforts to detect the lead content in dust
and the proportion of lead dust entering the lungs, a new, sim-
ple method for the size distribution of airborne dust particles
is reported. Dust samples collected on a filter are secured on a
photomicroscope and are photographed, and the resultant pic-
tures are then enlarged ten- or twentyfold. Each photo is ex-
amined by means of a particle size counter, which permits the
determination of particles of different sizes according to size
classes, and teh statistical evaluation of the countrd particles.
The results can be expressed graphically and the percentage
graphically and the percentage of a certain size-range (e.g. of a
size which will enter the lungs) can be shown. The implica-
tions of this method for lead particle size determinations in
lead dust obtained from occupational exposure are discussed.
11042
C. L. Luke
NEW X-RAY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
TRACE ELEMENTS IN AIR. Preprint, Bell Telephone Labs.,
Murray Hill, N. J., ((12))p., 1968. 3 refs. (Presented at the 61st
Annual Meeting, Air pollution Control Association, St. Paul,
Minn. June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-68.)
A new accurate, sensitive and almost universally applicable X-
ray method for the determination of trace elements in inor-
ganic and organic materials has recently been developed. This
method should be equally useful for the determination of trace
elements such as S, Cl, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, etc. in water and air.
In constrast to the problems that exist in the X-ray determina-
tion of trace elements in metals, alloys and other inorganic
samples one is not confronted, in air analyses, with the dif-
ficulties that arise from absorption and enhancement effects
due to the presence of large amounts of matrix elements. In-
stead, after a proper sampling of the air has been made the
only problem that remains is to obtain the trace elements in a
suitable environment so that they can be determined with the
greatrst accuracy and sensitivity nby X-ray analysis. Tests
have shown that trace elements collected from air can be ob-
tained quantitatively on small filter paper disks for X-ray anal-
ysis by classical precipitation and filtration separations, pro-
vided that precautions are taken to insure complete precipita-
tion by the use of a suitable coprecipitant. Since the X-ray
spectrograph is a specific tool and since several elements can
be determined on a single paper disk it is evident that the
proposed new method will be much less time consuming than
the chemical or instrumental methods heretofore used. It is
seldom necessary to completely isolate the element to be
determined. Suitable procedures have been developed for the
separation and determination of microgram amounts of 68 of
the 72 elements that are customarily determined with an X-ray
spectrograph. As little as 20 nanograms of Ni, Ti, and Sc, 0.1
microgram of S, Ca, Cu, Fe, Co and Zn and 1 microgram of
most of the other elements can be separated and determined.
A complete analysis can be made in less than 15 minutes.
11626
Brune, D., S. Mattsson, and K. Liden
APPLICATION OF A BETATRON IN PHOTONUCLEAR AC-
TIVATION ANALYSIS. Aktiebolaget Atomenergi
(Stockholm), AE-333, 1968. 19 refs.
Determinations of iodine in Pharmaceuticals and of fluorine,
lead, and mercury in pure compounds were made by
photonuclear activation analysis, with a betatron accelerator
used as the irradiation facility. The accelerator yields a lower
photon flux density than a linear accelerator but has great
flexibility with regard to beam direction. Uniform irradiation
of the samples was achieved by inserting a rotating sample
holder device in the brehmstrahlung beam of the betatron. The
detection limits obtained for iodine, fluorine, lead, and mercu-
ry were 50, 3, 400, and 15 micrograms, respectively. It is con-
cluded that the betatron has practical applications in the field
of pharmacy but is unsuited for lead analyses in pollution stu-
dies of air, water, and food. It could be used for the deter-
mination of mercury in various biological materials, though
better results are expected to be obtained by conventional
neutron activation techniques.
12943
Chow, Tsaihwa J., John L. Earl, and Carrie F. Bennett
LEAD AEROSOLS IN MARINE ATMOSPHERE. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 3(8):737-740, Aug. 1969. 11 refs.
Procedures for the shipboard sampling of marine air and the
analysis of its lead content by the isotope dilution method are
discussed. Marine air collected over the north and central
Pacific Ocean between California, Midway Island, and Amer-
ican Samoa showed a lead concentration range of 0.0003 to
0.0015 micro g/cu m. This lead concentration range shows that
marine air is the least polluted of the north temperate at-
mospheres. Because of the difficulty in evaluating the in-
dividual random sampling contamination due to the ship's ex-
haust plume, the marine air samples were treated as a suite to
determine their representative lead aerosol concentrations. A
lead blank of 0.08 micro g was subtracted from each sample
and observed lead concentration in each filter was plotted
against the volume of air filtered to obtain the sample.
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112
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
12993
Walker, Alfred O.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE
PRESENCE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC LEAD COMPOUNDS
IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Nalco Chemical Co., Inc., Chicago)
U. S. Pat. 3,453,081. 3p., July 1, 1969. 1 ref. (Appl. July 23,
1965, 3 claims).
A method for determining the presence and quantities of
volatile organic lead compounds in the atmosphere is
described. A regulated stream of the air to be sampled is
passed over iodine crystals long enough to sublime at least one
half of the crystals, but not all of them. The sublimed crystals
carry with them the reaction product of the iodine and the
volatile organic lead compounds. The lead compounds are col-
lected on a porous substrate. The substrate is developed,
preferably by passing a quantity of air over it, to remove any
remaining free iodine. The resulting yellow color of the sub-
strate serves as an indicator of the presence of volatile organic
lead compounds in the air sampled. The amount of lead con-
tained in the air sample can be determined by color com-
pariosn with similar porous substrates which have been treated
with known quantities of lead-iodine containing compounds.
13122
Otto, J.
APPLICATION OF CO MPLEXOMETRY IN METAL DETER-
MINATIONS FOR LABOR HYGIENIC PURPOSES. I.
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN INDOOR AIR. (Uber die An-
wendung der Komplexo metric bei MetaHbestimmungen fur ar-
beitshygienische Zwecke. I. Mitteilung: Bestimtriung von Blei in
der Raumluft). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. (Berlin),
15(5):323 325, May 1969. 15 refs.
The method of complexometric micro titration for measure-
ment of indoor airborne lead compounds is described. The
complexometric method surpasses the photometric method in
ease and speed. The method sufficiently accomplishes the
measurement of the low concentrations admissible in occupa-
tional health and industrial hygiene. Disturbing ions and their
elimination are discussed. (Author summary modified)
14758
Jungreis, E. and P. W. West
MICRODETERMINATION OF LEAD BY THE RING-OVEN
TECHNIQUE APPLICABLE TO AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.
Israel J. Chem., 7(3): 413-416, 1969. 3 refs.
The normal average of lead concentration in a permissible
working atmosphere is (1.15 mg/cu m. The toxicity of the vari-
ous lead compounds appears to depend on their solubility in
body fluids and the fineness of the particles, with the solubili-
ty increasing in proportion to the fineness of the particles. As
a result, the metallic lead fumes, the carbonate and the
monoxide, are considered more toxic than the coarser lead
dust, and phosphate, sulfide, and chromate compounds. A
method for the microdetermination of lead which differentiates
between the two groups of compounds by the ring-oven
technique is described and is believed applicable to lead analy-
sis of air pollution samples collected on sequential tapes. The
method consists of fixing a filter paper on a ring-oven main-
tained at 100-105 C, adding the sample solution and then wash-
ing it out of the ring with 1 N nitric acid or acetic acid 1:5
solution. After completely drying the paper and evaporating
the acid, 10 microliters of sodium molybdate solution is
washed out; the dried paper is then placed in a malonic acid
bath, boiled twice, dried, coated with a diphenylcarbazide re-
agent solution, and fumed with concentrated hydrochloric acid
for about 5 min. The appearance of a blue ring indicates the
presence of lead. As the colored background turns slowly from
red to yellow, one hour should elapse before comparison with
standard rings. The method for calculating the concentration
of the unknown sample is given. The lower limit for lead
determination was 0.05 micrograms; the upper limit for accu-
rate estimation was 2 micrograms. Interference by other
metals is briefly considered. It is concluded that two parallel
determinations using nitric acid and acetic acid to dissolve lead
particles will give basic information as to their hazardous or
less hazardous nature, the first one marking the total lead
value, the second the 'hazardous' one.
15562
Tonomura, Masaharu, Minoru Nan jo, and Shizuo Kano
A STUDY ON THE AMOUNT OF LEAD IN THE HAIR OF
REGIONAL INHABITANTS. (Kankyo-eisei kara mita tohatsu-
chu no namari-ryo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Eisei Shikensho
Hokoku (Bull. Natl. Inst. Hyg. Sci., Tokyo), vol. 83:81-82,
1965. 8 refs.
The quantity of lead contained in the hair of regional inhabi-
tants was measured in an attempt to compare the degree of air
pollution caused by automobile exhaust gas, which contains
lead as well as carbon monoxide. Three groups of subjects
were selected for this study: residents of the Shinjuku district
and policemen from the Yodobashi police station where traffic
is busiest; workers at a pharmaceutical plant research labora-
tory where the traffic is minimal; and residents of Honjo city
where the traffic is medium. The amount of lead in the hair
was measured after decomposition of the hair by nitric acid.
Higher concentrations of lead were observed in the hair of
subjects who lived or worked where the air was polluted by
automobile exhaust gas. In general, the hair of females con-
tained more lead than the hair of males in the same district.
15563
Kettner, H.
COMPARATIVE DETERMINATIONS OF LEAD IN DUST
PRECD7ITATIONS BY THE DITHIZON AND ATOMIC AB-
SORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS. (Ver-
gleichende Bestimrnungen von Blei im Staubniederschlag nach
der Dithizon- und der Atom-Absorptions-Spektral-Photometer-
Methode). Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver. Wasser Boden
Lufthyg., no. 29:55-62, Oct. 1969. 2 refs.
By the use of atomic absorption s pec tropho tome try, 380 deter-
minations were made in less than three hours. The method was
reproducible, selective, and easy to calibrate. Calibration mea-
surements using 10 micrograms lead per ml showed that the
standard deviation was less than 2%. Cations such as Fe(3+),
Al(3 + ), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Na(+), which occur in concen-
trations 100 to 1000 times that of lead, did not interfere with
the analysis. The samples used for the analyses were prepared
as follows: the dust sample was boiled with 50 ml dilute HC1
and several drops of nitric acid. After cooling it was diluted to
250 ml. The clear solution which separated was used for the
analyses. The results of the determinations by both chemical
and spectrophotometric methods are listed in a table. Calcula-
tion of the correlation coefficients showed that atomic absorp-
tion spectrophotometry is applicable to the determination of
small lead concentrations; correlation with the dithizone
method is 99.6%.
15734
Roebisch, Gerhard
THE PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF
LEAD BY TREATMENT WITH 7-(ALPHA-(O-CAR-
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
113
BOMETHOXYANILINO)BENZYL)-8-HYDROXYQUINOLIN.
(Die Photometrische Bestimmung von Bleispuren unter Ver-
wendung von 7-(alpha-(o-Carbomethoxyanilino)benzyl)-8-
hydroxychinolin). Text in German. Anal. Chim. Acta,
47(3):539-546, 1969. 18 refs.
Traces of lead were extracted and spectrophotometrically
determined by treatment with 7-(alpha-(o-carbomethox-
yanilino)benzyl)-8-hydroxyquinolin). The molar absorptivity
was 4500 at 410 nm. The determination is highly selective in
the presence of suitable masking agents. The influence of Al,
Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, In, Mg, Mn, Ni, Tl, and Zn was ex-
amined. Bismuth was co-extracted by the reagent. It was con-
cluded that lead can be determined by a modified, less sensi-
tive procedure. (Author summary modified)
16123
Crump, N. L. and T. T. Bartels
TOXIC GAS CONTAMINANTS IN ENCLOSED ENVIRON-
MENTS. Contamination Control: Current and Advanced Con-
cepts in Instrumentation and Automation, 9(l):20-25, Jan.
1970. 2 refs.
Techniques were developed for collecting samples of toxic
gases from enclosed atmospheres and quantitatively determin-
ing the concentration of these contaminants by analytical in-
strumentation. A gas sampling flask was developed which was
conveniently used in the laboratory where danger of breakage
during testing is at a minimum. However, since some test pro-
grams required sampling at remote areas or under conditions
that increased the probability of breakage, a larger, more dura-
ble container was required. A sampling unit was described
which was portable, capable of withstanding shock, capable of
containing the sample for extended periods of time, and dura-
ble enough to be shipped to and from remote test sites. The
design of the sampling unit permitted either manual collection
of a sample in each flask by opening and closing the needle
valve by hand, or automatic collection through a solenoid-
valve control. Three sets of sample of aircraft cabin air were
collected. The samples were analyzed chromatographically for
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; colorimetrically, for the
oxides of nitrogen; and polarographically, for lead. More sen-
sitive detection capabilities were required for the gas chro-
matography than usually obtained. Improved detection limits
for carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were attained by
modifying the gas chromatographic instrumentation. The most
important change was in the detection system. When a
thermistor detector was used, detection limits were improved
from 90 ppm CO2 and 150 ppm CO to 14 ppm CO2 and 12
ppm CO. The effect of temperature on the thermistor was also
determined. The sensitivity at 30 C was many times greater
thant that at 250 C.
16367
Fitzek J. and H. J. Einbrodt
THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE DUST. (Die
chemische Analyse von Luftstaubproben). Text in German.
Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Munich), 149(5/6):394-400, 1965. 11
refs.
The quantitative microchemical analyses of silicon, aluminum,
iron, calcium, sulfur, and lead in airborne dust sampled over
large cities are described. The dust samples were transferred
into a platinum vessel either in a dry state (in which case a
brush was used) or they were flushed off the sampler with
deionized water. In the latter case, evaporation and a two-hour
drying process at 120 C followed; the former case, drying
alone sufficed. Part of the dried dust was used for the SiO2
analysis. The remainder was decarbonized at 400 C and sub-
sequently treated in the Simon-Mueller oven for 4 hours at 700
C. After ashing, the SiO2 was evaporated with 2 ml
hydrofluoric acid and 8 N HC1 was added. Of this suspension,
10 ml were evaporated in a quartz bowel for Pb analysis. The
remaining 15 ml was passed through an infrared analyzer
where iron, aluminum and calcium were separated. The sub-
stance was collected in a 400 ml quartz glass after rinsing with
80 ml 8 N HC1 and evaporated. The residue was washed with
0.5 ml 4 N HC1 and replenished to 25 ml in a graduated flask.
The iron was washed out from the exchange with 0.1 N HC1
replenished to 100 ml, and directly analyzed. From the 25 ml
flask aliquote, parts were taken for t* calcium and aluminum
analyses. A step by step description for each of the analyses is
given. The method is suitable for concentrations of 2 mg.
16382
Kehoe, Robert A.
CRITERIA FOR HUMAN SAFETY FROM THE CON-
TAMINATION OF THE AMBIENT ATMOSPHERE WITH
LEAD. Proc. Intern. Congr. Occupational Health, 15th, Vien-
na, 1966, vol. 3:83-98, Sept. 19-24, 1966. 3 refs.
In an attempt to appraise the quantities and significance of
lead in the ambient air, laboratory experiments were initiated
for following the respiratory intake and output of airborne lead
on the background of alimentary intake and output. In a
preliminary experiment, two human subjects were observed
daily for over a year for their metabolic pattern of lead intake
from food and beverages and output in feces and urine. They
were then exposed to air containing 150 micrograms/cu m of
lead as the sesquioxide in particles ranging up to 0.18 micron
diameter and having 0.05 micron mean diameter. Starting with
an exposure period of 16 weeks for 10.5 hours weekly, the
period was increased by 10.5 hours every 16 weeks. During
each successive 16-week period of constant exposure condi-
tions, the concentration of lead in urine and blood rose to a
certain point and then continued at an essentially constant
level; each incremental increase in the weekly duration of the
exposure lead to a further increase of the same proportions in
the output and concentration of lead in the urine and in the
concentration in the blood. A line connecting the points
representing the final blood concentration levels was extended
to a point corresponded to continuous exposure (168 hours
weekly). It is noted that, although intermittent exposure at a
certain level results in an equilibrated response, this factor is
inoperative under conditions of continuous exposure from the
general environment. Human safety, therefore, lies in the
avoidance of a persistent level of alimentary and respiratory
dosage that will result in a measurable accumulation of lead in
the bodies of exposed persons during a lifetime. Final results
from further experiments, involving respiratory exposure to 10
micrograms/cu m of lead, are not yet available. However, it is
concluded that the physiological response to graduated severi-
ty of exposure, measured by lead excretion in urine and lead
concentration in the blood, is a reliable criterion for measuring
lead absorption.
17048
Robinson, J. W., C. Woodward, D. M. Hailey, and H. M.
Barnes
THE POTENTIAL DETECTION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE USING A REMOTE SENSING DEVICE.
Preprint, Am. Chem. Soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., Div. Water, Air
Waste Chem., 7p., 1969. 4 refs. (Presented at the American
Chemical Society, 158th National Meeting, Division of Water,
Air, Waste Chemistry, New York, Sept. 1969.)
-------
114
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Tentative experimental results indicated the possibility of
remote sensing by means of laser induced fluorescence for the
qualitative and quantitative identification of gaseous air pollu-
tants. The wavelength of the fluorescent bands of organic
molecules, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
tetrathyl lead in the gas phase, coincided closely with the in-
frared absorption spectrum of the molecules, thereby per-
mitting identification of each component by its spectral analy-
sis. The intensity of the fluorescence was found to be propor-
tional to the concentration of the fluorescing molecule present,
thereby allowing a means for quantitative determination. In
order for this method to become a reliable analytical tool, the
effects caused by quenching and enhancement on the
fluorescence intensity must be examined. Further work is in
progress.
17179
Mueller, P. K.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE LEAD IN VEHI-
CLE EXHAUST - EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 4(3):248-251, March 1970. 12 refs.
A substantial advance in the technology of sampling particles
from motor vehicle exhaust is represented by a sampling tun-
nel that permits a complete evaluation of particulate emissions.
This technique provides the means to obtain numerical guides
relating lead emissions from cars to atmospheric lead con-
tamination. The capability is now available to relate not only
the quantity of lead additive to total emissions, but also to the
particle size distribution and composition as a function of par-
ticle size. The validity of the numerical guides that should be
developed will depend on how the information is treated.
From the urban pollution viewpoint, it would be unwise to in-
clude in lead-bearing particle distributions the size groups
which settle out quickly. The major air pollution load would
come from particles about 10 micron or smaller. Particle size
distribution can be conveniently expressed in terms of parame-
ters derived from an assumption of log normality. However,
the plotting of data on log probability paper can easily lead to
complacency about the assumption. Because the car exhaust
aerosol is generated by both mechanical and chemical
processes, it is also important to examine size distributions by
means of histograms.
17180
McKee, Herbert C.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE LEAD IN VEHI-
CLE EXHAUST: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 4(3):252-253, March 1970. 5 refs. (Presented at
the American Chemical Society Symposium 'Air Quality and
Lead,' Minneapolis, Minn., April 14-15, 1969.)
An experimental system for studying motor vehicle exhaust is
described that should provide valuable data on the contribu-
tion of engine exhaust to urban air pollution. The design of the
system allows for isokinetic sampling, avoidance of water con-
densate, and other factors that make it difficult to obtain a
truly representative sample. As indicated by propane tracer
tests, the sampling system achieves uniform flow conditions
and adequate mixing. However, the data obtained to date may
be limited by material deposited by settling, since these parti-
cles fall immediately to the ground and are not an important
source of air pollution. Future studies should concentrate on
the smaller particles collected by the system. Further study is
necessary to learn more about the lead content of exhaust par-
ticulate matter and about the acid, olefin, and carbonyl con-
tent of the high molecular weight organic fraction. If lead addi-
tives are to be drastically reduced, the aromatic content of a
fuel has to be increased. Such an increase would increase the
polymiclear aromatic content of the exhaust. Therefore,
cutting down the lead content of fuel to reduce a suspected
but unknown and unproved health hazard might increase
another health hazard that is suspected, but equally unknown
and unproved.
17771
QUANTITIVE DETERMINATION OF TETRAETHYL LEAD
IN GASOLINE OF DIFFERENT TRADE MARKS AND IN
KEROSENE. U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:64-69, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.)
CFSTL63-11570
A method for the determination of small quantities of
tetraethyl lead in gasoline used as solvents and automobile
fuel, and in kerosene was described. Tetraethyl lead is decom-
posed by iodine and the lead ion is determined as lead chro-
mate. The sensitivity of the method is 0.00156 micrograms of
tetraethyl lead per analyzed volume of the solution. The
method consists of adding a few crystals of iodine to 50 ml of
filtered gasoline in a procelain dish. The solution is evaporated
and the dry residue is dissolved in 4-6 ml of 3% ammonium
acetate and centrifuged. Two and a half ml of the clear solu-
tion is placed in colorimetric tubes, and 3% ammonium acetate
is added until a total volume of 5 ml is reached. To all the
tubes, 0.1 ml of 3% potassium chromate is added and after
standing for 15-20 minutes, the solutions are nephelometrically
compared against a dark background.
18007
Burnham, Carole D., Carl E. Moore, Eugene Kanabrocki, and
Don M. Hattori
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIRBORNE PARTICU-
LATES IN CHICAGO AND COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, BY
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 3(5):472-475, May 1969. 12 refs.
A simple precise procedure for determining the lead content of
suspended particulate samples collected from the air uses
atomic absorption spectroscopy. It is necessary to utilize the
standard additions technique to overcome matrix effects.
Analyses of 38 samples collected in the Chicago and Cook
County area on March 31, 1966, as a part of the National Air
Sampling Network, yielded values from 0.10 to 3.18 micro-
grams of Pb per cubic meter of air. Results obtained by the
referee method of polarography showed substantial agreement
with atomic absorption values. Possibilities of employing
atomic absorption for the determination of other metals found
in suspended particulates are currently being investigated.
(Author's Abstract)
18302
Ruhling, Ake, and Germund Tyler
AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE LEAD PROBLEM.
Botaniska Notiser, 121:321-342, 1968. 7 refs. Translated from
Swedish.
A considerable accumulation of lead was measured both in
plants and soil within a distance of 50-100 m from large roads.
However, the accumulation of lead in this belt was only equal
to the quantities spread by the cars on these roads during 7-15
months. Mosses proved to accumulate air-borne lead to an ex-
ceptional extent. To get a measure of the regional lead pollu-
tion, samples of three common woodland mosses were col-
lected far away from roads in southern and central Scan-
dinavia. A distinct NE-SW gradient was revealed with the
decrease towards the NE. The lead concentration of the
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
115
mosses increased with precipitation and with decreasing
distance to large population centres. At least in southwestern
Gotaland a considerable part of the lead which is brought
down by the rain will originate from areas outside Sweden.
Analyses were also performed on samples collected in Skane
1860-1968. From values of about 20 ppm in the years 1860-
1875 the concentration of lead was more than doubled between
1875 and 1900. During the first half of the 20th century no
measurable changes were observed, but after about 1950 there
was a new strong increase to a present average of about 80-90
ppm. Very low lead concentrations were measured in samples
from northern Scandinavia, indicating that the 'natural'
amounts of lead in mosses are very small and that the concen-
trations measured in this regional and historical study prin-
cipally reflect the influence of human activity.
19276
Thilliez, G.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF METALS BY ATOMIC AB-
SORPTION IN INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE: I. APPLICATION
TO QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC LEAD IN
THE AIR OF WORKSHOP ENVIRONMENTS. (Dosage des
metaux par absorption atomique en Medicine du Travail. I.
Application au dosage du plomb organique dans 1'air des
milieux de Travail). Text in French. Arch. Maladies Profess.
Med. Trav. Securite Sociale, 31(3):133-140, March 1970. 1 ref.
(Presented at the Societe de Medecine et d'Hygiene Meeting,
Feb. 10, 1969.)
The method of quantitative analysis by flame photometry of
atomic absorption utilizes the fact that when an atom of a
given species in its fundamental state at the energy level El
collides with a photon of frequency nu, it absorbs this photon
and due to the jump of an electron from its subshell into
another, passes into an 'excited' state at the higher energy
level E2, provided that nu equals (E2-El)/h, that is, it is a
characteristic frequency of that atomic species, h being
Planck's constant. The design of such a device is described for
continuous monitoring of the concentration of lead as an in-
dicator of the concentrations of the very toxic tetramethyl lead
and tetraethyl lead in the air of two shops in which they are
produced. It incorporates a T-shaped fused-silica tube formed
of a 20 cm long. 2 cm dia vertical segment provided with a
water-cooled gas burner at the bottom and a butting at the top
on the middle of a 100 cm long, 1 cm dia horizontal segment
open at both ends. A mixture of hydrogen and fresh or either
kind of contaminated air fed, as desired, to the burner burns
with a smokeless flame dissociating into atoms and flows
through both halves of the horizontal segment escaping
through its ends. Optically focussed light from an arc lamp
traverses lengthwise the entire horizontal segment and is opti-
cally focused on the inlet slit of a 'Spectralux 1800' spec-
trophotometer equipped with a 2160 - line grating and a 'Gra-
phispot GRT VAJ' recorder, which measures the intensity of
the received light of the wavelength of 283.3 nanometers. The
response time of the device is less than 2 minutes, the least
measurable lead concentration is 1 microgram per cubic meter.
Its stability is demonstrated by the fact that its initial calibra-
tion has not required any modifications since the beginning of
its use 4 years ago.
19313
Webb, J. C., J. C. Kinchen, and J. E. Scarberry
AERIAL SAMPLING BY HELICOPTER USING A HIGH
VOLUME SAMPLER. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
20(7):453-455, July 1970. 8 refs.
A method of sampling the atmosphere for particulate matter at
various elevations above an urban area is described. Tests
were conducted using a high-volume air sampler mounted on a
helicopter. The glass fiber filters, used to collect the aerosols,
were analyzed for total particulates, benzene solubles, and the
metals lead, copper, iron, and zinc. At 400 ft, the amount of
aerosol pollutant was 20% of the ground level average. At 800
ft, the particulate concentration was 8% of the ground level
average. At 800 ft, the particulate concentration was 8% of the
ground average. Iron, lead, copper, and zinc were found in
measurable quantities at each sampling level. This indicates
that metal compounds of aerosol size and originating from
ground sources are transported to the upper air by the at-
mospheric diffusion process. These tests rhow that a high-
volume air sampler, mounted on a helicopter, can be used to
obtain the data needed to evaluate the air quality and to con-
trol the air pollution over an urban area.
19501
Kumazawa, Y. and Y. Nogami
DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN AIR BY
FLUORESCENT X-RAY ANALYSIS (I). (Keikoh X sen boon-
seki hoh ni yoroo taiki chu jukinzokoo no sokootei). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1): 106, 1969. 2 refs. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
The measurement of air-borne heavy metals by means of the
fluorescent x-ray spectrometry, which can analyze without
spoiling samples is presented. Through a high-volume air sam-
pler, iron, copper, lead, and manganese are collected on a Gel-
man type A filter paper, and zinc on a GB-100 filter paper; the
former filter involves Zn in itself in a noticeable amount.
Analytical conditions are as follows: target, W or Cr; 50 kv, 40
mA; detector, S.C.; crystal, LiF; path, vacuum for solid and
air for liquid; spectrum; and Fe-K apha, Cu-K alpha, Pb-K
alpha, Mn-k alpha, and Zn-K alpha. Calibration curves are
first obtained by analyzing half of the filter paper by means of
fluorescent X-ray spectrometry and the other half, by means
of atomic absorption spectrophotometry or emission spec-
troscopy. Next, the other calibration curves are made from
fluorescent X-ray spectroscopy of filter papers, to which are
added internal standards of metal chelate compounds, such as
complex salts of acetyl acetone with iron, copper, lead, and
zinc. The analytical values from both curves agree satisfactori-
ly.
19857
Chernousova, K. G.
SPECTRAL METHOD OF DETECTING AEROSOLS OF
LEAD, ARSENIC, AND ZINC IN AIR OF INDUSTRIAL
PREMISES. (Spektral'nyy metod opredeleniya aerozoley
svintsa mysh'yaka i tsinka v vozdukhe promyshlennykh
pomeshcheniy). Text i.i Russian. Nauch. Rab. Inst. Okhr. Tr.
Vses. Tsent. Sov. Prof. Soyuzov, no. 48:77-82, 1967. 8 refs.
A method for simultaneous detection of lead, arsenic, and zinc
to a relative accuracy of plus or minus 12% using a single in-
strument was developed. Zinc can be detected at the 3345.06 A
line with the presence of as much as 0.5% calcium in the sam-
ple. Determinations of lead, arsenic, and zinc are not
prevented by the presence of iron or copper in amounts of up
to 1%, or magnesium up to 0.5%.
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116
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
20891
Maienthal, E. J.
ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. National Bureau of Stan-
dards, Washington, D. C., Microchemical Analysis Section,
TN-505, p. 34-36, Oct. 1969.
To check the applicability of polarographic techniques to trace
analyses, air participate samples were collected from
November to February and analyzed. The samples were col-
lected on acid-washed membrane filters located in a laboratory
and at outdoor sampling sites in residential and rural areas.
For the samples taken in the laboratory, the house vacuum
line was connected to the sampler and a 10 1/min limiting ori-
fice was placed at the outlet connector of the filter holder. The
sampler was placed 2 ft above the laboratory bench and the
amount of air sampled varied between 28-80 cu m. A pump
was used for outside sampling to provide an average flow of
25 I/ min; the flow was checked by attaching a rotometer flow
meter to the filter holder. All samples were ashed in a low-
temperature asher, dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and mea-
sured in an oxalic acid-ammonium hydroxide supporting elec-
trode. Iron, copper, lead and cadmium were measured concur-
rently. The tabulated results, which represent the average of
about 12 determinations, are generally in agreement with those
obtained for similar sites in different localities. This shows
that polarography is very suitable for determining metallic at-
mospheric contaminants.
20945
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND ITS
COMPOUNDS IN THE AIR. U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollu-
tion and Related Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:34-38, 1963. (B.
S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-11570
A method for the determination of lead and its compounds in
the air in industrial premises for sanitary control purposes was
described. The method is based on the fact that the degree of
turbidity formed by the interaction between lead ions and
potassium chromate increases with the increase in the lead ion
concentration. The air sample is aspirated through ash-free and
lead-free filter paper, or through lead-free perchlorvinyl fiber
filters placed in an adapter at a rate of 20 1/min. The paper or
perchlorvinyl filter is removed from the adapter, placed into a
porcelain dish or crucible, moistened with 1-2 ml of H2SO4
and HNO3 mixture, and heated over a sandbath until a solid
residue is formed. The porcelain dish or crucible is placed into
a muffle furnace at a temperature of 450-550 degrees. At the
end of incineration, the dish is covered and allowed to cool to
room temperature. Four to six ml of 3% ammonium acetate is
added until the ash is completely dissolved. The ash solution is
poured into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged lightly. The su-
pernatant should be clear and colorless. Two to five ml of the
solution is removed with a graduated pipette and placed into a
colorimetric tube. The standard scale is prepared. To all the
tubes, 0.1 ml of 1% potassium chromate solution is added and
allowed to stand for 15-20 minutes. The tubes are then com-
pared colorimetrically against a dark background. The sen-
sitivity of the method is 1 mg of lead in the analyzed solution
volume. The method is not specific in the presence of barium
salts.
21338
Yamate, Noboru, Toshiro Matsumura, and Masaharu
Tonomura
AUTOMATIC CONTINUOUS ANALYZER OF LEAD IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. (Taikichuno namari no renzoku jidosokuteiki
nitsuite). Text in Japanese. Eisei Shikensho Hokoku (Bull.
Natl. Inst. Hyg. Sci., Tokyo), no. 87:28-31, Dec. 1969. 6 refs.
An automatic analyzer for lead determinations utilizes the
principl of square wave polarography. Sample air is passed
through an absorbing bubbler containing 30 ml of 0.1 N nitric
acid for 46 min at 22 1/min. Subsequently, nitrogen is passed
through the absorbing bubbler for 3 min to remove oxygen
from the solution. The sample solution is then transferred to
an electrolytic cell. A high-sensitivity polarograph is employed,
together with a program, to record square-wave polarograms
from -0.6 to -0.85 V Hg pool. Wave heights of the recorded
polarogram are converted to lead concentration (micrograms
/cu m), using prepared lead calibration curves. This procedure
can be repeated every hour. Th detection range of the analyzer
is 0 to 15 micrograms /cu m of lead The standard lead solution
for calibration is made by dissolving 159.8 mg of lead nitrate in
1 1 of 0.1 N nitric acid. Linearity an reproducibility of the
calibration is satisfactory.
21459
Zweibaum, Frederic and James Moorhead
A MULTI-ELEMENT ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYZER.
Atomic Absorption Newsletter, 6(6):134, Nov.-Dec. 1967.
A multi-element atomic absorption analyzer can determine
four selected elements simultaneously while retaining the accu-
racy and sensitivity of the single-element form. This system
was primarily designed for the continuous monitoring of
several elements concentrated from the atmosphere into a
small volume air stream. The air stream with enriched sample
content is fed directly and continuously into the burner nebu-
lizer. A block diagram of the system is presented. The four in-
dividual element lamps are grouped into pairs, and each pair
uses the dual beam path of the instrument simultaneously. A
20 cps chopper chops the light from the hollow cathode lamps.
The light from each pair of lamps is then reflected by a flat
mirror through a lens onto a 1200 cps, multi-blade chopper.
Every blade is a mirror on both sides. Light reflected to one
toroid from one pair of lamps forms the reference beam, while
the light transmitted from a second toroid forms the sample
beam. The reverse is true for the other lamp pair, resulting in
four double-beam systems 45 deg out of phase with each
other. The beams are recombined with a beam splitter, which
consists of a quartz plate onto which aluminum dots are
evaporated covering half of the surface. There are two
photomultipliers, ahead of which are pairs of exit slits which
pass the two wavelengths for the elements being determined.
Toxic elements, such as lead and beryllium at industrial facili-
ties can be monitored with this system, and it has been suc-
cessfully tested with bismuth, nickel, lithium 6 and 7.
21862
Koshi, S.
EFFECTS OF THE SAMPLING TUBE ON THE AEROSOL
DETECTION. (Dohkan no aerosol nohdo mi oyobosoo eikyo).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 4(1):35, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
The effects of the sampling tube on aerosol measurements are
examined; the knowledge on this aspect is less than that on
collectors and detectors themselves. Lead particles of 0.3 and
0.7 micron in size generated in a high frequency oven are
diluted appropriately and go through detector-I (s type digital
dust meter), a sampling tube to be tested (5.8 mm and 10.5 mm
inside diameter, vinyl chloride,) detector-II, a flow meter and
a pump, in that order, with the flow rate of 2 to 35 1/min. The
sampling tube is coiled ten times around a pipe (23 cm in
diameter) to simulate bends in actual usage (7.24 m in total
length). For both particles the particle transmission rate of the
sampling tubes shows the maximum values at 20 I/mm for the
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
117
10.6 mm tube and 10 1/min for the 5.8 mm one; the values for
0.3 micron particle are always larger than the ones for 0.7
micron. If these transmission rates are plotted against air
velocities, both maximum rates occur around 4 to 6 m/sec.
Lower rates at the higher velocities would be due to the inertia
of particles. But lower values at the lower velocities are not
likely to be explained by particle sedimentation. This experi-
ment points out the important effect of the sampling tube on
the sampling procedures.
21948
Chow, Tsaihwa J.
LEAD ACCUMULATION IN ROADSIDE SOIL AND GRASS.
Nature, 255(5229)- 295-296, Jan, 17, 1970. 4 refs.
Studies on lead isotopes in samples of roadside soil and grass
are reported. Lead was isolated by an ion exchange technique,
and converted to a sulfide form; its concentrations were deter-
mined by isotope dilution. Due to the direction of the prevail-
ing winds, the lead content in the surface soils along the east
side of the roads was higher than that of the west side. The
isotopic compositions of lead at the surface and at depth of
soil are characteristically different. Lead in the soil 10-15 cm
below the surface had an isotope composition averaging
Pb(206)/Pb(204) equals 18.77, Pb(206)/ Pb(207) equals 1.197,
and Pb(206)/Pb (208) equals 0.4827; that of the surface soil
averaged Pb(206)/Pb(204) equals 18.41, Pb(206)/Pb(207) equals
1.178, and Pb(206)/Pb (208) equals 0.4817. Comparison of the
surface soil lead with that of gasoline shows that these two
kinds of lead are identical. This indicates that the excess lead
in the surface soil can be attributed to automobile exhausts.
The isotopic composition of lead in the grass is similar to that
of the surface soil, indicating that the grass derived its lead
from this source. Part of this lead may come from the direct
fallout of lead aerosols onto the grass.
22927
Prietsch, W., N. laskulla, and E. Huenigen
CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND TASKS OF A MEA-
SURING VEHICLE FOR ASCERTAINING THE IMMISSION
AND EMISSION OF THE COMPONENTS OF EXHAUST GAS
FROM COMBUSTION MOTORS. (Aufbau, Einrichtung und
Aufgaben eines Messfahrzeuges zur Ermittlung von Immission
und Emission von Abgasbestandteilen aus Verbrennungsmo-
toren.) Text in German. Verkehrsmed. Grenzgebiete, 15(8):
525-545, 1968. 27 refs.
A mobile air pollution test station especially for the recording
of exhaust gas components of motor vehicles is described. The
station is employed to determine the air pollution caused by
combustion motors in city streets and congested industrial
areas, in halls, garages, tunnels, and in open-cast mining. The
equipment also enables the carrying out of emission measure-
ments. A fundamental task of the station is the compilation of
data for the clarification of the connections between emission
and immission On the basis of that data, toxicological-
economical limits for the permissible emission of injurious
substances by motor vehicles can be legally fixed. The station
measures carbon monoxide and dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
smoke density, sulfur dioxide, and lead. During the measure-
ment of immission, meteorological data are recorded. (Author
abstract modified)
22975
Sachdev, Sham L. and Philip W. West
CONCENTRATION OF TRACE METALS BY SOLVENT EX-
TRACTION AND THEIR DETERMINATION BY ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 4(9):749-751, Sept. 1970. 9 refs.
Conditions are described for extracting various metal ions into
an 8-quinolinol-ethyl propionate solution. By combining
dithizonate, oxinate, and acetyl acetonate extractions into
ethyl propionate, as many as ten different metal ions (Ag (+),
Al (2+), Be (2+), Cd (2+) Cu (2+), Fe (2+), Ni (2+), Pb
(2+), and Zn (2+) can be concentrated by a single extraction
step for subsequent determination by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. As determined by a study of the interference
effects of 34 diverse ions and compounds, the procedur is
highly selective. With the exception of aluminum, all the
metals can be determined at the ppb level in an aqueous solu-
tion. Sensitivity for aluminum is 0.1 microgram per ml. The
procedure is well suited for environmental studies because it
includes the majority of the inorganic carcinogens. (Author ab-
stract modified)
23096
Vittori, Ottavio
RESEARCH IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME
FORMS OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES. Chicago Univ.,
111., Dept. of Meteorology, NIH Grants RG-4521 and S-12(C),
TN-5, 54p., Dec. 15, 1956. 16 refs.
Procedures are described for identifying the chemical composi-
tion and size of airborne particles. The basic technique in-
volves the capture of the particles in a specially treated gel.
Reagents in the gel produce a physico-chemical reaction
known as the Liesegang reaction. The products of the reaction
precipitate in the form of rings. Identification of the particles
is made by one or more of three factors: the character of the
pattern of the precipitate, the color of the precipitate, or its
change of color. Tests were developed for particles containing
the following substances: chlorides, soluble iodide, soluble sul-
fide, soluble ferrocyanide, soluble sulfates, nitrates, potassium
ion, soluble silver, fluorides, lead and all heavy metals. Details
are given for the preparation of the gels to be used for specific
tests, and techniques for the capture of particles are discussed.
(Electrostatic precipitation, impactor, and millipore filter). Ex-
periments conducted to study the production of sulf ate parti-
cles by the burning of wood or coal are discussed briefly, and
a technique for the capture of small water droplets and analy-
sis of the salt which may be dissolved in them is described.
(Author abstract modified)
23571
Robinson, J. W.
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN GASOLINE BY ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. Anal. Chim. Acta, vol.
24:451-455, 1961. 2 refs.
A procedure was developed for the direct determination of
lead in gasoline by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Time for
complete analysis, including calculation, is approximately 10
min, and the equipment is relatively inexpensive. Interference
from metals normally present in this type of sample is not en-
countered, nor do the sulfur and nitrogen content and varia-
tion in the carbon/hydrogen ratio cause problems. At 2833-A,
the degree of absorption was so intense that the useful range
of analysis was limited to between 0 and approximately 70
ppm of lead. To accommodate this limited range, it was neces-
sary to dilute all samples ten-fold. For this dilution, iso-octane
was used. Modulation in the equipment was also necessary in
order to eliminate difficulties arising from the emission line of
lead which occurs at the same wavelength as the absorption
line. Standard solutions of tetraethyl lead are made up by dis-
solving in iso-octane.
-------
118
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
235%
Zatek, I. E.
INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING HAZARDOUS AT-
MOSPHERES. Fire J., 64(5):76-80, 87, Sept. 1970.
A number of commercially available instruments, both porta-
ble and of the continuous or permanently installed type, have
been developed for specific analysis of environmental con-
taminants. The basic principle of operation of hot-wire indica-
tors is a change in the electrical resistance of hot platinum fila-
ment that is caused by the heat of combustion of a sample of
the gas-air mixture passing over the filament. Several styles of
combustible gas indicators have been designed to be calibrated
to measure specific combustibles. To test vapors of leaded
gasoline, the manufacturers boosted the voltage across the de-
tector to maintain a sufficiently high filament temperature to
prevent decontamination. The indicators are equipped with
specially designed beavy-duty flashback arresters to test at-
mospheres that may contain mixtures of acetylene or hydrogen
with more oxygen than is normally found in air. Since the
threshold limit value for many gases and vapors represents a
very small fraction of the lower explosive limit concentration,
other models are equipeed with a dual-scale meter graduated
from 0 to 100% and 0 to 10% of the lower explosive limil.
Checking devices are also available to verify the performance
of a hot-wire instrument. Limitations of the instrument arc:
cited. During the past decade, equipment manufacturers
developed detector tubes in which a bed of sensitive chemical
confined between two porous plugs responds to a specific
material by length of color change or stain proportional to the
atmospheric concentration. Another important instrument uses
the heat-of-combustion principle to measure carbon monoxide,
while oxygen detection is accomplished with a primary gal-
vanic cell consisting of a zinc and hollow carbon electrode in a
special electrolyte. Diffusion head instruments are available
for central monitoring of combustible gases at multiple remote
locations up to 5000 ft from the control unit or in single-point
instruments constructed for general purpose use or explosion
proof applications. Another extremely sensitive means for
measuring hydrocarbons is based on the ionization of carbor
atoms in a hydrogen flame.
23646
Windom, Herbert Lynn
ATMOSPHERIC DUST RECORDS IN GLACIAL SNOW-
FIELDS: IMPLICATIONS TO MARINE SEDIMENTATION.
California Univ., San Diego, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor,
Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1968, 105p. 53 refs.
Contributions of atmospherically transported solids to marine
sediments were considered by an investigation of the dust ac-
cumulation in glacial snowfields. Seven snowfields, including
the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and five associated
with temperate glaciers, were studied. Lead-210 geochronology
was used to ascertain rates of snow accumulation and of dust
fallout, while semiquantitative mineralogical and size analyses
were carried out on the participate matter in the ice samples.
Results indicate that the dust comes from material derived
from local and distant (global) sources. Composition of the
global somponent is dependent on sources under its wind
system, while that of the local component is dependent on the
regional geology and physiography of the sampling area. The
accumulation rates of the global dust component range from
0.1 to about 1.0 mm per 1000 years. Comparison of the accu-
mulation rate, mineralogy, and size distribution of the global!
transported dusts with those of the adjacent marine sediments
of the North and South Pacific and Central Atlantic oceans,
suggests that these areas receive as much as 25-75% of their
detrital phases from atmospheric dust fallout. (Author ab-
stract)
23657
Tufts, Barbara J.
A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING PARTICULATE FLUORIDE
COMPOUNDS. Anal. Chim. Acta, vol. 23:209-214, 1960. 13
refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society, Air Pollu-
tion Symposium, Sept. 1959.)
A method is described for identifying particulates containing
fluorides and other complex fluorine compounds such as
fluosilicate in samples collected on membrane filters. The filter
is treated with lead chloride to precipitate lead chlorofluoride
at each fluoride-containing spot, arid this microspot is
identified by examination in a light microscope. Sulfate and
phosphate, which also precipitate if present, can be distin-
guished and do not interfere. The fluoride precipitates are best
seen as anisotropic white crystals in the optical microscope
with crossed polars. They show polarization colors, which are
especially distinctive in precipitates greater than 10 micron in
diameter. Calibrations are given for the Fluorides and the more
insoluble salts, relating the original particle size to the reaction
site size. Thus the mass of the particles can be calculated.
Results of some field tests in an area of fluoride pollution are
given, and compared with standard testing procedures. Sam-
ples containing hydrogen fluoride cannot be shipped or stored
but must be reacted immediately after collection. (Author sum-
mary modified)
24119
Brandt, Manuel and R. H. Vanden Berg
DETERMINATION OF TETRAETHYLLEAD IN GASOLINE
BY TITRATION WITH (ETHYLENEDINITRILO)
TETRAACETATE. Anal. Chem., 31(11):1921, Nov. 1959. 6
refs.
Serious interferences have been reported for the end point ob-
tained in the procedure described by Milner and Shipman for
the determination of tetraethyl lead in gasoline. In this
procedure, lead is separated from the gasoline sample by hot
hydrochloric acid extraction and the lead ion is titrated with
disodium (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate using Eriochrome
Black T as indicator. The interferences have been attributed to
iron, gasoline dye, and organic compounds extracted from the
gasoline. However, an EDTA method using copper-PAN (l-(2-
pyridylazo)-2- naphthol) indicator accurately determines the
tetraethyl lead content of gasoline in about 2 hours. A com-
bination hot plate and magnetic stirrer are required to maintain
the lead solution at 90-100 C. The tetraethyl lead is first
decomposed and the organic material is oxidized in the
hydrochloric acid extract. In 200 ml of water, thy lead salt is
dissolved, and approximately 0.2 gram of sodium potassium
tartrate is added. The solution is heated to boiling, the pH is
adjusted to 10 with ammonium hydroxide using Hydrion paper
as indicator, and 5 ml in excess are added. Three drops of
copper sulfate-EDTA solution are added, then eight drops of
PAN indicator solution. Using 50 ml of iso-octane instead of
the gasoline sample, determine the reagent blank, and subtract
the volume of titrant used for the blank from that obtained for
the sample.
24337
Snyder, L. J., W. R. Barnes, and J. V. Tokos
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR. Anal. Chem.,
20(8):772-776, Aug. 1948. 8 refs.
To aid in rapidly detecting and avoiding dangerous concentra-
tions of tetraethyl lead air, a field micromethod was
developed, which consists of collecting an air sample through
a specially constructe scrubber containing an iodine-potassium
iodide solution. This dithizone method is essentially a single-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
119
color method which differs from the conventional single-color
methods in that repeated extraction with an ammoniacal solu-
tion is not necessary to remove the excess dithizone from lead
dithizonate. The solution containing the lead is drained from
the scrubber into a comparator tube containing a alkaline
reducing solution; the aqueous mixture is shaken with a
dithizone solution and the resulting color is compared with
permanent glass color standards in a Hellige comparator. All
the equipment is contained in two portable cases, so that an
air sample may be collected and analyzed on the spot. The
method requires approximately 10 minutes and is accurate to
better than 1 microgram of lead per cu ft of air. (Author ab-
stract modified)
24617
Ishii, Takeshi and Soichro Musha
ALTERNATING CURRENT POLAROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
OF LEAD EM AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS. (Jidosha
haikigasuchuno namari no koryu porarogurafu bunseki). Text
in Japanese. Bunseki Kaguka (Japan Analyst) (Tokyo),
19(10):1364-1370, Oct. 1970. 16 refs.
A method for the alternating current polarographic determina-
tion of lead in automobile exhaust gas is established. Lead in
automobile exhaust gas was extracted for 60 sec with 20 ml of
1.2 F hydrochloric acid in an extraction apparatus. The extract
was cooled at room temperature and transferred into a 25 ml
measuring flask and then diluted to the mark with 1.2 F HC1.
The alternating current polarogram in the region of applied
potential from -0.1 volt to -0.8 volt against the mercury pool
anode after bubbling for 5 min with nitrogen is recorded, and
lead is determined by referring to a calibration curve. This
method is rapid and simple; the time required for analysis is
about 20 min.
24618
Ishii, Takeshi and Soichiro Musha
RAPID ANALYSIS OF LEAD IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GAS. (Jidosha haikigasuchuno namari no jinsoku bunseki).
Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst) (Tokyo),
19(10):1436-1437, Oct. 1970. 3 refs.
The lead content in automobile exhaust gas can be determined
by atomic absorption measurement. A sample is directly in-
jected into an air-hydrogen flame by an atomizer burner, and
the spectral line of lead is measured at 2833 A. The method is
rapid and simple; the time required for an analysis is about 5
min.
24644
Yamate, N.
MEASURING METHOD OF AIR POLLUTANTS DUE TO AU-
TOMOBILE EXHAUST. (Jidosha haishutsu gasu ni yoru taiki
osen busshitsu no sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai
(Ind. Public Nuisance), 6(9): 532-538, Sept. 25, 1970. 28 refs.
Pollutants in auto exhaust can be measured by continuous
analysis or by manual analysis (discontinuous). The former
uses an automatic gauge to evaluate the pollution situation
over a long period of time; the second method is applied when
many sites are to be sampled for short-term periods. Various
methods of collectin exhaust samples are described. They in-
clude impingers, bags or vacuum collecting glass vessels, low-
temperature condensation methods, normal temperature ad-
sorption methods, and low-temperature condensation methods,
normal temperature adsorption methods, and low- and high-
volume samplers. Manual methods (using detector tubes, in-
frared absorption or gas chromatography) and continuous
methods (infrared absorption, the oxidized mercury method)
of determining carbon monoxide are described. Nitrogen ox-
ides can be manually analyzed by both the Saltzman and Jacob
methods and also continuously analyzed by the Saltzman
method. For hydrocarbon determinations, gas-chromatography
is used for manual analysis and hydrogen flame ionization for
continuous analysis. A chromatropic acid method is used for
manual analysis of HCHO along with an acetylacetone method
that is also suitable for continuous measurements. Sulfur diox-
ide in manually analyzed by the rozaniline method and con-
tinuously by the Thomas autometer method. For manual analy-
sis of ozone and general oxides, there are the phenolphthalein
and iodated kalium methods, for continuous analysis there are
the Crone method and the method of gauging the light ab-
sorbed by iodine. Measurements for PAN, lead compounds,
and aromatic hydrocarbons are also described.
24719
Smith, Garland W. and Alton K. Palmby
FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND
MANGANESE IN GASOLINE. Anal. Chem., 31(11):1798-1802,
Nov. 1959. 14 refs. (Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Pittsburgh,
Pa., March 1959.)
Rapid and accurate flame photometric methods are described
for determining lead and manganese in gasolines. In each
method, the sample is burned in an oxyhydrogen flame. In the
lead method, base stock effects are eliminated by using an in-
cremental addition of lead for calibration. In the manganese
method, base stock effects are reduced sufficiently by diluting
the sample at least twentyfold with iso-octane. Lead
naphthenate and tetraethyl lead are equally satisfactory
reference materials for determining tetraethyl lead; manganese
naphthenate is satisfactory for determining organomanganese
additives. Burner fouling, a major source of error, is
eliminated by periodically aspirating acetone through the
burner. The determinations are accurate to about 2% of the
amount present for lead, and to about 3% for manganese. Ap-
proximately 40 lead or 80 manganese determinations can be
made per man-day. (Author abstract modified)
25013
Ishii, Takeshi and Soichiro Musha
ALTERNATING CURRENT POLAROGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN GASOLINE. (Koryu porarogurafi
niyoru gasorin chuno namari no teiryo). Text in Japanese.
Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst) (Tokyo) 19(10):1360-1363,
Oct. 1970. 14 refs.
A method for the alternating current polarographic determina-
tion of lead in commercial gasoline is established. Lead in 5 ml
of sample was extracted for 30 min with 10 ml of hydrochloric
acid in an extraction apparatus and then cooled at room tem-
perature. The extract was transferred into a 100-ml measuring
flask and then diluted to the mark with water. The alternating
current polarogram in the region of applied potential from -0.1
volt to -0.8 volt against the mercury pool anode after bubbling
for 5 min with nitrogen was recorded, and lead was deter-
mined by referring to a calibration curve. The method was
rapid and the accuracies were nearly comparable to those at-
tained by the conventional ashing method.
-------
120
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
25015
Mitsugi, Hidekatsu, Nobuhiro Takata, Mineyuki Motoyama,
Makoto Akamatsu, and Genzo Hashizume
DETERMINATION OF ZINC AND LEAD IN SUSPENDED
PARTICULATES BY FLUORESCENT X-RAY SPEC-
TROMETRY. (Keiko xsen niyoru fuyujinaichun aen oyobi
namari no bunseki). Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan
Analyst)(Tokyo), 19(10):1383-1388, Oct. 1970. 18 refs.
Non-destructive determination of zinc and lead in suspended
particulates was investigated by using 'filter paper method
and 'briquet method'. The samples collected on the filter paper
by using a high volume air sampler were determined non-
destructively and rapidly by the filter paper method. The sam-
ples collected by an electric precipitator were diluted with
boric acid and then determined by the briquet method. To
prepare the standard samples zinc oxide, lead oxide, or lead
nitrate were diluted to a given concentration with kaolin which
was regarded as a typical constituent of suspended particu-
lates. Ferric oxide and hydrated calcium sulfate were added to
the standard samples for checking up the matrix effect. The
calibration curves were obtained by using scattered X-rays
from W-tube as an internal standard to correct matrix effect.
The quantitative ranges were above 1 microgram for Pb by the
filter paper method and above 0.5 microgram for Zn and 5
microgram for Pb by the briquet method, respectively.
Analytical results of Zn and Pb in suspended particulates by
this procedure agreed with those by the atomic absorption
method.
25222
Tyler, Germund
MOSS ANALYSIS-A METHOD FOR SURVEYING HEAVY
METAL DEPOSITION. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, 19p., 1970. 11 refs.
(Presented at the Internationa Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper SU-30F.)
Analysis of bryophytes, particularly carpet-forming mosses,
has proved to be a suitable and sensitive method for measure-
ments of the deposition of heavy metals. These organisms
have no ability to sorb minerals from the substrate but are
reduced to the supply from the atmosphere by wet and dry
deposition. The cation exchange capacity of their tissues is
great, and stable complexes are formed with various heavy
metal ions. Unlike lichens, certain moss species may develop
and survive without damage in densely inhabited or industrial-
ized areas. Heavy metal concentrations of entire moss carpets
are usually reliable measures of the accumulated deposition
during the previous 5-7 years. The concentration gradients in
and around industrial or urban areas are usually so regular that
isarithmic maps may easily be drawn. In the close vicinity of
metal-works the regional basic level of certain heavy metals
may be exceeded several hundred times. Minor sources of
heavy metal emission are also detected and the state of pollu-
tion may be measured over vast areas in a rapid way. Diffuse
dispersion patterns, often characteristic of lead and vanadium
in urban areas, may also be mapped with this method. The
sensitivity of the method enables the measurement of long-
distance atmospheric transports from large population centers.
The basic levels of Pb and cadmium in southwestern Sweden
and southern Norway are more than ten times higher than in
northern Scandinavia, whereas no differences exist between
different parts of Scandinavia in calcium magnesium, and
potassium, elements which are deposited naturally in large
amounts with precipitation. It is possible to use herbarium
mosses for the study of historical changes in the deposition of
heavy metals. In southern Sweden Pb concentration of mosses
has increased from about 25 ppm in 1860-75 to the present
average of 90-100 ppm. (Author abstract)
25431
Aughey, Henry
A RAPID MOBILE ANALYZER FOR MINUTE AMOUNTS
OF LEAD IN AIR. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 39(4):292-293, April
1949. 2 refs.
A mobile instrument of extreme sensitivity is described which
furnishes a rapid indication and an approximate assay of local-
ized relatively high concentrations of lead, combined or ele-
mental. Samples are drawn through a condensed spark
discharge adjusted to minimize air lines and to excite the lead
spectrum which is photographed with a small quartz instru-
ment. Visual examination of a series of exposures provides
data on lead concentration as a function of time and location.
A sensitivity of better than one part in 20 million can be main-
tained in routine operation. Instanteous response realized by
substitution of a specially- designed photoelectric Geiger
counter for the photographic plate. The technique is not yet
developed to a point where continuous quantitative measure-
ments are available over periods of many hours or days.
Although tried only for lead, similar sensitivity for mercury is
expected. The high energy of the spark source permits excita-
tion of materials present both in elemental and combined
forms and offers in addition a rapid analysis when extreme
sensitivity is not needed, as for dusts involving such elements
as arsenic, barium, and beryllium. (Author abstract modified)
25432
Koppius, O. G.
DETECTION OF LEAD IN AIR WITH THE AID OF A
GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTER. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 39(4) :294-
297, April 1949. 10 refs.
A mobile, direct reading, semi-quantitative detector of lead in
air is described. It uses a spark source for the excitation of the
lead spectrum, a small quartz spectrometer for the dispersion,
and a quartz Geiger-Mueller counter for detection of the ul-
traviolet radiation. The lower limit of detection is of the order
of 20 microgram of lead per cubic foot of air, determined
chiefly by the erratic behavior of the spark discharges, which
emits a continuously changing background radiation. The accu-
racy of the analytical curve leaves much to be desired, but
since the principal function of the instrument is to locate areas
of high lead concentrations, the absolute accuracy of the
results is considered of secondary importance; high-concentra-
tion areas can at least be compared qualitatively.
25440
Fugas, Mirka, Ranka Paukovic, Vlatka Vadic, and Janko
Hrsak
A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD
IN SMOKE SAMPLES. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, 12p., 1970. 1 ref. (Presented
at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D.
C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper CP-2E.)
A fast, simple, and inexpensive method for determining lead in
air is represented by a ring-oven technique that is applied
directly to 0.5 in. diameter smoke samples collected in a high-
volume sampler. The relatively insolubility of lead sulfate is
used to separate lead from metals forming soluble sulfates,
and the selective solubility of lead sulfate in a saturated am-
monium acetat solution to separate lead from insoluble
sulfates. Lead, concentrated in the ring zone, is precipitated as
chromate and the concentration is estimated by comparing the
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
121
color intensity of the sample ring with a set of standard rings.
The comparative determination of lead in high-volume samples
by the ring method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry
yielded very satisfactory agreement between the two methods.
The ring method can therefore, be recommended for large-
scale surveys.
25535
Sugawara, V. and V. Yamazaki
THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN DUST-
FALL BY ATOMIC-ABSORPTION- SPEC-
TROPHOTOMETRY. (Genshi kyuko bunsekiho niyoru koka
baijinchuno junkinzoku no teiryo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(2):182-187, Nov. 1970.
14 refs.
Atomic-absorption-spectrometry was used for the determina-
tion of metals in several materials. In one application, the ele-
ments of iron, copper, lead, and zinc in dustfall (ash) were
determined. For this purpose, the extraction or addition of or-
ganic solvents or dilutants was used, since analysis sensitivity
is enhanced. The results of a dilution experiment are
presented. Dustfall was treated with nitric, hydrochloric, and
perchloric acids and mixtures of the acids. Treatment with
hydrochloric acid was the most successful. Experiments in-
volving alkali fusion are discussed. The two detection methods
adopted were the calibration curve method and the standard
addition method. The calibration method is easier to operate,
but the addition method is more reasonable to protect against
interference. Metal absorption is measured by the addition
method was not always high. (Author abstract modified)
25793
Silverman, Leslie and John F. Ege, Jr.
A FILTER PAPER METHOD FOR LEAD FUME COLLEC-
TION. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol., 25(5):185-188, May 1943. 11 refs.
A study on the efficiency of high retention analytical filter
papers for collecting airborne lead fumes showed that the effi-
ciency was high (87%) and constant at high flow rates. Lead
fume concentrations were produced in a large dust cabinet by
burning a lead tetraethyl solution in alcohol, and they were
kept in suspension by means of a circulating blower and an
anemostat. A sampling device was made from two inexpensive
tin-plated funnels and galvanized sheet iron. The results ob-
tained with two filter papers in senes for various papers, fil-
tering velocities, and lead fume concentrations are presented
tabularly; the absolute efficiencies for several concentrations,
kinds of papers, and filtering velocities are also presented. The
method is applicable to zinc, magnesium, and iron fume parti-
cles. (Author summary modified)
25932
Harrold, G. C., S. F. Meek, and F. R. Holden
A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD WHEN FOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE. J.
Ind. Hyg., 18(10):724-732, Dec. 1936. 22 refs.
Modifications of the dithizone analysis for lead are described
that should permit rapid and accurate determination of up to
700 mg of lead per 10 cu m of air or less than 0.001 mg of lead
in 10 cu m of air. The determinations are based on variations
in tint produced by the addition of excess dithizone. The
procedures require no colorimeter and only an air sampler and
impinger for collection. A detailed description is given of the
preparation of unknown samples and the standard solutions on
which analyses are based. Results obtained with the
modificated procedures are shown in tables.
25979
Shikhvarger, F. D.
USE OF ELECTROLYSIS TO DETERMINE TRACE
AMOUNTS OF LEAD, COPPER, AND ZINC IN STUDIES OF
THE ATMOSPHERE. (Primeneniye elektroliza dlya
opredeleniya mikrokolichestv svintsa, medi i tsinka pri iss-
ledovaniyakh vozdushnoy sredy). Text in Russian. Zavodsk.
Lab. (Moscow), 15(10):1165-1171, 1949. 6 refs.
A laboratory arrangement for electrolytic separation of trace
metals collected in air samples is described. This arrangement
features a rotating (500-700 r/m) electrolyte (2% nitric acid)
with stationary electrodes. Experiments were performed with
an anode current density of 2.0-5.0 ma/sq m (anode area — 52
sq m) a cathode current density of 1.0-3.0 ma/sq m (cathode
area - 26 sq cm), and a total current not exceeding 20-50 ma
at 2.2-2.6 volts. Electrolysis was performed at 50-20 C over a
period of 30-40 min. The metal thus collected is washed from
the electrodes and determined colorimetrically or nephelomet-
rically. Analysis of air samples taken at industrial installations
has demonstrated the superiority of this method over conven-
tional chemical analysis.
26145
Keenan, Robert G. and Lawrence T. Fairhall
THE ABSOLUTE EFFICIENCY OF THE IMPINGER AND OF
THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR IN THE SAM-
PLING OF AIR CONTAINING METALLIC LEAD FUME. J.
Ind. Hyg. Toxicol., 26(7):241-249, Sept. 1944. 8 refs. (Pre-
sented at the American Industrial Hygiene Association, Annual
Meeting, 5th, St. Louis, Mo., May 1944.)
Investigation of various means of collecting oxide-free metallic
lead fume has demonstrated the conditions which must be ful-
filled for maximum efficiency of sampling. Means were
devised for measurement of absolute efficiencies by direct
comparison of the amounts of lead retained by a given sam-
pling device with the total amount of lead drawn through the
apparatus. An apparatus was devised for the formation of lead
fume and the true metallic nature of the latter was shown by
microchemical tests and by comparison of its X-ray diffraction
pattern with that of pure lead. Microscopic measurements of
the particle size of this fume were made. A collecting device
for lead fume which depends upon surface contact with glass
wool was devised and was found to be 100% efficient for col-
lecting freshly formed lead fume This device was used for the
estimation of the absolute efficiency of both the impinger and
the electrostatic precipitator. The efficiency of an AC electro-
static precipitator of the type described varies with the voltage
imposed at lower voltages, but that at 25,000 volts it is fully
efficient for metallic lead fume. An improved all-glass type of
precipitator tube with sealed-in electrode was devised for air
sampling. It presents certain advantages over the usual type of
precipitator tube. The large impinger is efficient for aged lead
fume at low rates but inefficient for fresh fume at these rates.
The efficiency of the large impinger increases with rate of air
flow and is nearly 100% efficient for the collection of freshly
formed metallic lead fume at the highest rate of air flow and
maximum negative pressure. Its efficiency is independent of
the atmospheric concentration of lead. (Author summary
modified)
26274
Lohs, Karlheinz
TASKS AND PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY
FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY.
(Aufgaben und Probleme der Industrietoxikologie aus der Sicht
der technischen Chemie). Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Ber-
lin), 17(1):38-41, Jan. 1, 1965.
-------
122
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Industrial toxicology faces two complexes of problems. The
first are problems arising from the manufacture and processing
of toxic raw, intermediary, and primary materials; the second
complex encompasses problems which the manufacturing
process poses for the biosphere. Hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl
lead, and some very toxic insecticides (organic derivatives of
phosphoric acid) are examples of the first category. While in-
dustrial analytical instruments working on the principle of
chemical reactions or their physical manifestations have an ac-
curacy of around 0.1 ppm, some lexicologically dangerous
chemicals require a detection accuracy of the order of 0.001
ppm which requires biochemical and biophysical detection
methods. Another problem are the periodic clinical checkups
of employees because in some cases toxic manifestations have
appeared in the form of secondary manifestation without acute
symptoms. Lack of knowledge and information complicates
the setting up and enforcement of hygienic norms. Toxic emis-
sions posing problems are industrial dusts, ash and smoke ox-
ides of sulfur and of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, acids,
ammonia, tars, ketones, peroxides, nitroolefines, and carbon
monoxide. Catastrophes caused by smog are known from Eu-
rope as well as from North America when aerosol concentra-
tions reached levels exceeding 2 mg/cu m as against the 100
microg/cu m level of normal industrial pollution. The London
smog is as a result of high humidity characterized by a high
content of sulfur trioxide in addition to sulfur dioxide, a highly
irritating combination. The most toxic component of
photochemical smog resulting from the action of ultraviolet ir-
radiation on smog is peroxyacetyl nitrate which is highly toxic
to humans and plants at very low concentrations. Other
problems aie exemplified by fluoride dusts and emanations
from the manufacture of polyethylene.
26275
Chatigny, M. A., J. C. Craig, J. C. Edinger, G. Forester, J. E.
Gill, W. D. MacLeod, R. C. Maninger, T. Schneck, Jr., E. R.
Stephens, K. G. P. Sulzmann, and H. W. Wolochow
POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING IN-
STRUMENTATION TASK FORCE ASSESSMENT. In: Pro-
ject Clean Air. California Univ., Berkeley, Task Force 6,
170p., Sept. 1, 1970. 237 refs.
Instrumentation concepts and devices for the measurement
and monitoring of air pollutants have been subdivided into
three principle categories of application: ambient air and emis-
sion source monitoring for regulatory purposes and for con-
trol, vehicle emission monitoring and control, and research in
pollution chemistry and laboratory analysis of pollutants. Cur-
rently available instruments are discussed, including oxidant
analyzers, electrochemical analyzers, chromatography, spec-
troscopy, photoelectric devices, and paniculate and gas sam-
plers, while research needed is indicated. An instrument is
needed for quantitative plume capacity measurements, to mea-
sure ambient air concentrations of hydrogen sutfide with a
sensitivity and accuracy of 1-3 ppb over a range of 1-100 ppb,
and a simple instrument is needed for measurements of the
total aldehyde concentration, as well as lead, mercury, and
chlorine. Improvements in the area of light and laser applica-
tions are also indicated. There is a need for rapid and valid
verification methods for the proper functioning of present and
future car emission control devices. Low-cost instruments and
systems are needed in the study of urban diffusion processes.
There is a need to devise ways for using the electron
microscope. Various other projects are cited.
26336
Yamamoto, Tadato, Reiji Aizawa, and Sadao Matsuzawa
THE TESTING METHODS OF LEAD IN MOTOR
GASOLINE. (Jidosha gasorinchu no enbun teiryoho ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua Shobo) (Pollution Control),
5(5):27-31, 1970. 2 refs.
Thirteen samples each of two gasolines were tested for their
metallic lead (g/1) and tetraethyl lead (ml/1) content by the
gravimetric method specified by the Japanese Industrial Stan-
dards, polarography, and atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Average values found by the gravimetric
method were 0.25 for metallic lead and 0.238 for tetraethyl
lead. Polarographic and spectrophotometric determinations
yielded, respectively 0.261 and 0.279 metallic lead and 0.248
and 0.264 tetraethyl lead. A comparison of the calculated relia-
bility of each method indicated that polarography is more reli-
able than the gravimetric method. While atomic absorption
spectrophotometry gave higher values than polarography, cost
factors and problems connected with the selection of measur-
ing conditions are likely to arise when this method is applied
to commercially marketed gasolines containing different types
of lead. Based on test results, the polarographic method is
recommended for inclusion in the Japanese Industrial Stan-
dards.
26467
Bourbon, P. and P. Dorbes
AN INVESTIGATION OF LEAD POLLUTION. (A propos
d'une enquete de pollution par le plomb). Text in French. Pol-
lut. Atmos. (Paris), 40(10):234-235, Oct.-Dec. 1968.
The study concerns the risk of pollution from the emissions of
a plant where lead is recovered from storage batteries. Sam-
ples were taken at distances of 400, 500, and 750 meters from
the source by two methods. One involved bubbling the air
through a nitric acid solution; the other made use of cellulose
acetate filters with a pore diameter of 0.8 micrometers. Analy-
sis was by colorimetry and polarography. Lead pollution from
the use of tetraethyl lead in motor fuel was also tested along
an important transportation route. In the latter case, the
average finding was 2 micrograms per cubic meter. The results
of the lead recovery plant measurements are tabulated. The
use of the paper filter method of collecting samples proved
adequate for the purpose and the polarography method of
determination was found to be more sensitive and more con-
sistent than colorimetric determination.
26503
Kendler, J. and C. Heitner-Wirguin
CONCENTRATION OF LEAD TRACES IN ATMOSPHERIC
SAMPLES USING PHOSPHONIC RESINS. Israel J. Chem.,
vol. 7:175, 1969. (Presents at the Israel Chemical Society, the
Israel Crystallography Society, the Israel Biochemical Society,
and the Israel Institute of Chemical Engineering, 39th Meeting,
Jerusalem (Israel), Sept. 29- Oct. 1, 1969.)
The chelating resin Bio Rex-63 with phosphonic functional
groups was employed in the concentration of lead from dilute
solutions of atmospheric lead samples, prior to their colorimet-
ric determination using the dithizone method. Sulfate deter-
mination in the lead peroxide candle method was improved
similarly by prior separation of lead traces. The ion exchange
concentration method is simple, rapid, and improves lead
recovery by 6 to 10% as compared with the former evapora-
tive method. In the lead peroxide candle method for the deter-
mination of total sulfurous compounds, separation of lead by
ion exchange on the phosphonic resin impioves the analytical
results by 2.5 to 10%. (Author abstract modified)
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
123
26505
Laveskog, Anders
DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC LEAD COMPOUNDS IN
EXHAUST GASES AND AMBIENT AIR. Preprint, National
Environment Protection Board (Sweden), 3p., Sept. 13, 1970.
A new method for the individual determination of organic lead
compounds is based on the concentration of the compounds
by a freeze out technique, their separation by gas chromatog-
raphy, and their analysis by mass spectrometry. The limit of
detection is 10 to the minus llth power g Pb corresponding to
an ambient air concentration of 0.01 microgram Pb/cu m in a
sample volume of 1 liter. The method was applied to deter-
minations of tetramethyllead (TML) and tetraethyllead (TEL)
in ambient air and automotive exhaus gases. In Stockhom, am-
bient air concentrations of TML and TEL were 0.02-2 micro-
gram/cu m; concentrations in exhaust gases were 5-5000
microgram/cu m, der-""<)»^™ on engine tenjwature.
26698
Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Preventive Engineering Committee
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN THE AIR. Bull-2, Part 6,
9p., June 1938. 4 refs.
Wherever lead is used in any form, the possibility of air con-
tamination by its dusts or fume should be considered.
Procedures for collecting and analyzing dust samples from air
are outlined. For the collection of lead dusts and mists, an
impinger is satisfactory; for lead fumes, an electric precipita-
tor is preferred. Fairhall's chromate-volumetric method ena-
bles the routine determination of 0.1 micrograms or more of
lead in 30 cu ft of air. In this method, lead is freed of interfer-
ing materials and precipitated as chromate. Indirect determina-
tion of the lead is made by solution and iodimetric estimation
of the chromate ion. The dithizone colorimetric method is
satifactory where lead concentrations are 0.1 micrograms or
less. In this method, lead is extracted from a solution of con-
trolled alkalinity with a chloroform solution of dithizone.
Dithizone forms colored metallo-organic compounds with
several heavy metal ions. By proper control of alkalinity and
cyanide concentration, interfering ions are eliminated and the
cherry-red lead compound segregated in solution, the intensity
of the color depending on the amount of lead present. The
presence of absence of lead in dust samples, raw materials,
and exreta is qualitatively determined by a microscopic
method in which the lead iodide is precipitated from a drop of
solution and identified microscopically by its form and color.
26707
Saltzman, Bernard E.
REPORT ON INTERSOCIETV COMMITTEE FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF MANUAL OF METHODS FOR AM-
BIENT AIR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS. J. Assoc. Offic.
Anal. Chemists, 52(2):349-350, 1969.
The major activity of committee and subcommittee meetings
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists during the
past year has been concerned with a manual of methods for
ambient air sampling and analysis. After final editorial revi-
sions for format and style, methods will be available for publi-
cation as follows: arsenic, silver diethyldithiocarbamate
method; benzo(a)pyrene, thin layer chromatography, spec-
trophotofluorometric determination, and spectrophotometric
determination; benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(k)fluoranthene,
column chromatography and spectrophotofluorometric deter-
mination; chloride, mercuric nitrate titration; fluoride, au-
toanalyzer and lanthanum-alizarin; fluoride, manual and
titrimetric and spectrophotometric procedures; nitrogen diox-
ide manual spectrophotometric procedures; lead-210, beta
counting of bismuth-210 daughter; radon-222, filter paper,
alpha and beta counting, charcoal adsorption, alpha and
gamma counting. Twelve additional methods which are in the
final stage of approval by the Intersociety Committee deal
with carbon monoxide, chlorine, formaldehyde, aromatic
hydrocarbons, lead, and sulfur dioxide.
26848
Kubo, Kiyoshi
ON SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN THE METROPOLITAN
AMBIENT ATMOSPHERE. (Toshi taikichu no fuyu funjin ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nagoya Eisei Kenkyujoshoho (Kept.
Nagoya Munic. Inst. Public Health), no. 15:79-81, 1968. 3 refs.
In order to know the atmospheric particulate size distribution,
various method of measuring particle sizes such as membrane
filter methods were compared. Furthermore, membrane filters,
hi-vol samplers, and para-rosaniline methods were combined in
order to investigate the relationship between the atmospheric
particle size distribution, metallic content of the particulates,
and sulfur dioxide gas. There was a close relationship between
sulfur dioxide gas and the average particle size measured by
the membrane filter. The correlation between particulate quan-
tity and the average particle size was larger, probably due to
particulate coagulation. There was not much correlation
between lead and particulate quantity, apparently because of
the wind direction and the location of observation. Thus it can
be concluded that sulfur dioxide gas is prevalent at atmospher-
ically stable conditions; when there is a large amount of
suspended particulates, the average size becomes large.
26955
Bogen, Donald C. and Martti V. Kantelo
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES. Preprint, American Chemical
Society, Washington, D. C., 12p., 1969. 4 refs. (Presented at
the American Chemical Society, 157th National Meeting, Min-
neapolis, Minn., April 13-18, 1969.)
Lead in bone and blood, food, water, and air filters was deter-
mined by extracting lead as an iodide complex into methyl
isopropyl ketone (MIPK) with subsequent direct measurement
by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Recovery in the sol-
vent extraction and subsequent steps was monitored with Pb-
212 tracer. The sensitivity of the method was 0.15 ppm for 1%
absorption and the detection limit was 0.02 ppm at the 283
resonance line. Recovery averaged better than 95%, while
precision of analysis was plus or minus 10%. There was no in-
terference from cations that co-extract with lead. The effects
on recovery of varying iodide and acid concentrations in the
aqueous phase discussed as is that of varying the ratio of
MIPK volume to aqueous volume.
27075
Carlson, Gary D. and Wayne E. Black
DETERMINATION OF TRACE QUANTITIES OF METALS
FROM FILTERED AIR SAMPLES BY ATOMIC ABSORP-
TION SPECTROSCOPY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 21p., 1970. 14 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St.
Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-62.)
Few air pollution control agencies have adopted ambient air
quality standards for trace metals. However, the presence of
such airborne substances may be as important if not more so
from a health standpoint compared to other air contaminants
presently receiving wide attention. A rapid procedure was
-------
124
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
developed which allows the use of atomic absorption spee-
troscopy as an instrumental technique to determine trace quan-
tities of lead, iron, zinc, cadmium, manganese, and copper in
suspended airborne paniculate matter. The method of sample
preparation involves extraction of suspended ariborne particu-
late matter collected by the hi-volume sampler technique with
50% nitric acid, filtration, concentration, and solubilization of
metal salts. Precision and recovery data are presented as well
as results from samples collected and analyzed during 1969.
The procedure described was convenient, satisfactorily relizi-
ble, and readily adaptable for routine analysis of particulate
matter collected by hi-volume samplers. The observed results
from samples collected during 1969 compared with data from
the United States Public Health Service Interstate Study for
1963 and 1964 indicate a general increase in levels of trace
metals in the air. (Author abstract modified)
27106
Kleinman, Michael T. and Herbert L. Volchok
THE QUALITY OF RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES IN THE
HASL SURFACE AIR SAMPLING PROGRAM DURING 1969.
Atomic Energy Commission, New York Health and Safety
Lab., Fallout Program Quart. Summ. Rept., 1-58 to 1-62, Jan.
1, 1971. 5 refs. NTIS: HASL-239
Data are presented on the quality control phase of a program
for th systematic sampling and radiochemical analysis of par-
ticulate matter for radioactive components and stable lead.
With each set of samples for analysis, three control samples
are submitted. A weighted aliquot of a standard solution of i.
nuclide to be analyzed is added to two filters and a third filter
serves as a blank. Measured blank values indicate low levels
of contamination for most of the nuclides. Although deviations
for plutonium isotopes are high, the generally satisfactory
results of analyses on standard samples are indicative of the
accuracy of radiochemical analyses.
27294
Stem, A. C., A. D. Brandt, P. M. Giever, L. Greenburg, E. R.
Hendrickson, J. V. Crable, B. E. Saltzman, G. J. Kupchik, and
M. Katz
ABSTRACTS OF TENTATIVE METHODS ADOPTED BY
THE INTERSOCffiTY COMMITTEE ON MANUAL OF
METHODS FOR AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING AND ANALY-
SIS. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chemists, 54(l):223-237, Jan. 1971.
Tentative methods adopted by the Intersociety Committee for
the analysis of air samples are abstracted from the following
issues of Health Laboratory Science: vol. 6, no. 2(1969) and
vol. 7, no. 1 (1970). The methods concern the arsenic content
of atmospheric particulate matter; the chloride, fluoride, lead-
210, nitrogen dioxide, radon-222, and sulfur dioxide content of
the atmosphere; the continuous monitoring of atmospheic oxi-
dant with amperometric instruments; through C'j atmospheric
hydrocarbons; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of
atmospheric particulate matter; microanalysis for
benzo(a)pyrene in airborne particulates and source effluents;
chromatographic analysis for benzo(a)pyrene and
benzo(k)fluoranthene in atmospheric particulate matter; spec-
trophotometric analysis for benzo(a)pyrene in atmospheric par-
ticulate matter; preparation of carbon monoxide standard mix-
tures; carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, antimony and seleni-
um content of the atmosphere; gross alpha radioctivity of the
atmosphere; gross beta radioactivity of the atmosphere; and
iodine-131 content of the atmosphere.
27358
Kusumoto, Masako, Toshic Toyama, arid Hiroshi Momotani
USE OF THE CASCADE CENTRIPETER (HOUNAM AND
SHERWOOD) IN THE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATES
OF RESPIRABLE DUST. In: Histo- pathological Study on
Contamination of Human Lungs Caused by Air Pollution.
1967. 7 refs. Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, p. 178-197.
Results are given of tests of the cascade centripeter, a device
for trapping and measuring air particulates which consists of
four stages: a nozzle for particle acceleration, a second nozzle
which classifies the accelerated particles, glass filters, and a
membrane filter. Successively smaller particles are trapped in
each stage as an air stream passes through the instrument. Ac-
curacy of the method was tested with three kinds of particles
of different diameter, distribution, and density, using an Ef-
fective Cut-off Diameter as a parameter of effectiveness in
collecting particles suspended in an air current by inertia. This
measure was found superior to others, for example Mass
Median Diameter, for determining the accuracy of a particle
weight distribution gauge. The device was also tested for mea-
surement of particle diameters in factory and ambient Tokyo
atmospheres. Results showed its applicability to measuring
weight distribution of aerosol particulates and, as a dust sam-
pler, for separating diameter groups Since it does not cause
any physical or chemical changes in the trapped particles, it is
useful for making chemical analyses of the particulates, par-
ticularly when used in comination with the Ring Oven method
for such elements as manganese, cobalt, and lead. Other ad-
vantages are its relatively low cost, rapidity, and ease of
handling.
27556
Tada, Osamu
ON THE MEASUREMENT OF LEAD. (Namari no sokutei ni
tsuite). Text i Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J. Sci. Labour, Tokyo),
25(10):36-39, Oct. 1970. 7 refs.
The measurement of lead in air and in blood or urea is
reviewed. An outline of widely-used analytical methods is
given along with comments on general problems in measure-
ment. The analytical methods cited include the dithizone
method, polarography, atomic absorptiometry, and emission
spectral analysis. Fundamentals and characteristics, detection
limits, and advice on the preparation of samples are sum-
marized for each method. In addition, examples of analytical
results are presented. Lead exists in air in the form of particu-
lates, fumes, or tetralkyl vapors. Impingers, electric precipita-
tors, or filters are used for the collection of particulates; glass
fiber or millipore filters for fumes; and activated carbon or ab-
sorption by iodo (crystal) for tetralkyl lead vapors. Analysis of
lead in blood or urea requires pretreatment of samples by in-
cineration to remove organic ingredients. Incineration, which
is classified as wet or dry, can be adapted to any analytical
method. More simple methods can be used in the case of
atomic absorptiometry, however. Among them are the albumin
removal method, blood corpuscle separation, or the extraction
of lead from urea.
27681
Tanaka, Katsuhiko, Katsuhisa Fukaya, Kikyoku Kasutani,
Shozo Fukui, and Saburo Kanno
ATOMIC ABSORPTIONMETRY OF LEAD IN GASOLINE.
(Gasorinchu no namari no bunsekiho to ganyuryo no suii).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Kyoto Univ. (Japan), Disaster
Prevention Research Inst., 2p., 1971. (Presented at the Kyoto
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
125
University Research Institute for Disaster Prevention Con-
ference, llth, Kyoto, Japan, Jan. 22-23, 1971.)
A new, expedient method of checking the variation in the
amount of tetraalkyl lead added to gasoline uses atomic ab-
sorption spectrophotometry. The key to the method lies in
comparing the absorption coefficient of lead obtained by the
atomic absorption analysis of two types of standard solutions
containing lead. One type of lead is derived from tetramethyl
or tetraethyl lead as a standard substance, and the other is ob-
tained from lead nitrate. Lead in tetraethyl or tetramethyl lead
is extracted by methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK); that in lead
nitrate is extracted in MIBK after the lead has been changed
into metal chelate by means of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
(DDTC). Since the absorption coefficient for the two types of
lead are in agreement, lead nitrate can be used as the standard
substance instead of dealing with the dangerous tetraalkyl
lead.
27829
Honma, K.
SAMPLING OF HEAVY METAL FUMES BY FILTRATION.
(Jukinzoku fyumu no rokahoshu). Text in Japanese. Preprint,
Japan Society for Safety Engineering, Tokyo, 2p., 1970.
(Presented at the National Symposium on Safety Engineering
1st, Tokyo, Japan, May 1970.)
Lead was chosen as the model for Uranium and Plutonium in
testing the filtrat*n capturing of radioactive heavy metal
aerosols in order to confirm applicability of the results evalu-
ated by 0.3 micron DOP. Collection rate was measured for
various types of filters with textile-loaded layers by generating
standard monodisperse aerosols of metallic lead. The filtration
mechanism was studied for heavy metallic fumes in the low
wind-velocity range. The monodisperse aerosol generator was
a high-frequency induction heating type using nitrogen gas as
carrier, and the aerosol sizes ranged from 0.05 to 0.7 micron.
Even at a low wind- velocity range, the effect of the specific
weight of aerosols became obvious beyond 0.3 micron. For
lead fumes, the finer the filter fibers and the faster the filtra-
tion wind velocity, the smaller the minimum particle size for
capture.
28017
Webster, S. H.
CHEMICAL METHODS OF LEAD ANALYSIS. Public Health
Bulletin, no. 262:111-122, 1941.
Chemical analyses were carried out for the determination of
the lea content of varied types of samples. Some 300 samples
of air containing lead dust and fumes were obtained in the
field as were a number of samples of drinking water. In addi-
tion, about 800 specimens of urine and a similar number of
single blood specimens were obtained. In general, the evalua-
tion necessitated the following procedures: (1) sampling and
collection of samples; (2) ashing and concentration; and (3)
isolation and determination of the lead content. The last step
was carried out using the volumetric chromate method for
most impinger samples and the two- color diphenylthiocar-
bazone (dithizone) method for the control of urine and blood
specimens. Each step is described in detail and the accuracy
of the analytical values is assessed.
28126
Fukui, Shozo
MEASUREMENT OF DELETERIOUS GAS. (Yugai gasu no
sokuteihoho). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Society of Electro-
chemistry, Tokyo (Japan), Kanto Div., 24p., 1971. (Presented
at the Seminar on Air Pollution, Tokyo, Japan, Feb. 3-4, 1971,
Paper 5.)
The photometric determination of deleterious gases is con-
sidered, as well as the analysis of heavy metals in the at-
mosphere by an atomic absorption method, and the determina-
tion of atmospheric concentrations of organic solvents by gas
chromatography. Accordin to the type of gas to be measured,
sampling and preparation of test chemical solutions are in-
dicated. Measuring procedures are presented for hydrogen sul-
fide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide plus nitric oxide, hydrogen chloride,
chlorine, oxidants and ozone. The chemical analyses of heavy
metals includes the determination of mercury, lead, cadmium,
zinc, copper, iron, and manganese. For example, mercury
vapor is absorbed in a sulfuric acid potassium permanganate
solution and heated slowly for 30 min. A hydroxilamine solu-
tion is added to decolor the potassium permanganate, and a
stannous chloride solution is added to reduce the mercury.
Vaporized by circulating air, the mercury is absorbed by an
absorption cell and measured at 253.7 millimicrons. The gas
chromatograhic method is introduced for the measurement of
acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexene,
tetrachloroethane, phenol, and other organic solvents in the at-
mosphere.
28621
Nakano, Kinji and Toshio Odairo
MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR AMBIENT AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST GAS CONCENTRATIONS. (Kankyo taikichu
jidosha haiki gasunodo no sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):243, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, 1970.)
By using the advantages of bag-sampling, a multiple-point-
average sampling device for the continuous sampling of au-
tomobile exhaust gases was developed. It can be made to
record either a 15-minute average of three locations, 30-minute
averages of six locations, or 60-minute averages of 12 loca-
tions. Chemical techniques for the analysis of the samples for
lead in suspended particulates are described for use with glass-
fiber filters and membrane filters. Atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry is utilized with the calibratio line of 2833 A.
28755
Tanaka, Katsuhiko, K. Fukaya, Kiyoshi Yoshitani, S. Kanno,
and Shozo Fukui
A FEW PROBLEMS ON DETERMINATION METHOD OF
LEAD IN AUTO-EXHAUST GAS. (Jidosha haiki gasuchu no
namari no teiryoho no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):252, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Methods of determining lead in automobile exhaust gas were
studied. When gasoline is burned in an engine, tetraethyl lead
antiknock additives react with lead reducing agents to form
various lead compounds. In addition, water in the exhaust gas
condenses in the exhaust pipe, resulting in water droplets con-
taining lead. When the end of the exhaust pipe was heated by
a ribbon heater and impingers containing a nitric acid absorp-
tio liquid were used, atomic absorption spectrophotometry of
the sample gas showed that the first-stage impinger could not
capture all the lead in water droplets. Large amounts of lead
was also collected in the second impinger. Even the collection
of exhaust gas behind the ribbon heater by means of a vacuum
bottle and subsequent shaking of the gas with nitric acid solu-
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126
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
tion showed that there are large variances in the concentration
of lead measured. This indicated that not only water, but also
dusts affect the reproducibility of the experiment.
28895
Loftin, H. P., C. M. Christian, and J. W. Robinson
THE CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR.
Spectrosc. Lett., 3(7): 161-174, 1970. 45 refs.
A new atomic absorption technique for determining lead in the
atmosphere achieves increased analytical sensitivity by utiliz-
ing hot carbon rods to reduce lead compounds to the atomic
state and by taking advantage of long path absorption tubes to
accumulate atoms in the light path. In this method, air samples
are continuously passed over the white-hot carbon rods. The
neutral atoms are then passed into the heated absorption
chamber, where their concentration is measured. The lower
limit of sensitivity of the method was observed to be about 3
times 10 to the minus llth power g of lead. The method ap-
pears to be applicable: to a wide variety of metals and their
determination is currently under investigation.
29133
Steinke, Irmhild
CONTRIBUTION TO THE DETERMINATION OF TRACES
OF ALIEN SUBSTANCES (LEAD) IN LIGHT GASOLINE.
(Beitrag zur Bestimmung von Fremdstoffspuren (Beli) in
Leichtbenzin). Text in German. Gas Wasserfach (Munich),
112(4):189-191, 1971.
While the dithizone method is suitable for determining very
small quantities of lead in gasoline, dithizone is not specific
for lead. With many other heavy metals, it forms colored
dithizonates. The measures necessary to eliminate these metals
make the method rather time-consuming. Interferences can be
avoided by measuring the atomic absorption of lead, an
analytical method that is to be preferred over all dithizone
methods. Atomic absorption requires not more than about one
hr, while the dithiozone method requires about three hrs. For
atomic absorption, the lead must be converted to the aqueous
phase which is evaporated to 5 ml. This method permits lead
concentration above 10 ppb to be determined with a standard
deviation of plus or minus 5 ppb. The method was used to
determine the presence of lead at the points where gasoline
passes through a cracking plant. Of the 20 ppb lead in the
gasoline before it entered the plant, 290 remained in the plant.
About 20 g lead were found in the gasoline evaporator, 5 g on
the hydration contact, and 200 g on the Nimox contact. Eighty
% of the lead brought into the plant was found.
29226
Hwang, J. Y.
LEAD ANALYSIS IN AIR PARTICULATES SAMPLES BY
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY. Can. Spectr.,
16(2):43-45, March 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Spectrosco-
py Symposium of Canada, 16th, Montreal, Quebec, Oct. 1969.)
Atmospheric paniculate samples were collected on organic
membranes for the analysis of lead by atomic absorption spec-
trometry. In order to maximize the sensitivity and to improve
the accuracy of the analysis, various parameters were in-
vestigated: flame conditions, flame profiles, and chemical in-
terferences in air- acetylene and argon-entrained air-hydrogen
flames. Because of severe chemical interferences from the
matrices, argon-entrained air-hydrogen flame was useless in
the analysis of lead in air particulate samples in spite of slight
improvement of the detection limit of lead in this flame en-
vironment compared to air-acetylene flame. In air-acetylene
flame, no serious cationic interferences were found, but
anionic interferences of sulfate and silicate were significant in
the lead analysis. (Author abstract modified)
29297
Groffman, D. M. and R. Wood
REVISION OF A FIELD METHOD FOR THE DETERMINA-
TION OF TOTAL AIRBORNE LEAD. Analyst, 96(1139):140-
145, Feb. 1971. 6 refs.
An improved field method is described for determining air-
borne lead at concentrations up to 0.8 mg/cu m. After collec-
tion on a membrane filter, the lead is dissolved in nitric acid-
hydrogen peroxide solution and complexed with dithizone. The
lead dithizonate is extracted into 1,1,1-trichloroethane and the
color intensity of the complex is compared visually with stan-
dards. The apparatus used is simple to operate and the time
required for a complete determiniation is about 15 min.
Although designed specifically as a field test, the method can
be used to determine lead accurately if a spectrophotometer is
employed. (Author abstract modified)
29419
Tanaka, Katsuhiko, Katsuhisa Fukaya, Noriyoshi Ashiya,
Shozo Fukui, and Saburo Sugano
ANALYSIS OF LEAD IN GASOLINE AND TRANSITION OF
THE LEAD CONTENT. (Gasorin chu no namari no bunsekiho
to ganyuryo no suii). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Safety En-
gineering Society of Japan, Tokyo), 3p. 1970. (Presented at the
Safety Engineering Society, Research Presentation Meeting,
3rd, Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 9-10, 1970, Paper 22.)
An atomic light absorbency analysis device was used to deter-
mine quantitatively the tetraethyl lead contained in gasoline
without the extraction required for the gravimetric method.
Using methyl isobutylketone (MIBK) as a solvent, the sample
gasoline is diluted for a 1 to 20-100 dilution (D). Using this
solution as the test solution, its absorbency (A) is measured.
Meanwhile, a specified amount of the standard lead solution
produced from lead nitrate (dissolved in 10% nitric acid) is ad-
justed to PH 7-9 and added to a diethyl dithiocarbamic acid
sodium (DDTC). The test solution is extracted from this solu-
tion by means of MIBK, and then its abscrbency (A sub s) is
measured. Also measured in a blank test solution are the ab-
sorbency of MIBK (A sub o) and that of the 10% nitric acid
solution (A sub so). The quantity of lead in gasoline can then
be calculated by the formulas: C (lead in terms of g/1) equals
10D(A-A sub o/lOOO (A sub s-A sub so) and C prime
(tetraethyl lead in ml/1) equals C (1/1.056).
29464
Hasegawa, Toshio and Akiyoshi Sugimae
METAL COMPONENTS OF FLOATING DUST. (Fuyu Funjin
chu no kinzoku seibun). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan
Chemical Society, Tokyo, lp., 1971. (Presented at the Japan
Chemical Society, Annual Meeting, 24th, Tokyo, 1971, Paper
3343.)
Using a tape air sampler, dust was trapped hourly and lead
and manganese were analyzed. Graphite electrodes were im-
mersed in a silicone-carbon tetrachloride liquid and dried to be
made waterproof. At the bottom of the electrodes, filter paper
was attached and a 30 ppm indium solution was titrated and
dried. A buffer powder was added. When the filter paper is
treated with a direct arc discharge, there is an extreme
background, since the filter paper burns. The spectrogram
becomes weak and the metals may be scattered. Therefore,
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
127
the filter paper was inserted at the bottom of electrodes, and
on top of it, buffer powder added; the effect of the buffer on
spectrogram intensity was examined. The buffer powders
tested were graphite and NaCl, NaF, NaHCoS, Na2CO3. Gra-
phite produced a large background which decreased when
sodium was added. A buffer powder of graphite and NaSCO2
is concluded to be the best buffer.
29512
Korn, M. and L. Rolf
PARTICLE SIZE MEASURING WITH THE TELEVISION
MICROSCOPE QUANTIMET FOR SIZES MINUS 4
MICRONS. (Korngroessenmessungen mil dem Femseh-
mikroskop Quantimet im Bereich kleiner als 40 Mikron). Text
in German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, 21(3): 154-160, 1971. 29
refs.
The Quantimet for measuring size distributions of fine parti-
cles consists essentially of a microscope, a TV camera with
monitor, and an electronic computer. The microscope provides
a picture of the sample. As this picture is scanned by the TV
camera, electric pulses are produced whose height indicates
the half tone and whose width the size. The accuracy and
reproducibility of Quantiment measurements were tested in ex-
periments with pure quarzite (99.9% SiO2), pure limestone
(98.5% CaCO3), and lead sulfide (82.6% Pb) with grain sizes
from 0 to 36 micron. The results were comparable to those for
conventional methods. The rapid and exact measurement of
grain sizes from 1 micron on, makes the method suitable for
control measurements in metallography and medicine.
29595
Manila, M. D.
NEW METHODS OF DETERMINING AIR POLLUTION.
(Neue Methoden der Bestimmung von Luftverunreinigungen).
Text in German. Wiss. Z. Humboldt Univ. Berlin Math.
Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):527-528, 1970.
A number of new and improved methods of quantitative deter-
mination of atmospheric pollutants are described. Most
prominent among them are photometric methods. For exam-
ple, a method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (e.g., benzpyrene in dust involves evaluation of
the fine structure of fluorescence spectra, based on the Shpol-
ski effect. The essence of this effect is the phenomenon in
which the spectra of the polycyclic hydrocarbons show in-
creased clarity of individual lines when hydrocarbons dis-
solved in n-hexane, n-heptane and n-octane are being frozen.
Photometric methods of light absorption of pigmented test
solutions are being employed for determination of both
aerosols and gases. The use of filters for aerosol tests, silica
gel for gases and vapors, and water-soluble chemical absor-
bents for trapping gases and vapors are also discussed. Spec-
trometric and chromatographic methods for studying the com-
position of automobile exhaust gases, using equipment with
flame ionization detectors, are mentioned briefly.
29810
Isizaki, Masanori
STUDIES ON LEAD CHROMATE OBTAINED FROM
TETRAALKYL LEAD IN LEADED GASOLINE. I. X-RAY
DIFFRACTION TESTS OF THE LEAD CHROMATE
CRYSTALS. Mem. Def. Acad. Japan, 10(3):389-392, Dec.
1970. 3 refs.
Besides tetraethyl lead, recently some other lead alkyls, in-
cluding tetramethyl lead, trimethyl-monoethyl lead, dimethyl-
diethyl lead, and monomethyl-triethyl lead, have been used as
antiknock agents for high octane motor gasolines. For analysis
of these lead alkyls, they are converted to lead chromate, and
the weight of the lead chromate is put into the formula: A
equal to 12.79 G(l plus 0,0012(t-15)), where A represents the
content of metallic lead in gasoline at sampling, and 0.0012 the
expansion coefficient of gasoline. The constant 12.79 was
determined using the so-called empirical factor for converting
lead chromate to metallic lead (0.6394). Crystal data of four
kinds of lead chromate were checked by Debye-Sherrer s
method. The lattice distance and the relative intensity of the
crystals of lead chromates from three kinds of leaded gasoline,
as well as a standard fused lead chromate, agree with each
other.
30113
Goodman, Gordon T. and T. M. Roberts
PLANTS AND SOILS AS INDICATORS OF METALS IN THE
AIR. Nature, 231(5301):287-292, June 4, 1971. 40 refs.
A study was conducted in Swansea, Wales to obtain some
relative estimates ff the total aerial burden of metals
presumed to originate indirectly from former industry and
directly from present day urban-industrial sources. Sampling
and analysis were conducted for zinc, lead, cadmium, copper,
nickel, and magnesium in the moss Hypnum cupressiformi, the
grass Festuca rubra, and in surface soils. Three transects, the
Gower, Swansea, and Neath transects, were sampled along
with the Gwendraeth Valley. The results show similar geo-
graphical trends for the metals examined. The concentrations
of metal compounds increased in soils, Festuca, and Hypnum
downwind of the Swansea urban industrial complex. The
values in the two rural transects, Gower and Gwendraeth, con-
trasted sharply with the values of the Swansea transect. The
results indicate that surface soils, Festuca, and Hypnum can
be used as indicators and integrators of aerial metallic pollu-
tants. Some applications of this method of sampling for
agriculture and medicine are discussed.
30290
Guicherit, R.
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTANTS. (Het au-
tomatisch meten van luchtverontreinigende stoffen). Text in
Dutch. Chem. Weekblad, 67(9):18-23, Feb. 26, 1971. 12 refs.
Types of instrumentation for use in automatic measurement of
air pollution from carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, ozone, hydrocarbons, soot, dust, heavy metals such as
lead, and polynuclear aromatic compounds such as 3,4-
benzopyrene are described, including instruments for
colorimetric, potentiometric, and physical-chemical detection.
The measurement of aerosols is not discussed since automatic
readings for this type of pollutant is considered beyond the
competence of present technology. The tendency in developing
measuring methods has been from exclusive use of wet chemi-
cal processes (colorimetry) to electrochemical methods to the
exclusive use of physical measuring methods. Data are given
illustrating the results of measurement by such methods, in-
cluding a comparison of pollutants created by human activity
with those from natural emission sources. Human activities are
responsible for the release of more than 200 million tons of
CO per year, compared with 30 million from natural sources.
From human activities also produce 58-70 million tons per year
of SO2 about 4-5 times as much as nature normally produces.
For all other pollutants, the human output was lower than
natural emissions. Total emissions in the Netherlands and in
the U. S. are compared, excluding natural sources. In both
countries, automotive traffic is responsible for 90% of the CO
emissions. In the U. S., automotive traffic is responsible for
-------
128
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
63% of hydrocarbon pollution and 46% of the nitrogen oxides,
compared with 45% and 15%, respectively, in the Netherlands.
30360
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
A REPORT OF INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF SUB-
STANCES OF AIR POLLUTION. (Taikiosenbusshitsu no
chosa bunseki hokokusho). Tex in Japanese. 23p., March 1968.
12 refs.
The technical problems of the NASN measurement method for
analyzing metallic elements in atmospheric dust was studied.
Hydrochloric acid was superior to nitric acid for abstracting
chromium and copper. This method made the background ol°
the spectrum become dense, and its sharpness decrease. Lithi-
um chloride, which is used as a buffer in electrode manufac-
turing, absorbs humidity. The application of sodium chloride
was examined, but a satisfactory result was not obtained. The
application of indium, strontium, and platinum as internal stan
dard substances was examined; platinum was found to be un-
suitable. Four changes were added to the NASN method.
based on these results. Metallic elements were analyzed in
floating dusts sampled from April, 1967 to March, 1968 at five
national stations of air pollution. The following suggestions
were made: use strontium as an internal standard substance;
exclude the absorption of humidity by LiCl by electrode heat-
ing equipment and continue the preliminary electric discharge
for three seconds. An average per year measurement of ele-
ments in soots and dusts was as follows (unit of weight -
microgram/cc m): total quantity of soots and dusts - 208, quan-
tity of organic substances - 12.0. The quantity of water soluble
substances was: phosphorus - 6.8, sulfates - 17.5, and nitrates -
3.2; the quantity of metallic elements was: titanium - 0.148,
vanadium - 0.129, chromium - 0.008 manganese - 0.163, iron -
6.14, nickel - 0.045, copper - 3.03, lead - 0.96, beryllium - less
than 0.001, and cadmium - less than 0.001.
30593
Tonkelaar, W. A. M. den and Martha A. Bikker
MICRODETERMINATION OF LEAD ON TAPES OF AN
A.I.S.I. AUTOMATIC AIR SAMPLER BY ATOMIC ABSORP-
TION SPECTROSCOPY. Atmos. Environ., 5(5):353-356, May
1971. 11 refs.
A sensitive, fast, routine procedure is described for the deter-
mination of lead in air borne paniculate samples collected on
tapes of an AISI automatic air sampler using atomic absorp-
tion spectroscopy. After punching the spot out of the aper
tape and adding a small volume of dilute nitric acid, the ab-
sorbance can be read after 30 min by spraying the extract into
the flame. A detection limit of less than 0.1 micrograms
lead/spot has been reached. The lead content of a blank filter
is negligible and the calibration curve is scarcely affected by
matrix effects. In this manner, over 800 two-hour samples,
collected near a highway over a two year period, were
analyzed, yielding results of less than 0.1-9.1 micrograms
lead/cu m of air. The pattern of the diurnal paniculate lead
concentration reflected the morning and afternoon rush hour
traffic. (Author abstract modified)
30635
Kanno, Saburo
MICROANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL IONS IN THE EN-
VIRONMENT AND THE PROBLEMS AT ISSUE. (Kan-
kyochuno biryo jukinzoku no bunsekiho to mondaiten). Text
in Japanese. Preprint, Society of Electro-chemistry, Tokyo
(Japan), 34p., 1970. (Presented at the Society of Elec-
trochemistry Industrial Public Nuisance Control Seminar,
Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 2-3, 1970, Paper 7.)
Representative methods for the microanalysis of mercury al-
kyl, total mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and arsenic,
and lead in the atmosphere and gasoline were discussed by
describing the test procedures for each method. For the analy-
sis of mercury alkyl, gas chromatography was described, while
listing the test chemicals, apparatus, preparation of the test
sample, and the test procedures. Procedures for the microanal-
ysis of total mercury by an atomic absorption analysis method
were described, including the test apparatus, test chemicals,
prepartion of the samples, and the testing. The additional re-
marks included: How to prevent mercury from volatilizing
during decomposition of the sample; quality of the absorption
cell body, selection of desiccative, absorbency against quantity
of stannous chloride solution added, effect of coexisting ions;
calibration curve and reproducibility, plotting in chart, effect
of temperature, recovery test of mercury, and arresting mercu-
ry from air. Atomic absorption analysis procedures for the
microanalysis of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc were also
described. For the microanalysis of arsenic, procecures of the
silver diethyl thiocarbamate method were described. Atomic
absorption analysis procedures for analysis of lead in the at-
mosphere and gasoline were also given. Attached as enclo-
sures were the Environmental Criteria Concerning Water Pol-
lution and the Results of Analysis of the Tokyo Bay s Bottom
Sludge.
30707
Hwang, Jae Y., Paul A. Ullucci, and Charles J. Mokeler
TRACE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS BY
SOLVENT EXTRACTION- FLAMELESS ATOMIC ABSORP-
TION SPECTROMETRY. Preprint, Air Pollutio Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1971. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic
City, N. J., June 27-July 3, 1971.)
Trace elements of silver, cadmium, zinc, and lead in at-
mospheric paniculate samples were determined by solvent ex-
traction- flameless atomic absorption techniques. Air panicu-
late samples were collected on organic membranes by a low
volume air sampler. The membranes with the samples were
pretreated with acetone before acid extraction. Sample solu-
tions, thus prepared, were further extracted into organic sol-
vents. The final organometallic complexes in organic solvents
were then dried, pyrolyzed, and atomized in an enclosed
chamber under an inert gas atmosphere for atomic absorption
measurements. To improve the accuracy of the analysis, a
thorough investigation into the chemical interferences was
made and the interferences were compared between the
present and conventional atomic absorption techniques. This
technique is simple and runs with good sensitivity and preci-
sion. It is ideal for the trace analysis of atmospheric particu-
late samples for a short-term variation study. (Author abstract
modified)
30786
Tanaka, K., K. Fukaya, K. Yoshitani, S. Kanno, and S. Fukui
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN GASOLINE BY ATOMIC
ABSORPTION PHOTOMETRIC. Text in Japanese. Kogai To
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(1):66, 1970. (Proceedings of
the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth,
1970.)
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
129
Tetramethyl and tetraethyl lead were diluted with methyl-
isobutyl ketone (MIBK), respectively, and measured by atomic
absorption photometry. The values obtained were identical
with that of vegadex (DDTC) chelate in MIBK prepared from
Ph(NO3)2. To prepare the lead standard solution, Pb(NO3)2,
in 10% HNO3, was chelated with DDTC at PH-7 followed by
extraction with MIBK (absorption As). Gasoline was diluted to
approximately two % with MIBK and tested (absorption A)
(multiple D) Ao2 and Aol for absorptions of MIBK and 10%
HNO3 respectively. Methods of calculating the lead concentra-
tions are presented and experimental results summarized in
tabular and graphic form.
30928
Fletcher, K.
DIRECT DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN PLANT MATERI-
ALS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY.
J. Sci. Food Agr., 22(5):260-261, May 1971. 10 refs.
A hydrogen lamp continuum source was used to measure and
correct for background absorption in atomic absorption spec-
trophotometric analyses of lead in plant materials. For lead
concentrations of 20 ppm and above, the corrected values
were in reasonable agreement with values obtained colorimet-
rically. This suggests that jelatively higher values recently re-
ported for atomic absorption spectrophotometric determina-
tions were due to the phenomena of background absorption.
31258
Lundgren, Dale A.
AEROSOL SAMPLING FOR DETERMINATION OF PAR-
TICULATE MASS CONCENTRATION, CHEMICAL COM-
POSITION AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION. In: Aerosol Measure-
ments in Los Angeles Smog, Vol. I, Section IV. Minnesota
Univ., Minneapolis, Particle Technology Lab., Particle Lab.
Pub. 141, Air Pollution Control Office APTD-0630, 15p., Feb.
1971. NTIS: PB 198816
A Lundgren Impactor together with a total particulate filter
were used to determine the size distribution, concentration,
and chemical composition of particulate matter in the air. The
procedure involved obtaining size fractionated samples of the
aerosol over desired time periods, collecting out the particulate
matter in such a way that it is amenable to analysis, and
analyzing the particulate samples by techniques capable of
providing the required information. To illustrate the type of
data obtained from use of the instrument 10 samples were
taken. The particulate weight distribution was determined; the
water soluble fraction was extracted and analyzed for sulfate
and nitrate by standard wet chemical methods; and the nitric
acid fraction was extracted and analyzed by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry for lead and iron.
31304
Hasegawa, Toshio and Akiyoshi Sugimae
STUDIES ON HEAVY METALS IN ATMOSPHERIC PAR-
TICULATES - ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS -. (Fuyu fun-
jin chu no kinsoku seibun no kenkyu - ryukei bunpu o chushin
to shite). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 9(1): 1-9, April 1971. 13 refs.
The size distribution of heavy metals, including iron, lead,
manganese, vanadium, and copper, in atmospheric particulates
were studies. The particulates were collected on a glass-fiber
filter in four fractions, depending on particle size, by a
cascade centripeter. The samples were separated from the
filter, decomposed by hydrofluoric acid, and the heavy metals
determined spectrographically. The diameters of 90% of the
lead, 80% of the vanadium, and a large portion of the man-
ganese and copper particulates were less than two micron. The
size distribution of iron showed the characteristic curve, hav-
ing a specific maximum peak at eight micron. The mass medi-
an diameters were estimated to be one micron for iron, 0.5
micron for manganese, 0.1 micron for vanadium, and 0.3
micron for copper. (Author summary modified)
31933
Akashi, Nobuko
SIMULTANEOUS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC HEAVY METALS BY SQUARE-WAVE
POLAROGRAPHY. (Kukeiha porarogurafi ni yoru taikichu
jukinzoku no doji teiryo). Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kiki
(Analysis Instr.), 9(7):10-18, July 1971. 44 refs.
A polarographic analysis was made of the copper, lead, cadmi-
um, zinc, and iron content of suspended dust in the at-
mosphere. The dust was sampled with a glass fiber filter and
high-volume air sampler, with one-fourth of the filter paper
used for analysis. The sampled dust was incinerated at 100 C.
The filter paper was immersed in a 20% hydrogen chloride
solution and heated for three hours in a hot bath to separate
the metals. Then the sample was then filtered, evaporated, dis-
solved in a 10% HC1 solution and quantitatively analyzed by
square wave polarography. The effects of the HC1 concentra-
tion on the peak height of the Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd polarograms
was studied. Similar results were obtained with atomic absorp-
tion spectrometry and square wave polarography.
32058
McKee, H. C. and P. D. Holmes
HIGH MOLECULE WEIGHT COMPOUNDS IN VEHICLE
EXHAUST: STATE-OF-THE- ART. Coordinating Research
Council, Inc., New York, Study Sub- Panel on High Molecular
Weight Compounds, CRC Proj. CK-4-58, CRC-R-429, 15p.,
March 1967. 23 refs.
A summary is presented of the state-of-the-art regarding mea-
surement methods and analytical methods for high molecular
weight compounds found in automobile exhaust. Many car-
cinogenic materials of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
type are suspected of causing cancer in humans. High molecu-
lar weight compounds may also be involved with atmospheric
reactions which cause eye irritation, vegetation damage, or
photochemical reactions. Properties of various hydrocarbons
including pyrene, Benzo (a) and (e) pyrene, perylene,
benzo(ghi)perylene, anthanthrene, coronene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, and fluoranthene are listed. Blowby and ex-
haust automobile emissions have been investigated. Carbon
monoxide and lead in exhaust gas were used to estimate the
percentage of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which could
be attributed to vehicle traffic; the mean contributions based
on lead were 18% of the total at a freeway, 5% in a downtown
commercial area, and 42% in a suburban area; the mean con-
tributions based on CO were twice these figures. Diesel en-
gines may be another source. The exact mechanism which
produces polynuclear aromatic compounds in the combustion
zone is not known; however, their formation cannot be
eliminated by fuel additives, engine design changes, or com-
bustion changes. Particulate samples have been collected by
filtering. Then they can be separated and identified by subli-
mation, distillation, solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extrac-
tion, and column, paper, thin layer, and gas chromatography.
Quantitative measurements and identification can be made by
absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescent spectra and by
gas chromatography. A bioassay method can also be used to
determine benzo(a)pyrene, based on the photodynamic toxicity
-------
130
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
of this compound to Paramecium. Also, these different
methods can be combined.
32169
Pines, Ignacy
LEAD DETERMINATION IN THE AIR OF PLANTS
(PHOTOMETRIC METHOD). (Oznaczanie olowiu w powietr-
zu w zakladach pracy (metoda fotometryczna)). Text in Polish.
Med. Pracy (Lodz), 19(3): 299-307, 1968. 31 refs.
A simplified analytical procedure for the determination of lead
in air is described in which filter paper within glass beakers
was put in a sylite oven at 400-450 C. The dithizone photomet-
ric method was simplified by removing heavy metals and lead
from the chloroform layer during one lead extraction at pH 11-
11.5. The dithizone excess is also removed during the extrac-
tion. The method makes possible the direct determination of 1-
500 micrograms of lead in a solution by the use of a dithizone
solution in ammonia, absorption cells with different thickness
of the absorbing layer (0.5 and 0.1 cm), and measurement of
the absorption value up to 2.0.
32474
Omang, Sverre H.
THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR BY FLAMELESS
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. Anal.
Chim. Acta, 55(2):439441, July 1971. 12 refs.
The use of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry is
described in a simple, rapid, and extremely sensitive method,
combined with the collection of lead particulates on millipore
filters from air volumes down to 10 cu dm. Air contaminants
were collected on 37-mm diameter MF-millipore filters AA (0.8
micron), made of mixed cellulose esters; these filters were
connected to a small portable battery-operated pump,
calibrated to 2.7 cu dm air/min. A Perkin-Elmer Model 303
atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a Perkin-
Elmer graphite cell HGA 70, an automatic recorder readout
accessory, and a Hitachi-Perkin-Elmer Recorder Model 159
were used. Two separate heat treatment stages, drying and
charring, are used to remove any solvent, organic material, or
other unwanted components before sample volumes are
atomized in the graphite tube. Lead samples are collected by
aspirating air for 10 min through the millipore filters. The fil-
ters are then soaked in 2.0 ml of one plus one nitric acid in a
50 ml beaker and gentle heat is applied. After five minutes,
this is decanted into a 10 ml volumetric flask and the filters
are washed with successive two ml portions of warm distilled
water. Then they are diluted to volume with distilled water and
five to 50 ml of 0.1 ppm lead standard solution is injected into
the graphite tube. The lead absorption peak is registered at
program four with a five V atomization voltage and a 30 sec
sequence time. Problems with light scattering are mentioned.
The proposed method was used in the analysis of a number of
air participate samples collected in Oslo in November 19^0,
one m above street level.
32476
Fukui, Shozo
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF HARMFUL MATTERS
IN AIR. (Kuki chu no yugaisei busshitsu no sokutei hobo).
Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kiki (Analysis Instr.), 9(8):43-59,
Aug. 1971. 1 ref.
Various measurement methods of harmful matter in the at-
mosphere are examined. The orthotolidine method is described
for chlorine determination, but there is no reliable method for
a high incidence of pollution by chlorine gas. The neutral
iodine potassium method for ozone and oxidants; the atom
light absorption method for cadmium; the pyridine pyrazole
and palladium quinolinol methods for hydrogen cyanide; the
dithizone and atom light absorption methods for mercury; and
the diazotation and Saltzman methods for nitrogen oxides are
reviewed. The atom light absorption method is generally used
for lead and zinc, since it is simple and accurate. Sulfur diox-
ide is trapped with sodium chloride and mercuric chloride in
solution; rosaniline formaldehyde is then added, and the
mauve color is determined. Fluorides or hydrofluorine are
measured by colorimetry, i.e., the lanter-alizarin complexion
method. The 3-methyl-benzo-thiazolon- hydrazone method,
which is most sensitive, and the chromotropic method are
used to measure formaldehyde. Hydrogen sulfide is deter-
mined by the methylene blue method, the molybdenum blue
method, and the starch iodine method. The methylene blue
method gives a unique reaction and involves less obstruction.
A new method for trapping sulfides is examined.
32534
Fujinaga, Taichiro and Mutsuo Koyama
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ANALYSIS - ESPE-
CIALLY ON THE BASIC APPROACH TOWARD IT. (Kogai
bunseki — Tokuni sono kangaekata ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Bunseki Kiki (Analysis Instr.), 9(7):3-9, July 1971. 13 refs.
The basic characteristics of an environmental pollution analy-
sis are discussed to clarify the basic approach required for an
analysis that is usually of complex nature. Often organic and
inorganic analyses must be performed simultaneously.
Moreover, an analysis is more than simply qualitative or quan-
titative. A qualitative analysis intended simply to detect a pol-
luting element in air or water is often meaningless; very often
the toxicity of a particular element depends on its chemical
state. Therefore, microanalysis or, more properly, trace analy-
sis is required to detect extremely toxic substances. If possi-
ble, pollution should be continuously monitored and analyzed.
The most dependable of current measuring devices are,
theoretically, those employing ion-selective electrodes.
Sampling, pretreatment, and measurement methods, together
with measurable range and references, are tabulated for dif-
ferent air pollutants. The methods are as follows: dust (par-
ticulates), reflection factor or transmittivity measurement;
sediment, gravimetric analysis; precipitation density, X-ray,
light-dispersion, and gravimetric. X-ray microprobe analysis,
fluorescent X-ray analysis, radiometry, emission spectrochemi-
cal analysis, atomic absorption spectrochemical analysis, ab-
sorption photometry, polarography, and gas chromatography
are used for metals and other noxious elements. For carbon
monoxide or carbon dioxide measurements, conductometry,
coulometry, visible absorption photometry, and ultraviolet ab-
sorption photometry are used. Turbidimetry, coulometry, and
conductometry are used for hydrogen sulfide measurements.
Coulometric titration and absorption photometry are used for
oxidant measurements. Nitrogen dioxide or nitric oxide mea-
surements use visible radiation absorption photometry. Or-
ganics are measured by gas chromatography. Ammonia, al-
dehydes, fluorine, phenyl acetate, mercury, tetraethyl lead and
hydrogen cyanide use visible radiation absorption photometry.
32718
Fujiwara, Toshizo, Hideo Okashita, and Hiroshi Tsukiyama
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF SPECIMENS RE-
LATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. (Kogai kankei
shiryo no keiko X-sen bunseki). Text i Japanese. Shimazu
Hyoron (Shimazu Rev.), 28(2):87-91, June 1971. 5 refs.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
131
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to analyze aqueous
solutions, heavy oils, dusts, and various deposits, as environ-
mental pollutants. The sensitivity was improved by enhancing
the peak-to-background ratio, and the interference of bubbles
in liquid samples was eliminated. Examples of determination
of mercury and arsenic in an aqueous solution and of sulfur in
heavy oil are given. Dust was analyzed by adsorption and
trapping on filter glass, with special attention to the
background of the glass filter. A sample of mud accumulated
at the bottom of the sea was dried and crushed for analysis; it
contained barium, zirconium, bromide, lead, zinc, iron, and
manganese. Detection sensitivity was improved by condensing
the aqueous solution samples.
32829
Oura, Masahiro
CURRENT REVIEW OF MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST
EMISSION ANALYSIS. (Haiki gasu busekikeiei no genjo).
Text in Japanese. lidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.),
25(7):824-834, July 1971. 22 refs.
Depending upon research objectives, sampling methods for the
measurement of the harmful components of automobile ex-
haust emissions will vary. A constant volume sampling method
was developed to simulate operating conditions. Analytical in-
struments are required to be highly selective and sensitive.
Nondispersive-infrared analysis is being used to determine car-
bon monoxide, while hydrocarbons are now determined with a
fiame ionization detector. Nondispersive-infrared analysis or
chemical luminescence may be used to determine oxides of
nitrogen. Lead compounds are also often determined. lodimet-
ric and ultraviolet spectrometry is also used to detect CO.
32833
Yamate, Noboru
AUTOMATIC CONTINUOUS ANALYZER OF LEAD IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. (Taikichu no namari no renzoku jido soku-
teikei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 9(2):55-57, June 1971. 6
refs.
An automatic continuous analyzer, based on square wave
polarography, for determining lead in the atmosphere is ex-
amined. The sample air was passed through an absorbing bub-
bler containing 30 ml of 0.1 N nitric acid for 46 min at a rate
of 22 1/min. Nitrogen was then passed through the bubbler for
3 min. The solution was transferred to the electrolytic cell and
the square wave polarograms were recorded. The full scale of
the analyzer was 0-15 micrograms/cu m of lead.
32892
Hasegwa, Toshio and Akiyoshi Sugimae
EMISSION SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
TRACE METALS IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES. (Hakko
bunko bensekiho niyoru fuyu funjinchu no kinzoku seibun no
teiryo). Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst)
(Tokyo), 20(7):840-845, July 1971. 10 refs.
A method was developed for the spectrographic determination
of iron, manganese, lead, vanadium, tin, nickel, and copper in
airborne particulates. Particulates, collected on a glass fiber
filter, were placed in a mixture of sodium fluoride and gra-
phite powder packed into the crater of a graphite electrode. A
definite volume of nitric acid solution containing 30 ppm of in-
dium and palladium as internal standards was added, and the
glass fiber was decomposed by hydrofluoric acid produced by
the hydrolysis of sodium fluoride. The electrode was then sub-
jected to direct current arc excitation. Spectral line intensity
was determined, with sodium fluoride as the speetroscopic
buffer. The coefficient of variation was approximately 1.3-
13.1%.
32975
Schrenk, H. H. and Florence L. Feicht
BUREAU OF MINES MIDGET IMPINGER. Bureau of Mines,
Information Circ., no. 7076:1-7, June 1939. 4 refs.
A light, compact, self-contained, portable and easily hand-
operated midget impinger was described. The instrument is
based on impingement and wetting of the dust particles by
drawing air through a nozzle at high velocity onto a smooth
surface under a bubbling column of liquid. The dust particles
are retained in the liquid. The complete apparatus, including a
number of impinger tubes in a convenient carrying case, need
not weigh more than 10 Ibs. The device was tested with silica
dust, lead dust, lead fume, catoctin greenstone, and siliceous
schist dust. Results agreed well with those obtained with the
large impinger. Satisfactory results were obtained for lead dust
when compared with the electric precipitator. The efficiency
of the midget as well as the large impinger for collecting fumes
was low. The instrument is commercially available and a
number of devices are in use.
33042
Wainerdi, R. E., L. E. Fite, and W. E. Kuykendall
NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR
THE MEASUREMENT OF TRACE CONSTITUENTS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vien-
na (Austria), Nucl. Tech. Environ. Pollut., Proc. Symp., Salz-
burg (Austria), 1970, p. 459-480. 81 refs. (Oct. 26-30, Paper
IAEA-SM-142a/28.)
Nuclear and other methods of microanalysis can provide im-
portant information about the normal and abnormal concentra-
tion levels of trace elements in living systems and in their en-
vironment. Activation analysis, especially using gathered sam-
ples returned to well-equipped central laboratories, can pro-
vide extensive elemental and isotopic information, especially
when automated analytical spectrometers and computer data
processing are employed. Isotope dilution, radiation reflection,
and other nuclear methods can also provide additional impor-
tant information about the normal levels of trace elements in
the ecosystem and their dispersion and about the magnitudes
of environmental effects caused by such materials. Many
materials of known toxicity, such as mercury, silver, bromine,
and lead, lend themselves to microanalysis using neutron,
charged particle (proton), or photonuclear activation analysis.
A summary is given of trace analyses of aerosols, marine
aerosols, particulates, rain and snow, water from rivers and
bays,, tissues, fish, and tobacco, performed by neutron activa-
tion analysis.
33055
Mott, W. E.
ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY AND CONTROL
OF ENvmONMENTAL POLLUTION. International Atomic
Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria), Nucl. Tech. Environ. Pollut.
Proc. Symp., Salzburg (Austria), 1970, p. 3-46. 151 refs. (Oct.
26-30, Paper IAEA-SM-142a/l.)
Work performed with isotopes in the environmental pollution
area in the United States is identified and described for the
last five years. Applications of activable tracers and isotope
ratio techniques to the dispersion and fate of oxides of sulfur,
miscellaneous gases and aerosols, and ground-level distribu-
tions of emissions are considered. Tracer studies have been
-------
132
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
made of municipal wastewater treatment and discharge,
viruses and bacteria in wastewater effluents, refinery ef-
fluents, pulp and paper mill effluents, oil spillage, agriculture
wastes, transfer of pollutants in ecosystems, and the move-
ment of sediments. Radioisotope instruments include the stron-
tium-90 ozone generator, turbidity monitor for water treatment
plants, density gages in wastewater treatment plants, auto-
mated primary productivity instruments, an eggshell strength
gage, suspended sediment concentration gages, and various in-
struments for determination of the sulfur content of fossil
fuels. X-ray fluorescence analysis may be used to determine
lead in the atmosphere, paint, and blood. Neutron activation
analysis and radiometric techniques may be used to determine
trace elements in the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and in
plants and animals. Automobile exhaust and sulfur dioxide in
stack gases can be determined by radio-release and chemical
substitution. Mossbauer spectrometry is discussed, as well as
the radiation treatment of municipal and industrial wastes.
33178
Roschig, Manfred, Hermann Matschiner, and Helmut
Fritzsche
THE DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINATION OF LEAD
TRACES IN MINERAL OIL PRODUCTS. Die Verteilung und
Bestimmung von Bleispuren in Produkten der Erdoelverar-
beitung). Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin), 23(9):544-549,
Sept. 1971. 24 refs.
Decomposition with bromium and the subsequent extraction
with diluted nitric acid proved to be a suitable method for the
determination of the lead content of alkyl lead compounds in
the ppb and ppm range. The analysis of lead in olefin-rich
hydrocarbons is much more difficult. Mineralization and ex-
traction with hydrochloric acid is recommended if the majority
of the organic products can be removed by chloroform extrac-
tion. Knowledge of the total lead content is not always suffi-
cient, as sometimes it is necessary to determine the volatile
fractions present. Photometric methods with the aid of organic
reagents only indicate the substitution products present, rather
than tetraethyl or tetramethyl lead.
33255
Zuliani, G., G. Perin and G. Rausa
DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC LEAD COMPOUNDS IN
THE PRESENCE OF INORGANIC LEAD IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE CONTIGUOUS TO GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION
PLANTS. (Determinazione del piombo organico in presenza di
piombo inorganico nell atmosfera circostante i distributori di
carburante). Text in Italian. Med. Lavoro (Milan), 57(12):771-
780, 1966. 36 refs.
A new method of obtaining atmospheric samples for polaro-
graphic determinations of tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead is
recommended as offering high sensitivity, accuracy, reproduci-
bility, practicality, and rapid performance. The filtering equip-
ment consists of a triple-thickness Seitz filtering disc, 140 mm
in diameter. After sampling, the filters are submitted to a
stream of nitrogen and passed through two Drechsel ap-
paratuses containing a solution of ethylene glycol in
hydrochloric acid. The absorption system is in turn connected
to a flow meter, a precision Brunt counter, and an electromag-
netic aspirating pump. Analysis is conducted with a polaro-
graphic oscillograph with a photographic recording mechanism.
33338
Herman, Eleanor
APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPEC-
TROMETRY TO TRACE METAL ANALYSES OF TOX-
ICOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Progr. Chem. Toxicol., vol.
4:155-178, 1969. 44 refs.
The instruments, principles and procedures used in atomic ab-
sorption spectrometry are described. This method has become
an important tool for the determination of various metals dur-
ing lexicological investigations and is the routine technique for
analyses of lead, cadmium, thallium, mercury, and arsenic.
Atomic absorption spectrometry can be used to determine the
presence of lead, mercury, copper, gold, and iron in blood,
urine, and body tissue. The trace analyses of cadmium, thalli-
um, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, chromium, lithium,
manganese, nickel, tin, and zinc are also explained.
33731
Pierce, J. O. and J. H. Meyer
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS CONSIDERATIONS IN
EVALUATION LEVELS OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD. Atmos.
Environ., 5(9):811-813, 1971. 5 refs.
Experiments were conducted to ascertain the accuracy and
precision with which the total quantities of lead could be
determined when only segments of the membrane filters used
to collect the samples are employed for the analyses. A total
of 160 segments from 36 filters were analyzed by the atomic
absorption spectrophotometry and wet chemical (dithizone)
methods. The estimated range of the quantities of lead per
filter was from 274 to 4168 micrograms. Statistical analysis of
the data determined that the precision was inconsistent from
one filter to the next, and could lead to 95% confidence limits
as narrow as 97-103% or as wide as 67-150%, depending on
whether the lower or upper 95% limit of the estimated vari-
ance was applied. Where conclusions have to be drawn from a
single filter or from a limited number of filters, the whole
filter membrane rather than segments thereof should be
analyzed. The relative accuracy of the atomic absorption
method was better than that of the wet chemical method.
(Author abstract modified)
34017
Hasegawa, Toshio and Akiyoshi Sugimae
EMISSION SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
LEAD AND MANGANESE IN Am BORNE PARTICULATES.
(Hakko bunsekiho ni yoru fuyu funjin-chu no namari oyobi
mangan no teiryo). Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan
Analyst) (Tokyo), 20(11):1406-1411, Nov. 19>71. 11 refs.
Lead and manganese in airborne particulates were collected on
sequential filter tape once every hour and analyzed spectro-
graphically. Preparation of the electrodes is discussed. Mov-
ing-plate studies indicated that no vaporization of lead and
manganese occurred during the first 15-sec period when the
background was high; then the vaporization be an and con-
tinued during the next 30 sec of arcing. Linear calibration lines
were obtained over a range of 0.3-6.0 micro rams lead/cu m air
and 0.06-1.20 micro rams manganese/cu m air. Variation coef-
ficients for lead and manganese were 14.5 and 8.1, respective-
ly. (Author abstract modified)
34106
Cate, J. L., Jr.
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN AIR SAMPLE FILTERS BY
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS. California Univ.,
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
133
Livermore, Lawrence Radiation Lab., Atomic Energy Com-
mission Contract W-7405-En.>-48, UCRL-51038 TID-4500, UC-
4 Chemistry, 7p., April 23, 1971. 5 refs. NTIS: UCRL-51038
A silicon(lithium) detector was tested for the most efficient
exciter-collimator combination for analysis of lead on filter
papers and calibrated with Pb (24) standards. The maximum
signal two-to-background (S2/B) ratio was achieved using an
americium(241) exciter and counting only the Pb L alpha line.
The minimum detectable quantity of lead for a 10-min count
was 0.206 microgram/sq cm, or a total of 1.36 microgram on
standard 2.9-cm-diameter filter disks. Calibration results show
the sensitivity of the detector is about 160 counts/mm at low
Pb concentrations.
34407
Dittrich, Thomas R. and C. Richard Cothern
ANALYSIS OF TRACE METAL PARTICIPATES IN AT-
MOSPHERIC SAMPLES USING X-RAY FLUORESCENCE. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 21(11):716-719, Nov. 1971. 25
refs.
Trace metals collected on filter paper by a high-volume air
sampler were analyzed using x-ray fluorescence. A bremss-
trahlung exciting source, used to produce the x-rays, was more
efficient than the gamma ray exciting source. Metals detected
in the samples included titanium, iron, copper, zinc, lead, cad-
mium, and tin. Elements in the periodic table between titanium
and cesium had a sensitivity limit of 0.5 micrograms/cu m of
air. Experimental and operational procedures of x-ray
fluorescence are reviewed. (Author abstract modified)
353%
Chow, Tsaihwa J.
ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF SEAWATER BY MASS SPEC-
TROMETRY. J. Water Pollution Control Federation,
40(3):399-411, March 1968. 67 rets. (Presented at the Water
Pollution Control Federation Control Annual Conference,
40th, New York, Oct. 8-13, 1967.)
Mass spectrometric analysis of microconstituents of seawater
is reviewed. Operational procedures of the spectrometer, with
respect to sampling, spiking, chemical separation, isobar inter-
ferences and laboratory contamination; isotope dilution; and
scope of isotope-dilution analysis are examined. Lead isotopes
dispersed in the oceans were analyzed to determine lead
profiles and establish the applicability of mass spectrometry.
35494
Lundgren, Dale A.
DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE COMPOSITON,
CONCENTRATION AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES
WITH TIME. Atmos. Environ. (London), 5(8):645-651, Aug.
1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the Symposium on Advances in In-
strumentation for Air Pollution Control, Cincinnati, Ohio, May
26-28, 1969.)
A method for determining timewise fluctuations in size, con-
centration, and chemical composition of atmospheric particu-
lates Ois described. The method is based on sampling, at flow
rates from 0.5 cu ft/min to five cub ft/min, with a four-stage
impactor. Particles are collected by inertial impaction on a
rotating drum coated with a thin film material, preferably
Teflon. Film deposits can be examined by techniques such as
infrared absorption spectroscopy or X-Ray diffraction. Deposit
density changes or composition changes can sometimes be
read directly off the film, thus giving composition or concen-
tration changes as a function of time within each of the vari-
ous particle size ranges. Normally, participate matter is
removed from the film for analysis. Water is used, for exam-
ple, to determine the presence of sulfates, nitrates, acid, or
elements such as lead or iron. Electron microscope grids can
also be attached directly to the drum for subsequent viewing,
or for analysis of individual particles by electron microscope
or particulate crystals by electron diffraction. Analytical
results for total particulate, sulfate, nitrate, lead, and iron are
given for 10 separate impactor samples. Estimates of each
sample mass mean diameter and geometric standard all data
are reasonably accurate.
35695
McCrone, Walter C.
MICROSCOPY AND POLLUTION ANALYSIS. Am. Lab.,
1970:8-10, 12, July 1970.
The use of microscopy in the identification of particulate pol-
lutants is discussed. Single particles of almost any size can be
identified by the trained microscopist. The lower limit is about
one picogram with the light microscope, one femtogram with
the scanning electron microscope, one attogram with the trans-
mission electron microscope, and even smaller with the ion
probe. The size, shape, color, transparency, homogeneity,
polarization colors, and refractive indices are used as the basis
for identification. Automobile exhaust contains traces of lead
identifiable as specific lead compounds in a matrix of engine-
wear debris, partly burned fuel and oil, and oil additives. The
microscopist can isolate these lead compounds using the
microprobe to determine the anion involved and the
stoichiometry. The use of microscopy in water pollution is also
discussed. The microscopist is the only analyst able to analyze
a general pollution sample, particle by particle, or to identify a
ppb of asbestos dust or quartz in any sample. This is the
background needed to solve pollution problems, since only
when the pollutants can be identified and traced to their
respective sources can pollution be controlled.
36588
Oikawa, Kikuo
ANALYSES OF HEAVY METALS. (Jukinzoku no bunseki).
Text in Japanese. Tokyo, Kodansha, 1971, 186p. 40 refs.
A comprehensive study of analytical methods for heavy metals
is presented primarily for the purpose of analyses of heavy
metals contained in the suspended particulates. The present
state of air pollution in Japan with regard to lead and cadmium
concentrations in urban and industrial areas in particular, con-
centrations of other metals in mam cities of Japan, and the in-
fluences of heavy metals on human health are discussed.
Methods of sampling the air and settling particles, and measur-
ing dusts at emission sources in the flue and stack gases are
reviewed. The preparations and pretreatment for analyses and
analytical methods are described in detail. The methods
discussed include: the atomic absorption analysis, the emission
spectroscopy analysis, the radioactive tracers method, the X-
ray analysis, and the ring-oven method. The methods for sam-
pling particles include the hi-volume sampler method, the lo-
volume sampler method, the dust tube method, and the glass
fiber filter method. Methods for measuring the particle size
distributions in the suspended air and in the flue gas are also
included.
36698
Oikawa, Kikuo
METHODS OF ANALYSIS. (Bunseki no hoho). Text in
Japanese. In: Analyses of Heavy Metals. Tokyo, Kodansha,
1971, Chapt. IV, p. 123-186. 23 refs.
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134
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Various methods of analysis of metals are examined in detail.
The methods discussed are: atomic absorption analysis, emis-
sion spectroscopy, radioactive tracers, x-ray analysis, and the
ring oven method. Atomic absorption analysis is relatively sim-
ple and reliable. Care must be taken to check the stability of
the holo-cathode lamp, the evenness of the jet spray, and the
cleanliness of the burner. When the test material is the
suspended participates in the air, the influences of coexisting
elements and ions and the high concentration acid s influences
on elements such as iron, copper, manganese, and chromium
must be cautioned against. Such influences may be eliminated
by the precipitation method, the ion exchange resin method,
and the solvent extraction method. The standard analytical
methods for cadmium in the air designated by the Ministry of
Health and Welfare, and the United States NASN method are
described. In the emission spectroscopy analysis, the reliability
of the quantitative analysis depends on the material and shape
of the supplementary and opposite electrodes, the matrix ef-
fect, the buffer and the carrier, the internal standard, the
preparations of the standard solution and the test solution, and
the preparations and operation of the test electrodes. The
radioactive trace method is fast, free of influences from the
formation of elements or the types of compounds, highly sen-
sitive, and an analysis is possible without decomposition. On
the other hand, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, lead, molyb-
denum, tin, and titanium are hard to analyze by this method;
the precision accuracy is relatively low and the error rate is
about 10%; sympathetic reactions often occur; and the com-
pound formation changes during the irradiation.
36703
Oikawa, Kikuo
PREPARATIONS AND PRE-TREATMENT FOR ANALYSES.
(Bunseki no junbi to zenshori). Text in Japanese. In: Analyses
of Heavy Metals. Tokyo, Kodansha, 1971, Chapt. Ill, p. 84-
122. 2 refs.
For accurate analyses of metal concentration in the air
samplings, cautious and thorough preparations are highly im-
portant. Pure reagents must be prepared. Sulfuric acid and
perchloric acid often used are frequently found to contain
metal impurities. Hydrochloric acid and acetic acid are rela-
tively easy to distill, and quartz glass distillation apparatus
after a thorough cleansing must be used. The use of pure
water, completely uncontaminated vessels and instruments,
and a dust free room is most important. When the metal solu-
tion is concentrated before analyses in a draft, the air in the
draft must be absolutely clean. The outdoor air is filtered
through a net, and 70% of particles larger than 0.1 micron are
collected by an electrostatic precipitator. The air is then
passed through another net filter, and is sent to the upper por-
tion of the draft, where it goes through a glass asbestos filter.
An electric furnace is used for burning organic material in the
test material at 500-700 C. However, this method destroyed
more than 50% of lead, cadmium, zinc, and antimony in the
test material. The low temperature burning using oxygen and
high frequency retains close to 100% of these metals.
36840
Honma, K., K. Oikawa, K. Himi, T. Muramatsu, T. Tanaka,
and R. Ogawa
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THIMBLE-FILTER FOR MEA-
SURING METAL CONTENT IN STACK GAS NO.2 COLLEC-
TION EFFICIENCY OF THIMBLE FILTER. (Endo haigasu-
chu kinzoku seibun bunsekiyo ento roshi no tokusei, dainiho,
kakushu ento roshi no ryudobetsu roka tokusei ni tsuite). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):79, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Filtering characteristics of thimble filters for determining cad-
mium and lead in flue gas provided in JISK0097 were ex-
amined. Using the suction velocity for a sampling nozzle, 7.5
to 20 1/min, corresponding to 5 to 20 m/sec, flow velocity of
the flue gas, the initial pressure drop and filtering collection
efficiency by fineness for lead fume with a particle diameter
range from 0.07 to 0.25 micron were measured. As a rule,
thimble filters made of quartz glass fiber are recommended
since they show lowest pressure drop and good collection effi-
ciency. The one made of cellulose is not recommended.
36841
Oikawa, K., K. Himi, T. Muramatsu, T. Tanaka, K. Honma,
and R. Ogawa
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THIMBLE-FILTER FOR MEA-
SURING METAL CONTENT IN STACK GAS. NO. 1 STUDY
ON THE IMPURITY METAL IN THIMBLE FILTER. (Endo
haigasu chu kinzoku seibun bunsekiyo ento roshi no tokusei,
daiippo, kakushu ento roshi no kinzoku seibun ni tsuite). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(0:78, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Thimble filters of three different materials (which are
presented in JISK0097 for the analysis of cadmium and lead in
flue gas) were examined in order to meet the requirement that
they should include the least possible metals as impurities).
Cellulose fiber, available for chemical analysis, borosilicate
glass fiber and silica glass fiber were examined. The second
and last ones are made after treating both glass fibers with
dilute hydrochloric acid for one full day. Metal ingredients in
these filters were analyzed by means of atomic absorption
spectroscopy after low temperature ashing and heated extrac-
tion by hydrochloric acid and oxygenated water of the filters.
Physical properties, such as weight, thickness, air penetration
rate, tensile strength, and yield stress were examined.
37175
Sciaraffa, P. L. and C. A. Ziegler
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST ANALYSIS FOR LEAD USING A
NUCLEAR TECHNIQUE. Isotop. Radiat. Technol., 8(2):163-
164, Winter 1971.
An x-ray fluorescence analyzer for determining airborne lead
concentrations is decribed. The instrument consists of an elec-
tric console and a probe containing a radioactive source that
emits radiation only in the direction of the sample, i.e., parti-
cles collected on a Millipore filter. The characteristic X-rays
emitted in turn by the sample pass through the window of an
X-ray detector that resolves X-ray energies and produces volt-
age pulses. The pulses are sorted and counted by the elec-
tronic console, and the number of pulses is displayed digitally
on the console. This number is then used in conjunction with a
calibration chart to obtain the amount of lead in the sample.
Typically, air-sampling times of 6-12 hr in urban areas provide
enough lead sample for measurement. Without filters for can-
celing out background radiation, the minimum quantity of lead
detectable with the instrument is 5 micrograms. With filters,
the amount is 15-20 micrograms.
37514
Oka, K. and T. Fujii
ON THE CONTENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC ORGANIC LEAD
IN URAN AREA. (Taikichu no yukien no sokutei). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
135
6(1):97, 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the National Council Meeting
of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,
1971.)
A method to determine atmospheric organic lead, such as
tetraethyl lead used as an anti knock agent was examined.
Samples were collected at 10 1/min for 5 to 7 days to suck ap-
proximately 100 cu m, of the air into activated carbon of 30 to
60 mesh in a scrubber. Inorganic lead particles were eliminated
by glass fiber and membrane filters with a pore size of 0.45
micron. After wet oxidation extraction, lead was determined
by the dithizone-benzene method. When lead fume, which is
released by heating metal lead, was applied to this sampler,
glass fiber and membrane filters collected 100% of paniculate
lead. The collection of organic lead by these two filters was
negligible when the air involving organic lead, which is made
from lead added to gasoline, was tested. An example of the
measurements in Tokyo is given.
37608
Okubo, Y., K. Oikawa, and J. Kimura
ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC PARTICULATE MATTER NO.
3. MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE
MATTER AND ITS METAL CONTENTS. (Taikichu muki
seibun ni kansuru kenkyu. Daisanpo. Fiyu funjin sokuteiho
betsukinzoku seibun nodo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):93, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution
Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
A short time collection method by a high volume air sampler
was compared with a long term collection method by low
volume sampler in order to find a better method to determine
metal content in air- borne dust and to establish pollution pat-
terns in an area. Samples were collected for 30 days; 24 hour
collection by low volume sampler and 10 day collection by
high volume sampler were performed. Filter papers on which
samples were taken, were ashed in low temperature and un-
derwent several acid treatments to produce sample solution,
which were analyzed by means of atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry for cadmium, lead, manganese, and copper.
Using the average values of 10 days for samples obtained by
the high volume samplers, the amount of dust collected was
higher in the samples by the high volume sampler. However,
the concentration percentage of metals to the amount of dust
was higher with the low volume sampler.
37689
Taguchi Keisuke and Nobuko Akashi
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES BY
ANDERSEN AK SAMPLER. (Andasen sanpura ni yoru
taikichu fuyu funjin no syudo bunpu). Text hi Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):83, 1971. 2
refs. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollu-
tion Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Size distribution of dust and heavy metals in the air was deter-
mined by means of an Andersen sampler. The sample was col-
lected at a velocity of 1 cfm for 3 to 7 days from March to
July, 1971, into separators with 8 steps. Size distribution of
dust was determined by weighing. Metals, expecially lead, cad-
mium, and copper were determined by atomic absorption spec-
troscopy after treating the sample with acid. Size distribution
of both dust and heavy metals showed a logarithmic normal
distribution. Respirable dust (less than 3.3 micron) ranged from
50 to 70%, and the heavy metals occupied approximately 70 to
80% of the respirable dust.
37693
Yamashita, Eiji and Shunsaku Jikihara
RESEARCH ON MEASUREMENT OF THE PARTICULATES,
REPORT H. (Taikichu fuyu funjin sokutei ni kansuru kenkyu
II). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 6(1):89, 1971. (Presented at the National Council
Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The FKS type low-volume air sampler as a collection device
for air-borne particulates was examined. The amount collected
by this sampler was compared with that collected by a filter-
holder type-C to find a relationship between them. When
several of these samplers were used at the same time, varia-
tion in the total air flow rate was 1.7 to 2.6% and measured
value of dust varied from 2.6 to 5.4%. Using this sampler, total
dust and metals, such as iron, copper, manganese, and lead in
the dust were determined at several points hi Amagasaki-city.
37971
Kastien, Heinz
THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD
IN AHt DUSTS. (Die chromatographische Bestimmung von
Blei in Luftstaeuben). Text in German. Helv. Chim. Acta,
53(264):2231-2233, Dec. 1970. 2 refs.
A thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of
lead in air dust samples, is described. The chromatograms
were prepared on foils with silica gel and cellulose powder.
After drying on air, the first chromatogram was besprinkled
with a 0.2% aqueous solution of potassium rhodizonate; the
appearance of blue spots indicated the presence of lead. The
other chromatogram was sprayed with a 1%-solution of sodi-
um sulfide. A calibration curve was plotted from four strips of
lead acetate solutions containing 0.1; 0.05; 0.033 and 0.25% of
Pb. Four peaks were obtained. The lead content in a dust sam-
ple separated from air by means of electrostatic filter was
determined by dissolving 10 g of dust in concentrated
hydrochloric acid of 50 ml. The result obtained was 0.435%.
The error was 5 mg/100 ml of Pb-containing solution, and the
deviation for two determinations of the same unknown Pb-
solution was found to be + or - 1.15%.
38165
McNesby, J. R., R. Byerly, Jr., Charles M. Hunt, and Barry
C. Cadoff
INDOOR ADI POLLUTION. Natl. Bur. Std. (U. S.) Tech.
Note, no. 711:24-25, 73, Jan. 1972. 12 refs. GPO: C 13.46:711
A simple model of an air-conditioned building with forced air
ventilation was developed for computation of the steady-state
ratio of indoor to outdoor pollutants and the rate at which
steady state is approached. The model also provides a basis
for analyzing the effects of changing parameters, such as the
relative amounts of recirculated and fresh air or the efficiency
of an air-cleaning system, on indoor/outdoor pollutant relation-
ships. A tracer technique using sulfur hexafluoride and an
electron capture detector is being evaluated as a tool for mea-
suring flow rates in buildings and elsewhere. Preliminary in-
door-pollution measurements indicated the constant presence
of lead as a trace element in indoor dust, the presence of am-
monium sulfate, and the differences in the infrared spectra of
indoor and outdoor dust.
-------
136
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
38670
Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama (Japan), Public Nuisance
Prevention Center
ANALYSIS METHODS APPLIED TO POLLUTANTS. (Kogai
kankei no bunsekiho to kaisetsu). Text in Japanese. 122p.,
Feb. 1972.
Various methods of analyzing heavy metals in the air, stack
gases, water, and soil are reviewed. With regard to stack gas
tests, atomic absorption spectrophotometry is explained for
measuring cadmium, lead, and chromium. For measuring
chlorine, the use of orthotolidine as a reagent is discussed. For
analyses of fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, and other fluorides,
lanthanum-alizarin complex ion method is discussed. For
analyses of hydrogen and other cyanides, the pyridine-
pyrazolone method and iron electrode method are discussed.
The rosaniline test is explained for measuring sulfur dioxide
and for detecting sulfur oxides in general the neutralization
method, arsenazo III method, and chloranil acid barium test
are discussed. The naphthylethylenediamine method is ex-
plained for the analyses of nitrogen oxides and nitrogen diox-
ide. For hydrogen sulfide, the methylene blue method, and for
ammonia, the indophenol method and Nestler method are
discussed. Gas chromatography is used for analysis of
benzenes, toluenes, xylenes, trichloroethylene, phenols, mer-
captans, monosulfides, disulfides, and aliphatic acid amines.
For measuring formaldehydes, the chromotrope acid method
and acetylacetone method are used. The tetra-aminoantipyrine
method is also used for phenol measurement, and the p-
aminodimethylanilyn method is used for mercaptans. For mea-
suring aliphatic amines, picric acid may also be used.
38682
Imai, Sakingo and Kiyoshi Ito
EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN AIR POLLUTANTS. (Hakko
bunko bunseki-ho ni yoni taikichu biryo genso no teiryo). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(3):322-328, Dec. 1971. 11 refs.
Emission spectrophotometry was used for the analysis of tin,
vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, copper, manganese, lead,
zinc, and iron in air pollutants. The trace elements were
leached out twice with 50 ml 6 M hot hydrochloric acid from
the glass fiber filter on which the particulates were collected.
The sample solution was then filtered and diluted to approxi-
mately a 150-ml volume with twice-distilled water. A 10-milli-
gram quantity of indium as carrier and 10 micrograms of pal-
ladium as internal standard were then added, along with 10 ml
of 10% oxine-acetic acid solution, 4 ml of 1% thionalide-gra-
cial acetic acid solution, and 4 ml of 10% tannic acid aqueous
solution. The pH of the resulting solution was adjusted to 5.2
with ammonium hydroxide or acetic acid, and the solution was
allowed to stand overnight to ensure complete precipitation.
The precipitate was then filtered, ashed at 450 C for about 10
hr, added to a high purity graphite powder of half-fold versus
ashweight, and mixed. The mixture was loaded into a carbon
electrode and arced for 2 min.
38755
Malin, H. M.
PROJECT THRESHOLD: TESTING THE TESTS. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 6(l):23-24, Jan. 1972.
Project Threshold was launched early in 1971 by the American
Society for Testing Materials to look at some 35 different
methods for measuring various atmospheric pollutants, in
order to test their accuracy and precision. Phase I is designed
to evaluate seven test methods for measuring sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, lead, sulfation rate, and dust fall. These in-
clude the Griess-Saltzman reaction, the lead peroxide candle,
the West-Gaeke method, and the optical density of the filtered
deposit. Phases II and in will focus on methods for some
hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and
certain paniculate matter. After the project committee has de-
cided on the best procedure for a given test, several cooperat-
ing independent laboratories will make separate analyses of a
split sample, following the committee s written procedure
letter by letter. By comparing results among laboratories,
ASTM can determine statistically valid accuracy and precision
parameters which give some frame of reference for sub-
sequent test results. The sampling sites for Phase I are in-
dicated, as well as the experimental procedures.
38778
Frigieri, Paolo, Renato Trucco, Renato Anzani, and Eraldo
Caretta
SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS PRESENT IN
AIRBORNE MATERIALS. (Analisi spettroscopica di element!
present! nel pulviscolo atmosferico). Text in Italian. Chem.
Ind. (Milan), 54(1):12-17, Jan. 1972. 8 refs. (Presented at the
Seminar on Spectrochemistry, 16th, Sirrnione, June 9-12,
1971.)
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was applied to develop a
procedure for the direct quantitative analysis of airborne
dusts. Dust samples were collected by volume measuring
aspirators on millipore filters. Qualitative analysis revealed the
presence of vanadium, chromium, lead, manganese, aluminum,
iron, titanium, nickel, zinc, silicon, sulfur, sodium, calcium,
bromine, potassium, chlorine, and copper in the above sam-
ples. Calibration curves for quantitative X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry were developed using external standards and tak-
ing into account the variation of spectral response with the
dust layer thickness (for same amount of analyzed element).
Related background corrections (blank) were made. Standard
samples for quantitative emission spectrography were prepared
mixing spectroscopicaUy pure oxides of the related elements
with Ringsdorff graphite and gallium oxide as an internal stan-
dard. Analytical samples were prepared by dissolving the mil-
lipore filter, carrying the dust sample, in acetone. An aliquot
of the centrifuged participate matter phase was then treated
with graphite and Ga2O3. A graphite rod was used as an op-
posite electrode. Comparison of the two analytical methods in-
dicated X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to be a valid
technique to be applied for the direct analysis of air pollution.
38914
Pierce, J. O. and J. H. Meyer
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS CONSIDERATIONS IN
EVALUATING LEVELS OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD. Atmos.
Environ., 5(9):811-813, Sept. 1971. 5 refs.
An investigation was undertaken to ascertain the accuracy and
precision of estimating the total quantity of lead on membrane
filters by analyzing only a segment of each filter and mathe-
matically calculating the total amount. Relative accuracies of
the atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the wet chemical
(dithizone) method in analyzing for concentrations of lead in
the presence of other contaminants from the urban environ-
ment were determined. Experiments were conducted with sam-
ples of filters obtained from sampling stations in rural and
urban areas. The estimated range of the quantities of lead per
filter was from 274-4168 micrograms. Statistical analysis of the
data led to the conclusion that the precision with which the
quantity of lead on a filter may be estimated from the analysis
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
137
of one segment is inconsistent from one filter to the next.
From the evidence at hand it could not be concluded that the
estimate based on one 50% segment is more precise or more
accurate than that based on one 10% segment from a filter.
The average relative response of the method of atomic absorp-
tion compared with the wet chemical method varied between
0.92 and 0.98, and the observed precision of the method of
atomic absorption was better than that of the wet chemical
method. Where conclusions have to be drawn from a single
filter or from a limited number of filters, the whole filter mem-
brane should be analyzed rather than segments of it. When
comparison of the performance of different analytical labora-
tories is the purpose, separate sections from a single filter
paper should not be used to compare analytical accuracies.
(Author summary modified)
38973
Kneip, T. }., R. S. Ajemian, J. R. Carlberg, J. Driscoll, H.
Freiser, L. Kornreich, K. Kumler, and R. J. Thompson
TENTATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR INORGANIC
LEAD CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE. Health Lab. Sci.,
9(l):79-83, Jan. 1972. 8 refs.
Lead ion reacts quantitatively with diphenylthiocarbazone
(dithizone) in the absence of chelating agents in the 8.5-11.5
pH range to form red lead dithizonate which is extractable
with organic solvents, e.g., chloroform. The red color, which
is proportional to the amount of lead present, can be measured
spectrophotometrically at 510 nm. Range and sensitivity, inter-
ferences, precision and accuracy, apparatus, reagents,
procedure, standards and calibrations, calculations, and the ef-
fects of storage are given.
39069
Hayakawa, Kiyoko
MICRODETERMINATION AND DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF IN
VIVO ALKYL LEAD COMPOUND. PART 1. ANALYTICAL
METHODS. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan. J. Hyg.),
26(4):377-385, Oct. 1971. 14 refs.
A method for the microdetermination of alkyl lead compounds
especially for biological samples was studied using a simple
process of direct gas chromatography. A glass column and an
electron capture detector (BCD) were used. Analytical condi-
tions of gas chromatography such as temperature, length of
column, flow rate of the carrier gas, and column packing
material were investigated as the basis of retention time,
separating state, peak shape (sharpness of response peak), and
peak height (sensitivity). As for the analysis of biological sam-
ples, a method for removing admixtures from the samples was
studied before extraction to avoid the confusion of peaks
similar to those of alkyl lead compounds. Extractions were
done with reference to the Bolanoswska Method. As a result,
7% Apiezol-L for tetramethyl lead (4EL), 1.5% SE-30 for
tetraethyl lead (4EL), and 1.4-BDS for trimethyl and triethyl
lead chloride (3ML and 3EL) were applicable for column
packing. The flow rate of nitrogen as a carrier gas was 35
ml/min for 4ML and 4EL and 110 ml/min for 3ML and 3EL.
Detection limits were 1 times 10 to the minus 9th power g for
4ML and 1 times 10 to the minus llth power g for 4EL, 3ML,
and 3EL, respectively. Extraction from biological samples
were made using organic solvents after the sample had been
acidified using hydrochloric acid. Tetraalkyl lead was ex-
tracted three times by benzene and trialkyl lead was extracted
three times using ethyl acetate. In the case of 3ML and 3EL
which contained various substances, extraction by 1% nitric
acid was applied, trialkyl lead was transferred into the water
and then re-extraction was made. It was possible to purify the
samples by this method.
39136
Kanagawa Prefectural Government (Japan), Dept. of Pollution
Countermeasures
ANALYTICAL METHOD RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL
HAZARD. (Kogai kankei no bunsekiho to kaisetsu). Text in
Japanese. 122p., Feb. 1972.
Analytical methods which were adopted by the Center of
Public Nuisance in Kanagawa Prefecture were explained. The
analysis of soil, biological samples, exhaust gases, and metallic
components in air were discussed. Items for analysis differed
more or less by samples. In drainage, soil, and biological sam-
ples, the analysis of lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc,
iron, manganese, nickel, fluoride, chromium, arsenic, cyanide,
and phenol and measurements of BOD, COD, and pH were
discussed. In exhaust gases, the analysis of Cd, Pb, Cr, F,
chlorine, CN(-), sulfur dioxide, total sulfur, hydrogen chloride,
nitrogen oxides, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, benzene, toluene,
xylene, trichloro-ethylene, phenol, mercaptans, organic sul-
fides, and amines were discussed. The analysis of metalic
components such as Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Fe in air sam-
ples by the atomic absorption method was explained. It was
emphasized that the above mentioned methods were adopted
based on the experiments. Basic theories of simple methods of
analysis were explained for beginners at the end of the report.
39168
Lorenz, G.
DETERMINATION OF AEROSOLS BY MEANS OF SCINTIL-
LATOR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS. (Aerosolbestimmung nach
dem Verfahren der Szintillations-Spektalanalyse). Text in Ger-
man. Dechema Monograph., 67(1222-1263):255-264, 1971.
The Sartorius scintillation spectrum particle counter for quan-
titative and, under certain conditions, qualitative aerosol anal-
ysis is examined. The aerosol particles are heated to excitation
temperature in a special chamber; they then emit a flash of
light, the intensity and spectral composition of which are
characteristic of the diameter and chemical composition of the
particle. The theoretical basis and experimental confirmation
of the instrument are discussed. Calibration curves for sodium,
lithuim, calcium, strontium, lead, and uranium particles are
determined. The measurement results obtained with the
counter include a digital readout of mass concentration in
mg/cu m and particle concentration in particles/cu cm; and the
number of particles as cumulative frequency values in ten dif-
ferent size intervals. 0
39516
NOTDJICATION NO. 984. MEASUREMENT METHODS TO
BE DETERMINED BY THE GOVERNOR AS SPECHOED....
(Kokuji). Kanagawa-Ken Koho (Off. Gaz. Kanagawa Prefec.),
no. 81:1-12, Nov. 10, 1971. Translated from Japanese. S7p.
Measurement methods for use under the Enforcement Regula-
tions of the Kanagawa Prefecture Environmental Pollution
Prevention Ordinance are presented. Atomic absorption
photometry is described for the measurement of cadmium and
lead compounds. The pyridine- pyrazolene method is described
for measurement of cyanogen, as well as an ion-electrode
method. A diphenylcarbazide method is outlined for the deter-
mination of chromium, and a silver diethyldithiocarbamate
method is indicated for arsenic. A reduction vaporization
method of atomic absorption photometry is cited for total mer-
cury, and gas chromatography with an electron capture-type
detector can be used for measuring mercury alkyl contents.
Phenol contents can be determined by a 4-aminoantipyrine
method; copper, zinc, iron, and manganese by atomic absorp-
tion photometry; and chromium by the diphenylcarbazide
-------
138
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
method. Nickel can be determined by atomic absorption
photometry, and a lanthanum-alizarin method can be used to
measure fluorine content.
39762
Haut, Hans van
DETECTION OF SOME AIR POLLUTANTS BY MEANS OF
KALE (BRASSICA OLERACEA ACEPHALA) AS INDICA-
TOR PLANT. (Nachweis mehrerer Luftverunreinigungskom-
ponenten mit Hilfe von Blaetterkohl (Brassica oleracea
acephala) als Indikatorpflanze). Text in German. Staub, Rein-
haltung Luft, 32(3):109-111, March 1972. 18 refs.
Air pollutants such as fluorine, chloride, sulfur, and lead were
determined by means of the kale (Brassica oleracea acephala)
used as plant indicator in nine localities in the Ruhr area. The
plants, exposed over a succession of years in the periods from
early August until mid-November, showed no visible symp-
toms of damage. Leaf tissue samples were analyzed for all
pollutants. The leaf fluorine content, determined by an elec-
trometric method, was slightly to considerably elevated with
12-10 mg/100 g of dry substance, compared with a natural con-
tent of 3 mg/100 g. Chloride content, determined by the poten-
tiometric titration method, was up to four times higher than
normal. The sulfur determination, carried out according to
Stratmann s microanalytic method, revealed a maximum of
1.83% of S, compared with the normal value of 0.97-1.33%.
This may be the result of persistent, fairly low sulfur dioxide
concentrations. The lead concentrations, determined by an in-
verse-polarographic method, were highly elevated in all but
two cases. A value of 116 ppm in a plant near a highway was
measured. Besides the above pollutants, many aromatic
hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene can be identified by
means of kale.
40407
Mizuno, Kouichi and Hajime Shiio
X-RAY FLUORESCENT ANALYSIS OF ALKYL LEAD IN
AIR WITH ACTIVE CARBON. (Kasseitan ni yoru kukichu no
arukiru namari no keiko ekusu sen bunseki). Text in Japanese.
Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst) (Tokyo), 21(2):271-273, Feb.
1972. 2 refs.
Gasoline vapor containing alkyl lead can be absorbed on active
carbon and the amount of lead content quantitatively analyzed
by an X-ray fluorescent method. For briqueting carbon
powder, stealic acid was a suitable binder, and the employed
mixing ratio of carbon and binder was 3:2. The results were
quite consistent with the calibration curve which was obtained
by an impregnation method of a lead standard solution over
the range from 0.1 mg to 0.5 mg Pb/3 g carbon.
40631
Stever, H. Guyford
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION. CERTAIN MATERI-
ALS RELATING TO INSTRUMENTATION FOR ENVIRON-
MENTAL MONITORING. NOTICE OF AVAILABILITY.
Federal Register, 37(88):9181, May 5, 1971.
The National Science Foundation has engaged the Environ-
mental Instrumentation Group of the Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory to conduct a survey of instrumentation for en-
vironmental monitoring. Instruments being investigated are
those useful for measurements of air, water, radiation, and
biomedicine related to environmental research and monitoring.
Consideration is given to instruments and techniques presently
in use and to those developed for other purposes with possible
applications to this work. The results of the survey include
descriptions of the physical and operating characteristics of
available instruments, critical comparisons among instrumenta-
tion method, and recommendations for the development of
new instruments and of promising methodology. The survey
material is compiled in four looseleaf volumes which will be
periodically updated. Volume one, which will be available in
April 1972, covers sulfur dioxide monitoring; additional sec-
tions on nitrogen oxides, photochemical oxidants, mercury,
lead, beryllium, and asbestos will be issued during the year.
Volume two will be available in late 1972. Volume three,
which will be available in April 1972, covers ionizing radiation,
including: accelerators, calibration methods, gamma radiation,
X-rays, and neutrons. Microwaves, lasers, and ultraviolet
radiation are also included. Additional sections on reactors,
dosimeters, radionuclides, and infrared will be issued during
the year. Volume four is expected to be available in late 1972.
40724
Bowman, Harry R., John G. Conway, and Frank Asaro
ATMOSPHERIC LEAD AND BROMINE CONCENTRATION
IN BERKELEY, CALIF. (1963-70). Environ. Sci. Technol.,
6(6):558-560, June 1972. 8 refs.
Lead and bromine aerosols collected in downtown Berkeley,
California, for 1-week periods over the past 8 years, were
analyzed using nondispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis. Typ-
ical analyses times were 2 min. The technique is nondestruc-
tive so that the filter papers can be reanaalyzed if needed or
saved for future reference. With an increase of less than an
order of magnitude in the airflow and the excitation source
and no folding of the filter paper, results comparable to those
reported here would be obtained with 2-hour collections and
24-hour counts. A system of continuous air monitoring could
be installed in which data from many remote locations could
be fed to a single central computer. As the equipment is easily
made portable, temporary stations could also be established.
Seasonal lead variations similar to those found in the San
Diego area were observed and appear to be correlated to data
for wind and wind direction. The ratio of biromine-to-lead col-
lected on filters appears to be higher in Berkeley than in six
other cities previously reported. (Author abstract modified)
41016
Rolla, A.
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE USED IN THE DETERMINATION
OF PARTICLE COMPONENTS COLLECTED ON SAM-
PLING FILTERS FROM THE MILAN CITY ADI. COMMU-
NICATION I - DETERMINATION OF LEAD, DION, AND
VANADIUM. (Determinazione mediante fluorescenza dei
raggi X di element! nelle particelle raccolte su filtri dall at-
mosfera della citta di Milano. Nota I - Determinazione di
piombo, ferro e vanadio). Text in Italian. Riv. Combust.
(Milan), 26(4): 156-163, April 1962. 10 refs.
The Stazione sperimentale per i Combustibili (Fuel Research
Station is engaged in a systematic survey of air pollution in the
city of Milan, with a view to assessing sulfur dioxide and par-
ticles contributed by winter heating systems. In order to gain a
better insight into the source of pollution and to correlate pol-
lution levels to the specific emitters, the most significant ele-
ments have been determined in dust collected in filters. Vari-
ous methods of analysis are available, and the choice in this
case fell on X-ray fluorescence. A general discussion of the
problems attending analysis is presented. The procedure fol-
lowed in determining lead, iron and vanadium is described.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
139
41138
Woodriff, Ray and Jerome F. Lech
DETERMINATION OF TRACE LEAD IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE BY FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION, Anal.
Chem., 44(7):1323-1325, June 1972. 9 refs.
The determination of trace lead in the atmosphere can be ac-
complished by furnace atomic absorption. A graphite crucible
is placed in a Teflon adapter and 100-500 cc of air are drawn
through it using a plastic disposable syringe attached to the
side arm with a piece of surgical tubing. If one is in the field,
the graphite crucible can be stored in a titanium holder in a
desiccator until one is able to perform the determinations. The
amount of lead in the crucible is then determined by inserting
it into a graphite tube furnace with an internal temperature of
1800 C and recording the absorbance. Field tests are
described, which indicate that the levels of lead are consistent
with observed traffic flows. The extreme sensitivity of the
method of analysis combined with the sampling technique
should make it valuable for spot checks as well as for deter-
mining the background levels in places where the concentra-
tions would not be expected to be very high.
41490
Parry, Edward P. and Don H. Hern
PULSE STRIPPING ANALYSIS: A TECHNIQUE FOR
DETERMINATION OF SOME METALS IN AEROSOLS AND
OTHER LIMITED SIZE SAMPLES. Preprint, American
Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.; American Inst. of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York; Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Washington, D. C.; Inst. of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, New York; Instrument Society of
America, New York, N. Y.; National Aeronautics and Space
Administration; and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration, 6p., 1971. 13 refs. (Presented at the Joint Con-
ference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants, Palo Alto,
Calif., Nov. 8-10, 1971, Paper AIAA 71- 1119.) Pulse polarog-
raphy is an electrochemical technique for the determination of
lead concentration down to a nanogram. The meted species is
preconcentrated in a mercury drop. Many metal ion species,
reducible to metal at an electrode, are equally determinable.
The sensitivity of pulse polarography is almost two orders of
magnitude greater than ordinary polarography. Resolution and
interference characteristics are improved. Pulse polarography
shows that the ignition process commonly used in metals
determination can result in 20 to 40% loss in lead. (Author ab-
stract modified)
41612
Araktingi, Y. E., N. S. Bhacca, W. G. Proctor, and j. W.
Robinson
ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATES BY ELECTRON
SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (ESCA).
Spectrosc. Lett., 4(10/11): 365-376, Oct.-Nov. 1971. 9 refs.
Particulate pollutants present in the atmosphere can be
identified in their different chemical forms by the use of ESC
without prior treatment of the air sample. By using the ESC
method, oxygen, aluminum, iron, silicon, sulfur, lead,
chlorine, carbon, calcium, and nitrogen were identified. Vir-
tually no sulfur dioxide was detected. The nitrogen Is signal
appeared to be composed of peaks generated by at least two
chemical forms of nitrogen; however, it was not possible to
identify the exact nature of the nitrogen compounds involved.
Similarly, broad doublet s appearing at 139 and 144 eV sug-
gested that the signals were caused by more than one lead
compound. The compounds were identified as lead halide and
lead oxide, but no accurate quantitative analysis of their ratio
was possible.
41719
Tsuda, Satoru and Akira Yokohata
ANALYSES OF POLLUTANTS AND PROBLEMS. (Osen
busshitsu no bunseki to sono mondaiten). Text in Japanese.
Bunseki Kiki (Analysis Instr.) 10(5):371-327, May 1972. 7 refs.
Analytical methods for the determination of sulfur oxides, car-
bon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, fluoride, nitrogen
oxides, cadmium, and lead are reviewed. Flame photometric
detectors for sulfur dioxide analysis were studied. The sample
was mixed with oxygen, and then burned with hydrogen
flame, and the intensity of the absorbed light of wavelength at
394 millimicron was measured. By this method, the SO2 can
be determined as low as the ppb levels. Flame ionization de-
tection for CO and carbon dioxide determination as methane is
also considered. The limits for chlorine discharge, hydrogen
chloride, and fluoride emissions are set at 30, 80, and 1-20
mg/cu m, respectively; methods for determinations of these
pollutants at or below these levels are included. Although no
regulations are established for odorous compounds, the list
will include ammonia, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfite, diethyl sulfite, hydrogen sulfite, methyl
amine, ethylamine, trimethylamine, butylene, butyric acid,
acetone, and acrolein.
41763
Tsuchihira, Kazuyoshi
MEASUREMENT METHODS IN PUBLIC NUISANCE-ESPE-
CIALLY ON MEASUREMENT METHODS PROVIDED BY
THE REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Kogai
sokuteiho—Kogaiho kankeihoreichu no kensaho o chushin ni
site) Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseikensa Gishikai Zasshi (Jap.
J. Med. Technol.), 21(5):524-532, May, 1972.
Measurement methods are divided into two types. One for
measuring environmental factors and the other for examining
man s health. Pollutants are classified into dust, soot,
suspended paniculate matter, dust fall, sulfur oxides in smoke,
sulfur oxides in air, harmful substances such as cadmium and
its compounds, bases, hydrogen chloride, fluorine, hydrogen
fluoride, silicon fluoride, lead and its compounds, nitrogen ox-
ides, carbon monoxide, lead compounds, nitrogen oxides con-
tained in automobile exhaust gases, oxidants, and 28 special
deleterious substances including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide.
Measurement methods for each pollutant are discussed based
on the Air Pollution Control Law. As for dust fall and special
deleterious substances, measurement methods have not been
settled. Measurement methods of noise level based on the
Noise Regulation Law are stated.
41825
Cogbill, Everett C. and Marcus E. Hobbs
TRANSFER OF METALLIC CONSTITUENTS OF
CIGARETTES TO THE MAIN-STREAM SMOKE. Tobacco,
vol. 144:24-29, 1957. 15 refs.
Using conditions approximating human smoking, about 150
micrograms of metallic constituents/cigarette were found in
the main-stream smoke of five representative brands of
cigarettes on the domestic market. Of this quantity, approxi-
mately 90% was potassium and 5% sodium. The remaining
metallic constituents, at least twelve in number, include traces
of aluminum, arsenic, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead,
magnesium, manganese, strontium, titanium and zinc.
Vaporization of the more volatile metal compounds, or of the
-------
140
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
volatile reduced metal itself, appear to be the essential
mechanisms of transfer from the cigarette to the smoke.
Mechanical transfer by erosive or related processes probably
accounts for less than one per cent of the transferred materi-
als. The influence of these findings for other smoke com-
ponents is discussed. (Author summary
41908
Lander, D. W., R. L. Steiner, D. H. Anderson, and R. L.
Dehm
SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS IN
AIRBORNE DIRT. Appl. Spectry., 25(2):270-275, 1971. 2 refs.
An emission spectrographic method is described to determine
the concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, calcium, chromi-
um, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, silicon, tin, and
zinc in airborne dirt. A measured volume of air is drawn
through a 1-inch filter paper. The filter is analyzed by a direct
reading emission spectrograph using a push-up technique to in-
troduce the sample into the analytical gap. Calculations and re-
port writing are performed by a computer. Computer programs
aid the data interpretation by annotating the results and by the
preparation of summaries and graphs. The precision is approx-
imately plus or minus 25% of the amount present at the 3-
microgram level. Analysis time is about 5 min/sample. (Author
abstract)
41968
Grajpel, Andrzej
SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF BLAST FURNACE
DUSTS. (Analiza spectrograficzna pylow z piecow mar-
tenowskich). Text in Polish. Chem. Anal. (Warsaw),
16(6):1225-1231, 1971. 11 refs.
Blast furnace dusts were spectrographically analyzed to deter-
mine contents of iron, zinc, silicon, aluminum, calcium, mag-
nesium, lead, copper, manganese, and chromium. Analysis
curves were based on a set of synthetic standards. Both the
samples and the standards were fused with potassium
pyrosulfate and diluted with graphite powder. Palladium was
used as an internal standard. The relative standard deviation of
the determinations varied from 0.044% for lead oxide to
0.106% for copper oxide.
42020
Ishii, Takeshi
POLAROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANTS - (1)
ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC MATERIALS. (Porarogurafu ho
o mochiiru taiki osen bunseki - Sono 1) Muki seibun no bun-
seki). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 8(6):565-572, June 1972. 61 refs.
A general discussion on the analyses of inorganic substances
in air by polarography is presented. The characteristic of the
polarogram of sulfur was that it showed easily detectable
reduction curves which had rapid declination at right sight of
its two unsymmetrical waves. The AC polarogram and oscillo
polarogram of lead and copper in exhaust gas at four engine
conditions of idling, acceleration, constant speed, and deac-
celeration are given. Organic manganese compound was
decomposed by a bromine-carbon tetrachloride solution, and
the basic solution for AC polarography was prepared by using
triethanolamine and potassium hydroxide. The polarographic
determination of copper, lead, cadmium, iron, and zinc con-
tent in air could also be performed simultaneously. The quan-
titative determinations of Cu, Pb, and Cd were carried out at
0.20, -0.47, -0.65 V versus Hg-pool respectively. Cobalt of
0.08% concentration could be detected with 3% accuracy. De-
tections of ions such as nitrate, sulfite, iodate, and bromate
were also briefly described.
42043
Oka, Kenji
DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC LEAD VAPOUR IN AIR.
(Taiki-chu no yukien no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Osaka-fu
Kogai Kanshi Senta Chosa-Shitsu Kenkyu Hokoku (Proc. Res.
Sect. Osaka Environ. Pollution Control Center), no. 2:5-7,
Dec. 1971. 7 refs.
Air samples were collected by a glass fiber filter, membrane
filter, and activated carbon. They were sampled 10 1/min and
collected about 100 cu/m through one week. After the ac-
tivated carbon was added to perchloric acid and nitric acid,
and heated, filtered, concentrated, the amount was measured
by colorimetry by the dithizone benzene method. In activated
carbon, 1.6 micron/g lead was found. The lead was added to
the activated carbon in the same method and the efficiency of
collection was measured. It was about 90.1% (standard error
4%). The collection efficiencies of activated carbon scrubbers
were studied. The efficiencies of first scrubbers were 50-60%.
The collection efficiencies of one scrubber and two series
scrubber were compared.
42084
Cohen, E.
DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF HEAVY METALS IN
AIR BY POLAROGRAPHY AND ANODIC STRIPPING.
(Determination de microquantites de metaux lourds dans 1 air
par polarographie par redissolution anodique). Text in French.
Bull. Soc. Chim. France, no. 1:416-419, Jan. 1972. 11 refs.
Instrumentation and techniques were developed for voltamet-
ric simultaneous analyses of toxic metals in air, including lead,
cadmium, copper, and zinc. The evaporated nitric acid extract
of the aerosol sampling filter is dissolved in hydrochloric acid
and subjected to preelectrolysis, during which the metals form
amalgams at the mercury drop. A linear potential sweep then
yields individual peaks which result from the oxidation of each
amalgamated metal and whose heights are proportional to the
original metal concentration. In the 0.5 to 10 microgram/cu m
range, the method is accurate to within 5 to 15%.
42137
Kerin, Zarka, Danimir Kerin, and Dusan Djuric
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF ENVIRONMENT IN MEZA
VALLEY. LEAD CONTENT OF THE SOIL. Int. Arch. Ar-
beitsmed., 29(2):129-138, June 1972. 7 refs.
Since 1896 the lead smelting plant in Meza valley, Slovenia,
Yugoslavia, has contaminated the environment with lead
aerosols. Since 1968 a broad ecological and epidemiological
study on environmental contamination and human exposure
has been conducted. Determinations of lead in the soil
represent a major part of these investigations. On 33 sampling
spots along the valley the soil and plant samples were taken
every year in July and October. The results of the total lead
content of the soil for 1968 and 1969 .are presented, together
with data about quantitative distribution in the valley. How-
ever, investigations on adsorption coefficient (soil: plant)
revealed that the total lead content does not represent a relia-
ble parameter for such calculations. Therefore, determinations
of lead in the acetate: lactate extract of the soil were made.
This parameter is showing, in some cases, a better correlation
between lead in soil and underground parts of plants. It seems
that determination of AL-soluble lead from the soil represents
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
141
a step forward in the determination of the absorbable part of
the lead. (Author abstract modified)
42139
Kometani, Thomas Y., John L. Bove, Benjamin Nathanson,
Stanley Siebenberg, and Martha Magyar
DRY ASHING OF AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER ON
PAPER AND GLASS FIBER FILTERS FOR TRACE METAL
ANALYSIS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 6(7):617-620, July 1972. refs.
Paniculate air pollutants collected on paper filters can be dry
ashed at 500 C without serious loss of trace metals by
volatilization. Conversion of metal salts to sulfates by the ad-
dition of sulfuric acid prior to dry ashing ensures virtually
complete recovery of the metals tested. Losses reported dur-
ing dry ashing of particulate matter collected on glass fiber fil-
ters are not necessarily ascribable to volatilization as has com-
monly been supposed. Metals such as lead, zinc, copper, and
cadmium react to varying extents with glass at high tempera-
tures to form insoluble metal silicates. Comparative studies of
particulate matter collected on paper filters in New York City
indicate that the results obtained by dry ashing compare
favorably with those of accepted methods such as wet ashing
and low-temperature ashing. Good recoveries of Pb, Cu, Zn,
and Cd from New York City samples were obtained by dry
ashing at 500 C for one hour, even without the prior use of
H2S04.
42160
Chow, Tsaihwa J. and John L. Earl
LEAD ISOTOPES IN NORTH AMERICAN COALS. Science,
176(4034):510-511, May 1972. 7 refs.
The lead contents of 143 coal samples, which contain an
average of 11 ppm of lead, were determined. Some 21 samples
were selected analyzed for their lead isotopic composition.
The isotope ratios show that coal leads are equally or much
more radiogenic than the average lead in the continental crust.
By comparing the isotopic composition of the lead in North
American coals with that of the lead in gasoline additives, it is
found that, except for coal 101 and the Houston gasoline,
there is a distinct difference between these two sources of
lead pollutants. The Houston gasoline contains some anoma-
lous J-type lead, which is characteristic of the Mississippi Val-
ley lead ore, and coal 101 is from a Montana coal mine that is
not a major producer. Therefore, it is practicable to distinguish
between gasoline and coal leads by examining their isotopic
composition.
42312
Reusmann, G. and J. Westphalen
AN APPARATUS FOR AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS BY
STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY. (Anordnung zur auto-
matischen Ausfuehrung von inverspolarographischen Bestim-
mungen). Text in German. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.,
259(2):127-128, 1972. 1 ref.
An apparatus for automatic analysis by stripping voltammetry,
including a flow cell, plastic capillary, and a pump with a
throughput of about 1 ml/min is described. The sample to be
analyzed is sent, together with nitrogen, through a thermostati-
cally controlled, water-cooled glass coil where the bulk of the
oxygen is removed, and a preset solution temperature is
reached. After the nitrogen is separated, the solution is sent
into a flow cell containing a capillary, from which one drop of
mercury is transferred into an automatically controlled dis-
placement burette. Timing adjustment and automatic range
selection are provided. The above apparatus with process con-
trol has been successfully applied to routine determinations of
lead, cadmium, and zinc in plant materials.
42360
Tani, Manabu
DETERMINATION OF METALS IN ATMOSPHERIC EN-
VIRONMENT AND THE PRACTICE OF METHODS. (Kan-
kyo taikichu no jukinzoku no sokuteiho to sono shuho no
jisasai). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 8(6):551-556. June 1972. 15 refs.
Phosphorescence spectrophotometry and atomic absorption
spectrophotometry were used for the analyses of trace metal
content in air. A high volume sampler equipped with a glass
fiber filter was used for sampling air at a suction rate of 1.4 cu
m/min for 24 hr. Due to the complicacy of the spectra of metal
content in air, a phosphorescence spectrophotometer of high
dispersibility was required. A 110 V DC arc source was used,
and the exposure time was 30 sec. This method was applied
for the analyses of cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel,
tin, and vanadium. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
showed higher sensitivity on metal analysis, and it was applied
to the analyses of cadmium, lead and zinc. The detection
wavelength was 2288 A for Cd, 2833 A for Pb, and 2138 A for
Zn. The metal concentrations in air of 11 cities in Japan mea-
sured by these two methods are listed. The limits of detection
of the two methods on 13 metals are compared.
42437
Cate, J. L., Jr.
DETERMINATION OF LEAD, ARSENIC, CADMIUM, MER-
CURY, AND SELENIUM IN AIR SAMPLE FILTERS BY X-
RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS. California Univ., Liver-
more, Lawrence Radiation Lab. Contract Atomic Energy
Commission W-7405-Eng-48, 13p., Nov. 15, 1971. 5 refs.
NTIS: UCRL-51038 Rev. 1
X-ray fluorescence offers a quick, accurate, sensitive, and
nondestructive means of assaying the lead burden of air-sam-
ple filter papers. A radioisotope source of low energy photons
(or other ionizing radiation) is used to ionize the constituent
atoms of the sample. These atoms then emit characteristic
(fluorescent) x-rays. These x-rays are detected by an energy-
sensitive detector; their energy is unique for each element, and
their intensity is related to the concentration of each species in
the sample. Since the air-sample filters used in a local sam-
pling program were of constant size (6.6 sq cm.), severe colli-
mation to define the irradiated area was not needed. Con-
sequently, the original coUimator assembly was redesigned to
improve system sensitivity. Three sets of test specimens were
prepared; each set included a filter containing 0, 1/2, 1, 2, 5,
10, 50, and 100 micrograms lead/sq cm. Each of the 24 stan-
dards was counted at least 15 times for a period sufficient to
accumulate at least 1000 (and generally greater than 3000) total
counts. The calibration results from these lead standards are
presented in both tabular and graphical form. The data
represent an artificial situation: a filter containing lead without
any of the other materials normally present in an air sample.
These other materials may affect the measurement by altering
the scattered radiation or by direct interference. By judicious
selection of techniques, most interferences can be circum-
vented, although perhaps with some loss of sensitivity. New
data for the determination of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and
selenium are given in the appendix.
-------
142
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
42775
Pursall, B. R. and C. D. Swann
AIR POLLUTION IN VEHICULAR ROAD TUNNELS. Tun-
nels Tunnelling, 4(4): 340-345, July 1972. 23 refs.
Air pollution caused by the combustion products from the ex-
hausts of gasoline and diesel driven vehicles can be serious in
a long road tunnel if the ventilation system is not designed to
reduce the concentrations of the various gases and compounds
to acceptable levels. The toxic effects of carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, lead compounds, sulfur oxides, and organic
compounds, are summarized. The applicability of various
methods of gas analysis to tunnel measurements is examined.
Carbon monoxide detectors include infra-red analysers, cata-
lytic analysers, and polarographic cells. A chemical-colorimet-
ric detector was deemed less useful than an electrochemical
analyser for detection of nitrogen oxides. Measurements of
CO and nitrogen oxides were made in two tunnels. Typical
emissions rates for diesel and gasoline vehicles are discussed.
42928
CHEMICAL PROCEDURES. In: Air Pollution Manual. Part I.
Evaluation. Detroit, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc.,
1960, Chapt. 10, p. 111-131. 234 refs.
The analysis of paniculate matter collected from the at-
mosphere involves consideration of aspects other than chemi-
cal content; for instance, one of the most important indices
followed in air pollution assessment is the atmospheric load-
ing/unit of surface area and/unit of volume. The introduction
of new techniques, such as electron microscopy, has made it
possible to carry out more searching assessment of the
morphology and other physical properties of participates. Alu-
minum and aluminum oxide may be determined spectrographi-
cally and colorimetrically, while procedures based on the for-
mation of molybdenum blue or reactions with silver diethyl-
dithiocarbamate in pyridine can be used to determine arsenic.
Spectrographic, fluorometric, and colorimetric procedures can
be used to identify beryllium, while a Spectrographic and an
electrochromatographic technique are available for boron
determinations. Analytical methods are also indicated for the
determination of calcium, cadmium, carbon monoxide,
chlorine, chromium, fluorine, iron, lead, magnesium, man-
ganese, nickel, the nitrogen oxides, ozone, peroxides, and
other oxidants, silicon dioxide and silicates, sulfur dioxide,
sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and zinc. The
identification and quantitative determination of organic sub-
stances is discussed, with particular reference made to organic
acids, aldehydes, amines, hydrocarbons, ketones, phenols,
proteins, quinones, and sulfur compounds.
43448
Mitsugi, Hidekatsu, Nobuhiro Takata, Muneyuki Motoyama,
Makoto Akamatsu, and Genzo Hashizume
DETERMINATION OF ZINC AND LEAD IN SUSPENDED
PARTICULATES BY FLUORESCENT X-RAY SPEC-
TROMETRY. (Keiko X sen ni yoru fuyujinai chu no aen
oyobi en no bunseki). Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kagaku
(Japan Analyst) (Tokyo), 19(10):1383-1388, Oct. 1970. 18 refs.
Nondestructive determination of zinc and lead in suspended
particulates was investigated by using the filter paper method
and the briquet method The samples collected on the filter
paper by using a high-volume air sampler were determined
nondestructively and rapidly by the filter paper method. The
samples collected by an electric precipitator were diluted with
boric acid and then determined by the briquet method. To
prepare the standard samples, zinc oxide, lead dioxide, or lead
nitrate were diluted to a given concentration with kaolin which
was regarded as a typical constituent of suspended particu-
lates. Ferric oxide and calcium sulfate were added to the stan-
dard samples to check the matrix effect. The quantitative
ranges were above 1 microgram for Pb by the filter paper
method and above 0.5 microgram/g for Zn and 5 microgram/g
for Pb by the briquet method, respectively. Analytical results
of Zn and Pb in suspended particulates by this procedure
agreed with those by the atomic absorption method.
43587
Duke, Charles R. and Boong Y. Cho
DEVELOPMENT OF A NUCLEONIC PARTICULATE EMIS-
SION GAUGE. (FINAL REPORT). Industrial Nucleonics
Corp., Columbus, Ohio, Federal Systems Div., Environmental
Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0210, APTD-1150, 62p.,
Feb. 25, 1972. NTIS: PB 209954
The principles of operation, design criteria, filter selection,
and field test data for a beta gauge and filter sampler for the
measurement of participate emissions from automobile exhaust
are examined. The system has a minimum sensitivity of 125
micrograms/cu m with no specified upper limit; is capable of
operation in either a manual or automatic mode; and has a
filter collection system with an efficiency of at least 99.9%
using a dioctyl phthalate aerosol. Carbon-14 was selected as
the optimum isotope, and a filter cassette was used to collect
the particles. The effect of moisture absorption by various
types of filter madia was investigated. The system was tested
on automobiles using leaded, low-lead, and non-leaded fuels.
Results from the leaded and low-lead fuel tests were in good
agreement with gravimetric measurements; less desirable
results were obtained with the no-lead fuels. Complete operat-
ing procedures and variables and test results are included.
43720
Renshaw, G. D., C. A. Pounds, and E. F. Pearson
VARIATION IN LEAD CONCENTRATION ALONG SINGLE
HAIRS AS MEASURED BY NON-FLAME ATOMIC ABSORP-
TION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. Nature, 238(5360) 162-163,
July 21, 1972. 4 refs.
Hair grows at a rate of approximately 1 cm/mon, accumulates
lead, and thus forms a permanent record of lead content in the
body which may be used to estimate the time and length of
lead exposure. Trace elements in hair may also indicate the en-
vironmental level of other elements which could be hazardous
to health, including arsenic, cadmium, copper, and zinc. It is
possible to obtain a detailed record of lead exposure from
analysis by non-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry on
sections of a single hair. Analyses were performed on a Per-
kin-Elmer 303 atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped
with an HGA-70 furnace atomizer. The absolute detection limit
for lead with this system is 5 times 10 to the minus llth g. The
lead concentration in hair increases significantly from the root
to the tip of the hair, suggesting that lead has entered the hair
by deposition on its surface, followed by diffusion into the
hair structure. By analysing several sections of single hairs
from the same head at regular time intervals, sudden expo-
sures to lead should be readily detected, especially if a prox-
imal section of the hair shows a sharp increase in lead concen-
tration over its neighboring section. Other metals, such as thal-
lium, zinc, cadmium, copper, and iron, may also be monitored
in a similar manner.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
143
43737
Perry, R., J. R. Majer, and M. J. Reade
THE ESTIMATION OF PICOGRAM QUANTITIES OF
METAL COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations,
Proc. Int. Clean Air Congr., 2nd, Washington, D. C., 1970, p.
357-359. 12 refs. (Dec. 6-11, Paper CP 2D.)
Use of mass spectrometric technique in the estimation of
tetraethyl lead is described, and methods are indicated by
which other trace metals can be similarly determined following
conversion to volatile complexes. The mass spectrum of the
metal alkyl or chelate is first recorded by evaporating micro-
gram quantities of the pure material directly into the ion
source of the mass spectrometer. With materials of high
volatility, it is advantageous to freeze the probe by dipping it
into liquid air, before introducing the sample into the mass
spectrometer. An ion characteristic of the metal is chosen
from the mass spectrum for use in the quantitative analysis.
Calibration graphs in the weight range required are prepared
by making up standard solutions of tetraethyl lead or the ap-
propriate metal chelate. A measured volume is then introduced
in the same probe containing the chromatographic material.
This after freezing is transferred to the vacuum system of the
mass spectrometer where the solvent is evaporated prior to
pushing the probe down into the heated source. Here the
calibration facilities of the instrument are used to follow the
rise and fall of the ion current during the evaporation process.
The area under this curve is characteristic of the metal com-
pound and is a quantitative measure of the amount introduced
into the probe.
43763
Tominaga, Hiroshi
RADIOISOTOPE INSTRUMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION CONTROL. (Kogai to RI riyo kiki). Text in
Japanese. Genshiryoku Kogyo, 17(8):32-36,53, Aug. 1971. 29
refs.
The applications of x-rays and gamma-rays to the concentra-
tion analysis of element in a certain sample are described. A
sulfur meter is used for the determination of sulfur in heavy
oil by measuring the transmission ability of x-rays emitted
from T/Ti. This is an accurate and time-saving method. Other
sources of x-rays are also used. Sources such as cadmium-109
(22.2 KeV x-ray), and Americum-241 are used for a turbidime-
ter. High energy gamma-rays such as cesium-137 and cobalt-60
are practical for use in a mud densitometer. Analyses of cad-
mium, iron, copper, lead, and bromium content in air by
fluorescence x-rays using polonium-238 as a source on three
air samples confirm the effectiveness of the method. The
limits of detection of the above metals are 0.036, 0.071, 0.036,
0.035, and 0.026 micrograms/sq cm at a counting time of 600
seconds. Californium-252 has been applied to quantitative anal-
ysis of sulfur in coal and oil.
44129
Kashiki, M., Seigo Yamazoe, and Shozo Oshima
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEAD IN GASOLINE BY
UNIFIED STANDARD ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYSIS.
(Toitsu hyojun genshi kyuko bunsekih ni yoru gasorin chu no
teiryo bunseki). Text in Japanese. Japan Petroleum Inst.,
Tokyo, Proc. Symp. Japan Petroleum Inst., 15th, 1972, p. 9-12.
5 refs. (July 10-11.)
When atomic absorption analysis was first applied to the quan-
titative determination of lead in gasoline, isooctane was used
as the solvent and tetraethyl lead as the standard lead. Sub-
sequent investigators have varied the analytical procedure by
using tetramethyl lead and mixed lead alkyls in addition to
TEL, or by using methyl ethyl ketone as the solvent and lead
nitrate or 8-hydroxyquinolinate as the standard lead. Since the
absorbance differs with the type of lead used, these methods
yield different values. Another problem involving the methods
is the tailing phenomenon. A new method has been designed to
solve all these problems and give satisfactory results. In this
method, the sample gasoline (TEL, TML, or MLA s) is dis-
solved in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), to which a specific
amount of iodine is added, and then led to the flame. The
operating conditions for lead determination were: wavelength
(nm), 283.3; lamp current (mA), 8; air flow (I/min), 23.8;
acetylene flow (I/min, 3.3; burner height (mm), 8.0 (0 division);
response time (sec), 1; noise suppression, 1; scale expansion,
1; slit width (mm), 1. Various alkyl lead compounds had an
identical absorbance when about 3 mg of iodine/50 ml of
MIBK was added to the sample. The addition of iodine also
solved the tailing phenomena problem, as did the addition of
bromine or other halogenated compounds. The halogen effect
remained the same even when other types of solvent were
used. The calibration curve prepared (when iodine was added)
showed a sufficiently linear relation between absorbance and
concentration. This method can be applied to trace analysis of
up to 0.0005 g Pb/1.
44165
Innes, William B.
CONTINUOUS ANALYSIS OF REACTIVE ORGANICS BY
SELECTIVE COMBUSTION. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
6(8):710-715, Aug. 1972. 23 refs.
The selective combustion method for analysis of hydrocar-
bons, involving thermocatalytic oxidation effects in a vanadia-
alumina catalyst bed, can be used for rapid continuous analy-
sis of a wide range of organics providing the ratio of catalyst
volume to flow rate is low, and proper steps are taken to
prevent condensation and sorption effects in the inlet system.
Under such conditions, response increases and selectivity
decreases with temperatures up to 400 C on a variety of or-
ganics. Response passes through a maximum with flow rate,
the flow rate maximum decreasing with the ease of oxidation.
Reversible deactivation from aromatics can be neglected above
350 C, but is significant at lower temperatures. Idle exhaust
derived from leaded fuels does not deactivate the catalyst over
prolonged periods under 400 C. Liquids containing organics in-
cluding exhaust condensate can be analyzed after evaporation
in dry air. A substantial fraction of the total response to vehi-
cle exhaust is associated with the condensible fraction.
Responses at optimum conditions on gasoline vehicle sources
would be expected to be essentially additive, linear, and give
good correspondence with photochemical reactivity. Actual
comparisons of smog effects vs. instrument responses are
needed to prove the correspondence. (Author abstract
modified)
44210
Guinn, Vincent P.
ACTIVATION ANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLU-
TION STUDIES (INCLUDING HG, PB, AND PESTICIDES).
(Kankyo osen (Hg, Pb oyobi sacchuzai o fukumu) no kenkyu
no tame no hoshaka bunseki). Text in Japanese. Radioisotop.
(Tokyo), 20(11):612-619, Nov. 1971. 24 refs.
A general discussion on the studies of harmful particulates in
air and harmful metals and pesticides in waste water and food
by neutron activation analysis is given. Vanadium pentoxides
from power plants are collected and detected by irradiation
-------
144
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
with a hot neutron stream of 2.5 times 10 to the 12th power
n/sq cm/sec for one minute, cooled for one minute, and mea-
sured with a gamma-ray spectrometer for one minute. The in-
duced gamma-ray is mainly from V(52). The vanadium content
in heavy oil ranges from 0.1 ppm to 1000 ppm, depending on
the sources. Determinations of many other metals, including
zinc, magnesium, aluminum, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and
mercury in air by neutron activation analysis have been suc-
cessfully conducted. The analysis of lead by this method is
somewhat difficult due to the extremely short half-life of the
induced radiation.
44479
Wesolowski, J. J., W. John, and R. Kaifer
LEAD SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF MULTI-ELEMENT
ANALYSIS OF DIURNAL SAMPLES OF AMBIENT AIR.
Preprint, California Univ., Livermore, Lawrence Radiation
Lab., 32p., Dec. 21, 1971. 9 refs.
A method was developed for determining the existence and
nature of non-automotive lead sources in a given area from
ambient air particulate samples. The method consists of first
measuring the diurnal variations of the bromine/lead ratio
using x-ray fluorescence to determine those days on which the
non automotive lead source is operating. For the episodal
days, the diurnal concentration patterns of about 20 metals are
measured using neutron activation analysis. The correlation of
these patterns with the lead pattern characterizes the source.
The method was tested near San Francisco California, and
successfully established the existence of a nonautomotive lead
source in that area and characterized the source as a smelter.
(Author abstract modified)
44995
Zhigalovskaya, T. N., R. I. Pervunina, V. V. Yegorov, E. P.
Makhonko, and A. I. Shilina
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE CONTENT OF
TRACE ELEMENTS IN PRECIPITATED WATER. In: Amer-
ican Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution
Literature. Technical Papers from the Leningrad International
Symposium on the Meteorological Aspects of Atmospheric
Pollution. Part III. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 14, Silver
Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 59-
68. 11 refs. Translated from Russian. (Also:
Meteorologisheskie Aspekty Zagryazneniya Atmosfery, Glav-
noe Upravlenie Gidrometeorologicheskoy Sluzhby Pri Sovete
Ministrov SSSR, p. 310-319, 1971.) NTIS: PB-209945 A sensi-
tive spectral method for the simultaneous content determina-
tion of some important microelements, such as lead, chromi-
um, vanadium, manganese, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, molyb-
denum, copper, zinc, bismuth, aluminum, and titanium, in
samples of precipitation and cloud water is described. Since
the content of microelements in atmospheric water is usually
too low to be evaluated in a direct way, possible means of
sample enrichment are discussed in detail and their use evalu-
ated. To concentrate microelements in liquid samples, methods
of extraction, evaporation, and ion-exchange resin are mainly
used. The examination and analysis of different methods of
micro-element concentration in samples of rain and cloud
water showed that the concentration method must be chosen
in accordance with the initial sample volume. When the value
is more than one liter, it is necessary to use the ion-exchange
resin method; the evaporation method is recommended when
the sample volume is less than 500 ml, but more than 100 ml.
For a sample volume of less than 100 ml, an elaborate method
of concentrating by electrolytic precipitation is proposed,
which consists of isolating the microelements from the sam-
ples on a carbon electrode serving as a cathode. The extrac-
tion method is inconvenient for atmospheric water analysis. In
the spectral analysis method proposed, atmospheric water
samples are analyzed spectrally without their conversion into
dry residue by three standard methods. As an excitation
source, the alternating- current generator is used. The spectra
of determined elements excited in the alternating-current arc
are obtained with the help of a quartz spectrograph and are re-
gistered on high-sensitive aerofilm. Analytical curves of deter-
mined element content are evaluated on a microphotometer.
The means of putting the sample on the electrode and in-
troducing it into the charge are described and the applicability
of simultaneous definition of spectral microelements contained
in the samples evaluated. The proposed method of chemico-
spectral determination of microelement concentration allows
analysis in a concentration range from 1 to 100 micrograms/1,
with the mean relative error not more than 20%. The mutual
effect of the elements is practically absent. (Author abstract
modified)
45235
Rabinowitz, Michael B. and George W. Wetherill
IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF LEAD CONTAMINATION BY
STABLE ISOTOPE TECHNIQUE. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
6(8):705-709, Aug. 1972. 11 refs.
Investigations were undertaken to use naturally occurring
variations in stable lead isotope abundances to determine the
sources of lead in specific environments. In southeastern Mis-
souri, measurements of lead in gasolines, topsoils near a
freeway, and air in urban traffic showed similar compositions;
while lead ores, refined metal, and topsoils and dust near
smelters displayed another distinctive set of values. The
separation between these groups was about three times the
variability within each group and about 12 times the experi-
mental error. Also, near Benicia, Calif., the sources are isotop-
ically distinguishable, as seen in roadside soil, air, and grasses
on the one hand, and refined lead and grass, near the smelter
on the other. Smelter lead was traced to nearby pasture grass
and in aerosols and dust some 20 mi downwind from the
smelter. Horses which died of lead poisoning contained ap-
proximately equal parts of smelter and gasoline lead. The sam-
pling procedure and experimental technique are described.
Lead concentrations were measured by atomic absorption
flame photometry of the acid solutions, except in air samples
in which isotope dilution with a calibrated lead-208 solution
was used. Then aliquots were extracted with dithizone to yield
purified lead for mass spectrometry. (Author abstract
modified)
-------
145
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
00005
S. Hochheiser, S. W. Horstman, and G. M. Tate, Jr.
A PILOT STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN BIRMINGHAM,
ALABAMA (WIDE-ANGLE VIEW OF BIRMINGHAM FROM
VULCANS STATUE). Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. May 1962, 68p.
Air samples were collected for measurement of dustfall,
suspended participates, smoke shade, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, total oxidants, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Air pollution data obtained during the summer phase of the
study can be considered as representative. Mean values of
gaseous pollutants were: SO2, 0.01 ppm; nitrogen oxides, 0.04
ppm; oxidants, 0.03 ppm; CO, 1.8 ppm. Maximum levels mea-
sured were: SO2, 0.18 ppm; nitrogen oxides, 0.14 ppm, oxi-
dants, 0.14 ppm; CO, 12.5 ppm. Mean values for participate
pollutants, measured during the fall study, were: dustfall, 76
tons/sq.mi./mo.; smoke concentration, 1.5 cohs/1000 linear ft.;
suspended participates, 113 micrograms/cu.m. Maximum levels
were: dustfall, 121 tons/sq.mi./mo.; smoke concentration, 6.2
cohs/1000 linear ft.; suspended participates, 279 micro-
grams/cu.m. Mean values measured during the summer study
were: dustfall, 49.3; smoke concentration, 0.6; suspended par-
ticulates 106. Maximum levels were: dustfall 95.6; smoke con-
centration, 3.0; suspended participates, 206. Substantially
higher levels of particulate and gaseous pollutants were
recorded in the fall, indicating that emissions resulting from
the combustion of fuels for industrial, commercial and
domestic space heating contribute significantly to over-all air
pollution during the heating season.
00017
AIR QUALITY DATA. (ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1962) (NA-
TIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK). Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio Div. of Air Pollution, 52p.
This report contains summaries of air quality data for particu-
late and gaseous pollutants obtained from samples collected by
stations of the National Air Sampling Network during 1962. In-
cluded also are data obtained by the analysis of selected par-
ticulate samples collected during the period 1958-1%1. For the
first time data from State Air Sampling Network report. This
is a logical step, as procedures are standard and data are com-
parable. The following state networks provided data for inclu-
sion in this 1962 report: Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana,
Texas, and Washington. (Author)
00261
V. I. Baranov and V. D. Vilenskii
PB-210 IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND IN FALLOUT. Soviet J.
At. Energy (English Translation), 18(5):645-648, May 1965.
Data are given for the intensity of Pb-210 fallout in the
Moscow area during 1961-1963. The intensity of Pb-210 fallout
ordinarily increases with increasing amounts of precipitation.
The average Pb-210 concentration in fallout is not related to
the amount of precipitation, and rises sharply only in dry
periods. The intensity of Pb-210 fallout is practically constant
in the spring, summer, and fall, and decreases in the winter
only by a factor of 2-2.5. The average concentration of Pb-210
in fallout is practically independent of season. The mean an-
nual intensity of Pb-210 fallout in the Moscow area is about
2.8 nCi/sq m. The Pb-210 concentration in the surface layer of
the atmosphere above the Pacific and Indian Oceans varies
within wide limits (0.0001 - 0.00160 nCi/cu m), and, apparently
is chiefly determined by meteorological factors. The Pb-210
content in the troposphere above the oceans is probably only
slightly less than the content in the troposphere above dry
land. The variations in Pb-210 concentration in the surface
layer of the atmosphere above land and ocean can evidently
be used for studying the meteorological factors responsible for
the transport of radioactive isotopes within the troposphere
and for their deposition on the surface of the earth. (Author)
00697
L. DuBois, T. Teichman, J. M. Airth, and J. L. Monkman
THE METAL CONTENT OF URBAN AIR. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. Vol. 16(2):77-78, Feb. 1966. (Presented at the
58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
Polarographic measurements were made of the lead concentra-
tions in eight (8) cities in Ontario, Canada. Approximately 3000
samples were analyzed and Toronto was found to have the
highest concentration of lead. Future studies will be un-
dertaken with nickel and zinc.
00969
P. A. Leighton
MAN AND AIR IN CALIFORNIA. Preprint. (Presented at the
Statewide Conference on Man in California, 1980's, Sacramen-
to, Calif., Jan. 27, 1964.)
Author discusses polluted air in respect to automobile emis-
sions and projects the concentrations that can be expected by
1980. Presented are charts and tables which easily delineate
the salient points of the article.
00974
AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS OF THE NATIONAL
AIR SAMPLING NETWORK (ANALYSES OF SUSPENDED
PARTICULATES 1957-1%1) Public Health Service, Washing-
ton, D.C., Div. of Air Pollution. 1962. 222p.
The objectives of the National Air Sampling Network include
the determination of the extent and the nature of air pollution
as well as the study of trends in the levels of various at-
mospheric contaminants and the investigation of relationships
between air pollution and socioeconomic, geographic, topo-
graphic, -eteorological, and other factors. The data acquired
are useful in planning epidemiological investigations and also
provide the background against which more intensive commu-
nity and statewide studies of air pollution can be conducted.
This report is limited to presenting and discussing the mea-
surements made on the suspended particulate matter for the
years 1957 to 1961.
-------
146
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
00976
F.L. Ludwig E. Robinson
SIZE DISTRIBUTION STUDIES USING THE AEROSOL
SPECTROMETER. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 102-
5, Mar. 1965.1965. (Presented at the Sixth Conference on
Methods in Air Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
The aerosol spectrometer is able to determine, apparently with
reasonable accuracy, the size distribution of particles in the at-
mosphere. Field tests covering urban lead aerosols have shown
that size distributions cna be determined for particles of a par-
ticular type even though other kinds of particles are present in
vastly larger quantities. These field tests on lead aerosols have
also indicated that the sensitivity threshold required of the
analytical methods is about 10% of the cubic-meter concentra-
tion, if a sampling period of about four to ten hours is used.
This concentration was generally exceeded for lead in urban
areas.
00985
R.E. Waller, B.T. Commins, P.J. Lawther
AIR POLLUTION IN A CITY STREET. Brit. J. Ind. Med.
(London), Vol. 22:128-138, 1965.
Measurements of the concentrations of smoke, lead, and five
polycyclic hydrocarbons in the air have been made in the City
of London in the middle of a busy street and at two control
sites. Samples were taken only throughout the daytime hours
on weekdays to enable us to assess the maximum contribution
made by traffic to the pollution in the street. The results
showed that during these periods the air in the middle of the
street contained three times as much smoke, four times as
much lead, and 1.7 times as much 3:4-benzpyrene as were
present in the general atmosphere of the City of London as
estimated from samples taken at the control sites. One of
these sites was chosen because it was only 150 feet from the
street; analyses yielded no evidence that the traffic con-
tributed to the pollution sampled there. Sulphur dioxide con-
centrations were determined in the early part of the study and
the results showed that traffic appeared to add little to the
background level. The concentrations of lead found were
below those held to be safe by many authorities. Carbon
monoxide concentrations, reported in greater detail elsewhere,
sometimes reached the accepted industrial maximum allowable
concentration of 100 ppm. (Author abstract)
01089
V. J. Konopinski and L. J. Schafer
ORGANIC LEAD - CINCINNATI 1964. Preprint. 1964.
The U.S. Public Health Service and Kettering Laboratory
cooperated in making this study to obtain additional data on
the concentration of alkyl lead compounds in the atmosphere
by varying the sample air volumes. Two different locations in
Cincinnati were used to obtain ambient air samples. Particulate
lead was removed from the air by millipore filters while scrub-
bers filled with iodine crystals served to separate out the or-
ganic lead compounds. Analysis for organic lead was by wet-
chemistry techniques. Results corroborated the findings of
Cholak and associates that organic lead compounds are
present in the air in very small concentrations.
01315
J.H. Ludwig, D.R. Diggs, H. E. Hesselberg, J.A. Maga
SURVEY OF LEAD IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF THREE
URBAN COMMUNITIES: A SUMMARY. Am. Ind. Hyg. As-
soc. J. Vol. 26:270-284, June 1965. (presented at the 26th An-
nual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Houston, Tex., May 7, 1965.)
A joint study of the concentrations of lead in the atmospheres
of three cities was conducted furing the period June 1961
through May 1962. The annual average concentrations at vari-
ous locations ranged in Cincinnati from 1 to 2 microgram/cu
m, in Philadelphia from 1 to 3 microgram/cu m, and in Los
Angeles from 2 to 3 microgram/cu m, with overall averages
respectively of 1.4, 1.6, and 2.5 microgram/cu m. In heavy
traffic, concentrations averaged from 14jto 44 microgram/cu m
in various locations. Blood and urine samples analyzed for
lead were within the 'normal' limits, except for a few persons
with occupational exposures. (Author abstract)
01355
L.B. Lockhart, Jr., R.L. Patterson, Jr., A.W. Saunders, Jr.
THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE AT-
MOSPHERIC AEROSOLS. J. Geophys. Res. 70(24):6033-6041,
Dec. 15, 1965.
Atmospheric air containing natural and fission product
radioactivity was passed successively through a series of fil-
ters of increasing retentivity for small particles. The size dis-
tribution of the radioactive particles in the atmosphere has
been deduced from the relative amounts of radioactivity col-
lected on the various filters and a knowledge of the retention
characteristics of the filters as a function of particle size. This
method has demonstrated that the short-lived radon daughter
products (pb214 and Bi214) are associated primarily with parti-
cles less than 0.3 micron in diameter, whereas fission products
from the stratospheric source of old bomb debris on arrival at
ground level are associated with particles averaging between
0.5 and 1.0 micron diameter. Large, apparently random,
changes in size distribution often occur from one collection to
another. Radiochemical analyses indicate little fractionation of
one isotope relative to another except during late October and
early November 1964, when the shorter-lived radioisotopes
from the Chinese atomic test were found to be associated with
the largest particles. (Author abstract)
01673
C.J. Conlee, P.A. Kenline, R.L. Cummins, V.J. Konopinski
MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST STUDIES AT THREE
SELECTED SITES. Arch. Environ. Health 14, (3) 429-46,
Mar. 1967.
Air quality was studied in relation to motor vehicle densities at
three selected sites: the Sumner Tunnel between Boston and
East Boston, Massachusetts; the International Peace Bridge
across the upper Niagara River between Fort Erie, Ontario,
and Buffalo, New York; and Laidlaw Avenue near the Air
Pollution Research Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio. Pollutant con-
centrations and meteorological findings are presented for each
site. Concentrations of pollutants known to be associated with
auto exhaust were greater at sites of higher traffic density. A
comparison or particulate pollution levels at the Sumner Tun-
nel operated as a one-way tube in 1963 with the tunnel carry-
ing two-way traffic in 1961, indicates a definite decrease in
pollutant levels. Other pollutants were assumed to be
dispersed in air in the same way as carbon monoxide in
determing the contribution by motor vehicles to ambient air
for the Sumner Tunnel. Auto exhaust appears to be a prime
contributor (greater than 50%) for carbon monoxide, aliphatic
aldehydes, benzene-soluble particulate, and oxides of nitrogen.
Lead, benzo(g,h,i)pyrene, and coronene may also be assumed
to be important pollutants from auto exhaust, but they do not
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
147
meet the requirements for contribution calculations. (Author
abstract)
02133
R. Baumann, E. Kadan, I. A. Schedling, and G. Wagner
(SOME MEASUREMENTS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SOLID AND GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION IN THE VIENNA
AREA.) Uber einige Messungen der Konzentran'onen fester und
gasformiger Luftverunreinigungen im Raiim von Wien. Radex
Rundschau (Austria) (4) 140-57, 1966.
Results of measurements of air pollution in the Vienna area
during a two year period are reported; dust concentration was
measured at one point, lead concentration was measured at
various points in the city with approximately 50 random sam-
ples. Samples were also obtained at the same stations for the
determination of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide fumes. Dust
concentration was higher during the winter months; maximum
values during these periods were also much higher. Com-
parison with average monthly values in other European cities
showed that Vienna has higher concentrations than Hamburg,
Geneva and Copenhagen. The dust was analyzed chemically
for its carbon and lead content, and figures compared with
data from the USA. Concentration of gaseous air pollution
decreased with distance from traffic lanes.
02750
V.J. Konopinski
COMMUTER LEAD EXPOSURE. Preprint. 1963
Atmospheric lead levels for commuter exposure in the cities of
Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and San Francisco were obtained by
means of a mobile sampler. The samples were taken on
representative traffic arteries in each city during the morning
and afternoon traffic rush and during the midday. Mean con-
centrations of particulate lead ranged from 9 micrograms/cu.m.
to 38 micrograms/cu.m. for downtown and freeway sampling
routes. Samples from rural roads ranged from 2.8 to 5.8 micro-
grams/cu.m. Stationary samples taken in Cincinnati and Los
Angeles were similar, the mean particulate-lead concentration
being about 20 micrograms/cu.m. In Los Angeles on the Hol-
lywood and Harbor Freeways and at the 'stack' 11 out of 14
samples had concentrations greater than 40 micrograms/cu.m.
The maximum value found for a single filter was 71.3 micro-
grams/cu.m. The concentration of organic lead in Los Angeles
ranged from 0.2 to 2.7 micrograms/cu.m. The mean value of all
the samples was 1.0 micrograms/cu.m. The sample volume of
air was small and the organic lead obtained was close to the
detectable limit of the analytical method. (Author summary)
03410
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN MONTANA JULY 1961 -
JULY 1962. Montana State Board of Health, Helena Division
of Disease Control. 1962. 110 pp.
The principal pollutants in the air were determined with the
staff and analytical equipment available to the State Board of
Health and some idea as to the carcinogenic potential of the
materials in the air in the various cities as well as the over-all
characteristics in each of the cities were determined as a base-
line for future reference. Emission inventories are included.
03441
CLEAN AIR FOR CALIFORNIA (INITIAL REPORT OF THE
AIR POLLUTION STUDY PROJECT, CALIFORNIA STATE
DEPT. OF PUBLIC HEALTH). California State Dept. of
Public Health, San Francisco. Mar. 1955. 60 pp.
This is an early survey report of the air pollution situation in
California. The body of knowledge, available at that time, on
the growing problems of polluted air is discussed and a plan
for action outlined. Attention is focussed on the air pollution
problem in the Los Angeles area, where eye irritation, plant
damage and other harmful effects, such as discomfort,
decreased visibility and nuisance occur most frequently.
Recommendations to State and local Governmental authorities,
to universities and other research organizations, to the indus-
try and public are made.
03526
P. Stocks, B. T. Commins, K. V. Aubrey
A STUDY OF POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS AND TRACE
ELEMENTS IN SMOKE IN MERSEYSIDE AND OTHER
NORTHERN LOCALITIES. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 4,
(3/4) 141-53, 1961.
Smoke samples collected continuously for one or more years
by filter in Merseyside conurbation and elsewhere hi northern
England and Wales were analysed for 7 polycyclic hydrocar-
bons and 13 trace elements. The locations included seaside and
riversie, small and large towns, a smokeless zone, the Mersey
Tunnel, bus and motor car garages, an office and a steelworks.
The amount of coronene in smoke varied little in town or
country but the higher levels in tunnel smoke and in the motor
garage were sucha s to suggest its usefulness for measurement
of air pollution by motor traffic. In country places amounts of
smoke and of the hydrocarbons were 21/2 times as great in
the autumn-winter half of the year as in the spring- summer
half, but in Merseyside, whilst the seasonal ratio for total
smoke was similar, for the hydrocarbons it was about 5 to 1.
Indoor office air was less polluted than that outside in winter,
the hydrocarbons showing a seasonal ratio about 4 to 1. Trace
element concentrations in air were all higher in urban than in
country places but only for antimony, vanadium and molyb-
denum was the excess relatively greater than for total ash.
Mersey tunnel air contained very much greater amounts of
lead than did the entering air, and in a motor garage the air
contained more lead and vanadium than the air outside. In the
smokeless zone trace elements were present in smaller amount
than at the town centre. In the rolling-mill shed and melting-
shop of the steelworks, concentrations of all the elements,
particularly of copper, were largely, increased. (Author ab-
stract)
04646
J. W. Winchester, W. H. Zoller, R. A. Duce, and C. S. Benson
LEAD AND HALOGENS IN POLLUTION AEROSOLS AND
SNOW FROM FAIRBANKS, ALASKA. Atmos. Environ. 1,
(2) 105-19, Mar. 1967.
The composition of lead halide pollution aerosol particles was
studied in the Fairbanks area during January and February,
1965. At this time of the year the sun is above the horizon for
less than 4 hr and prolonged cold spells (surface air tempera-
ture below -40 deg C) are accompanied by strong (gradients of
20-30 deg C per 100m) surface inversions which severly
restrict the dilution volume for air pollutants. Lead was deter-
mined by inverse polarography in aerosol particles collected
on Millipore filters. Measured values ranged from 6.0 g of lead
per cu m of air in center city to 0.19 outside the city. Halogens
were determined by neutron activation analysis of material in
the aerosols and in ground-lying snows, revealing two com-
ponents: a pollution component derived from automotive ethyl
fluid combustion and a low-level natural component. In the
pollution aerosol component, the weight ratio chlorine/lead
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148
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
averages close to the ethyl fluid value of 0.34, but
bromine/lead is up to four times less than the ethyl fluid value
of 0.39. Bromidechlorine of the pollution in the snows is only
15-30 per cent of the ethyl fluid value and exhibits the lower
values further from center city. Thus the interpretation is sup-
ported that lead halide particles suffer loss of bromine by ox-
idation and volatilization. (Author abstract modified)
04938
J. M. Colucci and C. R. Begeman
THE AUTOMOTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO AIR-BORNE
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN
DETROIT. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 113-22,
Mar. 1965.
The aim was to determine the contribution by automotive
vehicles to the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in city air.
Sampling of paniculate matter at the rate of 140 cu m/min
5000 cfm) was carried out at two heavily-trafficked sites in
Detroit and one suburban site in Warren, Michigan. Carbon
monoxide was determined continuously, and paniculate matter
was analyzed for 'tar,' polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
lead, vanadium, and sulfates. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons in automobile exhaust gas are assumed to be dispersed in
air along with carbon monoxide or lead from automobiles. It is
further assumed that automobiles are the sole source of car-
bon monoxide and lead in the atmosphere. Concentrations of
carbon monoxide and lead in exhaust gas and in the air are
utilized to estimate the percentage of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons in the air attributable to automobiles. The mean
automobile contributions to benzo(a)pyrene in the air, based
on lead concentrations, were 18% at a Freeway Interchange,
5% in a downtown commercial area, and 42% in suburban
Warren. The average concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene at the
sites were 6 micrograms/1,000 cu m, 7 micrograms/1,000 cu m
and 1 microgram/1,000 cu m, respectively. Mean contributions
based on carbon monoxide concentrations were approximately
twice the levels based on lead concentrations. Benzo(a)pyrene
and benz(a)anthracene in air were not statistically related to
carbon monoxide or lead in air, but were higher in winter than
in summer, probably because of the higher levels of these
materials emitted in space heating combustion in winter.
(Author abstract modified)
049%
M. Katz
SOURCES OF POLLUTION. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,
2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 95-105
The wind and cloud conditions in the Detroit River area for
five years are summarized. Sulfur dioxide was measured by
antometers. Hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, oxides of nitrogen,
and ammonia were sampled. Suspended particulates were col-
lected. The distribution of dust fall components is tabulated.
About twenty metallic elements were identified by x-ray dif-
fraction of suspended particulates. Community health surveys
covering morbidity and mortality records and accounting for
ethnic and socioeconomic factors are outlined.
05167
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollu-
tion. 263 pp. (1958). (PHS Publication No. 637.)
AK POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS OF THE NATIONAL
AK SAMPLING NETWORK (ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED
PARTICULATE SAMPLES COLLECTED 1953-1957).
This report on the first five years of operation of the U.S.
Public Health Service's National Air Sampling Network has
been designed to present basic data on suspended paniculate
matter in the air over the United States. Much of its content
consists of tables which present this information. Planning is
currently under way for the comprehensive analysis of these
raw data with the aim of determining trends and patterns of air
pollution in the United States. The various text sections reflect
the second purpose of this report: to provide the technical in-
formation necessary for the establishment of similar or identi-
cal sampling stations in community, area, or State Networks
throughout the United States by appropriate agencies. Another
major goal is the presentation of non-technical information to
assist the public- spirited citizen in the understanding of this
relatively new environmental problem. The tabulations are
based on data obtained from paniculate samplings of urban,
non-urban and suburban atmospheres. (Author introduction
modified)
05260
S. Y. Shamirzayev, and D. K. Nurullayev
POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF THE CITY
OF TASHKENT AND WAYS FOR ITS REDUCTION .
(Aagryaznennosf Atmosfernogo Vozdukha Goroda Tashkenta
i Puti Yeye Snizheniya.) Med. Zh. Uzbekistana (9), 20-5 (Sept.
1960). Usss. (Tr.) (Translated as JPRS 9863.)
The dust and gas suspension exceed the maximum permissible
concentration, in various places, by 2 - 100 times. During the
winter period approximately 15,000 tons of coal is consumed
daily in the city and more than 80,000,000 cu m of flue gas and
600 tons of ashes are discharged into the air (the burning of 1
kg of coal liberates 5.5 cu m of flue gas at an average coal ash
content of 20 percent). On the average 240 tons of oil is
burned daily. There is discharged every hour 60,000 cu m of
flue gas into the atmospheric air, or 1,500,000 everyday. Of
the twenty samples tested for lead fumes, eight were found to
have exceeded the maximum permissible limits; of the 30 sam-
ples tested for carbon monoxide, 14 exceeded the maximum
permissible limits. Soot was found in 20 samples; in some of
them the maximum permissible limits were exceeded four
times. At other posts, carbon monoxide exceeds the maximum
permissible limits 2 - 5 times (from 14 to 29 mg/cu m, at a
norm of 6 mg/cu m); concentrations of lead, 12 to 13 times
greater than the maximum permissible limit (at a norm of
0.0007 mg/cu m, samples were found to contain from 0.014 to
0.0096 mg/cu m). The concentration of soot exceeded the max-
imum permissible limits six times (content of 0.9 mg/cu m). In
the area of the asphalt and bituminous plant the dust suspen-
sion in the air proved to be 52 times greater than the maximum
permissible limit (26 mg/cu m was found at a permissible con-
centration of 0.5 mg/cu m); the suspension of sulfur dioxide
was 80 times greater (40 mg/cu m instead of 0.5).
05277
B. J. Steigerwald, L. W. Weinberger, and D. A. Lynn
AK IONS IN URBAN ATMOSPHERE. A.I.Ch.E. (American
Inst. Chemical Engineers.) Preprint. (Presented at the Sym-
posium on Particulates and Air Ions, 55th Annual Meeting,
American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, Chicago, 111., Dec. 2-6,
1962.)
Air ions (charged molecules, molecular aggregates, or small
particles in air) are a constituent of all natural atmospheres.
Many qualitative observations have been reported of dif-
ferences in the atmospheric ion content of rural and urban air.
The investigation reported in this paper attempted to better
define the difference in air ion characteristics between urban
and rural locations and to relate ion differences quantitatively
to type, degree, and source of air contamination. Results in-
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
149
dicate that urban air contains high concentrations of inter-
mediate and large ions and '• iry low concentrations of small
ions compared to rural air. The concentration of positive large
ions was used to study quantitatively the relationship between
air contaminants and atmospheric ions. The data were
analyzed statistically by correlation and regression methods.
Variations observed in temperature, humidity, and SO2 at am-
bient concentrations had no effect on large ions. Large-ion
concentrations correlated only slightly with particulate concen-
tration as determined by reflectance measurements but corre-
lated very strongly with variations in atmospheric lead concen-
tration, used as an indicator of automobile exhausts. It appears
that in complex urban atmospheres air contamination from au-
tomobile exhaust is the dominant factor in the alteration of
natural atmospheric ion levels.
05551
McMullen, Thomas B., Fensterstock, Jack C., Faoro, Robert
B. and Smith, Raymond
AIR QUALITY AND CHARACTERISTIC COMMUNITY
PARAMETERS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(8):545-549,
August 1968. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967,
Paper 67-26.)
Statistical correlations between all pairs of 16 selected air
quality measurements and 13 selected community parameters
for 66 standard metropolitan statistical areas have been calcu-
lated, tested for significance, and reviewed for meaningful
relationships. Of special interest are the correlations between
the sulfate fraction of suspended particulate matter and the
use of sulfur- containing fuels (r equal 0.66), between ambient
sulfur dioxide and the use of sulfur containing fuels (r equal
0.85), between the lead fraction of suspended particulates and
annual purchases of gasoline (r equal 0.71), and between
vanadium in suspended particulates and the percent residual
fuel oil used in a community (r equal 0.69). Several of these
relationships are given more definitive description with mathe-
matical equations that describe how the ambient pollutant con-
centration varies as a function of a related community parame-
ter. The geographic distribution of high and low pollutant
levels is also discussed.
05573
L. B. Hitchcock, W. L. Faith, M. Neiburger, N. A. Renzetti,
and L. H. Rogers
AIR POLLUTION SITUATION IN LOS ANGELES - AN
AEROMETRIC SURVEY. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp.,
3rd, Pasadena, Calif., 1955. pp. 12-23.
This paper summarizes the methods, the results, and some
preliminary indications and conclusions employed in the sur-
vey. A major purpose of the survey was to monitor
presumably important variables so as to provide a more
adequate basis for diagnosis of the general problem. Pinto
beans were used to measure the plant damaging effects of
smog. Also measured were oxidants, nitrogen dioxide,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, aldehydes, sulfur dioxide,
particulates, and meteorological factors. Some of the recom-
mendations derived from the survey are that more complete
meteorological measurements be obtained, that plant damage
as a measure of smog be given more extensive study, and that
a minimum of 14 monitoring stations be established in the Los
Angeles Basin.
05623
E. C. Tabor and J. E. Meeker
EFFECTS OF THE 1956 STEEL STRIKE ON AIR POLLU-
TION LEVELS IN SEVERAL COMMUNITIES. Proc. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 51st, Philadelphia, Pa., 1958. pp. 24/1-
24/20.
This paper reports the results of a study conducted in several
steel producing communities during and immediately following
the steel strike of July, 1956. The study was limited to the fol-
lowing communities: Homestead, McKeesport, Pittsburgh, and
Donora, Pa.; East Chicago, Ind.; and Birmingham, Ala. A con-
tinuous sampling program for the collection of suspended par-
ticulate matter was set up in all communities. Lower levels
were found while the steel mills were shut down as a result of
the strike than after the mills resumed operation. No dif-
ferences in levels of Sb, Ba, Be, Co, molybdenum, and nitrate
were observed during the two periods. Statistical analysis of
data for iron, zinc, manganese, lead, sulfates and copper
demonstrated that significantly lower values were found during
the strike period in the following instances: Fe and Zn in all
communities; Mn in Birmingham and Donora; Pb in Donora
and East Chicago; sulfates in Allegheny County and Donora;
Cu in none of the communities. In Donora, it was found that
the soiling power of the air during the strike period was half
that of the post strike period. The occurrence of occasional
high levels of pollutants during the strike period indicates that
there are sources contributing to pollution of the air which
may not be obvious in the presence of an industry which is
frequently looked upon as the major offender.
05820
C. Xintaras
A STUDY OF LEAD LEVELS IN AIR WITH PRINCIPAL
EMPHASIS ON THAT DUE TO AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTS
(Progress Rept.). Preprint. 1960.
The program involved in this study is reviewed. Basic objec-
tives tentatively agreed upon were: (1) determination of max-
imum levels of atmospheric lead to which appreciable popula-
tion segements are exposed; (2) appraisal of lead body burden
if any induced by atmospheric lead concentrations. An at-
tached bibliography of items related to this study comprises
one phase of the undertaking. Existing data on the subject is
reviewed. Related investigations covered the contribution of
lead to the atmosphere by industrial and other 'non-vehicle'
sources. Sampling and research programs concerned with lead
pollution here and abroad (Germany) are reviewed briefly. A
reivew of and plans for sampling and analysis are outlined.
Available data (Jan 1960) do not indicate any noticeable trends
in atmospheric lead levels. Extreme fluctuations have been
recorded.
06148
Tada, O, T. Sawano, and K. Nakaaki
AIR POLLUTION BY AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS ON THE
TOLL ROAD AND IN THE PARKING PLACE. Text in
Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J. Sci. Labour, Tokyo), 42(6):463-468,
June 1966.
An investigation was made of air pollution at five toll booths
in city and suburbs and four underground parking garages
from 1962 through 1965 during the winter when pollution is at
its heaviest. The number of cars passing through the toll
booths was from 500 to 1600 per hour. Two of the un-
derground garages held over 300 cars; the other two were
beneath a department store and a bank, respectively. The air
pollutants measured and the methods of measurement are as
-------
150
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
follows: CO (Kitagawa-type tester), CO-Hb (pyrotannic acid
method, from blood samples of toll gate attendants), CO2
(Kitagawa-type tester), S02 (rosaniline formaldehyde method),
NO2 (naphthylethylene diamine method), HCHO (phenyl
hydrazine method), dusts (Roken filter paper method), Pb
(dithizone method), and O3 (phenolphthalein method). Graphs
and tabulations of hourly variations of the concentrations ol
SO2, NO2, and dusts are given. The concentrations of HCHO
were higher in the underground garages than at the toll booths.
Other pollutants were found in about the same concentrations
in both areas. Although the concentration of each pollutant
was below the individual maximum allowable concentration,
the total combination of polluting elements was quite serious.
06760
N. Saruta
A» POLLUTION IN NORTHERN KYUSHU. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 4, (2) 35-45,
JulyS 1966. Jap.
A preliminary investigation of air pollution in northern Kyushu
was started in 1952 and studies on existing conditions have
been carried out since 1959. The yearly and monthly amounts
of dust fall and SO2 in the five wards of northern Kyushu are
tabulated for 1959 through 1965. The results show decrease in
dust fall (from 26.49 to 20.73 tons/sq. cm./month) and in in-
crease in SO2 (from 0.25 to 0.64 mg/100 cc/day). Tabulations
of dust fall and SO2 are given for the industrial, business, and
residential sections. The Fe2O3 present in red smoke has also
been measured and averages between 2.0 and 2.8g/sq.
m/month. Measurements of 3,4-benzopyrene and components
of automobile exhaust such as CO, SO2, Pb, NO, and NO2
are also tabulated for the five wards.
06788
(STUDIES OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
THE SEINE IN 1965. PART 3. CONDITIONS AT ORLY AIR-
PORT.) Etudes de Pollution Atmospberique dans le Departe-
ment de la Seine en 1965. Trolsieme Partie. Operation
'Aerodrome d'Orly.' Laboratoire Municipal de la Prefecture de
Police, Paris, France. (Apr. 1966.) pp. 1-2, 9, 11, 13-7. Fr.
The results of an air pollution study made at Orly Airport at
the request of the medical services at the airport are given.
The survey covered the exposure to ground personnel and an
investigation of the components of the fuel and emissions
from jets. The investigation was conducted by a mobile air
pollution laboratory located at the field during the study. In
general, the pollution was neglible, the emissions from the jets
were not a matter of concern, but there was a nuisance hazard
to workers on piston planes. The carbon monoxide was deter-
mined by infra-red absorption with an average reading
recorded every 15 min. The averages ranged from 0.5 to 18
ppm. The other contaminants that were determined included
carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
aldehydes, lead, 3,4- benzopyrene, toluene, xylene, and
benzene, and in all cases the results were much lower than
those obtained in various stations in Paris. Both on the basis
of analyses made on ambient air and on emissions from jets
there is little evidence of air pollution at Orly Airport in Paris.
07198
Y. Kawanami
AK POLLUTION IN TOKYO. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 4(2): 11-22 (July 1966). Jap.
A definition of smog is given as the restriction of visibility to
less than 2 km in the city and vicinity, excluding the restric-
tion by rain. Out of 154 days when smog occurred in Tokyo hi
1965, 64 were caused by heavy fumes and 90 by mist or haze.
The differences in times of occurrence of heavy fume-type
smog and mist or haze-type smog is discussed. The yearly
variation of the number of 'smog days' is graphed indicating
seasonal influences. Smog decreases in winter but increases in
summer and fall. The current status of air pollution in Tokyo
is also covered with respect to dust and soot fall, floating
dust, sulfuric acid, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and lead
compounds. Measurement of dust and soot fall in Tokyo
began in 1955 and yearly variations are graphed through 1965.
Dust fall reaches a peak between February and May and then
again in August and September. These peaks are related to the
meteorological influence of strong winds in spring and large
amounts of rain in spring and late summer. Therefore, July
and December are considered the best times to investigate air
pollution without meteorological influence. Lengthy discussion
is given to daily and hourly variations of pollution peaks in ur-
ban, industrial, and suburban areas.
07600
Robinson, Elmer and F. L. Ludwig
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN LEAD
AEROSOLS. J. Air Pol- lution Control Assoc., 17(10):664-669,
Oct. 1967. 10 refs.
Size distributions of lead aerosols were obtained for 61 test
periods in five urban and two remote areas of the United
States. The tests were carried out under a variety of weather
conditions in downtown, industrial, and residential locations of
Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay area, Chicago, Cincin-
nati, Philadelphia, and remote sites in Oklahoma and Arizona.
Samples were obtained with a modified Goetz Aerosol spec-
trometer. Various fractions of the collected samples were
analyzed by the dithizone method foi lead and the size dis-
tributions were calculated on the basis of the chemical deter-
minations. Size distributions were generally similar at the
several sampling sites covered in the study. (Authors' abstract)
07649
Thilliez, Georges
DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF LEAD IN AIR BY
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY. Anal. Chem.,
39(4):427-432, April 1967. 6 refs.
Direct supply of air samples from the atmosphere to the
burner of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer allows the
rapid determination of certain elements such as lead. The
method described has been in service in the tetraethyl-and
tetramethyllead production installations of our Paimboeuf
plant, since November 1965, with general satisfaction. It al-
lows continuous monitoring of the lead concentration in the
environments where the organic derivatives of this element are
manufactured or handled. It permits the detection of slight
leaks in the apparatus, and improves safety. The limit of de-
tection is .000001 gm/cu m. The sensitivity and accuracy are of
the same order as those of discontinuous methods, which
require from some hours to a day per analysis. This method is
also applicable to determination of other elements in air, par-
ticularly mercury. (Author's summary)
07985
Lee, Robert E., Jr., Ronald K. Patterson, and Jack Wagman
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF METAL COM-
PONENTS IN URBAN AIR. Preprint, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
151
(10)p., (1967). 12 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society Meeting, Miami Beach, Fla., April 1967.)
Concentration and particle-size distribution of six suspended
metals (iron, lead, cadmium, chromium, magnesium, and
copper) were measured in downtown Cincinnati and in Fair-
fax, a Cincinnati suburb. Paniculate was collected and size-
fractionated in cascade impactors; the metals were extracted
with acids and analyzed by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Samples obtained from the two locations ex-
hibited different particle-size distributions; at both locations,
however, only lead was predominantly submicron. Concentra-
tions of the metals were typically 3 to 5 times higher in Cincin-
nati than in Fairfax; magnesium concentrations were about 17
times higher. (Authors' abstract)
08275
A. Petrova, Y. Dalakmanski, D. Bakalov
STUDY OF CONTAMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY
INJURIOUS ROAD. (TRANSPORT AND INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS.) J. Hyg. Epidemiol., Microbiol., Immunol.
(Prague), Vol. 10, p. 383-391, 1966. 9 refs.
The concentration of lead was determined at 23 locations in
the atmosphere of Sofia from 1962 to 1963, and the carbon
monoxide concentration from May to December 1963. Two
hundred and six single samples of lead, including 10 controls,
were collected by the aspiration technique and tested by the
chromate method. Lead emanating from factories and road
transport was found in mean concentrations of 4.25 plus or
minus 0.27 microgram/cu m. Carbon monoxide concentration
distributed throughout the city was detected in a mean concen-
tration of 10.88 plus or minus 3.01 microgram/cu m. This is
five times the rate found six years previously and ten times
the maximum permissible concentration. The noxious effect of
lead was determined from the urine coproporphyrin level in
kindergarten children five to seven years of age.
Coproporphyrinuria was found more frequently and its levels
were higher in city children than in children of the same age
living in the suburbs. Suggestions to improve the air in the city
include iron carbonyl additives to gasoline as an anti- knock
agent instead of the toxic compound tetraethyl lead, and the
installation of equipment to eliminate smoke from factories.
08279
Everett, J. L., C. L. Day, and D. Reynolds
COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF LEAD AT SELECTED SITES
IN THE BRITISH ISLES IN RELATION TO AIR POLLU-
TION. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. (London), Vol. 5, p. 29-35,
1967.
A study of lead concentration in the air was undertaken in 33
areas (grouped in five regions) in England, Scotland and
Wales, using privet leaves as indicators. The areas selected
represent both districts of high industrialization, and those of
rural character. In each area two sites were chosen, one along
a main highway (Site I) and the other in 'clean' surroundings
(Site II). From each site a top soil sample was taken at the
beginning and end of the study. Collections of privet cuttings
were made each month on the same day and duplicate spectro-
grams of each sample were analyzed for lead concentration.
The soil lead levels showed comparable distribution on a re-
gional basis except in southwest England which contains lead
mines. Details of both the lead concentration of privet taken
from Site I and Site II in each area and the mean monthly
variations in lead concentration of the leaves at each site were
evaluated statistically and tabulated. When the density of the
population was plotted against the mean annual concentrations
of lead found in the leaves at all sites, it was shown that in
areas of high population the Site II lead is higher than in spar-
sely populated areas. Along a main highway (Site I) the lead
content of the leaves in each regional group was fairly
uniform, but in 'clean' surroundings (Site n) a range of 22.9 -
72.5 ppm was obtained, showing that the difference in lead
content between Site I and II is due to air pollution derived
from intense industrialization. A strong case is made for deter-
mining the lead content of foods grown for human consump-
tion in hazardous areas, particularly near highways.
08438
Berdyev, Kh. B., Pavlovich, N. V., and Tuzhilina, A. A.
EFFECT OF MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES ON AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN DWELLINGS AND IN A
MAIN STREET. ((VTiyanie vybrosov avtotransporta na
zagryaznenie vozdukha zhilykh pomeshchenii i ulichnoi magis-
tral!.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sank.)
32(4-6):424-426, April-June 1967. 1 ref. CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
Considerable concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen ox-
ides, lead compounds and dust were measured in the at-
mosphere of the main street and in the living premises, ex-
ceeding the maximum permissible concentrations. The 50 per-
cent increase in the density of vehicular traffic in 1963 in com-
parison to 1961 (from 780 to 1,200 vehicles per hour) increased
only the carbon monoxide concentration in the street air (by
50 percent), all other indices remaining at the previous level. A
comparison of the concentrations of health hazards at dif-
ferent levels revealed the highest concentration of carbo n
monoxide in the living rooms of the third story and those of
dust and lead in the first story. The concentrations of nitrogen
oxides were the same in the street, in the first and the third
stories.
08502
Einbrodt, H. J., Reploh, H., and Winck, W.
SUSPENDED DUST EXAMINATION IN THE RESIDENTIAL
AREA OF AN INDUSTRIAL CITY IN THE RUHR AREA.
((Schwe estaubuntersuchungen im Wohnge- biet einer Indus-
triegrossstadt des Ruhrgebiets.))Text in German Arch Hyg.
Bakteriol. (Munich), 150(l-2):92-99, 1966. 5 refs.
The airborne dusts found in a residential area of a large indus-
trial city in the Ruhr area of Germany were compared with
those found during a previous examination in a large re-
sidential town 80 km. away. The dust was collected electro-
statically between February and June 1965 and examined for
humidity at 150 deg. C, loss on ignition at 400 and 750 deg.C,
silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium and lead. Wind direction,
velocity, barometric pressure, air temperature and amount of
precipitation were also registered. The tabulated results show
that the lowest concentrations obtained are similar in the re-
sidential area of an industrial city and a large residential city,
but in general the fine dust quantities are twice as high in the
former. In the industrial city the suspended dust has a more
constant composition with a higher concentration of soot, and
more iron, calcium and lead. Silicon and aluminum concentra-
tions were higher in the residential city.
08568
Chovin, P.
CARBON MONOXIDE: ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GAS IN-
VESTIGATIONS IN PARIS. Environ. Res., 1(2):198-2168 Oct.
1967. 3 refs.
Using a motor car sampler, ambient air samples from Parisian
streets were taken at 317 locations. The content of CO in un-
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152
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
ventilated tunnels as well as streets was measured with in-
frared analyzers. Yearly maps of vehicular pollution (CO
levels) were drawn; differences in maps from 1959 through
1966 were found to be insignificant. In tunnels, there was a
good correlation between tunnel length and CO level. A 24-hr
curve of street CO level shows CO level and traffic intensity
to be directly correlated. A close correlation is found between
average CO level (for 10 hrs.) and average lead content in the
air, suggesting the two pollutants have the same origin. There
is no correlation between CO and benzo(a)pyrene levels. Au-
tomobile exhausts are responsible only for 10-20 percent of
benzo(a)pyrene air pollution. A technique for reducing the CO
content of exhaust gases during idling by means of a carbure-
tor adjustment is mentioned. It is used on all police cars, with
a resultant reduction of CO levels (from 97-150 ppm to 24-38
ppm) in the police garage. In the blood of traffic policemen,
tested before and after dury, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
levels increase in nonsmokers, but may decrease in smokers,
dur to high levels achieved before duty. Car drivers, when
driving in traffic, tend to have higher COHb levels than wor-
kers exposed to CO, traffic pollicemen, or private individuals
with suspected accidental CO exposure. Underground parking
garages can have astonishingly high levels of CO: a new one in
Paris was found to have levels above 200 ppm for as long as
20 min. and average CO levels often reached 90-100 ppm. The
adoption of air quality standards for garages is now in force in
Paris.
08591
Yamaki, N.
SEVERAL PROBLEMS ON CONTROL OF MOTOR VEHI-
CLE EXHAUST POLLUTION. Text in Japanese. J. Japan.
Petroleum Inst. (Tokyo), 8(9):686-696, Sept. 1965. 31 refs.(
Effedcts of Automobile exhaust gases upon air pollution in
Tokyo and Osaka are evaluated. Numbers of vehicles, popula-
tion density of auto mobiles ,and average amounts of gasoline
consumption per square kilometer per day for
Tokyo,Osaka,and Japan are tabulated Average and maximum
amounts of carbon monoxide and lead concentrations in
Tokyo and in Japan are discussed, with reference to those of
Los Angeles. Smogs are more frequent in Tokyo and Osaka
during winters and they have been known to be caused by
stack gases and smokes from factory chimneys. The effects of
automobile exhaust gases upon smogs for both cities have not
been clarified. The frequencies and distributions of smogs,
year to year, in Tokyo and Osaka have been changing in
recent years, as petroleum fuels have replaced coal. Subjects
such as quality of auto exhaust gas for different driving condi-
tions, actual field survey of exhaust gases, exhaust control
devices, and other activities being conducted in the United
States, are reviewed.
08810
Marraccini, L., A. Spinazzola, G. Devoto, and S. Zedda
DISTRIBUTION OF SEVERAL VOLATILE TOXIC
PRODUCTS WHICH ARE INDICATORS OF AIR POLLU-
TION IN THE CITY OF CAGLIARI. NOTE IV. LEAD. ((Stu
dio sul comportamento di alcuni prodotti tossici volatili quale
indice di inquinamento atmosferico nella citta' di Cagliari,
Nota IV. D piombo.)) Text in Italian. Folica Med. (Naples),
49(9):649-658, Sept. 1966. 8 refs.
Monitoring stations were set up in 18 locations on streets,
street corners, and piazzas of Cagliari. Measurements of at-
mospheric lead were made by passing 60 l./hr. through a tube
filled with 30 cc of twice-distilled water and then testing for
the presence of lead. Average values taken from three days'
measurement at 8:00-10:00 A.M., 12:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M., and
6:00-8:00 P.M. are graphed. Levels found range from traces to
34.4 micro grams/cu m. Lead levels are higher (16.26-
24.40/micro grams/cu m average) in those streets where au-
tomobile traffic is interrupted by traffic lights than is those
where traffic flows continuously (below 3 micro grams/cu m).
08812
Muller, T. H.
AIR POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS. OB-
SERVATIONS IN BASEL. ((Die Verunreinigung der At-
mosphare durch die Abgase der Motorfahrzeuge. Beobachtun-
gen in Basel.)) Text in German Z. Praeventivmed., 11(2):157-
160, March-April, 1966. 5 refs.
CO level was sampled in air taken from 8 areas of dense traf-
fic during the period 1961-1964. Levels found ranged from 0 to
45 p.p.m., with occasional peaks to 90 p.p.m. These levels
were about the same each year, in contrast to the sharp in-
crease in the number of automobiles during that period. No
conclusions are drawn from this observation, but the ambient
air concentration of other exhaust gas components is pointed
out as also significant. Averages are given for ammonia, SO2,
NO2, and aldehyde. In order to clarify the possibility of even-
tual harm from lead additives in gasoline, urine samples from
all traffic policemen were examined in 1965. There was no
evidence of lead accumulation in any of the samples.
08821
Truffert, L., J. Lebbe, and P. Chovin
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN PARIS FROM EXHAUST
GASES OF AUTOMOBILES. ((La pollution de 1'atmosphere
de la region parisienne par les gaz d'echappement des
vehicules automobiles.)) Text in French. Z. Praeventivmed.,
11(2):134-143, March-April, 1966.
Studies undertaken by the Municipal Laboratory of the Police
Department in Paris are described. A truck-laboratory was
used to sample the street air, with the finding that 53.0-90.2%
of the samples taken from 1960 to 1964 contained 5-30 ppm. of
CO. The modal level was 10-20 or 20-30 ppm. for these years.
A tabulation of the levels found in the 20 districts of Paris
shows that the most pollution is found in the first, second,
third, eighth, ninth, and tenth districts. Similarly, 13 un-
derground traffic passages were studied; average pollution is
roughly proportional to the length of the tunnel. The number
of automobiles which pass and the effect of wind are
discussed as factors in determining the level of pollution. Air
samples taken in six places indicate that the level of CO in-
creases with the number of cars which pass in a 15-min.
period. Blood COHb levels increase in nonsmokers after expo-
sure to CO, but may actually decrease in smokers due to the
initially high level found before exposure. Both groups have
lower COHb levels than automobile drivers. Lead and 3,4-
benzopyrene levels were also measured.
09240
Petrova, A., Y. Dalakmanski, and D. Bakalov
INQUIREIES INTO THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION
IN THE CITY OF SOFIA WITH HARMFUL WASTE
PRODUCTS OF MOTORVEfflCLE TRAFFIC AND INDUS-
TRY, n auchni Tr. Visshiya Med. Inst. Sofiya (Sofia),
44(3):51-57, 1965. 9 refs.
The mean level of atmospheric Pb in Sofia, monitored from
June 1962 to Dec. 1963 at 23 control posts, was 4.25 plus or
minus 0.27 gamma/cu. m. This level is similar to those found
in other countries and indicates a massive Pb pollution of the
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
153
ftir, about 6 times the permissible concentration (0.7 gam-
ma/cu. m.). Lower levels were found at a nearby mountain and
in the suburbs. Average Pb levels 1.5 m. above ground were
twice as high as those at 20 m. Pb levels are directly related to
the amount of automobile traffic and result from the use of
ethylated gasoline which was introduced hi Sept. 1963. Fall
and winter levels are higher than those in spring and summer.
Mean levels of CO measured from May to Dec. 1963 were
10.88 plus or minus 3.01 mg./cu. m., which is more than 10
times the maximum permissible limit (1 mg./cu. m.), and which
is a large increase over the 1957 level of 2 mg./cu. m. No
statistically significant difference was found in CO levels at
1.5 and 20 m. above ground. CO is not found at a nearby
mountain; CO levels are lower in the suburbs and increase sig-
nificantly during the autumn and winter. Sofia children (48;
aged 5-7), and rural children, had mean urine coproporphyrin
levels of 40.3 and 32.6 gamma/24 hr., respectively.
09432
Dubois, L., T. Teichman, R. S. Thomas, and J. L. Monkman
SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN URBAN AIR. In: Air Pollution.
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Physico-chemical Trans-
formation of Sulphur Compounds in the Atmosphere and the
Formation of Acid Smogs. Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development, Paris, Directorate for Scientific
Affairs, Paper 8, Dec. 1967, p. 63-73. 6 refs.
Three sampling stations were set up using glass fiber filters.
All filters were carefully washed to reduce the relevant blank
levels as much as possible. Measurements were made of dust
loading, lead, polycyclics and sulphate. Using hot aqueous ex-
traction, sulphate blank values were determined on a larger
group of glass fiber filters. Sulphate blanks on organic filter
media are much lower than for the glass fiber type. Suitably
low blanks have only been achieved for polycyclic, lead and
sulphate blanks. Results currently being obtained for sulphate
in air are shown in histograms. The effect of wind direction
has been applied to the results. There seems to be a rough cor-
relation between the three stations. Peaks tend to occur on
weekends. Dust and sulphate air loadings are given in tables.
Values are summarized for three months, with some average
values for the same months obtained 10 years previously in
the same city at another location one mile distant. Glass fiber
sheet appears to be quite unsuitable for the measurement of
sulphate or sulphuric acid in air since it is analytically unsound
to try to measure sulphate if the total sulphate blank is as
large, or larger, than the quantity being measured.
09726
Langmann, R., and H. Kettner
THE PROBLEM OF CHRONIC CO INTOXICATION AND IN-
VESTIGATION OF CO POLLUTION IN LARGE CITIES.
((Die Problematik einer chronischen Intoxikation durch
Kohlenoxyd und Untersuchungen seiner Immis- sionen in
Grossstaedten.)) Text in German. Offentl. Gesund- heitswesen
(Stuttgart), 30(1):7-11, Jan. 1968.
In contrast to the common agreement on the danger of high
CO concentrations, opinion is divided on the risks of human
exposure to low concentrations of this gas. The literature on
this subject is briefly reviewed. Some 114 different samples
were measured at 30 points of heavy traffic flow in Muelheim
(Ruhr) during the morning and evening rush hours; an infrared
absorption device meas- ured CO levels. About 90% of the
samples exhibited 25 p.p.m. CO or less, with the mean value at
14.5 p.p.m. These figures can be compared to the continuously
high level of 200 p.p.m. found in large parking garages.
Meteorological conditions had a signi- cant effect, hazy
weather almost doubling the mean CO levels. Levels of lead
and hydrocarbons paralleled those of CO at the locations sam-
pled. The significance of CO measurements and pollution
abatement measures are briefly discussed.
10380
W. Kozlowski, and I. Rzepka
COMPARISON OF THEORETICALLY ESTABLISHED AIR
POLLUTION DATA WITH MEASUREMENTS IN AN INDUS-
TRIAL CITY. PART I. (Porowanie teoretycznego obliczenia
zanieczyszczenia atmosfery w miescie przemyslowym z
pomiarami. I. czesc artykulu.) Text in Polish. Ochrona
Powietrza (Warsaw), l(3):l-9, 1967.
While studying the effect of air pollution on the health of
Chorzow school children, the ambient air pollution of the
Chorzow Stary city district was determined theoretically and
empirically. Chorzow, located in the Upper Silesian Industrial
District, is a city of 150,000 and has a population density of
4,688 per sq km, the highest in Poland. There are nine large in-
dustrial combines within the city limits, which employ 68% of
the total city population. Data for theoretical pollution esti-
mates, obtained directly from 16 industrial enterprises located
in the Chorzow Stary city district and within a 5 km radius,
are mapped and graphed. The type of enterprise, existence of
dust collectors and their efficiency, number and height of
stacks with their outlet diameter, volume and temperature of
gases, type of dust, its concentration and presence of toxic
components were investigated. Dust fractions below 20 micro-
gram diameter were calculated using estimates for various
emission sources: steel furnace dust having 100% such parti-
cles; mechanically fractionated dust behind dust chambers,
40%; and boiler burners with dust traps, 15%. The density of
dust with a predominating mineral content was set at 2 g/cc;
for zinc oxides, 3 g/cc; iron oxides, 4 g/cc; and for lead ox-
ides, 9 g/cc. Meteorological data were obtained from stations
in Warsaw and Katowice. The value of average annual pollu-
tion concentration at ground level was determined by the 'box
method', assuming that the upward wind movement was
blocked by inversion. Pollution concentrations at ground level
were determined based on the spread of polluted air from
known emission sources, using Bosanquet formulas and elec-
tronic computers. Total annual emissions from industrial
sources within a 5 km radius of Chorzow Stary established
theoretically were: 86,000 tons of SO2, 123,000 tons of dust
(of which 85,000 tons had particles less than 20 microgram in
diameter), 193 tons of zinc dust and 15 tons of lead dust.
Results of concentrations calculated according to Sutton's for-
mula are graphed and compared with empirical data.
10554
Lahmann, Erdwin and Manfred Moller
AIR POLLUTION IN CITIES FROM DUSTS CONTAINING
LEAD. ((Luftverunreinigung in Stadten durch bleihaltige
Staube.)) Text in German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt (Berlin),
1967(17):261-264, 1967. 27 refs.
Measurements on a well-travelled street in Berlin indicate that
lead levels parallel the traffic density, with morning and even-
ing peaks. About 36.6% of these lead levels fall between 5-10
microgram/cu m and the highest measurement was 13.4 micro-
gram/cu m. A series of 24-hr, measurements taken biweekly
yielded a mean level of 3.8 microgram Pb/cu m. Measurements
were taken at three other sites in Berlin and the data tabu-
lated. Means of 0.44-0.48 microgram/cu m were found. Data
from 18 published sources are tabulated. The ground level of
atmospheric lead in various German, French, Swiss, English,
Italisn, Russian, and American cities appears to be about 0.5
microgram Pb/cu m.
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154
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
10595
Coghi, L. and E. Bellelli
RESEARCH ON AIR POLLUTION BY LEAD FROM MOTOR
VEHICLES IN THE CITY OF PARMA. (Ricerche sull'inquin-
amento atmosferico da piombo causato da veicoli a motor;
nella citta' di Panria.) Text in Italian. Nuovi Ann. Igiene
Microbiol. (Rome), 18(1):1-16, Jan.-Feb. 1967. 18 refs.
This study utilized 56 samples of air taken in four zones of
concentrated motor traffic during rush hours from June 1964
to June 1965; polarography and titrimetry were used with
similar results. The concentration of lead in samples varied
from 10 to 88.7 mg in different periods of the year. The con-
centration was generally higher in spring or summer than in
winter, for the same traffic conditions. Since the first symp-
toms of saturnism can appear after the concentration of lead
in the blood exceeds 70 mg/100 g. blood, the danger of air pol-
lution by lead from motor vehicles and industries using that
metal is evident, as shown in similar studies performed in
America, Switzerland, and Germany.
10612L
J. M. Colucci, C. R. Begeman, and Kathleen Kumler
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT, NEW YORK AND
LOS ANGELES Am. Preprint, General Motors Research
Labs., Fuels and Lubricants Dept. and General Motors Indus-
trial Hygiene, Dept., Warren, Mich., 24p., 1968. 18 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 24-28, 1968. Publi-
cation GMR-773, Paper 68-90.)
The concentrations of lead in air at 12 sites in Detroit, New
York, and Los Angeles are reported. Sampling was carried out
by filtration using a large 'absolute' filter and equipment con-
tained in a step-van truck. A portion of the filter was
macerated in nitric acid and the lead determined spectrographi
cally. The combined annual average lead concentration for
four sites in metropolitan Los Angeles was approximately 40%
higher than the combined averages of either the five sites in
metropolitan New York or the three sites in metropolitan
Detroit Concentrations ranged from 0.4 micrograms /cu m ai.
coastal Santa Monica, to 18.4 micrograms/cu m at a Los An-
geles freeway interchange. Concentrations were generally
highest in freeway areas, intermediate in commericial areas.
and lowest in residential areas, and were about 40% higher in
daytime than at night. Average lead concentrations were
highest during autumn in New York and winter in Los Angeles
reflecting an inverse relationship with wind speed. Correlation
coefficients between lead and carbon monoxide, at all sites,
were statistically non-zero with 99% confidence, and varied
from 0.75 to 0.96. Lead levels in road dirt were also measured
and discussed. (Authors' abstract, modified)
10634
Kurcatova, G. and V. Andrev
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN SOFIA. ((Kharakteristika
zagryazneniya atmosiernogo vozdukha sofii.)) Hyg. & Sani*.
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(l-3):224-247, Jan.-
March 1968. CFSTI: TT 68-50449/1
Extensive studies of atmospheric pollution were under taken
in Sofia. The investigations were conducted over the three-
year period 1963 - 1965. They included determinations of sul-
fur dioxide, sulfuric acid aerosol, dust (by sedimentation at the
beginning of 1963 and in 1964, and gravimetrically in 1965),
copper and lead in deposited dust, soot (1963 and 1965), car-
bon monoxide (1964-1965), formaldehyde, nitrogen oxides
(1965) and lead aerosol (1964-1965). The samples were taken in
different districts of Sofia and in trunk roads with heavy traf-
fic. They were five permanent air sampling stations in 1963
and 1964 and 7 in 1965. In addition, there were three such sta-
tions in streets with heavy traffic.
10756
Joshi, L. U., and T. N. Mahadevan
SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF RADIUM-D (LEAD-210) IN
GROUND LEVEL AIR IN INDIA. Health Phys., 15(1):67-71,
July 1968.
Measurements of Pb-210 concentrations in ground level air at
two stations in India, viz., Bombay and Sringagar, are
presented. Sampling of the atmospheric particulates was done
using Hollingsworth and Vose H-70 filter papers and powerful
blowers; soil samples were also taken. Radiochemical separa-
tion of 210 Pb from the air-filter collection was carried out
after ashing of the filters at 250 degrees C. The samples were
counted in low-level end-window G.M. counters using he 1.17
MeV betas of daughter product 210 Bi both for activity esti-
mation and for checking the radiochemical purity of the sam-
ples. The measurements at Bombay are from October 1961 to
March 1966 and at Srinagar from March 1962 to March 1966.
It can be seen from the results that the activity concentrations
varied from 6 micro-micro curies per 1000 m3 to 60 micro-
micro curies per 1000 m3. The presence of a seasonal variation
in concentrations with maximum in winter and minimum in
summer of each year is also observed. The likely causes for
these variations and their differences with the seasonal varia-
tion of Cs-137 and other fission products are discussed.
(Authors' abstract, modified)
11028L
Colucci, Joseph M. and Charles R. Begeman
CARCINOGENIC AIR POLLUTANTS IN RELATION TO AU-
TOMOTIVE TRAFFIC IN NEW YORK. Preprint, General
Motors Research Labs., Warren, Mich., Dept. of Fuels and
Lubricants, RP-GMR-777, 32p., 1968. 33 refs. (Presented at the
61st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, St.
Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-71.)
Sampling for particulates and carbon monoxide was carried
out at tions of certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(benzo(a)pyrene and benz(a)anthracene) to automobile traffic.
Carbon monoxide and lead were determined as indicators of
air pollution from auto- motive combustion sources. Sampling
equipment was contained in a step-van truck. Particulate
matter was collected on a large 'ab- solute' filter. The benzene
extract (tar) was analyzed for Benzo (a)pyrene and
Benz(a)anthracene utilizing column and reversed- phase paper
chromatography in combination with ultraviolet spectro-
photometry. The average concentrations of all pollutants were
highest at Herald Square in central Manhattan, and lowest in
suburban Scarsdale. Concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene ranged
from 0.1 micrograms/1000 cu m to 9.4 micrograms/1000 cu m,
were higher in daytime than at night, and were highest in au-
tumn and winter. For all sites considered together, the correla-
tion coefficient of benzo(a)pyrene with carbon monoxide was
0.65, with lead, 0.74, and vanadium 0.54; all three correlations
were statistically non-zero with 99% confidence. At individual
sites, however, some of these correlation coefficients were
significant and others were not. Benzo(a)pyrene, in air, even
in areas of greatest automobile traffic, appears related with
both automotive and non-automotive sources (space heating).
Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations at the Manhattan sites in New
York were lower than previously measured in central Detroit,
even though traffic was greater at the New York sites. BaP in
New York was lower than reported for most U. S. cities, and
more than reported for several European cities.
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
155
11184
Winchester, John W.
COMPOSITION OF LEAD HALIDE POLLUTION
AEROSOLS. Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, Dept. of
Meteorology and Oceanography, 23p., Aug. 15, 1968. 25 refs.
The study of the composition of lead halide pollution aerosols
has begun with an approach of environmental sampling and
high sensitivity chemical analysis designed to reveal effects re-
lated to chemical reactivity of the particles in the atmosphere.
Laboratory facilities have been developed for the determina-
tion of lead anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and of the
halogens by neutron activation analysis (NAA). Atmospheric
sampling of particles has been carried out with cascade impac-
tors by Scientific Advances, Columbus, Ohio, and Andersen
Sampler, Provo, Utah, and the latter have been found to be
the most satisfactory for this investigation from the standpoint
of cost, ease of sampr—g, ^aa ease of Ec.ii-j;.ing th,; ;V;
for replicate analysis. Samples are now being taken mainly in
three locations in the Great Lakes Basin: (1) Ann Arbor,
Michigan, to search for the influence of Detroit 45 miles to
east as a pollution source; (2) Stations in Chicago and Gary
determine the composition of aerosols from this source region
and any areal variation within it; and (3) Over waters of
southern La Michigan from shipboard to search for the in-
fluence of Chicago and Gary to the southwest. Elements being
determined in all samples are lead, copper, and cadmium by
ASV and chlorine, bromine, and iodine by NAA. Preliminary
results indicate dis- tinctive particle size distributions for these
elements. (Au-
11202
Lee, Robert E., Jr., Ronald K. Patterson, and Jack Wagman
CONCENTRATION AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
OF METALS IN URBAN AND RURAL AIR. Preprint. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration, ((10))p.$ 1967. 7 refs.
Metal components suspended in air were fractionated and col-
lected with cascade impactors simultaneously in downtown
Cincinnati and at the Indian Creek Wildlife Preserve about 45
miles away. Although daily variations were observed at both
locations, the average metal concentrations were remarkably
similar. Lead and iron concentrations were highest; nickel was
lowest. Only lead was predominantly submicron-sized in both
atmospheres. The concentration and size data indicate that dif-
fusion and other mixing forces in the atmosphere tend to bring
about a broad dispersion of metal aerosol components. Varia-
tions in the aerosol parameters for magnesium and cadmium
indicate characteristically different urban and rural sources of
these components. (Authors' abstract)
12049
Lee, R. L. Jr., R. K. Patterson, and J. Wagman
PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF METAL COM-
PONENTS IN URBAN AIR. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2(4):288-
290, Apr. 1968. 12 Ref.
Concentration and particle-size distribution of six suspended
metals (iron, lead, cadmium, chromium, magnesium, and
copper) were measured in downtown Cincinnati and in Fair-
fax, a Cincinnati suburb. Participate was collected and size-
fractionated in cascade impactors; the metals were extracted
with acids and analyzed by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Samples obtained from the two locations ex-
hibited different particle-size distributions; at both locations,
however, only Pb was predominantly submicron. Concentra-
tions of the metals were typically three to five times higher in
Cincinnati than in Fairfax; Mg concentrations were about 17
times higher. (Author's Abstract)
12099
J. Bullock, and W. M. Lewis
THE INFLUENCE OF TRAFFIC ON ATMOSPHERIC POL-
LUTION. THE HIGH STREET-WARWICK. Atmos. En-
viron., 2(5), 517-534, Sept. 1S68. 5 Ref.
The High Street at Warwick is congested and carries a large
number of both private and commercial vehicles. Measure-
ments of air pollution in this thoroughfare show smoke levels
4 to 5 times greater and lead levels 4-1/2 to 6 times greater
than in parts of the borough not specifically affected by vehi-
cle exhausts. Even so, the concentration of atmospheric lead
is not high enough to be a health hazard. From the ratios of
the mean value of smoke and lead at mid-week and weekend it
is deduced that diesel consuming traffic is 50 per cent higher
in mid-week. Petrol consuming vehicles constitute 60 per cent
of the mid-week traffic. (Author's Abstract)
14762
Heller, A. and H. Kettner
RESEARCH ON LEAD IN THE AIR AND IN DUST
PRECIPITATIONS. (Forschungsarbeiten ueber Blei in der
Luft und in Staubniederschlaegen). Text in German. Schriften-
reihe Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg. (Berlin), no. 29, 61p., 1969.
3 refs.
To determine the lead content in atmospheric air a total of 245
samples were taken in the cities of Muelheim (Ruhr Valley),
Duesseldorf, Neuss and Rhine, Duisburg, and Wuppertal.
Staplex high volume samplers were set up in busy streets and
squares and samples were taken at 1 m above the pavement.
One sampling station in each city was located in a quiet, traf-
fic-free area; all used the discontinuous method with a sam-
pling time of 1 hr. Glass fiber was used as filter material and
analysis of the samples was performed by the dithizone
method. The lead concentrations fluctuated between 0.5 and
12.5 micrograms/cu m; the median was 3.2. Weather conditions
and size of roads and squares strongly influenced the lead con-
tent of the air. The control reference stations also showed con-
siderable amounts of lead in the surrounding atmosphere. The
dust content, which was also measured, was found to reach
1.72 mg/cu m at 1 m above ground. The lead content of the
dust was generally below 1%. Comparison of the dithizone and
the atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods showed
that both are suitable for such analyses.
15175
Yamate, Noboru and Toshiro Matsumura
LEAD CONTAMINATIONS OF AIR ON STREET IN ELEVEN
MAJOR CITffiS IN JAPAN (JULY-NOVEMBER, 1967).
(Wagakuni 11 toshi no gairo taiki n namari osen ni tsuite (1967
nen 7 gatsu - 11 gatsu). Text in Japanese. Eisei Shikensho
Hokoku (Bull. Natl. Inst. Hyg. Sci., Tokyo), no. 86:189-190,
1968. 1 ref.
Lead concentrations of air were determined at crossings and
roadsides in eleven major cities in Japan (Yokohama, Sendai,
Aomori, Niigata, Kanazawa, Fukuoka, Kagoshima, Osaka,
Kyoto, Nagoya, and Tokyo) from July to November, 1967.
The average values of the lead concentrations during the
daytime were between 1.70 and 13.58 micrograms/cu m. These
values were higher than those obtained from July to October,
1966. (Author abstract modified)
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156
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
15314
Yamate, Noboru, Tosiro Matsumura, and Masaharu Tonomura
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF AIR ON STREET IN ELEVEN
MAJOR CITIES IN JAPAN. (Wagakuni 11 toshi no gairo taiki
no namari osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Eisei Shikensho
Hokoku (Bull. Natl. Inst. Hyg. Sci., Tokyo), no. 85:158-160,
1967. 4 refs.
Lead concentrations in the atmosphere on crossings and road-
sides in eleven major cities in Japan (Sendai, Aomori, Niigata,
Kanazawa, Fukuoka, Kogoshima, Osaka, Kyoto, Yokkaichi,
Nagoya, and Tokyo) were determined. The lead compounds
were collected with fiberglass filters (Gelman type A) and
polarographically analyzed. Lead concentration in the daytime
was between 0.78 and 11.17 micrograms/cu m. The lead con-
centration at route 20 in Tokyo was the highest, and at
Sasashima in Nagoya and Yayoikan in Yokkaichi, the values
were the lowest. The lead concentration was influenced by
traffic density, traffic stagnation, and road conditions, and
meteorological and geographical conditions. (Author abstract
modified)
15573
Heller, Arnold and Helmut Kettner
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF
LEAD IN THE AIR. (Probenahme und Bestimmung kleinster
Bleimengen in der Luft). Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver
Wasser Boden Luft-hyg. (Berlin), no. 29:3-50, 1969.
For the lead analysis of air, samples were taken intermittently
with a high-voltage sampler. Fiberglass was used as the filter
medium and sampling lasted one hour. From the weight in-
crease of the filter and the average air throughput, the dusl
concentration was calculated. The loaded fiberglass filter was
boiled in nitric acid for 10 min, and the lead and part of the
dust were dissolved. The solution was filtered and analyzed;
the prepared sample was adjusted to the proper pH and mixed
with 2 ml of a dithizon (diphenylthio carbazone) solution and
vigorously shaken for 20 sec, after which the phases were
separated. This process was repeated a maximum of two
times. The excess dithizon was removed and the lead
dithizonate was photometrically analyzed. With this method,
lead quantities from 10 to 80 microns can be analyzed well.
The standard deviation at 10 microns was 5.7% and 1.5% at 60
microns. To determine the lead content of atmospheric air in
the cities Muelheim (Ruhr), Duesseldorf, Neuss, Duisburg and
Wuppertal, a total of 245 samples were taken and analyzed by
this method. The samples were taken 1 m above the pavement
and 50 cm to the side of the road. The measure lead concen-
trations fluctuated between 0.5 and 12.5 micrograms/cu m.
Most concentrations were between 1 and 4 micrograms/cu m.
No correlation between the lead concentration and traffic den-
sity was found.
15575
Lehmann, E. and J. Westphal
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTOR TRAFFIC DENSITY
AND AIR POLLUTION IN A METROPOLITAN STREET.
(Beziehungen zwischen Kraftverkehrsdichte und Luftverun-
reinigungen in einer Grossstadtstrasse). Text in German. Stras-
senbau (Duesseldorf-Oberkassel), no. 6: 4p., 1968. 4 refs.
In the years 1966 and 1967, extensive air quality measurements
were made on a busy street in Berlin. The relationships
between the traffic density and the carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons and lead concentrations in the air above the
street were determined. The CO was continuously measured
with an infrared analyzer over a period of 12 months. The air
samples were taken 75 cm above the pavement. Half-hourly
averages were obtained from the continuously recorded CO
concentrations. The hydrocarbon (CH) concentration was con-
tinuously measured with a flame ionizalion detector. The lead
content was determined intermittently at a height of 3 m. Anal-
ysis of the precipitated dust for leadwas performed by the
dithizon method. Simultaneously with the lead concentration
measurements, traffic counts were conducted between 6 a.m.
and 8 p.m. The correlation coefficients, were determined for
the relationship between traffic density and the CO, CH and
lead concentrations. These were 0.90, CI.85, and 0.78, respec-
tively. A correlation between the CO, CH, and lead content of
the air and the traffic density was found when long-term
averages were used for the comparison. Comparison of the
measured results of just one day showed no correlation. The
meteorological influence was stronger in this case than that of
the traffic density. Concentrations of the various exhaust com-
ponents were generally interdependent. In this way, measure-
ment of just one substance is sufficient to obtain general infor-
mation on air composition.
15610
Odaira, Toshio
AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLE GASES IN
TOKYO AND OSAKA. (Dai toshi ni okeru jidosha haiki gas ni
yoru taiki osen no jittai). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku
(J. Pollution Control), 5(5):337-353, 1969. 17 refs.
Various pollutant concentrations were determined near
highways and surrounding areas in Tokyo and Osaka. A large
amount of carbon monoxide was found near the highways, and
gradually decreased in the surrounding areas. The difference in
the height of the pollutant between the highway and surround-
ing areas could not be measured to 100 m if the wind was slow
and natural convections occurred. The carbon monoxide con-
centration was found to be related to traffic density. The four
pollutant patterns differed from each other in the dust content,
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide content, carbon monoxide
and nitric oxide content, and ozone content. The average CO
was 3 to 8 ppm/yr; however, 40 to 50 ppm/hr was not rare. In
the middle of the city, over 10 ppm/hr was measured 27% of
the time. In the districts that were 100 to 200 yards from the
highway, the monthly average was 5 to 6 ppm, but 30 to 50
ppm/hr sometimes occurred. In winter, this became serious.
Nitric oxide concentrations were 0.05 to 0.25 ppm along the
highway; NO2 was estimated to be less than 0.05 ppm. For the
surrounding districts, NO was 0.05 to 0.15 ppm in winter and
0.01 to 0.05 ppm in summer. Hydrocarbons averaged 2
ppm/mo along the highway. Carbon monoxide, NO, and the
hydrocarbon concentration curve changed during the day. Oxi-
dants averaged 0.02 to 0.06 ppm/mo and sometimes 0.14 to
0.25 ppm/hr. These measurements reveal that photochemical
smog is important in Tokyo. Lead was 3 to 9 mg/cu m along
the highway and 0.7 to 5 mg/cu m in the surrounding districts.
15789
Einbrodt, H. J., W. Klosterkoetter , and H. Reploh
STUDIES OF THE QUANTITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSI-
TION OF AIRBORNE DUST IN A LARGE RESIDENTIAL
AREA. (Untersuchungen ueber Menge und chemische Zusam-
mensetzung des Schwebestaubes in einer Wohngrossstadt).
Text in German. Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol (Munich), 149(5/6):401-
407, 1965. 32 refs.
In the city of Muenster, fust fall was measured with an elec-
trostatic precipitator from June to November 1963. The sam-
ples were taken 10 m above the ground. The silicon, am-
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
157
minum, iron, calcium, lead, and sulfur contents of the dust
samples were determined, as well as the ashing loss at 360-400
C. Dust concentrations of more than 0.150 mg/cu m were rare
and occurred only at low wind speeds; temperature and brief
periods of precipitation had no influence. The lowest dust con-
centrations were measured with winds from NW to NE. An
average concentration of 0.125 mg/cu m with winds from the S
to W (Ruhr area) was measured. The highest dust concentra-
tions was measured when the winds came from the center of
the city, namely from NE to SE (0.148 mg/cu m). The most
frequent ashing loss was 40 to 60%. The absolute SiO2 content
per cu m air was more than 30 micrograms. The absolute
A12O3 content was between 10 and 20 micrograms/cu m air.
The SiO2:A12O3 ratio was not constant. The Fe2O3 content
was on the average one-third that of SiO2 content. When CaO
was found, it was in the concentration range of the Fe2O3.
The lead content fluctuated greatly; the maximum was 2.65
micrograms/cu m with the majority of measured concentra-
tions ranging from 0.3 to 1.4 micrograms/cu m. The total sulfur
content fluctuated between 2.5 and 8.5 micrograms/cu m (this
included SO2 and SO3). No dependence of the sulfur content
on the wind direction could be found.
15823
Einbrodt, Hans Joachim and Rudolf Liffers
COMPARATIVE LEAD OXIDE ANALYSES IN AIRBORNE
DUST OF WEST GERMAN CITIES. (Vergleichende Bleioxid-
bestimmungen im Schwebestaub Westdeutscher Gross-
Staedte). Text in German. Staedtehygjene (Uelzen/Hamburg),
vol.8: 4p., 1967. 15 refs.
Dust measurements were taken in Muenster, Hannover, and
Oberhausen. The last city is located in the industrial center of
the Ruhr Valley; the other two cities are primarily residential
areas with some medium-sized industries. Three measurement
series were taken. In addition to the lead concentration, the
following areas were determined; the airborne dust concentra-
tion; the moisture content at 150 C; the ashing loss at 400 and
750 C; and the silicon, aluminum, iron, and calcium concentra-
tions. However, only the results of the lead analysis and the
dust concentration measurements are discussed. The highest
suspended dust concentration was measured in Oberhausen as
0.46 mg/cu m. The most frequent concentrations were 0.1 to
0.2 mg/cu m (on 41% of the total measuring days). The max-
imum dust concentration in Hannover was 0.3 mg/cu m, the
most frequent concentrations were between 0.05 mg/cu m and
0.1 mg/cu m air. In Muenster, the maximum concentration was
0.233 mg/cu m. The same sequence was observed for lead con-
centration in these cities. Thus it can be assumed that the traf-
fic density decreases in like manner. The maximum PbO con-
centration measured in Oberhausen was 3.0 micrograms. In
Hannover, the absolute PbO quantities fluctuated between 0.13
microgram/cu m and 2.25 micrograms/cu m. No lead was mea-
sured on 62% of the measuring days in Muenster; 20% of the
measured concentrations fluctuated between 1 and 1.5 micro-
grams/cu m. No relationship could be found between the dust
and lead concentrations.
16345
Biersteker, K.
POLLUTED AIR. ORIGIN, MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND
COMBATING OF POLLUTED OUTSIDE AIR. (Veron-
treinigde Lucht. Ontstaan, medische betekenis en bestrijding
van verontreinigde buitenlucht). Assen, Van Gorcum, 1966,
214p., 339 refs. Translated from Dutch. Franklin Inst,
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
275p., July 29, 1969.
Factors affecting emissions are considered, together with
trends in emissions in the Netherlands and Rotterdam. The
qualitative and quantitative significance of air pollutants as
potential disease agents in Rotterdam is evaluated. The max-
imum sulfur dioxide concentration so far recorded in Rotter-
dam is 1600 micron cu m; the maximum smoke concentration,
500 micron/cu m. No epidemiological significance is attributed
to measured concentrations of fluorides, nitrogen dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, or lead. Concern is shown for the role of benz-
pyrene and other carcinogens in the etiology of lung cancer.
Distinctions are made between acute, sub-acute, and chronic
air pollution. During acute air pollution, SO2 and smoke con-
centrations in Rotterdam show five- fold increases. Sub-acute
pollution occurs when wind speeds drop below 2 m/sec.
Chronic air pollution is present on all other days, especially in
winter. Though the effects of pollution can also be categorized
as chronic, acute, and sub-acute, the level of air pollution is
still too weak to cause illness. Methodologies employed in
determining the relationship between air pollution and human
mortality and morbidity are reviewed, and hypotheses
developed to describe the effects of pollution on illness and
death in Rotterdam. Refinements in analytical methods are
urged so that the factors influencing increased chronic non-
specific lung disease mortality and lung cancer mortality can
be identified. It is also suggested that emission standards be
supplemented by regulations making it possible to restrict
emissions when meteorological data and monitoring station
readings point to certain dangers.
16539
Sone, Akira
THE SITUATION AND CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE EX-
HAUST EMISSIONS IN THE MIDDLE CITY (II) IN SENDAI
CITY. (Chutoshi ni okeru jidosha haikigasu to sono taisaku
(II) Sendai shi ni okeru ichirei). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(7):437-440, July 15, 1968.
Sendai city is a business and industrial center in northeastern
Japan with a population of more than 500,000. The rate of in-
crease of automobiles has nearly doubled since 1963, the total
number in 1968 being 130,000. Present heavy traffic and au-
tomotive exhaust emissions are attributed to poor city and re-
sidential planning. Interstate highways run through the city and
the total number of cars on the highways averages 13,000 per
day. In a traffic survey conducted from 1961 to 1967, the
average number of cars was found to be 1700 per hour. The
increase in auto traffic has been accompanied by a propor-
tional increase of CO, Pb, NO2, and dust fall. The effects of
engine exhausts became apparent when the number of cars
reached 2000 per hour. Carbon monoxide concentrations ex-
ceeded the emission standard of 5 ppm of Miyagi Prefecture.
The maximum concentration was 31 ppm and the average, 8 to
13.5 ppm. The maximum Pb concentration was 4.26 gamma/cu
m, far beyond the emission standard. Maximum dust fall was
6.8 mg/cu m, exceeding the emission standard of 2.0 mg/cu m.
Before the survey, Sendai city was more concerned with in-
dustrial pollutants such as smoke and dust. The survey in-
dicates that the effect of engine exhausts is more severe than
that of industrial pollution.
16576
Yamate, Noboru, Tosiro Matsumura, and Masaharu Tonomura
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF ADi ON STREET IN ELEVEN
MAJOR CITIES IN JAPAN. (Wagakuni 11 toshi no gairo taiki
no namari osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Eisei Shikensho
Hokoku (Bull. Natl. Inst. Hyg. Sci., Tokyo), no. 85:158-160,
1967. 4 refs.
-------
158
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Lead concentrations in the atmosphere were determined at
crossings and road sites in eleven major cities. The lead com-
pounds were collected with a glass fiber filter and analyzed
polarographically. The lead concentrations in the daytime were
between 0.78 and 11.17 micrograms/cu m. The lead concentra-
tion at Route 20 in Tokyo was the highest; and the lowest was
found at Sasashima in Nagoya and at Yayoikan in Yokkaichi.
The lead concentrations in the atmosphere at crossings and
road sites were influenced by traffic density, traffic stagna-
tion, road condition, meteorological and geographical condi-
tions. (Author abstract modified)
16684
Chovin, P.
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES IN PARIS AND OUTLYING DIS-
TRICTS IN 1967. 1. OPERATION 'CARBON MONOXIDE', 2.
OPERATION 'GARAGES', 3. OPERATION 'MONTPAR-
NASSE, RAILROAD STATION', 4. OPERATION 'LOOP OF
THE SEINE'. (Etudes de pollution atmospherique a Paris et
dans les departements peripheriques en 1967. 1 - Operation
'Monoxyde de Carbone", 2 - Operation 'Garages', 3 - Opera-
tion 'Gare Montparnasse', 4 - Operation 'Boucle de la Seine').
Text in French. Prefecture de Police, Paris (France), Lab.
Central, Kept. 58,337/D-PA, 80p., June 1968. 10 refs.
Results are reported of field studies of CO-pollution of air due
to exhaust gases from motor vehicles in 1) central Paris,
France (operation 'Carbon Monoxide') and 2) at air inlets and
outlets of three underground parking garages (operation
'Garages'); 3) of air pollution by a variety of pollutants in the
motor taxi hall of the new Montparnasse station in Paris
(operation 'Gare Montparnasse'); as well as 4) of dust settling
near the ground in the Seine river bend between Nanterre and
Villeneuve-la-Garenne in the north-west part of the Departe-
ment de la Seine (operation 'Boucle de la Seine'). In 1), a total
of 15,216 air samples were collected at 317 sites shown on the
city map; 235 (1.54% of all) samples had a carbon monoxide
content of more than 100 volume ppm at 129 of the sites. The
average CO-concentration in the year 1967 was 25.9 volume
ppm (a rising trend since 1960). In 2), in addition to the study
of theO effect of the presence of the garage ventilating system
on the CO-concentration in its neighborhood, a search for the
most representative locations of air sampling stations at dif-
ferent levels of an underground garage was undertaken. In 3),
continuing a study begun in 1966, a laboratory van was sta-
tioned on July 29, 30, and 31, 1967 in the central part of the
hall and the CO-, NO2- and NO- concentrations in air, and the
Pb-content of dust collected in fitered were determined
analytically and the concentration of benzo-3,4pyrene in this
dust was determined fluorospectroscopically As a result of a
modification of the originally installed ventilating system of
the hall made after the 1966 tests, air pollution had diminished.
In 4), continuing a study begun in 1959, dust from air was col-
lected on 30 cm diameter settling dishes, at 22 sites. The
material collected by a dish during one month consisted of
water, insoluble dust particles (cinders and benzo-3,4pyrene)
as well as water soluble dusts (sulfates, chlorides, and calcium
compounds). The amounts of these were determined and
referred to an area of 100 sq m per month. The average
monthly total amounts of dust collected at the 22 sites are
shown. The results are evaluated statistically and are
presented in the form of monthly averages and histograms. At
one site the amounts of benzo-3,4pyrene were consistently ex-
ceptionally high; 7 new settling dishes installed at sites close to
and surrounding a suspected source had four times higher
amounts of benzo-3,4pyrene than any of the 21 other sites.
This pinpointed a charcoal and asphalt processing plant as the
most probable source.
16791
Atkins, P. R.
LEAD IN A SUBURBAN ENVIRONMENT. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 19(8):591-594, Aug. 1969. 14 refs.
The lead content of air, rainfall, and dry-fallout samples taken
at several sites in Palo Alto, California, are reported and
discussed. The high-speed high-density freeway traffic in the
area appears to be the major source of lead pollution. The
natural atmospheric cleansing processes of sedimentation and
raindrop scavenging remove large quantities of lead paniculate
matter. It is suspected that nucleation occurs on the sub-
micronic lead compound particles in the exhaust stream,
producing droplets which may impact on the larger airborne
particles. This could explain the wide range of size distribu-
tions reported in the literature as well as the large amounts of
lead found in the samples analyzed. (Author's Abstract)
16839
Landau, Emanuel, Raymond Smith, and David A. Lynn
CARBON MONOXIDE AND LEAD - AN ENVIRONMENTAL
APPRAISAL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19(9):684-689,
Sept. 1969. 7 refs.
The present status of ambient levels of lead and carbon
monoxide in the air to which the population may be exposed,
the concentrations that exist, and the variations over time and
space are discussed. The sources of atmospheric Pb are emis-
sions of Pb as fumes and dusts from industries using Pb and
from the combustion of gasoline or other fuels containing Pb.
Automobile emissions are the major source of Pb. Data ob-
tained from the National Air Surveillance Network and from a
Three-City Study (Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia)
are discussed in some detail. Automobile emissions are also a
major source of CO in the ambient air. The Continuous Air
Monitoring Program has measured CO, NO, NO2, SO2, total
hydrocarbons, and total oxidant in the downtown of six
selected cities. The data relating to CO are discussed. Because
of the common source Pb and CO values in the atmosphere
tend to behave in a similar manner. Diurnal variations in these
two pollutants show a pattern related to motor vehicle traffic
flow. (A discussion related to this topic is presented by George
D. Clayton).
17058
Bove, John L. and Stanley Siebenberg
AIRBORNE LEAD AND CARBON MONOXIDE AT 45TH
STREET, NEW YORK CITY. Science, 167(3920):986-987,
Feb. 1970. 4 refs.
Lead and carbon monoxide concentrations at a site 6 m above
street level on East 45th Street were monitored for a ten-week
period by a sequential tape recorder and a nondispersive in-
frared analyzer, respectively. The average two-hr concentra-
tion between 8:00 am and 6:00 pm was 9.3 micrograms for lead
and 18 ppm for carbon monoxide. Daily .averages were 7.5
micrograms/cu m for lead and 13 ppm of carbon monoxide.
Curves obtained by plotting the concentrations against traffic
volume demonstrated strong correlations between lead and
traffic and lead and carbon monoxide. During an overlapping
10-wk period, lead concentrations were also determined for a
12-m elevation in Central Park and a 30-m elevation on Second
Avenue. The daily average for Central Park was 0.97 micro-
grams/cu m and for Second Avenue, 1.57 micrograms/cu m.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
159
17106
Endo, Ryosaku, Tetsutaro Kohgo, Tatsunori Oyake, Naoki
Sugawara, and Toshiko Sakamoto
STUDIES ON THE URBAN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY
AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS IN THE CITIES OF HOK-
KAIDO. (PART 2). ON THE INVESTIGATION IN OTARU
CITY. (Hokkaido no toshi ni okeni jidosha haiki gasu no taiki
osen ni tsuite (dai 2 ho) otarushi ni okeru chosa kekka ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Hokkaido-ritsu Eisei Kenkyushoho,
no. 18:143-149, June 1968. 11 refs.
The urban atmospheric pollution caused by automotive ex-
haust gas in Otaru was investigated. The measurement of
dusts, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, lead, and 3,4-benzopyrene and the number of vehicles
were carried out at 4 places along the roadside. The road at
points A and B was narrow, at points C and D, it was wide. It
was cloudy and calm at points A and B, and was clear and
windy at points C and D. More vehicles passed by points A
and B, with a maximum of 2000/hr at B. The concentration of
all the pollutants were higher at point B with the exception of
SO2. The maximum concentrations were listed. It was con-
cluded that the atmosphere at the point B was more con-
taminated than points in the cities of Kushiro and Asahikawa
which were previously investigated. (Author abstract modified)
17340
Kneip, Theo. J., Merril Eisenbud, Cliiford D. Strehlow, and
Peter C. Freudenthal
AIRBORNE PARTICULATES IN NEW YORK CITY. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 20(3):144-149, March 1970. 10 refs.
Seasonal and source effects on the particulate contaminants of
New York City atmosphere were identified and the concentra-
tions of these contaminants were related to the tissue concen-
trations in residents of New York City. Continual weekly sam-
ples of particulates were collected at three stations in New
York City area on 8 by 10 in. glass fiber filters at a flow rate
of 20 cfm. The sample was ashed and leached with nitric acid.
Metals analyzed by the atomic absorption method include Pb,
V, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn. Lead-210, total particulate,
and benzene and acetone soluble organic material were also
determined. The data were related to various meteorological
parameters over a one year period to define significant
seasonal and source influences, as well as site to site varia-
tions. Very significant inverse correlations to temperature
were obtained for suspended particulates, vanadium, and
nickel at both the Manhattan and Bronx sites. Particulates
show a less significant inverse correlation to temperature in
lower Manhattan. Oil-fired space heating sources appeared to
account for as much as 50% of the particulates in the Bronx at
the peak demand period. Lead, copper, and cadmium show a
general inverse correlation to average wind speed, and a direct
correlation to temperature. The latter is most likely due to an
inverse relation between wind speed and temperature. The
heating season imput for particulates, vanadium, and nickel
was so great as to overcome most of the dilution effect due to
winds. The other elements having more constant nonseasonal
inputs, definitely reflected, the effects of the wind. The most
significant site effect occurs with cadmium, which has a con-
centration in lower Manhattan three times that of the Bronx
over a period of six to seven months in the summer and fall.
The differences observed for cadmium and particulates may
be explained by emission source factors which were not stu-
died. (Author abstract modified)
19144
Hansell, William A.
THE GEORGIA STATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL PRO-
GRAM. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn., School of En-
gineering, Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board, and
Tennessee Dept. of Public Health, Proc. Conf. Environ. Water
Resources Eng., 8th Ann., Nashville, Tenn., 1969, p. 179-190.
4 refs. (June 5-6.)
Air quality legislation enacted in Georgia in 1967 gave the state
Board of Health the power to establish air quality standards
for Georgia; to prescribe for the prevention, control, and
abatement of air pollution; and to require the registration of all
persons engaged in operations which may result in air pollu-
tion. Within the Air Quality Control Branch there are two
groups, each headed by a director: the Air Pollution Control
Service and the Air Quality Evaluation Service. The former
has six pollution control specialists on its staff; the latter,
four. Included in the article are data on thermal inversions
over Georgia; average concentrations (1962-1967) of oxidants,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particulates in
seven Georgia communities; and yearly composites (1965-1968)
for the Georgia Air Sampling Network of suspended particu-
lates, beta radioactivity, lead, and benzene solubles.
19433
Bravo, H. and L. Corona T.
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION AND ITS RELATION
WITH VEHICULAR FLOW IN MEXICO CITY. Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico Cit Facultad de In-
genieria, 1969. 7 refs. Translated from Spanish. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 27p., March 12, 1970.
A study was conducted to determine the degree of contamina-
tion expected in the air over Mexico City during the period of
the 19th Olympic Games. Measurements were conducted
through November 1968 in order to establish immediate com-
parison with the Olympic period. Recognizing that vehicular
activity would be greatest in the areas adjacent to the games
and other tourist attractions, the study attempted to obtain a
correlation between the number of vehicles in circulation and
the degree of contaminant concentration. At the same time,
meteorological parameters that influence concentrations were
measured. A set of analyses made on air filter samples during
October and November 1968 is presented. Concentration of
carbon monoxide and methane in the air samples and the total
of suspended particulate matter and lead in the filters was also
obtained. The concentrations of detected contaminants were
correlated with transit parameters (velocity, flow, and vehicle
concentration), taking into account the residual variables rela-
tive to meteorological phenomena. A regression equation to
compute ppm carbon monoxide as a function of temperature,
vehicle flow, and the amount of methane was derived. Con-
taminant concentrations indicated that a critical condition ex-
ists in Mexico City.
19822
Magno, P. J., P. R. Groulx, and J. C. Apidianakis
LEAD-210 IN Am AND TOTAL DIETS IN THE UNITED
STATES DURING 1966. Health Phys., 18(4):383-388, April
1970. 22 refs.
The average lead-210 concentration in air particulates for 1966
differed significantly between locations and ranged from 4.8 to
26.1 fCi/cu m, while the concentration in total diet was not sig-
nificantly different between locations and averaged 0.80
pCi/kg. A portion of a sample of air particulates representing
approximately 200-1000 cu m of air was obtained daily from
-------
160
LEAD AND ADR POLLUTION
selected sampling stations by drawing air through dust filters
at high velocity. Total diet samples were also obtained from
selected stations. Lead-210 concentrations exhibited seasonal
variations for samples collected at Springfield (HI.), Salt Lake
City, New Orleans, Los Angeles, and Winchester (Mass.), but
showed no seasonal variations at Honolulu, San Juan, and
Anchorage. Locations affected by air masses which have
passed over ocean waters (and hence lower in radon-222) ap-
pear to have lower lead-210 concentration than inland loca-
tions. It was estimated that an average of 0.15-0.21 pCi/day of
lead-210 reaches the blood stream of inhabitants of the United
States, and that about 70-90% of this amount comes from iin-
gestion. (Author abstract modified)
20191
Cross, Frank L. Jr., Ronald I. Drago, and Harold E. Francis
METALS IN EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATORS BURNING
SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MIXED REFUSE. Preprint, National
Air Pollution Control Administration, Research Triangle Park,
N.C., Office of Manpower Development and Connecticut
State Dept. of Health, Hartford, 15p., 1969. 3 refs.
The metals and participates content in the atmospheric emis-
sions from a 300-ton-per-day incinerator burning mixed refuse
and sewage sludge were investigated. Three isokinetic samples
were collected while the system was burning refuse and three
while burning mixed refuse and dried sludge. The emissions
from burning refuse plus sludge were 1.7 times greater than
burning refuse alone. The emissions of metals while burning
refuse ranged from 0.007 Ibs/hr (Cd) to 1.5 Ibs/hr (Pb), and
when burning refuse and sludge from 0.007 Ibs/hr (Cd) to 2.13
Ibs/hr (Zn). The incinerator charging rate was determined dur-
ing the tests, and emission factors were calculated in terms of
pounds of metals discharged from the stack per ton of fuel
charged to the incinerator. Emission factors ranged from
0.00077 to 0.15 Ibs/ton while burning mixed refuse and from
0.00057 to 0.18 Ibs/ton while burning refuse and sludge. The
ratio of refuse to sludge in the charges during these tests was
approximately 3.5 to 1. The burning rate during these tests
averaged 85% of the rated capacity of the incinerator. The
removal and recovery of metals from incinerator stack gases is
a problem for the design engineer; the effect of the airborne
metals on the environment a problem for the ecologist.
20642
Just, J., S. Maziarka, and H. Wyszynska
SANITARY EVALUATION OF DUST CONTAIN IN AM-
BIENT AIR OF SOME CITIES IN POLAND. (Sanitarna
charakterystyka i ocena zapylenia powietrz atmosferycznego
niektorych miast w Polsce). Text in Polish. Gaz, Woda Tech.
Sanit. (Warsaw), 44(3):96-100, 1970. 23 refs.
Samples of atmospheric aerosols were systematically collected
in ten towns. The contents of dust, tar, some polycyclic aro-
matic hydrocarbons, lead, and beryllium were determined. The
level of atmospheric pollution was evaluated on the basis of
existing standards and lexicological literature. High contents
of participate matter in the air were found in all the towns stu-
died; the highest levels were found in Zabrze, Katowice, and
Krakow. In several towns, the level of airborne carcinogenic
hydrocarbons was also very high. It is believed that the metal
content would cause no harmful effects.
21015
Hasegawa, T. and A. Sugimae
TRACE METALS IN SUSPENDED PARTICIPATES IN
OSAKA PREFECTURE. PART I. (Osaka ni okeru fuyufun-
jinchu no kinzokuseibun (1). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):143, 1969.
(Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, 1969.)
Suspended dust particles in air from several locations in the
Osaka area were studied over a six-month period with particu-
lar emphasis on metal elements in the particles. The dusts
were collected for 24 hrs by high-volume air samplers, and
were accumulated on glass fiber filters. Without prior treat-
ment, the particles were quantitatively analyzed for metallic
elements by means of spectroscopy, which was a much more
direct and easier method to use than the time-consuming
NASN method. In heavy oil combustion, vanadium was found
in a much larger quantity than other metals, and iron and man-
ganese proliferated around the cupola furnaces. Lead was ex-
tracted from auto exhausts. The correlation between sulfur
compounds and vanadium in heavy oil combustion gas was
good but on rainy days, the linear relationship went askew, ap-
parently because rain decreases the concentration of sulfur ox-
ides in air. Relationships between various metals were in-
vestigated in connection with location, daily variations, and
meteorological factors.
21684
Parungo, Farn P. and J. Owen Rhea
LEAD MEASUREMENT IN URBAN Am AS IT RELATES TO
WEATHER MODIFICATION. J. Appl. Meteorol., 9(3)468-475,
June 1970. 8 ref
Results from measurements made to study the behavior of
lead aerosols in Denver urban air as latent ice nuclei are
discussed. In the study, use was made of three independent
measuring systems: 1) an NCAR continuous ice nucleus
counter with a capacity to convert suspended lead compounds
to lead iodide particles prior to passage through the cloud
chamber and counting unit, 2) an atomic absorption spec-
trophotometer for analysis of lead content in collected air and
rain water samples, and 3) the use of Tufts' spot test for ob-
taining lead particle concentration and size distribution from
collected Millipore filters. Both ground and airborne measure-
ments were made. Pertinent findings included: 1) good qualita-
tive agreement among the three types of measurements; 2)
lead content of rain water an order of magnitude greater than
silver concentration in seeded snow samples which were col-
lected in a weather modification seeding target area using
silver iodide as the seeding agent; and 3) 10-300 lead particles
(latent ice nuclei)/liter existing up to 9000 ft above the surface
when unstable temperature stratification existed and which
were converted into active ice nuclei (lead iodide particles)
when passed through an iodine vapor chamber. (Author ab-
stract)
21869
Tairafune, K., M. Takahashi, and A. Sato
STUDIES ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF FREE DUST
IN IWATE PREFECTURE. (Iwate-ken ni okeru fuyubaijin no
kagakuteki seibun ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):3, 1969.
(Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, 1969.)
An analysis of dust particles in the atmosphere has been con-
ducted since 1968 in Kamaishi, Miyako, Ofunato,
Higashiyama-cho and Morioka in Iwate Prefecture. Except for
Morioka, chosen as a control area, the other locations are
mainly engaged in steel and iron production, metal refining,
and cement production. The collection of dust particles and
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
161
their chemical analysis were performed according to the
methods used by NASN of the U. S, Public Health Service.
Major items of interest were concentration by weight, pH,
sulfates, nitrates, and benzene-soluble organic matters. Metal-
lic components were analyzed by means of atomic absorption
tests. In order to observe the possible effect of pollution on
the local residents, hair from 1000 persons was collected and
analyzed by atomic absorption tests. Large amounts of copper,
manganese, lead, iron, calcium, and magnesium were ex-
tracted, indicating that dust particles do have an effect on peo-
ple.
21906
Wagman, lack
AEROSOL COMPOSITION AND COMPONENT SIZE DIS-
TRIBUTIONS IN URBAN ATMOSPHERES. Preprint, Califor-
nia State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, California Air
Resources Board, Los Angeles, California Univ., Berkeley,
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Air Pollu-
tion Control Administration, 19p., 1970. 10 refs. (Presented at
the Conference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hy-
giene Studies, llth, Berkeley, Calif., March 30, 31, and April
1, 1970.)
Data for chemical components in atmospheric aerosols were
obtained by the use of cascade impactors. Of the components
studies, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, and lead were
consistently found in association with sub-micron sized parti-
cles. These particles are highly respirable and include the
aerosol fraction that is most effective in scattering light.
Phosphate and such metals as iron, nickel, and copper are
contained in larger particles. More emphasis should be placed
on determining particulate compounds and not merely ele-
ments, for it is primarily as compounds that particulate matter
either cause or fail to cause health or economic damage. At-
mospheric aerosols have been characterized primarily by mea-
suring their bulk properties and very rarely by studying the na-
ture of individual particles; yet, it is as individual particles that
aerosols exert their pollutant effects. (Author conclusions
modified)
22290
Japan Environmental Sanitation Association
STUDIES ON THE ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINATING SUB-
STANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki osen busshitsu no
bunseki ni kansuru kenkyu). In: Studies on the Measurements
of Trace Metals in the Atmosphere. Emission Spectroscopic
Analysis. (The Report of Inquiries and Studies on the Public
Nuisance in the Commission of the Ministry of Welfare in
1966.) 19p., March 1967. 7 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 35p., Oct. 21, 1969.
The results of an investigation of the quantity of metallic con-
taminants in ambient air are given. The analysis is conducted
spectrophotometrically on samples from a high-volume sam-
pler, taken at three locations over a six month period. The
metals measured include vanadium, manganese, nickel,
chromium, lead, iron, and beryllium. A detailed description of
the methods used is provided, including luminous, spectral,
and photometric conditions, and sample electrodes. The
analytical accuracy and internal standards of the method are
verified. A result of this study is the establishment of an
analytical procedure for conducting quantitative investigations.
22553
Volchok, H. L. and M. T. Kleinman
RADIONUCLIDES AND LEAD IN SURFACE AIR. In: Health
and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Summer Re-
port. Appendix. Atomic Energy Commission New York,
Health and Safety Lab., p. 1-6, 78-81, July 1, 1970. CFSTI:
HASL-227
Since January 1963, the Atomic Eneigy Commission Health
and Safety Laboratory has been conducting the Surface Air
Sampling Program, the primary objective of which is to study
the spatial and temporal distribution of nuclear weapons debris
and lead in the surface air. From late 1965 through March
1969, samplers were placed on four Atlantic Ocean weather
ships to extend the surface air study over the marine environ-
ment. Approximately 1400 cu m of ambient air per day are
drawn through a 20 cm diameter Microsorban filter for the
land stations; at the ocean stations, about 2200 cu m of air per
day are filtered with 20 by 25 cm Microsorban filters. The
gamma activity of half of the monthly composites are obtained
with an 8 by 4-in. sodium iodide crystal. The other halves of
the monthly composites are sent to a contractor laboratory for
radiochemical analyses. Tables are presented for stable lead
concentrations in surface air for 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969.
22829
Lundgren, Dale A.
ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL COMPOSITION AND CONCEN-
TRATION AS A FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE AND OF
TIME. J. Air Pollution Assoc., 20(9):603-60 Sept. 1970. 3 refs.
As a step toward better understanding of the reactive Los An-
geles air basin atmosphere, studies were conducted at River-
side to determine the composition and concentration of at-
mospheric particulate matter as a function of particle size and
time. The study involved developing a method for obtain size-
classified, time-fractionated aerosol samples amenable to
chemical and physical (including microscopic) analysis. During
a 15-day period, samples were obtained over four-hr periods
and subsequently analyzed for nitrate, sulfate, iron, and lead.
Concentration of six gaseous pollutants, total aerosol light
scattering, and several meteorological measurements were
simultaneously recorded and averaged over the four-hr inter-
vals. A strong relationship between gaseous peroxyacetyl
nitrate, particulate nitrate, and aerosol light scattering was
found. High concentrations of ammonium nitrate particles,
mainly in the 0.5-2 micron diameter range, were found in the
atmospheric particulate samples collected on days of very high
smog. The data obtained is presented graphically to show diur-
nal variation in the relationship among gaseous, particulate and
meteorological measurements. (Author abstract modified)
23388
Laamanen, Arvo
TRACE METAL PROFILES AS ENVIRON-CHEMICAL MEA-
SURES OF URBAN AIR IMPURITY IN FINLAND. Work-En-
viron.-Hea!th, 6(1):31-40, 1969. 19 refs.
Investigations of nuisance phenomena and research on health
effects caused by air pollution are directing special attention to
a growing list of particulates containing inorganic substances
that occur especially in the air of populated communities,
originating at point and area sources. An evaluation of the
presence of trace metals in ashed samples in the air of Finland
is presented. The elements measured are zinc, copper, lead,
manganese, chromium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, and tin.
Monthly and site-to-site variations are discussed. Seasonal dis-
tributions of minimal and maximal city averages are deter-
-------
162
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
mined; most of the minimums are observed in the winter,
while the maximums are more variable. Whenever possible,
the participates are related to the probable point or area
source in the vicinity. The samples are obtained by the stan-
dard dustfall method in five Finnish cities, and are analyzed
spectrographically.
23658
Chow, Tsaihwa J. and M. S. Johnstone
LEAD ISOTOPES IN GASOLINE AND AEROSOLS OF LOS
ANGELES BASIN, CALIFORNIA. Science, vol. 147:502-503,
Jan. 29, 1965. 10 refs.
The isotopic composition of lead isolated from antiknock
gasolines and the aerosols of the Los Angeles basin was deter-
mined. By refluxing with concentrated hydrochloric acid for
several hours, lead in the gasoline and in the air filtrate was
extracted, and then isolated and purified by dithizone extrac-
tion. Mass spectrometric analyses were then performed. Com-
parison indicates that these two kinds of lead are identical
within the limits of measurement error, and represent a typical
'tertiary' age lead which is less radiogenic than that of the
common 'modern' lead. The isotopic composition of lead in
the 1963 winter rural snow is also similar to that of the Los
Angeles basin aerosols; the difference between the rural snow
and the aerosols with respect to the ratio of Pb-206 to Pb-207
was about 0.8%. Contamination from the leaded gasoline alone
at Lassen Volcanic National Park is calculated to be 1.1 micro-
grams per kilogram of precipitation. Since the advent of antik-
nock gasoline in 1923, more than 2.6 times 10 to the 12th
power grams of lead in the form of lead alkyls have been mar-
keted and combusted.
23864
Kruger, Paul
PB210 IN SURFACE ADR ALONG THE SLOPES OF MAUNA
LOA VOLCANO, HAWAII. (FINAL REPORT). Stanford
Univ., Calif., Dept. of Civil Engineeri AEC Contract AT(04-3)-
326-PA16, SU TR-117, 22p., Sept. 1969. CFSTI: SU 326-PA-
16-3
During one-week periods in the summers of 1966 and 1967, at-
mospheric aerosols were collected in high-volume samplers
located at ground-level sites in Hawaii and along the slopes of
volcanoes. The samples were analyzed for Pb210 and Sr90. At
one site, air samples were collected in evacuated bottles and
analyzed for radon. The general concentrations of Pb210 in
Hawaii surface air are by no means low compared to concen-
trations over continental land masses. The comparatively large
values suggest that little Pb210 is removed from the at-
mosphere during wind transport over the open ocean. Unlike
Sr90 concentrations, which were essentially constant at all
heights, the Pb2IO concentrations decreased up to about the
altitude of normal trade wind inversions and showed a marked
increase above inversion height. The negative gradient of
Pb210-Sr90 concentration ratios suggests a contribution to the
Pb210 concentration by decay of Rn222 from local sources.
The mean residence time of Rn222 was 0.5 hrs in 1966 and
3.75 hrs in 1967.
23971
Ruhling, Ake and Gennund Tyler
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEPOSITION OF
HEAVY METALS OVER SCANDINAVIA. (Regionala skill-
nader i nedfallet av tungmetaller oever Skandinavien). Text in
Swedish. Lund Univ., Sweden, Inst. of Ecological Botany,
Kept. 10, 23p., Feb. 1970. 7 refs.
The metal content in a common sort of moss is investigated,
revealing an evident difference between southern Sweden and
northern Scandinavia. A distinct increase in lead is observed in
the southern regions of the study, indicating that lead must be
transported from Western Europe by air. The greatest industri-
al sources of lead in Sweden are in the north. Concentrations
of calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassi-
um, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, lead, and zinc are
measured. A distinct correlation between rainfall and metal
concentration is observed.
24162
Thorn, Norman G.
AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES IN NEW ZEA-
LAND. SAE-Australasia, 30(4): 136-142, July-Aug. 1970. 6 refs.
(Presented at the Vehicle Exhaust Symposium, Auckland,
New Zealand, April 15, 1970.)
Air pollution monitoring in New Zealand, particularly in
Auckland, has indicated that levels of pollution originating
from motor vehicles are comparable with those of similar
sized cities in developed countries. Carbon monoxide affects
the body by combining with the hemoglobin of the blood to
form carboxyhemoglobin, thus decreasing the ability of the
blood to carry oxygen to body cells. The maximum two hour
concentration measured in Auckland would result in approxi-
mately 3% of a person's hemoglobin being combined with CO
if he were a non-smoker and stayed in the area where the
measurements were taken for two hour;;. The major sig-
nificance of the oxides of nitrogen in air pollution is the role
they play in the formation of photochemical smog. Average 24
hour concentrations in Auckland range from 0.4 pphm in the
outer suburbs to 9.0 pphm in the city streets. Hydrocarbons no
doubt include many of the gases which give rise to traffic
odors, while some of the ring shaped compounds are known
carcinogens. The main significance of the hydrocarbons
emitted in the exhaust gases is that they contain many unsatu-
rated compounds which are very reactive in the processes
which give rise to photochemical smog. However, Auckland
has neither the topography nor meteorology likely for promot-
ing this type of phenomenon. Values of airborne lead range
from peak concentrations of 6.0 micrograms/cu m in city
streets to an average 0.6 micrograms/cu m in residential areas
Lead is to some degree a cumulative poison in the human
body. Generally, a well maintained diesel that is not over-
loaded gives rise to less air pollution than an equivalent
gasoline vehicle. Control of air pollution from automobiles is
also mentioned.
24316
Volchok, H. L. and M. T. Kleinman
RADIONUCLIDES AND LEAD IN SURFACE AIR. In: Health
and Safety Laboratory. Fallout Program. Quarterly Summary
Report. Appendix. Atomic Energy Commission, New York,
Health and Safety Lab., C1-C90, Oct. 1, 1970. 2 refs. NTIS:
HASL-237
An air sampling program designed to sample and analyze
radioactivity and lead in the surface air is described. In additio
to samplers on land investigating the possible effects of eleva-
tion, longitude, and proximity to coastline:!, these are four
samplers on Atlantic Ocean weather ships. Samplers consist of
20 cm Microsorban filters. They are analyzed by gamma
counting, spectrometry, and radiochemistry. Since there were
no major weapon test series during the time of this investiga-
tion, only the longer-lived artifically produced radionuclides
were present hi the filters. They describe the general distribu-
tion in surface air of all previous nuclear weapon debris which
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
163
was transferred from the lower stratosphere to the troposphere
during the collection period of this report. Other tracer
nuclides can be associated with debris from a single detonation
or series of detonations. The activity concentrations of all the
radionuclide, gross gamma, and stable lead analyses are
presented in tabulated form.
24351
Laamanen, Arvo and Timo Partanen
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF GENERAL AND SPECIFIC COM-
PONENTS OF PARTICULATES IN THE AIR OF FOUR FIN-
NISH CITIES. Work-Environ.-Health, 6U):50-54, 1969. 9 refs.
Interrelations between air contaminants are of interest when
grouping contaminants and when establishing compact impuri-
ty profiles for different areas, especially if emission data or its
effects on air composition are scarce. The information pro-
vided by inter-component correlations may also be used in
source tracing; a certain impurity profile may give clues to the
polluting source. An analysis of the factor pattern of deposited
impurities in Finland is presented, using a set of 17 com-
ponents of particle fall, both general and specific. Observed
values of pH, ash, combustible organic matter, water soluble
matter, calcium ion, chlorine ion, sulfate ion, titanium, vanadi-
um, copper, nickel, chromium, manganese, lead, benzene solu-
ble organic matter, and other organic matter from 27 sites are
recorded. Upon analysis of the interrelations, three source fac-
tors can be extracted. They represent oil heating and internal
combustion engine effects, specific industrial sources, and
general industrial sources.
24414
Daines, Robert H., Harry Motto, and Daniel M. Chilko
ATMOSPHERIC LEAD: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO TRAFFIC
VOLUME AND PROXIMITY TO HIGHWAYS. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 4(4):318-322, Apr 1970. 16 refs. (Presented at the
American Chemical Society, Division of Water Air and Waste
Chemistry, Symposium on Air Conservation and Lead, Na-
tional Meeting, 157th, Minneapolis, Minu., April 1969.)
Minimum, maximum, and average values are presented for a
two-year sampling of atmospheric lead at various distances
from U. S. Route 1. The sites represent traffic densities rang-
ing from 19,800 to 58,000 vehicles per 24 hrs. The data make it
clear that automobile traffic contributes to the lead in the at-
mosphere and also that traffic density and distance from the
highway affect the lead levels that occur. Lead levels
decreased over 50% between 10 and 150 ft from the highway,
then slowly and quite uniformly between 150 to 200 and 500 ft.
The lowest lead values were obtained from February through
May or June and the highest in September, October, and
November—the months when wind velocity and atmospheric
mixing depths were at a minimum. Accompanying particle size
determinations indicate that over 65% of the lead in the air
from 30 to 1750 ft from a well-traveled highway consists of
particles under two micron, with over 85% consisting of parti-
cles under 4 micron in diameter.
24463
AIR'S LEAD LEVEL IS ACCEPTABLE. Oil Gas J., 63(18):68,
May 3, 1965
A government-industry study of air samples taken in Cincin-
nati, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia indicates that existing lead
concentrations pose no threat to public health. The mean con-
centration of lead ranged from 0.014 mg/cu m on Cincinnati
streets to 0.025 mg/cu m on Los Angeles freeways. Blood con-
centrations ranged from a mean of 0.011 mg/100 g in suburban
nonsmokers in Philadelphia to 0.038 for garage mechanics in
Cincinnati.
24952
Atkins, P. R.
LEAD IN A SUBURBAN ENVIRONMENT. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 19(8):591-594, Aug. 1969. 14 refs.
The lead content of air, rainfall, and dry fallout samples taken
at three sites in Palo Alto are reported and discussed. Airborne
lead concentrations as high as 10 micrograms/cu m were ob-
served near an expressway during periods of peak traffic flow.
The concentrations appear to be related to traffic density and
atmospheric turbulence. During morning hours, when turbu-
lence was at a minimum, lead concentrations were nearly pro-
portional to traffic flow; in the afternoon, when mixing in-
creased, the concentrations were considerably reduced. The
dry fallout data indicate that a large amount of lead is
removed from the atmosphere by sedimentation and suggest
that nucleation on submicron lead particles in exhaust streams
can produce droplets that impact on larger particles. The rain-
fall samples contained lead pollutants from 1.0 mg/1 to less
than 0.004 mg/1. The lead appears to have entered the rainfall
by scavenging near the surface where the airborne lead con-
centrations varied widely. Since scavenging is inefficient for
particles less than one micron, the removal of lead by rainfall
further indicates that some lead particles become attached to
larger particles.
25055
Laveskog, Anders
A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF TETRAMETHYL
LEAD (TML) AND TETRAETHYL LEAD (TEL) IN AIR.
Preprint, International Union of Air Pollutio Prevention As-
sociations, 86p., 1970. 12 refs. (Presented at the International
Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970,
Paper CP-37D.)
A series of field experiments conducted in Sweden to detect
and determine the amount of organic lead compounds in au-
tomobile exhaust gases and in street air is described. Previous
studies indicated that available methods of analysis were unre-
liable and lacked the sensitivity that was required for a
problem as dubious in nature as the one to be undertaken. The
organic lead compounds analyzed were tetraalkyl lead com-
pounds, and among them tetramethyl lead, TML, and
tetraethyl lead, TEL, have occurred most frequently and are
often the only ones present. The method of analysis that was
developed is based upon enrichment of air samples; separation
in a gas chromatograph; and detection with a mass spectrome-
ter. The time required for sampling is short, 10-15 minutes for
street air and between 5 seconds and one minute for atuomo-
bile exhaust gases. TML and TEL are analyzed separately and
from other organic lead compounds. The sensitivity of the
method is high, 10 mg/cu m of air. Analyses of automobile ex-
haust gases show that the amount of TML and TEL varies
between 5 and 5000 micrograms/cu m of exhaust gas and that
this difference seems to depend on the working temperature of
the motor, with higher quantities found at lower temperatures.
Analyses of street air show that the quantity of TML and TEL
varies between 0.02 and 2 microgram/cu m of air. An average
of 0.25 microgram/cu m for 24 hours was measured during
November and December 1969, in major streets in Stockholm.
There seems to be only a slight connection between the occur-
rence of tetraaklyl lead and other pollutants in street air but
some relation can be connected with the intensity of traffic
load. (Author abstract modified)
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164
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
25089
Wieser, P. H., and F. Woerner
ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY IN SURFACE AIR,
PRECIPITATION, AND DUST IN STUTTGART-HOHEN-
HEIM IN THE YEARS 1963 to 1968. (Kuenstlicbe Radioak-
tivitaet von bodennaher Luft, Niederschlag und Staub in Stutt-
gart-Hohenheim in den Jahren 1963-1968). Text in German.
Meteorol. Rdsch., 23(4):99-101, 1970. 7 refs.
Samples of wet and dry precipitation (rain and dust) were col-
lected in vats of 1 sq m area, artificial radioactive aerosol
from air adjacent to the ground was separated by an aerosol
filter and total beta- activity and Sr-90 activity data obtained
from Dec. 1962 through Dec. 1968 were recorded. The
recorded monthly data of both total beta activity and of Sr-90
activity manifest a decreasing tendency from 1962 to 1967 but
the seasonal variations with distinct maxima which vary from
year to year are preserved. The decrease in atmospheric
radioactivity is due to radioactive decomposition and to at-
mospheric elimination processes of radioactive nuclides
generated by American and Soviet nuclear test explosions in
1961 and 1962. Total beta activity in 1968 is markedly higher
than that measured in 1967 which is due to Chinese nuclear
test explosions. The Chinese tests made it impossible to follow
the decrease of artificial atmospheric radioactivity over a long
period of time. Also recorded were monthly Pb-210 levels.
25107
Bravo, H., Thomas Stanley, Rebecca Nulman, and Lloyd
Monkman
CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD, BAP AND BKF IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE OF THREE MEXICAN CITIES. Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 13p.,
1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper Su-30C.)
Concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and
benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) in Mexico City were determined
by both Canadian and American analytical methods, while
concentrations for two smaller Mexican cities were determined
only by the Canadian procedure. The results show the need
for control of combustion sources in Mexico City. The BaP
and BkF values reported are comparable with concentrations
in Cincinnati, Birmingham (Ala.), and Los Angeles; higher
than those in Ottawa; and lower than those in Paris. Data are
also presented on lead concentrations at two sampling sites in
Mexico City. The high values are attributed to the uncon-
trolled concentration of antiknock lead compounds in Mexican
gasoline. International standardization of sampling and analyti-
cal techniques is suggested.
25635
Vittoria, Ottavio and P. Mandrioli
LEADED PARTICLES IN URBAN AREAS. J. Rech. At-
mospheriques, no. 6:457-462, Oct.-Dec. 1966. 5 refs.
Paniculate matter in several localities in Bologna was collected
on Millipore filters and analyzed for lead by the colorimetric
Dithizone method. Results are presented for the lead content
of winter and summer air samples taken in the immediate
vicinity of a small square characterized by dense day-time
traffic. They show no adverse lead levels resulting from the
large amount of exhaust gas released in the area. Moreover,
lead concentrations were not markedly affected by conditions
of atmospheric stability prevailing during some winter sam-
pling periods. Microchemical analysis of particles showed that,
at high humidities and low temperatures, large leaded water
droplets are produced by the condensation of water in ex-
haust. Thus a powerful mechanism for removing lead particles
exists in such meteorological conditions.
25758
Oki, Iwashiro and Sachiko Tamura
GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETRY OF THE NATURAL
RADIOACTIVITY IN THE AIRBORNE DUST. J. Radiat.
Res., 10(2):78-82, June 1969. 2 refs.
By means of gamma ray spectrometry, a qualitative variation
in the diurnal variation of the natural radioactivity in the air-
borne dust was observed. The radioactive decay rate of the
total natural radioactivity in the airborne dust collected during
the day was higher than that collected during the night. The
ratio of radioactive lead (Th B) gamma activity to the total
gamma activity was higher in the night and lower in the day;
on the other hand, the ratios of radioactive lead (Ra B) and
radioactive bismuth (Ra C) were a little higher in the day than
in the night. From the observation, it was; concluded that the
quantitative diurnal variation of the natural radioactivity in the
airborne dust was associated also with the qualitative variation
derived from the variation in the abundance ratio of nuclide.
(Author abstract modified)
25881
Kobayashi, Yoshitaka, Masahiro Hori, and Kenzaburo
Tsuchiya
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD
PARTICIPATES IN AIR AROUND A BUSY ROAD IN
YOKOHAMA CITY. (Shigaichi ni okeru shadoshuhen no
taikichu namari no bunpu). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu
Eisei Zasshi (Japan J. Public Health), 17(6):307-312, June 15,
1970. 10 refs.
Investigation of lead concentrations of air around a road hav-
ing heavy motor traffic in Yokohama city was reported. The
air samples for lead determination were collected by means of
a high-volume air sampler. Lead particles collected on the fil-
ters of the sample were analyzed by a polarographic method
after a simplified pre-treatment. Concentrations of lead in the
air over the sidewalk of the road were 2 to 5 micrograms per
cubic meter. At a sampling station 100 meters from the road,
the average annual concentration was 1.1 to 1.3 micrograms
per cubic meter. This value was as low as that of the average
in residential areas of the city. The pattern of the average diur-
nal concentrations of lead showed a peak in the morning and
another in the evening, coinciding with the rush hours of
urban motor vehicle traffic. Concentrations of lead in air
decreased with the distance from the road as far as 100 me-
ters, but became constant further from thai point. The vertical
concentrations of lead were almost constant at 20 meters
above ground at a point 100 meters away from the road. Con-
centrations of lead were generally the highest during winter
and the lowest in summer. The average concentration for 7
years was 0.75 micrograms/cu m, lower than that of Los An-
geles, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati, corresponding to the sub-
urban areas of these cities The reason could not be determined
at the present stage. Cadmium concentration was about 1/100
of lead concentration (average for September and October was
0.009 micrograms/cu m). No correlation between cadmium and
lead concentration could be observed, probably because the
sampling was not of sufficient number, but it may also be that
the source of cadmium is not the automobile exhaust gas.
Further studies will be made to determine whether or not lead
concentration of the above magnitude would accumulate in
human bodies.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
165
26044
Yokohama Municipal Office (.Japan), Bureau of Public Health
and Kawasaki City Office (Japan), Bureau of Public Health
THE INVESTIGATION OF THE ACTUAL CONDITION OF
AIR POLLUTION. 1.1 AIR POLLUTION IN THE KEIHIN IN-
DUSTRIAL DISTRICTS. (Taikiosen no jittai chosa. 1. Keihin-
kogyo chitai no taikiosen(l)). Text in Japanese. Kanagawa-Ken
Taiki osen Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Tech. Rept. Air Pollution
Yokohama-Kawasaki Ind. Area), no. 12:5-24, Nov. 1969.
The amount of the falling soot and dust were measured using a
deposit gauge; the concentration of sulfur dioxide was mea-
sured by the PbO2 method since 1957 in Yokohama and
Kawasaki Cities, Kanagawa Prefecture. The results of the
measurements for one year from January to December 1968
are reported. Falling soot and dust was measured at 34 places;
26 spots in Yokohama and eight spots in Kawasaki; results
were 48 t/sq km/month at the maximum, and 4.5 t/sq
km/month at the minimum. The obtained numerical value was
a crablike condition in comparison with that of the previous
year. Sulfur trioxide was measured at 48 places; 38 spots in
Yokohama and 10 spots in Kawasaki; sulfur trioxide increased
14.2 % at the industrial district and decreased at the other
places in Yokohama in comparison with that of 1967. It had a
tendency to increase a little at the industrial district, and to
decrease or move sidewise at the other places in Kawasaki.
Among the 48 measuring places, three places showed the
average concentration for one year as more than 4 mg
SOS/day/100 sq cm in terms of PbO2. Among the three places,
the average concentration for the year showed 5.00 mg
SOS/day/lOO sq cm in terms of PbO2 at the maximum.
26054
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo (Japan), Public
Nuisance Section
REPORT OF THE SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION OF AN-
NAKA AREA IN GUNMA PREFECTURE. (Gunma-ken An-
naka chiku kankyo osen chosa kkeka hokoku-sho). Text in
Japanese. 108p., June 1970.
In May and October in 1969, oxidized sulfur, suspended dust,
metallic ingredients, and meteorological conditions (only in
May) were surveyed. In Annaka, a zinc smeltery is located on
a steep slope, and the lay of the land is complicated; the air
current there is considerably disorderly, and ordinary diffusion
equations such as Sutton and Bosanquet's cannot be applied.
Also, atmospheric temperature of the plateau and the basin
goes into reverse; this influences atmospheric pollution conspi-
ciously in winter. The highest amount of sulfur dioxide was
0.04 ppm; less than 0.03 ppm was measured at most of the sta-
tions. The hourly average of 8 daytime hours was a maximum
of 0.1 ppm at a spot withi 500 meters on the south side of the
zink smeltery. One of the characteristics of this area is that a
high level of pollution for a short period occurs frequently.
The possible cause of this is that the smoke producing equip-
ment is not in good condition for emission and diffusion. Pol-
lution did not always correspond with the amount of smoke
emitted. As to the extension of the polluted area, the south
side of smoke emitted. As to the extension of the polluted
area, the south side of the smeltery showed a remarkably low
level 600-700 m from the smeltery; but on the east side, a con-
siderably high level of pollution remained more tha 1 km from
the smeltery. The average of total amount of suspended dust
was 214 micrograms/cu m, the highest measured at the mea-
suring stations was 365 micrograms/cu m, and the daily highest
was 639 micrograms/cu m. The average amount of cadmium
was 0.10 micrograms/cu m (May) and 0.04 micrograms/cu m
(October). The average amount of lead was 1.13 micro-
grams/cu m (May) and 0.68 micrograms/cu m (October); the
amount of lead at several measuring stations was remarkably
higher than that of the other cities and towns. The amount of
cadmium and lead decreased in October. No relation was
found between the hourly changes of dust and SO2, but some
relation of the changes of the hourly average of the two during
the 8 daytime hours was recognized.
26287
RESEARCH ON THE ACTUAL CONDITION OF AIR POL-
LUTION. 4. INVESTIGATION OF AIR POLLUTION CAUSED
BY AUTOMOBILE WASTE GASES IN THE SEISHO NA-
TIONAL HIGHWAY. (Taiki osen no jittai chosa. 4. Seisho
kokudo ni okeru jidosha haiki gasu ni yoru osen no chosa).
Text in Japanese. Kanagawa-Ken Taiki Osen Chosa Kenkyu
Hokoku (Tech. Rept. Air Pollution Yokohama-Kawasaki Ind.
Area), no.ll:41- 60, Feb. 1969. 14 refs.
In 1967, the determinations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, and lead in the air were done twice on October 24 and
November 7, in order to study air pollution caused by automo-
bile waste gases along the national highway and the Seisho by-
pass of the national highway in Oiso and Ninomiya areas in
Kanagawa. The detector tube method for carbon monoxide,
and the Saltzman method and the alkali filter paper method for
nitrogen dioxide were used. The polarographic method and the
dithizone carbon tetrachloride method were used for lead after
collecting lead on filter paper using the high-volume air sam-
pler and dissolving it into nitric acid. The value of carbon
monoxide on the national highway, 30 ppm (maximum), was
higher than that of the Seisho by-pass, 15 ppm (maximum).
The traffic on the national highway in the Ninomiya area was
heavy, and the concentration of carbon monoxide there was
higher than that of Oiso area. Judging from the diffusion of
carbon monoxide from the national highway to its branch-
roads in the Ninomiya area, the influential range was con-
sidered to be around 20 m or so. The pollution caused by au-
tomobile waste gas was the road-side air pollution. With
respect to lead, 0.37 - 2.8 micrograms/cu m were detected
along the national highway and the Seisho by-pass. In thi case,
the value of the latter was higher than that of the former. The
maximum value of nitrogen dioxide using Saltzman method
was 0.036 ppm. In the urbanized areas of Kawasaki and
Yokahama cities, the maximum values in both areas had been
determined as more than 0.1 ppm, and every value measured
this time fell far short of those values. The reason why the air
remains comparatively clear may depend on the fact that the
Seisho by-pass is located in an opening area of seaside. The
close relationships between the concentration of nitrogen diox-
ide and the traffic volume was estimated from the results of
measurement using alkali filter paper methods.
26387
Burenin, N. S. and B. B. Goroshko
STUDY OF POLLUTION OF CITY AK BY INDUSTRIAL
DISCHARGES. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Sur-
vey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Effects of Meteorologi-
cal Conditions and Relief on Air Pollution; Air Contaminants—
Their Concentration, Transport, and Dispersal. M. Y. Nutton-
son (ed.), Vol. 5, Silver Spring, Md., American Inst. of Crop
Ecology, 1970, 9p. 9 refs. (Also: Tr. Glav. Geofiz. Observ.
(Leningrad), no. 238:136-144, 1969.)
The collection and analysis of samples taken over a wide net-
work of points located in different parts of a city permit the
establishment of the spatial distribution of noxious substances
in the city air. Such a survey was carried out in a major indus-
trial center of the Soviet Union where 355 tons of dust, 274
-------
166
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
tons of sulfur dioxide, and 470 tons of carbon monoxide are
discharged daily. The city is situated in a hilly area where the
elevations rise 50-70 m above the low points. Meteorological
observations included measurements of temperature and air
humidity, wind velocity and direction, turbulence factors, and
the recording of particular weather phenomena. Sampling was
done for the following emissions: dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, carbon monoxide, phenol, sulfuric acid aerosol,
chromium, manganese and lead. Analysis of the fields of con-
centrations within the city area permits the identification of
zones with high air pollution values. Sources for these higher
variations are considered.
26535
Kuroki, Masato, Mitsuo Kiboku, and Takeo Matsutomi
THE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS FOR THE INFLUENCE
OF EXHAUST GAS ON THE AIR POLLUTION. (Jidosha
haikigasu no suryoka bunseki. I.). Text in Japanese. Kinki
Daigaku Rikogakubu Kenkyu Hokoku (J. Fac. Sci. Technol.
Kinki Univ.), no. 3:105-122, March 1969. 1 ref.
Automobile exhaust gas pollution was investigated in Kure.
The basic chemical data obtained at three locations in the city
were analyzed statistically so that the correlation structures
between various factors could be explained and future pollu-
tion could be predicted. The factors taken into consideration
were traffic volume, temperature, humidity, existence of wind,
wind speed, and weather. The hydrocarbon concentration was
set at 0.01 ppm throughout, and the pollutants investigated
were sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead,
and dusts. Regression lines were drawn for the concentrations
of various pollutants and the individual factors, so that the
condition of pollution at the three locations of Kure can be ex-
plained in detail.
270%
Caporossi, Joseph C., Eric W. Mood, and Marjorie A. Drucker
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN DELTA- AMINOLEVULINIC ACID AND AIR-
BORNE LEAD EXPOSURE IN SELECTED CONNECTICUT
LOCALITIES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 16p., 1970. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo.
June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-21.)
With the increasing use of leaded gasoline and the greater
number o high speed expressways and high traffic density
urban areas, much concern exists that undesirable concentra-
tions of lead in the ambient air may result. Because of its
specificity for lead and it measurement of a pathological
manifestation of lead intake, the urinary aminolevulinic acid
concentration was employed to assess th effects of average
annual airborne lead concentrations found in Connecticut.
Lead has been suggested to inhibit delta-ALA dehydrase, the
enzyme which converts ALA to porphobilinogen, thereby
resulting in a feedback mechanism leading to the buildup and
subsequent excretion of increased amounts of ALA. Utiliza-
tion of the Connecticut Air Sampling Network yielded four
sampling areas representing a wide range of average annual
lead concentrations in air of 0.23 microgram/cu m, 0.14 micro-
gram/cu m, 0.06 microgram/cu m, and 0.02 microgram/cu m,
respectively. Twenty-four children in the 10-12 year old age
group, equally divided according to sex, were chosen from the
elementary school closest to each of the four air sampling sites
for urinary ALA determinations. When an ion exchange spec-
trophotometric technique was used to analyze the urine sam-
ples for ALA content, no significant differences in urinary
ALA concentrations were observed from site to site. A proba-
ble factor that contributed to this uniformity was the narrow
range of airborn lead concentrations found in Connecticut. The
following recommendations are made: to study the relationship
of urinary ALA concentrations to airborne lead exposure in
areas which exhibit higher lead concentrations than those
found in this study; to include observations of the amount of
lead ingested with food, that this source can be differentiated
from the effects of the airborne lead source. (Author abstract
modified)
27105
Volchok, H. L. and M. T. Kleinman
RADIONUCLIDES AND LEAD IN SURFACE AER. Atomic
Energy Commission, New York, Health and Safety Lab., Fal-
lout Program Quart. Summ. Rept., App.-C, 1-8, 87-91, Jan. 1,
1971. 3 refs. NTIS: HASL-239
Since January 1963, the Health and Safety Laboratory of the
Atomic Energy Commission has conducted a program for sam-
pling and analysis of radioactivity and lead in surface air. The
primary objective of this program is to study the spatial and
temporal distribution of nuclear weapons debris and lead in
surface air. Data tabulations are presented for the international
activity concentrations of all radionuclide, gross gamma, and
stable analyses completed to date. All data are reported in
units of disintegrations/min/100 standard cu m except for lead,
which is reported in units of mg/1000 standard cu m.
27174
Schroeder, Henry A.
A SENSD3LE LOOK AT Affi POLLUTION BY METALS.
Arch. Environ. Health, 21(6):798-806, Dec. 1970. 35 refs.
Annual averages, daily intakes, and contents in lungs are
derived for essential trace metals, nontoxic metals, and metals
with innate toxicity in the air of 58 cities and 29 nonurban
areas. Of the 27 metals considered, only seven are more or
less toxic of themselves and four of these are rarely or in-
frequently found in air: beryllium, antimony, bismuth, and tin.
The other three, lead, cadmium, and nickel represent potential
or real public health hazards. The 12 cities most polluted with
nickel have concentrations of 0.03-0.2 micrograms/cu m. Cad-
mium is found in th air of 27 cities, of which 17 had concen-
trations of 0.01-0.37 micrograms/cu m. All cities and all nonur-
ban areas except one have lead in air, the cities from 0.1-2.3
micrograms/cu m. Cadmium in air can be minimised or
abolished by abatement of zinc, from which it comes. Lead
can be virtually eliminated by abolition of alkyl lead additives
to gasoline. Nickel dust can be controlled by the usual
methods for removing particulates. Nickel carbonyl must be
treated to compose it. Nickel additives to gasoline should be
prohibited and methods developed for removing it from diesel
engine exhausts. Control of these three toxic metals would
diminish paniculate matter in air.
27187
Yokohama Pharmacists Assoc. (Japan) and Yokohama School
Pharmacists Assoc. (Japan)
RESEARCH REPORT FOR 1969. (Kenkyu chosa hokokushu
IX- Showa 44 nendo). Text in Japanese. 128p., 1970.
A collection of reports is presented, including the following:
Kanagawa Prefectural Pollution Center on the standard and
diffusion of air pollution; Yokohama City School Pharmacists
on the survey made on school room environment after con-
struction work to prevent pollution; the joint report by
Yokohama City School Pharmacists Association, Yokohama
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
167
City Pollution Center, and Yokohama National University on
the survey of pollution from automobile exhaust gas in the
city. The last two are the major reports in the collection. The
others concern the examination of detector tubes to measure
carbon monoxide on the street, conducted by Kanagawa Pre-
fecture School Pharmacists Association; distribution of au-
tomobile exhaust gas in a tunnel during rush period, conducted
by Yokosuka-Miura are Pharmacists Association; and six re-
ports concerning school meals. The first of the two major re-
ports concerns air-conditioning work constructed at a junior
high school to supply clean air and to prevent noise penetrat-
ing to the school rooms, which are situated i an industrial area
and at a busy intersection of highways. The other report is the
survey made on carbon monoxide, lead, and floating dust in
the atmosphere near a busy highway. The team conducted the
survey for eight years. This time, the survey, conducted
between 10 am and 10 pm showed that when the number of
vehicles exceeded 4700 an hour, at a wind velocity of 0-0.1
m/s, average CO concentration was 12 ppm (4.5-19 ppm); lead
concentration, 6.7 micrograms/cu m (4.7-10.4 micrograms/cu
m); dust concentration, 1.7 micrograms/cu m (0.51-3.4 micro-
grams/cu m); with 1700 vehicles an hour, 1-3 m wind velocity,
from 10 pm to 10 am the next day, CO concentration was 4
ppm (1.8-16 ppm); lead concentration, 3 micrograms/cu m (0.9-
6.9 micrograms/cu m); dust, 0.25 micrograms/cu m (0.17-0.52
microgram/cu m). Carbon monoxide concentration remained at
10-20 ppm for a long time and lead concentration reached 5-10
times that of commercial areas (100 m inside the main
highway).
27188
Ed, Sadao, Shunichi Yoshinaga, Tanetomo Nishimura, and
Masaru Matsumoto
THE CONTENTS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE AT-
MOSPHERIC DEPOSITS IN KITAKYUSHU CITY.
(Kitakyushushi niokeru koka baijin chuno kinzok seibun nit-
suite). Text in Japanese. Kyushu Sangyo Daigaku Kogakubu
Kenkyu Hokoku (Kyushu Ind, Coll. Res. Kept.), vol. 7:1-26,
June 1970. 4 refs.
Quantitative analysis of heavy metals contained in atmospheric
deposits was performed in February, October, and December,
1968, at 30 locations distributed in Kitakyushu city. Man-
ganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, chromium, cadmium, and
lead analyzed by atomic absorption, first by way of total
burner consumption and later by laminar flow burner. The at-
mospheric deposit contained a large amount of Zn, Pb, titani-
um, and Mn (2534-1434 ppm), medium quantity of Cu, vanadi-
um, and Cr (448-240 ppm), and a little Ni, Co, and Cd (66.9-8.9
ppm). The solubility of the metals, the ratio of the amount dis-
solved to total was large for Cu, Zn, and Mn (64.05-26.17%),
small for Ni and Pb (1.10-1.05%), and nearly zero for Ti, Co,
Cr, V, and Cd. The proportion of the metal components in the
deposit varied from ward to ward, but differed very little
among industrial, commercial or residential areas. On the
average, coal ashes contained a large amount of Ti. Petroleum
ashes contained an especially large amount of V, Zn, Ni, and
Cu. Since neither coal nor petroleum ashes contain Mn or Pb,
these metals in the deposit were considered to come mainly
from plants and automobiles. The fact that the petroleum
ashes contained a much larger quantity of metals, except Ti,
than the coal indicated the future increase of metal contents
with the changeover to petroleum from coal. In the future,
dusts will be collected from other sources, and tin, beryllium,
arsenic, and mercury will also be determined.
27191
SURVEY ON AIR POLLUTION BY EXHAUST GAS OF AU-
TOMOBILES. (THE 1ST REPORT). (Jidosha haigasu ni yoru
taikiosen chosa hokokusho. (D 1 po)). Text in Japanese. Fukui-
Ken Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Kept. Fukui Prefect.
Inst. Public Health), no. 3:24-45, March 1969
Surveys on air pollution by exhaust gas from automobiles and
noise caused by car traffic were conducted on the 27th of Oc-
tober in Fuku city, on the 30th of October in Sabae city, and
on the 2nd of November in Tsuruga city, at three main junc-
tions. Meteorological observation (I), carbon monoxide (II),
carbon dioxide (in), floating dust (TV), amount of lead (V),
amount of traffic (VI), and noise (VII) were measured. The
27th of October was rainy, and the temperature was around 12
C; the 30th was a fine day, and temperature was 7.4 - 22 C;
and the 2nd of November was cloudy, and temperature was 17
- 25 C. The average figure of (II) in Fukui cit was 11.3 ppm;
Sabae city, 8.5 ppm; and Tsuruga city, 3.6 ppm; the peak of
pollution measured by hours successively was twice (morning
and evening) in Fukui city and Sabae city; in Tsuruga city, it
was just once from 5:00 to 6:00 pm. The estimated value of
(III) was 0.03% - 0.04% in all three places. The average figure
of (IV) was in Fukui 501.6 micrograms/cu m; Sabae, 1045.7
micrograms/cu m; and Tsuruga, 506.8 micrograms/cu m. Lead
was 7.8 micrograms/cu m in Sabae city and 7.2 micrograms/cu
m in Tsuruga city. In Fukui city, an estimation was not possi-
ble due to the rain. The average number for (VI) were Fukui,
606 cars/hr; Sabae, 341 cars/hr; and Tsuruga, 374 cars/hr. The
estimated figure of noise was 80 - 83 phons, 80 - 87 phons, and
79 - 82 phons respectively.
27241
Burnham, C. D., C. E. Moore, T. Kowalski, and J.
Krasniewski
A DETAILED STUDY OF LEAD DETERMINATIONS IN AIR-
BORNE PARTICULATES OVER MORTON GROVE, H,-
LINOIS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.
Appl. Spectry., 24(4):411-414, July-Aug. 1970. 18 refs.
(Presente at the Mid-American Symposium on Spectroscopy,
Chicago, Ul., May 1969.)
Careful examination of an analytical method for the deter-
mination of lead concentrations in atmospheric particulates has
confirmed that a low temperature ashing technique is prefera-
ble to the ashing of organic matter in a muffle furnace when
preparing samples for metals analysis, and that use of the
standard additions technique for the avoidance of inter-
ferences in the analyses by atomic absorption spectroscopy is
justified. A Perkin-Elmer model 303 double-beam spec-
trophotometer, fitted with a three-slot Holing burner and con-
nected by an automatic null recorder readout accessory to a
Sargent multirange recorder, was used for the analyses.
Analyses of some 600 samples collected from the air over
Morton Grove, Illinois, from 1964 through 1967 revealed
average suspended paniculate concentrations but rather high
lead concentrations for urban areas. Monthly mean lead con-
tents, which were highest in the fall months, showed a gradual
increase over the four years. (Author abstract modified)
27257
Hashimoto, Hiroshi, Hiroshi Muranaka, Kazuo Araki, Kozo
Akamatsu, Akira Yamamoto, Hiroyoshi Yoshida, Yoshio
Watanabe, Kikuo Yamamoto, Saiji Matsuho, Kan Mizuhara,
-------
168
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Akira Miyagawa, Sboichi Kuwata, Ikubiro Ogiwara, Hiroshi
Ikeda, Tsutomu Inoue, Junzo Toyoda, and Gan'ei Aisaki
HUMAN EFFECT SURVEY ON AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GASES ALONG THE: OSAKA HIGHWAY 26. PART 1.
BACKGROUND OF SURVEY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CON-
DITIONS. (Osaka kokudo 26 go sen endo ni okeru jidosha
haishutsugasu jintai eikyo chosa. Sono 1. Chosa haikei to kan-
kyo chosa). Text in Japanese. Seikatsu Eisei (I. Urban Living
Health Assoc.), 14(5):126-131, Oct. 1970. 9 refs.
Environmental conditions were examined and consciousness
and health examinations were conducted on 9 days from the
7th to the 23rd of October 1969 from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. The
survey included 6 spots of exposed road-side areas in Naniwa,
Nishinari, and Sumiyoshi wards along Osaka Highway 26, and
3 spots in non-exposed areas separated about 100 meters from
the highway. The average figure of a 1 hour average for 6
hours of the exposed area (hereafter, the figures indicated
were obtained by the same calculations; figures in parenthesis
indicate those in non-exposed areas) were as follows: carbon
monoxide, 13.7 ppm (4.7 ppm); nitric oxide, (0.309 ppm (0.015
ppm); nitrogen dioxide, 0.115 ppm (0.069 ppm); total hydrocar-
bons, 1.29 ppm (0.50 ppm); ozone, 0.040 ppm (0.026 ppm); sul-
fur dioxide, 0.110 ppm (0.054 ppm); total amount of dust, 0.67
ing/cu m air (0.30 mg/cu m air); permeability by car for mea-
surement of air pollution, 77.7% (90.0%); and lead in dust, 8.6
micrograms/cu m air (6.51 micrograms/cu m air). Lead in air in
the area located close to the elevated expressway indicated the
figure of 14.3-12.6 micrograms/cu m.
27429
Loucks, Ronald H. and John W. Winchester
POLLUTION CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC
INVENTORY OF CHLORINE AND BROMINE IN
AEROSOLS OVER CONTINENTAL U.S.A. Missouri Univ.,
Columbia, Environmental Health Center and Missouri Univ.,
Columbia, Extension Div., Proc. Missouri Univ. Third Annu.
Conf. Trace Substances Environ. Health, Columbia, 1969, p.
233-250. 29 refs. (June 24-26.)
Continental aerosols in the U. S. contain halogens derived
from both pollution and natural sources. Particle size distribu-
tions of pollutant chlorine and bromine in continental aerosols,
determined by sampling with cascade impactors and analyzing
by neutron activation, show marked differences from fresh
marine aerosols. A calculation of major sources shows most of
the Cl in continental aerosols to be derived from the sea, but
most of the Br appears to be derived from the combustion of
ethyl fluid. About 95% of total U. S. bromine production,
about 100,000 metric tons/yr, is converted to ethylene dibro-
mide and burned with tetraethyl lead. Most of the Br con-
tained in the lead halide aerosol appears to be volatilized in
the atmosphere and, possibly, to react further, e.g., by
bromination of organic materials. The lexicological sig-
nificance of these reactions is no yet known. (Author abstract
modified)
27621
Harrison, Paul R. and John W. Winchester
AREA-WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD, COPPER, AND
CADMIUM IN AIR PARTICULATES FROM CHICAGO AND
NORTHWEST INDIANA. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 29p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis,
Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-118.)
As a first attempt to examine the area-wide distribution of
specifi chemical elements in aerosol particles along the
southwest shore of Lake Michigan, lead, copper, cadmium,
and bismuth were determined in 24-hr average samples col-
lected on glass fiber filters at 50 stations throughout the re-
gion. Samples from most of the stations were obtained from
local air pollution control organizations for 6 different days
from May to Aug. 1968 and were analyzed electrochemically
by highly sensitive anodic stripping volumetry. Throughout the
area the small variation of lead, generally a few micrograms
per cubic meter of air, did not exceed that expected from the
distribution of automobiles, the major source. Cadmium wa
generally 200 times lower without marked local variations and
was close to the expected concentration if coal combustion is
the major source. Copper was generally 20 times lower than
lead throughout Chicago as expected if cod combustion is the
major source of copper. However, certain stations in the
northwest Indiana area showed reproducible anomalies where
copper was 100 times greater than in Chicago and several
times greater than lead at the same stations. The source of this
anomalous copper has not been determined. Results were com-
pared with data from the National Air Sampling Network sta-
tions in the area for 1963. Cadmium falls within the variability
presented by the NASN data, as does bismuth. Lead and
copper are both higher than the NASN data, for unknown
reasons. Area-wide studies are useful in revealing the general
exposure level of pollutants, previously unknown contami-
nants and sources, and better locations for monitoring stations.
(Author abstract modified)
27648
Nagata, Masanobu, Shigeru Yamada, Fujio Tomoto, and Jun
Fukuda
THE AMOUNTS OF FLOATING AND FALLING DUSTS,
AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR MENTAL COMPONENTS IN
KAWASAKI CITY. (Kawasaki-shi ni okeru fuyufunjinryo to
kinzoku seibun no bunseki kekka). Text in Japanese. Nippon
Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan J. Public Health), 17(12):551, Oct.
1970. (Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Public Health,
Annual Meeting, 28th.)
In three districts in Kawasaki city (A; industrial area, B: com-
mercial area; and C: residential and commercial area), floating
dust was collected by high-volume air samplers and was mea-
sured during the period from December 1969 to May 1970.
Metal components in floating dusts were analyzed by atomic
absorption spectrometry. The mean value of floating dusts per
month was generally high in all districts: 409' micrograms/cu m
in A; 316 micrograms/cu m in B; and 276 micrograms/cu m in
C. Falling dusts in B area were 1.3 times higher than those in
C area (8 t/sq km/month); in A area, they were 3 times higher
than those in C area. The number of days when floating dusts
were less than 150 micrograms/cu m was zero in A, 1 day in
B, and 2 days in C. The minimum values were recorded in
rainy days in all areas. Levels of iron, lead, manganese, zinc,
cadmium, copper, and chromium were measured. The levels of
all these metals were high in A area; especially iron showed a
high level. The values in A area were 2 - 3 times higher than
those in B and C areas.
27672
Takasago Municipal Office (Japan), Economic and Social
Dept.
ADI POLLUTION. (Taiki osen). Text in Japanese. In: The
Outline of Pollution. Kogai no gaikyo. Takasago, Takasago
Municipal Office, July 1970, Chapt. 1.
In order to grasp the reality of air pollution in Takasago city,
Hyogo Prefecture, investigations on the levels of atmospheric
dust fall, sulfur dioxide (period of investigation: 1964-1969),
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
169
airborne dust, exhaust gas from motor cars (1969), atmospher-
ic conditions, and fuel consumption were carried out. The
levels of atmospheric dust fall in the city recorded highest in
1966, marking a yearly average level of 8.5 t and was decreas-
ing henceforth; but in 1969, the levels showed 6.2 t which was
a 10% increase compared with the previous year. The levels of
sulfur dioxide measured by the PbO2 method decreased since
1965; the yearly average level in 1969 was 0.49 mg. As to the
levels of sulfur dioxide measured by the electroconductivity
method, the yearly average level of 1969 was within 0.025-
0.028 ppm. High levels were observed in winter and summer.
The comparison of the PbO2 method with the electroconduc-
tivity method is as follows: ppm equals 0.053 times mg SO3 (1
ppm equals 18.9 mg) (standard variation: 0.016). A relationship
was observed between the frequency of (significant) wind
direction and the daily average level of sulfur dioxide, except
for one sampling station. Concerning the levels of air borne
dust measured by digital method, the yearly average level of
1969 recorded 0.24 mg/cu m. A significant relationship was
presumed between the levels of air borne dust and the levels
of sulfur dioxide. The quantities of the fuel consumed were as
follows: coal - 1,140,000 t, crude petroleum - 339,000 t, which
when compared with the previous year are three times as
much and a 20% increase respectively. In July 1969, horizontal
aerial current was investigated using small balloons and verti-
cal aerial current was investigated by applying pilot balloons.
As to the exhaust gas from motor cars, the levels of CO, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, SO2, atmospheric dust fall, and com-
pounds of lead were measured at two sampling stations.
27675
Du, Sadao
AIR POLLUTION IN KTTAKYUSHU CITY. (Kitakyushu shi
no taiki osen chosa - Showa 42 nen no jokyo -). Text in
Japanese. Kyushu Sangyo Daigaku Kogakubu Kenkyu Hokoku
(Kyushu Ind. Coll. Res. Kept.), vol. 4:41-61, May 1967.
Results of a survey on air pollution during the period 1966-67
in Kitakyushu City, carried out by the Municipal Sanitation
Bureau, are reported. The atmospheric deposits were moni-
tored by the deposit gauge method, and sulfur oxides, by the
lead peroxide candle method. Thirty locations were chosen for
monitoring divided equally between industrial, commercial,
and residential districts. The amount of atmospheric deposits
decreased and sulfur dioxide increased this year, as was the
case from the beginning of the present survey program in
1959. The measurement of SO2 by an automatic continuous
recorder showed that SO2 concentration in the air exceeded
0.2 ppm, particularly in the Wakamatsu and Tobata areas in
winter and early in the morning and at midnight. Auto exhaust
was also monitored at a traffic intersection at Uomachi in
Kokura ward. Meteorological data, the amount of traffic, and
gas components of carbon monoxide, SO2, nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and lead were measured. Carbon monoxide
was monitored by a Kitagawa detector, SO2 by the rosaniline-
formaline method, NO2, by Saltzman, NO by modified Saltz-
man, and Pb by dithiozone. A continuous automatic gas sam-
pler and a high-volume air sampler were used. The auto ex-
haust concentration in Kitakyushu, monitored by the station in
Kokura, was low and was decreasing in spite of the ever in-
creasing traffic. The concentration never exceeded 10 ppm.
Cooperation from industry is badly needed for controlling en-
vironment pollution.
27831
Noushi, Hiroshi, Takahiro Seto, Kyoji Yamazaki, and S.
Izumigawa
ANALYSIS OF METALLIC COMPONENTS OF SUSPENDED
DUSTS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND
THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS CONDUCTED IN
TOKYO. (Genshi kyukobunsekiho ni yoru fuyu jinaichu no
kinzokuseibunbunseki ni taisuru jakkan no kento to tonai ni
okeru sokuteikekka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tokyo-toritsu
Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Rept. Tokyo-to Lab. Med.
Sci.), no. 20: 115-118, 1968. 3 refs.
The concentrations of elements such as iron, manganese,
nickel, lead, zinc, copper, chromium, and cadmium were mea-
sured in Tokyo. The apparatus used included a Perkin Elmer
atomic absorption spectroscope and a Staplex hi-volume sam-
pler. The data obtained from the measurements are tabulated
and compared to the values obtained by the Ministry of Health
and Welfare at Japan Environmental Sanitation Center using
photo-emission spectroscopy. Considering the maximum al-
lowable concentration of heavy metal elements in the environ-
ment as one-hundredth that of the working environment, cal-
culations showed that lead was closest to the maximum al-
lowable concentration. This is probably due to automobile ex-
haust emissions.
27880
Sato, Akira, Masanao Takahashi, and Tetsuo Kudo
STUDffiS ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN IWATE PRE-
FECTURE. NO. 8. HEAV METAL CONTENT IN SETTLING
DUSTS. PART I. (Iwate-ken no kogai ni kansuru kenkyu. Dai-
8-po. Kokabaijinchu no jukinzokuganryo. 1). Text in Japanese.
Iwate-Ken Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Iwate Inst.
Public Health), no. 12:44-70, 1968. 9 refs. PART H. Ibid., no.
12:71-99, 1968.
Measurements were conducted on settling dusts, suspended
dusts, and sulfur dioxide since 1960 in the cities of Kamaishi,
Kuni, and Higashiyama which form the industrial areas of
Iwate Prefecture. The insoluble components of dusts were
soaked in HC1; the residues were treated with HF and sub-
sequently dissolved in HC1 to obtain a 500 ml solution. The
analytical methods used were ETA titration for iron, diethyl-
dithiocarbamate for copper, polarographic analysis for zinc,
photoelectric colorimetry by KIO4 for manganese, and Gutzeit
process for arsenic. The data were obtained over 20 months at
13 locations with deposit gauges in the above-mentioned cities.
Differences were found in the components of dusts depending
on the types of industries in the cities, and Fe, SiO2, Mn, Pb,
and As were prevalent in the iron and steel cities; for cement
areas, no special characteristics were found except for the
regular components such as Ca and Mg.
28097
Schedling, J. A.
THE MEASURING AND ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION. (Ueber Messungen und Analysen von Luft-
verunreinigungen). Text in German. Arch. Hyg., 154(4):349-
357, 1970. 5 refs.
The tendency prevails not to limit the measuring of atmospher-
ic pollution to the determination of a single pollutant like to
sulfur dioxide because the assumption that the level of an in-
dicate substance is a characteristic measure of the sum of all
pollutants is valid only to a limited extent, if at all. Five hun-
dred dust fall measurements performed over a period of two
years (1962-1963) in a center city site in Vienna and 2000 dust
fall measurements performed in 1965 and 1966 and continued
-------
170
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
at the same site in 1969 by means of a dust collection filter
device at 1 and 9 m above ground were evaluated and the
levels of lead, of bonzopyrene and of fluorine compounds
were determined. Lead compounds were determined polaro-
graphically; benzopyrene, spectrometrically; and fluorine com-
pounds, by means of an ion-sensitive electrode. The present
air pollution monitoring program in the city of Vienna will
have to be extended to include nitrogen oxides and hydrocar-
bons and later also asbestos dust and oxidants. The pollution
levels will have to be evaluated on the basis of internationally
agreed air quality criteria not only for their immediate toxicity
but for their hygienic implications in the overall pollution pic-
ture as seen by the WHO.
28178
Resch, W.
THE LEAD CONCENTRATION BEFORE A TRAFFIC LIGHT
OF AN INTERSECTION. (Ueber die Bleikonzentration in
Stauraum einer Kreuzung). Text in German. Arch. Hyg.,
154(4):367-370, 1970. 7 refs.
The emission levels of solid lead compounds in a street in
center city Vienna were determined by polarographic deter-
mination of 639 filters exposed for three hours each to the at-
mosphere polluted by heavy traffic. The mean value of all
tests was 2.5 micron/cu m; the peak value measured, between
12.00 and 15.00 hours on a Monday was 14 micron/cu m; and
the lowest value was 0.2 micron/cu m on a Wednesday
between 0.00 and 3.00 hours at night An analysis of the con-
centration values revealed that 68% of them did not exceed 3
micron/cu m. Four three hour periods were recorded when the
concentration exceeded 10 micron/cu m. The correlation
between lead concentration and traffic is obvious. The order
of magnitude of the lead pollution levels recorded in Vienna
are comparable with those recorded in German, French,
Italian, and American cities.
28233
Endo, Ryosaku, Tetsutaro Kohgo, Naoki Sugawara, Yutaka
Matsumoto, and Tatsunori Oyake
STUDIES ON URBAN AIR POLLUTION BY AUTO EX-
HAUST IN HOKKAIDO (PART 4): RESULTS OF SURVEY IN
TOMAKOMAI CITY. (Hokkaido no toshi no okeru iidosha
haishutsu gasu no taikiosen ni tsuite (dai 4 po) Tomakomaishi
ni okeru chosa kekka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Hokkaidorit-
su Eisei Kenkyusho-ho, vol. 19:197-201, 1969. 6 refs.
Concentrations of airborne dust, carbon monoxide, nitric ox-
ide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, and 3,4-benzopyrene were moni-
tored, together with the number of vehicles passing by, at two
roadside locations in T'omakomai. One observation point (A)
was located in front of the railroad station, the other (B) at the
intersection of the national highway. Traffic was heavier, the
road wider, and the wind stronger at point B. With the excep-
tion of dust, measured pollutant values were a little higher at
A. Respective maximum concentrations of dust, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, an nitrogen oxides (NO plus NO2)
were 295 microgram/cu m, 16.6 ppm, 0.096 ppm, and 0.278
ppm. Concentrations of lead and 3,4-benzopyrene were 0.26-
0.90 microgram/cu m and 3.23-17.30 microgram/1000 cu m,
respectively. In comparison with other cities in Hokkaido hav-
ing equally heavy traffic, air pollution by auto exhaust is con-
cluded to be low in Tomakomai. The sulfur dioxide values
recorded are attributed to the fact that buildings are less dense
in the city.
28326
Murata, Motohide, Hiroshisa Shima, T. Matsui, Hiroshi
Hirobe, Tsuyoshi Kanamaru, and Kuniaki Naka
AIR POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI CITY. PART H. RESULT
OF INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED DUSTS. (Yokkaichi
no taiki osen. Dai-2-ho. Fufyufunjin no chosakekka ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 5(1): 198, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
Suspended dusts in Yokkaichi were analyzed for metallic ele-
ments and their general distribution. Items studied were
average, maximum, and minimum values (micrograms/cu m) of
total suspended dust, the sulfate ion, the nitrate ion, iron,
manganese, lead, copper, titanium, vanadium, and phosphorus.
The nitrate ion was not found in sufficient quantity to be of
concern. The nitrate ion was not found in sufficient quantity
to be of concern. Lead averaged 0.4 micrograms/cu m in the
area of heaviest traffic volume. Phosphorus had only one
emission source and was convenient for observing distribution.
In general, concentration decreased with distance from the
source. The sulfate ion and vanadium had a similar distribu-
tion, and both were relatively high in one location, the vicinity
of a petrochemical complex.
28369
Kettner, H., R. Langmann, and W. Maassen
DEPOSITION OF LEAD FROM THE ATMOSPHERE. (Die
Bleideposition aus de atmosphaerisichen Luft). Text in Ger-
man. Fortschr. Med., 89(5): 179-180, 202, 1971. 23 refs.
The lead content in the blood of Americans has for 3 decades
fluctuated between 10 and 4 micron Pb in 100 g blood without
an appreciable increase. The harmfulness of lead can be
demonostrated only when certain levels of lead in the at-
mosphere can be identified with certain symptoms of the or-
ganism as outlined by the WHO guidelines by a 4-step
procedure. Lead deposit data are few. In 32 American cities,
median daily lead fall was 0.5 mg/sq ml day. At a distance of 8
miles from a turnpike, the daily lead deposit was 0.36 mg/sq
m/day and in its vicinity, 1.4 mg/sq in/day. The share of lead
in dust deposits in the German cities of Wuppertal was 0.165;
in Neuss/Rh, 0.22; in Duesseldorf, 0.31; in Muehlheim/Ruhr,
0.558; and in Duisburg, 4.83 mg/sq m/day (1965). Irrespective
of the difference of opinion about the harmfulness of lead in
the atmosphere, its presence in the air is in principle undesira-
ble. By October 1975, all gasolines manufactured in the USA
will be lead-free. Other trace elements in 'the atmosphere that
should be controlled include vanadium, copper, zinc, man-
ganese, cobalt, and nickel.
28528
Kawase, Yoshikazu, Taku Kitano, Seiichiro Yuge, and
Seiichiro Ito
MEASURING METHODS AND RESULTS OF LEAD OF AU-
TOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS. (Jidosha haigasuchu no namari
no sokuteiho to kekka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):255, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
Lead concentrations were measured at five high-volume traffic
intersections in Saitama and at distances of 10 and 100 m from
each intersection. Measurements were taken four times a day
at different time periods. Three methods were used: sampling
by a high-volume air sampler and analysis by atomic absorp-
tion spectrophotometry; sampling by midget impinger and
analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; and air-in-
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
171
duction through a 5-cm polyethylene filter, then absorption by
a gasuabsorption tube, and analysis by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. The lead concentration was highest with filter
and absorption tube together and lowest with the absorption
tube alone. Various data are given for different locations at
different time intervals, together with the carbon monoxide
concentrations.
28620
Ito, Eiichi, Kiyoshi Kubo, Kazunori Kamakura, Akio Wada,
and Juji Takeuchi
ON AIR POLLUTION BY LEAD FROM VEHICLE EX-
HAUST. (Jidosha no haishutsu gasu ni yoru namari osen ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 5(1):254, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Atmospheric lead concentrations were measured in Nagoya.
Samples were taken at busy traffic intersections with a high-
volume air sampler, and analysis was done by atomic absorp-
tion spectrophotometry and polarography. The average lead
concentration was 2.4 micrograms/cu m. An average of 5.4
micrograms/cu m was the highest among the daily averages at
ten locations. Concentrations were usually highest in the morn-
ing and in the evening. The amount of lead in suspended par-
ticulates varied, expecially according to the weather, but the
average lead content was about 0.7%. On rainy days the con-
tent was as high as 2% at some locations. Lead concentrations
decreased with distance from the road, but on rainy days the
decrease with distance was not significant. When determining
lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the interference
by sodium was very significant, as has been reported in other
studies. It is necessary to establish accurate correction values
for sodium.
28629
Hasegawa, T., A. Sugimae, and J. Fujii
TRACE METALS IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATES. PART
IV. (Fuyu funjinchu no kinsoku seibun. Dai-4-ho). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):211, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Suspended dusts were collected with a high-volume air sam-
pler and analyzed by spectrophotometry for metals such as
iron, lead, manganese, vanadium, tin, nickel, and copper. A
good correlation between the concentration of vanadium
emitted during heavy-oil combustion and sulfur oxides was ob-
tained. The daily variation of vanadium concentration and
suspended particulates shows that wind direction and wind
speed have a large bearing on the vanadium particles. Gooc
correlation was also seen between the concentration of iron
and the total particulates concentration: for the total particu-
lates concentration of 100 micrograms/cu m, there were 1-7
micrograms/cu m of iron. The reason for the relationship is
not really clear because there are so many sources of iron
emissions. Forty percent or more iron particles were over 8
micron in size and 80-90 percent of the vanadium and lead par-
ticles were below 2 micron in size. Furthermore, a good cor-
relation was seen between iron and manganese.
28634
Otsuka, Yukio, Nobuaki Kadoya, Katsuhiko Tanaka,
Katsuhisa Fukaya, Noriyoshi Yoshitani, and Saburo Kanno
SURVEYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY AUTO-
EXHAUST GAS. (Jidosha haiki gasu ni yoru taiki osen no
chosa). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 5(1):223, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead, meteorological fac-
tors, and traffic volume were measured along the main
highways in Kanagawa Prefecture. Carbon monoxide and
nitrogen oxides were measured by nondispersive infrared anal-
ysis and the Saltzman method, respectively, at 2.8 m above
the sidewalk. Lead in air was measured by collecting
suspended dusts in high-volume air samplers at 1.5 m above
ground and analyzing them by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Traffic volume was calculated as hourly values
based on counting for five minutes on the hour. Carbon
monoxide was at a maximum in front of the Kawasaki
Racetrack, where the 24-hr value was 9.7 ppm. For nitrogen
oxides, the total averages were nitric oxide, 0.08-0.22 ppm and
nitrogen dioxide, 0.11 ppm. The diurnal variation of carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, suspended particulates, and lead
showed remarkable similar patterns, and a correlation between
Pb and CO could be inferred.
28635
Nakano, Kinjii and Toshio Odairo
ENVIRONMENTAL AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS CON-
CENTRATIONS IN TOKYO. (Kankyo taikichu no jidosha
haiki gasu sokutei kekka). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 244, 1970. (Proceedings
of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth,
1970.)
In Tokyo, carbon monoxide was measured at four traffic inter-
sections and lead in air at seven locations. Sampling for car-
bon monoxide was done with mylar bags at 1.2-1.5 m, above
the ground; lead was sampled at the same heights with glass
fiber or membrane filters. Carbon monoxide was analyzed by
NDIR URA-2 and APMA-1 and lead by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. There were correlations between the
average CO concentrations at 100 m away from and behind in-
tersection areas, and concentrations were generally highest at
the intersections. However, the correlation between traffic
volume and average CO concentration at an intersection was
not significant. Lead concentrations were no more than 5
micrograms/cu m, even at intersections. In unpolluted areas,
the concentrations were 0.1-0.6 micrograms/cu m. There was a
high correlation between lead and CO concentrations.
28650
Hasegawa, Toshio, Akiyoshi Sugimae, Junko Fujii, Yuzuru
Matsuo, and Yoshinobu Okuyama
TRACE METALS IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATES. PART
II. (Fuyufunjinchu no kinzokuseibun. Dai-3-po). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):210, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Suspended particulates were sampled at 12 stations in Osaka.
The actual sampling was conducted at the altitude of 10 m for
24 hours every day by means of a high-volume air sampler and
cascade cenlripetor. The particulates were collected on What-
man GF-81 glass fiber filters and the lead contained in them
was determined by spectrophotometry. The concentration
range for lead was 0.25 to 10.9 micrograms/cu m, with a mean
of 2.0 micrograms/cu m. From the cascade centripetor mea-
surements, it was discovered that most of the lead particulates
are under two micron in size, and 90% or more can enter the
alveoli when breathed with air. In Osaka, there is a maximum
of 9.8 micrograms/cu m of respirable lead suspended in the air.
Further studies indicated that there is a negative correlation
-------
172
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
between lead concentration and wind speed in February, but
not in June. Apparently meteorological conditions affect the
lead concentration much more than wind speed, together with
factors such as automobile traffic volume.
28653
Kiyoura, Raisaku, Tom Kuramoto, Milton Munidasa, Ounji
Kawasaki, Naotake Naito, and Yoshisuke Uenisbi
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY METALS IN AIRBORNE
PARTICIPATES IN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES AND
URBAN AREAS. (Wagakuni no toshi, knobinato nado no fuyu
funjinchu no jukinzoku seibun no hikakukento). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):233, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, 11th, 1970.)
Suspended dust in urban air was analyzed for heavy metals.
Dust was collected with a high-volume air sampler, and the
glass fiber filter was cut up to one-tenth of the original size
and placed in a 100 ml platinum evaporation dish. It was then
washed in 5 ml nitric acid, followed by 15 ml hydrofluoric
acid, and the resulting solution was evaporated on a sand bath.
Another 10 ml of hydrochloric acid followed by 10 ml of
perchloric acid was added and dried again. The resulting
product was dissolved in 1 N hydrochloric acid, filtered, and
100 ml of the filtrate was accurately measured. The analysis
was conducted with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Various resonance lines in Angstroms for iron, lead, man-
ganese, nickel, coppei, zinc, cadmium, and chromium are
listed, together with the lamp amperage.
28785
Ito, Eiichi, Kiyoshi Kubo, and Akio Wada
STUDY ON POLLUTION BY LEAD ON THE IMPORTANT
PLACES FOR TRANSPORTATION. (Kotsu yochi ni okeru
namariosen no mondaiten ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nagoya-
shi Eisei Kenkyushoho (Ann. Kept. Nagoya City Health Res.
Inst.) no. 16:115-118, 1969. 3 refs.
The results of lead estimation concentrations in the air at nine
important places for transportation and three contrast places in
Nagoya City and the analytical method of lead in the air are
described. The investigation was made from February to
March, 1970 for contrast places and in June for the important
places for transportation. Sampling was made continuously
from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm and a high sensitive polarograpby (I)
and atomic absorption analytical method (II) were used for the
analysis of lead in suspended paniculate material. Average and
maximum values of lead quantity at the important places for
transportation were 2.38 micrograms/cu m and 5.40 micro-
grams/cu m, respectively. Lead quantity decreased according
to the distance from the important places for transportation.
Lead quantity was also found as suspended material all over
the city, for it was also detected at contrast points (average
value 0.75 micrograms/cu m). As a result of the comparison of
analytical values of lead by analytical methods (I) and (II),
values by method (I) were higher than those by method (II).
The atomic absorption analyzer was affected by various
materials (especially sodium) contained in the filter used for
lead sampling. Therefore, method (I) was more correct than
method (II) when sampling was carried out using filters.
28920
Lininger, Ronald L., Robert A. Duce, John W. Winchester,
and Wayne R. Matson
CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE, AND LEAD IN AEROSOLS
FROM CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. J. Geophys. Res.,
71(10):2457-2463, May 15, 1966. 10 refs.
Aerosol particles in Cambridge, Massachusetts, were collected
by cascade impactor and analyzed for chlorine, bromine, and
iodine by neutron activation and for lead electrochemically.
The Casella four-stage impactor selected particles of radius
greater than about 0.2-0.5 micron, and two sampling sites were
chosen on the M.I.T. campus—on the roof of the 90-meter-high
Green Center for Earth Sciences and at the curb by a busy
street. The ranges 1 to 6 microgram Cl/cu m STP and 2 to 10
ng I/cu m STP are in good agreement with observations in un-
polluted Hawaii air, but the range 20 to 800 ng Br/cu m STP
stands an order of magnitude higher and agrees with observa-
tions in Washington, D. C., polluted air. Lead concentrations
are 0.1 to 2.2 micrograms Pb/cu m STP and are strongly corre-
lated with high Br concentrations during hazy weather and/or
curb-site sampling. The data suggest that the initial exhaust
product is a particulate lead halide which suffers loss of Br in
the atmosphere. (Author abstract)
29152
Himi, Yasuji and F. Muramatsu
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN ATMOSPHERIC
SUSPENDED DUST (REPORT 1). DETERMINATION OF FE
AND PB BY FLUORESCENT X-RAY ANALYSIS USING
VACUUM-EVAPORATED STANDARDS. (Fuyubaijinchu no
jukinzoku no bunseki. Dai-l-po. Shinku jochaku hyojunskiryo
o mochiita Fe, Pb no keiko X-sen bunseki). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):58, 1970.
(Proceedings of Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meet-
ing, llth, 1970.)
Fluorescent X-ray spectrometry was used to analyze heavy
metals in the atmosphere. Samples of iron and lead in dusts
were prepared by the vacuum evaporation method in which a
uniform metallic film is formed on the filter. The filter used
was a Gelman A type. Determination of Fe and Pb was ac-
complished by the o-phenanthroline and dithizone methods.
The general technique was applied to suspended particultes in
Kanagawa Prefecture, and calibration curves were drawn for
Pb and Fe. Subsequent analysis by fluorescent X-ray spec-
trometry showed that the results corresponded very well to
those obtained by chemical analysis.
29153
Ishinishi, N. and Nobuyasu Shigemori
A SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF
HEAVY METAL IN SUSPENDED DUST ON THE MAIN
STREETS. (Kosaten. fuyubaijinchu, jukinzokuryo no kisetsu-
teki hendo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):62, 1970. (Proceedings of Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Lead, iron, manganese, and cadmium in suspended dust col-
lected at main traffic intersections in Kitakyushu and Fukuoka
were analyzed. The dusts were collected by a high-volume air
sampler and analyzed by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Wavelength, lamp current, load voltage,
hydrogen pressure, air pressure, and scale magnification data
are listed for Pb, Fe, Mn, and Cd. The results indicate no spe-
cial trends according to the season or the year. Iron concentra-
tions, however, were the highest in Yawata District of
Kitakyushu, an iron and steel production town.
29191
Watanabe, Hiroshi, H. Mitsuki,, T. Koyarna, Yoshihiro
Nakagawa, and N. Takada
ON THE METALLIC COMPONENTS IN SUSPENDED PAR-
TICULATE AND ITS LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS. (Fuyu
biryushichu no knzoku sibun to chiiki lokusei). Text in
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
173
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (I. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):60, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Dusts, iron, lead, copper, cadmium, vanadium, zinc, and man-
ganese were measured in the neighborhood of an iron works
and other plants. High-volume air samplers, low-volume air
samplers, and cascade centripeters werw used for sampling.
Dusts were measured by gravimetry and metals by atomic ab-
sorption spectrophotometry. In the area of the iron-producing
plant, 80% of Pb, V, and Cd, but only 44% of Fe existed as
fine particulates in air. Almost 100% of Cd was under 0.7
micron; over 90% of Pb was under 2 micron; and over 80% of
Fe, Mn, and Cu was under 7 micron. Comparison of the
amount of metallic content of the dusts collected in two areas
by a high-volume sampler with a cyclone showed that the pro-
portion of Fe is higher in the neighborhood of the iron-produc-
ing plant.
29382
Hishida, Kazuo
PRESENT STATE AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY
SMOKE. (Nensho kogai no genjo to kogai boshi taisaku).
Text in Japanese. Nippon Kikai Gakkai-Shi (J. Japan Soc.
Mech. Engrs. Tokyo), 74(626): 215-216, March 1971. 11 refs.
Pollution from combustion is principally air pollution. It is
considered in two forms, wide area and local. Sources of wide
area pollution are sulfur oxides and automotive exhausts.
These are also causes of smog, local contamination stems
from particulates, metallic and carbonaceous. Sulfur oxide
concentrations and distribution have both increased signifi-
cantly since 1965. The National Standard for SO2 is less than
0.05 ppm/hr urban and industrial areas exceeding this limit are
shown. Sulfur trioxide was identified as a source of acid-smut,
however, recently sulfuric acid mist has replaced it in the
public notice. Ring contamination by sulfuric acid mist was ob-
served at Suginami, Tokyo in 1970 where it averaged 20 micro-
grams/cu m. for 24 hrs. Suspended particulates measured 461
micrograms/cu m. Sulfate in the dust was 95 microgram/cu m
(20%). The catalytic effect of metallic particulates is considerd
a cause of the formation of SO3 which reacts with water
vapor to form sulfuric acid mist. Heavy metal particulates are
common in industrial areas. Automotive exhaust pollution is a
salient feature of todays large cities and it is increasing. The
provisional standard for airborne load (5 microgram/cu m/day
is exceeded at 7 stations. Lead contamination is reported to
agree with carbon monoxide concentration. Nitrogen oxides
and hydrocarbons data are sparce, but these compounds are
chiefly responsible for photochemical smog. Oxidants concen-
tration is a function of the hydrocarbon/nitrogen oxides ratio,
hydrocarbon activity, and weather conditions. Local con-
tamination by smoke and other particulates is decreaseing with
the expanded use of dust collecting equipment.
29385
Kiyoura, Raisaku, Yoshisuke Uenishi, Milton Munisada,
Masaya Iguchi, Tom Kuramoto, Gunji Kawasaki, and
Naotake Naito
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF HEAVY METALS SUCH AS
LEAD IN SO2, NO2 AND FLOATING DUST IN THE URBAN
ATMOSPHERE. (Toshi taiki chu no SO2, NO2, fuyu funjin
chu no Pb to jukinzoku sogo no kankei). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, lp., 1971.
(Presented at the Japan Chemical Society Annual Meeting,
Tokyo, March 1971, Paper 3346.)
Measurements of heavy metals such as lead in suspended dust
andO of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen dioxide, and inorganics, are
reported. Suspended dust was measured using a high volume
sampler; heavy metals in dust were analyzed by atomic light
absorption, and inorganics by conventional wet-type
techniques. NO2 was measured by the Saltzman method and
SO2 by electroconductivity analyzer and P-rosaniline method.
The average for NO2 in October was about 0.025 ppm, lower
than the 0.035 ppm for SO2. The average suspended dust was
210 micrograms/cu m. There was a consistency in the change
of concentrations of NO2 and SO2. The concentration of
suspended dust also had a high correlation with NO2 and SO2.
If the pollution from NO and NO2 from suspended dust and
automobile exhaust gas is the basis of urban air pollution, the
pollutants from the surrounding industrial areas would be
added to this base to further increase urban pollution levels.
There is very high correlation between Pb in dust and the
water-soluble NO3 ion, the higher the traffic load, the higher
the concentration of Pb and NO3 in the dust. Therefore, these
are considered to be the indicators of pollution from automo-
bile exhaust. Such heavy metals as manganese in dust are
presumed to play the role of catalysts in the oxidation reaction
of SO2 and NO.
29416
Hishida, Kazuo
ON ACTUAL CONDITION OF AIR POLLUTION -CENTER-
ING AROUND CASE OF TOKYO. (Taikiosen no genjo ni
tsuite - Tokyo-to no baai o chushin to shite). Text in Japanese.
Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Proc. Special
Symp. Air Pollution, 27th 1971, p. 1-22. 31 refs. (April.)
In 1964, air pollution by sulfur oxides was a local problem
confined »o some specific regions, but today it has become a
common national problem. In Tokyo (except its suburban
area), the density of sulfur dioxide and trioxide was a record
high of 0.054 ppm in 1967 and has since lowered to a record of
0.045 ppm in 1970. With 1964 taken as 100 when the entire
metropolitan district showed an average of 0.038 ppm and the
legal criteria was 0.05 ppm, it was 134 for 1965; 137 for 1966;
142 for 1967; 137 for 1968; 137 for 1969; and 118 for 1970. In
the current winter (December 1970 through March 1971), the
smog alarm was issued only three times compared with seven
times in the preceding winter and 16 times in winter before
that. The legal control measures set forth to curb the air pollu-
tion caused by sulfur oxides were inadequate for Tokyo. The
effective chimney height and other specified criteria in the
regulations cannot reduce pollution unless the total emission of
SO2, and SO3 is reduced. In fact, of Tokyo s 10,500 installa-
tions surveyed, only 79 failed to meet the legal criteria, and
their total sulfur oxide emission was estimated to account for
only 0.8% of the Toky-wide total. Carbon monoxide density of
automatic emissions was studied at a number of intersections
in Tokyo in relation to quantity of traffic and hours of day.
The mechanism of photochemical smog and oxidant was also
discussed. A lead- carbon monoxide correlation diagram was
analyzed covering the period from May 26, 1970 to June 3,
1970 for Yanagi-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, where the accident in-
volving lead air pollution occurred. Settled and suspended dust
and soot were discussed with statistics showing its trend for
several years past. Measures were urged to cope with
hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) gas generated by in-
cineration of plastics. Other noxious gases were discussed
such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid.
-------
174
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
29465
Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Pollutions Research Inst.
(Japan)
REPORT ON LEAD POLLUTION SURVEY. (Namari kogai
cbosa kokoku). Text in Japanese. 54p., March 1971.
The urine and blood of people in the neighborhood of 11 busy
intersections in Tokyo, were tested for lead concentration;
carbon monoxide and lead concentrations in the atmosphere
were also measured. The samples were collected for 10-14
hours. The average lead concentration at the intersection was
100, ppm (?), the area along the road averaged 84.4 ppm (?),
the hunteiland averaged 44.8 ppm (?). Although the relation-
ship between CO and lead varied depending upon traffic, the
recurrent coefficient varied from 1.6-3.4, with a tendency to
increase. The correlation between CO and lead concentration
was significant in every area, with a minimum of 0.670. The
indoor lead concentration is influenced by the atmospheric
concentration unless there is any source of lead generation in-
side the building.
29515
Hellwig, A. and H.-D. Schulze
STUDY OF THE SUSPENDED PARTICULATES AND LEAD
CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR WITHIN THE CITY
LIMITS OF MAGDEBURG. (Untersuchungen ueber den
Schwebstaub- und Bleigehalt der Luft im Stadtgebiet Mag-
deburg). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Grenzg. (Berlin),
17(2):101-106, 1971. 20 refs.
Atmospheric dust and lead concentrations were measured at
four crucial points in Magdeburg. The sampling probe was a
brass head with a membrane filter. Suspended dust was mea-
sured gravimetrically, lead concentrations were colorimetri-
cally determined by the dithizone method. While little dust and
hardly any lead were measured in a suburban residential area,
a close connection between both pollutants and traffic density
was observed. At a busy thoroughfare in downtown Mag-
deburg (3000 passenger cars/hr), the annual average dust con-
centration was 0.47 mg/cu m and the annual average lead con-
centrations 2.92 micrograms/cu m. The tolerance limits of 0.50
mg/cu m dust and 0.7 micrograms/cu m lead were exceeded
35% and 92% of the time. In the newly created city center,
(0.20 mg/cu m dust, 0.69 micrograms/cu m lead) annual
average concentrations remained below the maximum allowa-
ble concentrations.
29647
Fukuoka, Saburo
LEAD POLLUTION AND PHOTO-CHEMICAL SMOG IN
TOKYO. (Tokyoto ni okeru namari kogai oyobi kokagaku su-
moggu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (J. Soc.
Automot. Engrs. (Japan), 25(3):290-297, March 1971. 9 refs.
A survey of the concentration of lead compounds in the at-
mosphere of urban communities of Tokyo from September
1969 to March 1970 at locations showed a concentration ex-
tending from 1.22 to 3.15 micrograms/cu m recorded near
Setagaya and Koto respectively. The average concentration of
lead at and around 10 intersections, extends from 1.4 to 4.7
micrograms/cu m. The concentration recorded at daytime is
higher than at night. The concentration measured at four cor-
ners of an intersection is higher not only of that measured at
an area near the roadway leading to the intersection but also
that measured at an interior area away from the corner. The
relation between the concentration of lead and carbon monox-
ide was a reciprocity coefficient of 0.668 to 0.7. Since decreas-
ing lead in gasoline is urgent because of its harmful effects
upon the human body, it was decided that gasoline containing
over 1.1 ml/gal would not be put on the market after August
1970. Ultraviolet volume of lead is four times as much in the
summer as in the winter. The summer is a rainy season in
Japan; therefore the ultraviolet volume is higher than any
other season. The continuous measurement of oxidant reveals
that there were about 10 days on which the oxidant concentra-
tion was more than 0.15 ppm/hour within a three-year period
beginning in 1967.
29655
Giever, Paul M. and W. E. Ruch
STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING
FREQUENCY IN AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY. Am. Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J., 32(4):260-266, April 1971. 6 refs.
A five year air pollution profile of paniculate and gaseous
contaminants was obtained for the area of the Tecumseh Com-
munity Health Study, a comprehensive longitudinal study of
the health of the entire population in this area. Data on the
solid paniculate matter were collected and analyzed for total
weight and for metallic ions present in sufficient concentration
to be determined by the emission spectrograph. A special
period of study for airborne lead was also conducted.
Although the major source of contamination is considered to
be the automobile, equipment for that type of analysis was not
available. Using the analytical instrument that was available,
carbon monoxide was evaluated over an extended period. The
evaluation of data collected over a period of five years served
to establish the threshold of contamination in the atmosphere
for future comparisons of changing pollution concentrations. A
four year period of bimonthly sampling of p articulate matter
was conducted and the analyses of these data showed that this
type of information would provide accurate data on yearly pol-
lution levels. (Author conclusions modified)
29744
Kobayashi, Yoshitaka
URBAN POLLUTION BY AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS.
(Jidosha hai-gasu ni yoru toshi osen). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Association of Safety Engineering, Yokohama
(Japan), 22p., 1970. (Presented at the Association of Safety
Engineering Seminar, 17th, Yokohama, Japan, Feb. 1970.)
The toxicity of carbon monoxide and lead in exhaust gas is
described. In urban areas, the CO concentration is very high
on busy roads. Pollutants in the atmosphere can be classified
into four groups; sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, CO and
nitric oxide, and ozone, each having a different pollution pat-
tern. The CO concentration around the highways averages 3-6
ppm annually, but sometimes the hourly figure reaches 40-50
ppm. In the center of town, 10 ppm CO an hour appears 27%
of the total hours a year. In such cities as Osaka and Tokyo,
when the wind velocity is less than 0.5-1 m/sec, a high concen-
tration is seen even in the areas away from highways. In
winter, the CO concentration averages 5-6 ppm monthly even
n the hinterland. Near highways, the NO concentration is 2-3
limes higher than that of NO2, about 0.05-0.25 ppm monthly.
The concentration of NO2 is very often less than 0.01-0.05
ppm monthly. In the hinterland area, NO is higher in winter
about 0.01-0.05 ppm monthly. Carbon monoxide, NO and
hydrocarbon levels around highways are low in the morning
and high in the afternoon. Lead compounds along the
highways measure 3-9 micrograms/cu m arid 0.7-5 micro-
(;rams/cu m in the hinterland. Photochemical smog is ex-
plained. The non-dispersive infrared analyzer, the detecting
tube method, oxidized mercury method, gas chromatography,
and I2O5 method are described for measuring pollutants. Such
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
175
purification methods as slow adjustment, purification equip-
ment, and change in engine models are explained. New cars
are to emit less than 3% CO, for over 361 ml gasoline type of
cars. The CO concentration in the atmosphere is to be less
than 20 ppm an hour for eight continuous hours, or less than
10 ppm an hour for 24 continuous hours. The present total of
13 monitoring stations will be increased to 20 along the
highways. Overall improvement in the traffic situation must
take place and unnecessary idling and acceleration, must be
drastically decreased by making the flow of vehicles smooth,
widening the roads and providing freeways.
29814
Yoneyama, Etsuo, Y. Endo, T. Kawamura, T. Fukushima, T.
Ohno, K. Saruta, K. Ohmori, and S. Yamaga
LEAD CONCENTRATION IN YOKOHAMA AIR. (Kukichu
no namari nodo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):65, 1970. (Presented at the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Japan,
1970.)
The lead concentration at busy streets in Yokohama was
determined from March 1966 to June 1970 by means of
polarography with nitric acid extracts from collected dust. The
concentrations varied from a trace amount to 11.76 microg/cu
m in proportion to the traffic. These values decreased on rainy
and windy days.
29918
Kobayashi, Yoshitaka, Hori Masahiro, and Kenzaburo
Tsuchiya
DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD IN THE AIR NEAR CITY ROADS.
20 p., 1970(7). lOrefs.
Results are presented for measurements of airborne lead at
various points along a main road in Yokohama. Sampling with
a high-volume sampler was conducted every 24-73 hrs from
November 1967 to October 1968. Analysis was by high-
frequency polarography. Lead concentrations decreased re-
markably with distance from the road up to 100 m, but were
constant beyond that point. The vertical distribution of lead
concentrations at a site 100 m from the road was almost con-
stant at 1.1-1.3 microgram/cu m up to 20 m above ground.
There was a correlation between lead concentrations in the
vicinity of the road and the number of vehicles passing by; the
former showed two peaks, one at 7:00 am and the other at
6:00 pm. Hourly variations were greatest at sites near the road.
The highest value of the average diurnal concentrations of lead
at 100 m from the road was 3.3 g/cu m; the lowest was 0.1
g/cu m. The former was obtained in December, when there
was little rainfall, and the latter in summer, when there was
much rain.
30025
Ishinishi, S. and N. Shigemori
SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF
HEAVY METALS IN SUSPENDED DUST ON THE MAIN
STREETS. (Kosaten fuyujin chu jukinzokuryo no kisetsuteki
hendo). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J.
Hyg.), 26(1):135, April 1971. (Presented at the Japanese
Society for Hygiene, Annual Meeting, 41st, Tokyo, April 3-4,
1971.)
An analysis of lead, iron manganese, and cadmium in
suspended dust was made at two main street intersections in
Kitakyushu (an industrial town) and in Fukuoka (a commercial
town) from May 1966 to March 1970. The suspended dust was
collected by a high volume air sampler. The mean values of
metal composition for 4 years were as follows: in Kitakyushu,
Pb, 2.91 • 4.68 micrograms/sq m; Fe, 45.3 - 78.9 micrograms/sq
m; Mn, 2.05 - 1.91 micrograms/sq m; and Cd, 0.131 - 0.141
micrograms/sq m; in Fukuoka, Pb, 3.58 - 3.74 micrograms/sq
m; Fe, 53.1 - 58.6 micrograms/sq m; Mn, 1.22 - 1.61 micro-
grams/sq m; and Cd, 0.131 - 0.153 micrograms/sq m. Lead
showed a tendency to increase in the fall and winter. The cor-
relation between Fe and Mn was fairly significant but that
between Fe and Pb w s slightly significant at only two points.
No correlation was found between Fe and Cd.
30182
Kawai, Senzo, Toshio Sasaki, Susumu Takada, Shinobu
Ashida, Toyoko Nonomura, Yasunori Takenobu, and Susumu
Kitazawa
ON THE CONTENTS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS AND METAL COMPONENTS IN FLOAT-
ING DUSTS UNDER DIFFERENT PARTICLE SIZES. (Fuyu-
funjin no ryukeibetsu takan hokozoku kagobutsu oyobi kin-
zoku seibun ganyuryo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon
Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan J. Public Health), 17(2):168, Oct.
1970. (Presented at the Japanese Society of Public Health, An-
nual Meeting, 28th.)
The levels of dust in the air, the size distribution of dust, the
metallic components in the dust, and the levels of PAHC
(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) were determined on the
roof of a building in Kyoto City for 27 days in February and
March 1970. A high volume air sampler and a hi-vol sampler
with a cyclone (Cy-HV), a digital indicator, and a cascade cen-
trifuge were used. Although the levels of airborne dust usually
vary with the measurement method in this case with the ex-
ception of the digital indicator, there was little difference.
Large dust decreased remarkably on rainy days. The levels of
metallic components in airborne dust showed high levels of
cadmium and lead in small dust particles and iron, nickel,
manganese, chromium, and copper in large dust. The levels of
PAHC in small sized dust were three to 20 times as high as
those in large sized dust. The levels of PAHC in the soot from
chimneys were lower than those in airborne dust and were
higher for coal than other fuels.
30326
Hirafune, Kiyohiko, Masanao Takahashi, and Akira Sato
STUDY ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AT
IWATE PREFECTURE. NO 13. METAL COMPONENTS IN
ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER (ON THE
RESULTS OF MEASUREMENT AND THE REGIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERAL CITIES IN THE PRE-
FECTURE). (Iwate-ken no kogai ni kansuru kenkyu. Dai 13
ho. Taikichu fuyu funjin no kinzoku seibun (kennai shotoshi
no sokutei kekka to sono chiikitek tokusei ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Iwate-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rept.
Iwate Inst. Public Health), no 13:86-98, 1969. 22 refs.
Results are given for measurements of metal components
(iron, manganese, copper, lead, cadmium, calcium) in at-
mospheric particulate matter in several cities of Iwate Prefec-
ture) (Morioka, Miyako, Kamaishi, Ofunato, and Higashiyama.
The regional characteristics of each city are stated. High
volume air samplers continuously measured for 24 hrs atomic
spectrometry analyzed the metal components. For Morioka,
which is non- industrial with no particular pollution source, the
metal concentration, on the whole was low and Cd was hardly
detected. Miyagi, an industrial and fishing city and site of a
metal refinery, showed high concentrations compared with the
other cities: Mn, 0.68-5.80 microgram/cu m; Cu, 0.10-0.39
microgram/cu m; Pb, 0.42 - 3.67 microgram/cu m; Cd, 0.24-
-------
176
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
0.143 microgram/cu m. Kamaishi, an iron and steel Center,
showed high Fe concentration, and the Matsubara district, ad-
jacent to the pollution source, was locally polluted with Fe
(68.51 to 89.73 microgram/cu m) and Mn(0.95 to 6.73 micro-
gram/cu m). In Ofunato and Higashiyama which contain ce-
ment factories, Ca concentration was especially high (16.23 to
54.66 microgram/cu m in Ofunto, adjacent to the source, and
25.22 to 82.94 microgram/cu m in Higashima within 0.5 km
from the source).
30410
Hayafuku, Masataka, Kinshi Nakano, Hiroshi Yamazaki, and
Rinko Nagata
ON NOX VARIATION BY ALTITUDE AS OBSERVED AT
TOKYO TOWER. (Tokyo tawa ni okeru chisso sankabutsu no
kokobetsu henka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tokyo-to Kogai
Kenkyusho Nenpo (Annu. Rept. Tokyo Met. Res. Inst. En-
viron. Prot.), vol. 2:20-27, March, 1971.
Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and suspended particulates of
lead were measured at three different altitudes, (25 m, 125 m,
and 225 m) during August 5-18 and December 1-15, 1969. Sam-
pling was done every hour daily. The concentration (pphm)
measured at each altitude for the summer period ranged from
30.0 to 1.0 average 4.6, at 25 m; 9.0 to 0.4, average 2.1, at 125
m; and to 7.8 to 0.7 average 2.2 at 225 m. The NO2 density
ranged from 20.0 to 2.0 and averaged 5.5 at 25 m; 9.6 to 0.5
average 3.5, at 125 m; and 19.0 to 1.1, average 5.1 at 225 m.
Winter measurements also given, as well as the hourly varia-
tions for August 9-10 and 11-12 and December 2-3 and 9-10.
The relationship between NO or NO2 and Pb was also studied,
and the effects of wind direction and velocity on NO and NO2
levels were analyzed. NO is higher at each altitude in winter
than in summer while NOs is higher in summer than in winter.
In winter, both NO and NO2 tend to decrease as altitude in-
creases. This trend is not conspicuous in summer, possibly due
to the instability of the atmospheric station. There appears to
be a considerable correlation between NO or NO2 and Pb,
although more winter surveys are needed. NO and NO2 levels
of 5.1 pphm or higher occurred more frequently when the
wind was southerly or calm than when northerly for the
summer, while it occurred irrespective of wind direction dur-
ing winter. NO tends to increase with a lower wind velocity
but this is not necessarily so for NO2.
30493
Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Protection Research Inst.
(Japan) Atmosphere Div.
SURVEY OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE 1969. (Showa-44-nendo fuyu biryushi chosa).
Text in Japanese. (Tokyo-to Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo Annu.
Rept. Tokyo Met. Res. Inst. Environ. Prot.), vol. 2:112-118,
March 1971.
The gross dust quantity and heavy metal particulates (lead,
chromium, nickel, vanadium, cadmium, manganese, copper,
and iron) were measured at nine stations and analyzed. The
average value minimum values and maximum values (all in
microgram/cu m) and the weight percentage (gross dust quanti-
ty taken as 100) for each measurement and location are given.
30494
Nagata, Rinko, Tetsundo Komechi, and Kinshi Nakano
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY OF LEAD AND CARBON
MONOXIDE AT 11 INTERSECTIONS IN METROPOLITAN
TOKYO. (Tonai 11 kosaten ni okeru namari nodo to issan-
katanso nodo). Text in Japanese. Tokyo-to Kogai Kenkyusho
Nenpo (Annu. Rept. Tokyo Met. Res. Inst. Environ. Prot.),
vol. 2:44-61, March 1971.
The concentration of suspended lead particulates and carbon
monoxide and the number of automobiles were measured at 11
selected intersections in Tokyo for 3 to 7 consecutive days in
May, June, July, August, and September 1970. The average
lead value by individual intersections ranged from 1.4 to 4.73
microgram/cu m while that measured 100 m away and along
the street ranged from 0.3 to 4.16 microgram/cu m. The
average value some distance away from the intersection and
the streets was 0.3-2.39 microgram/cu m. Generally, the value
was higher in daytime than at night except behind a few inter-
sections, where it was higher at night. The correlation between
Pb and CO levels was high for all the intersections surveyed,
the coefficient ranging from 0.670 to 0.893. Since it is known
that automobile emissions are the source of CO at intersec-
tions; the high correlation between CO and Pb is assumed to
indicate that the automotive emissions are again the source of
Pb particulates.
30656
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION ON Affi POLLUTANTS.
(Taiki osenbusshitsu no chosa kenkyu hokokusho). Text in
Japanese. 31p., April 1969.
Suspended dust was collected twice a month for a year by
high volume air samplers at seven national sampling stations.
The total amount of dust, organic substances, soluble sub-
stances, and metallic components in the collected dust were
analyzed. The mean value of the total amount of dust in the
seven stations was 24.2 microgram/cu m; the average in
Kawasaki City showed the highest value of 420 microgram/cu
m. In Sapporo, the amount of organic substances was high,
but sulfate and lead contents were low. In Tokyo and Osaka,
all the values were almost same as the average values of the
seven stations. The values of each component fluctuated with
the total amount of dust. Kawasaki city showed the highest
value in all items and had especially high amounts of SO4,
manganese, iron, and copper. Manganese., iron, and nickel
contents were high in Amagasaki, and iron was slightly higher
in Kita-kyushu. The total amounts of dust and metallic com-
ponents in Ube were less than in other cities. To check the ac-
curacy of emission spectroanlysis, which was applied for this
study, the limit of determination was investigated by the stron-
tium internal standard method.
30858
Kahl, Hermann and Walter Muschter
THE SITUATION IN THE HYGIENE OF THE ADJ OVER
THE CAPITAL OF THE GDR. (Zur lufthygienischen Situa-
tion der Hauptstadt der DDR). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Hum-
boldt Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):535-537, 1970.
Dust fall in East Berlin was measured from 1961 to 1968 by
100 measuring stations, thereafter the number of stations was
reduced to 36. The results were divided into five concentration
categories and plotted on a map. A median dust fall of 10-
25g/sq m/30 days characterizes center city Berlin, Johan-
nisthal, and Adlershof. The neighborhood near the gas works
and the industrial areas of Lichtenberg and Rummelsburg had
a dust fall of 30 to 90 g/sq m/30 days. In districts with heavy
pollution, the dust fall level of 20 g/sq m/30 days was ex-
ceeded in 50 to 100% of the instances. Over an eight year
period 23% of all monthly averages exceeded the maximum
permissible emission value. The peak dust fall for all of East
Berlin was reached in 1963 with 27 g/sq m/30 days. Sulfur
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
177
dioxide emissions were measured from 1966 to 1968 by 40
measuring stations every 15 minutes between 800 and 1600
hours. Results were evaluated for the entire three year mea-
suring period for the use of domestic heating. Sulfur dioxide
concentrations during the heating period were divided into five
categories; peak emission was in center city. A close correla-
tion existed between SO2 emission and population density.
The MIC sub D value was exceeded during the heating period
in 62% and during summer in 20% of the instances. The MIC
sub K value of 0.5 mg/cu m was exceeded in winter in 7.5%
and in summer in 0.5% of the instances. Daily SO2 emission
averages, suspended dust, and dust lead content were mea-
sured in 10 stations. Suspended dust was, during the heating
period, 50% above that of the summer. The mean daily SO2
levels were about half the short-time measurement levels. Both
SO2 and suspended dust concentrations decreased from center
city towards the periphery. Lead concentrations of three to six
mcg/cu m were found in heavily polluted areas.
30860
Murphy, R. P.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
Preprint, Dept. f Public Health, Sydney (Australia), Air Pollu-
tion Control Branch, 20p., 1970 (?).
All Australian state governments, with the exception of
Tasmania, have passed air pollution legislation. The federal
Clean Air Act established an Advisory Committee, fees, ad-
ministration, regulations setting up emission standards, and
licenses. An Air Pollution Control Branch was established with
10 engineers, four chemists, two technical officers, seven field
assistants, and one laboratory attendant to implement the Act,
monitor pollution, and research the problem. Stacks were sam-
pled and analyzed by chemistry, spectroscopy, chromatog-
raphy, and other means. New monitors have been developed
including a sulfur dioxide colorimeter and a portable gas
calibration apparatus. Three Clean Air Conferences have taken
place, and a Clean Air Society was formed. Air pollution was
monitored in Sydney and nearby cities. Dust fall unproved
over the years, while smoke density and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations have varied. Insoluble solids ranged from four
tons/sq mi/month at purely residential sites to up to 60 tons sq
mi/month at industrial sites. Average daily values of SO2 and
smoke density were determined by hydrogen peroxide and
paper tape clamps, respectively, at a series of monitoring sta-
tions. Also, continuous SO2 monitors were installed operating
on the conductivity principle, but these were unsatisfactory
for low concentration measurements. Hourly smoke haze
results between 1960 and 1967 showed a reduction in the
frequency of smoggy days and in the maximum hourly and
daily values. Automobile exhaust was monitored close to Syd-
ney traffic lanes; carbon monoxide ranged from .2% to 10%
and could be lowered by adjusting the idling speed; aldehydes
(formaldehyde), nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, hydrocar-
bons (as methane), and other particulates were also measured.
The cost of air pollution control in New South Wales was
determined by a survey of various industries. The total expen-
diture for five years (1963-1968) was 39,910,000. Iron and steel
companies spent 34.2% of the total and electric power sup-
pliers spent 28.2%. The cost per person per year was $1.89.
Other industries included boilers, cement, metallurgical,
milling, chemical, oil refining, and gas. Various factors in-
fluencing pollution dispersion were studied including inver-
sions, seasons, topographical interactions, and so on. The ef-
fect of weather conditions on smoke in the Sydney area was
studied; air pollutants emitted to the west of Sydney during in-
versions increased the maximum values recorded at Sydney or
extended the period during which high values occurred. Vari-
ous analytical instruments are listed.
30892
Akiyama, J., T. Takishima, and I. Hukushima
INVESTIGATION ON THE AIR POLLUTION IN ANNAKA
DISTRICT. (Gunmaken Annaka chiku no taiki osen ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 5(1):200, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
Suspended dust particles and metal composition of the at-
mosphere were analyzed in three to 13 locations near the zinc
refinery in Annaka City, Gunma Prefecture, during February
10-15, May 23-30, and October 10-17, 1969. Sulfur dioxide was
captured every hour by an air auto sampler and measured by
the rosaniline formalin method. Suspended dust particles were
collected by a high-volume air sampler for two to eight hours
during the test period and analyzed by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Sulfur dioxide was more than 0.03 ppm for six
days during the period of 15 days; the highest day average was
0.048 ppm. The paniculate concentration was more than 300
micrograms/cu m for three days during the test period.
Analyses showed an average of 0.03-0.19 micrograms/cu m of
cadmium; 0.29-3.57 micrograms/cu m of lead; 1.37-12.16 micro-
grams/cu m of zinc; and 0.08-0.7 micrograms/cu m of copper.
Leeward areas of the factory (south and east) were heavily
polluted throughout the test period. Particulates showed heavy
metal composition, but the concentration of Cd was lower
than the environmental standard (0.08 micrograms/cu m).
31014
Kobayashi, Yoshitaka, Masahiro Hori, and Takeshi Meguro
HEAVY METALS IN THE URBAN ATMOSPHERE. (Toshi
taikia chu no jukinzoku ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint,
Japan Society for Safety Engineering, Tokyo, p. 84-85, May
1970. (Presented at the National Symposium on Safety En-
gineering, 1st, Tokyo, Japan, May 1970, Paper No. 42.)
Iron, lead, and cadmium in both suspended and settling dusts
were measured in two areas in Yokohama, a commercial-re-
sidential and an industrial area, respectively. Sampling was
done by high-volume air samplers, and analyses were per-
formed by polarography and atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. The average annual concentration in the com-
mercial-residential district was 5.5, 0.82, and 0.011 micro-
gram/sq m for Fe, Pb, and Cd, respectively. In the industrial
area, the concentrations were 17, 2.57, 0.048 microgram/sq m
for Fe, Pb, and Cd, respectively. Sampling of the dusts along
the main automobile thoroughfare showed that the concentra-
tion of Pb declines with distance from the road, whereas Fe
and Cd are independent of distance. Lead concentrations, but
not those of Fe and Cd, correlated with the amount of au-
tomobile traffic. Lead was concentrated more in suspended
dusts, thus Pb is mainly contained in aerosols that do not set-
tle as fast as other larger particulates.
31325
Volchok, Herbert L. and Donald Bogen
TRACE METALS-FALLOUT IN NEW YORK CITY. In:
Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program Quarterly Sum-
mary Report. Atomic Energy Commission, New York, Health
and Safety Lab., p. 1-91-107, April 1, 1971. 6 refs. NTIS:
HASL-242
The trace metals, lead, copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium,
manganese, vanadium, and nickel were analyzed in monthly
fallout samples from New York City for about one year. The
analytical procedures are shown to be sufficiently accurate
and precise for the concentration encountered, and except for
zinc, the reagent and sampling blacks are negligible. The
results indicate that for most of the metals, the major part of
-------
178
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
fallout is not associated with precipitation, and this portion is
probably from local sources. A winter peak in nickel and
vanadium fallout is possibly correlated with local fuel oil con-
sumption. In general, the levels of fallout of these trace metals
in New York City (except for manganese) approach or exceed
the maximum values reported for U. S. measurements. A com-
parison of the washout ratios for lead and strontium-90 show
good agreement, on the average, but wide variability in the
lead values, apparently due to the effect of local meteorology.
(Author abstract modified)
31332
Volchok, H. L. and M. T. Kleinman
RADIONUCLIDES AND LEAD IN SURFACE AIR. In: Health
and Safety Laboratory. Atomic Energy Commission, New
York, Health and Safety Lab., p. C1--9, C-89-93, April 1, 1971.
4 refs. NTIS: HASL-242
An air sampling program has been undertaken to study the
spatial and temporal distribution of nuclear weapons debris
and lead in the surface air. For the routine program, approxi-
mately 1400 cu m of ambient air per day are drawn through a
20 cm diam Microsorban filter for the land stations. At the
ocean stations, about 2200 cu m of air per day are filtered with
20 by 25 cm Microsorban filters. Samplers are split into equal
aliquots, one for gamma counting and spectrometry and the
other for radiochemistry.
31396
Grosser, J., K. Horn, and A. Knauer
SOME RESULTS OF AIR HYGIENE RESEARCH IN THE
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND THEIR PRATI-
CAL APPLICATION. (Ueber einige Ergebnisse der Lufthy-
gienischen Forschung in der DDR und ihre Anwendung in der
Praix). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenzgebiete (Ber-
lin), 17(6):396-399, June 1971. 23 refs.
East Germany is gradually establishing an emissions-monitor-
ing system. Emission measurements were taken in Berlin,
Halle, Magdeburg, Schwerin, and in the Erz Mountains. Sulfur
dioxide and dust were identified as the major air pollutants;
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, HCOH,
fluorine, arsenic, lead, carbon monoxide, and polycyclic and
other hydrocarbons were present to a lesser extent. Several
measurements showed high nitrogen dioxide levels in some but
not all areas of the country. In the center of East Berlin,
monthly average values were 0.007-0.032 NO2 mg/cu m. Com-
parative measurements with continuous monitors indicated a
close relationship between SO2 and dust concentrations. A
90% value of the sum frequency of 0.28 mg/cu m and 0.19
mg/cu m was calculated for dust and SO2, respectively. The
high dust and SO2 concentrations found in East Germany are
due to the fact that 89.2% of power plants are still fired with
soft coal. Based on comparison of death certificates for a rural
area and an industrial area, mortality rates due to respiratory
disease and heart ailments are higher in the latter area:
4.78/1000 for women and 5.78/1000 for men. For the rural
area, the respective rates are only 3.6/1000 and 3.85/1000.
31669
Matsuoka, Cho, Toshio Kitamura, Isao Tahara, Heiichiro
Kondo, Mitsugu Kondo, and Kimio Takeda
REASEARCH ON AUTO EXHAUST GAS POLLUTION AND
TRAFFIC NOISES IN TOKUSHIMA CITY AND ITS OUT-
SKIRTS. (Tokushima shinai oyobi so no shuhen ni okeru
jidosha haiki gasu ni yoru kankyo osen oyobi kotsu soon no
jittai chosa ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tokushima-ken Eisei
Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Kept. Tokushima Pref. Inst. Public
Health), no. 10:67-76, 1971. 4 refs.
Seven main highway crossings in Tokushima City and its out-
skirts were surveyed for number of cars, carbon monoxide,
particulate matter, lead, and noise. Traffic was heaviest at the
crossing in front of the Prefectural Office, with 5600 cars
counted during rush hours and 3657 during off hours. The
numbers represent an increase of 12.5% and 11.6%, respective-
ly, over 1968 values. Mean CO levels at three points in the
city were 11.8 ppm during rush hours and 3.6 ppm in periods
of light traffic. The first value is 3.2 ppm higher and the
second 1.8 ppm higher than in 1968. A peak value of 21.7 ppm
was observed at 8:20 am in front of the Prefectural Office, an
increase of 3.1 ppm over the highest 1968 vailue. At no site did
values exceed the environmental criteria. At 2.30 micro-
gram/cu m, maximum lead content was below the 5.0 micro-
gram/cu m specified in the environmental criteria. Morning
and noontime noise levels exceeded those specified in Prefec-
tural noise-control legislation.
31775
Ter Haar, Gary L. and Michael A. Bayard
COMPOSITION OF AIRBORNE LEAD PARTICLES. Nature,
232(5312):553-554, Aug. 20, 1971. 5 refs.
Airborne paniculate lead compounds were physically
identified by using an electron microprobe. Samples were
taken near and at a distance from a busy highway, in a rural
area, immediately after automobile exhaust was discharged
into a black bag, and in the bag 18 hours later airborne par-
ticulates were collected on membrane filters. The chief reac-
tion products of the sample taken from the road and from the
automobile exhaust after 18 hours were lead carbonates, ox-
ycarbonate, and oxides. Very little bromine remained. The
results from the black bag in the absence of light make it im-
possible for photolysis to account for the loss of halogen. In
the black bag, the primary reaction appears to be a simple
acid-base reaction with carbonate or hydroxide ion displacing
the bromide ion and. in some cases, the chloride ion from the
lead halides initially exhausted. Thus, lead oxide, lead car-
bonate, basic lead carbonate, or a mixture oi these would be a
good choice for experimental studies of the health effects of
lead in the atmosphere.
32055
Murphy, R. P.
THE PROBLEM OF AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, Dept. of
Public Health, Sydney (Australia), Air Pollution Control
Branch, 8p., 1969.
Air pollution has now reached especially significant levels in
industrial cities. Smog episodes and health studies of
bronchitis, mortality, and respiratory diseases have increased
the urgings for pollution legislation. Therefore, Australian
state, federal, and local governments have passed control
legislation. The New South Wales Clean Air Act of 1961
established an advisory committee, licenses, and fees. Certain
meteorological conditions can increase air pollution to the
degree that illness and death can occur. An organization of en-
gineers, chemists, and laboratory assistants was set up to im-
plement the Clean Air Act. Emission limits were set after
chemical and dust emission tests were made in exhaust flues.
The main sources of air pollution are boilers, kilns, and fur-
naces which produce smoke, fly ash, and sulfur dioxide.
Chemical plants, metallurgical processing, grinding, and milling
also produce some contaminants like metal fumes and dust.
Motor vehicle exhaust and smoke from shipping contribute as
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
179
well. Air pollution was automatically monitored daily in Syd-
ney, Newcastle, Port Xembla, Lithgow and Woilongong (dust
fall, smoke haze, and S02). Continuous recorders were also
used to monitor hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, total oxi-
dants, suspended inert dust, iron, copper, and lead. In Sydney,
SO2 concentrations were usually lower than that for British ci-
ties, but high values sometimes occurred. A peak value of 270
ppm was recorded in 1967 with a maximum daily average of 57
ppm. Since crude oil and natural gas are being increasingly
used, air pollution by sulfur gases should be reduced in the fu-
ture. Surveys of motor vehicle exhaust showed slight oxidant
content (an indicator of photochemical pollution), and some
carbon monoxide, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
suspended dust, and lead in congested traffic areas near the
center of the city. The CO concentration reached a peak of 80
ppm, and the average value was 50 ppm. Adjustment of the
idling speed reduced CO. Natural gas is replacing older fuels,
but few Australian plants are eager to improve their existing
plants and reduce pollution.
32350
Winchester, I. W. and R. A. Duce
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF LEAD HALIDE
POLLUTION AEROSOLS. International Atomic Energy Com-
mission, Vienna (Austria), Proc. Symp. Nucl. Activ. Tech.
Life Sci., Amsterdam, Netherlands, p. 631-643. 20 refs. (May
8-12.)
Iodine, bromine, and chlorine were determined by neutron ac-
tivation analysis in atmospheric samples of both natural and
polluted origin. A comparison of the two sources provided the
basis of a technique for determining the composition and
possible source of lead halide pollution aerosols. The activa-
tion analysis consisted of reactor neutron irradiation of aque-
ous samples and comparators for 20 min followed by
radiochemical separation of iodine, bromine, and chlorine.
Also, beta radioactivity from solid silver halide sources was
automatically counted. The determination of lead by anodic
stripping voltammetry (inverse polarography) consisted of the
deposition of lead radicals from the solution onto a composite
paraffin-impregnated graphite and mercury electrode at -1.00
volts versus the standard calomel electrode, and then stripping
by continuously increasing the potential. Ethyl fluid, a mixture
of organic lead, bromine, and chlorine compounds, burns to
form inorganic lead halide particles. In Cambridge, Mas-
sachusetts, analyses of cascade impactor aerosols were com-
pared with similarly collected samples from the unpolluted air
of Hawaii. The bromine component ranged from 0.4 to 0.1 or
less of the lead concentration, indicating that in most cases the
source was automotive lead with a bromine deficiency or a
mixture of lead from automotive and other sources. In Fair-
banks, Alaska, during the winter, atmospheric conditions
favored high local concentrations of air pollutants. Aerosols
collected by Millipore filters showed that chlorine pollution
averaged very nearly the value predicted from the observed
lead and the known composition of ethyl fluid; the source was
indicated as automobiles. Bromine, however, was less than
predicted, and the bromine deficiency was about the same in
Fairbanks and in Cambridge. These results imply that ethyl
fluid combustion is the major source of atmospheric lead in
Cambridge and Fairbanks, and the observed bromine and
chlorine pollution come predominantly from the same source.
32727
Endo, Yoko, Minoru Kitazume, and Etsuc Yoneyama
HEAVY METALS IN DUST FALL. (Koka baijin chu no jukin-
zoku). Text in Japanese. Kanagawa-ken Koshu Eisei Gakkai-
shi (Bull. Kanagawa Prefect. Public Health Assoc.), no. 17:4,
March 1970. (Presented at the Kanagawa Prefecture Public
Health Association Annual Meeting, 17th, Nov. 20, 1970.)
The distribution of lead, copper, and cadmium in the at-
mosphere and the correlation with dust fall in Yokohama City
were studied. Rainfall, collected at 18 sites within the city in a
one-month period, were analyzed by spectrophotometric
methods. The mean value of the metals in kg/sq km/month
were: 13.03 for lead, 4.89 for copper, and 0.650 for cadmium.
The maximum and minimum values respectively, measured in
kg/sq km/month were 15.2 and 6.06 for lead, 6.39 and 1.83 for
copper, and 0.757 and 0.207 for cadmium. The correlation
coefficients were 0.67 for lead and 0.64 for copper; no correla-
tion was determined for cadmium. The proportion of the
metals contained in the soluble and insoluble constituents of
dust fall were 84.8 and 15.2% for lead, 89.9 and 10.1% for
copper, and 98.0 and 2.0% for cadmium. The rate of cadmium
in the soluble matter ranged from 96.1-99.5% without regard
for region. Regional differences were determined in copper
(80-98%) and lead (64-%%). Thy maximum value of lead and
cadmium was determined in the rural area; copper was most
concentrated in the commercial and residential areas.
32883
Yoneyama, Etsuo, Yoko Endo, and Minoru Kitazume
ON PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION BY EXHAUST GAS FROM AUTOMOBILES.
(Jidosha haiki gasu niyoru taikiosen boshi taisaku ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Kanagawa-ken Koshu Eisei Gakkai-shi (Bull.
Kanagawa Prefect. Public Health Assoc.), no. 17:1, March
1970. (Presented at the Kanagawa Prefecture Public Health
Association Annual Meeting, 17th, Nov. 20, 1970).
The maximum allowable concentration of lead in the air for an
average of eight to 24 hours is 1.5-5 micrograms/cu m. Air
quality measurements using high volume air samplers and
atomic absorption spectrophotometry were taken in Yokohama
City. The maximum lead concentration in Yokohama was
11.13 micrograms/cu m; maximum values exceeding the stan-
dard were determined in five other spots throughout the city.
At Isezaki-cho, where traffic was temporarily banned in 1966,
the lead concentration decreased from 2.67 micrograms/cu m
to 0.3 micrograms/cu m. The maximum and mean values
further decreased with an increase in trafficless days.
32912
Kanagawa Prefecture! Government (Japan)
KANAGAWA PREFECTURAL AIR POLLUTIONS SURVEY
AND RESEARCH REPORT. (Kanagawa-ken taiki osen chosa
kenkyu hokoku). Text in Japanese. Rept. 13, 109p., Feb. 1971.
49 refs.
Reports were compiled on surveys conducted in Kanagawa
Prefecture. Atmospheric concentrations of dust, sulfur diox-
ide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, lead,
chlorine, sulfur trioxide, nitrogen oxides, and automobile ex-
haust gases were measured. Air pollution and meteorological
conditions in the Tokyo-Yokohama industrial belt, and effects
of air pollution on humans and trees were also studied. En-
forcement procedures based on the Air Pollution Control Law
are examined. Air pollution forecasting and some examples of
control methods are discussed. Research reports on mercury
determination by the atom light absorbing method, nitrogen
oxides measurement, gas sampling, and measuring carbon
monoxide by detection tubes are included.
-------
180
LEAD AND Am POLLUTION
32945
Georgii, H. W. and D. Jost
SHORT COMMUNICATION ON THE LEAD-CONCENTRA-
TION IN AN URBAN AEROSOL. Atmos. Environ., 5(8):725-
727, Aug. 1971. 9 refs.
Dust samples collected in a residential section of Frankfurt on
the Main from June 1969 on were analyzed for lead by atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. The dust samples were taken at
a distance of three m from the street and 0.5 m above street
level in an area where rush-hour vehicle frequency is 1000
cars/hr. The tabulated monthly average lead concentrations
show only a weak annual variation in concentration. The
average lead concentration was 0.8 microgram/cu m. The 97%
value of the cumulative frequency distribution was 5.5 micro-
gram/cu m. Lead values as high as 38 microgram/cu m were
recorded during inversions. Correlation coefficients between
lead and simultaneously measured carbon monoxide were sig-
nificantly non-zero at all sites studied, indicating the extent to
which automobile exhaust gases are present in urban air. Lead
concentrations calculated on the basis of recorded CO levels
showed that the recommended lead emission concentration of
two microgram/cu m is frequently exceeded in Frankfurt.
33114
Nishida, Konosuke, Tsuneo Honda, Takashi Suzuka, and
Tadao Ando
ON ACTUAL CONDITION OF POLLUTION DUE TO AU-
TOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES AT TOLL STATIONS OF
HIGHWAY. (Kosokudoro no ryokinshuno ni okeru
haikigasuosen no jittai ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kankocho
Kogaisenmon Shiryo (Public Nuisance Gaz.), 6(3):65-80, May
1971. 23 refs.
Concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, aldehydes, and floating dust were
determined at four toll stations on the Meishin Highway using
an automatic measuring system. The results were correlated
with traffic volume, wind speed, and the ventilation system
within the stations. The mean traffic volume was 216-415 vehi-
cles/h. Wind velocity at the Kyoto east and south stations was
0-7.2 m/sec, with windless conditions (under 0.2 m/h) prevail-
ing 52.4-75.6% of the time. Scattering or dilution of exhaust
gases was minimal. Carbon monoxide concentrations in the
stations were 0.2-12.1 ppm/h and sometimes attained 50 ppm/h.
Floating dust content in the vicinity was 0.6-2.22 mg/cu m, and
lead concentrations were 10.2-46.6 micrograms/cu m. Concen-
trations of NO, NO2, and SO2 were 10-100 pphm, 2.0-10
pphm, and 2.0-8 pphm, respectively. Wind velocity at the Otsu
and Ritto stations was 0-3.8 m/sec. Carbon monoxide concen-
trations in the vicinity of these stations were 1.0-3.6 ppm and
3.0-9.0 ppm, respectively. The amount of floating dust was
0.42-2.22 mg/cu m, and the lead concentration was 12.6-75.5
micrograms/cu m. Lead concentrations were extremely high at
the Ritto station, and aldehydes were detected at both the
Otsu and Ritto stations. Generally, e.g. exhaust gases released
in the vicinity of the stations stagnated at ground level (0-3.5
m).
33576
Hyogo Prefecture (Japan), Dept. of Living
PUBLIC NUISANCE IN HYOGO PREFECTURE. (Hyogo-ken
no kogai). Text in Japanese. 197p., Nov. 1970.
The degree of air pollution in most cities in Hyogo Prefecture
has stayed on the same level or increased slightly in recent
years, except for Himeji and Akashi cities. Prevalent pollu-
tants in Hyogo cities are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, and oxidants created by the photochemical
reactions of these material. Standard permissible and actual
counts of sulfur oxides, CO, NO, N02, suspended and settling
particulates, lead, and fluoride, compounds are presented in
description, tables, and graphs. Average amounts of settling
particulates in Hyogo Prefecture run between 5.30 t to 14.52
t/k sq in/month; the highest figure is for Amagasaki city. Kobe
city is the next most polluted; measurements at four locations
all indicate more than 10 t/month average. The annual average
for Kobe in 1967 was 12.78 t; in 1968, 12.54 t and in 1969,
12.87 t. At the highest point in an industrial area of Kobe, set-
tling paniculate averaged as high as 17.95 t/month. The annual
average of sulfur oxides in Amagasaki in 1968 was 0.083
ppm/hr and in 1969, 0.084 ppm, representing a much higher
figure than the maximum permissible amount of 0.05 ppm.
Carbon monoxide concentration is 5.0-9.0 ppm/day in Kobe,
2.7-5.8 ppm in Himeji, and 2.3-6.8 ppm in Itami. Monthly
averages of NO concentration in Kobe are 80-142 ppb and of
NO2, 33-37 ppb. Figures in Himeji, Kakogawa, and Itami are
much lower than those of Kobe. Western Hyogo around
Akashi, Kakogawa, and Himeji are relatively unpolluted. The
Himeji area has especially shown a marked improvement since
dust collectors were installed in electric furnaces of iron foun-
dries in 1967. The annual average of settling particulates of
11.12 t/k sq m/month in 1966 decreased to 7.92 in 1967, 6.54 in
1968, and 5.64 in 1969.
34008
Dimitriev, M. T.
A STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIONS AND
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES PREVAILING IN THE
ATMOSPHERE OF THE DDR. (leucheniye atmosfernyk
zagryazneniy i fizikokhimicheskikh protsessov, proiskho-
dyashchikh v atmosfernom vozdukhe GDR). Text in Russian.
Gigiena i Sank., 36(7):84-87. 1971.
The main trends in the assessment and control of air quality in
the Deutsche Democratische Republic are reviewed. Sulfur
dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide,
nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide chlorine, hydrogen
fluoride, tetraethyl lead, benzo(3-4)pyrene, dust and soot
levels constitute the main pollutants measured during continu-
ous monitoring. The SO2 concentrations range from 0.03
mg/cu m, in the summer, to 0.32 mg/cu m in winter in the city
of Berlin; these fluctuations are due to domestic heating. Au-
tomotive exhaust gases constitute the main source for NO2
pollution which reaches 0.5 mg/cu m during the morning and
evening peak traffic hours. There are 16 stations for syste-
matic monitoring of atmospheric ozone, SO2, dust, and
radioactivity. Maximum ozone levels occur during May and
June along with other peak photooxidant concentrations re-
lated to air pollution. Photochemical generation of ozone, for-
maldehyde, and other photochemical oxidants in the polluted
air constitute an important research area. The popularity of the
two-stroke vehicle in the DDR increases the amount of pollu-
tants due to exhaust gas. Thus, benzo(3,4)pyrene and formal-
dehyde are 30 to 50 and three to five times higher, respective-
ly, than emissions from four stroke vehicles The exhaust
gases from two-stroke vehicles contain 50 mg/cu m lead and
the air in the urban areas contains 0.3 to 0.5 microgram/cu m
Pb in the DDR. Dust levels vary from 0.1 to 3.0 g/sq m in the
cleanest rural areas to between 25 and 120 g/sq m in the indus-
trial areas, with an average of 13 g/sq m in Berlin. Interactions
between aerosols and the solubility of these carcinogens in
blood serum constitute another area of air pollution research
in the DDR. The main research institutes are indicated.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
181
34805
Volvhok, H. L. and M. T. Keanman
RADIONUCLIDES AND LEAD IN SURFACE AIR. C. In: Ap-
pendix to Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program
Quarterly Summary Report. Atomic Energy Commission, New
York, Health and Safety Lab., HASL-243, p. 1-9, 88-92, July
1, 1971. 4 refs. NT1S: HASL-243
The spatial and temporal distribution of nuclear weapons
debris and lead in the surface air was studied. Samplers were
placed on four Atlantic Ocean weather ships to extend the sur-
face air study over the marine environment. Most of the
original Naval Research Laboratory sites grouped grouped
along the 80th Meridian (West) were used. For the routine pro-
gram approximately 1400 cu m of ambient air per day were
drawn through a 20 cm diameter Microsorban filter for the
land stations. Each sample was split into equal aliquots, one
for gamma counting and spectrometry and the other for
radiochemistry. Daily pump pressure drop and temperature
readings were also submitted along with samples to compute
the volume of sampled air. The activity concentrations for all
the radionuclide, gross gamma, and stable lead analyses
completed to date are tabulated.
34933
Jutzi, W.
LEAD CONTENT IN STREET DUST AND IN THE STREET
AIR OF THE CITY OF ZURICH IN THE SPRING OF 1970.
(Bleigehalt des Strassenstaubs und der Strassenluft in der
Stadt Zuerich im Fruehjahr 1970). Text in German. Bull.
Eidgenoess. Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 3:145-151,
March 1971. 2 refs.
Street dust was collected by means of a brush, particles of a
diameter exceeding 0.15 micron were separated, and the lead
content of the fine residual dust was determined by emission
spectrography. The atmospheric lead content in suspended
dust was determined by drawing 40 cu m air/h through a paper
filter, mineralizing the filter with the dust, and determining
lead content by atomic absorption spectrometry. The tests
were performed where identical tests were performed seven
years earlier in 1963. A comparison of test results (median
level of 0.106% lead in street dust in 1970 against 0.204% in
1963, median level of 3.8 micron lead/cu m in 1970 against a
median level of 2.7 microns Pb/cu m in air in 1963) disclosed
that, while on one hand atmospheric lead content increased on
all sites, the lead content in street dust decreased, also on all
sites. The first change can be attributed to the increased
number of automobiles in street traffic. There is no explana-
tion for the second change other than that a seasonal low in
the spring and the heavy rains preceded the measurements in
1970.
35010
Ruhling, Ake and Germund Tyler
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEPOSITION OF
HEAVY METALS OVER SCANDINAVIA. J. Appl. Ecology.,
8(2):497-507, Aug. 1971. 8 refs
Mosses were used as indicators of fallout of airborne heavy
metals to determine regional differences in the deposition of
heavy metals over Scandinavia. Total calcium, cadmium,
cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, man-
ganese, sodium, nickel, lead, and zinc were analyzed by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry after wet combustion of
the samples. Mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb,
and Zn from southern Sweden were larger in the southwest
than in the northeast. Concentrations of Pb and Cd was more
than ten times larger in southwest Sweden than in northern
Norway. The deposition of heavy metals/hectare/year was cal-
culated. The regional basic concentrations reflected the fallout
from an atmospheric pool to which both neighboring and
remote sources contributed. (Author summary modified)
35025
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan)
POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES. (Kogai taisaku). Text
in Japanese. In: White Paper on Health and Welfare: Children
and Society. (Kosei hakusho: kodomo to shakai). p. 304-328,
1971.
The results of continuous monitoring of sulfur oxides in 1969
show that 130 monitoring locations (61%) in Japan met the en-
vironmental standard and 82 locations (39%) failed to meet the
standard. In 1968, 62 (40%) of the 155 same monitoring loca-
tions failed to meet the standard and 64 (41%) failed in 1969.
Seventeen cities in Japan had locations which failed to meet
the standard for three consecutive years. In all six locations in
Tokyo, where carbon monoxide concentration was continu-
ously monitored since 1964, average concentration of CO in-
creased considerably between 1964 and 1969. Nitrogen oxides
measurements in Tokyo also steadily increased for the same
period, varying anywhere from 20% to three times over. Set-
tling participates have markedly decreased since about 1960,
due to the installation of dust collectors in various factories
and to the change of fuel from coal to petroleum. For in-
stance, in Kawasaki city which was notorious for its soot, set-
tling particulates decreased from 55.6 ton/k sq m/month of
1961 to 29.7 ton in 1969. Most of other cities showed the same
tendency for the same period, but Kitakyushu city area
seemed to worsen gradually. The average daily amount of
suspended particulates in 1968 was 175-425 micron g/cu m, and
140.7-361 micron g/cu m for 1969. The highest daily average
was 370-905 micron g/cu m in 1968 and 284-665 micron g/cu m
for 1969, showing a slight improvement. Lead seems to have
increased in all cities. Health effects of pollution vary from
chronic damages to respiratory system, eyes, nose, and skin.
Lead poisoning from automotive exhaust gas and photochemi-
cal smog effects have occurred in Tokyo. As of June 1971, pa-
tients who have been diagnosed as pollution victims are 4052
in all Japan, among which, those who are victims of air pollu-
tion are 443 in Kawasaki, 687 in Yokkaichi, 1853 in Osaka,
and 1069 in Amagasaki.
35407
Kennedy, William R., William D. Purtymun, and Harry F.
Schulte
LOS ALAMOS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PRO-
GRAM. JULY THROUGH DECEMBER 1970. California
Univ., Los Alamos Scientific Lab., N. Mex., Atomic Energy
Commission Contract W-7405-eng-36, Rept. UC-41, 9p., July
1971. 7 refs. NTIS: LA-4672-MS
The Environmental Monitoring Program in Los Alamos Coun-
ty is designed to determine the effect of the operations of the
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory on the surrounding area.
Sixty stations throughout the county monitor emissions of
gamma radiation; particulates emitting gross alpha, beta, and
gamma radiation; tritium, plutonium, and americium in the air;
and various air pollutants, e.g., suspended particulates,
benzene-soluble matter, beryllium, lead, dust fall, soiling in-
dex, and visibility. Water and soil samples are also collected.
The measurement results are presented for July-December
1970.
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182
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
35489
Harrison, Paul R., Wayne R. Matson, and John W, Winchester
TIME VARIATIONS OF LEAD, COPPER AND CADMIUM
CONCENTRATIONS IN AEROSOLS IN ANN ARBOR,
MICHIGAN. Atmos. Environ. (London), 5(8):613-619, Aug.
1971. 7 refs.
Air samples in Ann Arbor, Michigan, were analyzed by anod ic
stripping voltammetry (ASV) with a composite graphite elec-
trode for the average mass distribution with particle size of
lead, copper, and cadmium. The samples were collected with a
modified seven-stage Andersen cascade impactor with a gla; s
backup fieter at two-hour intervals over a 42-hr period from
April 26-28, 1969. Average particle size distributions weie
similar for the three elements over the radius range covered by
the impactor stages which sort particles into factor of two
radius intervals (0.1 less than or equal to r less than or equid
to 10 micron). Lead, however, showed a significantly greater
proportion of its total concentration in particles caught by the
filter (radius less than or equal to 0.1 micron) than did Cu or
Cd. Variations of each of the elements of over a factor of 10
were seen within any 24-hr period during the 42 hours. Two
prominent maxima were observed at 0200-2400 EST, suggest-
ing a wind shift from north to east. The results imply that
some of the Cu and CD. and much of the Pb, at the maximum
times, came from the Detroit sector by easterly winds and that
a two-hour sampling program is adequate for correlating
changes in the environment with mesoscale meteorologies!
parameters. (Author abstract modified)
35725
Jernigan, Eva L., Barbara J. Ray, and Robert A. Duce
LEAD AND BROMINE IN ATMOSPHERIC PARTICIPATE
MATTER ON OAHU, HAWAII. Atmos. Environ., 5(10):881-
886, Oct. 1971. 20 refs.
Atmospheric particulate lead and bromine concentrations wen:
determined for samples collected in and around urban Honolu-
lu, Hawaii. The samples were collected during periods of
tradewind weather which should cause a maximum dispersion
of pollutants. The average urban curbside concentrations of
lead and bromine were 7.7 micrograms/cu m and 1.60 micro-
grams/cu m respectively, similar to or higher than concentra-
tions reported for mainland cities. The coefficient of correla-
tion between the bromine and lead concentrations was 0.97,
suggesting a common source for both pollutants. Although the
most probable source is automobiles, the Br/Pb ratio for urban
curbside samples was 0.22 plus or minus 0.04, lower than the
ethyl fluid ratio of 0.39. This may indicate that bromine is lost.
from the particles after emission to the atmosphere. The con-
sistency of the ratio, compared to previous studies, is
probably a result of the persistent meteorological condition;
during tradewind periods. (Author abstract)
35861
Moyers, Jarvis L., William H. Zoller, Robert A. Duce, and
Gerald L. Hoffman
GASEOUS BROMINE AND PARTICULATE LEAD, VANADI-
UM, AND BROMINE IN A POLLUTED ATMOSPHERE. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 6(1):68-71, Jan. 1972. 18 refs.
Air quality in Cambridge, Mass, was monitored with activated
charcoal and membrane filters to determine concentrations of
atmospheric gaseous bromine and particulate lead, vanadium,
and bromine. Concentrations in micrograms/cu m as deter-
mined by neutron activation analysis were within 0.12-0.45 for
gaseous bromine; 0.12-0.94 for particulate bromine; and 0.08-
1.32 for particulate vanadium. Lead concentrations were 0.4-
3.7 micrograms/cu m as determined by atomic absorption spec-
troscopy. All particulate species were significantly correlated
with each other, indicating atmospheric interrelationships lar-
gely explained by meteorological conditions. The correlation of
lead with both particulate and total bromine was exceptionally
good since lead and bromine came from the same source;
however, atmospheric concentrations of bromine were less
than supected from the amounts of bromine added to gasoline
in ethyl fluid. The lower concentrations could be explained by
different residence times for bromine and lead or that some
bromine exists in a chemical form not collected by filtration or
activated charcoal adsorption. (Author abstract modified)
35940
Laamanen, Arvo and Time Partanen
CROSS-CORRELATIONS IN TIME SERIES OF SOME PAR-
TICLE FALL COMPONENTS ON RELATION TO URBAN
AREA TYPE. Suom. Kemistilehti B, 44(ll):361-366, 1971. 3
refs.
Factor analysis was applied in patterning time series of various
components of outdoor particle fall at four stations in Helsinki
and one station in Tartu. The stations were located in a re-
sidential area, an urban background area, a mixed industrial
area, an outdoor bus terminal, and near an iron ore processing
plant. The particulates were examined for calcium (+),
chlorine (-), sulfate ion, titanium, vanadium, copper, nickel,
chrome, lead, tin, and manganese. The factor matrix for each
station is presented and interpreted. Indirect information about
emissions is included in three cases in the form of fuel con-
sumption, industrial production figures, and traffic volume at
major effective sources.
36009
Hasegawa, Toshio and Akiyoshi Sugimae
TRACE METALS IN AIR BORNE PAR.TICULATES. I. SUR-
VEY OF LEAD IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Fuyu funjin-chu no
kinzoku seibun (daiippo) namari ni yoru kankyo osen). Text in
Japanese. Eisei Kagaku (J. Hyg. Chem,), 17(6):404-411, Dec.
1971. 12 refs.
The concentration of lead in the atmosphere was measured at
12 sampling sites in Osaka (commercial, residential industrial,
and rural) every day in June (1969), October (1969), and
February (1970). Lead in samples collected by High Volume
Air Sampler, Cascade Centripeter, and Tape. Air Sampler was
determined by emission spectrographic analysis. The monthly
average concentration at various locations ranged from 0.11 to
4.44 micrograms/cu m, with an overall average of 2.03 micro-
grams/cu m. Distribution of lead content in airborne particu-
lates formed a distribution of approximately logarithmic nor-
mal type. Its mean value was 0.63% and the upper limit was
1.9% at the one-side significant level of 5,0%. Size distribution
of lead particulates in the atmosphere was also investigated;
the distribution curves at every sampling site were almost alike
and 81-98% of the lead particulates were less than one micron
in diameter. An inverse correlation was found between lead
concentration in the atmosphere and wind velocity. The slope
of the regression line, representing the ratio of lead concentra-
tion to wind velocity was greater in heavy traffic area than in
a residential area. Diurnal variation of lead concentration,
determined continuously every hour by tide Tape Air Sampler,
was also inversely correlated with wind velocity. In addition,
correlation between lead and carbon monoxide concentration1
in the atmosphere was also studied. 0
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
183
36195
Tepper, L. B.
SEVEN-CITY STUDY OF AIR AND POPULATION LEAD
LEVELS. AN INTERIM REPORT. Cincinnati Univ., Ohio,
Dept. of Environmental Health, Air Pollution Control Office
Contract PH 22-68-28, 8p., May 1971.
In 1968, the Department of Environmental Health at the
University of Cincinnati initiated a study which was designed
to examine air lead levels at a number of locations in Cincin-
nati, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia. Instrument stations were
re-established at the original sites of a previous study made in
1961-1962; identical equipment and filter media were used. Ad-
ditional sites were located in Okeana, Ohio; Ardmore and
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania; and Los Alamos, New Mexico.
Blood samples were collected from volunteers from church
and civic groups who had lived within a prescibed area for a
period of at least five years. In association with the collection
of the blood samples, subjects were interviewed with respect
to age, place of residence, food and water supply, local travel,
occupation and place of work, tobacco consumption, and
health history. Rural and urban (commercial, residential, and
industrial) areas were studied.
36288
Tomida, B., T. Fukuda, H. Inoue, N. Hamamura, K. Ishida,
M. Noma, Y. Shimizu, K. Nakamura, M. Hayakawa, and S.
Watanabe
THE METAL CONTENT IN THE AIR OF CITIES IN AICHI
PREFECTURE. (Aichi-kenka shuyo toshi no okeru taikichu
no jukinzoku seibun ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc, Air Pollution), 6(1):213, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council of Air Pollution Studies,
12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
To investigate the effect of the Nanbu industrial district and
rapidly growing Kinuura industrial district on the surrounding
area in Nagoya, the atmospheric concentrations of heavy
metals were measured at 12 locations from November 4, 1970
to January 12, 1971. Samples collected using a high-volume air
sampler by 24- hour sampling were analyzed by the atomic ab-
sorption method. The average concentrations at five districts
were in the following range (in micrograms/cu m): suspended
particulate matter, 0.203-0.774; iron, 6.2-29.1; zinc, 1.0-5.5;
copper, 0.10-5.1; manganese, 0.27-1.75; lead, 1.1-5.1; and cad-
mium, 0.011-0.034; the metallic concentrations were the
highest in Nanbu district, followed by Kinuura district, how-
ever, the concentrations were significantly lower in other dis-
tricts.
36449
Teer, Ellis H.
ATMOSPHERIC LEAD CONCENTATION ABOVE AN
URBAN STREET. Washington Univ., St. Louis, Mo., Dept. of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Thesis (M.S.), Jan. 1971,
74p. 43 refs.
The concentration of lead in particulates in the atmosphere
above an urban street in St. Louis was measured by high-
volume sampler and determined through atomic absorption
spectropho tome try. The results were correlated with traffic
volume, wind speed and direction, and elevation, and the total
was regressed using multiple regression analysis. Lead concen-
tration decreased with increasing elevation and was influenced
by high-rise buildings. Traffic volume did not have as
pronounced an effect on atmospheric lead concentration as
was anticipated. (Author abstract modified)
36474
Kubo, Kiyoshi, Eiichi Ito, and Masaru Kitase
ON CONTENTS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE OF URBAN AREA. (Toshi taiki-chu ni okeru
fuyu funjin seibun ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):210, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution
Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The vertical concentration distributions and hourly concentra-
tion variations of heavy metals in the atmosphere were mea-
sured in Nagoya City. Samples were collected by one hour
sampling at ground level, 26, 50, 70, and 100 m above the
ground from 8:00 to 20:00 on May 20 and 21, and June 8 and
9, 1971, and analyzed by the atomic absorption method. The
vertical distribution of lead concentration is very similar to
that of the suspended particulate matter, while the concentra-
tion distribution of iron, manganese, and copper was indepen-
dent of the particulate matter. The concentration of Fe and
Mn showed very similar distribution patterns. The cadmium
concentration was almost constant, regardless of the altitude.
The time variation of concentration showed higher values at
rush hours, indicating the effect of auto exhaust. The effect of
wind on the vertical distribution is also discussed.
36486
Nakamura, M., K. Saruta, Y. Endo, and E. Yoneyama
TRACE METALS IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATES. (Fuyu
funjinchu no kinzoku). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu
(J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):214, 1971. (Presented at the
National Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th,
Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The metallic content in suspended particulate matter was mea-
sured at seven locations in Yokohama from May 10 to 18,
1971. Samples collected using a high-volume air sampler by 24-
hour sampling were analyzed by the atomic absorption
method. The concentrations of eight metals determined were
in the following range micrograms/cu m: vanadium, 0.023-
0.156; copper, 0.035-0.158; lead, 0.243-0.458; manganese, 0.211-
0.529; cadmium, 0.119-0.079; nickel, 0.023-0.350; chromium,
0.016-0.105; and iron, 19.9-44.3. The Pb concentration at-
tributable to auto exhaust was generally lower than that of the
previous year. The nickel concentration was extremely high in
the Tsurumi industrial district, almost ten times of that in the
residential district. Vanadium and all the other metal concen-
trations were highest in Tsurumi district.
36503
Tada, Osamu and Kenji Nakaaki
ON THE AIR POLLUTION IN SUBTERRANEAN PARKING
PLACE. (Chika shushajo no kuki osen ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):235, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and
lead compounds in subterranean parking lots A and B, and CO
in the exhaled air and Pb in the urine of attendants were deter-
mined in June and February, respectively. At parking lot A,
the CO concentration was 13 - 31 ppm, NO2 was 0.05-0.09
ppm, SO2 was 0.02-0.07 ppm, and Pb was 4.5-12.4 micro-
grams/cu m. At parking lot B, the CO concentration was 7.0-40
ppm, NO2 was 0.01-0.05 ppm, SO2 was 0.03-0.08 ppm, and Pb
was 0.3-1.1 micrograms/cu m. The CO in the exhaled air
tended to increase with the duration of working. The average
Pb concentration in urine was 28 micrograms/1 and 20 micro-
grams/I at A and B, respectively.
-------
184
LEAD AND AER POLLUTION
36562
Yocom, John, William L. Clink, and William A. Cote
A STUDY OF INDOOR-OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTANT RELA-
TIONSHIPS. (VOLUME I. SUMMARY REPORT). Research
Corp. of New England, Hartford, Conn., NAPCA Contract
CPA 22-69-14, Kept. APTD-0592, p. 1-122, May 1970. NTIS.
PB195338
Suspended particulates, soiling participates, carbon monoxide,
and sulfur dioxide were measured simultaneously for a two
week period at three pairs of buildings (older public buildings
newer air-conditioned offices, and private homes) during the
summer 1969, fall 1969, and winter 1970 in the Hartford.
Conn. area. The major components of each of two self-con-
tained portable instrument trailers constructed for the study in-
cluded a central vacuum pump for the paniculate sampling fil-
ters, paper-tape soiling samplers, analyzers for SO2 and CO,
and a master control unit for cycling the sampling through the
two outside and two inside measurement points for each build-
ing. Particle-sizing instruments were operated sequentially in
separate packages. The organic fraction of suspended particu-
lates readily penetrated all structures and significant quantities
may have been generated indoors; the lead fraction outdoors
depended strongly on traffic and penetrated structures only
marginally better than the parent particulates. Suspended parti-
cles readily penetrated private homes in summer; but penetra-
tion was more on the order of 50% in other buildings and
seasons and measured levels depended greatly on normal daily
activity, traffic and seasonal factors both outdoors, and to a
lesser extent, indoors. Carbon monoxide readily penetrated all
the structures, although concentrations could be altered by
proper ventilation adjustments. Also, CO measurements
showed little detectable influence of a submerged roadway or
underground parking garage on air-rights buildings or surface
air-conditioned buildings. Generally, 50-100% of outdoor SO2
penetrated the structures when it existed in measurable quanti-
ties. Comparative indoor/outdoor ratios of the measured pollu-
tants are discussed. (Author summary modified)
36688
Oikawa, Kikuo
AIR POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS. (Jukinzoku ni yoru
taiki osen). Text in Japanese. In: Analyses of Heavy Metals.
Tokyo, Kodansha, 1971, Chapt. 1, p. 1-31. 4 refs.
The present state of air pollution in Japan by various heavy
metals such as lead, cadmium, manganese, chromium, and
iron is reviewed, and their influences on human health are
discussed. According to the July-October 1966 measurements
of suspended particulates in highways of main cities, the high-
volume sampling collection and polarography measurements
reveal that the concentration on highways during the day
ranged from 0.78 to 11.17 micrograms/cu m. The highest was
on the Koshu Road in Tokyo, which averaged 7.33 micro-
grams/cu m (ranged 4.39-11.17 micrograms/cu m). When ac-
companied by these particles, sulfur dioxide enters the respira-
tory system more easily. Of the total lead particles in the air,
70% are smaller than one micron and 50% are smaller than 0.3
micron. These less than one micron particles tend to enter
deeper into human alveoli and settle there. Since the specific
gravity of lead chloride is 5.85, the rate of settling is extremely
high. Cadmium concentration among the main cities of Japan
was the highest in Tokyo, averaging 0.044 micrograms/cu m
(ranged from 0.009-0.518) and the lowest was in Sapporo,
averaging 0.007 micrograms/cu m (ranged 0.001 0.026). The
highest individual concentration was detected in Annaka city,
which was 1.12 micrograms/cu m. Higher concentrations of
iron, manganese, and chromium were found in the industrial
areas along the Tokyo Bay.
36806
Tairafune, K., A. Sato, W. Nakano, and M. Takahashi
INVESTIGATION ON THE AIR POLLUTION IN MIYAKO
DISTRICT. (Kwateken Miyako chiku no taiki osen ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 6(1):191, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meet-
ing of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,
1971.)
The concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, suspended particulate matter, and
its metal components (cadmium, manganese, copper, and lead)
were measured at six locations in Miyako City for seven days
in Aug. 1970. The maximum SO2 concentration was 0.095
ppm, however, 98% of the measured value was less than 0.05
ppm. The mean NO and NO2 concentration was 0.01 ppm ex-
cept at one location, which was presumably attributable to the
effect of wind direction. The mean HF concentration was 1.6
ppb, and the mean concentrations of metallic components
were (in micrograms (cu m): Cd, 0.11-0.15; Mn, 0.11-1.11; Cu,
0.10-0.84 Pb, 0.06-0.93.
36820
Kobayashi, Yo., M. Hori, N. Hashimoto, and Y. Furukawa
URBAN AIR POLLUTION BY LEAD - YOKOHAMA AND
VICINITY. (Toshi taiki no namari osen ni tsuite - Yokohama-
shi o chushin to shite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Association
of Safety Engineering (Japan), p. 39-44, 1971. (Presented at the
Association of Safety Engineering, Technical Meeting, 4th,
Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 9-10, 1971.)
Air pollution by lead in the commercial-residential mixed areas
of Yokohama was investigated with data collected since 1967,
and comparisons were made with the records of less polluted
areas. The lead concentration in the air was measured and
relationships with other heavy metal pollutants were examined.
Lead was measured by hi-vol samplers for 24 to 72 hr, and the
chlorine solution of the collected lead was analyzed by polaro-
graph and atomic absorption. The sampling location was on a
20 m high roof, 100 m from the main street of the city with an
average traffic of 40,000 cars/day. Examination of the past
records showed that the yearly average of Pb had been
decreasing since 1968. Even during August through December
when Pb concentration was expected to rise, it was relatively
low, and the 1971 concentrations of Pb, copper, nickel,
chromium, manganese, iron, and cadmium were all approxi-
mately half the amounts from the corresponding periods in
1970. This was probably the result of the Japanese Industrial
Standard reducing the use of tetraethyl lead additive in high
octane gasoline from 0.8 ml/1 to less than 0.3 ml/1. The low
lead content in all gasolines was noted since June 1970. The
lead concentration in the air of the main street of relatively
unpolluted Hachijo Island (average traffic 700 cars/day) was
taken and was compared with that of Yokohama city. The
former was 0.023 plus or minus 0.009 micrograms/cu m, and
the latter was 0.33 plus or minus 0.0% micrograms/cu m. The
correlation between Pb and Cd was high while that between
Pb and Fe was low.
36909
Umehara, Koichi, Mineo Umezawa, Takehiko Suzuki, Taturo
Asaoka, and Mituru Endo
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY EXHAUST GAS OF AU-
TOMOBILES IN SHIZUOKA PREFECTURE. (Shizuoka ken
ni okeru jidosha haigasu ni yoru taiki osen chosa kekka). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):230, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
185
The concentration of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and
lead compounds and traffic volume were analyzed at intersec-
tions in six cities in Shizuoka Prefecture. The samples col-
lected from 9:00 to 17:00 hours were analyzed by gas chro-
matography and the atomic absorption method. The concentra-
tion of CO was 2.5-12.3 ppm, NOx was 0.011-0.064 ppm, and
Pb was 1.66-4.75 micrograms/N cu m. The equations ex-
pressing the relationship between the CO concentration and
traffic volume were derived.
37026
Alkire, H. L. and Carl R. York
AIR POLLUTION IN ALLEGANY COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Dept. of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bal-
timore, Div. of Air Quality Control, and AUegany County
Dept. of Health, Cumberland, Md., 209p., July 1970. 19 refs.
Results are reported for measurements of dust fall, suspended
particulates, soiling index, and sulfur oxides made in AUegany
County, Maryland, between spring/summer 1967 and March
1969. Much of the data concerns the heavily polluted Cumber-
land and Westernport-Luke regions of the county. Meteorolog-
ical factors and topographical characteristics conducive to high
air pollution episodes in these areas were also determined.
Suspended particulates were analyzed for total concentrations,
variation with wind and seasons, iron, chromium, and lead
content, benzene solubles, and gross beta activity. Sulfur diox-
ide values measured with the Davis instrument are reported as
daily, weekly, annual, and seasonal averages. Measurements
obtained with lead peroxide candles are reported as monthly
sufonation rates. Also given are the results of measurements
of the effects of pollution on steel corrosion, silver tarnishing,
and fabric color changes. Major single sources of pollution in
AUegany county are described together with fuel use patterns
and refuse disposal practices.
37191
Nagata, R., T. Hirono, H. Yamazaki, K. Asakuno, and T.
Odaira
ON HEAVY METALS IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATE AND
LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS IN TOKYO. (Tokyo m okeru
jukinzoku osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan Soc. Air PoUution), 6(1):217, 1971. (Presented at
the National Council Meeting of Air PoUution Studies, 12th,
Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The heavy metal concentrations at eight locations in Tokyo
were surveyed from August 1969 to March, 1970. The lead,
vanadium, chromium, nickel, cadmium, iron, manganese, and
copper concentration in the paniculate matter coUected using a
high-volume air sampler by 24 hour sampling were determined
by the atomic absorption method. Of eight elements analyzed,
the results of Pb and V determination are shown. The distribu-
tion pattern of Pb attributed to auto exhaust is quite different
from that of V related to heavy oil combustion. The heavy
metal concentrations during 1970 are almost the same as those
in 1969.
37202
Murata, M., K. Yoshida, H. Shima, T. Matsui, H. Hirobe, T.
Kanamaru, K. Naka, T. Tsujikawa, T. Ishikawa, and K.
Ishikawa
AIR POLUTION IN YOKKAICHI (I). (Yokkaichi no taiki
osen (1)). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 6(1):197, 1971. (Presented at the National Coun-
cil Meeting of Air PoUution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The paniculate pollutant concentrations were measured at five
locations in Yokkaichi City in 1970. Samples were coUected
using a high-volume air sampler two to three times a month,
and determined by spectrophotometry and the atomic absorp-
tion method. The average concentration at each of the five lo-
cations wsre in the following range (in micrograms/cu m): total
paniculate matter, 164-225; sulfate ion, 18.4-23.3; nitrate ion,
2.9-4.7; iron, 2.30-4.05; manganese, 0.11-0.19; lead, 0.18-0.33;
copper, 0.05-0.08; vanadium, 0.06-0.11; titanium, 0.06-0.10; and
nickel, 0.039-0.057. The maximum average values of each com-
ponent are also given. An apparent correlation was observed
between total paniculate matter and SO4, and SO4 and
vanadium.
37264
Laamanen, Arvo, Arvo Lofgren, and Timo J. Partanen
SOME TRACE METALS IN PARTICULATES IN THE AIR
OF HELSINKI AND TURKU, 1964-1969. Work. Environ,
Health, 8(2):63-69, 1971. 6 refs.
Minimal, median, and maximal values are given for trace
metals in dust fall coUected at 12 sites in Helsinki between
Oct. 1964 and Sept 1965 and Oct. 1967 and Sept. 1968. Median
values are given for trace metals in dust fall at two sites in
Turku, 1966- 1969. In Helsinki, medians and maxima of aU
trace metals were higher in 1967-1968. The median increase
was highest for copper and the maximum increase highest for
nickel and chromium. With the exception of copper and tin,
Turku medians also showed an annual increase. Relatively
large variations were observed between collection sites. The
study also verified correlations between some trace elements
and general air impurity components in an industrial area of
Helsinki. Dusts were measured in industrial, residential com-
mercial, and traffic areas. Tested metals included titanium,
vanadium, Cu, Sn, Ni, Cr, maganese, and lead.
37288
Nishi, Teizo
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION IN KUMAMOTO CITY.
(Chiho chutoshi ni okeru taiki osen no eiseigakuteki kenkyu).
Text in Japanese. Kumamoto Igakkai Zasshi (J. Kumamoto
Med. Soc.), 45(9):895-931, Sept. 1971. 42 refs.
Air pollution in Kumamoto City was studied for seven years
beginning with 1963. In order to determine the level of air pol-
lution by means of white cloth hung outside houses, a prelimi-
nary test was performed; air contamination by sulfate ion was
noticed. Average values of dust fall measured by the Conical
Funnel method at seven sampling points was 7.79 t/sq
km/month, indicating that the degree of pollution in Ku-
mamoto City is about the same as that in Hiroshima and
Kyoto. The amount of soluble substances was great compared
with insoluble substances and significantly high in June and
July. The components of dust fall, silicon dioxide, zinc,
copper, lead, manganese, and titanium were analyzed. Zinc,
copper, and Si02 which showed a relatively high ratio may be
derived from Aso volcanic ash. Average value of sulfur diox-
ide was 0.017 ppm/year. The amount of suspended paniculate
matter in busy intersections was 175 - 576 micrograms/ cu m;
the concentration of lead at the same points was 0.020 - 0.325
micrograms/cu m. The concentration of carbon monoxide was
11-18 ppm and showed two peaks after sunrise and sunset, as
did suspended paniculate matter and sulfur dioxide. During
one year, traffic volume increased 10%; the concentration of
carbon monoxide increased 30%. The pH value of rainfall has
been gradually decreasing and it showed 5.8 in 1970. This
phenomenon indicates that the level of air poUution in Ku-
mamoto becomes more serious by the complicated reaction of
various pollutants.
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186
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
37320
Hamamura, N., T. Fnkuda, H. Inoue, K. Toyoshima, K.
Ishida, B. Tomita, Y. Shimizu, K. Nakamura, M. Hayakawa,
and M. Noma
ON THE AIR POLLUTION OF ELECTRIC FURNACE.
(Denkiro ni yoru taiki osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):245, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution
Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The chemical analysis of the particulate matter emitted from
electric furnaces revealed a high concentration of iron and
heavy metals such as zinc, lead, and manganese. Samples
were collected using a high-volume air sampler by 24-hour
sampling in the surrounding area of three steel foundries. In
the highly polluted area, the total amount of particulate matter
per day was as high as 1.0 micrograms/cu m, and the chemical
composition was very similar to that of the dust in the electric
furnace dust collector. The concentration range of pollutant*
in the polluted area were Fe, 162-14.8 micrograms/cu m; Zn,
212-7.6 micrograms/cu m; Pb, 34-0.96 micrograms/cu m; Mn,
23-1.07 micrograms/cu m; and copper, 1.9-0.11 micrograms/cu
m. The concentration of cadmium was 0.42-0.03 micrograms/cu
m.
37366
Wada, Akio, Hiroo Mizutani, Masaru Kitase, Morihiko
Hayakawa, and Eiichi Ito
MAIN STREET AIR POLLUTION FROM VEHICLE EX-
HAUST IN NAGOYA. (Nagoyashi kotsu yochi ni okeru
jidosha haiki gasu osen). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu
(J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):231, 1971. (Presented at the
National Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th,
Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and lead compounds from
auto exhaust were analyzed in relation to the traffic volume
and wind speed. Samples collected at two intersections in
Nagoya City by 48 hour continuous samplings were analyzed
by infrared spectroscopy (CO), Saltzman s method (NOx), and
atomic absorption method (Pb). The average CO concentration
was 4.6 ppm at Fushimi and 6.1 ppm at Ichiba, and the cor-
relation values of CO to traffic volume were 0.70 and 0.73,
respectively. The CO concentration was greatly dependent on
the wind speed. The average Pb concentration was 1.55 gam-
ma/cum at Fushimi and 1.73 gamma/cu m at Ichiba, and their
correlation values with traffic volume were 0.57 and 0.27,
respectively. The correlation value of CO and Pb concentra-
tion was 0.87. The Pb concentration at 100 m above ground
was three quarters of that of the ground level. The concentra-
tions of particulate matter was 0.272 mg/cu m at Fushimi and
0.283 mg/cu m at Ichiba.
37369
Yamaguchi Prefecture (Japan), Research Inst. of Health and
Yamaguchi Prefecture, Bureau of Public Nuisance (Japan)
ABOUT THE SURVEY RESULT ON ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION DUE TO LEAD IN SHINNANYO CITY. (Shin-
nanyo-shi ni okeru kankyoosen chosa kekka ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Yamaguchi-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Kept.
Yamaguchi Prefect. Res. Inst. Health), no. 13:73-75, 1971.
A factory to manufacture 4-alkyl-lead (an anti-knock agent for
gasoline) was expected to begin operations in March, 1971 in
Shinnanyo City. It had been closed since January 1971. Survey
results of lead contained in the air, sea, and rivers around this
factory before starting operations are indicated. The survey on
lead contained in the air was made by collecting suspended
particulate matter with high-volume air samplers at three spots
each for two days in May, July, and September 1970; the sur-
vey on lead contained in the sea and rivers was made one day
each on three spots by atomic absorption spectrometry. Lead
in air was 027 micrograms/cu m for a three-month average; the
monthly average was 0.28 micrograms/cu m in May; 0.14
micrograms/cu m in July; and 0.34 micrograms/cu m in Sep-
tember. On two spots leeward to a group of factories, the con-
centration increased when the wind blew a little towards the
south; when it leaned toward the north, the concentration
tended to decrease. In one spot close to a highway, the ten-
dency to increase during the day when traffic was busy was
evident. The average figure of lead in sea water in two spots
was 0.021 ppm; the average figure for a river in one spot was
0.005 ppm.
37394
Wada, Akio
AIR POLLUTION BY AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES AT
MAIN PLACES IN NAGOYA CITY. (Nagoya-shi kotsu yochi
ni okeru jidosha haiki gasu osen). Text in Japanese. Nagoya-
shi Eisei Kenkyusho (Ann. Rept. Nagoya City Health Res.
Inst.), no. 17:83-87, 1970. 6 refs.
Sampling was carried out six times at two points on national
highway with heavy traffic and at other 18 points. Each mea-
surement was done every hour started from nine o oclock in
the morning and lasted for 48 hr. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, suspended particulate substances, lead, wind direction,
wind velocity, and traffic volume were measured. As a result,
significant pollution was not seen in Nagoya City except in
certain districts and at certain times. But when traffic was
more than 8000 cars/hr, it was observed that carbon monoxide
and lead were over the standard concentration although for a
short period. In this case, the amount of suspended particulate
substances was also locally high.
37518
Oikawa, K., Y. Okubo, and J. Kimura
ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC PARTICULATE MATTER NO.
2. METAL CONCENTRATION OF EACH SIZE. (Taikichu
muki seibun ni kansuru kenkyu. Dainiho. Ryudobetsu kinzoku
sosei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):94, 1971. (Presented at the National
Council Meeting of Air pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya,
Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Collection of air-borne dust by size group and metal conten' ii>
each size group were carried out as preparation for an in-
vestigation of the effect of fine particles on the human body.
Samples were collected at 4 points in Tokyo at a velocity of 1
cu ft/min for 3 to 4 days by means of a 6-stage Andersen Sam-
pler with an additional and final stage made of an 0.8 micron
membrane filter. Collected samples underwent a series of acid
treatments to produce sample solution, which was analyzed by
means of atomic absorption spectroscopy for cadmium, lead,
zinc, manganese, iron, chromium, and nickel. There were two
relative maximums for air-borne dust at the diameter of 3 to 6
micron and at smaller than 0.8 micron. More smaller particles
exist for lead, and larger particles for iron; manganese has a
fairly constant distribution.
38110
Hiroshima Prefecture (Japan)
WHITE PAPER OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS IN
HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE, 1970. (Hiroshima-ken kogai
hakusho showa 46 nendo ban). Text in Japanese. 212p., July
1971.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
187
Actual status and control measures of environmental pollution
in Hiroshima Prefecture were discussed. Environmental
hazards occurred chiefly at the littoral industrial district of the
Inland Sea, such as the Otake district (petroleum complexes),
Kure district (iron and steel, shipbuilding, machine, and pulp
industries), Fukuyama district (iron and steel industries and
electric power industries) and the center of Hiroshima City.
Air pollutants were sulfur oxides, suspended paniculate
matter, and automobile exhaust gases. The average value of
sulfur oxides for three years from 1968 decreased in the Otake
district but increased in Kure and Fukuyama districts. The
average amount of dust fall in Kure City was 12.39 t/sq m and
lOt/k sq m in other districts and suspended dust was 375.08
micrograms/cu m in Hiroshima City. Environmental pollution
by lead had spread as pollution by automobile exhaust gases.
The average value obtained at all the measuring points was
2.030 micrograms/cu ii;. Carbon mouux»uc. uitro^ec o.v.-oj,
and hydrocarbons tended to increase, but photochemical smog
has not yet occurred. Water pollution spread mainly at the In-
land Sea of Japan. Fish perished at the Bay of Hiroshima.
Nosie, vibration, and offensive odor also caused troubles,
mainly at industrial districts. As a countenneasure, pollution
control regulations were issued from April 1970. A telemeter
system was newly provided and continuous monitoring has
been carried out by the Department of Public Health of cities,
the Laboratory for Environmental Pollution of the Hygienic
Institute, and the Head Office and Council for Pollution Con-
trol.
38133
Kubo, Kiyoshi, Eiichi Ito, and Kimiko Hirata
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS IN AIR-BORNE DUST IN THE
SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL AREA OF NAGOYA CITY.
(Nagoya-shi nanbu kogyochiiki ni okeru taikichu fuyufun-
jinchu no kagakutekiseibun ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Nagoya-shi Eisei Kenkyushoho (Ann. Kept. Nagoya City
Health Res. Inst.), no. 17:79-82, 1970. 4 refs.
To study relationship between the gross amount of air-borne
dust and the amount of chemical components in it, samples of
air-borne dust obtained at the rooftop of the Nagoya City
Health Research Institute during Oct. 1970 through Jan. 1971
and at six sampling spots in the southern industrial area of
Nagoya City were analyzed giving consideration to emission
sources and environmental factors. The mean value for the
month of chemical components in air-borne dust samples on
the rooftop was 0.170 mg/cu m; tar component, 11.3 micro-
grams/cu m; lead, 1.42 micrograms/cu m; iron, 1.46 micro-
grams/ cu m; sulfuric acid ion, 11.0 micrograms/cu m; and sul-
fur dioxide gas in the air, 0.041 ppm. The correlation coeffi-
cient between the gross amounts of dust and tar components
was 0.93. The amounts of iron, sulfuric acid ion, and sulfur
dioxide were well related to the gross amount of dust. At all
sampling spots, the highest value was 0.31S mg/cu m, and the
lowest value was 0.089 mg/cu m. The iron component showed
about 1.2 - 1.3% of the amount of dust. Lead showed higher
values at sampling spots with heavy traffic volume. This
means that the lead amount in air-borne dust is affected by au-
tomobile exhaust gases. The nearer the sampling spots were to
the emission sources, the higher the amount of dust.
39081
Suginami Ward Office, Tokyo (Japan), Construction Div.
INTERIM REPORT OF ENVIRONMENT SURVEY, APRIL
1971-SEPT. 1971. (Kankyo chosa no chukan hokoku, 46nen
4gatsu-46nen 9gatsu). Text in Japanese. 107p., Oct. 1971.
An automotive exhaust gas survey, a night environmental
noise survey, photochemical smog, and statistics of grievances
on public nuisance are discussed, and the related statistics for
FY 1969 and 1970 are given. For the automotive exhaust gas
survey, concentrations of carbon monoxide and lead and traf-
fic were measured at seven selected locations in Suginami
Ward once a month during 5 mo. An infrared analyzer for car-
bon monoxide and the atomic absorption photometric analyzer
for lead were used. The 5-month averages at the roadside in
front of the Suginami Ward Office were 7.6 ppm for CO along
the road, 3.1 ppm for CO behind the road, 1.4 micrograms/cu
m for lead and 4017 cars/hr traffic. The high-concentration
zone appears even at the same measuring spot, depending on
wind direction, wind velocity, and availability of sidewalk and
buildings around. The CO concentration alongside the road is 2
or 3 times that behind the road and CO tends to increase with
traffic increase, giving a higher CO value in July. The night
noise survey was made at eight selected locations for 4 mo,
May and June through Sept. 1971. The measured values are
shown in a number of tables and charts. From the data, one
location was exceeding the legally stipulated allowable noise
level. In the photochemical smog section, the alarm level of air
pollution or oxidant concentration and measures and
procedures to be taken in such a case or in case of actual
photochemical smog emergency were shown extracted from
Air Pollution Control Law and Tokyo Metropolitan Or-
dinances. The statistics show that the photochemical smog
alarm was issued in Tokyo for 13 times in 1971; once in May,
seven times in June, and five times in July. The grievances
received were 28 in April, 31 in May, 53 in June, 51 in July, 39
in August, and 37 in September.
39405
Jutzi, W.
LEAD CONTENT OF THE STREET DUST AND OF THE
STREET ATMOSPHERE IN THE CITY OF ZURICH IN THE
SPRING OF 1970. (Bleigehalt des Strassenstaubs und der
Strassenluft in der Stadt Zurich im Fruehjahr 1970). Text in
German. Bull. Eidgenoess. Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no.
3:77-83, March 1971. 2 refs.
Sedimentary dust was collected in the city of Zurich in 1970
with a dry brush. The dust sample was dried at 105 C, sifted,
and particles of a diameter smaller than 0.15 mm were tested
for their lead content by emission spectrography. A measured
volume of air (40 cu m/h) was filtered through a tarred paper
filter, and the amount of suspended dust was determined by
weighing. The filter was then mineralized and lead was deter-
mined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Sampling was per-
formed during the midday and evening rush hour. A com-
parison of results obtained in 1970 with those from 1963
revealed that while the lead content in the atmosphere in-
creased at all points in the city where measurements were per-
formed, the lead content in the sedimentary dust decreased
everywhere. While the first observation is in accord with the
increased traffic and concomitant emission of lead, the second
observation is not easily explainable. One explanation could be
the protracted rainy period preceding the sampling of the dust
and the observation that in the spring atmospheric lead levels
are generally lower. The median sedimentary dust lead content
from 19 sampling sites was 0.52 pro mille in July 1948, 0.85 in
Sept. 1948, 0.84 in March 1949, 1.03 in June 1949, 1.13 in Aug.
1950, 0.88 in March 1951, 2.06 in June 1955, and 1.06 in May
1970. The lead content in dust suspended in the atmosphere
rose from 100% in 1963 to from 100-175% in 1970 in nine sam-
pling sites. The median Pb contents in suspended dust were
from 1.4 to 21 micrograms/cu m.
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188
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
39535
Moore, Carl E.
SOME PHYSICAL AND B1OLIGICAL ASPECTS OF AIIl
POLLUTANTS. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., NS-18(1):13-18, Feb.
1971.
Data are presented on lead concentrations (1969) in the
Chicago Metropolitan Area and on monthly (1964-1969) con-
centrations of atmospheric participates and lead in suspended
particulates over Morton Grove, a Chicago suburb. At-
mospheric lead concentrations in Morton Grove are slowly ris-
ing due to increased urbanization and heavier automobile traf-
fic. Over the entire metropolitan area, lead levels are higher
along major expressways than in less travelled districts
Results are also given for neutron activation analysis of
Chicago air samples. The analysis identified some elements of
known biologic interest, for example, zinc, cobalt, and seleni-
um. In view of the exponential character of the growth curve
associated with human activities, it is imperative that the ef-
fects of trace metals on biological systems be determined.
39914
Harrison, Paul Roger
AREA-WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD, COPPER, CADMI-
UM, AND BISMUTH IN ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES IN
CHICAGO AND NORTHWEST INDIANA: A MULTI-SAM-
PLE APPLICATION OF ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAM-
METRV. Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, Environmental Science
Dept., Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms,
Inc., 1970. 427p. 52 refs.
The elemental composition of aerosols was determined on an
area-wide, simultaneous basis in the southern Lake Michigan
region in order to exhibit the feasibility and usefulness of such
studies. Lead, copper, cadmium, and bismuth were analyzed
from standard glass fiber filters obtained from the local high
volume sampling networks in Chicago and Northwest Indiana.
During the analysis of these samples the highly sensitive
techniques of anodic stripping voltammetry were documented,
and the physical characteristics of the cell design and hard-
ware were further improved for routine use with multiple anal-
ysis. When comparisons with estimations of source strengths
and distributions were tried the results suggested that lead
aerosols were emanating almost completely from automobiles;
whereas most of the cadmium and nonanomalous copper
aerosols can be explained by fuel-burning sources. (Author ab-
stract modified)
39988
Shimizu Municipal Office (Japan)
SURVEY REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
(CONCERNING PUBLIC NUISANCE CAUSED BY TRAFFIC).
(Kankyo joken chosa hokoku (kotsu kogai kankei). Text in
Japanese. Rept. 4-(3), 20p., March 1972.
A comprehensive survey on pollution and other public
nuisances caused by traffic was conducted at the Omagari
five-forked road intersection at 10 am through 10 pm, Sept. 2,
1971. Wind direction, wind velocity, atmospheric pressure,
temperature, and humidity were all measured each hour. The
day s weather was cloudy, rainy later, NE wind with the
average velocity of 2.8 m/sec, 21.9 C average temperature. The
automobile traffic was counted for the first 15 min of each
hour, separately by the type, diesel engines, and gasoline en-
gines. The highest traffic was recorded during 1700-1800 hours
and the lowest during 1200-1400 hours. The gasoline cars
chiefly emitted carbon monoxide and lead, while the diesel
cars emitted soot and have something to do with vibrations
and noise. The CO was continuously measured by the auto-
matic recorder. Its average concentration was 5.1 ppm, a value
greater than the legal criterion. Correlativity was recognized
between CO concentration and the number of gasoline cars.
Sampled by a High-volume Air Sampler, the dust was 112.0
micrograms/cu m out of 858 cu m/12 hr of air at one spot and
162.6 micrograms/cu m out of 972 cu m/12 hr at another where
only lead was detected, 1.22 micrograms/cu m. This concentra-
tion of dust is higher than the legal limit value. The average
noise was 72-75 phons, higher by 8-10 phons than the stan-
dard. The highest vibration value recorded during 1500-1800
hours was 3.0 micron/sec or three times the legal standard, 0.9
micron/sec. The highest value of oxidant was 0.026 ppm
recorded during 1400-1500 hours. This very favorably com-
pares with the highest allowable limit of the legal standard
value, 0.15 ppm. Similar roadside studies made at three other
spots are also briefly discussed.
40118
SUMMARY OF THE RESULT OF INVESTIGATION ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GASES AND NOISE OF CARS. (Jidosha haishutsu gasu kan-
kyoosen narabini jidosha souon chosakekka no gaiyo). Text in
Japanese. 10p., 1971.
Measurement was carried out at 24 places on a highway in
Amagasaki City and other 17 cities or towns during July 12
and September 21, 1971. The maximum average value of car-
bon monoxide/hr for 24 hr was 7.6 ppm at the Kuisegi-cho in-
tersection of Amagasaki City. The maximum value of nitric
oxide was 0.220 ppm at Cukuchi intersection of Amagasaki
City, and nitrogen dioxide was 0.46 ppm at Fudabe intersec-
tion of Nishimoniya City. The maximum concentration of lead
during 8 hr in the daytime was 2.560 micrograms/cu m and was
higher at places with heavy traffic volumes. Automobile ex-
haust gases thus affected lead pollution. The maximum level
of suspended participate matter was 0.069 mg/cu m at the
Shitamachi intersection of Ono City. The maximum amount of
total airborne dust was 2.19 mg/cu m at the Midorigaoka inter-
section of Itami City. The maximum concentration of sulfur
oxides was 0.043 ppm at Kobe City, H.anshin highway, and
Uosaki- Shinbori lump. Since all the places with high concen-
tration of SOx were closed to industrial districts, emission
gases from the factories affected the pollution. These mea-
sured values were lower than the environmental standard for
each pollutant. All the values except the concentration of lead
and SOx increased compared with the results of measurements
in the previous year.
40363
Tokai Metropolitan Government (Japan)
TRENDS IN MEASUREMENTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND
DUSTS IN TOKAI CITY. Text in Japanese. 4p., March 1972.
Monthly fluctuations of sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide and triox-
ide) measured by automatic measurement equipment and by
the lead oxide method, and fluctuations of settling particles
are presented in table forms. Comparisons of sulfur oxides
measurements and environmental standards are presented by
graphs. Automatic measurements were taken at five locations
in Tokai for 1970 and 1971. Individual monthly measurements
ranged from 0.021 ppm in May and June at one location to
0.089 ppm in February at another location. The highest single
measurement of sulfur trioxide by the lead dioxide method
was 4.99 mg/100 sq cm/day, and the lowest was 0.48 mg/100 sq
cm/day. Of the 18 locations where SO3 measurements were
taken, the highest daily average was 3.99 mg and the lowest
was 0.87 mg throughout 1970 and 1971. Winter months from
November through February showed higher sulfur oxides con-
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
189
centrations in general. Comparisons of measurements and en-
vironmental standards revealed an overwhelmingly heavy SOx
concentration for 1970 at all five locations where automatic
measurements were taken; all five, but in particular two or
three locations, showed a notable improvement in 1971. The
amount of settling particles measured at five locations varied
from 5.78 tons/sq km/mo in August at one location from 23.72
tons/sq km/mo in March at another location for single mea-
surement. No particular patterns were found for settling parti-
cles.
40574
SWAIN S REPORT ON SMOKE IN SALT LAKE VALLEY.
Chem. Met. Eng., 24(ll):463-465, March 16, 1921. 2 refs.
During Feb. 1920, a smoke suit was decided against the Amer-
ican smelting and Refining Co. and the United States Smelting,
Refining and Mining Co., allowing their smelters at Murray
and Midvale respectively to continue operations under certain
conditions and under observation of a staff headed by Prof. R.
E. Swain of Stanford University. A summary is presented of a
year s research by eight assistants and Prof. Swain, indicating
that there was no damage whatever by sulfur dioxide even to
the extent of questionable foliar markings on the most sensi-
tive plants in the Murray district. During the growing season,
4386 determinations of SO2 were made on the air of this dis-
trict at locations which were as nearly as possible in the line
of movement of the roaster stack gases. The average human
adult, who is already acquainted with the odor of SO2, will
first be able to detect it at a concentration of 3-3.5 ppm, while
the average person not well acquainted with the smell could
detect the gas at a concentration of from 4-5 ppm. A survey of
the entire record of atmospheric tests in the Murray district,
amounting to 5923 single determinations, shows that only 19 of
these represent a concentration of 3 parts or more per million,
and only one a concentration of 6 ppm. Both plants employ
the Dwight-Lloyd and the Wedge type of roasting furnaces,
and the amount of leakage from these furnaces is small, owing
to their construction and to the good draft maintained. There
were no indications that the lead and arsenic losses were ob-
jectionable at the Murray plant. Soot fall experiments are also
indicated. The Midvale plant, on the other nand, at times dur-
ing the past season was an agent of injury to the vegetation of
the neighboring district. Remedial steps are recommended, as
well as guarantees and restrictions.
40584
Wells, A. E.
INVESTIGATIONS TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF THE
CONTAMINATIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE
SELBY SMOKE ZONE BY THE SMELTER EMANATIONS.
Bull. Bureau Mines, no. 98: 82-212,503-520, 1915. 86 rets.
A portable laboratory was used to determine sulfur dioxide
concentrations and total sulfur in urban and agricultural areas
inside and outside the Selby smoke zone. Additional SO2
determinations in the zone were made under various wind con-
ditions, under the most unfavorable wind and smoke condi-
tions, at different time periods, and at times when Selby
smoke was smelled or supposed to have been smelled.
Analyses were also made for lead and arsenic on soil and
grasses in the smoke zone. Of the 4862 instaneous air samples
taken in the smoke zone during Sept., Oct., and Nov. 1913 and
March, April, and May 1914, 75.5% contained less than 0.2
ppm SO2, 86.26% less than 0.4 ppm, and 97.46% less than 1.0
ppm. Only 21 samples, or 0.43%, contained more than two
parts SO2 and no sample analyzed contained more than 7.1
ppm SO2. Concentrations were highest when west winds blew
smelter smoke over the smoke zone. Daily peaks were ob-
served at noon or in the early afternoon. Under moderate or
brisk wind conditions, a maximum of 1.25 ppm S02 was found
when the smelter emitted 70 tons SO2/day. Even under the
worst wind conditions and with plant output of 90 tons
SO2/day, the maximum concentration in Benicia was only 2.40
ppm. Thus Selby smoke does not constitute a menace to the
successful growing of crops in the smoke zone.
40716
Tatsumi, Syuzo and Hiroshi Ishihara
THE POLLUTED MATERIALS IN THE STREET TREE
LEAVES. (Gairo juyobu ni fuchaku sum osen busshitsu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 6(1):156, 1971. (Presented at the National Coun-
cil Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The amount of particulates falling on the main street of Taka-
matsu city was measured at five locations close to the
camphor trees area with 1-meter dust collectors. The particu-
lates were separated as tar substances, combustible sub-
stances, and ash, and lead content in tar and ash was in-
vestigated. The amount of particulates was dependent on
season and maximum traffic at intersection. The maximum
total particulates was 140 tons/sq km/mo; tar substance was 1-
6 tons; and lead content was 2-40 grams. Particulates sticking
on leaves of the trees were also collected and analyzed. Lead
content in tar substance of particulates on the tree leaves was
studied by comparing with commercial gasoline using gas chro-
matography. A 2-meter column packed with 40% nu-
jol/chromosorb was used for the analysis. A substance cor-
responding to tetraethyl lead was found in the tar substances.
40997
Ishikawa Prefectural Government (Japan), Dept of
Environment
ISHIKAWA PREFECTURE WHITE PAPER ON PUBLIC
NUISANCE. (Ishikawa-ken kogai hakusho showa 46-nendo).
Text in Japanese. 113p., 1971.
In 1970, 370,700 kl of heavy oil were consumed in Ishikawa
Prefecture. The particulate concentration in Kanazawa city
was 10 to 33 tons/sq km/mo in 1966, but gradually decreased
every year. However, the sulfur trioxide concentration, mea-
sured by the lead dioxide method, increased from 0.17 mg/sq
km/mo to 0.37 mg/sq km/mo in 1969. Due to significant in-
creases of automobiles, the automotive exhaust gases were
becoming a major pollution problem in Kanazawa city. The
carbon monoxide concentration at certain intersections was as
high as 13.5 ppm, and the lead concentration at other intersec-
tions was 4.2 micrograms/cum/day. The lead dioxide method
and a deposit cage were used for the measurement of sulfur
oxides and particulates prior to 1970. In order to achieve high
efficiencies, automatic detectors for SO3 were used at five de-
tecting stations, and automatic detectors for CO, hydrocar-
bons, and nitrogen oxides were also used.
41033
Repetto, M. and M. Menendez
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN SEVILLE, 1970-1971. (La
polucion atmosferica en Sevilla, 1970-71). Text in Spanish.
Rev. San. Hig. Pub., 45(10):921-954, 1971.
A study carried out in Seville between May 1970 and May
1971 deals with the atmospheric pollution rates. Urban pollu-
tion from ammonia, lead, zinc and smoke is important. Am-
monia sources are fertilizer plants located in the main part of
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190
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
the town, motor vehicles and domestic heating. In studying
pollution rates, reduction of motorized traffic in the center of
the town is considered because traffic had been forbidden
since the previous winter. It accounts for diminution of carbon
monoxide rates. Sedimentable matter contains a high percent-
age of lead and zinc. The lead source seems to be tetraethyl
lead from cars. Lead and zinc values correlated. Maximum
rates of lead/sq m were 1.5 mg at Republica Argentina Avenue
and 2.00 mg at Velazquez Street.
41520
Morlin, Zoltan and Magdolna Kertesz Saringer
DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF LEAD IN
CITY AIR AND IN DUST SEDIMENTS. (Vizsgalatok Kismen-
nyisegu oiomszennyezesek meghatarozasara a varosi szabad
levegoben es szedimentalt porban). Text in Hungarian. Egesz-
segtudomany, 15(4):389-395, 1971. 10 refs.
The lead content in atmospheric air and settled particulates
was determined by quartz emission spectrography. Samples
taken at nine locations in Budapest showed 0.2 to 5.0 micro-
grams of Pb/cu m in the atmosphere, and 1-10 milligrams of
Pb/g in settled dust from roadway samples. The daily standard
is 0.7 micrograms/cu m in the air. Only the samples taken in
traffic free areas of Budapest are under this standard.
41664
Laveskog, Anders
ORGANIC LEAD COMPOUNDS IN AUTOMOTIVE EX-
HAUSTS AND IN STREET AIR. (Organiska blyforeningar i
bilavgaser ock gatuluft). Text in Swedish. Stockholm Univ.,
Inst. of Analytical Chemistry, TPM-BIL- 64, 84p., Jan. 1971.
20 refs.
The organic lead compounds analyzed were tetraalkyl lead
compounds: among them tetramethyl lead, TML, and
tetraethyl lead, TEL, have occurred most frequently and are
often the only ones present. The method of analysis that has
been developed is based upon enrichment of gas samples,
separation in a gas chromatograph, and detection with a mass
spectrometer. The time required for sampling is short, 10-15
min for street air and between 5 sec and 1 min for automobile
exhaust gases. The TML and TEL are analyzed separated
from each other and from other organic lead compounds, and
the sensitivity of the method is high, 10 ng/cu m of air.
Analyses of automobile exhaust gases have shown that the
amount of TML and TEL varies between 5 and 5000 micro-
grams/cu m of exhaust gas and that this difference seems to
depend on the working temperature of the motor, with higher
quantities found at lower temperatures. Analyses of street air
has shown that the quantity of TML and TEL varies between
0.02 and 2 micrograms/cu m of air. The 24-hour average values
of about 0.25 micrograms/cu m have been measured in major
streets in Stockholm in Nov. and Dec. 1969. Very weak cor-
relation between the occurrence of tetraalkyl lead and other
pollutants in street air has been found, but the density of traf-
fic gives better correlation to tetraalkyl lead. (Author abstract)
41887
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
SUMMARY. In: Helena Valley, Montana, Area Environmen-
tal Pollution Study, Pub-AP-91, p. 1-23, Jan. 1972. NTIS: PB
207126
The history, topography, climatology, population statistics, in-
dustry, and agricultural activity of Helena Valley, Montana,
are reviewed. Air, water, and soil were examined for con-
tamination by arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc. In addition,
airborne sulfur dioxide was measured. Pollutant effects on
vegetation and accumulation of heavy metals in hair, organs,
and edible animal tissue were studied. The exposure of area
residents to heavy metals was reflected by elevated concentra-
tions of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in the hair of fourth-grade
school boys. Pollution sources from lead smelting, slag
processing, and paint pigment production were surveyed.
Meteorology and source-receptor relationships were examined,
including atmospheric stability and temperature inversions,
and diffusion estimates of short-term SO2, long-term SO2, and
paniculate matter. Ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels were also
studied.
41888
Huey, Norman A.
SURVEY OF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS. In: Helena Valley,
Montana, Area Environmental Pollution Study. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Office of
Air Programs, Pub-AP-91, p. 25-60, Jan. 1972. 3 refs. NTIS:
PB 207126
The Helena Valley, Montana, area was surveyed for pollution
by sulfur dioxide, airborne particulates, arsenic, cadmium,
lead, and zinc. All measurements were made between June
and November 1969 except for sulfation measurements, which
were continued until June 1970. Sulfur dioxide was measured
with continuous monitors at five locations and with sulfation
plates at approximately 200 locations. Measurements related to
SO2 pollution, that is, sulfate and total acidity, were also
made on suspended particulates. Total suspended and total set-
tleable particulates (dustfall) were measured at five locations;
windblown particulates and soiling index were measured at 40
and 4 locations, respectively. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and
zinc were determined in suspended and settleable particules.
Ozone and nitrogen oxides were measured by continuous
monitors for brief periods of time at one or two locations. The
spatial distributions of SO2 during different intervals of the
study period are mapped. A small area in the center of the city
of East Helena was polluted to a level greater than 0.04 ppm
SO2 annual average. A 10-square mile area lying adjacent to
and southeast of East Helena was polluted to a level greater
than 0.02 ppm SO2.
41975
Nagata, Tomoko, Tomio Kono, Kunihiko Akino, Kinji
Nakano, Toshio Ohira, and Hiroshi Yamazaki
AIR POLLUTION IN TOKYO BY METALS. (Tokyotonai no
jikinzokuosen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tokyo to Kogai
Kenkyusho Nenpo (Annu. Rept. Tokyo Met. Res. Inst. En-
viron. Prot.), 3(3):3-10, 1972. 9 refs.
Continuous sampling for 24 hours by a high volume air sam-
pler was carried out every 10 days during Aug. 1968 to March
1970 and every 12 days during May 1970 and March 1971. Dif-
ferences between the observed values by year and area were
compared and ratio of the concentration of each metal to the
total amount of dust and soot were calculated. Metal content
in suspended paniculate matter was affected by pollution
sources of industries. Concentration of iron, manganese, lead,
cadmium, and chromium were related to the total amount of
dust and soot. Pollution by these metals will! be reduced by the
control of dust and soot. However, control of pollution by
such metal as copper, concentrations of which varied by
place, will be more difficult.
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
191
41979
Ibaragi Prefecture (Japan), Environmental Pollution Research
Center
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLU-
TION RESEARCH CENTER OF IBARAKI-KEN NO. 3.
(Ibaraki-ken kogai gijutsu senta nenpo). Text in Japanese.
162p., Aug. 1970.
Air pollution, noise and water quality in Ibaragi are discussed.
Falling dust, sulfur oxides, and meteorological observation in
Hitachi and Kashima areas are given. Waste gas of factories in
16 areas of Ibaragi Prefecture and odor in Kashima area are
mentioned. Automobile exhaust gases in five cities whose
street traffic is comparatively heavy was measured. Dust fall
near a cement factory was heavy and the concentration of sul-
fur dioxide in the basin of the River Miyata was as high as in
the preceding year. There was a large amount of dust fall in
the Kashima area. This was caused by the sand dune zone
around the area and the effect of various construction works
in Kashima. The amount of smoke from some factories where
several complaints were reported was over the emission stan-
dard of environmental pollution control regulations in Ibaragi
Prefecture. Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, SO2, methyl mercap-
tan, and hydrogen fluoride were the cause of odor. The con-
centration of carbon monoxide and the amount of lead in au-
tomobile exhaust was low in every area, compared with the
degree of pollution in the main cities. Water quality of dif-
ferent rivers and drainage of factory sewage were surveyed
and reported.
42120
Takaishi Municipal Office (Japan), Section of Public Nuisance
PRESENT STATE AND COUNTERMEASURES OF POLLU-
TION IN TAKAISHI CITY. (Takaishi-shi no kogai no genkyo
to taisaku. Showa 46-nen 10-gatsu). Text in Japanese. 57p.,
Oct. 1971.
The investigation of environmental pollution in Takaishi City,
which is located in southern part of Osaka Prefecture, was
carried out continuously from 1966 through 1970. As a result
of the investigation of air pollution, it was found that although
the annual value of each kind of measurements showed little
change, the concentration of carbon monoxide, nitrogen ox-
ides, and lead amount showed high values in the districts in-
fluenced by heavy traffic or development of the neighboring
industrial areas. A questionnaire to inhabitants showed that the
number of complaints from respiratory diseases caused by air
pollution was increasing. Three rivers running through the city
and water along Osaka Bay were polluted. The noise was
higher than the environmental standard of 40 dB (A) in many
measuring spots, especially facing roadways. Furthermore, the
responses made by 26 environmental pollution monitors in the
city indicated that stream pollution and offensive odors were
becoming acute. The sewage drain system should be
completed and drainage from factories should be always in-
spected. Countermeasures against noise in factories was also
needed. In addition, it was recognized that establishment of
facilities and systems for analysis and inspection was in need.
42122
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan); Fukuoka Prefectural
Office (Japan); and Kumamoto Prefectural Office (Japan)
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL AIR
IN FUKUOKA PREFECTURE, KUMAMOTO PREFECTURE,
OMUTA CITY, AND ARAO CITY. March 1970. (Fukuoka-
ken, Kumamoto-ken Omuta- Arao-chiku kankyo taiki chosa
kekka). Text in Japanese. 106p., 1970.
Measurements of air pollution (levels of sulfur dioxide,
suspended participate nutter, and component analyses) and
meteorological observations (wind direction and velocity, tem-
perature, and humidity) were made at five spots during Nov.
17-25 in 1969. Results of measurements were recorded and
summarized. The results of density measurements of sulfur
oxides (at 20 spots) by means of colorimetry and electric con-
ductivity were indicated by day and hour. The suspended par-
ticulate matter was collected by a hi-vol air sampler (at 10
spots). The component analyses were made concerning organic
substances (amounts extracted by benzene), water-soluble sub-
stances (pH, sulfate, and nitrate) and metals (beryllium,
copper, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel,
zinc, lead, cadmium, and titanium by atomic absorption
fluorospectrometry. The results of density measurements are
given by day and hour and those of component analyses are
given by day. Meteorological observations including general
weather condition and wind direction and velocity measured
by day and hour at each spot were indicated. Factories
producing soot and smoke and conditions of fuel use during
the observation periods were given from Nov. 18-24. Further,
conditions of air pollution (dust, SO2) at the main observation
spots and conditions of occurrence of accidents during 1966 to
1968 were shown. These observations were made in various ci-
ties in Fukuoka and Kumamoto Prefectures including Arao
and Omuta.
42247
Bogen, D. C.
DAILY VARIATION IN LEAD AIR CONCENTRATION. In.
Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program. Quarterly
Summary Report. Atomic Energy Commission, New York,
Health and Safety Lab., Rept. HASL 249, p. 1-46 - 1-61, April
1, 1972. 4 refs. NTIS: HASL-249
Daily variation in lead air concentration was measured over a
one-year period to establish any trends in the lead concentra-
tion with time, weather conditions (wind and rain), and
seasonal effects. The air sampling system, on the roof of a
building, about 120 ft above the street, automatically collected
seven 24-hour samples on polystyrene filters. The concentra-
tions were higher on week days than weekends, probably due
to vehicular activity. There was no significant correlation
between lead air concentrations and meteorological conditions
such as wind and rain. The average monthly values were
lowest during the winter months.
42367
Fujiwara, Masahiro
THE STATE OF AK POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS
AND ITS REGULATION. (Jukinzoku ni yoru taiki osen no jit-
tai to sono kisei). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollu-
tion Control), 8(6):510-522, June 1972. 24 refs.
The highest, average, and lowest daily concentrations of metal
pollutants in the air, measured in 1970 twice a month at 11
major cities in Japan, are tabulated. The average concentra-
tions of cadmium ranges from 0.002 to 0.030 micrograms/cu m,
lead 0.06 to 1.46 micrograms/cu m, zinc 0.3 to 2.0
micrograns/cu m, cobalt 0.00 to 0.00 micrograms/cu m, copper
0.04 to 0.51 micrograms/cu m, iron 0.7 to 15.5 micrograms/cu
m, manganese 0.02 to 0.43 micrograms/cu m, nickel 0.019 to
0.149 micrograms/cu m, tin 0.0 to 0.1 micrograms/cu m. and
vanadium 0.014 to 0.269 micrograms/cu m. The measurement
results at many special areas of several major cities are also
shown. In the air pollution control regulations, metals, such as
cadmium and lead, are listed as harmful substancrs. The na-
tional standard for cadmium and cadmium compound concen-
-------
192
LEAD AND AER POLLUTION
trations is 1.0 mg/N cu m from all kinds of furnaces and facili-
ties. That for lead and lead compound concentrations ranges
from 10 mg/N cu m to 30 mg/N cu m depending on the
sources.
42742
Volchok, H. L. and B. Krajewski
RADIONUCLIDES AND LEAD IN SURFACE AIR. In: Health
and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program. Quarterly Summary
Report. Appendix. Atomic Energy Commission, New York,
Health and Safety Lab., C-l to C-9, C-97 to C-102, April 1,
1972. 4 refs. NTIS: HASL-249
A surface air sampling program was initiated in January 1963
to study the spatial and temporal distribution of nuclear
weapons debris and lead in the surface air. Initially, sites had
been grouped roughly along the 80th meridian (west); sub-
sequently, a number of other sites were added to investigate
the possible effects of longitude, elevation, and proximity to
coast lines. From late 1965 through March 1969, samplers were
placed on four Atlantic Ocean weather ships to extend the sur-
face air study over the marine environment. The present net-
work extends from about 81 deg north to 90 deg south. For the
routine program approximately 1400 cu m/day ambient air are
drawn through a 20 cm diameter Microsorban filter for the
land stations. At the ocean stations, about 2200 cu m/day of
air are filtered by 20 by 25 cm Microsorban filters. Each sam-
ple is split into equal aliquots, one for gamma counting and
spectrometry and the other for radiochemistry. The gamma ac-
tivity of half of the monthly composites are obtained with an
8-inch by 4-inch sodium iodide crystal. Gamma spectra of the
monthly composites are obtained using a lithium-drifted ger-
manium diode system. Since there were no major weapon test
series from the end of 1962 until May 1966, only the longer-
lived artificially produced radionuclides were present in the fil-
ters collected during this period. In samples collected after
French or Chinese atmospheric weapons tests additional short-
lived nuclides were analyzed. In response to the growing con-
cern over air pollution and in particular to the known hazard
linked to stable lead, analysis for this element was added to
the program. Activity concentrations for the radionuclide,
gross gamma, and stable lead analyses are reported in tabular
form.
42921
THE CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICU-
LATE MATTER IN SELECTED URBAN AND NONURBAN
LOCATIONS. In: Air Pollution Manual. Part I Evaluation.
Detroit, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc., 1960, Chapt. 3,
p. 17-30. 10 refs.
Data on levels of paniculate matter, benzene soluble organic
matter, beta-radioactivity, nitrates, sulfates, iron, and lead
from a large number of urban National Air Sampling Network
stations are presented for 1967 and 1958, as well as similar
data from a smaller number of nonurban stations for 1958. In
each table the following information is listed on a yearly basis:
number of samples collected; minimum, maximum, and
arithmetic mean concentrations; and geometric mean concen-
trations and standard geometric deviations. Using the geomet-
ric mean and standard geometric deviation, a straight line can
be plotted on log probability paper which reconstructs the dis-
tribution of sample data, and from which can be made approx-
imations of concentrations which can be expected to occur
with a specific probability. The primary objective of the Net-
work is to determine trends in pollution levels in a given com-
munity rather than to determine differences between commu-
nities.
43316
Japan Environmental Agency, Tokyo, Bureau of Air Quality
RESULT OF MEASUREMENTS BY NATIONAL AIR POLLU-
TION SAMPLING NETWORK, FISCAL YEAR 1970. (Showa
45 nendo. Kokusetsu Taikiosen sokutei- (NASN) Sokutei kek-
ka). Text in Japanese. 197p., Jan. 1972.
Air pollution measurements are given for the National Air Pol-
lution Monitoring Station in 1970. The amounts of sulfur ox-
ides, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, carbon monoxide, and
hydrocarbons were measured by continuous measurement. The
amounts of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel,
lead, tin, vanadium, and zinc in dust were measured by atomic
absorption spectrometry and luminous spectrometry.
43388
Volchok, H. L. and B. Krajewski
RADIONUCLIDES AND LEAD IN SURFACE AIR. In: Ap-
pendix to Health and Safety Laboratory Fallout Program.
Quarterly Summary Report. March 1, 1972 through June 1,
1972. Atomic Energy Commission, New York, Health and
Safety Lab., p. C-l to C-9, C-102 to C-107, 1972. 4 refs.
A program to study the spatial and temporal distribution of
nuclear weapons debris and lead in the surface air is reviewed.
Sampling sites along with their coordinates and elevations are
listed. Gamma analysis was made of one-half of the monthly
composites using a lithium-drifted germanium diode (GeLi)
system. Concentrations of the nuclides were determined by
computer resolution of the spectra. Radiochemical analysis
was made of the second-half of the monthly composites. Only
the longer-lived artificially produced radionuclides were col-
lected in the filters and emphasis was given to the determina-
tion of manganese(-54), iron(-55), strontium(-89), strontium(-
90), cadmium(-109), cesium(-134), cerium(-141), cerium (-144),
plutonium(-238), plutonium(-239), and zirconium(-95). Stable
lead analysis is reviewed. Quality control and sampling
procedures are described. Data from all three analyses are
given.
43468
Pier son, William R., Wanda Brachaczek, and Joseph T.
Kummer
SEARCH FOR AIRBORNE PARTICULATE DEBRIS FROM
RUBBER TIRES. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem.,
Preprints, 11 (2):236-244, 1971. 13 refs.
Air from the intake and exhaust areas of two motor vehicle
tunnels was drawn through 47 mm cellulose triacetate filters
weighing 50 mg and having 0.2 micron mean pore diameter.
Samples were collected over intervals ranging from a few hr to
a few days. These samples, weighing several mg, were
analyzed for styrene- butadiene rubber, zinc, bromine, and
lead. Analysis for SBR was performed by infrared absorption
spectroscopy. The samples were refluxed in benzene, cen-
trifuged, and the solution in- corporated into a potassium bro-
mide pellet for standard infrared analysis. Zinc was deter-
mined by neutron activation, atomic absorption, and anodic
stripping voltammetry. Bromine was determined by neutron
activation; and lead was determined by atomic absorption and
anodic stripping voltammetry. Intake samples were too small
to obtain their infrared spectra. At most, there are less than
40% as much particulates from tire wear as from exhaust.
Lead ranges from 2 to 10% of the paniculate matter added to
the air during passage through the tunnel. Tire wear conditions
at the two tunnel sites are probably rather mild and more work
will be necessary to justify dismissing tire particulates as a sig-
nificant matter for concern.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
193
43558
Volchok, H. L. and M. T. Kleinman
RADIONUCLIDES AND LEAD IN SURFACE AIR. Atomic
Energy Commission, New York, Health and Safety Lab.
HASL Fallout Program Quarterly Summary Report, Sept. 1,
1971-Dec. 1, 1971, Appendix C, p. C1-C10, C97, C102, 1972. 4
refs.
In 1963, a surface-air sampling program was initiated to study
the spatial and temporal distribution of nuclear weapons debris
and lead in surface air. Monthly composites collected at sta-
tions extending from about 81 deg North to 90 deg South are
analyzed for gamma spectra, radionuclides, and stable lead.
The activity concentrations for gamma analyses conducted in
1963 and for stable lead analyses from 1966 through 1971 are
given. Radionuclides detectable between 1962 and 1966 are
discussed.
43693
Heros, Rene
OPERATION LEAD AND BENZO-3.4-PYRENE. (Operation
Plomb et benzo-3,4 pyrene). Text in French. In: Etudes de
Pollution Atmospherique a Paris et les Departements
Peripheriques en 1970. Prefecture de Police, Paris (France),
Lab. Central, p. VI-3 to VI-4, April 1971.
Results of lead and benzo-3,4-pyrene concentration measure-
ments, performed in Paris in the period from April 14 through
Nov. 20, 1970, are presented. The dust sampling was made by
means of a High Volume Air Sampler placed at a distance of 6
m from a highway. The lead concentrations varied from 0.5 to
8.4 micrograms/cu m. The benzo-3,4-pyrene content in the
dust samples was in a range of 0.3-16.8 nanograms/cu m. No
correlation between lead or benzo-3,4- pyrene concentrations
and traffic density could be secured due to the influence of
meteorological factors.
43962
Ohshino, Akira, Toru Fujii, Kenji Oka, Fujihiko Go, Kaon
Inoue, Keisuke Taguchi, Ken-ichiro Yoshimura, Yoshinari
Kurosaka, Toshihiro Okuno, and Nobuko Akashi
INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE
TUNNEL UNDER YAO AIRPORT. (Jidosha haiki ni yoru taiki
osen ni kansuru kenkyu (1) Chikado ni okeru kuki osen chosa).
Text in Japanese. Osaka-fu Kogai Kanshi Senta Chosa-Shitsu
Kenkyu Hokoku (Proc. Res. Sect. Osaka Environ. Pollution
Control Center), no. 2:55-58, 1971. 6 refs.
The Yao tunnel, 251 m long and 33.4 sq m in cross-sectional
area was investigated for pollution. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, dust, lead, the number of automobiles, and weather
conditions were measured in Nov., 1970 for three days. The
CO was measured by infrared analysis, NOx was collected
with a hand sampler (impinger method) and measured by the
Saltzman method. Dust and Pb were collected by a high
volume air sampler and measured by polarography. Results of
the three days are presented in the tables and graphs. The
results indicate that the weather conditions do not affect the
pollution in the tunnel. Wind does not clear up the automobile
exhausts in the tunnel. The CO concentration was about 15-35
ppm from 8 am to 4 pm. Automobiles passed at a rate of 600
to 1000/hr. The NO concentration is very high and it is about
10 to 15 times higher than the NOx concentration on busy
highways. The dust concentration is 4.48 mg/cu m both in the
morning and afternoon. The lead concentration was 5.47
micrograms/cu m in the morning and 5.73 micrograms/cu m in
the afternoon. It is clear that a ventilation rate of 1200 cu
m/min is not enough for this tunnel.
44059
Osaka Prefectural Government (Japan), Environmental
Pollution Control Center
THE YEAR 1968: INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS BY
SMOKE AND DUST: REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL DETERMINATION. (Showa 43 nendo
Baien-to Eikyo Chosa Kankyo Sokutei Kekka Hokoku-sho).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, 33p., 1968.
The Fuku primary school, Nishiyodogawa ward office and
Kawakita primary school in Osaka City were selected as pol-
luted areas and the Ikeda primary school, Ikeda Health Center
of Osaka Prefecture, Ikeda works of the Daihatsu Industry,
and Ikeda Municipal Hospital were chosen as the control area.
At each measuring spot, suspended smoke and dust was deter-
mined by the British standard method, sulfur dioxide by the
lead dioxide method and automatic measuring equipment, and
floating dust by an automatic high volume air sampler. Also,
quantitative analysis of 3,4-benzopyrene, vanadium, iron,
copper, manganese, and lead in dust were made by means of
fluorescence spectrophotometry, polarography, and atomic ab-
sorption methods. The ratio of suspended dust was the same
as that of the previous year, except for soluble components. In
the determination of SO2 by the Pb02 method, the ratio of the
mean values in both areas was slightly decreased from 5.7 last
year to 4.9 this year, however, it is increased from 2.7 the year
before last. The amount of suspended dust in the polluted area
was 4.3 times as much as that of control area; while 3,4-
benzopyrene was 6.3 times the amount. During the period of
medical inspection in the Fuku primary school, meteorological
conditions were continuously recorded. Both atmospheric tem-
perature and wind velocity were within ordinary range; and
the concentration of air pollution determined during this period
was not unusual.
44063
Tomoto, Nagata, Tetsuhito Komeji, and Kinji Nakano
LEAD AND CO CONCENTRATIONS AT 11 INTERSEC-
TIONS IN TOKYO. (Tonai 11 kosaten ni okeru namari-nodo
to issankatanso-nodo). Text in Japanese. Tokyo to Kagai Ken-
kyusho Nenpo (Annu. Rept. Tokyo Met. Res. Inst. Environ.
Prot.), no. 2:44-61, 1971.
Concentrations of lead and carbon monoxide were measured
during May to Sept. 1970. Measuring stations were at intersec-
tions in Tokyo, and measuring points at each intersection were
the four corners of intersection, the roadside 100 m from the
intersection, and a point 50 m or 100 m away from the road.
The mean concentration of lead at each intersection was
between the levels of 1.4 micrograms/cu m and 4.73 micro-
grams/cu m. At the roadside 100 m from the intersection it
was between 0.3 micrograms/cu m and 4.16 micrograms/cu m.
The main pollution source was lead from automobile exhaust
gases. The relationship between the concentrations of lead and
CO at the road was different from that behind the road. The
relationship between the concentrations of lead and CO was
different depending on each measurement station.
44170
SURVEILLANCE NETWORK RECORDS AIR POLLUTION.
Mod. Power Eng., 66(6):42-43, June 1972.
Under the Clean Air Act, a coordinated national air pollution
surveillance network is being established in Canada. The pur-
pose of the program is to monitor and assess the quality of the
ambient air in the populated regions of Canada on a continu-
ous basis. Data is now being collected in 37 major cities across
Canada, and the aim is to provide continuous monitoring in 48
urban areas by 1974. Information from 237 sampling instru-
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194
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
merits is being gathered by cooperating agencies and for-
warded to the Environment Department for compilation. Mea-
surements new being taken include soiling index, suspended
participates and lead, dustfall and sulfation rate, and sulfur
dioxide. Measurement equipment and procedures are
described.
44234
Severs, Richard K. and Leslie A. Chambers
DIFFERENCES IN METAL AREAL DISTRIBUTION DIS-
PLAYED BY TREND-SURFACE ANALYSIS. Arch Environ.
Health, 25(2):139-145, Aug. 1972. 8 ref
Trend-surface computer maps were prepared to estimate the
areal concentration isopleths of cadmium, copper, magnesium,
manganese, lead, and zinc, suspended particulates, and the as-
sociated benzene- soluble concentrations which occurred on
April 13, 1970. The samples were collected from a 17-station
ambient air surveillance network in Houston and then
analyzed. A comparison of maps indicates important areal dif-
ferences in the distribution of all pollutants. Suggestions are
made as to how these maps could be used for further studies
based on areal data. (Author abstract modified)
44330
Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Japan), Minato Ward Office
THE PRESENT CONDITION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE BY AU-
TOMOBILES. (Jidosha kogai no jittai). 72p., 1972.
The conditions of air pollution and noise caused by automo-
biles were investigated in one particular area of Minato Ward
in Tokyo, on Sept. 17 and 18, 1970, within an area of 300 m
radius. Carbon monoxide was measured at 13 points of the in-
tersection using pumps and mylar bags, and analyzed by non-
dispersion infrared spectrometry. Nitric oxide and nitrogen
dioxide were measured at eight points by gas samplers and the
improved Jacobs method. Hydrocarbons were sampled at the
same 13 locations where CO was measured, and analyzed by
flame ionization detectors. Suspended particulates and lead
were measured from the samples captured by hi-volume sam-
plers; lead was analyzed by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Odor was measured by sensitivity tests at three
points. Noise and traffic amount were also measured.
Questionnaires were sent to the area s inhabitants in order to
investigate their health conditions. The lead content in the in-
habitant s blood samples were taken. The maximum measure-
ments of CO ranged from 5 to 11 ppm at various locations
which averaged out to be 2 to 7 ppm. Hydrocarbon measure-
ments ranged from 0.3 ppm to 3.5 ppm. The NO measurements
averaged at 0.038 ppm, and NO2 ranged from 0.009 to 0.034
ppm. The dust concentration ranged from 83 micrograms/cu m
to 811 micrograms/cu m, and the lead concentration ranged
from 0.6 micrograms/cu m to 4.5 micrograms/cu m. The max-
imum figures of dusts and lead were detected at the same lo-
cation.
44580
Severs, Richard Kei'h
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE HAZARDS TO HUMAN
HEALTH IN HOUSTON, TEXAS. Texas Univ., Houston
School of Public Health, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor, Mich.,
Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1971, 159p. 65 refs.
The suspended participate hazards to human health in
Houston, Texas were assessed after a study of data related to
the following aspects of suspended particulates: a time series,
probability of occurrence at hazardous concentrations, metals
constituent, and reported hazardous conditions. Metal urban
concentrations of copper, zinc, lead, manganese, magnesium,
cadmium, chromium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, vanadium,
potassium, calcium, and sodium were measured. Maps were
utilized to display the geographic distribution of factors of in-
terest. A time-series study of data gathered by the National
Air Surveillance Network was conducted, and trend lines were
calculated by four methods. A five year running mean, semi-
average, linear regression, and polynomial regression methods
all revealed a decline in suspended particulate concentration
during 1953-1968. Criteria were developed for comparison of
the geographic distribution of suspended particulates in dif-
ferent years. The comparative studies employed probability
statistics based on a logarithmical normal transformation of
the data. The study of geographic distributions of the several
metallic components of suspended particulates was based on
several hundred analytical determinations of the metals by
means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. Suspended particu-
lates, sulfur oxides, and cadmium were found in some areas of
Houston in concentrations which have besen associated with
morbidity and mortality in other cities. (Author abstract
modified)
44996
Zhigalovskaya, T. N., V. V. Yegorov, S. G. Malakhov, A. I.
Shilina, and Yu. P. Krasnopevtsev
CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS IN THE AIR OF CERTAIN
REGIONS OF THE USSR. In: American Institute of Crop
Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Technical
Papers from the Leningrad International Symposium on the
Meteorological Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution. Part III. M.
Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 14, Silver Spring, Md., American In-
stitute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 69-77. 10 refs. Translated
from Russian. (Also: Meteorologisheskie Aspekty Zagryaz-
neniya Atmosfery, Glavnoe Upravlenie
Gidrometeorologicheskoy Sluzhby Pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR,
p. 320-329, 1971.) NTIS: PB-209945 Data on the content of
lead, chromium, vanadium, manganese, cadmium, nickel, tin,
molybdenum, copper, and zinc, which are emitted into the at-
mosphere as a result of human activity, are presented. These
microelements were determined in samples of atmospheric
dust collected in different regions of the Soviet Union in 1965-
67. The sampling was carried out at a filter- ventilation instal-
lation of a Petryanov filter with an area of 0.5 sq m. The fil-
ters used during each month were burned down, and the ash
residue was analyzed by means of a spectroscopic method.
The method has a sensitivity of 10 to the minus 8th, to 10 to
the minus 10th g. The relative mean-square error of the
method amounts to 20% of the evaluated content. The values
of total microelement content in the air are presented for some
regions of the USSR during the course of a year. The marked
influence of meteorological factors, especially wind direction
and precipitation, on concentration was noted. The microele-
ment content in the air closely correlates with the annual
course of the monthly precipitation amount, which indicates a
significant washing-out action of precipitation. Lead content in
the atmosphere is considered separately. The highest lead con-
centrations, on the order of 0.16 micrograms/cu m, were
discovered near industrial towns such as Kuibyshev,
Semipalatinsk, and Novosibirsk, in the spring and in the
neighborhood of Magadan in the autumn. Lead content
amounts to less than 0.05 micrograms/ cu mi in the atmosphere
of seaside regions and to 0.05-0.08 micrograms/cu m in
highland regions. The values of dust content and absolute
microelement concentrations in the air for continental and
seaside regions of the USSR and data on the aerosol content
over the ocean at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude of 180
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS 195
degrees in 1966 aie compared with data on the microelement Contemporary technical literature has given consideration to
content in the air of industrial cities and country regions of the complementary sources of polonium(210) (fossil, terrestrial,
U.S.A. and Bulgaria. (Author abstract modified) stratospheric, and artificial). The importance of these various
sources, based on short-time measurements of Po(210), of
4^218 Pb(210), of longlived nuclides, and of products representative
...,T _ . of pollution, carried out in southwest France is discussed.
Marenco, Alain and Jacques Fontan Tropospheric Po-210 is of natural origin and derived essen-
SOURCES OF POLONIUM-210 WITHIN THE TROPO- tially from the decay of the Pb(210) in the atmosphere.
SPHERE. Tellus (Uppsala), 24(l):38-46, 1972. 38 refs. (Author abstract modified)
-------
196
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
00834
C.S. Benson
ICE FOG: LOW TEMPERATURE AIR POLLUTION
(DEFINED WITH FAIRBANKS, ALASKA AS TYPE LOCALI-
TY). Alaska Univ., College, Geophysical Inst. Nov. 1965. 196
pp. CFSTI, DDC: AD 631553
Ice fog crystals are an order of magnitude smaller than
diamond dust, or cirrus cloud crystals, which in turn are an
order of magnitude smaller than common snow crystals (0901,
0.1 and 1 to 5 mm respectively). The differences in size are
shown to result from differences in cooling rates over 5 orders
of magnitude. Most of the ice fog crystals have settling rates
which are slower than the upward velocity of air over the city
center. The upward air movement is caused by convection
cells driven by the 6 C 'heat island' over Fairbanks. This
causes a reduced precipitation rate which permits the density
of ice fog in the city center to be three times greater than that
in the outlying areas. The inversions which occur during cold
spells over Fairbanks begin at ground level and are among the
strongest and most persistent in the world. They are three
times stronger than those in the inversion layer over Los An-
geles. Thus, the low-lying air over Fairbanks stagnates and
becomes effectively decoupled from the atmosphere above,
permitting high concentrations of all pollutants. The com-
bustion of fuel oil, gasoline, and coal provides daily inputs of:
4.1 x 10 to the sixth power kg CO2; 8.6 x 10 to the third power
kg SO2; and 60, 46 and 20 kg of Pb, Br and Cl respectively,
into a lens-like layer of air resting on the surface with a total
volume less than 3 x 10 to the ninth power cubic meter. The
air pollution over Fairbanks during cold spells couldn't be
worse, because the mechanisms for cleaning the air are vir-
tually eliminated while all activities which pollute the air are
increased. (Author abstract modified)
01821
K.G. Blemel
ATMOSPHERIC LEAD CONCENTRATIONS AS A FUNC-
TION OF METEOROLOGY. Arch. Environ. Health 14, (4)
594-603, Apr. 1967. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24,
1965.)
A 1-year study provided data on atmospheric lead concentra-
tions at ground level in Philadelphia. The relationship of
meteorology to atmospheric lead concentration is analyzed to
give the effect of wind speed and direction, precipitation, and
other parameters on the dispersion of air pollutants emitted at
surface level from an area source. (Author abstract)
03841
D. H. Peirson, R. S. Cambray, and G. S. Spicer
LEAD-210 AND POLONIUM-210 IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
Tellus (Uppsala) 18, (2-3) 427-33, 1966.
The concentration of Pb-210 has been measured at several al-
titudes in the atmosphere over the United Kingdom during
1958. The gradient into the lower stratosphere was less steep
than observed by Burton & Stewart (1960) and conformed to
the diffusion models of Jacobi & Andre (1963) for the case of
short washout times, and Machta (1960). The concentrations of
Pb-210 and Po-210 in surface air and Pb-210 in rainwater have
been measured continuously since 1961. The ratio of Po-
210/Pb-210 exhibits a seasonal variation during 1962 and 1963:
this might be attributed to artificial production of Pb-210 dur-
ing the weapon tests of 1961-2. An estimate has been obtained
of the global deposition of Pb-210. (Author summary)
05713
Hosier, C. R.
METEOROLOGICAL EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC CON-
CENTRATIONS OF RADON (RN 222), RAB (PB214), AND
RAC(BI214) NEAR THE GROUND. Monthly Weather Rev.,
94(2):89-99, Feb. 1966.
Atmospheric concentrations of radon were calculated from fil-
tered radon daughter beta activity, obtained from 1-m and 15-
m. elevations at a rural site, and from 1-m. and 91-m. eleva-
tions at a semi-rural site near Washington, D.C. Measurements
were obtained from the sucdessive filtration of air over 20-
min. periods for durations of several hours during various
meteorological conditions. The extent of secular equilibrium
between radon and its daughter products in the atmosphere
near the ground (less than or equal to 15 in.) was determined
from a calculation of the RaC/RaB atom ratio (rho) in air,
derived from the measured rate of decay of the filtered beta
activity. Estimates of an effective residence time (tau) in the
atmosphere of the radon conglomerate, based on either a con-
tinuous or single emission of radon into the air, are presented.
The relationship between rho and tau for various weather con-
ditions is discussed, as well as possible effects of wind, ther-
mal stability, atmospheric scavenging, and precipitation on
measured levels of natural radioactivity. Radon concentrations
measured during an 'air pollution potential' episode and during
fumigation conditions are presented. In general, the response
of measured beta activity in the air to changes in the turbulent
state of the atmosphere near the ground gives evidence of the
feasibility of using naturally occurring radon and radon
daughter products as tracers for determining atmospheric dif-
fusivity. (Author's abstract, modified)
06841
B. J. Steigerwald and D. A. Lynn
AIR IONS AS AN INDEX OF AIR POLLUTION. Preprint.
(1962).
This report details the results of an 18 month investigation of
the effect of air contaminants on atmospheric ions. The rela-
tionships between air contaminants and atmospheric ions were
studied both by the use of field sampling activities and through
controlled laboratory investigations. Results indicate that
urban air contains high concentrations of intermediate and
large ions and low concentrations of small ions compared to
rural atmospheres. The positive large ion concentration was
used to study quantitatively the relationship between air con-
taminants and atmospheric ions. The data were analyzed
statistically using correlation and regression methods. Tern-
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
197
perature, humidity, CO2 and SO2 at ambient concentrations
had no effect on large ions. Large ion concentration correlated
only silghtly with particulate stain concentration, but corre-
lated very strongly with automobile exhausts. It appears that
in complex urban atmospheres the concentration of automobile
exhaust is the dominant factor in the alteration of natural at-
mospheric ion levels. (Authors' abstract)
10215
Drozdova, V. M. and P. F. Svistov
THE CONTENTS OF SOME MICROELEMENTS IN AT-
MOSPHERIC PRECIPITATIONS. ((O soderzhanii nekotorykh
mikroelementov v atmosfernykh osadkakh.)) Text in Russian.
Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), No. 207:92-98, 1968. 12
refs.
Atmospheric precipitations collected in Voeikovo, Vyazovye,
Mudyug, Kashira, Dal'nie, Zelentsy, Sobakino and Kudymkar
during 1964-1965 were analyzed for microelement contents.
The samples were processed by extraction with sodium
diethyldithiocarbamate or kupferon in chloroform. The ex-
tracts containing the microelements were then analyzed spec-
trographically. Other samples were treated with an ion
exchange resin and the concentrates analyzed spectrographi-
cally. All samples contained Si, Cu, and Mn. In many samples
iron was detected. Cadmium was not found; either it was not
present or the methods used were not sensitive enough. Be,
Pb, Al, Ba, and Ti were also determined in some samples.
12777
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOLUME ffl: APPENDICES C THROUGH G. Con-
tract PH 86-65-85, Rept. 993, 114p., June 1969. 130 refs. CF-
STI: PB 184 886
A systems study of the primary copper, lead, and zinc smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economic factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. Various sulfur oxides control methods, in-
cluding scrubbing, absorption, and reduction, are matched
with smelter models to determine optimum control and
production combinations. A precise analysis of the pollution
potential of an individual smelter requires meteorological data
for the specific smelter site. The variables that can be con-
sidered in such a topographical analysis include inversion
frequencies, monthly mean maximum mixing depths, surface
winds, and general airflow conditions. An analysis of the U. S.
markets for zinc, lead, and copper is presented, as well as
markets for sulfur byproducts. A literature review of control
methods for sulfur oxide emissions from primary copper, lead,
and zinc smelters is included.
19058
Schaefer, Vincent J.
THE INADVERTENT MODIFICATION OF THE AT-
MOSPHERE BY AIR POLLUTION. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
50(4):199-206, April 1969. 16 refs.
There has been a noticeable increase in air pollution over and
downwind of the several large metropolitan areas of the
United States. The worst accumulation of particulates occurs
at the top of an inversion which intensifies at night, 1000 to
4000 feet above the ground. These particulates may modify the
weather conditions of the affected area by entraining cloud
droplet nuclei, so that rain does not develop. Over the past
several years, rain and snow storms in some areas have con-
sisted of small precipitation particles. When collected on
plastic sheets, the precipitation consisted of badly polluted
water. Auto exhaust may account for the high concentration of
ice crystals observed downwind of the large cities. When
iodine reacts with the lead in exhaust gases, a nucleating zone
for ice crystal formation is formed. If pollution sources lead to
increased dustiness from ill-used land, more cloud nuclei from
burnish trash, and more ice nuclei from the lead permeated ex-
haust of internal combustion engines, not only will the ad-
vantage of extracting additional water from the sky be lost,
but there may be a drastic change in U. S. climatological pat-
terns.
21182
Assaf, G.
EMANATED PRODUCTS AS A PROBE OF ATMOSPHERIC
TRANSPORT. Tellus (Uppsala), 820-828, 1969. 16 refs.
Atmospheric transport of radon, thoron, and their decay
products is analyzed in the light of the Richardson diffusion
theory, replacing the length scale by a time scale. The mean
operation involved in the usual procedure of parameterization
eddy diffusion must be related to the isotopic mean life, and
its relation, to spectra of atmospheric turbulence. There are
cases where the conventional parameterization of eddy diffu-
sion is inconsistent and contradictory; for example, thoron dis-
tribution generally must be treated by Richardson formalism.
The conventional methods are reasonalbe for interpretation of
radon (222) and Pb (212) Profiles, provided this is done care-
fully. The vertical transport due to the mean wind cannot be
neglected, as sometimes it is a dominant factor. A criterion for
estimating the relative importance of advection and eddy diffu-
sion is derived. Application of this criterion established that, in
the free atmosphere, radon transport is generally dominated by
advection. This result is demonstrated by semi-uniform numer-
ical model. (Author abstract modified)
21796
Francis, Chester W., Gordon Chesters, and Larry A. Haskin
DETERMINATION OF PB(210) MEAN RESIDENCE TIME IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(7):586-589,
July 1970. 9 refs.
Rainwater was filtered through an 0.22-micron Millipore filter
and the resultant dust and filtrate fractions analyzed for polini-
um-210 by alpha-particle counting with a semiconductor detec-
tor. Growth curves for Po-210 and Pb-210 were obtained by
counting several filtered rain samples at different times. Ap-
proximately one-half of the Pb-210 in freshly fallen rain was in
the dust fractions. In contrast, only 2-3% of the Pb-210 in
freshly fallen rain was in dust fractions, suggesting that the
mechanism for its transfer from rain to dust is more com-
plicated than simple adsorption. The Po-210 and Pb-210 in dust
fractions were already in radioactive equilibrium at the time of
the rainfall, indicating that the Pb-210 was not recently
scavenged from the troposphere. The lack of radioactive
equilibrium between Po-210 and Pb-210 in the filtrate fractions
suggested that both components originated in, and were some-
how scavenged from, the atmosphere. Thus only filtrate frac-
tions should be used for estimating the mean residence time of
Pb-210 in the atmosphere..From the filtrate ratios of the two
components, the mean residence time of Pb-210 was estimated
to be 9.6 days, plus or minus :
-------
198
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
22754
Dingle, A. Nelson
RAIN SCAVENGING STUDIES. Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor,
Dept of Meteorology and Oceanography, AEC Contract
AT(11-1)-1407, Office of Research Administration Pro). 06867,
Progress Rept. 6, 97p., Dec. 1969. 13 refs. CFSTI: C 001407-33
The construction and instrument installation of a rain sampling
station in Illinois is described. The measurement data obtained
are sparse, and opportunity for good tracer experiments (using
indium flares) did not develop, because of a severely dry
season. Those data that were obtained are presented in terms
of tables, graphs, and weather maps. Analyses were made for
radioactivity, pollen, lead, oxygen-18, deuterium, and trace
metals. Objectives of the program are not specified. Laborato-
ry work has progressed in the improvement of the neutron ac-
tivation analysis procedure, including measurement of beta-
radiation. Measurements of the particle size distribution of the
flare-generated indium tracer yield a bimodal curve which is
not clearly understood and calls for further experiments.
Calibration of the drop-size spectrometer is described; im-
proved means of producing uniform small drops are needed.
(Author abstract modified)
22959
Ter Haar, G. L., R. B. Holtzman, and H. F. Lucus, Jr.
LEAD AND LEAD-210 IN RAINWATER. Nature, vol.
216:353-355, Oct. 28, 1967. 16 refs.
Knowing the mean residence time of the lead aerosol in the at-
mosphere is important, because for any given set of
meteorological conditions and fixed rate of injection, the at-
mospheric concentration will be an inverse function of the re-
sidence time. Lead-210 has a half-life of 21.4 yr and would be
an ideal tracer for stable lead if lead and lead-210 were acted
on by the same forces. To evaluate their relationship in the at-
mosphere, samples of rainwater were collected, filtered, and
analyzed by a spectrophotometric dithizone method. The rain-
water was collected in a semi-rural area 25 miles west of
Chicago and in an area of farms 125 miles north-east of the
Argonne site. Lead- 210 was determined from the beta count
rate of its bismuth-210 daughter. Concentrations of the stable
lead and lead-210 and the amount and type of rainfall in the
various samples of rainwater from the two sites are presented
tabularly. A shower had lower concentrations than a slow,
even rainfall; thunder showers usually had lower concentra-
tions, but they could also be very high. One rainfall with high
values was preceded by a thermal inversion for the 7 days
prior to precipitation, that the preceding weather may affect
lead concentrations. A brief study near Argonne showed that
the soil contained about 20 micrograms of lead and 1.5% of
lead-210 per g of dry material. From these data and from the
correlation between lead and lead-210 established in this study,
a mean residence time for stable lead of about 1 month is in-
dicated. It appears that the radioactive isotope is an adequate
tracer for estimate of the residence time of stable lead only in
rainwater or perhaps in air from higher altitudes, not above
the ground.
23743
Atkins, Patrick R.
LEAD PARTICIPATE MATTER IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association, New York City,
20p., 1969. 15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation Annual Meeting, 62nd, New York, June 22-26, 1969,
Paper 69-61.)
The American Industrial Hygiene Association recently recom-
mended a tentative Air Quality Value for lead of 10 micro-
grams/cu m of air averaged over thirty days. The increasing
volume of high speed, high-density traffic in urban and subur-
ban expressways produces large quantities of lead paniculate
matter in populated areas; but certain atmospheric cleansing
processes appear to be capable of reducing the airborne lead
concentrations below the recommended limits in most cases.
The effectiveness of dispersion, sedimentation, and raindrop
scavenging was observed by determining the lead content of
air, dry fallout, and rainfall samples at three sites in a subur-
ban community served by one major expressway. The results
suggest that sedimentation and raindrop scavenging may
remove large quantities of lead paniculate matter. Dry fallout
levels of one milligram of lead per square foot per week were
common near the expressway, and lead concentrations in ex-
cess of 0.2 mg/1 were observed in rainfall. These values were
considerably reduced at the sites located several miles from
the heavy traffic. Since the lead pollutants re believed to be
exhausted from automobiles in the form of submicronic inor-
ganic particles too small to be affected by sedimentation and
scavenging, some growth process must occur. Nucleation and
droplet growth may occur on the lead particles in the exhaust
stream, producing aerosol particles which may coalesce
rapidly or impact on the larger dust and combustion product
particles present in areas of heavy traffic. (Author abstract
modified)
24109
Benson, Carl S.
ICE FOG. LOW TEMPERATURE AIR POLLUTION. Army
Cold Regions Researc and Engineering Lab., Hanover, N. H.,
Grants DA-ENG-11-190-61-G3, DA-ENG-27-021-62-G5, and
DA-AMC-27-021-64-G8, RR 121, 118p., June 1970. 196 refs.
NTIS, DDC: AD 708544
Stable pressure systems over interior Alaska sometimes
produce prolonged, extreme (below -40 C) cold spells at the
surface. The rate of radiative cooling of the air is enhanced by
suspended ice crystals which are themselves a result of the ini-
tial cooling. Radiation fogs formed during the onset of cold
spells are generally of short duration. The polluted air over
Fairbanks allows droplets to begin freezing at the relatively
high temperature of -35 C. Between -35 and -40 C the amount
of water vapor condensed by freezing of super-cooled water
droplets is 3 to 5 times greater than the amount condensed by
1 C of cooling at these temperatures. This results in rapid and
widespread formation of ice fog which persists in the Fair-
banks area as long as the cold spell lasts. The persistence of
Fairbanks ice fog depends on a continual source of moisture
from human activities within the fog. Most of the ice fog
crystals have settling rates which are slower than the upward
velocity of air over the city center. The upward air movement
is caused by convection cells driven by the 6 C 'heat island'
over Fairbanks. This causes a reduced precipitation rate which
permits the density of ice fog in the city center to be three
times greater than that in the outlying areas. The inversions
which occur during cold spells over Fairbanks begin at ground
level and are among the strongest and most persistent in the
world. Thus, the low-lying air over Fairbanks stagnates and
becomes effectively decoupled from the atmosphere above,
permitting high concentrations of all pollutants. The com-
bustion of fuel oil, gasoline, and coal provides daily inputs of
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, bromine, and chlorine
into a lens-like layer of air resting on the surface. The air pol-
lution over Fairbanks during cold spells is further worsened,
because the mechanisms for cleaning the air are virtually
eliminated while all activities which pollute the air are in-
creased. (Author abstract modified)
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
199
24166
Bakulin, V. N., E. E. Senko, B. G. Starikov, and V. A.
Trufakin
INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT EXCHANGE AND
WASH-OUT BY MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL RADIOAC-
TIVITY IN SURFACE AIR. J. Geophys. Res., 75(18):3669-
3674, June 20, 1970. 10 refs.
Based on a comparison of methods of measuring the degree of
disequilibrium between the short-lived decay products of
radon Ra(222), an unproved and simplified method is proposed
for general use. In accordance with theoretical considerations,
the existence of a linear dependence between Po218
(RaA)/Pb214 (RaB) and RaB/Bi21 (RaC) concentration ratios
in the atmosphere is established, permitting determination of
the atmospheric concentrations of Rn, RA, RaB, and RaC
from two points on the radioactivity decay curve for aerosol
samples collected on a filter. As a rule, two maximums in the
diurnal variation of disequilibrium between radon and its
daughter products have been observed. From the differences
in this variation at altitudes of 1, 11, and 20 m, an attempt is
made to explain the mechanism of convective and dynamic
components of turbulent exchange near the ground. From the
diurnal variations of radon and thoron concentrations at 1 and
5 m and their short-lived decay products at 1, 11, and 20 m,
the diurnal change in the turbulent diffusion coefficient in the
surface layer is computed and compared with that from
meteorologica parameters. The velocity of washout of the
troposphere is estimated from Ra/Pb210(RaD) concentration
ratio variations averaged for one-day intervals. (Author ab-
stract modified)
24549
Vette, J. I.
LOW-ENERGY GAMMA RAYS PRODUCED IN AIR AND IN
LEAD BY COSMIC RAYS. J. Geophys. Res., 67(5):1731-1739,
May 1962. 22 refs.
Measurements were made of gamma rays produced in lead and
in air within the energy range 25-1060 at 40.5 deg N geomag-
netic latitude up to altitudes of 5.4 g/sq cm by means of bal-
loon-borne scintillation counters. Gamma rays of atmospheric
origin exhibit a transition curve that peaks at 70 g/sq cm and is
similar to transition curves measured with other omni-
directional detectors. A flux of 17.3 photons/sq cm/sec is ob-
tained at the peak of the transition curve; extrapolation to the
top of the atmosphere gives an albedo of 5.7 photons/sq
cm/sec. The spectra of the photons produced in lead and in air
are very similar, and the production per gram of lead is about
2.7 times that per gram of air. The power contained in gamma
rays up to 1 Mev is estimated to be 7% of the incoming power
from primary cosmic rays. Because of this large intensity, the
origin of the photons is difficult to explain in terms of the
nucleonic component but is compatible with an explanation
based on an electromagnetic origin. (Author abstract)
24570
Bryson, Reid A.
INADVERTENT CLIMATIC MODIFICATION. Preprint,
Wisconsin Univ., Madison, Dept. of Meteorology, 16p., Sept.
27, 1966. 15 refs. (Also: IS MAN CHANGING THE CLI-
MATE OF THE EARTH. Saturday Rev., April 1, 1967.)
In creating an urban environment, man has created an urban
climate which is distinctly different than the climate in rural
areas. As much as 50-60% of city area may be waterproofed,
and any dust which gets on the surface may be stirred up. In
heavily industrialized uncontrolled areas, there may be 10,000
times as many dust particles in the air. This dust load provides
condensation nuclei for the formation of fog, and contains
such compounds as sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, ozone,
ozonated hydrocarbons, and lead. It also contains 10 times as
many microorganisms as the open countryside. In a city there
is up to 30% less sunlight than in the open countryside and
90% less ultraviolet light. Rain is more frequent and nights are
wanner in cities. Over every square mile of northwestern In-
dia, there are about 5 1/2 tons of finely divided dust
suspended in the air. This dust changes the radiative colling
and sinking of the air, explaining the desert-like situation of
the area.
27116
Besner, David and Patrick R. Atkins
THE DISPERSION OF LEAD AND CARBON MONOXIDE
FROM A HEAVDLY-TRAVELLED EXPRESSWAY. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 21p., 1970. 7
refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, An-
nual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970 Paper 70-
12.)
If the atmospheric concentrations of one exhaust constituent
could be estimated by use of the dispersion models available,
then the concentrations of the other exhaust pollutants might
be traced by correlation after taking into account their at-
mospheric interaction such as chemical reaction, rainout, and
sedimentation. High-volume air samplers were used in con-
junction with Whatman No. 41 filter paper to collect the at-
mospheric lead particulates, while a Beckman non-dispersive
infrared analyzer was employed to obtain a series of carbon
monoxide concentrations simultaneously with the lead data.
Wind direction and velocity were also determined. The sam-
plers were placed at various heights from the ground extending
westwardly from a highway. Carbon monoxide and lead par-
ticulate concentration were found to be highly correlated,
although the correlation was strongly dependent on sampling
location with respect to traffic. The ratio of CO concentration
to lead increased with increasing distance from traffic.
Although the dispersion models commonly in use could be
used to estimate ground level pollutant concentration for short
distances downwind of a highway, a significant removal
process for atmospheric lead near the highway was indicated.
Lead samples taken at heights of thirty and sixty feet above
ground level indicate that traffic-induced turbulence creates a
pollutant cloud of significant vertical dimensions at the
highway. The result is that most models presently in use would
underestimate the concentrations of exhaust pollutants found
at elevated receptors a short distance downwind of the source.
Since there is no known or suspected 'sink' for CO over the
short distances considered, it would be more practical to use
CO as a tracer rather than lead. (Author abstract modified)
28586
Winchester, John W. and Robert A. Duce
THE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF IODINE, BROMINE,
AND CHLORINE IN MARINE AEROSOLS. Naturwis-
senschaften (Berlin), 54(5): 110-113, March 1967. 7 refs.
Atmospheric samples were analyzed for iodine, bromine, and
chlorine by neutron activation analysis. Aerosols of marine
origin, derived from sea spray, contained halogens in relative
proportions different from sea water. Data from Hawaii and
northern Alaska indicated fractionation of the elements both
during transfer across the sea-air interface and by chemical
reactions in the atmosphere. The ratio Br/Cl is usually several-
fold greater in aerosols over land than in sea water; over open
sea water, it is less. The ratio I/Br exhibits a greater degree of
constancy than does I/C1 or Br/Cl, suggesting a long residence
-------
200
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
time and a coherence of I and Br in their movement as par-
ticulate material in the atmosphere. However, a singularly ef-
fective sea-air transfer mechanism for iodine is indicated by its
generaly high atmospheric concentration compared to sea
water. Bromine of pollution origin and associated with lead
was observed in aerosols from Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Chlorine and iodine concentrations in Cambridge are similar to
the Hawaii values and provide a basis for resolving excess pol-
lution bromine from the natural marine component. The ratio
(excess Br)/Pb in aerosols appears to be correlated directly
with the haziness of the air. (Author summary modified)
28799
Machta, L., R. J. List, M. E. Smith, Jr., and H. Oeschger
USE OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITIES TO ESTIMATE
LARGE-SCALE PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING. Battelle
Memorial Inst., Richland., Wash., Pacific Northwest Lab. and
Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C., Fallout Stu-
dies Branch, Precipitation Scavenging Proc. Symp, Richland,
Wash., 1970, p. 465-474. 22 refs. (June 2-4.)
Beryllium-7 and argon-37 are naturally occurring cosmogenic
radionuclides with similar half-lives. Relative productions as a
function of altitude and latitude are identical. Beryllium-7 is
subject to precipitation scavenging; argon-37, a noble gas, is
not. A one-dimensional vertical diffusion model produces sur-
face-air concentrations to fit the few surface-air Ar(37) mea-
surements. Scavenging is added to the diffusion model to com-
pare predictions with the observed Be(7) vertical profile. The
diffusion-scavenging model can also be tested against the dis-
tribution of lead (210) resulting from the decay of radon gas
emitted from the earth's surface. The technique promises to
provide useful information on large-scale precipitation
scavenging.
29445
Roberts, Walter Orr
INADVERTENT WEATHER MODIFICATION. In: A Century
of Weather Progress. American Meteorological Society, 1970,
p. 165-170. 25 refs.
Natural climate changes have occurred on all geographic
scales and at all time intervals. But man may cause the
greatest intervention and inadvertent weather modification
might become a hugh problem. The development of
megalopolises will alter the Earth s albedo, the surface
roughness, add heat to the atmosphere, and add dust and other
participates. Although there is little data on such effects, the
data which has been obtained is quite striking. For example,
an increase of 57% turbidity was found over Washington, D.
C. between 1905 and 1964, and an 88% increase was found in
Davos, Switzerland between 1920 and 1958. Urban effects in-
clude an increase in heat near cities, changes in inversion sta-
bility, and fog formation over a wide region. Energy produc-
tion leads to heat dumping which by 2000 A.D. will reach 0.2%
of the solar radiation absorbed by the Earth. Carbon dioxide
has also increased by 0.2% per year; it may increase world
temperatures through an increased greenhouse effect which
results from its infrared opacity Mathematical models are
being developed to study this effect. Paniculate contamination
may decrease precipitation. The city of La Porte, Indiana was
found to be effected by upwind industrial pollution. A rainfall
increase of 30% has occurred along with a 200% increase in
hailstorms. And other studies show a relationship between
freezing nuclei and weather changes. Lead compounds
produced by the combustion of leaded gasoline, smoke from
wood burning, and other pollutants can cause ice nuclei. Also,
subsonic jet aircraft can cause suddenly-forming cirrus clouds.
A Global Atmospheric Research Program has been established
to assess the prospects for large-scale weather modification.
29688
Fuquay, J. J.
SCAVENGING IN PERSPECTIVE. Battelle Memorial Inst.,
Richland, Wash., Pacific Northwest Lab. and Atomic Energy
Commission, Washington, D. C., Fallout Studies Branch,
Precipitation Scavenging Proc. Symp., Richland, Wash., 1970,
p. 1-5. 15 refs. (June 2-4.)
Studies of precipitation scavenging are briefly reviewed in
terms of three major divisions: delivery or transport of the
material to the scavenging site; in-cloud scavenging by the
cloud elements and precipitation, usually called rainout and
snowout; and below-cloud scavenging by the precipitation,
usually called washout. These earlier investigations included
calculations of washout coefficients for various rainfall rates
and cloud droplet sizes; the role of snow was an effective
scavenger for at least large participates; depending on crystal
type, shape, fall speed, and electrical charge; and predictions
of the scavenging of gases on the basis of molecular diffusion
to the drop or droplet in accordance with the vapor pressures
and solubilities of the free and collected gases. Scavenging of
material from the air by hydrometeors of all types is of par-
ticular interest because this represents perhaps the most sig-
nificant natural mechanism for cleansing the air. However,
cleansing of the air results in deposition of the pollutants on or
in people, animals, vegetation, land, water, and structures.
The impact of deposition processes on the biosphere poses a
host of new formidable problems. The biological activity of
several metals such as lead are causing increasing concern
over the allowable concentration limits in drinking water.
29699
Selezneva, Ye. S., B. I. Styro, V. G. Khorguani, and A. Kh.
Khrgian
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSATION
NUCLEI AND ICE-FORMING NUCLEI. Izv. Akad. Nauk.
SSSR, Ser. Fiz. Atmosfery i Okeana, t>(3):183-185, March
1970.
The 7th International Conference on Condensation Nuclei and
Ice-forming Nuclei was held on the 18th-24th of September in
Prague and Vienna. Several papers were devoted to the physi-
cal problem of the creation of nuclei, including their
photochemical formation under the influence of ultraviolet
radiation. A direct correlation was established between the
amount of sulfur dioxide in the air and the concentration of
nuclei. One paper was presented on the photochemical forma-
tion of crystallization nuclei from the lead oxide of automobile
exhausts. The oxides of nitrogen were responsible for the ox-
idation of lead in the atmosphere. Others examined the ther-
modynamic conditions of vapor condensation on a mixed con-
densation nucleus in which its insoluble part was not
completely wetted by the electrolyte incorporated in the
nucleus. The hypothesis was developed that the cooling of
nuclei to low temperatures at a humidity less than saturation
humidity made them subsequently more active. A paper was
presented on heat-mass transfer in the formation of a cloud
and on the role of boundary conditions. Additional results
from other studies are mentioned.
29910
Konovalov, G. S. and T. Kh. Kolesnikova
TRACE ELEMENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION
AROUND THE OTKAZNOE RESERVOIR. (Mikroelementy v
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
201
atmosfernykh osakdakh rayona Otkaznenskogo vodok-
hranilishcha). Text in Russian. Gidrokhim. Materialy, vol.
49:74-79, 1969. 15 refs.
The amounts of 17 trace elements introduced into Otkaznoe
water reservoir with atmospheric precipitation were analyzed
in a one year study. Boron, fluorine, bromine, and iodine in
atmospheric precipitation were determined by chemical analy-
sis; those of vanadium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper,
molybdenum, silver, tin, lead, iron, aluminum, bismuth, and
titanium were determined spectroscopically. The elements Co,
Mo, Ag, Sn, Pb, and Bi were not found in atmospheric
precipitation. The content of other elements was higher in
comparison with other areas. This is explained as depending
on the character of climatic conditions of the area, i.e., dry
and windy climate and poor coverage by plants, which cause
increased dustiness of the atmosphere.
29946
Marty, A.-M., M.-L. Huertas, J. Fontan, and J. C. Couturaud
THE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF ATOMIC SIZED
PARTICLES IN THE AIR. (Etude de 1 evolution dans 1 air de
particules de dimensions atomiques). Text in French. J. Rech.
Atmospheriques, 4(4):205- 210, Oct.-Dec. 1970. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Congres de 1 Association Francaise pour 1
Avancement des Sciences, 89th, Brest, France, July 6-11,
1970.)
The evolution of neutral metallic ultra-fine particles in air was
studied by measuring their diffusion coefficients. The actinium
boron(211 lead 82) neutral particles seemed to reach a limited
size in air as ions; their evolution was slower than that of
ionized particles. Ultraviolet irradiation increased the particles
size.
30073
Kobayashi, Yoshitaka, Masahiro Hiro, and Fujikawa Takeshi
ON PLUMBIC POLLUTION OF MUNICIPAL AT-
MOSPHERE-BEHAVIORS OF PLUMBIC COMPOUND AS
AEROSOL. (Toshitaiki no namari osen ni tsuit — earozol to
shiteno namari kagobutsu no kyodo). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Safety Engineering Research Group (Japan), 6p.,
1970. (Presented at the Safety Engineering Society, 3rd
Research Presentation Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 9-10,
1970, Paper 19.)
A study was made to clarify the behavior of lead participates
discharged into the atmosphere from automobile engines, par-
ticularly then: diffusion and precipitation. The measurements
were made at several spots along, and some distance away,
from a main street with automobile traffic of 40,000 cars per
day. The lead density at a spot along the side of the street
(one m above ground level) was highly correlated with the
magnitude of the automobile traffic, as were the densities of
carbon monoxide and suspended dust. Measured for two-hour
durations, the lead density was two to five microgram/cu m
(daily average, 2.9 microgram/cu m on a day of comparatively
low diffusion and 0.9-3 microgram/cu m (daily average, two
microgram/cu m) on a day of higher diffusion. The horizontal
distribution of the lead density indicated that the density
decreased by one half at a point 5-10 m away from the side of
the street, then remained practically constant over increasing
distance. The density showed a vertical decrease right above
the street while it was practically the same value in a vertical
direction at a spot 100 m away from the street. The grain size
distribution for the latter spot also indicated that lead particu-
lates of smaller sizes were prevalent. This indicated that com-
paratively larger participates precipitate mostly within a radius
of some tens of meters from the source, as they travel with
wind and density diffusion. Once diffused, the lead particulate
forms a comparatively stable aerosol. This is made clear by
the fact that while density measured at a spot 20 m from the
ground and 100 m away from the street was 0.1%, in the
suspended dust above the same spot it was 0.5%. The average
density at the 100 m distance on a windy day (average wind
velocity 5 m/sec or higher) was 0.50 microgram/cu m or two-
thirds of the value obtained on non-windy days, which dif-
fered from the low CO density on windy days. A portion of
the lead particulate first rises in the atmosphere and then
gradually precipitates by gravity, thus keeping the density near
the ground surface somewhat constant. Another measurement
of the density indicates that rainfall is not as effective in
reducing lead density in the atmosphere as it is for water-solu-
ble sulfur dioxide.
30676
Patterson, Clair C.
LEAD IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Conn. Med., 35(6):347-352,
June 1971. 9 refs. 30863 Robinson, Elmer EFFECT ON THE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE. In: Air
Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 11, p. 349-400. 47 refs.
The presence of air pollutants can affect the observed proper-
ties of the atmosphere in a number of different ways, but the
deterioration of visibility is probably the first indication of air
pollution of which a citizen becomes aware. Urban air pollu-
tants also significantly alter the concentrations of condensation
nuclei, as shown by the pattern of atmospheric electricity mea-
surements over wide areas far removed from urban centers.
The effects of air pollution on visibility are considered, includ-
ing observational problems and meteorological factors, and in-
version height, wind speed, hygroscopic particles, humidity,
and air quality standards are noted. Mathematical concepts of
visibility are cited. Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering, absorp-
tion factors, and color effects due to atmospheric nitrogen
dioxide concentrations are included. Visibility can be calcu-
lated from the extinction coefficient. If the assumption is
made that the particulate material in the atmosphere is of
uniform size and that scattering alone accounts for the extinc-
tion, then the concentration of particulate material coinciding
with a given visibility can be determined. To calculate the
opacity of a typical metallurgical fume from light scattering
data, it is necessary to calculate the number of particles in
each size interval per unit of gas volume. Plume opacity calcu-
lations for open burning, calculation of plume opacity control
limits, and smoke plume absorption measurements using laser
techniques are also described. Effects of air pollution on fog,
clouds, precipitation, and urban radiation conditions are
reviewed. Urban turbidity applications and visibility observa-
tions for urban air pollution studies are considered. Possible
changes in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, lead
aerosols, fine particle concentrations, and trace gas concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide are also
discussed.
31852
Nathans, Marcel W. and Gordon J. Stopps
GLOBAL EFFECTS OF LEAD CONTAINING POLLUTANTS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 31p.,
1971. 20 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July
2, 1971, Paper 71-116.)
The magnitude of the lead contamination of the earth s surface
caused by lead-containing particulars introduced into the at-
-------
202
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
mosphere was estimated. The tops and bottoms of a number
of 3sft long soil cores from Norway, India, and Peru were
analyzed by mass spectrometry for total lead and lead isotopic
composition. With the exception of, the cores from Norway,
the surface layers had the same or a lower lead concentration
than the deep layers, indicating that the global effects of lead
pollution were not measurable in soils within the composition
variability of the lead concentration in the soil and that caused
by experimental error. This conclusion was confirmed by the
isotopic composition data; the isotopic composition of the lead
in the soils appears to be more consistent with that of trace
lead in rocks than with that of lead in ores. Estimates of the
amount of lead emitted by pollution sources and deposited
globally are included. These figures indicate that, as yet, insig-
nificant amounts of lead are added to the surface of the earth
at large distances from the sources. (Author abstract modified)
31895
Colacino, M., A. Guerrini, and F. M. Vivona
AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE. (Inquinamento atmosfer-
ico e clima). Text in Italian. Geofis Meteorol., 19(5-6):139-142,
Sept.-Dec. 1970. 10 refs.
According to a review of the literature, air pollutants modify
not only the chemical composition of the atmosphere, but also
its thermodynamic equilibrium. High levels of solid particulate
matter in the air result in an increase of local temperature, ap-
pearance of artificial condensation nuclei, and subsequent
changes in the degree and nature of precipitation. The present
trend towards increased solid particulate levels in the urban air
is best illustrated by the increased urban levels of aerosols
(originated by the combustion of gasoline in automobiles) over
those above the sea or in the mountains. Furthermore, as com-
pared to 1967, the level of lead in the air of some American ci-
ties has increased by 50%. Carbon dioxide levels also affect
climate. It has been estimated that if the levels of carbon diox-
ide continue to increase at the present rate, the average daily
temperature of the earth in the year 2000 should increase by
0.8 C with respect to the year 1900. Recent observations have
shown that, as compared to rural areas, the urban environment
shows higher temperatures, cloudiness, precipitation, and
lower relative humidity and sunlight. The high density of
buildings and population, pavement, and heating plants also af-
fect the climate of urban areas.
32155
Corn, Morton
NONVIABLE PARTICLES IN THE AIR. In: Air Pollution.
Arthur C. Stern (ed.), vol. 1, 2nd ed., New York, Academic
Press, 1968, Chapt. 3, p. 47-94. 141 refs.
Dispersion of aerosols such as mists, dusts, and smoke are
described with regard to size, properties, types of gas cleaning
equipment, typical particles, methods for particle size analysis,
terminal gravitational settling, and particle diffusion coeffi-
cient. Common atmospheric dispersoids are smog, clouds, fog,
mist, rain, and haze. A frequency distribution curve can be ob-
tained mathematically for determination of the light scattering
properties of particles. Mathematical models are used to
describe particle size and shape. Particle motion in the at-
mosphere is also discussed including sedimentation, brownian
motion, diffusion, and coagulation. Particles have a size dis-
tribution from .00006 micron to 20 micron. Air also contains
ions formed from solar and cosmic radiation and from radioac-
tive materials present in the atmosphere and ground. They can
be measured by an electrometer. Ion concentration varies with
the seasons and weather. A strong correlation exists between
atmospheric lead concentration (indicative of automobile ex-
haust) and large ion concentration. Particles smaller than 0.1
micron are called Aitken nuclei and can facilitate the conden-
sation of vapor. Larger molecules can also facilitate cloud for-
mation. The complete size distribution of particles can be ob-
tained by combining Aitken Nuclei counts (obtained with a
recording condensation nuclei detector) and larger particle
counts (obtained with an impactor sampler), by sedimentation,
by membrane filters, by electron microscopes, or by other
methods. Particles can be composed of sulfates, sulfuric acid,
lead, or many other substances. Particle size distributions and
concentrations have been measured in many areas. Also, area
surveys have been set up such as the British National Survey
of Air Pollution and the American National Air Sampling Net-
work. Dust fall, suspended particulate matter and the staining
or soiling index are discussed in detail with data for various ci-
ties. Smoke, organic compounds, collection techniques, and
many other aspects are also mentioned.
32158
Atkins, Patrick R. and Paul Kruger
THE NATURAL REMOVAL OF LEAD POLLUTANTS FROM
A SUBURBAN ATMOSPHERE. Stanford Univ., Calif., Dept.
of Civil Engineering, Federal Water Pollution Control Ad-
ministration Training Grant WP-009, Research Fellowship 5F1-
WP-33,4%, TR-98, 220p., Aug. 1968. 75 refs.
The removal of lead from the atmosphere by natural cleansing
processes after being injected into the atmosphere was stu-
died. A field sampling program was conducted in Palo Alto,
Calif, to determine the effectiveness of sedimentation, impac-
tion, rainout, and washout in removing lead contaminants from
the atmosphere. A laboratory study was also conducted simul-
taneously to determine how well specific lead compound
aerosol particles act as nuclei for droplet formation. A
modified thermal-gradient diffusion chamber was used to
produce slightly supersaturated conditions similar to a growing
cloud. The field sampling data indicate that sedimentation is
responsible for a major portion of the lead removal which oc-
curs in the Palo Alto area. More than 90% of the lead pollu-
tants reaching the surface during the one year sampling period
were collected in dry fallout. Approximately one percent of
the total dry fallout collected near a major expressway was
lead. A correlation was found between the lead particulate
matter and total dust fall in the dry fallout samples. The
limited rainfall accounted for five to 10% of the lead removal
at the sampling sites. Lead concentrations in excess of one
mg/1 were found in some rainfall samples, and average concen-
trations of 0.18 and 0.04 mg/1 were observed near the freeway
and at the outskirts of the city, respectively. Sedimentation
and rainfall scavenging are relatively inefficient processed for
the removal of submicronic particles. A growth process must
occur to make the lead particles susceptible to these cleansing
processes. The field data suggest that the formation of water
droplets around the lead particles may account for the rapid
removal of lead pollutants. The nucleation studies show that
lead compound particles may act as nuclei for droplet forma-
tion. The results indicate that the thermodynamic approach
using accepted values of solubility, we liability, and heat and
vapor diffusion, fails to adequately describe the nucleation
process.
33225
Langford, J. C.
PARTICULATE PB, PB (210) and PO (210) IN THE EN-
VIRONMENT. In: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Re-
port for 1970 to the USAEC Division of Biology and
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
203
Medicine. Volume II: Physical Sciences. Part 2. Radiological
Sciences. Battelle Memorial lust., Richland, Wash., Environ-
mental and Life Sciences Div., p. 49, March 1971. NTIS:
BNWL-1551,Part2
Particulate lead, lead (210), and polonium (210) were measured
in a Pacific Ocean depth profile 350 miles west of Newport,
Oregon, and in Atlantic Ocean surface samples collected
between the Bahama Islands and Sierra Leone, Africa. Lead
(210) and Polonium (210) concentrations in the Pacific Ocean
depth profile decreased with depth to 656 m. Stable lead con-
centrations decreased with depth to 1639 m and approached
0.02 microgram/1. The participate stable lead concentration in
the Atlantic Ocean decreased ninefold over 1440 miles, then
slowly decreased by approximately 20% near the African
coast. Polonium (210) and lead (210) concentrations in the At-
lantic Ocean surface water averaged 0.016 and 0.2 dpm/1,
respectively. Since the P:,I':;na Islands. v.iA d-he G-'f Strc —
are physical barriers to the eastward flow of mainland rivers
from the Florida coast, the source of paniculate lead in the
ocean is presumably air pollution.
33873
Langer, Gerhard
PHOTOCHEMICAL GENERATION OF LEAD OXIDE ICE
NUCLEI FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. International
Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, International Commission
of Cloud Physics, Intern. Conf. Condensation Ice Nuclei, 7th,
Prague, Czechoslovakia - Vienna, Austria, 1969, p. 215-219. 13
refs. (Sept. 18-24.)
Measurement of ice nuclei under varying conditions in the
Denver-Boulder atmosphere are described which indicate that
lead oxide, rather than lead iodide, is the active nucleating
agent. Atmospheric ice nuclei were counted with the National
Center for Atmospheric Research Ice Nucleus Counter, the
Bigg-Warner expansion chamber, and the membrane
technique; condensation nuclei were measured with NCAR
Condensation Nucleus Counter. Measurements were taken at
an elevation of 5400 ft, 6150 ft, and in the high mountain val-
ley of Fraser, 50 mi west of Boulder. Counts were also made
with airborne instruments. High counts correlated with light
southerly winds, warm dry days, and a yellow-brown haze
bank extending from Denver toward Boulder along the front
range of the mountains. Active particles formed only in the
upper part of haze or smog layer, explaining the lack of counts
of lower elevations in Boulder. A heavy haze layer with a
sharp dark brownish edge was indicative of high counts. On a
number of occasions high counts were encountered with no
iodine present to activate lead particles in the air. Free lead
may react in some manner to form lead oxide, possibly with
the aid of nitrogen oxides.
35207
Gillette, Dale Alan
A STUDY OF AGING OF LEAD AEROSOLS. Michigan
Univ., Ann Arbor, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ.
Microfilms, Inc., 1970, 195p. 61 refs.
The aging of lead aerosols was studied by determining size dis-
tributions of collected lead aerosols and by performing a nu-
merical simulation experiment. To investigate differences of
lead aerosol size distributions in different source regions
(areas of high automobile traffic), lead aerosols were collec-
tion in one urban area (Chicago) and in cities of 100,000-
200,000 population (Ann Arbor, Michigan and Lincoln,
Nebraska), to investigate the response of the lead size distribu-
tion to different weather conditions, a series of samples was
collected in Ann Arbor for 24-hr sampling periods and the
weather data were recorded. To obtain aged lead aerosols,
samples were taken over Lake Michigan, where no sources of
lead aerosol exist. The ages of the aerosols were assumed to
equal the travel time over the lake before collection. The sam-
ples were collected with cascade impactors and analyzed by
anodic stripping voltametry. A mathematical model was con-
structed as a simulation experiment to separate aerosol aging
effects and to determine aging effects not due to weather
variation. The simulation experiment showed rapid lead coagu-
lation removal for particles with a radius less than 0.04 micron
and gravitational sedimentation removal for particles with a
radius greater than five micron. As determined by both obser-
vational and simulation studies, little change of the lead spec-
trum occurred within a 10-hr period.
35264
Ter Haar, Gary L. and Ruth E. Stephens
THE EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST PARTICU-
LATES ON VISIBILITY. Preprint, California Air Resources
Board, Sacramento, and California State Dept. of Public
Health, 9p., 1971. 13 refs. (Presented at the Conference on
Methods in Air Pollution an Industrial Hygiene Studies, 12th,
Los Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
The effect of automobile exhaust particulates on visibility was
determined using an integrating nephelometer to measure visi-
bility degradation from light scattering. Exhaust was sampled
from leaded and unleaded fuels, on cold and hot cycle runs,
and from automobiles fitted with exhaust emission control
equipment. The effect of time on light scattering was also
determined. The particulates had a mass median diameter of
about 0.2 micron at zero time, increasing to about 0.4 micron
in two and a half hours; maximum light scattering occurred at
about two hours. Individual light scattering due to carbon,
lead, and other exhausted particulates was determined by
regression data analysis. Carbonaceous particulates produced
more than twice the light scatter of lead particulates. (Author
abstract modified)
36038
Sano, Isamu
PRODUCTION OF AEROSOLS. (Enmutai no seisei). Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.,
Tokyo), 9(5):2-ll, Dec. 1971. 23 refs.
Following the classification of aerosols into smokes or mists,
the fundamentals of their production are presented. Dispersion
and the use of homogeneous aerosols in basic studies are
reviewed. The production of lead, iron oxide, sodium sulfate,
and sulfuric acid aerosols is discussed. Their particle size and
distribution, density, toxicity, and chemical reactivity are con-
s' -red. Aerosol generators are described, with particular
n rence to those which have come into recent use for
producing monodisperse aerosols.
36487
Nakazawa, M., S. Wakamatsu, Y. Saiki, S. Kanno, T.
Kashimizu, K. Takamatsu, and Y. Sekiguchi
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS CARBON
MONOXIDE ETC. IN THE URBAN AIR. (Taikichu jukinzoku
no kodobetsu nodo bunpu ni tsuite Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):218, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution
Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The vertical distribution of lead, cadmium, nickel, manganese,
carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide in the polluted and non-
-------
204
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
polluted areas in Kanagawa Prefecture were surveyed. Sam-
ples collected at different altitudes by high-volume air sam-
plers were analyzed by the atomic absorption method. In the
polluted area, the amounts of paniculate matter were 76, 51,
and SO micrograms/cu m at altitudes 350, 500, and 700 m,
respectively. As for heavy metals, the concentrations of Pb
were 0.17, 0.14, and 0.17 micrograms/cu m at 350, 500, and 700
m, respectively. The sulfur dioxide concentration was in the
range of 0.003 - 0.006 ppm, and decreased with the attitude. In
the polluted area, the amounts of particulates were 163, 138,
144, and 107 micrograms/cu m 1.0, 31, 58, and 90 m, respec-
tively. The heavy metal concentration was the highest on the
ground level and decreased with altitude. The Pb concentration
was 0.79 micrograms/cu m at 1.0 m, which decreased to 0.37
micrograms/cu m at 90 m.
36714
Schaefer, Vincent J.
THE INADVERTENT MODIFICATION OF THE AT-
MOSPHERE BY AH* POLLUTION. American Assoc. for the
Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C., Global Eff. En-
viron. Pollut., Symp., Dallas, Tex., 1968, p. 158- 174. 16 refs.
Effects of inadvertent cloud seeding from man-caused particu-
late pollution are discussed, including increased rain, increased
cloud opacity, misty rain and dust-like snow, and particularly
the formation of dense concentrations of ice crystals both
from urban pollution and from dust raised by agricultural ac-
tivities. Laboratory and field data implicating lead particulates
from auto exhaust as a potential source of the ice nuclei above
urban areas, based on the reaction of lead compounds with
iodine to form lead iodide, are reported. Project Air Sample, a
series of eight transcontinental flights made in 1966-68 to col-
lect data on this question, revealed that in practically every in-
stance where polluted air was present, values in potential ice
nuclei (using the iodine reaction) were high (except in certain
areas where auto exhausts could contribute very little if
anything to the sampled air). The possible effects on weather
system dynamics of the presence of high concentrations of
tiny ice crystals in air colder than zero deg C over thousands
of cubic miles are considered.
37953
Jaskulla, N., W. Prietsch, and H. Torge
DISTRIBUTION LAWS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES
IN THE FREE ATMOSPHERE AND IN RESIDENTIAL
AREAS. (Gesetzmaessigkeiten der Verteilung von Kraftfahr-
zeugabgasen in der freien Atmosphaere und in umbauten Rae-
umen). Text in German. Technik (Berlin), 27(l):41-47, Jan.
1972. 21 refs.
A general mathematical analysis reveals that the pollutant con-
centration in the ambient air after the mixing process is in-
fluenced by the parameters of pollutant emission, total
volume, air exchange, and time. With the help of measurement
results concerning the carbon monoxide distribution in the free
atmosphere, the expected emissions caused by the exhaust
gases of automobiles for residential areas can be theoretically
determined. It has been assumed that the distribution of all
pollutants follows linearly the CO distribution. The influence
of the wind velocity and the emission changes with the height
above the ground were taken into consideration. According to
the theoretical considerations, the relationship between emis-
sion and traffic density is directly proportional. Practical mea-
surements of CO, nitrogen dioxide, and hydrocarbons con-
firmed this finding. By including the wind velocity (multiple
regression), a linear correlation between the atmospheric CO
concentration and the traffic density was found. By com-
parison with measured data taken from the literature, the
linear relationship between the CO distribution and the dis-
tribution of other pollutants (hydrocarbons and lead), assumed
for the theoretical considerations, were confirmed.
38118
Fujii, J., T. Hasegawa, and A. Sugimae
TREACE METAL IN SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (VHI).
(Fuyu funjinchu no kinzoku seibun (Daihachiho)). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):216, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Diurnal and hourly variations in the atmospheric lead concen-
tration attributed to auto exhaust were measured in Osaka.
Particulate matter was collected on glass fiber filters using a
high-volume air sampler and determined by emission spec-
troscopy. The results of one month continuous sampling in-
dicated that the diurnal variation at two different locations,
one with heavy traffic and ther other with less traffic, were
similar. This indicates the effect of meteorological conditions
such as wind speed. The plotting of wind speed versus lead
concentration clearly indicates the marked effect of wind
speed, and the gradient of the regression curve is larger when
traffic is heavier. The hourly variations in lead concentration
and wind speed showed similar patterns, which also cor-
responded to the traffic pattern. The vertical distribution of
lead concentration and particle-size distribution are also re-
ported.
38666
Chamberlain, A. C. and S. A. Penkett
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION-PRESENT TRENDS AND FU-
TURE PROBLEMS. Contemp. Phys., 13(2): 179-198, March
1972. 19 refs.
The amount of smoke and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is
considered in relation to the source of these pollutants and the
processes of dispersion or deposition. The amount of SO2 in
the air is much less, in relation to the output from stacks, than
the amount of smoke and this is considered primarily due to
the rapid absorption of SO2 at the ground surface. Measure-
ments of the particle size and chemical form of the atmospher-
ic aerosol, both at Harwell and at Tees-side in Great Britain,
are discussed. Ammonium sulfate constitutes a high proportion
of the soluble fraction. Pollution from motor vehicles is as-
suming more importance, and the influence of pollutants such
as lead, oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbons is discussed.
Recent laboratory work at Harwell has shown that
photochemical oxidation of SO2 may be more important than
has been previously supposed. The effects of atmospheric pol-
lution on visibility, vegetation, and human health are briefly
considered. The human effects of air pollution are
overshadowed by the much greater effect of smoking. An
urban factor in bronchitis and similar diseases has been ob-
served, but it has not been possible to associate this with any
particular constituent of pollution. (Author summary modified)
40157
Stalevich, D. D. and T. S. Uchevatkina
ICE FORMING REAGENT EXPENDITURE CRITERIA IN
GENERATING ARTD7ICIAL PRECIPITATION FROM CON-
VECTIVE CLOUDS. (Normy raskhodov Idoobrazuyushchikh
reagentov pri iskusstvennom vyzyvanii osadkov iz konvektiv-
nykh oblakov). Text in Russian. Tr. Gil. Geofiz. Observ.
(Moscow), no. 262:43-53, 1971. 7 refs.
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
205
Theoretical determinations of optimum ice forming reagent ex-
penditures are described and compared with actual expendi-
tures as applied in experiments. The amount of the precipita-
tion is primarily determined by the reagent expenditure; cloud
size and water content are factors of secondary importance.
The optimum expenditures for three different ice forming re-
agents (silver iodide, lead iodide, and copper sulfide) as a
function of cloud size, water content, and temperature were
determined by conversion from data obtained for a theoretical
reagent with an ice forming activity of 1 trillion particles/g.
Clouds below 2.0 km, above 4.0 km and those overcooled
were not considered. The optimum Agl expenditure was about
1 g for rather super cooled, and about 10 kg for clouds with
temperatures close to the specific threshold. The optimum ex-
penditure for PbI2 lay within a range of 40-100 g, while the op-
timum for copper sulfide for -4 C and temperatures below 8 C
were 1 kg and a maximum of 100 g, respectively. The results
of the theoretical calculations were in good accordance with
experimental data. No precipitation was obtained in experi-
ments where the ratio of the actual to the optimum expendi-
ture was under 0.25, and expenditures far above the optimum
level caused only a slight increase in the amount of the
precipitation. The above results suggest the good applicability
of theoretical optimum values in experiments.
40164
Benin!, Franco, Vincenzo Colamussi, Gianpietro Sivieri, and
Giovanna Cervi
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND AT-
MOSPHERIC DISPERSION OF ALKYL LEAD DURING THE
GASOLINE ETHYLATION AND METHYLATION
PROCEDURES. (Concentrazione ambientale e dispersione at-
mosferica del piombo alchile, durante i procedimenti di
etilazione e metilazione delle benzine). Text in Italian. Arcisp.
S. Anna di Ferrara, 23(4/5):385-400, 1970. 42 refs.
The concentration and dispersion of alkyl lead in petrol ethyla-
tion plants above and around the wagon which discharges
ethyl fluid and in the atmosphere both close to and far from
this plant were examined. A considerable part of organic lead
vapors was absorbed and conveyed by the cooling wares. In
the petrol ethylation process itself, there was little leakage,
and none at all in petrol blends. Vapors with a high concentra-
tion were emitted during the intake of the contents of the
wagons, none above and around them. Tetraethyl lead concen-
trations of up to 14 cu m were formed in the external at-
mosphere when there was heavy humidity, and organic lead
compounds were determined even as far away as 70 m from
the source. On dry sunny days there was no dispersion in the
atmosphere, since the poison quickly disappears; triethyl lead
probably turns into crystalline compounds. (Author summary
modified) V4
42720
Thomas, Robert W. L.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AEROSOL CONTENT
AND ERRORS IN TELEPHOTOMETER EXPERIMENTS.
Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.;
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New
York; Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.;
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York;
Instrument Society of American, New york; National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C.;
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration,
Washington, D. C., 7p., 1971. 8 refs. (Presented at the Joint
Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants, Palo
Alto, Calif., Nov. 8-10, 1971, Paper 71-1062.)
An invariant imbedding theory of multiple scattering
phenomena contributing to errors in telephotometer experi-
ments is presented. The theory indicates that there is a simple
relationship between the magnitudes of the errors introduced
by successive orders of scattering and it is shown that for all
optical thicknesses each order can be represented by a coeffi-
cient which depends on the field of view of the telescope and
the properties of the scattering medium. The verification of
the theory and the derivation of the coefficients has been ac-
complished by a Monte Carlo program. Both monodisperse
and polydisperse systems of Mie scatterers have been treated.
The results demonstrate that for a given optical thickness the
coefficients increase strongly with the mean particle size par-
ticularly for the smaller fields of view. (Author abstract
modified)
44813
General Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
STUDY OF AIR POLLTUION ASPECTS OF ROADWAY
CONFIGURATIONS. (FINAL REPORT). New York City
Dept. of Air Resources Contract 209624, APTD-1146, 196p.,
Sept. 1, 1971. NTIS: PB 211235
The air quality in the immediate vicinity of various urban
roadway configurations in New York City was measured to
determine how the roadway configurations aid or hinder the
diffusion of pollutants emitted by urban traffic and to develop
mathematical relationships between traffic, traffic speed, pol-
lutant concentration, meteorological parameters, and roadway
configuration. Ten urban roadway configurations were evalu-
ated for traffic flow rate; horizontal and vertical carbon
monoxide concentrations; hydrocarbon concentrations; par-
ticulate concentrations; trace metal concentrations of lead,
nickel, copper, iron, cadmium, manganese, chromium, and
zinc, soiling index; and ventilation characteristics with respect
to winds and general atmospheric movements. Complete test
data and results of measurements, site descriptions, measure-
ment techniques, instrumentation, study methodology, and
model developments are examined.
44999
Gavasheli, Sh. G.
STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION AND ATMOSPHERIC
PRECD7ITATION RESULTING FROM ARTIFICIAL MODD7I-
CATION OF CLOUDS. In: American Institute of Cr Ecology
Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Technical Papers
from the Leningrad International Symposium on the
Meteorological Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution. Part III. M.
Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 14, Silver Spring, Md., American In-
stitute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 96-99. Translated from Rus-
sian. (Also: Meteorologisheskie Aspekty Zagryazneniya At-
mosfery, Glavnoe Upravlenie Gidrometeorologicheskoy Sluzh-
by Pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR, p. 345-348, 1971.) NTIS: PB-
209945
The extent to which air and precipitation are polluted after the
introduction of lead iodide into clouds was investigated. Air
and precipitation samples were taken during expeditions in
Georgia, USSR, while conducting artificial modification of
clouds. On the whole, 210 samples of precipitation and 20 air
samples were analyzed for 1964-67. Data analysis shows that
the lead amount in precipitation increases at modification, but
still remains less than the maximum permissible concentration.
The largest mean lead concentration in precipitation was ob-
served in Chotory on June 12, 1966. It amounts to 0.02 mg/1.
As to the air, the lead amount considerably increases at
modifications, sometimes surpassing the maximum permissible
concentration by 30-35 times. On June 13, 1966 in Chotory, the
-------
206
LEAD AND AER POLLUTION
measured lead concentration in the air was equal to 0.024
mg/cu m, and exceeded the maximum permissible concentra-
tion by about 34 times.
45050
Vandenabeele, Willy Joseph
DISTRIBUTION AND RETENTION IN SOILS OF LEAD
AEROSOLS ALONG A LINE SOURCE. Utah State Univ.,
Logan, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann
Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1971, 108p. 105 refs.
The soils used for the lead adsorption studies were collected
along a highway in Utah, and only the fraction that passed the
U. S. Standard Sieve Number 60 was retained for the study.
Atmospheric lead was investigated immediately after leaving
the tail pipe and at a short distance from the road. An atomic
adsorption spectrophotometer was used for the lead analysis.
The major effect of traffic is limited to a narrow zone along
the highway. Lead in unusually high amounts was found in an
alluvial soil at 10 cm depth. Lead in the soil is submitted to a
dual type of reaction, one involving precipitation and another
involving adsorption. Due to two reference materials, calcium
carbonate and bentonite, the two reactions could clearly be
differentiated and identified. While only precipitation can
occur in the presence of CaCo3, adsorption is the only way
for bentonite to remove lead from a solution. The adsorption
process is the most important of the two, though both
processes take place in most soils. Low temperature and the
presence of sodium chloride diminish the retention potential of
soil for lead. The mass median diameter of the lead particles
settling along the highway increased slightly with the age of
the car, while a more important increase resulted from the use
of the car under load. Applying the atmospheric diffusion for-
mula, a close relationship could be found between the experi-
mental data and a theoretical model for neutral conditions, a
windspeed of 1 m/sec and a wind direction fluctuating around
15 deg with the road orientation. Since three variables deter-
mine the shape of the diffusion curve, ari infinite number of
models can be built to represent the sedimentation pattern.
The above one, though, is the one that best obeys the
prevalent atmospheric conditions in Cache Valley.
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207
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
00058
R.S. Tipson
REVIEW OF OXIDATION OF POLYCYCLIC, AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS. National Bureau of Standards, Washing-
ton, D.C., Division of Physical Chemistry.(NBS Rept. 8363.)
(NBS with PHS support.) May 27, 1964. 89pp.
A survey has been made of the literature on the oxidation of
poly cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons. Information has been as-
sembled on (1) the oxidants effective in the oxidation of such
hydrocar- bons, (2) the relative reactivity of the hydrocarbons,
(3) the conditions under which oxidation proceeds, (4) the
chemical mechanisms involved when such oxidations occur,
and (5) the products formed. (Author)
00841
M. Murozumi, T.J. Chow, C. Patterson
CONCENTRATIONS OF COMMON LEAD IN GREENLAND
SNOWS. Rhode Island Univ., Kingston, Graduate School of
Oceanography (From the Symposium on Marine Geochemis-
try, Rhode Island Univ., Publication No. 3-1965). Dec. 7, 1965.
pp. 213-5. CFSTI, DDC: AD 625447
Material balance calculations indicate that the rate of increase
of lead alkyl decomposition aerosols in the atmosphere of the
northern hemisphere should exceed the concentration of lead
in fossil precipitation, or preserved snow. An experiment has
been carried out to test this possibility by collecting snow at
ten-year intervals in Greenland. Lead analyses were performed
for two samples using the isotopic dilution technique, and
siliva concentrations were determined by emission spectrog-
raphy of sodium chloride.
03525
V. G. Matsak
VAPOR PRESSURE AND EVAPORATION OF SUBSTANCES
IN MOVABLE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. 22, (8) 35-41, 1957. DDC:
AD 425608
A description is given of a nomogram for the determination of
saturated vapor pressure and a method of calculating the rate
of evaporation of various chemically pure substances in mov-
ing air. The potential danger of toxic substances may be evalu-
ated and industrial ventilation requirements may be calculated
using this nomogram.
03799
S. Sourirajan, M. A. Accomazzo, and K. Nobe
CATALYSIS STUDIES FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(PART I: CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF N-HEXANE
PRESENT IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS). California Univ.,
Los Angeles, Dept. of Engineering. (Rept. No. 60-13.) Feb.
1960. 44 pp.
The catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons present in low con-
centrations is a possible method of air pollution control.
Results obtained on the catalytic oxidation of n-hexane present
in concentrations of 400-4000 ppm using catalysts containing
V2O5 or CuO in the temperature range 200-560 C are reported.
In all experiments, the oxygen concentration was 3.5-4 times
the stoichiomt ric amount required for complete oxidation.
Alumina was found to be superior to kieselguhr as the catalyst
carrier. n-Hexane present in concentrations of about 1200 ppm
in diluent N2 was oxidized at temperatures above 200 C in the
presence of the V2O5 (10-50%)-alumina catalysts which ex-
hibited their highest effectiveness above 400 C when 65-75%
of the hydrocarbon was oxidized in terms of the total com-
bustibles measured. The CuO (10-50%)-alumina catalysts
proved more effective for the reaction. At temperatures above
380 C, the CuO-A12O3(50:50) catalyst oxidized more than 90%
of n-hexane completely at all concentrations up to 4000 ppm,
and gas space velocities up to 16,000/hr measured at 25 C. The
experimental data on the catalytic oxidation of n-hexane ob-
tained in these studies were found to fit an empirical half-
order reaction rate equation with respect to n-hexane concen-
tration, and the apparent activation energies obtained in the
presence of different catalysts varied in the range 10-21
kcal/mol. Experiments with the exhaust gases from a two-
cylinder engine using leaded gasoline fuel showed that more
than 90% of the combustibles (present in concentration levels
of 400-4000 ppm n-hexane equivalents) in the exhaust gases
were oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of
the CuO-A12O3 (50:50) catalyst at all temperatures above 380
C and at gas space velocities up to about 15,000/hr at 25 C; no
deterioration of the effectiveness of the catalyst was found
even after 100 hrs of actual service with the engine exhaust
gases at temperatures in the range 300-800 C. (Author abstract)
05440
R. Gelius and W. Franke
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
OF ALKYL-LEAD COMPOUNDS. NNZur Kenntnis der Ver-
brennungsprodukte von Alkylbleiverbindungen.)) Brennstoff-
Chem. Essen 47(9) 280-5, Sept. 1966. Ger.
Tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, and tetra-n-propyl lead were burned
in air in the presence of n-n-heptane, isooctane, or benzene.
The combustion products were collected on the surface of a
cooled glass tube, in a glass wool filter, and in an electrofilter.
In order to eliminate the formation of nitrites, the nitrogen in
the air could be replaced by argon. The combustion of the
alkyl lead compounds takes place as follows: the compounds
thermolyze when the combustible mixture approaches the hot
regions of the flame. The result is a smoke of fine PbO parti-
cles. The combustion residues are then almost identical to
those from the alkyl lead mixture. In the third zone, behind
the flame, PbCO3(52-86%), PbO(13-45%), Pb02 (as Pb304, etc.
0.1-3%), and Pb(N02)2 is formed. In internal combustion en-
gines the effectiveness of PbO as an antiknock agent lasts
about 1 millisecond. These experiments suggest that the sur-
faces of the PbO particles may convert to Pb(NO2)2, thereby
rendering the antiknock additive ineffective.
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208
LEAD AND Am POLLUTION
05849
N. A. Renzetti and G. J. Doyle
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE PARTICIPATE IN IR-
RADIATED AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc. 8 (4), 293-6 (Feb. 1959).
The Los Angeles smog is characterized by its several manifes-
tations namely, eye irritation, crop damage, reduced visibility,
and high ozone concentrations. Since automobile exhaust is
the major contributor to the pollution of the Los Angeles at-
mosphere, its relation to all aspects of smog formation is of
prime importance. There have been three studies of the chemi-
cal nature of the paniculate in non-irradiated auto exhaust.
This is believed to be the first report on the nature of
photochemically generated aerosol in auto exhaust. All of the
aerosol collected for the chemical analyses was generated
under similar conditions. The irradiated chamber was first
flushed with pure air and then auto exhaust at 5000 or 7200
ppm by volume was allowed to enter the chamber after
passing through the inlet filter. As soon as steady state con-
centrations were reached, the chamber irradiation lamps were
turned on. The experiments were dynamic in nature with 1-hr
residence time for the mixture in the chamber during which
period the irradiation took place. The aerosol under study was
that generated essentially in a stirred flow reactor. The runs
lasted up to 9 hr in order to collect samples of sufficient size
for the standard microanalytical techniques to be used in the
analyses. Microcombustion technique, microanalytical chemi-
cal techniques and infrared absorption spectrum measurements
are reported. Irradiated auto exhaust appears to be the prin-
cipal source of nitrate, sulfate, lead, and organic compounds
in the paniculate matter of Los Angeles smog. Further, these
findings explain the higher values of nitrate and sulfate found
in Los Angeles and other similar West Coast cities in com-
parison with other cities. Assuming six million gallons of
gasoline are consumed in auto engines per day in Los Angeles,
about one ton per day of non-irradiated paniculate and at least
10 tons per day of photochemically generated paniculate are
present hi a typical smog.
06648
Matsak, V. G.
VAPOR TENSION AND VAPORIZATION OF SUBSTANCES
IN MOVING AIR. Gigiena i Sanit., (8) 35-41, 1958. In:
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, Vol. 8, 1-
9, 1962 CFSTI: 62-11103
The purpose was to place at the disposal of engineers and hy-
gienists working in the field of sanitary technology basic data
regarding vapor tension and rate of vaporization of different
inorganic and organic substances in moving air. Particular
emphasis was placed on substances, and especially toxic sub-
stances, most commonly used in industrial technology. Such
information should allow hygienists to evaluate the potential
danger associated with vaporization of toxic substances in
relation to their physico-chemical and lexicological properties,
and sanitary engineers to apply it in their computation of air
ventilation in general and of quantative determination of the
degree of air charged with vapor of high-molecular substances,
and in correctly distributing incoming and exhaust air, and in
computing other means required for the sanitary improvement
of labor conditions. It is suggested that sanitary engineers use
the nomograms presented especially where a 5% error is per-
missible. More than 85 chemically pure substances are
represented in three nomograms and two tables.
07451
Scharf, P. B., B. B. Goshgarian, H. M. Nelson, and G. L.
Hody
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EXHAUST COMPOSITION
OF SELECTED HELICOPTER ARMAMENT. Air Force
Rocket Propulsion Lab., Edwards AFB, Calif, and Army
Aeromed. Res. Unit, Fort Rucker, Ala., Proj. No. 3AO 2560
1A 819, Task No. 051, Rept. No. AFRPL-TR-67-203 and
USAARU-67-10, 46p., June 1967. 4 refs.
A study of the exhaust composition of rapid fire machine guns
and rockets has been conducted. Methods of analysis were
evaluated and exhaust compositions for the 50 cal and 7.62mm
machine gun and the 2.75' rocket were determined. A rapid
scan infrared spectrophotometer was used for immediate ex-
amination of effluent gases in order to detect reactive species.
The exhaust gases were analyzed at concentrations as high as
1000 times those present in helicopters to minimize the chance
of missing any significant toxic product. A qualitative and
quantitative analysis of gas phase and aerosol components is
given. It may well be that the proportion of carbon monoxide
in the exhaust is so high that permissible exposure times can
be selected on the basis of its concentration alone while still
limiting exposures to all other toxic materials to safe lee vis.
However, significant amounts of nitrogen dioxide, ammonia,
carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, lead and copper were
found.
08207
Sourirajan, S. and Mauro A. Accomazzo
THE APPLICATION OF THE COPPER OXIDE-ALUMINA
CATALYST FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Can. J.
Chem. Eng. (Ottawa), 39(2):83-93, Apri 1961. 8 refs.
The catalytic combustion of 1-hexene present in diluent
nitrogen in the concentrations of 1170 ppm and 3000 ppm by
excess oxygen, has been studied in the presence of CuO-
A1203 (1:1) catalyst in the temperature range 242 deg. to 424
deg. C. and gas space velocity in the range 4000-16,000 hr.-l.
The experimental data on the kinetics of the reaction were
found to fit an empirical half-order law with respect to the 1-
hexene concentration. The presence of water vapor in the
reactants was found to have no effect on the efficiency of the
catalyst at temperatures higher than 400 deg. C. The above
results were similar to those obtained for the catalytic oxida-
tion of n-hexene studied earlier. The possible use of the above
copper oxide-alumina catalyst for the simultaneous removal of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide present in the auto ex-
haust gases has been tested, making use of a 1955 six-cylinder
automobile engine run on leaded gasoline fuel. The hydrocar-
bon and carbon monoxide concentrations encountered in these
studies varied in the range 170 16,000 ppm and 1-7 percent
respectively. It was found that the minimum initial tempera-
ture of the catalyst bed required for the complete removal of
both hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, simultaneously, was
226 deg. C. under no load condition, 342 deg. C. under an en-
gine load of 2.5 hp, 400 deg. C. under an engine load of 5.1 hp
or higher, and 236 deg. C. under deceleration conditions. The
catalyst showed no deterioration in performance even after
100 hours of continuous service in conjunction with the above
auto exhaust gases. Authors abstract
09578
Salooja, K. C.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF LEAD MONOXIDE ON COM-
BUSTION: INTERACTION BETWEEN LEAD MONOXD3E
AND OXYGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS. Com-
bust. Flame, 11(6):511-514, Dec. 1967. 3 refs.
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
209
A better understanding of the mechanism of catalytic action of
lead monoxides on combusion is provided by studies showing
that the lead oxides react with carbonyl and hydroxyl deriva-
tives of hydrocarbons (whose combustion they promote), but
not with ethers and hydrocarbons (whose combustion they in-
hibit). The principal products of reaction of lead monoxides
with acetone, acetaldehyde, methanol, methyl acetate, acetic
acid and acetic anhydride were analysed. The effect of metal-
lic lead on these organic compounds was also studied.
09745
Mieville, Rodney L. and Garbis H. Mequerian
MECHANISM OF SULFUR-ALKYLLEAD ANTAGONISM.
Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Develop., 6(4):253-257, Dec. 1967.
16 refs. 6(4):253-257, Dec. 1967. 16 refs.
Sulfur compounds reduce the antiknock effectiveness of alkyl-
leads by a dual mechanism involving the induced decomposi-
tion of alkylleads by thiyl radicals and the deactivation of ac-
tive PbO by SO2. With a fuel containing either tetraethyllead
or tetramethyllead, octane losses in an engine and reductions
in autoignition temperatures in a tubular reactor were deter-
mined for thiophene, thiophenol, butyl mercaptan, ethyl sul-
fide, ethyl disulfide, and di-tert-butyl polysulfide. The two ef-
fects correlate directly with each other. Autoignition experi-
ments with an unleaded fuel in a tubular reactor coated with
lead oxide showed that reduction in autoignition temperature
was caused by SO2 produced by the oxidation of sulfur com-
pounds. However, rates of SO2 production correlate with oc-
tane losses only for thiophene, ethyl sulfide, and disulfide. Oc-
tane losses caused by mercaptans and the polysulfide are high
relative to their ability to induce decomposition of alkylleads
at lower temperatures. The initiation of the decomposition is
postulated to occur through thiyl radicals in the liquid phase.
Engine results with several fuels containing different sulfur
compounds are consistent with the proposed dual mechanism.
(Authors' abstract)
10599
Smith, B. M., R. L. Walker, and L. E. Stettler
INTERACTION OF AIRBORNE VAPORS WITH PARTICU-
LATES. In: Health Physics Division Annual Progress Report
for Period Ending July 31, 1967, Oak Ridge National Lab.,
Tenn., Contract W-7405-eng-26, p. 299-301, Oct. 1967. ((6))
refs. CFSTI: ONRL^tl68
An experiment was conducted to study the adsorption of gases
onto metal aerosols in the 0.01 to 0.10 micron size range. The
aerosol and test gas were mixed in a chamber and allowed to
interact. Samples of the particles were then taken using filters,
and the gas absorbed on the aerosol was determined quantita-
tively. The gases used were 12 and SO2. Another test method
was to trap aerosol particles between two pieces of filter paper
and then draw the gas through them. Adsorption capacities for
SO2 are presented for the following metals in decreasing
capacity: lead, palladium, magnesium, cadmium, nickel, idium,
silver, gold, tantalum, aluminum, zirconium, copper, tin, iron,
molybdenum, platinum, and tungsten.
11570
Kosmider, S.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAVY METAL POISONING,
ATHEROMATOSIS, AND HEART AND CIRCULATORY DIS-
ORDERS. ((Zusammenhange zwischen Schwennetallvergiftun-
gen und Atheromatose bsw. Herz-und Kreislaufstorungen.))
Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. 14(5):355-360, May 1968. 12
refs.
Experimental lead poisoning in dogs induced electrocardio-
graphic disorders (changes in repolarization) and
histopathological alterations of the heart muscle. The clinical
study of 108 patients with chronic lead toxicity (no details as
to occupation) revealed that vagotonia prevailed mainly in
younger subjects (22 of 60 patients between 18 and 45 years
old) while older individuals (14 of 48 between 46 and 65 years
old) had alterations of the heart muscle. Phonocardiography
revealed that heart murmurs not connected to anemia but to
the injury of the heart muscle. Experimental mercury poison-
ing in dogs was responsible for high levels of cholesterol and
beta-lipoproteins in the serum, as well as for increased mu-
copolysaccharides in the aortic wall.
11582
Selander, Stig, Kim Cramer, Birgitta Borjesson, and Gunilla
Mandorf
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD BY ATOMIC AB-
SORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. Brit. I. Ind. Med.
25(3):209-213, July 1968. 9 refs.
Lead in blood was determined by atomic absorption spec-
tropho tome try, using a wet ashing procedure and a procedure
in which the proteins were precipitated with trichloroacetic
acid. In both methods the lead was extracted into isobutyl-
methylketone before measurement, using ammonium pyr-
rolidine dithiocarbamate as chelator. The simpler precipitation
procedure was shown to give results identical with those ob-
tained with the ashing technique. In addition, blood specimens
were examined by the precipitation method and by spectral
analysis, which method includes wet ashing of the samples,
with good agreement. All analyses were done on blood sam-
ples from 'normal' persons or from lead-exposed workers, and
no additions of inorganic lead were made. The relatively sun-
pie protein precipitation technique gave accurate results and is
suitable for the large-scale control of lead-exposed workers.
13451
Booker, D. V., A. C. Chamberlain, and A. N. B. Scott
UPTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE LEAD FOLLOWING INHALA-
TION AND INJECTION. Brit. J. Radiol., 42(498):457-466,
June 1969. 14 refs.
Experiments have been made with human volunteers to deter-
mine the fate of Pb212 after inhalation. Two subjects inhaled
Pb212 as a submicron aerosol and one also inhaled it as a
vapor. The two subjects also received injections of Pb212 in
saline solution so that the levels in blood following the two
routes of entry could be compared. Measurements of the ac-
tivity in excreta were made by gamma ray spectrometry. The
activity removed from the lung had a half-life of about 10
hours. At 24 hours after inhalation about 3/4 of the paniculate
intially retained in the lung was found in the blood. Removal
from the blood to permanent sites of deposition and by excre-
tion was comparatively slow. When a vapor of Pb212 was in-
haled, however, there was substantial fecal excretion. This is
attributed to Pb212 deposited on the ciliated epithelium of the
upper respiratory tract and subsequently brought up and swal-
lowed. (Authors' abstract modified)
13461
Tikhonova, Z. I. and V. A. Zore
SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE,
COPPER, ALUMINUM, LEAD AND TIN IN CERTAIN
VEGETABLES AND BERRIES. (Spektral'noe opredelenie
margantsa, medi, alyuminiya, svintsa i olova v nekotorykh
ovoshchakh i yagodakh.) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(3):62-64, 1968. (8) refs.
-------
210
LEAD AND AER POLLUTION
A method for the simultaneous quantitative spectroscope
determination of manganese, copper, aluminum, lead, and tin
in vegetables and berries is described. The product was
brought to a constant weight, ashed, and placed in the crater
of a carbon electrode. The sample was compacted and ignited
in an a.c. arc, and its spectrum photographed. The error of the
method was within 6% for copper, lead, and tin, and 10% for
manganese and aluminum. Among the products tested, the
highest manganese concentrations were found in cranberry,
dill, and dog rose. The highest concentrations of copper occur-
rred in black currants, dill and dog rose, and those of alu-
minum in dill, black currants and "blackberry" mountain ash.
Further qualitative spectroscopic determinations were made of
the elements Mn, Pb, Sn, Si, Fe, Al, Tl, Mo, Cu, Co, Zn, Ni,
Cr, Ag, Mg, V, K, Ca, Na, P, and Sr. Every product con-
tained all or nearly all these elements. The findings may be of
help in the estimation of the content of trace elements in food.
13534
Mackiw, V. N.
CURRENT TRENDS IN CHEMICAL METALLURGY. Can. J.
Chem. Eng., 46(1): 3-15, Feb. 1968. 52 refs.
Recent developments in hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy
are reviewed. Some processes presently in commercial opera-
tion and some in the developmental stage are presented from
the standpoint of extraction of metals and from their fabrica-
t'on into useful materials. The chemical reactions of various
commerical processes are shown both graphically and chemi-
cally. New processes are presented for the treatment of Zn
Cu, and Pb concentrates, complex Pb-Zn, Cu, FeS2 bulk con-
centrates, and Zn plant residues. A combination of roasting
and hydrometallurgy for the recovery of molybdenum from
molybdenite is displayed diagramatically. Laterite treatment
and other investigations and reactions are reviewed. It is con-
cluded that new products from new processes will evolve
economically through a new technology.
13635
Danilova, Y. I. and G. S. Freits
REACTION OF METALS WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE. (V-
zaimodeystviye metallov s sernistym gazom.) Text in Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otd. Tekhn. Nauk, 11:25-33, 1955. 6
refs.
Reaction of metallic zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper with sul-
fur dioxide was studied at the Institute of Metallurgy as an im-
portant intermediate reaction in the oxidation of metal sul-
fides. Over the range 227-927 deg, tabulated values of free
reaction energy reveals lie relative reactivity sequence: zinc,
cadmium, lead, copper. The same sequence is reflected in a
plot of relative reaction rate at 800 deg. Copper was non-reac-
tive over the range 20-1290 deg. Most complete reaction was
found to occur at 600 deg for lead and 800 deg for zinc. The
ratio of sulfide to sulfate in the reaction product increases
with reaction temperature.
13705
Dawson, J. B. and D J. Ellis
PULSED CURRENT OPERATION OF HOLLOW CATHODE
LAMPS TO INCREASE THE INTENSITY OF RESONANCE
LINES FOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.
Spectrochim. Acta, vol. 23A:565-569, 1967. 4 refs.
Pulses of high intensity resonance radiation were obtained by
passing large currents of short duration repetitively through
conventional hollow cathode discharge lamps. In addition to
high intensity, the emitted radiation appears to be practically
free from self absorption and, as the mean power dissipated in
the lamp is low, the working life of the lamp is extended. The
shelf life also appears to be increased. This mode of lamp
operation may be applied to the determination of a wide
variety of elements, including Ca, Co, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, and
Sr by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Other applications of
the operation could include atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
and new forms of multichannel atomic absorption instruments.
13839
Sachdev, Sham L. and Philip W. West
CONCENTRATION AND DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF
METAL IONS. Anal. Chim. Acta, 44:301-307, 1969. 9 refs.
A procedure is presented for the preconcentration and simul-
taneous determination of Ag(I), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II),
Pb(II), and Zn(II). The conditions for the extraction of these
metal ions with diphenylthiocarbazone (clithizone) in ethyl
propionate, along with atomic absorption spectrophotometry
procedures, are described. The metal dithizonates are very sta-
ble in ethyl propionate, and the chelate-solvent system
enhances the sensitivity for the atomic absorption method
used for the determination. For the determination of the
metals in question, an oxidizing flame provides better condi-
tions than a reducing flame. The desirable aspiration rate of 3
ml/min is easily achieved by attaching a polyethylene capillary
tube of 0.0015 in. inner diameter and 2.5 in. length to the capil-
lary of the burner. With 10:1 aqueous-organic solvent ratios,
the sensitivities for 1% absorption of the signal range from
0.001 micrograms for Cd(II) and Zn(II) to 0.004 micrograms
for Pb(II). Among 38 diverse ions and compounds whose inter-
ference effects were studied, only silicate, tellurite, tin (IV),
and antimony (III) are incompatible with this extraction
system. (Author summary modified)
13879
Schenck, Rudolf and Agnes Albers
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN LEAD SULFDDE AND
ITS ROASTING PRODUCTS. I. (Ueber die chemischeu
Gleichgewichte zwischen Bleisulfid und seinen Roestproduk-
ten. I). Text in German. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem., vol.
105:145-166, 1918. 20 refs.
Measurements of reaction tensions associated with the reac-
tion of lead sulfide with its oxidation products were repeated
using calcium phosphate heating tubes to avoid errors occur-
ring when silica vessels are used. At all measurable equilibria,
lead sulfide is present in the condensed constituent. The nine
possible tension curves were found and their mutual positions
were determined. The most stable curves are those in which
the metal phase, the sulfide, and an oxygen phase form the
condensed constituent. Univariant equilibria, in which the
metal phase coexists with two oxygen solid phases and a gase-
ous phase, could not be observed and they appear to be very
labile. Reinders' explanations of the lead roasting reaction are
incomplete and mostly incorrect. The gas atmosphere always
contains, in addition to sulfur dioxide, lead sulfide vapor in
measurable amounts, which must be taken into account. The
set of the univariant equilibria of the system Pb-S-O can there-
fore be represented on by a three-dimensional diagram with
the coordinates: temperature, gas pressure, and composition of
the gas atmosphere, expressed in mole percent of lead- sulfide
vapor. The mutual positions of the equilibrium tension curves
in the case when, in addition to lead sulfide and one ox-
ygenous solid phase, the condensed constituent includes a
liquid lead oxide- lead sulfate melt, were considered in con-
siderable detail. It was concluded that there exists a definite
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
211
sequence of tension curves in the systems in which lead sul-
fide and two oxygenous phases form the condensed con-
stituent. In this manner, a further means of identification of
the observed reaction tension curves was obtained. Vapor
piessures of lead sulfide, which can be rapidly distilled in
vacuum at 900 C, were measured in the temperature interval
between 850 and 1000 C.
13911
Manning, D. L., M. Blander, and J. Braunstein
ASSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF LEAD AND BROMIDE
IONS IN MOLTEN SODIUM NITRATE-POTASSIUM
NITRATE MIXTURES AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH
THE QUASI-LATTICE THEORY. Inorg. Chem., 2(2):345-347,
April 1963. 11 refs.
The association constants Kl and K2 for the formation of
PbBr(plus) and PbBr2 were evaluated from electromotive
force measurements in molten mixtures of NaNO3 and KNO3.
The constants Kl and K2 in mole fraction units were respec-
tively, 250 and 125 at 240 deg, 190 and 85 at 280 deg, and 170
and 70 at 300 deg when the solvent was equimolar NaNO3 and
KNO3. A variation in the composition of the solvent changed
the value of the association constants so as to give stronger
binding as the proportion of KN03 increased. The temperature
dependence of the association constants, within the experi-
mental error was predictable from calculations based on the
quasi-lattice model. (Author abstract modified)
13943
Paduchev, V. V., V. V. Toporova, and N. P. Diyev
INVESTIGATION OF THE REACTION OF LEAD SULFIDE
WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE. (Issledovaniye vzaimodeystviya
sul'fida svintsa s semistym angidridom). Text in Russian. Zh.
Prikl. Khim., vol. 34: 676-679, Jan.-April 1961. 6 rels.
Sulfur 35 isotope was used to study the reaction of lead sul-
fide with sulfur dioxide at 650 and 700 C. Data obtained con-
tradict the so-called 'sulfate theory' of sulfide oxidation which
proposes that under conditions of sulfating calcination, first
the sulfur of the sulfides themselves is oxidized to anions
SO3(2-) and SO4(2-) and that the metal oxides formed during
calcination are only products of subsequent dissociation of the
initially obtained sulfates. It now seems more likely that the
sulfates formed do not retain sulfur of the original sulfides but
acquire it later from the gas phase, i.e., the metal oxides ap-
pear ahead of the sulfates: 4MeS* plus 2SO2 yields 4MeO plus
2S*2 plus S2; 4MeO plus 4SO2 yields 4MeSO3; 4MeSO3
yields 3MeSO4 plus MeS.
14008
Thalmayer, C. E., S. Bruckenstein, and D. M. Gruen
CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IN-
TERDIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS AND HEATS OF INTER-
DD7FUSION IN MOLTEN SALTS. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.,
26(2):347-357, Feb. 1964. 19 refs.
The interdiffusion coefficients of Ag(I), Cd(H), Pb(H), Bi(ni),
and U(IV) in lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic and
of Ag(I) in molten sodium nitrate and molten cesium nitrate
were determined by chronopotentiometry and calculated from
the Sand equation. The heat of activation for interdiffusion of
each ion was determined by the method of least squares. The
following diffusion coefficients in sq cm/sec x 1,000,000 at 400
C and heats of activation in kcal/mole were obtained for the
ionic species in the LiCl-KCl melt: Ag(I), 24 and 5.8; Cd(II),
12.1 and 6.5; Pb(II), 8.9 and 7.9; Bi(IU), 6.3 and 9.8; U(IV), 4.9
and 7.7. The temperature range studied was approximately 365
to 750 C. The diffusion coefficient and heat of activation for
diffusion for Ag(I) in sodium nitrate are 32.5 and 4.52, respec-
tively. In cesium nitrate they are 24.8 and 5.06. These data in-
dicate that interdiffusion proceeds by a mechanism quite dif-
ferent than that for viscous flow. Since each solute ion in-
teracts with the melt to an unknown extent, e.g., by complex
ion formation with unknown coordination number, the dif-
ferent diffusion coefficients and activation energy values are
explained by the 'effective radius' of the solute ion in the
melt. Significant transport via a paired vacancy mechanisum is
not supported for interdiffusion in these melts. (Author ab-
stract modified)
14039
Thalmayer, C. E., S. Bruckenstein, and D. M. Gruen
CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IN-
TERDIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS AND HEATS OF INTER-
DIFFUSION IN MOLTEN SALTS. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., vol.
26:347-357, 1964. 19 refs.
The interdiffusion coefficients of various ions in several mol-
ten salts were determined over a sufficiently large temperature
range to calculate the heats of activation for interdiffusion.
The chronopotentiometric method was used and the interdiffu-
sion coefficients and heats of activation were calculated for
Ag(I), Cd(H), Pb(H), Bi(III), and U(IV) in LiCl-KCl eutectic
solution and for Ag(I) in molten NaNO3 and in molten
CsNO3. The temperature range was approximately 365-750 C.
The standard deviations within each run were quite small, but
the differences between runs of the same system were quite
large. This seemed to indicate that the largest experimental
error is in a quantity which is constant within each run,
probably the analytical concentration. The other principal
source of error is the measurement of the transition time. This
was difficult to eliminate because prior reduction of the ion
enhances the transition times for all trace impurities which
were subsequently reduced. The chronopotentiometric results
indicated that interdiffusion does not obey the Stokes-Einstein
relation in LiCl-KCl eutectic solution, molten NaNO3, or mol-
ten CsNO3. In addition, while there was strong evidence that
paired-vacancy diffusion was a significant transport process in
the self- diffusion of the solvent cation and anion in some al-
kali metal halides and NaNO3, such as mechanism for interdif-
fusion seemed unlikely in the solvents studied.
14138
Heric, E. L.
A PHASE RULE EXPERIMENT: THE SYSTEM LEAD
NITRATE-SODIUM NITRATE- WATER. J. Chem. Educ.,
35(10):510-513, Jan.-Dec. 1958. 7 refs.
A phase rule experiment involving a solid-liquid system is
described and suggested to be of greater value to physical
chemistry students than the experiments on ternary systems
given in current textbooks, involving systems containing only
liquid phases. In the experiment described, the analytical
procedure was reduced to a minimum, the determination of
total anhydrous solids. This was accomplished by extension of
the wet residue method of Schreinemakers and the method of
algebraic extrapolation so that a knowledge of the composition
of two synthetic samples on the same tie line is used to fix the
latter. While the principles involved are presented in terms of
the system lead nitrate-sodium nitrate-water, the method is not
specific and might be applied to many ternary systems in
which one of the components is easily separable from the
others. Evidence indicates that with several refinements the
method may also be a suitable tool for research, especially for
some of those systems where the usual methods of analysis
-------
212
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
are not satisfactory. The apparatus, materials, and calculations
of the experiment are fully described.
14510
Van Artsdalen, Ervin R.
COMPLEX IONS IN MOLTEN SALTS. IONIC ASSOCIA-
TION AND COMMON ION EFFECT. J. Phys. Chem., vol.
60:172-177, Feb. 1956. 12 refs.
The concepts of complex ion and ideality were considered in
the case of molten salt solutions. Freezing point depression
measurements in molten sodium nitrate as solvent were used
to determine the nature and number of ions into which several
solutes dissociate. It was demonstrated that a number of salts
of relatively simple oxy-acids, as well as many other simple
salts, are stable and remarkably ideal in solution in molten
sodium nitrate. Partial dissociation and complex ion formation
were shown to exist at high dilution in the case of lead(II)
chloride, copper(II) chloride, cadmium chloride, zinc chloride,
and cadmium bromide. The important species in the solutions
appear to be those with zero, two, and four chlorines per (II)
metal ion. The occurrence of the common ion effect is amply
substantiated with these compounds and chloro anions con-
taining the (II) metal exist even at low concentrations. Reac-
tions were proposed which account for the results, and
equilibrium constants were calculated for these reactions.
(Author abstract modified)
14743
Cunningham, J. C. J.
THE SYSTEM: LEAD OXIDE-COPPER OXIDE. PRELIMINA-
RY RESULTS. (Das System: Bleioxyd-Kupferoxyd. Vorlaeu-
fige Mitteilung). Text in German. Z. Anorg. Chem., 89(1):48-
52, 1914. 7 refs.
The possible existence of chemical bonds between lead oxide
and copper oxide was investigated. First, the melting point of
the lead oxide was determined by heating in a platinum con-
tainer to be 875 C. Next, the melting points of mixtures of
lead oxides with copper oxides were determined. The platinum
vessel and contents were heated to 980 C, at which tempera-
ture the entire composition was liquid. The lead oxide was
determined in the form of lead sulfate, and the copper oxide
was determined electrolytically as copper. The melting point of
the lead oxide dropped upon addition of copper oxide. It was
found that no compounds formed from the molten mixture of
lead oxide and copper oxide, at least not as PbO.CuO or 2P-
bO.CuO. A eutectic mixture formed which melted at 698 C.
14868
Duke, F. R. and M. L. Iverson
COMPLEX IONS IN FUSED SALTS. J. Phys. Chem.,
62(4):417-419, April 1958. 12 refs.
The complex ion formation constants for a series of bivalent
metal halides were determined using fused KNO3-NaNO3 eu-
tectic mixtures as a solvent. The method involved measuring
the increase in solubility of the slightly soluble metal chromate
as halide ion was added. The solubility of lead chromate in-
creases with increasing sodium chloride content up to the
limiting solubility of sodium chloride. A similar increase in
solubility is shown with the addition of sodium bromide. The
solubility of cadmium chromate also increases with the addi-
tion of chloride or bromide and forms a more stable complex
with halide ions than lead. The solubilities of the chromium
salts of magnesium, calcium, and barium are not affected sig-
nificantly by the addition of halides. The increase in solubility
of a salt was interpreted on the basis of complex ion forma-
tion. It was evident that the trend is toward a decrease in sta-
bility of the complex with an increase .in temperature in the
case of lead. An interpretation of the data on the basis of sta-
ble complex ions does not indicate whether the complex is of
ionic or chemical, since the role of the solvent is not known.
14995
Barusch, M. R. and J. H. MacPherson
ENGINE FUEL ADDITIVES. In: Advan. Petrol. Chem. Refin-
ing. John J. McKetta, Jr. (ed.), vol. 10, New York, Inter-
science, 1965, Chapt. 10, p. 457-546. 215 refs.
A detailed discussion of antiknock agents is given, emphasiz-
ing data on such new antidetonants as methylcyclopentadienyl-
manganese tricarbonyl, tetraethyllead (TEL), and mixtures of
methylethyllead alky Is. With one exception, only additives
used in commercial fuels are discussed. The exception is the
class of compounds known as lead extenders, i.e., compounds
which enhance the effectiveness of lead alkyls by the forma-
tion of carboxylic acids in the combustion chamber of an en-
gine. Their performance characteristics provide considerable
insight into the mechanism by which antiknock agents operate.
Other subjects covered include scavengers for lead, surface ig-
nition suppressants, antioxidants, metal deactivators, rust-
preventing additives, gasoline detergents, additives to prevent
carburetor icing, diesel fuel detergents and dispersants, bio-
cides, and additives to prevent the buildup of static electricity
during fuel handling. In considering antiknock agents, the in-
fluence of fuel composition on TEL effectiveness and the an-
tagonism of sulfur to TEL are discussed. A brief note on an-
tiknock additives for aviation gasoline is included. (Author in-
troduction modified)
15413
Schenck, Rudolf and W. Rassbach
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA IN THE REACTION BETWEEN
LEAD SULFTDE AND ITS OXIDATION PRODUCTS. UL
(Ueber die chemischen Gleichgewichte bei der Reaktion
zwischen Bleisulfid und seinen Oxydationsprodukten. III).
Text in German. Chem. Ber., 41(13):2917-2925, Aug. 10, 1908.
2 refs.
In earlier studies of the system PbS + 2PbO equals 3Pb +
SO2, an equilibrium shift was observed when the basic sub-
stances were subjected to temperatures above 800 C. To ob-
tain more information on the cause of this shift, solidification
phenomena of a mixture of lead oxide arid lead sulfate were
studied. The cooling curves of 25 different mixtures of the two
components were studied as well as the solidifaication, and
conversion products were determined. A mixture was heated
to about 1020 C and a Le Chatelier thermocouple dipped into
the melt operated an automatically recording galvanometer. No
melting of the pure lead sulfate up to temperatures of more
than 1000 C could be observed. The same was true for very
sulfate rich mixtures. The melting point of the sulfate seems to
be above 1100 C. But even if such a temperature could be
achieved, it will be difficult to determine the melting point of
the pure substance since SOS is formed in the process of heat-
ing. Pure lead sulfate experiences a change in solid state which
becomes apparent both at heating and cooling at 850 C. The
melting point of pure lead oxide was found to be 879 C. The
solidification curve shows a whole series of branches within
which two maxima were observed: one at 966 C and 40% lead
oxide and another at 951 C and 61.5% oxide. The compounds
PbSO4-PbO (42.4 lead oxide), PbSO4-2PbO (59.5% of lead ox-
ide), and PbSO4-3PbO (68.8% oxide) are precipated. At room
temperature, the oxide rich melts decompose to a coarse
powder in which lead oxide flakes can be seen. The SO2 ten-
sion curves of the three alkaline sulfates were determined.
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
213
15493
Zhdanov, A. K. and V. V. Ya^ovlev
SOLUBILITY OF LEAD SULFATE IN ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTIONS AT 25 C. (Rastvorimosf sul'fata svintsa v rast-
vorakh elektrolitov pri 25 ts). Text in Russian. Uzbeksk. Khim.
Zh., no. 2:5-10, 1958. 3 refs.
Solubilities of lead sulfate at 25 C were determined for the fol-
lowing ternary systems: PbSO4-NaNO3-H2O; PbSO4-NaCl-
H2O; PbSO4-NaBr-H2O; and PbSO4-NaC2H3O2-H2O. The
sodium salt concentrations were varied from 0.001 to 3
moles/liter. Solubility of the sulfate increased with the concen-
tration of additional salt in every case. Relative nitrate solubili-
ty with these salts increases in the following order: NaNO3,
NaCl, NaBr, NaC2H3O2. Experimental data were used to cal-
culate the products of lead sulfate activities in first and second
approximation according to the Debye-Huckel equation.
15618
Kettner, Helmut
THE REAGENT BLANK VALUE IN THE DETERMINATION
OF SMALL LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN ATMOSPHERIC
AIR. (Ueber den Reagenzienblindwer bei der Bestimmung von
kleinen Bleimengen in der atmosphaerischen Luft). Text in
German. Schriftenreihe Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg., (29):51-
54, 1969. 1 ref.
During closely successive lead analysis, the extinction
decreased stepwise but returned to its inital value after several
days. This lead to the assumption that the blank value stems
from lead liberated from the glass material. To confirm this,
the blank value was determined with lead free glass vessels
and polyethylene flasks. The results of this study showed that
in the majority of cases, the extinction was below 0.010, even
with the addition of fourfold the required reagent, i.e., in a
range where the analyzer begins to measure inaccurately. The
lead amount introduced by the reagents was negligibly low.
The reagent blank value resulted primarily from the lead of the
glass vessels.
16595
Flengas, S. N. and T. R. Ingraham
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE SERIES OF METALS IN FUSED
SALTS AND ACTIVITIES OF METAL CHLORIDES IN 1:1
MOLAR KC1-NAC1 SOLUTIONS. J. Electrochem. Soc.,
106(8):714-721, Aug. 1959. 18 refs. (Presented at the Elec-
trochemical Society, Ottawa, Canada, Sept. 28-Oct. 2, 1958.)
The potentials of a series of metal-metal chloride systems in
an equimolar mixture of molten potassium and sodium
chlorides were measured against a silver-silver chloride
reference electrode. An electromotive force series of metals at
different temperatures was established for the 1:1 KCl-NaCl
solvent. Experiments with a chlorine electrode showed that the
solutions of silver chloride in the KCl-NaCl solvent were
ideal, and hence, the deviations from ideality of the other
chlorides in the solvent could be attributed directly to the for-
mation of complexes in the melts. Three types of behavior was
observed for the Mn-MnC12, Zn-ZnC12, Cr-CrC12, T1-T1C1, Cd-
CdC12, Fe-FeC12, Pb-PbC12, Sn-SnC12, Co-CoC12, Ni-NiC12,
and Cu-CuCl systems. Ideality, and positive and negative
deviations from ideality, were observed. Activity coefficients
were calculated. For metal chloride solution such as MnC12,
ZnC12, and all the others for which the activity coefficents are
less than unity, the formation of complexes can be postulated.
Although the presence of finite complexes in melts was
demonstrated by the measurements, it was reasonable that in
ionic metals, there exists several intermediate states of ag-
gregation between the so-called non-complexed ionic state and
the type of finite complexes found in aqueous solutions. The
values of the activity coefficients, and of other thermodynam-
ic functions which characterize these complexes in solution,
will depend entirely upon the definition of a non-complexed
state. It is possible to obtain solutions with positive, negative,
or zero deviation from ideality by regulating the composition
of the solvent and temperature. It was concluded that what is
thermodynamically an ideal state is not necessarily a non-
complexed state.
16659
Shams El Din, A. M. and A. A. El Hosary
POTENTIOMETRIC ACID-BASE TTTRATIONS IN MOLTEN
SALTS. THE ACID CHARACTER OF LI(+), NA(+), K(+),
CA(2+), SR(2+), BA(2+) AND PB(2+) AS INFERRED FROM
THE REACTION OF THEIR CARBONATES WITH K2CR2O7
IN MOLTEN KNO3. J. Electroanal. Chem., vol. 16:551-562,
1968. 10 refs.
The acid K2Cr2O7 was titrated potentiometrically with the
carbonates of Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb in fused KNO3
at 350 deg; both 'forward' neutralization experiments (in which
the oxide-ion donors were added to the acid in fused KNO3)
and 'backward' experiments (in which the procedure was
reversed) were carried out. An oxygen electrode was used as
indicator electrode and its potential was measured relative to
an Ag/Ag(I), melt/glass reference half-cell. Both 'forward' and
'backward' neutralization curves (except for the case of Pb)
consist of a single step corresponding usually to formation of
CrO4(2-). 'Cyclic' neutralization curves with NaOH and KOH
suggest that Na(+) is acid with respect to K(+). The acidity of
Ca(2+), Sr(2+) and Ba(2+) decreases in the order given.
CaCrO4 and SrCrO4 add an extra molecule of Na2CO3 to give
CaCrO4.Na2CO3 (SrCrO4.Na2CO3); BaCrO4 does not. Pb(2+)
is the most acid cation studied. PbCrO4 adds another molecule
of PbCO3 and gives a second inflexion in the titration curves,
corresponding to the formation of PbCrO4.PbCO3. PbCO3
decomposes thermally in fused KNO3 to give white lead, 2Pb-
CO3.PbO. The reaction is zero-order with respect to PbCO3
and has an activation energy of 38.2 kcal mole(-l). The
decreasing order of acidity established in these experiments is
the same as that determined in a previous study on the basis
of the reaction of the same carbonates with NaPO3. (Author
summary modified)
17161
Voronin, G. F. and A. M. Evseev
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LIQUDD LEAD-TIN
ALLOYS. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Zh. Fiz. Khim.), 33(10):373-375, Oct. 1959. 8 refs.
A thermodynamic study of the lead-tin system in the range
730-790 C, accomplished by measuring the vapor pressure of
the lead, is described. A simple continuous weighing method
was developed for determining the activities of metals in liquid
alloys; the method is a variation of Knudsen's method for
vapor pressure determinations. An effusion chamber, consist-
ing of a 0.3 quartz ampoule with a 2.37 mm diameter opening
was used, the shape of the ampoule ensuring a constant rate
of evaporation. Temperature was controlled to 2 deg and mea-
sured using a platinum-rhodium thermocouple in the quartz
tube and a poteniometer. The evaporation rate was measured
by following the rate of contraction of the quartz spring, using
a cathometer, with an accuracy of 0.005 mm. The ther-
modynamic functions for a number of lead alloys were calcu-
lated. It was found that liquid lead-tin alloys exhibit molecular
non-uniformity.
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214
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
17585
Harmelin, Mireille and Clement Duval
A STUDY OF REACTIONS IN THE SOLED STATE
BETWEEN THE TREE OF SATURN AND SALTS CONTAIN-
ING THE GROUP XO3: 1. QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE
REACTION BETWEEN LEAD AND THE NO3(-)ION. (Etude
de reactions a 1'etat solide entre 1'arbre de Saturne et des sels
contenant le groupement XO3: 1. Etude qualitative de la reac-
tion entre le plomb et 1'ion NO3(-)). Text in French.
Microchim. Acta, vol. 2-4:211-215, 1964. 5 rets.
In analogy to Hampe's; reaction formerly employed in industry
to prepare NaNO2 in which Pb flakes were gradually added to
molten NaNO3 at about 310 C, nitrites of other metals could
be obtained by reaction of Pb with the corresponding nitrates.
To investigate this possibility, Pb was prepared in the form of
a fine and shiny powder by the technique of growing a 'lead
free' from an agueous 1.5% solution of Pb acetate with the ad-
dition of 1% of pure acetic acid. This Pb powder was mixed at
room temperature with nitrates of Li, Na, K, Cs, Cu, Ag, Mg,
Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Th, Pb, Co, and Ni in the appropriate
stoichiometric ratio; the resulting products were analyzed
chemically, thennogravimetrically, by differential thermal
analysis, infrared absorption spectrography, as well as micro-
scopically. In every case, immediately after the admixture of
Pb powder, the presence of the corresponding nitrite could be
established with the aid of the alpha-naphthylamine reaction,
which is completely insensitive to NO3(-)ions. Among the mix-
tures submitted to differential thermal analysis, only that
prepared with Tl nitrate shoved a very strong exothermic peak
characteristic of the oxidation of Pb at 170 C. In the others,
the oxidation of Pb took place gradually as exemplified by the
mixture of Pb with Na nitrate. In the case of K nitrate, the
reaction was particularly slow; in the Cu and Ag nitrates, it
was extremely rapid and seemed to go beyond the nitrite for-
mation. In all other cases, the reaction was slow and, though
the presence of nitrite was chemically ascertained the amount
formed was insufficient to show up in the infrared absorption
spectra.
17689
Takahashi, Tadao and Fumio Jotani
METAL OXIDE CATALYTIC COMBUSTXON CATALYSTS.
(Kinsoku-sankabutsu- kei sesshoku uensho shokubai). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo),
46(487):828-837, Nov. 1967. 10 refs.
Three factors of metal oxide catalysts important for the
;omplete combustion of automobile exhaust gas are the activi-
y, thermal stability, and chemical tolerance against lead com-
jounds. The harmful components of automobile exhaust gas
ised in this study were carbon monoxide, methane, and lead
compounds. The metal oxide catalysts used were Fe203, CuO,
Mn203, A1203, Cr203, or 1:3 mixtures of these compounds; the
particle sizes varied from 10 to 30 mesh. A 1.1 cm long quartz
cylinder was used to examine the activity of the catalysts
using 2.0 ccm of catalysts, a gas speed of 12 liter per hour and
reaction time of 15 minutes. The gas used was later analyzed
by gas chromatography. The chemical tolerance test was per-
formed by the use of 0.3 to 0.5 grams PbBr2 and 12 liter/hr of
exhaust gas for 2 hours under the temperature of 500 C in the
similar quartz cylinder. High activities of two-component iron
oxide catalysts (Fe203-Mn203, Fe203-Cr203, Fe203-Co304, and
Fe203-CuO) were lowered by the high temperature. The CuO-
A1203 was the most active and thermostable catalyst among
co-precipitated CuO, Mn203, and Cr203. Cupric aluminate
which was derived from CuO and A1203 in high temperatures
also showed high catalytic activity and thermostability. This
catalyst (CuO-A1203) increased oxidation of CO by adding
MgO(CuO-MgO-A1203) and that of methane by adding ZnO
(CuO-ZnO-A1203).
17882
Sinistri, Cesare
STUDY OF COMPLEX IONS IN MOLTEN EQUIMOLAR
NANO3-KNO3. PART 1. THE COMPLEXES CDCL, PBCL,
TLCL AND AGSO4. (Studio di ioni coinplessi nella miscela
equimolecolare fusa NaNO3-KNO3 Nota 1: Complessi CdCl,
PbCl, T1C1 e AgSO4). Text in Italian. Ric. Sci. Rend. A,
2(6):638-643, 1962. 8 refs.
The study of complex-forming phenomena was studied by
recording the solubility of an 'indicator' substance (stiver
chloride) as appropriate complex-forming agents were
gradually added. The indicator substance furnishes the
chloride anion, which acts as a binder for the 3 cations: thalli-
um, lead, and cadmium. It also furnishes the silver cation,
which acts as a binder for the sulfate anion. Measurements
were made at temperatures of 275, 300, and 325 C. Of the
three nitrates tested for their effect on the solubility of silver
chloride in molten equimolar NaNO3-KNO3, the thallium salt
had little effect, the lead salt had a noticeable effect, and the
cadmium salt had a strong effect. The data thus obtained was
used to calculate the first formation constants for thallium
chloride, lead chloride, cadmium chloride, and silver surf ate,
in moles/kg of the solvent. The results are tabulated, discussed
mathematically, and compared with the values obtained by
other authors.
17949
Cola, Mario and Carla Castellani Bisi
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CERTAIN METALLIC
SULFTTES. (Decomposizione termica di alcuni solfiti metal
lici). Text in Italian. Gaz. Chim. Ital., vol. 91:173-186, Jan. July
1961. 10 refs.
Experiments are presented of heating sulfites of silver, tan-
talum (valence 1), strontium, barium, and lead in a stream of
nitrogen in order to demonstrate the role of the dismutation
reaction in the formation of sulfides and sulfates. This was the
principal reaction in the case of tantalum, strontium, and bari-
um sulfites. With lead sulfite, it ran paralled with the dissocia-
tion to an oxide and sulfur dioxide; with silver sulfite, it
seemed to be completely absent.
19823
Sano, Isamu, Tomoyuki, Tokida, and Yasuo Ueno
FORMATION OF LEAD AEROSOLS IN NITROGEN AND
THEIR CHEMICAL REACTIVITY. (Chissochu ni okem
namari emmutai no seisei to sono hannosei ni kansuru ichijik-
ken). Text in Japanese. Funtai Kogaku Kenkyu Daishi (J. Res.
Assoc. Powder Technol., Japan), 7(2):91-97, April 1970. 7 refs.
With nitrogen gas as the medium, lead aerosols were generated
in order to investigate the conditions under which
monodisperse aerosols can be formed. The weight concentra-
tion and the particle size vary with the temperatures at which
lead vapors arise (950-1150 C) and with the flow rate of
nitrogen gas (1.0-4.5 liter/min). At constant temperature, the
concentration and the particle size pass through a maximum
with the increase in flow rate whereas the particle concentra-
tion passes through a minimum. At constant flow rate of
nitrogen, there is a linear relationship between the logarithm of
the particle size and the inverse of the temperature. Aerosols
of high monodispersity can be obtained by setting the flow
rate at around 1.5 liters/min in the range of 1000-1100 C. In the
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
215
preliminary experiment concerning the reaction between iodine
vapor and lead aerosols toward the formation of lead iodide,
the reactivity was higher for coarser particles and affected by
temperature to the extent of about 2% and 16% per 15 mins at
30 and 50 C, respectively. The heat of activation was calcu-
lated to be about 21 kcal/mol.
27348
Fedorchenko, I. M. and O. S. Nichiporenko
FACTORS DETERMINING THE FORMATION OF POWDER
PARTICLES DURING ATOMIZATION WITH A GAS FLOW.
(Faktory, opredelyayuschchiye formirovaniye chastits porosh-
ka v protssesse raspyleniya gazovym potokom). Text in Rus-
sian. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz., 179(3): 578-580, March
1968. 5 refs.
Process rates were calculated for the spheroidization and cool-
ing of copper and lead particles during atomization at tempera-
tures ranging from 1100 to 1300 C for copper, and 350 to 1000
C for lead. Calculated cooling and spheroidization times are
plotted as functions of particle size for diameters of 50 to 500
microns for various temperatures within these ranges. It is
noted that spheroidization time is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude
smaller than the cooling time regardless of the surface tension.
It is not surface tension but rather the formation of a stiff sur-
face film, often due to the oxidation of alloying substances, a
critical factor in achieving spherical particles. This was con-
finned experimentally with the vaporization, with air and with
helium, of bronze containing 0.1% Al and 0.06% Mg.
27752
Holtzman, R. B. and F. H. Dcewicz
TEN PB AND 210 PO IN WOOD AND THE CIRCULATION
OF LEAD IN TREES. (SIC.). In: Radiological Physics Divi-
sion Annual Report, Argonn National Lab., HI., Radiological
Physics Div., Rept. ANL-7615, p. 38-43, 1969. 12 refs.
Measurements of lead (210) and polonium (210) concentrations
in tree rings from four 100-year-old trees were made in order
to estimate the rates of radial translocation. Decrease of the
concentration of the lead (210) with a 21.4-year half-life
showed that there is little circulation of lead in hickory heart-
wood more than 20 years old. In oak there appears to be little
circulation in wood less than 5 years old, but this conclusion is
less reliable because of the low concentration of the lead (210)
and the presence of radium (226). The concentrations of the
polonium (210) correlated fairly well with those of the lead
(210). Preliminary measurements of the stable lead concentra-
tions did not show increased uptake in recent times. However,
more detailed studies on the lead (210) and stable lead concen-
trations are needed to determine the value of the heart-wood
of trees as a temporal record of lead contamination of the en-
vironment. (Author abstract)
28908
Rocchi, Bernardo
MOTOR KNOCK AND ANTI-KNOCK MIXTURES. (La
detonacion y mezclas antidetonantes). Text in Spanish. Rev.
Aeronaut. (Madrid), vol. 3:364-365, May 1942.
The 'knock' that occurs in an internal combustion motor is
comparable in many ways to a true explosion, creating a pres-
sure of 80 atmospheres with a speed of propagation of 300 me-
ters per second. The history and present state of knowledge on
the subject are reviewed. Four basic principles are involved:
(1) proximity of the source of ignition (spark plug) to the firing
chamber, (2) amount and nature of the turbulence existing in
the firing chamber at the moment of ignition, (3) temperature
and pressure of the fuel mixture at ignition, and (4) tempera-
ture of the walls of the firing chamber at ignition. Two ap-
proaches to the problem of motor knock are discussed: the ad-
dition of sizeable quantities of benzene, alcohol, or isooctane;
and the addition of small quantities of a catalyst such as
tetraethyl lead. Various formulas are presented and discussed,
and the problems of using leaded gasoline are considered from
the standpoint of motor efficiency and wear.
29400
Inouye Toshiyuki and Yasuo Ito
GENERATION AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MIXED
AEROSOL OF TWO COMPONENTS. (2-seibunkei kongo
eazoru no hassei narabini teiryo) Text in Japanese. Preprint,
Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, lp., 1971. (Presented at the
Japan Chem. Soc. Annual Meet., 24th, Tokyo, March 1971.,
Paper 3404.)
An evaporation method was adopted to generate aerosols, and
the relationship between the heating temperature and the
aerosol concentration was studied. A mixed aerosol of two
components was also generated, and the proportion of com-
ponents and conditions for varying the degree of concentration
investigated. Chlorides such as lead and cadmium, which melt
at comparatively low temperatures were used as samples. The
sample was placed in a porcelain tube 5 mm inner diameter,
which was then hung in the center of a vertical tube furnace
whose temperature was kept constant. Air was sent in continu-
ously from the bottom in order to melt and evaporate the sam-
ple. The generated aerosol was passed to a tank. The two-com-
ponent aerosol was prepared by placing lead chloride and cad-
mium chloride, generated separately, into the mixing tank. The
aerosol concentration in the atmosphere was impinged, at 3
1/min an measured by light absorption using diphenylthiocar-
bazone. When the solids are melted and evaporated and the
aerosol is generated by natural cooling, one of the conditions
for obtaining a uniform concentration is to maintain the
evaporation rate. A deep vessel, with a small evaporation sur-
face, is suitable and can supply a certain required concentra-
tion of aerosol for a long period of time The uniformity of the
aerosol concentration is also influenced by temperature; there-
fore, it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature. When
the temperature is higher than the melting point of that sam-
ple, the aerosol concentration increases with temperature. For
lead chloride and cadmium chloride, there is an inverse cor-
relation between the aerosol concentration and temperature
(I/T). When the aerosols of lead chloride and cadmium
chloride are mixed at 10%-90%, it was shown that a mixed
aerosol of two components can be continuously generated, re-
gardless of the mixing ratio, over a long time period.
34297
Singh Dev, Rajinder K. Kautz, and H. Kirsch
CRYSTAL STRUCTURAL PROCESSES AT THE REACTION
OF S03 AND SO2 WITH FLY ASH PARTICLES AND ADDI-
TIVES. (Kristallstruktureue Vorgaenge bei der Reaktion von
SO3 and SO2 mil Flugaschepartikeln und Additiven). Text in
German. Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbetr., 51(4):338-341, Aug. 1971.
4 refs.
Sulfate formation through the reaction of carbonates and ox-
ides of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc
with the sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide in flue gas was stu-
died. Natural carbonate crystals were split and heated 10-15 C
above their dissociation temperature. The sulfatization experi-
ments were carried out with the crystal oxide aggregates ob-
tained through calcination. Temperatures were between 500
and 600 C. Carbonates reacted faster and more efficiently with
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216
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
SO3 than the respective oxides. The oxide structure is thought
to require more regrouping, while the SO3 group most likely
replaces the carbon dioxide group in the carbonate structure.
Oxides become more reactive as temperatures increase. Calci-
um carbonate and calcium monoxide most likely bind not only
the SO3, but also the SO2, while magnesium carbonate and
magnesium monoxide probably only bind SO3.
34607
Aleksandrov, Yu. A., B. I. Tarunin, and V. A. Shushunov.
KINETICS OF REACTIONS BETWEEN OZONE AND
COMPLETE ETHYL COMPOUNDS OF SILICIUM, GER-
MANIUM, TIN, AND LEAD. (Kinetika reaktsii ozona s pol-
nymi etilnymi soyedineniyami kremniya, germaniya, olova i
svintsa). Text in Russian. Kinetika i Kataliz, 12(4):898-902,
1971. 5 refs.
The kinetics of the ozonolytic process of silicon, germanium,
tin, or lead tetraethyl derivatives between zero and 25 C were
investigated. A known amount of the tetraethyl compound was
introduced into a certain volume of ozone saturated carbon
tetrachloride under conditions of continuous bubbling of an
ozone-oxygen mixture. The rate of the reaction was measured
by spectrophotometric ozone determinations before and after
ozonolysis. Rate constants for the bimolecular mechanisms of
the reactions are computed. The practical meaning of the
equation describing the reaction rate constant consists in its
variation according to (the affinity of the tetraethyl derivative
towards ozone. Specific kinetic curves were obtained for
ozonolysis of the less active tetraethyl derivatives of germani-
um and silicon, such curves presented a different trend in the
case of lead or tin tetraethyl derivatives. Ozonolysis of
tetraethyl lead or tetraethyl tin appeared to be a first order
reaction with respect to both ozone and the initial tetraethyl
compound when the effect of its initial concentration on the
reaction rate was studied. The temperature dependence of the
rate constant for all studied tetraethyl derivatives satisfied the
Arrhenius equation. A parallelism between the variation of the
rate constant and the nucleophilicity of the heteroatom con-
tained by the tetraethyl compound was established.
34948
NEW DIRECTIONS IN ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES.
Chem. Eng. News, 48(27):40-41, June 29, 1970.
Ion-selective membrane electrodes measure the activities of
unassociated ions in solution with a sensitivity often less than
one part/billion. The selectivity of the electrodes is such that
they can be used in electrolyte solutions containing other spe-
cies either present naturally or added to control the ionic
strength and pH of the solution. There are now more than 20
electrodes available for more than 20 ions, including alkali and
alkaline earth ions, heavy metal ions, and a wide variety of
anions such as fluoride, nitrate, sulfide, and perchlorate. In
recent work, ion-selective electrodes were used to measure
formation constant in adenosine triphosphate complexes, com-
plex formation of calcium, magnesium, and beryllium ions
with biologically important ligands, and lead in urine samples.
35378
Carpenter, Kathleen E.
THE LEAD MINE AS AN ACTIVE AGENT IN RIVER POL-
LUTION. Ann. Appl. Biol. (London), 13(3):395-401, 1926. 6
refs.
Investigation of the effects of a lead mining and dressing
operation on a neighboring stream showed slight but definite
deterioration of the river after 12 months of partial activity,
despite sedimentation practices. The pollution while the mine
was active was of the same type as the effects which persisted
after closure. The responsible agents were traces of metallic
solutions (lead, zinc, copper, and iron) derived from direct ac-
tion of the water upon the solid mine waste; the solid waste in
itself was harmless.
35379
Carpenter, Kathleen E.
ON THE BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE
DESTRUCTION OF RIVER-FISHERIES BY POLLUTION
DUE TO LEAD-MINING. Ann. Appl. Biol (London), 12(1): 1-
13, Feb. 1925. 4 refs.
The biological factors involved in the destruction of river
fisheries by pollution due to lead mining were investigated.
The chemical alteration of the water at flood times after heavy
precipitation was an agent in the destruction of fish. The index
to the fatal character of the flood water was the presence of
soluble lead. Death of the fish was ultimately referable to a
chemical interaction between a secretion of the skin and the
lead dissolved in the surrounding medium, producing a col-
loidal substance which, when present in sufficient quantity, in-
hibited respiration.
36067
Nix, J. and Tom Goodwin
THE SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION OF DXON, MAN-
GANESE, COPPER, COBALT, NICKEL, CHROMIUM,
LEAD, AND ZINC FROM NATURAL WATER FOR DETER-
MINATION BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.
At. Absorption Newslett., 9(6):119-122, Nov.-Dec. 1970. 8 refs.
A method for the determination of eight heavy metals (iron,
manganese, copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium, lead, and zinc)
in natural water in the concentration range of a few ppb is
presented. The method utilizes a diethyklithiocarbamic acid
chelation followed by a methyl isobutyl ketone extraction to
preconcentrate all eight of the metals in a single extract. This
extract can be used for the determination of the metals by
atomic absorption spectroscopy. Using proper field filtration,
the method can be adapted for the determination of both the
filtered and particulate fraction of these metals in natural
water. (Author abstract)
36076
McCabe, L. J.
METAL LEVELS FOUND IN DISTRIBUTION SAMPLES.
Preprint.American Water Works Assoc., New York, 9p., 1970.
(Presented at the American Water Works Association Seminar
on Corrosion by Soft Water Washington, D. C., June 21,
1970.)
Some trace metals are included in the Drinking Water Stan-
dard because they are toxic and the limit is set to protect the
public health: cadmium, chromium, lead, and silver, for exam-
ple. Others are toxic at high levels but the limits are set to
keep the water potable, e.g., copper and zinc. Other metal
limits are based on aesthetics, as with iron and manganese.
However, analysis of distribution samples from public water
supply systems, carried out as part of the Public Health Ser-
vice Community Water Supply Study, indicates that some
families are receiving too much lead as well as some other
compounds in their drinking water. Water with relatively lower
pH showed the most samples exceeding the standards, while
the metal problem was greater with the least mineralized
water.
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
217
36524
Domrachev, G. A., K. G. Shalnova, and V. A. Varyukhin
CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF TERTRAPHENYL LEAD
WITH BIS-ALLYL PALLADIUM CHLORIDE.
(Kataliticheskoye vosstanovleniye tetrafenilsvintsa v reaktsii s
bis-allilpalladiykhloridom). Text in Russian. Zh. Obshch.
Khim., 41(9):1924-1925. 1971. 2 refs.
The reaction of tetraphenyl lead with bis-allyl palladium
chloride was studied. It is a substitution reaction, which is
catalyzed by Lewis-type acids (allyl palladium chloride in this
case). The mechanism of the reaction is discussed. Most
probably, the reaction of tetraphenyl lead with bis-allyl palladi-
um chloride takes place in a complex and results in the deal-
kylation of tetraphenyl lead and the catalytic reduction of
Pb(FV) to Pb(II). In the analysis of the reaction products, the
following substances were found: benzene, diphenyl, allyl
benzene, tetraphenyl lead, diallyl, and lead(II) chloride.
37213
Matsuura, Akira and Sadao Oomichi
VARIATION OF CONCENTRATION BETWEEN SULFUR
DIOXIDE AND PARTICLES. (Nisanka io nodo no biryushi ni
yoru henka). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):58, 1971. (Presented at the National
Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya,
Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
For the purpose of investigating the effect of other pollutants
in the atmosphere such as particulate metals on sulfur dioxide
behavior, the effect of lead particles on SO2 concentration
was measured. The experimental apparatus is described with a
schematic diagram. The SO2 from a permeation tube and Pb
particles from an electric furnace were led into a test chamber
were both components were throughly mixed. The SO2 con-
centration was then determined by the West-Gaeke method.
By the presence of various amount of Pb particles, the SO2
concentration was reduced to 66-48% of the original concen-
tration.
39522
Konovalov, G. S., A. A. Ivanova, and T. Kh. Kolesnikova
RARE AND DISPERSED ELEMENTS (MICROELEMENTS)
IN THE WATER AND IN THE SUSPENDED SUBSTANCES
IN RIVERS OF THE EUROPEAN TERRITORY OF USSR.
(Redkiye i rasseyannyye elementy (microelement?) v vode i vo
vzveshennykh veshchestvakh rek yevropeyskoy territorii SSSR).
Gidrokhim. Materialy, vol. 42:94-111, 1966. 14 refs. Translated
from Russian. 29p.
Vanadium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molyb-
denum, silver, tin, lead, and bismuth concentrations were
determined in river waters of the USSR, both in dissolved and
suspended states. Water samples were filtered under vacuum
in the laboratory. Suspended substances collected on the filter
were dried, ground, and chemically prepared for spectral
determination. Bismuth was not discovered in either dissolved
or suspended form. Lead, tin, silver, and cobalt were found
only in suspended substances, but not in all rivers. Other ele-
ments were distributed in the following increasing order of oc-
currence in dissolved form: V, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cu.
39901
Hoare, D. E., A. D. Walsh, and Ting-Man Li
THE OXIDATION OF TETRAMETHYL LEAD AND RE-
LATED REACTIONS. Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Symp. (Int.) Combust. (Proc.), 13th, Salt Lake City, Utah,
1970, p. 461-469. 19 refs. (Aug. 23-29.)
The reaction of pure tetramethyl lead (TML) with oxygen and
reactions of lead monoxide with formaldehyde, methanol, car-
bon monoxide, and di-tert-butyl peroxide were studied at 330
C in a static system. The major products in the early stages of
TML oxidation were carbon dioxide and hydrogen; methanol
was a less important product, and methane a minor product.
The overall reaction was nonchain; therefore it did not involve
CH2Pb(CH3)3 radicals. It seems likely that the main reaction
occurred via methyl radicals which were oxidized to methyl
peroxy radicals at a rate consistent with that published by Bar-
nard and Cohen. It appeared that hydrogen was adsorbed on
the surface of lead monoxide, and it is postulated that reduc-
tion of peroxy and oxy radicals may have occurred. Nonchain
propagation reactions for the formation of methanol and for-
maldehyde are therefore postulated. Formaldehyde was ox-
idized very rapidly on a lead monoxide surface to give the
same products of carbon dioxide, and initially, smaller
amounts of hydrogen, so it well may be an intermediate in the
oxidation of TML. Carbon monoxide and methanol oxidized
too slowly to be intermediates, and di-tert-butyl peroxide was
unaffected in its decomposition by a surface of lead monoxide.
Presumably methyl radicals do not react with the surface. The
results show that lead monoxide, which is said to be an effec-
tive inhibitor of combustion by removal of peroxides, also
may be effective by removal of formaldehyde, where formal-
dehyde is a degenerate branching intermediate, e.g., in high-
temperature combustion. (Author abstract modified)
40387
PoUitzer, E. L.
PLATINUM CATALYSTS IN LEAD-FREE GASOLINE
PRODUCTION. Platinum Metals Rev., 16(2):42-47, April 1972.
Processes applicable the manufacture of lead-free clear
gasoline and the role of platinum catalysts in such a conver-
sion are discussed. Since the octane number of the U. S.
gasoline pool is about 89.5 Research Octane Number on a
lead-free basis, it is obvious that a boost in octane will be
required if there is a general conversion to lead-free gasoline.
Catalytic reforming has been used to produce high octane
blending components and, in a new approach to the problems
of catalyst stability at high severities, a continuous Platformer
has been designed and built. Catalyst is continuously
withdrawn from the lowest reactor in the stacked configura-
tion, continuously regenerated in an external system, and con-
tinuously returned to the lead reactor. However, the most
publicized advance in the area of catalytic reforming concerns
the development of a family of new reforming catalysts which
contain a modifier in addition to platinum. The main charac-
teristic of such catalysts is greatly improved temperature sta-
bility and, particularly, yield stability. The new reforming
catalysts and catalytic reforming are discussed, as well as the
proposal to upgrade some of the lower octane gasoline com-
ponents instead of trying to overwhelm them by the addition
of high octane Platformate. This approach will probably in-
volve a number of different processes but it is more than like-
ly that the first step will involve isomerization of pentanes and
hexanes. Increased production of alkylate is considered.
41787
Shigeta, Tameyoshi and Tadato Yamamoto
SENSITIVITY OF GASOLINE. (Gasorin no sensitivity ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (Japan), Public Nuisance Resources
Research Inst., p. 24- 30, June 1972. (Presented at the Public
Nuisance Resources Research Seminar, Tokyo, Japan, 1971.)
-------
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
(apanese regulations require no-lead gasoline by 1974. The oc-
tane number must be 88 for regular gasoline and 95 for premi-
um. No-lead gasoline causes problems such as valve recession,
increased photochemical reactions, increased knocking, and in-
creased olefin and aromatic hydrocarbons. The sensitivity of
gasoline was measured as a function of iso-octane, n-heptane,
and tetraethyl lead. As lead increases, sensitivity decreases.
Sensitivity was measured as a function of n-heptane and
toluene. As the toluene increases, the sensitivity increases.
The sensitivity was measured as a function of the increase of
lead; as lead increases the sensitivity decreases. The sensitivi-
ty of gasolines for 1969-1971 were measured and found to be
increasing.
42772
Fujita, Minoru and Toshio Yamauchi
DIRECT DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN GEAR OILS BY
AN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE METHOD. (Keiko xsen bun-
sekiho ni yoru giyayu-chu no namari no chokusetsu teiryo).
Text in Japanese. Junkatsu (I. Japan Soc. Lubrication Engrs.),
17(6):29-33, June 1972. 12 refs.
By X-ray fluorescence analysis, the lead content in gear oils
was directly determined by calibration curves. Concentration
ranges of calibration curves were 0.5-2.0 wt % for industrial
gear oil and 0.5-0.3 wt % for automobile gear oil. The accuracy
of this analytical method was within 3%, expressed as stan-
dard deviation. The analytical results of the lead content in
various gear oils by chemical analysis and the X-ray
fluorescence method were nearly identical. No problems were
encountered in applying the X-ray fluorescence method to in-
dustrial analysis; it could be replaced by the chemical analysis
in the laboratory. The total time required to complete the anal-
ysis if it was necessary to remove the contaminated materials
was two hours; without removal it was 10 min, so that a quick
and automatic analysis was made satisfactorily. (Author ab-
stract modified)
43245
Fong, Clifford W. and William Kitching
SULFUR DIOXIDE INSERTION INTO CARBON-LEAD
BONDS. J. Organometal. Chem., 21(2):365-375, Feb. 1970. 20
refs.
The insertion of sulfur dioxide into a variety of carbon-lead
systems was studied to establish rigorously the O- or S-sul-
finato nature of the insertion product and the coordination
about lead; provide data on relative rates and sites of insertion
with various organic groups attached to lead; and demonstrate
rearrangements accompanying the insertion. Spectroscopic and
molecular weight date strongly suggested the presence of
bridging (SO2) and essentially planar R-3Pb moieties. Relative
rates of insertion into a number of differing R-Pb bonds were
completely in line with an electrophilic cleavage description of
the insertion process. Differences from and similarities with
the behavior of analogous organotin systems were rationalized.
(Author summary modified)
43436
Swaine, D. J. and R. L. Mitchell
TRACE-ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL PROFILES. J.
Soil Sci., ll(2):347-368, 1960. 32 refs.
The contents of total and extractable trace elements present in
Scottish soil profiles are primarily related to the geological
parent material from which the soils were derived. Little or no
effect within the profile attributable to pedeological factors
has been observed in the total contents. The most marked ef-
fect on the contents of extractable trace elements, notably
cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and
lead, is their increased mobilization in conditions of restricted
drainage. Very high extractable amounts occur in gleyed
horizons of very poorly drained soils. No marked accumula-
tion of trace elements has been observed in the iron pan or il-
luvial horizons of podzolized profiles. Higher contents of
acetic-acid-extractable aluminum occur in soil with un-
restricted drainage, the amounts present being of the same
order as the exchangeable-calcium contents. Several tables are
included showing the distribution of trace elements hi Scottish
soil profiles. (Author summary modified)
44032
Rao, V. Kuppu and C. R. Prasad
KNOCK SUPPRESSION IN PETROL ENGINES. Combustion
Flame, 18(2): 167-172, April 1972. 25 refs.
Some experiments are described which establish beyond doubt
that lead monoxide particles in the solid phase can suppress
knock in gasoline engines by a heterogeneous reaction
mechanism. The effectiveness of tetraethyl lead can be
completely accounted for if some of the tetraethyl lead that
decomposes forms lead monoxide particles before the reac-
tions leading to knock occur in the end gas. This is indicated
by a comparison of the total surface area furnished by the lead
monoxide particles thus formed, with the total surface area of
lead monoxide powder directly supplied for achieving similar
knock suppression. Many other lead compounds exerted antik-
nock effects in the solid phase to varying degrees. The antik-
nock effects of different compounds followed the same trend
as their inhibitive effects on hydrocarbon oxidation reactions
in low pressure reaction vessels. The total surface area of the
inhibiting compound is the chief criterion that decides its ef-
fectiveness rather than the weight of lead it contains. (Author
abstract modified)
44164
Finelli, Vincent N., Edward E. Menden, and Harol G. Petering
ISOLATION OF METAL-BINDING FRACTIONS FROM
TOBACCO SMOKE CONDENSATE. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
6(8): 740-742, Aug. 1972. 13 refs.
Tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) from nonfilter research
cigarettes was fractionated on a weak cation exchange column
(carboxymethyl cellulose in the Cu(II) form), yielding three
fractions: noncomplexing substances, protonated copper-bind-
ing ligands, and nonprotonated copper-binding ligands. Analy-
sis for copper was done by atomic absorption spectrometry
and showed the amount of complexed copper in the
protonated ligand fraction to be 271 + or - 42 micro-
grams/cigarette and in the nonprotonated ligand fraction to be
720 + or - 59 micrograms/cigarette. Several known protonated
and nonprotonated ligands were also fractionated on the cation
exchanger, and their behavior was compared to that of the
TSC fractions. The cation exchanger was also used in the zinc,
cadmium, iron(III), and lead forms to determine the binding
activity of whole TSC solutions toward these metals. Results,
expressed in micromoles of metal/cigarette, were copper, 14.6;
zinc, 12.8; cadmium, 8.3; iron, 0.5; and lead, 0.5. (Author ab-
stract modified)
44332
Seeley, J. L., D. Dick, J. H. Arvik, R. L. Zimdahl, and R. K.
Skogerboe
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN SOIL. Appl. Spectry.,
26(4):456-460, July/Aug. 1972. 12 refs.
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
219
The analytical determination of lead in soil is discussed with
particular reference to emission spectrographic and atomic ab-
sorption spectrophotometric methods. The problems associated
with the two techniques are discussed, and accuracy and
precision data are presented. Data indicating that the titanium-
to-lead concentration ratio can be used to differentiate
between lead- contaminated and noncontaminated soils are
presented. To check the possible use of titanium as a con-
tamination reference, the emission spectrometric photo plates
accumulated in the analysis of soil samples were used to deter-
mine the intensity ratio I-lead(2633)/ I-titanium(2942), and this
was correlated with the lead concentration determined for
each sample. Samples from three different locations were col-
lected. The correlation coefficient calculated for the data ob-
tained is 0.97. If the titanium concentration is constant over
the sampling domain at a particular location, the lead-to-titani-
um intensity ratio should be a constant for those samples
which are not contam;natfc? with '.es'1 fm r.'~>- ntv?'
sources, i.e., an analysis correlating the intensity ratio with the
lead concentration of noncontaminated samples should show
no correlation. There is no correlation, and the titanium ratio
can be used to determine which samples represent the natural
lead concentration in the soil. Since it was proved that the
titanium ratio method produces the same result as the previous
statistical analysis, it is appropriate to consider the potential
universality of this approach. Application of the indicator ele-
ment approach to other types of systems will require that
other criteria dependent on the system in question be satisfied
to validate the technique.
45295
Bratzel, M. P., Jr. and C. L. Chakrabarti
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN PETROLEUM AND
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROMETRY WITH A CARBON ROD ATOMIZER.
Anal. Chim. Acta, 61(l):25-26, Aug. 1972. 22 refs.
The atomic absorption spectrometer and the carbon rod unit
were used to measure lead in petroleum and petroleum
products. Radiation was detected with a R-106 response
phototube, and the slit width was 0.100 mm, corresponding to
a spectral bandpass of 0.33 nm. Lead was extracted into a
known volume of 40% of nitric acid. Then the effects of the
hydrogen diffusion flame, the solvent type, the chemical na-
ture of the lead compound on the sensitivity of the lead signal,
and a comparison of the sensitivity of the two lead lines at
217.00 nm and at 283.31 nm were studied. The hydrogen diffu-
sion flame, the solvent type, and the chemical nature of the
lead compounds used, had no effect on the sensitivity at either
wavelength. However, the use of the hydrogen diffusion flame
is recommended because it prolongs the life of the carbon rods
by preventing atmospheric oxygen from burning the rods. Any
standard lead compounds and solvents xylene, methyl isobutyl
ketone, and 40% nitic acid can be used for the construction of
analytical working curves. Although the 217.00-nm line ex-
hibits greater sensitivity than the 283.31-nm line, the greater
noise at the former wavelength precludes its use with very low
concentrations of lead. The noise at 283.31 nm was about nine
times less than at 217.00 nm; the greater noise was mainly the
result of the increased photomultiplier voltage required to de-
tect the signal at the lower wavelength. The detection limit for
lead at 283.31 nm with the carbon rod atomizer was 2 times 10
to the -12th power g (absolute).
-------
220
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
00020
J. R. Goldsmith and L. H. Rogers
HEALTH HAZARDS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. Public
Health Rept., 74(6):551-558, June 1959.
Of the substances which occur in automobile exhaust and their
reaction products, hygienic standards have been established
for industrial exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
leac1, and ozone. Establishing a full set of levels for communi-
ty exposures to these substances is very difficult because of
the sensitivity of frail or ill individuals, the indeterminate
period of exposure, the effect of agents in combination, and
the cumulative effect of exposure from other sources, such as
cigarette smoking. The hazard of automobile exhaust to the
population of a large community will depend, among other
things, on the extent and way that vehicles are used, and the
meteorology of the area. In the absence of effective control
for air pollution from automobile exhaust, the public health
hazard should be evaluated. (Author)
00076
SURVEY OF LEAD IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF THREE
URBAN COMMUNITIES. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Division of Air Pollution. (999-AP-12.) Jan. 1965. 97pp.
HEW: 999-AP-12
A study of the concentrations of lead in the atmospheres of
Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia was conducted
jointly by industrial, State, Federal, and university groups dur-
ing the period June 1961 through May 1962. In each city, from
four to eight sampling stations, representing four geographical
and land- use classifications (rural, residential, commercial,
and industrial) were operated continuously with membrane
filter samplers. In addition, at one station of each classifica-
tion in each city, diurnal variations were investigated by use of
sequential tape samplers. In each city samples of blood and
urine were obtained from selected groups of residents and ex-
amined for concentrations of lead. All samples were analyzed
by the dithizone method. Approximately 3,400 samples of par-
ticulate lead from the atmosphere were obtained, and the con-
centrations of lead in blood of approximately 2,300 individuals
and of lead in urine of 1,700 males were determined. Details of
the study and the results obtained are reported. (Author)
00148
R. F. Lutmer, K. A. Busch, and R. G. Miller
LEAD FROM AUTO EXHAUST: EFFECT ON MOUSE BONE
LEAD CONCENTRATION. Atmospheric Environ. 1, 585-9
(1967).
Mice exposed for 15 months to low levels of nonirradiated
auto exhaust in a cyclic diurnal pattern contained more lead in
their bones than corresponding groups exposed to equal or
slightly lower concentrations of irradiated auto exhaust even
though the daily average-atmospheric-lead concentrations were
about the same in both atmospheres. Bone-lead concentrations
in mice exposed to irradiated auto exhaust were not signifi-
cantly higher than those in control-air animals until the 24-hr.
average-atmospheric-lead concentrations exceeded 9.6 micro-
gram Pb/cubic meter, but mice exposed to as little as 2.6
microgram Pb/cubic meter of nonirradiated exhaust had bone-
lead concentrations higher than the control mice. (Author)
00177
H. Buchberg, M. H. Jones, K. G. Lindh, and K. W. Wilson
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES WITH SIMULATED AT-
MOSPHERES. California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of En-
gineering. (Rept. No. 61-44.) July 1961. 185 pp.
Part I of this report deals with the statistical relations among
interacting atmospheric variables. Also contained in this report
are the results of several auxiliary or supporting studies as fol-
lows: Air Purification Studies; Development of an Eye Mask
for the Measurement of the Threshold of Eye Irritation;
Development of an Omnidirectional Solar Radiometer for a
Limited Spectral Region Centered about 0.36 microns; A Com-
parison of Concentration and Duration as Measures of
Threshold for Eye Irritation; A Comparison of Threshold to
Eye Irritation Resulting from Reacted Air Mixtures Sampled at
Different Points in the Exposure System; A Comparison of
Odor Threshold and Eye Irritation Threshold for Formal-
dehyde, Acrolein, and Ozone. (Author)
00375
R. A. Prindle
AIR POLLUTION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH (CHAPTER
EIGHTEEN). Medical Climatology 505-18, 1964.
In this chapter author reviews major pollution episodes which
have occurred since 1930 in various parts of the world. These
episodes have demonstrated the danger and the lethality that
may result when certain meteorologic phenomena occur in
geographical areas where potentially high concentrations of air
pollutants may form. Certain pollutants that might be tolerated
in low concentrations in some inhabited areas might become
dangerous when mixed with pollutants from other sources that
could exert an accentuating or synergistic action. SO2, particu-
lates, CO, beryllium, lead, fluoride, photochemical, and aller-
genic pollutants and their effect on man and animals are
discussed. The most important animal experiments as well as
other research are reviewed.
00473
F.G. Hueter, G.L. Contner, K.A. Busch, R.G. Hinners
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERES CON-
TAMINATED BY AUTO EXHAUST. Arch. Environ. Health
12, 553-60, May 1966. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-
24, 1965.)
This report represents a status summary of the biological
results obtained from the chronic exposures of experimental
animals to various concentrations of irradiated and nonir-
radiated auto exhaust for periods of 6 weeks to 23 months.
The chronic exposure of experimental animals to various con-
centrations of irradiated and nonirradiated auto exhaust-air
mixtures resulted in significant biological effects indicating the
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
221
following: irradiated auto exhaust (1) increases the susceptibili-
ty to pulmonary infection and chronic disease during the latter
half of the animal's lifetime, and (2) markedly decreases
mouse fertility and decreases the survival rate of infant mice;
both raw and irradiated auto exhaust cause a stress and adap-
tation response in mice as measured via spontaneous activity,
increase bone lead concentrations, and increase the amount of
nonfunctional or abnormal lung tissue. No experimental at-
mospheric effects were observed concerning: mortality;
histopathology; growth- body weight; immunology; hematology
restricted to erythrocyte count, erythrocyte cell size distribu-
tion, hematocrit or hemoglobin concentration; blood O2 and
CO2 values; oxygen consumption; or pulmonary function in
relation to permanent impairment. Further studies are in-
dicated to elucidate more fully the affected biologic parame-
ters.
00597
EJ. Catcott, R.G. Keenan, C. Xintaras, and D. H. Hofreuter
THE PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF ATMOSPHERIC
LEAD. Arch. Environ. Health 3, 82-8, Nov. 1961.
Approximately 1,000 human blood samples and 250 urine
specimens were collected and analyzed for lead content during
the past year. The samples were obtained in 6 major cities and
1 rural area in the United States. The analyses for lead were
dotie at one U.S. Public Health Service laboratory employing
the U.S.P.H.S. Method for Lead. Data from the subjects were
grouped to provide comparison of the lead levels on the basis
of geographic location, sex, occupational exposure to lead,
age, and smoking habits. Highly significant differences were
observed when blood lead concentrations were compared for
urban and rural groups and for smokers and non-smokers.
Higher blood and urine lead levels also were detected con-
sistently among workmen exposed to unusual quantities of
vehicular exhaust in their customary working environment.
Finally, these surveys demonstrated the existence of signifi-
cantly higher blood levels among men than among women,
none of whom were occupationally exposed to lead. Although
significant differences were found between various classifica-
tions, the mean values for each group were within the recog-
nized normal range of lead concentrations. Not a single value
exceeded the accepted high normal limit of 0.07 mg. per 100
gm. of whole blood. The data reported are offered as an ap-
proximation of the blood and urine lead levels associated with
current urban and rural living in the United States. The results
of these surveys tend to support previous reports concerning
the human body's lead concentrations. It is hoped that the in-
formation collected will provide a useful basis for comparison
when studies are undertaken in the future. (Authors' abstract)
00642
C. C. Patterson
CONTAMINATED AND NATURAL LEAD ENVIRONMENTS
OF MAN. Arch. Environ. Health Vol 11:344-360, Sept. 1965.
There are definite indications that residents of the United
States today are undergoing severe chronic lead insult. The
average American ingests some 400 micrograms of lead per
day in food, air and water, a process which has been viewed
with complacency for decades. Geochemical relationships and
material balance considerations show that this ingestion of
about 20 tons of lead per year on a national basis is grossly
excessive compared to natural conditions. It probably
originates from the 1 million tons of lead dispersed yearly in
such forms as lead alky Is, lead arsenates, and food can solder,
and from the many millions of tons of lead accumulated
throughout past decades and stored as paints, alloys, piping,
glazes, and spent ammunition. Existing rates of lead absorp-
tion are about 30 times higher than inferred natural rates,
yielding body burdens of about 200 mg Pb/70 kg body, and
blood concentrations of 0.25 ppm Pb, which values are about
100 times above inferred natural levels of 2 mg Pb/70 kg body
and 0.0025 ppm Pb in blood. Existing blood lead concentra-
tions have for decades been regarded as natural, although it is
well known that the average value lies only slightly below
threshold levels for classical lead poisoning which are 0.5 to
0.8 ppm Pb. It appears that the following activities deserve
serious consideration and support: defining natural and toxic
lead levels with greater care than in the past; investigating
deleterious effects of severe chronic lead insult; investigating
the dispersion of industrial lead into food chains; elimination
of some of the most serious sources of lead pollution, such as
lead alkyls, insecticides, food can solder, water service pipes,
kitchenware glazes, and paints; and a reevaluation by persons
in positions of responsibility in the field of public health of
their role in this matter. (Author summary)
00662
R. E. Nusbaum, E.M. Butt, T.C. Gilmour, S.L. DiDio
RELATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS TO TRACE METALS IN
BONE. Arch. Environ. Health Vol. 10(2):227-232, bSfeb. 1965.
(Presented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 1964.)
Calvarium and rib samples from each of 175 autopsy cases
from Los Angeles County Hospital were analyzed for 14 ele-
ments; mean values were determined. Relatively complete
histories were obtained for 65 of the cases and results of
analyses of these have been studied in some detail. For the
latter group there was no correlation between lead concentra-
tion and length of time lived in Los Angeles area. Also, there
was little or no correlation between lead concentration and
age. Lead concentrations for males were higher than those for
females; the difference between the means was significant at
the 99% level. Males who smoked had more lead in the rib and
lung than female smokers and men who did not smoke. Histo-
ries are given for five patients who showed extreme lead
levels. (Author summary)
00705
LEAD ABSORPTION AND LEAD POISONING. Lancet
l(7450):1307-8, June 11, 1966
There is a strong need for a clear distinction between the diag-
nosis of lead poisoning and the measurement of lead absorp-
tion. Further study of patients with poisoning should lead to
improved diagnosis. An unproved measurement of lead ab-
sorption should be expected from a study of the biological in-
dices in exposed groups where the level of absorption is
known with some accuracy.
00708
DETECTION OF INDUSTRIAL LEAD POISONING. Lancet,
1(7430):191- 192, Jan 22, 1966.
A range of tests to establish a diagnosis of lead poisoning in
the absence of classical symptoms and signs is described.
More refined screening methods than those now used are
required for proper medical care of men exposed to a risk of
lead absorption. Due to general atmospheric contamination
with lead, the average concentration of lead in blood (for a re-
sident of the U.S.) is 0.25 ppm, compared with a threshold
limit of 0.8 ppm. Chemical tests of individuals not industrially
exposed, as well as environmental measurement of lead, are
recommended.
-------
222
LEAD AND AJR POLLUTION
00736
S. Miano
THE PROBLEM OF LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN. J.
Environ. Health, 27(6):913-916, June 1965.
Causes and symptoms of lead poisoning in children are
discussed. The experience of the City of Philadelphia, vhere a
legal requirement for reporting lead poisoning has been in ef-
fect since 1950, is described. There is a high ratio of cases in
the lower socio-economic group. The preventive role of the
sanitarian, legislation, an educational program, and research
are all needed to cope with the problem.
00740
G.W. Schucker, E. H. Vail, E.B. Kelley, E. Kaplan
PREVENTION OF LEAD PAINT POISONING AMONG BAL-
TIMORE CHILDREN. Public Health Kept. (U.S.), 80(10:969-
983, Nov. 1965.
An intensive 'hard sell' program was conducted in Baltimore
during 1952 through 1964 to prevent lead paint poisoning in
three census tracts of the city. The primary emphasis was on
home visits by a sanitarian and personal communication with
the person caring for the child. It was impossible to demon-
strate statistically that the program reversed the trends either
of clinically diagnosed plumbism or abnormal absorption of
lead in children under 4 years of age. During the 3-year pro-
gram, the average annual rate of diagnosed lead poisoning and
elevated blood-lead levels among children under 4 years of age
was 4.5 per 1,000 in the study area and 5.4 in the control area.
During the preceding 3-year period, the average annual rate
had been 7.4 in the study area and 10.4 in the control area.
The limited success of the hardsell program apparently would
not justify its citywide expansion with relatively costly profes-
sional personnel on a full-time basis for home instruction.
(Authors' summary)
00808
H.A. Waldron
THE ANAEMIA OF LEAD POISONING: A REVHCW. Brit. J.
Ind. Med. (London) 23, (2) 83-97, Apr. 1966.
There is no single factor responsible for the production of the
anaemia of lead poisoning. Much of the evidence which has
been put forward to show that the anaemia is haemolytic in
character is equivocal, although there can be no doubt that
high concentrations of lead can produce morphological
changes in mature circulating red cells both in vitro and in
vivo. On the other hand, threre seems no doubt that lead has a
profound effect on red cell precursors in the bone marrow,
producing morphological changes and also causing defective
haemoglobinization by inhibiting haem synthesis, and any
changes induced in the peripheral red cells may be the results
of this primary action on erythroblastic cells in the marrow.
The precise cause of the anaemia of lead poisoning is still not
known, but, in the author's opinion, the answer is likely to be
found in the effect of lead on a complex of enzymes, both
those responsible for haem synthesis and those concerned with
glycolysis. (Author's abstract)
00810
M.K. Williams
BLOOD LEAD AND HAEMOGLOBIN IN LEAD ABSORP-
TION. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London) 23, (2) 105-11, Apr. 1966.
In an analysis of blood lead and haemoglobin estimations from
655 lead workers, there was no indication of any change in the
haemoglobin until the blood lead exceeded 110 micrograms/100
ml.; the slight fall at higher levels of blood lead was not sig-
nificant at the 5% level of confidence. Sixty-seven men who
had blood leads greater than 90 micrograins/100 ml. were ex-
amined clinically. One had a low haemoglobin but none had
symptoms or signs that were likely to be due to lead absorp-
tion. A further 18 men had haemoglobins of 89% (13 g./lOO
ml.) or less. None was thought to be low due to lead absorp-
tion. The absence of symptoms, signs, and low haemoglobins
in association with relatively high blood leads is unlikely to be
due to errors in blood lead or haemoglobin estimation. Alterna-
tive possibilities are that there were no susceptible workers
among those studied; or that the stable conditions of exposure
in this population allowed the development of relatively high
blood leads without other evidence of high lead absorption. It
is concluded that in a population where sophisticated lead con-
trol is practiced no purpose is served by estimating
haemoglobins in all lead workers every three months, but only
in those whose blood lead is likely to be in excess of 110
niicrograms/100 ml, (Author summary)
0082)
K. Cramer S. Selander
STUDIES IN LEAD POISONING. Brit. J. [nd. Med. (London)
22, (4) 311-4, Oct. 1965.
The urinary output of sigma-aminolaevulic acid (ALA),
coproporphyrins, and lead in 15 lead-intoxicated workers was
determined and correlated with the amount of lead excreted
after treatment with a total dosage of 9 g. penicillamine. Weak
correlations were found between therapeutically excreted lead
and initial values for lead and coproporphyrin in urine. In con-
trast the intitial values for ALA correlate very closely. It is
concluded that determinations of the output of ALA are to be
preferred in the evaluation of lead intoxication and that they
point directly to the amount of metabolically active lead in the
organism. (Author summary)
00873
E.S. Fern E.J. Baratta
POLONIUM 210 IN TOBACCO, CIGARETTE SMOKE, AND
SELECTED HUMAN ORGANS. Public Health Kept. (U.S.)
81(2): 121-127, Feb. 1966.
The polonium 210 in tobacco may be implicated in the origin
of lung cancer. Speculation on this possibility promoted a
study at the Northeastern Radiological Health Laboratory,
Public Health Service, to determine the levels of polonium 210
in several brands of cigarettes. The levels of lead 210 and radi-
um 226 were also measured to determine whether the poloni-
um 210 was in equilibrium with these precursors or was
present independently. Samples of human organs were also
analyzed for polonium 210 content to determine whether a dif-
ference could be detected in the concentration of this
radionuclide between smokers and nonsmokers. Polonium 210
and associated radionuclides lead 210 and bismuth 210 were
found to be present in tobacco. Considerably smaller quanti-
ties of radium 226 were also found. Tests indicated that lead
210 is deposited in the tobacco independently of tadium 226
and its daughter bismuth 210. For the various brands tested,
the activities of polonium 210 in the total cigarette were of
about the same level with one exception: the cellulose plus
charcoal brand was 30% higher than the average of all brands.
Because polonium 210 is volatile at the temperature of burning
tobacco and subsequently is inhaled in the smoke, a smoking
machine was devised for determining amounts inhaled from
various brands. To determine the feasibility of studying the
distribution of polonium 210 in selected tissues and organs of
the human body, random specimens of lung, liver, kidney,
heart, and psoas muscle were obtained fromi smokers and non-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
223
smokers. Tests indicated higher levels of polonium 210 in the
organs of smokers. (Author summary)
00902
S. Mehani
LEAD RETENTION BY THE LUNGS OF LEAD-EXPOSED
WORKERS. Ann. Occupational Hyg. (London), Vol. 9:165-
171, July 1966.
A study has been made of the retention of lead dust and
fumes by the lungs of 51 lead workers, 22 shipburners, and 25
control subjects. It was found that 39-47 wt-% of the inspired
lead is retained in the lungs of lead-exposed workers, and in
this group, the average ventilation under various working con-
ditions is approximately 10 cu m per 8 hr shift. It is concluded
that at an atmospheric concentration of lead of 2 mg per 10 cu
m of air, the working conditions are within safe limits, as the
amount of lead retained per shift is less than one half the
amount which can be tolerated by man without producing
evidence of ill-health. It was also found that the degree of lead
retention was not associated with the depth of breathing. The
present findings, and those of previous authors, and the vari-
ous factors which affect dust retention are discussed. (Author
summary)
00993
A.J. DeKrester H.A. Waldron
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANICAL
FRAGILITY OF THE RED CELL IN LEAD POISONING.
Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 22:315-316, 1965.
Further experiments on the effects of lead on the mechanical
fragility of the red cell confirm previous findings, that lead
does not increase the mechanical fragility index of the red cell
at the blood lead levels found in clinical plumbism (i.e. lead
poisoning). Above these levels lead does increase the mechani-
cal fragility index, reaching its maximum effect at about 50
micrograms of lead/ml, blood. (Author abstract)
01341
J. E. Cremer
TOXICOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF ALKYL LEAD
COMPOUNDS. Occupational Health Rev. (Ottawa), 17(3):14-
19, 1965.
The two organo-lead compounds used on a large commercial
scale are tetraethyl lead and tetramethyl lead. Each is used as
an antiknock additive to motor fuels. Although the conditions
of working and the precautions taken by men handling these
two compounds are normally sufficient to exclude dangers of
intoxication, cases of poisoning by tetraethyl lead have been
reported in the literature. The author describes the sympto-
matology, experimental poisoning in laboratory animals and
biochemical studies on the mechanism of action of the two
tetraalkyl lead compounds together with similar studies on
trimethyl and triethyl lead. The toxicity of the tetraalkyl leads
is almost certainly due to their conversion in the body to the
corresponding trialkyl lead derivatives which have a dominant
action on the central nervous system. (Author abstract)
01500
N. Castellino, P. Lamanna, and B. Grieco
BILIARY EXCRETION OF LEAD IN THE RAT. Brit. J. Ind.
Med. (London), 23(3):237-239, July 1966.
Studies have been made in the rat of the elimination of 210
Pb, in the bile after the intravenous injection of 100 micro-
grams of lead. Four groups of rats were used, in 2 the bile was
drained by cannulation of the bile duct, and in the other 2 the
bile flow to the duodenum «as interrupted by ligation or divi-
sion of the bile duct. The radioactivity of the bile, of the in-
testinal walls, and of the intestinal contents and feces was
determined. The results showed that lead is eliminated from
the liver mainly by the bile, thus excluding passage through
the intestinal walls into the feces as important under these
conditions. (Author abstract)
01512
H. Oyanguren and E. Perez
POISONING OF INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN IN A COMMUNITY.
Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 13:18i-189, Aug. 1966.
Various types of poisoning of industrial origin which have oc-
curred in the neighborhood of industrial plants, smelters, or
factories are discussed. This paper presents certain Chilean ex-
periences in the last decade in connection with 2 types of
poisoning, arsenic and lead. Serious cases of lead poisoning in
children are described.
01731
H. A. Schroeder, W. H. Vinton, Jr., and J. J. Balassa
EFFECT OF CHROMIUM, CADMIUM AND OTHER TRACE
METALS ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF MICE. J.
Nutr. 80, (1) 39-47, May 1963.
Seven hundred weanling white mice were fed a diet of rye,
corn oil and dried skim milk containing no detectable cadmium
and only small amounts of chromium, titanium, lead and
nickel. They were housed in quarters from which most con-
taminating metals were excluded. Groups of 100 or more
animals were given 5 ppm of these metals in drinking water as
soluble salts. Trivalent chromium increased the growth of both
sexes and lessened the mortality of male animals up to 17
months of age. Tetravalent titanium increased growth, but did
not significantly affect mortality. Divalent lead, nickel and
cadmium had no marked effect on growth, mature weights nor
mortalities up to 18 months of age, but after that, cadmium
and lead significantly increased death rates in males when tis-
sue levels were less than or equal to those of adult human be-
ings. Mice 'cadmium-free' by microanalytical methods (less
than 0.02 micro/g, wet tissue) grew normally and did not differ
in any obvious way from those given the metal, except for
prolonged survival of males. Chromium appears to act as an
accessory trace metal for growth and survival while cadmium
is not essential in these terms, having an innate 'toxicity'
similar lead. (Author abstract)
01754
J. Greengard
LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD: SIGNS, SYMPTOMS,
CURRENT "THERAPY, CLINICAL EXPRESSIONS, ciin.
Pedriatr. (Philadelphia) 5, (5) 269-76, May 1966.
This paper is a review specifically of 182 cases of lead en-
cephalopathy treated at Chicago's Cook County Hospital; it
also includes a general discussion based on 25 references of
various phases of the problem of lead poisoning. Etiology
(usually from ingested plaster and paint in slum housing), diag-
nosis, treatment, and complications are reviewed. Emphasis is
placed on treatment of the more severe cases which result in
lead encephalopathy. Prevention by removal of lead sources
was considered as obviously the best treatment, but difficult
to put in practice because of the slum housing areas prevalent
in the urban neighborhood.
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224
LEAD AND AYR POLLUTION
01755
H. Jacobziner
LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD: EPIDEMIOLOGY
MANIFESTATIONS, AND PREVENTION. Clin. Pediatr.
(Philadelphia) 5, (5) 277-86, May 1966.
The epidemiology of lead poisoning in New York City is
reviewed. Most cases seem to occur as a result of ingestion of
old lead containing paint in sub-standard housing, particularly
in children under 7 witb a history of pica. Death occurs in 15-
20% of cases and neurologic symptoms in 25% of survivors.
The most useful diagnostic indication is a lead concentration
of 0.06 mg/ml whole blood. Although ingestion of lead paint is
the most frequent source of poisoning, inhalation of lead also
occurs. The increased incidence of lead encephalopathy in the
summer time is tentatively ascribed to increased absorption
through the mediation of ultra violet radiation. The program of
the New Oork City Department of Health in isolating, treating
and preventing lead poisoning is described.
01756
E. Berman
THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF LEAD: REVIEW OF THE BODY
DISTRIBUTION AND METHODS OF LEAD DETERMINA-
TION. Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 5, (5) 287-91, May 1966.
Routes of lead absorption, tissue distribution, blood lead levels
and methods of lead analysis are discussed. Although lead is
ingested orally in most cases of childhood lead poisoning, in-
halation of lead is the route of absorption in most industrial
and a few children's poisonings. Absorption from the respira-
tory tract is more rapid and complete than from the gastroin-
testinal tract. Lead passes from early concentration in liver
and kidney to deposition in the bone. Blood lead levels are of
diagnostic value only in acute cases, since the blood is rapidly
cleared of lead; urine levels should also be determined. The
author used atomic absorption spectrometry in the detection of
lead in blood and urine, samples; the method required only 1-
1/2 hours, and could detect less than 0.2 ppm in an aqueous
solution. Analyses made during BAL-versenate therapy
showed an increase in lead excretion, then a gradual decrease
as the bound lead was excreted.
01757
M. A. Perlstein and R. Attala
NEUROLOGIC SEQUELAE OF PLUMBISM IN CHILDREN.
Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 5, (5) 292-8, May 1966.
Cases of lead poisoning in 425 children are reviewed, with
emphasis placed on permanent nerve damage. Although most
cases resulted from ingestion of old painted plaster, the burn-
ing of battery casings was responsible for poisoning by inhala-
tion in 17 cases. In 61% of the cases, recovery was complete.
The main sequelae were mental retardation, (occurring in 22%
of the total series) recurrent seizures, (20%), cerebral palsy
(2%) and optic atrophy (1%). The most severe cases, those
with encephalopathic onset of symptoms, were also those in
which sequelae were most frequent. In the largest group of pa-
tients, presenting with gastro-intestinal symptoms, sequelae
were relatively infrequent. Three case histories are given in
detail.
01797
F.W. Sunderman, Jr.
STUDIES OF NICKEL CARCINOGENESIS: ALTERATIONS
OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID FOLLOWING INHALATION OF
NICKEL CARBONYL. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 39, (6) 549-61,
June 1963. (Presented at the American Society of Clinical
Pathologists Meeting, Chicago 111., Sept. 5, 1962.)
Measurements were undertaken of nickel and other trace
metals in ribounucleic acid (RNA) from tissues of normal rats
and of rats exposed to nickel carbonyl. An ultraviolet spec-
trophotometric method was devised for the determination of
nickel in samples of RNA containing as little as 0.4 microgram
of nickel. Measurements of chromium, manganese, lead, tin,
and zinc in RNA were made by means oi: emission spectrog-
raphy. Rat lung RNA was found to be rich in trace metals and
to contain nickel, chromium, manganese, lead, tin, and zinc in
quantities that exceed those present in RNA from rat liver,
kidney, and skeletal muscle. Acute exposure of rats to nickel
carbonyl resulted in an incrase in the concentration of nickel
in NaCl-precipitable lung RNA and a decrease in the concen-
tration of nickel in NaCl-soluble lung RNA. The concentration
of nickelin NaCl-precipitable liver RNA increased following
exposure of rats to nickel carbonyl, whereas that in NaCl-solu-
ble liver RNA was not significantly altered. Following inhala-
tion of nickel carbonyl, changes that were: consistent with an
increase in metal-bonding were observed in the phase-transi-
tion curves of NaCl-precipitable RNA from liver and lung. The
change that was observed in the phase- transition curbe of
NaCl-soluble lung RNA was consistent with disruption of
hydrogen bonds. (Author summary)
01812
M.P. Westerman, E. Pfitzer, L.D. Ellis, W.N. Jensen
CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD IN BONE IN PLUMBISM.
New Engl. J. Med. 273, (23) 1246-50, Dec. 2, 1965.
The relation between lead concentrations in bone marrow,
blood and urine and provocative chelation testing is evaluated
in a group of workers exposed to lead. One patient with severe
clinical plumbism was observed for three years. The observa-
tions suggested that determinations of lead in the bone marrow
may be a useful aid in the evaluation and management of pa-
tients with plumbism or exposure to lead. (Author summary)
01923
H.A. Schroeder, J.J. Balassa, W.H. Vinton, Jr.
CHROMIUM, CADMIUM AND LEAD IN RATS: EFFECTS
ON LD7E SPAN, TUMORS AND TISSUE LEVELS. J. Nutr.
86, (1) 51-66, May 1965.
Groups of 50 or more Long Evans rats in a low metal environ-
ment and fed a diet devoid of cadmium and low in many trace
metals were given 5 ppm chromium (III), cadmium or lead in
drinking water from weaning until death. Life span was shor-
tened in those fed lead and cadmium; tissue concentrations
were within human ranges. Longevity of the last 10% was in-
creased in those fed chromium; tissue concentrations wre
within ranges of young human beings, and females resisted an
epidemic of pneumonia. Rats fed lead had fewer tumors than
control or other groups. Arteriolar sclerosis in kidneys and
ventricular hypertrophy occurred largely in cadmium-fed
animals; cirrhosis of the liver in all groups. Organs of control
were cadmium-free; the metal occurred in animals from
another laboratory. Cadmium did not accumulate in kidneys at
older ages. Older rats fed lead showed less in organs than
younger ones. Chromium did not accumulate in tissues. Exten-
sion of life span by restriction of food was reproduced by
restriction of lead and cadmium and feeding of chromium.
Results indicate that lead and cadmium at human tissue con-
centrations are toxic to rats in terms of life span and longevi-
ty, whereas chromium (III) is not. (Author abstract)
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
225
02191
R. W. Ellis
URINARY SCREENING TESTS TO DETECT EXCESSIVE
LEAD ABSORPTION. Rrit. J. Ind, Med. (London), 23, (4)
263-81, Oct. 1966.
The biological variation encountered in spot urine samples was
assessed by collecting 6 sets of serial urine specimens from 5
men. The lead, coproporphyrin, and creatinine contents of
each specimen were determined and the specific gravity was
measured. By measuring the group av. lead and
coproporphyrin excretions at regular intervals the lead hazard
can be monitored with a reasonable degree of accuracy. It is
valid to compare the daily excretion levels of men working
under different conditions. Unless they are considered collec-
tively, the results of single spot specimens are too variable to
indicate the excretion levels of the metabolites. The urinary
concentrations of lead and coproporphyrin, of people in com-
parable environmental conditions, reflect the lead absorption.
02202
S. Selander, K. Cramer, L. Hallberg
STUDIES IN LEAD POISONING. Oral Therapy with Penicil-
lamine. Relationship between Lead in Blood and other Labora-
tory Tests. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London) 23, (4) 282-91, Oct.
1966.
Fifteen workers with lead poisoning of varying degrees were
treated with penicillamine given by mouth. The effect on
symptoms and pathological laboratory values was satisfactory,
side effects were generally mild and the drug is considered to
be good alternative to Ca-EDTA, which must be given in-
travenously. Previous studies on the reliability of different
laboratory tests in evaluating the degree of lead poisoning and
the effect of the theraphy were extended with special respect
to the lead levels in blood. The correlations between lead in
blood and lead in urine, coproporphyrins in urine and lead
excreted during treatment were of the same order as those
found between delta-aminolavulic acid (ALA) in urine and the
same parameters. As could be expected, the correlation
between the initial values of lead in blood and ALA in urine
was very strong (P-0.001). It also persisted during treatment. It
is concluded that penicillamine is efficient and useful in the
treatment of lead poisoning. Determinations of lead in blood
and ALA in urine are equivalent as expressions of lead
poisoning, provided that the lead level in blood is not tem-
porarily raised because of an acute exposure. (Author abstract)
03086
P. Stocks
ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC POLLU-
TION IN URBAN AND RURAL LOCALITIES AND MOR-
TALITY FROM CANCER, BRONCHITIS AND PNEUMONIA,
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO 3:4 BENZOPYRENE,
BERYLLIUM, MOLYBDENUM, VANADIUM AND ARSENIC.
Brit. J. Cancer (London) 14, 397-418, 1960
of polycyclic hydrocarbons and a statistical process of Lung
cancer mortality is strongly correlated with smoke density in
the atmosphere in Northern England and Wales. In 26 locali-
ties the smoke samples were analysed in respect successive
elimination was applied to discover which hydrocarbon was
responsible for the smoke correlation with mortality rates. For
lung cancer and bronchitis 3:4 benzopyrene emerges clearly as
the substance of prime importance, with 1:12 benzoperylene
contributing weakly for lung cancer, but for pneumonia 3:4
benzopyrene is apparently not important. The composite group
of other cancers in males is correlated with several hydrocar-
bons, but cancers of the breast and other sites in females
show no relations with any of them. In 23 localities spectro-
graphic analyses for 13 trace elements were made and a
similar process of successive elimination was applied to those
which showed appreciable correlations with mortality rates.
For lung cancer beryllium and molybdenum emerge as the ele-
ments of most consequence, with arsenic, zinc and vanadium
showing weaker associations. For bronchitis molybdenum ap-
pears to be the important element in both sexes whilst males
beryllium, arsenic, vanadium and zinc may also be concerned
as for lung cancer. For pneumonia beryllium emerges as the
important element in both sexes, with vanadium also con-
cerned in males. With other cancer in males beryllium, molyb-
denum and vanadium show associations, but breast and other
cancers in females show no realtions with any element.
(Author summary modified)
03281
H. E. Stokinger.
RECENT HISTORY OF LEAD EXPOSURE IN U.S. INDUS-
TRY, 1935-1965. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div.
of Occupational Health. (Presented at the Symposium on En-
vironmental Lead Contamination, Public Health Service,
Washington, D.C., Dec. 13-15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. pp. 29-6.
This review was made of unpublished data on lead exposure
as measured by concentrations in air and in urine in 7 of 8
work categories, representing the major uses of lead: auto
body, collision and manufacture; foundries, printing; storage
battery manufacture and rebuilding; secondary smelters. The
concentration of lead in air and in urine can be used as mea-
sures of exposure to inorganic forms of lead. There is a
decrease in concentrations of air-borne lead, dust and fume in
ah industrial categories since 1934. This decrease has con-
tinued, but at a slower rate since 1945, at which time the
average exposure in most work categories was below the ac-
ceptable limits owing to the introduction of safe work stan-
dards for lead in air and in urine. Only one garage mechanic
showed evidence of exposure (elevated urinary lead values)
slightly in excess of normal, in a ninth work-exposure catego-
ry, involving exposure to gasoline additives. Tables illustrating
the lead levels in the work categories are given.
03282
J. F. Tomashefski and R. I. Mitchell.
UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS INHALATION OF
LEAD DANGEROUS? Battelle Memorial lost, Columbus,
Ohio. (Presented at the Symposium on Environmental Lead
Contamination, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., Dec.
13-15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. PP. 39-49. GPO 0-210-345; HEW 1440
It appears that the majority of inhaled lead is removed or
cleansed from the tracheobronchial tree by the natural clean-
ing mechanism and swallowed or expectorated. Whether lead
is taken up by the lungs depends upon solubility factors and
particle mechanics. Highly soluble lead in proper particle size
such as fumes or mists can rapidly be absorbed and approxi-
mate an intravenous injection. A possible unproven relation-
ship exists between pulmonary disease-bronchitis and
emphysema-with particle deposition, cleansing, and accumula-
tion of lead. There is no known direct effect of lead on the
brochopulmonary system. There is need for further determina-
tion of the concentration and particle size of lead in the at-
mosphere. Studies on particle retention and deposition of lead
in the lungs are lacking. The synergistic effect of lead with
other pollutants such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide is
not known. This is especially true in the patient with chronic
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226
LEAD AND ADR POLLUTION
obstructive pulmonary disease. It would seem that patients
would be more susceptible to lead inhaled because of greater
retention and increased deposition. Studies are needed to
determine the concentrates of lead in the tissues and fluids of
the lungs. Whether lead is immobilized from body stores in
diseased states such as respiratory acidosis remains to be
proven. (Author summary)
03283
R. A. Kehoe.
UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS INGESTION OF LEAD
DANGEROUS? Cincinnati Univ., Ohio, Coll. of Medicine.
(Presented at the Symposium on Environmental Lead Con-
tamination, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., Dec. 13-
15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. PP. 51-8. GPO 0-210-345; HEW 1440
Following topics are discussed in this paper: The total mag-
nitude of the current exposure of the general population to
lead, the significance of the current exposure of the general
population to lead, from the aspect of hazard; the margin
between the current levels of the concentration of lead in the
general population and those associated with the occurrence of
lead poisoning, and lead poisoning from the ingestion of lead.
03284
TEPPER, L. B.
UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS DIRECT CONTACT
WITH LEAD DANGEROUS? Cincinnati Univ., Ohio, Coll. of
Medicine. (Presented at the Symposium on Environmental Lead
Contamination, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., Dec.
13-15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. PP. 59-62. GPO 0-210-345; HEW 1440
Absorption of inorganic lead compounds through the skin by
direct contact is discussed. The process of weighting silk and
its possible toxic effects; are discussed, as well as experiments
with leaded lubricants being massaged into the skin of human
volunteers. A rise in blood lead by a factor of two after ten
minutes and by a factor of three at one hour have been re-
ported, but not confirmed. Experiments with tetraethyl lead
are also briefly discussed.
03285
R. G. Smith.
HOW SENSITIVE AND HOW APPROPRIATE ARE OUR
CURRENT STANDARDS OF 'NORMAL' AND 'SAFE' BODY
CONTENT OF LEAD. Wayne State Univ., Detroit, Mich.,
School of Medicine. (Presented at the Symposium on Environ-
mental Lead Contamination, Public Health Service, Washing-
ton, D.C., Dec. 13-15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. PP. 65-72. GPO 0-210-
345; HEW 1440
Lead is but one of many metals present in the atmosphere and
diet of man. Further it is only a minor component in the tre-
mendous mixture of chemical and biological matter which per-
meates the environment. There are many substances present in
this mixture which man never encountered at all until relative-
ly recent times, while in the case of many other substances,
the quantities which man breathes or ingests have increased
sharply since he ex:-;ted in a 'so-called natural' state. It seems
unwise to assume that one of these substances can bring aboul
the far-reaching consequences of which lead is accused,
without due regard for possible interactions of many sub-
stances as well as the ability of the biological system to ac-
comodate itself to a changing environment. This attitude cer-
tainly does not rule out the need for continuing research, but it
does make it imperative that insofar as possible, the impact of
the stress imposed by the total environment be considered.
03286
H. L. Hardy.
LEAD. Massachusetts lust, of Tech., Cambridge. (Presented
at the Symposium on Environmental Lead Contamination,
Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., Dec. 13-15, 1965.)
Mar. 1966. pp. 73-83. GPO 0-210-345; HEW 1440
Author summarizes this extensive review with the following:
Well-designed prospective studies of special populations
should help establish how long and at what low levels can
those in such identified groups tolerate the extra burden of
lead in air, water soil and food. The effect of multiple factors
acting with tetraethyl lead on an organ or siystem should be in-
vestigated. Extension of studies relating mental retardation and
psychic disturbances in children with measurable excess lead
stores both with and without overt tetraethyl lead poisoning
are also advocated.
03287
M. W. First.
POSSIBILITIES OF REMOVAL OF SOURCES OF LEAD
CONTAMINATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. (Presented at the Sym-
posium on Environmental Lead Contamination, Public Health
Service, Washington, D.C., Dec. 13-15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. pp.
87-94. GPO 0-210-345; HEW 1440
Emissions of lead to the environment from mining, smelting,
refining, processing, and fabricating lead and lead-containing
substances and objects may be greatly reduced, both in-plant
and out, by the application of well-known control measures.
The remaining principal sources of lead in the environment
(lead insecticides, lead-containing surface finishes, lead anti-
knock compounds, lead and brass water and waste-water pipes
may be eliminated entirely by prohibiting their further use.
Suitable substitutes are available, although they may be more
costly and less convenient to use. Additional controls on the
introduction of lead into the environment must, in my opinion,
be based on a clearly perceived threat to the public health to
justify the wide-spread dislocations and economic hardships
that would be certain to follow. (Author summary modified)
03635
D. Tanaka
(AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY ON LEAD WORKERS'
SERUM.) Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo), l(2):35-42, Apr. 1959.
Text in Japanese.
Lead workers with slight anemia by lead absorption show a
higher level of Y-globulin percentage of serum protein than
those without any sumptoms of anemia, including healthy con-
trols. The decrease of the albumin and globulin ratio (A/G)
measured by the Kunkel Method in lead workers' sera is
established, as is that seen in experimental lead poisoning in
animals. In comparing the symptoms and protein fraction
changes due to lead absorption, an electrophoretic study on
the sera of lead workers in a storage battery factory was done
using Tiselius apparatus. The determination of the fraction
bound by lead was made by Zone electrophoresis. It was
found that the lead in the serum was mainly in the fraction
which corresponds to that of albumin and there seemed to be
no relation between the cause of Y-globulin percentage in-
crease and the lead-binding capacity of the protein fraction of
the serum. (Author summary modified)
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
227
03654
J. Steel
TOXIC HAZARDS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND USE OF
SURFACE COATINGS. Paint Technol. (London) 3
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228
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
zhelezorudnykh shakht pri primenenii elektrodetonatorov
korotkozamedlennogo deistviya.) Hyg. Sank. 31, (8) 326-7,
Aug. 1966. Russ. (Tr.) CFSTI: T 66-51160/7-9
In the mines of the Krivoi Rog iron-ore basin, the blasting is
mainly done with short-delay electric blasting caps. They con-
tain lead compounds which may pollute the air in the mine. In
63-68% of the air samples taken in mine workings, the lead
contents were above the maximum permissible concentration,
varying from 0.02 to 0.057 mg/cu m, an average of 0.13 mg/cu
m. Such high concentrations were due to unsatisfactory ven-
tilation. An improvement in the ventilation of dead-end faces
may lead to a reduction in the lead content in the air down to
maximum permissible concentration and even lower. This is
shown by the fact that lead was not discovered or else did not
exceed the maximum permissible concentration in 33-37% of
the samples. According to the investigations, in the case when
the ventilation was improved so as to satisfy the standard
requirements, the lead concentration was reduced to the max-
imum permissible level (0.01 mg/cu m). Periodic medical ex-
aminations of miners must include tests for lead poisoning.
04877
K. Nozaki
METHOD FOR STUDIES ON INHALED PARTICLES IN
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND RETENTION OF
LEAD FUME. Ind. Health (Kawasaki, Japan) 4, (3) 118-28,
Oct. 1966.
Method for the determination of retention of inhaled particles
in the human respiratory tract was studied. Aerosol concentra-
tion was determined by light scattering, respiratory air flow by
pneumotachograph, and carbon dioxide content by infrared
analyzer These were recorded simultaneously and continu-
ously during breathing aerosol. Detector or parts of these mea-
suring apparatus were inserted into the mouthpiece of which
inner space was 9.5 ml. This extreme reduction of the dead
space of mouthpiece enabled the measuring apparatus to work
with quick response. By this method, the retention of lead
fume in the respiratory tract was studied. Lead fumes with
various sizes from 0.05 micron to 1 micron were prepared by
high frequency induction furnace. Total retention rate of lead
fumes decreased with particle size, for instance, it was 63.2%
for 1 micron particle but 42.5% for 0.5 micron at 10 respira-
tions per minute. And the increase of respiratory rate resulted
in the drop of retention. Retention rates in the upper and
lower respiratory tracts were also determined.
05002
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of
Air Sanitation and Air and Industrial Hygiene Labs. Mar. 1967.
84pp.
LEAD IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON HU-
MANS. California
Industrial consumption of lead in California was approximately
109,000 tons in 1964, and about 20% of this amount was used
in gasoline anti-knock additives. Almost all of the lead in the
atmosphere of California communities comes from motor vehi-
cle exhausts. In 1965, motor vehicles emitted about 6,000 tons
of lead in Los Angeles County and about 16,000 tons in the
state. With a continuation of current rates of increase of
gasoline usage and with no changes in the concentration of
lead in gasoline, these figures will be doubled in 1977. There
are no regulations which limit the amount of lead antiknock
compounds in motor fuel. There are 4.0 cubic centimeters of
tetraethyl lead per gallon. Over 90% of the lead in the at-
mosphere is contained in particles of sizes which can be
retained in the lung. The concentration of blood lead in the
population is 1/4 to 1/2 of that recognized as hazardous to
workers in industries using lead. Mean ambient air concentra-
tions of inorganic lead are 1/80 to 1/8 of the Threshold Limit
Value used as a guide in industrial exposure. The average con-
centration at eight stationary sampling sites in Los Angeles
during 1961-62 was 2.5 micrograms/cm and the highest single
sample concentration was 11.4 microgram!i/cm. Concentrations
of lead over freeways in Los Angeles during daylight hours
averaged 25 micrograms/cm and in downtown traffic about 15
micrograms/cm. Tables and figures are given. Appendix con-
tains information on known effects of exposure to inorganic
and organic lead compounds.
05025
L. W. Saunders
TETRAETHYLLEAD INTOXICATION. Arch. Environ.
Health 8, 280-8, Feb. 1964. (Presented at the Symposium on
Lead, Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 25-27, 1963.)
It is the purpose of this paper to describe the disease, as well
as the symptoms, signs, and factors which lead to its diagno-
sis. The first symptoms noticed by the patient or his family or
associates are those of nervous irritability, There is no lower-
ing of the hemoglobin, no diminution in the numbers of
erythrocytes, and no increase in the number of stippled cells.
During the early phase of a syndrome of this general type,
determinations of the lead content of the blood and urine are
highly advantageous for correct diagnosis and appropriate
therapy. An important point to be considered is the striking
difference between tetraethyllead poisoning and that by the in-
organic compounds of lead. In the latter, the lead content of
the blood is the most precise and reliable indication of the
general extent and significance of the absorption of lead,
while, in the former, the concentration of lead in the blood
will be only slightly elevated or, more likely, within the normal
range. The urine, in both types of lead intoxication, may be
abnormally and significantly high in its concentration of lead;
but, in tetraethyllead intoxication, it is likely to be appreciably
higher. The nervous symptoms may vary greatly in severity. In
instances of mild intoxication they may subside completely in
two or three days. On the other hand, they may be only the
prodromal symptoms of severe intoxication. It is in this form
or stage of the illness, when errors, both positive and nega-
tive, are very likely to be made.
05280
J. B. Little; and E. P. Radfor, Jr.
POLONIUM-210 IN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM OF
CIGARETTE SMOKERS. Science 155, (3762) 606-7, Feb. 3,
1967.
The biologic significance of radioactive polonium in tobacco
smoke has been widely debated since the original report by
Radford and Hunt, 1964. Holtzman and Dcewicz, 1966, have
mentioned some seemingly conflicting evidence concerning
radiation doses from this source to bronchial epithelium. The
latter's paper for the first time indicates that, in addition to
210Po, tobacco smoke contains some of that isotope's grand-
parent, long-lived lead-210; and that, in rib bones and lung
parenchyma, 210Pb was higher in smokers than in nonsmokers
of about the same age. It is agreed by the authors that this
means of exposure to environmental 210Pb is important, and
results of a few studies roughly confirm this. Indeed 210Pb in
smoke may be more significant than their data imply. As far as
radiobiological implications are concerned, however, it is the
amount of 210Pb present in the bronchial epithelium of
smokers that is of greatest interest; no evidence is yet availa-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
229
ble. The presence of 210Po h. 'hot spots' reported at bifurca-
tions of segmental bronchi may depend on the presence of
210Pb, environmental sources of which may account for the
210Po found in epithelia of nonsmokers. Another problem in
any analysis of bronchial epithelium is the rapidity of postmor-
tem changes in this tissue. Histologic sections obtained within
even a few hours of death often show loss of considerable
areas of epithelium.
05475
H. Watanabe, H. Murayama, S. Yamaoka
SOME CLINICAL FINDINGS ON VANADIUM WORKERS.
Japan J. Ind. Health (Tohyo ) 8, (7) 23-7, July 1966. Jap.
Observation was made of workers in the production of white
lead to vanadium pentoxide. In workers handling vanadium
only, the symptoms of lead poisoning such as anemia, baso-
philic stippled cells and coproporphyrinurea were present but
improved gradually indicating that the handling of vanadium
was not causing the health impairment. The most prevalent
symptoms in both vanadium and lead handlers were irritation
of the respiratory tract or the eye and abnormal pigmentation
of the tongue. Mean concentrations of serum cholesterol and
concentrations of vanadium in the urine were not significant.
It was, however, suggested that excessive absorption of
vanadium in the body caused adisorder of the oxidation-reduc-
tion system of ascorbic acid metabolism. (Authors' summary,
modified)
05478
Gilfillan, S. C.
LEAD POISONING AND THE FALL OF ROME. J. Occupa-
tional Med. 7, (2) 53-60, Feb. 1965.
A theory is presented for the underlying cause of the decline
of ancient Rome. It is postulated that the Roman aristocracy
was decimated by the ingestion of lead. Archeological
evidence is cited of lead found in human bones of the classical
period, and of lead in their cooking and drinking utensils.
Further corroboration is provided by citations from classical
authors on ancient culinary and dietary customs and illness.
The wealthy, by use of leaden cooking ware and by virtue of
their eating and drinking habits were gradually poisoned by
lead, thereby diminishing their fertility, hastening their death,
and mentally damaging their surviving children. The different
eating and drinking patterns of the poor and their use of
earthenware utensils enable them to survive. Thus, the most
productive and intelligent members of the Roman empire were
gradually displaced by the inferior members leading to cultural
stagnation.
05483
R. A. Kehoe
THE FATE OF INHALED PARTICIPATE LEAD COM-
POUNDS. Preprint. 1966.
Experiments are described in which two human subjects were
exposed to lead. Two identical respiratory chambers were used
into which air containing 150 micrograms of lead per cubic me-
ter, dispersed in particles ranging up to 0.18 microns in diame-
ter and having a mean diameter of 0.05 microns, was in-
troduced and evenly distributed, During a 16 week period the
subjects were exposed for periods ranging from 10.5 hrs; to 42
hrs per week. During each successive period of 16 weeks, the
concentration of lead in the urine and blood of the subjects
rose up to a certain point and then continued at essentially
constant levels. A line connecting the points representing the
final levels of lead in the blood reached in the successive
periods of 16 weeks became a straight line of uniform slope.
The result of the extension of this line to a point that cor-
responded to continuous exposure is illustrated, as well as
other analytical data of the experiment. The greatest practical
importance of these results lies in the indication of the feasi-
bility of this method for determining the maximum concentra-
tion of lead in the ambient amosphere compttible with human
health. Other experiments are described, in progress or pro-
jected, deal- ing with exposure to minimal amounts of lead,
extension of the period of exposure.
05541
LEAD POISONING. Consumer Bull. 50, (2) 37-40, Feb. 1967.
The controversy aroused by a specific scientific report of the
increase in the blood levels of lead in the average American is
described. The resistance of Government and industry officials
is cited. Facts are extracted from the controversial paper re-
garding the exposure of the average individual to lead through
a variety of sources. It is concluded that the author of the re-
port was unfairly criticized and attacked.
05671
Castellino, N. and S. Aloj
EFFECTS OF CALCIUM SODIUM
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRA-ACETATE ON THE KINETICS
OF DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF LEAD IN THE
RAT. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London), vol. 22:172-180, 1965.
The effects of calcium sodium ethylenediaminetetra-acetate
(CaNa2EDTA) on the kinetice of distribution and excretion of
lead (210Pb) have been studied in rats. When the chelant was
given intravenously, at 50 mg/rat daily after a single in-
travenous injection of 100 micrograms lead/rat, it greatly in-
creased the urinary excretion of lead but reduced the faecal
excretion. The greatest effects occurred in the rats treated
with chelant shortly after the lead injection. When the chelant
was given seven or more days after the lead the increase in
lead excretion was negligible. CaNa2EDTA mobilized lead
from every tissue, but the kinetics analysis of the disap-
pearance of 210Pb showed the presence of two elimination
phases. Lead ions weakly bound to the cells were rapidly
removed by EDTA, whereas the lead fixed to endocellular
constituents was only slowly removed. The chelant did not
mobilize lead from bone. Probably CaNa2EDTA entered the
extravascular space but not the cells. Hence it only ac-
celerated the passage of lead from the cells by lowering the
concentration of lead outside them. Pb210 was also given
orally in doses of 500 micrograms lead/rat. About 18% of the
dose was absorbed through the intestine to be distributed in all
tissues. Rats treated orally with CaNa2EDTA showed an in-
crease in urinary lead excretion and a reduction in lead fixed
in the body.
05697
D. G. Fowler
FACTS ABOUT LEAD AND INDUSTRIAL HYGD2NE. J. Oc-
cupational Med. 7 (7) , 324-9 (July 1965).
Lead is a normal constituent of human tissue from birth
through life. Human exposure experiments have shown that
there is constant in-take and elimination and that the body
does achieve and maintain a balance, or dynamic equilibrium,
between intake and elimination. The amount of lead in the
body is a function of this balance, and so blood and urine lead
determinations are used to provide a picture of this balance
for each individual and to measure absorption, transport and
excretion. The two-pronged attack used today to control lead
-------
230
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
exposure: I. Measuring and controlling the amount of lead in
the plant environment, with airborne lead determinations and
the providing of engineering controls, and (2) Measuring the
physiological lead balance in the employee, through blood lead
or urine lead determinations. These two approaches give effec-
tive means of determining the potential exposure within a
plant and the actual exposure of an individual. Action can then
be taken to reduce any excessive exposures. Continuing stu-
dies in industry, correlated with controlled exposure research
with human subjects, provide the basis for the widely ac-
cepted permissible levels in industry toady. The present stan-
dard for industrial exposure to lead in air is 0.2 mg. of lead per
cubic meter of air measured over an eight-hour day. This stan-
dard states that, when the air of workrooms contains regularly
not more than 0.2 mg. of inorganic lead per cubic meter of air,
as measured by prescribed methods, cases of lead intoxication
will not occur. It is only in combination with determination of
blood and/or urine lead levels in exposed persons that the en-
vironmental determinations are meaningful. Two methods of
establishing the approximate level of absorption of lead into
the body are found most useful: 1. Measurements of concen-
tration of lead in the whole blood and, 2. Determination of the
concentration of lead in the urine. Control of exposure to toxic
materials in industry is primarily an engineering and adminis-
trative problem. It involves dust control, ventilation, plant
layout, good housekeeping, the education of personnel in hy-
gienic procedures and a sound medical program.
05780
Tsuchiya, K. and Harashima, S.
LEAD EXPOSURE AND THE DERIVATION OF MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS AND THRESHOLD
LIMIT VALUES. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London) 22, 181-6, 1965.
An investigation of lead workers is reported, and recommen-
dations are made based on the data obtained. The survey was
carried out in printing works and storage battery factories; the
order of development of abnormal biochemical findings was
reconfirmed. The threshold limit value (T.L.V.) was deter-
mined for each stage of lead absorption by a graphic method.
T.L.V.s for an eight to 10- hour working day were determined
as 0.10 mg/cu m to produce a urinary lead of 0.15 mg/1, 0.12
mg/cu m for coproporphyrinuria of about 50 microgram/1, 0.14
mg/cu m for basophilic stippling at the 0.3 per thousand level,
and most likely 0.14 to 0.15 mg/cu m for lead anaemia. The
biochemical function chosen was an increased excretion of
coproporphyrin, and to keep this below 50 micrograms/1 it is
suggested that the T.L.V. should be about 0.12 mg/cu m or a
little more in the case of a 40-hour week. It is also recom-
mended that the ceiling for lead in the air should be about 0.19
mg/cu m. (Author abstract modified)
06028
J. D. Williams, D. A. Leigh, and G. A. Matthews
DIAGNOSIS OF EXCESSIVE LEAD ABSORPTION BY USE
OF ORAL CALCIUM DISODIUM VERSENATE. Ann. Occu-
pational Hyg. (London) 9(l):l-5, Jan. 1966.
In order to assess the degree of lead absorption by lead wor-
kers Ig of Versenate was given orally and lead concentration
determined in early morning specimens of urine collected be-
fore and after the dose. In non-exposed workers only small in-
creases of lead concentration (up to 80 micrograms/1 were
found after Versenate. Increasing concentrations of urine lead
were found after Versenate in men in whom standard tests for
lead absorption showed increasing degrees of absorption.
Levels of urine lead up to 1500 microgram/1 were found in
men who were judged by other criteria as fit to continue work-
ing whereas when the standard tests showed excessive absorp-
tion the lead excretion post Versenate exceeded 1760 micro-
gram/1. The results of this test (the Versenate provocation
test) were reproducible when it was carried out on twelve men
at weekly intervals. It is suggested that this test may prove
useful in detecting excessive lead absorption both in lead wor-
kers and noc-industrially exposed person;,.
06059
Haley, T. J.
CHRONIC LEAD INTOXICATION FROM ENVHIONMEN-
TAL CONTAMINATION: MYTH OR FACT? Arch. Environ.
Health 12(6):881-885, June 1966. 19 refa. Also translated into
German. Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg), 21(2):90-93, Feb. 1968.
The population of the United States is in lead balance and the
old causes of acute and chronic lead intoxication have been
reduced to very low levels by changes in technology. Lead
body burdens of the population have been maintained at the
same level for the past 30 years regardless of the fact that
there has been a 2.5-fold increase in the use of leaded
gasoline. The bulk of the body burden of lead has been ob-
tained via the food chain and not by inhalation from the en-
vironment. Although lead is present in the ambient air, only a
small percentage of the inhaled lead is in the correct particle
size for pulmonary retention and even that fraction contributes
only an extremely small amount to the body lead burden.
Body defense mechanisms make it highly unlikely that en-
vironmental lead could induce chronic lead insult in the popu-
lation. Greatly increased exposure to lead slowly increases the
body burden but only at levels well above those encountered
in the environment. The supposed chronic lead intoxication
from environmental contamination is a myth, not a fact.
06151
Clark, R.L., Jones, J.H., and Jones, J.F.
SCREENING LEAD WORKERS FOR THE PRESENCE OF
STIPPLED ERYTHROCYTES. J. Clin. Pathol. 20, (2) 166-9,
1967.
The possibility of false low results from the technique of
counting the number of red cells showing basophilic stippling
to detect lead intoxication is investigated. The number of the
stippled erythrocytes in the blood of lead workers showed a
marked fall when the blood is taken into an anticoagulant. The
affected erythrocytes probably became altered in some way as
the result of contact with anticoagulants so that their stippling
was lost or was no longer demonstrable. While urinary
coproporphyrin estimations have been suggested as a more
sensitive index of excessive lead absorption, enumeration of
the stippled cells is still widely used for screeing lead workers.
Although the nature of the reaction of lead in the erythrocytes
is by no means clear, it is generally accepted that stippled cells
are reticulocytes in which the basophlic material has been
modified in some way. It has been shown that more stippled
cells are found in the marrow than in the peripheral blood
which suggests that lead has its main effect on the red cell
precursors than on the circulating erythrocytes.
06174
Lane, R. E.
THE CLINICAL ASPECTS OF POISONING BY INORGANIC
LEAD COMPOUNDS. Ann. Occupational Hyg. (London) 8 (1),
31-4 (Mar. 1965). (Presented at the 16th Conference, British
Occupational Hygiene Society, Apr. 7- 8, 1964.)
The doctor faced with the supervision of lead workers should
have a sound knowledge of the clinical manifestations of ex-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
231
cessive lead absorption. It is particularly important that he
should be able to identify those workers who have passed into
the zone of excessive absorption while still remaining capable
of work. It is suggested that years of such exposure may lead
to renal damage. An investigation is reported which shows
there is not excess of deaths from malignant disease among
lead workers but in those who have been heavily exposed for
many years a significant excess of deaths from cerebro-vascu-
lar catastrophe occurs. (Author abstract)
06177
Malcom. D.
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL OF PERSONNEL. Ann. Occupa-
tional Hyg. (London) 8, (1) 35-42 (Mar. 1965). (Presented at the
16th Conference, British Occupational Hygiene Society, Apr.
7-8, 1964.)
The diagnosis of lead poisoning is a clinical diagnosis. The
task of the doctor in industry is not only to prevent episodes
of classical lead poisoning, but to prevent any damage to the
health of the individual due to excessive absorption of lead
over a lifetime of work in lead industry, for instance: anemia
due to lead exposure, an excessive incidence of kidney dis-
ease, or cerebrovascular accidents. In addition to routine in-
spections required by law, a number of biological tests are
useful signals that lead absorption may be excessive.
Haemoglobin level, punctate basophil counts, lead in urine and
blood measurements and urinary coproporphyrin levels are
discussed. None of these tests is in itself diagnostic of lead
poisoning. Problems of interpretation are discussed. The doc-
tor in charge of the health of lead workers should have up-to-
date information on lead in air levels in working areas, and
should co-operate closely with engineers and factory manage-
ment in the control of these levels. (Author abstract)
06704
Berg, B. A. and C. Zenz
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLINICAL CONTROL OF LEAD
EXPOSURE IN A NON-FERROUS FOUNDRY. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., 28(2):175-178, March-April 1967. 3 refs. (Presented
at the 15th International Congress on Occupational Health,
Vienna, Austria, Sept. 24, 1966.)
In a non-ferrous foundry employing 75 workers, monitoring of
the lead concentrations in the workroom atmosphere and in
the urine of workers began in 1943. A rise in concentrations
was noted over the years and found to be due to increased
lead in the alloys and to development of some poor work
habits. Installation of modern exhaust ventilation and a clinical
surveillance program have prevented any cases of clinical lead
poisoning. The urinary coproporphyrin screening technique has
proven to be valuable in this program. (Authors' abstract)
06814
W. Bolanowska, J. Piotrowski, and H. Garczynski
IWETHYLLEAD IN THE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL IN
CASES OF ACUTE TETRAETHYLLEAD POISONING. Arch.
Toxikol. (Berlin) 22 (4), 278-82 (Mar. 1967).
Triethyllead and the total lead were determined in the tissues
in three acute fatal cases of tetraethyllead poisoning. In each
case high concentrations of triethyllead were found (2.0 - 22.0
micro g/g) being of the same range as the total lead content.
The triethyllead content of the tissues showed a slightly
decreasing trend with the length of the surviving period. High
levels of the total lead were also found in blood (3.3 - 4.0
micro g/ml), and urine (0.4 - 8.0 micro g/ml), the highest values
being observed after EDTA treatment. The triethyllead content
in blood and urine was much lower. (Author summary)
06985
J. Hasan, V. Vihko, S. Hernberg
DEFICIENT RED CELL MEMBRANE NA+/K+/ ATPASE IN
LEAD POISONING. Arch. Environ. Health, 14(2):313-318,
Feb. 1967. 27 refs.
The activity of the sodium and potassium activated (and
strophanthininhibited) enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of
adenosine triphosphate was studied in fragmented erythrocyte
membranes prepared from blood samples of 10 men hospital-
ized because of poisoning with inorganic lead, and of 14 osten-
sibly healthy men never knowingly exposed to heavy metals.
Several hematological and biochemical parameters were also
determined in the former in order to define the intensity of
toxic exposure for each worker. The mean activity (plus or
minus S D) of the erythrocyte membrane/Na+/K+/-ATPase in
the group of patients was 4.42 plus or minus 1.23 X 10 to the
minus 13th power micromol Pi sq micron/hr and in the nonex-
posed controls, 6.34 plus or minus 1.29 X 10 to the minus 13th
power micromo! Pi sq micron/hr; the difference was statisti-
cally significant (t equal 3.80, P less than 0.01). There was no
significant relationship between the degree of inhibition in this
enzymatic activity and the magnitudes of any of the following
parameters: the concentration of hemoglobin, the erythrocyte
count, the relative number of reticulocytes and stippled
erythrocytes in blood; the concentration of lead in blood and
urine; and the daily excretion of coproporphyrin in urine. The
possible relevance of these findings to previous ovserbations
of accelerated potassium loss in vitro from erythrocytes of
people exposed to lead is discussed. The data obtained so far
do not indicate how much of the action of lead ions on the
erythrocyte in vivo is mediated by the erythropoietic tissue
and to which extent it is a direct effect on the circulating
erythrocyte. AS
07162
B. G. Ferris, Jr. and N. R. Frank
AIR POLLUTION AND DISEASE. Anesthesiology 25(4):470-
478 Aug. 1964.
Atmospheric pollution can be classified under three headings:
general, occupational and personal. The components are com-
plex and variable so that it is difficult to extrapolate the
prevalence of disease in one area to that of another unless the
two have similar chemical compositions. Significant exposures
can occur at work and may produce impairment of respiratory
function. It is emphasized that tobacco smoking, and particu-
larly cigarette smoking, is a most important factor in the
causation of chronic nonspecific respiratory disease. Much
research has been done to elucidate the mechanism whereby
such changes are induced but specific answers concerning the
mechanisms have not been forthcoming. Tables are included
showing types of atmospheric pollution; comparison of Los
Angeles and London types of pollution; categories of airborne
materials with selected examples that may occur in industry
and that may cause disease; age standardized rates of respira-
tory diseases by tobacco usage and sex; age standardized rates
(%) of respiratory disease by current cigarette smoking habits
and sex.
07169
E. Marsden
INCIDENCE AND POSSD3LE SIGNIFICANCE OF INHALED
OR INGESTED POLONIUM. Nature (London) Vol. 203:230-
233, July 18, 1964.
Experimental evidence is given of polonium and its possible
effects in cancer initiation at various sites, including the lung
and also in relation to certain possible induced genetic
-------
232
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
changes. Polonium can enter the body either through the water
consumed, or as a contaminant of the air inspired, or as a
trace constituent of foodstuffs via radioactive soil or from
natural fall-out as the result of disintegration of radon which
has escaped into the atmosphere from soil. In the case of
drinking-water, the amount does not appear to be relatively
important except for certain artesian waters generally also
highly charged with radon. Normal air is said to contain lead-
210 to an average extent of 0.003 pc./kg with upwards of 0.09
of this quantity of polonium-210, according to season. This
figure would correspond to some 0.007 pc. inhaled by an
average person per day. Two widespread probable sources of
inspired polonium are (1) inhaled tobacco smoke, when cer-
tain tobaccos are used in the cigarette blend and in the
absence of a suitable filter; (2) the exhaust of motor-car petrol
engines when lead compounds are used for enhancement of
octane rating. These two sources could assume varying rela-
tive importance in different conditions and regions, though too
little is known regarding the magnitude of the latter. The
average retention period in the lung of such inspired polonium
is of the order of 70 days but will probably vary with particle
size, the nuclide presumably being more readily removed be-
fore disintegration when not associated with certain types of
paniculate matter, for example, smoke condensate or car ex-
haust material under certain conditions or urban pollution.
(Author's introduction modified)
07396
S. Saito, A. Sanshi
RELATION BETWEEN LEAD POISONING AND ELEC-
TROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Text in Japanese. Japan J. Ind.
Health (Tokyo), 7 (6):20-27, June 1965. 16 refs.
Ine chronically lead-poisoned patients ranging in age from 18
to 30 years and seven normal clerical employees of lead smelt-
ing works ranging in age from 23 to 29 years were examined as
follows: blood specific gravity, hemoglobin, microhematocrit,
basophilic stippled cells, lead in the whole blood, 24 hours'
excretion of urine, coproporphyrin, lead in the urine, bluish
line along the gums, subjective symptoms and EEG and their
frequency analysis. The results of the examinations were
statistically significant between the lead poisoned group and
the control group. As to the results of EEG and their frequen-
cy analysis of the lead poisoned group, increases of 4 to about
6 c/s and decreases of 8 to about 12 c/s and 12 to about 16 c/s
were recognized. The amplitude of EEG of the lead poisoned
hroup was lower than that of the control group. The relation
between these examinations and the distribution of EEG
frequencies is described in detail. These changes of EEG were
statistically significant, and from the relation between those
results of examinations and the distribution of EEG frequen-
cies, chronic diffuse changes of the central nervous system in
the chronically lead-poisoned group are briefly discussed.
(Authors' summary, modified)
07423
Heimann, H.
STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION HEALTH RESEARCH, 1966.
Arch. Environ. Health, 14(3):488-503, Mar. 1967. 178 red
Health, 14(3):488-503, Mar. 1967. 178 refs. (Presented in part
before the American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., May 16-20, 1966.)
Consideration is limited to man-made air pollutants, omitting
naturally occurring adventitious airborne materials. Radioac-
tive materials were not discussed. Acute episodes of air pollu-
tion; systemic effects of air pollution caused by arsenical com-
pounds, mercury, beryllium, lead, carbon monoxide, economic
poisons, manganese, and asbestos; air pollutants as irritants;
medical conditions such as acute nonspecific upper respiratory
disease, chronic obstructive ventilator^ diseases, chronic
bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma, and lung
cancer, are reviewed.
07551
Lambie, John A.
LEAD POISONING IN MISSILE-SILO WORKERS. J. Am.
Med. Assoc., 200(9):137-138, May 29, 1967. 9 refs.
Two cases of 'Minuteman Disease', lead poisoning among mis-
sile-silo workers are reported in which the men had been
grinding lead paint off the metal walls of a Minuteman missile
silo. One man had been doing this work from July 1965 to
March 1966 and the other from December 1965 to March 1966.
During the winter there was poor ventilation in the 100-ft-deep
silos which were covered to protect the workers from the cold.
Two other missile-silo workers were hospitalized elsewhere
and treated for lead poisoning as indicated by cramping ab-
dominal pains. The diagnosis of lead poisoning was suggested
by a history of exposure to red lead paint dust, the sympto-
matology, and the various laboratory findings.
07740
Hansan, J., S. Hernberg, P. Metsala, and V. Vihko
ENHANCED POTASSIUM LOSS IN BLOOD CELLS FROM
MEN EXPOSED TO LEAD. Arch. Environ. Health, 14(2):309-
312, Feb. 1967. 24 refs.
The possibility that lead ions in vivo would interfere with the
erythrocyte membrane functions suggested a study of some
properties of the RBC of men exposed occupational!y to inor-
ganic lead. Blood samples were collected from seven shipyard
workers exposed to lead oxide paint and from seven nonex-
posed control subjects. No signs or symptoms of lead poison-
ing could be detected in the exposed men, and the concentra-
tion of lead in their blood did not exceed 0.07 mg/100 ml. Dur-
ing incubation in a heparinized glass tube at 37 C for two
hours, the concentration of potassium in the plasma of blood
samples from the control group consistently decreased by 0.19
to 0.62 mEq/liter; it decreased in the blood sample of one ex-
posed worker by 0.17 mEq/liter. In the blood samples of seven
of the exposed workers, the concentration of potassium, under
identical conditions, increased by 0.34 to 1.38 mEq/liter. No
differences could be demonstrated between the mean potassi-
um concentrations in the red cell samples from the two
groups. Essentially similar results were obtained in samples
from seven control subjects and seven of the same eight ex-
posed workers after an interval of four months. No systematic
differences were observed between the changes in sodium
concentration in the blood samples from exposed and nonex-
posed workers. The results are interpreted as reflecting a defi-
ciency in the functional capacity of erythrocytes of men ex-
posed to inorganic lead, revealed by the load imposed on the
cells by the incubation in vitro.
07892
Hernberg, Sven, Veikko Vihko, and Jeddi Hasan
RED CELL MEMBRANE ATPASES IN WORKERS EXPOSED
TO INORGANIC LEAD. Arch. Environ. Health, 14(2):319-
324, Feb. 1967. 9 refs. (Presented in part at the 15th Interna-
tional Congress on Occupational Health, Vienna, Sept. 1966.)
The activivites of of NA+/K+ ATPase and total ATPase were
measured in preparations of membrane fragments from
erythrocytes of 40 workers exposed to inorganic lead and of
24 ostensibly healthy persons never knowingly exposed to
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
233
heavy metals. The intensity of exposure was estimated by
analyses of air samples and by determining the magnitudes of
a variety of conventionally employed hematological and
biochemical parameters, viz, the concentration of hemoglobin
and lead in blood, the erythrocyte count, the relative number
of reticulocytes and stippled erythrocytes, and the excretion of
coproporphyrin in the urine. The measured activity of
Na+/K+-ATPase in membrane fragments of cells from ex-
posed workers (1.21 plus or minus 0.34 (SD) x 10 to the -12th
power micro mole Pi/sq. micron/hr) was lower than in those
cells from the unexposed controls (1.62 plus or minus 0.39 x 10
to the -12th power micro mole Pi/sq. micron/hr). The dif-
ference of the means was statistically highly significant (t
equals 4.20, P less than 0.001). In the cells of half of the ex-
posed group, this enzyme activity was more than 1 standard
deviation below the mean of the control group; and in one
third of the former, it was more than 2 standard deviations
below the mean of the latter. No significant correlation could
be established between the magnitudes or relative rankings of
the conventional hematological and biochemical parameters
studied and the degree of inhibition in the enzyme activities.
There was no difference in the total ATPase activity between
the cell membranes from exposed workers (3.78 plus or minus
0.79 x 10 to the -12th power micro mole Pi/sq. micron/hr) and
those from the controls (3.80 plus or minus 0.70 x 10 to the -
12th power micro mole Pi/sq. micron/hr). Activity was thus
higher in the cell membranes from the former groups, in ab-
solute units (2.57 plus or minus 0.77 x 10 to the -12th power
compared to 2.18 plus or minus 0.54 x 10 to the -12th power
micro mole Pi/sq. micron/hr) as well as in its relation to the
total ATPase activity (mean = 66.9%, compared to 58.3%, t =
3.02 for the difference; P less than 0.01.) AS
08326
Thomas, Heriberto V., Benno K. Milmore, Gerald A. Heid-
breder, and Benjamin A. Kogan
BLOOD LEAD OF PERSONS LIVING NEAR FREEWAYS.
Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 15, p. 695-702, Dec. 1967. 11 refs.
Fifty adults who had resided for at least three years within 250
feet of a freeway were compared with 50 who had resided for
a like period near the ocean or at least 1 mile from a freeway.
Average blood lead levels were substantially higher in the
population sample living near the freeway. However, these
blood lead levels were similar to other Los Angeles popula-
tions and lower than those reported for some other urban
populations. The atmospheric lead concentration is lower near
the ocean than in central Los Angeles. It is higher in heavy
freeway traffic streams than in downtown areas. However,
available evidence suggests that, at a distance of 150 feet from
freeway traffic lanes, the concentration of lead in the at-
mosphere is about the same as at monitoring stations in the
central metropolitan area. It is concluded that the observed
difference between the two population samples is consistent
with the existence of coastal-inland atmospheric lead and
blood lead gradients within the Los Angeles basin. A specific
effect of residential proximity (25 to 250 feet) to a freeway has
not been demonstrated. (Authors' summary)
08381
I. Prerovska, S. Drdkova
THE EFFECT OF THE CHRONIC ACTION OF INDUSTRAIL
NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES ON EXPOSED WORKERS WITH
RESPECT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIOSCLERO-
SIS. ((Vliv chronickeho pusobeni prumyslovych skodlivin na
exponovane pracovniky Vzhledem k rozvoji arterosklerozy.))
Text in Czech. Casopis Lekaru Cexkych (Prague), 106(28-
29):754-759, 1967. 31 refs.
Groups of 50 male workers in the age group of 20-40 years
were subjected to clinical testing. A group exposed to carbon
disulfide (CS2) had been working for 1-12 years in an at-
mosphere containing an average of 200 gamma/liter CS2,
which exceeds four times the concentration permissible by
Czechoslovak standards. A group exposed to lead had been
working for 2-16 years in an atmosphere containing lead in
concentrations which sometimes exceeded the standard by 1-3
orders of magnitude. A third group, exposed to carbon monox-
ide, worked for 3-20 years in an atmosphere containing carbon
monoxide sometimes exceeding the permissible concentration
by 1-2 orders of magnitude. The control group was composed
of office workers. The total cholesterol, phospholipids,
lipoproteins, and total lipids were determined and the average
concentrations, the statistically significant deviations from the
average, and the concentration vs. age were tabulated and
plotted. None of the exposed groups showed any clinical signs
of arterioscleriosis. The results indicate that long time expo-
sure to carbon monoxide or lead does not change the lipid
spectrum of the exposed workers. Workers exposed to CS2,
however, exhibited a higher level of total cholesterol and beta-
lipoproteins and the concentrations of these substances in-
creased more rapidly with increasing age than in the other
groups, and the concentrations were directly proportional to
the exposure time. The findings are in agreement with previ-
ous animal tests which also indicated that none of the poisons
alone (including CS2) causes sclerotic lesions of the blood ves-
sels. It is concluded that exposure to CO or Pb does not cause
premature development of arteriosclerosis while exposure to
CS2 may be one of the etiological factors.
08411
Goldsmith, John R. and Alfred C. Hexter
RESPIRATORY EXPOSURE TO LEAD: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
AND EXPERIMENTAL DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSIHPS.
Science, 158(10):132-134, Oct. 6, 1967. 12 refs.
The relative importance of respiratory exposures to lead is
discussed. Epidemiologic studies of blood lead levels in
general and occupational groups show a logarithmic regression
on estimated atmospheric exposure. Experimental results at
the same and higher levels show a dose-response relationship
which fits the same regression. The data imply that long-term
increases in atmospheric lead will result in predictably higher
blood lead levels in the exposed populations.
08566
Komura, S.
PREVENTION OF LEAD POISONING IN THE PATENTING
SHOP Mass Prod. (London), 43(12):49-S2, Dec. 1967. Also:
Wire Wire Prod., 42(6):982-984, June 1967.
The lead content of the blood of all the workers in a patenting
shop in Japan was found to be above 0.06 mg/dl. The follow-
ing control methods were instituted: (1) improvement of sand
tank construction to avoid dust formation, and the construc-
tion of an air duct to exhaust the air containing a large amount
of the lead; (2) sweeping the floor in the patenting shop by the
wet method to avoid flying dust; (3) strict enforcement of the
use of masks during work and an oral rinse with 0.1 percent
aqueous solution of magnesium sulfate after work; (4) con-
struction of shower room for the workers; (5) provision of
milk free of charge by the company; and, (6) administration of
calcium salt injections. Institution of these measures was fol-
lowed by 18 months of improvement in red blood cell counts
and in the levels of coproporphyrin in the urine and
protoporphyrin in the blood. Improvement increased steadily,
until after 42 months all the workers had recovered from
symptoms of acute and chronic lead poisoning.
-------
234
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
08683
Knockaert, O. E., G. L. Maes, and M. H. Faes
A POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS
DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN URINE.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 28(6):595-598, Nov Dec. 1967. 8 refs.
A polarographic method for the routine determination of both
lead and cadmium in urine is described. Ashing of the sample
is done with a mixture of HNO3 and HC104. After neutraliza-
tion, lead and cadmium are precipitated in alcohol medium as
sulfates. The whole manipulation is carried out in the same
container; this includes ashing, chemical separation, centrifu-
gation and polarographic recordings. (Authors abstract)
08949
Grigor'ev, Z. E.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC LEAD POISONING.
(0 posledestviyakh Kdhronicheskoi svintsovoi intoksikatsii.)
Text in Russian. Vrachebnoe Delo, No. 11, p. 117-118, Nov.
1967.
Workers in various professions exposed to lead vapors or dust
in concentrations exceeding 0.01 mg/cubic meter were ex-
amined and working capability was evaluated on the basis of
clinical symptoms and general condition. In earlier stages of
poisoning, temporary transfer to working places without expo-
sure to lead is recommended. Where the symptoms do not dis-
appear, then permanent retirement must be recommended. The
average exposure time before retirenent due to chronic poison-
ing was 11.6 years for men and 12 years for women. Retire-
ment of women is less frequent than for men, which is at-
tributed to the less hazardous conditions for women.
08999
Schlaepfer, William W.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF
A PRIMARY SENSORY NEUROPATHY IN RATS
PRODUCED BY CHRONIC LEAD INTOXICATION. J. Neu-
ropathol. Exp. Neurol., 27(1):111-112, Jan. 1968.
The pathology of the rat peripheral nervous system in chronic
lead intoxication appears to differ from the selective motor in-
volvement and prominent segmental demyelinization observed
in other species. Following prolonged ingestion of a 1 percent
lead acetate solution by adult albino rats for periods ranging
up to 18 months, no signs of paralysis were observed. How-
ever, an investigation of the ultrastructural morphology and
acid phosphatase activity in the peripheral nervous system of
these animals showed significant alterations that were
prominently located in the dorsal root ganglia and in the distal
segments of peripheral nerves. Examination of aldehyde-fixed,
unstained ganglia revealed compact aggregates of fine, elec-
tron-dense particles compatible with lead within lysosomes of
the capsular cells. Although not containing similarly demon-
strable lead particles, the ganglion cells showed an increase in
lysosomal acid phosphatase activity. Focal concentrations of
this enzymatic activity were also noted in the perimodal
asoplasm of peripheral nerve fibers. These changes were ac-
companied by a focal 'Wallerian degeneration' which could
best be appreciated in the distal segments of peripheral nerve
using whole-mount, myelin- stained, teased perparations of
nerve. Ultrastructural examination of peripheral nerve con-
firmed the presence of degenerative changes in myelinated and
unmyelinated axons. (Author abstract)
09019
Lehnert, G., K. H. Schaller, A. Kuehner, and D. Szadkowski
EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON THE BLOOD
LEAD LEVEL. Intern. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg.
(Heidelberg), Vol. 23, p. 358-363, 1967. 6 refs. Translated from
German. Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, D.
C., R-9067-D, 7p., Jan. 30, 1968.
In the cigarette smoking investigations described, the smoke as
well as the tobacco remains of eight of the most popular
cigarette brands was analyzed with an atomic absorption spec-
trophotometric procedure for its lead concentration. An
average of 0.8 micrograms of Pb (IT) was inhaled per cigarette,
and of this amount some 0.3 micrograms was absorbed by the
body. One hundred and sixteen subjects (71 smokers and 45
nonsmokers) were investigated under ecologically uniform
conditions, but no statistically valid effects of cigarette smok-
ing on the blood lead level could be determined. (Authors'
summary)
09253
Djordjevic, Sr. M. Stankovic
AIR POLLUTION AND COMMUNAL SATURNISM IN MALO
RUDARE VILLAGE. ((Aerozagadenje i komunalni saturnizam
u selu Malo Rudare.)) Higijena (Belgrade), 12(l):35-44, 1960.
13 refs.
A study as conducted of the occurrence ol: respiratory and eye
ailments among 107 inhabitants of the villate of Malo Rudare
in Yugoslavia. The village is located in close proximity to a
lead and zinc foundry. Pharyngitis was the predominant ill-
ness, occurring in 86 percent of the study population. Percent-
age values are given for several other illnesses. Symptoms of
chronic lead poisoning were found in the course of the study,
which lead to an analysis of the lead content of the blood and
urine of the subjects. Measurements were also made of lead in
the air, soil, water, and food products of the region. Findings
of an autopsy performed on a lamb indicated that lead might
be producing a harmful effect upon grazing animals. On the
basis of these studies it was concluded that the lead and zinc
foundry was producing changes in the environment that were
hazardous to the population.
09261
Gossmann, H. H. and S. Heilenz
LEAD CONTENT IN THE HUMAN BONEY TISSUE. ((Zum
Bleigehalt menschlichen Knochengewebes.)) Text in German.
Deut. Med. Wochschr., 92(49):2267-2269, 2293, Dec. 1967. 13
refs.
Lead content was determined in bones ash from 5 persons
(aged 35-60 yrs.) with chronic lead poisoning. Spec-
trophotometry showed lead content of 12.5-200 gamma in 1
gm. bone ash. One female patient with chronic lead poisoning
incurred through glass working had a bone ash lead content of
200 gamma, which fell after 6 months to 160 gamma, and after
8 months to 111 gamma. In 4 subjects not exposed to lead,
concentrations of 4.0-12.4 gamma were found. For quantitative
evaluations of lead poisoning, determination of bone ash lead
content is recommended. The technique is described.
09408
Mirando, E. H. and Manel Gomez
Arch.
LEAD POISONING IN CHBLDHOOD IN CEYLON.
Disease Childhood 42(226):579-582, Dec. 1967. 3 refs.
A series of 12 cases is presented where lead intoxication was
traced to inhalation of fumes and dermal absorption. The chil-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
235
dren, agen 7 months to 9 yrs., generally presented with con-
vulsions. The source of Pb in 6 of the cases was traced to a
gold recovery process used in jewelry manufacture. In Ceylon,
such recovery is practiced by small, caste communities scat-
tered throughout the crowded slums; the recovery process is
primitive, in which jewelry scraps are fused with smelted Pb
in a shallow bricked-up hearth. Clouds of smoke laden with
lead fumes and finely dispersed lead oxide dust are emitted
during this process. A second source of exposure was a bat-
tery repair and reconditioning establishment, where lead was
released into the atmosphere during the destruction of lead
oxide battery plates and the smelting of scrap thus obtained.
Other sources of exposure were a smithy and a lead-type
foundry. Anemia was presented in 6 of the cases; urinary lead
levels were as high as 9.85 mg./l.
09484
Sokolov, V. V., N. A. Chuiina, and N. K. Byalko
ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF ERYTHROCYTOPENIA IN
CHRONIC LEAD POISONING. Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya (Moscow), 10(8):31-36, 1966. 36 refs. Translated
from Russian. Joint Publications Research Service, Washing-
ton, D. C., p. 53-61, Dec. 2, 1966. CFSTI: TT 66-35351
A study was made of causes provoking erythrocytopenia in
lead poisoning. In 65 males the amount of hemoglobin,
erythrocyte count, their diameter, volume, thickness, spherical
index, osmotic, saponin and acid resistance were analyzed.
Estimation was made of free hemoglobin and bilirubin. Myelo-
grams of the bone marrow, its proliferative and macrophage
activity were studied. The authors found more than normal
destruction of erythrocytes by the macrophage elements of the
connective tissue. The intravascular hemolysis in the examined
patients was of no material importance. In response to hyper-
hemolysis the bone marrow becomes the seat of a developing
erythroid series hyperplasia. The circulating blood receives an
increased number of young cells, some of which differ from
the normal ones both morphologically and functionally. There
are grounds to believe that lead acts upon the erythroid series
of the bone marrow, this results in the production of inferior
erythrocyes and leads to their quicker destruction. (Authors'
summary, modified)
09486
B. F. Murashov
FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN
CHRONIC INTOXICATION WITH TETRAETHYL LEAD.
Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow), 10(8):46-47,
1966. 8 refs. Translated from Russian. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, D. C., p. 79-82, Dec. 2, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-35351
An attempt to elucidate the functional state of the adrenal cor-
tex in persons exposed to a chronic action of tetraethyl lead
was made. Its function was estimated from the content of 17-
oxycorticoster- oids (17-OCS) in the blood plasma and from
the content of 18- OCS and 17-ketosteroids in diurnal urine.
The reserve possi- bilities of the adrenal cortex were ascer-
tained by means of a func- tional - through a study of the
level of 17-OCS in the blood plams before and two hours after
intramuscular administration of 25 units of ACTH (adrenocor-
tiocotrophic hormone). Examina- tion was made of 25 subjects
(drivers and automobile mechanics) with chronic intoxication
with TEL (23 males and two females) aged from 36 to 56.
Their exposure to TEL lasted 10-30 years. The clinical picture
of intoxication was characterized by pro- nounced
asthenovegetative distrubances expressed in the majority of
patients by general weakness, as well as by functional and or-
ganic affections of gastrointestinal tract (nine subjects);
besides, five patients complained of 'softening* of teeth and
sensation of the presence of a 'hair' in the mouth. Among
disturbances of cardio- vascular system there were noted
bradycardia (in 18 patients), hypotension or a tendency
towards it (in 12), and an increase of arterial pressure (in one).
All the investigated persons were treated several times (from
three to six) in various therapeutic institutions due to their
asthenic condition caused by a chronic intoxication with TEL.
The control group was represented by 125 healtyy persons.
Analysis of the results showed a significant de- crease of 17-
OCS level in the blood plasma and urine, as well as a decrease
of diurnal excretion of neutral 17-K.S. 17-OCS level in the
blood plasma following the introduction of ACTH increased
by 150%.
09493
P. A. Chayka
ON THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PECTINS AGAINST
THE POISONING OF ANIMALS WITH AN AEROSOL OF
LEAD. Gigiena Gruda i Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow),
10(3):47-49 1966. 19 refs. Translated from Russian. Joint Publi-
cations Research Service, Washing- ton, D. C., p. 67-72, June
9, 1966. CFSTI: TT 32361
Poisoning rats with an aerosol of lead in a concentration of
0.004 mg/1 for 6 hrs/day for 120 days evoked in them a
pronounced clincial picture of lead poisoning. Apple pectin,
added to the ordinary ration in the amount of 400 mg/1 kg of
animal weight, considerably reduces the toxic effect of lead,
not only when this substance is introduced enterically, but also
when it enters the organism through the respiratory organs in
the form of an aerosol. On the basis of data in the literature
and this research it is recommended that workers in lead en-
terprises be given apple pectin in the form of marmalade, fruit
jelly or tablets with an addition of sugar and natural syrups as
a supplementary element in a diet intended to have a
prophylactic affect. The protective dose of pectin must be
measured by taking into account the degree of the hazard of
lead poisoning, within the limits of 0.2-0.5 g per 1 kg of the
worker's weight.
09535
Teisinger, J.
RELATIONSHD? BETWEEN LEAD LEVEL IN BLOOD AND
IN URINE IN PERSONS NOT EXPOSED TO LEAD. ((Vztah
mezi hladinou olova v krvi a v moci u lidi olovu neex-
poaovj ch.)) Text in Czech. Casopsis Lekaru Ceskych
(Pragut 105(30):810-812, July 5, 1966. 5refs.
Lead levels are tabulated for 789 urine and blood samples ob-
tained from persons in 16 countries and major cities who had
not been occupationally or otherwise exposed to lead. Lead
levels in blood and urine ranged from 7-26microgram% in
blood and 22-46 microgram/1 in urine. Analysis of the data
showed that the lead concentration in the blood is directly pro-
portional to that in urine. An in- crease in the blood level of 1
microgram % is accompanied by an increase in the urine level
of 1.4 microgram/1. A plot of lead concentration in the blood
vs. that in the urine gives a straight line which intersects the
urine concentration ordinate at a value of about 12 micro-
gram/1 . Since this is impossible it appears that the correlation
line must be curved in the lower concentra- tion range. The
proportionality between the lead concentration in the urine and
in the blood is considered as indirect evidence that lead at nor-
mal blood levels is excreted by glomerular filtra- tion only.
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236
LEAD AND A1K POLLUTION
10434
J. Kubota, V. A. Lazar, F. Losee
COPPER, ZINC, CADMIUM, AND LEAD IN HUMAN
BLOOD FROM 19 locations IN THE UNITED STATES. Arch,
Environ. Health, 16(6):788-793 June 1968. 20 refs.
Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) were
determined in 243 blood samples of male residents of 19 cities
in the continental United States. The mean Cu and Zn concen-
trations of all samples agreed closely with values reported by
other investigators. The means among the 19 locations, how-
ever, differed by threefold in Cu and fivefold in Zn. The levels
of Cu and Zn in blood in 17 locations were normally dis-
tributed about their means except in two locations. Unlike Cu
and Zn, the concentrations of Cd and Pb varied widely among
samples from a given location. (Authors' abstract)
10793T
Castellino, N. and V. Perla
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD.
(Contribute allo studio delta carbossiemia.) Translated from
Italian. Folia Med. (Naples), 42(3):209-222, March 1959. 20
refs.
COHb levels were measured in 302 patients: 46 with diabetes,
66 with gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders, 38 with anemia,
30 with cardiac conditions, 74 with respiratory ailments, and
several with occupational diseases (24 with caisson disease and
14 with lead poisoning). Readings were compared with those
from 100 normal subjects, with breakdown by smoking habit.
In only a very few patients with uncompensated cardio-circu-
latory disturbances or respiratory diseases was any increase in
COHb level noted. The high levels in these particular morbid
conditions are attributed to incomplete CO elimination through
the lungs, with a consequent build-up in the blood, rather
than, as others have proposed, to oxygen insufficiency, with
consequent failure to oxidize carbon to carbohydrate. Thus,
the presence of CO in the human bloodstream is considered to
be of foreign origin, no endogenous. The wide variations ob-
served simply reflect heavier absorption or lowered elimina-
tion as a result of individual or environmental differences.
10856T
Stofen, D.
EFFECT OF LEADED GASOLINE ON HEALTH. ((Gesund-
heitliche Folgen der Benzinverbleiung.)) Translated from Ger-
man. Preprint, 6p., 1965. 17 refs.
Work dealing with the dangers of leaded gasoline are
reviewed. Much of the research, conducted by Kettering
Laboratories, points out that the lead level in the blood of the
average American is not essentially increased by the use of
leaded gasoline. Swiss workers report that blood lead levels
are deceptive and unreliable. Furthermore, tetraethyl lead can
be directly inhaled by passengers in an air-conditioned car if
the engine and carburetor are not correctly adjusted. Genetic
effects of lead on the fetus have been noted. Effects of lead
poisoning on human beings, especially upon intelligence, are
reviewed, and a few precautions listed.
11462T
Bousser, Jaques
FROM SATURNISM TO THALASSEMIA. ((Du satum-
isme a la thalassemie.)) Translated from French. Cahiers du
College Medicine Hopitaux de Paris, Vol. 6, p. 253-254, March
1965.
The observations of a patient who had worked in a plant for 6
months handling toxic products of the 'White Spirit' type are
given. He showed signs of chronic lead poisoning; however he
did not touch any toxic products that might have contained
lead. After extensive examination, it was found that the pa-
tient had minimal thalassemia, a hereditary blood anomaly
which was not of great consequence to lus health and which
could not prevent him from working in any way.
11468T
Scheel-Thomsen, A.
LEAD POISONING OF ANIMALS BY THE EXHAUST FROM
MOTOR VEHICLES. ((Dyr blyforgiftede af Ubdlaesning Fra
Motorkoretojer.)) Translated from Danish. Dansk Dyrlaege-
forening Medlemsblad (Copenhagen), Vol. 39, p. 596-598, 1956.
Three cases of lead poisoning in dogs are reported. One dog
spend considerable time in a large engine shed for motor
trains, another spent most of the day in an auto dealer's
garage, and the third involved a dog which traveled daily with
its owner in an automobile, always lying on the floor of the
automobile. The investigation revealed a local stomatitis, in
two of the dogs. All three displayed tremor in the hindquar-
ters, loss of weight, sluggishness, and albumin in the urine. All
three patients reacted promptly to Antoxol treatment.
11552
Ambrosi, L., F. Vimercati, and C. di Nunno
LARGE LYMPHOCYTES IN THE BLOOD OF PATffiNTS
WITH CHRONIC LEAD POISONING. ((Sui grandi linfociti
del sangue dei saturnini.)) Text in Italian. Med. Lavoro
59(2):125-135, Feb. 1968. 16 refs.
High percentages (19-59%) of large lymphocytes were found in
the peripheral blood of 20 patients with saturnism employed in
the manufacturing of storage batteries. These cells, stained by
the method of Unna-Pappenheim, showed intense cytoplasmic
basophilia. In the peripheral blood of 20 subjects not exposed
to lead, the percentage of large lymphocytes was within nor-
mal limits (2-19%). The results are discussed on the basis of
bibliographic data on the significance of the large lymphocytes
and of changes of Coombs' test in saturnism. The usefulness
of the determination of large lymphocytes in saturnism is
emphasized.
11580
Lilis, R., N. Gavrilescu, B. Nestorescu, C. Dumitriu, and Ama
Roventa
NEPHROPATHY IN CHRONIC LEAD POISONING. Brit. J.
Ind. Med., 25(3): 196-202, July 1968. 33 refs.
A study of renal function in 102 patients with lead poisoning is
presented. Every possible cause of renal damage, other than
lead, was excluded by a careful differential diagnosis. Signifi-
cant decreases of the clearance values (less than 50 ml./min.
urea clearance and less than 80 ml./min. creatinine clearance),
persistent high blood urea (more than 50 mg./lOO ml.), and
high blood creatinine (more than 1.2 mg./lOO ml.) were found
in a significant number of cases. Signs of impaired renal func-
tion and high blood pressure were more frequent in the group
of patients with chronic lead poisoning who had had several
episodes of colic and an occupational exposure of more than
10 years. The duration of occupational lead exposure, the high
absorption in the past, and the long period of observation of
these patients, most of whom were repeatedly hospitalized,
may explain the relatively high incidence (17 cases) of
nephropathy with chronic renal failure in the present group.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
237
Impairment of urea clearance seems to be the earliest sign, at
a time when the creatinine clearance is still normal. As the du-
ration of exposure lengthens and the patient is subjected to ac-
tive episodes of poisoning, creatinine clearance also deteri-
orates. Persistent urea retention and high creatininaemia may
follow in time, accompanied rather frequently by arterial
hypertension. Functional and temporary alterations of renal
function are probably caused by impairment of renal circula-
tion, resulting from marked vasoconstriction caused by lead
poisoning. Prolonged exposure and frequently recurring
episodes of acute poisoning may lead to progressive impair-
ment of renal function and to the development of organic le-
sions.
11630
Antal, Andrei, Jeanette Timaru, Elena Muncaci, Ecaterina
Ardevan, Ala lonescu, and Lia Sandulache
VARIATIONS OF THE ORGANISM REACTIVITY AND THE
STATE OF HEALTH OF CfflLDREN IN REGARD TO TOWN
AIR POLLUTION. (Les variations de la reactivite de 1'organ-
isme et de 1'etat de sante des enfants en rapport avec la pollu-
tion de 1'air communal). Atmos. Environ., 2(4):382-392, 1968.
33 refs. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 20p.
Organism reaction and state of health of the child population
in a metallurgical center where atmospheric lead concentra-
tions exceeded prevailing sanitary standards was studied in
various investigations (clinical, somatometric, capillaroscopic,
nerve reactivity, adaption disturbance, psychometric, etc.) In a
parallel manner, children in a control city where the au .vas
relatively pure were examined. The observations were made
on varying numbers of children, according to the kind and
character of the tests. Antropometric tests were applied to
2310 children, dynamometric to 1702, capillaroscopic to 1658,
and tests of neuropsychic activity to 258-948 children. The
data obtained indicate a decreased resistance of the respiratory
apparatus to pathogenic agents on the part of the children in
the polluted city. In particular, upper respiratory tract infec-
tions, pneumonia and bronchopneumonia, anemia, anitamino-
sis, rachitis, disorders of the digestive tract, and dental decay
were more frequent by 9 to 31%. In addition, the children ex-
hibited poorer psychical and physical development, more
frequent adjustment problems, reduced scholastic per-
formance, and greater frequency of aberrant capillaries. The
degree of air pollution reaction differences was found to be re-
lated not on the extent of pollution, but also to the degree of
development, sex, age, biological condition of the subjects,
and duration of exposure. Sensitivity was greater in girls and
preschool children, and proportional to the length of exposure
to pollutants.
11808
Sellent, Robert, Harriet Sun, and Hannes Callisen
DETERMINATION OF CERTAIN SUBTOXIC EFFECTS OF
LEAD IN RABBITS AS A FUNCTION OF BLOOD LEAD
BURDEN. In: Air Pollution Project: An Educational Experi-
ment in Self-Directed Research, Summer 1968. Associated Stu-
dents of the California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, p. 65-72,
1968. 4 refs.
Studies of the toxic effects of different levels of lead in the
body require an environment in which laboratory animals can
be raised with minimum exposure to lead. For this purpose,
special chambers were constructed of lucite and wood. Com-
pressed air is supplied to the chambers through a filtration
system calculated to remove approximately 95% of atmospher-
ic lead. Lead samples are obtained for atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry analysis by adding in turn NaOH, ammonium
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, and methyl isobutyl ketone to
centrifuged mixtures of trichloroacetic acid and whole blood.
Preliminary tests indicate that animals kept in the chambers
for two months experienced a 25% reduction in lead concen-
trations.
12038
HEALTH AND AIR POLLUTION SUBJECT OF NEW STU-
DIES. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2(4):246-249, Apr. 1968.
For the next seven years, Hazleton Laboratories Inc. will be
studying the effects of air pollutants on laboratory animals, in-
cluding guinea pigs and monkeys. One study financed by Edis-
on Electric Institute and National Coal Association is intended
to provide data useful in setting criteria for the three most
conspicuous pollutants emitted from stacks of coal-burning
plants: SO2, H2SO4 mist, and flyash. Test animals exposed to
the pollutants are being checked regularly to determine
whether their respiration is being affected and if so, how
much. The second study, financed by the American Petroleum
Institute will emphasize the possible role of synergism in air
pollution. This study will cover various concentrations of five
air pollutants: CO, NO2, SO2, lead chlorobromide, and
CaSO4.
12070
Einbrodt, Hans Joachim, Heinrich Reploh, and Hildegard
Kortemme
LEAD DEPOSITION IN NORMAL HUMAN LUNGS. Staub
(English translation), 28(8):22-25, Aug. 1968. 23 refs. CFSTI
TT 68-5044818
Lungs from dead bodies of females persons, who lived in large
industrial towns, were dissolved by means of formamide. The
lead content of dust present in the lungs and of the formamide
residue was determined. It was found that the lungs of
younger women retained a considerably larger amount of or-
ganic lead than those of older women. This fact is associated
with increasing pollution of air with lead occurring in large
towns. The amounts of lead found corresponded to the values
for lead content of human lungs determined in Los Angeles.
(Authors' summary)
12075
Schroeder, H. A., and Isabel H. Tipton
THE HUMAN BODY BURDEN OF LEAD. Arch. Environ.
Health, 17(6):965-978, Dec. 1968. 40 refs.
Concentrations of lead in human tissues from 33 cities of the
United States and foreign countries were determined. Dif-
ferences from place to place were observed, median values
generally being higher in US subjects than in those from
Africa, the Middle East, and in a few tissues, the Far East.
Mean values of Pb increased with age in US aortas, kidneys,
bones, livers, lungs, spleens, and pancreases; in foreign tissues
only aortic lead increased with age. Smooth, striated, and
heart muscles and brain had little lead. Bone lead was higher
in US subjects than in Far Easterners. Bone contained 91% of
the total body lead. It is likely that atmospheric lead from
motor vehicle exhausts largely accounts for increased expo-
sures, and that inspired Pb may make up a sizable portion of
the total amount absorbed by the body. In human soft tissues,
mean concentrations of lead were found to displace any of the
essential trace elements of low concentration: chromium, man-
ganese, cobalt, copper, or molybdenum. In view of the steadi-
ly increasing annual pollution of air and soils with Pb from
motor vehicle exhausts, innate toxicity in exposed human be-
ings may appear. (Author's Summary Modified)
-------
238
LEAD AND AYR POLLUTION
12646
BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY LOOKS AT AIR POLLU-
TANTS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2(10):731-733, Oct. 1968.
Behavioral toxicology research attempts to relate subtle chemi-
cal and physiological changes induced in the brain to changes
in behavior. A research group under Dr. Charles Xintaras,
head of the National Air Pollution Control Administration's
behavioral toxicology unit, is studying the effect of various air
pollutants on the neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and
behavior of rats and monkeys. The Cincinnati group has con-
centrated its studies on three commonly occurring pollutants:
Carbon monoxide which appears to interfere with the subject's
awareness of his environment; ozone which may impair vision
and depress body temperature; and lead which appears to in-
terfere with brain function. The preliminary studies are
discussed and a brief review of the work to be undertaken is
presented.
12984
Einbrodt, H. J., H. Kinny, and H. Kortemme
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON LEAD TRANSPORT BY
LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN THE HUMAN LUNG. (Quantita-
tive Untersuchungen uber den Lymphtransport von Blei aus
der menschlichen Lunge). Text in German. Arch. Hyg.,
153(2):105-108, April 1969. 12 refs.
Dusts from the lymphatic glands of 17 female residents of the
Ruhr area and 14 miners afflicted with silicosis were examined
for their lead content. For this purpose the dusts were isolated
by the formamide method. The dust from the female lymphatic
glands contained an average of 53 micrograms of lead (ab-
solute) and 5.5 mg Pb per 100 g dry tissue. As a measure of
the lymphatic transport, the quotient: lead in the lymphatic
gland dust/% lead in the lung dust was used. Thus, a quotient
of 2 for the lymphatic transport was obtained in this case. The
dusts in the lymph glands of the miners contained on the
average 62 micrograms of lead (absolute) and 1.339 mg Pb per
100 g dry tissue. The quotient for the lymphatic transport of
lead was 1.22. This quotient is almost as high as that of quartz,
and the quotient for women is even higher. But strikingly
enough, a still higher quotient was found in the control group.
This can be explained by the fact that lymphatic transport
ceases in persons afflicted with silicosis since the glands are
filled, whereas in persons not exposed to dust, lymphatic
transport is maintained. The studies also showed that lead has
a cytotoxic effect which is similar to that of quartz.
13059
Chovin, P. and L. Truffert
DISTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CARBON
MONOXIDE AS AN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT. IM-
PORTANCE OF OTHER POLLUTANTS EMITTED IN AU-
TOMOBILE EXHAUST. (Distribution et signification de 1'oxyde
de carbone en tant que polluant afanospherique. Importance des
autres polluants emis par les gaz d'echappement des vehicules
automobiles). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), no. 39:
148-155, July-Sept. 1968. 66 refs.
The distribution of carbon monoxide is discussed, particularly
that arising from automobile exhaust gases, and an empirical
formula is given for calculating the carbon monoxide content
at any height, given a background concentration, the number
of vehicles per hour, and a constant which in turn is a func-
tion of the width of the road and the height of the exhaust.
The hemoglobin-CO reaction in the blood is reviewed, and stu-
dies made on police officers in Paris are cited in which levels
of blood carbon monoxide were determined. In non-smokers,
there was a definite rise in concentration. Levels fixed in
California for carbon monoxide in ambient air are cited as 30
ppm for 8 hours or 120 ppm for 1 hour for serious exposure;
exposure of 240 ppm for 1 hour can cause acute illness, since
10% of the hemoglobin is bound as carboxyhemoglobin. Ef-
fects of carbon monoxide in man other than combination with
hemoglobin are cited, i.e., effects on the blood-forming ap-
paratus, circulatory system, and the eye. Other pollutants aris-
ing from automobile exhaust are mentioned, including lead,
oxides of nitrogen, compounds produced by photochemical
reactions with ozone, and aldehydes. In conclusion, the many
differences in allowable levels of carbon monoxide in Russia
and western countries are pointed out, and the differences in
carbon monoxide ingestion between smokers and non-smokers.
A common sense approach to setting standards for air quality
is advocated.
13154
Tada, Osamu
ON THE METHODS OF EVALUATING THE EXPOSURE TO
TOXIC SUBSTANCES BY ANALYZING THE METABOLITES
IN THE BODY. (Tainai taisha sanbutsu n yoru yugaibutsu
bakuro hyokaho). Text in Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J. Sci.
Labour, Tokyo), 45(4):171-183, 1969. 177 refs.
Under certain conditions, the amount of toxic substance ab-
sorbed by workers exposed to toxic air contaminants cannot
be predicted from air analysis data. If the concentration of
metabolites in tissue or excreta is proportional to that of the
toxic substance in the air, the degree of adverse exposure may
be evaluated by analyzing samples of expired air, blood, urine,
or hair, with reference to atmospheric threshold limit values.
Tests for assessing the level of exposure to carbon monoxide,
mercuric vapor, inorganic lead, and chlorinated hydrocarbons
are discussed. Of the various methods developed for determin-
ing the carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood of workers ex-
posed to carbon monoxide, the 20-second breath holding
method is the most practical and convenient. If the determina-
tion is carefully made, the urinary excretion of mercury can be
used as an indicator of exposure to mercuric vapor. The ab-
sorption of lead varies according to whether it is absorbed as
fume or dust. Therefore, the degree of exposure should be
evaluated by analyses of lead in urine or blood during repeated
exposure. The storage of lead in the body can be determined
by the increase in urinary excretion of lead following the ad-
ministration of calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The deter-
mination of urinary excretion of alkaline-pyridine reactants is
tentatively suggested as an indicator of exposure to
chlorinated hydrocarbons. (Author abstract modified)
13159
Ferrando, R. and G. Milhaud
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION OF
ANIMALS. (Effets biologiques de la pollution atmospherique
sur les animaux). Text in French. Rev. Hyg. Med. Soc.,
17(3):295-306, 1969. 2 refs.
Air pollution has many effects on animal organisms. Fluorine
by-products, lead, and molybdenum are the major offending
constituents in industrial air pollution. Cement dust and sulfur
dioxide cause less of a problem. Pollution of agricultural origin
is essentially linked to the more or less controlled use of pesti-
cides. A temporary imbalance of natural fauna is most often
indicated when domestic animals are victims of atmospheric
pollution. The damage caused to livestock by this pollution
will remain localized and its economic consequence will be
relatively unimportant. The social consequences of this pollu-
tion are more severe, and it is as important to preserve the so-
cial climate as the health of the animals The solution to these
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
239
problems has long been in the hands of lawyers. Though in-
direct, the risk to the food cycle is serious. It will be necessa-
ry to institute strict tests for determining the amount of
residual pollutants able to exist in food destined for men and
to regulate the use of products absorbing these pollutants.
13625
Lindberg, Walter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY. II. PUBLIC HEALTH
ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION - A LITERATURE STUDY.
(Den Alminnelige Luftforurensning i Norge. Luftforurensning
som Helseproblem, - en Litteraturstudie.) Translated from
Norwegian. Oslo Univ. (Norway), p. 66-77, 1968.
This presentation discusses functional and anatomical changes
arising from diseases caused by air pollution. The discussion
includes air pollution episodes, pollutants known to cause
specific effects (arsenic compounds, mercury, beryllium com-
pounds, manganese compounds, and lead). Lead and carbon
monoxide are discussed in greater detail. Emphasis is also
placed on respiratory irritations caused by SO2, nonspecific
upper respiratory diseases, the effect of air pollution on the
occurrence of colds, smoking, chronic bronchitis emphysema,
bronchial asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.
14156
Spies, H. W.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH IN LEAD AND SULFUR.
Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect, in, vol. 49:550-563, 1969.
(Presented at the Session on Air and Water Conservation, 34th
Midyear Meeting, Div. of Refining, Am. Petrol. Inst., May 13,
1969.)
Several research projects in lead and sulfur effects sponsored
by the American Petroleum Institute are reviewed. A study of
the effects of SO2 and dust exposure on rats was completed.
With increasing times of SO2 exposure, there was a marginal
effect with some diminution of ciliary activity after four weeks
and some recovery of ciliary function after 8-12 weeks of ex-
posure. The effects of air pollution on individuals with chronic
respiratory disease was the subject of another study. Sulfur
dioxide and particulates were monitored, and a correlation was
found between high levels of pollutants and conditions of at-
mospheric inversion phenomena as demonstrated by a higher
incidence of respiratory symptoms in individuals over 55 with
chronic pulmonary disease. A study on the standards for lead
in ambient air showed that the only effect on a subject ex-
posed to lead was a slight increase in the amount of lead
excreted during the latter part of the exposure. Another study
on lead in air, plants, and soil as influenced by proximity to
highways showed that there is a rapid decrease in concentra-
tions of lead in the air and in the first 100 ft from the highway
and that concentrations are highest in September and January.
It was also reported that there would be a continuation and ex-
pansion of a study of urban lead levels. Blood and urine
specimens will be taken from individuals and analyzed for lead
content. In another study not yet completed, volunteers will be
exposed to 10 micrograms of lead/cu m of air for 22 hours a
day, seven days a week, for a period of 16 weeks. Biological
specimens will be taken from them and analyzed. (Author ab-
stract modified)
14492
Yamaga, S., K. Ohmori, M. Tanaka, and H. Nakamura
EFFECTS OF INHALATION OF LEADED GASOLINE.
(Kaen gasoline kyunyu no eikyo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):144, April
1969.
Since leaded gasolines have been increasingly used as automo-
biles multiply, the examination of their effects on human
health has become necessary. Examination of lead content of
the urine of 16 gas station attendants and nine automobile
drivers did not show the influence of lead inhalation. The lead
content of blood, urine, and organs was studied in six rabbits
who inhaled 500 ppm leaded gasoline for 3 hrs/day, five days a
week, for 92 to 220 days. Lead in the blood increased
gradually, but lead in the urine did not vary much. General
quality of blood was normal, except that some samples were
anemic. Accumulation of lead in the liver and kidneys was ob-
served in all cases.
15703T
Delwaide, P., C. Heusghem, and A. Noirfalise
CHRONIC LEAD POISONING: BIOCHEMICAL LESIONS
AND BIOCHEMICAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY. (Le saturn-
isme: Lesions biochimiques et semeiologie biologique.) Trans-
lated from French. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), 26(7-9):987-1001,
1968. 44 refs.
This paper reviews what is known about lead metabolism, and
discusses biochemical toxicology, the biosynthesis of
porphyrins, iron metabolism, the effect of lead on mature
erythrocytes, and other metabolic disturbances. The complexi-
ty of lead metabolism precludes any diagnostic value of iso-
lated lead level determinations in blood or urine. To demon-
strate the state of impregnation of the organism with this tox-
in, the test of provoked urinary lead excretion should be per-
formed in the chronic stage. Furthermore, a battery of assays
including the levels of delta-ALA, PEG, CP and free PP in
erythrocytes are required to reveal the biochemical
disturbances at the target level where individual variations
may play a role.
15731
ERMAKOV, E. V. and B. F. Murashov
ON THE MECHANISM OF TETRAETHYL LEAD ACTION.
(K voprosu o mekhanizme deystviya tetraetilsvintsa). Text in
Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, no. 7:53-54, 1969.
Studies were conducted at the Kirov Military-Medical Acade-
my to evaluate the effects of tetraethyl lead (TEL) on the neu-
roendocrine system. Four hundred patients were examined.
Electroencephalograms were conducted on 103 patients; 78
showed EEG deviation. Focal Affectation of the brain was not
detected. However, 31 patients showed a decrease in or total
loss reaction to light; 32 patients showed a decrease in or total
loss of reaction to sound; and 6 patients showed inverted reac-
tion to light and sound.
16810
Goldsmith, John R.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL BASES FOR POSSIBLE AIR QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR LEAD. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
19(9):714-719, Sept. 1969. 23 refs.
In at least some urban areas, population exposure to elevated
atmospheric lead levels is associated with increased blood
lead. No reasonable alternative explanation exists other than
that the increased levels of lead pollution are causing in-
creased lead storage in the body. The study of lead body bur-
dens in U. S. populations indicates an increasing concentration
with age in liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, and lung. No such
increase is found in samples of residents from foreign coun-
tries. The effect of increased storage of lead on porphyrin
metabolism is in urgent need of investigation. Higher levels of
lead exposure may interfere with hemoglobin synthesis. Using
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240
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
W. H. O. categories if or air quality guides (criteria), a level I
criterion for two micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air for
a long-term average can be proposed. It would apply to pollu-
tion largely derived from motor vehicular sources. (A discus-
sion by Gordon J. Stopps follows the main text.) (Author's
Abstract)
16820
Pitts, Jaroes N., Jr.
ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL: OXIDANTS, HYDROCAR-
BONS, AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN. J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 19(9):658-669, Sept. 1969. 55 refs.
The relationship between criteria, standards, and control of air
pollutants involve complex multidisciplinary interactions. Their
overall impact on the public health and welfare is directly re-
lated to the confidence level held by members of government,
industry, and universities in the validity of the data upon
which these criteria are based. The Environmental Appraisal
section of the preliminary draft of the Air Quality Criteria
Document 'Photochemical Oxidant' prepared by the State of
California, Department of Public Health, is reviewed. In
general, it is a thoughtful and extensive effort to present the
current status of information concerning the physical and
chemical aspects of photochemical oxidant. Suggestions as to
how it might be extended, revised or updated are presented
along with a brief discussion of two new research areas of
possible interest, singlet molecular oxygen as a possible en-
vironmental oxidant and the photochemistry of mixed lead ha-
lides in the atmosphere. This article is followed with a discus-
sion by Richard D. Cadle. (Author's Abstract)
17214
Harley, John H.
DISCUSSION. SOURCES OF LEAD IN PERENNIAL
RYEGRASS AND RADISHES. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
4(3):225, March 1970.
Human intake of lead was described. The highest concentra-
tion of lead was found in New York City. Using 2 micro-
grams/cu m as the average concentration and a breathing rate
of 20 cu m/day, the total annual intake of lead by man would
be only 15 mg. The usual values for drinking water were 10
micrograms Pb/liter. The standard consumption of 400-500
liters/year would contribute 4-5 mg Pb/year. The amount of
lead found in various diet components was also given. The
majority of man's exposure to lead comes from dietary
sources. The previously reported suggestion that prehistoric
man ingested a smaller amount of lead than modern man by
avoiding plant foods was considered unlikely. In actuality, the
meat portion of the diet contributes about one-third of the lead
and only 10% of the mass of the diet. If prehistoric man
avoided plant foods, his dietary intake would most likely be
higher than if he was a vegetarian. It was also found that cat-
tle living under conditions described (air concentration 1
microgram/cu m, fodder concentration 5 micrograms/g dry
weight) would be taking in about 30 g Pb a year from the diet
and about 50 mg from the air. Thus, the animals' fraction of
intake from the diet is higher than man.
17244
Suzuki, Takeo
STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION BY AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
IN JAPAN - IN VIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH. (Jidosha
haikigasu niyoru kankyoosen no taiyo Koshu eiseigaku no
tachiba kara). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(11): 702-712, Nov. 15, 1968. 17 refs.
In the past, research on the effect of motor vehicle exhaust
gas on humans was limited to laboratory experiments. When
the effect of emissions on public health becomes more visible,
a comparative study was undertaken in the United States of
carbon monoxide density inside a house and outdoors. No sig-
nificant difference was observed, indicating that buildings do
not work to exclude atmospheric pollutants. Of motor vehicle
exhaust components, those that matter from hygienic view-
point are, in order of their importance carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide, and lead. Carbon monoxide density is commonly
referred to in determining the effect of auto exhaust has on
the human body because of its strong chemical affinity with
hemoglobin; and a medical survey has disclosed a relationship
between the amount of blood and CO density in environmental
atmosphere. People living in areas of heavy traffic have an
average CO hemoglobin of 3.75%, which, is nearly equivalent
to that found in cigarette smokers. Of the nitrogen oxides, NO
alone may not have a specific effect on the human body, but
even low concentrations of NO2 effect the respiratory organ
even with low density because of its water- resistant nature
and the ease with which it pentrates the Hung cells. Unlike the
other gaseous components, lead accumulates also in water,
vegetation, and foods.
17470
Shirakaw, Kenichi
SYMPTOMS OF NERVE TROUBLE DUE TO PUBLIC
NUISANCE. HEAVY METALS AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS.
(Kogai niyoru shinkeishojo. Jukinzoku to yukiyozai). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Rinsho (Japan Clin..), 28(3):551-555, March
10, 1970. 10 refs.
Characteristic symptoms of heavy metal and organic solvent
poisoning are discussed, with emphasis on representative
neural symptoms. Motor symptoms identified with inorganic
lead poisoning are paralysis of the arms, mononeuritis, and
poly neuritis, the latter characterized by sharp contractions of
the legs and arms. Early symptoms of alkyl lead poisoning are
chronic fatigue, headache, and vertigo. These are followed by
muscular ache, low fever, perspiration, low blood pressure,
feeble pulse, and declining mental faculties, which are defined
as nerve debility at the serious stage. Arsenic poisoning
manifests itself in catarrh of the digestive and respiratory or-
gans and in neuritis and skin disease. In arsenic poisoning,
perceptive nerve troubles appear after one or two weeks' ex-
posure, followed by mental derangement and, in some cases,
pain, resulting in the loss of sensation of movement. Barium
poisoning is considered a cause of alopecia and poly neuritis.
Acute cases exhibit fever, skin disease, alimentary and mental
disorders, in addition to respiratory diseases. The latter can
result in death. Chronic inorganic mercury poisoning is accom-
panied by vertigo, insomnia, and heart acceleration. Organic
mercury poisoning exhibits diverse symptoms, including con-
centric constriction of the visual field. Immediately following
ingestion, manganese produces hallucination and mental disor-
ders. Chronic manganese poisoning manifests in symptoms
resembling those of Parkinson and Wilson's disease. Tin
poisoning does not appear to remarkably influence neural or-
gans, though alimentary disorders can result from prolonged
exposure. Symptoms of cadmium poisoning, in addition to
those of organic solvents, are briefly reviewed.
18046
Hursh, J. B., A. Schraub, E. L. Saltier, arid H. P. Hofmann
FATE OF 212Pb INHALED BY HUMAN SUBJECTS. Health
Phys., 16(3): 257-267, March 1969. 18 refs.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
241
fen human subjects inhaled 212Pb carried on natural aerosols.
Deposition in the lung varied from 14 to 45% of the amount in-
haled. Clearance from the lung to the systemic tissues oc-
curred with an estimated half-time of 6.5 hr. The average 24-hr
urinary excretion of 212Pb was 2.8 plus or minus 0.15% of the
body content. The total loss by fecal excretion adjusted to
zero time averaged 3% body content. The 212Pb absorbed
from the lungs into the blood is in part fixed by the circulating
red cells and in part distributed to other tissues. The red cell
212Pb burden grows to a steady state level which averages
50% of the total body burden. The results are interpreted to in-
dicate that the clearance of radon daughters from the lung
parenchyma by absorption into the blood has little dosimetric
significance, whereas, in the case of thoron daughters, the
average lung dose is reduced to less than half. (Author's Ab-
stract)
18417
Bingham, Eula, Emil A. Pfitzer, William Barkley, and Edward
P. Radford
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES: REDUCED NUMBER IN
RATS AFTER PROLONGED INHALATION OF LEAD
SESQUIOXIDE. Science, vol. 162:1297-1299, Dec. 13, 1968. 10
refs.
The technique of harvesting alveolar macrophages from ex-
cised mammalian lungs was used to obtain a quantitative esti-
mate of the number of these cells. A decreased number was
found in washings from lungs of rats inhaling small particles of
lead sesquioxide for three to 12 months, compared with con-
trol animals exposed to filtered air. This result contrasts with
that reported by others for animals given massive exposures to
various dusts for short periods of time. Because the concentra-
tions of lead were comparable to those observed in some in-
dustrial (150 microgram/ cu m) or urban (10 microgram/cu m)
environmental conditions, the results may be significant in
terms of human lung clearance processes after such exposure.
(Author abstract modified)
18494
Bullock, John D., Robert J. Wey, John A. Zaia, Irwin
Zarembok, and Henry A. Schroeder
EFFECT OF TETRAETHYLLEAD ON LEARNING AND
MEMORY IN THE RAT. Arch. Environ. Health, vol. 13:21-
22, July 1966. 4 refs.
Tetraethyl lead injected into rats in doses sufficient to cause
overt neurotoxicity did not significantly depress ability to learn
a simple task, escape from a water T-maze, nor to remember
the task. The mean escape times of 20 controls and 20 rats
previously injected with 15 mg/kg TEL body weight, tested IS
times, were significantly different during the first four trials
but not thereafter. The rate of learning, that is, the progressive
decrease in swimming tunes from about eight seconds to about
three seconds, was similar in the two groups. Mean escape
times of trained rats on each day before and during which they
received 5 mg TEL/kg body weight on days four through
seven and on days six through nine were similar to those of
controls.
18501
Cholak, Jacob
THE QUANTITATIVE SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINA-
TION OF LEAD IN URINE. J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 57:104-
107, Jan. 1935. 11 refs.
A quantitative spectrographic method is described by which
concentrations of lead in urine as low as 1 pphm can easily be
detected. Concentrations that can be measured accurately by
the technique described lie between 0.01 and 0.20 mg per liter.
For amounts of lead up to 0.10 mg per liter the accuracy of
the method is 0.01 mg per liter; for amounts above 0.10 and up
to 0.20 mg per liter the error is somewhat greater. (Author
summary modified)
18502
Catizone, Olga and Peter Gray
EXPERIMENTS ON CHEMICAL INTERFERENCE WITH
THE EARLY MORPHOGENESIS OF THE CHICK. H. THE
EFFECTS OF LEAD ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM. J. Exp. Zool., vol. 87:71-83, June 5, 1941. 12 refs.
The analysis of results of 348 sub-germinal injections of lead
chloride in saline, controlled by 109 injections of saline, shows
that lead produces abnormalities of the central nervous system
which are not found in the saline controls. These abnormalities
are of three kinds of which two-open central nervous system
and sinuous central nervous system-are probably due to the
same effect. The former, which is most frequently produced
by injection of lead after 18 hours incubation, is due to a
failure in concrescence of the central nervous system. In sinu-
ous central nervous system, the somites are so crowded
together that they are occasionally found lying on top of each
other. The third abnormality of the central nervous system-an-
terior end destroyed—supports the view that the action of lead
is on the central nervous system rather than the ectodermal
tissues in general, since there is no corresponding destruction
of the amnion in this region. It is possible specifically to affect
the morphogenesis of a localized organ system, and the nature
of the effect on the organ is dependent on the reagent em-
ployed. (Author summary modified).
18503
Barltrop, Donald
TRANSFER OF LEAD TO THE HUMAN FOETUS. Min.
Metab. Paediat. Proc. Glaxo Symp., Greenford, England, 1968,
p. 135-151. 25 refs.
The transfer of lead across the placenta was demonstrated at
different gastational ages by analysis of human fetal tissues.
Differences in the affinity of lead for various tissues are noted
and discussed. Results of serial blood lead analyses made on a
group of women throughout pregnancy related to the cord
blood lead concentrations. A maternal-fetal tlood lead
equilibrium may exist. (Author summary modified)
18508
Cheatham, James S. and Edwin F. Chobot, Jr.
THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LEAD
ENCEPHALOPATHY. Southern Med. J., vol. 61:529-531, May
1968. 3 refs. (Presented at the Southern Medical Association,
Annual Meeting, 61st, Miami Beach, Fla., Nov. 13-16, 1967.)
The relationship between lead intoxiciation with en-
cephalopathy and the drinking of illicitly manufactured alcohol
in the southeastern region of the United States is discussed.
Chattanooga, Tennessee, is a focal point in the manufacture,
distribution, and consumption of illicit alcohol, most of wnich
is consumed by members of the lower socioeconomic classes.
The signs and symptoms of lead intoxication with en-
cephalopathy include confusion, clouding of the sensorium,
disorientation, impairment of memory, and possible auditory
and visual hallucinations. Among the various clinical and
laboratory guidelines found useful in the identification of lead
intoxication are hypochromic anemia, basophilic stippling of
the red blood cells, and an increased excretion of porphyrins
-------
242
LEAD AND AYR POLLUTION
in the urine. All patients admitted to the psychiatric unit of a
Chattanooga hospital who appeared to be suffering from an
acute brain syndrome associated with chronic alcoholism or
recent excessive intake of alcohol were checked systematically
for lead intoxication; to date eight cases of lead intoxication
with encephalopathy have been identified as a reasonable pos-
sibility.
18515
Galle, P. and L. Morel-Maroger
THE RENAL LESIONS OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMEN-
TAL LEAD POISONING. (Les lesions renales du saturnisme
humain et experimental). Text in French. Nephron (Basel),
vol. 2:273-286, 1965. 20 refs.
Renal lesions produced by lead poisoning in man and experi-
mental animals were studied by light and electron microscopy.
The study material comprised renal biopsy specimens from 10
patients with lead poisoning, usually of occupational origin,
and from 25 rats in which the poisoning had been induced by
oral administration of basic lead acetate. The renal lesions of
lead poisoning selectively affect the proximal tubular cells, in
which appear, in addition to the classic intranuclear inclusions,
intracytoplasmic inclusions containing iron and significant
mitochondria! lesions. The ultrastructure of the intranuclear in-
clusions seen most frequently in lead poisoning in man differ
from those seen in experimental lead poisoning owing to the
difference in the duration of poisoning. The ultrastructural ap-
pearance of the intranuclear inclusions seems to be specific
for lead poisoning, and these characteristic inclusions tend to
persist long after cessation of lead poisoning.
18518
Barltrop, D. and N. J. P. Killala
FAECAL EXCRETION OF LEAD BY CHILDREN. Lancet,
vol. 2, 1017-1019, Nov. 11, 1967. 10 refs.
Results of preliminary animal work confirming that fecal lead
is a sensitive index of the ingestion of lead compounds com-
pared with blood and urine measurements were applied to
healthy and lead-poisoned children. The mean fecal lead of
single stool specimens from nineteen healthy children was 124
micrograms per stool with an upper limit of normal of 183
micrograms. Values for six hospital inpatients fell within these
limits. Three lead-poisoned children had fecal lead levels
which exceeded those of normal children by an amount that
made statistical comparison unnecessary.
18549
Goldsmith, John R. and Alfred C. Hexter
RESPIRATORY EXPOSURE TO LEAD: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
AND EXPERIMENTAL DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS.
Science, vol. 158:132-134, Oct. 6, 1967. 12 refs.
Epidemiologic studies of blood lead levels in general and occu-
pational groups show a logarithmic regression on estimated at-
mospheric exposure. Experimental results at the same and
higher levels show a dose-response relationship which fits the
same regression. T: data indicate that for many urban re-
sidents the total quantity of lead absorbed from the respiratory
tract is of the same order of magnitude as that absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract; that increased respiratory exposure
within the range observed in community air pollution is capa-
ble of producing materially increased storage of lead in the
body, as reflected in the blood lead level; and that further in-
creases in atmospheric lead will result in high blood lead levels
in the population in a predictable relationship.
19159
Kehoe, Robert A., Jacob Cholak, and Robert V. Story
A SPECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE NORMAL
RANGES OF CONCENTRATION OF CERTAIN TRACE
METALS IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS. J. Nutr., 19(6):579-
592, June 10, 1940. 7 refs. (Presented at the Meeting of the
American Chemical Society, 98th, Boston, Mass., Sept. 11-15,
1939.)
A quantitative spectrographic method of high sensitivity and
precision was employed for the simultaneous determination of
lead, manganese, tin, aluminum, copper, and silver in normal
biological material. Lead, manganese, copper, and aluminum
were present in all materials examined; tin was present in
about 80% and silver in 10-20% of the samples. The mean con-
centrations of these metals in a liter of normal urine was
below 0.01 mg for manganese and 0.078, 0.034, 0.027, 0.011,
and 0.00 mg respectively for aluminum, copper, lead, tin, and
silver. The mean concentration of the metals in 100 gm of nor-
mal whole blood was 0.114, 0.025, 0.015, 0.013, 0.012, and 0.00
plus mg respectively for copper, lead, manganese, aluminum,
tin, and silver. Practically all the manganese, lead, and tin
were contained in the formed elements of the blood; aluminum
was found almost entirely in the plasma, while copper was di-
vided almost evenly between the two, the formed elements
usually containing a slightly higher concentration. The concen-
trations of these metals in consecutive daily or weekly samples
of urine and blood from the same individuals were not con-
stant, but varied from sample to sample. The daily output of
this group of metals in the feces was practically the equivalent
of their daily intake in the diet. The wide distribution of lead
was indicated by data obtained on a large number of natural
materials. (Author summary modified)
19304
COUNTERMEASURE FOR LEAD NUISANCE BY AUTOMO-
TIVE GASOLINE. (Jidosha gasorin niyoru engai no
boshitaisaku nitsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind.
Public Nuisance), 6(6):383-387, June 25, 1970.
Based on an investigation of lead pollution at Ushigome
Yanagicho in Tokyo, the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry has announced several temporary countenneasures.
The lead content of high-octane gasoline should be reduced to
half by July 1, 1970, while blending with more than 1.1 ml
lead/gallon, which is an average for regular gasoline, is
prohibited. By these measures the total lead content of au-
tomotive gasoline will be reduced to 25%. The octane value of
the high-octane gasoline will be 97, and that of the regular
gasoline 90. An extensive countermeasure for automotive ex-
haust is under consideration. Statistics are included on the per-
missible concentration of lead for labor hygiene, lead content
of gasoline, lead consumption in Japan, lead density in at-
mospheric participates, results of physical check-ups at
Ushigome Yanagicho, measurements of lead concentration in
Tokyo and Osaka, lead consumption in the U. S., concentra-
tions in the atmosphere at Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and
Philadelphia, lead content in the urine of workers in battery
factories, and the range of hazardous lead content for workers
breathing high amounts of lead. The Ministry is working in
close cooperation with the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the
Ministry of Transportation, and the Police Agency.
19881
Kauranen, P., T. Jaakkola, and J. K. Miettinen
STABLE LEAD AND RADIOLEAD (210PII) IN THE 'ARC-
TIC' FOOD CHAIN. In: Radioactive Foodchains in the Sub-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
243
arctic Environment. (Annual Report). Helsinki Univ. (Finland),
Dept. of Radiochemistry, AEC Grant AT (30-1) 3446, Paper
24, 6p., Aug. 1969. 10 refs. CFSTI: NYO-3446-13
The concentrations of stable and radioactive lead in the arctic
food chain were determined. Lead was measured by an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. In lichen samples from
Lapland, the radiolead concentration was slightly higher, and
the stable lead concentration significantly lower than in sam-
ples from southern Finland. The specific activity of lead in
lichen from Lapland is very high, over 1000 pCi/mg; in
southern Finland, the specific activity is 300 pCi/mg. In rein-
deer samples, specific lead activities between 700 and 1000
pCi/mg were found. Results from human samples indicate that
the average stable lead concentration of blood is about the
same in Lapps and in southern Finns; the radiolead concentra-
tion in the Lapps is 2.5 times higher. This is a consequence of
the higher specific activity of lead in the arctic food chain,
lichen-reindeer-man. The average specific activity of lead in
human blood was 47 pCi/mg in Lapps and 20 pCi/mg in
southern Finns. It seems that lichen is the source of the high
specific activity lead in the arctic food chain, and that the lead
gradually become diluted with less active lead from other
sources.
19940
Nishii. S.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF EXHAUST OF AUTOMOBILE ON
HUMAN BODY. (Jidosha haiki-gasu niyoru osen kuki no jintai
ni oyobosu eikyo no tsuite). Text in Japanese. Naika,
21(5):813-819, May 1968. 13 refs.
Chemical substances within the automobile exhaust gas are
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane or other carbon
hydrates (including 3.4-benzpyrene and olefins), sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, etc. The concentration or amour,' of these
chemical substances differs according to the kind, size, age, or
driving condition of the engine. The air to fuel ratio also
changes the composition of these substances. Carbon monox-
ide, carbon hydrates, and dust have higher concentrations
under incomplete combustion due to the inadequate air to fuel
ratio. Concentrations of CO2, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides,
and lead are increased with an increase of fuel consumption or
an increase of engine rotation. Exhaust gas from a diesel en-
gine has very low CO concentration (0.02 to 0.09%) and a high
concentration of dust (0.3 mg/N cu m). The concentrations of
CO and dust are the reverse of this in the exhaust gas from a
gasoline or LPG engine. Nitrogen oxides show high concentra-
tion during acceleration or cruise with a high speed, and low
concentration during idling. LPG engines emit higher concen-
trations of nitrogen oxides, The concentration of Pb (lead ox-
ides or haloid lead) within the automobile exhaust gas is
usually 2000 to 5000 micrograms/cu m. Automobile exhaust
gas emitted to the ambient air is dispersed immediately after
its emission. Dispersion and concentration of the emitted gas
differs according to meteorological conditions, surrounding
buildings, amount or density of traffic, and so on. The
meteorological conditions play the most important role. Among
chemical substances which have harmful effects on human
bodies, CO is the most important, causing headache, thirst,
drowsiness, or slight amnesia; the localized air pollution by
CO is seriously observed in Japan (Tokyo and Osaka). In Los
Angeles, photo-chemical products are most important, causing
mainly irritation to mucous membranes (eyes, respiratory
tract) or plants on the road. The radical procedures against air
pollution due to automobile exhaust gas are (1) control and
removal of harmful chemical components from the exhaust
gas; and (2) improvement of the fuel.
20087
Tansy, M. F. and R. P. Roth
PIGEONS: A NEW ROLE IN AIR POLLUTION. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., 20(5):307-309, May 1970. 15 refs.
A study was conducted to ascertian the tissue lead content of
randomly procured Philadelphia city pigeons versus rural
pigeons, in which the lead content of both groups was assayed
by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Tissues
were weighed, then vacuum dried at 25 in. pressure to con-
stant weight in 19 hours, and organic matter was removed by
wet chemical digestion with a mixture of perchloric and nitric
acids. After decomposition of organic matter was complete,
the mixture was heated to drive off the volatile constituents,
and the lead determinations were made. With one exception,
lead concentrations were greater in feathers, nails, beak,
femur, liver, and kidney of birds collected from the downtown
Philadelphia area then in the feathers and corresponding hard
and soft tissues of the country pigeons, while there was no ap-
preciable difference between the lead levels in the blood, ton-
gue, skeletal muscle, brain, trachea, crop, heart, lung, pan-
creas, spleen, peripheral nerve, and gastrointestinal tract.
Possible sources of lead intake were examined and references
to past literature were cited, indicating that the most signifi-
cant general source of biological lead is probably atmospheric.
20198
Smith, Ralph G., Joanne Szajnar, and Lawrence Hscker
STUDY OF LEAD LEVELS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(4):333-338, April 1970. 10 refs.
(Presented at the Division of Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, Symposium on Air Conservation and Lead Divi-
sion of Water, Air, and Waste Chemistry, 157th National
Meeting, Minneapolis, Minn., April 14-15, 1969.)
A large number of rodents was maintained in chambers and
exposed to air from an intersection in central Detroit. A com-
parable group of animals was maintained in identical fashion,
but supplied with filtered air that was presumed to contain no
lead content. Although lead levels tended to be higher in the
exposed group, the difference was significant only in the case
of bone levels. Both rabbits and guinea pigs displayed signifi-
cantly increased bone lead levels. The increases are attributed
to the inhalation of approximately 2.5 micrograms/cu m of lead
for a period of nearly four years. Estimates indicate that
although the lead intake by ingestion was considerably greater
than that by inhalation, lead is more efficiently absorbed by
inhalation. (Author abstract modified)
20287
Jerardino, M. and C. Barrios
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETER-
MINATION OF REGIONAL-TYPE PLUMBEMIAS. (Deter-
minacion por espectrofotometria de absorcion atomica de una
plumbemia de tipo regional). Text in Spanish. Anales Real
Acad. Farm. (Madrid), 35(4):42M35, 1969. 27 refs.
Blood and urine samples were taken from 100 normal human
subjects (50 urban, 50 rural) and from 40 subjects from en-
vironments in which they were known to be exposed to quan-
tities of lead; samples were examined for lead content, using a
Perkin-Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer. From the
data, a standard 'urban' value and a standard 'rural' value for
the lead content of the blood was established. No significant
difference was found between urban and rural values in the
case of the lead content of urine, and serum proteins did not
differ significantly except in the case of the gamma globulins.
Employees of Acero del Pacifico, of gasoline companies, and
of a printing plant gave blood samples with a significantly
-------
244
LEAD AND ACR POLLUTION
higher lead content. The lead content of blood in normal in-
dividuals was dependent on age.
20687
Linch, Adrian L., Emil G. Wiest, and Morris D. Carter
EVALUATION OF TETRAALKYL LEAD EXPOSURE BY
PERSONNEL MONITOR SURVEYS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
J., 31(2):170-179, March-April 1970. 9 refs.
Coincident with a review of the Threshold Limit Values
(TLV's) for tetraalkyl lead and the incorporation of TLV's
into state regulations, an evaluation of the lead exposure con-
trol program was made. Fixed station atmospheric sampling in
the tetraethyl lead (TEL) and tetramethyl lead (TML) manu-
facturing areas did not correlate well with urinary excretion
rates or routine medical examinations of personnel. Personnel
monitoring with individually worn mobile samplers was studied
as a means of obtaining valid evaluation of the highly variable
ambient work atmosphere. The results did not correlate with
fixed-station sampling, but did give significantly higher con-
centrations. An approximately linear relationship was found
between breathing zone concentrations and urinary excretion
of lead when the sum of weekly average organic and inorganic
TLV coefficients was compared with the corresponding
average urinary excretion. The 1967 TLV's for TEL and TML
were exceeded by factors of two and four, respectively, be-
fore urinary lead excretion exceeded 0.1 mg/1. (Author abstract
modified)
20704
Orton, W. T.
LEAD POISONING AMONG CHILDREN IN HARINGEY.
Medical Officer, 123(12): 147-152, March 20, 1970. 10 refs.
Four case reports of lead poisoning among five children are
discussed. The ages of the children ranged from 22 months to
13 years. All suffered from pica. The clinical histories and the
investigations conducted to determine the origin of the lead
are described. The results showed the diversity of causes of
lead poisoning in children. Modern paints with low lead con-
tent gave only apparent protection if applied over old paints
containing high quantities of lead. There was evidence suggest-
ing that wall plaster could be a cause of poisoning. The very
high concentrations of lead found over a wide area demon-
strate a potentially dangerous source of lead to any child who
eats soil. It is believed that the contamination came from a
number of sources: dust from a battery factory; automobile
exhausts; and old split paint in builders' nibble. There is added
danger, with respect to vegetables grown in the soil. Automo-
bile exhaust fumes, particularly where the traffic is most
dense raise the lead content of the dust and earth nearby; they
can also affect rainwater. Contamination from all these
sources can build up and ultimately reach toxic levels.
20990
Hursh, J. B and T. T. Mercer
MEASUREMENT OF PB212 LOSS RATE FROM HUMAN
LUNGS. J. Appl. Physiol., 28(3):268-274, March 1970. 17 refs.
Experiments were performed in which four human subjects
were administered Pb(212) by mouth inhalation and by in-
travenous injection. Blood, urine, and fecal samples were col-
lected. Pb(212) inhaled on natural aerosols showed lung
depositions of 27-62% the amount depending on well-charac-
terized aerosol size differences. The loss rate from the lung
measured by in vivo gamma counting, as corrected for ex-
tralung activity in the lung survey field, had a half-time of
from 10.5 to 11.5 hours. Twenty-four hour urinary lead excre-
tion after intravenous injection was from 2.6 to 6.6% of the
dose. Fecal collections (34 - 48 hr) yielded 0.2 - 2.7% of the
dose. (Author abstract)
21037
Secchi, G. C. and L. Alessio
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE INHIBITION BY
LEAD OF ERYTHROCYTE Na(+)/K(+) -ATPASE. (Ricerche
sul meccanismo d'inibizione della Na(+)/K(+) -ATPasi
eritrocitaria ad opera del piombo). Text in Italian. Med.
Lavoro (Milan), 60(ll):670-673, 1969. 6 refs. (Presented at the
International Congress of Clinical Chemistry, 7th, Geneva,
Sept. 8-13, 1969.)
A study of the mechanism of the inhibition by lead of sodi-
um(+)/ potassium(+) -adenosine triphosphatase demonstrated
that lead can partially inhibit this enzyme of the red blood cell
membranes both in vivo and in vitro at 1! mM concentration.
The inhibition of such enzyme activity could be completely
removed by adding cysteine at 25 mM concentration. (Author
abstract modified)
21070
Becker, Robert O., Joseph A. Spadaro, and Edward W. Berg
THE TRACE ELEMENTS OF HUMAN BONE. J. Bone Joint
Surg., 50-A(2):326-334, March 1968. 28 refs.
Trace elements in human bones of recent origin from
Syracuse, N. Y. were analyzed in comparison with specimens
of ancient human bones from burial sites in Peru and Pennsyl-
vania, in an effort to distinguish those elements consistently
associated with and possibly essential to the matrix from those
resulting from dietary and environmental variations. The
Pennsylvania sample was about 500 years old, while the Peru-
vian samples were about 500-600 years old. The tibia or femur
was used. After drying-ashing procedures, semiquantitative
spectrographic analysis with sensitive direct current arc excita-
tion was employed. The detected elements fell into three
groups. The first (copper, zinc, strontium, iron, silicon,
vanadium, and aluminum) were detected rather consistently in
all specimens, despite such factors as specimen age and soil
leaching; some of the these may be functionally important in
the matrix. The second group consists of elements sporadically
detected, such as manganese, silver, tin, .and rubidium; these
probably are not essential to bone, but may occur because of
local environmental or occupational factors. The third group
contains two elements, lead and vanadium, detected in all but
one sample but invariably present in very small concentrations
(less than 5 ppm) in ancient bone and in much higher concen-
trations (Pb, 50 ppm; V, 11 ppm) in modern bone. Contempo-
rary air pollution is strongly implicated as the primary cause of
this increase.
21259
Wolkonsky, Peter Malia
PULMONARY EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. Arch. En-
viron. Health, vol. 19:586-592, Oct. 1969. 35 refs. (Presented at
the American Academy of Occupational Medicine, 21st An-
nual Meeting, Boston, Mass., Feb. 5, 1969.)
The pulmonary effects of a variety of air pollutants are
reviewed. Interest in most particulates is due to their role as
carriers of other pollutants, while known pathogenic particu-
lates (such as the benzo(a)pyrenes or the products of
tetraethyl lead combustion) are of primary interest as chemi-
cals rather than particles. Carbon monoxide apparently has no
significant direct effects on the lungs, but the question has
been raised as to whether there may also be subacute or
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
245
chronic effects. In experimental animals exposed to sulfur
dioxide at concentrations hig..er than those typically observed
in ambient air, SO2 acts as a primary irritant, and leads to
bronchoconstriction and increased airway resistance. Alveolar
and bronchiolar lesions typify exposure to nitrogen oxides.
Profound and permanent changes possibly occur in lungs ex-
posed to nitrogen dioxide, as in the acute pulmonary edema
associated with silo-filler's disease. Nitrogen dioxide has been
found to cause emphysematous lungs in rats. Exposure to
NO2 is also believed to permit better bacterial colonization in
the lungs by inhibition of bacterial clearance. Ozone may
decrease the percentage of alveolar macrophages and their
ability to engulf streptococci. The severity of symptoms in a
group of Chicago patients with chronic bronchitis or
emphysema showed seasonal fluctuations related to mean
monthly temperature, with briefer exacerbations, closely cor-
related to low temperature and high SO2 level. The pathologi-
cal and synergistic effects of air pollution are also discussed.
21266
Reichel, G., F. Wobith, and W. T. Ulmer
ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
PRODUCED BY TRAFFIC AT A BUSY CROSSING ON
LUNG FUNCTION IN HUMANS. DETERMINATION OF CO,
HB, PB, IN BLOOD. (Akute and chronische Wirkung von
Strassenluft an verkehrsreicher Kreuzung auf die Lungenfunk-
tion des Menschen, Den CO-, Hb-, und Bleigehalt des Blutes).
Text in German. Arbeitsmedizin, 26(l):84-97, 1970. 73 refs.
To determine the effects of exposure to street traffic on lung
function restrictions, 44 persons were subjected to a blood-gas
analysis and whole-body plethysmographic examination before
and after an exposure of three hours at a busy crossing. The
carbon monoxide and lead levels were also determined. No in-
sufficiencies or functional restrictions of the lungs were
verified as a result of acute exposure. These findings were
also confirmed when examining 10 policemen permanently ex-
posed to the air pollution of a large city. A suspicious satura-
tion of the blood with CO could not be verified. In smokers, a
decrease in the CO-level during the testing period, when no
smoking was allowed, was observed. The increase of the
blood-lead-level needs further investigation. Even if the lead
level after exposure does not exceed the toxic limit value, the
problem of gasoline lead additives needs further attention.
21423
Stoefen, Detlev
PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES AGAINST POISONING BY
LEADED GASOLINE- CRITERIA AND CONSEQUENCES.
(Die Prophylaxe der mil der Benzinverbleiung verbundenen
Gefahren - Kriterien und Konsequenzen). Text in German.
Staedtehygiene(Uelzen/Hamburg), 21(4):94-97, April 1970. 23
refs.
Seventy percent of the lead in gasoline is emitted with the ex-
hausts. The dangers of lead poisoning (genetic defects, brain
strokes, etc.) have been pointed out repeatedly, but no max-
imum allowable concentrations have yet been worked out with
the exception of the Soviet Union, where the limit was deter-
mined to be 0.0007 mg/cu m. Measurements near stop signs in
Hamburg revealed a lead concentration of about 0.002 mg/cu
m; in a tunnel, 0.004 mg/cu m; and in the large cities of the
Rhine Valley, the lead concentration fluctuated between 0.5
and 12 mircrograms cu m. As indicated by delta-ammo levulin
acid discharge tests, latent lead poisoning is widely spread in
motorized countries. Examination of 48 policemen in Basel in-
dicated that they discharge 3 to 7.5 mg delta-ammo levulin
acid/day. The limit concentration was 6 to 9 mg/day.
21766
Holtzman, R. B., H. F. Lucas, Jr., and F. H. ncewicz
THE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD IN HUMAN BONES. In:
Radiological Physics Division Annual Report July 1968 through
June 1969. Argonne National Lab., 111., Radiological Physics
Div., p. 43-49, 1969. 22 refs. CFSTI: ANL-7615
Lead concentration in bone from humans whose ages ranged
from newborn to 85 years increased with age at a rate of 0.6
micrograms/(g ash)/yr and to be 8.7 micrograms/(g ash) at
birth. These results corroborate previous reports of increases
up to age 30, and they show a continuing and similar increase
in the group over 35 years of age. This rate represents an in-
crease in skeletal content of about 4 micrograms/day, which is
about 1% of the daily intake. The biological half-life of lead
implied from the data from this study ranges from 70 to 90
years and is longer than previously reported. Lead concentra-
tions in the group over 30 apparently consisted of two nor-
mally-distributed populations, which may reflect differences in
the cigarette smoking habits of the subjects. Further studies
are required to more accurately evaluate the effects of smok-
ing and to determine whether the accumulation of lead in
adults simply reflects a long biological half-life or is caused by
changing levels of lead intake. Lead concentration was deter-
mined by a spectrophotometric method in which the bone is
ashed 8 hr at 600 C and dissolved in 9 M HCL at a concentra-
tion of up to 0.2 g ash/ml. After extraction with triisooc-
tylamine to remove interfering elements, mainly iron, the lead
is determined from the absorbance at a wavelength of 271 mil-
limicrons. Bone samples were obtained during normal surgical
or autopsy procedures, and lead concentration was also deter-
mined in teeth from 29 other subjects from Chicago and
neighboring regions of Illinois. (Author abstract modified)
22222
Stoefen, D.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEAD POISONING. (Die larvierte
Bleivergiftung). Text in German. Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Mu-
nich), 152(5):551-558, June 1968. 65 refs.
The sanitation of the biosphere in the sense of microtoxicolo-
gy would involve considerable expenses. Byrne of the Amer-
ican Union Oil Company estimates that investments of
$5,680,000,000 would become necessary if the USA prohibited
the addition of lead to gas. The German Federal Republic is
far removed from a disclosure of Soviet technology. It can
only hope that the results of Soviet research reach it by way
of the USA, whose Public Health Service deals with these
results in a comprehensive research program. Sweden has al-
ready prohibited the addition of lead to fuel on the basis of
these results. The American research program requires approx-
imately four years, the conversion of the petroleum industry
another four years. It is questionable whether the system can
bear this load for another eight years. At present, even the
symptoms are not recorded. There is good reason to assume
that at least 50% of the functional diseases are due to lead and
that at least 25% can be healed by specific medical treatment.
The blocking of numerous enzymatic and biosynthetic
processes summarized by Bersin in 1966 should be taken into
consideration. (Author abstract)
22637
Hernberg, Sven, Jorma Nikkanen, Guy Mellin, and Helena
Lilius
DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID DEHYDRASE AS A MEA-
SURE OF LEAD EXPOSURE. Arch. Environ. Health,
21(2): 140-145, Aug. 1970. 21 refs.
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246
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
The concentration of lead in the blood is the most valid indica-
tor of exposure to possible lead poisoning environments. Close
negative correlation between the concentration of lead in
blood (Pb-B) and the logarithm of erythrocyte delta-aminolevu-
linic acid dehydrase (ALA-D) was found for 159 persons with
Pb-B levels ranging from 5 micrograms to 95 micrograms per
100 ml. A statistically significant correlation between Pb-B and
delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in urine was obtained only for
Pb-B values over 50 microgram per 100 ml. These results in-
dicate that erythrocyte ALAD is more accurate and more sen-
sitive than ALA in urine as an indicator of the amount of cir-
culating lead. ALAD assays can be used as a screening
procedure to exclude a lead absorption over a given level.
Fairly accurate estimates of the mean Pb-B of groups of peo-
ple can also be made from their mean ALAD activity. (Author
abstract modified)
23167
Gilluly, Richard H.
THE HAZARDS OF TRACE ELEMENTS. Sci. News,
97(23):560-561, June 6, 1970.
When researchers at a metal-free laboratory at Brattleboro,
Vt., exposed rats and mice orally over their lifetimes to en-
vironmental amounts of all the elements found in the National
Air Sampling Stations, three elements appeared of concem in
tne amounts found in the environment: lead, nickel, and cad-
mium. In doses comparabl to amounts that might accumulate
in humans living near dense traffic, lead shortened life spans
of the experimental animals and caused nervous system deteri-
oration. Nickel carbonyl results from a reaction between
nickel and hot carbon monoxide which probably takes place in
incinerators and in internal combustion engines. It is absorbed
by the lungs and is probably carcinogenic. Inhaled, cadmium
can cause emphysema and bronchitis. Taken into the body,
through the lungs or otherwise, it is associated with car-
diovascular death rates, hypertension, and kidney disease.
Vanadium alone is non toxic in laboratory animals in amounts
far larger than found in the environment, but it may facilitate
creation of enough sulfur trioxide to cause problems. How-
ever, adequate chromium in the diets of experimental rats will
prevent the toxic effects of lead. An approach that has been
suggested to deal with trace elements in water supplies is to
create dual water-supply systems, one system for industrial
uses and residentia uses, and the second for drinking water.
23582
Bonsignore, D.
THE ERYTHROCYTE ALA-DEHYDRASE ACTIVITY AS A
DIAGNOSTIC TEST CV OCCUPATIONAL LEAD POISON-
ING. (L'attivita ala-deidratasica eritrocitaria quale test diag-
noltico ned saturnisma professionale). Med. Lavoro (Milan),
vol. 57:647-654, 1966. 13 refs. Translated from Italian. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 9p., July 16, 1970.
The effect of lead poisoning on amino-levulinic-dehydrase ac-
tivity was studied by colorimetrically determining the porpho-
bilinogen, which is formed by ALA-dehydrase activity,
present in the erythrocyctes of 50 subjects with chronic or
acute lead poisoning. In 19 patients, no enzyme activity could
be identified; in the olhers, it was distinctly lowered. The
results demonstrate that diagnosis of ALA-dehydrase acitivity
is a valid test of lead poisoning.
23715
Engel, Ronald E. and Jerry F. Stara
THE ROLE OF THE VETERINARIAN IN AIR POLLUTION
RESEARCH. Preprint, National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration, Raleigh, N. C., lip., 1970. 7 irefs.
Meaningful environmental research requires input from the in-
tegration of three scientific approaches: (1) laboratory animal
lexicological studies; (2) laboratory clinical investigations of
human subjects; and (3) epidemiological studies under natu-
rally occuring conditions. Animal toxicology is needed to
identify prime effects of pollutants by conducting controlled
experimental exposures that block out the environmental vari-
ables normally existing under field conditions. Veterinary lex-
icologists, primarily those interested in all animals, are playing
an important part in air pollution research and in interpreting
animal experiments that are essential to establish the margin of
safety for air quality standards. In the National Air Pollution
Control Administration alone, veterinarians design and execute
studies, the results of which are used for air quality criteria
documents. One such study is an investigation of the chronic
effects on beagles exposed to irradiated automobile exhaust.
Other studies of environmental toxicity performed by govern-
ment veterinarians includ the effects of nitrogen dioxide on
minimum responses; carcinogenicity of hydrocarbons; effects
of ozone on the respirator tract; effects of long-term exposure
to cadmium, lead, and arsenic; and determinations of effects
from inhalation of less common pollutants.
23768
Goldsmith, John R.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL BASES FOR POSSIBLE AIR QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR LEAD. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, New York City, 26p., 1969. 23 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association Symposium on Tox-
icological and Epidemiological Bases for Air Quality Criteria,
June 24-25, 1969, Paper 69-146B.)
For most individuals, the diet is the major source of lead ex-
posure. However, amounts of lead absorbed by the body via
the oral and the respiratory routes may be similar in mag-
nitude, even though the total amount ingested with food and
water is usually several times the total inspired with air. Inor-
ganic lead in sufficient amounts is implicated as a causative
agent in decreased hemoglobin synthesis, liver and kidney
damage, mental retardation in children, and abnormalities of
fertility and pregnancy. There is evidence that exposure to
moderately low lead levels may produce abnormalities in the
synthesis of porphyrines, particularly by the inhibition of
delta-aminolevulinie acid (d-ALA) dehydrase. This inhibition
leads to increased blood and urine levels of d-ALA, and air
quality criteria should include a criterion based on d-ALA
excretion, if it can be shown to be related to community air
pollution exposure. Recent epidemiologic data show that there
is not a balance between lead absorption and excretion in
Americans, lead concentrations increase in liver, spleen, pan-
creas, kidney, and lung up to the fifth decade and in the bone
up to the fourth decade. Other studies imply that the total lead
burden of the body is, in part, a function of respiratory expo-
sure in areas of high motor pollution. It is recommended that
air quality criteria proposed by the World Health Organization
be amended to refer to concentrations and exposure times
which result in significantly increased storage in the body of
potentially toxic materials, significant alteration of an essential
metabolic process (such as porphyrin metabolism), and signifi-
cant alteration in hematopoesis.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
247
23801
Hunt, William F., Jr., Cecil Pinkerton, Owen McNulty, and
John Creason
A STUDY IN TRACE ELEMENT POLLUTION OF A» IN 77
MIDWESTERN CITIES. Preprint, Missouri Univ., Columbia,
21p., 1970. 14 refs. (Presented at the Conference on Trace
Substances in Environmental Health, 4th Annual, Columbia,
Mo., June 23-24, 1970.)
A study is reported to examine a possible relationship between
cadmium, lead, and zinc air pollution and cardiovascular dis-
ease by examining the metal fallout in the residential, commer-
cial, and industrial areas of each of 77 midwestern U. S. cities
chosen from standard metropolitan statistical areas. Monthly
rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures were ob-
tained from the weather station nearest each dust fall sampling
site. The dried residues o dust fall samples were analyzed for
the three metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. An-
nual death rates for white males from cardiovascular diseases
were calculated, and milk samples were analyzed for cadmium
and lead. Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant rela-
tionship between cadmium fallout and cardiovascular death
rates in the cities studied, despite earlier work suggesting such
a relationship, nor was any association found when cadmium
in milk was used as an indicator of cadmium fallout on
croplands or in rural areas. A significant association was found
between cardiovascular death rates and lead fallout in re-
sidential areas and with dust fall, and maximum and minimum
temperatures. The association was found only for minimum
temperature in the commercial and industrial areas. Evidence
suggests that the relationship may reflect some factor or ur-
banization not examined and deserving of further study,
despite the absence of any clinical or physiological evidence.
23876
Blumer, W.
DOES AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST CAUSE HEADACHES?
(Kopfschmerzen durch auto-abgase?). Z. Praeventivmed., vol.
14:303-304, Sept.-Oct. 1969. 4 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 4p., Sept. 3, 1970.
Adult inhabitants of a residential area without through traffic
were compared with all people living right next to the heavily
frequented main street of the same place. The cases concerned
include all patients complaining about constant headaches dur-
ing th past ten years, when no organic cause could be detected
by means of general practice. In the houses immediately ad-
jacent to the main street, percentage wise three times as many
patients with headaches lived there than in the outside area.
Observing these patients for many years, a short change of re-
sidence made the headache disappear. One hundred and
twelve patients received twice weekly for four to five weeks
an intravenous injection of a mixture of calcium-dinitrate-
EDTA (20 mg per kilogram body weight), vitamin C (200 mg),
and vitamin Bl (200 mg). This small dosage immediately cured
71% of the patients, distinctly improved 19%, and was unsuc-
cessful with only 10%. In order to prove that this treatment
actually causes an increased secretion of lead, a lead analysis
of the urine was made for five patients. All cases showed an
increase of lead secretion with the exception of one female pa-
tient. The people living close to traffic inhale at least four
more kinds of exhaust gases (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon,
nitric oxides, tetraethyl lead), which cause headaches as an
early symptom themselves and which simultaneously reinforce
the toxicity of lead.
23887
Neubert, Heinz
ON INDUSTRIAL LEAD POISONING-A STATISTICAL SUR-
VEY. (Zur Bleierkrankung in der gewerblichen Wirtschaft -
ein statistischer Ueberblick). Text in German. Staub, Reinhal-
tung Luft, 30(8): 322-323, Aug. 1970.
The number of reported cases of lead poisoning in industry
decreased by 48.2% in 1968 as compared with the cases re-
ported in 1950. During the same period, the number of cases in
which compensations were granted for the first time was
reduced from 93 to 16. These compensations in the reported
cases decreased from 9.5% (1950) to 3.1% (1968). From 1965 to
1968, the conditions varied every year for different branches
of industry.
23926
Goyer, Robert A., Daniel L. Leonard, John F. Moore, Bonnie
Rhyne, and Martin R. Krigman
LEAD DOSAGE AND THE ROLE OF THE INTRANUCLEAR
INCLUSION BODY. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. Arch.
Environ. Health, 20(6):705-711, June 1970. 21 refs.
Biological parameters known to be affected in lead poisoning
were measured in rats following ingestion of graded dosages of
lead. Six groups of rats were given tap water containing the
following quantities of lead in the form of lead acetate: 0.08,
0.20, 0.40 1.20, 2.00, and 10.0 mg of lead per milliliter. The
animals were weighed weekly and 24-hour urine collections
were made prior to killing at 10 weeks of age. Both kidneys
were quickly excised and analyzed. Another group of rats
received pulverized 1% lead as lead acetate mixed with pow-
dered laboratory food for about four months. Intranuclear in-
clusion bodies were formed in renal tubular lining cells with
smaller doses of lead than produced other changes. Decreased
body weight was the next most sensitive abnormality. This
was followed by increased delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion,
reticulocytosis, renal edema, and aminoaciduria. Anemia only
occurred at the highest lead dosage. Over a wide range of lead
ingestion, urinary lead excretio remained constant, although
renal lead content increased. Quantitative analysis of cell or-
ganelles showed that lead is concentrated within the inclusion
bodies. Relatively small amounts of lead were present in the
cytoplasm and mitochondria. It is suggested that soft-tissue
lead accumulates in the intranuclear inclusion body, thereby
sparing toxic injury to cytoplasmic organelles. (Author abstract
modified)
24081
Tada, Osamu
LEAD IN ENVIRONMENTS. (Kankyochu no namari). Text in
Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J. Sci. Labour, Tokyo), 46(10):577-
583, Oct. 10, 1970. 50 refs.
The effect of absorbed lead on human health depends on the
quantity and the duration of lead absorption from the at-
mosphere. The amount of lead absorbed into the body through
food and beverage should also be taken into account. For lead
in the living environment, physiological data on lead in blood
and urine were studied. For lead in the atmosphere, actual in-
vestigations conducted in the United States concerning air pol-
lution by automobiles were studied. For lead in the occupa-
tional environment, problems due to dusts, fumes, and vapors
in the working areas in Japan were investigated. Evaluating the
relationship between the environmental lead and lead in the
body together with the ways of diagnosing the initial physical
changes due to poisoning is the main task for the future.
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248
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
24192
Prerovska, I. and D. Chladkova
FOLLOW-UP WORKERS FROM ENVIRONMENT OF LEAD
HAZARDS AIMED AT EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF
ATHEROSCLEROSIS. (Untersuchung vom Bleirisiko
bedrohter Arbeiter in Hinsicht auf vorzeitige Entwicklung von
Atherosklerose). Text in German. Intern. Arch. Oewer-
bepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Heidelberg), 26(3):205-215, 1970. 13
refs.
Fifty workers, aged 20-40 years, were first examined in 1963
for th effect of occupational exposure to lead. Neither clinical
examinations nor levels of serum lipids in the group showed
any deviations suggesting early development of atherosclero-
sis. The woekers were re-examined in 1969, by which time
they had been exposed to lead hazards for an average of 13
years. Although lead concentrations in the working environ-
ment were several times higher than those permitted by stan-
dards, only half the subjects showed lead concentrations ex-
ceeding normal limits and then only for transitory periods. No
atherogenic effects of lead could be proved. Internal examina-
tions supplemented by blood pressure, ECG, and urine tests,
together with examinations of the fundus of the eye, showed
that pathologic changes indicative of atherosclerosis were
neither more frequent nor more critical in the exposed group
than in a control group of similar age span. The values deter-
mined for serum lipids were within physiological limits
24288
Xintaras, Charles
MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF SPONTANE-
OUS AND EVOKED BRAIN POTENTIALS IN RATS.
Aerospace Medical Research Lab., Wright- Patterson AFB.,
Ohio, Proc. Conf. Atmos. Contamination Confined Spaces, 3rd
Annu., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 1967, p. 358-380. 6 refs.
(May 9-11.) CFSTI: AD 835008
Studies were undertaken to determine whether spontaneous
brain wave activity and the sensory evoked response are sensi-
tive and reliable measures of the effect of exposure to air pol-
lutants. Subcortical and cortical electrodes were implanted
stereotaxically in anesthetized male albino rats. The primary
exposure and testing chamber was a modified Skinner box
designed to permit the simultaneous measurement of
behavioral and electrophysiological responses and, in addition,
to serve as a dynamic inhalation chamber. Water containing
lead acetate was available in the secondary chambers. Obser-
vations were made regarding the rat's behavior via a closed-
circuit TV system in order to relate changes in the elec
trophysiological records with changes in the rat's behavior
Brain potentials evoked in response to light flashes were
graphed or recorded. Pentobarbital was used as a standard for
comparing the depressant effects of carbon monoxide. In the
transition from wakefulness to sleep, specific components of
the evoked response were attenuated whereas others were
markedly augmented. Carbon monoxide and pentobarbital in-
duced changes in the response that appeared similar to the
changes recorded daring the subjects' normal transition from
wakefulness to spontaneous sleep. Cons'stent relationships
were noted between the spontaneous EEG and the magnitude
of the visual evoked response. Lead acetate induced changes
in the duration and stability of the periods of rapid eye move-
ment (REM); excessive spindle-slow-wave complexes ap-
peared during periods of REM sleep. Alterations in the REM
phase in lead treated animals may be directly or indirectly as-
sociated with an impaired neural control system, and in par-
ticular with the mechanism responsible for controlling changes
in levels of consciousness. Alterations in the evoked response
during light spontaneous or induced sleep may be associated
with a general lowering of the level of vigilance and may be
related to the integrative functions necessary to awareness.
24314
Hendricks, N. V.
TOXIC GASES IN INDUSTRY. Southern Power Ind., vol.
65:66-69, 86, April 1947.
The physiological effects of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cya-
nide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, nitrogen oxides,
hydrogen sulfide, tetraethyl lead, nickel and iron carbonyl, ar-
sine, and hydrogen phosphide are discussed. In the presence
of carbon monoxide, the carrying power for oxygen through
the bloodstream is rapidly reduced so that within a short time
a condition of asphyxiation results. Hydrogen cyanide also
produces asphyxiation by interfering with the transfer of ox-
ygen from the blood to the tissues. Repeated exposures to low
concentrations of sulfur dioxide may cause such symptoms as
catarrh, disturbance of taste and smell, fatigue. The least
amount of chlorine causes coughing, while ammonia is
strongly irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Chronic
exposures to oxides of nitrogen may result in headache,
coughing, and weakness. The toxicity of hydrogen sulfide in
nearly equal to that of hydrogen cyanide. The metallic carbon-
yl when inhaled causes strong lung irritation and it toxicity is
extremely high. Symptoms of arsine poisoning may include
vomiting, weakness, jaundice, and lung edema. Convulsions
may result from hydrogen phosphide, followed by death. In-
dustrial sources of these compounds are also mentioned.
24428
Noweir, Madbuli H. and Emil A. Pfitzer
EVALUATION OF COPROPORPHYRIN IN URINE FROM
WORKERS EXPOSED TO LEAD. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
31(4):492-500, July-Aug. 1970. 51 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Industrial Hygiene Association Conference, Denver, Colo.,
May 11-16, 1969.)
Studies were undertaken to evaluate the urinary
coproporphyrin test as an economical routine method for
identifying individual workers absorbing excessive quantities
of lead and to evaluate the relationship between the concentra-
tion of coproporphyrin in urine and the concentration of lead
in air. Lead was determined in paniculate matter removed
from 200 to 300 liters of air at a lead oxide plant, a lead sol-
dering operation in a canning plant, two lead battery plants,
and two lead smelters. Twenty-four hour samples of urine
were collected from all the exposed 171 workers, and from a
control group of 77 workers employed in an iron foundry and
in a plastics molding plant. The average concentration of
coproporphyrin in the urine of groups of workers increased
with the average concentration of lead to which they were ex-
posed. However, the correlation between atmospheric lead and
coproporphyrin levels in urine did not appear to follow any
simple curvilinear relationship, particularly for workers ex-
posed to excessively high concentration of urinary
coproporphyrin and periods of exposure. Only when the mea-
surement of lead in blood cannot be obtained, the use of the
relatively simple determination of coproporphyrin in urine and
lead in air, together, but not separately, may provide the basis
for reasonable hygienic control in the lead trades, if accom-
panied by the appropriate medical supervision. (Author ab-
stract modified)
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
249
24573
Ohm, H. J.
THE LOCALIZATION OF LEAD DEPOSITED IN HUMAN
TEETH. (Die Legalisation des in meschliehen Zaehen ab-
gelagerten Belis). Deut. Zahnaerzrtl., 24(3):202-209, March
1969. 42 refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo. 16p., Sept. 8, 1970.
Healthy and decayed human teeth were fixed immediately
after extraction in alcohol containing hydrogen sulfide and
were then decalcified with hydrogen sulfide saturated with for-
mic acid. After subsequent deacidification and desalination,
the teeth were frozen in crystals and mounted on glass covers.
Physical development was carried out with a mixture of gum
arable solution and silver nitrate. With this method deposits of
lead were demonstrated and their location determined. In tis-
sue sections, deposited lead sulfides appear as find brown to
black granules afte physical development. Lead appears to
have a preference for the small canals in the dentine, layers of
secondary dentine, and interglobular spaces as well as for ce-
ment. The distribution of th lead sulfide particles in the in-
dividual dentine regions also shows a direct dependence on
metabolism. Similarly, it is possible to recognize a change in
the distribution of lead sulfide granules in the region of decal-
cification due to caries.
24603
Greenburg, Leonard and Morris B. Jacobs
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: HEALTH ASPECTS AND
MICROTECHNIQUES. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2,
18(4):289-297, Feb. 1956. 28 refs.
The greatest source of air pollution in New York City is bum-
ing fuels. The relationship of air pollution to health is dramati-
cally indicated by the episodes in the Meuse Valley, in
Donora, Pa., in Poza Rica, Mexico, and in London, England.
The principal category of microanalysis in air pollution studies
is the determination of very small amounts of a substance in a
large volume of air. The principle of deposition is used for
sootfall or dustfall sampling. Absorption methods for air sam-
pling are of two types: impingers an absorbers. Filtration
methods include the high-volume sampler, the automatic paper
tape samplers, and miUipore filters. Condensation and adsorp-
tion are also employed in collecting work. The peroxide
method is preferred over the alkaline iodide or colorimetric
method in analyzing sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide can be
measure by direct titration and gravimetrically. Infrared spec-
trometry is the method of choice for determining carbon
monoxide; however, the CO tube colorimetry method has been
adopted by some investigators. The method commonly used
for nitrogen oxides involves estimating by the phenodisulfonic
acid method. Ammonia and ammonia compounds are trapped
in a bubbler containing sulfuric acid and are estimating by
nesslerization. Methods of analysis are described for al-
dehydes, cyanides, fluorides, ozone, hydrogen sulfide, lead,
hydrocarbons, and other components.
24716
Hammer, D. I., J. F. Finklea, R. H. Hendricks, C. M. Shy,
and R. I. M. Horton
HAIR TRACE METAL LEVELS AND ENVIRONMENTAL
EXPOSURE. Preprint, National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration, Durham, N. C., Div. of Health Effects Research
and Western Area Occupational Health Lab., Salt Lake City,
Utah, 20p., 1970 (?). 33 refs.
Hair may be a practical dosimeter for metallic pollutants. Hair
levels of arsenic and lead have been useful in the diagnosis of
clinical poisoning. Hair trace metal levels were related to en-
vironmental exposure in a study of 4th grade boys in cities
representing exposure dose gradients for arsenic, cadmium and
lead, copper, and zinc. Hair samples were carefully and strin-
gently washed before analysis for As by spectrophotometry
and for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by atomic absorption. Hair trace
metal distributions for As, Cd, Cu and Pb were positively
skewed while those for Zn were symmetrical. Means were in
accord with exposure rankings for As, Cd, and Pb but not for
Cu and Zn. When grouped across a ranking gradient, dif-
ferences among the means for As, Cd and Pb were statistically
significant while those of Cu and Zn were not. The present
study minimized possible effects of age, sex, hair color, vary-
ing hair length and chemical treatments. Despite residual
problems of exogenous deposition, endogenous absorption
routes, and relationships of hair metal to body burden, mean
hair metals levels for As, Cd, and Pb accurately reflected
community exposures. (Author abstract modified)
24784
Bonsignore, D., C. Cartasegna, C. Vergnano, and V. Ardoino
STUDIES ON HUMAN AND EXPERIMENTAL LEAD
POISONING. THE INHIBITORY MECHANISM OF RED
BLOOD CELL ALA-DEHYDRATASE. (Studi sulla intos-
sicazione umana e sperimentale da piombo. Sul meccanismo
inibitorio dell' ala-deidratasi eritrocitaria). Text in Italian. Med.
Lavoro (Milan), 59(6-7):419-424, June-July 1968. 7 refs.
The red blood cell delta-aminolevulinico (ALA)-dehydratase,
which is highly reduced in saturnism, can be brought to nor-
mal values by heating the haemolysate for 5 min at 60 C. In
vitro lead-inhibited enzyme can not be reactivated by heat.
Such results point out a great difference between the inhibition
of the enzyme in vitro and that found in saturnism. The results
are discussed with the aim of interpreting the mechanism of
the inhibition of the ALA- dehydratase in lead poisoned pa-
tients.
24877
Ethyl Corp., New York
LEAD AND MR POLLUTION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE
MORSE REPORT. Special Report, 12p., 1967 (?). 5 refs.
Citing the possible adverse effects of gasoline lead additives
on human health, modification of atmospheric processes, and
deactivation of catalysts in devices for controlling engine ex-
haust emissions, the Morse Report to the Commerce Depart-
ment recommended immediate restrictions on leaded gasoline.
According to the Ethyl Corporation, this recommendation is
directly contrary to the overwhelming weight of scientific
evidence. Lead compounds do not contribute to photochemical
smog (the most widespread air pollution problem). Only half or
less of lead in gasoline is exhausted in particles significantly
small to be suspended in air. A portion is retained in the en-
gine and exhaust systems, and of the lead exhausted, the
larger and heavier particles fall to the ground and do not
become airborne. A number of catalytic exhaust devices, in-
cluding one developed by Ethyl, have worked well with leaded
gasoline and have met previous California standards. No
evidence has been obtained in clinical studies suggesting that
significant, subtle, or unrecognizable changes are occurring in
the general population as the result of exposure to environ-
mental lead, levels of which (according to the World Health
Organization) are no greater than they were 20 years ago. Be-
fore any action is taken to restrict lead usage, research should
be carried to the point where there is adequate data on which
to base a decision.
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250
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
24961
Regan, C. J.
MOTOR FUMES AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Chem
Ind. (London), 51(29):605-607, July 15, 1932. 23 refs.
The most important constituent of exhaust gas as regards at-
mospheri pollution is carbon monoxide, which varies from 1 to
12% and averages about 5%. Six hours inhalation 'at rest' to
air containin 20 parts CO per 100,000 can lead to 15-20% of
CO-hemoglobin (i.e., 60-70% of the maximum possible value
for this concentration). Exercise would reduce the period
required to produce this state to four hours or less. However,
air in towns and congested areas rarely contains more than 20
parts CO per 100,000 so there is no chance of acute CO
poisoning of ordinary street users. There is some danger in the
case of persons controlling congested traffic intersections for
long periods: traffic policemen have shown values up to 30%
CO saturation of hemoglobin at the end of turns of duty. An
attitude of caution is .also advisable with regard to the amount
of lead emitted by automobiles. The amount inhaled may not
reach the maximum (2 mg per day) required for chronic lead
poisoning, but lead is a cumulative poison and the possibility
exists that smaller amounts may be a danger to the human
system.
25068
Hueter, F. G., D. S. Earth, and Gottberg
GERMAN-UNITED STATES COMPARATIVE STUDIES.
Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution Prevention As-
sociations, 8p., 1970. (Presented at the International Clean Air
Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper AD-
42C.)
A collaborative research program designed to provide informa-
tion for the development or revision of air criteria documents
has been agreed on by the Ministry of Interior of West Ger-
many and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
The criteria documents will form the basis of separate air
quality standards in each country. Research areas of mutual
interest are considered to be the health effects of automotive
exhaust on humans; health an environmental effects of lead;
studies of the effects of airborne carcinogens; and the health
effects of asbestos, including the development of monitoring
methods. The program will be implemented through coopera-
tion in the design of the respective experiments, internal quali-
ty control on all aspects of research, and the exchange of in-
formation during the course of experiments. It is hoped that
the program will enable both nations to proceed more rapidly
in solving their air pollution problems.
25328
Stopps, Gordon J., Mary E. Maxfield, Martha McLaughlin,
and Sidney Pell
LEAD RESEARCH: CURRENT MEDICAL DEVELOPMENTS.
In: Air Pollution-1970, Part 2. 91st Congress (Senate), Second
Session on S.3229, S.3466, S.3546, p. 551-592, 1970. 64 refs.
(Hearings before the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollu-
tion of the Committee on Public Works, March 19, 20, 23,
1970.) (Presented at the Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 31st
Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 18-19, 1966.)
Of 772 workers who had been exposed to tetraethyl lead for
six months or longer, mean urinary excretions were 0.064 plus
or minus 0.033 mgPb/1 as compared to a mean level of 0.03
plus or minus 0.017 mgPb/1 for a nonexposed group of wor-
kers. However, no adverse health effects could be attributed
to the increased lead levels. Only in the case of a few workers
with urine lead values of 0.08 mgPb/1 was there any correlation
between lead concentrations and hemoglobin values. The
prevalence of the most common chronic diseases—hyperten-
sion, coronary heart disease, and peptic ulcer-was lower
among prior TEL workers and significantly lower among cur-
rent TEL workers than among controls. With regard to leaded
gasoline, new process technology and the development of
reforming catalysts with a high degree of stability may help
achieve the goal of removing lead from automobile fuel. This
would have the primary benefit of eliminating the 500 million
pounds of lead currently emitted by motor vehicles and the
secondary benefit of making the use of catalytic devices for
internal combustion engines completely feasible.
25705
Bylinsky, Gene
METALLIC MENACE IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Fortune,
83(1):110-113, 125, Jan. 1971.
The flow of metallic pollutants to the environment has ac-
celerated in recent decades to such an extent that the public at
large may be threatened with what used to be considered 'oc-
cupational' health hazards mines or factories. The serious dif-
ficulty with these pollutants is their persistence; unlike organic
substances, no metal is degradable by natural processes. The
first efforts to combat metallic pollution are represented by
criteria to be issued this year by the Federal government for
permissible lead concentrations in ambient air. Guidelines for
beryllium will follow next year. Later, other metals will come
under control. Because of the economic implications of con-
trol, it is essential that 'safe' levels for metallic pollutants be
based on sound data. The search for data on lead is reviewed;
future lead levels may be determined by recent investigations
indicating the effects of low-lead levels on ALA-dehydrase ac-
tivity.
26260
Horiuchi, Kazuya
LEAD IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON MAN
IN JAPAN. Osaka City Med. J. (Japan), 16(1): 1-28, 1970. 31
refs. (Presented at the International Conference on Chemical
Pollution and Human Ecology, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Oct.
1970.)
The normal Japanese adult ingests about 230-320 micrograms
of lead/ day with food and liquids and inhales about 80 micro-
grams. Approximately 90-95% of the lead ingested through the
alimentary tract may be unabsorbed and discharged to the
feces: the fecal lead amount is usually equivalent to the
amount of lead ingested. Lead taken in through the respiratory
tract remains in the body much longer than that taken in
through the alimentary tract. The total body lead content of an
adult Japanese may be over 100 milligrams, including the lead
in whole blood. Lead in whole blood and urine appears to be
related to motor exhaust, but additional studies are needed to
clarify the relationship. Measurements ma.de by the National
Air Sampling Network indicate that the average lead content
of paniculate matter is 0.51 mcg/cu m, which is below values
obtained in the United States.
26310
Tokyo Metropolitan Public Nuisance Research Inst. (Japan)
AN INTERIM REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE BY LEAD. (Namari kogai chosa chukan
hokoku). Text in Japanese. 62p., Sept. 1970.
Concentration of lead was measured for three to nine days, in
and around seven crossroads of Tokyo during the period from
May to August, 1970. Floating micro-particles in the air were
collected i filters such as glass fibers, and the content of lead
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
251
was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. When the
mean concentration of lead was taken as 100 on the cross-
roads, it showed the value of 86 (in the range of 47-121) by the
roadside which was 100 m from the crossroads. At the back
points of the crossroad, 50-100 m from the road, it was as low
as 38 (20-58), though there was no correlation between the
concentrations on the crossroad and those in the other places.
Concentration of carbon-monoxide was significantly correlated
with that of lead. In 700 subjects of six districts, including six
points of the above mentioned seven points contents of lead in
the blood and the urine, coproporphyrin in the urine, and
basophilic erythrocyte were measured. The content of lead
was below 30 micrograms/100 ml blood in 99% of the subjects.
Only two subjects showed above 80 micrograms/1 (the value
was 81 and 88 tnicrograms/1 respectively) in urine analysis but
other subjects showed below 30 micrograms/1. In the results of
urinary coproporphy ;< .c is, tVr> v,ue 16 sc-l',-. ' V
showed more than 120 mg/1 of the substance. In the results of
the test for basophilic erythrocyte, only one subject showed a
value of more than 30/10000 erythrocytes; others showed
below 5/10000 erythrocytes. In this case, other results were
normal, so it was suggested that the high value of basophilic
erythrocyte was not attributed to lead poisoning. In all cases,
there was no clear difference in the blood and urinary tests
among regional or residence groups, that is, whether the house
stood by the road or not.
26356
Friberg, L., B. Holma, M. Piscator, and R. Rylander
EFFECTS OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO LOW CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF LEAD AND OZONE IN RABBITS AND
GUINEAPIGS-WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LUNG
CLEARANCE AND ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES. Karolin-
ska Inst., Stockholm (Sweden), Dept. of Hygiene; National
Inst. of Public Health, Stockholm (Sweden), Dept. of Environ-
mental Health; Copenhagen Univ. (Denmark), Inst. of Hy-
giene, PHS Grant AP 00212, Swedish Medical Research Coun-
cil Proj. B69-14X-18, 26p., 1970. 8 refs.
Male rabbits and guinea pigs were exposed to lead sesquioxide
for 16 hours a day in concentrations of 75 microgram/cu m
and 150 microgram/cu m; in addition, a further group of rab-
bits and guinea pigs were exposed to 0.5 ppm of ozone. Lung
clearance was studied in the rabbits by measuring the
clearance rate of inhaled radioactive, monodisperse
polystyrene and iron particles. With the guinea pigs, however,
lung clearance was studied by taking x-ray films of animals ex-
posed to radioactive E. coli. In rabbits, the number of free, al-
veolar macrophages was evaluated, and histopathological ex-
aminations were made. During the first experiment three rab-
bits died, two in the ozone and one in the control group.
Pathological examinations showed pneumonia and rhinitis. Of
the original 20 guinea pigs in the two lead exposure experi-
ments, 3 died in the first experiment and 5 in the second; 4
animals out of 20 died in the ozone exposed group. Examina-
tion showed that they all suffered from extensive upper
respiratory disease with severe pneumonitis. Concerning ozone
exposure, no effect was observed on the mechanical clearance
either in rabbits or guinea pigs, although there was a small
decrease of bacterial clearance with the latter. Results were
essentially negative concerning effects of lead sesquioxide on
particle clearance. Further, there was no effect on the number
of free alveolar macrophages or their phagocytic activity. That
lead was absorbed was shown, however, by its accumulation
in the liver and kidney.
26477
Stokinger, Herbert E.
EFFECTS OF INHERITED METABOLIC PATTERNS ON AIR
POLLUTANT SUSCEP1TBILITY. In: Project Clean Air. Bu-
reau of Occupational safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Lab. of Toxicology and Pathology, Vol. 2, App. L, 14p., Sept.
1, 1970. 32 refs.
With respect to heredity, physiologic response to environmen-
tal pollutants can be manifested by two mechanisms-direct al-
teration of genetic material and selection of various genes by
an altered environment, or abnormal modification because of
defects in metabolism from an altered genetic structure. The
latter is discussed in relation to the potential effects of in-
herited metabolic patterns on air pollutant susceptibility under
the following situations: allergic asthma from airborne organic
dusts, familial pulmonary- emphysema and serum antitrypsin
deficiency, susceptibility to lead poisoning and red blood cell
glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, male suscepti-
bility to chronic granulomatous disease and leucocytic glucose-
6- phosphate dhydrogenase deficiency, atherosclerosis from
carbon monoxide in persons with altered coronary artery pat-
terns, and asthma and the diabetic.
26483
Teisinger, J.
DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF LEAD IN
ORGANISM. Preprint 4p., 1970. (Presented at the Interna-
tional Conference on Chemical Pollution and Human Ecology,
Prague, (Czechoslovakia), 1970.)
From experiments of lead poisoning in rabbits, changes of lead
distribution in the body have been studied, as well as its
excretion following termination of exposure. Lead is excreted
rapidly from the liver and kidneys, with medium rapidity from
the muscles, skin, and some other organs, with difficulty from
the skeleton, and not at all from hair. Calcium-
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid may mobilize lead from the
skeleton until avery long time after the exposure when lead is
mainly bound in the mineral part of the bones. In 25 patients
divided into two groups, the amount of lead excreted spon-
taneously as well as after several Ca-EDTA injections was
compared with the period elapsed until normalization of
coproporphyrin. Lead was found to decrease ALA-dehydrase
activity in another series of tests.
26528
Tateishi, Ryuhei, Shoji Hattori, and Takanobu Hamaguchi
AIR POLLUTION IN OSAKA. H. RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN HEAVY METAL CONTENTS AND ANTHRACO-
SIS IN HUMAN LUNGS. Ann. Rept. Center Adult Diseases
(Osaka), 8(2):46-52, 1968. 16 refs.
The relationship between heavy metal contents in the human
lung and anthracosis is reviewed. Using the lungs of 213 au-
topsied cases who had lived for more than 10 years in Osaka
and the air polluted environs and in Nara and other non-pol-
luted areas, a qualitative and quantitative analyses of nickel,
chrome, and lead is made, their relation to pulmonary
anthracosis is studied, the effects of smoking and occupation
are observed. The results are tabulated for the various metals
as they appear in the lung. Nickel was not related to air pollu-
tion or smoking but appeared to be correlated with the
development of lung cancer attributable to occupational fac-
tors. A correlation between chrome content, anthracosis, and
smoking history was observed. Lead content in the lung
showed no difference between people living in polluted or
non-polluted areas, but it did correlate with anthracosis and
smoking history.
-------
252
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
26720
Pines, A. G.
THE STATE OF CERTAIN INDICATORS OF GENERAL
REACTIVITY DURING LEAD INTOXICATION. Yrachebnoe
Delo, vol. 3, 1965. Translated from Russian. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 6p., Dec. 9, 1970.
Forty workers from 20 to 50 years of age were examined for
the effect of prolonged exposure to lead (10 years or more) on
general reactivity. The group included 19 men and 21 women.
In the majority of those investigated, a dimunition in func-
tional activity of the hypothalamial-hyophysealepinephral
system was noted. In man cases, the dimunition manifested it-
self by an aberrant reaction to the administration of ephedrine,
i.e., by a decrease in the quantit of secreted 17-ketosteroids in-
stead of an increase; in more than half of the cases, dimuni-
tion was also evidenced by a negative or aberrant eosinopenia
test. The well-known interdependency between the level of
adreno-cortical hypofunction and the clinical apparentness of
lead intoxication was observed. With regard to blood protein
formula, a tendency was noted toward an increase in general
protein, a decrease in albumins, and an increase in blood
serum gamma globulin In the majority of cases, a lowering in
functional activity of lie connective tissue structure was ob-
served via a dimunition in the magnitude of the skin test coef-
ficient. With regard to peripheral blood, many workers ex-
hibited a slowing of erythorocyte sedimentation and a weaken-
ing or aberration of the luekocyte reaction that indicated a
change in the capacity of the blood system's regulator ap-
paratus to adequately react to stress. (Author conclusions
modified)
26775
Hattori, Shoji, Ryuhei Tateishi, and Takanobu Hamaguchi
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF HEAVY
METALS IN THE HUMAN LUNGS, AND THE RELATION
TO CARBON DUST DEPOSITS. In: Histo-pathological Study
on Contamination of Human Lungs Caused by Air Pollution.
1967. 40 refs. Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, p.
29-40.
Results are given of the spectroscopic analysis of the nickel,
lead, and chrome contents of 200 lung specimens, of a study
of the relationship of the metal levels to residential locale,
anthracosis (black powder pockets in the lungs), and smoking
habits, and of the metal content in cancerous lungs. No cor-
relation between nickel content was found with air pollution or
smoking, but occupational exposure appeared to have some
carcinogenic effect. Chrome content varied significantly with
locality and appeared to be related to both air pollution and
smoking although no separation of these factors was possible
in this study. Lead content did not differ significantly between
polluted and non-polluted areas but did show some relation-
ship to anthracosis, enhanced by smoking. A brief review of
other investigations of the levels and effects of the inhalation
of heavy metals is included.
26883
Lehnert, G.
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS DUE TO THE EFFECT
OF LEAD. Preprint, Up., 1970. (Presented at the International
Conference on Chemical Pollution and Human Ecology,
Prague (Czechoslovakia), Oct. 1970.)
Studies were made of the morphology of chromosomes in leu-
kocyte cultures obtained from workers exposed to lead oxide.
None of the subjects showed clinical signs of lead poisoning,
but the mean blood lead level of the group exceeded con-
siderably the normal range. In the workers, there was an in-
creased proportion of mitoses with secondary aberrations. The
percentage of abnormal mitoses correlated very well with the
high urinary ALA of the workers. The predominant
chromosomal aberrations were of the gap and break type; non-
specific changes, such as spiralizing defects, chromosomal ad-
hesions, and pulverization were also observed. The proportion
of tetraploid mitoses and the mitoses index were slightly in-
creased. In comparison to a control group, these findings were
statistically significant. Serial controls with strict criteria of as-
sessment are recommended for lead workeirs.
26886
Hernberg, Sven, Jorma Nikkanen, Sakari Tola, Sinikka
Valkonen, and Ckaes-Hendrik Nordman
ERYTHROCYTE ALA-DEHYDRATASE AS A TEST OF
LEAD EXPOSURE. Preprint, 15p., 1970. 10 refs. (Presented at
the International Conference on Chemical Pollution and
Human Ecology, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Oct. 1970.)
A study involving 159 persons with varying degrees of lead ex-
posure, starting from 'normal' urban exposure (15 medical stu-
dents), and ending with heavy industrial exposure (19 lead
scrap smelters), showed a close negative correlation between
erythrocyte delta-animolevulinic dehydratase (ALA-D) and the
concentration of lead in blood (Pb-B). When the activity of
ALA-D was plotted on a logarithmic scale, a straight regres-
sion line was obtained, indicating that there is no threshold for
the inhibiting effect of lead on ALA-D. It is obvious that in-
hibition starts at lead concentrations fair below the 70-80
micrograms per dl considered to be the 'safe' upper limit. The
sensitivity of the ALA-D test makes it useful not only for the
health control of occupationally exposed workers but also for
studying the biochemical effects on the general population at
exposures induced by environmental lead pollution.
26915
Smith, Ralph G.
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR LEAD. American Petrole-
um Inst., New York, Div. of Environmental Affairs, No. 69-
11, 15p., Feb. 1969. 51 refs.
Air quality standards for lead as determined by studies which
are not immediately relevant to community health are
discussed. Any review of the literature of the past several
years dealing with lead as a community problem reveals a
great number of expressed opinions concering the probable ef-
fects of present levels of lead in the atmosphere, but relatively
little data to support the opinions. While occupational and
pediatric lead poisoning have been well studied and charac-
terized, much of what is known is not directly relevant to the
problems of community exposures. In contrast to the difficul-
ties of assessing the effects of lead on human health, it is rela-
tively simple to measure with great sensitivity and accuracy
the quantities of lead in all sorts of biological materials. Blood
levels, urine levels, and bone and tissue samples are men-
tioned. Limited air sampling indicates that none of the cities
approach the Threshold Limit Value of 200 micrograms/cu m.
26931
Einbrodt, Hans Joachim, Heinrich Reploh, and Hildegard
Kortemme
LEAD DEPOSITS IN NORMAL HUMAN LUNGS. (Ueber
Bleiablagerung in normalen menschlichen Lungen). Text in
German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 28(8):320-322, Aug. 1968. 13
refs.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
253
Lungs from female cadavers who had lived in large industrial
towns were dissolved by means of formamide. The lead con-
tent of dust present in the lungs and of the formamide residue
was determined. The lungs of younger women retained a con-
siderably larger amount of organic lead than those of older
women. This fact is associated with increasing pollution of air
with lead occurring in large towns. The amounts of lead found
corresponded to the values for lead content of human lungs
determined in Los Angeles.
27084
Haley, Thomas J.
A REVIEW OF THE TOXICOLOGY OF LEAD. American
Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of Environmental Affairs,
Air Quality Monograph 69-7, 53p., 1969. 287 refs.
In reviewing the toxicology of pediatric, adult, and tetraethyl-
lead plumbism, the following subjects are discussed: sources
of environmental lead, lead sampling, body burden of lead,
biochemical aspects, sources of lead overexposure, clinical
aspects of lead poisoning, lead alkyl intoxication in occupa-
tional exposures, and air quality criteria. Environmental
sources of lead, soil, water, and food, constitute the greatest
source of lead intake, and lead in the ambient air contributes
very little to the body burden of lead. The effects of lead on
porphyrin metabolism are definitive, but as yet no standards
for delta-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin excretion in
normal humans have been established. Any air quality criteria
developed for ambient air lead concentration should be flexi-
ble until more definitive information on the effects of air lead
on health have been elucidated. (Author summary modified)
27085
Jordi, A.
INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY AND SOCIAL MEDICINE.
(Gewerbliche Toxikologi und soziale Medizin). Text in Ger-
man. Praxis (Bern), 57:785-793, June 4, 1968. 18 refs.
Toxicity of carbon monoxide increases as a result of various
factor like fast smoking during the inhaling of air containing
CO, reduction of partial oxygen pressure by other gases, or
flying at altitudes of 3000 m. Since hypoxemia causes no sen-
sation and gives no warning, the danger is especially great for
automobile drivers and pilots. The gradual reduction of the
leucocyte count has been known to physicians for 30 years.
The count of 6000-8000 is no longer normal; today a count of
5000 is normal for urban populations. The causes, aside from
exhaust gases, are various drugs like sulfonamides and an-
tibiotics. Silicosis is still the most important occupational dis-
ease in Switzerland today in spite of intensive prophylaxis.
The incidence of pulmonary asbestosis has increased
somewhat since 1940 as has the incidence of lung cancer in
contrast to silicosis. As a result of the processing of already
purifiied cotton and good ventilation, byssinosis has rarely
been observed in Switzerland in spite of the size of the textile
industry. It seems to be more frequent in the jute and hemp
industries. The incidence of chronic lead poisoning is in
second place among recognized occupational diseases. The
symptomatology is reviewed. Also reviewed are incidence,
symptoms and social implications of poisonings by beryllium,
by mercury and by organic solvents.
27107
BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS TO CONTAMINANTS. (Con-
tamination Control), 1968:15-18, Dec. 1968. 528 rtfs.
The effects of some common pollutants on the behavior of
animals ar discussed. Using the electroencephalograph to
record brain-wave patterns and an on-line computer to put the
patterns into a meaningful mathematical relationship,
researchers have discovered that carbon monoxide, ozone, and
lead affect the brain's electrical activity, an indicator of levels
of consciousness. The effects of CO on rats resembled that of
the depressant pentobarbitol. The experiments indicate that
persons who have to make rapid, correct decisions may lose
efficiency in performing their tasks if exposed to low levels of
CO. The effects of lead on sleeping rats include a shortened
and less stable sleep pattern. These changes in sleep may
directly or indirectly indicate the impairment of a neural con-
trol system. The experiments suggest that ozone acts on a dif-
ferent site in the brain from CO. An index of articles that have
appeared in Contamination Control during 1967 and 1968 on
the subject of contaminants and their control is included.
27253
Mizuhara, Kan, Akira Miyagawa, Michiko Hashimoto, Shunji
Kurono, Miyo Kishimoto, Tomiko Nakamura, Hiroshi
Hashimoto, Yuriko Takeyama Hiroshi Muranaka, Setsuo
Takaishi, Shizuko Ogawa, Sumie Matsuyama, Hiroyoshi
Yoshida, Yoshio Watanabe, Tojiro Ito, Kazuko Nakanishi,
Miyuki Iriyoshi, Teruko Takigawa, Kinuko Tomita, Toshio
Kawaraya, Takahiro Haruki, Tadahiko Shimizu, Yoshizo
Tsunetoshi, Nobuko Nakahashi, Seiko Okamoto, Chieko
Hashimoto, Kazuo Kawai, Asao Yokoyama, Akiyuki
Akiyama, Toshihisa Teraoka, and Harue Morita
HUMAN EFFECT SURVEY ON AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GASES ALONG THE OSAKA HIGHWAY 26. PART II.
HEALTH SURVEY AND ITS RESULT. (Osaka koku 26 go
sen endo ni okeru jidosha haishutsu gasu jintai eikyo chosa.
Sono 2. Kenko chosa to kenshin seiseki). Text in Japanese.
Seikatsu Eisei (J. Urban Living Health Assoc.), 14(5):132-140,
Oct. 1970. 13 refs. (Presented at the Japanese Society of Public
Health, Annual Meeting, 9th, the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting llth, and the Japanese Society of Public
Health, Annual Meeting, 25th.)
A survey on effects of automobile exhaust gases on human
bodies was conducted; consciousness and health examinations
were made in September and October of 1969. Subjects were
men and women above 20 years of age who lived in Naniwa,
Nishinari, and Sumiyoshi wards The number of the subjects
was 594 in the exposed area along the highway, and 212 in the
non-exposed area separated about 100 meters from the
highway. Consciousness examination was carried out on 14
items in the basic survey and on 48 items for existence of con-
scious symptoms by oral examination. In two exposed areas,
30% - 50% of the subjects complained eight self-conscious
symptoms like mental symptoms in men and mental symptoms
and actual troubles in women. Health examination was carried
out on such items as total blood specific gravity, amount of
hemoglobin, blood cell volume, blood picture, carbon monox-
ide in expired air, carboxyhemoglobin, lead in blood, sputum
examination, vital capacity, lung function, and blood pressure;
in appearance frequency of total blood specific gravity, carbon
monoxide in expired air, carboxyhemoglobin, lead in blood
and sputum histocyte, each significant difference was recog-
nized. It seemed that the difference in those complaints in
both areas was depending on the influence of noise.
27291
Goldsmith, John R.
THE NEW AIRBORNE DISEASE. COMMUNITY AIR POL-
LUTION. Calif. Med., 113(5):13-20, Nov. 1970. 16 refs.
Photochemical air pollution of the California type involves
newly defined atmospheric reactions, and it is due mostly to
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254
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
motor vehicle exhaust, associated with both affluence and
careless waste. It is oxidizing, and produces ozone, plant
damage, impairment of visibility, and eye and respiratory
symptoms. Aggravation of asthma, impairment of lung func-
tion among persons with chronic respiratory disease and a
possible causal role, along with cigarette smoking, in
emphysema and chronic bronchitis are some of the effects of
photochemical pollution. More subtle effects of pollution in-
clude impairment of oxygen transport by the blood due to car-
bon monoxide and interference with porphyrin metabolism due
to lead. Carbon monoxide exposures may affect survival of
patients who are in hospitals because of myocardial infarction.
The physician has two responsibilities in the field of air pollu-
tion. One is to his patients, through providing adequate
specific protection for sensitive individuals against the specific
effects of air pollution when it is elevated. The second role of
the physician is to help shape public policy regarding pollution
by applying knowledge of the respiratory and other health
hazards that come from polluted air whether from occupa-
tional exposure, cigarette smoking, or community air pollution.
(Author abstract modified)
27416
Tepper, L. B. and E. A. Pfitzer
CLEMCIAL AND BIOCHEMICAL APPROACHES TO THE
STUDY OF LEAD AT LOW LEVELS. REPORT OF A SYM-
POSIUM FEBRUARY 1970. Cincinnati Univ., Ohio, Kettering
Lab., NAPCA Contract CPA-70-14 and PHS Grant ESQ0159,
28p., 1970. NTIS: PB 196767
A summary of conference reports is given on the state of cur-
rent knowledge of each of the following major subject areas as
related to lead: environmental and human concentrations; sub-
cellular physiology; kidney effects; effects on the he-
matopoietic system; and neurological manifestations. The
presentations illustrate the increasingly sophisticated
methodology being used to study the symptoms of excessive
lead absorption. Of even greater importance, however, would
be the development of sensitive and specific measures capable
of establishing whether or not 'normal' people are being
harmed by current concentrations of lead in the 'normal' en-
vironment. No new, practical measures are as yet available as
screening procedures to detect very early adverse responses to
lead but numerous approaches are being investigated, includ-
ing aminoaciduria, inclusion bodies, sodium pump inhibition,
biochemica functions, enzyme changes, essential trace metals,
heme synthesis, and nerve conduction time. (Author summary
modified)
27490
Ohmori, Kaoru, Haruko Saito, Akemi Tanizaki, Katsunori
Omura, Masamichi Ichihara, and Kazuo Uryu
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON INHALATION OF LEADED
GASOLINE VAPOR. (Kaen gasorin kyunyu no eikyo ni kan-
suru jikkenteki kento). Text in Japanese. Yokohama Igaku
(Yokohama Medical J.), 21(3): 387-391, Sept. 1970. 10 refs.
To determine the effect of alkyl lead compounds upon an or-
ganism, six male white rabbits were exposed to the vapors of
commercial leaded gasoline (mineral lead; O.S6 g/1 - 0.83 g/1) at
a concentration of 500 ppm with continual exposure of 3
hours/day, and five days/week for 92-220 days. Every 15-20
days, blood and urine samples were obtained. The lead con-
centrations in blood and urine were measured by performing
dithizone colorimetric analysis by means of the moist calcina-
tion method. The coproporphyrine concentrations in urine
were measured by the Rimington - Sano method. Moreover,
general dispositions of the blood were observed, by concen-
trating upon anemia and then, the concentrations of lead in the
various tissues were observed by practicing dissection. The
lead concentrations in blood increased gradually from 10
microgram/dl to the highest level of 70 microgram/dl with con-
tinuous exposure. The lead concentrations in urine increased
slightly in general, but the amounts were, as a whole, in nor-
mal range, taking into account the peculiarity of the excretion
process of alkyl lead, differences of excretion faculty accord-
ing to the individual samples and the ranges of the amount of
excretion in each individual sample. The excretion of
coproporphyrine in urine was also normal. The lead concentra-
tions in liver were 386.0 microgram/100 - 1170.6 micro-
gram/100, and in kidney; 266.3 microgram/100 - 676.0 micro-
gram/100 but remarkable accumulations were not recognized in
the other tissues. From the above study, such positive symp-
toms as to support poisoning by the inhalation of alkyl lead
were not established, but the symptoms of accumulations of
lead in organism were apparently recognized.
27614
Ulmer, David D. and Bert L. Vallee
EFFECTS OF LEAD ON BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS. Missou-
ri Univ., Columbia, Environmental Health Center and Missou-
ri Univ., Columbia, Extension Div., Pioc. Missouri Univ.
Second Annu. Conf. Trace Substance!! Environ. Health,
Columbia, No., 1968, p. 7-27. 27 refs. (July 16-18.)
Experiments of the biological effects of lead on systems of
widely varying complexity, ranging from isolated enzymes to
whole animals, were undertaken to provide a firmer basis for
estimating potential hazards to health from this element in the
ambient environment and to localize potential sites of its ac-
tion in metabolism. Lead appears to act ait a large number of
biochemical sites and might contribute to metabolic alterac-
tions through several different mechanism!!. Lead markedly in-
hibited the enzymatic activity of pig heart lipoamide
dehydrogenase: addition of 0.00000065 M lead to the assay
caused a 50% inhibition of activity. The lead binds to the
dithiol configuration at the active catalytic center. Protection
was afforded by coenzymes and substrates and the inhibition
was reversed by EDTA. The addition of 0.00001 M lead
acetate to an incorporation of 14C- leucine into transfer ribu-
nucleic acid (t-RNA) resulted in nearly 50% inhibition of enzy-
matic activity over the first few minutes of the reaction. The
metal may affect protein synthesis by attacking the synthesiz-
ing enzymes and, perpahs, through binding and hydrolizing t-
RNA. At the cellular level, lead inhibits the growth of the
microorganisms Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, and appears
to alter tetrapyrrole synthesis in this species through a com-
plex metal-ion antagonism involving copi oporphyrinogen ox-
idase (coprogenase), which action may well be the basis for
the increased urinary coproporphyrin observed in plumbism.
These and still other effects of lead are likely to be pertinent
in evaluating the significance of exposure to this metal in
higher forms of life. Chronic lead intoxidation was induced in
a pony by oral administration of lead acetate over a four-
month period. The animal was sacrificed and the organs and
tissues were analyzed for their mental concentrations. Lead
was localized primarily to liver, bone, kidney, spleen, lung,
and hair, similar to the distribution observed in lower species.
The distribution of lead and its binding to specific subcellular
constituents, metallothionein and liver RNA, in the pony are
reported as early efforts to delineate loci of interaction of the
metal in intact animals. (Author summary modified)
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
255
27801
Davis, Wayne H.
POLLUTION: WHENCE AND WHITHER. Arch. Environ.
Health, vol. 21: 3-4, July 1970. 4 refs.
Earth is the test tube and as numbers of people continue to
rise, pollution and other toxic products of our civilization will
destroy the entire ecosystem. Mercury, lead, carbon monox-
ide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, pesticides, herbicides, and
radioactive wastes are some of the toxins which have already
caused serious trouble. The most important factor concerning
a toxin is concentration. Concentrations of DDT and its
metabolites in the environment have nearly eliminated the
brown pelican, Bermuda petrel, osprey, peregrine falcon, and
the eastern bald eagle. A fundamental law of ecology is that
the more species in a community the more stable it is. The
starfish population explosion which is destroying the coral
atols and threatening wave erosion loss of islands from Hawaii
to Australia probably results from man's effects on the
ecosystem, most likely his use of DDT. Concentrations of a
few parts per billion of DDT inhibit photosynthesis in marine
algae. Such algae not only are the base of the food chain upon
which marine animals are dependent, but they also provide
most of our oxygen. The food production advocates say that
the underdeveloped nations must increase pesticide usage six-
fold in order to feed themselves. Since these nations are the
poorest and DDT the cheapest, that pesticide will be used.
Rise in the human population means destruction to all.
27961
Osaka Prefecture (Japan) Dept. of Environmental Hygiene
REPORT OF CONFERENCE OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON
HEALTH SURVEY CONDUCTED OF POLLUTION IN
OSAKA PREFECTURE. (Osakafu kogai kenko chosa senmon
iinkaigai). Text in Japanese. 45p., Jan. 27, 1971.
Results are reported for surveys of the health effects of emis-
sions from an artificial leather company, a chemical company,
a cotton cloth bleaching company, and a zinc plating plant. In
addition, data are presented for a survey of the effects of lead
in auto exhaust on housewives and for a survey of the effects
of cadmium- contaminated crops. Based on interviews and
blood and urine tests, the survey of housewifes indicated no
adverse effects attributable to lead. Of 111 persons in Yao
City who were examined for the effects of cadmium, 11
showed positive urine protein. These surveys were conducted
in Osaka Prefecture.
28010
Hernberg, S. and J. Nikkanen
ENZYME INHIBITION BY LEAD UNDER NORMAL URBAN
CONDITIONS. Lancet, l(7637):63-64, Jan. 10, 1970. 15 refs.
A close negative correlation was found between the concentra-
tion of lead in blood and the activity of erythrocyte delta-
aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase in 26 healthy individuals,
never exposed occupationally to lead. The concentration of
lead in whole blood was measured after wet ashing using a
dithizone method, while ALA dehydrogenase was measured
from fresh heparinized whole blood according to Bonsignore's
method. As a result of growing industrial use and the introduc-
tion of alkyl lead compounds as gasoline additives, exposure
to lead is substantially above the background of absorption
from food and drinking water. Present levels of environmental
contamination with lead can produce a measurable biochemical
alteration in man. (Author summary modified)
28011
Armstrong, David W.
THE MEASUREMENT OF URINARY LEAD CONCENTRA-
TION BY A SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD. Public Health
Bulletin, no. 262:83-86, 1941.
The results of a quantitative spectrographic analysis of urinary
lead are presented in the form of a graph of the distribution of
urinary lead values in relation to atmospheric lead exposure
and of a table of the urinary lead content of four exposure
groups. The relations between urinary lead concentrations and
lead exposure are further illustrated in a figure showing the
extent of variations of concentration values above and below
the mean for each of the four groups. The values obtained by
spectrographic methods are in good agreement with the results
of chemical analysis by the dithizone method.
28024
Bruin, A. De
EFFECT OF LEAD EXPOSURE ON THE LEVEL OF DELTA-
AMINOLEVULINIC- DEHYDRATASE ACTIVITY. Med.
Lavoro (Milan), 59(6-7):411-418, 1968. 13 refs.
The assay of aminolevulinic dehydratase activity in red blood
cells was carried out in workers slightly exposed to inorganic
lead, as well as in animals under the protracted influence of
small amounts of the metal salt. In people working in a print-
ing office, the enzyme activity was shown to be reduced on
the average to 66% of a control group, despite the existence of
urinary levels of coproporphyrine and delta-aminolevulinic
acid not exceeding the upper normal limits. Rabbits subjected
to repeated injections of lead acetate displayed a gradual
decrease of ALA-dehydratase activity. Suppression of enzyme
activity appeared to be dependent on the amounts of lead ad-
ministered. In view of the early reduction of ALA-dehydratase
activity, which largely precedes the increase of delta-
aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrine in the urine, estima-
tion of the enzyme activity may be considered to provide a
very sensitive test of increased lead absorption. It has been
suggested that lead inhibits delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase
activity by virtue of its affinity to the sulfhydryl-groups, in-
dispensable for the enzyme activity. (Author summary
modified)
28170
Tsuchiya, Kenzaburo
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS
SUCH AS LEAD. (Namarito jukinzoku miyaru kankyo osen).
Text in Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J. Sci. Labour, Tokyo),
25(10):4-10, Oct. 1970. 43 refs.
Although there has been a decrease in the incidence of occu-
pational lead poisoning, the appearance of porphobilinogen,
delta ALA, and similar diseases, is being observed with in-
creasing frequency. This suggests the necessity of developing
a method for the rapid diagnosis of the lead load being accu-
mulated in the body as a result of increased atmospheric con-
centrations. This problem is not simple in the absence of proof
that lead in urine indicates the degree of exposure to lead and
that lead in blood indicates the lead accumulation in the body.
Studies must be undertaken to determine the effects of small
amounts of all lead compounds on a large population and also
the interaction of lead with other metals. Only when all rele-
vant data are scientifically sorted and utilized will it be possi-
ble to establish an environmental standard for lead.
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256
LEAD AND Am POLLUTION
28171
Akatsuka, Kyoji
PROBLEMS OF HYGIENICS CONCERNING LEADED
GASOLINE. (Kaen gasorin nikansuru eiseigakuteki mon-
daiten). Text in Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (I. Sci. Labour,
Tokyo), 25(10):20-31, Oct. 1970. 55 rets.
The toxicity of hydrocarbons is explained on the basis of clini-
cal data and experimental data for men and/or animals. Symp-
toms of acute poisoning due to absorption of hydrocarbons in-
clude headaches, dizziness, insomnia, anxiety, and delirium;
symptoms of acute poisoning due to skin irritation include
conjunctivitis and coughing. Among the symptoms of chronic
poisoning are inertia ennui, headaches, melancholy, and in-
somnia. The most marked effects are due to gasolines, particu-
larly those that have undergon thermal cracking. Animals
whose skins have been exposed to hydrocarbons have
developed necrotic lesions and have not survived as long as
animals absorbing gasoline. The pathological effects of
hydrocarbons on animal organs are greatest in the case of
leaded gaolines, which suggests that maximum allowable con-
centrations of lead should be determined. In addition, observa-
tion facilities and personnel should be increased.
28205
Gaultier, M., P. Gervais, P.-M. de Traverse, P.-E. Foumier,
N.-L. Coquelet, A.-M. Loygue, and H. Housset
GENETIC VARIATIONS IN THE HEMOBLOGBS CAUSED
BY THE PROFESSIONAL ENVIRONMENT. Arch. Maladies,
Profess. Med. Trav., Security Sociale, 29(4-5): 197-203, April-
May 1968. 19 refs. Translated from French. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 14p., Nov. 13, 1970.
Qualitative hemoglobinopathia and thalassemic syndromes
have become very frequent in the Paris region due to immigra-
tion of workers of Mediterranean or African origin, working
under conditions such as exposure to benzene, lead, or ioniz-
ing radiation The irregularities most frequently discovered are
hemoglobins S and C on the one hand, thalassemia on the
other hand. These red blood corpuscle irregularities sometimes
pose diagnostic problems because of the presence of red blood
corpuscles of basophilous granulations in lead poisoning and in
thalassemic syndromes. The existence of a hemolytic process
and aplasic attacks, in the course of different toxic
hemopathia and in hemoglobinopathia, has lead numerous
authors to eliminate the subjects carrying hemoglobin irregu-
larities from any work which could possibly involve the danger
of exposure to a hemotoxic substance. Comparative studies of
toxic environment and hemotological functions of subjects car-
rying red blood corpuscle irregularities would be desirable in
order to justify the professional classification of populations
where red blood corpuscles variations are numerous. (Author
summary modified)
28256
Cooper, Peter
POISONS AND THE FOETUS. Pharm. I., 204(5547):173-175,
Feb. 21, 1970. 25 refs.
Examples are cited to show the correlation between lead in il-
licit moonshine and foetal abnonnalties, the correlation
between the cadmium content of cigarettes and chronic
bronchitis and/or emphysema, and the close resemblance
between signs and symptoms of chronic manganese poisoning
and those of Parkinson's disease. In addition, the misuse of
medicaments is discussed with reference to lithium carbonate,
atropine, solanaceous alkaloids, and cough preparations. Also
noted is the marked carcinogenic potential of benzidine and o-
tolidine both used in testing for occult blood. Experiments
with activated charcoal as an antidote to acute poisoning are
reported.
28834
Schroeder, Henry A.
SOME PROSPECTS FOR RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICALLY
ACTIVE TRACE ELEMENTS. Missouri Univ., Columbia,
Conf. Trace Substances Environ. Health, 1st, Columbia, Mo.,
1967, p. 20-28. 30 refs. (July 10-11.)
Only nine trace elements are recognized as essential to mam-
malian life or health, all probably important catalysts for dif-
fering biological functions, many of them unknown. These are
chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium,
molybdenum, and iodine. Others which are suspected to have
a biological function include vanadium, nickel, arsenate, and
fluorine. Because of modern agricultural practices resulting
from the increasing demand for food, and modern methods for
the refining of food, human intakes of essential trace elements
may become marginal or deficien in those necessary for man
but less so for plants. Two specific examples of this are men-
tioned, and reference is made to chromium deficiency. An in-
take adequate for life is not necessarily one adequate for op-
timal health and function. Accumulation of essential elements,
as caused by a wide variety of hereditary disorders and en-
vironmental exposures, is also discussed. Lead is mentioned as
a consequence of automobile exhaust, while cadmium may
promote hypertension.
29129
Yagyu, Hiroshi, Kiyoshi Morozumi, Masatake Kobayashi, Soji
Yamazaki, Yasuhito Sato, and Sbingo Iked a
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT A TOLL-GATE
BOOTH AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE LABORS'
HEALTH. (Yuryodoro ryokinsho kankyo no ryokin shujuin ni
oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tokyo-Toritsu
Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (Annu. Rept. Tokyo-to Lab. Med.
Sci.), no. 21:129-146, 1969. 8 refs.
During three days in December 1969, a survey was made on
the environmental conditions of toll-gate business and on
health of workers at the booth of a toll-gate near Tokyo. The
quantity of carbon monoxide and other substances in automo-
bile exhaust was measured. Blood and urine was examined and
fatigue was observed, in order to know whether exhaust gases
effect the human body acutely or chronically. The effect of
oxygen inhalation as countermeasure against the exhasut gas
was also examined. The concentration of CO gas was 10 ppm
when wind speed was 3-5 m/sec, but in the dead calm it in-
dicated over 30-50 ppm. The concentration of nitric oxide gas
was fairly high, indicating 1.20-1.37 ppm from 8:00 am to 12:00
and the maximum concentration of nitrogen dioxide gas was
0.22 ppm. The average weight of dust in the air was 0.74
mg/cu m (1.02 mg/cu m maximum and 0.45 mg/cu m
minimum); that of lead was 12.7 mg/cu m average (17.2 mg/cu
m maximum and 9.0 mg/cu m minimum); and that of silica
dehydrate was 0.12 mg/cu m average (0.23 mg/cu m maximum
and 0.03 mg/cu m minimum). All these were less than the per-
missible concentrations in the labor standards law. According
to the survey results by C.M.I., there were a little more com-
plaint about abnormalities in the circulatory system, but they
had nothing to do with the length of employment. Examination
of urine indicated comparatively more quasi-positive albuminu-
ria in the people over 40 years old and working under 3 years.
The amount of lead in blood and urine had nothing to do with
the age and length of employment. Subjective fatigue and two-
points touch-discrimination were investigated, showing some
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
257
effect with inhalation of oxygen, but no significant effect in
the carboxyhemoglobin % in blood. Cigarette smoking had a
greater influence in the investigation of fatigue. Under these
circumstances, the environmental conditions of the workers at
a toll-gate booth were considered beyond the permissible limits
of the standards law.
29256
Saita, G., L. Moreo, and G. Levizzani
THE BEHAVIOR OF DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID AND
OF PROPHOBILINOGEN AFTER GLYCINE LOAD IN
SATURNISM. Med. Lavoro (Milan), 58(331):364-369, 1967.
Translated from Italian.
Because other tests are not always conclusive indicators of
minor lead intoxication, a study was made of the behavior of
delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and prophobinogen (PBG) in
saturnism, before and after glycine load. Prior to glycine load,
two of the 10 cases studied had ALA serum values above the
maximum normal limit and nine had ALA urine values above
maximal normal limits. After glycine load, a noteworthy in-
crease of the serum and ALA values was observed in all
cases. No changes in PBG were found. In 10 normal subjects,
no pathological ALA and PBG increases occurred in either
urine or serum. It is concluded that glycine load not only
makes an already existing metabolic change increasingly
evident, but also permits the documentation of the changes in
those cases of saturnism for which preliminary analyses failed
to demonstrate any ALA changes.
29286
Lob, Marc
GASOLINE WITH LEAD CONTENT. I. THE PROBLEM OF
REPLACING TETRAETHYL LEAD BY TETRAEMETHYL
LEAD. (A propos de la benzine au plomb. I. Probleme du
remplacement du plomb tetraethyl par le plomb tetramethyle).
Text in French. Z. Praeventivmed., 10(3):164-171, 1965.
The replacement of tetraethyl lead (TEL) with tetraemethyl
lead (TML) as an antiknock agent in gasoline was studied.
When injected into rats, TML produced toxic effects of less
intensity than TEL. The effect of these agents on the health of
employees of refineries and gasoline service stations is also
important. TML is more volatile than TEL, and can cause a
lead content in the air which is three times greater than TEL
under comparable circumstances. However, the human being
reacts less to the inhalation of TML than TEL. A set of urine
tests from refinery personnel showed an average of 90 micro-
grams of lead per liter of urine when TEL was processed, as
compared to 100 micrograms from TML, a difference of 10%.
Lead content in the blood was again 10% higher from TML
than from TEL. Test results from serivce station employees
showed practically no difference in lead content in urine
derived from persons who worked in stations selling TML
compared with the findings obtained under comparable condi-
tions from urine analyses derived from TEL gasoline station
personnel. Safety precautions, wearing of gas masks, must be
taken by operators in refineries who work in close contact
with TML and where the atmosphere may contain as much as
200 micrograms of lead per cu m of air. For comparison, 5 to
10 micrograms per cu m were reported as average conditions
in service stations in California.
29329
Tansy, M. F. and R. P. Roth
PIGEONS: A NEW ROLE IN AIR POLLUTION. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., 20(5):307-309, May 1970. 15 refs.
A pilot study was conducted to determine the lead content of
the various tissues and organs of two groups of wild pigeons.
One group was obtained in the City of Philadelphia. The other
group was captured in rural Jefferson County, Pennsylvania.
Tissue and organ lead content of both groups was assayed by
means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Each bird was
carefully examined to determine the possible presence of im-
bedded or ingested lead. None was found. The mean lead con-
tent per unit weight of the hard tissues of the city pigeons was
significantly higher than the corresponding values for the ru-
rual birds. The blood lead content of the two groups (a
parameter which is often assayed in screenings of chronically
exposed human populations) did not reflect a significant dif-
ference. Possible sources of lead intake are examined and
references to past literature are cited which indicate that the
most significant general source of biological lead is probably
atmospheric. The routine examination of wild animals that
may harbor disease- producing organisms or vectors is a com-
monly accepted procedure. The authors advance the proposi-
tion that the ubiquitous presence of certain animal pests,
notably pigeons, may lend itself to a similar monitoring of the
chronic uptake of atmospheric metallic pollutants. (Author ab-
stract)
29493
Mills, A. L.
LEAD IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Chem. Brit., 7(4):160-162,
April 1971. 18 refs.
Organic and inorganic lead have different modes of toxicologi-
cal action and distribution in the tissues of the body, so it is
important to distinguish between them in the environment. The
amount of lead absorbed from a given air concentration varies
according to the particle size. Of the lead from both air and
dietary sources which is retained in the body, about 95% is
found in bone. The most commonly used yardsticks of the
total environmental exposure and the resulting body burden of
lead are the concentrations in blood and urine. Sources of lead
poisoning are indicated. Lead intoxication does not appear to
occur at blood levels below 80 micrograms per 100 ml. The
relationships between the blood concentration of lead and ac-
tivity of the blood enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid
dehydratase and urinary coproporphyrin and delta-aminolevu-
linic acid require further study since such parameters appear
to be directly related to the degree of exposure. Evidence on
whether the lead concentration in air is going upwards or
downwards is presented. Economic advantages of using lead
have to be balanced against the degree of genuine hazard aris-
ing from possible environmental and health effects. The use of
lead in gasoline is discussed in relation to automobile per-
formance.
29588
Barnea, M., M. Zielinski, and M. Cucu.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDDZS ON THE EFFECT OF SMALL
DOSES OF LEAD AND SULFUR DIOXIDE. (Experimentelle
Untersuchungen ueber die Wirkung geringer Mengen von Blei
und Schwefeldioxid). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Humboldt
Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):461-462, 1970.
To evaluate the combined toxic effect of lead and sulfur diox-
ide, white Wistar rats were exposed to various concentrations
and conditions of these pollutants in two test chambers. To
simulate the condition of the air in residential areas, the SO2
was used in gaseous form, generated from a vessel containing
the liquefied gas and equipped with a pressure reducer and
control system for the air flow to the test chambers. The lead
was used in the form of minute particles contained in vapors,
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258
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
obtained from a metal container located in a hermetically
sealed electric furnace equipped with temperature control. The
vapor was drawn from the furnace by means of a nitrogen cur-
rent. A system of control devices ensured a constant lead con-
centration in the two test chambers. One chamber obtained a
controlled concentration of 0.4 mg/cu m SO2 and four micro-
grams per cu m Pb, the other chamber exactly half of these
concentrations. The animals were exposed to the gases for six
hours per day over a six-month period. A control group of rats
was exposed to normal atmosphere. The test rats showed a
smaller gain in weight than the controls. Oxygen consumption
was greater with the test animals, indicating stimulation of the
general catabolism due to the SO2 and Pb concentrations in
the air. Other effects included reduced functioning of the cen-
tral nervous system as proved by testing of reflexes to light
and electrical impulses, reduced activity of liver enzymes, and
reduced resistance of the test animals to experimental infec-
tion with pneumococci.
29663
Mishima, Masao, Tadashi Hoshiai, and Takeo Suzuki
SEMI-AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN WIDE
BLOOD. (Oto anaraiza niyoru kecchu namari no bunseki).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 5(1):64, 1970. (Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pol-
lution, Annual Meeting, llth, Japan, 1970.)
Lead concentration in blood was tested using the automatic
analyzer by Dithizon method to reduce individual errors. The
blood samples were diluted with the buffer solution and dia-
lyzed followed by addition of Dithizon-chloroform and deter-
mined by photometer. The results were checked by the atomic
absorption photometric method.
29789
Murozumi, Masayo
LEAD MEN HEADING TOWARD DESTRUCTION-SPREAD-
ING OMINOUS METAL POLLUTIONS. (Metsubo e muko
namari ningen—Bukimi ni hirogaru kinzoku osen). Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Asahi (Sci. Asahi), 30(12):39-44, Dec. 1970.
Two articles on lead pollution were reviewed. If man is to eat
2 kg of food daily with an average intake of 0.2 ppm of lead,
the micrograms 400 of lead are taken orally, of which 5% is
absorbed into blood, and the remaining 380 micrograms are
discharged. If 20 cu m air is necessary a day, and if lead con-
centration is 1.3 micrograms per 1 cu m, 26 micrograms enter
the lungs of which 40% is absorbed into blood, totalling 30
micrograms. For smokers, there is another 10 micrograms
premium. Although absorbed lead is partly discharged, the
lead retained in human body gradually increases. In 1965, what
was absorbed from food source was more than what was ab-
sorbed by lungs, but in 1970, the lead concentration in urban
areas was 5 micrograms per 1 cu m. Accordingly, the lead con-
tained in humans is nearly 100 times that of primitive man.
Tetra- alkyl lead is especially dangerous, since it damages the
brain and nervous system. An analysis of snow accumulated in
the North Pole, Antarctic, and Greenland showed that lead
was contained in the snow of Greenland 200 years ago, in-
dicating that lead s.aelting was conducted in the northern
hemisphere. The tenaency corresponds to the increase in lead
production, and especially in the recent 30 years, the increase
in the consumption of tetra-alkyl lead was tremendous. The
snow in the Antarctic contains less lead concentration than the
snow of Greenland 200 years ago. Thus, even up to the ex-
treme Polar area, the northern hemisphere is contaminated by
lead in the atmosphere. While lead concentration in blood is
still 20 micrograms/100 g, one-third of the safety standard, the
amount of tetra-alkyl lead added to gasoline must be limited
and electric cars must replace the present models.
29815
Horiuchi, Kazuya
SOME PLANS FOR FUTURE STUDDJS FOR LOW LEVEL
OF LEAD ON THE HUMAN BEING. Preprint, United States
- Japan Cooperative Science Program. (Presented at the Con-
ference of Effects of Environmental Trace Metals on Human
Health, Honolulu, Hawaii, Feb. 1-5, 1971.) p. 20-27, 1971. 19
refs.
Since lead is normally present in small amounts in the human
body, several studies were undertaken to establish the origin
and amount present in blood, urine, feces, and organs of
healthy persons. Based on the results, the maximum allowable
concentration of lead oxide dust in working environments was
established at 0.05 mg/cu m. Some experiments were per-
formed on the amount of ambient lead in a large city in Japan.
Studies now in progress pertain to oxygen consumption of
reticulocytes and stippled cells, differences of absorption of
lead compounds, and calculation of lead storage in the body.
Plans for future studies include the velocity of electroconduc-
tivity of peripheral nerves of lead workers, resistance of
peripheral red blood cells, reformation of discriminant func-
tion for the diagnosis of the lead body burden, and the effects
of low levels of organic lead.
29816
Kobayashi, Yoshitaka and Kenzaburo Tsuchiya
AIR POLLUTION BY TRACE METALS IN JAPAN. Preprint,
United States - Japan Cooperative Science Program, p. 28-48,
1971. 11 refs. (Presented at the Conference on Effects of En-
vironmental Trace Metals on Human Health, Honolulu,
Hawaii, Feb. 1-5,1971.)
Environmental pollution by lead in Japan, mainly in cities, is
thought to be caused chiefly by automobiles. Preliminary stu-
dies of urinary lead revealed no difference between school
children from contaminated and non-contaminated areas. The
horizontal and vertical distribution of lead in air is being in-
vestigated, as well as hourly and seasonal variations. Levels of
ambient cadmium and its influence on the body are being stu-
died. Problems requiring further study include standardization
of sampling methods and methods of analysis, determination
of normal values of lead in the human body, and collection of
data from investigations undertaken in both Japan and the
United States.
29825
Wada, Osamu
FOUR-ALKYL LEAD AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
(4-arukirunamari to kankyoosen). Text in Japanese. Naika,
27(5):892-897, May 1971. 38 refs.
The history of tetraethyl lead as a gasoline additive was
described including the history of its poisoning, properties,
toxicity, factory environment, and toxic symptoms. The
present problems of lead pollution in the general environment
were also described. The effect of lead pollution on the human
body could lessen human adaptation. The effect of lead on the
human body can be determined by measurement of lead in
blood and in urine; a better indication is the estimation of the
activity of peripheral erythrocyte amino-levulinic acid
dehydrase (ALA-dehydrase).
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
259
29958
Miura, H. and K. Taira
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD ON TRAFFIC PO-
LICEMEN IN A MEDIUM SIZED CITY. (Chutoshi ni okeru
taikichu namari no eikyo). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku
Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 26(1):134, April 1971. (Presented at
Japanese Society for Hygiene, Annual Meeting, 41st, Tokyo,
Japan, April 3-4, 1971.)
The evaluate the effects of atmospheric lead on the human
body, 50 policemen in Nagasaki Prefecture were selected ac-
cording to their fields of activity. Porphyrin, its precursor, and
lead were measured in the urine and blood. Atmospheric lead
was trapped by a two-channel tape air sampler in a traffic con-
gested area (I), a general area (II), and a residential area (III)
within the city limits of Nagasaki. The air samples were
analyzed with an atomic absorption photometer. Atmospheric
lead decreased disproportionally with the traffic volume, the
mean values for 24 hours being in area I, 2.03 microgram/cu
m; II, 1.38 microgram/cu m; and III, 0.095 microgram/cu m.
Coproporphyrin levels in urine were found in the following
decreasing order; patrol car crew, outdoor workers, traffic
controllers, police motorcyclists, and indoor workers. The dif-
ference between outdoor and indoor workers was large. Seven
subjects had urine corproporphyrin content over 110 micro-
gram/liter, seven had urine A.L.A. contents over 0.6 micro-
gram/deciliter, and two had high levels in both Coproporphyrin
and amino levulenic acid. The results did not indicate a
disturbance in the balance of lea metabolism in vivo or
porphyrin excretion in vivo, in those exposed to concentration
of atmospheric lead.
29963
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE OF JAPAN AS-
SOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH. (Dai 9 kai Nippon
sangyoi kyogikai kiji). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (J. Ind.
Health), 13(2):138-159, March 1971.
Brief summaries are given of conference reports on medical
examinations of workers handling heavy metals, especially
lead; case histories of lead poisoning in paint factories; health
control at beryllium factories; and a case of an oxygen-defi-
cient environment. Also summarized are reports on the effect
of auto exhaust on patrols, results of medical check-ups on
taxi drivers and toll collectors, and the hygienics of airborne
lead particles.
30000
ADDITION OF LEAD TO FUEL - HARMFUL OR DAN-
GEROUS? (Bleizusaetze im Kraftstoff - harmlos oder gefaehr-
lich)? Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Nachr. (Berlin),
25(9):6, 1971.
In over 40 years of intense scientific research no proof has
been found that lead additives in a gasoline cause damage to
human health. Lead concentrations in urban atmospheres
average less than 2 microgram/cu m in residential areas and 2
to 4 microgram/cu m in business districts. However, medical
opinion rejects judgements by commercial firms which regard
these values as low in comparison to maximum allowable work
area concentrations of 200 micrograms/cu m because the lead
measured in city streets is mainly found in fine dust below 5
microns diameter and the occupational standards are not
geared to fine dust. The amount of lead ingested with food is
greater than that inhaled; however, the considerably lower
lead intake through inhalation is accompanied by a signifi-
cantly higher retention in the lung. Even if only a small frac-
tion of the lead is deposited in the bones, such lead accumula-
tion may become important through long years of exposure.
30009
Lob, M. and P. Desbaumes
STUDY OF THE LEAD CONTENT IN THE BLOOD AND IN
THE URINE OF TWO GROUPS OF INMATES, ONE GROUP
BEING DETAINED IN A PRISON IN RURAL SETTING, THE
OTHER IN A PRISON LOCATED NEAR A HIGHWAY.
(Etude de la plombemie et de la plomburie chez deux groupes
de detenus, les uns internes a la campagne, les autres a prox-
imite immediate d une autoroute). Text in French. Schweiz.
Med. Wochenschr. (Basel), 101(10):357-361, 1971. 15 refs.
The lead content in the blood and urine of two groups of
prison inmates was compared. One group (A) was detained in
a prison alongside a highway, the other (B) in a prison in the
countryside. Group A, which was fed vegetables cultivated in
a garden adjacent to the prison, was composed of 50% al-
coholics and 50% delinquents and numbered 43 persons rang-
ing in age from 19 to 79 (average age 44 years). Group B
(mostly alcoholics) comprised 35 persons ranging in age from
35 to 76 years (average age 55 years). The average duration of
the test was 16 months for group A, and 15 months for group
B. The vegetables ingested by group A contained from 4 to 20
ppm lead in the desiccated residue. In this group, the
arithmetic means of the amount of lead in the blood was 43.3
gamma percent (extreme valuue 28-70). In group B, the
average was 40.5 gamma percent (extreme value 19-71).
Statistically, there was no significant difference between the
two sets of results. The average content of urinary lead was
35.5 gamma/liter (range 21-61) in group A, and 28.8 gam-
ma/liter (range 10-55) in group B. The difference between
these figures is highly significant and confirms that there is an
increase of lead in the urine of a group of persons living in the
immediate vicinity of a busy highway.
30156
LEAD IN THE GASOLINE, DANGEROUS, HARMLESS: IN-
DUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE INFORMS GOVERNMENT OFFI-
CIALS - MEDICAL DOCTORS COMMENT. (Blei i Kraft-
stoff gefaehrlich harmlos. Industrieunternehmen informiert
Parlamentarier - Mediziner kommentieren). Text in German.
Umwelt (Duesseldorf), l(2):31-33, 1971.
The company AK Chemie G.m.b.H. published a comment on
the proposed law on reduction of the lead content in gasolines.
The comment stated that lead is a natural component of the
earth s crust. A reduction of the lead content will have no ef-
fect on lead metabolism in man. Lead compounds in gasoline
also have no effect on human health. It is much more impor-
tant to reduce the emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. Contrary to this opinion, medi-
cal doctors have voiced concern about continued inhalation of
lead compounds. Lead is readily resorbed in the lung. Chronic
lead inhalation may lead to an accumulation in the bones,
which is harmful. Any reduction of the lead content in the at-
mosphere should be welcome.
30181
Toyama Prefecture (Japan)
REPORT ON HEALTH EXAMINATION OF OSHIMA AND
DAIMON TOWN S INHABITANTS. (Oshima, daimon cho
jumin kenkochosa hokoku). Text in Japanese. 84p., Dec. 1970.
3 refs.
Health examinations of individual residents in the towns of
Oshima and Daimon in Toyama Prefecture were reported. An
industrial plant located in the area produces 44,600 tons of
high carbon ferro- chromium and 3200 tons of low or medium
carbon ferro-chromium annually. An environmental air pollu-
tion survey was conducted for three days from Oct. 20 to Oct.
-------
260
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
22, 1970. It indicated that the average density of the suspended
dust was 169.5 microgram/cu m for seven locations. Metals
contained in the dust included iron, 3.94; manganese, 0.34;
copper, 0.13; chromium, 0.26; nickel, 0.04; lead, 0.30; zinc,
1.55; cadmium, 0.01; calcium, 1.8; and magnesium, 1.36, all in
micrograms/cu m. The purpose of the health examination was
to find out how smoke and dust from the plant affects the
health of the local inhabitants. A preliminary study was made
with a questionnaire answered by the inhabitants which
covered age, sex, place of employment, length of residence,
smoking habit, and various symptoms of physical uneasiness
including coughing, phlegm, asthma, throat pain, nose trouble,
back ache, headache, breathing difficulties, and skin irritation.
Those answering yes to four or more symptoms, or complain-
ing of skin or eye diseases were given a second physical check
consisting of an orgal diagnosis, X-rays, lung function ex-
amination, and urinalysis. Those requiring a further check
were examined for hearing and given direct X-ray examina-
tions, blood tests, and lung function tests. The results obtained
from all the three health examinations were tabulated.
30198
Speizer, F. E., B. Ferris, Jr., and W. Burgess
THE PREVALENCE OF RESPIRATORY FINDINGS EN A
POPULATION WITH DEFINED CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO
AMBIENT LEVELS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST. Chest,
S9(5):32-33, May 1971.
The prevalence of chronic non-specific respiratory diseases
was assessed using a modified version of the Medical
Research Council s Respiratory Disease questionnaire in a
population of 268 New England policemen exposed to a spec-
trum of levels of automobile exhaust as traffic officers, in-car
officers, and inside clerical officers. Pulmonary function was
assessed by spirometric tracing of FEV and FVC; peak expira-
tory flow was measured by the Wright peak flowmeter; and
flow-volume curves were obtained on a Krogh spirometer
modified and constructed for use in field studies. There were
99 men (36.9%) who fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of
disease; two-thirds of these diagnoses were simple chronic
bronchitis alone. Levels of cigarette smoking and history of
years of exposure in traffic were included in the correlations.
The lead content in scalp hair was also determined.
30328
Terzuolo, D.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION DUE TO MOTOR
VEHICLES ON MAN: A TOPICAL SOCIAL PROBLEM. (Gli
effetti dell inquinamento atmosferico causato da veicoli a mo-
tore sull organismo umano: un problema sociale di attualite).
Text in Italian. Minerva Med., 61(87):4902-4906, 1970. 20 refs.
Detriments to human health are caused by a number of con-
stituents of automotive emissions: lead compounds, polycyclic
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen compounds, and
disagreeable odors, the last having mostly psychological ef-
fects. Control of automotive emissions, must include adminis-
trative measures to guarantee the reduction of such pollution
without imposing too heavy a burden on the public, the
development of appropriate procedures and mechanical
devices, surveillance of the environment and public health,
and aspects of urban planning related to maximum dispersion
of the undesirable emissions. The American cities of Chicago
and New York have conducted extensive studies of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere. The State of
California in 1961 and the United States in 1966 passed legisla-
tion aimed at the reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocar-
bons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate emissions from motor
vehicles, particularly those that burn gasoline. Beginning
January 1, 1966, diesel motor operating in Belgium were in-
spected in terms of the opacity of their exhaust. Other coun-
tries that have adopted standards for air purity are West Ger-
many, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union. In
Great Britain, the Road traffic Act of 1930 and the Road
Safety Act of 1967 sets standards for the manufacture of vehi-
cles, stipulating that a vehicle is not to be used in a way that
will cause it to emit fumes, vapors, or solid particles resulting
from incomplete combustion. Japan has fixed the maximum
carbon monoxide concentration of automotive emissions at
three percent, as of September 1966. A bill recently introduced
in West Germany calls for a 4.5% ceiling for carbon monoxide
in motor exhaust.
30334
Sawinsky A., J. Durszt, and G. Pasztor
LEUKOCYTE DAMAGE THROUGH EXPOSURE TO LEAD.
(Leukozytenschaedigung bei Bleiexposition). Text in German.
Z. Ges. Hyg. Grenzg. (Berlin), 17(4):239-240, 1971. 10 refs.
Fifty workers, from three different lead processing plants
were examined for specific changes and functional damage
caused by lead exposure. The lead concentration of the air in
the three plants was, on the average, 125, 210 and 625 mg/cu
m. In the control group of 25 men, no specific changes were
observed, whereas the porphyrin content in the urine of the
exposed men was 100-1500 mg/1 and the urine lead content 100
to 500 mg/1. The phagocytic activity of the leukocytes was
considerably reduced compard to the control group. The
osmotic resistence of the cells, primarily those of the meyloid
forms, was below normal. The distribution of the neutrophile
granuocytes changed and the activity of the younger cells in-
creased. The segmentation of the neutrophile granulocytes
rose and a shift to lymphoid cells was observed in the qualita-
tive blood picture.
30355
Suzuki, Shosuke
AUTO EXHAUST GAS-LEAD. (Jidosha haikigasu-namari o
chushin ni). Text in Japanese. Naika, 27(5):816-822, May 1971.
37 refs.
Automobile exhaust gas-its components, influence on air pol-
lution, characteristics, and the effect of the components (espe-
cially lead and carbon monoxide) on the human body is
discussed. The chief pollutants of exhaust gas are CO,
nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. The proporation of each
pollutant in exhaust gas varies with automobile conditions and
construction. With respect to the influence of exhaust gas on
air pollution, volume of exhaust gas times concentration of a
certain gas times time equals exhausted volume of certain gas
is a question. The acute effect of CO is quite evident, but
there is still divergence of opinion on chronic carbon monox-
ide poisoning. Considering the effect of 20 ppm CO in the
general environment, it is necessary to make a physiological
and behavioral study of the effect on age and the central ner-
vous system, including new babies and infants, in connection
with the proportion of carboxyhemoglobin. The indices to ef-
fects of lead are the amounts of lead, deilta-amino- levulinic
acid, and coproporphyrin in urine. However, the minimum ef-
fective dose of lead that effects these indices remains to be
examined. There has been no report so far which indicates
that these indices are effected by atmospheric lead of an
average of a few micrograms/cu m. In future studies, a rigid
distinction should be made between criteria which are
academic statements and standards which are a problem of ad-
ministration and control.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
261
30395
Ueda, Kazuo and Tsutomu Eibihara
RICKETS IN INFANTS IN THE JURISDICTION OF KOJIYA
HEALTH CENTER. (SECOND REPORT). (Kojiya hokensho
kannai nyuji no kurubyo ni tsuite. (Dai II ho). Text in
Japanese. Koshu Eisei Joho (Public Health Inform.), 1(1):24,
April 1971.
The relationship between air pollution and rickets in infants
was investigated in the jurisdiction of the Kojiya Health
Center, a highly polluted district of Tokyo. The examination
was performed four times from 1968 to 1969. The subjects
were three- or four- month-old babies, numbering 2660 in 1968
and 2673 in 1969. The cup-shaped change seen in the distal
edge of the ulna and the radius by x-ray examination of the
carpal bones was defined as a rickets change. Air pollution in
this district has been severe since 1965; in 1967, the amount of
ultra-violet radiation decreased to two thirds of that in the sub-
urbs. Large amounts of lead, manganese, and chromium were
found in the dust fall of the area. The cup-shaped change in
the distal edge of the ulna was seasonally independent in about
seven percent of the infants who were born since 1966. It was
not found at all among infants whc were exposed to the sun
for 30 min/day since one or two months after their birth. The
infants with low birth weight or purely artificially fed infants
showed a tendency for the cup-shaped change. Measured
values of alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphorus in in-
fants with rickets were within a normal range; those of calci-
um and phosphorus were also within normal limits.
30468
Grieco, B., R. Pennarola, and P. Lamanna
HYSTO-AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DISTRIBU-
TION OF RADIOACTIVE LEAD (PB210) IN VARIOUS OR-
GANS OF RATS. (Studio istoautoradiografico sulla distribu-
zione del piombo radioattivo (Pb210) in diversi organi del rat-
to). Folia Med. (Naples), vol. 49:937-947, 1966. 8 refs. Trans-
lated from Italian, 12p.
The organs of rats injected with a radioactive lead isotope
were studied by hystoautoradiographic techniques to deter-
mine cellular localization of the lead. Organ sections prepared
on demonstration slides were spread with photographic fluid
using the stripping method. After 30-45 days in which the fluid
was exposed to the radiation emitted from the hystologic cross
sections, the slides were developed and colored, and later
washed. Results confirmed the findings of other investigators
that lead diffuses rapidly in several organs, principally, in
order of preference, in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. In
the first few hours after injection the deposits of the
radioisotope are massive. Several of the hystoautoradiographs
of the liver suggest a deposition of the metal both Inside and
outside the cell.
30671
Yokohama Municipal Univ. (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene and
Yokohama Municipal Office (Japan), Center for Public
Nuisance
REPORT OF INVESTIGATING LEAD COMPOUNDS IN AU-
TOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES. (Jidosha haikigasu chu no
namari kagobutsu ni kansura kenkyu hokokusho). Text in
Japanese. 80p., 1968 (?).
Rats, rabbits, and mice were exposed to automobile exhaust
gases, which were diluted to a carbon monoxide concentration
of 20-30 ppm, for three hours a day, six days a week. The ex-
perimental period was 80 to 500 days in length. The results did
not show any chronic influences of exhaust gases on growth,
volume of exercise, reproduction capacity, or growth of new-
born animals. However, a positive impression was found in
the pulse of rabbits and learning capacity of rats at the tune of
exposure. Rabbits were injected with hypodermic dilutions of
an anti-knock agent; their reactions to the lead compounds
contained in the agent were observed. The reaction to
tetramethyl lead or mixed alkyl lead was greater than that to
tetraethyl lead. The relationship between the quantity of lead
in the environment and the traffic volume of Yokohama City
was also studied. No relationship was seen between the quan-
tity of lead in river and well water and traffic volume. How-
ever, the amount of lead in the air and on the leaves of trees
expressed the traffic volume.
30672
Yokohama Municipal Univ. (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
RESEARCH ON INFLUENCES OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GASES ON HUMAN BODIES. (Jidosha haikigasu no Jintai ni
oyobosu eikyo ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in Japanese. 30p.,
April 1969.
The influences of low-density lead on the human body were
investigated from an aspect of lead accumulation in the or-
gans. Exhaust gases, in which the carbon monoxide concentra-
tion was diluted to 75 ppm, were repeatedly exposed to light
rays. The inhalation period was three hours a day, five days a
week, and the experimental period was from 30 days to 240
days. Significant influences of exposure to exhaust gases were
not found in the blood. The accumulation of lead in the blood
and liver was clearly determined. In other organs, a significant
accumulation of lead was not observed. Although precipitation
of lead in the bones was seen in some cases, on the whole, the
results did not indicate a correlation with exposure to exhaust
gases. The quantity of lead in elementary school children s
teeth was investigated in polluted areas, unpolluted areas, and
intermediate areas of Kanagawa prefecture. A connection was
found, to a certain degree, between the quantity of lead in the
teeth and the degree of air pollution. The quantity of lead in
the urine of persons handling lead-additive gasoline and the
quantity of coproporphyrin in the urine were investigated. Re-
peated experiments of exposure to lead-additive gasoline were
also made using rats. Possible influences of lead were found in
the experimental animals, but for persons handling gasoline,
no influences were seen. The problems which are caused by
the lead of automobile exhaust gases were not found in the
present environment. It was suggested however, that its in-
fluences should not be ignored, depending on the air pollution
situation.
30686
Lepow, Maltha
DISCUSSION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF INORGANIC
LEAD SALTS AS RELATED TO VARIOUS LEVELS OF AB-
SORPTION OF LEAD. Conn. Med., 35(6): 353-355, June 1971.
7 refs.
The biology of lead poisoning is discussed. In man, excessive
lead absorption particularly affects the biosynthesis of heme
and certain functions of the kidney and brain. The metabolic
effects of lead on heme synthesis are reversible when exces-
sive exposure is eliminated, but this is not always the case
when there is functional damage to the kidney and/or central
nervous system. Acute lead poisoning usually does not occur
until the blood lead level exceeds 80 micrograms. In young
children, the most important syndrome of acute lead poisoning
is acute encephalopathy. Clinical diagnosis depends on a high
index of suspicion and laboratory tests, including blood lead
concentration and demonstrating adverse metabolic effects in
the form of increased output of delta-aminolevulinic acid and
-------
262
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
coproporphyrin. Acute encephalopathy may be accompanied
by urinary aminoaciduria, melituria, and hyperhposphaturia.
Chronic encephalopathy may be related to long, continued, ex-
cessive absorption of lead. It may aalso occur as a result of
recurrent bouts of the acute disease. The treatment consists of
chelation therapy and removal of the source. It is estimated
that children with encephalopathy have a level intake 250
times greater than normal. Asymptomatic children with in-
creased lead absorption may take in 10 times the normal in-
take.
30831
Lutz, Garson, Arthur A. Levin, Sanford G. Bloom, Kaj L.
Nielsen, Jack L. Cross, and David L. Morrison
TECHNICAL, INTELLIGENCE, AND PROJECT INFORMA-
TION SYSTEM FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
SERVICE (VOLUME IH): LEAD MODEL CASE STUDY.
(FINAL REPORT). Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio,
EHS Contract CPS-69-005, Rept. CPS-69-005-3, 140p., June
29, 1970. 613 refs. NTIS: PB 194 412
A lead model case study was undertaken to serve as a working
example and to evaluate the technical, intelligence, and project
system under consideration for the Environmental Health Ser-
vice. Occurrence and use patterns for lead within the U. S.
were examined. The major categories of uses in decreasing
order were production of storage batteries and accessories,
gasoline antiknock additives, pigments, ammunition, solder,
cable covering, and caulking lead. Leaded fuels are the major
source of environmental lead. Pediatric plumbism, the most
significant acute health problem, arises from lead used as a
pigment. The economic aspects of this problem were in-
vestigated. While lead is very slowly absorbed from environ-
mental sources, its gradual accumulation in the body is the
basis for progressive lead toxicity. Additional research is
required to determine the chronic effects of lead in the en-
vironment on health, and better diagnostic and therapeutic
techniques are needed in support of this research. A mathe-
matical model was developed to represent the environmental
transport of the stresscr lead from several sources with sub-
sequent intake of lead by man. This model can be used to as-
sess the impact of contemplated actions of lead body burdens,
to define research and development requirements, and to
identify the needs and locations for monitoring and surveil-
lance. A categorized bibliography for lead is included in this
report. (Author abstract)
31040
Dcewicz, F. H. and R. B. Holtzman
BOAT SAMPLING METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF LEAD
AND TELLURIUM IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS. In: Ai-
gonne National Lab. HI., Radiological Physics Div., Annu.
Rept. ANL-7760-Pt 2, p. 53-62, 1971 (?). 5 refs.
Two procedures using the atomic absorption boat sampling
method were studied: one the direct mounting of a sample, the
other a prior extraction of the sample with ammonium pyr-
rolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC). Modifications in the method
improved the sensitivity, and a detection limit of 0.0004 micro-
gram lead with about 6% was attained. Extraction of the sam-
ple with APDC extended this method to the analysis of telluri-
um in raw urine with a detection limit of about 0.003 micro-
gram Te/ml urine, and to the analysis of lead in heavily salted
solutions.
31228
Craig, Paul P. and Edward Berlin
THE AIR OF POVERTY. Environment, 13(5):2-9, June 1971.
41 refs.
The effects of lead on biological systems are discussed. Lead
levels in the blood of average Americans exceed one-fourth of
those considered diagnostic for classical lead poisoning. Lead
can produce liver, kidney, and brain damage, and deterioration
of the central nervous and reproductive s /stems. Children are
especially susceptible to the effects of lead poisoning, includ-
ing mental retardation and other signs of central nervous
system involvement. Chronic exposure to lead at levels typical
of urban environments is known to produce biochemical
changes in healthy adults. In animals, injury has been ob-
served at lead exposure levels typical of those experienced by
urban dwellers. The chronic effects of sub-toxic body burdens
of lead in city dwellers involve reduction in the activity of en-
zymes essential for hemoglobin synthesis. Lead can destroy
existing red blood cells. It may cause physiological deficits in
children and in people with inherited defects of red blood cell
structure or function, or defective ability to manufacture
hemoglobin. There is a critical need for intensive epidemiologi-
cal studies of people in these categories. The increased con-
centrations of atmospheric lead in urban areas is mainly due to
the use of lead in gasolines. Removal of this source would
reduce the body lead levels in children and adults who may be
particularly sensitive to this pollutant.
31280
TRACE METALS: UNKNOWN, UNSEEN POLLUTION
THREAT. Chem. Eng. News, 49(29):29-30. 33, July 19, 1971.
Because no metal is degradable, toxic metals in the environ-
ment (such as cadmium, lead, nickel, tin, mercury, and ar-
senic) may be a more insidious problem than pollution by
pesticides, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
and other gross contaminants. Public health experts are con-
cerned that subtle physiological changes caused by trace
metals may go completely undetected or, if detected, be at-
tributed to other causes. The problem is how to detect harmful
responses to very low doses of trace metals and how to dif-
ferentiate adaptive responses from those representing the first
stages of a disease. Also, synergistic and antagonistic relation-
ships among trace metals must be defined. Until these
questions and relationships are mor thoroughly explored, stan-
dards for trace metals in air, water, and food residue will be
little more than guesses. Sources and health effects of some
trace metals considered hazardous are summarized.
31303
Stoefen, D.
DOES LEAD HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE
PATHOGENESIS OF CARIES? (Spielt Blei cine Rolle in der
Pathogenese der Karies)? Text in Germiin. Protectio Vitae,
16(1):22, Feb. 1971. 9 refs. (Presented at the Internationalen
Konvent fuer Zivilisationskrankheiten, Ernaehmng und Leben-
sbedingungen, 16th, Luxemburg und Trier, Belgium, Sept 14-
20, 1970.)
The increasing occurrence of caries (tooth decay) may be due
to increasing lead pollution. In 21 villages in New Guinea,
where the lead content of Sago was high, a much higher caries
rate was observed among the population than in neighboring
villages. Lead inhibits protein synthesis. The protein contain-
ing forerunners of the dental enamel are not properly synthes-
ized in the presence of lead. The developing enamel has no re-
sistance to the strain of oral food intake.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
263
31319
Schlipkoeter, H. W. and R. Dolgner
HEALTH PERILS DUE TO Am POLLUTION. (Gesundheit-
sgefaehrdung durch Verunreinigung der Luft). Text in German.
Atomwirtschaft, 16(6):288-293, June 1971. (Presented at the
Reaktortagung Kerntechnischen Gesellschaft im Deutschen
atomforum, Bonn, West Germany, March 30-April 2, 1971.)
Health risks through air pollution are discussed by means of
specific examples. Emissions emanating from large industries
are of limited importance only, since they effect merely the
closer vicinity of the source of emission. Furthermore, the
typical composition of pollutants is known for each of these
industries, and their health risks can be evaluated and corn-
batted individually. More reason for concern are emissions
originating ubiquitously from all processes of incineration.
Domestic heating, atuomobile engines, and a multiplicity of
smaller industries produce a variety of air pollutants such as
carbon monoxide, soot, polycyclic hydrocarbons, sulfur diox-
ide, lead compounds, and gaseous hydrochloric acid which
arises in the incineration of polyvinyl compounds. Lead from
automobile exhausts and fluorine compounds from aluminum
works can be absorbed by food plants, and thus indirectly
cause damage to the human organism. Sulfur dioxide and some
hydrocarbons can attack the human respiratory tract and the
lung. Dust in the air absorbs part of the ultraviolet radiation
from the sun which is vital for some biological functions, for
instance, the body development of children. Rickets, and af-
fliction of the growing bone structure, and retardation in the
growth of children can be ascribed to a lack of ultraviolet
radiation. Carbon monoxide, when inhaled, combines with the
hemoglobin of the blood to which it has a 200 time greater af-
finity than oxygen, and thus impedes the function of the blood
in transporting oxygen.
31351
Iwata, Hiroshi, Makoto Kawai, Yoshihiro Katagiri, and
Masatoshi Hirota
EFFECTS OF LEAD IN AIR DURING WORK ON TRAFFIC
CONTROLLERS. (Shirobai jujisha no sokochu no kichu-
namari ni yoru eikyo). Text in Japanese. Gifu Daigaku Igakubu
Kiyo (Papers Gifu Univ. School Med.), 18(5):479-485, Feb.
1971. 14 refs.
The amount of lead in the air and the medical examinations
for lead poisoning in traffic controllers were tested on July 2,
1970 (fair weather). Levels of lead in air were determined with
the personal dust sampler testing five traffic controllers during
their work. The absolute levels of lead increased in relation to
the increase of the absolute riding distance. This corresponded
to a range from 3.3 microgram/cu m to 9.6 microgram/cu m.
Medical examinations were carried out on 17 traffic controllers
(group I) and 14 indoor policemen (group II). Subjective symp-
toms included headache and nettle rash, sore throat, nausea,
constipation, lumbago, and dizziness. More complaints were
found in group I. No difference was found between the two
groups in terms of whole blood specific gravity, amount of
blood pigment, and punctate fasophilic erythrocyte level. A
coproporphyrin test in the urine of one subject in group I was
positive. The average level of lead in urine ranged from 14.1-
27.9 microgram/1 in group I and 10.4-26.2 microgram/1 in group
n. The average level of lead in blood ranged from 12.3-24.5
microgram/dl in group I and 10.1-17.3 microgram/dl in group
n, indicating slightly higher levels in group I but statistically
no significant differences. Lead poisoning by the automobile
exhaust gases in the traffic controllers in Gifu prefecture is
not an urgent problem at the present stage, however, some
high levels were recorded, suggesting that the traffic control-
lers exposure to lead cannot be wholely ignored.
31442
Tepper, Lloyd B.
UNDER WHAT CDJCUMSTANCES IS DIRECT CONTACT
WITH LEAD DANGEROUS? Public Health Service, Washing-
ton, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 59-62.
4 refs. (Dec. 13-15.) (PHS Pub. 1440) NTIS: PB 198104
External contact with inorganic lead, external contact with or-
ganic lead, and the lexicological aspects of paniculate elemen-
tal lead deposits in the tissues are discussed. As for the ab-
sorption of inorganic lead compounds by direct contact, there
is little evidence that this occurs, while there seems to be a
great variability between reports concerning absorption
through the skin of organic lead. Lead oleate seems to be ab-
sorbable through the skin of rats, but the evidence for absorp-
tion by humans is negligible. Lead naphthenate, added as an
inhibitor to extreme pressure lubricants in concentrations of
two to 10%, may have produced transcutaneous absorption of
lead. Tetraethyl lead, applied to the skin of rabbits, can under
some circumstances result in lethal absorption. Most of the re-
ported cases of plumbism from retained lead projectiles would
not satisfy present day requirements for the diagnosis of lead
poisoning.
31452
Tomashefski, Joseph F. and Ralph I. Mitchell
UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS INHALATION OF
LEAD DANGEROUS? Public Health Service, Washington, D.
C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 39-49. 9 rets.
(Dec. 13-15.) (PHS Pub. 1440) NTIS: PB 198104
The majority of inhaled lead is removed or cleansed from the
tracheobronchial tree by the natural cleansing mechanisms and
swallowed or expectorated. Whether lead is taken up by the
lungs depends upon solubility factors and particle mechanics.
Highly soluble lead in proper particle size such as fumes or
mists can be readily absorbed and approximate an intravenous
injection. A possible unproven relationship exists between pul-
monary disease— bronchitis and emphysema—with particle
deposition, cleansing, and accumulation of lead. There is no
known direct effect of lead on the bronchopulmonary system.
The synergistic effect of lead with other pollutants such as
carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide is not known. Studies are
needed to determine the concentrations of lead in the tissues
and fluids of the lung. Whether lead is immobilized from body
stores in diseased states such as respiratory acidosis, remains
to be proven. (Author summary modified)
31491
ON LEAD INTOXICATION OF LEADED FUELS. COMMENT
OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON
CIVHJSATION DISEASES AND VITAL SUBSTANCES. Pro-
tectio Vitae, 16(l):23-24, Feb. 1971.
Lead concentrations in city air are between 1.5 to 40 micro-
grams of lead/cu m air. Even in the polar region, two to three
micrograms of lead/cu m air were measured. The tolerance
limit of lead in human blood is 50 micrograms/100 cc cu m
blood serum. Concentrations of up to 35 micrograms/cu m air
are considered normal. Any higher concentration may cause
headache, insomnia, intestinal troubles, loss of appetite, rheu-
matic complaints, muscle weakness, and emotional
disturbance. Lead inhibits the activity of following enzymes:
ferrous enzymes, oxidative phosphorylic enzymes, pyruvate
oxydase, carbonic acid anhydratase, alkaline phosphatases, al-
dolases, papain, cathepsin and amylases. Lead also inhibits the
synthesis of acetylcholine, the biosynthesis of heme, the
biosynthesis of hemoglobin, the biosynthesis of thymonucleic
acid, the synthesis of actinomyosin, and the biosynthesis of
-------
264
LEAD AND AYR POLLUTION
hormones. Random tests in various villages have shown that,
at present, the official tolerance levels were exceeded in more
than 50% of the persons examined.
31493
Goyer, Robert A.
LEAD TOXICITY: A PROBLEM IN ENVIRONMENTAL
PATHOLOGY. Am. J. Pathol., 64(1): 167-182, July 1971. 55
refs. (Presented at the Federation of American Societies for
Experimental Biology, Annual Meeting, Symposium on En-
vironmentally Induced Diseases, Atlantic City, N. J., April 15,
1970.)
The problems and unanswered questions about the health ef-
fects of lead are summarized, and a brief review of the experi-
mental work currently in progress is presented. The most
prominent signs and symptoms of overt lead intoxication are
related to the central nervous system, the hematopoietic
system, and the kidney. The environmental lead problem may
be viewed at three levels. First, there is the problem of
sporadic episodes of acute lead intoxication. Second is the
problem of clinical and subclinical intoxication of large num-
bers of children in urban ghetto areas. The third aspect of the
environmental problem concerns the question of the possible
harmful effects of body stores of lead. An answer to this
question can only be obtained through a better understanding
of how lead is metabolized at the cellular level. Studies related
to this problem have revealed that mitochondria! oxidation and
phosphorylation are very sensitive to the presence of lead.
Also, intranuclear inclusion bodies, characteristic of lead
poisoning in man and in experimental animals, may function as
a nondiffusible lead-protein complex. These inclusion bodies
may have an important role in biologic adaptation to lead.
Without the inclusion body protein, lead would be more toxic
at lower doses than is presently evident. (Author summary
modified)
31517
Heimann, Harry
RISK OF EXPOSURE AND ABSORPTION OF LEAD. Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Con-
tamination, 1965, p. 143-153. (Dec. 13-15.) NTIS: PB 198104
Presentations given at the Symposium on Environmental Lead
Pollution and relating to the risk of exposure and absorption of
lead are reviewed. About 75% of paniculate lead from au-
tomobile gasoline combustion was observed to be less than
0.90 micron in mean diameter, a size that easily reaches the al-
veoli. Experiments relating to the body burden of lead are
cited.
31524
Nelson, Norton
SUMMARY: TOXICOLOGY OF LEAD. Public Health Ser-
vice, Washington, D. C., Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965,
p. 159-165. (Dec. 13-15.) NTIS: PB 198104
Articles pertaining to the toxicology of lead which were
presented at the Symposium on Environmental Lead Con-
tamination are reviewed. Some recommendations are given as
to how society can reach a reasonable level of assurance that
an additional increase or even present levels of lead are ac-
ceptable or non-acceptable from a health standpoint. The
major need is to define the relevance for health of present typ-
ical lead levels and levels intermediate between these and
frank lead poisoning. Also, the effective absorption of lead by
inhalation from typical lead aerosols as found in the ambient
air ought to be defined more accurately. Techniques should be
developed for better assessment of body burden of lead and
the biological mobility of lead in its several biological compart-
ments. Studies on the relative contribution of the biosphere of
lead from geological and technological sources should be con-
tinued and intensified.
31528
Engel, R. E., D. I. Hammer, R. J. M. Horton, N. M. Lane,
and L. A. Plumlee
ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD AND PUBLIC HEALTH. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Air
Pollution Control Office, APCO Pub-AP-90; 34p., March 1971.
79 refs. NTIS: PB 199058
The major public health problems associated with lead in the
environment and the respective roles of the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare and the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency are briefly summarized. A discussion of lead
metabolism and toxicology in man includes absorption, intoxi-
cation, and a presentation of areas for further research. Lead
in the diet and in consumer goods is traced to natural sources,
such as fruits, vegetables, and fish; the drinking water,
through water supplies and water pipes; and manufactured
sources, i.e., ceramic glazes, moonshine, color additives and
hair dyes, and cigarettes. Lead in the air is. covered by discus-
sions on the distribution of ambient lead particles; the relation-
ship of particle size to deposition in the lungs; sources of at-
mospheric lead, such as primary and secondary lead smelters,
other industries, combustion of coal and fuel oil, incineration,
and automotive exhaust; measurement of atmospheric lead
through sample collection and analysis; and atmospheric sur-
veillance. Lead in occupational exposures;, specifically small
shops operations, and its reporting for diagnosis, and lead
poisoning in children are examined. Proposed community con-
trol programs are presented.
31537
Bryce-Smith, Derek
LEAD POLLUTION FROM PETROL. Chem. Brit., 7(7):284-
286, July 1971. 24 refs.
Lead is a cumulative poison in man, and no other toxic chemi-
cal pollutant appears to have accumulated in man to average
levels so close to the threshold for potential clinical poisoning.
Lead can harm the central nervous system, and is particularly
liable to cause brain damage in children. Evidence indicates
that exhaust fumes from motor vehicles may already be caus-
ing cases of toxic lead encephalosis (inflammation of the
brain) among the urban population; the symptoms include
depression, headaches, and undue fatigue. Treatment for lead
poisoning with calcium-EDTA rapidly led to a care or im-
provements in 85% of the cases. Adverse effects on mental ef-
ficiency from unidentified components of traffic fumes have
been reported. Lead in city air, levels of lead in Greenland,
and acceptable limits of lead are discussed.
31584
Kehoe, Robert A.
UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES IS INGESTION OF LEAD
DANGEROUS? Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.,
Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 51-58. 11 refs.
(Dec. 13-15.) (PHS Pub. 1440) NTIS: PB 198104
Lead poisoning may be induced in a short period of time by a
high level of regular, daily, oral dosage, and in a longer period
of time by a relatively low level of daily, oral dosage. The
requirements are that the dose of lead be taken regularly, to
maintain an essentially constant rate of absorption of lead
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
265
from the alimentary tract, and that enough lead is taken to
lead to a progressive accumulation of lead of critical propor-
tions within the lifetime of the individual. The presence of
critical quantities of lead in the intact, living body - the poten-
tially hazardous body burden — can be identified by finding a
critical concentration of lead in the fluid tissue, the blood,
and, with somewhat less precision, by the finding of a critical
elevation of the rate of the excretion of lead in the urine.
However, the actual onset of lead poisoning cannot be pre-
dicted, nor can this specific illness be identified, with certain-
ty, on the basis of any analytical finding in the tissues, body
fluids, or excreta. Only the danger of lead poisoning can be
recognized by such means. When these principles were trans-
lated into quantitative terms, oral dosages of several hundred
milligrams were capable of inducing acute, but not fatal ill-
ness, in the adult.
31899
Biener, K.
LEAD POLLUTION BY AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTS.
(Bleigefaehrdung durch Autoabgase). Text in German.
Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr., 101(28):1038-1039, July 1971.
Seventy-nine refuse collectors and 79 street cleaners in Frank-
furt/Main were examined for blood lead levels and delta-
aminolevulinic acid elimination with urine. The subjects
worked primarily in the center of the city, and most had been
employed for five years. Blood samples were taken at 8:30 am
about three hours after the beginning of work. Measured lead
levels were significantly higher than those of the average level
of a control group. The lead content of blood was higher
among the street cleaners than among the garbage collectors.
The same results were obtained for delta-aminolevulinic acid
elimination. Even though clinical manifestations have not yet
appeared, a biological lead contamination can be diagnosed
among the workers.
31962
Stoefen, Detlev
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD ON PSYCHE. (Die
Auswirkungen des Umweltgifts Blei auf die Psyche). Text in
German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(8):172-176,
Aug. 1971. 34 refs.
The average lead concentration in the population of the
Federal Republic of Germany, as expressed by the content of
delta-aminolevulinic acid in the urine, already exceeds the
pathological threshold limit of a number of investigators. Lead
is known to have effects on the nervous system. In London,
mentally retarded children who had been given a chelating
agent for lead decorporation showed considerable improve-
ment. Metabolism difficulties receded and mental capacities
were stimulated.
32041
Bolanowska, Wanda, Jerzy Piotrowski, and Barbara
Trojanowska
THE KINETICS OF DISTRIBUTION AND EXCRETION OF
LEAD (PB-210) IN RATS. I. THE DISTRIBUTION OF A SIN-
GLE INTRAVENOUS DOSIS. (Kinetyka rozmieszczania i
wydalania olowiu (Pb-210) u szczurow. I. Rozmieszczanie
wewnatrzustrojowe jednorazowej dawki dozylnej). Text in
Polish. Med. Pracy (Lodz), 18(1):29-41, 1967. 11 refs.
(Presented at the International Congress on Occupational
Health, 14th, Madrid, Spain, 1963 and the Krajowym Kon-
gresie Biochemii, Lodz, Poland, 1963.)
A single dose of lead acetate (labeled Pb-210) was injected in-
travenously into adult albino male rats 200-250 g in weight.
The animals were killed from 5 minutes to 98 days after injec-
tion. The organs were mineralized and the lead content was
determined after one month, based on the Bi-210 beta irradia-
tion, measured in an infinitely thick layer. Detailed data on the
surviving periods, number of animals used, and on the dis-
tribution of lead (in percent of dosage) are included. The
dynamics of lead distribution and characteristic periods of dis-
tribution are discussed. The data were analyzed with respect
to the possible metabolic model and the rate of distribution
processes. The different doses (1.0 and 0.1 mg/kg) compared
for the surviving period of 30 days showed no significant dif-
ferences in distribution.
32129
Selander, Stig, Kim Cramer, Birgitta Borjesson, and Gunilla
Mandorf
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD BY AUTOMIC AB-
SORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. Brit. J. Ind. Med.
(London), vol. 25:209-213, 1968. 9 refs.
Lead in blood was determined by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry using a wet ashing procedure and a procedure
in which the proteins were precipitated with trichloroacetic
acid. In both methods, the lead was extracted into isobutyl-
methylketone before measurement, using ammonium pyr-
rolidine dithiocarbamate as the chelator. The simpler precipita-
tion procedure was shown to give results identical with those
obtained with the ashing technique. In addition, blood
specimens were examined by the precipitation method and by
spectral analysis, which includes wet ashing of the samples,
with good agreement. All analyses were done on blood sam-
ples from normal persons or from lead-exposed workers, and
no additions of inorganic lead were made. The relatively sim-
ple protein precipitation technique gave accurate results and is
suitable for the large-scale control of lead-exposed workers.
(Author abstract modified)
32216
Richet, G., C. Albahary, L. Morel-Maroger, P. Guillaume, and
P. Galle
RENAL CHANGES IN 23 CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL
SATURNISM. (Les alterations renales dans 23 cas de saturn-
isme professionnel). Text in French. Bull. Mem. Soc. Med.
Hop. Paris, 117(5):441-466, 1966. 44 refs.
Renal clinical manifestations of lead poisoning including the
urinary syndrome, cardiovascular involvement, the metabolism
and excretion of uric acid, and electron microscopic results of
renal biopsies of 23 cases of occupational saturnism acquired
by up to 23 years of contact with lead are analyzed. The urina-
ry syndrome was limited in four cases to an often intermittent
mild proteinuria of less than one g/24 hours. A tendency to
hypertension frequently existed, but malignant arterial hyper-
tension was not observed. A definite tubular involvement ex-
isted, manifested by the presence of inclusions in certain
nuclei. This anomaly was observable by an optical microscope
as siderosomes in the cytoplasma, deformed mitochondria, and
other modifications. These lesions are not accompanied by any
manifestations of a proximal tubular syndrome during subclini-
cal infant saturnism, except perhaps by hypophosphatemia
with elevated phosphorus clearance. Renal insufficiency was
found in only three cases of protracted lead poisoning. One
case ended fatally at the age of 32.
-------
266
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
32218
Jung, Fritz
THE PATHOLOGY OF ERYTHROCYTES. PART H. THE EF-
FECTS OF SOME METAL SALTS. (Zur Pathologic der roten
Blutkoerperchen. II. Mitteilung. Wirkungen einiger Metall-
salze). Text in German. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., vol.
204:139-156, 1947. 14 refs. Part I. Klin. Worchshr., p. 917,
1942.
The effects of zinc sulfate, and lead nitrate on isolated human
erythrocytes was studied by means of an ultramicroscope and
a potentiometer. High concentrations of mercury chloride
caused fixation of erythrocytes and of erythrocytal stromata
without significant optical structural changes. At lower HgC12
concentrations, all degrees from the outside to the inward
progressing fixation of cellular proteins were observed ultram-
icroscopically. Very low concentrations precipitated
hemoglobin inside the cell with a simultaneous increase of
osmotic resistance. Increasing concentrations brought about
progressive hemolysis based on membranal denaturation. This
was followed by a coagulation of the uppermost cellular layers
coupled with a liberation of the central hemoglobin residue
which can also form a circular coagulate within the fixated
membrane. The minimal amount of sublimate per cell still
causing hemolysis is about 1.2 times 0.00000001 molecules. In
contrast in HgC12, ZnSO4 and Pb(NO3)2 cause only increased
rigidity of the membrane. Lead hydroxide and lead phosphate
is adsorbed on erythrocytal membranes. The embedding of
lead in the membrane can be observed ultramicroscopically.
32408
Cramer, Kim
HEAVY METALS AND OUR ENVIRONMENT -- ALSO ON
TV. (Tunga metaller i var omgivning — och i TV). Text in
Swedish. Lakartidningen, 65(8)-.799-801, Feb. 1968. 2 refs.
Several professionals were interviewed during the preparation
of a Swedish TV documentary entitled Is it Dangerous to
Breathe Lead? Weaknesses in the telecast are discussed, the
most serious of which was an exaggeration of the danger from
lead poisoning to the inhabitant of a large city who is not
directly engaged in an occupation involving exposure to lead.
The show s approach to lead poisoning was influenced by ex-
periences with the lead industry in England in the early 20th
century, when little was being accomplished in the field of oc-
cupational medicine. Workers for a storage battery company in
Manchester breathed air containing three to five mg of lead.
Under such conditions, lead poisoning was not only severe,
but the lead tended to accumulate in the worker s body. It is
not necessarily valid to compare these conditions with the
problems due to lead intake from the polluted air of a large
city, which reaches a maximum of 0.003 mg/cu m, or about
1/60 of the lead concentration to which the lead industry wor-
kers were exposed.
32484
Nagel, S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION VS. ECONOMIC
GROWTH. (Umweltschutz kontra Wirtschaftswachstum).
Text in German. Umwelt (Duesseldorf), 1(4):13-15, Aug. 1971.
Economic growth has increased the problem of air pollution
and stimulated the need for environmental protection. More
people died in 1961 during the smog condition in the Ruhr val-
ley than had been statistically predicted. Air pollution in-
creases the reaction of the lymphatic apparatus and causes a
decrease in the red blood cells, thus retarding the physical
development of children. Respiratory diseases are much more
frequent in polluted areas than in nonpolluted areas. Carbon
monoxide and organic compounds in the air, even in minute
fractions, reduce the ability of a subject to concentrate. The
inhalation of acidic aerosols, now common throughout most of
Europe, causes the increased retention of dust. Lead
penetrates into the lungs; as much as 90% of it can be stored
in the bones, and during stress or fever it enters the blood-
stream. Carcinogenic substances are also in the atmosphere.
Maximum allowable emission standards have been set for
some pollutants. The automobile industry, lacking initiative in
the past, is working to control exhaust gas emissions. Automo-
tive exhausts, which contribute CO, hydrocarbons, and 95% of
the lead in the air, will reduce emissions over the next five
years.
32487
Chisolm, J. Julian, Jr.
LEAD POISONING. Sci. Am., 224(2):15-23, Feb. 1971
In the young children of urban slums, lead poisoning is a
major source of brain damage, mental deficiency, and serious
behavior problems. Large-scale screening programs now in
progress in Chicago and New York City Indicate that between
five and 10% of the children tested show evidence of asympto-
matic increased lead absorption and that between one and two
percent have unsuspected plumbism. At the level of cellular
metabolism, the best-known adverse effect of lead is its inhibi-
tion of the activity of enzymes that are dependent on the
presence of free sulfhydryl groups for their activity. The
clearest manifestation of the inhibitory effect of lead on the
activity of sulfhydryl-dependent enzymes is the disturbance it
causes in the biosynthesis of heme. Lead is implicated specifi-
cally in the metabolism of delta-aminolevulinic acid and in the
final formation of heme from iron and protoporphyrin. The
decrease in heme synthesis leads at first to a decrease in the
life-span of red cells and later to a decrease in the number of
red cells and in the amount of hemoglobin per cell. The
presence of stippled cells is the most characteristic finding in
the blood of a patient with lead poisoning. In acute lead
poisoning, there are visible changes in the kidney and kidney
function is impaired. Much of the excess lead is concentrated
in the form of dense inclusions in the nuclei of certain cells,
including those lining the proximal renal tubules. Fanconi s
syndrome is described. The best known chronic effect of lead
poisoning is chronic nephritis, a disease characterized by a
scarring and shrinking of kidney tissue. Peripheral nerve dis-
ease also can result from chronic overexposure to lead.
32608
Fairhall, Lawrence T.
INORGANIC INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS. Physiol. Rev.,
25(1):182-202, Jan. 1945. 191 refs.
The effects of long continued exposure to relatively low con-
centrations of inorganic metal compounds are discussed in
connection with industrial hygiene. The diagnosis of lead
poisoning may be difficult. The usual symptoms are colic,
basophilic stippling of the erythrocytes, urinary excretion of
lead palsy, and anemia. However, any one or several of these
may be absent, and thus make diagnosis doubtful. Poisoning
by mercury, where it is not acute, is slow and insidious and
leads to impainnen of tissue functions. The symptoms of cad-
mium poisoning are increased salivation, choking attacks,
vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and tenesmus. Manganese
poisoning is relatively rare in industry; it is a crippling disease
with permanent disability, particularly of the legs. The in-
creased use of beryllium has led to several cases of severe
poisoning. The effects of molybdenum and tungsten com-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
267
pounds are briefly discussed. Although antimony and arsenic
are usually regarded as having comparable toxic qualities, the
toxic effects of arsenic are believed to outweigh those of an-
timony. Antimonal poisoning does not appear to be an indus-
trial disease of any consequence. Uranium and its salts are
highly toxic. The absorption of small amounts over long
periods of time causes a chronic nephritis. The effects of mag-
nesium, zirconium, selenium, tellurium, vanadium, and chro-
mates are also described.
32613
Sanders, Lester, W.
LEAD EXCRETION AND HEALTH OF ANTIKNOCK BLEN-
DERS. Arch. Environ. Health, 10(6):886-892, June 1965. 16
refs.
The levels of urinary lead concentration (range and mean
values) of 175 persons engaged in various jobs in gasoline
refineries concerned with producing leaded (with tetraethyl
lead) gasoline, and that of 29 gasoline loaders, was no greater
than that of the general population, indicating that lead ab-
sorbed from occupational exposure of these persons is incon-
sequential in relation to that absorbed from other sources.
Lead was excreted in the urine of these workmen within nar-
row limits of concentration; no relationship was found
between rate of lead excretion and existence of possible or ac-
tual impairment of the physiologic functions examined. No
evidence was obtained to suggest that the health of these wor-
kers was influenced adversely by their employment. (Author
summary modified)
32624
Johns, David R.
THE TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING - PAST AND
PRESENT. Lead Industries Assoc., New York, Proc. Lead
Hyg. Conf., Chicago, 111., 1948, p. 25-40. (Nov. 15-16.)
The treatment of occupational lead poisoning is discussed. The
treatment begins at the first signs of absorption as observed by
the physician, such as constipation, a high stippled count, a
moderately elevated lead urinary level, or lowered hemoglobin.
It is recommended that a change in employment to a less
hazardous location in the plant be made. A complete, yearly
physical examination of all lead workers is strongly recom-
mended. The diagnosis of lead poisoning implies that the pa-
tient has several symptoms, namely pallor, nausea, colic,
generalized aching of body and joints, sleepiness, second /
anemia, high stippled count, and moderate or high urin /
levels. Active treatment should be instituted at once. The
treatment suggested consists of immobilizing the lead in the
blood by the metabolism of calcium. Calcium gluconate, fed
intravenously, and a high calcium diet is prescribed when
nausea subsides. Intestinal drainage by enema and salines are
given as the nausea lessons. The pain of lead colic is con-
trolled by morphine, atropine, and demerol. The secondary
anemia is treated with hematinics and vitamins. In the discus-
sion, other doctors state their treatments for lead poisoning as
opposed to that of the author. All agreed that deleading of the
patient is too dangerous a procedure to be used.
32625
Harrold, Gordon G. and Stuart F. Meek
SOLUBILITY AND PARTICLE SIZE IN LEAD POISONING.
Lead Industries Assoc., New York, Proc. Lead Hyg. Conf.,
Chicago, m., 1948, p. 11-24. 18 refs. (Nov. 15-16.)
Solubility and particle size in lead poisoning are dicussed as
they apply to lead chromate exposure. Lead oxide and lead
carbonate are much more readily soluble in human lung fluid
than lead chromate. Insoluble lead salts, which have solubili-
ties of one mg or less in human lung fluid, will probably not
cause lead poisoning. In the cases of over 100 men exposed to
large quantities of lead chromate, the urinary lead excretory
rate rose to 0.1 mg/1 and remained above 0.06 mg/1 for 18
months with no demonstrable damage. The particle sizes in-
volved ranged from 0.1 micron or less to 1.0 micron for 98%
of the particles. The lead urinary levels were very high, but
the men had no complaints. High lead-in-urine levels may per-
sist when the lead is soluble in the body and small in particle
size. Thus, somewhat larger than usual lead-in-urine values
may appear when workers are exposed to finely divided parti-
cles; the appearance of larger amounts of lead-in-urine in these
situations may be indicative of actual or potential harmful at-
mospheric exposure. The limitations of this study are
presented in the discussion.
3269
Spain, David M. and Donald A. Senhauser
MINUTEMAN DISEASE: LEAD POISONING. Arch. Environ.
Health, 10(5):801-804, May 1965. 6 refs.
A case of lead poisoning in a 22-year-old white male laborer is
presented, in which bizarre neurological symptoms and the
absence of the usual laboratory evidence of plumbism ob-
scured the diagnosis. Several months mor to hospital admis-
sion, the patient noticed the insidious onset of weakness and
easy fatigability associated with transient episodes of blurred
vision, occasional numbness and tingling of the extremities,
and increased irritability. Two weeks prior to admission he
developed a slight cough and generalized muscular aches and
pains; one week prior to admission he noted the gradual onset
of dull, cramping abdominal pain. Although lead intoxication
had been suspected, the lack of stippling of the red cells and
negative urinary coproporphyrins tended to rule out this diag-
nosis. X-ray examination of the thorax and abdomen, including
barium studies, was unremarkable. Meanwhile a bone marrow
aspiration was performed in the course of the work-up for
anemia and revealed moderate erythroid hyperplasia and one
to two plus basophilic stippling of the red cells, suggesting the
possibility of lead intoxication. On careful questioning, it was
revealed that the patient worked as a laborer at an ICBM
(Minuteman) site, specifically, sandblasting the inner surfaces
of the metal missile silos. The metal is coated with preserva-
tive red lead paint, which must be removed before a missile is
placed in the silo. Blood samples were obtained, and an analy-
sis for lead content showed 0.87 ppm with a control of 0.083
ppm. Urinary coproporphyrins were also markedly increased
on repeat determinations.
32735
Mie Prefecture (Japan)
REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT BY
SMOKE AND SO ON. (Bien to eikyochosa hokokusho). Text
in Japanese. 107p., 1968 (?).
Air pollution was investigated with respect to its effect on the
health of school children. Pollutants were tested for traces of
sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid ion and mist, nitric acid ion, vari-
ous metals (titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, nickel,
chromium, and lead), nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, al-
dehydes, aerosols, and particulates. Elementary school chil-
dren in two polluted areas and two non-polluted areas were
examined for respiratory function. Health investigation cards
were distributed prior to the examinations. Chest X-ray and
otorhinological examinations were given annually. Based on
the medical histories, the rates of asthma and pneumonia in
-------
268
LEAD AND Am POLLUTION
the children in polluted school districts were 7.5 and 2.4 times
higher than those in nonpolluted districts. The rates for con-
junctivitis and trachoma were also high and differed signifi-
cantly for the polluted and nonpolluted districts. Complaints
about sickness, sputum, eye, ache, and pharyngeal ache were
3.7-6.7 times more frequent for the polluted districts; the rate
of absenteeism due to respiratory diseases was also higher.
The respiratory function of children in the polluted school dis-
tricts decreased 87% (56.3% was significant); respiratory tract
resistance increased 47% on the average and there was
blocking damage. The tendency increased annually. The rate
of specific inflammatory findings in the pharyngeal parts was
high for the polluted districts and also increased yearly. Data
on meteorology, environment, and other medical inquiries
made simultaneously are included.
32737
Alpert, Joel J., Henri J. Breault, William K. Friend, Virginia
G. Harris, Robert G. Scherz, Robert D. Semsch, Hugo D.
Smith, Allan B. Coleman, and Julian J. Chisolm, Jr.
PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF LEAD
POISONING IN CHILDREN. Pediatrics, 44(2):291-298, Aug.
1969. 19 refs.
Pediatricians have opportunities through health programs in
urban areas to develop preventive techniques and to contribute
significantly to the prevention of lead poisoning among chil-
dren. Freedom from this disease can be procured when en-
lightened citizens are prepared to pay for the elimination or
rehabilitation of defective housing in neglected areas of the ci-
ties. The interaction between child and mother is often the
critical factor in the development of pica in children; maternal
dependency is the pattern most often observed. Small amounts
of lead are stored largely in bone over a period of time, and an
excessive body burden of lead is only very slowly excreted.
The biosynthesis of heme is exquisitively sensitive to the toxic
effects of lead. Increased excretion of coproporphyrin and
delta-aminolevulinic acid in the urine is virtually always found
prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Clinical manifestations
and the diagnosis of plumbism in children are discussed. It is
best to treat all symptomatic children as potential cases of
acute encephalopathy and hence to begin treatment immediate-
ly before the results of the quantitative determination of lead
in blood and urine are known. Initial therapy are considered,
as well as the prevention of childhood lead intoxication.
32738
Selander, Stig and Kim Cramer
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEAD IN BLOOD,
LEAD IN URINE, AND ALA IN URINE DURING LEAD
WORK. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London), vol. 27:28-39, 1970. 15
refs.
One hundred and seventy-seven workers from a storage bat-
tery factory were examined for lead in blood and lead and
delta-amino-levulinic acid (ALA) in urine. The workers were
selected at random from those who had been employed for
more than one month; most had been employed for several
years at the same job. Thirty-six workers were from depart-
ments with no lead exposure. In three departments with high
exposure, a rotating system with three weeks exposure and
three weeks non-exposed work was applied. As the aim of the
study was to establish the relationships between the three
parameters during constant exposure, the values from these
men were treated separately. The relationship between lead in
blood and urinary ALA was best described by a curvilinear
function; while the regression lines for ALA on lead in urine,
and lead in urine on lead in blood were straight. Workers from
the departments with the rotating system showed lower values
for urinary lead and ALA, compared with non-rotating wor-
kers with the same level of lead in blood. All these workers
were examined during their second or third week of lead
work, i.e., with an accumulating lead body burden. This
system may be beneficial, especially in departments where
preventive measures are difficult to install, or for notoriously
careless workers. Those who showed comparatively high ALA
and urinary lead values in relation to their blood lead level
were found to be workers with repeated incidents of metabolic
lead influence, in whom the ALA values had seldom been nor-
mal. The mean values from different factory departments were
of the same order as would be expected from previous studies
in storage battery plants. The results are discussed in relation
to present concepts of lead absorption and poisoning. (Author
abstract)
32746
Sauer, R. M., B. C. Zook, and F. M. Garner
DEMYELINA1TNG ENCEPHALOMYELOPATHY AS-
SOCIATED WITH LEAD POISONING IN NONHUMAN PRI-
MATES. Science, vol. 169:1091-1093, Sept. 11, 1970. 28 refs.
Lead poisoning was diagnosed in four primates by the finding
of toxic amounts of lead in tissues. In the first three primates,
the clinical signs of lead encephalomyelopathy were primarily
amaurosis and epilepsy. The lesions of 'the central nervous
system were characterized by proliferative and degenerative
vascular changes, edema, laminar necrosis, and demyelination.
These signs and lesions were strikingly similar to those that
have been described for lead encephalopathy in children and
idiopathic amaurotic epilepsy of nonhuman primates. The
fourth case differs from the others in that sudden paraplegia
was present rather than epilepsy; vascular lesions were
minimal, and bilateral symmetrical demyelination was much
more extensive. Scrapings of paint from bars of indoor and
outdoor cages that housed the affected primates all contained
lead.
32747
Catton, M. J., M. J. G. Harrison, Pamela M. Fullerton, and G.
Kazan tzis
SUBCLINICAL NEUROPATHY IN LEAD WORKERS. Brit.
Med. J. (London), vol. 2:80-82, 1970. 18 refs.
Evidence is presented for a minimal defect of peripheral nerve
function in a group of lead accumulator workers without clini-
cal evidence of a neurological lesion. Of the 19 men examined,
13 had blood levels above 80 micrograms/lOO ml and seven
had hemoglobin levels below 12 grams/100 ml, showing that
considerable exposure to lead was occurring. While maximal
motor conduction velocity was normal in the group of workers
exposed to lead, the ratio of the amplitude of the muscle ac-
tion potential following stimulation of the lateral popiteal
nerve at the knee and at the ankle was in some instances
smaller than that in control subjects. (Author summary
modified)
32749
Keppler, J. Fred, Mary E. Maxfield, William D. Moss, Gary
Tietjen, and Adrian L. Linch
INTERLABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILI-
TY OF BLOOD LEAD ANALYSES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
vol. 31:412-429, July-Aug. 1970. 6 refs.
A survey was made to ascertain the reliability of analyses for
lead in blood when performed by different laboratories.
Specimens of blood containing natural lead in the range of 30
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
269
to 80 micrograms/100 g blood and spiked specimens were
analyzed by more than 60 laboratories, each by their method
of choice. Only the spectrophotometric and the atomic absorp-
tion techniques were used by enough laboratories to give
realistic data on reliability. Statistical analysis of the data
showed no significant differences by types of laboratories or
by procedures used. Approximately half of the laboratories in
each of two studies and 40% of those in both reported results
of acceptable precision. A proposal for a reference sample ser-
vice for the analysis of biological fluids for trace substances
related to industrial exposures has been made. (Author ab-
stract)
32787
Barry, P. S. I. and D. B. Mossman
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN TISSUES. Brit. J.
Ind. Med. (London), vol. 27:339-351, 1970. 25 refs.
Lead concentrations in human tissues were analyzed for 69
post-mortems (43 males and 26 females); the cases were clas-
sified within the urban group, and four male subjects had
known histories of occupational exposure to lead. The soft tis-
sues of infants and young children contained low lead concen-
trations, varying from 0.01 ppm in the muscle to 0.46 ppm in
the liver. By the end of the second decade of life, the concen-
trations had increased to ranges between 0.06 ppm muscle and
1.35 ppm in liver; the lead concentrations did thereafter in-
crease with age. The concentrations of lead in bone were con-
siderably greater than in the soft tissues, varying between 1
ppm in infants and children and 40 ppm in persons ovu the
age of 50 years. Adult male bones contained more lead than
adult female bones. Total body burden varied for individuals.
Lead content in bone was nearly 95% of the total. Hair and
nails contained relatively high lead concentrations (approxi-
mately 20 ppm). The four male subjects with histories of occu-
pational exposure to lead had greater concentrations of lead in
the bone than other cases.
32834
Millar, J. A., V. Battistini, R. L. C. Gumming, F. Carswell,
and A. Goldberg
LEAD AND DELTA-AMINOLAEVULINIC ACID
DEHYDRATASE LEVELS IN MENTALLY RETARDED
CHILDREN AND IN LEAD-POISONED SUCKLING RATS.
Lancet, vol. 2:695-698, Oct. 3, 1970. 27 refs.
The sequelae of acute plumbism in children include recurrent
seizures, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. But it is not
clear whether less severe lead poisoning, which gives rise to
mild symptoms and only slightly elevated blood-lead levels,
causes insidious mental retardation. Lead selectively inhibits
enzymes which require participation of sulfhydryl groups, and
is especially noted for its inhibitory action on the enzymes of
heme biosynthesis. A negative correlation has been found
between lead levels in blood and delta-aminolevulinic acid
dehydratase activity in children. Significant decreases in en-
zyme activity occurred at lead levels considered to be in the
upper range of normal (20-40 micrograms per 100 ml). When
lead was fed to lactating rats there was a significant and com-
mensurate reduction in both blood and brain A.L.A. -
dehydratase activity. Even modest elevations of blood-lead
may be associated with biochemical abnormalities in childrens
brains. (Author summary modified)
32905
Kanagawa Prefectural Police (Japan), Police Affairs Div. and
Keio Univ. (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION
AMONG POLICEMEN OF KANAGAWA PREFECTURE
CONCERNING PUBLIC NUISANCE DUE TO TRAFFIC.
(Kanagawaken keisatsu ni okeru kotsu kogai chosa no kekka
hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 104p., 1971.
The effects of automotive exhausts upon policemen in
Kanagawa Prefecture were investigated. The men were clas-
sified by district and duties performed. The concentrations of
lead, dust, and carbon monoxide and meteorological condi-
tions were determined for the respective districts and corre-
lated with data on the health of the men, gathered from
questionnaires, respiratory function tests, measurements of
CO in expired air, and amounts of carboxyhemoglobin in the
blood. Lead concentrations were high in areas with heavy traf-
fic. Dust in some districts was over 300 micrograms/cu m, and
the CO maximum standard was exceeded at half the measuring
stations. Respiratory symptoms (continuous cough and spu-
tum) were consistently high, especially in the Yokohama and
Kawasaki districts, due to regional pollution. The amount of
CO in expired air was generally higher for policemen when
compared to the general population and increased in direct
proportion to an increase in duration of service.
33052
Kraut, Heinrich, and Marta Weber
ON THE LEAD CONTENT OF HAIR. (Ueber den Bleigehalt
der Haare). Text in German. Biochem. Z., vol. 317:133-148,
1944.
Hundred grams hair from 137 persons contained between 0.5
and 4.0 mg lead or an average of 1.7 mg. Women had an
average of 1.5 mg, men 1.9 mg in 100 g hair. Thirty-one em-
ployees of an enterprise processing lead had 30 to 385 mg lead
in their hair; a second analysis following a very thorough hair
washing yielded a lead content of from 16 to 230 mg/100 g
hair. The contention that the high lead content in the hair of
workers employed in lead processing plants is not a symptom
of lead poisoning but only an indicator of poor hygienic condi-
tions is upheld. Guinea pigs hair contained considerably less
lead than human hair, only between 0.04 and 0.64 mg/100 g
hair. In the hair of 10 guinea-pigs fed a diet containing 8.0/mg
lead/day over a four week period, the lead content rose only
by three pro mille of the ingested lead quantity. The lead con-
tent of hair of five animals fed 16 mg lead/day increased by
0.20 mg lead/100 g hair, that of five animals fed 32 mg
lead/day increased by 0.42 mg lead/100 g hair. Thus, lead is
being stored in hair.
33165
Kawasaki City Office (Japan) Bureau of Hygiene
REPORT OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST GAS ON HUMAN BODIES. (COMPARATIVE
STUDY OF LEAD CONTENT IN TOOTH OF SCHOOL CHIL-
DREN IN DIFFERENT REGIONS). (Jidosha haikigasu no jin-
tai eikyo ni kansuru chosa kenkyu hokokusho. Gakudo no
shiga chu namari ryo no chikubetsu hikaku). Text in Japanese.
13p., March 1970.
The lead content in the teeth of school children in various dis-
tricts in Kawasaki, Yokohama, Hatano, and Fujisawa cities
was examined to determine the effect of lead emissions from
automotive exhausts. The samples were prepared and analyzed
for lead concentration by atomic absorption and colorimetry.
The lead content, based on analysis results of the teeth of chil-
-------
270
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
dren who had resided in the same district since birth, was
highest in one area of Kawasaki, where pollution was highest.
Pollution concentration and lead content did not correlate for
the other districts, which resulted in a wide range of values,
suggesting that the lead emissions from automobile exhaust
gases had a limited effect and that other sources of lead emis-
sions were involved.
33202
Smith, Ralph G.
HOW SENSITIVE AND HOW APPROPRIATE ARE OUR
CURRENT STANDARDS OF NORMAL AND SAFE BODY
CONTENT OF LEAD. Public Health Service, Washington, D.
C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 65-72. 14
refs. (Dec. 13-15.) (PHS Pub. 1440) NTIS: PB 198104
Aside from semantic difficulties, our knowledge of normal
values of lead in man is virtually unequalled for any other sub-
stance and must be considered sensitive and appropriate for
virtually any purpose. Our knowledge of the sensitivity and
appropriateness of safe body levels, based on blood and urina-
ry lead levels, has been shown to be entirely adequate in the
prevention of diagnosable lead poisoning in industry, and it is
widely believed to be applicable to the population-at-large.
However, the latter belief has been challenged. It is the prima-
ry responsibility of the challengers to make every effort to
describe the alleged adverse effects, and to demonstrate them
experimentally.
33234
Hardy, Harriet L.
LEAD. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. En-
viron. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 73-83. 31 refs. (Dec. 13-
15.) (PHS Pub. 1440) NTIS: PB 198104
No harmful effect of lead is unique, except perhaps the motor
palsy of the most-used muscle group, as in the wrist drop of a
right-handed painter whose left wrist is unaffected. This non-
specificity of lead intoxication means that identification of low
level damage requires a combination of epidemiological
evidence, astute clinical observation to rule out other etiolo-
gies, together with old and new experimental evidence criti-
cally judged for consistency and repeatability. Another impor-
tant consideration is that lead in the body, at levels considered
from industrial experience to be harmless, can act with other
factors to produce damage. The biological effects of lead in-
clude the destruction of red blood cells, its accumulation in
various organs, and its damaging effect at certain levels on
growth and enzyme activity. The harmful effect of lead on
female reproduction is also discussed.
33372
Horiuchi, Kazuya and Shunichi Horiguchi
A TRIAL TO ASSUME ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF
LEAD IN THE HEALTHY JAPANESE POPULATION (RE-
PORT 1). (Ippan kenko nihonjin no enshush suitei no
kokoromi (sono 1)). Text in Japanese. SangyoZggaku (Jap. J.
Ind. Health), 13(5):64^65, Sept. 1971. 10 refs.
Based on previously reported data, tables of human lead in-
take from food and drink and lead content in human urine are
presented; a graphic analysis of lead content in urine and lead
absorption through the digestive tract, all classified according
to various age groups is given. The amount of lead obtained by
subtracting lead content via digestive system from the total
lead content in urine may be assumed to be the amount which
has been inhaled from the air without causing deposition of
lead (lead surplus). Assuming that 50% of the lead quantity
from the inhaled air was absorbed, a reverse calculation can
be made in order to estimate the lead concentration in the air
that does not cause deposition in the human body. Assuming
the average air intake of the adult Japanese per day is 10 m3
and that of a child is 5 m3, cumulative air intake of each age
group was used to divide the lead surplus and multiplied by
two. According to this calculation, 1.5 to 4.4 micrograms/m3 is
the amount of lead concentration in the air that does not cause
lead deposition in the human body of adult Japanese between
the ages of 40 and 50.
33374
Stopps, G. J.
IS THERE A SAFE LEVEL OF LEAD EXPOSURE? J. Wash.
Acad. Sci., 61(2): 103-109, 1971.
The history of lead exposure and human health is traced
through three stages: learning about the biological effects of
lead; recognition of the clinical picture without association
with causative agent; and correlation of the effects with dis-
eases and illnesses. Gases of plumbism among battery wor-
kers, deaths from cerebral hemorrhage, thrombosis, and ar-
teriosclerosis according to grades of exposure, effects of expo-
sure to lead arsenate used an an insecticide, and experiments
conducted on dogs are reviewed. The effect of lead on en-
zymes, which could result in anemia when the level of lead in
the blood reaches 110 micrograms/100 g of blood, is examined.
Lead poisoning in children is discussed.
33497
Muniak, S. E.
SURFACE ATMOSPHERIC LEAD AND WHAT DEPOSITS
ON HUMAN ALVEOLI. In: Radiological Physics Division An-
nual Report. Environmental Studies. Argonne National Lab.,
HI., Radiological Physics Div., p. 156-162, 1970. 15 refs. NTIS:
ANL-7760, Part HI
Lead concentrations in surface atmospheric participates at Ar-
gonne for 24 months were obtained and are reported in nano-
grams/cu m and microgram/100 mg particulates. Both mea-
sures show that the weighted mean for the season has shifted
to higher values with time. The most recent weighed mean of
the season (winter 1969-1970) is 860 ng/cu m of lead in the Ar-
gonne surface atmosphere. The lead came from motor vehi-
cles. Thus, the net mean lead deposited in the alveoli was 2320
ng/day during the season. Breathing Argonne air contributes
10% of the total lead taken into circulation (21.3 mg/day).
33527
Lund, Charlotte
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC LEAD POISONING ON
REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr., vol.
18:12-20, 1936. 16 refs. Translated from Swedish. Mundus
Systems, McGregor and Werner, Washington, D. C., lip.
The effect of chronic lead poisoning on reproductive capacity
was reviewed. Cases of infant mortalities and miscarriages
were presented. In one example, two cases of miscarriages in
the wives of house painters were reported. The women first
gave birth to healthy children before the husband became a
painter, and a second gave birth to healthy children when the
husband ceased being a painter. Both had signs of lead poison-
ing. A case was reported in 1896 where a woman married to a
painter gave birth to two healthy children in the first two years
of his being a painter; simultaneously with his showing signs
of lead poisoning, she started a series of 15 miscarriages. In
1901, a woman married to a painter had 22 pregnancies, six
ending with miscarriages, six with premature birth, and five
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
271
children died in infancy. She had no history of lead poisoning.
In 1906, the normal infant mortality rate in Lille was 8.2%, but
among children of painters, 22.9%. It was apparent that the
fathers working with lead may have a limited influence as
compared with the mothers doing so. Individual animals tests
performed in 1914 on rabbits and chickens showed that the
progeny of a lead-poisoned male and a normal female were in-
ferior to normal progeny. Of 13 married female lead workers
in a printing shop in 1896, having 56 pregnancies, there were
26 miscarriages, nine premature births, one stillbirth, 21 living
births at term, and 17 dead shortly after. Other studies show-
ing similar results are reported.
33605
Klein, Michael, Rosalie Namer, Eleanor Harpur, and Richard
Corbin
EARTHENWARE CONTAINERS AS A SOURCE OF FATAL
LEAD POISONING. New England J. Med., 283(13):669-672,
Sept. 24, 1970. 12 refs. (Includes comments by Michael Klein
and Rosalie Namer, LEAD RELEASE FROM EARTHEN-
WARE, Ibid., 238(23):1292, Dec. 3, 1970.)
Two young children suffered lead poisoning as a result of
drinking juice stored in a modern handmade earthenware jug.
One of the children died. Subsequent testing of 264 contempo-
rary earthenware glaze surfaces revealed that 50% released
sufficient lead to make them unsafe for culinary use. Between
10 and 25% of the pieces tested would have been capable of
causing severe lead poisoning. Pottery samples had been
washed with a dilute alkaline-detergent solution, rinsed with
distilled water, filled to the top with four percent acetic acid
solution, and the volume recorded. Samples were covered with
a plastic film and allowed to stand at room temperature for 18
hours. Lead was determined by an atomic absorption
technique. Compounding of safe earthenware is essential.
(Author abstract modified)
33607
Rondia, D.
TOXICITV OF ENGINE EXHAUST GASES. (Toxicite des gaz
d echappement de moteurs). Text in French. Ingenieursblad,
40(15-16):429-4"35, 1971. 12 refs.
Carbon monoxide, lead, and hydrocarbons are considered the
most significant air pollutants. The main source of CO pollu-
tion is automobile exhaust, amounting to 60 million tons, or
60%; forest fires contribute 17%; industry cause 11%; in-
cineration of refuse cause eight percent; and heating cause two
percent. Inside of an automobile, the CO concentration can be
as high as 100 ppm, or more if the occupant of the car
smokes, since inhaled cigarette smoke contains about 500 ppm
of CO. Carbon monoxide reacts with hemoglobin to form car-
boxyhemoglobin which deprives the blood of its oxygen carri-
er. A concentration of 30 ppm CO in the air will, after eight
hours inhalation, transform five percent of the hemoglobin
into carboxyhemoglobin. The most prominent source of air
pollution by lead in recent years has been the use of tetraethyl
lead as antiknock agent in gasoline. About 80% of this lead is
released into the air with the exhaust gases in thy form of lead
bromide, chloride, and oxide particles. Lead causes a partial
inactivation of certain enzymes which are responsible for the
synthesis of the blood hemoglobin, resulting, in the long run,
in some degree of anemia. Of the hydrocarbons contained in
automobile exhausts, the aliphatic group is gaseous, hardly
toxic, and odorous. The polycyclic hydrocarbons, on the other
hand, are emitted in the form of particles. Some of these, such
as benzopyrene are carcinogens.
33778
Schlipkoeter, Hans-Werner
MAN S BURDEN THROUGH AIR POLLUTION DUE TO
MOTOR EXHAUST EMISSIONS. (Die Belastung des
Menschen durch Luftverunreinigungen von Kraftfahrzeugen).
Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg),
22(10):227-231, Oct. 1971. 28 refs.
Air pollution from automobile exhaust emissions are due to in-
complete combustion processes. The accumulation of dusts
and aerosols in body Issues are primarily influenced by
meteorological factors. Disturbances of vertical atmospheric
exchange during low level inversions may lead to high accu-
mulations of pollutants in the ambient air, resulting in acute ill-
ness. Persons subjected to vehicular emissions during traffic
conditions may have blood levels of about two percent carbox-
yhemoglobin. Behavioral studies using test parameters of ex-
perimental psychology have demonstrated performance decre-
ments even at low COHb-levels. Benzo(a)pyrene and lead
compounds may be absorbed with a prolonged and intensified
retention of paniculate matter in the lung. The metablism and
effects of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons and inhaled lead
compounds are of primary importance in evaluating vehicular
emissions. (Author abstract modified)
33779
Pott, F. and A. Brockhaus
COMPARISONS OF ENTERAL AND PULMONARY AB-
SORPTION RATES OF LEAD COMPOUNDS. (Vergeleich der
enteralen und pulmonalen Resorptionsquote von Bleiverbin-
dungen). Text in German. Zentralbl. Bakteriol., Parasitenk. In-
fektionskr. Hyg.: Abt. 1: Orig., Reihe B, vol. 155:1-17, 1971.
16 refs.
Rates of enteral and pulmonary absorption of lead by 235 rats
were examined. Various dosages of two lead compounds of
different solubility (lead bromide and lead oxide) were ad-
ministered, orally or intratracheally, eight or 24 times. To ob-
tain models of 100% absorption, corresponding groups of
animals received lead intravenously. Lead content in bone tis-
sue served as a measure of the amount absorbed. Examination
of lead in the complete skeletons of 16 animals revealed that
the content of the femora was fairly consistent, amounting to
6.8%. Therefore, femora lead was regarded as representative
of the entire bone tissue and the lead assay was restricted to
the femora. Amounts of lead in femoral bone tissue were the
same after intratracheal and intraveneous injection. However,
no more than five percent was demonstrable following oral ad-
ministration. The findings suggest that atmospheric lead from
leaded gasolines is of much greater biological importance than
lead in foodstuff. (Author abstract modified)
33864
Kehoe, Robert A.
SUMMARY: RISK OF EXPOSURE AND ABSORPTION OF
LEAD. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. En-
viron. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 154-157. (Dec. 13-15.)
(PHS Pub. 1440.) NTIS: PB 198104
The steady rate of building up the body burden of lead, under
conditions of steady continuous exposure, continues through
the lifetime of an individual. The only presently acceptable
criterion for safety from the regular ingestion of lead is the
limitation of the average quantity ingested daily to a level
which will not give evidence of an increase in the body burden
of lead over a prolonged period of time. The threshold point in
the regular ingestion of lead by the general population is re-
garded as being at or near 0.6 mg of lead per day, under condi-
tions in which the opportunity for the inhalation of lead from
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272
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
the ambient air is not significantly greater than at present. The
ingestion of lead at the level of 1 mg of soluble lead daily, in
addition to that in the daily diet (approximately 0.30 mg daily),
will reach a dangerous level in about 8 years; that of 2 mg dai-
ly, under comparable conditions, in less than 4 years, while
that of 3 mg daily requires only 8 to 12 months. Exposure to
air containing lead sesquioxide in a dispersion of particles with
a mean diameter of 0.05 micron at the concentration of 0.15
mg/cu m, on the intermittent schedule of 7.5 hrs/day on 5 days
of each week, results in a prompt increase in the output of
lead in in the urine and in the concentration of lead in the
blood. These levels reach their maximum heights within 4 to 6
months. These peaks occurred at about 0.085 mg/1 in the case
of urine, and at about 0.042 mg/100 grams in the blood. The
retention of lead in the respiratory tract during the inhalation
of air containing particles of lead sesquioxide ranging from
0.18 micron in diameter amounted to 35 to 40% of that inhaled.
Absorption from the lung was prompt and complete. Continu-
ous exposure to air containing 0.15 mg of lead/cu m of air,
dispersed in particles ranging up to 0.18 micron in diameter,
would result in reaching a dangerous level of absorption in
about two years.
33903
Lob, Marc
ON LEADED GASOLINE II. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON
THE LEVELS OF LEAD IN THE BLOOD, URINE, NA
DPORPHYRINURIA IN VARIOUS POPULATION GROUPS
OF LAUSANNE (OFFICE WORKERS, GARAGE WORKERS,
POLICEMEN). (A propos de la benzine au plomb. II. Etude
comparative de la plombemie, de la plomburie et de la por-
phinurie chez divers groupes de la population lausannoise (em-
ployes de bureau, garagistes, agents de police). Text in
French. Z. Praeventivmed., 10:172-179, May-June 1965. 20
refs.
The lead content in blood and the lead and porphyrin content
in urine of office workers (40 individuals), and of garage wor-
kers (50 individuals) was compared with respective levels in
identical worker groups ten years ago (1955/56). The median
lead content in the blood of the two population groups was 29
gamma % and 37 gamma %, respectively. In ten especially ex-
posed policemen, 38 gamma % lead was in the blood, however
this group was not tested 10 years ago. The levels in office
and garage workers exceeded respective levels found 10 years
ago by approximately 15 gamma %. Porphyrinuria was not
diagnosed in any of the tested individuals. Median lead urine
levels found were 24.5 gamma/1 in office workers, 37 gamma/1
in policemen, and 36 gamma/I in garage workers. The maximal
permissible level for urine is 80 gamma/1, 50 to 80 gamma/100
cu cm for blood.
33910
Richter, R. H. H., and Ch. Schlatter
THE EFFECT OF LEAD FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GASES ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS. (Zur Frage der Wirkung
von Blei aus Motorfahrzeugabgase auf Nutztiere). Text in Ger-
man. Bull. Eidgenoess. Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B., no.
3:154-168, March 1971. 171 refs.
Whether inhalation of air polluted by lead causes changes in
domestic animals is not known. The intake of contaminated
feed leads to abnormal resorption and accumulation of lead in
the organism, even though only one fifth to one tenth of the
ingested lead is absorbed, compared with inhaled lead. The
levels of lead found in organs and bones of milk cows fed con-
taminated fodder were up to 20 times higher than normal (pel-
vic bones were 24.99 ppm and 1.862 respectively). Numerous
cases of lead poisoning of domestic and wild animals have
been described where lead acted as a nerve, blood, capillary,
metabolic, and cellular nuclear poison. The acutely lethal dose
depends on the species, age, state of health, condition of the
gastrointestinal tract, resorption and elimination rate, and
previous exposure to low lead concentrations. Symptoms of
chronic intoxication are anemia, reduced erythrocyte and
thrombocyte count, loss of weight, loss of energy, cachexia,
colic, spasms, and a variety of other abnormal manifestations.
While the normal lead blood level is 0.25 ppm, animals with
1.52 ppm lead blood level need not yet show symptoms of in-
toxication.. Observations made on experimentally intoxicated
cattle, calves, steers, sheep, dogs, guinea pigs, rabbits, mice,
rats and aquatic birds are described. A daily intake of one to
three g lead per cow (50-200 ppm in fodder), while tolerated
by the animals without visible symptoms for years, can result
in reduced milk production, abortion, and diseased calves.
34059
Bazell, Robert J.
LEAD POISONING: COMBATING THE THREAT FROM
THE AIR. Science, 174(4009):574-576, Nov. 5, 1971.
Passed in August 1970 by the city council, New York s anti-
lead ordinance requires a stepwise reduction to two grams of
lead per gallon of premium gasoline and 1.5 per gallon of regu-
lar this month (Nov. 1971), and to no lead in any gasoline by
January 1, 1974. The Environmental Protection Agency will
publish some lead control regulations by the middle of
December 1971, with 30 or more additional days allowed for
comments. At the very least, the federal rules will require that
lead-free or low-lead gasoline be available for 1975 model cars,
which will be fitted with lead-sensitive catalytic mufflers to
control polluting emissions. Lead poisoning, orginally an occu-
pational disease, has also become a disease of urban slum chil-
dren, who eat the paint crumbling off the walls of dilapidated
housing. As measuring devices ary put closer to traffic, lead
levels rise. The concentration of lead in the air is actually in-
creasing in several locations.
34066
Stankovic, Milos K.
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS FOR THE APPRAISAL OF EXPO-
SURE TO LEAD. Arch. Environ. Health, vol. 23:265-269, Oct.
1971. 17 refs. (Presented at the Conference on Inorganic Lead,
Amsterdam, Netherlands, Nov. 29, 1968.)
Increases in the rate of the excretion of delta-aminolevulinic
acid and, to a slightly lesser extent, increase in the excretion
of coproporphyrin, in the urine of persons subjected to occu-
pational exposure to lead, parallel the increase in the excretion
of lead in the urine (and the concentration of lead in the
blood). Data derived from a study of groups of workmen sub-
jected to varying degrees of exposure have been assembled to
demonstrate the gradation of these several responses to gradu-
ated occupational exposure to lead, and to provide collective
criteria for the establishment of threshold limits. (Author ab-
stract)
34092
Golli, V., E. Stefanin, Brindusa Tumescu, and Rodica Stan
RESEARCH ON THE ACTUAL PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS. (Cercetari asupra prevlantei actuate a bronsitei
cronice). Text in Rumanian. Rev. Med.-Chir., vol. 73:83-869,
Oct.-Dec. 1969. 26 refs.
An epidemiological study of 2942 persons (1329 males and
1693 females) older than 15 years of age, in the city of Craiova
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
273
(Rumania), revealed that 7.95% (10.98% of males and 5.39% of
(females) had chronic bronchitis. The frequency of the condi-
tion increased with age (2.29% among those younger than 30
compared to 15.43% in the over 50 years old group). Smokers
had 5.5 times more bronchitis than did nonsmokers (24.6% and
4.44%, respectively); among smokers, the incidence of
bronchitis increased with the duration of smoking and the
number of cigarettes smoked daily. Unskilled workers had
more bronchitis than did skilled workers (12.56% and 10.07%,
respectively). Subjects exposed to temperature changes and
various irritants (oil fumes, gasoline, diesel fuel, combustion
gases, foundry fumes, lead, coal dust and fumes) had twice as
much bronchitis than those living and working under good hy-
gienic conditions. All other factors being equal, the frequency
of bronchitis was significantly higher (five to six times) among
smokers. The frequency of chronic bronchitis in workers en-
gaged in dust free occupations was 5.47% as compared to
18.3% in those exposed to dust (flour mills, textile factories,
foundries, coal and silica works); in this category also,
smokers had a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis than did
nonsmokers.
34095
Lin-Fu, Jane S.
CHILDHOOD LEAD POISONING...AN ERADICABLE DIS-
EASE. Children, 17(l):2-9, Jan.-Feb. 1970. 6 refs.
Surveys have indicated that among children living in slum
areas, from 10 to 25% of those between one and six years of
age have absorbed potentially dangerous quantities of lead,
although clinical symptoms of lead poisoning have been
present in only two to five percent of the children. Until the
advent of chelating agents - therapeutic agents that bind the
lead ions and remove them from the body - about two-thirds
of the children with lead encephalopathy died. A follow-up
study of 425 children in Chicago who were treated for lead
poisoning revealed that 39% had some kind of neurological
sequelae. Although clinical symptoms of lead poisoning often
do not appear until the blood lead level is .06 mg/100 g of
blood or higher, it is generally agreed that the normal blood
lead level should not exceed .04 mg/100 g. Lack of awareness
of the problem is discussed, as well as voluntary action. The
ideal solution to childhood lead poisoning is slum clearance
and urban renewal with the provision of adequate housing for
families of low incomes. Public education and mass screening
programs are also indicated. Urgently needed research is out-
lined.
34114
McAllister, Russell G., Andrew M. Michelakis, and Harold H.
Sandstead
PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC PLUMBISM.
Arch. Internal Med., vol. 127:919-923, May 1971. 30 refs.
Plasma renin activity was found suppressed in two patients
with chronic plumbism of different etiologies (moonshine in-
gestion and industrial poisoning). After long-term therapy with
edetate disodium calcium administered intravenously to reduce
the total body burden of lead, the plasma renin activity
returned to normal. The evidence presented is compatible with
the hypothesis that lead deposition in renal tissue impairs
processes leading to renin production or release or both and
that this abnormality may be corrected with edetate disodium
calcium therapy. This is the first demonstration of an en-
docrinopathy apparently due to lead which can be reversed by
chelation therapy. (Author abstract)
34175
Grabecki, J., T. Haduch, and H. Urbanowicz
THE SIMPLE METHODS OF DETERMINING DELTA-
AMINOLEVULINIC ACID (ALA) IN URINE. (Die einfachen
Bestimmungsmethoden der delta-Aminolaevulinsaeure im
Harn). Text in German. Int. Archiv Gewerbepathol. Gewer-
behyg., vol. 23:226-240, 1967. 18 refs.
Increased absorption of lead by the organism results in in-
creased Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) elimination in urine,
the earliest and highly specific symptom of lead poisoning.
The Mauzerall and Granick analytical method and two Shuster
methods, all based on the formation of pyrrol compounds
from ALA, were compared with other methods, based on the
property of ALA to form a dye with picric acid in an alkaline
medium, and the first method was found to be the best; how-
ever, it is time consuming and not suited for routine testing. A
modification of this method is described which reduces its du-
ration to 20 min. The modified method condenses ALA in
urine with acetylacetone by heating. The resulting pyrrol com-
pound forms with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in acid solu-
tion a color complex which is determined spectrophotometri-
cally. The accuracy of the method is 5.8%. Recovery tests
yielded an average of 96.5%. Parallel analyses of urine from
workers exposed to lead with the original and the modified
Mauzerall-Granick method yielded identical results.
34246
Delves, H. T.
A MICRO-SAMPLING METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETER-
MINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD BY ATOMIC-ABSORP-
TION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. Analyst (London), vol.
95:431-438, May 1970. 10 refs.
The concentrations of lead in 10 microliter samples of whole
blood are accurately determined in less than five minutes by
atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. After partial oxidation
with hydrogen peroxide in micro crucibles made from nickel
foil, the samples are volatilized, using an air-acetylene flame,
into a nickel absorption tube situated in the flame. The sen-
sitivity of the method is one times 10 to the minus ninth power
per one percent absorption at 283.3 nm. Thirty-nine blood sam-
ples with lead concentrations ranging from 19 to 245 micro-
grams per 100 ml were analyzed by the method described and
by automated colorimetry involving the use of dithizone. The
correlation coefficient between the results of both methods
was 0.989. (Author abstract modified)
34406
Weaver, Neill K.
TOXICOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS OF MOTOR GASOLINE
AND AUTO EMISSIONS. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Div. Refin-
ing, vol. 51:951-967, 1971. (Presented at the Midyear Meeting,
36th, San Francisco, Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
While gasoline mainly results in air pollution through the emis-
sion of exhaust components from the internal combustion en-
gine, evaporative losses of hydrocarbons from the manufac-
ture, transport, and storage may be of importance in certain
situations. Of the pollutants found in urban air, gasoline and
its combustion products contribute significantly to carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulates,
which are composed of lead and other trace elements and
compounds. The initial contaminants may result in the
development of other pollutants through reactions in the at-
mosphere, as in the case of photochemical smog. Since none
of these comtaiminants, under ordinary circumstances, reaches
levels in ambient air which are acutely toxic, concern rests
-------
274
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
with their possible subacute or chronic effects at relatively low
level, long-term exposures. For the various gasoline pollutants,
the concentrations which are established to have chronically
toxic effects are related to the levels actually achieved in
urban air, the levels recommended by the American Petroleum
Institute as a satisfactory standard, and the national promary
standards proposed by the Air Pollution Control Office. The
existence of uncertainties or discrepancies are noted for the
Threshold Limit Values of the various gasob'ne and com-
bustion products from the automobile. (Author abstract
modified)
34436
Hardy, Harriet L., Richard I. Chamberlain, Clarence C.
Maloof, George W. Boylen, Jr., and Mary C. Howell
LEAD AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL POISON. Clin. Pharmacol.
Therap., 12(6):982-1002, Nov./Dec. 1971. 86 refs.
Sources of potential toxic body burden of lead were in-
vestigated and, to assess current body burden in and around a
city (Boston), a number of assays were made of hair, urine,
and postmortem samples. Additional studies were undertaken
with chelating agents in an attempt to develop base-line data
with which to assess low-level harmful lead effect. Finally,
techniques used in evaluating occupational illness were em-
ployed in field trips to homes and neighborhoods of a few pa-
tients with proven lead poisoning. Soil samples in such
neighborhoods contained lead in quantities sufficient to cause
lead poisoning if eaten by children with pica. The lead concen-
tration in soil was blamed in equal part on fallout from
gasoline engine exhaust and on the washing of lead into the
soil from exterior paint used on buildings. Two of 12 children
with definite neurological disabilities had definetely elevated
hair lead values (i.e., higher than the 25 ppm base line derived
from analyses of hair samples from MIT students). Oral ad-
ministration of pencillamine resulted in a marked increase in
urinary lead excretion in children with lead poisoning without
a corresponding decrease in fecal lead. Legislation banning the
use of lead paint and leaded gasoline is urged and a screening
program is proposed to identify those who have been poisoned
by lead or risk poisoning. Six research needs of screening pro-
grams are enumerated. Acute and chronic poisoning are
discussed.
34649
Gillette, Robert
LEAD IN THE AIR: INDUSTRY WEIGHT ON ACADEMY
PANEL CHALLENGED. Science, 174(4011):800-802, Nov. 19,
1971.
A major report on the health effects of airborne lead, released
by the National Academy of Sciences in September 1971, has
become the focus of a controversy over the academy s use of
industry employees on its advisory panels to the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency. Although the panel noted that some
groups of workers and children in inner-city neighborhoods
might potentially be at risk, it found that the amount of lead in
the air of most major cities has not changed greatly in the past
15 years. Environmental Protection Agency officials, who had
hoped that the report would furnish the scientific un-
derpinnings for a national air quality standard to control lead
(which would require evidence of a danger to health or wel-
fare), showed considerably less exuberance than the lead in-
dustry and gasoline manufacturers. During their service on the
panel, four of the eighteen authors of the report were em-
ployed either by the E. I. Dupont de Nemours Company or by
the Ethyl Corporation, which together produce most of the ap-
proximately 260,000 tons of lead additives burned each year in
the United States. Certain data which the panel cited was also
released by an industry advisory group.
34701
Freeman, Ronald
CHRONIC LEAD POISONING IN CHILDREN: A REVIEW
OF 90 CHILDREN DIAGNOSED IN SYDNEY, 1948-1967.
Med. J. Australia (Sydney), vol. 1:640-647, March 28, 1970. 21
refs.
Based on a study of case histories, 90 children admitted to two
Sydney hospitals between 1948 and 1967 had chronic lead
poisoning. Forty of the children were treated in the three-year
period 1963-1967. Most of the children were poisoned after in-
gesting lead-based paint peeling off the walls of their homes
and most appeared to develop symptoms in the hot summer
months. The incidence was highest in three of the older mu-
nicipalities, but individual cases came from many other parts
of Sydney, suggesting that the hazard is quite widespread. In a
few cases, the only source of lead was toys. Legislation
restricting the use of lead paint in New South Wales is urged.
34709
Williams, Michael
LEAD POLLUTION ON TRIAL. New Scientist Sci. J.,
51(768):578-580, Sept. 9, 1971. 7 refs.
Because it has a long biological half-time in the body, lead is a
cumulative agent. However, this renders lead less hazardous,
for it allows time for measurement, assessment, and suitable
action, if necessary. The central nervous system may certainly
be involved in severe lead poisoning, but again there is no
evidence that it is affected by lower levels of lead absorption,
either in adults or in children. While rising lead contamination
could be a factor in mental illness, which has also been in-
dicated to be increasing particularly among the young, little ac-
tual evidence has been produced to indicate that either lead
contamination or mental illness is increasing. It is misleading
to imply that certain industrial areas have higher lead levels
due to automobile emissions than non-urban areas when indus-
tries such as a single lead smelter could be equally at fault.
34738
Nye, L. J. J.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EXTRAORDINARY BS-
CIDENCE OF CHRONIC NEPHRITIS IN YOUNG PEOPLE
IN QUEENSLAND. Med. J. Australia, (Sydney) vol. 2:145-
159, Aug. 3, 1929. 29 refs. (Presented at the British Medical
Association, Queensland Branch, March 1, 1929.)
An extraordinary incidence of chronic nephritis in persons
between the ages of ten and forty has been observed in
Queensland, Australia. The type of nephritis is a chronic dif-
fuse sclerosis of the kidney tissue and the name nephrosclero-
sis is submitted as a more appropriate term. In eighty consecu-
tive case records of so-called interstitial nephritis it was found
that in fourteen there was a history of the patient having
received treatment for plumbism in childhood. Of twenty-two
patients who were interviewed, twenty had spent their child-
hood in wooden houses with chalky paint on the walls and
railings, while sixteen were nail biters or thumb suckers. The
incidence of lead poisoning in Queensland is also remarkably
high. Records have been made of the results of physical ex-
amination and renal function tests on twelve children who
have suffered from previous lead poisoning, and on three who
gave a history of frequently licking the rain drops from the
veranda railings after a storm. All of these patients exhibited
renal insufficiency. Nephrosclerosis is most prevalent where
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
275
the houses are built of wood and where children are confined
to verandas. A close association has been observed between
houses painted with lead paint, nail biters or thumb suckers,
lead poisoning, and chronic nephritis.
34789
Witschi, Hanspeter
DESORPTION OF SOME TOXIC HEAVY METALS FROM
HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES IN VITRO. Acta Haematol., vol.
34:101-115, 1965. 21 refs.
Human red cells were incubated in vitro with lead-210, mercu-
ry-203, and thallium-204 and thereafter washed repeatedly with
different washing liquids; the desorption of these metals from
the erythrocytes was determined. Lead was removed from the
erythrocytes to a greater extent by repeated washings in their
own plasma than in pure inorganic medium. In a heterogenous
mixture of alpha- and beta-globulins including lipoproteins,
even more lead was desorbed from the cells than in plasma,
albumin or gamma-globulin solutions. It is supposed, there-
fore, that lead is bound at least partly to the deeper layers of
the plasma protein film on the erythrocytic surface. On the
other hand, mercury was observed to be rather fixed to
lipoproteins, lip ids, and/or smaller thiols of the outer surface.
Thallium apparently shows no definite predilection to binding
sites either in the plasma or in cells.
34791
Mao, Peter and John J. Molnar
THE FINE STRUCTURE AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF
LEAD-INDUCED RENAL TUMORS IN RATS. Am. J. Pathol.,
50(4):571-603, April 1967. 27 refs.
The fine structure and histochemistry of lead-induced renal tu-
mors in rats are described, and some data on the distribution
of lead in the tumors themselves and in the tumor-bearing kid-
neys are presented. In 31 of 40 rats subjected to a long-term
feeding of a diet containing one percent basic lead acetate,
renal epithelial tumors were produced; the tumors displayed a
varying histologic pattern and were composed of solid, papilla-
ry, or acinar-glandular structures. By electron microscopy,
tumor cells showed varying degrees of differentiation. Well-
differentiated cells resembled normal renal tunular epithelium,
while poorly differentiated ones exhibited no features suggest-
ing origin from renal tubules. Nuclear and nucleolar hyper-
trophy was frequent and probably signified enhanced cellular
activity. The most prominent structural alterations appeared in
the mitochondria of tumor cells; these served to correlate with
the functional and enzymic abnormalities known to occur in
neoplasms. Numerous lysosomes were present, and some of
these probably contained lead and ferritin particles.
Microbodies were numerous within the neoplastic cells. The
absence of basal plasma membrane infolding and the relative
lack of apical pits or vacuoles in tumor cells, coupled with a
marked reduction in adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline
phosphatase activity in the microvilli, suggest that the tumor
cells play a negligible role in resorptive and transport activi-
ties. Chemical analysis showed lead in the tumors, but the ad-
jacent renal parenchyma always contained a significantly
greater amount. (Author summary modified)
34832
Fullerton, Pamela M.
CHRONIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY PRODUCED BY
LEAD POISONING IN GUINEA-PIGS. J. Neuropathol. Exp.
Neurol., vol. 25:214-236, 1966. 38 refs.
Seventy-two guinea pigs were poisoned with repeated doses of
intragastric lead acetate. During poisoning, growth was in-
hibited in young guinea pigs; in both young and adult animals,
weight loss, anemia, and convulsions were seen. Only nire
animals developed paralysis of the hind limbs, which was
usually mild. Motor nerve conduction velocity was estimated
in 40 animals, and was reduced in 17 of them. In some cases,
maximal velocity fell from the normal range of 40 to 60 m/sec
to less than 20 m/sec. In a few, single motor nerve fibers
velocities as low as eight m/sec were recorded. The peripheral
nerves were examined histologically in 52 animals and abnor-
malities were found in 31. The most common pathological
change was a mixture of segmental demyelination and axonal
degeneration. In eight animals, only segmental demyelination
was found, and in five animals axonal degeneration was the
sole finding. Markedly reduced conduction velocity was only
seen in those animals in which segmental demyelination was
present.
34836
Goyer, Robert A., Phillip May, Maxine M. Gates, and Martin
R. Krigman
LEAD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF ISOLATED IN-
TRANUCLEAR INCLUSION BODIES FROM KIDNEYS OF
LEAD-POISONED RATS. Lab. Invest., 22(3):245-251, March
1970. 26 refs.
In lead poisoning, nuclear inclusion bodies in renal tubular lin-
ing cells are shown to be composed of a lead-protein complex.
The inclusions may be isolated for ultrastructural and
biochemical study by the sonication of isolated nuclei and dif-
ferential centrifugation. The morphologic integrity of the inclu-
sions remains intact throughout the isolation procedure. The
fine structure of the inclusions consists of a dense central core
and an outer fibrillary zone. This ultrastructural appearance is
altered by digestion with a proteolytic enzyme. Chemical anal-
ysis of the inclusions indicates a relatively constant lead-
protein ratio, suggesting an orderly binding of lead by inclu-
sion protein. The inclusion body may, therefore, function as a
store or depot for intracellular lead. (Author abstract)
34837
Sandstead, Harold H., Edwin G. Slant, A. Bertram Brill, Luis
I. Arias, and Robert T. Terry
LEAD INTOXICATION AND THE THYROID. Arch. Internal
Med., vol. 123:632-635, June 1969. 26 refs.
Thyroid function was studied in 24 patients judged to have
saturnism oil the basis of their urinary excretion of lead fol-
lowing an infusion of edetate calcium disodium. Following ad-
ministration of sodium iodide 1-131, the mean 24-hour 1-131
uptake for 23 patients was 10.0% plus or minus 3.7% standard
deviation. A single patient had an uptake of 26.1%. All but
three patients responded normally to treatment with thyroid
stimulating hormone. Of two patients studied, one had a
decreased secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid. Other mea-
sures of thyroid function were normal in the group. The
findings are consistent with injury of the iodine concentrating
mechanism of the thyroid. (Author abstract)
34841
Campbell, Kirby I., William M. Busey, Niell K. Weaver,
James A. Taylor, and Alexis A. Krumm
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN ANIMALS CHRONICALLY EX-
POSED TO LEAD CHLOROBROMIDE ATMOSPHERES.
Preprint, Hazleton Labs., Inc., Vienna, Va., Inhalation Tox-
icology Dept. and Environmental Protection Agency, Cincin-
-------
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
nati, Ohio, Toxicology Program, Coordinating Research Coun-
cil Contract CAPM-6-68, 20p., 1971. 20 refs.
Groups of nine cynomolgus monkeys were exposed virtually
continuously for 104 weeks, in steel and glass inhalation cham-
bers, to atmospheres characterized by respirable lead
chlorobromide participate alone and in simple combination
with nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or sulfur dioxide.
Nominal concentrations were: PbClBr at 0.6 mg/cu m, NO2 at
0.5 ppm, CO at 67.6 ppm, and SO2 at 10 ppm. A matching
group, exposed only to filtered room air, served as controls.
Various clinical and physiological determinations were per-
formed prior to and throughout the exposure period, and
histopathologic evaluations were conducted terminally at sacri-
fice. Compared to controls, all groups exposed to atmospheres
containing PbClBr alone or in combination exhibited increased
blood lead levels occurring early and sustaining throughout the
exposure; corresponding elevations of urinary coproporphyrins
and delta-aminolevulinic acid; reduced erythrocyte osmotic
fragility; and nephropathy characterized by dilatation and
epithelial cell degeneration in the proximal convoluted tubules,
with cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear vesiculation, in-
tranuclear inclusions, and disrupted borders. Elevated terminal
blood levels and slightly increased renal pathology were also
observed in corresponding groups of rats similarly exposed for
52 weeks in the same atmosphere. (Author summary)
34847
Morrow, J. J., G. Urta, and A. Goldberg
THE EFFECT OF LEAD AND FERROUS AND FERRIC IRON
ON DELTA-AMINOLAEVULIC ACID SYNTHETASE. Clin.
Sci., vol. 37:533-538, 1969. 11 refs.
Properties of delta-aminolaevulic acid synthetase were studied
colorimetrically using particles of chicken cell haemolysate as
the source of enzyme, glycine and alpha-ketoglutarate as sub-
strates, and optimal concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate,
coenzyme A, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and magnesium
chloride. There was a direct linear relationship between the
amount of haemolysate added to the system and the delta-
aminolaevulic acid formed. Optimal activity occurred with
one-millimole EDTA. The effects of lead and ferrous or ferric
iron were comparable in the presence and absence of EDTA.
Ferrous iron in concentrations of 1,000,000 M increased en-
zyme activity by 12% and at 0.001 depressed activity by 56%.
Ferric iron had no stimulating action but depressed activity by
12% at 0.001 M. Lead caused progressive depression of activi-
ty with increasing concentration. High concentrations of fer-
rous iron caused marked reduction in delta-aminolaevulic acid
synthetase activity; this is in keeping with the observation that
certain refractory anemias can be aggravated by excess iron.
34851
Oyasu, Ryoichi, Hector A. Battifora, Raymond A. Clasen,
James H. McDonald, and George M. Hass
INDUCTION OF CEREBRAL GLIOMAS IN RATS WITH
DIETARY LEAD SUBACETATE AND 2-
ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE. Cancer Res., vol. 30:1248-1261,
May 1970. 65 refs.
In a study of neoplasma induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-
AAF), 25 gliomas and three extracerebral intracranial tumors
were found in 988 Wistar and caesarian-delivered (Sprague-
Dawley) rats, of which 663 were used in experimental groups
and 325 in control groups. The tumors usually developed after
52 weeks. Most tumors were classified as poorly deferentiated
malignant gliomas. The highest incidence (8.6%) of gliomas
was in animals ingesting lead subacetate; the difference com-
pared with the incidence (0.3%) among controls was statisti-
cally significant. In animals given 2-AAF with or without olive
oil, carbon tetrachloride, or ethionine, the incidence (2.5%) of
gliomas was lower and their development was usually delayed
until after 60 weeks of age; but the incidence (5.5%) among
rats surviving 60 weeks or more was statistically significant
when compared with that of 325 control rats in which only one
glioma was found. Unsuccessful attempts were made to in-
crease the incidence of gliomas by combining lead subacetate
with 2-AAF management and by local freezing of the brain in
the early stage of prolonged 2-AAF dietary treatment. (Author
summary modified)
34895
Paulson, Glenn L., D. Max Snodderly, and William L. R.
Cruce
AIR POLLUTION IN THE QUEENS-MTOTOWN AND
BROOKLYN-BATTERY TUNNELS. Scientists Commmittee
for Public Information, Inc., New York 13p., My 11, 1969. 20
refs.
Measured levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead,
suspended participates, and aldehydes in two New York City
vehicular tunnels, and the possible health effects of these
levels are reviewed. Short-term exposure to CO has
hemoglobin effects; long-term exposure may have car-
diovascular implications. Potential synergistic effects are con-
sidered for sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, for nitrogen
oxides, aldehydes, and SO2; and for CO and lead. Various stu-
dies indicate that the measured levels of CO are high enough
to be causing short-term psychological effects in the men
breathing them for a working day and that measured particu-
late levels, if sustained and coupled with New York SO2
levels, may be causing adverse health effects. Recommenda-
tions include improved tunnel ventilation, further studies on
short-term and long-term health effects, improved air quality
monitoring, definition of either occupational or ambient air
quality standards within the tunnels, and rapid disclosure of
publicly-funded studies.
34902
Williams, M. K., E. King, and Joan Walfoid
AN INVESTIGATION OF LEAD ABSORFFION IN AN ELEC-
TRIC ACCUMULATOR FACTORY WITH THE USE OF PER-
SONAL SAMPLERS. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London), vol. 26:202-
216, 1969. 53 refs.
Thirty-nine lead workers and controls, in stable conditions of
exposure, wore personal lead-in-air samplers daily for two
weeks. During the second week, samples for blood lead, urina-
ry lead, urinary coproporphyrin, urinary delta-aminolevulinic
acid (ALA), the punctate basophil count, and hemoglobin were
taken daily. Duplicate estimations were made on one day. The
lead exposures of men doing almost identical jobs differed by
ratios of up to four to one. This could be attributed only to
personal differences in working habits. The correlation coeffi-
cients and regression equations of the biochemical tests with
lead-in-air and with each other were determined. The mean
values and 95% confidence limits of single determinations of
some of the biochemical tests corresponding to the two com-
monly accepted threshold limit values of lead-in-air (0.20 and
0.15 mg/cu m) were calculated from the regression equations.
For each biochemical test, the variation due to analytical er-
ror, the variation from day to day within subjects and the
residual variation about the regression on lead-in-air were cr>l
culated. Previous estimates of the latter are not known. Exces-
sive confidence may be placed in an index of exposure due to
its low coefficient of variation within subjects unless the coef-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
277
ficient of variation between subjects about regression is taken
into account. The correction "or specific gravity of estimations
of lead and ALA in spot samples of urine reduced slightly the
residual variation between subjects about the regression on
lead-in-air and to increase the correlations with lead-in-air and
with the other biochemical tests, but these changes were not
statistically significant. The modified method used for estimat-
ing blood lead and urinary lead is described and validated.
(Author abstract modified)
34914
Muro, Luis A. and Robert A. Goyer
CHROMOSOME DAMAGE IN EXPERIMENTAL LEAD
POISONING. Arch. Pathol., vol. 87:660-663, June 1969. 18
refs.
Chromosomes from leukocyte cultures from mice fed a diet
containing one percent lead acetate show an increased number
of gap-break type aberrations. The observed chromosome ab-
normalities largely involve only single chromatids. This sug-
gests the damage occurred after the deoxyribonucleic acid
synthesis phase of the cell cycle. A possible relationship
between increased DNA ase activity and the chromosome
damage is discussed. These findings are of interest with
respect to the known effect of lead on reduction of fertility
and possible oncogenesis and teratogenesis. Chromosome anal-
ysis of persons suffering from lead intoxication is urged.
(Author abstract)
34943
Rosenblum, William I. and Margaret G. Johnson
NEUROPATHOLOGIC CHANGES PRODUCED IN SUCK-
LING MICE BY ADDING LEAD TO THE MATERNAL DffiT.
Arch. Pathol., vol. 85:640-648, June 1968. 13 refs.
Suckling mice were intoxicated via maternal milk, by placing
lead carbonate in the diet of the maternal animals immediately
after they had given birth. Intoxicated neonates displayed faul-
ty growth and development, and revealed hematologic
evidence of lead intoxication. Neuropathologic findings in-
cluded abnormally large numbers of fibrous, intercapillary
strands in several cerebral loci, and astrocytosis in the hip-
pocampus. The latter was recognized most easily in sections
stained with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. In addition,
metallic impregnations for astrocytes and microglia revealed
consistent differences between experimental and control
material suggesting a general alteration in the properties of glia
and/or cerebral tissue of intoxicated mice. (Author abstract)
34947
Palmisano, Paul A., Raphael C. Sneed, and George Cassady
UNTAXED WHISKEY AND FETAL LEAD EXPOSURE. J.
Pediat., 75(5):869-872, Nov. 1969. 9 refs.
A 10-week-old infant with evidence of neurological defects, in-
trauterine growth retardation, and postnatal failure to thrive
was studied for abnormal lead accumulation because of a
maternal history of long-term ingestion of untaxed whiskey.
After challenge doses of calcium disodium edetate (CaEDTA),
the following 24-hr urine lead concentration was 620 micro-
gram/liter for the infant and 600 microgram/liter for the
mother. Published normal values are 0-80 microgram/h'ter for
adults. These data provide suggestive evidence of transmission
of lead transplacentally. Because of the widespread ingestion
of untaxed whiskey in the southeastern U. S., intrauterine lead
exposure may be a cause of fetal and neonatal disease.
(Author summary modified)
34951
Mehani, Shawkia
LEAD RETENTION BY THE LUNGS OF LEAD-EXPOSED
WORKERS. Ann. Occupational Hyg., vol. 9:165-171, 1966. 12
refs.
The retention of lead dust and fumes in the lungs of 51 lead
workers, 22 shipburners, and 25 control subjects was studied.
Apparatus included a respirometer, air sampler, and filter.
About 39-47% by weight of the inspired lead is retained in the
lungs of lead-exposed workers, and in this group, the average
ventilation under various working conditions is approximately
10 cu m/8.0 hr shift. At an atmospheric concentration of lead
of two mg/10 cu m of air, the working conditions are within
safe limits, as the amount of lead retained per shift was less
than one half the amount which can be tolerated by man
without producing evidence of ill-health. The degree of lead
retention was not associated with the depth of breathing. The
various factors which affect dust retention were discussed.
(Author summary modified)
35021
Wada, Osamu
AIR POLLUTION AND LEAD - RECENT PROGRESS IN
STUDHCS OF LEAD POISONING. (Taikiosen to Namari -
Namarichudoku kenkyu no saikin no shinpo). Text in
Japanese. (Nippon Ishikai Zasshi (J. Japan Med. Assoc.),
66(7):729-736, Oct. 1971. 22 refs.
The environmental pollution due to lead is summarized. Lead
in the environment and in the human body is discussed. The
effect of lead on organisms, the effect of lead on heme
synthesis in vitro, abnormality of prophyrin metabolism in per-
sons exposed to lead, and lead metabolism of healthy people
are discussed. Lead poisoning, intellectual retardation, and
renal disorders are mentioned.
35041
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan) and Osaka Prefectural
Government (Japan)
REPORT ON THE EFFECT OF SMOKE AND DUST. (Baien
to eikyo chosa hokokusho. Showa 44 nendo ban). Text in
Japanese. 85p., 1969.
Environmental monitoring and medical examinations have
been carried out since 1965 to study the effect of air pollution
on the health of school children. The Fuku elementary school,
located in the district of the worst environmental condition in
Osaka City, the Ikeda elementary school in a residential area,
and the Nishiura elementary school in a rural area were ex-
amined. Annual fluctuation of dust fall in the polluted area
was higher than that in the non-polluted area. From the deter-
mination of sulfur oxides by the lead dioxide method, a pol-
luted area showed an average value of 3.29 sulfur trioxide
mg/day/100 sq cm and a non-polluted area showed 0.71 SO3
mg/day/100 sq cm. The amount of floating dust in a polluted
area was twice more and four times more than that in a non-
polluted area, measured by digital dust counter and high
volume air sampler respectively. Metallic content, such as
lead, nickel, vanadium, copper, zinc, and cobalt, was re-
markably high at a polluted area. Medical examinations were
carried out three times a year. According to the questionnaire,
subjective symptoms of sore throat, headache, and cough or
sputum were frequently reported at the polluted school.
Forced vital capacity and timed vital capacity were low at
schools in the polluted area according to the pulmonary func-
tion test by vitalor.
-------
278
LEAD AND Am POLLUTION
35042
TRACE METALS: UNKNOWN, UNSEEN POLLUTION
THREAT. Chem. Eng. News, 49(29):29, 30, 33, July 1971.
The toxicity of trace metals is well documented. Lead, cadmi-
um, arsenic, antimony, and beryllium have all caused ac-
cidental deaths in industry. The most critical concern to public
health experts today, however, is for subtle physiological
changes caused by trace metals that may go completely unde-
tected or, if detected, be attributed to other causes. Also,
synergistic and antagonistic relationships among trace metals
must be defined. Current confusion surrounding standards for
trace metals is illustrated by the wide gap between U. S. and
Soviet industrial standards for metals; often U. S. standards
are a hundredfold higher than those in the USSR. Sources and
health effects are listed tabularly for nickel, beryllium, boron,
arsenic, mercury, cadmium, antimony, lead, and other com-
pounds. Investigations have indicated that arsenic, as well as
selenium and tellurium, may be acted on by bacteria in nature
to produce highly poisonous compounds. The mechanism for
the methylation of mercury is mentioned. Another factor
which must be added to this tangled riddle is that of the still
unknown health benefits of trace elements and combinations
of these.
35055
Schroeder, Henry A.
METALS IN THE AIR. Environment, 13(8):18-24, 29-32, Oct.
1971. 43 refs.
Some metals sustain life, while others shorten it. Twenty-two
metals have been found in polluted air in the United States,
and three more are probably present. Lead, cadmium, nickel,
and mercury represent potential or real public health hazards.
The known consequences of breathing metallic compounds
range from no ill effects to thyroid enlargement and lung
cancer. Effects of lead include damage to the liver, kidney,
brain, and central nervous and'reproductive systems. Children
are especially susceptible to lead poisoning. Cadmium con-
tributes to high blood pressure and cardiovascular death rates.
Nickel has caused cancer in animals and in man when inhaled
as nickel carbonyl while skin inflammation occurs frequently
in workers exposed to nickel in refineries and in electroplating
plants. Alkyl mercury can cause irreversible brain damage and
it is also toxic to the kidney. Berylliosis may develop in wor-
kers exposed to the highly toxic beryllium, and bismuth can
cause kidney and liver damage in large doses. Antimony and
tin were also found in several samples. Low-toxicity metals
and trace metals are also listed, as well as the concentrations
of the various metals found in both urban and non-urban
areas.
35118
Zielhuis, R. L.
MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC EXHAUST.
(Uitlaatgassen van gemotoriseerd verkeer. III. Medisch-
biologische gezichtspunten). Text in Dutch. Tijdschr. Soc.
Geneesk., 49(20):696-702, Oct. 8, 1971. 93 refs.
A review of the literature on the medical-biological con-
sequences of exposure to traffic exhaust is presented, with
emphasis on gasoline engines. Total emissions, carbon monox-
ide, lead and other metals, carcinogens, teratogens, mutagens,
nitrogen oxides, oxidarit smog, and aldehydes are discussed.
Acceptable emission limits are proposed. Too little is known in
the Netherlands about presen emission concentrations, and
systematic monitoring of the environment is urgently needed.
(Author summary modified)
35174
Acocella, G.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL LEAD POISONING.
NOTE H. EFFECTS OF NICOTINIC ACID ON
COPROPORPHYRINURIA IN LEAD POISONED RATS. (Stu-
dio sulla chemioterapia dell intossicazione sperimentale da
piombo. Nota II. Effetti dell acido nicotinico sulla copropor-
firinuria da intossicazione satumina nel ratto). Text in Italian.
Acta Vitaminol. (Milan), 20(5): 195-202, 1966. 20 refs.
A survey of the literature on lead poisoning in the rabbit, rat,
and man indicated that the biological change common to the
three species is increased urinary coproporphyrin excretion.
This index was used to evaluate the effectiveness of nicotinic
acid in treating rats intoxicated with lead acetate. Different
doses of lead acetate (300 and 100 mg/kg/day/os) were ad-
ministered for different periods of time (21 and 45 days); treat-
ment with nicotinic acid (50 mg/kg/day intramuscularly) began
either simultaneously with the administration of lead acetate,
or after 10 or 45 days. Though reported to reduce human and
rabbit coprophoryinuria, nicotinic acid did not modify urinary
coproporphyrin excretion in the lead-poisoned rats. The dif-
ferent behavior of the rats is attributed to a species difference;
hence results obtained with one species should not be ex-
tended to another. (Author summary modified)
35211
Ball, Gene V. and Jean M. Morgan
CHRONIC LEAD INGESTION AND GOUT. Southern Med.
J., vol. 61:21-24, Jan. 1968. 20 refs.
Thirty-four patients with gout were hospitalized in a Bir-
mingham, Alabama, hospital in 1965. Thirteen of these patients
had abnormally high urinary lead levels and 12 of the 13 were
anemic. Only one of the 13 was not a moonshine drinker; how-
ever, he had burned batteries for two years. The mean serum
urate level (8.1 plus or minus 1.24 mg for 100 ml) in the satu-
rine gout patients was higher than in controls. Creatinine
clearance values represented moderately severe impairment of
kidney function. Both sets of values indicated renal retention
of uric acid in the patients. It is likely that moonshine serves
not only as a vehicle for lead and thereby a sustained rise in
serum urate, but also leads to intermittent, even more marked
elevations in the serum urate levels, perhaps provoking an
acute gout attack at its apogee.
35217
Morgan, Jean M.
A SIMPLIFIED SCREENING TEST FOR EXPOSURE TO
LEAD. Southern Med. J., vol. 60:435-438, April 1967. 20 refs.
The use of calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate to
demonstrate excessive storage of lead in humans was
discussed. Tests were attempted on all patients admitted to a
60 bed general hospital provided they were able to take oral
medicine. Two grams of EDTA were administered orally and
the overnight urine specimen (12 hr) was obtained for lead as-
say. Blood and urinary lead was determined by the dithizone
method. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid was determined by
the method of Mauzerall and Granick. One hundred and thirty-
nine consecutive admissions over a period of six weeks were
observed. Thirty-eight percent acknowledged or were known
to have used illegal alcohol at some time. Ninety-eight patients
(70%) received the oral EDTA. Of the 98 persons tested, 67
did not have evidence of excessive exposure to lead and 31 in-
dividuals had both history of exposure to illegal alcohol and
had urinary excretion of lead greater than 0.5 mg/1. The EDTA
test is simple, safe, and effective in detecting persons who
were subjected to excessive storage of lead. A very significant
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
279
portion of men over 35 years of age in the South, particularly
among Negroes, demonstrate excessive storage of lead as a
result of previous regular use of illegally produced alcohol.
Most of these persons do not have clinically recognized lead
poisoning. Further studies are needed to elucidate the long-
term consequences of this excess.
35219
Perm, Virgil H. and Stanley J. Carpenter
DEVELOPMENT MALFORMATIONS RESULTING FROM
THE ADMINISTRATION OF LEAD SALTS. Exp. Mol.
Pathol., vol. 7:208-213, 1967. 11 refs.
Specific congenital-skeletal malformations were induced in
hamster embryos by treatment of pregnant hamsters with vari-
ous salts of lead. On either day seven, eight, or nine of
pregnancy, lead nitrate, lead chloride, or lead acetate were in-
jected intravenously into the mother via the lingual vein. The
embryos were recovered between day 12 and day 15 of the
normal 16-day gestation period. Malformations were primarily
localized within the developing sacral and tail vertebrae and
were characterized by varying degrees of tail malformations
ranging from stunting to complete absence of the tail. Minor
degrees of these malformations were compatible with life and
the fertility of several affected newborns which were tared to
adulthood did not appear to be affected.
35225
Barriero, Ofelia C.
EFFECT OF CYSTEINE ON 5-AMINOLAEVULINATE
HYDROLYASE FROM LIVER IN TWO CASES OF EXPERI-
MENTAL INTOXICATION. Biochem. Pharmacol., vol.
18:2267-2271, 1969. 25 refs.
The effect of sulfhydryl groups of cysteine on the activity of
5-aminolaevulinate hydrolyase (delta-aminolevulinic acid,
hydratase) extracted from the liver of animals receiving chemi-
cal compounds known to disturb the porphyrin metabolic
pathway was described. The free -SH groups, delta ALA, and
protein content in rat and rabbit liver were measured. Female
rats were given subcutaneous injections of allylisopropylaceta-
mide (AIA) (400 mg/kg) at 24 hr intervals. Twenty four hours
prior to the first dose of AIA, food was withheld until sacri-
fice 18-24 hours after the last dose of AIA. Fasted control
animals were given only two injections of saline solutions.
Acute lead poisoning was induced in rabbits by the daily injec-
tion of a solution of lead acetate (20 mg Pb +2/ml, pH 5.5)
with a dosage range of 20-40 mg Pb +2/kg of body weight per
day during eight days and sacrificed four hours after the last
injection. The activity of delta ALA dehydratase in vitro with
no preincubation with Cy varied, giving smaller values for
fasted normal rats than for fed normal rats. At the same time,
livers from rats which received AIA gave lower results than
those from normal fasted rats. Lower delta ALA hydratase ac-
tivity values were observed in livers of animals treated with
Pb +2. Delta ALA content were higher in treated than in nor-
mal rabbit livers. The same result was obtained for free -SH
group contents.
35377
Barltrop, Donald
THE EXCRETION OF DELTA-AMFNOLAEVULINIC ACID
BY CHILDREN. Acta Paediat. Scand. (Stockholm), vol.
56:265-268, May 1967. 14 refs.
Twenty-four-hour urine specimens were collected from 339
children aged 0-12 years admitted to the hospital over an 11-
month period. The mean excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid
per 24 hours was 1.61 mg with a range of 0.0-6.5 mg, 95% of
the values falling between 0.08-4.39 mg/24 hours. The mean
excretion of ALA was 0.08 mg/kg body weight 24 hours; this
value did not vary with age. A seasonal variation in ALA
excretion was observed, with maximum values in the winter
months and minimum values in the summer. Since the excre-
tion of ALA may be closely related to the non-skeletal or
metabolically active lead status of the body, it is important to
define the normal excretion of ALA. (Author summary
modified)
35380
Chisohn, J. Julian, Jr.
CHRONIC LEAD INTOXICATION IN CHILDREN. Develop.
Med. Child. Neurol. (London), 7(5):529-536, Oct. 1965. 40 refs.
The serious sequelae of lead intoxication during early child-
hood are mental retardation, behavior disturbances, convulsive
disorders, and nephropathy. The protean symptoms of this
chronic disease and the paucity of specific abnormal physical
signs make a biological approach essential for accurate diagno-
sis. Fundamentally, the diagnosis requires the demonstration
of an excessive body burden of lead together with some
metabolic evidence of toxic effects in soft tissues. In children,
serial determinations of lead concentration in whole blood pro-
vide the best means for following trends in total body lead
burden and its distribution. When blood determinations give
equivocal results, the edathamil calcium disodium (EDTA) mo-
bilization test can be used to detect increased body lead. The
cornerstone of therapy is prompt interruption of abnormal lead
exposure. Even so, the excessive body burden may persist for
months or years after excessive intake is halted. To reduce
and maintain soft tissue lead concentrations at close to normal
levels, more use should be made of chelating agents in long-
term managements. (Author summary modified)
35387
Chisohn, J. Julian, Jr.
THE USE OF CHELATING AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT
OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEAD INTOXICATION IN
CHILDHOOD. J. Pediat, 73(l):l-38, July 1968. 92 refs.
The pharmacologic aspects of chelation are reviewed with par-
ticular reference to agents useful in lead intoxication, i.e., 2,3-
dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL), edathamil (CaEDTA), and d-
penicillamine. Toxicologic studies determined that prompt in-
stitution of chelation therapy with the combination of BAL
and edathimil calcium disodium, together with appropriate sup-
portive therapy can substantially reduce the mortality rate of
acute encephalopathy in children with lead intoxication. Blood
level concentrations were reduced to normal levels during a
five day course of BAL-EDTA therapy, and initial urinary
lead output was far greater with BAL-EDTA in patients with
encephalopathy. The critical factors of treatment were prompt
institution of chelation therapy, delayed for only the time
needed to establish urine flow; witholding of all oral fluids and
restriction of parenteral fluids; avoidance of hypertonic
agents; avoidance of surgery; and suppression of seizures.
Doses of d-penicillamine maintained blood lead concentrations
within normal limits and suppressed urine delta-aminolevulinic
acid output to normal during diuresis of lead. Daily doses of
20-40 mg/kg administered to children convalescing from
plumbism were efficacious and without serious side effects.
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280
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
35438
Byers, Randolph K. and Elizabeth E. Lord
LATE EFFECTS OF LEAD POISONING ON MENTAL
DEVELOPMENT. Am. J. Dis. Child., 66(5):471-494, Nov.
1943. 16 refs.
A follow-up study was conducted of 20 school children who
had been hospitalized in infancy or early childhood because of
lead poisoning. The presence or absence of evidence of in-
volvement of the nervous system bore no relation to the even-
tual intellectual development of the children; indeed, the only
truly successful member of the group had the most severe en-
cephalopathy encountered among the 20 children. With the one
definite and a second possible exception, none of the children
succeeded in school. Throughout the psychologic examination
of the children with good intelligence levels and poor
scholastic attainment, sensorimotor defects were found in
most instances. Other evidences of interferference with the
normal development of the nervous system were found.
35463
Freeman, Ronald
REVERSIBLE MYOCARDITIS DUE TO CHRONIC LEAD
POISONING IN CHILDHOOD. Arch. Disease Childhood
(London), vol. 40:389-393. 1965. 23 refs.
The case history of a three-year-old girl with myocarditis oc-
curring in the presence of chronic lead poisoning and en-
cephalopathy is described. The diagnosis of lead poisoning was
made on a history of eating lead-containing paint and was con-
firmed by laboratory investigations and the response to sodium
calcium edetate. Myocarditis was diagnosed by the presence of
cardiac failure in association with T wave changes in the elec-
trocardiogram. The rapid reversal of the clinical and elec-
trocardiographic signs of myocarditis during treatment of the
lead poisoning with sodium calciumedetate implied that lead
was responsible for the cardiac changes. The absence of
hypertension and of signs of nephropathy suggested that the
myocardial impairment was due to the direct action of lead on
the heart. Electrocardiographic studies for possible myocardial
damage should be part of the management of a patient with
chronic lead poisoning. Supportive measures may be life-sav-
ing in children with lead encephalopathy because undiagnosed
myocarditis could cause death.
35559
Cassells, David A. K. and E. C. Dodds
TETRA-ETHYL LEAD POISONING. Brit. Med. J. (London),
1946:681-685, Nov. 9, 1946. 11 refs.
The properties of tetraethyl lead are briefly reviewed, and the
opportunities to develop tetraethyl lead poisoning in Great
Britain are described. Twenty-five cases of tetraethyl lead
poisoning of varying degrees of severity occurred during tank-
cleaning operations, and six of the cases are described in
detail. The earliest symptoms of lead poisoning in these 25
cases were disturbance of sleep and symptoms in the alimenta-
ry tract. Other symptoms are indicated, as well as the diagno-
sis and treatment of lead poisoning. Urinary lead concentra-
tions will give some idea of the degree of exposure. (Author
summary modified)
35560
Chisolm, J. Julian, Jr.
DETERMINATION OF DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID IN
PLASMA. Anal. Biochem., vol. 22:54-64, 1968. 6 refs.
A method for the determination of delta-aminolevulinic acid in
plasma is reported. The procedure is adapted from the ion-
exchange resin chromatography procedure of Mauzerall and
Granick for the determination of ALA in urine. Normal fasting
children and fasted patients with symptomatic lead intoxica-
tion for acute intermittent porphyria were studied. The mean
normal value found in healthy subjects was 0.056 micro-
grams/ml. This method is best suited to the study of acutely ill
patients in whom the concentration of ALA in plasma is in-
creased four- to 40-fold. (Author summary)
35568
Hickman, J. R.
LEAD POISONING: POTTERY GLAZES, AN OFTEN-
IGNORED HAZARD. Preprint, Canada Safety Council,
Fredericton (New Brunswick), 13p., 1970. 18 refs. (Presented
at the Canada Safety Council, Fredericton, New Brunswick,
May 26, 1970.)
Lead poisoning due to the ingestion of foods stored and con-
taminated is glazed pottery is reviewed. Conditions favoring
the dissolution of lead, the subsequent contamination of food,
the constituents of pottery glazes, firing techniques to control
lead dissolution, and alternatives are examined. Occupational
exposure of potters inhaling lead-containing dusts is discussed
with respect to preventive measures.
35587
Specter, Michael J. and Vincent F. Guinee
EPD3EMIOLOGY OF LEAD POISONING IN NEW YORK
CITY - 1970. Preprint, American Public Health Assoc., New
York, 10p., (Presented at the American Public Health Associa-
tion Meeting, Houston, Tex., Oct. 26, 1970.)
In January 1970, in order to mount a more forceful and coor-
dinated attack on the lead poisoning problem, the New York
City Health Department created a new bureau, the Bureau of
Lead Poisoning Control. The aims of the Bureau are to seek
out children with significant lead exposure so that they can
receive medical attention and then home environment detox-
ified, the current definition of a case of lead poisoning is a
child with a blood lead level equal to or greater than 60 micro-
grams. The prevalence of lead poisoning on New York city
was first estimated by using data obtained from surveys of
ghetto children in other cities. The incidence of lead poisoning
and the percentage distrubution within New York City are in-
dicated.
35714
MOONSHINE: THE ROTGUT RACKET. Licensed Beverage
Industries, Inc., New York, 25p., 1971.
Illegal distilling activities in the United Suites are discussed.
The information and statistics presented were obtained from
various field investigations and from Federal, state, and local
law enforcement agencies. Pertinent news accounts are also
used to illustrate the health, economic, and social problems
generated by moonshine. An overall sharp decrease is reported
in the number of still seizures and in moonshine production.
However, while production on the local level decreased from
531 gallons in 1968 to 478 gallons in 1969, production on the
state level increased from 11.8 million gallons to 12.5 million
gallons. Due to the poisonous lead salts found in the product,
moonshine consumers are subject to sudden death, permanent
blindness and paralysis, or chronic lead poisoning. In two
southern cities, 90-91% of seized batches of illicit liquor con-
tained lead salts. As noted by a Federal report, mothers who
drink moonshine contaminated by the salts can give birth to
babies with serious physical defects.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
281
35792
ruin, A. de and R. L. Zielhuis
TOXICOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF LEAD AS PUBLIC
HEALTH HAZARD. Tijdschr. Soc. Geneesk, vol. 49:855-859,
1971. 31 refs.
The total daily absorbed amound of lead in the general popula-
tion is 36 to 45 micrograms, depending on the extent of en-
vironmental pollution; only 12 to 19% is absorbed through the
respiratory tract. Essential metabolic processes will not be sig-
nificantly altered by these low exposure levels, but there is
likely to be increased body storage in subjects living in urban
areas. The potential toxic effects of progressive storage of
minute amounts of lead cannot be discounted, especially in
certain vulnerable groups. The groups include children,
pregnant women, and subjects with impaired kidney function.
The additional reasearch needed to verify the vital significance
of low-level effects should be conducted with emphasis on
these groups. Preventive measures should be directed not only
at respiratory uptake but even more at oral uptake.
35811
Hall, Stephen K.
POLLUTION AND POISONING. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
6U):31-35, Jan. 1972. 5 refs.
Atmospheric levels resulting from the continued use of lead
are far above those that would exist naturally and can have
grave consequences on human health. Available data indicate
that combustion of leaded gasoline is the major source of at-
mospheric lead in urban areas. Other sources are manufactur-
ing, pesticides, incineration of refuse, and combustion of coal.
In many communities, the atmospheric lead contribution to the
body approaches or even surpasses the contribution made by
dietary intake. The atmospheric level varies directly with
volume of traffic and size of a community, and is correlated
with the amount of lead in surface water supplies. In Los An-
geles, with a population of more than 2.5 million, the mean at-
mospheric concentration is five microgram/cu m air. Other
urban communties with a population greater than two million
have values of about 2.5 microgram. Communities smaller than
a million and communities of less than 100,000 have means of
two microgram and 1.7 microgram, respectively. The mean is
rising by as much as five percent a year. High body lead levels
can affect the blood, kidneys, and nervous system. Repeated
ingestion of lead paint by children can culminate in convul-
sions and coma and sometimes sudden death. Any further in-
crease of lead in environment will result in further concentra-
tion in some food chains, leading ultimately to toxic doses for
man and other important organisms.
36093
Duckering, G. Elmhirst
THE CAUSE OF LEAD POISONING IN THE TINNING OF
METALS. J. Hyg., vol. 8:474-503, 1908. 2 refs.
Tinning of metals, the coating of metal articles with lead or
tin, causes lead poisoning. The atmosphere of a tinning
workshop contained of hydrochloric acid, chlorides of lead,
zinc, iron, and copper in the state of vapor, and metallic tin
and lead. In the neighborhood of the tinning baths and wiping
stands, the quantity of lead chlroide ranges from approximate-
ly two parts to sixty parts/ten million parts by weight of air.
The mechanical action of escaping vapor is not nearly as im-
portant a factor in causing air contamination as the chemical
action of the materials (acid and flux) used in tinning on the
tinning metal and subsequent vaporization of the products of
this action. Workers cannot use a respirator because of the
tendency of the chlorides to condense and block the filtering
material. The distribution of deleterious substances in the at-
mosphere of a tinning workshop was also studied. Long con-
tinued absorption of small quantities of lead is of much more
importance in causing lead poisoning than the amount of the
dose.
36152
Chisolm, I. Julian
TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING. Mod. Treat., 4(4):710-
728, July 1967. 15 refs.
Plumbism results from the accumulation over a period of
weeks, months, or years of an excessive body burden of lead.
This burden is distrubuted between bone and soft tissues, with
the major portion being stored in the bone. The cruical aspect
of therapy in all age groups is prompt termination of lead ex-
posure. Estimation of the duration of abnormal exposure pro-
vides an index of the period of time a patient will require
medical supervision after exposure ends. As long as significant
quantities of lead remain in the bone, any intercurrent illness
that can cause demineralization can also cause mobilization of
toxic quantities of lead into soft tissues and, hence, exacerba-
tion of plumbism. Serial blood and urine lead determinations,
together with coproporphyrin and delta-aminolevulinic acid
measurements, provide the best index of soft tissue toxicity.
Administration of chelating agents results in rapid reduction in
soft tissue lead content, but not in removal of significant quan-
tities of lead from bone. Chelating agents, therefore, do not
accelerate the lead-excretion process. The most severe clinical
manifestation of lead intoxication is acute encephalopathy,
which is more frequent in children than in adults. Therapy
must be instituted before the classic signs of increased in-
tracranial pressure are apparent if central nervous system
damage is to be prevented. Accurate lead analyses are essen-
tial for proper treatment. Laboratory tests required for diagno-
sis of lead intoxication in children and for monitoring occupa-
tional exposure are summarized, as are chelating agents for
symptomatic and asymptomatic cases and for long-term fol-
low-up care.
36207
Chisolm, J. Julian, Jr. and Eugene Kaplan
LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD - COMPREHENSIVE
MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION. J. Pediat., 73(6):942-
950, Dec. 1968. 20 refs.
Lead poisoning in the young child is a chronic disease. It
results from the impact upon the urban slum child, in particu-
lar, of a variety of causative factors-pica and environmental
exposure to lead, cultural and behavioral patterns of parents,
and certain aspects of lead metabolism. Each of these factors
and the natural course of the disease, neurological and renal
sequelae, and a program for early recognition and mass
screening are discussed. Balance studies indicate that at-
mospheric lead pollution in urban areas has not yet reached
toxic levels for the general population. Hospitalization in a
chronic disease facility which has a positive program of child
and family rehabilitation is important in the total care of the
affected child. The roles of health departments, pediatricians,
medical social workers, and child guidance workers in a team
approach, and the essential aspects of an effective community
prevention program, are outlined.
36251
Castellino, N. and S. Aloj
INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD IN THE
LIVER AND KIDNEY OF THE RAT. Brit. J. Med. (London),
vol. 26:139-143, 1969. 27 refs.
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282
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
The distribution of lead in intracellular fractions of liver and
kidney was studied in 46 rats for nine days after intravenous
injection of 100 microgram PB(210) per rat. The radioactivity
and the protein nitrogen were measured in homogenates and
nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and cell sap. Lead was
present in all fractions one hour after injection. During the
first 72 hours, the relative amounts of lead in the different
fractions varied, which ruled out the possibility that dif-
ferences could be explained by redistribution after
homogenization. The distribution of metal in the cell probably
depends on differences in the nature and stability of bonding
to intracellular structures. The binding of lead in the mitochon-
dria was particularly stable, only 24.4% of the radioactivity
being removed by washing with 0.25 M sucrose or 0.001 M
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or 0.001 M
diethylenetriamino- penta-acetate in 0.25 M sucrose. The sta-
bility of binding of lead in the mitochondria is in agreement
with the hypothesis of direct interference by lead with some
steps in haem biosynthesis, probably due to an enzymatic
block of delta- aminolevulinate dehydratase and haem
synthetase. (Author abstract modified)
36283
Djuric, Dusan, Zarka Kerin, Ljubica Graovac-Leposavic,
Ljiljana Novak, and Marija Kop
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION BY LEAD FROM A
MINE AND SMELTER. Arch. Environ. Health, 23(4):275-279,
Oct. 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the Conference on Inorganic
Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Nov. 28, 1968.)
The comtamination of a large area in Yugoslavia by lead from
a mine and smelter is illustrated in a preliminary report of
fragmentary data obtained by the determination of lead in the
surrounding air, in the water of a river draining in the area, in
the soil, and in local vegetation. A screening test (determina-
tion of the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid) ap-
plied to groups in the population suggests that the absorption
of lead by members of the groups may be hazardous. (Author
abstract)
36354
Buxbaum, J.
LEAD IN THE AIR. Preprint, Scientists Committee for Public
Information, Inc., New York, 10p., Sept. 1, 1970. 20 refs.
It is probable that the bulk of lead found in the air comes from
the combustion of leaded gasoline, that the level of lead is re-
lated to the volume and speed of traffic, and that in some, but
not all, communities, lead levels are increasing. About 80% of
the lead burned is emitted from the exhaust as aerosol parti-
cles small enough to penetrate the depths of the respiratory
passages. Recent studies suggest that lead may interact with
other pollutants to render them more toxic, and that there may
be no threshold for the molecular effects of lead in biologic
systems; however, further research is necessary. Blood lead
levels in humans seem to be closely related to their exposure
to automobile exhausts. Interactions of lead in the atmosphere,
plant and animal effects, and the effects of removing lead
from gasoline on levels of other pollutants are briefly
discussed.
36534
Needleman, Herbert L., Orhan C. Tuncay, and Irving M.
Shapiro
LEAD LEVELS IN DECIDUOUS TEETH OF URBAN AND
SUBURBAN AMERICAN CHILDREN. Nature (London),
235(5333):111-112, Jan. 14, 1972. 3 refs.
Lead levels in deciduous teeth from children in a Philadelphia
ghetto and in 49 teeth from children in suburban areas were
determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The
mean tooth lead for suburban children was 11.1 plus or minus
14.8 ppm versus a mean of 51.1 plus or minus 109.0 ppm for
ghetto children. Eleven children in the suburban group had
tooth lead levels of 2 ppm or less, and four had levels too low
to be detected. No urban children had lead levels below 2
ppm, and one child had a level of 110 ppm. These findings
may be due to differences in atmospheric lead in the city and
suburbs. In areas where lead eating by children is frequent,
tooth lead levels are elevated.
36551
Belknap, Elston L.
CLINICAL STUDIES ON LEAD ABSORPTION IN THE HU-
MAN. IH. BLOOD PRESSURE OBSERVATIONS. J. Ind. Hyg.
Toxicol., 18(7):380-390, Sep 1936. 7 refs.
Eighty-one human cases of heavy lead absorption were clini-
cally observed for from one to five years with bi-weekly or
monthly serial blood pressure readings made during the last
twelve months. All median blood pressure readings were
within normal limits for each age group. They tended to drop
slightly below the initial reading when a sampling of the initial
and final readings was compared. There was no significant
trend toward increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure in
these workers, 58% of whom had five years, and 17% had 10-
20 years of heavy lead absorption. These observations point
the way to the necessity of even a longer time serial study of
blood pressure. (Author conclusions modified)
36740
Benkoe, A.
THE COMBINED ACTION OF NICOTINAMIDE AND OF
CORTIGEN ON PORPHYRINURIA IN LEAD POISONING.
(Die gemeinsame Wirkung des Nikotinsaeureamids und Cor-
tigens auf die Porphyrinurie bei Bleivergiitung). Text in Ger-
man. Deut. Med. Wochenschr., vol. 68:271-272, March 13,
1942. 14 refs.
Experiments were conducted designed to demonstrate to what
extent vitamins can influence porphyrinuria induced by lead
poisoning. Vitamins A, C, Bl, and D had no effect on
porphyrinuria induced in rabbits by daily administration of five
eg lead acetate. Similarly one ampule of Cortigen administered
intramuscularly to rabbits fed lead acetate did not manifest
any change in urine porphyrin elimination. The combined ad-
ministration of Cortigen and of nicotinamide injections in con-
trast did result in a marked drop of porphyrin elimination level
in all experimental animals and reached normal levels in 12-16
days. Cortigen aids in the interaction between nicotinic and
phosphoric acid and thus promotes cozymase formation
through the synergistic action of a vitamin and a hormone. A
similar observation was made in the case of lactoflavin. The
experiments have shown that the curative effect of nicotina-
mide on porphyrinuria can be reinforced by Cortigen espe-
cially where nicotinamide must first be phosphorylated as in
toxic porphyrinuria.
36747
Zawirska, B. and K. Medras
TUMORS AND DEFECTS OF PORPHYRIN METABOLISM
IN RATS WITH CHRONIC EXPERIMENTAL LEAD
POISONING. (Tumoren und Stoerungen des Porphyrinstoff-
wechsels bei Ratten mit chronischer experimenteller Bleiintox-
ikation). Text in German. Zentralbl. AUg. Pathol. Pathol. Anat.,
111(1):1-12, 1968. 33 refs.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
283
Rats were fed over a period of two months with three mg, af-
terwards with four mg lead acetate a day, and changes induced
were diagnosed by palpation, microfluoroscopy, and histologi-
cal examination. Aside from benign and malignant tumors of
the kidneys and other organs, tumors of endocrine glands
(testes, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, hypophysis, prostate)
were diagnosed. Kidney, lung, and testicular tumors were
transplated. Female rats manifested a greater incidence of tu-
mors, especially those of the adrenal gland. In male rats,
testes were particularly affected: hyperplasia interstitialis testis
was found in 57.4% of the male rats. The occurrence of multi-
ple tumors, not previously reported, is attributed to the high
level of lead acetate ingested and to the long duration of feed-
ing (up to 18 months). The possible connection between
porphyria and the hormonal discorrelation caused by lead
poisoning is as yet unresolved. No spontaneous tumors were
found in control rats not fed with lead acetate. Results of
these experiments inck.aie tne j ussibiliiy of a toxic ellcv-i
-------
284
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
serum delta-aminolevulinic acid levels were both markedly
elevated in patients with encephalopathy. Lead and delta-
aminolevulinic acid values failed to correlate well.
Cerebrospinal fluid delta-aminolevulinic acid values were con-
sistently lower than serum values. Thus, serum delta-
aminolevulinic determinations are valuable in selecting infants
who are intoxicated from those exposed to increased amounts
of lead. (Author abstract) 0
36964
Pentschew, Angel
MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOGENESIS OF LEAD EN-
CEPHALOPATHY. Acta Neuropathol., 5(2):133-160, 1965. 47
refs.
Twenty infantile cases of lead encephalopathy stimulated a
reappraisal of its morphology and morphogenesis in the light
of current better comprehension of the principles regulating
the blood flow in the brain and the recent progress of the
biochemistry of lead poisoning. The underlying cause of lead
encephalopathy is most probably a toxic disorder of porphyrin
synthesis. It brings about a deficit of an unknown factor par-
ticipating the energy metabolism. In contrast to the other en-
cephalopathies, the hemodynamics of the brain is impeded in
addition to dysoria. The reason is that in lead poisoning the in-
tegrative homeostatic system which encompasses the auto-
regulation of the cerebral hemodynamics and the ability of
shunting blood from less vital areas to the brain is also af-
fected. The metabolic hypoxidosis of the brain in ssturnism is
tolerated until additional stresses upset the labile balance
between energy supply and energy demand. The acute exacer-
bation is brought about by increase in the lead content of the
serum, further damaging the precarious porphyrin metabolism,
or by disorders of the systemic circulation that might other-
wise be insignificant but amount to the effect of a temporary
cardiac failure on the brain already in a state of allobiosis. In-
flammatory changes ranging from perivascular cuffings to
granuloma formation give the lead encephalopathy its special
physiognomy. The brunt of the damage in lead encephalopathy
is borne by the cerebellar cortex, more specifically by its
molecular layer. (Author summary modified)
37023
Barltrop, D.
LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD. Postgrad. Med. J.
(London), vol. 44:537-548, July 1968. 36 refs.
Childhood plumbism has features that distinguish it from the
adult disorder in etiology, presentation, and prognosis. Since
the sequelae include death and cerebral damage, it is important
that children exposed to lead be identified and those with
evidence of poisoning be treated. The metabolism and tox-
icology of lead in children are discussed, as well as predispos-
ing factors. Pica, seasonal incidence, and clinical features are
mentioned. Sources of lead are indicated. The determination of
lead in the blood, feces, and urine is described. The presence
of abnormal amounts of soft tissue lead may be inferred from
the demonstration of characteristic abnormalities of porphyrin
metabolism. Increased excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid
and increased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin are mentioned.
Various red cell abnormalities are also present, and the reab-
sorptive mechanisms of the renal tubular cells are impaired.
Radiologic aids and lumbar puncture are noted. The three
major objectives in management of lead poisoning are the
prevention of further absorption, the removal of lead from the
soft tissues, and the prevention of recurrence.
37028
Makotchenko, V. M.
ON THE FUNCTIONAL CONDITION OF CORTEX OF
ADRENAL GLANDS ON CHRONIC INTOXICATION BY
HEAVY METALS (LEAD, MERCURY). (Funktsional noye
sostoyanie kory nadpochechnikov pri chronicheskikh
otravleniyakh tyazhelymi metallauri (svinets, rtut). Text in
Russian. Tr. Ukr. Inst. Eksp. Endokrinol., vol. 20:162-170,
1965. 20 refs.
The steroid function of adrenal glands was studied on a group
of people with chronic occupational intoxication by lead and
mercury. Various clinical symptoms are discussed. Chronic in-
toxication by heavy metals is accompanied by decreased func-
tioning of the cortex adrenal glands and by decrease of their
functional reserves. During mercury intoxication, the func-
tional reserves are markedly decreased; in lead intoxication,
the decrease in function of the adrenal glands is directly pro-
portional to the period of contact with lead and the intensity
of intoxication.
37040
Smith, Ralph G.
HEALTH ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE TO
LEAD. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York,
Med. Aspects Air Pollut., Detroit, Mich., 1971, p. 53-66. 21
refs. (Jan. 14, Paper 710302.)
An extensive survey of lead levels conducted in 1962 in Cin-
cinnati, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles showed an annual
average concentration of lead in the atmosphere ranging from
about 2 micrograms/cu m air in the downtown and industrial
area of Cincinnati, to about 1 in the outlying areas of that city.
The values in corresponding areas in Philadelphia ranged from
3 to 1, and in Los Angeles from 3 to 2. Air levels of lead are
directly proportional to the amount of traffic in the area where
measurements are made. Physical and chemical characteristics
of lead aerosol are described. The importance of dietary lead
intake is discussed, as well as the body burden of lead. One
study indicated that the median body burden of lead for the
so-called standard man was 121 mg, with a value range from
10-435 mg. Blood and urine levels of lead are discussed as in-
dices of lead intake and in relation to occupational plumbism.
Methods of analysis of biological samples for lead are
presented. Lead interferes with the normal process of matur-
ing red cells, and the presence of immature forms of red cells,
in particular so-called stippled or basophilic cells, has been
used in the past as a diagnostic aid. Lead also interferes with
the formation of certain substances which are the precursors
of the heme in hemoglobin. The action of lead results in exces-
sive production of coproporphyrin in, while lead also inhibits
the enzyme which converts delta-aminolevulinic acid to
porphobilinogen.
37119
Sayers, R. R., A. C. Fieldner, W. P. Yant, and B. G. H.
Thomas
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ETHYL
GASOLINE AND ITS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS. Bureau of
Mines, Washington D. C., 447p., 1927. 65 refs.
The problem of making a marketable anti-knock material was
not solved until the discovery was made that tetraethyl lead, a
liquid soluble in gasoline, effectively suppressed detonation or
knock, when present to the extent of one part in 1270 of
gasoline — which is less than 0.08%. The only apparent draw-
back to the general use of this new anti-knock compound was
the possible hazard to public health from the lead in the
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
285
gasoline and its combustion products. Lead poisoning in
general is discussed. An investigation was undertaken to deter-
mine the physiological effect of inhaling air contaminated with
automobile exhaust gases. Monkeys, dogs, rabbits, guinea
pigs, and pigeons were exposed to ethyl gasoline exhaust
gases. Storage of lead in the tissues, pathology, weight, he-
matology, and symptoms were considered. Several tests were
also made on men. An investigation was also undertaken to
determine the effect of ethyl gasoline when applied to the
skin. Certain quantities of 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.1 cc of ethyl
gasoline, gasoline, benzol gasoline blend, benzol, and
benezene were applied to monkeys, a dog, rabbits, guinea
pigs, and rats. Pathological, hematological, and weight and
growth observations were made. Symptoms were also in-
dicated. Unburned gasoline vapors were also inhaled by the
test animals. Exposure and test methods are discussed.
37180
Weaver, Neffl K.
TOXICOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS OF MOTOR GASOLINE
AND AUTO EMISSIONS. Ind. Med., 40(9):31-34, Dec. 1971.
(Presented at the American Petroleum Institute, Division of
Refining, Midyear Meeting, 36th San Francisco, Calif., May
11-14, 1971.)
Of the pollutants found in urban air, gasoline and its com-
bustion products contribute significantly to concentrations of
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and par-
ticulates, which are composed of lead and other trace elements
and compounds. Since none of these contaminants, under ordi-
nary circumstances, reach levels in ambient air which are acu-
tely toxic, concern rests with their possible subacute or
chronic effects at relatively low level, long term exposures.
The carbon monoxide standard recommended by the American
Petroleum Institute is 30 ppm (8-hour maximum); exposure to
30 ppm of CO for 8 hr results in a carboxyhemoglobin level of
5%, a level which is regularly exceeded in cigarette smokers.
The standard for nitrogen oxides recommended by API is 0.25
ppm (24- hour maximum), as compared to 0.13 ppm recom-
mended by the Environmental Protection Agency. It is the be-
lief of many experts in the petroleum industry that the need
for ambient standards for hydrocarbons and lead compounds
has not been demonstrated at the present time. Levels of
acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity are also indicated for
these compounds, as well as Threshold Limit Values. (Author
abstract modified)
37229
Kettner H. and A. Hampel
POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE
HUMAN ORGANISM. (Schadstoffe in der Luft und ihre Ein-
wirkungen auf den menschlichen Organismus). Text in Ger-
man. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(12):441, Dec. 1971.
Exposure of the human organism to lead concentrations of 1
microgram/cu m air causes, in the long run, an increased
discharge of coproporphyrin, i.e., in effect a disturbance of
the metabolism. A similar effect is achieved by a carbon
monoxide concentration of 2 mg/cu m. Concentrations of Pb
and CO of the above magnitude are found in the atmosphere
more than 50% of the time. The present methods of ventilation
of homes and offices are ineffective, so such concentrations
are also found indoors. The Institute of Climatology is
presently conducting measurements, which are at the moment
limited to sulfur dioxide, CO, Pb, aerosols, and aldehydes, for
determination of the pollutant concentrations in the air which
begin to affect the well being of man.
37297
Beritic, T.
LEAD CONCENTRATION FOUND IN HUMAN BLOOD IN
ASSOCIATION WITH LEAD COLIC. Arch. Environ. Health,
vol. 23:289-291, Oct. 1971. 1 ref (Presented at the Conference
of Inorganic Lead, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Nov. 29, 1968.)
As determined by a modified dithizone method, blood lead
levels in 13 of 64 patients with lead colic (abdominal) ranged
from somewhat less than 40 micrograms/100 ml to just under
80 micrograms/100 ml of whole blood. In 51 of the 64 patients,
lead concentrations in blood extended from 80 micrograms/100
ml to over 260 micrograms/100 ml. The fact that all concentra-
tions were relatively low suggests that blood lead levels are
not indicative of the existence of lead intoxication. Symptoms
of intoxication may be presenin association with lead concen-
trations below any recognized threshold value, and may be ab-
sent when concentrations exceed those known to be poten-
tially dangerous.
37420
Patterson, K.
CONTAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT WITH LEAD.
(Zagryaznenie vneshney sredy svintsom). Text in Russian. Gi-
giena i Sank., 36(ll):89-94, Nov. 1971. 16 refs.
Historic and recent problems of environmental contamination
with industrial lead as well as criticism of the way related is-
sues are handled in the U. S. are outlined. About 95% of the
lead entering the organism with food is discharged with feces,
and 40% of the lead inhaled can be detected in the blood. In
highly industrialized countries, foodstuffs contain about 0.2
ppm of lead. Increasing contamination of the biosphere can be
observe-.' The world s lead production amounted to 3,500,000
tons in 1966, and a total of 430,000 tons are discharged into
the seas yearly. The geochemical balance of several areas is
disturbed by massive lead contaminations. Lead concentra-
tions 100 times the normal value were measured over the
Pacific, and levels 10,000 times the normal value were found
in city air. Arctic snow contains lead 500 times the normal
content. Increased lead content was revealed in soils, too. A
total of 310,000 tons of lead was consumed by the chemical in-
dustry and as fuel additive in 1966. Americans incorporate, on
a daily average, 350 and 20-50 micrograms of lead with food
and water, and from air respectively. Their bodies contain
about 200 mg of lead, with an average concentration of 0.25
ppm in the blood. Norms for lead contamination should be
based on lead concentrations in blood. The natural lead level
of the blood lies at 0.01 ppm, 0.8 ppm representing classic lead
poisoning. After a long-lasting fight between health care and
business interests, the medical aspects are becoming more im-
portant in the U.S.A.
37540
Milic, S., M. Stankovic, and Vera Delic
EFFECT OF LOW LEAD EXPOSURE ON THE LEVEL OF
DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID DEHYDRATASE ACTIVI-
TY. Arhiv Hig. Rada Toksikol (Yugoslavia) 21(3):241-246,
1970. 18 refs.
Urinary lead, coproporphyrin (CP), and delta-aminolevulinic
acid (ALA) levels were measured in 99 typographers with
slight exposure to lead. Parallel blood ALA-dehydratase
(ALA-D) activity measurements were taken. A statistically sig-
nificant difference (t equals 3.77; P less than 0.001) in ALA-D
activity was obtained between the 99 exposed workers and 33
control subjects. The mean value of enzyme activity in the ex-
posed group was 77% of that of the control group. About 60%
of the lead workers had ALA-D activity below 80 units/ml of
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286
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
RBC. In spite of the marked reduction of enzyme activity,
mean urinary lead, ALA, and CP values for the exposed group
were within normal limits. As a test for lead exposure, ALA-D
activity determination may be too sensitive for use in industri-
al medicine, especially in control of workers with evident lead
exposure.
37630
Barry, Patrick Stephen Ian
LEAD IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW OF
HEALTH EFFECTS. (Olovo u covjekovoj okolini. Pregled ut-
jecaja na zdravlje). Text in Serbo Croatian. Nafta (Zagreb),
22(2):97-101, Feb. 1971. 50 refs. (Presented at the Znanstuenog
savjeta za naftu pri JAZU, Panel Discussion, Zagreb, Yu-
goslavia, March 22,1970.)
A literature review was undertaken to evaluate the effect of
environmental lead on health and to determine the contribution
of automobile exhausts to the total lead in the environment.
Based on the many studies conducted in different parts of the
world over the last 40 years, the presnet daily intake of lead in
the general population has not increased, nor is lead from au-
tomobile exhausts significant with respect to health.
37685
Pott, F. and A. Brockhaus
COMPARISON OF THE ENTERAL AND PULMONARY AB-
SORPTION RATES OF LEAD COMPOUNDS. (Vergleich der
enteralen und pulmooalen Resorptionsquote von bleiverbin-
dungen). Text in German. Zentralbl. Bakteriol., Parasitenk. In-
fektionskr. Hyg.: Abt. 1: Orig., Reihe B, vol. 155:1-17, 1971.
16 refs.
The rates of enteral and pulmonary absorption of lead were
examined in rats. Two lead compounds of different solubility
(lead bromide and lead oxide) were administered orally or in-
tratracheally at various dosages. Corresponding groups of
animals received the lead intravenously to obtain models of a
100% rate of absorption. The content of lead in the femora,
which was relatively constant at 6.8% was regarded as
representative of the entire bone tissue. Following m-
tratracheal injection of lead, the same amounts of lead were
collected in the femoral bone tissue as following intravenous
injection. Following oral administration, however, no more
than 5% was determined. The content of lead in the air, there-
fore, is biologically more important than lead in food.
37722
Fukuda, Masao, Kazuyuki Akiyama, Hiroshi Seki, Hiroko
Maeda, Hiroshi Yagyu, and Gen Oui
PRESENT SITUATION OF LEAD POLLUTION EXHIBITED
IN PIGEONS. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT). (Hato ni
arawaretaru namari osen no genkyo. (Yobi jikken). Text in
Japanese. Tokyo-to Eisei-kyoku Gakkai-shi (Rept. Tokyo
Public Health Studies) no. 48:22-23, Nov. 1971.
The degree of pollution in the center and suburban part of
Tokyo was determined by measurement of lead in pigeons
blood and the content of theta-aminolevulinic acid anhydrase
(theta-ALAD) in organs. The estimation of the activity of
ALA anhydrase was conducted within 20 hr after 1 ml of
blood was taken from the pigeon. After taking out the thigh
bones of both legs and kidneys and conducting a wet-type cal-
cination, the estimation of lead in the organs was carried out
by dithizone atomic absorption spectrometry. The activity of
ALA anhydrase contained in pigeons blood tended to decrease
as the lead content increased in each organ. When the situa-
tion in the urban area and the suburban part of Tokyo were
compared, the difference in the lead content in organs was
ten-fold on the average. In the amount of lead and of the ac-
tivity of ALA anhydrase, fluctuations were evident. The
pigeon can be a significant biological index of lead pollution.
37731
Dequidt, J., D. Vaast, and A. Lespagnol
SATURNISM HAZARDS IN LEAD PROCESSING PLANT
AREAS. (Risques d impregnation saturnine au voisinage d
usines de traitement du plomb). Text in French. Pollut. Atinos.
(Paris), 13(52):289-292, Oct.-Dec. 1971. 7 refs.
Systematic urine tests were performed on 12-14-year-old chil-
den living in a lead processing plant area. In a control group of
24 children living for at least 2 yrs in areas not affected by
lead pollution, the average urine coproporphyrin and delta-
aminolevulinic acid content were 79 micrograms/1 (25-225
micrograms/1), and 1.786 mg/1 (0.8-2.8 mg/1). For the children
exposed to atmospheric lead pollution, the respective values
were 11 times and 2.5 times higher. The relative frequencies
for the amino-levulinic acid and coproporphyrin values can be
regarded as significant. Though the values found were far
below those characteristic of saturnism, severe poisonings are
potentially due to the cumulative effect of lead poisoning.
37788
Blokker, P. C.
A LITERATURE SURVEY ON SOME HEALTH ASPECTS OF
LEAD EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE ENGINES. Atmos.
Environ., 6(1):1-18, Jan. 1972. 64 ref
Literature on the health aspects of lead emissions from
gasoline engines is surveyed. Data on the amount and concen-
trations of lead in the atmosphere, the influence of atmospher-
ic lead on the lead content of food and drinking water, and the
influence of lead alkyls on the hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide,
and nitrogen oxide emissions from gasoline engines are
reviewed. With regard to health aspects, absorption and excre-
tion of lead, the lead content in the human body in toto, in
blood, and in urine, studies on lead burdens in selected popu-
lation groups, animal studies, and an assessment of general
and specific health hazards are examined. Current fields of
research in this area are discussed.
37933
Lehnert, G.
LEAD CONTAMINATION BY AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTS?
(Blemrgtttung durch Autoabgase). Text in German. Dent. Med.
Wochschr., 97(11):439- 440, March, 1972.
Are lead additives to the fuel of automobiles dangerous to
health at the present traffic density? According to a series of
studies in Europe and the U. S., it must be assumed that at
least during longer exposure at traffic intersections the inter-
mediary metabolism is affected. The quantity of incorporated
lead can be determined in the blood (not in the serum). The
blood sample must be taken from the veins by a one-way
plastic needle and mailed in a polyethylene container to an In-
stitute concerned with occupational medicine. A measure for
the lead contamination of the body can be obtained by ex-
amining the delta-aminolevulinic acid discharge in the urea.
Long before clinical symptoms, appear the elimination rate of
this substance is markedly higher.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
287
37941
Tsuchiya, Kenzaburo
EFFECT OF LEAD IN AIR ON HUMAN BODIES. (INTERIM
REPORT). (Taiki chu namari no jintai ni taisuru eikyo. (Chu-
kan hokoku)). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Reporto (En-
viron. Health Rept.), no 5:45-46, Oct. 1971.
Since July 1970, lead content in urine and hair, delta
aminolevulinic acid in urine, and coproporphyrin has been esti-
mated in 60 children of an urban elementary school. The effect
of lead (average 2-3 micrograms/cu m) in air appears as a fluc-
tuation in the measured value. The delta aminolevulinic acid
level in urine tends to become high in winter and
coproporphyrin also becomes high during January through
March. But a significant difference from control group was not
found. The average value of coproporphyrin in the control
group was higher, but a significant difference was not seen.
Data of lead content in urine and hair is now being prepared
for publication. As seen from the enzymatic disturbance of
heme synthesis by lead, it is difficult to say that children in
urban districts are affected by lead in air.
37942
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan), Dept. of
Environmental Pollution Control
REPORT ON THE RESULT OF EXAMINATION OF IN-
FLUENCE OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS ON HUMAN
BODIES. (Jidosha haiki gasu jintai eikyo chosa kekka
hokoku). Text in Japanese. 93p., Feb. 1966.
The Ohara intersection that has heavy traffic was chosen as a
polluted area and the vicinity of National Hygienic Research
Institute was chosen as an unpolluted area. An examination of
both the environment and the influence on human bodies was
made. Carbon monoxide was detected only in the polluted
area; the hourly average was 4.1 ppm and the value fluctuated
between 0.5 - 22 ppm, according to the number of automobiles
that went by. The momentary value at the center of the inter-
section averaged 55 ppm and its maximum value reached as
high as 110 ppm. Nitrogen dioxide was detected only in the
polluted area; the average value was 0.02 ppm and the max-
imum value was 0.06 ppm. Nitric oxide was detected in both
areas; the average in the polluted area was 0.05 ppm, the max-
imum was 0.074 ppm, the average in the unpolluted area was
0.03 ppm, and the maximum was 0.30 ppm. Floating dust (222
g/cu m) and 4.8 g/cu m of lead were detected in the polluted
area, on the hand, the amount of floating dust was 459 g/cu m
in the unpolluted area. Sulfur dioxide averaged 0.005 ppm in
the polluted area, and the average during the daytime was 0.14
ppm at the center of the intersection. The average of
hydrocarbons was 0.66 ppm around the streets, and 0.16 ppm
at some distance from the streets in the polluted area; it was
0.05 ppm in the unpolluted area. The subjects of the medical
examination were only general inhabitants in the unpolluted
area, not only general inhabitants, but also policemen and stu-
dents were included in the subjects in the polluted area. And
as a rule, people who had never smoked were chosen. As a
result, during the respiratory function test, no definite trends
were observed in either areas. During the blood test, no abnor-
mality was observed in the amount of total hemoglobin in both
areas; methemoglobin was not detected. About 4.27% of the
carboxyhemoglobin was detected from the inhabitants of pol-
luted area and 2.79% from those of the unpolluted area. The
amount of carboxyhemoglobin detected from policemen and
students averaged 2.62% before work and 3.75% half a day
later. The amount of CO-hemoglobin rose more than 5% when
CO concentration rose more than hourly average of 10 ppm.
At the interview examination, unpleasant experiences, mental
injuries, troubles of digestive organs, and eye irritation were
very notable in the polluted area. More detailed data are
shown in a separate volume.
37964
Haas, Th., A. G. Wieck, K. H. Schaller, K. Mache, and H.
Valentin
THE USUAL LEAD LOAD IN NEW-BORN INFANTS AND
THEIR MOTHERS. (Die usuelle Bleibelastung bei Neu-
geborenen und ihren Muettern). Text in German. Zentralbl.
Bakteriol., Parasitenk. Infektionskr. Hyg.: Abt. 1: Orig., Reihe
B, 155(4):341-349, 1972. 30 refs.
The primary source of lead in the atmosphere is automobile
exhaust. The lead compounds in the exhaust gases not only
contribute to pollution but also pollute vegetation; humans,
therefore, both inhale and ingest lead. Lead intake by humans
starts in prenatal life. The blood lead level and the excretion
of delta-aminovulinic acid in the urine were determined in 294
new-bora infants and their mothers. In all cases, lead was
found in the blood of the infants, with the average level at
14.98 + or - 7.89 micrograms %. This was significantly below
the average level determined in the blood of the mothers
(16.89 + or - 8.57 micrograms %). Statistically, the lead con-
centration in the infants depended on the lead level in the
blood of the mothers. The average delta-aminolevulinic acid
excretion of infants was 1.9 + or - 1.4 mg/1 or 4.6 + or - 4.9
mg/g creatinine. A dependence of the acid excretion on the
blood lead level of infants could be proved statistically. The
average delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion of the women
under examination was 5.1 + or - 3.1 mg/1 (4.3 + or - mg/g
creatinine), or about double the amount excreted by adults of
both sexes who are not occupationally exposed to lead. The
most likely reason for this was an iron deficiency at the end of
pregnancy.
38579
Barry, Patrick Stephen Ian
LEAD IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW OF
HEALTH EFFECTS. (Olovo u covjekovoj okolini. Pregled ut-
jecaja na zdravlje). Text in Serbo-Croatian. Nafta (Zagreb),
22(2):97-101, Feb. 1971. 50 refs.
This is a compilation of information regarding the contribution
of automobile exhaust gases to the lead concentration in the
ambient air and lead s effects on health. Lead metabolism in
man in health and disease, lead in city atmospheres, enzyme
inhibition by lead under normal urban conditions, lead in food,
plumbism in children and workers, and lead in human bones,
blood, and urine are discussed. The adverse effects of lead
present in the atmosphere on health claimed by some of the
investigators have not been confirmed by any evidence. On
the basis of many studies undertaken throughout the world
during the past 40 yrs, the daily intake of lead from all sources
by the entire population is not higher than it was in the past
and lead emitted in automobile exhaust gases has an insignifi-
cant effect on man s health.
38580
Yosbikawa, Hiroshi
METALS AND LIVING BODY. (Kinzoku to seitai). Text in
Japanese. Kogai Taisaku to Gyosei (Environ. Pollut. Counter-
measure and Adm.), 3(7):4-26, July, 1971.
A review of the metal content in the normal human body and
the environmental pollution by various metals are presented.
Lead and cadmium are discussed as main sources of metal
pollution, and other causes of occupational hazards such as
-------
288
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
mercury, arsenic, nickel, chromium, manganese, beryllium,
cobalt, tin, vanadium, and zinc are reviewed briefly. The toxic
reactions and maximum permissible concentrations of various
metal compounds are presented in a table. The atmosphere of
Tokyo contains 1-5 micrograms of lead as compared to 1-2.5
micrograms in average American cities. The cadmium content
in the air of Japanese cities runs from 0.01-1 micrograms/cu m,
approximately the same as that of England. Cadmium is heavi-
ly contained in cigarettes. According to a published material, a
normal person s daily intake of cadmium through the air is
0.24 micrograms, 12 micrograms/from 20 cigarettes, 80 micro-
grams through food, and 2 micrograms through water. But the
absorption rates through the air and cigarettes are 30% respec-
tively, whereas only 5% of intake through food and water are
absorbed. According to this calculation, the total daily intake
of cadmium by a normal person is 7.78 micrograms. A signifi-
cant correlation exists between the cadmium concentration in
the air and the hardening of arteries and all the heart diseases
except for those caused by high blood pressure and rheu-
matism.
38616
Barnea, Matei and Pascu Ursu
NOXIOUS EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Efectele Nocive
ale impurificarii aerului). Text in Romanian. In: Protectia at-
mosferei impotriva impurificarii cu pulberi si gaze. Bucharest,
Romania, Editura Technica, 1969, Chapt. 7-9, p. 130-183.
The mechanism of interaction between air pollutants and the
respiratory tract is analyzed. Aerosols are categorized into
toxic and nontoxic species and the indirect damaging of the
latter as carriers for toxic substances is pointed out. The ac-
tion of lead, fluorine, arsenic, beryllium, Manganese, and car-
cinogenic compounds is reviewed among the toxic aerosols.
Included are discussions on the action of carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, and
oxidant gases on the animal and plant organism. Reference is
made to air pollution dwelling in metropolitan areas such as
London, Los Angeles, or New York. Data illustrating morbidi-
ty and mortality due to chronic exposure to polluted environ-
ments are included. Discussions on economic damage from air
pollution due to construction and other material deterioration
are presented. The effect of air pollution on meteorology and
solar radiation is also discussed.
38721
Corn, Morton
DOSE TO THE RESPIRATORY TRACT FROM PERSONAL,
OCCUPATIONAL AND COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTANTS.
Environ. Letters, l(l):29-39, Jan. 1971. 8 refs. (Presented at
the Pennsylvania Tuberculosis and Health Society, Annual
Meeting, 78th, Pittsburgh, Pa., April 29, 1970.)
The doses (concentration-time) to the respiratory tract by ur-
ban, occupational and personal pollutants were calculated by
assuming the pollutant concentrations in air equivalent to air
quality standards, threshold limit values, and reported
cigarette smoke concentrations, respectively. Urban pollution
includes carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead, hydrocar-
bons, smoke, ash, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, fluorine, beryl-
lium, cadmium oxides, zinc oxides, pollens, allergens, and par-
ticulate matter from automotive, domestic, industrial, and
natural sources; occupational pollution consists of dusts,
fumes, gases, organic dusts, and radioactive particles within
industries. The most severe challenge by a large margin was
that posed to the pack-a-day cigarette smoker. Assumptions
and results of calculations are presented. (Author abstract
modified)
38867
Saito, Kazuo, Hiroko Inai, and Eimatsu Takakuwa
STUDIES ON GASOLINE INTOXICATION. PART 1. ELEC-
TROENCEPHALOGRAPHICAL CHANGES AND LEAD CON-
TENT IN ORGANS OF RATS ADMINISTERED LEAD-FREE
AND LEAD CONTAINING BRANDS OF GASOLINE.
(Gasorin no dokusei ni kansuru kenkyu. Daiippo. Shihan muen
oyobi kaen gasorin toyo ratio no nohagakuteki henka narabi ni
zokichu enryo). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind.
Health), 14(1):9-20, Jan. 1972. 48 refs.
The effects of lead in gasolines in the central nervous systems
in relation to the amount of lead in the organs were in-
vestigated in rats implanted with electrodes to record elec-
troencephalographic changes. Three groups of rats were in-
jected with 1 ml/100 g body weight of nonleaded gasoline,
leaded regular gasoline, and leaded high-octane gasoline.
Tetraethyl lead contents were 0.0, 0.15, and 1.41 ml/1, respec-
tively, corresponding to the amount of tetraethyl lead in
rats/kg body weight, i.e., 0.0, 2.5, and 23.3 mg. Lead content
of the brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and blood was also
determined. The increase in death rate was directly propor-
tional to the amount of tetraethyl lead in the gasolines. Before
gasoline injection, the EEC from the surface of the cortex was
dominant in the theta wave and had a greater amplitude than
that of other electrodes. In acute poisoning at the first to third
day after injection of the leaded high-octane gasoline, the beta
wave was dominant. The rats also exhibited symptoms of atax-
ia, drowsiness, dullness, nystagmus, convulsions of extremi-
ties, and lowering of body temperature. On the second day
after injection, theta wave was less marked and beta wave was
more dominant in the order of nonleaded gasoline, regular lead
gasoline, and leaded high-octane gasoline. The amount of lead
in the organs 10 days after injection did not differ with respect
to distribution in the nonleaded gasoline group; values ranged
within 0.35-0.54 gamma/g. In the groups injected with leaded
gasolines, the content of lead was greatest in the liver, with
values of 7.32 + or - 0.42 gamma/g in the leaded regular
gasoline group and 7.44 + or - 1.86 gamma/g in the leaded
high-octane gasoline group; respective lead content in the
brain was 1.18 + or - 0.09 and 1.26 + or - 0.34 gamma/g. In
general, the changes in EEC and average auditory evoked
response were parallel with the level of poisoning.
38869
Antweiler, H. and F. Pott
RESULTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT
OF AK CONTAMINATION WITH PARTICLES AND GASES.
(Tierexperimentelle Ergebnisse ueber die Wirkung partikel-
und gasfoermiger Luftverunreinigungen). Text in German.
Zentralbl. Bakteriol., Parasitenk. Infektionskr. Hyg.: Abt. 1:
Orig., Reihe B, 155(3):263-271, 1971. 30 refs. (Presented at the
Anlass der Bad Godesberger Hygienetagung, 1971.)
Animal experiments with sulfur dioxide, poly cyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, and lead are reviewed. Numerous experiments
with guinea pigs, which are most sensitive to SO2, revealed
that exposure to S02 concentrations of less than 52 mg/cu m
has no acute toxic effect. However, man is five to ten times
more sensitive toward SO2 than guinea pigs. Long-term expo-
sure (up to 12 mo) to concentrations of up to 15 mg/sq m
caused no chronic or cumulative effect with respect to respira-
tory function and blood. Body weight, growth rate, and life
span were not influenced. Other experiments with guinea pigs
revealed that the toxicity of SO2 could be greatly enhanced by
combination with soluble particulate matter, which by itself
was harmless. Such substances include certain manganese,
iron and vanadium salts which may catalyze the oxidation of
SO2 to sulfuric acid. It is quite difficult to simulate air pollu-
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
289
tion conditions for the determination of the effect of car-
cinogenic pollutants on animals. The best test in this respect,
namely the exposure of laboratory animals in city areas with
high pollution, could not to be carried out because it is too ex-
pensive. The predominant tool for testing the carcinogenic ef-
fect of air pollutants is presently the inhalation chamber. Rats
exposed in such a chamber to benzo(a)pyrene aerosol over a
period of 2 yrs developed lung carcinoma at a rate of two out
of 21. Animal experiments with lead have revealed that 100%
of the lead retained in the lung is resorbed, while only 5% of
the lead ingested with the food is resorbed. Experiments with
mice in a chamber into which automobile exhaust gases were
blown revealed that at an average lead concentration of 2.6
micrograms/cu m a clearly increased lead deposition in the
bone took place. In sheep, the lead stored in bones could be
mobilized by antibiotics which lead to a sudden increase of the
lead table in the blood. The few examples of animal experi-
ments stress the importance of such tests parallel to
epidemiological studies.
39095
Hankin, Lester
LEAD POISONING - A DISEASE OF OUR TIME. J. Milk
Food Technol., 35(2):86-97, Feb. 1972. 128 refs.
The lead poisoning problem among children is examined in
detail with respect to the biochemical aspects, sources of lead
contamination, body burden of lead, testing, and treatment.
The outward signs of lead poisoning range listlessness and ab-
dominal pain to vomiting to mental retardation. The sources of
lead contamination include air pollution, i.e., lead emissions at-
tributed primarily to automobile exhaust fumes; natural emis-
sions of silicate dusts, volcanic halogen aerosols, forest fire
smoke, aerosol sea salts, and meteoritic smoke; food con-
taminated by lead fallout on crops and pasture, accidental up-
take by animals, and uptake by plants from soil and from ef-
fluents used in irrigation materials; growing crops con-
taminated by automotive exhausts; dust fallout from mining
operations, and sewage sludge application to soils; water
poisoned by natural contamination, fallout from auto and in-
dustrial pollution, and lead piping; containers containing lead
in their makeup; soils; and paints containing lead and ingested
by children. Some laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of lead
poisoning are lead content in blood, x-rays of gastrointestinal
tracts or bones, elevated urine level, basophilic stippling of red
blood cells, and determination of delta-aminolevulinic acid in
urine. Once diagnosed, the victims of lead poisoning may be
treated by chelation therapy.
39161
Schuetze, Christian
TWENTY-FOUR POINTS FOR ENVIRONMENT CONSCIOUS
BEHAVIOR. (24 Punkte fuer umweltbewusstes Verhalten.
Text in German. Umwelt (Duesseldorf), 2(2):36-37, April 1972.
Some methods to control environmental damages are outlined.
With respect to the effects of pollution on human health,
harmful effects are caused by any kind of sprays, since the
sprayed particles are so small that they penetrate through the
filter of the human respiratory system. Plastic waste should
not be burned because toxic gases form during combustion.
When filling the tanks of cars, care must to taken to avoid
benzene spills since tetraethyl lead vapors are dangerous and
may cause skin damages. The carburetor of the car should be
adjusted that the benzene percentage in the benzene-air mix-
ture is smaller than the percentage of air in order to reduce the
concentration of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas.
39179
Hammer, Douglas I., John F. Finklea, Russell H. Hendricks,
Thomas A. Hinners, Wilson B. Riggan, and Carl M. Shy
TRACE METALS IN HUMAN HAIR AS A SIMPLE
EPIDEMIOLOGIC MONITOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPO-
SURE. Preprint, Missouri Univ., Columbia, 22p., 1972. 29
refs. (Presented at the Conference on Trace Substances in En-
vironmental Health, Annual, 5th, Columbia, Mo., June 29-July
1, 1971.)
Scalp hair metal levels were previously shown to reflect en-
vironmental exposure gradients for arsenic (As), cadmium
(Cd), and lead (Pb) in non-occupationally exposed schoolboys.
Four problems were studied to explore further the
epidemiologic utility of hair as a practical monitoring tool.
First, a simple mathematical model was constructed to con-
sider explicitly the multiple determinants of a measured hair
trace metal level. Second, pre-analysis hair wash procedures
suggested that detergent, alcohol, and distilled water, but not
EDTA, wash rinses were sufficient. Third, hair trace metal
levels of As, Cd, copper, Pb, and zinc were found to be tem-
porarily consistent within individuals and over the exposure
gradient. Fourth, hair and blood Pb levels correlated well (r
equals 0.46), indicating that hair Pb reflects endogenous Pb ab-
sorption in addition to any exogenous deposition. Current
human environmental Pb exposure is a function of fallout as
well as airborne Pb. Increased Pb absorption most probably
occurs by both respiratory and gastrointestinal routes. Future
epidemiologic studies can no longer neglect dust fall metals
when estimating environmental exposure. (Author abstract
modified)
39193
Sayers, R. R., A. C. Fieldner, W. P. Yant, B. G. H. Thomas,
and W. J. McConnell
EXHAUST GASES FROM ENGINES USING ETHYL
GASOLINE. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. and Bureau
of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Pittsburgh Experiment Station,
Rept. 2661, 24p., Dec. 1924. 13 refs.
Various types of animals (rabbits, guinea pigs, pigeons, dogs,
and monkeys) were exposed for 3-6 hr/day for up to 8 mo to
definite concentrations of exhaust gas from an engine using
ethyl gasoline. Blood and weight data are given for the ex-
posed animals along with autopsy findings. No objective
symptoms of plumbism were noted, and lead tissue accumula-
tions, as determined in 25 autopsies, were insignificant. For all
but two animals the value was on the order of 0.003 mg. With
the exception of animals dying from causes ascertained to be
other than due to lead, all remained normal as to activity,
growth, appetite, and general health. Those that died had nor-
mal appetites and were active to within a couple of days be-
fore death, which is not in accordance with lead poisoning.
The non-occurrence of lead poisoning was further substan-
tiated by the small quantity of lead present in the exhaust gas-
air mixture, together with observations on men that 75% of
lead from exhaust is exhaled when inhaled.
39406
Lob, M. and P. Desbaumes
STUDY OF PLUMBISM AND OF PLUMBURIA IN TWO
GROUPS OF CONFINED INDIVIDUALS, ONE IN THE
COUNTRY, THE OTHER IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY
OF A HIGHWAY TRAVELED BY AUTOMOBILES. (Etude
de la plombemie et de la plomburie chez deux groupes de
detenus, les uns internes a la campagne, les autres a proximite
immediate d une autoroute). Text in French. Bull. Eidgenoess.
Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 3:84-85, March 1971. 10 refs.
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290
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
The lead content in the blood and urine of adult individuals
confined to institutions of open country and in the immediate
vicinity of a highway was compared. The rural group consisted
of 43 individuals aged 19-79, half of them alcoholics, the other
half delinquents. The group near a highway consisted of 35 in-
dividuals, aged 35-76, mostly alcoholics. The duration of in-
ternment was 16 months for the first group, 15 months for the
second. The rural group was on a diet including vegetables
grown in the institutional garden containing between 4 and 20
ppm lead. While no significant differences were found in the
blood lead content of the two groups, the urine of the rural
group contained 35.5 micrograms Pb/1, the highway group had
28.8 micrograms/1. The difference between the two findings is
highly significant.
39503
Pentschew, A. and H. Kassowitz
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF
VARIOUS METALLIC SALTS ON THE CENTRAL NER-
VOUS SYSTEM OF RABBITS. (Vergleichende Untersuchun-
gen ueber die Wirkung verschiedener Metallsalze auf das Zen-
tralnervensystem von Kaninchen). Arch. Exp. Pathol Phar-
makol., vol. 163:667-684, 1932. 16 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. 31p.
A total of 29 water-soluble metallic salts were given by suboc-
cipital injection to rabbits in order to compare the toxicity of
these metals with the effect of lead on the central nervous
system. Effects of the injections and the minimum lethal doses
are indicated.
39621
Pecora, L., A. Silvestroni, and A. Brancaccio
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PORPHYRIN METABOLISM
AND THE NICOTINIC ACID METABOLISM IN SATURNINE
POISONING. Panminerva Med., vol. 8:284-288, 1966. 6 refs.
Relations between porphyrin and nicotinic acid metabolism in
lead poisoning were studied in experiments with three groups
of six rabbits each. The first group was poisoned with 20 eg of
lead acetate/day; the second group, poisoned as the first one,
was treated from the first day onwards with 30 mg of nicotinic
acid; the third group was dosed with nicotinic acid after the
15th day of poisoning. Urinary lead, erythrocyte free
protoporphyrin, urinary coproporphyrin, aminolevulinic acid,
and porphobilinogen in the urine, as well as nicotinic acid in
the blood and urine, and xantheremic acid in the urine, were
observed in all the animals. The inhibitory effect of lead on
nicotinic acid formation was confirmed. Lead blocks the
pathways from tryptophan to nicotinic acid and causes a con-
siderable decrease in the nicotinic acid content in the blood as
well as in the urinary elimination. Consequently the synthesis
of pyridine coenzymes is inhibited. At the same time, the uri-
nary elimination of xanthurenic acid increases considerably.
This phenomenon is presumably due to a blockade of vitamin
B6, which acts on the pathway from 3-oxykynurenine to 3-ox-
yanthranilic acid from where it arrives to the nicotinic acid
through the quinolinic acid. The nicotinic acid is able not only
to limit the urinary coproporphyrin elimination but also to in-
hibit the increase of erythrocyte free protoporphyrin, amino
levulinic acid, and porphobilinogen. The fact that the nicotinic
acid tends to normalize the disturbance of the porphyrinic
metabolism, leads to the assumption that in saturnism it is, at
least partially, a consequence of the action the lead has on the
nicotinic acid, directly or indirectly through vitamin B6 inhibi-
tion, yielding a decrease of the pyridinic coenzyme synthesis.
(Author conclusions modified)
39826
Sulzberger, Marion B.
SKIN EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Interdepartmental
Committee on Air Pollution, Washington, D. C., Air Pollut.,
Proc. U. S. Tech. Conf., Washington, D. C., 1950, p. 462-467.
1 ref. (May 3-5, Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
Substances which can possibly produce systemic poisoning via
skin penetration are listed, and include aromatic amines and
nitro compounds, arsenic, lead (organic compounds), mercury,
phenol, and vesicant war gases. In most instances, the concen-
trations and amounts of such substances suspended or dis-
solved in the air are of such relatively low magnitude that
acute systemic poisoning from the air via the skin is not
produced. However constant and repeated exposures to cer-
tain dusts and suspended particles can produce a variety of
skin diseases, including blackheads, keratoses, precancers and
cancers, urticaria! eruptions from allergenic dusts, dermatitis,
and infections.
39833
Dunning, lames M.
EFFECTS ON ORAL STRUCTURES FROM AIR POLLU-
TION. Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution,
Washington, D. C., Air Pollut., Proc. U. S. Tech. Conf.,
Washington, D. C., 1950, p. 503-506. (May 3-5, Louis C. Mc-
Cabe, ed.)
Forty-two etiologic agents have been recorded as producing
effects on oral structures, 18 of these agents are dusts and 12
are gases. Some of the agents cause physical damage such as
staining or abrasion of the teeth, including copper, nickel,
iron, chromium, coal dust, bone, celluloid, sawdust, flour, and
tobacco. Chemical damage usually associated with some dis-
ease process may result from the heavy metals, fluorine,
phosphorus, ionizing radiation, and sugar. Arsenic, chromium,
phosphorus, and ionizing radiation produce syndromes charac-
terized chiefly by soft tissue and alveola]- necrosis. Bismuth,
lead, and mercury greatly aggravate periodontal disease and
usually produce gingival discoloration as well. Carbohydrate
dust produces adherent plaques on the surfaces of teeth lead-
ing in time to dental caries. Most of these agents produce far
greater effects upon already diseased oral structures than upon
healthy ones.
39863
Jansen, Wallace N., Giuliana D. Moreno, and Marcel C. Bessis
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF BASO-
PHILIC STIPPLING IN RED CELLS. Blood, 25(6):933-943,
June 1965. 23 refs.
Blood or bone marrow cells from 20 rabbits, 20 guinea pigs,
and 60 rats with lead intoxication were examined using a com-
bination of supravital strains, light microscopy, and electron
microscopy. There was marked variation in the time of ap-
pearance and in the number of stippled cells present. Stippling
was always found in the bone marrow when it was present in
peripheral blood, but was found only in the orthochromato-
philic normoblasts which were relatively few in the animals
with severe lead poisoning. Since the formation of stippling in
cells depends on the dessication of the cells, they were not
seen in plasma-suspended cells or in cells prepared in routine
fastion for electron microscopy. The basic stippled material
produced in blood cells by the action of supravital dye con-
sisted exclusively of ribosomes. The spontaneous occurrence
of the basophile stippling may be interpreted as evidence of
ribosomal abnormality. However, the multiplicity of cellular
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
291
injuries induced by lead suggests that ribosomal aggregation
results from alteration of nonribosomal organelles or other cel-
lular consituents.
39867
Kopito, Louis, Ann M. Briley, and Harry Shwachman
CHRONIC PLUMBISM IN CHILDREN. I. Am. Med. Assoc.,
209(2):243-248, July 14, 1969. 14 refs.
The cases of a family of four children and their neighboring
cousin in whom the diagnosis on mild lead intoxication was in-
itally suspected because these children had grossly elevated
lead content in scalp hair are described. Ages ranged from 7
yrs, 4 mo. to 2 yrs, 1 mo. Lead concentrations in urine, blood,
and hair were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
After determination of the lead concentration in a timed urine
specimen, all the patients were given edetate calcium disodium
in a single dose of SO or 75 mg/kg body weight. All patients
tolerated chelation therapy well. Elevated concentrations of
lead in the blood were observed in four of the patients; the
fifth had an elevated level of lead in the urine indicating active
excretion of the metal. The determination of lead in scalp hair
is a valuable diagnostic aid in chronic or mild lead intoxication
particularly when the clinical or laboratory evidence is of
questionable diagnostic quality. This continuously growing tis-
sue accumulates and stores lead for long periods and may be
used for estimating the time and duration of the exposure.
Hair is easy to obtain, store, transport, and analyze and may
provide a practical means for finding young children who may
have been exposed to lead.
39883
Fullerton, Pamela M.
TOXIC CHEMICALS AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY:
CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES. Proc.
Roy. Soc. Med., vol. 62:201-204, Feb. 1969. 29 refs. (Presented
at the Royal Society of Medicine, Joint Meeting of Section of
Occupational Medicine with Section of Neurology, May 9,
1968.)
Clinical and epidemiologic features of peripheral neuropathy
caused by toxic substances encountered in industry are
reviewed, classified by their main toxic effect. Peripheral neu-
ropathy predominates with lead, acrylamide, or-
ganophosphates, and thallium, while central nervous system
involvement predominates with carbon disulfide, methyl mer-
cury, and methyl bromide. Effects appear only after gross
overdose of arsenic, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, 2,4-
D (dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), pentachlorophenol, and DDT.
Other systems are more affected by carbon tetrachloride and
carbon monoxide. Criteria for establishing the metabolic tox-
icity of the substances are indicated as are criteria for im-
plicating an immunologic mechanism in the production of neu-
ropathy.
39989
Tsuchiya, Kensaburo
EFFECT OF LEAD ON HUMAN BODY. (Namari no jintai ni
taisuru eikyo). Text in Japanese. Namari to Aen (Lead Zinc),
9(2):23-26, March 1972.
There has been no proven case of lead poisoning by airborne
lead reported anywhere in the world. Cases of lead poisoning
have been reported and known only as an occupational dis-
ease, especially in storage battery manufacturing firms. There
is a definite relation between exposure to a poisonous chemi-
cal substance and human reaction. A man does not give abnor-
mal symptoms until the exposure exceeds a certain degree.
Once this limit is exceeded, rate of the poisoning is
When plotted in a chart, this relation is indicated in S curve.
Most of lead is taken in with food and through the digestive
organs. The average Japanese takes in 0.3 mg/day lead from
his diet. Lead is also taken in and absorbed through respirato-
ry organs. Most of lead absorbed through the lungs goes
directly into the circulation system, enters the liver, and is
then deposited in the bones or discharged together with human
waste. Lead carried by blood adheres to surfaces of globules.
Part of the lead circulating with the blood enters the marrow
where it disturbs the production cf hemoglobin. Some of the
lead reaches nerves and muscles where it ionizizes, causing
breakdown of the ion equilibrium around the cells of smooth
muscles and consequently paralysis of the muscles. Symptoms
and diagnosis of lead poisoning are discussed at some length.
40014
Jefferies, D. J. and M. C. French
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN SMALL MAMMALS
TRAPPED ON ROADSIDE VERGES AND FIELD SITES. En-
viron. Pollut., 3(2):147-156, April 1972. 11 ref
One hundred and one small mammals of three species of mice
from sites in Huntingdonshire were analyzed to determine the
lead concentration in the liver and whole body. The vegetation
at the trap site was also analyzed. The range of sites covered
roadside verges and fields. The mean lead concentration in the
bodies of the mammals trapped increased from 4.19 dry weight
ppm on woodland and arable sites, to 5.98 d/w ppm on verges
of minor roads and 7.00 d/w ppm on the verges of a major
highway 1.32, 1.92, and 2.26 wet weight ppm respectively).
This differential of 1.7 times was much lower than that shown
by the vegetation on the three types of sites (33.4, 42.5, and
306.7 d/w ppm respectively; 9.2 times differential). Microtus
agrestis (field mice) contained significantly higher total body
residues of lead on roadside verge sites (3.14 w/w ppm) than
either Clethrionomys glareolus (bank voles) (1.89 w/w ppm) or
Apodemus sylvaticus (field voles) (1.62 w/w ppm). This dif-
ference could be due to differing food and behavior. (Author
abstract modified)
40021
Stankovic, M. and S. Milic
THE VALIDITY OF LABORATORY TESTS IN THE EX-
AMINATION OF LEAD EXPOSED WORKERS. (Vrednost
laboratorijskih testova kod pregleda radnika izlozenih olovu).
Text in Yugoslavian. Arhiv Hig. Rada Toksikol. (Yugoslavia),
21(3):233-239, 1970. 20 refs.
The validity of laboratory tests for the determination of lead
levels was investigated on 317 workers occupationally exposed
to lead. The increase in urinary elimation of lead,
coproporphyrin and delta-amino levulinic acid (ALA) was
evident. The determination of ALA proved to be the most sen-
sitive test, suitable to define the quantity of metabolically ac-
tive lead in the organism; ALA concentrations were highly
correlative with urinary lead levels. The determination of ALA
to creatinine ratio (ALA index) has no advantage over the sim-
ple expression of ALA in mg/1 or in mg/100 ml urine.
40022
Haley, Thomas J.
SATURNISM, PEDIATRIC AND ADULT LEAD POISONING.
Clin. Toxicol., 4(l):ll-29, March 1971. 130 refs.
There are numerous differences between the two forms of ac-
tive plumbism. Pica and lead fumes are the usual cause of
pediatric variety, whereas poor industrial hygienic practices
-------
292
LEAD AND AYR POLLUTION
produce adult plumbism. The pediatric disease involves he-
matological, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms, and
the latter include drowsiness, coma, and grand mal seizures.
Brain damage has implicated impedence of brain hemodynam-
ics with changes in both white and gray matter. Adult
plumbism requires more time for its development and presents
a nonspecific symptom complex with low hemoglobin, gas-
trointestinal upsets, and increased delta aminolevulinic acid
and coproporphyrin in the urine. There may be basophilic stip-
pling and lead line on the gums, but these indications should
not be used as sole diagnostic aids. With further development
of the disease, the neuromuscular involvement becomes
pronounced and in those instances where females are in-
volved, sterility and abortion have been observed. The most
valuable diagnostic aid is the determination of blood and urine
lead levels, but only by a competent laboratory. The edetate
lead mobilization test is also valuable. Therapy for pediatric
plumbism includes intravenous edetate to remove blood lead
and either urea or mannitol to reduce cerebral edema. Cor-
ticosteroids have also been used. In the adult form of the dis-
ease, edetate is also effected and in its absence, penicillamine
can be used. Pentetate has been used in Europe, but its
damaging effects on the islet cells of the pancreas may make
its use questionable. (Author summary)
40057
Basecqz, J.-M., R. Lauwerys, and J.-P. Buchet
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL LEAD
EXPOSURE TESTS. (Etude comparative de divers tests
biologiques d exposition au plomb). Text in French. Arch.
Madadie Profess. Med. Trav. Securite Sociale (Paris),
32(6):453-463, June 1971. 36 refs.
On the basis of various known biological tests carried out to
determine blood and urine lead levels in 2 groups of persons
exposed to lead a control group, the validity of the determina-
tion of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid for the determination
of lead exposure was confirmed. Its Ocorrelation with urine-
lead was definitely superior to that of coproporphyrinuria.
Stippled cells research offers no interest. A significant inhibi-
tion of the globular enzyme delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase,
however, can occur without increase in the urinary delta-
aninolevulinic acid level. Therefore, the determination of the
activity of this enzyme proves to be a very sensitive and very
early test of lead exposure. Even in subjects nonoccupa-
tionally exposed to lead, the enzyme activity depends on the
amount of circulating lead. (Author summary modified)
40068
Lachnit, V.
CONTRD3UTION TO CHRONIC DAMAGES FROM EN-
VKONMENTAL POLLUTANTS. (Zur Problematik
chronischer Schaedigungen durch Urn welt verunreinigungen).
Text in German. Wien. Med. Wochenschr., 122(4):43-49, Jan.
1972. 44 refs.
Pollutants, particularly trace elements which are present in the
air in industrial plants and their environment and which may
cause damage to health are reviewed. Few trace elements are
concentrated enough to cause damage. Aluminum powder and
aluminum oxide in high concentrations may cause diffuse in-
terstitial fibrosis, while vanadium causes bronchitis. Beryllium,
present in low concentrations, leads to beryllium pneumonia
and berylliosis in high amounts. Cobalt affects the thyroid
gland, and iron causes hemosiderosis. The mucous membranes
are irritated by manganese and chromium, and the latter may
have carcinogenic effect. Intensified studies on the effects of
nickel and cadmium are required. The nickel intake from food
and water is more important than from the air. Cadmium accu-
mulates in the kidney and the liver, and may cause hypertonia.
Lead has become one of the most important pollutants among
the trace elements. The intake from air accounts for 30-50% of
the total, while the daily intake in food Lies at 0.3 mg. Some
10% of the total lead incorporated is resorbed. Lead concen-
trations of 80-115 ppm were found in plants near highways.
Animals chronically exposed to lead showed reduced life ex-
pectancy. Decrease in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
and reduced adenosintriphosphatase activity, constitute
precursors of lead poisoning. The increased concentration of
asbestos fibers, especially near building sites, represents a
serious problem. Asbestos particles, showing the characteristic
iron reaction, were revealed in the lung in 30-70% of the in-
habitants in big cities. While the increased frequency of lung
carcinoma and pleuromesothelioma may be associated with
asbestos, a carcinogenic effect has not yet been ascertained.
40295
Lehnert, G., H. Mastall, D. Szadkowski, and K. H. Schaller
VOCATIONAL LEAD CONTAMINATION BY AUTO EX-
HAUST GASES ON CITY STREETS. (Berufliche
Bleibelastung durch Autoabgase in Grossstadtsstrassen). Deut.
Med. Wochschr., vol. 95:1097-1099, May 15, 1970. 21 refs.
Translated from German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City,
Calif., lip., Dec. 1971.
A study on 158 employees of the vehicle pool of the city of
Frankfurt/Main (79 garbage men and 79 street cleaners) was
performed to investigate the possibility of lead poisoning due
to air pollution originating from the use of leaded gasoline.
Determination of the blood lead level and the delta-amino-
evulinic acid deposit in the urine resulted in the following
statistically warranted findings: Both occupational groups ex-
hibited a larger lead accumulation than the general population.
The mean blood lead level was higher for :street cleaners than
for garbage men. The degree of poisoning, based on the
deposit of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the urine, must be re-
garded as no longer acceptable from the medical fitness-for-
work standpoint for 16% of those examined. Tabular data con-
sisting of mean values and deviations from standard of the
delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) deposit in urine and variance
analytical comparisons between the test group and a control
group for blood lead level and ALA deposit in the urine are
presented along with point correlation diagrams for the rela-
tionship between the ALA deposit in the urine and the blood
lead level and for the relationship between the blood lead level
and the length of employment.
40312
Sandstead, Harold H.
EFFECT OF CHRONIC LEAD INTOXICATION ON IN VIVO
1131 UPTAKE BY THE RAT THYROID. Proc. Soc. Exp.
Biol. Med. vol. 124: 18-20, 1967. 9 refs.
In vivo depression of iodine (131) uptake by rat thyroid and
the conversion ratio has been produced by chronic lead intoxi-
cation. Lead apparently combines with sulfhydryl groups, thus
inhibiting the enzymes. Lead may also displace iodine from a
protein sulfenyl iodide carrier. This would effectively inhibit
the uptake of iodine by the gland and inhibit the iodination of
thyroylobin. Lead poisoning in recent years has become a
problem affecting persons who consume moonshine whiskey.
Impaired 1(131) uptakes responsive to thyroid-stimulating hor-
mones occurs in patients with plumbism and. is caused by lead.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
293
40316
Hasan, Jeddi and Sven Hernberg
INTERACTIONS OF INORGANIC LEAD WITH HUMAN
RED BLOOD CELLS. Work Environ. Health, no. 2:26-44,
1966. 160 refs.
The simplicity of design of a mature human erythrocyte and
its consequences, especially the absence of significant
reproductive or regenerative capacity, renders the cell excep-
tionally vulnerable to deleterious physico-chemical influences,
and makes it a sensitive indicator of their occurrence. Thus,
interactions of red cells with even minute amounts of lead ions
result in measureable alterations of function, particularly in
the regulation of potassium and water exchange through the
cell membrane. The effects appear also as changes in the
osmotic resistance, the mechanical fragility, and in erythrocyte
survival time in the circulation. (Author summary modified)
40317
Sobel, Raymond,
THE PSYCHIATRIC IMPLICATIONS OF ACCIDENTAL
POISONING IN CHILDHOOD. Pediat. Clin. N. Amer.,
17(3):653-685, Aug. 1970. 26 refs.
Childhood poisoning is a function primarily of parental
psychopathology and family disturbance. Frequency of poison-
ing is unrelated to home safety, level of motor development,
intelligence of the child, birth complications, and parental ac-
cident proneness. Childhood emotional disorder and accidental
poisoning are related. Poisoning is one of the terminal links in
a process which starts with a failure of mothering and leads to
the frustration of a child s needs for dependency, autonomy
and security. Poisoning is an act of defiance, a bid for atten-
tion, a coercive attempt to achieve dependency or an expres-
sion of anger deflected from the mother onto the self. Further
attempts at education are likely to prove unavailing and more
widespread use of safety devices is called for. The physician
must treat accidental poisoning as a symptom of family
disturbance. (Author summary modified)
40355
Grossklaus, Dieter
FOREIGN MATTER AND RESIDUES IN POULTRY MEAT
WHICH ARE HARMFUL TO HUMAN HEALTH. (Fremde
Stoffe und gesundheitlich bedenkliche Rueckstaende in
Gefluegelfleisch). Text in German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt
(Berlin), no. 3-4:42-50, Feb. 4, 1972.
Because of the lead bromium chloride contained in automotive
exhaust gases, environmental lead concentrations, have in-
creased considerably in recent years. Fodder crops near
highways were found to contain up to 500 ppm lead. Poultry
meat had an average lead concentration of 0.14 ppm in 1969.
Continuous accumulation of lead residues in the body may
lead to enzyme damage and to mutagenic and teratogenic ef-
fects.
40435
Kunitake, Eizaburo, Yasushi Kodama, and Noburu Ishinishi
THE EFFECTS OF LEAD GENERATED FROM EXHAUST
GASES. I. SPECIAL HEALTH EXAMINATION. (Jidosha
haikichu en no jinshin eikyo I. tokusho kenko shindan). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):165, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan. Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Fifty residents from a high traffic area of Fukuoka City and
the same number of residents from a countryside residential
area were studied for the effects of automotive exhaust gases
on human health. Self-conscious symptoms were investigated
based on questionnaires issued by the Welfare ministry. Spe-
cial health examinations of lead poisoning were also carried
out. The rate of resident with self-conscious symptoms, in-
cluding headache, cough, nose, and eye symptoms was higher
in the high traffic area, especially for female residents, who
had a double rate. The investigation showed no differences for
people in hazardous occupations and for heavy smokers from
the two areas. Special health examinations of lead poisoning
revealed no difference between the two groups of residents.
40485
ANALYSIS OF THE BIOSPHERE POLLUTION WITH LEAD
AND ITS BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS. (Analyse de la situation
de pollution de la biosphere par le plomb et aspects bio-
medicaux). Text in French. Protectio Vitae, no. 1:31-33, 1971.
Under present conditions, lead concentration in gasoline can
vary from 0.2 to 1.1 g/1, with an average of 0.44 g/1. Total
emission of lead from automobile exhausts in the Northern
hemisphere amounts to several hundred thousands of tons per
year. Concentrations of lead in the air in cities and near open
roads with heavy traffic can reach as much as 40 micro-
grams/cu m. The World Health Organization considers a lead
concentration of more than 2 micrograms/cu m in breathing air
as objectionable, and suggests a permissible limit of 1 micro-
gram/cu m. In rain water, as much as 300 micrograms lead/1
have bean found quite frequently, and accumulations of 1000
micrograms/sq m on the ground are not unusual. By means of
radioactive isotopes of lead, information has been obtained on
the mode of absorption, distribution, and retention of lead in
the human body and its organs. Daily elimination removes a
certain percentage of the quantities absorbed by digestion. The
presence of lead can disturb the metabolic functions of the
blood, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, and other or-
gans. Tetraethyl lead, used as antiknock agent in gasoline, has
particularly toxic properties. It penetrates preferentially into
the central nervous system and can diffuse through intact skin.
Symptoms of poisoning are troubled sleep, impaired vision,
cramps, and drop of blood pressure. So far, the chemical and
petrochemical industries have not found a product that can
replace tetraethyl lead as an antiknock agent, despite the fact
that some 200,000 chemical compounds have already been in-
vestigated.
40492
Beckert, J., G. Buehlmeyer, F. Unckell, and G. Tech
INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNED WITH SUBJECTS EX-
POSED TO LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD AT WORK-
PLACES. (Untersuchungen bei Bleiexponierten mil primaer
niedriger Bleikonzentration am Arbeitsplatz). Text in German.
Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 21(7):207-213, July 1971. 29
refs.
The effect of low concentrations of lead on the urine content
of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), coproporphyrin (CP) and
porphobilinogen (PBG) of 92 printing workers (machine setters
exposed to an average lead concentration of 17 micrograms/cu
m) was investigated. Despite the low lead concentrations,
ALA excretion in 72 persons exceeded the normal values.
Normal limits and maximum allowable concentration values
are discussed. The average ALA excretion of the workers ex-
posed to lead was statistically significantly higher than that of
the controls.
-------
294
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
40532
Dodo, Hidenori and Hitoshi Hasegawa
THE STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF LEAD IN AIR IN KUSAT-
SU, HIROSHIMA CITY. (Hiroshima-shi Kusatsu chiku ni
okeru taikichu-namari no eikyo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Hiroshima Igaku (J. Hiroshima Med. Assoc.), 25(4):495-497,
April 1972. 3 refs.
The effects of lead in air on health were studied in the Kusat-
su district of Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture. The mea-
surements, including blood and urine levels of lead, hematocrit
value, serum protein level, specific gravities of serum and
blood, hemoglobin amount, coproporphyrinuria, and basophilic
punctate erythocyte count were performed for housewives of
Kusatsu district and those of Yamada district as controls. The
blood level of lead was 16.5 micrograms/100 g on the average,
ranging from 5 to 58 micrograms/100 g in Kusatsu district and
the value was higher than in the Yamada district. The urine
lead level was slightly higher in Yamada district, 27.6 micro-
grams/I on the average, and ranged from 9 to 15 micrograms/1.
The blood examination revealed three patients with anemia in
both districts, which was the result of nutrition or other
causes. Among anemia patients, some basophilic punctate
erythrocyte positive subjects were found, however, this count
was within the normal limit, In Yamada district, three cases of
coproporphyrinuria were seen. The average count of basophil-
ic punctate erythrocyte was higher in the Kusatsu district. On
the whole, there was no difference between two districts con-
cerning mean values and rates of abnormalities of all items.
No subjects had lead poisoning.
40634
Gualtierotti, R.
GLOBAL POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT. (L inquin-
amento globale dell ambiente). Text in Italian. Museoscienza,
12(l):23-34, Jan.-Feb. 1972.
Seventy percent of the oxygen of the biosphere is produced by
marine phytoplankton which is being endangered by all types
of environmental pollution. Only if the biosphere remains in
the equilibrium which it attained five million years ago and
which is now in acute danger can man survive. While each
human consumes daily 14 kg of air, the combustion of each
liter of gasoline uses up 16.5 kg air and the combustion of 1 kg
of methane uses up 18 kg air. The current yearly emission of
carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides into the at-
mosphere is estimated to amount to 142 million tons in the
U.S.A. alone. When automobile emissions are exposed to sun-
light smog formation results. Air pollution can have an acute
or a chronic effect on living organisms. The former is
manifested in humans by violent retrostemal pain, dyspnea,
cough, vomiting, pulmonary edema, collapse, and death. The
latter affects primarily the respiratory tract by inducing
chronic bronchitis, spastic manifestations, pulmonary
emphysema, and cor pulmonale. Hydrocarbons and
benzopyrene, in particular, cause lung cancer, which is also in-
directly caused by tetraethyl lead. Both these compounds and
carbon monoxide have a deleterious effect on enzymes opera-
tive in respiration. Air pollution is estimated to be a contribu-
tory factor in the induction of tumors of the respiratory tract
by 10%, in asthma by 10%, in congestive myocardial insuffi-
ciency by in acute infections of the upper respiratory tract by
10%, in acute bronchopneumopathies by 15%, in chronic
bronchitis by 20%, in pylmonary abscesses by 10%, in pulmo-
nary congestion and hypostasis by 5%, and in other diseases
of the respiratory tract by 10%. The difference in mortality
between 10.6 per mille in urban areas and 9.6 per mile in rural
areas can be attributed to congestion as a factor of environ-
mental pollution. Also, urban infant mortality is elevated. Mor-
tality and morbidity attributable to air pollution involve mainly
diseases of the respiratory tract and of the cardiocirculatory
system. Of the 217 pollutants identified in the atmosphere by
gas chromatography, tetraethyl lead has increased most, 70
times in the last 20 years.
40688
Isoard, P., F. Marcotte, G. Lemercier, and R. Fontanges
STUDY ON THE EXPERIMENTAL ACTION OF AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS ON THE LUNGS OF BALB/C
MICE. (Etude de 1 action experimentale de polluants at-
mospheriques sur le poumon de la souris Balb/c). Text in
French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), 14-(53):43-55, Jan.-March 1972.
68 refs.
A study on the biological effects of fine particulate pollutants
on new-born mice is described. The air samples, taken at a
rate of 0.4 m/sec in an industrial area, were subjected to
freeze-drying. The mineral contenj of the samples was 99%
(silicon, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, iron, lead, copper,
manganese, and zinc) and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene,
dibenz(a,h)anthracene and fluoroanthene, for example) were
determined in the rest. The preparations were administered in-
tranasally (2.5 mg/0.1 ml), subcutaneous!y (1, 1.5, 2, and 3
ing/0.1 ml), and in the form of aerosol (1.5 mg). The animals
were killed after 9 months for the investigation. Injections of
high doses, causing ecchymotic spots, killed the animals
usually within 24 hours. The LD50 was determined to be 1.596
mg. The pathologic investigation of the lungs of the 11 groups
revealed histiocytovascular hypertrophic reticular pneumonia
(23.50-80%), atrophic reticular pneumonia (5.90-13.80%),
lymphoid stimulation (3.80-38.20%), and adenomatosis (4-
76.50%), while the percentage of the normal mice within the
different groups ranged from 12 to 76.50% The damages were
due to irritations or acute of chronic toxic effects, the latter
mainly within the grain size range of 1-5 micron. No statisti-
cally significant tumor proliferation was found.
40697
Borghetti, A., A. Cavatorta, A. Dal Canton, I. Franchini, T.
M. Neri, and A. Novarini
BIOLOGICAL INDICES FOR THE EI'IDEMIOLOGICAL
STUDY OF LEAD POISONING. (Elaborazione di indici
biologici per rilievi epidemiologici nella esposizione saturnina).
Text in Italian. G. Clin. Med. (Bologna), 52(3):234-246, 1971. 8
refs.
Urinary excretion studies in normal and lead-poisoned subjects
show that the mg of certain urinary solutes/ml urine, divided
by the urinary osmolarity, is correlated with the mg of those
solutes/ml urine times the urinary minute volume. This was
true for creatinine, gamma-aminolevulinic acid,
coproporphyrin, and lead. These correlations may be useful in
epidemiological studies of lead poisoning. (Author abstract
modified)
40769
Silver, Walter and Ramon Rodriguez-Torres
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHS STUDIES IN CHILDREN
WITH LEAD POISONING. Pediatrics, 41(6):1124-1127, June
1968. 16 refs.
Electrocardiographic studies before and after treatment were
performed in 30 children with lead poisoning. Abnormal elec-
trocardiograms were present in 70% of the patients on admis-
sion. Six cases had tachycardia which persisted after treatment
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
295
in only two. Atrial arrhythmias were found in five patients.
Sinus rhythm was reestablished after treatment in all except
the patient with left atrial rhythm. The P-R interval was shor-
tened in four cases and prolonged in 2. After treatment, the
patients (two) in whom the P-R interval was prolonged
remained the same, while only one case of four with short P-R
interval failed to return to normal. The QTc was prolonged in
IS patients on admission, and it became normal in all patients
after treatment. Inverted T waves over the left precordium
were found on admission in five patients. Only one failed to
respond to treatment. An abnormally wide QRS-T angle was
found in six patients on admission. The angle became normal
in four patients but remained the same in two. The abnormali-
ties described most likely represent myocardial damage.
41067
Yamada, Shin-ya
THE USE OF METAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION-TEE CONNECTION BETWEEN OCCUPA-
TIONAL DISEASES AND POLLUTION. (Kinzoku shigen no
riyo to kankyo osen—shokugyobyo to kogai no tsunagari). Text
in Japanese. Kagaku (Science), 41(10):530-544, Oct. 1971. 11
refs.
Topics discussed included the historical relationship between
high pollution and occupational diseases starting from the 18th
century, changes in labor conditions from a high- to a low-con-
centration exposure, the maximum permissible concentration
of metal pollutants in the human body, monitoring by deter-
mining pollution sources, government anti-pollution policies,
citizen awareness, an index for pollution monitoring, elimina-
tion of pollution by recovery in industrial areas, coordination
of pollution monitoring within and outside of industrial areas,
some pollution episodes, social attitudes toward occupational
diseases, and the need for education of the public in order to
eliminate occupational hazards by pollution. According to mea-
surements made at a steel alloy factory, where lead is added
to molten iron of 1500 C, 5-20 mg/cu m lead were found in the
steam created immediately after the pouring of lead in the
molten iron. This lasted for 5-10 min, and 0.001 to 0.01 mg/cu
m concentration followed. Most of the lead is emitted to the
atmosphere by suction, but the dust in the building contained
0.1-0.2% lead. An example of death by metal poisoning was
the case of an old man who died of bronchial asthma after
working at an iron foundry for 18 years. Autopsy showed a
total lung silicosis and heavy carbon deposit in the lungs, and
a long-term deterioration of lung and heart functions.
41097
Brondine, Virginia
POINT OF DAMAGE. Environment, 14(4):2-15, May 1972. 56
refs.
Health effects are represented in air quality standards only to
the extent that a specific concentration of a single pollutant
can be demonstrated to cause a harmful effect on health. A
margin of safety is then added. These standards are not use-
less, but they are simplistic. Epidemiologic evidence has in-
dicated the complexity of the interaction of pollutants and the
variety of the human condition. Nitrogen dioxide lowers the
resistance to bacterial and viral infection. Ozone, lead oxides,
and particulate s impair the ability of phagocytes to trap
streptococci. Silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust con-
taining a high proportion of silica. Lung cancer has been in-
duced in animals by the inhalation of benzypyrene, a
hydrocarbon, and sulfur dioxide. When animals have been in-
fected with influenza and exposed to ozonized gasoline, a
synthetic smog, lung cancer has also been produced. Muta-
tions have been produced by both SO2 and radiomimetic
ozone. Low levels of toxic agents may result in a great variety
of delayed pathological manifestations. Some populations
suffer inherent risks due to special deficiencies, preexisting
disease, or special exposure. The incidence of asthma has in-
creased in urban areas. People who suffer from anemia are
likely to be sensitive to CO and lead. Occupational exposure is
reinforced by cigarette smoking, and the combined effect is
greater than the sum of the two effects.
41124
Wada, Osamu
ENVIRONMETNAL POLLUTION DISEASES. (Kogaibyo).
Text in Japanese. Shonika Rinsho (Japan. J. Pediat.), 25(4):35-
42, April 1972. 11 refs.
The mutual relationship between an agent of disease, mankind,
and various diseases is discussed by giving examples such as
chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchitis, and
cancer of the lung which are generally called environmental
pollution diseases caused by air pollution. Medical science in
the future and the physician s role are discussed. The toxicity
of lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and other pollutants
are mentioned. The dose-response curve is described.
41368
Schlipkoeter
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BONE MATERIAL BY
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. (Blei-
Bestimmung in Knochenmaterial durch Atomabsorptionsspek-
trophotometrie). Preprint, Medizinisches Inst. fuer Lufthygjene
und Silikoseforschung, Duesseldorf (West Germany), 1968 0- 2
refs. Translated from German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood
City, Calif., 8p., Dec. 1971.
Lead measurements for determination of lead in bone material
were conducted with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer
Perkin-Elmer model 303. The photometer is equipped with a
lead hollow cathode lamp, a Bowling burner, an amplifier, and
an absorption recorder. The measurements were conducted at
a wave length of 283 nm. With an acetylene-air mixture, zero
absorption is adjusted with methyl isobutyl ketone. Each solu-
tion is atomized for 15 sec. After each second sample solution,
the calibration solution is measured with a suitable lead con-
centration as a reference value. After determination of the ex-
tinctions, the values of the sample calibration solutions are
corrected on hand of the control extinctions; and, sub-
sequently, the mean values of duplicate and multiple measure-
ments are established. The concentration is read on a calibra-
tion curve and recalculated with the help of the sample volume
to the quantity of lead per organ. Direct atomization and mea-
suring of the aqueous solution of the samples is in most cases
not possible due to the high salt content, since deposited salts
clog up atomization nozzles and burner slots. In addition, scat-
tering effects of the particles cause an erroneous absorption
signal. The treatment of the material under investigation takes
place through wet ashing with nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and
perchloric acid. The salts present after ashing are soluble by
boiling in a high-percentage ammonium citrate solution. By
means of extraction, metals can be converted and concen-
trated from a large volume of aqueous solution into a small
volume of organic solution. Such a concentration is required
because of the low lead concentrations expected. Informaiton
concerning reagents and solutions along with details on the
laboratory procedure required are given at the end of the arti-
cle.
-------
296
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
41695
Pines, A. G.
THE CONDITION OF SOME GENERAL INDICATORS IN
LEAD POISONING. (Sostoyanie nekotorykh pokazateley
obshchey reaktivnosti pri svintsovykh intoksikatsiyakb). Text
in Russian. Vrachebnoe Delo (Kiev), no. 3:93-%, 1962 ().
The variations of some parameters of the overall activity due
to chronic lead poisoning were studied in 40 persons occupa-
tionally exposed to lead over more than 10 years. Reduced
functional activity of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal
gland system was observed in the majority of all cases. The
urine lead content was 0.05 mg/1, maximum, and the basophilic
granular erythrocyte count was 2-28/10,000. The percentage of
reticulocytes was between 0.4 and 3.3. Spontaneous 17-
ketosteroids excretion was decreased to 6.57 + or - 0.74
mg/day. The decrease in the 17-ketosteroid excretion after
ephedrine administration, observed in 21 cases, indicated in-
adequate, distorted reaction. Eosinopenia was found in more
than 50% of all cases. Correlation between the degree of the
adrenocortical hypofunction and the clinical gravity of the
poisoning was established. The total serum protein content
showed a slightly rising tendency, while decreased albumins
and increased gammaglobulins were determined. The decrease
in the skin test coefficient revealed a reduced functional ac-
tivity of the connective tissue system. Granulocytopenia,
eosinopenia, retarded erythrocyte sedimentation reaction, as
well as distorted or attenuated leukocyte reactions, observed
in several cases in the peripheral blood, indicated the inability
of the regulatory apparatus to react adequately upon the cor-
responding loads.
41717
Nikkanen, Jorma, Sven Hernberg, and Sakari Tola
MODIFICATIONS OF THE DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC
ACID DEHYDRATES TEST AND THEIR SIGND7ICANCE
FOR ASSESSING DIFFERENT INTENSITIES OF LEAD EX-
POSURE. Work Environ. Health (Helsinki), 9(l):46-52, 1972.
19 refs.
When the content of lead in blood (Pb-B) is normal, human
erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) ac-
tivity has its pH optimum at 6.4. Another lower peak occurs at
pH 6.8. When Pb-B is elevated, e.g., in occupational exposure,
the pH optimum shifts to 5.8 and there is no other activity
peak. Delta- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity increases
in a linear manner as a function of time for periods between
15 and 90 minutes. Storage of whole blood at + 5 C results in
some loss of activity. By using different pH values for the en-
zyme assay, the sensitivity of the ALA-D test can be altered.
The test is most sensitive at pH 6.8, and considerably less sen-
sitive at pH 5.8. The highest correlation coefficient between
Pb-B and ALA-D (r equals minus 0.96) was obtained at pH
6.4, however. At this pH, the ALA-D test is accurate at Pb-B
levels up to 100 micrograms/dl. For routine purposes, there-
fore, pH 6.4 is recommended. If very high Pb-B values are ex-
pected, pH 5.8 can be tried since the amount of porpho-
bilinogen formed during incubation is measurable even when
Pb-B is 150 micrograms/dl or more. The dependence of the pH
optimum of Pb-B is compatible with an allosteric inhibition.
The mechanism is apparently different when lead is added to
the hemolysate in vitro, since the pH optimum remains the
same as that for normal blood. (Author abstract modified)
41731
Djuric, Dusan, Ljubica Graovac-Leposavic, Svetislav Milic,
and Ljuba Senicar
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF MEZA VALLEY. LEAD MO-
BILIZATION WITH CA-NA2- EDTA FROM THE BODY OF
INHABITANTS. Pracovni Lekar. (Prague), 24(2-3):49-50, 1972.
8 refs.
In 108 persons living near a lead foundry in the Meza Valley,
Yugoslavia, lead mobilization was carried out by intravenous
injection of 1 g calcium-sodium-ethylene diamine tetraacetic
acid. The urine was collected during 24 hr. Only 5.5% of per-
sons excreted less than 0.35 mg Pb/1 urine, 18.5% excreted
between 0.35 and 0.5 mg/1, the remaining 81.5% excreted 0.5 to
4.2 mg/1. The spontaneously excreted lead represented in per-
sons with normal value of mobilization 7.5 plus or minus 3%
of the mobilizable amount, in high values of mobilization only
1.5 to 4%. The authors estimate lead deposition in persons
with high values of mobilization to exceed 50 mg/person.
(Author summary modified)
41737
Lange, Gerhard
HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO GASEOUS EMISSIONS FROM
INDUSTRY, FDJINGS AND AUTOMOBILES. (Gefaehrdung
der Gesundheit durch Abgase von Industrie, Feuerungen und
Kraftfahrzeugen). Text in German. Med. Monatsschr.,
25(3):97-99, 1971. 13 refs.
The effects of different air pollutants from industrial sources,
firings, and automobiles on man are reviewed. Sulfur dioxide,
ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and
lead compounds are the pollutants that are most dangerous to
human health in urban and industrial areas. Sulfur dioxide, in
concentrations above one ppm, irritates the mucous mem-
branes of the respiratory tract and the eye. Data on the cor-
relation between disability, diseases of the respiratory tract,
and mortality and SO2 concentrations above 0.2 ppm are
available. Ozone concentrations above one ppm both irritate
the mucous membranes, and may cause lung edema and
headache. The maximum allowable concentrations for daily 8
hr-exposure is set at 0.1 ppm. Nitric oxide causes dyspnoea,
nausea, and unconsciousness, while the more toxic nitrogen
dioxide is responsible for irritations of the mucous mem-
branes, cough, salivation, and dyspnoea as well as lung
edema, after three to 24 hours latency. Carbon monoxide
forms carboxyhemoglobin in the blood, inhibits brain func-
tions, and may cause tissue damages due to chronic poisoning.
The maximum allowable concentration is 50 ppm. Different
hydrocarbons, present primarily in automobile exhaust, may
cause irritation of the mucous membranes, cough, nausea,
euphoria, narcosis, and some have a carcinogenic effect. The
frequency of lung cancer was found to be higher in urban than
in rural areas. Hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles can
be reduced by improving combustion, and by applying after-
burning. The tetraethyl lead added to gasoline is present in the
exhaust in the form of lead oxide, chloride, or bromide. Lead
incorporated in the organism may cause basophily of the
erythrocytes, porphyrinuria, swollen liver, and en-
cephalopathy. Correlation between lead concentrations in air
and blood was established. Though the actual values lie far
below the maximum allowable concentration of 200 micro-
grams/cu m, risks are present due to the contamination of
plants near highways. The synergism of different air pollutants
as well as air pollutants and drugs is a possibility.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
297
41818
Sobel, Albert E., Irving B. Wexler, David D. Petrovsky, and
Benjamin Kramer
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
UPON ACTION OF VITAMIN D IN EXPERIMENTAL LEAD
POISONING. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 38:435-437,
1938. 6 refs.
Experiments were conducted on albino rats to study the ef-
fects of vitamin D on lead poisoning, as influenced by dietary
calcium and phosphorus. One group of rats was fed a basal
diet containing traces of calcium (0.03%) and a small amount
of phosphorus (0.246%) to which lead carbonate was added.
To this basal diet, 2.5% of calcium carbonate was added to
produce a high calcium-low phosphorus diet for the second
group. For the third group 2.75% of anhydrous sodium
phosphate was added to produce a high phosphorus-low calci-
um diet. One half of each group was given 33 Steenbock units
of vitamin D. After 23 to 25 days the animals were analyzed.
The vitamin D groups contained a higher percentage of lead in
both the dried bone and the bone ash. Parallel effects were
noted in the blood lead concentration of groups A and B. In
group C, which received the high phosphorus diet, the concen-
tration of lead in the blood was too low to be accurately deter-
mined. The beneficial effects of the high phosphorus diet in
experimental and clinical lead poisoning may be thus explained
in terms of lowered blood concentration.
41847
Williams, Huntington, Wilmer H. Schulze, H. B. Rothchild, A.
S. Brown, and Frank R. Smith
LEAD POISONING FROM THE BURNING OF BATTERY
CASING. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 100(19):1485-1489, May 13,
1933. 17 refs.
A group of forty cases of acute lead poisoning have been
discovered, due in all probability to inhalation, wherein
discarded storage battery casing have been used in poor Negro
families as a fuel. The majority of the patients had no serious
subjective symptoms and experienced only slight discomfort.
Among the group, however, were several patients with severe
encephalopathies. Both children and adults were affected, and
intensity rather than duration of exposure seems to have been
chiefly responsible for the causation of poisoning. Two case
studies are provided. Usage of this fuel seems to be fairly
widespread, and effective control measures have been in-
stituted in Baltimore. (Author summary modified)
41857
SOt GEORGE BAKER (1722-1809) DISCOVERER OF THE
PATHOGENESIS OF DEVONSHIRE COLIC. J. Am. Med.
Assoc., 204(6):221, May 6, 1968. 2 refs.
From documented historical aspects of the disease, Baker
deduced that Devonshire colic was similar to clinical lead in-
toxication. The colic was indigenous to Devonshire and the
recovery of significant quantities of lead from devonshire
cider concluded the proof. He further traced the origin of the
lead to the grinding troughs, presses, and conduits in which
the cider was made. He concluded has scientific treatise on
the matter with a plea for removal of the offending substance.
41872
Carpio, Guillermo del
CHRONIC OCCUPATIONAL PLUMBISM IN OUR EN-
VIRONMENT. (CONCLUSION). CHAPTER IH. (Plumbismo
cronico ocupacional en nuestro medio. (Conclusion). Capitulo
HI). Text in Spanish. Salud Ocup., 12(3-4):207-252, July-Dec
1967. 183 refs.
Occupational exposure to lead within the limits of maximum
allowable concentrations produces no clinical symptoms but
does cause biochemical alterations of enzyme activity, in-
creased coproporphyrin excretion, and increased erythrocytic
basophilia. Plumbism is a result of chronic lead poisoning and
is characterized by symptoms which include paroxysneal ab-
dominal pain, erythrocytic basophilia, anemia, anorexia and
constipation, and arterial hypertension. Sometimes a central
nervous system syndrome may occur including severe
headache, mental disorders, convulsions, and coma. Laborato-
ry analysis reveals high lead levels in the blood and urine and
increased coproporphyrinuria. Treatment of saturnism is based
on the administration of chelating agents such as EDTA and
symptomatic treatment with atropine and calcium gluconate.
Prophylaxis includes continuous environmental air monitoring
for Pb concentration and periodical medical examination. A
general bibliography on lead poisoning is included.
41894
Hammer, D. I., J. F. Finklea, R. H. Hendricks, C. M. Shy,
and R. J. N. Norton
TRACE-METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN HAIR. In:
Helena Valley, Montana, Area Environmental Pollution Study.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs, Pub-AP-91, p. 125-134, Jan. 1972.
15 refs. NTIS: PB 207126
Human scalp hair was collected from 84 fourth-grade school-
boys living in East Helena, Helena, and Bozeman, Montana,
to determine whether the content of lead, cadmium, and ar-
senic reflected environmental concentrations in the three ci-
ties. Lead, Cd, and As means were highest in East Helena, the
most polluted community; were intermediate in Helena; and
were lowest in Bozeman, the least polluted community. These
differences for each pollutant were tested by a one-way analy-
sis of variance on the original and on log-transformed data.
The differences among the respective means of zinc and
copper were not significant. The pre-analysis hair wash in-
cluded detergent and cthylenediaminotetraacetic acid.
41895
Shibko, Samuel I.
POSSD3LE HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH INGESTION OF
GARDEN VEGETABLES CONTAMINATED BY TRACE
METALS. In: Helena Valley, Montana, Area Environmental
Pollution Study. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N. C., Office of Air Programs, Pub-AP-91, p.
135-144, Jan. 1972. 18 refs. NTIS: PB 207126
Calculation of the estimated daily dietary intake of arsenic,
cadmium, lead, and zinc from Helena Valley, Montana, garden
vegetables containing the maximum observed levels of the
metals indicates that the suggested body burden of the metals
will be exceeded for lead and cadmium. These calculations do
not take into account the fact that the vegetables were not
washed before analysis, or that garden vegetables may only
provide a fraction of the total dietary intake of vegetables, or
that the inhabitants of the area may have special dietary
habits. Based on the calculations, the daily intake of lead from
garden-grown vegetables would be 0.48 mg. The daily intake of
lead from all food could be as high as 0.753 mg. The total daily
intake of lead, including that from water and air, could be as
high as 0.95 mg. Since this level poses a major hazard only in
the case of continuous intake for many years, the problem in
the Helena Valley area is one of chronic ingestion of lead. The
significance of the increase cadmium intake, approximately
55% over the acceptable body burden, 30% of which comes
from the diet, is not known. Additional data are required to
determine whether a hazard exists from the consumption of
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298
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
milk and meat derived from cattle in the area. Normal human
zinc, cadmium, arsenic, and lead balance data, including rates
of daily intake and output and routes of excretion, are sum-
marized.
42022
Yoshikawa, Hiroshi
INFLUENCE OF METALS ON HEALTH. (Kinzoku no kenko
e no eikyo). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (I. Pollution
Control), 8(6): 525-534, June 1972.
The existences of metals in humans and the effects on health
are discussed. Large varieties of metals exist in the human
body, from hair to bones. These metals either assist the
metabolism or just remain as polluting substances. Metals such
as cadmium, magnesium, lead, and arsenic accumulate in the
human body and cause injuries; they mainly result from en-
vironmental pollutions. It is not necessary that metals required
for the body would exhibit less toxicity. Experimental results
show that mercury, followed by uranium, cadmium, indium,
selenium, and copper, exhibit the strongest acute toxicity in
mice, and chromium, manganese, and cobalt are less toxic.
Toxic tolerances are given. The symptoms of occupational
workers caused by various concentrations of certain metals
are also tabulated.
42091
ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION REGARDING THE LEAD
CONTAMINATION OF THE BIOSPHERE AND BIOMEDI-
CAL ASPECTS. Protectio Vitae, 1972:89-90, 1972.
In spite of extensive research, the chemical industry has not
found an adequate substitute for lead additives in motor fuel.
Motor engines will have to be structurally modified. The lead
concentrations in gasoline vary from lower values of 0.2 g/1 to
1.1 g/1. The rate of increase of lead emissions averages 3.5%/yr
but in some areas has reached 5-15% and more. Lead concen-
trations at ground level near main roads and in cities varies
from 10 micrograms/cu m to 40 micrograms/ cu m. The quality
of the air cannot be guaranteed above 2 micrograms/cu m.
Traces of lead compounds cause grave disturbances of
metabolism. Even the smallest quantities of lead inhibit the ac-
tivity of the delta- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in erythro-
cytes. There are possible further effects of lead on mitochon-
dria, cell division, gonads, biological oxidation, and the
breathing chain. Tetraethyl lead has a remarkably high specific
toxicity. It is easily soluble in fat, enriches itself in the central
nervous system, and can permeate through unbroken skin.
Claimed advantages of small reductions in lead emissions are
quickly annulled by increased traffic.
42098
Tsuchiya, Kenzaburo
INFLUENCE OF LEAD ON HEALTH. (Namari no kenko e
no eikyo). Text in Japanese. Kagaku (Science), 41(10):575-580,
Oct. 1971. 13 refs
After the accumulation of lead in a human body, either
through the respiratory system or the digestive system,
reaches a certain point, the lead content in urine and blood in-
creases extraordinarily, and delta aminolevulinic acid and/or
copropolphiline in blood rise exceedingly. Anemia, which can
be a barometer of the degree of lead exposure, is not actually
serious. More serious symptoms are severe pain in the in-
testinal area, which is sometimes mistaken for gall bladder
stones, appendicitis, or ileus. Several drops of monocalcium
disodium ethylenediamine etra-acetic acid will cure the pain.
Morphine must not be used. More serious symptoms include
paralysis of arms. More serious and acute cases of lead
poisoning can cause encepalopathia, cases of which have been
seen in babies and children who have eaten old paint or
cosmetic powder in the past. The maximum allowable concen-
tration of lead in the air has been calculated to be somewhere
in the neighborhood of 0.05 mg/cu m in the past, and more
recently 0.10 to 0.12 mg/cu m. However, in an actual work en-
vironment both in Japan and the United States, 0.15 mg/cu m
is designated as the maximum standard. Both lead and cadmi-
um in human body increase with the age and reach maximum
at about the age 50, decreasing slightly after that. The average
amount of lead that goes into the human body is approximate-
ly 300 micrograms/day. The rate of absoirption is about 10%.
Therefore, daily accumulation of lead in a body is about 30
micrograms, and the daily discharge through urine is 30 to 40
micrograms. The lead accumulation from other sources than
through food is about 10 micrograms. However, a long term
accumulation can reach 80 to 120 micrograms in an average
human body. The relationships among the accumulation quan-
tity, discharge, absorption, half life, and time, are expressed
by formulas. 0
42136
Vanhoorne, M., R. Dams, J. Bressers, and C. van Peteghem
SMOKE OF THE TRIGGER PROCESS IN THE PRODUC-
TION OF NODULAR IRON AND ITS POSSIBLE EFFECTS
ON MAN. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed., 29(2):102- 118, June 1972.
38 refs.
Following complaints of foundry workers about the smoke
released by the triggering process in the production of nodular
iron, the composition of this smoke and its possible effects on
man were investigated. Nondestructive neutron activation
analysis showed 34 elements, all in concentrations below
threshold limit values. The possible acute effects of this smoke
on man were investigated in 10 workers. Eight workers had
subjective complaints, mainly respiratory discomfort. Deter-
mination of iron in serum and lead in blood of workers before
and after exposure to the smoke showed no significant dif-
ferences. Clinical laboratory investigations and body tempera-
ture readings indicate that metal fume fever did not occur. All
subjects showed to a different extent a decrease of vital
capacity shortly after exposure to the smoke. Forced expirato-
ry volume in one second showed no consistent changes. Long
term effects of repeated short exposures are unknown.
42463
Environmental Protection Agency, RockviUe, Md., Office of
Air Programs and Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N. C.
HEALTH HAZARDS OF LEAD. Preprint, 20p., April 27,
1972. 43 refs.
All relevant medical and scientific evidence available to the
Environmental Protection Agency as of January 1, 1972 on the
health hazards of airborne lead is summarized. Information is
also provided on sources of airborne lead and lead levels in
the environment. The available data indicate that, though the
amounts of lead ingested in the diet generally are greater than
the amounts inhaled, the body absorbs a greater percentage of
inhaled lead (30% or more) than of ingested lead (about 10%).
Human blood lead levels are the most frequently used index of
human exposure to environmental lead; however, other tissues
may provide a more accurate index of total body burden, par-
ticularly where exposure levels are relatively low. Human
blood lead levels begin to rise appreciably with exposure to
airborne lead concentrations in excess of 2 micrograms/cu m.
Elevated lead intake for periods as short as 3 months is suffi-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
299
cient to produce an increase in blood lead levels. Average
blood lead levels tend to be higher among urban residents than
among rural residents and among certain occupational groups
more than others. Body burdens of lead, as measured by bone
lead concentrations, increase with age at least until age 40 and
probably thereafter. The activity of certain enzymes involved
in heme syntheses is inhibited at blood lead levels significantly
below those associated with clinical lead poisoning. Though in-
gestion of leaded paint clearly is the principal cause of lead
poisoning among children, the high concentrations of lead in
urban street dust are another potential source of lead intake.
Precipitation samples from 32 locations in the U. S. showed a
positive correlation between gasoline consumption and lead
content of precipitation.
42661
Honma, Shuji
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF LEAD
IN THE BLOOD AND URINE BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. (Genshi kyuko bunsekiho ni yoru
nyo chu oyobi ketchu no namari sokutei ho). Text in Japanese.
Igaku to Seibutsugaku, 84(6):329-333, June 10, 1972. 6 refs.
The Pye-Unicam SP 90 type absorption spectrophotometric
(made in Great Britain) combined with the Riken SPG-4 type
recorder was used to determine lead in blood and urine. Using
the standard lead liquid of 50 ng/dl reduced to APDC complex
as the extraction solvent and lamp current set at 10 mA, sen-
sitivity increased linearly with the slit width set at 0.1-0.2 mm
but noise also increased, making the value reading impractical.
The standard setting of the slit width was set at 0.2 mm. The
effect of the addition of fonnamide on promoting ionization of
organics was examined. Addition of fonnamide resulted in in-
creased absorbancy, but the increase remained about the same
with a 2-10 ml addition, so 2 ml was used. When 2 ml of 2%
water solution of the chelate agent was used, APDC-MIBK
gave the most stable chelate formation in a wider pH range.
The extraction was made in the condition that pH of the test
sample was on the acidic side. Recovery rate for lead in the
blood was 97% and in the urine, 101.2%. The normal deviation
factor was 2.76 for the blood and 3.78 for the urine. The effect
of coexisting elements was reviewed; their effects should be
negligible under normal conditions. Reproducibility was 99.4%
w/normal deviation of 1.51.
42698
Mappes
DIRECTIONS FOR LEAD DETERMINATION IN BLOOD
AND URINE WITH DITHIZONE. (Vorschrift zur Bleibestim-
mung in Blut and Urin mil Dithizon). Preprint, Staatliche
Gewerbearzt fuer Westfalen (West Germany), 1968. Translated
from German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 6p.,
Dec. 1971.
A detailed description of the determination of lead in blood
and urine by the use of dithizone is given. The wet ashing is
performed with sulfuric acid, nitric acid and perchloric acid. In
the continued course of the analysis, precipitation through
citrate is avoided and other dithizon metals are masked by
potassium cyanide for tin, indium, bismuth, and thallium,
which do not interfere for a variety of reasons. A detailed
description of the determination of lead in dust which also
contains soot and sulfate is given. Possibly present tetra-valent
lead is reduced to bi-valent lead by heating the sample of dust
with hydrochloric acid. The final sample solution may be
diluted with addition of ammonium citrate according to the
lead content.
42716
Sachs, Henrietta K., Lorry A. Blanksma, Edward F. Murray,
and Morgan J. O Council
AMBULATORY TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING: RE-
PORT OF 1155 CASES. Pediatrics, 46(3):389-996, Sept. 1970.
5 refs.
Subjects with lead concentrations greater than 50 micro-
grams/100 ml whole blood were referred to a Chicago mu-
nicipal lead poisoning clinic for evaluation. Chelating agents
were administered when two blood lead levels were more than
50 micrograms, or calcium disodium edetate (EDTA) provoca-
tive test yielded over 1000 micrograms/1 of lead in the urine in
the succeeding 8 hr. Therapy was on an ambulatory basis, but
patients with moderate encephalopathy were hospitalized. In-
tramuscular EDTA, oral penicillamine, or the two drugs in
sequence were given to 582 patients in 1967 and to 573 pa-
tients in 1968. Clinical evidence of lead intoxication was
present in 103 or 8.9% of the 1155 patients. Several drug reac-
tions to penicillamine were observed, but none to EDTA. Mor-
tality dropped due to early detection and detoxification of
subclinical cases of lead poisoning. (Author abstract modified)
42737
Calvery, Herbert O.
CHRONIC EFFECTS OF INGESTED LEAD AND ARSENIC.
J. Am. Med. Assoc., 111(19):1722-172'>, Nov. 5, 1938. 34 refs.
(Presented at the American Medical Association, Annual Ses-
sion, 89th, San Francisco, Calif., June 17, 1938.)
The minimum amounts of lead and arsenic were determined
that, when ingested periodically, would cause effects which
could be attributed directly to these elements. Rats and dogs
were used as experimental animals. Since it was essential to
know the effect of lead and arsenic separately as well as in
combination, the salts selected for initial investigation were
lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, lead acetate, and arsenic
trioxide. The concentrations of these in the diets ranged from
a fraction of a milligram to several hundred milligrams per
kilogram. There was definite storage of lead in all organs and
tissues examined at all levels fed. The storage of arsenic was
also shown, even at the lowest levels fed. Variation of the cal-
cium content from a low level approximating that of a large
percentage of the human dietary to a higher level markedly in-
fluenced the storage and toxicity of lead, and a variation in the
calcium to phosphorus ratio influenced the storage of arsenic.
Calcium arsenate was more toxic and caused greater storage
than did arsenic trioxide at the same level. There was no dif-
ference observed in the toxicities of lead acetate and lead ar-
senate when fed at the same relatively low levels, but at high
levels the lead arsenate was the more toxic. Even at the lowest
level of added lead, there was a significant effect on the
growth rate of male rats and on both males and females at
higher levels. In some cases there was also an influence on the
intake of food. No significant differences were noted between
the control and the experimental rats in either the PI or the Fl
generations on the fertility and fecundity. Both lead and ar-
senic are transferred from the mother s tissues to the fetus
and lead is transferred in the milk. Even at the lowest levels of
the intake of lead (0.61 ppm) the average concentration of lead
of a large number of newborn animals was the same as that of
the diet of the mother.
42757
Kehoe, Robert A., Frederick Thamann, and Jacob Cholak
ON THE NORMAL ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF
LEAD. I. LEAD ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION IN PRIMA-
TIVE LIFE. J. Ind. Hyg., 15(5):257-272, Sept. 1933. 22 refs.
-------
300
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Two isolated Mexican communities were studied in an attempt
to measure the physological activity of lead in societies not in-
fluenced by the industrialized world. Urine and feces were
taken from 95 subjects and analyzed for lead content. Lead
content in feces was equivalent to the amounts of lead in-
gested daily. The presence of lead in human excreta is an in-
evitable consequence of life on a lead bearing planet. A basis
has been provided for the appraisal of results obtained in a
highly industrialized society. Lead in soil, water, pottery,
food, blood, urine, and feces was measured.
42759
Moeschlin, Sven
INORGANIC POISONS. METALS. LEAD (PB). In: Poisoning.
Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, Grune and Stratum,
1965, p. 45-71. 139 refs. Translated from German by Jenifer
Bickel.
The toxic effects of lead in humans are reviewed. As with
other metals, the toxic effect of the lead atom is most likely
due to its integration into different cellular enzymes. The
disturbance of normal porphyrin metabolism appears to play a
significant part. An early sign of lead poisoning is the blockage
of porphobilinogen synthesis through inhibition of the com-
bination of two molecules of delta-aminolevulinic (ALA) acid.
A high level of ALA in the urine is one of the best indicators
of early lead hazard. The most common subjective symptoms
of lead poisoning are weakness, anorexia, tiredness, ner-
vousness, tremor, nausea, loss of body weight, headache, and
gastric pain. Objective symptoms include constricted ar-
terioles, loss of weight, increased delta-aminolevulinic acidu-
ria, porphyinuria, constipation, blood and bone marrow
changes, lead line along the margin of the gums, and weakness
of extensor muscles. Lead encephalopathy is also considered.
Specific and symptomatic treatments for chronic lead poison-
ing are described.
42881
Rondia, D.
TOXICITY OF ENGINE EXHAUST GASES. (Toxicite des gaz
d echappement de moteurs). Text in French. Cent. Beige
Etude Doc. Eaux, 25 (338):33-40, Jan. 1972. 12 refs.
The toxic effects of engine exhaust components (carbon
monoxide, lead compounds, and hydrocarbons) and results of
concentration measurements in cities are reviewed. Carbon
monoxide concentrations in urban areas with high traffic den-
sity averaged 7 ppm. The concentrations over sidewalks
ranged from 10-25 ppm, and those inside cars were about three
times higher than outside, reaching 100 ppm in some cases.
The CO concentrations measured in tunnels and congested
traffic were 40-60 ppm. The toxic effect of CO is usually
determined by hemoglobin CO content. The primary reactions
between CO and hemoglobin are completely reversible. The
quantity of CO incorporated in hemoglobin is a function of the
atmospheric CO concentration, exposure time, and respira-
tions rate. Some 20% of the CO inhaled is blocked in
myoglobin. Visual acuity is impared by a COHb content of
2.5%, and 5% of COHb causes significant modification of the
psychomotor response. Chronic poisoning tests on rats
revealed inactivation of liver enzymes responsible for
metabolizing organic poisons and morphological modifications
in both cerebrum and myocardium. Some 80% of the lead
added to gasoline is discharged in the form of fine particles
(below 1 micron) of bromide, chloride, and lead oxide; 20-50%
of the particles is re&orbed by the lungs and 10% by the
digestive tract. The blood lead content in urban inhabitants is
30 micrograms/100 ml, while the lead concentration in city air
is 1-3 micrograms/cu m. Lead causes anemia by inhibiting
hemoglobin- synthetizing enzymes. Lead accumulation in the
organism increases with increased lead concentrations in air
and food. While aliphatic hydrocarbons are of relatively low
toxicity, certain paniculate poly cyclic hydrocarbons, formed
especially at low engine speeds, are carcinogenic. Concentra-
tion measurements indicate the major role of automobiles as
polycyclic hydrocarbon emission sources in comparison with
domestic heating.
42884
Haeger-Aronsen, Birgitta, Mohammed Abdulla, and Bengt I.
Fristedt
EFFECT OF LEAD ON DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID
DEHYDRASE ACTrvrTY IN RED BLOOD CELLS. Arch. En-
viron. Health, vol. 23:440-445, Dec. 1971. 34 refs.
The determination of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase
(ALAD) activity in erythrocytes as a suitable method for
demographic studies of exposure to lead is examined. The
variation of ALAD activity with the concentration of delta-
aminolevulinic acid in the urine and the variation of ALAD ac-
tivity with the concentration of lead in the blood were both ex-
ponential and the correlations inverse. Values were determined
for hemoglobin level, lead concentration in the blood,
aminolevulinic acid level in the urine, and ALAD activity in
red blood cells in children, a control group of normal men and
women, traffic personnel, and men with moderate or severe
exposure to lead. ALAD activity in red blood cells varied sig-
nificantly with sex. No significant difference was found in
blood lead level or acid content in the urine between traffic
personnel and normal men; the activity of ALAD in erythro-
cytes, however, was higher in the traffic personnel. The activi-
ty of ALAD in erythrocytes, however, was higher in the traf-
fic personnel. The activity of ALAD in erythrocytes accurate-
ly reflects the blood lead level; the test is; too sensitive, how-
ever, for routine followup of the degree of lead intoxication in
occupationally exposed workers.
42957
Xintaras, C., M. F. Sobecki, and C. E. Ulrich
SLEEP CHANGES IN RAPID-EYE-MOVEMENT PHASE IN
CHRONIC LEAD ABSORPTION. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.,
vol. 10:384, 1961.
An abstract is given of research on the effect of chronic lead
absorption on the electroencephalogram (EEC) record. Male
rats were implanted with cortical reading electrodes and placed
in electrically shielded chambers. Water containing lead
acetate (1.5 mg/kg) was available ad libitum. To relate changes
in the EEC record with behavioral changes, rat behavior, e.g.,
alert wakefulness and quiet sleep, was observed via a closed-
circuit TV system. In the transition from wakefulness to sleep,
the normal adult rat exhibited a typical succession of EEG
changes similar to those found in man. The rapid-eye-move-
ment (REM) sleep phase, a period of intense central nervous
system activity, was entered by way of 15-cycle-per-second
sleep spindles and was characterized by regular waves of 6 to
10 cycles per second. REM epochs were more abundant during
the later part of the sleep record, i.e., late afternoon. Lead
acetate induced changes in the duration and stability of the
REM periods. Excessive spindle-slow-wave complexe ap-
peared during periods of REM sleep. Treated animals showed
more REM sleep during the early sleep periods compared to
controls. These findings suggest that alterations in the REM
phase in lead- treated animals may be directly or indirectly as-
sociated with an impaired neural control system. (Author ab-
stract modified)
-------
Ci. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
301
431%
Prerovska, I. and J. Teisinger
EXCRETION OF LEAD AND ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
SEVERAL YEARS AFTER TERMINATION OF EXPOSURE.
Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London), vol. 27: 352-355, 1970. 12 refs.
A group of 27 persons who had been treated some years previ-
ously for chronic lead poisoning, and who had not come into
occupational contact with lead since, was examined. Half of
them had had no occupational exposure to lead for 3-5 yrs and
the others for 8-17 yrs. In most of these persons there was still
an increased lead excretion, originating from an increased
deposit in the bones. The mobilization test after calcium ver-
senate injection was greater than 0.350 mg/24 hr. The values
found for hemoglobin, punctate basophiha, coproporphyrin
and delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine were normal, but there
was, in all cases, a decreased delta-aminolevulinic acid-
dehydrase activity. The finding that lead is biologically active
in very low concentrations raises a host of questions, such as
what other enzymes or biological systems are affected by lead
and perhaps by other metals. (Author abstract modified)
43277
Goldstein, Gerald
BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POL-
LUTION. Preprint Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., Analyti-
cal Biochemistry Group, 39p., 1972. 176 refs.
Several studies related to the concept of biochemical indica-
tors as monitors of environmental quality are reviewed
Several kinds of tissues and organs are potentially useful as in-
dicators including plant tissues, various animal tissues, and
blood. One study done with plant tissues showed that expo-
sure to Peroxyacetyl nitrate, ozone, and fluorides inhibits the
biosynthesis of cellulose due to the inactivation of phosphoglu-
comutase and cellulose synthetase. By studying various en-
zymes in fish, it is possible to determine the effects of pesti-
cides and toxic metals. A dietary level of 5 ppm of DDT
reduced the activity of gIucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in
rats. Guinea pigs were exposed to 15 ppm of nitrogen dioxide
continuously for 10 weeks, and lung, liver, spleen, and kidney
tissues subsequently examined. Lactic dehydrogenase and al-
dolase levels were elevated in most tissues. This indicates that
chronic inhalation of air pollutants can cause alterations in tis-
sue enzyme activity levels which can be detected and used as
sensitive indicators. The measurement of cholinesterase activi-
ty in human blood plasma and erythrocytes can be used as an
indicator of exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate
pesticides. A decrease in the gamma-aminolevulinic acid
dehydrase level may indicate exposure to lead. Nitrogen diox-
ide has been tested against mouse liver and rabbit and rat lung
cell cultures. In the first case, increased cell mortality was ob-
served and in the latter, a reduced oxygen consumption
reflecting reduced cellular metabolism. Sulfur dioxide inhibits
the growth of mouse liver cells and damages human lympho-
cytes in culture. Ozone inhibits the growth of human strain L
cells. Peroxyacetyl nitrate inactivates isocitric dehydrogenase.
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase
within a few minutes. Ozone inactivates papain and glyceral-
dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Atmospheric SO2 and 03
inactivate acetylcholinesterase.
43337
Cernik, A. A. and M. H. P. Sayers
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN CAPILLARY BLOOD
USING A PAPER PUNCHED DISC ATOMIC ABSORPTION
TECHNIQUE. APPLICATION TO THE SUPERVISION OF
LEAD WORKERS. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London), 28(4).392-398,
1971. 10 refs.
The presence of lead in blood is the most incontrovertible
evidence of absorption. Previously, the need for venepuncture
has limited lead determination in the supervision of industrial
workers. Micro-methods, using atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry (AAS), have made possible the development of
a sufficiently reliable test using a drop of blood, obtainable by
ear prick, for use in the field for screening purposes. A micro-
sampling method by AAS is compared with a routine polaro-
graphic procedure (POL) using venous blood. The pipetting of
microliters of blood can be eliminated by spotting the blood
onto filter paper, allowing it to dry in air, and then using a
punched-out standard disc of dried blood for analysis. Correla-
tion of this method (PD) with the micro-sampling technique
(AAS) is good. The PD method using capillary blood also cor-
relates acceptably with the micromethod using venous blood.
A pilot field study using capillary blood estimated by the PD
technique showed that, with this method, blood can be col-
lected by ear prick in factories for monitoring workers in the
lead industry. (Author abstract modified)
43531
Pentschew, A. and F. Garro
LEAD ENCEPHALO-MYELOPATHY OF THE SUCKLING
RAT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON THE
PORPHYRINOPATHIC NERVOUS DISEASES. WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE TO THE PERMEABILITY DISORDERS
OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM S CAPILLARIES. Acta Neuro-
pathol., vol. 6:266-278, 1966. 23 refs.
Experimental lead encephalo-myelopathy of the suckling rat is
the signpost on the road of uncovering prolonged metabolic
dysoxidosis as the major pathogenetic principle in lead en-
cephalopathy and in the other porphyrinopathic en-
cephalopathies. This principle rests on the specific skill of the
capillary endothelium of the nervous system to act as regulator
of the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord baners and on the ex-
treme susceptability of this skill to chronic metabolic dysox-
idosis. This same pathogenetic priniciple lies at the root of a
group of neurological diseases for which the name system-
bound dysoric encephalopathies is proposed. In contrast to
lead encephelopathy of the suckling rat, human lead en-
cephalopathy does not belong to this group because of added
hemodynamic disorders. Such disorders prevent a pathoclitic
distribution of the lesions. (Author summary modified)
43532
Waxman, Herbert S. and Marco Rabinovitz
CONTROL OF RETICULOCYTE POLYRIBOSOME CON-
TENT AND HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS BY HEME.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Amsterdam), vol. 129: 369-379, 1966.
39 refs.
Hemin was found to enhance polynbosome stabilization and
formation as well as globin synthesis, thus duplicating the
previously demonstrated effects of iron salts. Similar enhanc-
ing effects on polyribosome and globin production were seen
with cobaltous ion, deuterohemin and zinc protoporphyrin.
Nickel deuteroporphyrin was partially effective. Little or no
effect was noted with other metal cations, metalloporphyrins
or protoporphyrin IX. Lead ion, an inhibitor of both heme and
globin synthesis in the reticulocyte, caused disaggregation of
polyribosomes and marked suppression of protein synthesis.
Hemin was more effective than iron in preventing the effect of
lead on polyribosomes, but was less able to prevent the the in-
hibition of hemoglobin synthesis. Hemin, but not iron, was
shown to protect polyribosomes against subsequent disruption
by a high concentration of 2,2 prime-bipyridine and to reverse
an established inhibition by lead. These results indicate that
hemin is the intracellular mediator of polyribosome assembly;
-------
302
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
the metalloporphyrin in some manner induces the aggregation
of monomeric ribosomes and, presumably, messenger RNA
into functional polyribosomes. (Author summary modified)
43559
Prendergast, W. Dowling
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SYMPTOMS OF LEAD
POISONING. Brit. Med. I. (London), vol. 1:1164-1166, May
14, 1910.
Two main systems of classification of lead poisoning symp-
toms may be made. The first deals with the action of lead on
the brain and nervous system, the sensory-motor apparatus,
and the involuntary muscles. The second system, which is
described in detail, is divided into two headings: Satumina
mitior and Satumina gravior. The symptoms of Saturnina
mitior include digestive disorders, cachexia, slight blue line on
the gums, slight colic, anemia, pain in the trunk and limbs,
loss of appetite and vomiting, polyurea, and slight albuminaria.
If the individual continues to absorb lead, the symptoms of
Saturnina gravior appeair. These include marked cachexia and
emaciation, acute prolonged colic, fetid breath, paralysis of
the arms and legs, a well-marked blue line on the gums, acute
pains in the head, disturbance in vision, tremors, suppression
of urine, and convulsions.
43615
Esch, G. J. Van and R. Kroes
THE INDUCTION OF RENAL TUMOURS BY FEEDING
BASIC LEAD ACETATE TO MICE AND HAMSTERS. Brit.
J. Cancer (London), 23(4):765-771, 1969 10 refs.
Basic lead acetate was given to mice in a dose level of 0.1%
and 1%/0.5% and to hamsters in a dose level of 0.1% and 0.5%
in the diet. In the mice in the 0.1% group, seven renal tumors
were found in 50 animals. In the 1.0%/0.5% group only one
renal tumor was found. Most mice of the 1.0%/0.5% group and
hamsters of the 0.5% group died early in the experiment,
because of intoxication by the basic lead acetate. In hamsters
no tumors of the kidneys could be found. Other specific al-
terations ascribable to the basic lead acetate were found in
both animal species. In view of the fact that in rats and mice
renal tumors were induced, it is suspected that basic lead
acetate is also carcinogenic to hamsters. (Author summary
modified)
43725
Scanlon, John
FETAL EFFECTS OF LEAD EXPOSURE. Pediatrics,
49(1):145-146, 1972.
It has been demonstrated that concentrations of lead found in
the average child (20 to 40 micrograms/100 g whole blood) can
inhibit delta-aminolevulmic acid (ALA) dehydratase activity.
In suckling rats these usual lead levels inhibit ALA
dehydratase activity in the blood and brain. Furthermore, the
brain enzyme activity correlated with blood ALA dehydratase
activity, suggesting that blood ALA dehydratase may be a use-
ful measure of central nervous system enzyme activity. A
small number of umbilical cord bloods from normal new-born
infants revealed a mean lead level of 22 micrograms/100 g. It
would be reasonable to expect that ALA dehydratase activity
might have been diminished in utero at these lead levels. If
these postulated intra-uterine enzyme effects do occur, they
must be documented; this kind of knowledge will further un-
derstanding of the environment and of basic fetal physiology.
44053
Piscator, Magnus and Birger Lind
CADMIUM, ZINC, COPPER, AND LEAD IN HUMAN
RENAL CORTEX. Arch. Environ. Health, 24(6):426-431,
June, 1972. 12 refs.
Analysis of cadmium and zinc in the renal cortex of 67
Swedish subjects disclosed the same dependence on age as in
United States subjects. In the 6-50 year age group, cadmium
content and the cadmium-zinc ratio were correlated to age;
thereafter, there was a decrease in cadmium and zinc and in
the cadmium-zinc ratios. The increase in zinc paralleled the in-
crease in cadmium. The difference between total zinc and the
amount of zinc equivalent to the amount of cadmium provides
a measure of the physiological zinc content of the cortex; this
fraction, 160 ppm (based on dry weight of renal cortex), did
not vary with age. In the age groups over 60, cadmium content
was significantly lower in women than in men. That the levels
of copper did not vary with age indicated that, when there is
no excessive exposure to cadmium, copper metabolism in the
kidney will not be disturbed. Lead showed an increase with
age. However, the amounts were small in comparison with the
cadmium levels, and normal exposure to lead can hardly be a
contributory factor in kidney disease. The necessity of supply-
ing adequate amounts of zinc to people exposed to cadmium is
considered, as it is through that some form;: of hypertension in
man may result from a relative zinc deficiency through accu-
mulation of cadmium. (Author abstract modified)
44087
Fujii, T., Y. Akashi, K. Kurosaka, K. Yoshimura, K. Inoue,
K. Taguchi, F. Go, and K. Oka
STUDIES ON THE LOCAL AIR POLLUTION. (1) AIR POL-
LUTION SURVEY NEAR NAKATESHIMA PRIMARY
SCHOOL IN TOYONAKA CITY. (Genkyokusei taiki osen ni
kansuru kenkyu. (1) Osakafu Toyonaka-shi Nakateshima
Shogakko fukin ni okeru taiki chosa). Text in Japanese. Osaka-
fu Kogai Kanshi Senta Chosa-Shitsu Kenkyu Hokoku (Proc.
Res. Sect. Osaka Environ. Pollution Control Center), no. 2:49-
54, Dec. 1971.
On July 22 and 23, 1970, during the course of a swimming les-
son, 60 children out of 240 children of the Primary School in
Toyonaka City suddenly started to cough. Some animals in the
same school died at the same time. Air pollution by
photochemical reaction was the suspected cause. Nitrogen
dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dust, oxidants, sul-
fur oxides,and lead compounds were measured. On July 22,
wind direction was west, and the velocity was 2 m/sec; the
temperature was 35 C; and the humidity was 50%. There was
no proof that oxidant significantly increased on this day. It is
difficult to determine what was the real source of pollution. It
was assumed that the source is west of the school. However,
there is an incinerator near the school in which wood, paper,
and plastic material were burned outside.
44176
Kaltstein, Andrej
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AS A SOCIO-POLITICAL
DEMAND OF THE 70 S. (Umweltschutz als gesellschaft-
spolitische Forderung der 70er Jahre). Text in German. Oef-
fentl Gesundheits wesen (Stuttgart), 34(6):343-348, June 1972.
Of the total air pollution, 80% is attributed to traffic. The fol-
lowing harmful substances are emitted by automobiles:
Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead.
The nitrogen oxides are extremely toxic. They irritate the mu-
cuous membranes which manifests itself by irritation of the
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
303
eyes, sore throat, and cough. In higher concentrations they
may cause pneumonia. The maximum allowable emission con-
centration is 0.5 ppm. In Munich this value is exceeded at
many points. The average CO concentration in the air above
Munich is 30 ppm. Eight hour exposure to this concentration
leads to reduced capacity and affects the heart contractions.
The hydrocarbons contain carcinogenic substances such as
benz-3,4-pyrene. A close relationship between the lung cancer
rate and the increasing traffic density exists. In the center of
Essen, where traffic is particularly dense, the lung cancer rate
is 10 times higher than in rural areas. In German cities a lead
concentration of 5 to 10 mg/cu m air is measured. In Moscow,
where leaded gasolines are outlawed, the lead concentration in
the air is only 0.7 mg/cu m. Lead is particularly well retained
by the lung. It tends to be stored in the body. The causes for
the ever increasing air pollution must be seen in the ever ex-
panding economy and in the individual freedom of our society.
44251
Buckup, Heinrich
LEAD FROM THE VIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE.
(Dad Blei aus arbeitsmedizinischer Sicht). Text in German. Z.
Erzbergbau Metallhuettenwesen, 25(7):323-326, July 1972. 12
refs.
The atmospheric air we breath contains considerable lead con-
centrations which come mainly from the exhaust gases of au-
tomobiles operated with leaded gasolines. Extensive measure-
ments of the atmospheric lead concentration were taken all
over the industrialized world. Extremely high concentrations
were measured in Japan (60 micrograms/cu m) and in the
United States (120 micrograms/cu m). Recent measurements in
Frankfurt yielded concentrations between 2.3 and 7.0 micro-
grams/cu m. The lead which is breathed by humans with the
ambient air is usually in form of very fine-grained dust
(weighing less than 1 microgram). Generally it is assumed that
about 50% of the particles are retained and 100% of the
retained lead is absorbed. In the Federal Republic of Germany
the maximum allowable emission concentration is 2 micro-
grams/cu m air. The absorbed lead circulates in the blood and
tends to deposit in the bones. Chromosome damage by lead
compounds has been reported. Lead diseases by occupational
exposure are on a downward trend. In the year 1965, 237 cases
were reported of which actually 118 had the disease. Of them
only 10% were incapacitated for more than 3 months.
44254
Roussel, Andre
ACCOUNT OF THE BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH CON-
DUCTED AT THE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH CENTER
OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE. (Etude des recherches biologiques effectuees au
centr de recherches sur la pollution atmospherique de 1 institut
national de la sante et de la recherche medicale). Text in
French. International Union of Air Pollution Prevention As-
sociations, Proc. Int. Clean Air Congr., 2nd, Washington, D.
C., 1970, p. 221-234. (Dec. 6-11, Paper MB 27A.)
The action of carbon monoxide and of engine exhaust on the
hematological and biochemical parameters of rats and mice
constituted some of the basic fields of the research carried out
at the Air Pollution Research Center of the French National
Health and Medical Research Inst. between 1968 and 1970.
Sprague Dawley rats and CFL mice were exposed to 50 ppm
CO in plexiglass-made 2.0 cu m chambers for two years or to
engine exhaust (50 cu cm/cu m CO, 0.2 cu cm/cu m nitrogen
oxides, and 0.1 cu cm/cu m aldehydes) in polyvinyl chloride
chambers for five months. Blood sugar, total serum protein,
total lipid, cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, and serum gluta-
mate-oxaloacetate and giutamate pyruvate transaminase levels
were found to be similar in the CO-treated and control rats.
Hemoglobin, erythrocyte'i and leukocytes, and the electrocar-
diogram revealed no significant differences between the ex-
perimental groups. Exposure to engine exhaust produced con-
siderable differences in the liver and spleen water content, in
total serum lipids, and in the serum giutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase levels. The significant increases in neutrophiles
were attributed to the presence of lead in the engine fuel com-
position. Mice exposed to exhaust condensates for 11 months
were lower in weight, compared to the controls, 6 months
after the beginning of the experiment. No immunological al-
terations could be ascertained in the exhaust-treated groups.
Studies on the relationship between tumor transplant suscepti-
bility and leukemia incidence and CO and exhaust exposure on
AKR mice are in progress. Development of staphylococcus au-
reus or pseudomonas aeruginosa was not affected by the high
CO and CO2 concentrations occurring in a highway tunnel of
the Paris region with an average 80,000 vehicle/day traffic. A
five-year epidemiological study relating air pollution (sulfur
dioxide, dust, and CO), meteorology, alcoholism, and lung
cancer incidence in four cities in France is in progress.
44255
Ghelberg, N. W., Ileana Costin, Rodica Tomus, Susana Nagy,
G. Tomer, Elisabeta Major, and L. Baki
COMMUNITY AK CONTAMINATION WITH LEAD-RE-
LATED BLOOD ALTERATIONS OCCURRING IN THE
ADULT POPULATION. (Modificari sanguine la populatia
adulta in functie de poluarea atmosferei comunale cu concen-
tratii variabile de plumb). Text in Rumanian. Clujul Med.,
44(2):447-454, 1971. 25 refs.
Blood samples taken from two adult population groups, one
dwelling in an industrial urban area with non-ferrous metallur-
gical plants and the other living in a non-polluted area, were
analyzed to study the effects of lead on the community health
condition. The average lead level of the polluted city air
ranged between 20.8 and 22.2 micrograms/cu m. Reticulocytes,
total hemoglobin, erythrocytes with Heinz bodies, glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase, erythrocytes with F hemoglobin,
ceruloplasmin, serum sodium and potassium cations, and
serum protein immunoelectrophoresis were investigated.
Although all the values were within the normal limits in the
blood samples of both the population groups, the number of
reticulocytes, Hb F erythrocytes, blood G-6-PD serum ceru-
loplasmine, and sodium were significantly increased in the
samples taken from the lead- polluted area. No differences in
total hemoglobin levels were found. Decreased albumin
precipitation bands and increased immunoglobulin G and beta
Ic bands occurred in the serum of lead- polluted area dwellers.
The above parameters should be applied as mass indicators in
the follow-up of community health conditions as affected by
long-term exposure to low lead concentrations occurring in the
urban air.
44294
Schubert, Ralph H. W. and H. Sangl
THE PROBLEM OF LEAD EXPOSURE CAUSED BY THE
EXHAUST GASES OF MOTOR VEHICLES. A CONTRIBU-
TION TO THE APPLICABHJTY OF THE DETERMINATION
OF DELTA-AMINOLAEVULINIC ACID IN URINE AS A
CRITERION FOR THE LEAD EXPOSURE CAUSED BY EN-
VIRONMENTAL FACTORS. (Zur Frage der Bleibelastung
durch Autoabgase. Ein Beitrag zur Verwendbarkeit der
-------
304
LEAD AND AtR POLLUTION
Aminolaevulinsaeure-Bestimmung im Harn als Kriterium fuer
die Umweltbedingte Bleibelastung). Text in German. Zentralbl.
Bakteriol., Parasitenk. Infektionskr. Hyg: Abt. 1: Orig., Reihe
B, 155(5-6):470-475, June 1972. 17 refs.
A comparative determination was made of the lead concentra-
tion in the blood and die delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in
the urine of 127 patrolling policemen, 59 policemen working in
offices, and 38 street wardens in the city of Frankfurt am
Mein. The average value of the lead concentration in blood in
all three groups did not differ significantly. The values
reflected the increased lead intake of the city population. The
delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in the urine never exceeded
the limit of 10 mg delta-aminolevulinic acid/g creatinine rele-
vant for diagnosis of lead intoxication in occupational
medicine. A correlation between lead concentration in blood
and delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in urine cannot be
stated in this field of environmental lead exposure. (Author ab-
stract modified)
44364
Scanlon, John
HUMAN FETAL HAZARDS FROM ENVmONMENTAL POL-
LUTION WITH CERTAIN NON- ESSENTIAL TRACE ELE-
MENTS. Clin. Pediatr., 11(3):135-141, March 1972. 41 refs.
Mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, titanium, nickel, vanadium,
and niobium are some of the trace elements which might reach
the fetus because of environmental pollution. It is postulated
that the ability of living things to absorb trace metals from the
environment is inversely related to the concentration of cadmi-
um in the environment, and it appears that there are other
rather complex interactions among the single elements. To
evaluate the interuterine effects of any pollutant it is necessa-
ry to consider the genetic background of the fetus. Data on the
alteration of fetal nutrition by the effects of the trace metals is
extremely scarce, and in light of the adverse effects of these
elements upon adults and other forms of life, and the ability of
these materials to cross into the placenta, a need for informa-
tion in this area is identified.
44381
Brooks, Robert E.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL HISTOPATHOLOGY OF LUNGS OF
LABORATORY RATS EXPOSED TO ENVHtONMENTAL
AGENTS. In: Annual Progress Report. June 1, 1971 to May
31, 1972. Oregon State Univ., CorvaUis, Environmental Health
Sciences Center, Center for Environmental Management Proj.
15, p. 83-84, 1972.
Lung tissues from rats exposed for up to 372 days to dietary
dieldrin, dietary methyl mercuric chloride, dietary lead
acetate, atmospheric carbon monoxide, atmospheric nitrogen
dioxide, and dieldrin in combination with other agents are
being processed for both routine histopathological study and
detailed electron microscopic examination. Specimens are
carefully examined for blood vessel damage, airway injury,
edema, inflammation, and cell proliferation. At the electron
microscopic level, tissues are examined for intracellular altera-
tion and disturbances of cell-to-cell relationships. Preliminary
gross and light microscopic examination of dieldrin-treated (5
ppm) rats indicated that most lung tissues are relatively nor-
mal. Some dieldrin-treated rats showed an increased incidence
of lobular pneumonia as well as small focal pneumonic in-
volvement—an emphysema-like condition—and an arteritis in-
volving medium sized arteries. No morphological alterations
was detected in rat lungs due to administration of dietary lead
(3 ppm) or dietary methyl mercuric chloride (2 ppm). Similarly,
no effect on lung tissue from inhaled carbon monoxide (100
ppm) was detected. Inhalation of NO2 (3 ppm) in air for up to
233 days resulted in relatively little peripheral lung damage,
although mucus production in distal bronchioles was increased.
44385
Fink, G. B.
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES. In: An-
nual Progress Report. June 1, 1971 to May 31, 1972. Oregon
State Univ., Corvallis, Environmental Health Sciences Center,
Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides Proj. B-8(l), p. 168-
172, 1972.
The toxicity of organochlorine insecticides, lead, and carbon
tetrachloride, the interactions among these agents, and neu-
ropharmacologic parameters of seizures induced by the agents
were studied in experimental animals. Median lethal doses for
lead and for the organochlorine insecticides were determined.
Female mice were more susceptible to the toxic effects of lead
over a longer period of time than males. The organochlorine
insecticides increased the susceptibility of mice to clonk
seizures produced by electrical stimulation and by intravenous
infusion of pentylenetetrazol. Although lead intoxication is re-
ported to precipitate convulsions, little effect of lead on ex-
perimental seizure thresholds was noted. Lead also had little
effect on rotating rod performance, whereas dieldrin exhibited
definite impairment that was dose related. The effect of endrin
on rat heart muscle was studied in vitro. Endrin did not alter
the development of contractile force in the isolated trabecular
muscle of the rat heart. Exposure of rats to low levels of DDT
greatly potentiates the hepatotoxicity of CC14 as demonstrated
by increased serum transaminase levels, altered liver function
tests, and histopathologic changes.
44395
Zielhuis, R. L.
INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH. (Bedrijfsgeneeskundig onderzoek geleid door bet
milieu-buiten-de-poort). Text in Dutch. Tijdschr. Soc.
Geneesk., 50(2):34-40, 47, Jan. 1972. 21 refs.
The tasks priorities of the occupational physician are outlined
with regard to environmental hygiene. By combining their ob-
servations of workers with the investigation of the ambient en-
vironment, occupational physicians will gain deeper insight
into the public health effects of environmental factors with re-
gard to the health of workers. Possibilities of such an ap-
proach, and basic fields on which investigations should focus,
are described. Carbon monoxide, for which a maximum al-
lowable hour concentration of 50 ppm, corresponding to a CO
hemoglobin level of 8%, is required, may cause arteriosclero-
sis. Rabbits exposed to CO fo over 8 weeks (10-15% of COHb)
developed aterial arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerotic patients had
higher COHb levels than healthy individuals. Inhaled asbestos
is capable of producing pleura! or peritoneal mesothelioma,
particularly in aged persons. Lead, even in small amounts.
reduces the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and
the metabolism of tryptophan. Animals exposed chronically to
lead had shorten lives as compared to the control group, and
lead concentrations in their tissues were largely the same as in
the population in the U. S.
44433
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan)
EFFECTS OF AD* POLLUTION. In: Report No. 13 on Sur-
vey of Air Pollution in Kanagawa Prefecture. (Kanagawa-ken
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
305
taiki osen chosa kenkyu hokoku Dai-13-po). 1971. 35 refs.
Translated from Japanese. Scientific translation Service Inc.,
Santa Barbara, Calif., 42p.
In the first of two studies reported, the lead content in road-
side trees and in the dust adhering to the leaf surfaces was
measured by atomic absorption photometry. The effects of
hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric acids on the absorbance were
investigated. Results showed that hydrochloric acid is suitable
for dissolving incinerated plant samples. The amounts of lead
contained in the leaves of roadside trees (gingko, platanus,
sultan s parasol, and horse chestnut) were also investigated.
The amounts were found to be 49 ppm in gingko, 25 ppm in
platanus, and 50-60 ppm in sultan s parasol and horse chest-
nut. Large amounts of lead were contained in the gingko trees
along the prefectural highway from Ogimachi to the Kawasaki
station and in the horse chestnuts along the Isogo-Daikoku
highway. There was a tendency for the amount of lead to in-
crease seasonally in June and July. In a second study health
survey questionnairies were distributed to 41,584 kindergarten
children living in each of the five Yohohama areas selected for
study. No relationship was found between a tendency to colds
and sulfur trioxide concentration. There was a relationship
between SOS concentration and complaints of sore throats,
eye trouble, incidence of asthma attacks, and proneness to ec-
zema and urticaria. There was also an increase in complaints
as SOS concentration increased.
44463
Lourie, Reginald S., Emma M. Layman, and Frances K.
Millican
STUDIES OF PICA IN CHILDREN THROW LIGHT ON WHY
CHILDREN EAT THINGS THAT ARE NOT FOOD. Children,
10(4):143-146, July-Aug. 1963. 6 refs.
For the past eight years the Children s Hospital of the District
of Columbia has been conducting studies of children with pica-
-a craving to eat bizarre substances not intended as food. The
studies grew out of concern over an increasing number of lead
poisoning cases in preschool children. Ninety-five of the chil-
dren from the hospital pica clinic, 36 with lead poisoning, were
studied intensively in the psychiatric phase of the research.
The investigation included interviews with the parents,
psychological testing of the child by a clinical psychologist, a
playroom interview with the child by a psychiatrist, a
Rorschah test of the mother, and follow-up studies of several
of the children. In a random survey of 859 children, pica oc-
curred chiefly among preschool children, the greatest in-
cidence occurring in children between 18 months and two
years. In lower socio- economic groups the incidence among
children in this age group was between 50 and 60%; in higher
income families, about 30%. Four emotional climates in which
pica may develop are described. It may be an attempt by a
young child to solve the problem of meeting his oral needs
when the mother is unavailable. It may represent excessive
oral gratification resulting from overstimulation by the mother.
It may represent agression directed toward the mother as a
continuation or displacement of early conflicts over feeding,
especially around introduction of solid foods. Pica may also be
accentuated or perpetuated by brain damage affecting percep-
tual and motor development. Nutritional factors do not appear
to be a major etiological factor in pica. Incidence of pica was
especially high among children whose mothers have pica them-
selves and those from communities where clay eating and
starch eating are a part of the cultural pattern.
44508
Stoefen, Detlef
HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO LEAD IN GASOLINE - A
WARNING FROM SWEDEN. (Gesundheitsgefahren durch
verbleites Benzin - eine warnende Stimme aus Schweden).
Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), no.
12:259-260, 1970.
Problems of lead poisoning due to automotive exhaust are
reviewed with regard to measures taken in Sweden to reduce
the gasoline lead content. The inorganic lead dust concentra-
tions in exhaust gases vary from 330 to 3100 micrograms/cu m,
and organic lead, more toxic than the former, is present in
concentrations of 100-530 micrograms/cu m. A concentration
of 4 micrograms/cu m in street air in Stockholm was measured
during rush hours. The retention of lead by the lung is esti-
mated at 50%. Exposures to lead in concentrations of 7.5-10.0
micrograms/cu m caused alterations in the blood picture. Daily
intakes below 50-100 micrograms are assumed to induce
biological troubles in the organism. Some 31.2% of the lead in-
jected in an experiment was found in the organism after 98
days, and the rate of elimination decreased from 0.07 to 0.01
micrograms/day at the same time. A tolerable dose equaling
one-tenth the ineffective dose has been adopted in Sweden.
44696
Carlberg, John R., John V. Crable, Leonard P. Limtiaca,
Harold B. Norris, John L. Holtz, Patricia Mauer, and F. R.
Wolowicz
TOTAL DUST, COAL, FREE SILICA, AND TRACE METAL
CONCENTRATIONS IN BITUMINOUS COAL MINERS
LUNGS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 32(7): 432-440, July 1971.
15 refs.
Concentrations of free silica and coal, noncoal, and total dust
found in the lung tissues from 65 deceased West Virginia bitu-
minous coal miners were compared with the concentrations
found in previously analyzed groups of West Vriginia bitu-
minous coal miners. In addition, these concentrations were
compared with the concentrations found by British and Ger-
man investigators who have analyzed lung tissue of coal
miners who have worked in other geographical areas. The sec-
tion of the upper lobe of the left lung closest to the rib cage
contained the greatest concentrations of nearly all constituents
determined. Beryllium, magnesium, titanium, vanadium,
chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead
were the eleven trace elements determined. Coal miners hilar
lymph nodes had greater concentrations of vanadium and free
silica than did then' lung tissue. Concentrations of nickel, how-
ever, were greater in the lung tissue. No significant concentra-
tion differences of any other constituents were found. The
coal miners lung tissue had generally greater concentrations of
trace elements than concentrations reported in the literature
for nonminers lungs. (Author summary modified)
44746
Lehnert, G. and K. H. Schaller
QUANTITATIVE LEAD DETERMINATION IN BLOOD AND
URINE BY ATOMIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. (Quantita-
tive Bleibestimmung in Blut und Ham durch Atomabsorp-
tionsspektrophometrie). Med. Welt, (Stuttgart), no. 18, May 6,
1967. 10 refs. Translated from German. Leo Kanner Assoc.,
Redwood City, Calif., 7p. (Also includes; Lehnert, G., K. H.
Schaller, and D. Szadowski A RELIABLE AND RAPID
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN
SMALL QUANTITIES OF BLOOD. (Eine zuverlaessige
Schnellmethode zur Bleibestimmung in kleinen Blutmengen).
-------
306
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Preprint, Erlangen Nuernberg Univ. (West Germany), Inst.
fuer Arbeits und Sozialmedizin, 4p. 3 refs.) The fundamentals
of emission flame photometry and atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry are discussed and compared. The lead content
of blood and urine can be quantitatively determined in a quick
and exact manner with the help of atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Details of the chemical preparation as well as
reliability criteria and mean values are given. The retrieval rate
averaged 98% for aqueous solutions, 90% for urine, and 97%
for blood. The accuracy, as measured by the Pearson variabili-
ty coefficient, is assumed to be plus or minus 2% for aqueous
solutions, 5% for urine, and 2.5% for blood. As a lower limit
for detectability, a lead concentration of about .02 micro-
gram/ml organic solvent is specified. Applying this accuracy,
concentrations of 1 microgram % in blood and 2 micrograms/1
in urine are detectable. Additional advantages, as compared to
the conventional techniques for lead determination, are speed
and simplicity.
44867
Ruiz Salazar, Antonio and Alejandro Castanedo
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS CONNECTED WITH THE
OIL INDUSTRY. (Patologia de la industria del petrolic). Text
in Spanish. Med. deporte trab., 18(128):560-581, 624-641, 674,
1953. 30 refs.
Petroleum processing plant-induced pathology is reviewed.
Toxicology is analyzed in terms of effects produced by oil im-
purities (hydrogen sulfide), ingredients applied for the im-
provement of fuels (hydrofluoric acid and tetraethyl lead), and
by the petroleum hydrocarbons themselves. Petroleum distilla-
tion generates air pollutants such as ethane, propane, and bu-
tane. But most of the petroleums are considered to be non-tox-
ic. Gasoline cracking, however, produces toxic non-saturated
compounds. Reference is made to an accident which occurred
in 1922 under atmospheric inversion conditions in a settlement
close to the A.G.W.I. processing plant. Fatalities were at-
tributed to the action of carbon dioxide and/or H2S. Another
air pollution accident which occurred in 1950, due to the
deterioration of an emission control unit, is attributed to the
large amounts of H2S in the air. The accident caused 22
deaths and more than 300 poisoning episodes. Autopsies
revealed the lungs to be the most affected organ under the cir-
cumstances. Victims with tetraethyl lead poisoning were found
with brain and lung congestion, and minor inflammation of the
other internal organs. Chronic TEL poisoning is characterized
by astenia, anemia, arterial hypotension, and loss of weight.
Hydrofluoric acid is described in terms of acute effects due to
its high respiratory tract irritation activity. Dermatoses are the
most diffused diseases due to chronic exposure to petroleum.
The petroleum industry has no causal connection with tubercu-
losis. The pathology of chronic exposure to the petroleum in-
dustry requires systematic studies in order to provide the ap-
propriate control measures.
45005
Teisinger, J., I. Prerovska, V. Sedivec, J. Flek, and Z. Roth
ATTEMPT ON DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICALLY AC-
TIVE LEAD IN ORuANISM IN EXPERIMENTAL POISON-
ING. Int. Arch. Gewerbepath. Gewerbehyg. (Heidelberg), vol.
25:240-255, 1969. 15 refs.
In 23 rabbits, poisoned by lead peroally for two months, the
excretion of lead from individual organs and urine up to 232
days after termination of exposure, was studied, The concept
of active lead deposit in bones and soft organs was in-
troduced, the biologic reaction of the organism depending on
its size. The size of this deposit can be determined from the
mobilization yield after CaEDTA injection. This yield averages
8.3% of the deposit and does not change during the period
after termination of exposure. The daily amount of spontane-
ously excreted lead amounts in average to 1% of the active
deposit. CaEDTA mobilizes lead not only from soft organs,
but also from bones. In respect to the celocity of lead excre-
tion from organs, it is possible to distinguish: easily exchange-
able lead (liver, kidney), medium exchangeable lead (muscles,
skin, other organs), lead hard to be exchanged (skeleton) and
unchangeable lead (coat). Under easily exchangeable lead also
belongs a considerable part of lead from the trabecular bones.
(Author abstract modified)
45159
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuehn
THE ACTION OF MINERAL OIL PRODUCTS, ESPECIALLY
LEAD-CONTAINING SUPER GASOLINE, ON SULFATE-
REDUCING, NITRATE-REDUCING AND DENITRDJYING
SODL BACTERIA. (Einfluss von Mineraloelprodukten,
speziell blei-haltigem Superbenzin, auf sulfatreduzierende,
nitratreduzierende sowie denitrifizierende Bodenbakterien).
Text in German. Gesundh. Ing., 93(3):81-86, March 1972. 7
refs.
The action of 1:100 infusions of crude oil, fuel oil, kerosene,
lead-containing super gasoline, and regular gasoline on sulfate-
reducing, nitrate-reducing, and dentrifying bacteria in diluvial
sand samples with and without nutrient medium was studied.
Crude oil, fuel oil and super gasoline had no influence on the
proliferation of sulfate-reducing bacteria as induced by sodium
thioglycolate, sodium, lactate, and sodium, magnesium, and
iron sulfates during a 14-day anaerobic incubation at 27 C,
although super gasoline induced small colonies in the Postgate
agar subculture due to inhibition of the primary culture. Infu-
sions of crude oil. fuel oil, and kerosene had no influence on
the proliferation of nitrate-reducing bacteria incubated over 14
days in the presence or absence of nutrient medium, glutamic
acid, sodium succinate, and potassium nitrate in anaerobic
nitrogen atmosphere. Super gasoline had considerable bacterio-
static effect on nitrate-reducing bacteria, especially in the
presence of nutrient medium, nitrogen and hydrogen donors,
and hydrogen acceptors. The above bacteriostatic effect of
super gasoline was, however, most powerful for denitrifying
bacteria whose count remained largely the same after 14 days
incubation. As the bacteriostatic effect of regular gasoline was
much lower for nitrate-reducing bacteria, and was far from
being total for denitrifying bacteria, the vei^y powerful bac-
teriostatic effect of super gasoline is most probably due to its
lead content.
45165
Schroeder, Henry A. and Dan K. Darrow
RELATIONS OF TRACE METALS TO HUMAN HEALTH.
Environ. Affairs, ll(l):222-236, Spring 1972. 50 refs.
The effects of various trace elements on human health are
reviewed in the light of annual industrial consumptions, natu-
ral abundances (on earth crust, in sea water, and in the con-
tents of Reference Man), and changes in experimental animals
fed low doses for life. Fourteen metals and two nonmetals are
essential for life or health of mammals. All but two are mined
in large amounts, are abundant on the earth s crust, and are
found in human tissues in sizeable quantities. Most of these
metals are nontoxic to mammals in ordinary concentrations.
Five metals occur in low abundances, are consumed industri-
ally in sizeable amounts, occur in the body of man, and are
toxic of themselves. Of these, lead and cadmium are prevalent
in man. Nine metals have low orders of toxicity and occur at
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
307
low crustal abundances. Eight have little or no toxicity, of
which six are abundant. Metals in the environment of potential
hazard to man are lead, by far the largest pollutant, cadmium,
which may influence hypertension and emphysema, nickel as
the carbonyl which is carcinogenic, antimony which is toxic,
beryllium which can cause beryllosis, and methyl mercury
which is highly toxic. At present levels of exposure, lead, cad-
mium, and possibly nickel are potentially hazardous to health.
Only under special circumstances and in special circumstances
and in special compounds are a few other elements hazardous.
(Author summary modified)
451%
Wiethaup, Hans
HEALTH-DAMAGING EFFECTS FROM NOISE, AIR AND
WATER POLLUTION. (Gesundheitsschaedlicbe Auswirkun-
gen durch Laerm, Luft- und Wasserverunreinigung usw.). Text
in German. In: Umweltschutzfibel - polizei und Umweltschutz.
Vol. 5, Stuttgart, West Germany, Richard Boorberg Verlag,
1972, Chapt. II, p. 12-18. 14 refs.
Health effects of noise as well as air and water pollution are
reviewed. Noise of 30-60 phon intensity causes nuisances due
to its psychic effects; vegetative effects occur at 60-90 phon.
Health impairment occurs at 90-120 phon due to psychic,
vegetative, and otological effects. Maximum allowable noise
levels for different types of environments during daytime and
nighttime are given. A general definition of air pollution and
examples of catastrophic pollution episodes are given. Health
damage from air pollution is determined by toxic and syner-
getic effects. The incidence of heart, circulatory, and respira-
tory troubles, especially in higher age groups, is higher in
areas with high pollution levels. Pollution-induced damages to
plants, animals, and materials are also manifested. Lead con-
centration measurements near a highway revealed high con-
centrations well above ground level, which indicates possible
health hazards in buildings near highways.
45273
Tsuchiya, Kenzaburo, Minoru Sugita, Ken Takahashi, and
Yukio Seki
LIVING BODY RELATIONS TO THE EXPOSURES TO LOW
CONCENTRATION LEAD. (Tei-nodo en bakuro to seitai ban-
no). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health),
14(4):141. July 1972.
Investigations were conducted on 58 workers of lead-covered
cable manufacturers and 18 control persons on the total blood
density, lead content in blood and urine, amount of
coproporphyrin, hemoglobin, hemotropin, and urine protein,
along with their ages and educational background. The at-
mospheric lead content was 1.0 to 125 micrograms/cu m and
the average individual exposure concentration was 12.8 micro-
grams/cu m for 6 hours. Except for total blood density, Hb,
Ht, and educational background, no difference was found
between the test group and control group. The total blood den-
sity, Hb, and Ht were lower in the test group.
45288
Saito, Kazuo, Hiroko Inai, and Eisho Takakuwa
STUDIES ON TOXICITY OF GASOLINE. (REPORT NO.2).
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM AND LEAD IN THE IN-
TESTINES OF RATS AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF
NONLEAD AND LEAD WHITE GASOLINES. (Gasorin no
dokusei ni kansuru kenkyu (Dainiho) muen oyobi kaen
howaito gasorin toyo ratio no noha narabi ni zokichu enryo
(D)). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health),
14(4):147. July 1972.
One gram per 100 g body weight of nonlead white gasoline
(WG), or lead white gasoline (LG) was injected in-
traperitoneally to 7-month-old Wistar rats. One ml of tetraethyl
lead was added into 1 liter of WG to become LG. Therefore,
the amount of tetraethyl lead administration per 100 g body
weight was 1.65 mg. Electroencephalograms were recorded
and lead content in the organs were measured. One day to 4
days after the injection, all rats became dull, crouching and
unreactive to stimulation. On the fifth day, the WG group
started to walk and recover nearly to their original conditions,
whereas the LG group became emotional, anxious, and the
symptoms reached a peak at the 7th and 8th days. The LG
group had a higher loss of body weight. Higher lead content
was detected in brains, livers, and kidneys of the LG group.
45293
Kumajo, Kazuo and Masana Ogata
MICROPARTICLE DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD IN BODIES
OF RATS. (Enbiryushi ni yoru ratte tainai no namari no bun-
pu). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health),
14(4):405, July 1972.
Rats were subjected to lead fume inhalation at 53 + or - 12
mg/cu m for 1, 2, and 3 hours, and the lead distribution in the
organs was studied. The diameters of the lead particles were
0.02 to 0.05 micron. The lead content in blood of the control
group was 36 gamma/dl, and that in the 4-hour group was 303
gamma/dl, with 90% in the blood corpuscles. The lead content
in lungs, livers, and kidneys of the control group and the 4-
hour group was 71 gamma/100 g, 15 gamma/100 g, 19 gam-
ma/100 g, and 1000 gamma/100 g, 85.7 gamma/lOOg, 383 gam-
ma/100 g respectively. The amount of inhalation increased as
time of inhalation increased.
-------
308
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
01523
T. C. Tso, N. Harley, and L. T. Alexander
SOURCE OF LEAD-210 AND POLONIUM-210 IN TOBACCO.
Science, Vol. 153, 880-882, Aug. 19, 1966.
Test plants were grown within a chamber enriched with radon-
222 in the atmosphere, in tobacco fields with diffusion sources
of phosphate-containing fertilizer, and in culture containing
lead-210 in the nutrient solution. Harvested leaves were sub-
jected to three curing conditions. The major portion of the
lead-210 in the plant was probably absorbed through the roots.
Airborne radon-222 and its daughters contributed much less to
the plant's content of lead-210 and of polonium-210. The stage
of leaf development and the methods used to cure the leaf af-
fected the final amount of polonium-210 in tobacco leaf.
07742
Barrows, Harold L.
THE AGRICULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INORGANIC
POLLUTANTS. Preprint, Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.,
Soils Lab., 12p. ((1967)). 22 refs. (Presented at a symposium
on 'damage to Plants from Soil and Water Pollution', spon-
sored by the American Phytopa- thological Society, Washing-
ton, D. C., Aug. 21, 1967.)
The potential hazards of the accumulation of metals in plants
and soil are reviewed. These toxic elements contaminate plant
life through direct addition to the soil for enrichment, from
spray residue, fertilizers, industrial sources, and automotive
emissions. Although the threat from this type of pollution is
not presently severe, localized conditions do exist in which the
concentrations of these elements in the environment are detri-
mental to plants or to animals consuming the plants.
08884
Katz, M.
EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS, OTHER THAN SULPHUR
DIOXIDE, ON VEGETATION AND ANIMALS. In: Pollution
and Our Environment: Conference Background Papers. Vol. 1,
Montreal, Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Paper A4-
2-2, p. 1-18, 1967. 23 refs. (Presented at the National Con-
ference, Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Montreal,
Oct. 31-Nov. 4, 1966.) Available from the Canadian Council of
Resource Ministers, 620 Dorchester Boulevard West, Mon-
treal, Canada.
It is apparent that air pollution can cause harmful effects on
agricultural crops, and other species of vegetation. Apart from
paper, the principal pollutants of serious concern are fluorides,
ozone, photochemical smog products, ethylene and various
aerosols occurring as suspended paniculate matter. Gases such
as chloride, hydrogen sulphide, oxides of nitrogen, and am-
monia may constitute a hazard or cause damage to vegetation
on occasion in localized areas. Suspended particulate matters
consisting of small particles of smoke, sulphuric acid mist,
soot and various metallic dusts, may be transported by wind
for considerable distances from strong sources such as urban
and industrial areas. These pollutants accumulate on leaf sur-
faces and clog the stomata to produce direct damage or retar-
dation in growth. Unfortunately, there is a great lack of infor-
mation on the extent of the damage to the Canadian economy
from the diverse effects of these pollutants on agriculture and
forestry. Little, if any, coordinated research is being con-
ducted in Canada on the biological effects of air pollutants on
plants. Some studies have been conducted occasionally to
meet the needs of a specific problem, such as the effects of
ozone on tobacco. With regard to the harmful effects of air
pollution on animal health, the evidence of major air pollution
disasters points to adverse symptoms in animals of a character
similar to those suffered by man. Animals in these episodes
have suffered acute respiratory distress, bronchitis,
emphysema and heart failure. Fluorides, arsenic and lead are
highly toxic pollutants that may cause diseases in animals by
accumulation in the forage and other crops that constitute the
principal diet of cattle and other farm animals. There are many
other pollutants derived from the incomplete products of com-
bustion of fuels and from specific industrial processes that
possess lexicological properties. However, animal research in
this field is virtually non-existent in Canada. There is a great
need for a broad, well-balanced research program to determine
the biological effects of specific air pollutants and of simple
and complex mixtures.
09448
Haar, G. L. Ter, R. R. Dedolph, R. B. Holtzman, and H. F.
Lucas, Jr.
AIR, WATER, AND SOIL AS SOURCES OF LEAD IN
PLANTS. In: Radiological Physics Division Annual Report.
(July 1966 through June 1967.) Argonne National Lab., 111. p.
147-149, 1967. 11 refs. CFSTI: ANL-7360
The relative contributions of soil, air, and water to the lead
content of plants is investigated. Uptake and retention of lead
by perennial rye grass and radishes were determined from the
lead content of the plant parts, grown in specially constructed
chambers located in a green house. The chamber was con-
structed from an epoxy-coated galvanized tub covered with a
acrylic hemisphere. The alluvial black loam soil used was ob-
tained 1-2 feet below the surface from a five-foot square area
about 250 feet from a secondary roadway. Lead concentration
data from 96 grass samples were subjected to variance analy-
sis. The lead concentration in the air was the only significant
variable. The lead concentrations in radishes, regardless of
treatment, did not differ greatly. Half of the lead content in
grass and all of that in radishes was obtained from the soil
rather than from the air, with little or no significant absorption
from simulated rainfall.
10318
C. losif
ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEAD POISONING IN CATTLE.
((L'intoxication augue et chronique par le plomb chez les bo-
bins.)) Text in French. Rec. Med. Vet. Ecole Alfort (Par- is),
142(2):95-106, Feb. 1966. 23 refs.
Three cases of acute plumbism in cows are detailed: one of a
six-year-old cow who accidentally ate about 100 gm of lead (in
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
309
1956); the second of a 12-year old cow who accidentally ate a
packet containing about 100 gm of lead used in painting; and
the third of a three-week-old heifer who licked a freshly
painted bucket. Route of exposure to lead can be gastroin-
testinal following deposition of lead fumes (lead oxide, sulfide,
and sulfate) on pasturage and in exposed drinking water, or
respiratory following the inhalation of such fumes. The
presence of CO2 in the respiratory tract is thought to provide
a favorable situation for the dissolution of lead and the forma-
tion of soluble lead complexes. One author has calculated that
12% of respired lead is absorbed into the organism, while only
1-2% of ingested lead is absorbed. In an industrial Romanian
village, where the air is loaded with 104-125 mg of lead (by
sedimentation method), the geographic and climatic conditions
combine to pool the fumes from a lead refinery. The zone of
pollution extends 1 km N.E. and 2 km N.W. of the town.
Snow sampling reveals 0.4-7.02 mg/sq m/month of lead. The
paniculate pollution is believed to be about 1,200,000 per sq m
at ground level, and up to 200,000 particles per sq m at 40 m
above the ground. Cows raised in this area are estimated to eat
26 mg of lead in 100 gm of herbage, but near the plant they
may eat 0.07-0.16% lead by weight. Poisoning (in eight chronic
cases) is exhibited as cacbexia, decreased milk production,
pale mucosa, and enteritis with alternating constipation and
diarrhea. More severe cases (12) exhibit colic, muscular
twitches, and nervous complaints. Illness in these latter cases
appears in 2-4 days, while, in the former cases, it may take a
week or several months. Blood samples in two severe cases
show the red blood cell level is decreased by almost 50%, as
are the thrombocyte and hemoglobin levels. Prognosis in the
described cases is routinely unfavorable, and the animals are
sacrificed. Treatment in the severe cases is with EDTA (92
mg/150 kg body weight) as well as vitamins C and Bl. Such
therapy, used since 1963, will lower the plumbemia to 28%,
and permits an economic use of the affected animals. Atten-
tion is drawn to providing fodder which is low in lead and rich
in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins; cows should not be
pastured near lead factories and should not be watered with
contaminated lake or stream water.
11157
Agriculture Research Council, London (England)
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS AND
SOIL. 53P., 1967. 202 refs.
An account of recent trends in the emissions and concentra-
tions of smoke, deposited matter and sulphur dioxide in
Britain and summa- rises the information available on the ef-
fects of these pollutants on plants and soil is given. The litera-
ture on the effects on plants and soil of fluorides and of
photochemical, or oxidant, smog which some people think
might be troublesome in this country in the future. A note on
the contamination of plants near highways with lead from the
exhaust fumes of motor vehicles is also included.
11452T
Cohrs, F.
SICKENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS THROUGH SMOKE
DAMAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER. ((Erkrankun-
gen der Haustiere durch Rauchschaeden und Abwaesser der
Industrieanlagen.)) Translated from German. Monatsh.
Veterinaermed., ll(2):662-669, 1956. 77 refs.
The effects of industrial smokes containing sulfur compounds,
arsenic compounds, lead, copper, fluorine, molybdenum, zinc,
and selenium on domestic animals are reviewed. The most
frequent intoxications result from lead, arsenic, SO2, and
fluorine. Fluorosis has gained considerable importance in the
last 30 years and today represents the most important disease
among the smoke injuries. Pneumoconiosis very seldom
develops in animals as a results of flue ash. Clinical manifesta-
tions and pathological anatomy, the course of disease, the
changing picture of the disease manifestations, and
meteorological and topographic influences are discussed.
Mechanical, chemical and physical effects of smoke are also
considered.
11467T
Miessner, H.
DAMAGE TO ANIMALS CAUSED BY INDUSTRY AND
TECHNOLOGY. ((Schadigung der Tierwelt durch Industrie
und Technik.)) Translated from German. Deut. Tieraerztl.
Wochschr., 39, p. 340-345, 1931. 26 refs.
Pollution of the air and damage to feed plants, and the result-
ing diseases of humans and animals, are extremely frequent in
regions where ore-processing metallurgical plants are located.
The fumes being produced during roasting and melting of the
ore are usually bonded to sulfur and arsenic; consequently the
smoke contains considerable quantities of SO2 and As2O3.
This smoke most affects cattle. Acute arsenic intoxication
becomes manifest in the form of vomiting and diarrhea,
caustic injuries to the gastric mucosa, and fatty degeneration
of the liver. In chronic cases, increasing cachexia, eczema and
weakening resembling paralysis are observed. The metallic ele-
ments in the fly dust, moreover, can lead to harmful in-
digestion. During acute lead poisoning, stomach distress is ob-
served, as well as spastic movements. Chronic lead intoxica-
tion leads to a general malaise combined with abortion, lead
colic, muscular pain, epilepsy, and paralysis. The red blood
corpuscles show a partial basophilic granulation. Hydrofluoric
acid fumes from foundries and plants producing artificial fer-
tilizers dissolve the calcium in the bones, and chronic calcium
degradation and softening of the bones are the consequences.
As a result of an air pollution episode in Luttich, damage by
foundry smoke in fog caused hundreds of persons to fall ill
and 63 to die, mostly within 1 to 2 days. Hardest hit were
asthmatic and heart patients, and persons suffering from
bronchitis. Copper intoxication was observed in sheep and cat-
tle as a result of spraying orchards with lime and copper.
12536
Liegeois, F., Derivaux, J., and Depelchin, A.
LEAD POISONING IN ANIMALS. ((L'intoxication saturnine
chez les animaux.)) Text in French. Ann. Med. Veterinaire,
105:57-81, 1961. 22 refs.
Lead poisoning of animals occurs on many occasions, since
lead and its compounds are found in the fields where they
feed and in the water they drink. Toxic doses depend on the
product (nitrate, chloride, acetate, minium, white lead, sulfate,
sulfide, phosphate, in decreasing order) and sensitivity (horses
are ten times more resistant than cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs;
poultry is very sensitive). Absorption depends on the mode of
intake. Rapid through the breathing appratus (which feeds the
lead or lead compound vapors and dusts directly into the
blood), it is slower through the digestive tract. Skin absorption
is low. Localization: in cases of acute poisoning, lead is found
in the digestive tract, vomited matter, the liver, spleen, kid-
neys. In chronic cases, lead appears in the bones, marrow,
kidneys, blood, cephalo-rachidian liquid, milk, saliva, urine,
stools. Elimination occurs through the milk, saliva, sweat,
urine, and stools. Lesions include discoloration of the liver,
kidneys, and muscles; infiltrations in the brain and rachis; neu-
ritis and presence of basophiles. The action of lead on the cell
is not fully known. Symptoms in acute cases include cramps,
-------
310
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
convulsions sometimes leading to death (in cattle); depression,
paresis (in horses); anorexia, vomiting convulsions (in dogs),
muscular weakness, thirst and death (in poultry). Chronic:
cases, mostly in dogs and cats, cause low temperature, loss of
weight, constipation, rheumatism, cerebral and circulatory dis-
orders. Diagnosis is based on nervous disorders and laboratory
tests on body liquids, tissues, and stools (data is tabulated and
described). Preventive treatment consists in keeping the
animals away from lead polluted environment. Curative treat-
ment seeks to turn the lead into nontoxic forms, to neutralize
the toxic action of absorbed products, and to eliminate these
products from the body. Antidotes include albuminous water,
milk, saline laxatives, ferric hydrate. Most effective are chelat-
ing agents (CaEDTA). Intramuscular or veinous injections
often cause spectacular results.
12647
C. W. Francis, G. Chesters, W. H. Erhardt
210 POLONIUM ENTRY INTO PLANTS. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2(9):690-695, Sept. 1968.
The possibility that root uptake of 210Pb from soils is the prin-
cipal mechanism of 210Po entry into plants was evaluated and
proved to be invalid. If the 210Pb in the plant is not soil-
derived, the second most likely source is natural radioactive
fallout, of which the most important component is from rain-
fall. Material balances of the quantities of 210Pb in tobacco
over time intervals of known rainfall indicate rains deposit ap-
proximately twice as much 210Pb as observed in tobacco
leaves, verifying the hypothesis that deposition of 210Pb by
rainfall is the principal mechanism of 210Po entry in plants.
(Author's Abstract)
14489
Kobayashi, J., F. Morii, S. Muramoto, and S. Nakashima
EFFECTS OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION BY HEAVY
METALS (CD PB AND ZN) ON AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS CAUSED FROM A MINE REFINERY IN
GUMMA PREFECTURE. (Gumma-ken ka no bo kozan seiren
go no hai gas niyoru nosaku motsu nado no gufcinzoku osen (Cd,
Pb, Zn) ni tsuite). Tent in Japanese. Nippon Eiselgaku Zasshi
(Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):67, April 1969.
Pollution of plants growing on a hill by cadmium, zinc, and
lead present in waste gases from a mine refinery was deter-
mined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of the
elements following their extraction from dried and ashed plant
samples. Plant distance from the refinery ranged from 400 to
2500 m, and plant content of metals varied with distance. Cad-
mium levels ranged from 17 to 3.3 ppm and zinc from 2590 to
360 ppm in mulberry leaves. The cadmium content of moss,
greens, and eggplant leaves collected at 700 m from the
refinery varied from 41 to 61 ppm and the zinc content from
2620 to 7010 ppm. Values were lower in corn, tomatoes,
pumpkins, and persimmons. Taro, carrots, Welsh onions and
burdochs showed medium values.
14786
Ter Haar, Gary L., Richard R. Dedolph, Richard B. Holtzman,
and Henry F. Lucas, Jr.
THE LEAD UPTAKE BY PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AND
RADISHES FROM AIR, WATER AND SOIL. Environ. Res.,
2(4):267-271, 1969. 11 refs.
The lead content of food is the major source of an increase of
lead in modern man. The lead content of fruits and vegetables
as well as meats may be derived from soil, air, rainwater, and
food processing. A study to investigate the relative contribu-
tions of soil, air, and water to the Lead content of plants is
described. Grass and radishes were grown in a specially con-
structed growth chamber with either normal or filtered air,
while either distilled or lead-containing water was applied to
the leaves or to the soil surface. A randomized complete block
experimental design was employed with factorial arrangement
of treatments; results were analyzed by the associated analysis
of variance technique. The lead content of grass grown in fil-
tered air was 2.5 micrograms/g while that grown in unfiltered
air was 5.2 micrograms/g. These values are different at the 1%
level of significance. The uptake of lead from the water ap-
plied either to the foliar parts or to the soil surface was not
significant at the 5% level. The lead concentration of either
radish leaves or edible pans did not differ greatly for any
treatment at the 5% level, and was the same as for grass
grown in filtered air. These measurements indicate that half of
the lead content of grass and nearly all of that in radishes was
obtained from the soil with little absorption from simulated
rainfall. Although the study is judged too limited in scope to
define the relative contribution of soil and airborne lead to the
human body burden, it has indicated that a substantial fraction
of the lead in man's food may be obtained from the soil. Vari-
ables other than those studied may be of importance, including
soil type, pH value, and lead concentration, plant type, and
seasonal effects.
16270
Cruz, J. A. Machado
A FEW RESULTS OF HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN THE
STUDY OF HEAVY METAL ICHTYOPATHOLOGY. (Sur
quelques resultats de 1'analyse histochemique dans 1'etude de
1'ichtyopathologie des metaux lourds). Bull. Office Int.
Epizoot., 65(5-6):715-717, 1966. 5 refs. Translated from
French. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 3p., Aug. 10, 1969.
The pathogenic action of heavy metals on fish was considered
as only an external action, primarily affecting the gills.
Histochemical studies of the pathogenic action of heavy
metals on fish showed that this was not so. Experiments were
conducted in which fish were placed in distilled water contain-
ing various quantities of iron and lead (from 5-100 mg of
metal/1) during extremely varied periods from 5 min to 4 days.
The techniques used in histochemically tracing the metals were
Tumbull blue for iron, ammonium sulfate and sodium
rhodizonate for lead. Metals were found in large quantities on
the gills, in the digestive tract, either in the intestinal opening
or in an intra-cellular state, and in the liver and kidney. It was
concluded that histochemical examination of fish organs is im-
portant whenever metallic pollution is suspected and a precise
diagnosis is sought.
16655
Keller, Th.
THE CONTENT OF LEAD IN SPRUCE FASCICLES AS AN
INDICATOR OF ADR CONTAMINATION DUE TO TRAFFIC.
(Obsah olova ve smrkovem - indikat znecisteni vzduchu
pusobeneho dopravou). Scientific and Technical Society,
Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agricultural and Forestry Section,
Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne,
Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XVHI-1 to XVffl-14. 8 refs. (Oct. 11-
14.) Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, April 24, 1969.
A chlorotic coloring of the fascicles of spruces and firs was
observed in trees planted along the roads, especially in curves
and on slopes. It was concluded that this damage was due to
the toxic effects of exhaust gases. The lead content of the
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
311
fascicles was spectrographically determined. The assimilation
parts of conifers located along turnpikes showed (in com-
parison to fascicles from remote regions) an increased content
of lead which increases with increasing traffic. The lead con-
tent can therefore be considered as an indicator of air con-
tamination due to traffic conditions. The lead content in-
creases with the age of fascicles. The content of lead at the
beginning increase with time of exposure, but probably a local
equilibrium is established between the sediments and the
scrubbing. The lead content shows a strong decrease with the
increasing height from the road. The filtration effect of the
forest was well demonstrated by fascicle analysis. The largest
portion of the lead compounds are captured on the surface of
the fascicles, so that poisoning of the vegetation rarely occurs.
Measurement of the exchange gases showed the depression of
CO2 assimilation even in normal, healthy looking fascicles
with increasing lead content. This slowing down of assimila-
tion must be explained in terms of contamination of the sur-
face of the fascicles and by toxic effects of other components
of waste gases.
17038
Koeppe, David E. and Raymond J. Miller
LEAD EFFECTS ON CORN MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRA-
TION. Science, 167(3923):1376-1378, March 1970. 7 refs.
Oxidation of exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and
succinate by corn mitochondria was measured as a function of
lead chloride concentration. Concentrations of 50-60
micromoles/1 stimulated oxidation of exogenous reduced
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by 174-640%, depending on
the reaction mediums; concentrations of 12.5 micromoles/1 in-
hibited succinate oxidation by more than 80%. When inorganic
phosphate was included in reaction mediums, the subsequent
addition of lead was without effect due to the low solubility of
lead phosphate. The addition of lead followed by the addition
of phosphate released the inhibition of succinate oxidation by
lead but did not decrease the stimulation of oxidation of
reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinculeotide by lead. It is sig-
nificant that the effects of lead seen in the study were ob-
served at very low concentrations and that there was a sharp
increase in the magnitude of its influence within a small range
of concentrations. When effective concentrations of lead are
reached in the atmosphere, there could be a dramatic reduc-
tion in plant growth under conditions of phosphate deficiency.
(Author abstract modified)
17182
Schuck, E. A.
LEAD IN SOILS AND PLANTS: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO
TRAFFIC VOLUME AND PROXIMITY TO HIGHWAYS. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 4(3):238, March 1970.
The results of a study of the lead content in soils and plants
and its relationship to traffic volume and proximity to
highways are discussed. Crops grown downwind of heavily
traveled highways exhibit contamination by the lead particu-
lates present in automobile exhaust. However, it was not
demonstrated whether this paniculate lead contamination leads
primarily to simple surface contamination or actual absorption
by the plant. Absorption could lead to a concentrating
mechanism which would pose more of a potential danger to
the consumer. The effect of simple surface contamination
would be limited in that the amount of lead which can cling to
a surface is limited. Refinements in experimental techniques
are needed to determine whether lead contamination is located
on the surface or absorbed by the plant.
17215
Brandt, C. Stafford
DISCUSSION. SOURCES OF LEAD IN PERENNIAL
RYEGRASS AND RADISHES. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
4(3):224, March 1970.
Previously reported experiments on the sources of lead in
ryegrass and radishes were discussed. Atmospheric lead con-
tributes to the lead content of leaves, but other sources make
a significant contribution. Actually, one-fourth of the filtered
vs unfiltered air data indicated that atmospheric lead is not a
contributor to vegetation lead. Intuition and limited data im-
plicated the soil as the other source. The possibility of signifi-
cant variation in lead content of vegetation caused by variation
in the lead content of soil was not dismissed. Statistical treat-
ment of the data was criticized. Combination of all the data
was questioned. It was indicated that a foliar spray of water,
containing considerable lead, did not increase the lead content
of leaves. This raised an interesting question as to how at-
mospheric lead does increase the lead content of leaves.
Although a soluble lead compound, sprayed on a plant, did not
enter the leaf, a supposedly insoluble participate readily en-
tered the leaf.
17216
Lagerwerff, J. V.
DISCUSSION. AIR AS A SOURCE OF LEAD IN EDIBLE
CROPS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(3):230, March 1970. 6 refs.
The conclusion from a previous experiment that under prevail-
ing experimental conditions, most lead in plants is derived
from soil and arterial Pb plays a very minor role was evalu-
ated. The rate at which the plants respond to the Pb present in
the environment under the general conditions established was
discussed, particularly the question of whether the accumula-
tion of Pb by plants was measured on a steep or on a flat part
of the curve, characterizing the relationship between uptake
rate and such experimental variables as Pb concentrations in
soil and air or air movement in the greenhouse and distance
from traffic observed in roadside studies. The net outcome
may diminish differences in Pb content that otherwise would
occur between plants exposed to the two aerial concentrations
of Pb applied. With regard to completeness of data, no mea-
surements were made of crop yield and, by implication, on
total uptake of Pb by plants. Soil pH values also were not re-
ported. Data interpretation was also questioned. In discussing
the accumulation of Pb by sweet corn grown in the green-
house, it was stated that the cob contained a higher concentra-
tion of Pb than the kernel, and that this distribution would be
difficult to explain if the source of the lead were not the soil.
This conclusion presumes the knowledge of the pathway fol-
lowed by Pb taken up by the roots. In stressing the importance
of soil-borne Pb relative to that of airborne Pb with regard to
the composition of plants grown in roadside soils, the long-
term, indirect effects were emphasized rather than the short-
term, direct effects of aerial Pb. The broader ramifications in-
cluded the significance of the effects of aerial Pb on the quali-
ty of our food.
17217
Dedolph, Richard, Gary Ter Haar, Richard Holtzman, and
Henry Lucas, Jr.
SOURCES OF LEAD IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AND
RADISHES. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(3):217-223, March 1970.
9 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society National
Meeting, 157th, Division of Water, Air and Waste Chemistry,
Symposium on Air Conservation and Lead, Minneapolis, April
1969.)
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312
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Experiments were designed to study the role of air, water, and
soil lead content as sources of lead in plants. Plants were
grown in chambers, with half the samples receiving unfiltered
air. The water applied was either lead free or contained 40
micrograms of Pb/liter as PbC12. Six successive harvests of
ryegrass were made, followed by 3 harvests of radishes. Plants
were also grown in a greenhouse. Plants were uniformly
watered; half received unfiltered air. Radishes and ryegrass
were also grown in a field adjacent to a highway in Detroit.
Rows planted at right angles started at 20 feet east of the road-
way and extended for 500 feet. Soil-lead contents were deter-
mined in samples at 20, 40, 70, 120, and 510 feet from the
roadway along transects normal to the roadway. Results
showed that only air and soil were significant sources of lead.
Experiments affirmed that both grass and radish leaves
derived 2-3 micrograms of lead/ gram dry weight from soil
sources. Leaf-lead levels in excess of this were derived from,
and quantitatively related to, atmospheric lead concentrations.
Lead levels in radish roots were less than or equal to soil-
derived-leaf-lead levels. The lead concentration in the edible
portion of the radish plant was apparently unaffected by varia-
tions in lead concentrations in either soil or air. Collectively,
data would not support a contention that the food of prehistor-
ic man contained only a small fraction of the lead in the food
of contemporary man, unless it is assumed that prehistoric
man assiduously eschewed plants as a food source.
17218
Motto, Harry L., Robert H. Daines, Daniel M. Chilko, and
Carlotta K. Motto
LEAD IN SOILS AND PLANTS: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO
TRAFFIC VOLUME AND PROXIMITY TO HIGHWAYS. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 4(3):231- 237, March 1970. 19 refs.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society Annual Meeting,
157th, Division of Water, Air and Waste Chemistry, Symposi-
um on Air Conservation and Lead, Mineapolis, April 1969.)
The lead content of grasses and soil samples along highways
was determined. The results show that there is surface con-
tamination of the plants and soils with lead. In addition, five
crops - carrots, corn, lettuce, potatoes, and tomatoes - were
grown at three distances from highways having various traffic
densities. These same crops were grown in the greenhouse in
soil from the surface six inches of field plots and in acid-
washed sand to which soluble lead was added. Analysis of
plants grown in the field revealed that the highest lead levels
were associated with the leaves with lower levels in the roots.
These same plants grown in the greenhouse exhibited lower
levels in the leaves relative to the roots. The results indicate
lead was absorbed through the root system in the greenhouse
with some trans location to other parts of the plant. The overall
results showed that the lead content of plants and soils in-
creased with increasing traffic volume and decreased with in-
creasing distance from highways. Most of the lead accumula-
tion was within 100 feet of the highways. The edible portion of
carrots, corn, potatoes, and tomatoes contained the lowest
amounts of lead and showed the least effect of increased lead
supply. The edible portion of lettuce contained a larger amount
of lead. Similar relationships of lead in air, plants, and soils
with traffic volume and distance from highways indicate a
common source of lead, the gasoline consumed by motor vehi-
cles. (Author summary modified)
17220
Ter Haar, Gary
AIR AS A SOURCE OF LEAD IN EDIBLE CROPS. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 4(3):226-229, March 1970. 15 refs. (Presented at
the American Chemical Society National Meeting, 157th, Div.
Water, Air and Waste Chemistry, Symposium on Air Conser-
vation and Lead, Minneapolis, April 1969.)
The source of lead in some plants that are important in the
human diet was determined. Tomatoes, potatoes, wheat, car-
rots, leaf lettuce, cabbage, snap beans, and sweet corn were
grown in filtered and unfiltered air. In all of these crops, ex-
cept leaf lettuce, there was no measurable effect on the lead
concentration of the edible portion due to lead in air. It seems
probable that lead found in plants grown in filtered air was
due to lead naturally present in the soil. Only in the case of
leaf lettuce was there a measurable difference between the
concentration of lead when the plants were grown in filtered
and unfiltered air. This difference would add 0.5 to 1% to the
daily intake of lead. When these same crops were grown at in-
creasing distances from a heavily traveled highway, there was
no measurable effect on lead concentration in the edible por-
tion of tomatoes, potatoes, wheat, carrots, leaf lettuce,
cabbage, oats, rice, and sweet corn. Snap beans had a higher
lead concentration near the road, which could add about 0.75
to 1.5% to the daily intake of lead. The rionedible portions of
the crops, such as corn husks, bean leaves, and the straw of
grains, showed 2- to 3-fold increase in lead concentration due
to lead in air. (Author conclusions modified)
17225
Lacasse, Norman L.
DISCUSSION. LEAD IN SOILS AND PLANTS: ITS RELA-
TIONSHIP TO TRAFFIC VOLUME AND PROXIMITY TO
HIGHWAYS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4(3):237-238, March
1970. 5 refs.
Contamination of vegetation by lead is discussed in terms of
variation of lead levels with time of year and of the effect of
automotive exhausts on vegetation adjacent to highways. In a
New Jersey study, the highest lead values were found in the
fall months. This phenomenon may be related to greater at-
mospheric stability at that time of the year. It may also be re-
lated to factors such as precipitation, driving conditions, and
engine performance. It is important to determine whether the
difference is amplified or attenuated in localities which differ
from New Jersey in their climatic and weather characteristics.
While there is circumstantial and real evidence of the relation-
ship between distance from the highway and lead contamina-
tion of vegetation, most sampling has been done at relatively
large intervals. With another pollutant of a different nature but
coming from the highway, as well as from salt used in ice and
snow control, the main effects were limited to a distance of 30
ft. Extensive lead sampling needs to be clone within 50 ft of
highways.
17681
Ruhling, Ake and Germund Tyler
AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE LEAD PROBLEM.
Botan. Notiser, vol. 121:321-342, 1968. 7 refs.
In order to measure lead accumulation levels in Sweden, the
concentration of lead in plants and soil was determined in
transects across three large roads as well as at sites far from
roads; uptake of lead by plant roots was also investigated in
greenhouse experiments. Considerable accumulations were
measured in plants and soil within a 50-100 m distance from
the roads, although only a minor part of the lead emitted from
cars settles and accumulates in the vicinity of the roads. To
determine regional lead pollution, moss samples from distant
roads in southern and central Scandinavia showed a distinct
NE-SW gradient which decreased towards the NE. The lead
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
3T3
concentration increased with precipitation and with decreasing
distance from large population centers; in one area, much of
the rain precipitated lead originated outside of Sweden.
Mosses appear to be useful indicator plants, since they natu-
rally contain very little lead but accumulate it from the air to
an unusual extent. A historical analysis of mosses collected in
Skane from 1860 to 1968 showed marked increases in lead
concentration in these samples, restricted to two distinct
periods: the first occurred toward the end of the nineteenth
century; and the second, during the last two decades. The first
may be explained by the increased use of coal while the
second coincides with the rapid increase in the combustion of
leaded automotive fuels. Very low lead concentrations were
measured in samples from northern Scandinavia.
17978
Kerin, Z.
CONTAMINATION OF VEGETABLES BY THE EMISSIONS
OF A LEAD REFINING PLANT. (Verunreinigungen von
Gemuese aus Emissionen einer Bleihuette). Text in German.
Qualitas Plant. Mater. Vegetabiles, vol. 15:372-379, July 10,
1968. 3 refs.
Harvest-ripe samples of vegetables (cichorium endivia, cichori-
urn intybus, brassica oleracea, Sauerkraut, phaseolus vulgaris,
parsley leaves and roots, potatoes, red beets, and carrots)
were collected in various distances from a lead-refining plant
in the years 1965 and 1966. The vegetable samples were
analyzed in washed and unwashed states. The samples were
dried and pulverized and mixed with nitric acid. A spec-
trophotometer was used for the determination. Contaminated
unwashed cichorium endivia contained 19 to 104 ppm Pb
(average 57 ppm Pb) while the control plants contained only
1.30 ppm Pb. In the washed state, the lead content ranged
from 5.0 to 55.0 ppm in contaminated plants. In washed con-
trol plants, the lead concentration was 0.50 ppm. Similar high
lead concentrations were found in all other vegetables from
the contaminated area. Although a large fraction of the lead
can be washed off the plants, a considerable amount still
remains on the plants. Tuberous plants had lead concentrations
of 10 to 50 times higher than tuberous control plants. This fact
is important, because it is a consequence of the high lead con-
tamination of the soil which will last for decades, despite the
planned installation of filters. Likewise, restrictions of the ad-
dition of tetraethyl lead to automobile fuels will not erase the
lead contamination of the soil along highways.
18481
British Columbia Dept. of Agriculture (Victoria), Canada Food
and Drug Directorate, Ottawa (Ontario), and Cominco Ltd.,
Trail (British Columbia)
REPORT OF INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE ON ENVIRON-
MENTAL STUDY ARISING OUT OF A DEBILITATING DIS-
EASE IN YOUNG HORSES-TRAIL AREA, 1969. 4p., 1970.
During 1968, six foals on three different premises in the area
of Trail, British Columbia, were affected with a chronic de-
bilitating disorder; an investigation revealed that the lead level
in one of these foals was sufficiently high to permit a diagno-
sis of chronic lead poisoning. A committee was formed to
carry out a comprehensive investigation in order to more accu-
rately identify the underlying cause of the toxic disorder oc-
curring in young horses, and to assess any potential harmful
effects on human health. Controlled clinical studies of horses
and cattle were conducted, as well as the chemical testing of
air, water, vegetation and soil, local meat, milk, eggs and
vegetables, and human urine and tissue specimens. While the
committee is of the opinion that the presence of lead in the
Trail area does not constitute a hazard to humans, foals have a
high susceptibility to ingested lead and should therefore not be
raised on locally grown forage in the area of a smelter.
18520
Ottoboni, Fred and Ephraim Kahn
STUDY OF BENICIA AREA HORSE DEATHS. INTERIM RE-
PORT. California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Bu-
reau of Occupational Health and Environmental Epidemiology,
12p., May 1,1970.
Follow-up of a call for assistance when 12 out of approximate-
ly 30 horses pastured in a field directly across from an oil
refinery were found dead reveaaled that approximately 25
more horses had died in the nearby area within a two-year
period. Animal studies indicated lead as the etiologic agent and
defined the area of contamination. Urinalysis of specimens
from a selected population of adults and young children in the
Vallejo-Benicia area show no lead intoxication in the human
population. Possible lead sources in the area are being evalu-
ated.
18521
Locke, L. N., G. E. Bagley, and L. T. Young
THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF ACID-FAST INCLUSIONS IN
DIAGNOSIS OF LEAD POISONING IN CANADA GEESE.
Bull. Wildlife Dis. Assoc., vol. 3:176, Oct. 1967. 3 refs.
Birds, particularly Canada geese, receiving a large exposure to
lead may succumb without the formation of intranuclear acid-
fast inclusions in the kidneys. In December 1966, a die-off of
about 600 Canada geese occurred at Fox Lake, Wisconsin; 8
of these were autopsied. In all cases the inclusion bodies that
were found were very small and took the acid-fast stain only
faintly. Definite diagnosis must be based on chemical analysis
of the tissues.
19604
Webster, C. C.
THE EFFECTS OF ADJ POLLUTION ON PLANTS AND
SOIL. London, Agricultural Reseach Council, 1967, 53p. 198
refs.
Recent trends in the emissions and concentrations of smoke,
deposited matter, and sulfur dioxide in Britain and the effects
of these pollutants on plants and soil are presented. Factors
affecting the action of sulfur dioxide on plants are susceptibili-
ty of different species and varieties, stage of growth, time of
day, environmental conditions, concentration of gas and time
of exposure, intermittent exposure, and fluctuating concentra-
tion of gas. The effects on plants and soil of fluorides and
photochemical or oxidant smog are considered. The con-
tamination of plants near highways with lead from the exhaust
fumes of motor vehicles is included. Plants as indicators of
pollution are also discussed.
19620
Bashirova, F. N.
CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESTIC CONTAMINATION OF SOIL IN CITIES OF THE
KUSNTESK BASIN. (Nekotoryye pokazateli promyshlennogo
i bytovogo zagryazneniya pochv v Gorodakh Kuzbassa). Text
in Russian. Okhrana Prirody na Urale, vol. 5:79-82, 1966.
Analysis of soil samples taken in and near cities of the
Kusnetsk Basin, a coal and metal working center, has revealed
significant changes caused by various waste products. Soils
were found to contain harmful elements such as lead, and to
-------
314
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
be poor in nutriment content. The natural composition of soil
was found in gardens and parks where cultivation was main-
tained to a depth 60-130 cm. It is concluded that with proper
agronomic measures, these soils can be made to support trees,
shrubs, flowers, and grasses.
20062
Schuck, E. A. and J. K. Locke
RELATIONSHIP OF AUTOMOTIVE LEAD PARTICULATESI
TO CERTAIN CONSUMER CROPS. Environ. Sci. Technol.
4(4):324-330, April 1970. 8 refs (Presented at the Symposium
on Air Conservation and Lead, Division of Water, Air, and
Waste Chemistry, 157th National Meeting, American Chemical
Society, Minneapolis, Minn., April 1969.)
The colorimetric ditMzone technique was used to analyze cau-
liflower, tomatoes, cabbage, strawberries, and Valencia
oranges for their lead content. The soil, water, and air in con-
tact with the crops were also analyzed for lead. The combined
findings from the edible portion of four of the five crops
strongly suggest that automotive lead participates are not ab-
sorbed. They exist rather as a topical dust coating of which at
least 50% can be removed by simple water washing. Neither
did these crops show any inclination to absorb lead through
their root systems. Similar conclusions relative to strawberries
cannot be drawn, except by analogy to the other crops. In
spite of growing near heavily traveled highways, i.e., up to
50,000 vehicles a day, the amount of lead associated with the
five crops in an untreated state was never greater than one
microgram of Pb per gram of fresh weight. The average Pb
concentration of the entire crop areas studied was one or two
orders of magnitude less than one microgram of Pb per gram
of fresh weight. (Author abstract modified)
20237
Marten, G. C. and P. B. Hammond
LEAD UPTAKE BY BROMEGRASS FROM CON-
TAMINATED SOILS. Agron. J., 58(5):553-554, Sept.-Oct.
1966. 5 refs.
The possible absorption of concentrations of lead toxic to
animals into the foliage of bromegrass growing in con-
taminated soils from specified sources was studied. Plants
propagated from the same clone of bromegrass at an experi-
mental farm were defoliated and transplanted to four soils in
pots. The sandy-loam soils were from the surface, 25 mm from
a farm adjoining a battery smelter (680 ppm lead); the surface,
25 mm from the bank of a well- traveled, 4-Iane highway (59
ppm lead); from the normal greenhouse supply, (12 ppm lead);
and a 25 mm layer at a 150 mm jepth from a farm (95 ppm
lead). Three crops were harvested from each pot. When the
crops reached the heading stage (after 69 days) the first crop
was harvested. The second crop was harvested after 73 days
regrowth without heading. Chelates were added to the soils
after the harvest of the second crop. The third crop was har-
vested at the heading stage after 37 days regrowth. Only the
highly contaminated surface soil obtained from the smelter
area (soil A) produced first-crop grass with significantly more
lead than the control. No statistically significant differences
appeared in the second crop, but there was a trend toward
higher lead in soil A. The addition of chelates resulted in a
distinct increase in lead concentration in grass growing in the
two most contaminated soils. Trends toward greater lead up-
take also appeared in the control and highway bank soils.
Even the greatest lead grass concentration (34.5 ppm) was far
below the level which would be toxic to animals consuming
grass. At least 150 ppm lead in the total ration of dry matter is
needed to approach levels to be toxic to cattle and horses.
21018
Maeno, M.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON TREES. V. HEAVY
METALS IN LEAF OF STREET TREES STUDIES ON
DETERMINATION OF LEAD BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY AND RESULTS OF' SOME MEASURE-
MENTS. (Jumoku ni taisur taiki osen no eikyo: dai-goho.
Gairojuyo no jukinzoku. Genshikyukoho ni yoru namari no
sokuteiho no kento to sokuteirei). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution,) 4(1)136, 1969.
(Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, 1969.)
The effect of pollution on plants and trees from automobile
exhausts was estimated by measuring the distribution of lead
content of trees by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Attention was paid to the conditions of observation, the ef-
fects of coexisting elements, the methods of decomposing the
samples, and the rate of data retrieval. Gingko, platanus, Chin-
ese parasol, and horse chestnut trees were observed from ten
locations in the Tokyo-Yokohama area. Gingko ranged from 17
to 116 ppm with an avaerage of 49 ppm in lead content, and
platanus ranged from 17 to 34 ppm with an average of 25 ppm.
The locational difference in the contents indicated that there is
a close relationship between lead content and traffic volume;
and in addition, the period of June to July was the time of in-
crease of lead content. The dust (insoluble components) on the
leaves had values ranging from 650 to 1318 ppm with an
average of 932 ppm.
21794
Lagerwerff, J. V. and A. W. Specht
CONTAMINATION OF ROADSIDE SOIL AND VEGETA-
TION WITH CADMIUM, NICKEL, AND ZINC. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 4(7):583-586, July 1970. 37 refs.
Soil samples were collected as a function of depth in profile
(0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 cm) and distance from traffic (8, 16, and
32 m) at four sampling sites adjacent to heavily travelled
roads. As determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric
analyses of soil extracts and plant digests, concentrations of
cadmium, nickel, lead, and zinc soil and vegetation decreased
with distance from the road and with depth in soil profile.
High concentration of one metal in the soils did not necessari-
ly entail high concentrations of another one of the metals.
Also, there was no consistent relationship between the metal
concentrations of the 0-to 15-cm soil layer and that of the
vegetation growing in the soil. An approximate linear relation-
ship over the 32-m distance existed only for Pb. Nickel and
lead in roadside soils appear to be related to gasolines and Zn
and Cd to motor oils and automobile tires.
22926
Purves, D.
TRACE-ELEMENT CONTAMINATION OF SOILS IN URBAN
AREAS. Trans. Int. Congr. Soil Sci., 9th, vol. 2:351-355, 1968.
14 refs.
The spectrochemical analysis of top-soils from urban areas in
Scotland indicates that in such soils, levels of copper, boron,
lead, and zinc are substantially higher by comparison than are
arable top-soils from rural areas. Urban garden soils, as a
group, contain on the average about five times as much
EDTA- extractable copper, twice as much water-extractable
boron, four times as much acetic acid-ex tractable lead, and
twenty times as much acetic acid-extractable zinc as rural, ara-
ble soils in South- East Scotland. These differences are so
great that they must be due to contamination resulting from
various kinds of human activity in urban areas. Sources of
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
315
contamination and possible effects of the high levels on plants
grown in urban areas are discussed. (Author abstract modified)
23258
Hultberg, Hans and Ian Stenson
EFFECTS OF ACIDITY ON THE FISH FAUNA OF TWO
SMALL LAKES IN BOHUSLAN, SOUTHWESTERN
SWEDEN. (Forsurningens effekter pa fiskfaunan i tva
bohuslanksa smasjoar). Text in Swedish. Fauna Flora, no.
1:11-20, 1970. 10 refs.
Between 1962 and 1969, the pH of surface water in two
oligotropic lakes decreased from about 5.8 to 4.6-4.8 due to the
presence of sulfate ions in rainwater. A very high incidence of
sulfate ions was observed in the lake water. When fish were
collected for analysis KV tenting the lake^ with rotenone. the
pH values were lethal to eggs and fry, but not to fish in ad-
vanced stages of development. Adult pike appeared to be more
resistant to low pH than adult perch. The effect of pH on eels
is not clear; all collected eels were hi good condition. The in-
dustrial dust that partly covered the lakes contained toxic lead,
copper, and zinc.
23435
Ruhling, Ake
HEAVY METALS WITHIN THE REGION OF VARGO-
TROLLHATTAN. (Tungmetallfororeningar inom Vargon-
Trollhattanomradet). Text in Swedish. Lund Univ. (Sweden),
Inst. of Ecological Botany, Rept. 14, 22p., April 1970.
Measurements of heavy metals were made within a region
where heavy industry is situated. A common sort of moss,
Hypnum cupressiforme, was analyzed at 127 sites for lead,
iron, cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese, molyb-
denum, nickel, vanadium, and zinc. The mosses were at least
100 m from any road to prevent the possibility of automotive
contamination. In general, very high values of metals were ob-
served in the mosses. For example, in the region of a ferro-
alloy plant, concentrations as high as 12,000 ppm of chromium
and 30,000 ppm of manganese were found. The normal values
for Sweden are 10 and 200 ppm respectively.
23581
Grouven, H.
THE INFLUENCE OF COAL GAS ON TREES ON PARK-
WAYS AND STREETS. (Einfluss des Leuchtgases auf die
Promenadenund Strassenbaume). Z. Deut. Landwirthe, 1855:
151; Ibid., 1859: 360. 6 refs. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 2p., July 10, 1970.
Attention is called to the fact that trees on a number of Eu-
ropean streets and boulevards have died when grown in soil
contaminated by burned oily substances and sulfur and am-
monia compounds from adjacent coal gas conduits. This has
occurred even where cast iron pipes are used. Another source
of vegetation damage is the arsenic and lead contained in dust
emissions from foundries.
24667
Genderen, H. Van
SEVERAL TYPES OF SIDE-EFFECTS. (Nevenwerkingen in
soorten). Text in Dutch. TNO Nieuws, vol. 24:524-527, 1969.
A commission was appointed to study the side-effects of pesti-
cides, with emphasis on environmental pollution due to the
dispersal of some of these substances in air, water, soil, and
food. The commission was subdivided into a number of study
groups: birds and mammals, water, soil, chemical and
biochemical transformations. In recent years there has been a
high mortality of birds of prey in the Netherlands, which these
studies have traced to the use of chlorohydrocarbon insecti-
cides. Reference is made to the dangerous persistence of lead
compounds released into the air by the use of tetraethyl lead
in motor fuels.
24788
Kloke, A. and H. O. Leh
POLLUTION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS WITH LEAD
FROM AUTO EXHAUST. (Verunreinigungen von Kulturp-
flanzen mil Blei aus Kraftfahrzeugabgasen). Air Pollution
Proc. First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants
Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 259-268. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
15p., Nov. 2, 1970.
Plant samples from areas adjacent to and remote from dense
traffic were analyzed for lead. The lead content of the green
parts of plants increased with increasing closeness to well-
travelled highways and streets. Even in the vicinity of
highways, no increase was noted in lead concentrations in
below-ground and inner portions of plants. The lead content of
feed plants growing along roads was far in excess of the sug-
gested tolerable concentration of 10 ppm. For the protection of
humans and cattle, cultivation of food and forage plants along
roadways should be abandoned or the use of tetraethyl lead in
fuel prohibited.
24947
Ter Haar, Gary
AIR AS A SOURCE OF LEAD IN EDIBLE CROPS. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 4(3):226-230, March 1970. 19 refs. (Presented at
the American Chemical Society National Meeting, 157th, Sym-
posium on Air Conservation and Lead, Minneapolis, Minn.,
April 1969.)
The effect of airborne lead on the lead concentration of the
edible and nonedible portions of several important types of
food crops was studied by growing crops in greenhouses sup-
plied with filtered and ambient air, and in plots planted in long
rows perpendicular to a busy highway. Of the ten crops stu-
died-wheat, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet corn, carrots, oats,
cabbage, rice, leaf lettuce, and snap beans—eight were not af-
fected by the concentration of lead in the air. Leaf lettuce was
the only crop studied in the greenhouse whose edible portion
had a statistically higher lead concentration when grown in un-
filtered air than when grown in filtered air. The cob of sweet
corn contained a higher concentration than the kernel. In con-
trast to the greenhouse plants, however, soybeans and snap
bi is showed higher lead concentrations when grown near the
re . The pH of the soil may have been a factor. Inedible por-
tions of the plants, such as corn husks, wheat, and oat chaff,
soybean hulls and the broad, normally harvested, outer leaves
of cabbage contained two to three times higher concentrations
of lead when grown near the road, compared with further
away. Lead occurring naturally in the soil was concluded to be
the main source of lead in the edible portion of the crops stu-
died, while airborne lead, based on the crops studied, con-
tributes 0.5 to 1.5% of the lead content of the U. S. diet. To
evaluate the significance of these conclusions, several
questions were considered: how critical was the design of the
experiment relative to the problem at hand; how complete
were the data; and how meaningful were the conclusions ar-
rived at when placed in a general context. (Author abstract
modified)
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316
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
25374
Page, A. L. and T. J. Ganhe
ACCUMULATIONS OF LEAD IN SOILS FOR REGIONS OF
HIGH AND LOW MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC DENSITY.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(2):140-142, Feb. 1970. 13 refs.
Accumulation of lead in soils over a period of approximately
40 years was compared for areas of high and low motor vehi-
cle traffic densities. Where motor vehicle traffic density was
less than 80 motor vehicles/sq mi, no lead accumulation was
observed, but where the motor vehicle traffic density was
greater than 580 motor vehicles/sq mi, the concentration of
lead in the surface 2.5 cm of soil increased by a factor of two
to three times. Despite these percentage increases, the amount
of lead found in the surface soil did not exceed 52 ppm, a
level which is common to many soils from areas of low traffic
density and not subjected to atmospheric or industrial lead
contaminations. The amount is considerably below levels
which may cause toxicities to economic plants. (Author ab-
stract modified)
25878
Keller, Th.
THE CURRENT LEAD CONTENT IN VEGETATION GROW-
ING IN THE VICINITY OF SWISS HIGHWAYS. (Der jetzige
Bleigehalt der Vegetation in der Naehe schweizerischer Autos-
trassen). Text in German. Z. Praeventivmed., vol. 15:235-243,
1970. 12 refs.
The factors affecting the level of lead accumulated in cultures
growing near highways travelled by automobiles are traffic
density, season, the age of pine needles, the surface structure
of the exposed plant organs, and the vertical and horizontal
distance from the highway. In contrast, the lead content in the
soil is hardly a factor, partly because only a small fraction of
the lead compounds in the soil are absorbed by plant roots and
partly because transport of lead within the plant is minimal. A
large percentage of lead found in plants adheres to the sur-
face, but this lead washes off only to a limited extent. The
lead concentration of unwashed crops at a distance of 100 m
from highways with heavy traffic was considerable; hay con-
tained 2-8 ppm; leaf vegetables, 3-7 ppm; carrots, 2-3 ppm;
fruit, 0.7 to 2.7 ppm; and cereals, 0.3-0.5 ppm. Conifers are an
excellent air filter, and highways should be lined on both sides
with a strip of evergreen trees and shrubs. Tetraethyl lead as
an additive to gasoline should be replaced by safe substitutes,
even though hitherto no actual harm has been caused to either
plants, animals, or humans from lead emission from highway
traffic.
25967
Cooper, R. C.
OCCURRENCE OF AIRBORNE LEAD IN SAN FRANCISCO
BAY AND ITS RELATION TO ANIMAL DISEASE. In: Pro-
ject Clean Air. California Univ., Berkeley, School of Public
Health, California Univ. Res. Proj.
Fish and samples of bottom sediments were collected from
San Francisco Bay and analyzed for lead by neutron activation
analysis, proton activation analysis, and the dithizone 'wet
chemical' method. Neutron activation analysis was a failure
because of the high energy produced by sodium present in test
samples. In addition, the dithizone method and proton activa-
tion yielded very real differences in values. Based on the
dithizone results, lead levels in fish are relatively great: they
range from 0.14 ppm in Sculpin to 6.37 ppm in shrimp. The
amount of lead in Bay sediments ranged from 10.9 ppm near
the shore to 7.80 ppm approximately 0.9 miles offshore. These
values are not exceptionally high when compared to the 16
ppm average lead content in the earth's crust. No correlation
between fish disease and lead content could be determined.
26055
Hanson, George P.
MAN AND ADX -- THREATS TO PRAIRIE SURVIVAL.
Lasca Leaves, 20(4):78-81, 92, Dec. 1970. 6 refs. (Presented at
the Prairie Conference, 2nd Midwest, Madison, Sept. 20,
1970.)
Most pollutants enter the leaf through tiny pores in the leaf
surfaces and cause internal leaf damage. These tiny pores or
stomates are the passages through which gas exchanges take
place during photosynthesis and respiration. At a given pollu-
tant level, other things being equal, a plant growing under con-
ditions of high humidity will take in more pollutant and
become more severely damaged than a plant growing under
arid conditions. Once the pollutants have entered the leaf,
each has its own characteristic type of interaction with the
plant tissues. Small animals living along a busy highway could
accumulate lead by consuming lead-containing herbage or
breathing lead laden air. Fluoride air pollutants damaging to
plants are hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride. The
characteristic symptom of fluoride damage is necrosis on leaf
tips and margins where the fluoride has been concentrated.
Ethylene causes a general reduction in growth, decreases api-
cal dominance, and stimulates lateral development. Ozone en-
ters through the stomates and attacks the palisade tissue, while
sulfur dioxide enters the leaf through the stomates and reacts
with water on the moist cell surfaces to form sulfite which is
in turn slowly oxidized to sulfate. Peroxyacetyl nitrate enters
the leaf through the stomates where it attacks the cells of the
spongy mesophyll, and nitrogen dioxide causes growth reduc-
tion and defoliation at concentrations often present in polluted
areas. Air pollution is having a detrimental economic effect on
agriculture in the nation, while also altering the ecological rela-
tionships of plants and animals. Fortunately, most species
have a great wealth of genetic variation in sensitivity to air
pollution. The mechanism of plant tolerance to air pollutants is
mentioned.
26092
Osterli, Victor P.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY: ANIMALS. In: Project Clean Air. California
Univ., Berkeley, Task Force No. 5, Section 3, 3p., Sept. 1,
1970. 6 refs.
Serious economic losses have occurred when animals have
been subjected to certain metallic compounds. Symptoms of
fluorosis, which occurs when the diet contains more than 30 to
40 ppm of fluorides per day, include excessive wearing of the
teeth, staining pitting of the enamel, arid exposure of the
dentine. In severe cases, joints may become enlarged and bone
density increases significantly. Pasture grasses collected at the
intersection of two U. S. highways near Denver contained
3000 ppm lead, while grasses collected next to a less travelled
roadway contained 700 ppm lead. Suggested research needs
with respect to lead pollution and its effects on animals would
include the relative availability of lead to humans and animals
from the different sources (air, water, and soil) and the
transfer mechanism involved; the relative importance of sur-
face contamination and absorption of lead; and whether the
lead content of plants conies only from the air or also is taken
up from the soil.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
317
26276
Guss, Samuel B.
CONTAMINATION OF DAIRY FEEDS BY AIR POLLUTION.
Milk Food. Technol., 33(12):553, 561, 567, Dec. 1970.
Where industry is encroaching upon land used for production
of feed and forage crops, air pollution of forage for dairy cat-
tle is already a serious problem. In Pennsylvania, lead poison-
ing and serious metabolic disease resulting from lime plant
stack effluents have caused losses on dairy and beef cattle
farms. Dairy cattle in the vicinity of lime plants have a very
high incidence of milk fever, infertility, and bone abnormali-
ties. Brood cows in a purebread beef cattle herd experienced
ovarian cysts and osteopetrosis. Lime dust also affects the pH
of the digestive tract to a great extent limiting digestion and
absorption of some components of the diet. In two farms in
Berks County, pastures close to lead smelters contained
enough lead dust contamination on grass to kill cows. Ef-
fluents must be constantly monitored and the attitudes of the
offenders must be changed by stiff penalties. Deposition of
lead from gasoline exhaust may be an important factor in-
fluencing the health of animals living on farms along heavily
traveled highways. Molybdenum and fluorine also have been
involved in problems which have caused severe losses in a few
cattle herds. (Author abstract modified)
27063
Eshleman, Alan and S. M. Siegel
METALS IN THE ECOSYSTEM. LEADED GRASS AND
OTHER ABOMINATIONS. Preprint, Hawaii Univ., Honolulu,
Dept. of Botany, 10p., 1970. 15 refs.
In Hawaii, the source of lead pollution is almost entirely the
burning of leaded motor fuel, and since island soils in their
natural state have a low lead content, it is possible to con-
struct model bio-geochemical lead cycles using a pollution
aerosol as a starting point. It is known with certaintly that
these aerosols transfer at least some of their lead to soils from
which plants tak it up, probably through the root system. Lead
deposited from pollution aerosols seems to be confined to the
upper few centimeter of soil surface, while the amount of or-
ganic matter in the soil apparently affects the quantity of lead
taken up by plants. Laboratory results strongly suggest that
lead may be concentrated through the decay process. The in-
gestion of lead is briefly discussed in relation to the fatal
poisoning of animals pastured on leaded grass, intake through
food in urban dwellers, possible transport of lead across the
human placenta, and nesting failures of a marine bird species.
The subtlety of the biological effects o environmental lead and
the intrinsic toxicity of the element indicate that it is far more
hazardous and merits far more attention than the more familiar
classes of air pollutants.
27111
Weidensaul, T. Craig and Norman L. Lacasse
RESULTS OF THE STATEWIDE SURVEY OF AIR POLLU-
TION DAMAGE TO VEGETATION. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 13p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting,
63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970 Paper 70-108.)
Because of the lack of knowledge concerning damage to
vegetation du to air pollution, a survey was implemented in
the spring of 1969 to assess the economic effects of air pollu-
tion on vegetation in Pennsylvania and to place losses in food,
fiber, and ornamental production in more realistic terms. Prior
to the field session, a short training course was conducted to
acquaint agricultural agents with symptoms of air pollution in-
jury on plants, sources of pollutants, meteorological factors,
diagnosis, and methods of assessing damage. Of the 92 field
investigations which were made in 28 of 67 counties, 60
revealed damage directly attributable to air pollution. Vegeta-
bles, fruits, and agronomic crops were most seriously af-
fected, accounting for more than 3.2 million dollars in direct
losses. Damage to lawns, shrubs, and woody ornamentals
resulted in more than 200 thousand dollars while timber losses
exceeded 39 thousand dollars. Commercial flowers and foliag
plants suffered over 56 thousand dollars in damages. The total
amount of damage uncovered was estimated in excess of 3.5
million dollars, while total indirect losses were estimated at an
additiona 8 million dollars. These losses include known grower
profit losses reforestation costs of denuded land, grower relo-
cation costs, and crop substitution losses. Some unassessed in-
direct losses were changes in vegetation type, decrease in
water retention capacity of watersheds, erosion and stream
silting, losses to related industries, and agricultural land forced
out of production. The suspected major pollutants in decreas-
ing order of importance are oxidants, sulfur oxides, lead,
hydrogen chloride, particulates, herbicides, and ethylene.
27352
Djuric, Dusan and Zarka Kerin
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF ENVIRONMENT IN MEZA
VALLEY, YUGOSLAVIA: SOME CONSDOERATIONS ON
LEAD CONTENT IN SOIL AND PLANTS. Preprint, 10p.,
1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the International Conference on
Chemical Pollution and Human Ecology, Prague (C-
zechoslovakia), Oct. 1970.)
As part of a broad ecological study of lead contamination, soil
samples and underground parts of some vegetables were
analyzed for lead by the dithizone method. Vegetables fell into
three groups: those with a relatively high Pb content (over 30
mg/kg); those with a medium Pb content (over 10 mg/kg); and
those with a low Pb content (under 5 mg/kg). Variations in Pb
content in the same kind of vegetables represented variations
in soil Pb content and absorption. Variations between different
kinds of vegetables were due to differences in plant physiolo-
gy and capacity of absorption, shape and size of root, and
depth of root in soil. Lead content was higher in vegetables
grown in summer and fall than for the same vegetables grown
in spring. Lead absorption coefficients were calculated for un-
derground parts of vegetables according to the relation
between the Pb content of the plant and total Pb content of
soil and according to the relation between the Pb content of
the plant and the AL-soluble Pb in soil (AL is the ammonium
lactate acetic acid mixture). The latter method gave much less
dispersed coefficients, indicating that AL-soluble Pb
represents much more authoritative data for determining ab-
sorption coefficients than total soil Pb.
27386
Egan, D. A. and T. O'Cuill
OPENCAST LEAD MINING AREAS-A TOXIC HAZARD TO
GRAZING STOCK. Vet. Rec., 84(9):230, March 4, 1969.
During 1966-1968, substantial losses of sheep and cattle were
incurred in an area where opencast lead mining operations had
recently started. Most of the animals showed signs of clinical
lead poisoning and many had kidney cortex lead levels in ex-
cess of 25 ppm; however, two had values of 7.5 and 10 ppm,
respectively. Both animals had access to forage heavily con-
taminated with lead carbonate and sulfide. It thus appears that
kidney lead values of considerably less than 25 ppm may be
indicative of lethal intake when clinical and environmental fac-
tors support the opinion. In th case of newly born animals
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318
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
with no access to contaminated herbage, lethal amounts of
lead were evidently supplied in utero and in milk
27391
MacLean, A. I., R. L. Halstead, and B. I. Finn
EXTRACTABILITY OF ADDED LEAD IN SOILS AND ITS
CONCENTRATION IN PLANTS. Can. I. Soil Sci., 49(3):327-
334, Oct. 1969. 11 refs.
Concentrations of lead in five species of plants were found to
increase with proximity of the sampling sites to a well-
travelled highway. The species were couchgrass, bromegrass,
timothy, alfalfa and asparagus. In pot tests using four soils
pretreated with lead chloride, the lead content of oats and al-
falfa varied inversely with the organic matter content and pH
of the soils. Amounts of lead taken up by the plants were
reduced upon addition of phosphate or of lime to the acid
soils. IFurthermore, the beneficial effects of organic matter,
phosphate and lime in reducing lead in the plants were usually
in accord with corresponding reductions in extractable lead in
the soils as measured in 1 N neutral ammonium acetate and
0.1 M calcium chloride. (Author abstract modified)
27489
Kobayashi, Jun, Fuji Morii, Shigeki Muramoto, and Susumu
Nakashima
EFFECT OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION ON AGRICUL-
TURAL PRODUCTS BY CD, PB, ZN ATTRD3UTED TO
MINE REFINERY IN ANNAKA CITY, GUNMA PREFEC-
TURE. (Gunma-ken Annaka-shi no seirensho ni yoru nosaku-
butsu nado no junkinsoku (Cd, Pb, Zn) osen ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Jap. J. Hyg.), 25(4):364-75,
Oct. 1970. 30 refs.
In an investigation of air and water pollution by zinc, lead and
cadmium discharged from the zinc refinery in Annaka city,
Gunma prefecture, agricultural products in the environs were
sampled and the contents of the various metals were analyzed.
The examinations were carried out twice: in October, 1968 and
in June, 1969. The quantities were measured by the atomic ab-
sorption analysis method. The contents of the metals in mul-
berry leaves in the hilly regions 400-2500 m east of the
refinery were: Cd 17 - 3.3 ppm, Zn 2590 - 360 ppm, Pb 160 -
41 ppm, and the contents of Cd and Zn showed a regression
line, (Zn) equals 141 (Cd) - 107, r equal 0.998, indicating a mu-
tual relationship. For agricultural products, the results were:
fruit vegetables Cd 8.6 - 0.3 ppm, Zn 150 - 29 ppm, Pb 11 less
than 0.4 ppm, root vegetables, Cd 17 - 14 ppm, Zn 530 - 100
ppm, Pb 63 less than 0.02 ppm; leaf vegetables, Cd 61 - 3.2
ppm, Zn 7010 - 380 ppm, Pb 370 - 4.3 ppm. As to barley and
wheat, the highest levels were recorded as follows: Cd 6.8
ppm, Zn 310 ppm, and Pb 14 ppm. Moreover, the contents of
Pb in barley and wheat growing in the fields more than 1500 m
below the refinery showed higher levels than those of Pb in
barley and wheat growing in the hilly Yaden region, which is
800 - 1250 m south of the refinery; the fact indicates that the
effect of water pollution cannot be ignored. The contents of
Cd and Zn in wheat in Yaden and Iwai region showed a
regression line, (Zn) equals 41 (Cd) + 50, r equals 0.95, in-
dicating significant relationships. Also in Yaden region, higher
levels of metals were found in leaf vegetables compared with
root vegetables and fruit vegetables and in Annaka city, rice
was not the only polluted agricultural product but leaf vegeta-
bles were especially highly polluted.
28105
Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan) and Yokohama
Municipal Univ. (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
GAS: SECOND REPORT ON LEAD COMPOUNDS. (Jidosha
haikigasu no eikyo ni tsuite—Namari kagobutsu ni tsuite
dainiho). Text in Japanese. Yokohama Public Nuisance Center
Data 26, 24p., Sept. 1970.
Studies were conducted to determine the diffusion of lead con-
tained in automotive exhaust and the accumulation of lead in
the body. In the first study, trees growing along a side street
with relatively light traffic were examined for their leaf lead
content vs. that of the same species on the adjoining heavily
travelled main thoroughfare. The results indicated that, in the
absence of tall buildings and other obstructions, diffusion of
lead reaches 50-70 m As shown by results obtained in May,
June, and October, the relationship between exposure time
and the accumulation of lead in leaves is quantitatively propor-
tional. In the second study, cats were exposed to exhaust gas
containing about 75 ppm carbon monoxide Blood density,
hemocyte values, and hemachrome quantity increased in cats
exposed to the gas for 30-100 days but decreased in those ex-
posed for 150-202 days. This may be indicative of improved
blood quality in the earlier stage of exposure and of sub-
sequent deterioration with continued exposure. There was a
marked increase of lead in blood and liver and a less
pronounced increase in kidneys, lungs, spleen, and bones. The
fact that the quantity of lead in lungs had no direct relation-
ship with that in blood and other internal organs suggests that
grain size and the solubility o lead particles are important fac-
tors in body lead accumulation.
28289
Ruhling, Ake and Germund Tyler
AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE LEAD PROBLEM.
Botaniska Notiser, vol. 121:321-342, 1968. 7 refs.
Field and greenhouse measurements of lead accumulation in
plants and soil by atomic absorption spectrophotometry are re-
ported. Experiments showed that plants collect airborne lead
chiefly with their shoots, and that root uptake is minor. Mea-
surements within 50-100 m from major roads indicated that
only a minor part of the lead emitted by vehicles will settle
and accumulate in the immediate vicinity of the roads. Mosses
were found to accumulate lead to an exceptional extent, and
samples of three common types were collected in central and
southern Sweden no closer than 300 m to a road to measure
regional lead pollution. A distinct NE-SW gradient was found
with a decrease towards the NE. The lead concentrations of
the mosses increased with precipitation and with decreasing
distance to large population centers. In southwest Goetaland,
much of the lead washed out by rainfall originates outside
Sweden. Analysis of samples collected in Skane from 1860 to
1968 showed that lead concentrations more than doubled in
1875-1900 from their 1860-1875 levels of about 20 ppm. During
the first half of the 20th century no measurable changes were
observed, but after about 1950 there was a new strong in-
crease to a present average of 80-90 ppm. Very low lead con-
centrations were measured in samples from northern Scan-
dinavia, indicating that the 'natural' amounts of lead in mosses
are very small and that the concentrations measured in this re-
gional and historical study, principally reflect an influence of
human activity. (Author abstract modified)
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
319
28379
Lagerwerff, J. V.
UPTAKE OF CADMIUM, LEAD AND ZINC BY RADISH
FROM SOIL AND AIR. Soil Sci., 111(2):129-133, Feb. 1971.
11 refs.
Soil was sampled at 3 locations at both 7 meters and 200 me-
ters from a heavily travelled road. The extractable metal con-
tents, which were high and low, respectively, were determined
by shaking 20 g of air-dry soil with 40 ml N hydrogen chloride
for 1 hour, collecting a centrifugate, and analyzing by atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. Nine-hudnred gram batches of
soil were put in half-gallon cardboard containers lined with
polyethylene; radish was sown and the seedlings were thinned
to nine plants per container and grown to maturity. Large
changes in the soil contents of cadmium, lead, and zinc caused
only small changes in the only small changes in the contents of
these metals in radish. Increasing the soil pH from 5.9 to 7.2
resulted in decreases in yield and metal contents of the plants.
Grown at 200 meters from a busy highway, aerial contamina-
tion accounted for more than 40% of the Pb, Cd, and Zn of
the radish tops. Only Zn was translocated to the roots to a sig-
nificant extent. (Author summary modified)
28448
Tomson, N. M.
CONTENT OF METALS IN ATMOSPHERIC DUST AND
THEIR EFFECT ON LIVING ORGANISMS. (Soderzhaniye
metallov v atmosfemoy pyli i vliyaniye ikh na zhivyye or-
ganizmy). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 10:11-13, 1948.
Analysis of test animal and plant tissue ash may serve as an
index of atmospheric pollution by heavy elements, their nor-
mal concentration as trace elements in living organisms serving
as a criterion for establishing maximum allowable concentra-
tions. Test animals were exposed to a polluted environment
for 5 months. Dust levels ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/cu m
and lead oxides constituted the major heavy-element pollutant.
Lead content in exposed animals reached 95.5 mg/kg in bone
(as compared to 12.2 mg in controls) and 23 mg in liver (com-
pared to 3.7 mg). Exposed plant leaves contained 15 mg/kg of
lead as compared to 90-300 mg/kg in leaves from unpolluted
areas.
28471
Keller, Th.
THE PROBLEM OF TRAFFIC-INDUCED RESIDUES OF
LEAD IN VEGETATION. (Zum Problem der verkehrsbeding-
ten Bleirueckstaende in der Vegetation). Text in German.
Strasse Verkehr., no. 1: 1970. 5 refs.
The examination of live and dried moss from Sweden dis-
closed that from 1860 to 1968 the lead content of moss even in
localities far removed from traffic increased from 20 ppm to
80-90 ppm, with the highest increase registered since about
1950. This is because the size of three-quarters of the emitted
lead particles is less than 5 microns and thus remains
suspended in the atmosphere to be distributed eventually over
wide areas. The increase of lead in plants has been proven to
be due to the emissions in automobile exhaust gases. Lower
lead contents were found in conifer needles 6 m above ground
than in needles growing 2 m above ground. For the most part,
the lead remains in the roots or needles, only a minimal share
is transported by conifers. Another indication that the lead in
vegetation comes from exhaust gases is the decrease in the
lead content of vegetation with increasing distance from
highways. Thus, hay harvested 10-49 m from a highway con-
tained 5-19 ppm lead while hay harvested in a strip 50-100 m
from the highway contained only 2-8 ppm lead. Swiss authori-
ties contemplate setting 10 ppm lead as the maximal permissi-
ble level of lead in the diy fodder of domestic animals. The
planting of hedgerows alongside highways is recommended as
a protective measure against the contamination of vegetation
with lead emissions.
28529
Yamaga, S., Kaoru Ohmori, Haruko Saito, and Akemi
Tanizaki
THE DIFFUSION OF LEAD IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GAS. (Jidosha haiki gasuchu namari no kakusan ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Poll-
tuion), 5(1):256, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
The pattern of diffusion of lead from automobile exhaust gas
was investigated by studying the amount of lead adhering to or
contained in leaves of gjnkgo trees growing along less-travelled
roads that cross a busy highway. Samples were dried at 100 C,
then pulverized, and a definite portion wet-digested. After ex-
traction by dithizone, lead was determined by atomic absorp-
tion spectrophotometry. The same routine was followed for
surface soil at the root of the trees. Leaves at heights of 3 and
6 m were examined. At one of the two sampling sites, the lead
content in surface soil tended to decrease with distance from
the trunk highway. At both sites, the amount of lead in leaves
tended to decrease with distance from the main highway. Lead
was found in larger amounts in the leaves at the lower level.
Also, those leaves collected in October contained more lead
than those assembled earlier in the year.
30033
Cristea, I., R. Dulfu, P. Marian, and V. Dulfu
RESEARCH ON THE LEAD INTOXICATION OF THE GAL-
LINACEANS. (Recherches sur 1 intoxication par le plomb
chez les Gallinaces). Text in French. Rec. Med. Vet. Ecole Al-
fort (Paris), 146(8):783-790, Aug. 1970. 5 refs.
Gallinaceans, particularly the improved breeds and the young
of all breeds, are sensitive to lead poisoning. The hens which
are intoxicated by lead show apathy and a reduced appetite at
the beginning of the disease. As the disease progresses, a state
of nervous excitability and some visual problems are encoun-
tered. The production of eggs is small and the shell may be
very fragile. Fertility and hatching are at a low level and the
morbidity rate of young chicks is high. The quantitative deter-
minations of lead showed an accumulation in the feathers, kid-
neys, and liver. Treatment with EDTA gave good results and
ensured a rapid elimination of lead from the organism. (Author
summary modified)
30225
Weiss, Siegfried
AIR POLLUTION AND THE QUALITY OF WINE. (Luft-
verunreinigung und Weinqualitaet). Text in German. Muench.
Med. Wochenschr. (Munich), 113(23):901, 1971.
Emissions of sulfur dioxide and halogens such as hydrogen
chloride, chlorine, fluorine, and hydrogen fluoride stemming
from factories and refuse burning produce damage or retarded
maturation in grape vines. The maturing fruit is injured by in-
take of the pollutants through assimilation and through the fine
wax layer that coats the berries. The taste of the berries may
be spoiled by smoke, mineral oil vapors, asphalt, and tar. Fol-
lowing use of freshly tarred wooden supports for the vine, the
taste of tar was transferred through the roots. Dust and soot
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320
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
deposits on the plants also slow the ripening process and im-
pair the taste. Vines within 300 m of highways are polluted by
lead. Fortunately, vineyards in Germany are rarely located
near highways.
30424
Smith, William H.
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF ROADSIDE WHITE PINE.
Forest Sci., 17(2): 195-198, 1971. 23 refs.
Lead contamination of eastern white pine was determined at
various distances from an east-west section of Interstate 95 in
southern Connecticut, which has a traffic density of 24,000
vehicles daily. Samples were collected on March 16, 1970,
from a zone 1.2 to 1.8 m above the ground. Each consisted of
twigs plus needles encompassing the entire growth (of the
sampled branch) in the previous year. One sample was taken
from the branch closest to the highway and another on the op-
posite side. The distance from the base of the tree to the
closest paved surface of the highway was measured. Samples
were prepared for lead analysis by drying at 80 C, grinding,
and ashing at 500 C; lead content was determined by atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. Lead contamination decreased
regularly with increasing distance from the highway edge, was
consistently higher on trees south of the roadway than on
those to the north, and was generally greater on branches sam-
ples from the side of the tree closest to the highway as con-
trasted with branches analyzed farthest from the road on in-
dividual test trees. Samples up to 15 m distance from the
highway often were contaminated with more than 100 ppm
lead, much of which was presumably impacted on exterior sur-
faces. (Author abstract modified)
30921
Warren, H. V., R. E. Delavault, and K. W. Fletcher
METAL POLLUTION--A GROWING PROBLEM IN INDUS-
TRIAL AND URBAN AREAS. Can. Mining Met. Bull. (Mon-
treal), 64(711):34-45, July 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the CIM,
General Meeting, Annual, 73rd, Quebec City, Quebec, April
1971.)
A preliminary study of soils, vegetables, variegated vegetal
matter, and dusts demonstrates quite clearly that metal con-
tamination is as severe in many cities as it is around some of
the best-known metallurgical centers. Soils from both Sudbury
and Noranda were found to be high in copper, while those
from Riondel, Trail, and Noranda had higher than normal
amounts of zinc, lead, and cadmium. Liverpool beets, lettuce,
and cabbage were found to contain more zinc than those
vegetables grown in the vicinity of Noranda. Lettuce grown in
Vancouver was found to have more lead than lettuce har-
vested within the orbit of Trail s contamination. (Author con-
clusions modified)
30931
Bazell, Robert J.
LEAD POISONING: ZOO ANIMALS MAY BE THE FIRST
VICTIMS. Science, 173(3992): 130-131, July 9, 1971.
A large proportion of the animals at Staten Island Zoo suffer
from lead poisoning. While some of the lead in the animals
bodies may have come from paint in their cages, the major
source appears to be atmospheric pollution. Lead poisoning
was observed in all animals ranging from reptiles to primates.
Hair clippings and blood and fecal samples from a variety of
cats and primates showed lead concentrations often exceeding
the level considered toxic in man. Grass, leaves, and soil col-
lected on the zoo grounds contained lead in quantities as high
as 3900 micrograms/mg dry weight. Significantly, the animals
kept in outdoor cages, including those cages without paint,
showed the highest levels of lead in their bodies. The wide
range of species that were affected seems to indicate that man
may well be in danger. This investigation will be continued to
correlate the findings in the zoo animals with the surrounding
human population.
31010
Garber, K.
STATUS AND RESULTS OF RESEARCH IN AGRICUL-
TURAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY. XVm. AIR POLLU-
TION BY HEAVY METAL CONTAING DUST- EFFECTS ON
PLANTS. Landwirtsch. Forsch., 21(l):59-68, 1968. 16 refs.
Translated from German. Sanzare Assoc., Inc., Philadelphia,
Pa., 19p.
Investigations were carried out in the vicinity of a lead facto-
ry, a zinc factory, a copper factory, and a brass factory, to
determine the effect of dust emissions on the vegetation in the
area. The soluble heavy metal content in the rainwater was
first determined. Depending on the location and the distance
from the source of emission, conifer needles contained 1280-
2342 ppm Pb, about 4000 ppm Zn, and 500 ppm Cu; grass con-
tained 350-1200 ppm Pb, 3000 ppm Zn, and 1500 ppm Cu. In
areas having no industry, conifer needles were found to have
9-30 ppm Pb and 50-150 ppm Zn. In soils which had accumu-
lated high concentrations of heavy metals, inhibition of plant
growth was observed.
31185
Kerin, D. and Z. Kerin
LEAD CONTAMINATION OF MILK AND HONEY
THROUGH LEAD AEROSOLS BY THE INDUSTRY.
(Bleikontamination von Milch und Honig durch Bleiaresole der
Industrie). Text in German. Protectio Vitae, 16(2):61-62, April
1971. 12 refs. (Presented at the Internationalen, Konvent fuer
Zivilisationskrankheiten, Ernaelhrung und Lebensbedingungen,
16th, Luxemburg and Tier, Belgium, Sept. 141-20, 1970.)
The lead content was analyzed in hay, milk, honey, and in the
blood of cows grazing in the vicinity of a roasting station for
sulfidic lead ore. The waste gases from this process contain
sulfur dioxide and heavy metal aerosols composed of primarily
lead and lead oxide. Hay samples of non-industrial areas were
found to contain 1.41 to 3.56 mg lead/kg dry substance. Grass
between the two lanes of highways contains on the average of
105 mg lead/kg dry substance. Of twenty samples taken in the
vicinity of this plant, 16 had more than 100 mg lead/kg dry
substance. The lead concentration in the blood of the cows
surpassed the normal value more than tenfold. The lead con-
centrations in the milk ranged from 0.16 to 0.29 mg/kg dry sub-
stance. The normal values are 0.01 to 0.04 mg lead/kg dry sub-
stance. Honey generally has a lead content of 0.18 to 0.46
mg/kg dry substance. In the area under examination it reached
ten to twenty times this value.
31801
Purves, D. and E. Jean MacKenzie
TRACE-ELEMENT CONTAMINATION OF PARKLANDS IN
URBAN AREAS. J. Soil Sci., 20(2):288-290, 1969. 14 refs.
Evidence is presented that soils in urban parklands are mar-
kedly contaminated with copper, boron, lead, and zinc. Zinc
dibenzyl dithiocarbamate was used as the reagent for deter-
mining EDTA- extractable copper in soils, while copper in
herbage was determined by a spectrographic plant-ash method.
Porous-cup spark excitation using boron-free graphite elec-
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
321
trades was used for the analysis of herbage and water extracts
of soils with respect to B. Zinc in herbage and acetic acid ex-
tracts of soil was determined by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Herbage from the same urban parklands con-
tained significantly higher levels of Pb and Zn than herbage
from permanent pastures in rural areas. (Author summary
modified)
32224
Schucht, F., H. H. Baetge, and M. Dueker
SOIL ANALYSES IN THE SMOKE DAMAGED AREA OF
THE METALLURGICAL PLANT OKER IN UNTERHARZ.
(Ueber bodenkundliche Aufnahmen im Rauchschadengebiet
der Unterharzer Huettenwerke Oker). Text in German. Land-
wirt. Jahrb., vol. 76:51-98, 1932. 39 refs.
The metallurgical plants in Oker primarily emit sulfur dioxide,
nitrous acid, and carbon dioxide. The effect of these emissions
on the soil was determined by taking soil samples, profile sam-
ples, and individual samples at 42 points. The area has primari-
ly clay soil interspersed with sand and gravel. The soil was
studied to determine the absorption, permeability, and
coherence. Hydrochloric acid extracts were analyzed to deter-
mine if changes had occurred because of the pollutants. With
prevailing west winds, an extensive area receives the emis-
sions from the metallurgical plants. In all samples, an en-
richment of the sulfates (in the form of calcium sulfate) was
found. This cannot cause soil damage since the quantities are
too small. With the influence of SO2 and CO2, the soil loses
its alkalinity. However, the sdil contained so much calcium the
SO2 became bound. Iron sulfates, which form only without al-
kalinity, could not be determined. Within a belt of one to one
and one half km wide, hardly anything grew. This belt was fol-
lowed by a zone (2 km from the emission source) where the
root crops were still heavily damaged. Between three and
three and one half km from the emission source, the effect of
the pollutants was weak. Also the metals copper, lead, zinc,
and arsenic were found in the soil; they are mostly insoluble,
and thus are harmless compounds.
32291
Stamatovic, S. and D. Milic
PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION IN YUGOSLAVIA. Coun-
cil of Europe, Committee of Experts on Air Pollution, Air Pol-
lution Proc. First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution
Plants Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 255-258.
(April 22-27.)
The expansion of the nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer indus-
tries in Yugoslavia has caused an increase in fluor emissions,
endangering plants and domestic animals. In affected areas,
fluorosis has been observed in horses, cattle, sheep, and goats.
Its occurrence is explained by the quantities of fluor measured
in hay, straw, wheat, maize, and sunflower seeds. The intensi-
ty of the poisoning varies according to geographic location, cli-
mate, and animal species. Under normal conditions, damages
are restricted to a distance of about 5 km from the factories. A
lead foundry has created the problem of lead accumulation in
soil, water, and animals, particularly in ruminants. Lead
poisoning has been observed in lambs but so far not in sheep.
Sheep milk in the affected area contains an average of 132
gamma/100 g lead. About the same concentration is found in
milk from cows, though no lead poisoning has been observed
in cattle.
32322
Warteresiewicz, Maria
THE INFLUENCE OF ABU POLLUTION ON PLANTS IN
THE VICINITY OF SOME ZINC WORKS. (Einfluss der
Luftverunreinigungen auf Pflanzen in der Naehe einiger Zink-
huetten). Text in German. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad
Badan Naukowych Gomoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego,
Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen
Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p. 185-195.
12 refs. (Sept. 9-14.)
Studies were made in 1965/66 in the vicinity of two zinc works
in the Upper Silesian industrial district to determine decreases
in the yield of crops, the influence of emissions on the
chlorophyll content of plants, and effects on water content of
plants. The gaseous emissions are sulfur dioxide and nitric
oxide in substantial concentrations; dust emissions contains
zinc, lead, cadmium and copper. The control points were
located at varying distances between 0.4 and 2.5 km from the
works, in different directions. Considerable damage to clover
was found at times, with partly burned leaves which then
dried and dropped off. During some periods crop yields
decreased by 70% below normal in case of potatoes, 60% for
clover, and 50% for beans. The chlorophyll content in
damaged plants decreased. During the period of plant growth,
tests were made to determine the loss of water in plants after
they have been cut, by weighing the plant every hour after
cutting for up to five hours. After five hours healthy bean
leaves lost 43% of their weight, while damaged leaves lost
65%.
32335
Schoenbeck, Helfried
THE APPLICATION OF THE TEST PLANT METHOD. A
MODIFICATION OF SAURER S PLANT INDICATOR
METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF PLANT DAMAGING
IMMISSIONS. (Die Anwendung der Testpflanzenmethode. Ei
Modifikation des Saurerschen Fangpflanzenverfahrens zum
Nachweis von Pflanzenschaedigenden Immissionen). Text in
German. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych
Gomoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego, Mater. Mied-
zynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen Powietrza na
Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p. 313-325. 9 refs. (Sept. 9-
14.)
Proof that damage to vegetation by emissions from a zinc
smelter was obtained by cultivating identical plants at various
distances downwind from the smelter and in an uncon-
taminated locality. To eliminate differences in soil and other
environmental factors holes were made in the ground, lined
with plastic to prevent interaction with the surrounding soil,
and filled with loamy sand containing 20 mg Zn/100 g soil plus
11.4 mg Pb/100 g soil (contaminated soil) and 4.0 mg Zn/100 g
soil plus 5 mg Pb/100 g soil (normal soil). Both soil types were
used side by side in all experimental sites. Summer wheat,
beans, oats, and sugar beet were used as experimental plants.
Since damage to the control area plants was due only to the
contaminated soil, any additional damage in a polluted at-
mosphere could be ascribed to the effect of atmospheric pollu-
tants. Wheat grain yield at various distances from the smelter
was 46-77% lower than the yield in the control area. Other cul-
tures suffered comparably. Generally the damaging effect of
air pollution on plant growth was smaller than that of the
metal salt pollutants in the soil. The Zn, Pb, and S levels in
plant tissues decreased with increasing distance from the zinc
smelter.
-------
322
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
32338
Paluch, Jan and Stanislaw Karweta
ACCUMULATION OF ZINC AND OF LEAD IN THE SOIL
AND IN PLANTS. (Die Akkumulierung von Zink und Blei im
Boden und in Pflanzen). Text in German. Polska Akademia
Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych Gornoslaskiego Okregu Pr-
zemyslowego, Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zaniec-
zyszczen Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p.
127-138. 4 refs. (Sept. 9-14.)
The accumulation of zinc and of lead in soil and plants was
studied in a rural wooded area of Poland following the con-
struction of a zinc, lead, and cadmium ore processing plant.
Before establishment of the plant, the soil of the area con-
tained between 15 and 1600 mg Zn/kg and between 40 and
3600 mg Pb/kg, indicating lead- and zinc-bearing outcroppings
among the samples collected at 22 randomly selected points.
Absorbable zinc and lead compounds fluctuated between trace
quantities and 31.30 mg Pb/kg and 22.43 mg Zn/kg, depending
on soil acidity. In alkaline soils these amounts were almost
zero. Following operation of the plant for a year (and con-
sequent dust emission) the Pb and Zn soil content increased
noticeably, especially in soils with initially low Zn and Pb
levels where the increase amounted to several hundred per-
cent. Generally Pb and Zn content in conifers in the polluted
area increased, with the Zn level increasing more than the Pb.
A clear cut correlation was found between available soil Pb
content and assimilation by plants; the correlation was less ob-
vious for Zn. Both Zn and Pb levels in plants manifested great
differences during the vegetation period. Zn content in pine
needles increased steadily over a three-year observation period
while no difference in the Pb content was found in two- and
three- year old needles. Although no deleterious effects were
noted in annual or in perennial plants, these are expected to
occur eventually.
32423
Keller, Th.
TRAFFIC-INDUCED LEAD RESIDUES IN CONIFERS.
(Ueber verkehrsbedingte Bleirueckstaende auf der forstlichen
Vegetation). Text in German. Bull. Eidgenoess. Gesundheit-
samtes, Beilage B, no. 3:186-198, March 1971. 16 refs.
The assimilation organs of conifers lining highways have, in
comparison with needles from conifers situated at a distance
from a highway, a higher lead content. The lead content in
needles of these conifers increases with increasing traffic den-
sity and is thus a reliable indicator of environmental pollution.
The normal lead content of year old pine needles is two to
three ppm. The lead content in needles increases with increas-
ing age of the needle only insofar as young needles contain
less lead than one year old or older needles. The lead content
increases the first year with the duration of exposure until a
local dynamic equilibrium is reached. Lead content decreases
sharply with height up to 10-12 m above ground level.
Laterally, it decreases faster up to 50 m into the forest than in
open country. More than 90% of the lead remains on th sur-
face of the needles and can be removed by washing with an
acid or a detergent solution. The residual lead content is so
small that an intoxication of vegetation is unlikely. However,
the CO2 assimilation of even healthy needles decreases with
increasing lead content but this inhibition of photosynthesis is
attributed to the coating of the needle surface and to the toxic
effect of the other pollutants from exhaust gases.
32654
Keller, Th. and R. Zuber
LEAD UPTAKE AND LEAD DISTRIBUTION IN YOUNG
SPRUCE PLANTS. (Ueber die Bleiaufnahme und die Bleiver-
teilung in jugen Fichten). Text in German. Forstwiss. Central-
blatt, 89(l):20-26, 1970. 9 refs.
Spruce plants potted in sand were fed solutions containing up
to 2000 ppm lead as lead nitrate. At the end of the growing
season, plant parts were analyzed for lead by atomic absorp-
tion spectrophotometry. Measured concentrations were high in
roots but low in shoots. Needles that transpired profusely did
not differ significantly in Pb content from needles that trans-
pired very little, suggesting the occurrence of only a minute
PbO translocation with water transport. Photosynthesis was
markedly depressed in plants fed 2000 ppm Pb, but this con-
centration is unlikely to occur in the field. The planting of
spruce hedges along highways is, therefore, recommended.
The hedges will protect agricultural crops against lead con-
tamination by exhaust fumes. (Author summary modified)
32736
Schmitt, Nicholas, Gordon Brown, E. Larry Devlin, Anthony
A. Larsen, E. Douglas McCausland, and J. Maxwell Saville
LEAD POISONING IN HORSES. Arch. Environ. Health, vol.
23:185-197, Sept. 1971. 13 refs.
Five elements (lead, zinc, fluorine, arsenic, and cadmium)
were investigated in the vicinity of a smelter; excessive
amounts of lead in ingested forage were considered to be the
primary cause of a chronic debilitating disorder in six horses.
The high lead levels in forage were related to the presence of
lead in surface soil accumulated from emissions of a nearby
smelter. Young horses were found to have a significantly
higher susceptibility to the effects of lead than older horses
and cattle. The role played by high concentrations of zinc in
local grasses is not fully understood. The possibility of a
synergistic effect of zinc and other trace elements on animal
health deserves further study. While elevated fluoride content
in some of the grasses tested was evident, fluorosis was ruled
out as a cause of illness in the affected animals. Testing of
local ambient air and drinking water for all five elements stu-
died showed values to be well within acceptable limits. The
same applied to the testing of most locally produced foods of
animal and vegetable origin. A few species of leafy vegetables
were the only human foodstuffs in which, occasionally, signifi-
cantly elevated contents of lead and some of the other trace
elements studied were found. However, the possibility of any
health hazard related to their consumption was considered ex-
tremely remote. Human urine specimens and cattle were also
studied.
33112
Rains, D. W.
LEAD ACCUMULATION BY WILD OATS (AVENA FATUA)
IN A CONTAMINATED AREA. Nature (London),
233(5316):210-211, Sept. 17, 1971. 12 refs.
Wild oats growing in the Benicia-Vallejo area, exposed for 70
years to lead emissions from a smelter, were examined for
lead accumulation. Initially, during the period of rapid growth
(April-June), the lead concentrations decreased, but then in-
creased substantially during ripening until autumn, when the
plants were completely air-dry. The increase continued, ac-
celerating after heavy rains in October and November, and
reached a peak in December. Lead contamination in the new
growth (1970-1971) was similar to that in 'the early samples of
the 1970 season. To investigate the effect of rain, a series of
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
323
leaching experiments were conducted on dried straw. The
results of the experiments are tabulated.
33201
Lewis, Keith H.
THE DIET AS A SOURCE OF LEAD POLLUTION. Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Con-
tamination, 1965, p. 17-20. 10 refs. (Dec. 13-15.) (PHS Pub.
1440) NTIS: PB 198104
Exclusive of individuals accidently poisoned or occupationally
exposed, it is generally agreed that the diet is the major source
of lead exposure and contributes about 90% of the total intake.
Techniques used to estimate dietary exposure include the
direct determination of lead in whole diets and the calculation
of lead intake from either the lead content of individual items
that comprise a diet or the amount of lead excreted by the in-
dividual. The lead content of various foods is indicated, but of
particular interest is the amount of lead in milk. Among the
more important factors which may influence the concentration
of lead in food are the concentration of lead in the growing en-
vironment of plants and food producing animals, contamina-
tion with lead pollutants through aerial fallout, use of lead
compounds in agriculture, and direct contamination during
processing, storage, and final preparation. The average daily
lead intake from the diet is about 0.3 mg/day.
33362
Aronson, Arthur L.
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LEAD IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 61(2):110-113, 1971. 21 refs.
Sources of lead and their effects on domestic animals are
reviewed. A daily intake of six to seven mg/kg constitutes a
minimum cumulative fatal dosage of lead for cattle, represent-
ing a concentration of approximately 300 ppm lead in the total
diet. Horses grazing on pastures adjacent to a lead smelter
were poisoned by eating hay containing 2.4 mg/kg/day of lead;
the minimal toxic dose is 2 mg/kg/day. The horses, however,
eat roots as well as forage, and the soil near the smelters con-
tains more lead than the forage itself. Symptoms of lead
poisoning include derangement of the central nervous system,
gastrointestinal tract, muscular system, and hemopoietic
system. The syndrome in cattle appears as depression, anorex-
ia, colic, and maniacal excitement. Sheep exhibit depression,
anorexia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Anemia is common
during chronic ingestion. Horses knuckle at the fetlocks and
have laryngeal paralysis. The effect of lead poisoning on the
pregnant animal is discussed.
33364
Ter Haar, Gary L.
THE EFFECT OF LEAD ANTIKNOCKS ON THE LEAD
CONTENT OF CROPS. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 61(2):114-120,
1971. 25 refs.
The contribution of lead naturally in the soil, lead in the air,
and lead content of the soil from lead deposited from the at-
mosphere or added artificially to the lead content of plants is
examined. Plants grown in a filtered atmosphere were com-
pared with those of a natural atmosphere. Most of the edible
portions of the plant showed no effect from the increasing
lead content in the air. Crops grown along a busy highway
were analyzed. Edible portions of most compact crops, except
soybeans and snap beans, showed no correlation between lead
concentration and distance from road. The inedible pans con-
tained two to three times higher lead concentrations when
grown near the road. The leafy portions of plants near busy
highways contained higher concentrations of lead. An increase
of lead content in the soil did not change the concentration in
the plant. Rain was not a significant source of lead. Seasonal
variations and stresses on the plant were studied for correla-
tion.
33922
Bovay, Ernest
LEAD DEPOSITS ON VEGETATION ALONG HIGHWAYS. A
STUDY OF FEEDING DAIRY FARM CATTLE HAY CON-
TAMINATED BY LEAD. (Les depots de plomb sur la vegeta-
tion le long autoroutes. Essai d affouragement de vaches
laitieres avec du foin souille par le plomb). Text in French.
Bull. Eidgenoess Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 3:169-186,
March 1971. 36 refs.
Investigations conducted in Switzerland from 1967 through
1970 showed that relatively high quantities of lead are
deposited along heavily frequented roads and highways. Plants
growing in the immediate vicinity of the road contained in ex-
cess of 100 ppm lead. Although lead concentrations decreased
rapidly with distance from the road, lead pollution was some-
times distinctly perceptible 100 m or more from the road. The
rate and extent of diffusion of lead particles depended on the
prevailing seasonal, orographic, and/or meteorological condi-
tions. Lead retention was influenced to a large extent by the
nature and composition of different plant organs: plants with
large, hairy leaves accumulated much more lead than plants
with straight, erect, and/or smooth leaves. A thorough washing
removed from 35-65% of the lead deposits, indicating the su-
perficial nature of the contamination. Nevertheless, roots of
plants growing in lead-contaminated soils may absorb lead
even when present in relatively insoluble forms. A limited
translocation from roots to aerial organs may also occur. The
vegetables showed no symptoms of intoxication or reduction
in yield. Slightly elevated opaque screens or hedges of pine
and fir trees could markedly reduce the dispersion of exhaust
gases. Dairy cattle were feed hay harvested along a highway.
A high proportion of lead ingested with the fodder was limited.
However, large quantities of lead accumulated in bones, kid-
neys, and liver. Although ingestion of 1300 mg lead for 36
days produced no particular symptoms of intoxication in the
animals, blood, urine, and milk contained excessive quantities
of lead. (Author summary modified)
33985
Chadwick, R. C. and A. C. Chamberlain
FIELD LOSS OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM GRASS. Atmos.
Environ., vol. 4:51-56, 1970. 8 refs.
Solutions of strontium(85), chromium(51), and lead(210) were
sprayed onto grassland to measure the initial retention by the
herbage and subsequent rate of field loss by weathering
(precipitation and winds). The activity initially retained by the
herbage was an average 40% of that applied in the spray. The
subsequent field loss, corrected for radioactive decay, deter-
mined retention half lives of Sr(85) as chloride of about 19
days in the summer and 49 days in the winter. The rate of loss
of Gr(51), as chromate, did not greatly differ from that of
Sr(85); similar results were determined in the single experi-
ment with tagged particles, but the rate of field loss of Pb(210)
was somewhat less. (Author abstract modified)
34237
McCulloch, Ernest C. and J. L. St. John
LEAD-ARSENATE POISONING OF SHEEP AND CATTLE.
J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 96:321-326, March 1940. 22 refs.
-------
324
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
In order to establish more definitely the toxicity of known
quantities of lead arsenate for sheep, healthy young sheep
weighing between 36 and 45 kg were given weighed amounts
of lead arsenate in gelatin capsules. The sheep generally died
when fed sufficient lead arsenate to obtain two grams arsenic
equivalent, expressed as As203. Analyses of the rumen con-
tents of animals poisoned from eating lead arsenate-sprayed
forage, however, indicated that much greater amounts of ar-
senic had been consumed. The possibility that the lead and ar-
senic were converted to some less toxic form is suggested.
The lowered toxicity may be the result of decreased solubility
within the digestive tract. The darkening of the bone marrow
observed in some of the lead arsenate-fed sheep supports the
suspicion that the feeding of arsenic-containing compounds
may be responsible for the condition known as black cutters.
(Author summary modified)
34830
Dawson, Alden B.
THE HEMOPOIETIC RESPONSE IN THE CATFISH,
AMEIURUS NEBULOSIS, TO CHRONIC LEAD POISONING.
Biol. Bull. 68(3):335-346, 1935. 12 refs.
With prolonged exposure to a solution of lead acetate, definite
evidence of absorption of lead was obtained in the catfish. The
surface mucus did not constitute an efficient barrier to the en-
trance of the metal. The degree of destruction of the erythro-
cytes was used as a measure of the rate of the absorption of
lead. Following the early evidences of injury to blood cells, a
mild regenerative response occurred, but eventually a
pronounced secondary anemia was produced. Little phago-
cytosis of dead cells occurred in the peripheral circulation, but
a progressive storage of the pigment derived from dead red
blood cells was found in the interstitial tissues of the liver,
spleen, and mesonephros. The hepatic cells also became
crowded with pigment granules. No storage was observed in
the heart. The pigment was accumulated chiefly in
macrophages of local origin which, after ingesting erythro-
cytes, desquamated and migrated into the connective tissue.
Monocytes and cosinophiles increased slightly in number in
the blood stream, but tbe most striking change occurred in the
numbers of atypical thrombocytes, and spindle cells which
may belong to the thrombocytic series. The endothelium of the
heart showed marked proliferative activity. In some regions
there was localized differentiation of erythrocytes. In other re-
gions the atypical elongated cells were formed in large radiat-
ing clusters on the surface of the ventricular trabeculae. No
explanation of the latter response to lead poisoning can be
given. (Author summary modified)
34831
Jones, J. R. Erichsen
THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF SALTS OF LEAD, ZINC
AND COPPER TO THE STICKLEBACK (GASTEROSTEUS
ACULEATUS L.) AND THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON THE
TOXICITY OF LEAD AND ZINC SALTS. J. Exp. Biol., vol.
15:394-407, 1938. 10 refs.
Lethal concentration limits were determined for lead, zinc,
and copper for the three-spined stickleback. The addition of
calcium salts to solutions of lead nitrate or zinc sulfate
reduced the toxicity of these salts to the fish. Fifty mg/1 of Ca
was sufficient to annul the toxicity of a 0.000001 g/cu cm solu-
tion of lead or a 0.000002 g/cu cm solution of zinc. The reac-
tions of the fish in the solution with and without calcium were
compared and the respiratory symptoms were described with
the aid of graphs illustrating the variation in respiratory rate
during the survival time. A running supply of hard tap water
containing approximately 50 mg/1 of calcium as calcium bicar-
bonate was harmless to the minnow and the stickleback, when
it also contains the maximum amount of lead that it can hold
in solution seven times 10 to the minus seventh power g/cu
cm). This concentration of lead in soft water is fatal to
Gasterosteus in 38.5 hr. The same amount of calcium renders a
0.0000010 g/cu cm solution of lead harmless to the goldfish.
Thus, in the presence of sufficient calcium, the interaction
between the lead or zinc, and the mucus secreted by the fish
does not take place. This conclusion was endorsed by experi-
ments in vitro on the slime secreted by the eel. The application
of these results to the pollution of natural water by effluents
from lead and zinc workings was briefly discussed. (Author
summary modified)
34901
Fairhill, Lawrence T. and John W. Miller
A STUDY OF THE RELATIVE TOXICITY OF THE
MOLECULAR COMPONENTS OF LEAD ARSENATE. Public
Health Kept., (U. S.), vol. 56:1610-1625, Aug. 8, 1941. 25 refs.
The ingestion of lead arsenate by rats was investigated over a
period of two years to determine whether the lead or arsenic
components of the molecule was responsible for the toxicity
of the substance. Calcium arsenate, lead arsenate, or lead car-
bonate was fed daily in 10-gram rations to the rats. The order
of toxicity was calcium arsenate, lead arsenate, and lead car-
bonate in order from highest to lowest. Pathologic studies
showed significant changes in the kidney and spleen. The large
hyperregenerative cells with large vesicular nuclei and
cytoplasmic brown pigment granules in the renal convoluted
tubules were most frequent in rats fed lead carbonate, less
with lead arsenate, and least with calcium arsenate. The large
oxyphil intranuclear inclusions appeared in the same order in
the animals fed lead carbonate and lead aisenate but were ab-
sent in the calcium arsenate group. This seems to indicate that
lead is the causative agent for these reactions. Splenic hemo-
siderosis occurred in greater amounts in the rats fed calcium
arsenate and lead arsenate than in those fed lead carbonate.
The distribution of lead and arsenic in the tissues of the one-
and two-year groups indicated less storage of lead than of ar-
senic in the soft tissues of animals fed lead arsenate. The kid-
ney content of arsenic in the calcium arsenate group was
distinctly greater than that of the lead-arsenate group. With
reference to the two lead compounds studied, there was a
greater degree of lead deposition in the tissues of rats given
lead carbonate than in those given lead arsenate. This was ap-
parent in the case of bone-deposited lead, where pratically
twice as much lead was deposited in the bones of the lead car-
bonate group as in the lead-arsenate group. Since bone-
deposited lead is a safer index than lead deposition in soft tis-
sues, it appeared that the arsenate radical either decreases the
absorption or increases the excretion of lead. (Author conclu-
sions modified)
35209
Aronson, A. L, P. B. Hammond, and A. C. Strafuss
STUDffiS WITH CALCIUM
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE IN CALVES: TOX-
ICITY AND USE IN BOVINE LEAD POISONING. Toxicol.
Appl. Phannacol., vol. 12:337-349, 1968. 26 refs.
The most effective therapeutic regimen of calcium disodium
etbylenediaminetetraacetate (CaEDTA) for the mobilization of
lead in cattle was determined, and toxic effects associated
with short-term administration of CaEDTA were evaluated.
Optimal conditions of lead mobilization in calves are provided
by concentrations in the order of 135 millimicron moles of ED-
TA/ml of plasma and above maintained for 10-12 hours. These
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
325
concentrations can be achieved by the constant intravenous in-
fusion of CaEDTA at 110-220 mg/kg over 12 hours or approxi-
mated by two rapid intravenous injections six hours apart at
110 mg/kg each. Lnterperitoneal administration is not as effec-
tive as intravenous administration in mobilizing lead. Manifes-
tations of CaEDTA toxicity in heart valves were similar to
those observed in man and the dog, but were considerably
more extensive than those reported for the rat. Daily 12-hour
infusions of CaEDTA at 220 mg/kg were not toxic when main-
tained for three successive days and were mildly toxic when
maintained for five successive days. Macroscopic and micro-
scopic lesions and disturbances in intestines, kidneys, adrenal
glands, and other tissues in calves receiving toxic doses are
described. Urinary excretions of lead after administration of
CaEDTA were determined. (Author abstract modified)
35234
Buck, William B.
BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LEAD.
Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology, Ames, Veterina-
ry Diagnostic Lab., Environmental Protection Agency Con-
tract CPA 22-69-NEG-107, 51p., 1970. 6 refs.
Twelve pregnant sheep were exposed to sublethal doses of
dietary lead throughout their gestation periods. They were fed
varying concentrations of finely metallic lead mixed with a
concentrate mixture containing 300 pounds of corn and 200
pounds of soybean meal at a rate of one-quarter
pound/sheep/day. Most of the experimental sheep showed
clinical signs of lead poisoning one week after beginning the
experiment, including anorexia, loss of body weight, and
cerebral depression; these symptoms were more marked dur-
ing the second and third months of the experiment. Three of
the experimental sheep aborted during the last trimester of
pregnancy, and one of them had a mummified fetus. Five of
the experimental sheep did not conceive. Chemical analyses of
the tissues collected from euthanized experimental sheep
revealed significant levels of lead, while aborted fetuses also
revealed significant levels of lead in the liver. Blood lead anal-
ysis of two lamb born to the experimental sheep showed 0.14
to 0.17 ppm of lead in the blood for four weeks. The dif-
ference between the exposed and control groups for blood
lead, urine lead, and urine aminolevulinic acid were highly sig-
nificant. (Author summary modified)
35410
Kleinman, Abram
INVESTIGATION OF LEAD RESIDUES ON GROWING
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. Pesticides Monitoring J., 1(4):8-
10, March 1968. 6 refs.
One hundred and thirty-two samples of a variety of mature
fruit and vegetable crops grown near heavily traveled
highways were collected and analyzed for lead. Samples, rang-
ing from four to 15 Ib, were examined without washing or
peeling. The smaller samples were ground and mixed in en-
tirety; the larger ones were reduced to about 1kg and then
composited, ground, and mixed. Appropriate aliquots were
analyzed by the official A.O.A.C. dithizone spectrophotomet-
ric procedure. Reported recoveries of added lead in recovery
experiments ranged from 70 to 100%. Lead residues were com-
pared with distance from the highway, traffic load, and the
period of exposure to these conditions. The data suggest that a
difference exists between crops growing adjacent to traffic
and crops growing at further distances.
35827
Page, A. L., T. J. Ganje, and M. S. Joshi
LEAD QUANTITIES IN PLANTS, SOIL, AND AIR NEAR
SOME MAJOR HIGHWAYS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
Hilgardia, 41(1):1-31, July 1971. 27 refs.
The lead content of 27 varieties of consumer crops and plants
growing near some major southern California highways were
colorimetrically ascertained. Amounts of Pb were also
recorded for surface and subsurface soils and in suspended air
particulates at or near the locations where the plant samples
were obtained. Exposed tissues of plants grown very close to
highways contained more Pb than similar tissues of plants
grown some distance from the highways. This effect was most
apparent at distances less than about 150 meters from the
highway. Exposed tissues with smooth surfaces accumulated
more lead than tissues with rough, hairy surfaces. The
direction of the prevailing wind also significantly affected Pb
concentratons in plants near highways: without exception, Pb
in plants on the leeward side of the road exceeded that in
plants on the windward side. A motor vehicle density of
35,000 vehicles/day also resulted in substantial Pb accumula-
tions in plants. In soils and suspended particulates, lead con-
centrations were influenced by distance from highway and
direction of prevailing winds. These results all demonstrate
that the lead accumulations were caused primarily by aerial
deposition and not — at least to any great extent — by absorp-
tion by the plant from Pb-contaminated soil.
35880
Kerin, D.
DELIMITATION OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS BY MEANS
OF PLANT ANALYSIS. Protectio Vitae, 16(5):201-202, Oct.
1971. 13 refs.
Vegetation damage in areas surrounded by metallurgical and
industrial plants are mainly caused by sulfur dioxide and
fluorine compounds. Plants are much more sensitive than hu-
mans or animals to SO2. Many plant varieties show signs of
damage at a concentration of 0.3 ppm SO2. Fluorine and it
compounds are particularly injurious to cherries, grapes,
plums, various ornamental plants, and vegetables. The Ontario
variety of apples is very susceptible. Visible damage to
buildings is also caused by this group of pollutants. For deter-
mination of the effect of the above pollutants on vegetation,
needle samples were taken in September and October in pol-
luted areas and compared to needle samples from unpolluted
regions. First and second year needles were separated.
Average samples were taken from 100 grams dried needles.
Sulfate, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese were determined.
Plants taken from the immediate vicinity of a glass work were
heavily contaminated with fluorine. Concentrations of 4.0 to 25
mg F/kg dried basis were measured. The sulfur concentration
was between 0.50 to 1.5% (natural concentration is 0.20%).
The lead concentration ranged from 24 to 1.136 mg Pb/kg
(natural concentration is 3.0 mg Pb/kg dried needles). The zinc
content ranged from 136 to 495 mg Zn/kg dried needles; in un-
polluted areas it is 28 to 75 mg Zn/kg.
36196
Buck, William B.
LEAD AND ORGANIC PESTICIDE POISONINGS IN CAT-
TLE. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 156(10):1468-1472, May 15,
1970. 5 refs.
During each of the past two years, approximately twenty-four
episodes of lead poisoning in cattle were documented in the
Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory of the Iowa State Universi-
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326
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
ty. The most frequent source of lead was used crankcase oil
and machinery grease, both of which may contain high
amounts of lead that is apparently readily absorbed via the
gastrointestinal system. Other sources include old lead paint,
storage batteries, and lead-containing insecticides. In nearly
50% of the episodes, the source of lead was not determined.
Accidental incorporation of massive amounts of insecticides in
animal feeds has been a primary source of pesticide problems
in cattle. Such contamination results not only in the death of
animals, but also in the contamination of resulting meat scraps
and tankage products used for animal feeds and often accumu-
lation of insecticide residues in the tissues of animals
slaughtered for human consumption. Hazardous insecticides
prepared in granular and powdered forms for agriculture pur-
poses should be identified by the incorporation of a dye
marker or some other readily identifiable material that would
be immediately recognizable if it were incorporated in animal
feeds. (Author summary modified)
36197
Mueller, Peter K. and Ronald L. Stanley
ORIGIN OF LEAD IN SURFACE VEGETATION. California
State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air and Industrial Hy-
giene Lab., National. Air Pollution Control Administration
Contract 86-68-35, AEHL Kept. 87, 15p., July 1970. 20 refs.
A model is presented for determining the relationship of air-
borne lead and soil lead concentrations to lead concentrations
in pasture grasses. The major portion of atmospheric lead is
derived from combustion of leaded gasoline and from fumes
and dusts of industries using lead. Soil may be contaminated
with lead by aerial fallout, industrial wastes, pesticides, fertil-
izers, and agricultural minerals. Soil composition and its acidi-
ty are important factors in whether or not lead will be availa-
ble for plant uptake. On the basis of several published studies,
it is concluded that not more than 15 micrograms Pb/g dry
weight in forage crops is due to the uptake of lead from soil
even at soil lead contents up to about 700 micrograms/g and
possibly 3000 micrograms/g. Amounts of lead in herbage sub-
stantially greater than 15 micrograms/g are therefore due to
aerial fallout. The ratio of lead in herbage to the rate of lead
fallout was reported previously as a constant of 50 sq m
days/kg herbage. This model was applied to a typical situation
in which grass lead content of pastures toxic to horses was
greater than about 80 micrograms/g, top soil lead contents
averaged about 300 micrograms/g, and the suspended particu-
late lead concentration averaged about 0.5 micrograms/cu m.
36265
Carpenter, Kathleen E.
THE LETHAL ACTION OF SOLUBLE METALLIC SALTS
ON FISHES. Brit. J. Exp. Biol., 4(4):378-390, 1927. 9 refs.
The lethal action of soluble metallic salts on fishes was ex-
amined on the basis of mathematical analysis and physiological
experiments. Investigation of the effects of lead salts on fishes
determined a survival curve with no theoretical threshold of
toxic concentration. The lethal efficacy of the solution varied
in inverse proportion to the actual size of the fish and was
directly dependent on the absolute quantity of lead salt. The
role of the metallic ion in the lethal process was examined.
The effective action of lead salts on fishes was purely external
in character; the precipitation of an organic lead compound
clogged the gills and inhibited their respiratory function, lead-
ing to death by suffocation. The effects of soluble salts of
zinc, iron, copper, cadmium, and mercury were also studied.
(Author summary modified)
36611
Leh, H.-O.
CONTAMINATION OF CULTURED PLANTS BY LEAD
FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTS. (Verunreinigungen von
Kulturpflanzen mil Blei von Kraftfahrzeugabgasen). Text in
German. Gesunde Pflanz., 18(2):21-24, Feb. 1966.
Gasolines contain as antiknock additives of tetraethyl lead
(0.02-0.06% by volume), equivalent to 200 to 600 milligrams of
lead/1 of gasoline, of which 50 to 70% are discharged into the
air with the exhaust gases. Approximately 40 to 60 grams of
lead km/hr would be emitted on an average highway. In 1964
the contamination of grass growing alongside of highways was
tested. At a distance of one to two meters 53 to 95 micrograms
of lead/g of dry substance (53-95 ppm) occurred; at five me-
ters, 32-36 ppm occurred; at 100 m, 10 ppm was found. Potato
leaves had an average lead content of 53 ppm at five meters
and 37 ppm at 10 m distance. Beet leaves contained 29 ppm
lead at five meters. These results were obtained with un-
washed plants. The analysis of washed samples showed that
most of the lead can be washed off, proving that the con-
tamination takes place primarily on the surface. Generally the
effect of the polluted air on the plants was noticeable at up to
about 100 m distance from the highway. The lead content of
the roots and plant components below the ground surface,
such as potatoes, beets, and carrots was relatively low, even
at high lead concentrations on the leaves. Tests conducted
with grain growing at two meters from the highway revealed
about five ppm lead content. A special commission of the Eu-
ropean Common Market countries has recommended for
fodder plants a maximum permissible lead content of 10 ppm
in the dry substance.
36991
Anderson, William L. and Peggy L. Stewart
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INORGANIC IONS AND THE
DISTRIBUTION OF PHEASANTS IN ILLINOIS. J. Wildl.
Manage., 33(2):254-270, April 1969. 25 refs.
The relationships between inorganic ions and the distribution
of ring-necked pheasants in Illinois were investigated by com-
paring concentrations of 24 elements in soil, grit, corn, and tis-
sues of pheasants collected from good (Sibley), fair (Hum-
bold t), and poor (Neoga) pheasant range. Concentrations in
soil and in grit indicated that calcium, Iron, and nickel, and
perhaps magnesium and potassium, were potentially less abun-
dant in diets of Neoga pheasants than in those of Sibley birds.
Conversely, lead, manganese, strontium, and zinc, and per-
haps cadmium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, and vanadi-
um, were potentially more abundant in diets at Neoga than at
Sibley. Elemental concentrations in soil and in grit from Hum-
boldt were, for the most part, intermediate between concentra-
tions in these materials at Sibley and Neoga. Concentrations of
major elements (Ca, Mg, K, phosphorus, and sodium) in inter-
nal organs were from 12-34% lower in Neoga pheasants, and
from 4-20% lower in Humboldt pheasants, than in birds from
Sibley. Three trace elements (barium, Mn, and titanium) were
less than half as abundant, and five (Cr, Pb, Ni, V, and zir-
conium) at least twice as abundant, in blood, livers, or kidneys
from Neoga pheasants as in these tissues from Sibley birds.
Concentrations of cobalt and Mo in blood, livers, and kidneys
of Neoga and Sibley pheasants exhibited conflicting area-to-
area differences. Of the elements studied, suspicion is directed
toward Ca, Mg, K, Cr, Co, and Mo as possibly influencing the
distribution of pheasants in Illinois. (Author abstract modified)
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
327
37912
Chisnall, K. T. and J. Markland
THE CONTAMINATION OF PASTURE LAND BY LEAD. J.
Ass. Pub. Anal., vol. 9:116-118, Dec. 1971. 3 refs. (Presented
at the Association of Public Analysts, Annual Conference,
Mattock, England, May 13-15, 1971.)
Following the death of several cattle and two ponies on a farm
adjacent to waste heaps from old lead mine workings and near
a lead smelter, grass samples from a number of fields were
analyzed for lead. The amount of lead (80-520 ppm) in grass
from 11 fields was high enough to support the diagnosis of
lead poisoning. The presence of antimony in the grass in a
high ratio relative to lead suggested that the contamination
originated in the lead mine waste, and not in smelter fumes.
37926
Markland, J. and I. Vallance
INVESTIGATION OF THE UPTAKE OF LEAD BY VEGETA-
BLES FROM COMPOSTS CONTAINING LEAD. J. Ass. Pub.
Anal., vol. 9:119-121, Dec. 1971. 5 refs. (Presented at the As-
sociation of Public Analysts, Annual Conference, Matlock,
England, May 13-15, 1971.)
Areas of Derbyshire near the sites of former lead mining
operations have lead in the soil. The lead present in plants
grown in the area could have been derived from air pollution
or from the soil. An investigation was undertaken to determine
the amount of lead in vegetables grown in soil with controlled
lead content. John Innes No. 3 compost without calcium car-
bonate was used as an acid soil and the same compost with
calcium carbonate as a neutral soil. The composts contained 50
parts of lead/million. Each compost was divided into four lots
and the lots were dosed with lead carbonate to give added lead
contents of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm. Carrots, peas, French
beans, lettuce, cabbage, and brussels were grown in these
composts, out of doors. Samples were digested by the nitric
acid/sulfuric acid process, followed by dithizone extraction,
and colorimetric or polarographic estimation of lead. There
was only a little evidence of lead uptake for peas and no
evidence of lead content increasing with the lead content of
the compost. The lead on the French beans increased with the
lead content of the compost. Soil contamination by air pollu-
tion occurred with the carrots, lettuce, and the brassica sam-
ples.
37977
Purves, David
CONSEQUENCES OF TRACE-ELEMENT CONTAMINATION
OF SOILS. (Environ. Pollut., 3(l):17-24, Jan. 1972. 14 refs.
The chemical composition of the bulk of food has been
profoundly modified by the intensification of the means of
food production and as a result of the general contamination
of the environment. Contamination of the soil in urban and in-
dustrial areas with potentially toxic trace elements, e.g.,
copper, boron, lead, and zinc, is largely irreversible. Sources
of soil contamination, the trace-element content of plants
grown on contaminated soils, and the effects on plant growth
are considered. Contrasts and comparisons are drawn for soils
in urban and rural areas. The composition of materials com-
monly used in gardens, e.g., soot, coal ash, municipal com-
post, and sewage sludge, are likely sources of trace element
contamination. The primary source of contamination in urban
parklands is atmospheric pollution. The boron, copper, lead,
molybdenum, nickel, and zinc contents of cabbages grown in
urban and rural areas were measured; the differences in mean
levels for each element were highly significant.
38332
Daessler H. -G. and S. Boertitz
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS. (Zur Wirkungsweise von Luftverunreinigungen
auf landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse). Text in German. Biol.
Zentralbl., 90(5):611-619, Sept./Oct. 1971. 12 refs.
With the aid of simplified graphs, the specific effects of sulfur
dioxide fluorides, and indifferent and toxic (lead, zinc, and ar-
senic containing) dusts on agricultural plants in the German
Democratic Republic are shown. Continuous and long-term ex-
posure to low S02 concentrations impair the photosynthesis
(carbon dioxide assimilation), which in turn affects the quanti-
ty and quality of plant products. Most characteristic is the
reduction of crop yield. Moreover, the S02 intake raises the
sulfate level in plants. Relatively high S02 concentrations
cause the death of cells, photosynthesis does not take place
any more in necrotic tissue. Exposure to fluorine-containing
emissions and to dusts leads to an accumulation of these pollu-
tants in the plants to an extent which might be harmful to
animals. Exposure of plants to non-toxic dusts such as fly ash
and soot causes considerable changes of the plant metabolism.
Toxic dusts inactivate ferments and retard root growth.
38743
Oelschlaeger, W. and E. Schwarz
SOURCES OF ERROR AND THEIR ELIMINATION IN THE
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BIOLOGICAL SUB-
STANCES BY MEANS OF DITHIZONE. (Fehler-
moeglichkeiten und deren Eliminierung bei der Bestimmung
von Blei mittels Dithizon in biologischen Substanzen). Text in
German. Z. Anal. Chem., 258(3):203-207, 1972. 15 refs.
Dithizone forms with lead a carmin-red primary dithizonate
both in weakly acid as well as in alkaline solution. The
dithizonate can be easily extracted in chloroform. The extrac-
tion from citrate and cyanide containing solutions is complete
only from a pH of 9 onward. Citrate is mostly added for
prevention of a precipitation of phosphates, and cyanide is
added for elimination of interferences of most of the heavy
metals reacting with dithizone. The largest interference is
caused by Bismuth (Bi). An examination of the average Bi and
Pb concentrations of samples from areas with and without
emissions revealed that Bi concentrations are generally higher
in areas with air pollution than those from areas with none. A
Bi separation is not necessary in such cases because the Pb
concentration are also markedly higher, e.g., spruce needles
from an air polluted area contained 0.19 ppm Bi and 18 ppm
Pb, they contained 0.02 ppm Bi and 3 ppm Pb from an area
without air pollution. A separation of Bi is required, however,
in the case of samples taken from the vicinity of factories
processing sulfur-containing ores. The best and quickest
method of separation is that using diethylammonium-N, N-
diethyldithiocarbamate. For the determination of lead, it
should be taken into account that the reagents sodium, am-
monium citrate, and hydrofluoric acid are contaminated with
relatively high amounts of lead. Pure chloroform is used as a
blank solution, since the extracted blank solution is not stable,
even in darkness. Sources of error in ashing are also
discussed; a method is described which can be carried out
rapidly and is reproducible.
39204
Connor, J. J., J. D. Sims, and R. J. Ebens
ROADSIDE EFFECTS ON TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF
SOME ROCKS, SOILS. AND PLANTS OF MISSOURI. Mis-
souri Univ., Columbia, Proc. Missouri Univ. Fourth Annu.
Conf. Trace Substances Environ. Health, Columbia, Mo.,
1970, p. 26-34. 14 refs. (June 23-25.)
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328
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
A study to estimate the effect of roadside location on traci:
element content of rocks, subsurface soils, and vegetation
demonstrates that the major effect is that of lead accumulation
in vegetation. Soils taken from a few inches depth both near
pavement and away from pavement exhibit no significant dif-
ferences in metal content, including Pb. Some higher trace ele-
ment contents of bedrock in readouts were noted in this in-
vestigation, but these are believed to reflect specific geologic
conditions rather than general roadside effects. The roadside
effect on the Pb content of vegetation reflects mostly automo-
tive exhaust from normal vehicular activity. (Author abstract)
39287
Warren, H. V., R. E. Delavault, K. Fletcher, and E. Wilks
VARIATIONS IN THE COPPER, ZINC, LEAD, AND
MOLYBDENUM CONTENT OF SOME BRITISH COLUMBIA
VEGETABLES. Missouri Univ., Columbia, Pro Missouri
Univ. Fourth Annu. Conf. Trace Substances Environ. Health,
Columbia, Mo., 1970, p. 94-103. 5 refs. (June 23-25.)
Samples of many British Columbian vegetables collected from
30 different gardens were analyzed for copper, zinc, lead, and
molybdenum. Some vegetables actually had 500 times more
Mo than others. Even Zn, which has the most restricted range
of the four elements investigated, is 40 times more abundant in
some vegetables than in others. Vegetal trace element concen-
trations that vary from what are becoming to be thought of as
normal can usually be explained in terms of the pH, organic
content, soil type, climate, topography, degree of pollution,
and/or geological background of the related soil. However,
some deviations from the normal cannot yet be readily ex-
plained. (Author abstract modified)
39328
Haut, Hans van
ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL AIR POLLUTION COMPONENTS:
WITH KALE (BRASSICA OLERACEA ACEPHALA) AS IN-
DICATOR PLANT. (Nachweis mehrer Luftverunreinigung
skomponenten mil Hilfe von Blaetterkohl (Brassica oleracea
acephala als Indikatorpflanze)). Text in German. Staub, Rein
haltung Luft, 32(3):109-111, March 1972. 18 refs.
Kale (brassica oleracea acephalia) was used for identification
of fluorine, chlorine, sulfur, and lead air pollutants. The plants
were exposed to the atmosphere at various sites in the Ruhr
valley. Plastic boxes with 60 1 volume were used for growing
the plants. The fluorine concentration was determined by the
electrometric method developed by Reusmann and
Westphalen, the chloride concentration by the familiar method
of potentiometric titration, and the sulfur concentration by the
microanalytic method by Stratmann. The lead concentration
was determined by inverse-polarographically. For the deter-
mination of these components by the mentioned methods only
5 g dry substance are needed. The plants, five in a pot, were
exposed over several successive years from the beginning of
August to the middle of November. Control plants were ex-
posed outside the Ruhr valley in an entirely emission-free
area. The F-level in the plants was in all cases above (with one
exception) that of the control plants. It ranged from 4.1 to 20.1
mg/100 g dry substance. In washed leaves, the F concentra-
tions were lower by 15 to 30%. The chloride concentration in
the plants from the polluted area was four times the concen-
tration in the control plants, the lead concentration was ten
times the concentration in the control plants. The highest sul-
fur dioxide was 1.83% versus 1.33% in the control plants. The
results show that kale serves well as an indicator for the men-
tioned pollutants, as well as for a number of polycyclic
hydrocarbons, including the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene.
39407
Richter, R. H. H. and Ch. Schlatter
THE EFFECT OF LEAD FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST
GASES ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS. (Zur Frage der Wirkung
von Blei aus Motorfahrzeugabgasen auf nutztiere). Text in
German. Bull. Eidgenoess. Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no.
3:86-100, March 1971. 168 refs.
The effect of lead inhalation on animals is unknown. The in-
take of lead with fodder results in an accumulation of lead in
the organism, but the quantity of lead absorbed is 5-10 times
smaller than that absorbed from inhaled lead (from observa-
tion on humans). Cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and chickens were
accidentally poisoned by lead from sources other than automo-
bile exhaust gases; the clinical picture varies from species to
species and can sometimes be attributed to lead only with
reservations. The lethal dose likewise varies with species, age,
condition of gastrointestinal tract, rate of elimination, and the
exposure. Cattle is especially sensitive. The lethal dose is 10-
100 g compared with 500-750 g for horses, and 10-25 g for
pigs. Calves are also especially sensitive. The symptoms of
lead poisoning include anemia, reduced erythrocyte and throm-
bocyte count, loss of weight, loss of milk yield, sterility,
cachexia, colic, and epileptic seizures. The principal biochemi-
cal change is hematoporphyrinuria. Lead ions interfere with
the phosphate metabolism and complete with the calcium
metabolism. Lead is stored in bones and can thence be mobil-
ized by an unnatural metabolic situation which suddenly in-
duces acute intoxication. The normal blood content of lead in
ruminants is 0.05-0.25 ppm, which can increase to 1.52 ppm
without toxic symptoms. All currently availble evidence leads
to the conclusion that a daily intake of lead per cow exceeding
50-100 ppm (1-3 g lead) can affect milk production and
reproduction and lead to undesirably high levels of lead in
milk and meat.
39408
Bovay, Ernest
LEAD DEPOSIT ON VEGETATION GROWING ALONG
HIGHWAYS TRAVELED BY AUTOMOBILES. MILK COW
FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH HAY CONTAMINATED
WITH LEAD. (Les depots de plomb sur la vegetation le long
des autoroutes. Essai d affouragement de vaches laitieres avec
du foin souille par le plomb). Text in French. Bull. Eidgenoess.
Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 3:101-117, March 1971. 36
refs.
Measurements conducted in Switzerland from 1967 through
1970 revealed that vegetation growing along highways con-
tained lead in concentrations in excess of 100 ppm. Although
the amounts of lead in vegetation rapidly decrease with
distance from the highway, lead can be detected up to a
distance of about 100 m. The rate and extent of dispersion of
lead particles depended on seasonal orographic and/or
meteorological conditions. Lead retention by different plant
organs is governed by their nature and composition. Plants
with large hairy leaves or leaves with a rough surface accumu-
late much more lead than plants with smooth leaves. From 35-
65% of the plant tissue lead content can be removed by
thorough washing, an indication that the contamination con-
sists for the most part in a surface deposit. But plant roots
growing in lead-contaminated soil absorb the element, even if
present in a relatively insoluble form. In spite of these obser-
vations, no symptoms of plant disease or a decrease in crop
yield has been noted. High tightly growing hedges of perenni-
als (pine or fir) markedly reduce the dispersion of exhaust
gases. Feeding trials with milk cows involving hay harvested
along highways demonstrated that a high percentage of the
lead ingested with the fodder was eliminated. Some organs like
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
329
bones, kidneys, and the liver accumulated large quantities of
lead (up to 21-fold quantities). After four weeks on the con-
taminated hay, the lead content in milk quadrupled. The cows
ingested 1300 mg lead daily with contamined fodder containing
99 ppm Pb. Toxic symptoms in cattle and horses do not appear
until an ingestion level of about 2200 mg Pb/day is reached.
39409
Keller, Th.
LEAD RESIDUES IN SYLVAN VEGETATION RESULTING
FROM TRAFFIC. (Ueber verkehrsbedingte Bleirueckstaende
auf der forstlichen Vegetation). Text in German. Bull.
Eidgenoess. Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 3:118-130,
March 1971. 16 refs.
The assimilation organs of conifers lining highways contain
lead which increases in quantity with increasing traffic density.
The lead content in needles of conifers can serve as an indica-
tor of traffic-induced air pollution. The normal lead content of
one-year-old pine needles is about 2-3 ppm. The lead content
of needles increases with their age only to the extent that
young needles contain less lead than one year-old or several-
year-old needles. The lead content increases in the course of
the first year of exposure until a local dynamic equilibrium
was established. The lead content decreases with height above
the highway surface, especially in the lower part of the tree
crown up to a height of 10-12 m. Laterally, the lead content
decreases in woods lining the highway within the first 50 m
faster than in open country. Up to 90% of all lead remains on
the surface of the needles and can be washed off with an acid
and a detergent solution. The small residual lead content in
needles indicates that exhaust gases are probably only seldom
the cause of lead-induced damage to vegetation. While gas
exchange measurements did disclose a depression of carbon
dioxide assimilation with increasing lead content in needles, it
seems that the inhibition of photosynthesis is due primarily to
the soiling of the needle surface and to the toxic action of the
other pollutants emitted by the exhaust gas.
39690
Ebaugh, W. Clarence
GASES VS. SOLIDS: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INJURI-
OUS INGREDIENTS OF SMELTER SMOKE. J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 29(7):951-970, July 1907. 4 refs.
The relative effects of sulfur dioxide and flue dusts in smelter
smoke upon vegetation were investigated in the Salt Lake City
area to assess the damages due to emission from lead and
copper smelters. The concentrations of SO2 were monitored,
and the effects of free SO2, sulfuric acid, SO2 in aqueous
solutions, and dilute solutions of H2S04 were individually ex-
amined. Flue dust samples were analyzed for percent content
of moisture, sulfur trioxide, iron, copper, insolubles (silicon
dioxide), lead, arsenic, and zinc. Many repeated applications
of SO2 in concentrations present in the air of a smelting dis-
trict were needed to cause injury, the degree of which was de-
pendent on humidity. Solutions of H2S04, if present to the ex-
tent of 1.38 g/1 or stronger, caused marked corrosion. Solu-
tions of flue dusts sprayed upon plants resulted in very severe
corrosion. Soil mixtures containing 20% of the flue dust, when
applied to plants, also caused very bad corrosion.
40024
Knuechel, F.
REDUCTION OF THE VALUE OF DRINKING MILK
THROUGH TETRAETHYL LEAD? (Wertminderung der
Trinkmilch durch Bleltetraaethyl?). Text in German. Med. Welt
(Stuttgart), 23(19):737, 1972.
Tetraethyl lead Pb(C2H5>4 is a liquid which evaporates at
about 200 C. Together with ethyl bromide, ethyl dichloride, it
is added in concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1% to gasolines as an
anti-knocking agent. Combustion produces mostly PbC12 and
PbBr2 which are found in the exhaust gas together with some
unburned tetraethyl lead. Depending on the traffic density, the
lead content of the air and street dust may rise considerably.
In Basel, Switzerland concentrations of 5 to 7 micron/cu m
were measured in 1956 vs. 2 to 4 micron in a rural village. A
considerably higher lead intake of cattle grazing near highways
or streets is feasible. Since lead is mainly discharged through
urine and feces and only to a very minor extent through the
milk, the human intake of toxic concentrations of lead through
drinking milk is improbable.
40335
Hammett, Frederick S.
STUDHCS IN THE BIOLOGY OF METALS, in. THE LO-
CALIZATION OF LEAD WITHIN THE CELL OF THE
GROWING ROOT. Protoplasma, vol. 5:135- 141, 1928. 2 refs.
A variety of tests on root tips of onion sets, white beans, and
field corn proved definitely that lead is concentrated within
the nucleus and walls of these cells. Roots which had been
gwown in distilled water containing 10 to the minus 4th power
concentrations of lead nitrate were used as experimental
material. Sulfuric acid and sodium bicarbonate were used to
precipitate lead sulfate and lead carbonate in cell walls. Sodi-
um sulfide was used to precipitate lead sulfide in the nucleus.
The nucleolus of corn appeared to have a selective affinity for
lead combination not found in the other roots.
40368
Zuber, Roberto
NEW TASK FOR THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE: ENVOtON-
MENTAL HYGIENE. (Neuer Aufgabenbereich der
Forschungsanstalt: Umwelthygiene). Text in German. Chem.
Rundschau (Solothurn), 25(16):450, April 1972.
A new department for environmental hygiene of the Swiss
Research Institute for Agricultural Chemistry deals with health
aspects of air pollutants on domestic animals with the effects
of air pollutants on agricultural crops. The department tests
the fodder, plants, fruits, as well as bones, and urine of
animals from the vicinity of fluorine emitting industries as to
the fluorine concentration. In all cases the method with the ion
specific fluoride electrode was found most suitable for the
analyses. Measurements of the lead concentration along street
and highways by atomic anstorption spectrophotometry
revealed that plants and grass carried lead concentrations of
up to 170 ppm 1-3 m from the street curb. They decrease
slowly to a distance of about 50 m. In some cases lead
residues were still measured as far off as 100 to 200 m. The
various types of plants accumulate the lead in different ways.
Rain and tap water wash out the metal to half of the original
concentration. The sulfur dioxide concentration of the air is
presently being determined by the Ultragas unit. Measure-
ments of other pollutants such as ammonia, chlorine, the ox-
ides of nitrogen, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, oil, rubber,
and asbestos shall be the target of future studies.
40540
LEAD FROM THE EXHAUST GASES OF AUTOMOBILES IN
GREEN CABBAGE. (Blei aus Kraftfahrzeugabgasen in
Gruenkohl). Text in German. Deut. Med. Wochenschr.,
97(21):856, May 1972.
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330
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
Examinations of a large number of green cabbage samples
taken various distances from highways and roads revealed that
the lead concentration was higher in plants that grew closer to
the road. The fraction of the total lead content which could be
washed off was small and ranged on the average around 10%.
Boiled samples generally contained more lead than unboiled
ones with the use of an enamelled pot for boiling. No increase
of the lead content was observed when the samples were
boiled in glass dishes.
40590
Shaw, Charles F. and E. E. Free
AGRONOMIC AND SOIL CONDITIONS IN THE SELBY
SMOKE ZONE. Bull. Bureau Mines, no. 98:451-473, 503-520,
1915. 86 refs.
Maximum amounts of lead and arsenic found in soil samples
from the Selby smoke zone were far too small to have any in-
jurious effect on plants grown in the soils. Indeed, much larger
amounts than those actually found would not affect the
agriculture of the region. The poor agricultural conditions
prevailing are amply accounted for by the naturally unfavora-
ble soil and the extremely poor agricultural practices of the re-
gion.
40591
Haring, C. M. and K. F. Meyer
INVESTIGATION OF LIVE-STOCK CONDITIONS AND
LOSSES IN THE SELBY SMOKE ZONE. Bull. Bureau Mines,
no. 98:474-520, 1915. 86 refs.
During an investigation of livestock conditions at 32 ranches
allegedly injured by smoke from the Selby smelter, 308 horses,
215 cattle, approximately 900 sheep, and about 500 swine were
inspected. Post-mortem examinations were made on four hor-
ses, two heifers, and several hogs. No clinical evidence of in-
jury from smelter smoke was found in cattle, hogs, or sheep.
The effects of previous injury were evidenced by 30 cases of
roaring in horses, of which 12 were carefully studied. The
clinical symptoms of roaring were due to partial paralysis of
larynx muscles supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerves. In
some cases, aspiration pneumonia bad developed due to paral-
ysis of the pneumogastric nerve. The laryngeal paralysis was
probably due to ingestion of lead from soil contaminated by
Selby emissions. However, the amount of lead in surface soils
exposed to smelter smoke no longer constitutes a hazard and
there is no evidence of injury since March 1914.
41143
Smith, William H.
LEAD AND MERCURY BURDEN OF URBAN WOODY
PLANTS. Science, 176(4040): 1237-1239, June 16, 1972. 30 refs.
Branch samples were collected from Sept.-Nov. 1970
throughout the city of New Haven, Connecticut. The species
surveyed were pin oak, sugar maple, Norway maple, eastern
hemlock, yew, and Norway spruce. Portions of the samples
collected for lead analysis were subjected to various washing
procedures. All samples were then dried and ashed. The lead
content was determined by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Mercury determinations were made with un-
washed specimens by means of a flameless adaptation of
atomic absorption speclrophotometry after wet digestion. The
average values exceeded most lead concentrations reported for
trees, and the maximum values, exceeded all previously re-
ported lead concentrations, even for trees in areas with
geologic lead deposits. The highest lead concentrations were
associated with twigs in sugar maple, eastern hemlock, yew,
and Norway spruce and with leaves in pin oak and Norway
maple. The maximum lead concentration observed was 760
ppm in a washed hemlock twig. Washing procedures did not
appear to affect the lead amounts. Also, ten unwashed sam-
ples of tree and shrub tissues collected in New Haven during
the same period were analyzed for mercury. The mercury con-
tent of six of these samples slightly exceeded 0.5 ppm. Only
one sample contained more than 1.0 ppm mercury. Woody
plants may play an important role in heavy metal cycling in
urban areas by acting as a short and long term repository
41461
Lewis, E. F., and J. C. Meikle
NOTES ON THE USE OF CALCIUM DISODIUM VER-
SENATE IN HEAVY METAL POISONING OF LIVESTOCK.
Brit. Vet. J., vol. 114:69-71, 1958. 10 refs.
The phenomenon of chelation and its application to heavy
metal poisoning of livestock are reviewed with respect to the
pharmacology, clinical applications, and method of administra-
tion. Calcium disodium versenate (Ca-EDTA) shows chief
value in the treatment of lead poisoning and acute copper
poisoning. The chelate combines in the body with metals capa-
bleOov displacing calcium while the nromal body content of
the same metals is unaffected since the latter are already part
of more stable complexes. Administration of Ca-EDTA should
not produce anemia or derangement of B12 metabolism. A
dose rate of 1 g for every 30 Ib of body weight provides
adequate chelation. Unabsorbed lead in alimentary system is
rendered inert by oral doses. Normal administration is given
intravenously at a final dilution of normal saline or gluco-
saline of 5%. Initial treatment should be followed by a second
dose after several days interval.
41733
Darling, Frank Fraser
PROBLEMS OF POLLUTION. HI. LAND POLLUTION. J.
Roy. Soc. Arts (London), vol. 119:520-527, July 1971. 7 refs.
(Presented at the Royal Society of Arts, London, England,
March 29, 1971.)
Many soils are showing adverse effects as a result of pesti-
cides and over cultivation. They are often greasy and are
showing much more lateral run-off of water which carries
some of the surplus mineral fertilizers into the river systems.
The intricate buffer of humus is at a low ebb. The soil is no
longer the sponge it was-a sponge which not only holds water
for the crop, but also influences invertebrate soil fauna and
their behavior in the presence of organochlorine pesticides.
Fungicidal sprays and organo-mercurial seed dressings do not
seem to concentrate in food chains; their use can, however,
reach dangerous levels in such intensive culture as orchard
row. It is too early to state definitely the effects of airborne
mercury on soils because of the considerable natural mercurial
content of most soils. Industrial soil pollution by copper, zinc,
and lead has occurred often in the past, but is unlikely to
become important in England in the future. Nevertheless, old
polluted sites are persistent and in need of reclamation. Soil
damage can result from an excess of nutrient organic matter in
the form of farm-produced excreta and sewage sludge. Some-
times it is spread too heavily, and as pig manure is often in the
form of slurry, there can be anaerobic sealing of the soil. The
effects of radioactive pollutants and the dumping of solid
wastes are discussed briefly.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
331
41800
Maeno, M.
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON TREES (VIH). HEAVY
METALS IN LEAVES OF STREET TREES: LEAD, NICKEL,
CHROME, AND CADMIUM. (lumoku ni taisuru taiki osen no
eikyo (Dai hachi ho). Cairo juyo no jukinzoku nikkeru,
nameri, kuromu, kadomiumu). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (I. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):159, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution
Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The nickel, lead, chromium and cadmium contents of leaves of
plants grown in Tokyo area were measured. The nickel content
ranged from 7-15 ppm, the lead content from 14-34 ppm,
chromium from 4-16 ppm, and cadmium from 0.7-1.3 ppm.
Fluctuations in metal contents were most pronounced for pau-
lownia. High contents of nickel, lead, and chromium were
found in highly pollutta imiustdr,' «rtns i*i the diree elt,; ^:.,i,
the difference in lead content in industrial areas compared to
that in residential and commercial areas was less significant.
This was attributed to the contribution of lead in exhaust
gases. Correlation coefficients between metal content and in-
soluble materials adhering to leaves were calculated for in-
dividual plants.
41891
Hindawi, Ibrahim J. and Grady E. Neely
SOH, AND VEGETATION STUDY. In: Helena Valley, Mon-
tana, Area Environmental Pollution Study. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Office of Air
Programs, Pub-AP-91, p. 81-94, Jan. 1972. NTIS: PB 207126
The investigation had three purposes: to determine how
Helena Valley, Montana, vegetation was being contaminated
by heavy metals, to determine the concentrations of heavy
metals being accumulated in area vegetation, and to assess any
sulfur dioxide damage that might be occurring in the Valley.
The metal pollutants of interest were arsenic, cadmium, lead,
and zinc. Alfalfa, pinto bean, carrot, beet, petunia, and tobac-
co plants were grown under controlled conditions at four loca-
tions in the study area for a period of 10 weeks. Some plants
were supplied with ambient air, others with purified air. Com-
parative analyses of hydroponically grown vegetation and that
grown in ambient air revealed that metals in the form of fine
particles or in the gaseous state were not a major source of
the heavy metals content of vegetation. The heavy metal con-
centrations in the experimentally grown vegetation varied
directly with the metal concentration found in the soil. Soil
concentration of each metal studied varied inversely with
distance from the large smelting and refining stack in the area.
Concentration of heavy metals in wheat kernels, barley ker-
nels, oat kernels, pasture grass, alfalfa, and lettuce in the East
Helena area did not indicate an inverse relationship with
distance from the smelter. Sulfur dioxide and acid-mist injury
developed on several plant varieties at two locations. Sulfur
dioxide alone was the cause of leaf injury at the other loca-
tions. All locations where injury was found were within one
mile of the stack of the smelting and refining facility. Relative-
ly low concentrations of ozone and SO2, when mixed, caused
vegetation damage.
41892
Gordon, C. C.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON INDIGENOUS ANIMALS
AND VEGETATION. In: Helena Valley, Montana, Area En-
vironmental Pollution Study. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Office of Air Programs,
Pub-AP-91, p. 95-112, Jan. 1972. 27 refs. NTIS: PB 207126
Accumulation of lead and cadmium in animals indigenous to
the Helena Valley was determined by liver and kidney
analyses of several species of area rodents. No definite cor-
relation between lead or cadmium concentrations in animals
and distance from East Helena smelter stacks was obvious. In
conjunction with the rodent-trapping project, soil and grass
were collected from each site where rodents were trapped. A
comparison of the metal contents of washed and unwashed
garden lettuce is presented. In another study, two groups of
rabbits were fed lettuce thought to have high lead and cadmi-
um concentrations. One group ate lettuce grown in East
Helena gardens, and the other ate lettuce grown in Missoula
on soil brought from East Helena. After six weeks, the
animals were sacrificed, and bone, liver, and kidney analyses
were performed. Only small differences in accumulation oc-
curred between the groups, and total accumulation was insig-
nificant. Collections of conifer foliage for histological studies
were made at three locations in the vicinity of the smelter
stack. The following phenomena were observed in photomicro-
graphs: the mesophyll cell below the stomatal opening was al-
most invariably destroyed; this cell was either ruptured, col-
lapsed, or completely disintegrated by the time the thin-walled
cells of the vascular system were undergoing hypertrophy. The
chloroplast and nuclei within the mesophyll cells were
destroyed, giving the cells a granular appearance. The epitheli-
al cells of the resin canals underwent hypertrophy and, if col-
lapse did not occur, their enlarged cells became thick-walled
and rigid. The inner walls of the endothermal cells, the
parenchymatous cells of the transfusion tissue, and the albu-
minous parenchyma cells of the phloem tissue collapsed. All
of these disease symptoms indicate sulfur dioxide damage.
41893
Lewis, Trent R.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVESTOCK AND
ANIMAL PRODUCTS. In: Helena Valley, Montana, Area En-
vironmental Pollution Study. Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Office of Air Programs,
Pub-AP-91, p. 113-124, Jan. 1972. NTIS: PB 207126
Arsenic, zinc, cadmium, and lead concentrations in the manes
of 39 horses in the vicinity of the smelting and refining com-
plex at East Helena, were determined. Proximity to the indus-
trial area correlated well with increased levels or arsenic, lead,
and cadmium in the manes of the horses. Furthermore, older
animals, animals residing in Helena Valley for the longest du-
ration, and chronically impaired animals had high concentra-
tions of lead and cadmium in their manes. Fifty percent of the
horses at sites investigated showed lead and cadmium levels
two to five times greater than the values found in the control
horses. A horse for which postmortem data are presented had
highly toxic levels of cadmium and lead in the kidney and
liver; these levels were not reflected in the mane. This dispari-
ty probably relates to an actue exposure to these metals rather
than a long-term or chronic exposure. Metal contents of
miscellaneous animal products, including chicken (muscle),
rabbit (muscle), whole milk, beef tissue (liver and muscle),
beef (knee bone), swine tissue (heart), and sausage were deter-
mined.
42207
Keaton, Clark M.
THE INFLUENCE OF LEAD COMPOUNDS ON THE
GROWTH OF BARLEY. Soil Sci., 43(6):401-411, June 1937.
18 refs.
Evidence is shown by the results obtained in this study that
because of the high fixing power of the soils used, large quan-
tities of lead could be added without harmful effects. When
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332
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
amounts at the rate of 7190 Ibs lead carbonate/acre were used,
no detrimental effects on the growth of barley were observed.
The tendency was for the growth of barley to be stimulated by
minute quantities of soluble lead in the soil. A relationship ap-
pears to exist between the growth stimulation and soluble lead
content of the soil, with a tendency for maximum stimulation
to occur when the concentration of soluble lead ranges
between 0.1 to 0.4 ppm lead oxide. Lead was found in the
plants in both tops and roots, the concentration in the latter
being notably higher than in the tops. The tendency of the
plants was to absorb greater quantities of lead with increasing
concentrations of soluble lead in the soil. (Author summary
modified)
42250
Costesque, L. M. and T. C. Hutchinson
THE ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SOIL POLLU-
TION BY METALLIC DUST FROM THE SUDBURY SMEL-
TERS. Inst. of Environmental Sciences, Mt. Prospect, HI.,
Proc. Inst. Environ. Sci., Annu. Tech. Meet., 18th, New York,
1972, p. 540-545. 16 refs. (May 1-4.)
The ecological consequences of heavy metal damage are
probably being masked by the damage due to sulfur dioxide
emitted by the metal smelters of Sudbury, Ontario in Canada.
Soil and vegetation east and south of the source, plant leaves,
and dust and rainfall were sampled for analysis of copper,
nickel, cobalt, zinc, manganese, lead, and iron content.
Elevated levels of nickel were detected up to 31 mi from the
smelters and toxic water levels extended to 10 mi. The soil
contamination has a pattern indicative of an airborne smelter
source. A significant reduction of pH occurred in the soil
within 1 1/2 mi of the smelter. A pH of 2.2 was recorded in
one instance, suggesting the presence of free sulfuric acid.
Nickel levels were 2835 ppm at 0.5 mi from the smelter, 1522
ppm at 4-5 mi, 306 ppm at 12 mi, and 83 ppm at 31 mi. Copper
followed the same pattern from 1528 ppm to 31 ppm; cobalt
decreased from 127 ppm to 19 ppm. Average soil levels should
be 40 ppm for Ni, 20 ppm for Cu, and 8 ppm for Co. (Author
summary modified)
42336
Maeno, Michio
EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS IN DUST ON TREES.
(Baijinchu no kinzoku seibun no jumoku e no eikyo). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 8(6):535-542.
June 1972.
Metal contents in trees were investigated at two major cities
of Kanagawa Prefecture. Iron was found in the largest concen-
tration, followed by zinc, manganese, lead, copper, nickel,
chromium, and cadmium. All the metal contents were higher in
trees in industrial areas than in those in commercial and re-
sidential areas. The average metal content of particulates on
the leaves of seven kinds of trees in a industrial area in
Kawasaki City were 86.7 mg/sq m leaf area for Fe, 1.33 mg/sq
m for Mn, 1.07 mg/sq m for Zn, 0.34 mg/sq m for Pb, 0.11
mg/sq m for Cu, 0.11 mg/sq m for Ni, and 0.004 mg/sq m for
Cd. The average components of particulates on the leaves of
trees in an industrial area were 38.1% silicon dioxide, 14.1%
aluminum oxide, 18.3% ferric oxide, 7.2% calcium oxide, 1.896
magnesium oxide, and 9.6% sulfur trioxide, and those in a
non-industrial area were 45.3%, 16.6%, 8.8%, 6.2%, 2.0%, and
8.5%, respectively. Investigations on the growth of trees
revealed that new leaves in industrial areas had smaller leave
areas and poor growth conditions.
42607
Webber, M. D.
A COMPARISON OF IGNITION TREATMENTS FOR PB
MEASUREMENT IN PLANT TISSUES. Can. J. Soil Sci.,
52(2):282-284, June 1972. 4 refs.
Dry ignition at 460-500 C is frequently used to prepare plant
tissue for lead analysis; however, it was observed that mea-
surements for tissues following one dry ignition at 500 C were
larger than after two ignitions. Consequently, a comparison of
ignition treatments for analysis of lead in hay and pasture sam-
ples was carried out. Although the data for comparison of igni-
tion treatments are incomplete, there was generally good
agreement between the measurements after one dry ignition at
430 C; one dry ignition at 430 C followed by sodium carbonate
fusion; and wet ignition with nitric acid, perchloric acid. Dry
ignition at 450-500 C caused large reduction of Pb. Dry ignition
at 300-430 C tested with one tissue and at 430 C tested with all
tissues gave complete recovery of lead, but a large amount of
unoxidized carbon remained. Wet ignition with HNO3 and
HC1O4 yielded complete recovery of Pb and rapid and
complete oxidation of plant tissues.
42715
Shupe, James L., Wayne Binns, Lynn F. James, and Richard
F. Keeler
LUPINE, A CAUSE OF CROOKED CALF DISEASE. J. Am.
Vet. Med. Assoc., 151 (2): 198-203, July 15, 1967. 21 refs.
Lupine, lupine and lead, and lead alone were fed to cows to
evaluate their teratogenic effects. Lupine proved to be a cause
of crooked calf disease, which was characterized by either
arthrogryposis or torticollis and scoliosis or both, and occa-
sionally cleft palate. The principle time of insult for the front
limbs was between the 40th and 70th day of gestation,
although slight to moderate malformations did occur when lu-
pine was fed to cows before and after this period. The severity
of the deformity was not necessarily correlated with the
severity of the signs of poisoning. Lupine toxicosis is related
to its high alkaloid content. (Author summary modified)
42857
Nielsen, S. W.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS PATHOGENIC TO
ANIMALS. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 159(9):1103-1107, Nov.
1, 1971.
Veterinary diagnostic laboratories have detected a number of
disease problems caused by environmental pollution. The pol-
lutants and the resulting disease conditions are in many forms.
Air pollution due to industrial and automotive exhaust fumes
causes damage to the lungs of man and lower animals that
closely share his environment, namely, this dog and the cat.
Lung lesions caused by prolonged fume or dust inhalation
range from anthracosis, emphysema, and fibrosis to lung
cancer. Dogs and cats in London have a much higher in-
cidence of oro-pharyngeal cancers than in any other area in
the world. Radioactive fallout from the testing of nuclear
devices has caused chronic radiation dermatitis and precan-
cerous lesions in cattle, mules, and other animals grazing near
test sites. Fluorosis has been observed in cattle and deer on
pastures surrounding factories processing clay or other raw
products with high fluoride content. Other environmental pol-
lutants which are toxic to animals include nerve gas,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, lead, and
mercury. Tasks for the veterinary pathologist with regard to
the identification and examination of environmental com-
pounds causing pathogenesis are outlined.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
333
42924
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON FARM ANIMALS. In: Air
Pollution Manual. Part I. Evaluation. Detroit, American Indus-
trial Hygiene Assoc., I960, Chapt. 6, p. 63-71. 97 refs.
The susceptibility of animal species to air pollutants will vary
according to the specific contaminant in question. In addition
to different species susceptibilities, individual animal varia-
tions also exist within each species. The lesions produced by
air pollutants depend on the toxic property of the pollutants,
the dosage rate, the duration of the exposure, and the suscep-
tibility of the animal. Criteria are listed for the diagnosis of in-
jury by air pollutants. It is important in investigating the ef-
fects of air pollutants on farm animals to ascertain whether
any abnormal condition found is the result of the pollutants in
question or some other stress. Nutritional disorders, metabolic
diseases, mineral deficiencies, and accidental poisoning are
considered. Adequate information is needed on the dosage
range of the contaminants to which the animals are subjected,
and a careful meteorological study of the area should be in-
cluded. Tissue samples may provide an important source of
data when animal injury has resulted from specific known pol-
lutants. The effects of arsenic, fluorides, lead, molybdenum,
and sulfur dioxide on farm animals are discussed, including
threshold limit values and toxic tolerances.
42945
Tenconi L. T. and G. Agocella
CHEMOTHERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL LEAD POISONING.
I. EFFECTS OF LEAD POISONING ON THE METABOLISM
OF TRYPTOPHAN TO NICOTINIC ACID IN RATS. (Studio
sulla chemotherapia dell intossicazione sperimentale da piom-
bo. Nota 1-Effetti dell avvelenamento da piombo sul metabol-
ismo triptofano-acido nicotinico nel ratio). Text in Italian. Acta
Vitaminol. (Milan), 20:189-194, 1966. 10 refs.
The effects of lead poisoning on the tryptophannicotinic acid
metabolic pathway were studied with reference to pyridoxine
deficiency, which apparently occurs in lead-intoxicated rab-
bits, in order to determine parameters for use in
chemotherapeutic tests in experimental saturism. Rats were
given 300 mg/kg/day lead acetate for 30 days; coproporphyrins
and xanthurenic acid in urine were determined at 10-day inter-
vals. Coproporphyrin elimination increased from the start of
the feeding while xanthurenic acid, an index of pyridoxine
deficiency, was initially unchanged and did not diminish until
after the 30th day of feeding. Kynurenic acid, orthoamino-hip-
puric acid, kynurenine, acetylkynurenine, 3-OH-kynurenine,
and Nl-methylnicotinamide were unchanged. Lead intoxication
in rats does not produce the changes in tryptophan metabol-
ism, manifested by pyridoxine deficiency, observed in rabbits,
but the increased elimination of Coproporphyrin does point to
a defect in porphyrin metabolism attributable to lead poisoning
in both rat and rabbit. A metabolic disturbance in the tryp-
tophan-nicotinic acid pathway can be assumed even in rats,
although it may only take the form of a blockage of the first
metabolic stage. The reduced elimination of tryptophan
metabolites by poisoned rats (11, compared with 27 micro M
in controls) could also be attributed to reduced amino acid ab-
sorption. Histologic examination revealed lesions in the in-
testinal wall of the poisoned rats probably associated with
changes in the intestinal microflora.
43226
Aschbacher, P. W.
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH NEEDS WITH ANIMALS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 31p.,
1972. 107 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami Beach, Fla., June 18-22,
1972, Paper 72-153.)
Based on published reports, air pollution problems relating to
livestock are identified. These are discussed under two catego-
ries: pollutants from industrial-urban sources affecting
livestock, and pollutants originating from animal production
units. The available knowledge concerning these problems is
briefly described. Air pollution from industrial sources affect-
ing farm livestock is usually the result of accumulation of the
pollutant on forage in a localized area surrounding the source,
and the animals affected are primarily herbivores. Specific pol-
lutants discussed in this regard are fluorine, lead, molyb-
denum, cadmium, and arsenic. In the second category, availa-
ble information on specific pollutants identified as arising from
various livestock production systems is presented. In any
animal production system, volatile compounds from decom-
posing manure may be released into the atmosphere. In some
cases, these gases may have adverse effects on the animals in
the housing unit, or they may possess such odors as to be con-
sidered a public nuisance. Gases present in poultry, swine, and
cattle housing units are identified. Of all problems identified,
extensive information is available only for fluorosis, and in all
cases the knowledge to assess the situation completely is
lacking. (Author abstract modified)
43279
Warnick, Stephen L. and Henry L. Bell
THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF SOME HEAVY METALS TO
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF AQUATIC INSECTS. J. Water Pol-
lution Control Federation, 41(2):280-284, Feb. 1969. 12 refs.
The acute toxicity was determined of the salts of copper, zinc,
cadmium, lead, iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and mercury to
three species of aquatic insects as a first step in the develop-
ment of criteria for protecting these important fish-food organ-
isms. The three species of insects used were: the stonefly,
(Plecoptera) Acroneuria lycorias; the mayfly, (Ephemeroptera)
Ephemerella subvaria; and the caddisfly, (Trichoptera)
Hydropsyche betteni. Ten individuals of each species were
used in each metal concentration and control. Analysis of the
killed insects revealed significant amounts of metal had been
absorbed. Ephemerella was the most sensitive to all the
metals, copper being the most toxic at 0.32 mg/1 (48-hr median
tolerance limit (TLm), followed by iron at 0.32 mgA (96-hr
TLm); cadmium, chromium, and mercury at 2.0 mg/1, and
cobalt at 16 mg/1, (all 96-hr TLm). Mercury also was toxic to
Acroneuria at 33.5 mg/1, and cobalt to Hydropsyche at 64.0
mg/1, (also 96-hr TLm). In all other cases the test organisms
lived beyond 96 hr, even at concentrations up to 64.0 mg/1, in-
dicating that the aquatic insects may not be as sensitive to the
heavy metals as are fish.
43342
Glater, Ruth Ann B. and Louis Hernandez, Jr.
LEAD DETECTION IN LIVING PLANT TISSUE USING A
NEW HISTOCHEMICAL METHOD. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 22(6):463-467, June 197 20 refs.
A simple and rapid method for identifying and distinguishing
lead from other heavy metals in living plants has been
developed using sodium rhodizonate which forms a scarlet
precipitate with lead at approximately pH 2.8. Hand sections
of plant tissues are treated with rhodizonate reagent, buffered,
and examined microscopically. Those cells and tissues con-
taminated with lead turn scarlet—color intensity being directly
related to concentration. Lead may be detected in quite low
concentrations (in the order of 10 ppm) and may be observed
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334
LEAD AND A[R POLLUTION
in situ; its entry and movement through plant can thus be fol-
lowed. A disadvantage of the method is that the color does not
persist beyond a few hours. In an area of moderate traffic of
Downey, California (Southeast Los Angeles), lead was found
abundantly on leaves as well as on roots of garden-grown let-
tuce; origin of this lead presumed to be from car exhausts.
(Author abstract modified)
43511
Stoefen,D.
LEAD-INDUCED FETAL ALTERATIONS IN GRAZING CAT-
TLE? (Bieibedlngte Keimschaeden beta Weidevish)? Text in
German. Zuchthygfene, 4(4):169-173,1969. 32 refs.
Observations and experiments on the effects of lead on
animals and man are reviewed. The daily lead intake by graz-
ing cattle may lie at 112-167 micrograms/kg body weight.
Doses of 1 ing/day or 14 micrograms/kg body weight have had
a pathological effect. The toxic effect is dependent on en-
dogenous or exogenous fluctuations in the blood lead level,
caused by local factors, rather than on the blood level itself,
which is largely constant. Psychic, and particularly fetal, ef-
fects appear much earlier than physiopathological ones. Lead
represents a major fetal hazard. The synthesis of ribonucleic
acids is inhibited by lead which also penetrates the fetus. Mal-
function of the ovary, menstruation problems, sterility,
omotocia, and increased infant mortality due to lead were ob-
served. High lead doses had teratogenic effects in animal tests.
Brain damages in infants such as hydrocephalus, idiocy,
spasms, infantilism, and rachitis were found. Atrophy of the
seminiferous tubules, damages of the parenchyma in sex
glands, and reduced spermatogenesis were observed. Oral
doses of six times 0.002 mg/kg and six times 200 mg/kg body
weight had largely the same effects (damaged testes and
sperms, edemas in interstitial tissues, and necrosis of
seminiferous tubules). Sensibilization of allergenics and inhibi-
tion of immunologic reactions by lead were revealed.
43721
Lee, J. A.
LEAD POLLUTION FROM A FACTORY MANUFACTURING
ANTI-KNOCK COMPOUNDS. Nature, 238(5360):165-166,
July 21, 1972. 9 refs.
In a study of the edaphic factors affecting certain grassland
communities in Cheshire, significant lead levels were found in
vegetation in the vicinity of a factory manufacturing anti-
knock compounds which consist of tetraethyl and tetramethyl
lead. Moss species found in abundance at the sample sites
were collected and their mean lead content was taken as a
measure of the lead accumulated in the ground layer. At sites
where three or more species were sampled there was fairly
good correspondence in the lead content of the species. Sam-
ples of Holcus lanatus were also taken. There was a rapid
decline in the lead concentration in the vegetation away from
the factory in the first 400 m and a slower decline in the next
400 m. At 800 m, however, the amount of lead in the mosses
was between two and three times that in the same species col-
lected in rural areas far from any industry. Concentrations as
great as 286 ppm were observed in a pasture downwind of the
factory; this was nearly three times as much as in roadside
samples from central Manchester. A sample of Holcus lanatus
from immediately outside the factory had a lead content of
1838 ppm. Some of the contents recorded in Holcus lanatus
areJikely__tabeJughly toxic to herbivores.
43782
Briggs, D.
POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION IN MARCHANTIA
POLYMORPHA L. IN VARIOUS LEAD POLLUTION
LEVELS. Nature (London), 238(5360): 166-167, July 21, 1972.
7 refs.
A preliminary study of lead levels in populations of the liver-
wort Marchantia polymorpha L. is presented. The liverwort is
relatively common in most shady streets in the center of
Glasgow and Edinburgh and is also found in country districts.
Eleven samples of Marchantia and the soil 1 to 2 cm beneath
them were collected along a transect running north-west from
central Glasgow to a point 13 km from the city. The lead con-
tent of plant digests and soil extracts was determined by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry. High lead levels were
found in Marchantia and in soils from the centers of Glasgow
and Edinburgh, and in samples from Chats worth, Dunoon, and
Beattock which are away from large urban areas but near
roads. There was usually a greater concentration of lead in the
liverwort than in the soil, and high levels of lead in the
Marchanti thalli were usually associated with high lead values
in the soil. Four populations were studied to see if plants are
differentially sensitive to lead in the medium. The three city
clones grew equally well on lead agar and control medium, but
the Milngavie plants, which grow in an area exposed to less
lead contamination, grew significantly less well on lead agar in
comparison with the control. It seems likely that lead tolerant
genotypes have a selective advantage in city regions. Marchan-
tia polymorpha, which contains higher lead levels than the
bryophytes used in previous studies, could perhaps be a valua-
ble indicator species.
44071
Ganje, T. J. and A, L. Page
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS OF PLANTS, SOIL, AND AIR
NEAR HIGHWAYS. Calif. Agr., 26(4):7-9, April 1972.
Lead found in and on crops in highway proximity tests in
Southern California was caused principally by aerial depsoi-
tion. Substantial amounts of lead were removed from exposed
plant tissues by distilled water washing. .Amounts of lead in
and on crops were influenced by distance from the highway,
extent of plant surface exposed, external plant characteristics,
duration of plant exposure, motor vehicle traffic density, and
direction of prevailing winds. In soils and suspended air par-
ticulates, lead concentration was influenced by distance from
highways and the direction of prevailing winds. Crops sur-
veyed included lima bean, corn, sugar beel, tomato, wheat, al-
falfa, and oranges.
44588
Zook, B. C., R. M. Sauer, and F. M. Garner
LEAD POISONING IN AUSTRALIAN FRUIT BATS. (Pteropus
poliocephalus). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 157(5):691-694, Sept.
1, 1970. 11 refs.
Lead poisoning was diagnosed in three Australian fruit bats
who died in their indoor cage three months after they were
received at the National Zoological Park. Diagnoses were in-
dicated by the discovery of large acid-fast intranuclear inclu-
sion bodies in renal and hepatic cells, and toxic amounts of
lead in tissues. The nuclei of about 10 to 15% of proximal con-
voluted tubular cells and hepatocytes were enlarged, up to
twice the dimensions of adjacent nuclei, and nucleoli and
chromatin were marginated to the nuclear membrane. The
large size of the inclusion bodies seemed to parallel the high
amount of lead accumulated in the livers of the animals, 500
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
335
ppm. The source of the lead was found to be paint on the
walls of the bat cage which had been peeling. It is thought that
certain idiopathic diseases of zoo primates and some illnesses
of other zoo animals may also be the result of lead poisoning.
45056
Holtzman, Richard B.
RA 226 AND THE NATURAL AIRBORNE NUCLIDES PB 210
AND PO 210 IN ARCTIC BIOTA. In: Radiation Protection.
Part 2. W. S. Snyder (ed.), New York, Pergamon Press, 1968,
p. 1087-1096. 20 refs.
In order to better determine the characteristics and effects on
humans of arctic biota with high concentrations of lead (210)
and polonium (210), these nuclides, along with their long-lived
predecessor, radium (226), were measured in lichens, in bone
and muscle of caribou and other arctic animals, and in Eskimo
placenta. The Ra (226) with concentrations 1/3 to 1/50 of the
other nuclides, cannot be the direct source of the other
nuclides. In caribou bone the Po (210) was in radioactive
equilibrium with the Pb (210) and averaged about 11.7 pCi/g
ash, twice the Pb (210) in reindeer bone. The Pb (210) content
of muscle of both species was lOpCi/kg (wet). By contrast, the
Po (210) content was much greater, about 200 pCi/kg. A
definite seasonal decrease was noted in the lead in muscle dur-
ing the second half of the year. Similar variations were in-
dicated for polonium in muscle and for lead in bone. The high
levels in caribou are attributed to the high fallout levels of
these nuclides in lichens, their winter forage, which contain (in
dry weight) 6 pCi and 12 pCi Pb (210)/g. The other animals ex-
hibited appreciably lower concentrations in bone and muscle.
Wolf, which consumes large quantities of caribou, exhibited
activities in bone of 1 pCi/g ash, about that observed in some
Eskimo bone. The Po (210) content of wolf muscle was about
the same as that of caribou, 200 pCi/kg, but the Pb (210) was
only about 1 pCi/kg. Similar, but less dramatic, differences
were observed in Eskimo placenta. Estimates of uptake show
that Eskimos could acquire sufficient of the long-lived Pb
(210) to double the total skeletal radiation dose (rad) over that
of Mid westerners. However, despite the high concentrations
of Po (210) in meat, direct intake accounts for only a relatively
small increase in total dose. (Author abstract)
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336
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
00305
R. E. Johnson, A. T. Rossano, Jr., R. O. Sylvester
DUSTFALL AS A SOURCE OF WATER QUALITY IMPAIR-
MENT. J. Sanit. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. Civil Engrs. 92, (SA 1)
245-67, Feb. 1966. (Presented at the Third Annual Meeting,
Pacific Northwest International Section, Air Pollution Control
Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, Nov. 2-4, 1965.)
An investigation was made of dustfall during the months of
June, July, and August, 1964, in Seattle, Washington, and sur-
rounding areas, to determine effects of dustfall on reservoir
watei quality. Several components of dustfall were measured
at 46 stations located within Seattle and suburbs. Methods of
sampling and analysis are described. Dustfall rates and their
significance in terms of water quality, source, and meteorolog-
ical factors are examined. It is concluded that while water
quality is not affected appreciably at the present time, an in-
crease in dustfall in the future from uncontrolled sources
could be a threat to drinking water quality. Lead appears to be
the main constituent that has significance as a water quality
contaminant.
02176
J. P. Lodge, Jr. and E. R. Frank.
EVAPORATED METAL FILMS AS INDICATORS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION - n RESISTANCE MEASURE-
MENTS. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution 6, 215-21, 1962.
Thin metallic films were tested as integrating indicators of
total atmospheric corrosiveness. The change in electrical re-
sistance was used as the index of the rate of attack. The
metals used were aluminum, copper iron and lead. Gross at-
mospheric features associated with the accumulation of sub-
stances in air that are corrosive to metals appear to be directly
related to the rate of resistance change. This behavior is most
striking in aluminum. A simple, inexpensive technique is pro-
vided for the continuous recording of corrosion rate.
03735
J. P. Lodge, Jr. B. R. Havlik
EVAPORATED METAL FILMS AS INDICATORS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution. 3,
(4) 249-52, 1960.
The use of evaporated metal films a few hundredths of a
micron in thickness is proposed. Glass slides covered with
films of aluminum, iron, lead, copper, and silver were
prepared and exposed in the Cincinnati area. Corrosion
products were identified by means of X-ray diffraction and
microchemical methods. Corrosion results in an increase in
light transmission by the film, which can be taken as a quan-
titative measure of corrosion. Preliminary results showed alu-
minum to be the most dependable indicator of general st-
mospheric corrosiveness, although silver appeared specifically
sensitive to a small group of pollutants, such as halogens,
ozone, and sulfur compounds. Lead corroded so rapidly as to
be difficult to interpret while iron was shown to be responsive
primarily to relative humidity. Fair correlations were obtained
with independent measures of pollution level. Some explorato-
ry work was done on the measurement of the elect*ical re-
sistance of the films. (Author abstract)
06355
H. H. Copson, 'Chairman.'
REPORT ON SUBCOMMITTEE VI ON ATMOSPHERIC
CORROSION - 1957 TEST PROGRAM. (In: Atmospheric ex-
posure of nonferrous metals and alloys.) Proc. Am. Soc. Test-
ing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1959. Vol. 59, 1-7.
Committee B-3, in 1956, initiated a series of atmospheric cor-
rosion tests of 77 alloys containing 9 basis metals including
some of the newer commercial metals such as titanium, tan-
talum, and molybdenum. Each alloy was exposed in triplicate
for each exposure period at all four sites with one exception:
sufficient tantalum was available for exposure only at Kure
Beach, N. C., and Newark, N. J. Tables containing code for
atmospheric exposure location, chemical analyses, initial ten-
sion test data and exposure dates are appended.
06357
J. S. Pettibone, 'Chairman' W. H. Ailor
REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE VI ON ATMOSPHERIC
CORROSION - 1957 TEST PROGRAM: TWO-YEAR EXPO-
SURES. (In: Atmospheric exposure of nonferrous metals and
alloys) Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
1962. Vol. 62, 18-33.
This report is concerned with the data obtained from the 2-
year removal of exposed and control panels of the 77 alloys of
nine basic metals of the 1957 program plus three additional
aluminum alloys tested under the same program requirements
by the Aluminium Development Assn. at five test sites in En-
gland. One alloy (super purity aluminum --ASTM Code No. 87)
is under test at the four ASTM sites and the five sites in En-
gland. Tables showing the exposure periods for the alloys, two
year data 1957 test program by alloy and exposure site and
cleaning procedures are included. The test program is
discussed, including atmospheric exposure, exposure periods,
test panels, identification, laboratory tests prior to exposure,
and evaluation of corrosion damage. The participating compa-
nies are listed.
22128
Slomyanskaya, F. B.
DURABILITY OF METALS UNDER OPERATING CONDI-
TIONS IN VARIOUS SULFUR REMOVAL EQUIPMENT.
(Stoykosf metallov v usloviyakh raboty ryada appa ratov
seroochistki). Text in Russian. In: Korroziya i iznos konstrukt-
sionnykh materialov khimicheskogo mashinostroyeniya. F. F.
Khimushina, (ed.) Moscow, 1958, p. 111-132. 10 refs.
The corrosion resistance of metals in saturated and
regenerated sulfite-bisulfite solutions at 20-95 C was studied.
Type Khl8N12M2T steel was the most durable metal tested
and is recommended for lining absorbers. Aluminum was
found suitable for contact with liquid and gaseous phases in
the absorber; double cladding is recommended for parts sub-
-------
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
337
ject to heavy wear. At operating temperatures below 50 C, alu-
minum alloy A14 is recommended for use in contact with satu-
rated ammonium sulfite-bisulfite solutions; aluminum, or any
of its silicon alloys, with regenerated solutions. Copper con-
tent of the aluminum alloys should be minimal. Support ele-
ments in filter presses may be made of !Khl8N9T steel. Lead
containing 0.5% antimony is recommended for the construc-
tion of coolers operating in regenerated ammonium sulfite-
bisulfite solution at 90-95 C.
31377
Elliot, P. and T. K. Ross
SOME ASPECTS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF RARE
EARTH MODIFIED NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS IN HOT COR-
ROSION CONDITIONS. Werkstoffe Korrosion, 22(6):531-540,
1971. 14 refs. (Presented at the Tagung der Arbeitsgruppe,
Korrosion durch heisse Case und Verbrenmmgsprodukte
Duesseldorf, West Germany, Dec. 9-10, 1970.)
Much of the effort concerned with superalloy development for
gas turbine application is associated with the capability of the
alloy to combat a particular form of surface attack associated
with the combined presence of sodium, vanadium, lead or
other contaminants present in combusted fuel atmospheres.
This process generally referred to as hot corrosion is similar
to, but considerably more severe than, high temperature oxida-
tion. Rare earth additions to superalloys exposed to hot corro-
sion conditions have shown some benefits but some perform
better than others for specific alloy systems. Studies of the
performance of rare earth modified nickel-base alloys in sulfur
dioxide atmospheres indicated that it is the oxide which is
responsible for this hot corrosion resistnace.
32921
Sjoberg, J. W. and A. I. Rozmanith
FUEL VARIABLES AND CORROSION RESISTANT
MATERIALS FOR AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST THERMAL
REACTORS. Materials Prot. Performance, 10(9):31-34, Sept.
1971. 3 refs.
The effect of several fuel variables on oxidative corrosion of
metals in automotive exhaust gas afterburners was determined
for the normal thermal reactor operating range of 1700 to 1800
F. At 1750-1800 F, when used in conjunction with tetraethyl
lead antiknock additives, phosphorus tends to significantly in-
crease corrosion of afterburner metals. The lead and required
halogen scavengers also significantly increases corrosion. Sul-
fur, within reasonable concentration limits, has little effect on
high temperature oxidation in a thermal reactor. Halogens tend
to mitigate the corrosion promoting properties of lead. The
less highly alloyed metals showed a direct variation in oxida-
tion rate with average maximum cycle temperature. The more
highly alloyed materials did not appear to be greatly affected
by average maximum cycle temperature until a critical tem-
perature was reached at which further increases greatly in-
creased oxidation rate. The ferritic alloys containing chromium
and aluminum probably have adequate oxidation resistance to
make them useful for afterburner parts not subject to tempera-
tures exceeding 1700-1750 F. Coatings are indicated to improve
the oxidation resistance of the less expensive ferritic alloys.
Electron probe micrographs of the oxidation scale indicate that
metals achieve oxidation resistance in thermal reactor environ-
ments in the classic manner by formation of a protective layer
of chromium or aluminum oxide adjacent to the metal surface.
(Author summary modified)
33802
Kautz, K.
CAUSES FOR CORROSIONS IN INCINERATORS FOR
DOMESTIC REFUSE. (Korrosionsurasachen in Hausmuell-
verbrennungsanlagen). Text in German. Mitt, der Grosskessel-
betr., 51(5):396-402, Oct. 1971. 18 refs.
Incinerators for domestic refuse suffer from corrosion due to
chlorine compounds. Hydrogen chloride reacts with com-
ponents of the coating of the pipes, the steel, and the steel s
oxide layer. The flue gas contains chlorides, oxygen, sulfates,
carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Silicon compounds, oxides
(including aluminum and iron oxides), calcium sulfate, and al-
kaline metal sulfates are also emitted. Lead can occur as lead
sulfate or lead chloride. Hydrogen chloride is produced by the
burning of poly vinyl chloride.
36051
Godfrey, Douglas and Richard L. Courtney
INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISM OF EXHAUST
VALVE SEAT WEAR IN ENGINES RUN ON UNLEADED
GASOLINE. Preprint, Society of Automotiv Engineers, Inc.,
New York, 16p., 1971. 8 refs. (Presented at the Automotive
Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 11-15, 1971, Paper
710356.)
Valve seat wear or sinkage or recession was observed in eight
engines run on unleaded fuel. Detailed studies of valve seat
wear were undertaken in a 302-cu in. V-8 engine run for 10.25
hours at wide-open throttle on a dynamometer stand. The seat
was oxidized and flaky, and the valve face was spotted with
hard oxide nodules. Results indicate that during operation the
oxide flakes adhere to the valve face to form nodules which
become embedded in the metal. With the embedded nodules,
the valve wears the cast iron seat by abrasion. Loads, rota-
tion, and temperatures are often influencing factors. The use
of leaded fuel in another engine formed a lead oxide-lead
sulfate product on the hot valve face and a Pb (chlorine 0.75-
bromine 0.25)2 product on the cooler seat. These compounds
are high-temperature solid film lubricants which, by coating
the surface, inhibit cast iron oxidation and also prevent materi-
al transfer. (Author abstract)
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338
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
03288
W. W. Sabin and R. K. Scales.
EVALUATION OF USE VS. NON-USE OF TETRA-ETHYL
LEAD IN GASOLINE. Ethyl Corp., Detroit, Mich., Refinery
Technology Division. (Presented at the Symposium on En-
vironmental Lead Contamination, Public Health Service,
Washington, D.C. Dec. 13-15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. pp. 95-108.
GPO 0-210-345; HEW 1440
The economic aspects for and against the use of lead anti-
knocks are discussed in this paper. Author concluded that the
omission of lead anti-knocks would increase cost of manufac-
turing of gasoline, approaching the quality of today's to 2.6
cents/gallon for the U.S. refining industry. This is a 30 percent
increase in the manufactured cost of 8.5 cents/gallon for an ef-
ficient large refinery. Principal components of the increased
cost of gasoline are the increased consumption of petroleum
raw materials (185,000,000 barrels/year) and the enormous
capital investment (3 billion dollars) in new process facilities
that would be required. The type of gasolines which would
have to be produced without lead would be less satisfactory
than today's fuels and would require serious consideration
with regard to certain problem areas. Small independent
refiners would be unable to compete in the gasoline manufac-
turing business if anti-knocks were unavailable to them as a
means of producing competitive anti-knock quality. These
refiners would be forced out of the petroleum refining busi-
ness.
03289
M. J. Sterba.
REFINING TO PRODUCE GASOLINES OF REDUCED LEAD
CONTENT. Universal Oil Products Co., Des Plaines, 111.
(Presented at the Symposium on Environmental Lead Con-
tamination, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., Dec. 13-
15, 1965.) Mar. 1966. PP. 113-30. GPO 0-210-345; HEW 1440
In the variations of the generalized situations considered in
this discussion, the estimated incremental manufacturing cost
to the refiner for making an unleaded gasoline of current oc-
tane number quality ranged from 1.1 to 1.5 cents/Gal, above
what it costs to make current gasolines. This incremental cost
will vary, both above and below the range indicated, depend-
ing on the refinery size, its type, its location, crude charac-
teristics, crude supply situation, products made, price struc-
tures, labor costs, accounting methods, and many other fac-
tors. The important conclusion to be made is that it is possible
to make unleaded gasolines, but at costs that must be passed
on to the driving public. In order to market the same amount
and quality of clear gasoline as the refiner presently sells of
leaded gasoline, he must either market less of distillates or
residual fuel, or process more crude oil. Based on estimates
made for a 50,000 BSD refinery, the U.S. refining industry
would be required to make a capital investment of 1.5 to 2 bil-
lion dollars. This is to be compared with annual expenditures
of the order of 500 million dollars for normal refinery expan-
sion and modernization.
21749
Weidensaul, T. Craig and Norman L. LaCasse
STATEWIDE SURVEY OF ADI POLLUTION DAMAGE TO
VEGETATION - 1969. Pennsylvania State Univ., University
Park, Center for Air Environment Studies, PHS Grant AP
00002, 1970, 52p. 3 refs.
During the summer of 1969, a statewide survey of air pollution
damage to vegetation was conducted to assess economic losses
incurred on food and fiber crops in Pennsylvania. Most in-
cidents occurred in areas of greatest agricultural activity. The
greatest economic losses were observed on vegetable, fruit,
and agronomic crops, followed by lawns, ornamentals, green-
house flowers, and forest trees. The suspected major pollu-
tants, based on associated economic losses, appear to be as
follows: oxidants, sulfur oxides, lead, hydrogen chloride, par-
ticulates, herbicides, and ethylene. The total amount of direct
economic loss was estimated to be more than 3.5 million dol-
lars. Indirect losses accounted for an additional 8 million dol-
lars. These losses include known profit losses to growers,
costs of reforestation of denuded land, known greater reloca-
tion costs, and substitution of lower value crops for higher
value ones. Other indirect effects are stream silting, erosion,
farm abandonment, and loss in aesthetic values. (Author ab-
stract modified)
22358
McLeod, W. J.
IMPACT OF GASOLINE VOLATILITY AND OLEFIN
REDUCTION ON THE REFINER. American Petroleum Inst.,
New York, Div. of Refining, Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect. HI,
vol. 50:498-513. 1970. 3 refs. (Presented at the American
Petroleum Institute, Division of Refining, Midyear Meeting,
35th, Houston, Tex., May 13-15, 1970.)
Two studies investigating the air pollution benefits of gasoline
modification and the required cost to the refiner are reviewed.
Possible refinery methods for modifying gasoline are
described. One method, known as front-end saturation, in-
volves replacing the olefins with comparable paraffins.
Another method involves reducing the vapor pressure (volatili-
ty) of the gas. The effects of front-end saturation on smog
problems are reviewed. Unfortunately, neither the long-range
nor the short-range benefits are significant. Legislation
relevent to gasoline and to emission standards is reviewed.
Reducing vapor pressure is more expensive and less effective
than front-end saturation. It is reasonably certain that costs
will be much higher in unleaded than in leaded gasoline
because of the difference in effect of olefin saturation on
leaded and unleaded octane ratings.
26765
Downing, Paul B. and Lytton Stoddard
BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS OF ADX POLLUTION CONTROL
DEVICES FOR USED CARS. In: Project Clean Air. California
Univ., Riverside, Dept. of Economics, Research Proj. S-10,
Vol. 3, 44p., Sept. 1, 1970. 2 refs.
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J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
339
The costs and effectiveness of alternative automotive air pol-
lution control devices currently available for addition to used
cars are determined. The list of devices has been expanded to
include some devices which are currently under development
or could be developed if it were desirable. Other methods of
control such as fuel changes are not considered. The study
separately calculates costs and emissions during the years
1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985 for each of California's eleven air
sheds. Emissions are calculated for the three major pollutants,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. The
devices studies include tune-up, evaporation, spark advance,
afterburner, catalytic muffler, and exhaust recycle. Thei/emis-
sion reductions are presented in tabulated form. The cost ef-
fectiveness of alternative devices is calculated from emission
reductions, from information on annual capital, operation, and
maintenance costs, and from estimates of the age distribution
of automobiles in each air shed. The used car emission
problem is inherently short-ranged. Increasingly strict emission
standards for new cars can be assumed. As the decade
progresses, the composition of the used car population will
change toward lower potential emission cars. The role of used
car emission control, then, is to speed the reduction in total
emission levels that are already anticipated from present new
car control efforts. The criteria of cost effectiveness when
combined with a limited budget for air pollution control are
likely to dictate the use of different devices on different age
groups of cars and the total neglect of some cars. Financing of
the expense of emission controls must be carefully considered
both in terms of resources available for control efforts and the
equity of cost distribution. It is perhaps not reasonable to ex-
pect all car owners to be able to finance their own control
devices. It is certain that the presence of lead in gasoline con-
tributes to pollution through the fouling of emission-control
devices. Proper cleaning detergents, on the other hand, can
contribute to the efficient operation of control devices. Clearly
encouragement of new 'clean' fuels is necessary for lower
levels of used car emissions. (Author abstract modified)
27968
Dabelstein, Werner
PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY LEAD IN GASOLINE. (Zur
Problematic der Benzinverbleiung). Text in German. Erdoel
Kohle (Hamburg), 24(1):37-40, Jan. 1971. 16 refs.
The various aspects and implications of lead additives in
motor fuels are discussed such as the effects of lead alkylates
on the anti-knock performance of modern motor fuels, the
consequences of the elimination of lead additives on manufac-
turing costs, on engine life and design. The recently published
report about elevated levels of lead in the blood of city em-
ployees of Frankfurt/M. is not considered conclusive proof of
impairment of human health because similar levels were found
in the blood of inhabitants of New Guinea who are not ex-
posed to internal combustion engine exhaust gases (26
microg/100 ml blood and 22 microg/100 ml blood respectively).
The difficulties which the lowering of harmful pollutant levels
from internal combustion engines present are due to the cir-
cumstance that all measures designed to lower the emission of
CO and of hydrocarbons before and during combustion lead to
increased generation of nitrogen oxides and thus only control
measures instituted after combustion are effective. A viable al-
ternative to the use of lead compounds in gasoline is the use
of lead-free gasolines with a low octane number in engines
with a high piston displacement and small compression. Such
engines generate less nitrogen oxides and run noiselessly. The
German Federal Ministry of the Interior and the petroleum in-
dustry reached an agreement whereby the lead content would
be reduced to 0.4 g/1 as o 1 January 1972 and to 0.15 g/1 as of
January 1977.
30329
CONFERENCE ON THE PUBLIC ACTION AGAINST POL-
LUTION. (Convegno sul tema L intervento pubblico control 1
inquinamento). Text in Italian. Riv. Combust., 24(10):453-454,
Oct. 1970.
A brief summary is given of a meeting held June 18-19, 1970 in
Rome, sponsored by two corporations, on the responsibility of
the public in pollution control. A 175-page report was
presented to the public, and the meeting was thrown open to
discussion. The thrust of the presentation indicated that the
two corporations expect the public to shoulder most of the
financial burden for pollution control, since it is the public
which primarily benefits from the preservation of the environ-
ment. Estimates of the cost of eliminating the principle forms
of air and water pollution in Italy called for an investment cost
of 609 billion lire (about one billion dollars) hi 1970, decreasing
to 243.7 billion lire (389 million dollars) in 1980. The operating
and maintenance costs are 47.6 billion lire (76 million dollars)
for 1970, increasing to a projected 714.3 billion lire
($1,143,000,000) or 888.8 billion lire ($1,422,000,000) by 1985,
according to two differing estimates. One criticism of these
figures is that they assume the immediate implementation of
certain measures that the industries involved do not consider
feasible at present. For instance, the plan calls for the use of
catalytic afterburners and lead-free gasoline in the automotive
and petroleum industries, both of which consider these im-
provements unattainable at the moment. The study assumes an
investment for catalytic exhaust manifolds and the additional
annual cost of lead-free gasoline. Investment costs are also
given for the metallurgical industries, nonmetallurgical indus-
tries related to mining, chemical industries, thermoelectric
plants, and domestic heating. The figures for domestic heating
assume that the heating plants are already adequately equipped
with pollution controls in accordance with the Italian anti-
smog law (No. 615).
306%
LeSourd, D. A., M. E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstle, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SPECIFIED AIR POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL REPORT).
Research Triangle Inst, Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA 70-60, RTI Proj.
OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec. 1970. 328 refs. NTIS:
PB 197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a national basis and in terms of unit investment and annual
operating and maintenance costs as well as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs. The analyses cover the estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976. Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected industries
and the Nation are also determined. Finally, an extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile sources
selected for analysis are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and participates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation. Mobile sources include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty trucks. Stationary sources studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam- electric
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340
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
power plants, asphalt batching, brick and tile, coal cleaning,
cement, elemental phosphorus, grain handling and milling
(animal feed), gray iron, iron and steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and storage, petroleum refineries,
phosphate fertilizer, primary non-ferrous metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and air pollution control engineering
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and the cost impact on each industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)
31518
Gerhold, C. G.
STATEMENT. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.,
Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 109-111. (Dec.
13-15.) NTIS: PB 198104
The technical feasibility of producing an unleaded gasoline, as
well as the magnitude of the refining industry s higher invest-
ment and operating costs and crude oil requirements, would
probably be reflected in the form of increased prices for
gasoline sold to the motoring public.
31720
Aalund, Leo
EPA PINPOINTS REFINING EXPENDITURES. Oil Gas J.,
69(33):40-46, Aug. 16, 1971.
Environmental Protection Agency schedules for removing lead
from gasoline could cost refiners from $1.5 to $3.7 billion by
1980. Of the four schedules offered by EPA, the one with the
smallest economic impact on the industry is a three-graded
marketing system: 93 RON low-lead fuel (unleaded after 1973);
94 RON regular grade (zero to three g lead/gal); and 100 RON
premium grade (zero to three g lead/gal). In terms of raw
materials (butanes, natural gasolines, and crude oil), the
schedule will require only a 2.42% increase over a two-grade
marketing system with a maximum of three g lead gal. The
schedule will require the following capacities (in million b/d) in
1976 and 1980, respectively: crude distillation, 15.2 and 18.5;
coking 1.4 and 2.0; cat cracking, 3.6 and 3.6 hydrocracking, 1.1
and 1.6; cat reforming, 3.0 and 3.8; alkylation, 0.9 and 12.; ex-
traction, 1.2 and 1.5; isomerization, 0.1 and 0.1. These require-
ments compare favorably with those of the two-grade system.
The national added cost of the three-grade system over the
two-grade would be only 0.22 cent/gal of gasoline in 1976 and
1980.
32241
Sabin, W. W. and R. K. Scales
EVALUATION OF USE VS. NON-USE OF TETRA-ETHYL
LEAD IN GASOLINE. Public Health Service, Washington, D.
C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamination, 1965, p. 95-108.
(Dec. 13-15.) NTIS: PB 198104
Economic aspects of the use of lead anti-knock compounds in
gasoline are discussed. Data are presented for the refining in-
dustry raw material intake and product distribution for the
base case using lead and a case simulating how the industry
would be forced to operate if lead anti-knock compounds were
unavailable. Raw material prices and product values assumed
for this study also are shown. Processing equipment and
operating costs for the various types of processing considered
in this study are also indicated, as well as the throughput of
material for various petroleum-refining processes. Properties
of gasolines produced in the lead case and in the case with no
lead are shown. The cost of making gasolines approaching the
quality of today s gasolines without using lead anti-knocks is
estimated to be 2.6 cents/gal for the U. S. refining industry as
a whole. This is a 30% increase in the manufactured cost of
gasoline.
34370
PERSPECTIVE. Chem. Age (New York), 103(2725):11-12, 20,
Oct. 8, 1971.
The removal of lead from gasoline should have little long-term
effect on the European chemical industry, although ethylene
and aromatics prices may fluctuate between 1975-1980. How-
ever, the flexibility of European refineries and improvements
in reforming technology could allow increased aromatics
production at present costs. Demand for naptha as feed for
catalytic reformers may result in a slight tightening of supply.
For the petrochemicals industry, this will be offset by the
reduced value of low octane light naptha likely to be offered
to the industry. Reduction in lead levels will create a $50 mil-
lion/yr market for catalytic exhaust afterburners and also
major opportunities for processes and catalysts to produce al-
ternate octane boosting components. Legislation is being en-
forced or is impending to control or reduce the amount of lead
in gasoline in Sweden, West Germany, France, and the USSR.
There are still no lead-free fuels on sale in Europe and only a
few reduced leaded fuels, as higher-octane and higher-priced
products have been the main priority of oil companies.
34828
Culberson, S. Frank, T. E. Ware, Jr., and John R. Dosher
PRODUCTION OF UNLEADED GASOLINE. Pace Co. Con-
sultants and Engineers, Houston, Tex., 121p., July 8, 1970. 2
refs. NTIS: COM-71-00566
Increased costs of producing reduced-lead or unleaded
gasoline were derived for seven combinations of reduced lead
and/or octanes for each of three refining situations: a 200,000
barrels-per-stream-day Gulf Coast refinery; a 15,000 B/SD
mid-continent refinery; and an 80,000 B/SD west coast
refinery. Economics were also developed for two new refine-
ries producing high yields of present specification gasoline
(with lead) and 90 research octane number unleaded gasoline,
respectively, in order to determine the cost of producing extra
volumes of gasoline that would be needed for certain exhaust
emission control strategies, e.g., thermal converters and lower-
octane gasoline. In general, the costs of reduced-lead gasoline
are lower for the 80,000 B/SD refinery, most expensive in the
15,000 B/SD refinery, and intermediate for the 200,000 B/SD
refinery. The amount of aromatics and the motor octane
number of unleaded gasoline are important factors affecting
cost changes. The high production costs in a small refinery
would put small refiners at a severe competitive disadvantage
and possibly force some closings.
34970
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SCHEDULES
FOR REMOVAL OF LEAD ADDITIVES FROM GASOLINE.
Bonner and Moore Associates, Inc., Houston, Texas, Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0050, 223p., June 25,
1971. 31 refs. NTIS: PB 201133
A feasibility study was made of gasoline lead removal
schedules. Eleven proposal schedules were grouped into two
classes, one related to a two-pump marketing system, the
other to a three pump system. The feasibility analysis ex-
amined approximate capital costs, pool octane numbers, aro-
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J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
341
matics concentrations, prime blending component require-
ments, and year-to-year rates of increase in gasoline volume
times octane. The basic study technique employed linear pro-
gramming models because of their inherent ability to seek out
an economic optimum among the myriad and conflicting cho-
ices of equipment selection, operating conditions, intermediate
feedstock allocation, and finished product blending.
35391
Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Technical Advisory
Board Panel on Automotive Fuels and Air Pollution
THE ECONOMICS OF UNLEADED GASOLINE. AN APPEN-
DIX. 78p., Nov. 1970. NTIS: COM 71-00568
In order to develop raw economic data needed to evaluate
various lead control proposals, two independent conclusions
were obtained on the economics of increasing refinery octane
capacity without lead, from a survey by questionnaire of the
refinery industry and from a refinery simulation study using
linear programming techniques. Based on these results, a
model was constructed to weigh cost functions against legisla-
tive demands for unleaded fuel from 1970-1980, to weigh these
demands for unleaded fuel on the construction industry, and
to assess various marketing factors. The model generated an
estimate of the value for total investment required and pro-
vided a convenient plot of the decay rates of total lead used
nationally in gasoline production for various strategies from
1970-80. The magnitude of the effects of fuel penalties on the
over-all economics of lead reduction was also assessed.
Results indicate the low cost of producing low-octane low- and
unleaded gasolines relative to some industry estimates. In
general, these preliminary results identify the three-pump
strategy as the most cost-effective in minimizing the impact of
a lead reduction program. It also appears that retaining some
lead in present regular (94) and premium (100) gasolines in the
near term offers distinct advantages in terms of refinery in-
vestment demand.
36592
Moore, J. F.
COSTS OF REMOVING LEAD FROM GASOLINE. Preprint,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 14p.,
1971. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical En-
gineers, National Meeting, 68th, Houston, Tex., March 4,
1971, Paper 77b.)
The costs that will be incurred by the oil industry and con-
sumers if unleaded gasoline becomes the standard automotive
fuel are discussed. For a typical refinery, the cost of produc-
ing unleaded gasoline will increase by approximately 2.7
cents/gal. This increase is composed of added costs totaling
3.5 cents/gal, partly offset by a saving of .8 cents/gal. The
added costs are due to repayment on the investment in new
facilities, the added chemicals and utilities for refining at more
severe levels, and the added crude oil that must be processed
in producing a constant volume of gasoline. Offsetting cost
factors are the energy value of by-products that have been
downgraded from gasoline quality and the savings in the cost
of tetraethyl lead (TEL). Refinery investment to produce
quality gasoline without TEL will be about $5.5 billion. Costs
for the extra crude oil needed will not increase between 92 and
93 octane but will rise rapidly with higher octane. Distribution
costs and gasoline mileage losses will make the total added
cost of unleaded gasoline to the consumer 5.7 cents. Assuming
that 35 cents/gal is the base price, this is a 15% increase in
gasoline costs.
37409
Prescott, James H.
LEAD-FREE GAS: THE OPTIONS. Chem. Eng., 79(4):32-34,
Feb. 21, 1972.
If the Federal government follows tht least demanding
schedule (A) for removal of lead from gasoline, oil companies
will have to invest at least $2 billion more by 1980, and mo-
torists will be paying $6.5 billion more annually for gasoline.
The most rapid rapid feasible schedule (L) would double the
additional investment to $4 billion and force motorists to
spend $8 billion more/yr. A 1%/yr higher growth rate in
gasoline demand than the 2.8% projected would add $125 mil-
lion/yr to schedule A and $150 million to schedule L. These
estimates do not include the increasing capital investment
costs for air and water pollution control on new and existing
process units. For new units for lead-restriction schedules,
control costs will range from $50-300 million by 1976.
37734
Struth, Bert W.
THE IMPACT ON THE CPI OF REMOVING LEAD FROM
GASOLINE. Chem. Technol., 2(2):96-97, Feb. 1972.
Although removal of lead from gasoline will affect the refining
industry in predictable ways, its consequences will be felt by
the chemical industry in ways that are not immediately obvi-
ous. The declining expansion rate of natural gas production
will mean that petrochemical producers will have to consider
alternative feedstocks to ethane and propane for future
ethylene plant expansions. While higher liquid recoveries are
anticipated, the costs for ethane and propane will increase. An
inevitable increase in fuel gas prices above current levels is
foreseen. Condensates, paraffinic raffinates from aromatic ex-
traction, and light straight run naphthas will become more
plentiful as lead is removed from gasoline. The demand for
aromatics and alkylates in lead-free gasolines will put price
pressures on these materials. The breakdowns of feedstocks
and petrochemical production from steam crackers expected
by 1980 are given.
38624
Bonner and Moore, Associates, Inc., Houston, Tex.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED SCHEDULES
FOR REMOVAL OF LEAD ADDITIVES FROM GASOLINE.
Office of Air Programs Contract 68-02-0050, Kept. APTD-
0703, RGH-015, 224p., June 25, 1971. 31 refs. NTIS: PB
201133
The economic impact of various gasoline removal schedules
was investigated. These schedules varied in rapidity of lead
removal and in the number of gasoline grades produced.
Eleven proposal schedules were grouped into two classes, one
related to a two- pump market system, the other to a three-
pump system. In all cases one grade of gasoline was required
to be lead-free by 1974 to satisfy the needs of any 1975 model
cars equipped with exhaust reactors requiring unleaded fuel.
The basic research octane level of this gasoline was set at 93
RON. A feasibility analysis, which was required for all eleven
schedules, examined approximate capital costs, pool octane
numbers, aromatic concentrations, prime blending component
requirements, and year-to-year rates of increase in gasoline
volume times octane. A preliminary selection was made of the
slowest and fastest lead removal schedules for three-grade
cases and for two-grade cases. Spot year detailed analysis of
all schedules was also determined. A detailed summary of the
methodology and the conclusions is included. (Author abstract
modified)
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342
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
39941
Alspaugh, M. L., W. M. Hager, and G. H. Unzelman
THE IMPACT OF PROPOSED LEAD ANTIKNOCK
RESTRICTIONS ON THE NATURAL GAS PROCESSOR.
Natural Gas Processors Assoc., Tulsa, Okla., Proc Nat. Gas
Process. Assoc., Annu. Conv., 50th, Houston, Tex., 1971, p.
138-147. 1 ref. (March 17-19.)
The effect of proposed lead antiknock restrictions on the natu-
ral gas processor was evaluated by applying linear-pro-
gramming (LP) models to three refining situations: a natural
gas processor who manufactures finished motor fuel; a com-
posite Gulf Coast refinery; and a representative mid-continent
refinery. The three situations show the direct effect on the
natural gas processor who manufactures motor fuel and the ef-
fects on the two areas of the U. S. where the majority of natu-
ral gasoline is absorbed by the refining industry. Results ob-
tained from various cases run with the three LP models for
current operations and several possible future situations are
reviewed in detail. Natural gasoline, particularly the C5-C6
hydrocarbons, would have little value in the manufacture of
finished motor fuel using presently available processing
techniques; and the petroleum refiner would resort to more
severe processing to maintain octane quality and, in so doing,
would make more light hydrocarbons.
39956
Stormont, D. H.
U. S. REFINERS INVESTMENT IN CLEANER AIR SOON TO
EXCEED $200,000,000. Oil Gas J., 63(48):54-68, Nov. 29,
1965.
The results of a survey of the air pollution control efforts of
170 petroleum refineries, representing 90.6% of current U. S.
domestic capacity, are summarized, including returns by geo-
graphic areas, trends in annual expenditures by types of emis-
sions (sulfur compounds, hydrocarbon combustion and
recovery, smoke, particulates, odors, and fumes) for 1956 to
1965, research spending, and overall costs. Total annual spend-
ing for air conservation, including marketing and transporta-
tion, has been on the order of $21 million for 1961-65 and will
exceed $41 million in 1966. The West Coast has the highest
control expenditures of any refining district because of the
more stringent regulations in force there. Spending for odor
and fume control, a lesser category in previous years, will ex-
ceed all others during 1966, and expenditures for removing sul-
fur compounds, after a recent leveling-oi'f, will increase mar-
kedly. Built-in controls in the design of new processing units
are increasing as well as the number of firms having control
programs. The cost implications and control effectiveness of
regulations requiring the removal of sulfur from residual fuel
oil and the production of lead-free motor fuels are evaluated.
42721
Lieder, W. Donald
COST AND OTHER EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL.
Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, New York,
18p., 1972. 21 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, North Central Regional Meeting, Cleve-
land, Ohio, April 28, 1972.)
Cost data and economic criteria indicative of the magnitude of
pollution problems are presented. The amount of capital
spending in the pollution control field varies among industries,
and past spending is cited for the chemical, steel, and petrole-
um industries and electric utilities. Recent reports indicate that
estimates of total capital spending in pollution control are
escalating rapidly. Operating and maintaining these facilities is
still another expense which must be considered and included
in the overall accounting. Costs are indicated for the control of
sulfur dioxide, lead-free gasoline, and automobile emissions
control. Social costs of environmental action are discussed;
unemployment, disease, and famine are mentioned. The faci is
that the public will ultimately pay these costs, in higher taxes
or higher prices.
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343
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
02580
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF HARM-
FUL SUBSTANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR POPULATED
PLACES. (Predel' no dopustimye kontsentratsii vrednykh
veschestv v atmosfernom vozdukhe naselennykh mest.) Hyg.
Sanit. 29, (5) 166-8, May 1964. CFSTI: TT65-50023/5
A list of maximum permissible concentrations of harmful sub-
stances in the atmosphere of populated areas in the USSR, as
of June 20, 1963.
03007
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
AND MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST (TECHNICAL REPT.)
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley. 1959. 129 pp.
The salient points in the table of contents are: I. The standards
and their significance. II. Technical bases for standards for the
quality of ambient air. III. The technical bases for motor vehi-
cle exhaust standards. In establishing the standards, an at-
tempt was made to determine what effects the various pollu-
tants were known to have at various levels of concentration on
human health and confort, on animals, and plants, and on visi-
bility. The resulting air quality standards together with data
concerning motor vehicle emissions and their reactions then
became the bases for motor vehicle exhaust standards. The air
standards do not establish a fine line below which is good air
and above which is bad air. They indicate the approximate
point at which air under some circumstances may produce un-
desirable effects.
03956
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLU-
TION. Inst. Petrol. Rev. (London), 20(236):273-276, Aug.
1966.
This article reviews what is being done to combat the problem
of atmospheric pollution on a world-wide basis. The findings
indicate that a reduction in carbon monoxide from gasoline en-
gines and smoke from diesel engines would improve the purity
of city air. The WHO has expressed concern about the emis-
sion of lead compounds from road vehicles. The Cooperative
European Council has formed a Fuels Committee and one of
the first problems being considered is atmospheric pollution.
06734
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH, AIR POLLUTION COMMISSION, AMBIENT
AHl QUALITY CRITERIA. 90th Congress 'Air Pollution-
1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee on Public
Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and Water
Pollution, May 15-18, 1967.) p. 2396-7.
Ambient air quality criteria are tabulated as set forth in section
5 (f) (8) of the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act of
January 8, 1960, P.L. 2119. These criteria were adopted on
April 25, 1967 by the Air Pollution Commission. Included in
the tabulation are: particulates, lead, beryllium, fluorides, sul-
fur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and others. References are pro-
vided for the sampling and analytical methods employed for
each pollutant.
06778
(INDUSTRY AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN GREAT
BRITAIN.) Industrie et pollution atmospherique en Grande
Bretagne. Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1967.) 6 pp. Fr. (Rept
No. CI 310.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great
Britain in the struggle against industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the 'Alkali Act' are in most cases
based on 'the most practical means.' Standards are given for
chimney heights. Statutory limits are given for various materi-
als emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic, antimony, cadmium, and
lead. The construction of tall buildings tends to reduce the
benefits obtained by tall chimneys. A better knowledge of the
effects of pollutants should be obtained so as not to burden in-
dustry with unnecessary expense in their control. It is urged
that international standards for emission be adopted.
08420
Brodovicz, Bey A.
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR PENNSYLVANIA. J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 18(l):21-23, Jan. 1968. 4 refs.
In late 1965 the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Commission ap-
pointed a Council of Technical Advisors to develop air quality
criteria. Recently this Council set forth its recommendations
for ten pollutants. The philosophy of the Council is expressed.
The major difficulties and rationale are mentioned. The recom-
mendations are given and the potential use of the criteria is
also explained. The establishment of firm guidelines of air
quality is based solely on consideration of effects both on
health and aesthetics. The criteria are broken into two distinct
groups; air basin average and single point measurement. The
pollutants included: 1. Suspended particulates (total), 2. Settled
particulates (total), 3. Lead (tentative), 4. Beryllium, 5.
Sulfates (as H2SO4), 6. Sulfuric acid mist, 7. Fluorides (total
soluble, as HF), 8. Sulfur dioxide, 10. Oxidants, 11. Hydrogen
sulfide, and 12. Carbon monoxide.
08803
Hunigen, E., and W. Prietsch
PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF SOLUTION OF ELIMINAT-
ING NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES FROM INTERNAL COM-
BUSTION ENGINES. ((Probleme und Losungswege der
Schadstoffbeseitigung bei Verbrennungsmotoren.)) Translated
from German. Technik, (Berlin), 21(6):377-383, June 1966.
The composition of exhaust from internal combustion engines
is discussed. Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful
components are tabulated for five countries with standards for
the following substances: hydrocarbons (benzene, etc.), al-
dehydes (formaldehyde, etc.), carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, lead (and tetraethyl lead), mineral oil mist,
and carbon. Some equipment for the measurement of air pollu-
tants is touched upon, including a description of an East Ger-
man continuous sampling apparatus for hydrocarbons, CO,
CO2, and O2.
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344
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
09259
Katz, Morris
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
GUIDES IN RELATION TO CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC
EFFLUENTS. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Gardenvale), 69(4):60-
66, Feb. 16, 1968. 11 refs. (Presented at the 3rd Paper Industry
Air Stream Improvement Conference, Vancouver, B.C., Oct.
23-26, 1967.)
Major sources of air pollutants are discussed, as well as the
need for control of emissions using source emission standards
and ambient air quality criteria. Criteria for air quality reflect
the nature and magnitude of effects of air pollutants upon the
atmospheric environment in general and on visibility, safety,
health of man or animals, vegetation and property. These
criteria state four levels of pollutant concentration and expo-
sure periods according to the differing effects on the exposed
population or receptors, rangin from no direct or indirect in-
fluence to symptoms that may be merely adverse, or serious,
or of emergency proportions. Ambient air quality guides and
standards adopted by several countries are tabulated for CO2,
CL2, ethylene, HC1, H2S, oxides of nitrogen, ozone or oxi-
dant, CS2, and SO2. Those of the State of California, State of
New York, West Germany, Czechoslovakia, U.S.A., and the
U.S. S.R., are reviewed. Air quality standards established in
the U.S.S.R. are more stringent than those formulated in West
Germany, the U.S.A. (California), and elsewhere. Maximum
allowable concentrations for some atmospheric pollutants (in-
dustrial) in the U.S.S.R. are also tabulated, including As,
CrO3, Pb, Mn, and soot. A brief summary is given of Canadi-
an activities and the salient features of the Ontario Air Pollu-
tion Control Act. The existence of these standards implies that
stricter measures will be enforced to control emission sources
in the future.
11746
G. J. Stopps
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA -- LEAD. (Presented at the Sym-
posium on Air Quality Criteria, June 5, 1968.) J. Occupational
Med., KK9):550-564, Sept. 1968. 50 refs.
The Goldsmith-Hexter regression line indicates that an air
level of 10 microgram Pb/cu m leads to a blood level of about
34 microgram %, which corresponds to that normally found in
urban communities and is not considered hazardous to health.
In the ICRP lung dynamics model, assuming an acceptable
pulmonary retention dose of 0.3 mg Pb, the highest acceptable
air concentration can be calculated to be 18 microgram. Stu-
dies on humans and rats have also indicated that air levels of
up to 10 microgram Pb/cu m produce no increase in bone
levels and have no harmful effects; in fact, a level of 15.6
microgram Pb/cu m failed to produce an increase in bone
levels in rats when the atmosphere was irradiated with ul-
traviolet. On the basis of these data, 10 microgram/cu m is
recommended as a conservative air quality standard for Pb,
although the need for such a standard at this time is doubted.
Biological monitoring of delta-aminolevulinic acid urine levels
is suggested as a convenient way of detecting lead toxicity in
human populations.
14443
Knop, W.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NON-FERROUS METAL IN-
DUSTRIES. II. PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
OF THE NON-FERROUS METAL INDUSTRY AND EMIS-
SION STANDARDS. (Luftreinhaltung im NE-Metall-Betrieb.
II. Staub-und gasfoermige Emissionen der NE-Metallindustrie
und die Emissionsbegrenzung.) Text in German. Metall.,
22(12):1266-1271, Dec. 1968. 21 refs.
In this review article, the West German air pollution laws and
regulations as applied to metallurgical plants are compiled and
discussed. In the aluminum industry, dust arises both in the
production of aluminum oxide from bauxite and in the elec-
trolytic furnaces. The most dangerous component of the waste
gas is fluoride of which the maximum allowable concentration
is 2.5 mg/cu m. Lead refineries emit considerable amounts of
dust, up to 15 g/cu m waste gas, which contains metal com-
pounds in the form of sulfates, oxides, sulfides, and coke
dust. The pollutants originating in the various steps of lead
production are discussed in detail. The threshold limit value
(TLV) of lead is 0.2 mg/cu m. Electrometallurgical furnaces
for iron and steel alloys emit very fine dusts (less than 0.4
micrometer), typically up to 250 kg/hr at 10,000 kva capacity.
Metal oxides predominate, especially iron and silicon oxides.
The waste gases of copper ore refineries contain mostly fly
dust and sulfur compounds. The dust contains copper, zinc,
and sulfur. Typical concentrations at various stages are listed.
The TLV of copper is 1 mg/cu m. Emissions of zinc plants are
listed, and waste gas and soot emissions of oil, coke, and coal
furnaces are discussed in detail. Special problems are posed by
scrap metal refineries, where plastics and varnishes cause air
pollution. Typical examples are cited.
16104
Zielhuis, R. L.
PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR INORGANIC LEAD IN INDUS-
TRY. T. Soc. Geneesk., 47(22-31):743-748, Oct. 1969. 12 refs.
(Presented at the llth Congress of Occupational Hygiene,
Ustinad Lembam, Czechoslovakia, June 1969 and the 16th In-
ternational Congress of Occupational Health, Tokyo, Japan,
Sept. 1969.)
At a conference held in The Netherlands, November 28-29,
1968, permissible limits were established for inorganic lead by
the Subcommittee on MAC Values in Industry of the Per-
manent Commission of the International Association of Occu-
pational Health. Some conclusions of this conference are
discussed: the relationship between concentration in air and
biochemical parameters; permissible limits for concentration in
air and for biochemical parameters; and the possibility of
chronic sequelae. Permissible limits of lead in the blood (PbB)
are 70 micrograms/100 ml. Permissible limits for concentration
in air are 150 micrograms/cu m for a 40 hr wk. Other limits are
PbU, 130 micrograms/1; ALA, 10 micrograms/1; and CPU, 300
micrograms/1. The conference concluded that lead poisoning
affects physical, mental, or social wellbeing. The possible
responses to lead are classified as acceptable, excessive, or
dangerous. In an acceptable response, absorption is below per-
missible limits when poisoning does not occur. In an excessive
response, absorption is above permissible limits where poison-
ing may occur. Absorption in a dangerous response is above
permissible limits where poisoning is likely to occur or already
exists. It is suggested that standards preventing the occurrence
of episodes among workers will prevent long-term sequelae
even after many years of continual exposure.
16128
Zielhuis, R. L.
PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR INORGANIC LEAD IN INDUS-
TRY. (Pripustne hodnoty testu pro anorganiske olovo v pru-
myslu). Text in Czech. Pracovni Lekar. (Prague), 21(9):396-
400, Sept. 1969. 10 refs.
An international occupational health group organized a con-
ference to determine permissable limits for inorganic lead in
industry. The following limits were set for a 40-hr week: 70
micrograms of lead per 100 ml of blood; 130 micrograms of
blood per liter of urine; 10 mg of delta-aminolevulinic acid per
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K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
345
liter of urine; 300 micrograms of coproporphyrine per liter of
urine; and 150 micrograms of lead per cu meter of air.
Because of the wide confidence limits of the calculations, no
undue emphasis should be placed upon a sigle test result.
These standards prevent the occurrence of poisoning episodes
among adult industrial workers and also prevent long term
poisoning even after years of continual exposure. (Author
summary modified)
16808
Kehoe, Robert A.
TOXICOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF LEAD IN RELATION
TO THE TOLERABLE CONCENTRATION IN THE AM-
BIENT AIR. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19(9):690-703,
Sept. 1969. 22 refs.
A review, with extended discussion, of the tolerable concen-
tration of lead in the ambient air is presented. The principal
contributions to the literature with respect to the behavior of
lead and its inorganic compounds are reviewed. Four major
points discussed are: The body burden of Pb in the general
population of the U. S.; the disposition of airborne Pb com-
pounds in the human respiratory tract; chemical evidence in-
dicative of approaching or impending danger from the absorp-
tion of Pb compounds; and unusual susceptibility to the ab-
sorption of Pb at low rates. (A discussion by Harriet L. Hardy
is presented at the conclusion of the document.)
18294
Gerhardson, G.
EXHAUST GASES FROM GASOLINE POWERED VEHI-
CLES. (Avgaser fran bensindrivna bilar.) Text in Swedish.
Kommunikationsdepartmentet ledningsgrupp rorande utveck-
lingsarbete pa bilavgasomradet, 112p., 1968. 51 refs.
The investigation deals with the occurrence and effects of au-
tomotive exhaust smoke, statistical information, trends of
development, emission of air pollutants from gasoline fueled
automobiles, and available methods to reduce the emissions.
The purpose of the survey is to supply information to the
Swedish government about air pollution problems from
gasoline powered vehicles. The investigation is ended with
proposals for reducing the lead content of gasolines. The sub-
stances dealt with are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
odorous and irritating substances, oxides of nitrogen, and par-
ticulates among which lead compounds are discussed. Mea-
surements and calculations show that the pollution level on
heavily trafficked streets normally does not reach levels which
cause acute health effects by the separate substances. Uncer-
tainty exists concerning synergistic and long- term-exposure
effects. Bad odor and soiling are evident inconveniences from
auto exhaust gases. Photochemical smog, however, has not oc-
curred in Sweden. The suggested standards by the Guidance
Group are 45 grams of carbon monoxide and 2.2 grams of
hydrocarbons per dilometer. Corresponding average values are
30 grams carbon monoxide and 1.5 grams of hydrocarbons per
kilometer, which means that the emissions will be reduced by
about 40 per cent of the present level. For the model year 1973
the group considers that technical development has made it
possible to tighten the standards. Sixty per cent reduction of
the carbon monoxide and 50 per cent of the hydrocarbons
should then be possible. After two more years, in 1975, it
should be possible to obtain 70 per cent reduction of the car-
bon monoxide and 60 per cent of the hydrocarbons.
19750
Pennsylvania State Dept. of Health, Harrisburg, Air Pollution
Commission
PENNSYLVANIA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS.
6p., Oct. 20, 1969. 10 refs.
Annual, 30-day, 24-hr and/or 1-hr air quality standards are
given for 12 pollutants (suspended and settled particulates,
lead beryllium, sulfates as H2SO4, sulfuric acid mist, fluorides
as HF, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants, hydrogen
sulfide, and carbon monoxide) in accordance with the require-
ments of the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act of 1960.
These standards, which will be reviewed at least once a year,
are for single-point measurements; they represent minimum,
and not necessarily desirable quality. The 24-hr standard for
SO2 is 0.10 ppm; for suspended particulates, 195 micro-
grams/cu m. An antidegradation policy is stated to the effect
that where present air quality is significantly higher than the
established standards, the difference will be conserved, based
on a long range forecast of probable land and air uses in areas
of high air quality. Sampling and analytical procedures to be
employed for measuring ambient levels are specified for each
of the 12 pollutants.
20121
RECOMMENDATIONS OF PERMISSIBLE CRITERIA OF
HAZARDOUS WORKING ENVIRONMENTS BY JAPAN AS-
SOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH. 1969. Sangyo Igaku
(Jap. J. Ind. Health), 12(2):37^4, Feb. 20, 1970. 15 refs.
The Japanese Association of Industrial Health annually recom-
mends permissible concentrations of toxic gases, vapors, mist,
and fumes in the working environment. The 1969 limit values
for 86 toxic substances are shown in ppm and/or mg/cu m.
Like the Threshold Limit Values established by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGH),
the concentrations are time-weighted average concentrations
for an eight-hour working day. The table cannot be applied to
works where exposure to toxic substances is extremely irregu-
lar or short-term. The limit values for butyl acetate, buty al-
cohol, carbon monoxide, p-dichlorobenzene, ethylene glycol
dinitrate, nitrobenzene, hexane, selenium compounds, lead,
nitric acid, styrene monomor, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
and trichloroethylene differ from those of the ACGH. Factors
affecting the Japanese decision are discussed in the case of
hexane, lead, styrene monomor, and toluene. The article also
reviews permissible criteria for noise exposure, thermal stan-
dards for high-temperature work, and permissible dust concen-
trations.
22223
Stoefen, D.
THE VALHHTY OF THE SOVIET MK-VALUE FOR LEAD.
(Die Begruendung des sowjetischen MIK-Wertes fuer Blei).
Text in German. Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Munich), 152(l):93-%,
1968. 6 refs.
The Soviet MIK value for lead was fixed on the basis of a
study published in 1952. It was aimed at avoiding lead accumu-
lation in the organism. Considerably fluctuating figures con-
cerning the lead balance must be used. Subsequent reflexologi-
cal and physiological tests were published in 1960 and 1961
respectively. In animal tests, 0.00278 and 0.0025 mg/cu m lead
dust (daily mean value) were found, as well as changes in the
period of latency to optical and acoustical stimuli, changes in
the motor reflexes, and coproporphyrin excretion and
morphological changes in the cerebrum and the spinal cord.
Children had a considerably increased coproporphyrin excre-
-------
346
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
tion at a daily 8-hour lead exposure of 0.00102 mg/cu m in the
vicinity of factories. The Soviet MIK value for lead (0.0007
mg/cu m) is confirmed; the Soviet MAK value for lead (0.01
mg/cu m) is fixed too high. (Author abstract modified)
24107
Habibi, K., E. S. Jacobs, W. G. Kunz, Jr., and D. L. Pastell
CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL OF GASEOUS AND
PARTICULATE EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Los Angeles, Calif.,
West Coast Section, 33p., 1970. 24 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Assoc., West Coast Section, Technical Meet-
ing, 5th, San Francisco, Calif., Oct. 8-9, 1970.)
Work done on the characterization of the paniculate matter
contained in vehicle exhaust and on the development of
systems to control, simultaneously, both gaseous and panicu-
late emissions is described. A total exhaust control system
comprising exhaust manifold thermal reactors, exhaust gas
recirculation, and paniculate traps has been developed. Using
present-day leaded gasolines, this system controls hydrocar-
bons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and exhaust panicu-
late emissions to levels below those proposed for 1975. The
system also markedly reduces levels of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons and 'tar' in the exhaust. The exhaust paniculate
trap system reduces lead paniculate emissions to 0.03 gram
per mile. Such a system, replacing the conventional exhaust
system of the vehicle, provides a tenfold reduction of lead
paniculate emissions. Equipment and techniques have been
developed for the characterization and measurement of par-
ticulate emissions from vehicles. These techniques are applica-
ble to a study of the solids emitted in the exhaust, such as
lead salts, rust and soot They also are applicable to the deter-
mination of the carbonaceous materials, including emitted tars
and polynuclear aromatics. Average cars emit about 0.3 to 0.5
gram per mile of filterable paniculate material and 0.8 to 1.0
grams per mile of 'tar'. Lead salts account for 0.25 to 0.35
gram per mile of filterable paniculate. Over half of the lead
salts emitted is associated with particles of greater than 9
micron equivalent diameter, which settle very rapidly in the at-
mosphere. Under consumer, motorist-type driving conditions,
the use of unleaded gasoline will not lower exhaust paniculate
emission levels to the proposed level of 0.10 grams per mile
for 1975. Levels of 0.15 to 0.25 gram per mile of filterable ex-
haust particulates have been observed with a conventional car
operating on unleaded gasoline. Furthermore, there is some
suggestion that the use of unleaded gasoline could adversely
affect atmospheric visibility and increase 'soiling.' (Author
summary modified)
30035
Viland, C. K.
UNLEADED GASOLINE AND SMOG-FREE AUTOS--HOW
AND WHY. Mines Mag. (Denver), 60(8);6-10, Aug. 1970.
Since 1963, following California s earlier regulations, all new
cars sold in the United States were required to have positive
crankcase ventilation control. After California imposed limits
on carbon monoxide and on unbumed hydrocarbons ex-
hausted, these were made mandatory nationwide. The same
situation applied to evaporation control and will apply to emis-
sions of oxides of nitrogen. Emissions standards projected to
1975 are summarized. Temperature inversions and smog are
mentioned. Future emission control devices comprise
recycling, lower compression ratios, improved exhaust gas
reactors, ammonia injection, fuel injection, and catalytic muf-
flers. Lead additives and the effect of eliminating them are
reviewed. The manufacture of high octance lead free gasoline
is described. Alkylation plants, catalytic riydrodesulfurization,
catalytic reforming, and catalytic hydrocracking are cited. Al-
ternative power sources are mentioned.
30069
Plassmann, Eberhard
IT BEGAN WITH THE SMOG IN CALIFORNIA. CALIFOR-
NIA TEST, EUROPEAN TEST-INTERNATIONAL REGULA-
TIONS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS. (Mit
dem kalifornischen Smog begann es. Kalifornien- test, Eu-
ropatest—Internationale Automobilabgas-Reglements). Text in
German. Umwelt (Duesseldorf), 1(2):26-30, 1971. 13 refs.
Automobile emissions can be divided into emission from crank
case ventilation, emission from evaporation losses (in both
cases hydrocarbons are emitted), and emission of carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and lead compounds
in exhaust gas. Automotive emissions limits have been in-
troduced for the first time in California. To determine the
composition of the exhaust gas at the various operating cycles,
the California test was worked out. This test comprises seven
phases and simulates operating conditions for typical drive
through Los Angeles and its suburbs on a dynamometer. The
program begins with a cold start. Concentrations of CO,
C6H14 for the unbumed hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen oxides are recorded continuously. In 1966, the CO
concentration was limited for Otto engines to 1.5% by volume
and to 0.275% by volume of unburned hydrocarbons. Further
reduction of these limit concentrations are stipulated for the
years 1972 to 1974. West Germany has also imposed limits on
automotive emissions; the CO concentration of warm engines
cannot exceed 4.5%; the hydrocarbon emission cannot exceed
0.15% of the fuel consumption during the test operation. The
various European governments are attempting to bring their
national legislation in harmony with that of other countries.
33107
EXPLANATION OF DUST ETC. DISCHARGE STANDARD
AS IN AHt POLLUTION CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT
REGULATIONS. (Taiki osen boshiho seko kisoku ni mini
baijinto no haishutsu kijunchi no kaisetsu). Text in Japanese.
Kogai To Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(7):588-590, July
1971.
In Japan, the emission standard for sulfur dioxide is based on
diffusion formulas, according to a system of area allocations.
The country is divided into eight ranks which represent from
between 0.020 and 0.045 ppm maximum ground concentration
of SO2, depending upon the degree to which the area has been
industrialized. Old facilities must be equipped with electro-
static precipitators, bag filter, multicyclones, or other dust col-
lection equipment, while even stricter standards exist for
newly constructed buildings. Even in areas where fuel con-
sumption will double, air pollution levels are to be reduced
one-third their present amount in five years. If necessary,
more rigid standards may be applied by prefectural govern-
ments. Emission standards exist for cadmium, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, lead, and other
harmful substances. Standards for fuels also exist, so that they
cannot have a sulfur content higher than 1.0-1.5%.
33730
Parkinson, G. S.
LEAD IN GASOLINE. 3-UK LEVELS. Petrol. Rev.,
25(296):289-290, Aug. 1971.
The lead levels and octane numbers for motor gasoline for
each year between 1960 and 1970 are tabulated, derived from
-------
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
34Z
information by suppliers who are responsible en masse for
about 90% of gasoline sales in the United Kingdom. Annual
UK sales for each grade of gasoline and the average lead
levels for all UK sales of the various grades for the period
1960-1970 are included. Since the appearance of BS 4040
Specification for Petrol for Motor Vehicles in 1967, no product
sold in the UK has had a lead content in excess of 3.8 g/im-
perial gal.
34063
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan) Dept. of
Thermal Power
THE CONTENT OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW
REVISIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS FOR ELECTRIC
WORKS. (Taikiosen boshiho kaisei no naiyo to denki kosaku-
butsu ni okeru unyo). Text in Japanese. Karyoku Hatsuden
(Thennolelectric Powcu Generation), z2(U):1107-lii;, Gel.
1971.
The 1970 revisions of public nuisance related laws are
discussed with regard to purpose, content, application, and en-
forcement. The range of toxic pollutants was expanded to in-
clude cadmium and its compounds, chlorine and hydrogen
chloride, fluorine and hydrogen fluoride, bromine fluoride,
lead and lead compounds, and nitrogen oxides. Boilers using
gases containing more than 0.1% sulfur content, coke fur-
naces, mineral depositories, mineral conveyors, crushers,
graters, and sifters were added to the list of soot and dust
creating facilities. Hydrocarbons, lead compounds, and
nitrogen compounds were added to the list of toxic automotive
emission gases. Emission standards are determined as before
by the K figures obtained by the stack gas dispersion formula;
but the entire country was divided into classifications accord-
ing to various K values ranging from 11.7 to 26.3 (maximum
allowable concentration of sulfur oxides 0.020 - 0.045 ppm).
Soot and other dust participate emission standards were
revised on a large scale. Among electric power generator
boilers, heavy oil and gas boilers were classified into three
groups: Maximum allowable emission is 0.1 g/N cu m for
boilers with more than 200,000 N cu m/h capacity; 0.2 g/N cu
m for boilers between 40,000 and 200,000 N cu m; and 0.3 g/N
cu m for boilers with less than 40, 000 N cu m/h capacity.
These compare with the former 1.0 g/N cu m uniform stan-
dard. For low grade coal boilers, the maximum allowable con-
centration is 0.8 g/N cu m, and for high grade coal boilers, 0.4
g/N cu. Sulfur oxides standards and toxic pollutant emission
standards are reviewed by tables.
34377
COMMENTARIES ON NEW EMISSION STANDARDS BY
THE REVISED ADI POLLUTION CONTROL ACT. (Taiki
osen boshiho kaisei ni yoru shin ha ishutsu kijunchi to (shiko
kisoku no) setsumei). Text in Japanes. Netsu Kanri (Heat
Management and Pollution Control), 23(10):54-57, Oct. 1971.
The maximum allowable concentration of suspended particu-
lates has been greatly reduced by the revised air pollution con-
trol act. New emission standards are one third to one tenth of
the previous standards in the general categories, and one sixth
to one twentieth in special categories. The maximum land sur-
face concentration of sulfur oxide content for the special
category area is 0.009 ppm and includes areas where the an-
nual average of suspended particulate concentration is more
than 0.15 mg/cu m. In the areas where fuel regulations apply,
local ordinances are to set respective standards taking into
consideration the areas fuel consumption and seasonal varia-
tions. However, the sulfur content of these fuels during com-
bustion is to be within the range of 1.0 to 1.5%. Coke fur-
naces, mineral depositories, conveyors, crushers, and pul-
verizer sieves must have dust collection devices, water sprays,
and dust cover hoods. Emission standards for sulfur oxides in
general and special areas, dusts, and toxic materials such as
cadmium, cadmium compounds, chlorine, hydrogen chloride,
fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, potassium fluoride, lead, and lead
compounds are given by tables.
36346
California Air Resources Board, Sacramento
LEAD. In: Proposed Revisions of and Addition to the Am-
bient Air Quality Standards, p. 1, 16-19, Oct. 21, 1970. 7 refs.
An ambient air quality standard for lead in California is con-
sidered for adoption for the first time, as a result of the 1970
annual review of the air quality sections of the State s Health
and Safety Code. A maximum of two micrograms/cu m
averaged over a 30-day period (and a long-term goal of 1.5
micrograms/cu m averaged over 24 hours) is proposed on the
basis of recommendations by the State Department of Public
Health because of evidence that at or above such exposures,
increased storage of lead will produce detectable metabolic ef-
fects. The consequences of such effects are not at present
clearly defined but may include a restriction on hemoglobin
available to the body for red blood cell functions. Other possi-
ble or known effects of high ambient lead levels are noted.
36382
Larsen, Ralph I.
DETERMINING SOURCE REDUCTION NEEDED TO MEET
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. International Union of Air Pol-
lution Prevention Associations, Intern. Clean Air Congr. Proc.,
London, England, 1966, p. 60-64. 5 refs. (Oct. 4-7, Paper HI/8.)
The use of standards and pollutant concentration data to deter-
mine the source reduction needed to comply with the stan-
dards is examined. The techniques consider concentrations as
a function of time and space; degrees of pollutant control
necessitated by the standards; background concentrations;
secondary pollutants; source type; and mathematical models
for predicting pollutant concentrations as a function of source
strength, location, and meteorology. Concentration of carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxi-
dants, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, lead, particulates, and
sulfates are given for several American cities.
36823
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan), Dept. of
F -vironmental Health
E ISS1ON STANDARDS OF STACK GASES (TOXIC
M-.TERIALS) BASED ON THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
LAW. (Taiki osen boshiho ni motozuku baien (yugai busshit-
su) no haishutsu kijun ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Nyusu (Air Pollution News), no. 67:3-39, Nov. 1971.
Emission standards for various toxic materials in stack gases,
based on the Air Pollution Control Law, are presented in ta-
bles. Items reviewed are the dust emission standard; average
emissions and dust collection rates according to various types
of furnaces and various types of dust creating installations-,
standards and average emissions for settling particles,
suspended particulates, chlorine, and fluorides; and the
epidemiological study of the influences of fluorides. The
Japanese Air Control Law, WHO indexes, Forecast and Warn-
ing systems of New York City, the United States National Pri-
mary Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards Federal Re-
gister, Air Pollution Emergencies Episode Criteria, and the
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348
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
E.P.A Federal Register are included. Also included in table
forms are the records of Tokyo air pollution monitoring sta-
tions on suspended particulates; total emission quantity by pol-
lutants and by sources; carbon monoxide saturation of
hemoglobin and symptoms; influences on the human body of
various toxic matter such as sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist,
nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and suspended particulates; nitric
oxide and NO2 concentration in Tokyo; emission standards for
lead and lead compounds; a review of lead emitting industries;
total dust particles and the lead content in the main cities of
Japan; lead emission standards in various countries, and the
1969 SO2 measurements in various controlled areas in Japan.
38197
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan), Public Nuisance
Section
STANDARD OF SOOT AND DUST EMISSION (INJURIOUS
SUBSTANCES) BASED ON AH* POLLUTION CONTROL
LAW. (Taikiosen boshiho ni motozuku baien (ugai bussitsu)
no haishutsu kijun ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. 69p., May 1971.
Standards of emission of soot and dust, cadmium and its com-
pounds, chlorine and hydrogen chloride, fluorine and its com-
pounds, and lead and its compounds are discussed. The emer-
gency contamination level is mentioned. A summary of the re-
port of the experts conference on the criterion of soot and
dust emission includes standards of emission for newly
established or existing facilities, the characteristics and collec-
tion rate of soot and dust at different emission sources, the
consumption of fuel, the amount of soot and dust at six pre-
fectures in 1969, and the standard of emission from the special
facilities provided by ordinance. Concentrations in the air, ef-
fects on man, the standard value of concentrations in the am-
bient air or standards of emission were discussed fro Ca, Cl,
HC1, F, and Pb. Emergency measures and alarm systems dur-
ing an emergency in Los Angeles and New York discussed
with relation to the Air Pollution Control Law.
38758
EPA LIKELY WON T DELAY LEAD-OUT TARGET. Oil Gas
J., 70(3):56, 58, 59, Jan. 17, 1972.
Refiners appear to stand little chance of getting a 1-year
reprieve in the planned requirement to remove lead from the
grade of gasoline by July 1, 1974. An unleaded regular grade
of gasoline will be needed, according to the Environmental
Protection Agency, to acheive a 90% reduction in emissions of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from new autos. EPA be-
lieves that the virtually pollution-free car can be achieved only
by use of catalytic mufflers, and the mufflers will not work
with leaded gasoline, which poisons the catalyst. Evaluation of
the prospects for meeting the emissions deadline concluded
that the necessary technology was not available. Delay con-
sequences, emissions of nitrogen oxides reduction, and alter-
native engines are mentioned. The stratified-charge and Wan-
kel engines have been suggested as possibilities for meeting
1975 emission standards.
41682
Ryazanov, V. A. (ed.)
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF NOX-
IOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC ADJ OF POPU-
LATED AREAS. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Sur-
vey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compilation
of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., Qmerican Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1972, p. 1-5. Translated from Russian. (Also Izv.
Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:201-204, 1968.) NTIS: PB
209478
The maximum allowable concentrations approved by the
Assistant Chief Public Health Physician of the USSR are
listed. Maximum single and mean daily concentrations of 94
noxious substances are presented, including standards for
nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocar-
bons, ketones, ammonia, organic nitrogen compounds, al-
cohols, phosphorus compounds, organic and inorganic acids,
vanadium compounds, sulfur and organic sulfur compounds,
manganese compounds, cyanates, arsenic compounds,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, mercury compounds, soot, lead
compounds, nontoxic dusts, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
fluorine compounds, chlorine compounds, gasoline, and
chromium compounds. Concentration limits for specific com-
binations of substances are also described.
42039
Japan Environmental Agency, Tokyo, Bureau of Atmospheric
Safety
STRICT LOCAL EMISSION STANDARDS BASED ON AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS. (Taiki osen boshiho ni
motozuku uwanose haishutsu kijun joreishu). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 8(6):34-50,
June 1972.
Japanese local emission standards, based on air pollution con-
trol laws are discussed. By 1972 there were 13 Prefectures in
which these standards were applied. New standards are given
for cadmium, fluorine, lead, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and
dust. The Prefectures are Akita, Fukushima, Ibaragi, Gun-ma,
Saitama, Kanagawa, Toyama, Mie, Osaka, Nara, Okayama,
Ehime, and Niigata. The new standards were applied to
hydrogen fluoride and silicon fluoride.
42118
Chovin, P.
AUTOMOBILE POLLUTANTS AND THE URBAN AHt
QUALITY. (Les polluants de 1 automobile et la qualite de 1 air
des cites). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), 14(54):172-
176, April-June 1972.
Current and future automotive emission standards are
reviewed, and the activity of the Centra) Laboratory of the
Paris Police Headquarters in the exhaust monitoring area is
described. Results of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
lead concentration measurements performed in Paris in 1971
are presented. Systematic measurements will also cover sub-
urbs as of 1972. New exhaust emission standards, according to
the European cycle specifications, will become effective in
October 1972, and further reductions of 20% and 10% in the
CO and hydrocarbon emissions will be expectedly imposed in
1972. The imposition of air quality standards has been sug-
gested. Despite the increase in the number of automobiles and
the traffic density, particularly in suburban zones, the 1985
emission levels will not exceed the present day values due to
the reduction of the specific emissions.
43312
Caretto, L. S. and R. F. Sawyer
THE ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR AIR POLLU-
TION. Preprint, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New
York, 7p., 1972. 12 refs. (Presented at the Automotive En-
gineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan. 10-14, 1972, Paper
720165.)
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K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
349
A simple method of weighting emissions data to provide a
relation between source mass emissions and the resulting im-
pact on air pollution is proposed. The importance of the fol-
lowing factors are considered: chemical severity of the pollu-
tant species, source effectiveness, population exposure, and
area severity. The selection of these factors is described with
particular attention to the obtaining of chemical severity fac-
tors from air quality standards. Qualifications upon the use of
this weighting scheme are outlined. Application to the Los An-
geles and San Francisco Bay areas show that weighted emis-
sions of transportation sources are less than their mass emis-
sions, while weighted emissions of all other pollutant sources
are greater than their mass emissions. In both cases, transpor-
tation remains the dominant pollution source category. Air
quality standards are given for carbon monoxide, oxidant, par-
ticulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, and
lead for California and the U. S.
44310
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo (Japan), Dept. of
Public Nuisance
DATA RELATED TO THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
LAW MINISTRY ORDINANCES (NO. 3). POLLUTANTS
STANDARDS SPECIFIED BY ORDINANCES. (Taiki osen
boshiho seishorei kankei shiryo (no. 3). Jorei no yoru yagai
busshitsu no kisei jokyo nado). Taiki Osen Nyusu (Air PoUu-
tion News), no. 69:2-11, March 1972.
Japanese local emission standards, based on air pollution con-
trol laws, are presented in tables. Standards for sulfur oxides,
ammonia, chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrogen cyanide,
nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, lead, zinc, sulfur dioxide,
copper compounds, cadmium, cyanice compounds,
phosphorus compounds, and hydrofluoric acid are presented
for each Prefecture. The areas of central cities where sulfur-
less fuel should be used are discussed. The air quality stan-
dards of many countries for SO2 and dust concentrations are
presented.
44377
Kato, Keiji
THE PRESENT POLLUTION CONTROL STANDARDS IN-
DEXES (AIR POLLUTION). (Genjo ni okeru kogai kisei suchi
(taiki kankei). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Tokyo),
23(9);1194-1202, Sept. 1972.
A general review is given on the air pollution control standards
in Japan. Three categories of pollutants, sulfur oxides, particu-
lates, and harmful substances, such as carbon monoxide, have
been subjected to control, and the standards are established.
The sulfur oxides emission standards are determined by an
equation which consists of two factors, the effective stack
height and a district dependent parameter K. The present K
values of different districts vary from 7.01 to 18.7. The na-
tional environmental standard of participates is stated by the
following two conditions, the hourly average concentration for
24 consecutive hours must be under 0.10 mg/cu m, and the
hourly concentration must be under 0.2 mg/cu m. The condi-
tions for CO are: an hourly average for 8 consecutive hours
under 10 ppm. The emission standards of other harmful sub-
stances, such as cadmium compounds, lead compounds,
chlorine and hydrogen chloride, fluorine and fluoro com-
pounds, are also listed.
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350
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
00311
Affi POLLUTION (A SURVEY OF EXISTING LEGISLA-
TION). Intern. Digest Health Legislation 14, 187-229, 1963.
This report contains a comparative survey of existing legisla-
tion for the control of atmospheric pollution, and discusses
specific laws and regulations of following countries: Australia,
Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czechoslovakia, France, Federal
Republic of Germany, Ireland, Jamaica, New Zealand, Poland,
England and the Inited States.
02635
J. H. Boddy and D. Turner
A DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM AND SIGNIFICANCE
OF AIR POLLUTION FROM PETROL-ENGINED VEHICLES
(PART I OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: A SURVEY OF
SOME ASPECTS OF THE EMISSIONS FROM PETROL-EN-
GINED VEHICLES AND THEIR TREATMENT). British
Technical Council of the Motor and Petroleum Industries, En-
gland. Sept. 1965. pp. 1-34.
World-wide legislation is reviewed; the existing and probable
restriction on vehicle use and design is presented. The motor
vehicle pollutants are detailed. The public health significance
is examined. Automotive emissions are compared to those
from other sources. Existing legislation in the western and
non-Communist world, other than the Californian legislation,
imposes negligible restrictions on the gasoline engine at
present, but shows indications of imminent action. Legislation
in many countries is framed in such a way that regulations
against emission from gasoline vehicles could be enforced
without major revision of legislation. This is most apparent in
recent revisions of legislation, e.g. Ireland, France, and Belgi-
um. When and if the present legislation in the U.K. is success-
ful in controlling pollution from industrial and domestic
sources, more attention must inevitably focus on the motor
vehicle. The gasoline-engined vehicle makes a major contribu-
tion to the following pollutants: carbon monoxide, unburnt
hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. Of these pollutants
referred to, carbon monoxide is certainly the most undesirable.
Oxides of nitrogen may be more damaging in respect to
chronic exposure but evidence is limited. Unbumt hydrocar-
bons in vapour form appear significant only in relation to
photochemical smogs. Heavy hydrocarbons in association with
non-particulate matter, like oxides of nitrogen, have possible
significance in relation to effects of chronic exposure. The use
of lead in gasolines appears to have minor significance as a
health hazard in respect to its pollution of the atmosphere.
Major attention should be immediately devoted to the reduc-
tion of carbon monoxide emission from automotive vehicles.
In the interests of clarifying the situation and, as a safeguard
against possible legislation of an unnecessarily restrictive na-
ture, the motor and petroleum industries should support
research into the significance of such emissions as oxides of
nitrogen and heavy hydrocarbons and methods of reducing
these.
03536
A. J. Celebrezze
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION m. (A REPORT TO THE
U.S. CONGRESS IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW 88-
206, THE CLEAN AIR ACT.) Preprint. 1965.
Reduced exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and CO have
become a reality in California with the introduction of the
1966-model passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.
Recognition of the need for still further control measures is
evidenced by the adoption of nitrogen oxide standards by the
California Board of Health. The Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare is implementing the new responsibilities and
authorities conferred by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Con-
trol Act. Standards for the control of emissions from gasoline-
fuelled vehicles are being developed accordingly, to become
effective with the 1968 models. Some additional technical in-
formation has become available. Further studies of the effect
of ambient temperature on exhaust emissions indicate that low
temperatures tend to increase hydrocarbons and CO, particu-
larly following cold-engine starts. Preliminary results obtained
from a study of the effect of leaded fuels indicate that com-
bustion chamber deposits may not significantly affect the
quantities of hydrocarbons and CO emitted in exhaust gases.
A survey being conducted to measure CO levels in urban com-
munities suggests that human exposure to CO may be greater
than routine atmospheric monitoring data had indicated. A
number of new projects are being initiated by the Government
to study the performance characteristics of production- type
exhaust emission controls in varied environments, to develop
more definitive data on exhaust emissions from small cars and
diesel-powered vehicles, to learn more about human tolerance
of lead and CO, and to effect control of oxides of nitrogen.
An expansion of industry research in automotive air pollution
and its control is indicated by the recent activities of technical
associations. (Author summary)
07952
O. Tope
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT FROM EXHAUST GASES WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SPECIAL VEHICLES AND
POWER EQUIPMENT. (Gesundheitsschadigungen durch
Auspuffgase unter besonderer Berucksichtigung von Spezial-
fahrzeugen und motorisiertem Gerat.) Text in German. Stad-
tehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 16(2):29-37, Feb. 1965. (37) refs.
Data on concentrations and effects of lead, carbon monoxide
and carcinogenic compounds like benzpyrene were assembled.
The maximum allowable concentration of 4 mg lead/cu m is
exceed on many urban arterial streets e.g. in center city
Philadelphia, Pa., 9.5 mg/cu m were found. Milk from cattle
grazing on pastures near highways may be endangered since
up to 3000 mg lead/kg grass have been found. But the most
dangerous component of exhaust gases it, CO which causes
impaired vision, fatigue and may lead to heart and brain
damage. It thus may become directly responsible for traffic ac-
cidents. The maximum allowable concentration value is 0.01%
by volume which may be exceeded in heavy traffic in particu-
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
351
lar if the driver of an automobile smokes. Organic compounds
may lead to lung cancer. Here especially benzpyrene which
can be found both in exhaust gases and on road surfaces
originating from tar and rubber tires may be incriminated.
Control measures such as scrubbers and afterburners on ex-
hausts are described. Their maintenance is tricky and expen-
sive which so far has prevented compulsory use. Particularly
hazardous are street cleaning equipment and trash removal
trucks since workers must almost constantly be near the ex-
haust. Similar problems are posed by lawn mowers, chain
saws, cranes, tractors, pesticide sprayers and similar equip-
ment. Small engines are very difficult to modify to limit air
pollution. The problem of air pollution from engine exhast
gases can only be tackled by legislation and technical improve-
ments and innovations.
08196
Kononova, V. A.
SANITARY CLEARANCE ZONES BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL
SECTIONS AND PLACES OF FUEL STORAGE IN SOVK-
HOZES OF SARATOVSK (OBLAST) TERRITORY. Gigiena i
Sanit., 23(6): 11-14, 1958. 3 rets. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 4, p. 188-192, Aug. 1960. CFSTI:
TT 60-21913
The mechanization of agriculture in the Soviet Union is ac-
companied by the proliferation of centers where automotive
agricultural machinery is housed and fuel for the machinery is
stored. The prescribed 75 m wide sanitary clearance zone
between residential sections and fuel storage centers was eval-
uated for effectiveness in protecting residents from gasoline
fumes and automotive emissions. Tetraethyl lead and
hydrocarbons were measured in air and soil at varying
distances from the gasoline storage tanks. It was concluded
that a sanitary clearance zone of 75 m was inadequate.
08725
Yamamoto, H.
ON PREVENTION OF LEAD POISONING - THE ENFORCE-
MENT OF THE PREVEN- TIVE REGULATIONS. Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.,
Tokyo) 5(1):11-16, May 1967.
Regulations for the prevention of lead poisoning are discussed
in connection with the planned enforcement of these regula-
tions. The new regulations have been worked out to allow also
for new types of lead poisoning from new processes and
products. Tables show the results of special health examina-
tions conducted on Japanese and British lead workers. The
statistics on lead poisoning symptoms of workers in various
fields are tabulated. Workers in nonferrous metal refineries
showed the highest percentage of symptoms. An- other table
lists and describes 18 specific jobs which are most likely to
cause lead poisoning. Based on these job categories and work
environments, the regulations specify the procetive measures
required against lead poisoning.
09009
REPORT OF ACTIVITIES DURING THE PERIOD OF 1
JULY 1966 TO 30 JUNE 1967. Kommunikationsdepartemen-
tets Expertgrupp foer att Leda ett Utvecklingsarbete pa Bilav-
gasomradet 17p., 1967. 7 refs. Translated from Swedish. Joint
Publications Research Service Washington, D. C., R-8944-D,
17p., Dec. 14, 1967.
The activities of the Communications Ministry expert group in
Sweden are summarized. Some of the purposes of the
development work are to make more effective measures possi-
ble for reducing harmful substances in auto exhaust gases and
to supply the techni- cal foundation for formulating the regula-
tions necessary for this. The investigations and studies indlude
the following: (1) In- vestigation of driving methods; (2) Mea-
surement of CO in open air; (3) Testing of Swedish antipollu-
tion devices for autos; (4) Measurement of exhaust gas emis-
sion during cold and warm starting; (5) Study of crankcase
ventilation; (6) Study of diesel exhaust gases; (7) Testing of
equipment for a mobile laboratory; and (8) Development of a
method for analysis of organic lead compounds. Proposed ac-
tivities for the coming year are also outlined.
11204
Lawson, S. D., J. F. Moore, and J. B. Rather, Jr.
A LOOK AT LEAD ECONOMICS IN MOTOR GASOLINE.
Preprint, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla., Bonner
and Moore Associates, Inc., Houston, Texas, and Mobil Oil
Corp., New York, 35p. 1967. 7 refs. (Presented at 32nd
Midyear Meeting of Refining, Fuels and Emissions, Los An-
geles, Calif., May 16, 1967, Paper 36-67.)
The potential economic effects on the domestic refining indus-
try that would result from completely eliminating the use of
lead additives in motor gasoline were investigated. A complete
technical and economic report containing results as well as a
compilation of data is presented.
16200
Yanovskiy, A. G. and Zh. L. Gabinova
SANITARY PROTECTION OF THE ENVDXONS OF A
MAJOR CITY. (Sanitarnaya okhrana vneshney sredy krup-
nogo goroda). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation Measures
Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of Cities. (Oz-
dorovleniye vozdushnogo i vodnogo basseynov gorodov).
Government Committee on Civil Building and Architecture
(ed.), Lecture series no. 2, Kiev, Budivel'nik, 1968, p. 18-23.
The USSR Ministry of Public Health, together with the
RSFSR Soviet of Ministers and other interested organizations,
studied the problems of pollution in Moscow and its vicinity.
Conversion to natural gas fuel for thermoelectric plants has
reached 70%, and continues to increase. Some 1500 air pollu-
tion sources have been located in Moscow. Up to 20% of the
territory of the city is subject to harmful air pollution. Mea-
sures are being taken to establish sanitary-protective zones for
37 enterprises; 36 sources are being relocated outside of the
city; 36 are modifying their production technology, and 274 are
installing control equipment. Measures taken to reduce sulfur
dioxide, cloride, and carbon monoxide emission from an alu-
minum refinery and lead from a wire producing plant are given
as examples. Each year 27,000 air samples are taken for analy-
17472
Duemmler, Friedrich
THE ANTI-AIR POLLUTION ACTIVITIES OF THE
TECHNISCHE UEBERWACHUNGS-VEREIN. (Die
Technischen Ueberwachungs-Vereine im Dienste des Immis-
sionsschutzes). Text in German. Tech. Ueberwach (Duessel-
dorf), 10(10):339-345, Oct. 1970.
One of the most important tasks of the Technische
Ueberwachungs-Verein (TUV) is to measure dust emissions by
steam plants. By checking the performance of new measuring
units and determining whether they fulfill the manufacturer's
specifications. Measurements by the TUV taken in 1967 on
steam boilers with capacities of up to 25 t/h showed that
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352
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
plants without dust collectors emitted on the average 560 mg
dust/cu m; those with dust collectors, 170 mg/cu m. For plants
with more than 100 Gcal/h, the authorities require the installa-
tion of automatic measuring devices for dust and sulfur diox-
ide. In this connection, TUV checks the available units for
suitability and calibrates each individual unit. For dust mea-
surements, photometric units were suitable; for SO2 measure-
ments, infrared absorbers and electroconductivity analyzers
were selected. In addition to these activities, TUV is presently
engaged with fluorine, hydrocarbon, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
trioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, lead, and zinc
oxide measurements. In the years 1965-1966, TUV conducted
extensive studies of CO and CH content of automobile ex-
hausts in the idling stage. Infrared absorbers were used for the
measurements. Ten percent of the vehicles with four-stroke
engines emitted more than 8% CO in the idle; but 45% of the
vehicles emitted less than 4.5%. Beginning with October 1,
1970, newly registered automobiles with Otto engines may not
emit more than 25 g CO and 1,5 g CH per 100 g fuel consump-
tion. TUV will check the new automobiles for compliance with
this law. Finally, odor and noise measurements also belong to
the activities of the TUV.
17927
Thayer, J. M.
THE CONTROL OF GRIT, DUST, AND FUME EMISSIONS
FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. Conf. Filtration Soc.,
Dust Control Air Cleaning Exhibition, London, 1969, p. 10-15.
8 refs. (Sept. 23-25.)
Atmospheric pollution from industrial sources in England and
Wales are controlled in part by the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and
1968 and the Alkali Act of 1906. The 1956 Clean Air Act
prescribes standards for the emission of smoke from chimneys
and prohibits smoke darker than Ringelmann 2, except for cer-
tain specified periods. The 1968 Act adds to this by prohibiting
the emission of dark smoke from industrial and trade premises
as distinct from chimneys. The 1956 Act deals with dust and
soot only in general terms. The 1968 Act, covering emissions
of grit and dust from furnaces, applies to a wide range of fur-
naces burning solid, liquid, or gaseous matter, excluding small
domestic boilers. The recommended standards for furnaces
burning fuel equivalent to 100 to 50,000 Ib per hour of coal are
illustrated graphically. Recommendations are also offered for
reducing grit and dust emissions from cold blast cupolas at
iron foundries. These involve minimizing emissions by suitable
arresters fitted at the top of the shaft or dispersing fumes
from chimneys not less than 120-ft high. The Alkali Act is a
measure to control emissions from virtually all the heavy
chemical industries, the fine chemical industry, petroleum
refining, and petro-chemicals, nonferrous metallurgy, iron and
steel production, power stations, coke and gas works, and cer-
tain ceramic and lime works. The Act provides for the
establishment of grit, dust, and fume emission standards and
requires suitable equipment for obtaining these standards. Ar-
restmenl to a specific standard by dispersal of waste gases at
inadequate height is given in some detail for cement works,
iron and steel works, lead works, and electricity works.
22583
Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Technical Advisory
Board Panel on Automotive Fuels and Air Pollution
THE IMPLICATIONS OF LEAD REMOVAL FROM AU-
TOMOTIVE FUEL. (INTERIM REPORT). 35p., June 1970. 1
ref.
The effects of lead-containing fuel additives on emissions from
gasoline-piston engines are presented. Addition of lead alkyls
is the least expensive way to increase the octane rating of
motor fuel enabling more powerful and efficient engines to be
built, but these additives interfere with the development of ex-
haust treatment systems, tending to inactivate catalysts. The
Panel recommends tha legislation should be enacted to
establish the authority of the Federal government to regulate
fuel additives, and that Federal tax or subsidy policies con-
cerning automotive fuels should be modified to provide price
incentive for the purchase of unleaded and low- leaded fuels.
Also, changes in future fuel requirements should be reported
by the automobile manufacturers to the regulatory agency at
least two years in advance of production, and such informa-
tion should be made public. The regulator/ agency should en-
courage States to include an auto emission check as part of
the State vehicle inspection programs. Catalytic reactors are
incompatible with present high levels of lead in gasoline, while
lead salts and scavengers tend to corrode the materials in ther-
mal exhaust reactor and plug some recirculation systems
proposed for nitrogen oxide control. The net lead effect on in-
creased hydrocarbon emissions is about 20% in rapid mileage
accumulations and 7% in typical customer driving. Removal or
reduction in lead from gasoline could degrade valves in some
present cars, probably result in an increase in the aromatic
hydrocarbons, and require that other changes be made in fuel
composition to maintain octane levels. Emissions can also be
reduced through better maintenance of cars presently on the
road. In a recent demonstration, careful tuning of the engines
in 43 cars resulted in a reduction of hydrocarbon and carbon
monoxide emissions of over 50% at idle. Thermal exhaust-gas
reactors, recirculation systems, and catalytic devices are
discussed. Costs of lead reduction are included, as well as the
status of petroleum refineries.
23234
Bloomfield, J. J., V. M. Trasko, R. R. Sayers, R. T. Page, and
M. F. Peyton
A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE INDUSTRIAL HY-
GIENE PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES. National Inst.
of Health, Washington, D. C., Div. of Industrial Hygiene,
Public Health Bull. 259, 132p., 1940. 159 refs.
Industrial hygiene surveys made in the United States from
1936 through 1939 covered existing health services in industrial
establishments, exposure to materials and conditions which
might influence health, and an inventory of control measures
in use. The present study is an analysis of such surveys con-
ducted in 15 states and covering 16,802 plants employing 1487,
244 workers. With reference to safety provisions, it appears
that only 25.6% of the workers have the services of a full-time
safety director. Hospital facilities are available to only 15% of
the workers and first-aid facilities to 51%. Full-time services
of a physician are available to 15.5%, while full-time nursing
services are provided for 33.3% of the employees. The analy-
sis reveals that although accident records are kept on nearly
all workers, sickness statistics are available for only 45.4% of
all employees. The analysis of exposures' to various materials
and conditions of health significance shows that slightly more
than 1,000,000 persons in this country are exposed to inhala-
tion of silica dusts and 1,500,000 to silicate dusts. Of the vari-
ous exposures to metal dusts and fames, approximately
800,000 persons are handling lead and its compounds, 34,000
are exposed to arsenic and its compounds, and nearly 33,000
to mercury and its compounds. The highest exposure of all is
in connection with the agents known to produce dermatitis.
Examination of control methods for 1,503,204 exposures
shows that 14.3% are provided with local exhaust ventilation,
3.2% with enclosed operations and 3.2% with respiratory pro-
tective devices. In the case of certain dusty trades, wet
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
353
methods are employed in connection with 3.4% of the expo-
sures. The development of industrial hygiene services, and
their integration with state public health agencies, is recom-
mended. (Author abstract modified)
23562
Damon, W. A.
THE TREATMENT OF WASTE GASES IN CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY. Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London), 31(l):26-35,
1953. 16 refs. (Presented at the Institute of Chemical En-
gineers, Midlands Branch Meeting, England, Jan. 31, 1953.)
Statutory control of the atmospheric pollution arising from
certain industrial processes is considered, and the possible
means of implementing the requirements of the Alkali Act are
discussed. Processes are described in which the control of pol-
lution is difficult, and the means adopted to mitigate their ef-
fects are explained. The rate at which a gas diffuses when
travelling downwind from its point of emission depends on the
turbulence of the atmosphere, and this in turn is affected by
the wind speed and the temperature gradient. Calculations of
Bosanquet and Sutton relating to maximum ground concentra-
tions and chimney discharges are cited. Cement manufacture,
pollution by sulfur gases, petroleum refining, requirements for
lead works, and various unregistered processes are discussed.
Great difficulty has been experienced in the case of a plant for
the recovery of magnesia from sea water, by reason of the
discharge of a very foggy emission from the kiln chimneys.
The discharge of fluorine compounds, coal combustion, pollu-
tion by coke ovens, and burning spoilbanks are also con-
sidered.
23608
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
OSAKA AREA. (Osaka chiiki ni kakawaru kogaiboshikeikaku
sakutei no kihon hoshin. An). Text in Japanese. Yosui to
Haisui (J. Water Waste), 12(9):759-767, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program is presented which is to be effective
throughout Osaka Prefecture which has long been developing
as a large industrial area; the enormous economic activity has
added much to the pollution problem. Air pollution is severe in
the central and Hanshin coastal industrial district, and water
pollution is significant in Yodo, Kanzaki, Neya and Yamato
Rivers. Water quality in Osaka Bay has deteriorated to the ex-
tent of ruining the fishing industry. The ground settling
problem in East-Osaka, and the noise from Osaka Interna-
tional Airport have invited many complaints. The pollution
levels are to be lowered to within the tabulated limits by 1980.
There are many necessary control measures, but the following
are especially emphasized in view of the national planning pri-
orities. They are the control measures against stationary air
pollution sources, purification of coastal waters and rivers and
streams, control of nuisances accompanying automobile traf-
fic, treatment measures for metropolitan and industrial wastes,
and the control of airport noises. In addition, surveillance and
measurement systems as well as cooperation with th neighbor-
ing prefectures are indispensible. Detailed tables are given on
the target maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
for cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorous, cadmium,
lead, chromium, arsenic, and mercury in general for water pol-
lution. Values for pH, BOD, SS, DO and coliform bacteria
counts are also given. The maximum allowable noise levels for
daytime, morning and evening are also listed.
23610
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
TOKYO AREA. (Tokyochiiki ni kakawaru kogaiboshikeikaku
sakutei no kihonhoshin. An). Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui
(J. Water Waste), 12(9):750-758, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program to be effective throughout the Tokyo
metropolitan area other than islands in the Pacific Ocean
under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan government is
presented. The area is a megalopolis with 11.5 million people,
and the industrial and economic activities are increasingly ex-
acerbating the pollution problem. Air pollution from automo-
biles and factories is severe. It originates from the central and
Joto areas as well as from factories along the Arakawa River
and Sumida River. Water pollutio in Sumida, Naka, and Tama
Rivers is also intense. The pollution levels are to be lowered to
within the tabulated limits by 1980. The necessary control
measures are numerous, but the following are especially
emphasized in view of the national planning priorities. They
are the control measures against stationary air pollution
sources, purification of sea water in the coastal areas and
fresh water in rivers and streams, control of nuisances accom-
panying automobile traffic, control of ground settling (in some
areas as deep as four meters), and treatment measures for
metropolitan and industrial wastes. In addition, the establish-
ment of nuisance monitoring and measurement system is
necessary, and close cooperation with the neighboring prefec-
tures is indispensable. Detailed tables are given on the target
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorus, cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, mercury in general and pH, BOD, SS, DO,
and conform bacteria values for water pollution. The max-
imum allowable noise levels for daytime, morning and
nighttime are also listed.
24214
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
KANAGAWA AREA. (Kanagawa chiiki ni kakawaru koga
boshikeikaku sakutei no kihon hoshin. An). Text in Japanese.
Yosui to Haisui (J. Water Waste), 12(9):768-776, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program to be effective in the area East of Sagami
River within Kanagawa Prefecture is presented. This area
serves as the mainstay of the Japanese economy, industries
such as electric power, steel, petroleum, chemicals and heavy
automobile traffic have contributed to the chronic pollution
problems. Air pollution in the Taishi and Tajima areas and
water pollution in Tama, Tsurumi, and Katabira Rivers as well
as Tokyo Bay are extremely severe. The pollutant levels are to
be lowered to within the tabulated limits by 1980. There are
many necessary control measures, but the following are espe-
cially emphasized in view of the national planning priorities.
They are the control measures against stationary air pollution
sources in Kawasaki, especially purification of coastal waters
and rivers and streams, control of nuisances accompanying au-
tomobile traffic, and treatment measures for metropolitan and
industrial wastes. In addition, surveillance and measurement
systems as well as cooperation with the neighboring prefec-
tures are indispensable. Detailed tables are given on the target
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorus, cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, mercury in general, and pH, BOD, SS, DO
and conform bacteria values for water pollution. The max-
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354
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
imum allowable noise levels for daytime, morning and evening
are also listed.
24467
Hueter, F. G., D. S. Earth, and Gottberg
GERMAN-UNITED STATES COOPERATIVE STUDIES.
Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution
Control Administration and Ministry of Interior, Bonn (West
Germany), 9p., 1970 (?).
The concept and development of the 'collaborative air pollu-
tion research program' between the Ministry of Interior, West
Germany, and the Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare of the U. S. are reviewed. It was agreed that research
areas for possible collaborative efforts are health effects of
automotive exhaust in humans; health and environmental ef-
fects of lead, including monitoring programs; studies of the ef-
fects of airborne nitrogen oxides; studies of effects of airborne
carcinogens; and health effects of asbestos, including the
development of monitoring methods. Collaboration will be
materialized in the design of the experiments, internal quality
control, exchange of information, evaluation and analysis of
research results, and the exchange of manuscripts. Examples
of collaboration are cited for automotive exhaust as well as
carcinogenicity.
24757
LEAD IN EXHAUST GASES. (Bleihaltige Abgase). Text in
German. Landarzt (Stuttgart), vol. 44:446-449, March 31, 1968.
The lead content of high octane gasolines sold in West Ger-
many fluctuates from 0.13 g Pb/1 to 0.510 g Pb/1 depending on
the composition of the oil distillates used and on the nature of
the refining process. In 1965, 5000 tons of lead were emitted
into the atmosphere of West Germany in exhaust gases which
quantity is expected to increase twofold by 1975. The lead pol-
lution level in German cities is between 1 to 4 micorgram
Pb/cu m, in extreme cases 12 microgram Pb/ cu m air, which
while not presenting an acute danger nevertheless may develop
into one with time. The Russians who have detected genetic
changes in the sperm of animals caused by lead have reduced
the maximal permissible Pb pollution level to 0.7 microgram/
cu m air while in West Germany this level is 200 microgram,'
cu m air largely because American oil research authorities still
maintain that lead in the air presents no threat to public health
Large refineries possess adequate catalytic reforming facilities;
and cracking plants to produce high octane gas without the:
necessity of adding lead compounds to these gasolines. It is
the medium sized and small plants which possess no refining
facilities of their own who depend for the production of high
octane gasoline on lead compounds. Refining adds little to the
cost of high octane gasoline and prohibition of the addition of
lead compounds to gasoline need not result in higher costs of
gasoline.
25288
Middleton, John T.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: SOME LESSONS LEARNED
IN THE UNITED STATES. Preprint, National Academy of
Medicine, Mexico City (Mexico), 13p., 1970. (Presented at the
Conference on Air Pollution, Mexico City, Feb. 18, 1970.)
In the United States the fundamental philosophy that has
evolved in the development of air pollution control programs
is that air pollution control begins at the source. One of the
approaches that has been developed to carry out thin
philosophy is the permit system, which requires that anyone
who wishes to construct or operate a machine, equipment or
other contrivance which may pollute the air obtain the prior
permission of a government agency. Standards have been set
limiting the emissions from automobiles. The kind and degree
of control of stationary sources will vary from area to area de-
pending upon such diverse parameters as climate and weather,
degree of industrialization, population density, and topog-
raphy. It is here that the technique of diffusion modeling plays
an important role. Losses to agriculture alone were recently
estimated to exceed $325 million annually in the United States,
while studies show that an exposure to 12 mg/cu m (10 ppm)
carbon monoxide for approximately eight hours may increase
the blood carboxyhemoglobin level to produce some decre-
ment in mental performance. A British study found an associa-
tion between air pollution and deaths from bronchitis and lung
cancer in an area where the yearly average sulfur dioxide level
was 116 micrograms/cu m (0.04 ppm). Another study found an
association between particulate matter and prostatic cancer,
while eye irritation has been demonstrated when oxidant levels
increase above 100 micrograms/cu m. Hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, lead and mercury compounds are also mentioned.
Government responsibility on federal state, and local levels is
also discussed.
25542
Haar, Ulrich de
THE MONITORING STATION PROJECT 'KEEPING THE
AIR CLEAN'. (Das Messtellen Projekt 'Reinhaltung der
Luff). Text in German. Umschau (Berlin), 70(23):746-774,
Nov. 5, 1970. 3 refs.
The carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere has increased
by 16% since the beginning of the century and is expected to
double in the first half of the next century. While CO2 does
not absorb sunlight, it does absorb night-time long-wave radia-
tion with a resulting increase in atmospheric energy. Increased
emission of sulfur dioxide reduced the pH of natural precipita-
tion in the Schwarzwald in Germany from 4.9 in 1965 to 4.5 in
1970 with a resulting decrease of pH in surface waters pos-
sessing only a limted buffering capacity and a shift in the
hydrobiological equilibrium. It is not enough to measure pollu-
tion in highly industrialized areas; pollution spreading to so-
called clean air is more dangerous in the long run. For this
reason, a network of measuring stations has been established
over the Federal German Republic whose objectives are the
recording of slow atmospheric changes, the gathering of com-
parative data for epidemiological studies of population groups
from highly polluted areas, and the study of long-term chronic
effects of low levels of pollution on humans, plant life,
animals, and materials. The data sought include pH, conduc-
tivity, dust concentration, soluble and insoluble dust precipita-
tion, chlorine, ammonia, sulfates, CO2, SOx, NO2, F, radioac-
tivity, pollen and spore count, lead level, residual levels of
cancerogenic substances and pesticides, N2O, ozone, particle
count, SO2 and aerosol spectra, iodine level, heavy metals and
terpenes, and the usual meteorological parameters. It is hoped
that a similar network will be established all over Europe.
26442
Hillsborough County Planning Commission, Tampa, Fla.
LAND USE PLANNING. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.
NAPCA Grant 69C-11ORE, 201p., 1970. 38 refs.
A joint study was undertaken by the Pollution Control Com-
mission and the Planning Commission of Hillsborough County
(Florida) to translate ecological principles into current and pro-
jected land use planning. Urbanization and the effects of great
per capita consumption upon the environmental conditions of
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
355
Hillsborough County are discussed. This includes an analysis
of urban and rural land use, present and projected population
and population distribution, and the economic base. The stu-
dies included in this section were undertaken to better un-
derstand the social and political climate and decision-making
factors which exist within the county. A detailed analysis is
presented of the parameters which influence the climatology in
Hillsborough County, and an introduction is included to the
solutions which are normally available for air pollution control.
27664
SUMMARY OF 14 LAWS RELATED TO PUBLIC NUISANCE
AND THE REMAINING PROBLEMS. (Kogai kankei 14 hoan
no gairyaku to nokosareta mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Yosui
to Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(2):205-209, 1971.
The article discusses the 14 laws related to public nuisance
control that were revised during the extra session of the
Japanese Diet in 1970. The laws revised include: Basic Law
Concerning Public Nuisance Control, Public Nuisance
Criminal Justice Law, Air Pollution Control Law, Water Pollu-
tion Control Law, Toxic Substance Control Law, Street Traf-
fic Control Law, Ocean Pollution Control Law, Solid Waste
Disposal and Sanitation Law, Noise Control Law, and others.
The main feature of the revised Basic Law is that the clause
including in harmony with the healthy growth of the economy
is deleted. For the Air Pollution Control Law, thchanges are as
follows: Lead is included in the definition of smoke, and lead
and hydrocarbon are added to the definition of automobile ex-
haust. In the section on emergency measures, the word 'ad-
vice' is changed to 'order', in connection with the govern-
ment's notice to the polluters. Further, the section noting the
'in harmony with the healthy growth of the economy' is de-
lected, and the law is made effective throughout the country,
and not merely in designated areas, as was the case before the
revision. The Law will go into effect six months after the day
of promulgation.
28066
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SETS LIMITS ON THE
METAL INDUSTRY. (Umweltschutz setzt Grenzen fuer die
Metallwirtschaft). Text in German. Metall., 25(1):99, Jan. 1971.
The project of a South African company to create a copper
mine in the Austrian Tyrol was thwarted by the local govern-
ment in cooperation with Tyrolean and Bavarian groups for
combating air pollution. In the summer of 1969, the Hibino
Metal Industry Company in Maibara ceased operation of its
copper plant because of air pollution. The lead industry will be
influenced by the limitation of the lead content in gasoline to
0.4 g/liter beginning with 1972. By October 1975, all refinenes
must have switched to production of low lead gasoline, to
reduce the 7000 tons of lead emitted annually by automobiles.
28099
Kohayakawa, Takashi
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENT PRESENT AND FUTURE.
(Kogai taisaku no genjo to shorai). Text in Japanese. Jidosha
Gijutsu (J. Soc. Automot. Engrs. Japan), 25(l):46-55, Jan. 1971.
3 refs.
Of all environmental contaminants, automobile exhaust emis-
sions mus take precedence for control measures. Plans for
management of the environment must consider development of
the following: an analyze for pollutants such as oxidants, mea-
suring instruments and methods for control of waste particles,
methods to determine the activity and vaporization of
hydrocarbons, an analyzer for nitrogen oxides, equipment and
methods for the analysis of heavy metal compounds such as
lead, and methods to determine offensive odors. Altering the
composition of gasoline components is one method for con-
trollin carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions which
result during engin operation. However, the resulting mixture
must not be such as to originate new problems. If lead is
limited to l/5th the amount now present in gasoline, it may
fulfill this purpose without exceeding the provisional air en-
vironmental standard. Carbon monoxide contamination is
discussed, as traffic areas indicate extremely high CO concen-
trations. The relation between secondary products of air pollu-
tion and primary wastes is important regarding the future con-
trol of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides.
Photochemical smog in Tokyo differs from that in Los An-
geles, as automobile exhaust does not appear to influence its
production.
28349
Industrial Engineering Center (Japan)
DATA FOR THE SEMINAR ON INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONS
PREVENTION COUNTERMEASURES, NO. 1: PROBLEMS
AND FUTURE TRENDS IN LEGISLATION RELATED TO IN-
DUSTRIAL POLLUTION PREVENTION. (Sangyo kogai boshi
taisaku semina shiryo, No. 1, sangyo kogai boshi kanren horei
no mondaiten to kongo no doko). Text in Japanese. 12p., 1970
(?).
At the 64th Extraordinary Diet session, held from November
to December, 1970, 14 laws including the partial amendment of
Pollution Countermeasures Fundamental Law, the Air Pollu-
tion Prevention Law, and the Water Pollution Prevention Law
were passed. With the exception of the law partially amending
the Agricultural Chemicals Control Law, all laws were promul-
gated as of December 25, 1970. Although the Fundamental
Law came into force immediately, most of the other laws will
become effective six months later due to the time required to
prepare ordinances, ministerial regulations, and public notices.
A comparison between the old, the new legislation concerning
water pollution is given in tabular form, and the scope of each
news law is explained. In sections on 'objectives' of the Fun-
damental Law, Air Pollution Prevention Law, the Water Pollu-
tion Prevention Law, and the Noise Control Law, the phrase
'in harmony between living environment and sound level
development of economy' is deleted. The system designating
special areas for the control of air and water pollution is lifted;
control is to be extended to all the areas and public waters in
Japan. National minimum discharge standards are established.
In the Fundamental Law, soil pollution was stipulated as the
seventh typical pollution and a law on 'the prevention of soil
pollution for agricultural use' was established. A drastic
amendment of the old Cleaning Law was made and the new
law on 'treatment and cleaning of wastes' was established.
Besides sulfur oxides, soot and dust, chlorine, hydrofluoride,
cadmium and lead are controlled under the Air Pollution
Prevention Law, while heated and colored water discharge are
controlled by the Water Pollution Prevention Law. The range
of industry is extended from primary to tertiary. Responsibility
of entrepreneurs is clarified in the Fundamental Law to mean
that they are to take 'necessary measures to prevent pollution
such as treatment of sooty smoke, filthy water, and wastes'.
The law on the sharing of pollution-control expenses was
established, in keeping with Article 22 of the Fundamental
Law, which stipulates the responsibility of entrepreneurs to
bear the burden of expenses. Some responsibilities and
authority are entrusted by the national government to local au-
tonomous bodies. The future problems are: steps to make
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356
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
adequate use of land, further improvement in enterprises to
prevent pollution, establishment of Environmental Agency,
financial assistance to local area, enterprises, legislation on
odor, and promotion of technology.
28397
INSTANT PROGRAM BY THE GERMAN FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE EN-
VIRONMENT. (Sofortprogramm der Bundesregierung fuer
den Umweltschutz). Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uel-
zen/Hamburg), 22(l):2-4, Jan. 1971.
On September 17, 1970, the West German Government issued
a program for the immediate protection of the environment.
The following measures are included in the program: (1) the
Ministry of the Interior is ordered to draft a law for protection
against emissions; to study the necessity of the creation of a
Federal Institute for the protection of emissions; and to place
orders for the development of measuring instruments for air
pollutants as soon as the necessary funds have been ap-
propriated. In 12 heavily populated areas, 40 to 50 measuring
stations shall be erected for the measurement of sulfur diox-
ide, carbon monoxide, and dust concentrations in the air. All
measurements will be forwarded to a computer center. The
Ministry of the Interior is to prepare a law limiting the lead
content in gasolines to 0.4 g/1. This law is to become effective
October 1, 1975.
28869
Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Technical Advisory
Board, Panel on Automotive Fuels and Air Pollution
THE IMPLICATIONS OF LEAD REMOVAL FROM AU-
TOMOTIVE FUEL. (INTERIM REPORT). 35p., June 1970. 1
ref. NTIS: PB 194880
The addition of lead alkyls is the least expensive way to in-
crease the octane rating of motor fuel. However, these addi-
tives interfer with the development of exhaust treatment
systems, especially those using catalysts. It is recommended
that legislation be enacted to establish the authority of the
Federal government to regulate fuel additives. Early difinitive
action on the part of the Federal government is required to
provide conditions conducive to the development of a wide
variety of emission control devices and to assure smooth ad-
justments by the industries affected. Action is recommended
that will bring about an incentive for the purchase of the low-
lead fuel. Petroleum refiners must also receive adequate warn-
ing of contemplated changes in automotive fuel requirements
in time to make refinery changes in an orderly manner. The ef-
fect of insufficient maintenance of present cars on total vehi-
cle emissions is noted, and it is recommended to encourage
states to include an automobile emission check as part of their
vehicle inspection programs. Effects of lead removal are con-
sidered, as well as emission control technology. Thermal ex-
haust gas reactors, exhaust gas recirculation systems, and
catalytic devices are mentioned. Th cost of lead reduction is
indicated, as well as the status of petroleum refineries.
29421
OUTLINE OF LEGISLATIONS CONCERNING POLLUTIONS
PASSED BY THE EXTRAORDINARY DIET SESSION. (Rinji
kokkai seiritsu kogai kankei horitsu yoko). Text in Japanese.
16p., Dec. 21, 1970.
Legislation is outlined including, the Water Pollution Preven-
tion Law, the law which partially amends the Pollution Coun-
termeasure Fundamental Law, the law which partially amends
the Air Pollution Law, the Water Pollution Prevention Law,
the law which partially amends the Noise Control Law, the
Marine Pollution Prevention Law, the law on the sharing of
the financial burden for pollution prevention, the law on the
punishment of crimes involving pollution harmful to human
health, the law concerning waste treatment and cleaning, the
law concerning the prevention of soil pollution, the law which
partially amends the Sewer law, the law which partially
amends the Road Traffic Law, the law which partially amends
the Agricultural Chemicals Control Law, and the law which
partially amends the Poison and Poisonous Matters Control
Law. The definition of pollution is changed to include soil pol-
lution, heated water from thermal generating stations, and
paper mill sludge. The phrase, harmony with sound develop-
ment of economy was delected, and it is now the responsibili-
ty of entrepreneurs to dispose of industrial wastes. The system
of designating special areas for air and water pollution was
abolished, and the emission standard is applicable all over
Japan. Besides sulfur dioxide in factory smoke, cadmium,
hydrogen fluoride, and lead are specifically mentioned. Gover-
nors can limit the use of facilities which emit sooty smoke and
advise them to comply with standards on the use of fuel, im-
prove water pollution, and prevent soil pollution. Also, the
discharge of oil from vessels is restricted. A person in charge
of controlling oil pollution must be designated to each vessel.
Of willfull damages to health and life, are punishable by prison
terms of detention of less than 2 years or of fines less than
716 dollars. Heavier penalties occur in the case of death or in-
juries. Individuals and corporations are punishable. Companies
must manufacture easily disposable goods. Areas are
designated which are feared to be heavily contaminated.
Sewers must have a terminal disposal plant, or be connected
with the sewer system. The Public Safety Commission can in-
stall and control traffic signals, and prohibit traffic, if necessa-
ry.
TOKYO FIGHTS POLLUTION. AN URGENT APPEAL FOR
REFORM. Tokyo, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 1971,
267p.
The historical background of the emergence of pollution as an
environmental problem in Tokyo during and since World War
I, which ushered in an era of rapid industrial development, is
reviewed. The term kogai was coined to refer to environmental
hazards in general; the term, a combination of two characters
meaning public and hazard, is a sociological term and does not
denote a particular phenomenon. The laws and ordinances on
environmental hazards are summarized. Pollution control pro-
grams are described, as well as the administration and financ-
ing of the government s pollution control policy. Air pollution
is classified according to its production mechanisms and
sources. Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, photochemical air
pollution, and lead pollution are mentioned. Health effects of
air pollution are discussed. Water pollution and its control are
described, as well as problems due to noise and vibrations.
Land subsidence is discussed, and waste disposal is reviewed.
30152
Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Japan)
PLAN TO DEFEND TOKYO CITIZENS FROM POLLU-
TIONS. (Tomin o kogai kara boei sum keikaku). Text in
Japanese. 306p., March 1971.
Tokyo has four principles for environmental standards: they
are not only conducive to health and safety, but also guarantee
pleasant life for citizens; they are not merely policy targets,
but also must be put into practice; a period for achievement is
set, and necessary plans, steps, and the definite period are
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
357
shown the citizens; and they are not mechanically set, but real
characteristics will be taken into consideration. The 1964-65
level for air should be maintained, or a level between the first
and second stage set by WHO. Basic measures are to
eliminate and restrain the sources of pollutants, disperse and
dilute pollutants into the atmosphere, and restrain and disperse
the concentration of pollution sources. For sulfur dioxide (in-
cluding a part of nitrogen oxides), high chimney stacks are not
quite the answer, so instead fuels must be controlled by a
switch to electricity or gas, regional air conditioning, and the
utilization of heat wasted at generating stations and garbage in-
cineration plants. For automobile exhaust gas, idling must be
controlled, a device to eliminate exhaust gas must be installed,
and congestion at intersections, must be eliminated. Also there
must be adequate investment on highway construction, restric-
tion of traffic, and allowable exhaust gas volume. Priority use
of roads must be established, by road, areas, vehicle type and
time period. Garages and parking must be controlled or
prohibited. Alternate mass transport systems must be im-
proved, and some roads must give priority to city buses.
Although polycentric-type city structure is conducive to traffic
dispersion, it may also aggravate the situation. Warehouses
and other distribution functions in the center of town should
be dispersed, as people move to suburban areas. An environ-
mental standard for SO2 for Tokyo will be achieved by 1973,
drastically cutting down SO2 discharge (by 56%). For particu-
lates, the target is a 40% cut of the present level by 1973 from
the installation of more dust collectors and the switch to other
fuels than oil. Carbon monoxide will be cut, by stringent con-
trol of idling. The total of exhausted hydrocarbons and lead
from automobiles will be cut to the 1965 level of 47 tons/day
by 1973. Periodic checks on gasolines will be made for
tetraethyl lead. Also, efforts will be continued after 1973 to
cut down these pollutants further.
30620
Kawamoto, Hirotaka
EXPLANATION OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ACT.
(Taiki osen boshiho no kaisetsu). Text in Japanese. Ryusan (J.
Sulphuric Acid Assoc., Japan), 24(3):21-31, March 1971.
The Air Pollution Control law passed by the 64th Extraordina-
ry Diet session, aims at control of smoke, dust, exhaust gas,
and special matter. Smoke is divided into sooty dust, sulfur
oxides, harmful matter, and special harmful matter. Facilities
which generate smoke are defined. Sooty dust generated by
the incineration of fuel or by the use of electricity is the same
as the traditional soot and other dusts; it includes soot, ash,
metal, and other oxides generated by combustion. Use of elec-
tricity as a heat source implies the electric furnace process,
for instance Harmful matter is defined as that generated by
combustion, synthesis, decomposition, or other waste disposal
methods (except mechanical process). Examples are cadmium,
chlorine, fluoride, and lead. Special harmful matter is that
generated, for example by combustion of nitrogen oxides.
Facilities which generate harmful substances include elec-
trolytic furnaces, reactors, crucibles and converters. Those
who want to establish smoke-generating facilities must provide
regional authorities with necessary information. Those who do
not conform to the smoke standard are punished, ordered to
alter their plan, or to abandon it. Mines are excluded from the
definition of the facilities which generate smoke, as they come
under the more strict Mine Safety Law. The smoke discharge
standard is universal throughout Japan. The following smoke
environmental standards apply: hourly values must be less
than 0.2 ppm for 99% of the total hrs/yr; daily averages must
be less than 0.05 ppm for over 70% of the total days/yr; hourly
values must be less than 0.1 ppm for over 88% of the total
hs/yr; the average annual hourly value cannot exceed 0.05
ppm. In any area, the number of days calling for emergency
measures is not to exceed three percent of the total days/hr or
to continue beyond three days. The standards are to be real-
ized within 10 year in congested areas and within five years in
already polluted areas.
30908
Vogel, Hans
MAN, HIS ENVIRONMENT AND THE TECHNOLOGY.
PARTS n AND HI. (Der Mensch, seine Umwelt und die
Technik). Text in German. Chem. Rundschau (Solothurn),
24(15):305, 307, April 14, 1971. and 24(16):322, 324-325, April
21, 1971.
In 1970, President Nixon created the three-member Commis-
sion for Environmental Protection and assigned it the task of
working out legal and administrative measures for a better en-
vironment. By 1980 air polluting automobile exhausts will be
reduced by 93%. In August 1970, a Commission for Com-
batting Air Pollution was created in Tokyo. NATO established
a council in 1969 to study the effects of technology on the en-
vironment and man. An international academy for the protec-
tion of life and the environment will be created in Luxemburg
later in 1971. In West Germany, a cabinet subcommittee for
environmental problems, under the chairmanship of the
Minister of the Interior, was created. Presently, West Ger-
many spends $1.5 million to combat air pollution. As of Janua-
ry 1, 1972, refineries in West Germany must reduce the lead
content of gasoline to 0.4 g/1. Postponement to 1975 is likely,
however, if reduction becomes too costly or too complicated
for the refineries. Environmental protection concerns not only
governments and industries, but requires the cooperation of
the public. The subject should be included n school curricula.
31454
THE FIGHT AGAINST POLLUTION OF WATER AND AIR.
(Kampf der Verschmutzung von Wasser und Luft). Text in
German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(6):237-238, June 1971.
A new program for environmental protection was worked out
by the TJ. S. government in 1971. The program requests the in-
troduction of a clean air emission charge for the pollution of
air by sulfur oxides and also a tax on lead additives for
gasolines. The head of the Environmental Protection Agency
will have the power to prohibit or limit the use of substances
which he considers dangerous. The program favors the crea-
tion of a world agency for the protection of the environment.
An institute for environmental problems will be created,
financed by the government and a number of private founda-
tions. The institute will study measures for protecting the en-
vironment.
31957
Nagel, S.
FOURTH HEARING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION:
MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN AIR. DEBATE OVER
DEADLINES FOR LEAD LIMFTATION-NON-POLLUTING
CAR IN FIVE YEARS. (4. Hearing Umweltschutz: Luftrein-
haltung. Tauziehen um Termine fuer Bleibegrenzung-Umwelt
Auto erst in fuenf Jahren). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Nachr. (Berlin), 25(25):2, June 1971.
On June 14, 1971, at the fourth public hearing on environmen-
tal pollution, experts testified that the air pollution in industrial
centers in the Federal Republic of Germany had reached con-
centrations hazardous to human health. Air pollution has been
proven to cause diseases of the respiratory tract and retard
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358
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
development in children. Urban atmospheres contain car-
cinogenic substance which procuce 2.27-3.8 times the in-
cidence of cancer as in rural areas. Maximum emission con-
centrations have been established for pollutants such a:;
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, and
course dusts. These standards must be periodically verified
and updated. The automobile industry is now under pressure
to construct engines with lower emissions of pollutants, so
that, within three years, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
will be reduced by 20 to 30%.
32462
Aitken, Allan
EXHAUST EMISSION LEGISLATION. J. Automotive Eng.,
2(5):9-14, May 1971.
The Engine Engineering Department of the Ford Motor Com-
pany in Great Britain has been engaged in the research and
control of car emissions for nearly a decade. No fewer than
140 different car engines have been tested. However, the lack
of harmony in government legislation adds immeasurably to
engineering costs and scatters the talent and expertise engine
manufacturers have accrued in this field in many different
and often unrelated, directions. Manufacturers must press foi
international agreements on emission legislation and govern-
ment direction and, at the same time, continually improve the
emission characteristics in products without seriously com-
promising the tenet of value for money. Vehicle emission test
procedures are presented tabularly for various countries in-
cluding Belgium, Italy, France, West Germany, Sweden, Great
Britain, the United States, Canada, and California. Items
tested include hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monox-
ide, particulates, evaporation, crankcase emissions, and lead,
at various engine cycles. Legislated emission standards are
also given.
32789
Public Nuisance Control Assoc., Tokyo (Japan)
LAWS AND ORDINANCES RELEVANT TO AIR POLLU-
TION. (Taiki osen boshiho seko rei). Text in Japanese. San-
gyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 7(7):322-331, July 1971.
On the basis of the Air Pollution Prevention Act, regulations
have been issued designating pollutants, the maximum per-
missible emission, emission sources, and pollution areas.
Among the materials produced by combustion, synthesis, and
decomposition, elements that have been designated as toxic
are cadmium and its compounds, chloride and its compounds,
fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon fluoride, lead and its
compounds, and nitrogen oxides. Toxic materials emitted by
automobiles are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead com-
pounds, and nitrogen oxides. Toxic material that should be
guarded against at the time of accidents at manufacturing
plants consist of 28 items including NH3 and HF. The max-
imum permissible amount of toxic matter concentration per
hour at the highest point during the year should be less than
0.1 ppm. Twenty-six kinds of soot producing apparatus and
systems are subject to regulations, and five kinds of particu-
late producing furnaces and apparatus are subject to regula-
tions. Also included are areas subject to sulfur oxides concen-
tration control and areas subject to advice for the use of low-
sulfur content fuels.
32865
PUBLIC NUISANCE AND SAFETY - TENDENCY OF AIR
POLLUTION COUNTERMEASURES. (Kogai, anzen - Taiki
osen taisaku no doko). Text in Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J.
Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 50(530):521-528, June 1971. 162 refs.
Various legislative actions concerning the control of air pollu-
tion and studies on measurement methods for air pollution
during 1970 are reviewed, along with major developments in
desulfurization processes and automotive emission control.
Governmental control activities included criteria set for max-
imum allowable concentration and emission of carbon monox-
ide, criteria for atmospheric concentration of lead, and or-
dinances to control dust, CO, and carbon dioxide. The litera-
ture review covers studies on air pollution measurement
methods and pollution control devices.
32884
Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan)
AMENDMENT DRAFT AND EXPLANATION OF ADX POL-
LUTION CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT REGULATIONS.
(Taiki osen boshiho sekorei no kaiseian oyobi kaisetsu). Text
in Japanese. Preprint, 20p., 1971. (Presented at the Public
Nuisance Prevent. Tech. Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Air pollution control laws and amendments in Japan are ex-
amined. Regions are divided into eight classes based on the
discharge standard of sulfur dioxide, for which the maximum
allowable concentration is 0.020-0.045 ppm at groung level. In-
dustries discharging smoke, cadmium, or lead and boilers
burning heavy oils must be equipped with electric dust collec-
tors, bag filters, or multi-cyclones. In certain areas, buildings
with central heating must install multi-cyclones or more effi-
cient dust collectors or change to gas or electric heating. The
prefectural governments may adopt emission standards stricter
than those enforced by the national government. Industries
discharging chlorine or fluorine must be equipped with alkali
washing devices. Sulfur content in fuels is limited to 1.0-1.5%.
33495
Morgan, George B. and Guntis Ozolins
AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Office, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Atmospheric Surveil-
lance, 23p., May 21, 1971.
The specific needs for air quality data, the scope and require-
ments of monitoring activities, and the chief components of
ambient air quality surveillance such as sampling-measurement
networks, laboratory support, and data handling and analysis
were presented. The monitoring conducted by state and local
air pollution control agencies is directed toward enforcement
activities. The Federal monitoring system provides a uniform
data base throughout the country against which all other air
quality data can be verified. States must provide adequate
monitoring of total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, and total hydrocar-
bons. The number of sampling stations required depends
primarily on existing pollution levels, their geographical and
temporal variability, and the size of the region. The number of
sampling stations must be adequate to allow definition of the
area or areas where ambient concentrations may be expected
to exceed those designated in air quality standards. Station lo-
cations and sampling site characteristics were discussed. The
sampling frequencies for mechanical samplers and the averag-
ing times for automatic samplers are dictated by ambient air
quality standards. The frequencies (continuous, daily, or
weekly) are given for suspended particulates, lead, polycyclic
organic matter, fluorides, SO2, CO, HC, nitrogen dioxide,
NOx, and ozone for urban and rural areas. With automatic in-
strumentation the need for routine laboratory support is
greatly reduced but a problem of data transmission, validation,
and reduction is introduced. Trends in urban air quality were
also reviewed.
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
359
33740
Hartkopf, Guenter
ASPECTS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CONCERN-
ING THE POLICY ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
(Aspekte der Bundesregierung zur Umweltschutzpolitik). Text
in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(10):225-226,
Oct. 1971. (Presented at the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bonner
Aerzte fuer Umweltschutz, 2nd Scientific Meeting, March 24,
1971.)
The present state of measures taken by the German Federal
Government for protecting the envrionment is encouraging. A
draft of the law for limiting the lead content of gasoline has
been put before the German Bundestag. A draft for a federal
emission protection law has been completed in the Department
of the Interior. Experts look at the function of a Federal In-
stitution as protecting against emissions and other institutions
as protecting the environment. The federal government is
determined to give the improvement of environmental quality
priority over economic growth. Considering the complexity of
the problems involving environmental pollution which range
from lead contamination by automobile exhaust gases to possi-
ble climatic changes through carbon dioxide, the German
Federal Government makes use of experience gained in these
fields on the international level.
33844
Langmann, R.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FROM THE VIEWPOINT
OF THE CITY MUEHLHEIM-RUHR. (Umweltschutz aus der
Sicht der Stadt Muehlheim Ruhr). Text in German. Oeffentl.
Gesundheitswesen (Stuttgart), 33(10):658-665, Oct. 1971. 18
refs.
The sources for air pollution in the city Muehlheim-Ruhr are
domestic heaters, automobiles, and industry. While the carbon
monoxide fraction in waste gases from power plants is one
percent, it is three percent at domestic heaters and fluctuates
between 0.05 and 13%. A fraction of five percent CO in the
hemoglobin lowers the ability to concentrate. Such COHb
values can be expected to accumulate during driving in busy
streets. In Muehlheim-Ruhr some values have been measured
which exceeded 50 ppm. Another pollutant emitted by automo-
biles, lead, has been found in a concentration of 0.55 mg/sq
m/day. No higher lead concentration in the blood of the popu-
lation in the city has been recorded. Also, 120 mg/sq m/day of
zinc has been determined in one section of the city. After the
installation of cloth filters, the zinc concentration sank to 0.5
mg/day/sq m. The sulfur dioxide emission has been reduced in
Muehlheim-Ruhr by a switch to natural gas. The SO2 concen-
tration measured in this city was 0.21 mg/cu m. A lower ul-
traviolet radiation was measured in the hazy industrial city of
Muehlheim-Ruhr than in neighboring Bielefeld with no indus-
try. Possibilities for assuring environmental protection are
discussed with emphasis on health officials, medical person-
nel, and control agencies.
34033
Bermingham, P. E.
CURRENT EMISSION STANDARDS AND THE PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY. American Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of
Refining, Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. Div. Refining, vol. 51:587-
610, 1971. 86 refs. (Presented at the Midyear Meeting, 36th,
San Francisco, Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
Environmental laws and regulations applicable to petroleum
refining are discussed from a legal point of view. Effluent
discharges as affected by the Water Pollution Control Act and
its amendments are discussed, as well as oil spills affected Dy
the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 and impediments
to navigation affected by the Refuse Act of 1889. Pending 1971
water pollution amendments are indicated. Refinery emissions
into the ambient air as affected by the Clean Air Act and its
amendments are considered. National standards are cited for
major pollutants and new stationary sources. Fuel composition
including lead in gasoline is discussed. Citizens suits, noise,
odors, flares and glares, and thermal pollution are mentioned.
(Author abstract modified)
34980
Study Group on Pollution and Inhabitants
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND INHABITANTS
MOVEMENT AT ANNAKA CITY. (Annakashi ni okeru kogai
to jumin undo). Text in Japanese. 52p., 1971 (?). 16 refs.
The source of pollution that has caused environmental hazards
at Annaka City, Gumma Prefecture is only a metal refining
plant. Since the move to pollution was deeply affected by the
characteristics of the community, geographical and historical
conditions, industrial structure, and damages to soil, crops,
plants, and humans were investigated. Countermeasures of the
Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of Trade and In-
dustry, Gumma Prefecture, and Annaka Municipality were
discussed. Pollution at Annaka City has been caused by cadmi-
um, zinc, and lead. The Ministry of Health and Welfare made
a study from the viewpoint of environmental pollution, health
of inhabitants, and source of pollution. Since the illegal act of
the Inspectorate Division of the Tokyo Mining District against
the mining safety law in regard to an Annaka refining plant,
the Ministry of Trade and Industry has been studying the
methods of pollution control. Gumma Prefecture and Annaka
Municipality have also made continuous investigations on pol-
lution since Ministry of Health and Welfare assigned the city
as an investigation-required region in 1969. Twenty-five or-
ganizations of inhabitants against environmental pollution and
their supporting groups are mentioned. The philosophy of the
two major groups are different and antagonistic. One was or-
ganized by victims of the region and is against industry. This
group is called the Antagonists group. The other is formed by
area residents and conservative members of the municipal as-
sembly and is called the Cooperative group. The history of
development, organization, the results of activity, and the sup-
porting bodies of both groups were briefly discussed.
35151
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan), Public
Nuisance Security Bureau
POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY OF THE MINISTRY OF
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INDUSTRY FOR 1972.
(Showa 47-nendo no Tsusho sangyo-sho no kogai taisaku ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public
Nuisance), 7(10):617-626, Oct. 1971.
The 1972 public nuisance control policies and measurement
program by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry
are discussed with regard to the Ministry s budgets for: in-
vestigation and guidance, development of control techniques,
expansion of assistance given to industrial pollution control ac-
tivities, and the promotion of desulfurization systems, industri-
al waste disposal systems, and small and medium size indus-
tries pollution control measures. The total budget for guidance
and investigation is $1.147,000, of which the budget for the
guidance and education of stack gas treatment technicians is
$24,800, and the budget for investigation of industrial com-
plexes for bad odor is $21,100. About $4,061,000 is to be spent
toward the development of electric cars and $31,000 for in-
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360
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
vestigation, calibration, and standardization of air pollution
measurement instruments. For installations of desulfurization
systems, $28,210,000 will be given as subsidies to industries;
$15,500,000 will be spent to eliminate lead from gasoline; and
$10,540,000 will be spent for installations of electric power
generators using liquified natural gas. Import duties are to be
decreased approximately $1.55/kl of desulfurized oil, and 34
cents kl of low sulfur crude oil.
35461
91st Congress
LEAD-BASED PAINT POISONING PREVENTION ACT. P.
L. 91-695, 3p., Jan. 13, 1971. 7 refs.
The Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Act authorizes the Secretary
of Housing and Urban Development to establish a Federal
demonstration and research program for the study of lead-
based paint poisoning and requires the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to prohibit future use of lead-based
paint in Federal or federally assisted construction or rehabilita-
tion. The Act also provides Federal grants to help cities and
communities establish intensive local programs for detecting
and eliminating the causes of lead-based paint poisoning.
Grants for detection programs are not to exceed $3,330,00 in
fiscal year 1971 and $6,660,000 in fiscal year 1972. Grants for
elimination programs are not to exceed $5,000,000 in fiscal
year 1971 and $10,000,000 in fiscal year 1972. Appropriations
for the Federal demonstration and research program are
$1,670,000 for fiscal year 1971 and $3,340,000 for fiscal year
1972.
35795
Shinmura, Gakushi
PARTIAL REVISION OF ORDINANCES RELATED TO AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS. (Taiki osen boshi ho kankei
horei no ichibu kaisei nado ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nihon
Gasu Kyokai-shi (J. Japan Gas Assoc.), 24(9):26-29, Nov. 1971.
Commentaries are made on the main points of revisions in the
Air Pollution Control Act passed by the 64th Diet session in
the fall of 1970 and ministrial ordinances issued on June 26,
1971 on related matters. The main revisions in the Air Pollu-
tion Control Act include: the abolishment of specific control
area systems and the application of emission and maximum
concentration standards to the entire nation; prerogatives of
local governments in issuing more strict emission standards
than the national standards when deemed necessary, regula-
tions controlling the use of fuels for especially polluted urban
areas; and designation of emission standards for toxic materi-
als and dust particles. Revisions made on the enforcement or-
dinances give specified toxic materials as cadmium, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, silicon
fluoride, lead, and nitrogen oxides. Comments and explana-
tions are given on various dust and soot creating facilities and
emission standards, areas with special sulfur oxide emission
standards, fuel use control areas, emergency countermeasures,
administrative responsibilities, and various technical standards
and applications in gas work operations.
35922
Fujitani, Yoshiyasu
AIR POLLUTION: MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL MEA-
SURE. (Taiki osen, keisoku to taisaku). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):27-30,
1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollu-
tion Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon,
and nitrogen oxide concentrations and their emission sources
are presented for the U. S. in 1966. The U. S. monitoring
system is briefly discussed. An automobile maker in Nagoya
began an investigation in April 1970, and after one year of
preparation, obtained monitoring apparatus and began a two-
year continuous monitoring of two cars and two fixed monitor-
ing stations in Nagoya. Sulfur dioxide, dust, nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, CO, HC, oxidant, and lead are being mea-
sured; the wind direction, velocity, temperature, humidity, the
quantities of the sunshine, and precipitation are also measured.
Traffic, pollutant concentration, and correlation between pol-
lution, traffic, and meteorological factors will be examined.
The patterns of pollution and high fluctuation, if any, will be
determined at busy intersections and in Nagoya city as a
whole. The method of forecasting will be developed by simula-
tion tests.
36030
Uchida, Sanichiro
UNLEADED GASOLINE PROBLEMS. (Gasorin no muenka ni
tsuite no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J.
Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 50(534):768-777, Oct. 1971. 20 refs.
In Japan, all the lead additives in both regular and premium
gasolines are to be removed by April 1, 1974. This will not
only have a considerable influence on the refineries both
technically and economically, but will also pose many
problems for the automobile manufacturers and users of the
cars. With regard to petroleum refining, there will be a
problem of how to select a suitable octane booster in order to
manufacture a well balanced unleaded gasoline. Valve seat
recession and knocking troubles will be present in older cars
without new devices.
36877
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan); Ministry of
International Trade and Industry; (Japan); Ministry of
Transportation, Tokyo Japan; Japan Police Government
Headquarters, Tokyo
PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF AIR POLLUTION
PRODUCED BY LEAD IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES
- WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LEAD HAZARDS IN
YANAGI-CHO, USHIGOME, AND SHINJUKU-KU. (Jidosha
Haikigasu chu no namari ni yoru taikiosen no boshi taisaku ni
tsuite - Shinjuku-ku Ushigome Yanagi-cho engai jiken to kan-
renshite). Text in Japanese. 59p., June 1970.
A liaison conference was organized by four Japanese minis-
tries to consider countermeasures against so-called Yanagi-cho
Hazards. A summary report was presented concerning the data
of a liaison conference, and countermeasures by each Minis-
try. Lead quantity exceeded by 60 micrograms, 100 ml the
Labor Ministry standard value in the blood of 13 of 62 inhabi-
tants near the Yanagi-cho, Ushigome. A medical group in a
consumers co-operative society in the Bunkyo-ku reported that
the hazards were due to lead in automobile exhaust gases. An
investigation of the cause of the hazards has been carried out
by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The Ministry told the
Tokyo Metropolitan Government that preventive measures for
automobile exhaust gases should be administered as far as
possible. An origin of the hazards was clarified by the result
of the medical examinations. Information is given about lead
quantity in the blood, urine, and air, and 15 sets of investiga-
tion concerning the effect on the human body, and measure-
ment figures of lead in the environmental air. The mean,
highest, and lowest value of lead concentrations in the air
were classified by locations, the method of determination, and
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
361
the names of investigation reports. One of the countennea-
sures by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry was
to decrease lead quantity added to the gasoline of automobiles,
and to make non-use of lead a long-term project. The problem
of a preventive measure of lead hazards by automobile
gasoline is being examined by the Ministry of Transportation.
The Ministry of Police Administration is striving to consolidate
traffic control systems, and to develop a cooperation between
traffic control and air pollution monotoring systems.
37193
A PREVIEW OF THE YEAR 1972, FEDERAL GOVERN-
MENT INTENSIFIES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
(Ausblick auf das Jahr 1972. Bundesregierung intensiviert Um-
weltschutz). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(12):431-
433, Dec. 1971.
The Cabinet of the Federal Government approved a program
for the protection of the environment. An advisory panel and
an information center concerning all questions of environmen-
tal pollution shall be created. For combating air pollution, the
Federal Government drafted the Federal Emission Protection
Law which calls out for more research and development in the
field. It strives to reduce emission of pollutants by Otto en-
gines to one tenth of the average values emitted in 1969. The
reduction shall be achieved in steps and shall be completed by
1980. A first step is a limitation of the emission of carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons. A second important step is the
law limiting the lead content of gasolines. Other limitations of
pollutants found in exhaust gases are in preparation.
37392
THE PROBLEM OF THE LEADED GASOLINE LAW. (Zur
Problematik des Benzinbleigesetzes). Text in German. Erdoel
Kohle (Hamburg), 24(9):605-606, Sept. 1971.
A West German law of Aug. 8, 1971 that requires the max-
imum lead content in spark-ignition motor fuel to be 0.15 g/1 as
of 1976 is criticized. The reduced octane values would require
new expensive refinery processes and modifications in motor
designs, while used car engines would create a serious
problem. Also fuel imports would be affected, despite the
provisions of the law. A lead filter, equivalent in its effect
with the law, is being developed by the Associated Octel Co.
Ltd., London. This law does not rule out a common solution
by the European Economic Community in the future. Experts
of this organization found the fuel lead content of 0.4-0.45 g/1
acceptable from a hygienic point of view. A further reduction
of the lead content as envisaged for 1976 might even increase
dangers due to increased amounts of aromatic compounds in
gasoline.
37423
Ruckelshaus, William D.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. (40 CRF PART
80). REGULATION OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES.
LEAD AND PHOSPHORUS ADDITIVES IN MOTOR VEHI-
CLE GASOLINE. Federal Register, 37(36):3882-3884, Feb. 23,
1972. 3 refs.
The Environmental Protection Agency has determined that
emission products from lead and phosphorus additives will sig-
nificantly impair the performance of emission control systems,
including catalytic converters, being developed to meet the
1975-1976 motor vehicle emission standards. To provide for
the availability of essential lead- and phosphorus-free gasolines
by 1975, the EPA proposes to regulate the lead and
phosphorus content of regular and premium gasolines,
beginning Jan. 1974. The proposed regulations are presented as
a new Part 80 to be added to Title 40 of the Code of Federal
Regulations. The regulations are divided into two parts, one
containing general provisions and the other the controls ap-
plicable to gasoline refiners, distributors, and retailers and to
motor vehicle manufacturers. The liability for violations is out-
lined.
37497
Saylor, Louis F.
PUBLIC HEALTH REPORT. Calif. Med., 115(1):106-107, July
1971. 5 refs.
Since 1954 the California Dept. of Public Health has con-
ducted research on the effects of air pollution on health, and
the application of such research to determine what upper
limits need to be imposed on pollutants to protect the health.
The first scientifically supported air quality standards in the
nation were developed by the department in 1959. Among
other health reactions, the effects of oxidants on asthma and
lung function were investigated, as well as research on the
body burdens of lead and carbon monoxide. However,
technology alone without significant changes in our mode of
life will not provide air of sufficient purity to avoid deleterious
effects on health. Long- range community planning is needed,
as well as air pollution health warning systems and continuing
research.
37521
Shiobara, Yoichi
AIR POLLUTION NEAR YANAGICHO INTERSECTION
CAUSED BY AUTO EXHAUSTS AND URBAN REDEVELOP-
MENT - A VOICE OF A RESIDENT. (Yanagicho no kotsu
kogai to toshi saikaihatsu - Jumin no hatsugen). Text in
Japanese. Jurisuto (Jurist), no. 492:92-98, Nov. 10, 1971.
Atmospheric lead pollution, caused by the large amount of
traffic in the Yanagicho area, has caused symptoms of lead
poisoning such as nausea, forgetfulness, inertia, and change of
character among residents living near the Yanagicho Intersec-
tion. Ten countermeasures against lead pollution would be
prohibition of the use of lead as a gasoline additive; antipollu-
tion devices; prompt compensation of all personal and proper-
ty damages caused by auto exhaust fumes; the establishment
of a green-belt and widened pavements; the transfer of pollu-
tion regulative powers to the local governments; an amend-
ment of the pollution regulations in order to put the residents
interests before industries profits; enforcement of a no-car day
in the Yanagicho area; establishment of special environmental
standards of Workmen s Health for the Yanagicho area; con-
struction of underpasses for automobiles; and examination and
prompt medical treatment of lead pollution victims. Urban
redevelopment projects near Yanagicho intersections have not
been adequately studied for commercial use in the Yanagicho
area. Residents should participate in urban renewal plans;
adequate guidance and explanation is needed by urban renewal
authorities.
37560
RETROSPECT ONTO TECHNICS AND RESEARCH 1971.
(Rueckblick auf Technik und Forschung 1971). Text in Ger-
man. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Nachr. (Berlin), 25(52):l-2, Dec.
29, 1971
Progress has been made in the Federal Republic of Germany
in 1971 with regard to dedusting. Dedusting equipment is used
in nearly every branch of industry, so that the dust load in the
air has decreased. Great problems however are caused by air
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362
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
pollution like sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen
oxides. Gas washing methods for SO2 are still in a state of ex-
perimentation and the refineries are opposed to a desulfuriza-
tion of the fuel because of costs. The reduction of CO and
NOx is similarly difficult. The main producer of these harmful
gasses is the car motor. A concentration of CO and NOx
which is harmful to human health is reached and even ex-
ceeded in rush hours of densely populated cities. A limitation
of CO in exhaust gas has been in effect since Oct. 1971, how-
ever, there is none for NOx. In Aug. 1971 a gasoline-lead act
became effective which provides a reduction of the toxic
metal organic lead additives. Another law against air pollution,
the emissions protection law, is in preparation.
37717
Engelkes, G.
DECONTAMINATION OF WASTE GASES IN SWEDEN.
(Abgasentgiftung in Schweden). Text in German. Gesund-
heitsw. Desinfekt. (Hamburg), 63(11):172-173, Nov. 1971.
Since 1969, decontamination of gasoline has been in progress
in Sweden by means of a gradual reduction of its lead content.
Within the next few years, the use of gas with any lead con-
tent at all will become illegal. By 1972, all new motor vehicles
have to be equipped with a purification device for engine ex-
haust gases. All other, older cars are being checked once a
year for the correct setting of carburetors to ensure the
highest possible degree of combustion. Drivers are obligated to
shut down the engine after three minutes of idle running. This
regulation could result in a problem for taxis and buses, con-
sidering the discomfort which shutting off the heating system
can bring about for drivers and passengers. For this reason,
taxi stations, bus stops, and bus terminals are electrically
heated, so that heated air can be conveyed from there to the
inside of the vehicles. As part of official inspection procedure
in Sweden, a certain apparatus is inserted into the exhaust
pipe for determination of the composition of the waste gases.
If unsatisfactory conditions are found, they have to be at-
tended to and the car has then to be presented again for in-
spection. Injection pumps for diesel engines must be set so
that the exhaust gas conditions remain tolerable even at max-
imum load. The law prescribes that the pump has to be sealed
by the work shop or service garage after setting.
38669
Osaka Prefectural Government (Japan), Div. of Atmosphere
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW INSTRUCTIONAL DATA.
(Taiki osen boshiho setsumei shiryo). Text in Japanese. 14p.,
1971.
Instructions and explanations are given concerning the air pol-
lution control law and the main points of revisions. The or-
ganization and system of the law are explained by a flowchart.
Regulations are applicable to stack gases including sulfur ox-
ides, soot, general and special toxic gases, special toxic
materials, and dust particles. With regard to emission stan-
dards, sulfur oxide emission standards are categorized in eight
groups and are determined locally. Stack gas, soot, and toxic
gas emission standards are determined nationally, and special
emission standards are applicable to soot and special toxic
gases. Violations in all categories of stack gases are subject to
penalties. Standards for special toxic materials are determined
case by case at the time of accident. Dust emission standards
are determined depending on the structure, use, and main-
tenance of facilities. These last two items are not subject to
penalty. The method of enforcement of improvement orders
and the period of improvements are reviewed by a table. Items
and facilities that require registration and reporting are
reviewed by a table. Facilities designated as soot and stack gas
emission sources are reviewed by a table. Emission standards
with regard to categories and usage, the old and new stan-
dards, and control areas are reviewed by tables and maps.
Emission standards of special toxic materials such as cadmium
and compounds, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, fluorine,
hydrogen and silicon fluorides, and lead and compounds, are
reviewed by a table. Dust creating facilities and their manage-
ment standards are given.
38757
EPA RELEASES LEAD PHASEOUT PROPOSAL. Oil Gas J.,
70(9):38-39, Feb. 28, 1972. 2 refs.
The Environmental Protection Agency has published proposed
regulations aimed at a 60-65% reduction in the use of lead ad-
ditives in motor gasoline by mid-1977. Marketers will be
required to offer a lead-free, phosphorus-free grade of at least
91 research octane number at stations accounting for about 80-
85% of sales in the U. S. EPA concluded that additives will in-
terfere with catalytic mufflers likely to be used to meet emis-
sion standards for 1975 and 1976 model autos, and also that at-
mospheric lead above 2 micrograms/cu m, averaged over a
period of 3 mo or longer, constitutes a health hazard. Costs
are mentioned, as well as the objections to the proposed regu-
lations.
39640
Thum, Ernest E.
SMOKE LITIGATION IN SALT LAKE CITY. Chem. Met.
Eng., 22(25):1145-1150, June 23, 1920.
Another stage in the smoke litigation involving smelters
operating in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, ended on Feb. 21,
1920, when a Federal judge signed an interlocutory decree per-
mitting, under certain conditions, the continued operation of
the American Smelting and Refining Co. plant at Murray and
the United States Smelting Co. plant at Midvale. After the
original suit of 409 farmers in 1906, the Murray plant im-
mediately erected a large baghouse for eliminating solid parti-
cles from the gas. This was in line with the contention that the
damage was largely due to compounds of sulfur and arsenic
which condensed on particles of soot or other solid matter and
settled with them to the ground. The company also made the
proper financial settlements with the complaining fanners and
agreed to construct an extensive dust chamber at the roaster
department to cool the gases from those operations. The
United States Smelting Co. claimed that its newly perfected
Sprague process of introducing zinc oxide into the smoke
would remove all cause for crop injury. At the same time the
zinc would neutralize sulfuric acid, forming with it a solid
which would be caught by the bags. The court also stipulated
that the Midvale plant must remove all solids from its roaster
and blast-furnace gases, discharging all smoke through a single
smokestack free of lead, copper, arsenic, and antimony com-
pounds and all traces of sulfur trioxide. The fate of the other
plants in the region is indicated. Both American Smelting and
Refining Co. and United States Smelting Co. have maintained
investigating staffs during the litigation period to study the
question of smoke injury in general and to operate experimen-
tal farms near the smelters. Factors modifying smoke damage,
sulfur dioxide injury, and economic loss are discussed.
40486
ELIMINATION OF LEAD FROM AUTOMOBILE
GASOLINES. (Elimination du Plomb des Essences pour Au-
tomobiles). Text in French. Protectio Vitae, no. 1:30, 1972.
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
363
The International Society for Research into Civilization Dis-
eases and Vital Substances issued a new resolution concerning
the fight against the toxic effects of lead. It states that lead
content in gasoline should be reduced as soon as practically
possible. Instead of the present general limit of 0.4 to 0.6 g/1,
one should aim for a reduction to 0.2 g/1 in 1972, and 0.1 g/1 in
1974. Vehicles now taxed on the basis of cylinder volume,
should be so taxed to encourage changes in design favorable
to a decrease in pollution. There should be higher taxation on
lead bearing gasoline. Display and storing of food in the open
in streets with heavy traffic should be prohibited. Effective
measures should be taken for protection against the dangers of
highly toxic organic lead compounds; for prohibition of use of
lead carrying gasoline for cleaning; for protection of persons
with regard to inhaling, and to exposure of their skin to toxic
compounds. Possibilities of replacing tetraethyl lead as anti-
knock agent in gasoline, bv a different additive should be stu-
died. Routine recording, on a work! wide scale, of leaa content
in the atmosphere should occur. Other studies, including
research into the biological effect of lead present in traces
only, should be made.
40520
Wallden, Ingwald and Gerhard Salingen
LEAD IN PETROL. CONSEQUENCES FOR CONSUMERS
AND INDUSTRY. (Ely i bensin. Konsekvenser foer kon-
sument och industri). Text in Swedish. Mod. Kemi., 5(4):26-31,
April 1972. 9 refs.
The viewpoints of the gasoline and the car industries concern-
ing lead in gasoline are presented. The need for an adjustment
in research and development programs is stressed. This is be-
lieved necessary to avoid incorrect investments and decisions
which may restrain international trade and traffic. A new
Danish thermal catalytic exhaust cleaning system with good
performance at a reasonable cost is discussed. A recently in-
troduced bill is also discussed which calls for the gradual
reduction of lead in gasoline to .4 g/1 by 1973 and .15 g/I be-
fore 1976. The recommendation is from the National Swedish
Nature Conservancy Board and the Government Poison
Board. (Author summary modified)
41289
Bonner and Moore Associates, Inc., Houston, Tex.
TAX SYSTEMS TO SUPPORT REDUCTION OF LEAD CON-
TENT IN MOTOR GASOLINES. Environmental Protection
Agency Contract 68-02-0050-3 72p., July 29, 1971. 2 refs.
NTIS: PB 203953
Four lead content reduction schedules were selected from a
previously conducted added cost study for further analysis to
explore the use of taxation as an implementation device. Dif-
ferences between the schedules provide for removal of lead
from conventional 94-octane and 100-octane grades at different
rates over a 10 year period. The basic role of taxation is to
raise the price of leaded gasoline so that the price of the un-
leaded or low-leaded gasoline is competitive with the leaded
regular. This taxation can take the form either of a per-gallon
tax on fuel containing lead, a flat tax per pound of lead used
in gasoline additive, or a combination of the two. The least de-
manding reduction schedule can be met only through the use
of a cent-per-gallon tax on gasoline. This method would in-
crease taxes for the leaded grades and all grades equal to or
greater than 94-octane while decreasing the tax on the new
third grade 93-octane grade. The more demanding schedules
are most effectively met through a direct tax on lead additives.
Lead is taxed and an excise tax credit of one-half cent/gal is
allowed on all unleaded gasoline below conventional regular
octane. Regulation on lead levels would be required if a
gasoline tax is used to implement these schedules. Results of
imposing all three tax methods are described in detail.
41557
Ulled, Armando
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND THE ECONOMY.
(La contaminacion ambiental y la economia). Text in Spainish.
Ingenieria, Mexico City, 73(1018):25-29, Aug. 1971. 4 refs.
Various aspects of environmental pollution are discussed. In-
cluded are topics such as the main pollutants occurring in the
environment, who is involved in the pollution problem, the
role of the government in organizing the measures to be taken
in the control of pollution, the contribution of the World
Health Organization in this matter, and a review of solutions
found by some of the European countries in the fight for the
preservation of the ecology. Detection and monitoring of air
pollutants is assuming a character of international concern.
The World Health Organization has provided recently for a
world system of air pollution monitoring including nonpolluted
regions such as the polar areas. Attention is focused on six
elements such as sulfur dioxide, solid particles, carbon monox-
ide, photochemical smog, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Data are
fed into a central computer system connected with an alarm
facility to be triggered whenever certain pollutant levels are
exceeded at a given point of the wor'd map. The economical
aspects of the pollution problem carry a national character in
that they depend on the specific features of each country s
economy and ecology.
41703
Philberth, Bernhard, Karl Philberth, and Helmut Borcherdt
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THROUGH TAX POL-
ICY. PROPOSALS ON GASOLINE AND AUTOMOBILE
TAXES. (Umweltschutz durch Steuerpolitik. Vorschlaege zum
Thema Mineraloel- und Kfz-Steuern). Text in German. Staed-
tehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), no. 4:101-103, 1972.
Proposals on tax policies as a means of environmental protec-
tion are outlined with special application to transportation. The
principle of high taxes on products causing great damages to
the environment should be applied also to the automobile in-
dustry. In order to establish maximum allowable concentra-
tions for heavy metals in the air, a surtax of approximately
0.33 cents per promille of lead in the gasoline should be im-
posed, which would stimulate the development of new engine
designs operating on lead- free gasoline. Increased
benzopyrene and carbon monoxide contents as a result of
lead-free gasoline would not occur in the exhausts from diesel
and Waakel engines. Surtaxes on each engine model, in pro-
portion to the specific damage caused to the environment,
would stimulate the design of cars causing less damage to the
environment. Since the taxes on private transportation are still
too low, the taxes on automobiles and gasoline should be in-
creased to subsidize public transportation.
42016
THE REDUCTION OF THE ADMISSIBLE LEAD CONTENT
IN GASOLINES. (Zur Herabsetzung des zulaessigen Bleian-
teils in Kraftstoffen). Text in German. Metall (Berlin),
26(5):495-496, May 1972.
The law passed singly and isolatedly by the Government of the
Federal Republic of Germany limiting the lead content of fuels
might have unfavorable consequences for free trade within the
European community. The mineral oil industry and automobile
industry of the other member states will be forced to a special
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364
LEAD AND A[R POLLUTION
production of gasolines and cars for the German market. This
will be a burden to the industries of the member states rather
than for the German industry. The Commission thinks that en-
vironmental protection is of vital interest for the entire Com-
munity, but all measures taken should be in due proportion.
The differences in the opinion of experts is an indication that
not much is known to date about the harmfulness of lead and
the aromatics used to replace the lead. Single acts on the na-
tional level are detrimental to the Community and enhance the
difficulties faced by the Community in its strive to arrive at a
uniform policy in the field of environmental pollution. The
Community is sponsoring a study program which should lead
to the issuance of emission standards fit for all member states.
42041
THE ELIMINATION OF LEAD FROM LEAD-CONTAINING
BENZENE. Protectio Vitae, 1972:89,1972.
After a short transitional period to allow process modifica-
tions, the lead concentrations in benzene should be reduced.
The ultimate goal should be the complete elimination of lead
as soon as possible. Structural motor modifications should be
started immediately. The quantity of lead in benzene should be
taxed. The exhibition and storage of unpacked foodstuffs near
motor roads must be prohibited. The use of leaded benzene in
dry cleaning should be prohibited. Feasibility studies of
replacement of leaded benzene with other fuels or of the
replacement of lead with other additives are needed. Effective
use must be made of present facilities to determine lead levels
in the environment. Studies concerning the epidemiology of
acute, chronic, and latent lead poisoning are necessary in
order to establish the limits of admissible lead content hi the
environment, the biosphere, and the human organism.
42169
Wolff, Hans-Christian
THE TIME, THE COOPERATION AND PROTESTS FROM
THE COMMON MARKET PARTNERS. THE SECOND
STAGE OF THE GASOLINE LEAD LAW. (Die Zeit, die
Zumsammenarbeit und Proteste aus der EWG. Die zweit Stufe
des Benzin-Bleigesetzes). Text in German. Umwelt (Duessel-
dorf), 2(3):50-51, June-July 1972.
The first stage of the gasoline-lead-law went into effect on
Jan. 1, 1972. The lead concentration in all gasolines was
reduced to 0.4 g/1. The legislation came too rapidly for the
mineral oil industry. The construction of new refineries to
meet the deadline was impossible. A lowering of the gasoline
quality was unavoidable. There was no time for a study of the
effect on the 15 million automobiles already in operation. It is
suggested that the deadline for the second stage of the lead-
law should be reconsidered. This is particularly justified in
view of the results of the recent extensive study by the Na-
tional Academy of Science in the U. S. The study found that
the lead concentration of the air in the U. S., whose traffic
density is much higher than that in Europe, has not yet
reached a level which is acutely dangerous to the population.
42873
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. (Problem der Luftverschmut-
zung). Text in German. In: Bericht der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland ueber die Umwelt des Menschen. p. 53-61, May
1972.
Problems of and measures planned in West Germany to con-
trol air pollution are outlined. Air pollution, particularly due to
carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, fluorine, heavy
metals, dust, and odors, represent health and corrosion
hazards. Model experiments to elaborate adequate pollution
abatement measures have been carried out. Clean air main-
tenance plans, including regional programs, the set-up and ex-
tension of monitoring networks, the use of low-emission raw
materials, fuels, technologies, equipment, dust separators, gas
cleaning equipment, and high stacks will be the basic means of
abating air pollution. Further pollution standards, implying
limitations on fuel sulfur content, will be introduced. Partial
desulfurization of fuel and Diesel oil has been applied. The
emissions from Otto engined vehicles will be successively
reduced to 1/10 of the 1969 level by 1980. Carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbon emissions have been limited as a first step,
followed by a lead emission standard in 1971, requiring a max-
imum concentration of 0.4 g/1 which will be further reduced to
0.15 g/1 in 1976. As the possibilities to control emissions from
conventional engines are limited, studies on new power
sources are promoted. Radioactivity as created by human ac-
tivity is negligible in comparison with the background level.
44044
Freeman, A. Myrick III and Robert H. Haveman
RESIDUALS CHARGES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL: A
POLICY EVALUATION. Science, 177(4046):322-329, July
1972. 28 refs.
Growing interest has been directed toward one alternative
strategy for controlling environmental pollution; that strategy
is the creation of economic incentives for pollution control by
levying taxes or charges on wastes (residuals) discharged to
the environment. Many proposals have been made which
would directly or indirectly raise the cost of discharging harm-
ful wastes to the environment. Their aim is to induce firms,
municipalities, and individuals subject to the charges of wastes
to curb their discharges and ultimately to reduce the damages
caused by these discharges. Much debate has focused on the
efficacy, feasibility, and effectiveness of residuals charges. To
dispell confusion, correct misconceptions, and put the more
substantive of the criticisms into proper perspective, the
residuals charge strategy is compared with the relevant alter-
native, direct regulation of discharges through permits backed
by an administrative and judicial enforcement system,
representative of present policies in air and water pollution
control. Some of the areas of comparison were: differences in
regulation and enforcement, measurement of discharges, cost
of pollution control, industrial reaction, effect on inflation and
other economic aspects, environmental management, and ad-
ministration. Experiments are recommended to test some
forms of residuals charges, such as a federal charge on emis-
sions of sulfur oxides or a tax on lead additives, or establish-
ment of a river basin authority with responsibilities for air,
water, and solid wastes.
44219
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION REQUIRES NEW THINK-
ING. (Umweltschutz erfordert Umdenken). Text in German.
Metall. (Berlin), 26(7):763, July 1972.
General problems of environmental protection and interna-
tional cooperation in this area are reviewed. Ecological im-
pacts of economic and technical activities should have priority
above economic expansion. The initial steps in an environmen-
tal program have been taken recently in West Germany. Emis-
sion standards have been imposed, and the lead content in
gasoline has been limited to 0.04 g/1 since January 1972, with a
further reduction to 0.15g/l to take effect in 1976. International
cooperation in matters of environmental protection, including
the specific problems of underdeveloped nations, is a necessi-
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
365
ty. An environmental alarm and information system will be set
up in a joint effort of 22 nations belonging to the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
44325
Kwon, Sook Pyo
AIR POLLUTION IN JAPAN AND ITS CONTROL. (Ilbon eu
daegi oyum gwo gue gwanri siltae). Text in Korean. Taehan
Uihak Hyophoe Chapchi (J. Korean Med. Assoc.), 14(10):729-
734, Oct. 1971. 8 refs.
Sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulates
(lead, cadmium, and zinc), hydrocarbons, and total oxidants
were measured in several cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, Sap-
poro, Kawajaki, and Kita-kyushu. Some were measured
between 1967-1969 and others during 1964-1969. Sulfur dioxide
decreased in three cities but stayed about the same in Tokyo,
Osaka, and 17 other cities. In general, carbon monoxide in-
creased between 1964-1969. Rapid increase in nitric oxide and
nitrogen dioxide was observed in Tokyo. A slight decrease in
suspended particulates was observed in 1969 from 1968.
Levels of total hydrocarbon and oxidants also increased in
Tokyo between 1969-70. Asthma and other respiratory diseases
are cited. In 1970, the city of Tokyo set 0.05 ppm and 20 ppm
as the tolerance level for SO2 and CO respectively. Since not
enough is known about the effect of oxides of nitrogen, a
study has been carried out since 1970. Effects of smog are
mentioned, such as 5208 patients admitted during 1970. In
1972, the Anti-pollution Act of June 1968 was revised to give
more power of control to the government. It also extended the
list of chemicals or pollutants which come under regulatory
restrictions and set national standards instead of local stan-
dards. Provisions for more strict enforcement are included.
The restriction level for CO is set at 1.5% (when idle 4.5%) for
new cars. In Japan, high octane gas contains 2.2 cc/gal
tetraethyl lead and regular gas has 1.1 cc/gal. A national moni-
toring network was established in major cities in 1965. In 1971,
there were 13 cities. An effort is being made to lower the sul-
fur content level in oil. The objective is 2.45% in 1972, 1.2% in
1973, and 0.8% in 1979.
44376
Brabander, L. De and R. Dieleman
REGULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
BY AUTOMOBILE ENGINES IN EUROPE. GENERAL
TRENDS. (Maatregelen ter bestrijding van de luchtveron-
treiniging door benzinemotoren in Europa. Algemene tenden-
sen). Text in Flemish. Ingenieursblad, 40(15-16):436-438, 1971.
Regulations for the control of air pollution by automobile en-
gines and general trends in Europe are outlined. Reducing the
gasoline lead content, improving automobile designs, good car-
buretor adjustment, and proper maintenance are regarded as
the basic means of controlling automotive exhausts. The
gasoline lead content is reduced to 0.4 g/1 in West Germany as
of 1972. International regulations for spark ignition engines
have been adopted by France and Czechoslovakia. Four dif-
ferent types of exhaust tests have been introduced. The car-
bon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions during test type I
may be 100-220 g and 8-12.8 g, respectively. The CO emission
is limited to 4.5% during stationary drive in test type II, while
test type III is concerned with crankcase gas hydrocarbon in
relation to the fuel consumption. Test type II has been
adopted by France, and both test type II and test type III
were introduced in West Germany in 1969, while test type I
was adopted there in Oct. 1970. Carburetor adjustment to
reduce CO emissions has been required for all cars in Sweden
since July 1970, and similar measures are expected to be taken
in Belgium, where a network of inspection stations will be able
to perform two million inspections in 1972. The influence of
dilution, engine speed, and temperature on CO emission mea-
surements is being studied in Belgium.
44499
Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Protection Research Inst.
(Japan)
AIR POLLUTION. In: Environmental Protection Summary in
Tokyo, p. 1-15, Feb. 1972.
The general state of air pollution in Tokyo, major sources and
emissions, effects of pollution on human health and vegeta-
tion, and abatement measures adopted by the metropolitan
government are reviewed. The major pollutants are sulfur
dioxide emitted from factories and commercial buildings using
heavy oil; carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
and lead in automobile exhausts; and oxidants. In 1970, SO2
concentration exceeded the ambient standard (0.05 ppm) in the
central business districts and industrial areas. Attacks of
chronic bronchitis were more prevalent in these areas than in
districts with lower concentrations; and plant species vulnera-
ble to air pollution were rapidly disappearing. A 10-year plan
was issued by the government with regard to expansion of the
surveillance network; procedures and conditions for alerts;
control through substituting low sulfur oil for heavy oil and
conversion to gas or electric power; and automotive emission
control through operating criteria, traffic control, urban
redevelopment, and grade separation. The problems involved
in legislating and enforcing abatement regulations are
reviewed.
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366
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
01073
V.G. MacKenzie
AIR POLLUTION - WHOSE PROBLEM? Preprint (Presented
at A Panel Discussion on Air Pollution at the Board of Directors
Meeting, National Petroleum Refiners Association, Washington,
D.C., Sept 20, 1965.)
The need for conservation of air as a natural resource is
discussed, with emphasis on the role of the petroleum indus-
try. Wats and means for improving on past patterns of conser-
vation effort through Federal authority under the Clean Air
Act, establishment of automotive emission standards, and ap-
plication of technology to control of sulfur oxides and automo-
tive emissions are delineated. Attention is called to the need
for research on oxides of nitrogen and lead contamination. It
is suggested that business leaders, by their leadership in
research and education, can play a significant part in alleviat-
ing environmental health problems.
29432
Fisher, Fred
POLITICAL ASPECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL. Inst. of
Environmental Sciences, Mt. Prospect, HI., Proc. Inst. En-
viron. Sci. Annu. Tech. Meet., 17th, Los Angeles, Calif., 1971.
p. 9-12. 3 refs. (April 26-30.)
The issue of environmental pollution and control is a classic
example of the political process in action in which those mak-
ing demands (the public and public agencies) are confronted
by those who oppose the demands and have the political
power (corporate polluters, large and small). Large corporate
polluters will do nothing, or next to nothing, to prevent injury
to the public health except when they are forced to do it. In
opposing the demands, these polluters use influence, authori-
ty, power, and mobilization of bias in non-decision techniques
to thwart the demands from becoming issues and reaching the
decision-making process. For example, gasoline companies are
making claims that they have solved the problem of automo-
tive air pollution by the reduction or removal of tetraethyl
lead. Thus, they hope to thwart further decisions by convinc-
ing the public there is no longer a problem. However, lead ad-
ditives are being replaced by other additives that pollute the
air, and lower octane ratings mean that more gasoline is
needed to power the car. Also, automobile manufacturers be-
lieve that if they did not think of an invention, it cannot be
good, such as Japanese pollution control systems. Two
methods can be used to combat the efforts of polluters who
use the political system to prevent decisions: lobbying and
maximum feasible participation. The Delaware Valley Citizens
Council for Clean Air lobbyed for an obtained strong pollution
standards. Maximum feasible participation usually involves a
comprehensive project funded and run by a segment of
government that is not directly concerned.
33904
Perrine, R. L.
OIL AND ECOLOGY - THE NEED FOR A NEW OUTLOOK.
Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petroleum Engineers, Inc., Dallas, Tex., Society of Petroleum
Engineers, 12p., 1970. 39 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers,
Society of Petroleum Engineers, Annual Fall Meeting 45th,
Houston, Tex., Oct. 4-7, 1970, Paper SPE 2952.)
The nature of the air pollution problem as it pertains to the
petroleum industry is considered, and a new educational
framework which may make the solution of future problems
easier is described. Photochemical air pollution in Los Angeles
and the effect of automobile emissions are cited. Automotive
emission reduction, the removal of lead from gasoline, and
cost estimates for lead removal are considered. The need for a
new breed of problem-solver is seen. A Doctor of Environ-
mental Science and Engineering is suggested, which would
combine physical, earth, and biological sciences with engineer-
ing. There must be an extensive internship program, with work
under guidance on important problems in the real, industrial
world.
35206
Barltrop, Donald and N. J. P. Killala
FACTORS INFLUENCING EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN TO
LEAD. Arch. Disease Childhood (London), vol. 44:476-479,
1969. 10 refs.
Paint samples from 56 homes of 103 children aged one to 14
years were obtained. The lead content of the samples was re-
lated to the age of the building and to the social class of the
family: 53% of the samples contained more than one percent
of lead. Old houses, and families of low social class, were
frequently associated with indoor paints of high lead content.
Lead paint applied several decades ago, if infrequently
covered by other paint, may continue to provide a potential
hazard. Detection and removal of lead paint in situ should,
therefore, be the aim in preventing lead poisoning of children
from this source. (Author summary modified)
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367
N. GENERAL
03674
J. P. Lodge, Jr.
AIR POLLUTION (REVIEW OF APPLICATION OF ANALY-
SIS). Anal. Chem. 33(5):3R-13R, Apr. 1961.
This review covers the years 1959 and 1960, which have seen
great activity in the air pollution research field. It supplements
the previous review, with the exception that the growth of the
literature has been so great that explicit coverage of radioac-
tive pollutants has been omitted from this review. The trend
toward increased interest in automotive exhaust and at-
mospheric carcinogens, noted in the previous review, has con-
tinued. In addition, there has been a renewal of interest in at-
mospheric lead. For the most part, these observations hold
only for the United States. The bulk of research in Europe
continues to be directed toward improved methods for mea-
surement and control of sulfur dioxide and dust. Meetings and
conferences were numerous. The annual symposia organized
by the Committee on Air Pollution, American Chemical
Society, featured sessions on automotive exhaust and on
polynuclear hydrocarbons in 1959, and on photochemistry and
fine particles in 1960. The Air Pollution Control Association
continued its regular schedule of meetings. A conference on
air pollution research was sponsored by the U.S. Public Health
Service in New Orleans in early 1960, continuing a series of
meetings intended primarily for the Public Health Service con-
tractors and grantees in the field. More specialized meetings
included a conference on dust in Vienna, one on adhesion of
fine particles at Leatherhead, England, and a symposium at
Oxford on atmospheric diffusion and turbulence. Increasing
public interest in air pollution resulted in the publication of a
large number of papers intended primarily for public consump-
tion. These are too numerous and in general too lacking in
novelty to warrant mention here. On the other hand, a sub-
stantial number of books and review articles of a general na-
ture were published having high scientific merit.
04052
R. Haddad and J. J. Bloomfield
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA. Bol.
Ofic. Sank. Panam. 58, 241-9, Sept. 1964. Sp. (Tr.) (Presented
at the Inter-Regional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality
and Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-
12, 1963.)
Latin America is an area which is experiencing a very rapid
population and industrial expansion. Although this growth is
very irregular, the cities which exceed a million inhabitants
and the industrial concentration in them is growing yearly.
This phenomenon has resulted in serious problems of air pollu-
tion in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile, Mexico City, Mex-
ico, which are in need of further investigation and control as
quickly as possible. There are potential problems in Buenos
Aires, Argentina, and in all those large metropolitan centres
which are growing and industrializing rapidly. The situation
created in Lima, Peru, because of the fishmeal industry,
seems to be fairly well controlled. The greatest necessity is to
train personnel capable of conducting studies in measuring air
quality and controlling the contamination of the air. There is
also a necessity to create a consciousness of the seriousness
of the problem among government authorities and the public in
general. It is hoped that the future development of the In-
stitute of Occupational Health and Air Pollution Research in
Santiago, Chile, will contribute effectively to achieve these ob-
jectives.
04212
S.Abe
THE PRESENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION. Clean Air
Heat Management (Tokyo) 15, (7-8) 7-18, Aug. 1966. Jap.
The present status of air pollution in Japan is given naming the
kinds of contaminants and their origin, factors affecting con-
tamination density, and various types of smog. The types of
contaminants are: 1) minute particles (less than 1 micron in
size) such as found in soot, carbon, ashes, dust; 2) coarse par-
ticles (greater than 1 micron in size), as found in dust, ashes,
and minerals; 3) reactive substances found in mist, fog, and
vapor such as SO2, SO3, H2S, CO2, CO, NO2, N2O3, O3, al-
dehydes, HC1, NH3, HF, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be and 3, 4-benz-
pyrene. The contaminants originate from factories, chemical
plants, power stations, domestic heating, public baths, hotels,
laundries, dry cleaning establishments, hospitals, schools, and
public buildings. Also discussed are the human factors affect-
ing air pollution such as public awareness and interest,
seasonal, weekly, and daily changes in heating and cooking.
Meteorological aspects are covered such as wind direction and
velocity, turbu- lence, temperature, rain and snow. The types
of smog found in New York, London, Los Angeles, Pitt-
sburgh, and Yokkaichi are described. Graphs and tables list
symptoms and diseases affecting plants and humans and give
the density of dust particles and SO2 in the main cities of
Japan. Data on the sulfur content of various oils produced by
Japanese refineries and on the number of Japanese automo-
biles produced is included for information on emission sources
of pollutants.
04649
Blifford, I. H., Jr. and G. O. Meeker
A FACTOR ANALYSIS MODEL OF LARGE SCALE POLLU-
TION. Atmos. Environ. 1(2):147-157, March 1967.
Based on data obtained from the U.S. Public Health Service
National Air Sampling Network for the years 1957-1961, factor
analysis techniques were used to produce a pollution model
for 30 U.S. cities. Orthogonal models obtained from Varimax
and Quartimax solutions and an oblique solution (Oblimax)
were similar. The first four principal factors were tentatively
assigned to pollution from heavy industry, automobiles, fuel
burning, and petroleum refining on the basis of their chemical
composition. These four factors account for about 70 percent
of the variance while another 20 per cent appears to be due to
widespread use of plating materials. Regression of the derived
factors (factor scores) on the 30 sampling locations indicates
general agreement with the known character of the sites and
with other studies of individual pollution components.
(Authors' abstract)
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368
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
05313
Chow, T. J., and C. C. Patterson
CONCENTRATION PROFILES OF BARIUM AND LEAD IN
ATLANTIC WATERS OFF BERMUDA. Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett. 1, (6) 397-400, Nov. 1966.
The purpose of this study was, a) to look for indications of in-
dustrially produced lead in Atlantic waters and, b) to compare
the vertical profiles of barium and lead in these waters with
those in the Pacific. Bermuda island was chosen as the site
because it is removed from industrial sources of lead. Surface
waters of the harbor and lagoon were sampled as well as water
from various depths. A modified isotope dilution procedure
was used for lead and barium analyses. Concentrations of
these substances are given at various depths of Atlantic,
Pacific, and Mediterranean waters. It is concluded that the
contrast between lead and barium profiles near Bermuda
demonstrates that significant amounts of industrial lead
aeiosols are washed out of the atmosphere directly onto the
surface of the oceans. The Pacific and Mediterranean data
suggest that lead pollutants have penetrated to depths of about
500m, while the Atlantic data indicate that lead contamination
diminishes toward the open ocean.
06992
R A. Mostyn A. F. Cunningham
THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN GASOLINE BY
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. Chemical Inspec-
toiate, London, (England). (C.I. Memorandum No. 178.) (Sept.
1965). 7 pp.
Experimental conditions for the determination of the
tetraethyl-lead (TEL) content of samples of gasoline have been
investigated, using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
A method is proposed, using only 2 ml. of sample, whih is
rapid and accurate over the concentration range 0-6 ml. TEL
per gallon. (Authors' summary, modified)
08273
AIR POLLUTION AND THE UBIQUITOUS AUTO. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 1(11):878-880, Nov. 1967.
The recent report of the Commerce DepartmentOs Panel on
Electrically Powered Vehicles is discussed. 'The Automobile
and Air Pollution: A Program for Progress' details 16 specific
recommendations to serve as a basis for immediate action.
There is an urgent need for more extensive information re-
garding the significance of specific and combined air pollutants
on public health. Little is known of the social and economic
costs of air pollution. The entire area of meteorological effects
of air pollutants is speculative at present and only a beginning
has been made in the design of meaningful research programs.
The panel feels that Othe Federal Government should continue
to establish standards for all harmful automotive emissions
and realistic timetables for the achievement of such stan-
dards.0 Lead emissions particularly concerned the panel,
because of possible impact on human health, increased levels
of hydrocarbon in auto exhaust; modification of atmospheric
processes; and deactivation of catalysts or absorbants which
may be necessary to reduce emission of other pollutants. The
panel feels that the emission standards should specify total
mass of specific pollutants. The National Center for Air Pollu-
tion Control in its current organization does not appear ap-
propriate for effective action. The panel would like to see an
advisory board at the highest departmental level. The use of
low pollution performance criteria rather than detailed product
specification in the vehicle procurement process would pro-
vide strong incentives To meet future emission standards,
more and better technology must be developed. The panel
feels that: During the next decade, in the normal course of
events, no significant reduction in total air pollution will be
achieved through the introduction of unconventional low-pol-
luting vehicles. Gas turbines are reasonable alternatives to in-
ternal combustion engines in the large sizes used in trucks,
trains, and buses. Hybrid power plants might provide satisfac-
tory performance. Because two separate energy sources are
needed, such hybrids might be too expensive for private pas-
senger autos.
09780
Environmental Science Services Corp., Stamford, Conn.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PRIMER. 35 p., ((1968)).
The main sources of air pollution are combustion processes,
especially internal combustion engines. In a general manner
the following are discussed: causes and effects of air pollu-
tion; legal aspects; automobile emissions; fossil fuels and lead
additives; and control equipment and its market potential.
11871
Hashimoto, Michio
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS BY AUTOEXHAUST IN
JAPAN. Preprint, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo,
Japan, Bureau of Environmental Sanitation, 7p., 1968 (?).
Current air pollution measurement and control programs are
presented with special focus on automobile exhausts. Since
1964, the National Hygiene Laboratory of the Ministry of
Health and Welfare has operated 3 continuous air monitoring
stations to determine carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, particu-
late matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and lead concen-
trations. Simultaneously, the wind speed, direction, tempera-
ture, and humidity were recorded and traffic counts were
taken. The CO and nitrogen oxides concentrations were on an
upward trend while the paniculate matter decreased. Based on
the experience of the 3 monitoring stations, a National Air
Sampling Network Program was inaugurated in 1965. The net-
work will comprise 20 stations, 7 of which are already in
operation. In 1966, a special diffusion study using the air
tracer system was carried out. In 1965, a study of the effects
of air pollution by automobile exhausts on humans was con-
ducted. People living along busy streets as well as 20-year-old
nonsmokers and non-smoking policemen were selected for the
study. The air pollution concentration (spot tests) was likewise
measured. A significant difference of the carboxyhemoglobin
content was found between people living in the polluted area
and the control group. Pulmonary function tests revealed a
slightly higher function. In 1966, emission standards for all
new car models were established. In December of 1967, idling
adjustment screw conditioning was recommended for all used
cars.
14772
Weaver, Neill K.
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS AND STANDARDS.
STATUS REPORT. J. Occupational Med., 11(9):455-461, Sept.
1969. 23 refs.
The Federal Air Quality Act of 1967 furnishes the methodolo-
gy for the abatement of air pollution. Its provisions include the
designation of air quality control regions and the issuance of
air quality criteria and control technology documents, which
will be followed by the promulgation of ambient air standards
and emission standards at regional, state, and local levels. The
atmospheric pollutants of current major concern are sulfur ox-
ides, participates, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, oxidants,
carbon monoxide, fluorine, and lead. Their toxic and other
-------
N. GENERAL
369
deleterious effects, exhibited at various concentration-time ex-
posures, can be related to levels reached by the individual
contaminants in the air of cities. While such an evaluation
does not allow for possible interactions between pollutants, it
appears that sulfur dioxide, oxidants, and carbon monoxide
may be harmful to human health when the agents are concen-
trated, as in focal areas of emission or during sustained
meteorologic inversions. Gains to be achieved by controlling
these and other contaminants during non- peak conditions are
probably derived from aesthetic, economic, and welfare
benefits rather than health. Abatement procedures should
eliminate rises in pollutant levels beyond the average ranges
generally present in urban ambient air. (Author summary
modified)
17260
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
(Les aspects chimiques de la pollution atmospherique). Text in
French. Ind. Chim. Beige, 34(9):739-744, 1969. 21 refs.
(Presented at a Symposiom Sponsored by the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Cortina d'Ampezzo,
Italy, July 9-10, 1969.)
The symposium papers to be published in the journal "Pure
and Applied Chemistry' covered the following topics: the toxic
aspects of atmospheric pollution and recommended limits on
concentrations of 24 pollutants; a method of determining the
surface area of very small particles; simple methods of
separating aerosols by particle size; the influence of certain
substances on the transport of hydrohysable ions; the deletori-
ous effect of fluorides on the flora and, indirectly, on the
fauna as well; techniques for sampling, isolation, and quantita-
tive analysis of F compounds; different varieties of 'smog'; a
method for correcting benzo(a)pyrene determination for the
concomitant benzo(k)fluoranthene; poly cyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas of internal-combustion en-
gines; applications of analytic methods for determining poly-
cyclic compounds; several methods of determination of Pb
compounds in air; and a survey of the distribution of traces of
pollutants in the atmosphere. Oxygen obtained by distillation
of liquefied air is polluted by automobile-exhaust and industri-
al waste gases. The application of the interface electrode of
extremely high sensitivity in air pollution studies and the use
of mathematical models in air pollution investigations which
would reduce the cost and expenditure of time required for an
extensive test program were also covered.
18005
Hinch, Nylds
AHt POLLUTION. J. Chem. Educ., 46(2):93-95, Feb. 1969. 4
refs.
The consideration of the air we breathe has been one of the
most fundamental and profitable endeavors in scientific,
philosophical, and medical thought. This is a discussion of the
historical aspects of air pollution. Many of the specific sub-
stances that have been identified as air pollutants are
discussed briefly.
20548
Dreisbach, Robert H.
AIR POLLUTION. In: Handbook of the San Francisco Re-
gion. Palo Alto, Calif., Environment Studies, 1969, p. 284-309.
29 refs.
The major types of air pollutants in the San Francisco Bay
area, and their sources and effects, are discussed. Such
respiratory diseases as bronchitis, emphysema, influenza,
pneumonia, and tuberculosis have a close relationship with the
level of air pollution. A strong correlation of lung cancer exists
in men who smoke, and the incidence of lung cancer in
California has increased from 15/100,000 in 1950 to
26.7/100,000 in 1967. Automobiles are the largest source of
carbon monoxide. The presence of CO in the blood reduces
the availability of oxygen to the tissues in two ways: by direct
combination with hemoglobin to reduce the amount of
hemoglobin available to carry oxygen, and by preventing the
release of some of the oxygen at the low oxygen partial pres-
sure present in body tissues. It is beh'eved that long-term expo-
sure to CO may contribute to chronic disease. Missile fuels,
explosives, cigarettes, and agricultural wastes liberate nitrogen
oxides. Long exposure to 50 ppm nitrogen dioxide has caused
inflammatory change, in the lungs, and higher concentrations
have been fatal. Sulfur oxides come from fuel oil combustion,
petroleum refining, and from the chemical and metallurgical
industries. Hydrogen sulfide is produced by bacterial action on
sewage effluents containing large amounts of sulfur com-
pounds, and it can cause eye irritation and sensory loss. The
constituents present in paniculate matter include lead, berylli-
um, carbon, other metals, and organic particulates. Their
sources and effects on human health are also discussed.
28088
Bouquiaux, J.
AIR POLLUTION TRACEABLE TO FUELS: ITS PREVEN-
TION ITS MONITORING. (La pollution atmospherique par
les combustibles; sa prevention; sa surveillance). Text in
French. Arch. Beiges Med. Social Hyg., Med. Travail Med
Legale (Brussels), 28(6):593-410 June 1970. 6 refs.
The conditions under which pollutants are produced by the
combustion of fuels, their action on animal and plant life and
on materials, the means by which such pollution can be
prevented, and the means of surveillance commonly used to
study this type of pollution are described. Among the types of
pollutants discussed are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, various organic products such as the al-
dehydes and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, dusts and
aerosols, lead compounds, and photochemical smog. Pollution
can be combatted in three ways: processing of the fuel before
burning, improvement of burners and heating equipment, pu-
rification of waste gases before release. A general description
is also given of zoning laws, other legal means of regulation,
and educational programs. Surveillance is exercised at 2 levels:
at the source and in the general environment. In years 1950-
1951, the loss per capita per year in the United States due to
the total effects of pollution on health, civilization, building
materials, meteorological conditions, etc. amounted to $10, or
a total of 1 1/2 billion dollars for the entire country. Similar
per capita figures are given for Great Britain and France.
28803
Abelson, Philip H.
MAN-MADE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS. 1. HOW MAN
SHAPES HIS ENVIRONMENT. Am. J. Public Health,
58(11):2043-2049, Nov. 1968. 17 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Public Health Association, Annual Meeting, 95th, Miami
Beach, Fla., Oct. 24, 1967.)
Our affluent society, which produces many items for the con-
sumer, has not given sufficient attention to the disposal of
waste. Coal or residual oil burned to produce electricity, for
example, causes substantial amounts of sulfur to pollute the
air. Major exhaust emissions resulting from imperfect motor
vehicle fuel combustion include carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, gasoline, oxides of nitrogen, aldehydes and acids,
-------
370
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
nitrogen-containing organics, phenols, participate matter, and
lead salts. Exposure to 120 ppm carbon monoxide for one hour
may be a serious health risk. Nitrogen dioxide is a respiratory
system irritant. Airborne paniculate matter may affect the
health directly when it is inhaled or when it contains toxic sub-
stances such as the carcinogen, benzopyrene. The combination
of airborne chemicals with paniculate matter, sunlight, and ad-
verse meteorological conditions can form smog or airborne
sulfuric acid. Results of individual toxic agents are additive.
Tobacco smoking hazards are increased when the individual is
subject to urban air pollution. The growing carbon dioxide
concentration in the atmosphere may slow heat loss from the
earth, resulting in warmer climates. At the same time, the
presence of participate matter in the air partially reflects sun-
light back into space, causing a cooling effect. The hazards of
water pollution and exposure to radiation are also discussed.
Other products of our affluent living patterns include noise
pollution and social pollution (overcrowding). The impact of
these factors is not easily evaluated.
37225
Eschenbach, Dieter
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1971, VIEWED IN
RETROSPECT. (Wissenschaft und Technik 1971. Eine
Rueckschau). Text in German. Umschau (Frankfurt),
71(26):971-973, Dec. 1971.
The dominating theme in science and technology in 1971 was
environmental pollution. However, the extent of the discussion
of this subject was not matched by action. The lead content
was reluctantly reduced from 0.5 g tetraethyl lead per liter
gasoline to 0.4 g. The industry found this reduction too abrupt
and unacceptable. The European literature concerning all other
aspects of air pollution provides no advancement. According
to a test by the West German Automobile Club, all presently
existing (in West Germany) exhaust gas decontaminators are
not capable of significantly reducing the emitted toxic gases.
In the U. S., such units have been successfully in operation
for over two years.
43824
Preuss, Harold P.
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 1971. PART 2. ORGANIC
(PAINT) COATINGS, PROCESSES AND EQUIPMENT. Metal
Finishing, 70(2):49-75, Feb. 1972 300 refs.
Literature concerning technical developments in the following
areas is reviewed: resin developments (acrylic, nylon, silicone,
urethanes, and vinyls); other raw material developments (addi-
tives, pigments, and solvents); surface preparation; coatings;
protection against corrosion (mildew defacement); paint han-
dling and application (coil coating, electrocoating, electron
beam curing, powder coatings, and containers); paint removal,
testing, and analysis; ecology; and health, safety, and the law
(lead, mercury, air quality legislation, product labeling, and
consumerism).
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
371
AALUND L "J-31720
AALUND L R 'A-31136, "A-39067
ABDULLA M *G-42884
ABE E A-33710
ABE, S 'G-07396, *N-04212
ABELSON P H 'N-28803
ABERNETHY, R F *A-06351
ACCOMAZZO, M A F-03799, F-08207
ACOCELLA G 'G-35174
ADAMS W E *B-35778
ADAMSON, D L 'C-06045
ADLER S F 'B-26243
AGARKOVA N A »B-15208
AGNEW W G »fl-17906, »B-32355
AGOCELLA G "H-42945
AIDAROV, TK *C-06881, C-06894
AILOR, W H 1-06357
AIRTH, J M D-00697
AISAKI G D-27257
ATTKEN A "L-32462
AIZAWA K B-29204
AIZAWA R C-26336
AIZENBERG B SH *B-35478
AJEMIAN R S C-38973
AKAMATSU K D-27257
AKAMATSU M C-25015, C-43448
AKASHI N *C-31933, C-37689, D-43962
AKASHI Y 'G-44087
AKATSUKA K *G-28171
AKINO K D-41975
AKIYAMA A G-27253
AKIYAMA J 'D-30892
AKIYAMA K G-37722
ALBAHARY C G-32216
ALBAHARY, C 'G-03892
ALBERS A »F-13879
ALEKSANDROV YU A «F-34607
ALESSIO L G-21037
ALEXANDER, L T H-01523
ALI A W 'A-45274
ALKIRE H L 'D-37026
ALKYLATION AND ISOMERIZAT
A-36535
ALLEN R R 'B-28865
ALLEN, G L 'B-03754
ALOJ S G-05671, G-36251
ALPERSTEIN, M 'A-08039
ALPERT J J 'G-32737
ALSPAUGH M L 'J-39941
AMBROSI, L 'G-U552
ANDERSON D H C-41908
ANDERSON W L «H-36991
ANDO T D-33114
ANDREV, V D-10634
ANTAL A *G-11630
ANTWEILER H *G-38869
ANZANIR C-38778
APIDIANAKIS J C D-19822
ARAKI K D-27257
ARAKTINGI Y E 'C-41612
ARDEVAN E G-11630
ARDOINO V G-24784
ARIAS L I G-34837
ARMSTRONG D W A-28862, 'G-28011
ARONSON A L A-33350, *H-33362,
•H-35209
ARVTK J H F-44332
ASAKINO K »A-43966
ASAKOYA K A-31934
ASAKUNO K D-37191
ASAOKA T D-36909
ASARO F C-40724
ASCHBACHER P W "H-43226
ASHBY H A B-28860
ASHffiA S D-30182
ASHIYA N C-29419
ASKEY W E B-36453
ASSAF G 'E-21182
ATKINS P R *D-16791, *D-24952,
*E-23743, E-27116, 'E-32158
ATTALA, R G-01757
AUBREY, K V D-03526
AUGHEY H 'C-25431
AULT W U 'A-30428
AUTELITANO D G *A-33169
AYER F A J-30696
B
BABA A 'A-34774
BACH W 'A-37015
BAETGE H H *H-32224
BAGLEY G E H-18521
BAILEY B A-33350
BAILEY B S *A-33626
BAINBRIDGE C A 'B-25334
BAKALOV, D D-08275, D-09240
BAKER R C • A-45092
BAKI L G-44255
BAKULIN V N *E-24166
BALASSA, J J G-01731, *G-01923
BALKE S 'A-26552, *A-37648
BALL G V 'G-35211
BAMBRICK W E B-21040
BARANOV, V I «D-00261
BARATTA, E J G-00873
BARB1ER J C *B-22436
BARKLEY W G-18417
BARLTROP D *G-18503, 'G-18518,
•G-35377, *G-37023, *M-35206
BARNARD P G 'B-43937
BARNEA M 'G-29588, "G-38616
BARNES H M C-17048
BARNES W R "C-24337
BARRffiRO O C "G-35225
BARRIOS C G-20287
BARRON A V JR «B-34025
BARROWS, H L *H-07742
BARRY P S I 'G-32787, 'G-37630,
•G-38579
BARTELS T T C-16123
EARTH D S G-25068, L-24467
BARUSCH M R 'F-14995
BASECQZ J M »G-40057
BASHIROVA F N *h-19620
BASTRESS E K A-45092, 'B-22890
BATTIFORA H A G-34851
BATTISTINIV G-32834
BAUERLE G L 'B-30717
BAUMANN, R *D-02133
BAYARD M A D-31775
BAZELL R J «G-34059, »H-30931
BECKER K 'A-29782, »B-30010
BECKER K H 'A-29786
BECKER R O 'G-21070
BECKERT J 'G-40492
BECKMAN E W *B-42817
BEDOV I S B-15208
BEGEMAN C R A-26645
BEGEMAN, C R *B-01851, 'D-04938,
•D-10612, D-11028
BEILSTEIN D H 'A-42726
BELIKOV A G B-35478
BELKNAP E L 'G-36551
BELL A G »A-36082, *A-44821
BELL H L 'H-43279
BELLELLI, E D-10595
BELOUSOVA A E *B-33157
BENINIF *E-40164
BENKOE A *G-36740
BENNETT C F C-12943
BENNETT, P A A-05171
BENSON C S 'E-24109
BENSON, C S D-04646, 'E-00834
BENSON, H E B-03337
BERDYEV, K B 'D-08438
BERG E W G-21070
BERG, B A 'G-06704
BERGMAN W B-25301
BERITIC T «G-37297
BERLIN E G-31228
BERMAN E *C-33338
BERMAN, E »G-01756
BERMINGHAM P E "L-34033
BERNHART A »A-16156
BERNHART A P 'A-34018
BERNSTEIN L S 'B-35223, *B-36578
BESNER D 'E-27116
BESSIS M C G-39863
BETTONEY W E 'B-42829
BEVERIDGE T R A-34788
BHACCA N S C-41612
BIENER K 'G-31899
BIENSTOCK, D *B-03337
BIENVENUE L L B-42131
BIERIG J L 'B-31341
BIERSTEKER K »A-39367, 'D-16345
BIKKER M A C-30593
BINGHAM E »G-18417
BINGHAM T E J-30696
BINNS W *H-42715
BLACK E N IV 'B-36453
BLACK W E C-27075
BLACKMORE D R 'B-42330
BLAKNEY J H B-39333, B-42886
BLANCHARD L E JR «A-30067
BLANCHARD, R L *C-00125
BLANDER M F-13911
BLANKSMA L A »G-42716
BLEMEL, K G 'E-01821
BLIFFORD, I H JR 'N-04649
BLOKKER P C 'G-37788
BLOOM S G G-30831
BLOOMFffiLD J J »L-23234
BLOOMFIELD, J J N-04052
BLUMER W 'G-23876
-------
372
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
BODDY, J H *L-02635
BOERTITZ S H-38332
BOGEN D D-31325
BOGEN D C "C-26955, 'D-42247
BOLANOWSKA W 'G-32041
BOLANOWSKA, W 'G-06814
BOLOTOV M P *A-28210
BONSIGNORE D *G-23582, 'G-24784
BONZANINO, A 'G-04196
BOOKER D V *F-13451
BORCHERDT H L--41703
BORGHETTI A 'G-40697
BORJESSON B G-32129
BORJESSON, B F-11582
BORLAND J E A-35919
BOUQUIAUX J *N-28088
BOURBON P "C-26467
BOUSSER, J «G-11462
BOVAY E "H-33922, "H-39408
BOVE J L C-42139, *D-17058
BOWERS P H A-31323
BOWMAN H R "C-40724
BOYLAND E G-36935
BOYLEN G W JR G-34436
BRABANDER L D "L-44376
BRACHACZEK W A-33822, 'D-43468
BRADOW.RL A-08039
BRANCACCIO A G-39621
BRANDT A D C-27294
BRANDT C S "H-17215
BRANDT M A-37176, B-31604, "C-24119
BRATZEL M P JR "F-45295
ERAUNSTEIN J F-13911
BRAVO H 'D-19433, 'D-25107
BREAULT H J G-32737
BRESSERS J G-42136
BREWER, L W *C-09333
BRffiF, R S 'C-02164
BRIGGS D "H-43782
BRILEY A M G-39867
BRILL A B G-34837
BRINGMANN G *G-45159
BROBECK W M *B- 34381
BROCKHAUS A G-33779, G-37685
BRODOVICZ, B A 'K-08420
BRONDINE V *G-41097
BROOKS R E 'G-44381
BROWETT, E V 'C-05977
BROWN A S G-41847
BROWN B R B-30633
BROWN G H-32736
BROWN W J A-14461
BRUCKENSTEIN S F-14008, F-14039
BRUIN A D *G-28024, 'G-35792,
•G-36932
BRUNE D 'C-11626
BRUNN, L W B-03337
BRUNNER, M 'A-08972
BRYCE SMITH D *A-29872, 'G-31537
BRYK, P 'A-03982
BRYSON R A *E-24570
BUCHBERG, H 'G-00177
BUCHER, K *A-09210
BUCKET J P G-40057
BUCK W B *H-35234, «H-36196
BUCKUP H 'G-44251
BUEHLMEYER G G-40492
BUKHANOVSKII D L B-35478
BULLOCK J D *G-18494
BULLOCK, J 'D-12099
BURENIN N S 'D-26387
BURGESS W G-30198
BURNHAM C D "C-18007, 'D-27241
BURTNER R E *B-33550, 'B-44470
BUSCH, K A G-00148, G-00473
BUSEY W M G-34841
BUTT, E M G-00662
BUXBAUM J *G-36354
BYALKO, N K G-09484
BYERLY R JR C-38165
BYERS R K *G -35438
BYLINSKY G 'G-25705
CADOFF B C C-38165
CALAPAJ G G A-15599
CALLISEN H G-11808
CALVERY H O 'G-36765, 'G-42737
CAMBRAY, R S 'E-03841
CAMPAU R M B-37042
CAMPBELL K I 'G-34841
CAMPBELL M H A-24281
CANTWELL E N B-24722
CAPOROSSI J C 'D-27096
CARETTAE C-38778
CARETTO L S 'A-26763, 'K-43312
CARLBERG J R C-38973, 'G-44696
CARLETON R S B-41922
CARLSON G D *C-27075
CARPENTER J L G-36934
CARPENTER K E *A-35398, 'F-35378,
•F-35379, "H-36265
CARPENTER S J G-35219
CARPIO G D *G-41872
CARRRC A-25581
CARROLL R E 'A-27595
CARSWELL F G-32834
CARTASEGNA C G-24784
CARTER M D (3-20687
CASSADYG G-34947
CASSELLS DAK «G-35559
CASTANEDO A G-44867
CASTELLANI BISI C F-17949
CASTELLINO N 'G-05671, 'G-36251
CASTELLINO, N *G-01500, 'G-10793
CASTRO MP ^-39035
CATCOTT, E J G-00597
CATE J L JR "C-34106, 'C-42437
GATES M M G-34836
CATIZONE O *G-18502
CATTELAIN C "B-35303
CATTON M J 'G-32747
CAVATORTA A G-40697
CELEBREZZE, A J 'B-01484, 'L-03536
CERNIK A A *Cr-43337
CERVI G E-40154
CHADWICK R C 'H-33985
CHAKRABARTI C L «F-45295
CHAKRABARTI, C L "C-00056
CHAMBERLAIN A C 'E-38666, F-13451,
H-33985
CHAMBERLAIN E I G-34436
CHAMBERS L A »D-44234
CHARLSON R J 'A-16766, 'B-33994
CHASE E W A-30759
CHATIGNY M A *C-26275
CHAYKA, P A *G-09493
CHEATHAM J S *G-18508
CHEKLICH G E 'A-33378
CHERNOUSOVA K G 'C-19857
CHESTERS G E-217%
CHESTERS, G *H-12647
CHILKO D M E-24414, H-17218
CHISNALL K T »H-37912
CHISOLM I J *G-36152
CHISOLM J J JR G-32487, G-32737,
•G-35380, 'G-35387, »G-35560,
*G-36207
CHLADKOVA D G-24192
CHNG K M A-45092
CHO B Y *C-435S7
CHOBOT E F JR G-18508
CHOLAK J A-40314, *G-18501, 'G-19159,
G-42757
CHOLAK, J «A-12624
CHOVIN P *D-16684, 'K-42118
CHOVIN, P 'D-08568, D-08821, *G-13059
CHOW T J A-15205, *A-19684, A-19955,
A-21722, "A-23239, 'A-25295,
*C-12943, 'C-21948, *C-35396,
•C-42160, 'D-23658
CHOW, T J F-00441, 'N-05313
CHRISTIAN C M C-28895
CHULD4A, N A 'G-09484
CIPRIANO J M »A-41604
CLARK, R L 'G-06151
CLASEN R A G-34851
CLAY A J 'A-30001
CLINK W L D-36562
COENEN R *A-40981
COGBILL E C *C-41825
COGHI, L *D-10595
COHEN E *C-420B4
COHRS, F 'H-11452
COLA M *F-17949
COLACINO M *E-31895
COLAMUSSI V E-40164
COLEMAN A B G-32737
COLEMAN L E B-39333, B-42886
COLUCCI J M "A-26645
COLUCCI, J M 'D-04938, »D-10612,
•D-11028
COMMINS, B T D-00985, D-03526
COMPTON W A B-39275
CONLEE, C J 'D-01673
CONNOLLY R B-37042
CONNOR J J *H-:i9204
CONTA L D 'B-34457
CONTE J F A-14033
CONTNER, G L G-00473
CONWAY J G C-40724
COOPER P *G- 28256
COPSON, H R «I-06355
COQUELET N L G-28205
CORBEIL R J A-22941, 'A-42377
CORBIN R G-33605
CORN M *E-32155, 'G-38721
CORNER E S *A-31596
CORONA L T D-19433
COSTESQUE L M 'H-42250
COSTIN I *G-44255
COSYNS J B-224:!6
COTE W A B-35540, D-36562
COTHERN C R C-34407
COULSON, D M C-00855
COURTNEY R L 1-36051
COUTURAUD J C E-29946
CRABLE J V C-27294, 'G-44696
CRAIG J C C-26275
CRAIG P P 'A-27113, *G-31228
CRAMER K G-32129, »G-32408, G-32738
CRAMER, K 'F-11582, *G-00821, G-02202
CRANE R A A-35123
CREASON J G-23801
CREMER, J E 'G-01341
CRIDER W L A-15295
CRISTEA I *H-30033
CROSS F L JR *A-31632, *D-20191
CROSS J L G-30831
CROUSE W W 'A-36080
CRUCE W L R G-34895
CRUMP N L 'C-K.123
CRUZ JAM 'H-15270
CUCU M G-29588
CUFFE, S T 'A-05067
CULBERSON S F *J-34828
CULHANE, F R *B-08562
GUMMING R L C G-32834
CUMMINS, R L D-01673
CUNNINGHAM A R A-31596
CUNNINGHAM J C J 'F-14743
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
373
CUNNINGHAM, A F 'N-06992
D
DABELSTEIN W *A-28394, "J-27968
DAESSLER H G »H-38332
DAINES R H »D-24414, H-17218
DAINTRY S H »B-30633
DAL CANTON A G-40697
DALAKMANSKI, Y D-08275, D-09240
DAMON W A *L-23562
DAMS R G-42136
DANIELSON L 'A-23280
DANILOVA Y I 'F-13635
DARLING F F "H-41733
DARROW D K *G-45165
DAVIS W H 'G-27801
DAWSON A B *H-34830
DAWSON J B 'F-13705
DAY, C L 'D-08279
DE PEDRINI, C 'G-04196
DE TRAVERSE P M G-28205
DECKER R R A-35919
DEDOLPH R 'A-32748, *H-17217
DEDOLPH R R H-14786
DEDOLPH, R R "H-09448
DEHM R L C-41908
DEKRESTER, A J *G-00993
DELAVAULT R E A-14135, H-30921,
H-39287
DELVES H T *G-34246
DELWAIDE P 'G-15703
DEPELCHIN, A H-12536
DEQUIDT J *G-37731
DERIVAUX, J H-12536
DERRIEN M B-22436
DESBAUMES P G-30009, G-39406
DEVLIN E L H-32736
DEVOTO, G D-08810
DI NUNNO, C G-11552
DICK D 'F-44332
DICKSON J C B-34846
DIDIO, S L G-00662
DIELEMAN R *L^t4376
DIGGS, D R D-01315
DIMITRIADES B *A-17339
DIMITRIEV M T 'D-34008
DINGLE A N 'E-22754
DISHART K T *B-22414
DITTRICH T R 'C-34407
DIYEV N P F-13943
DJORDJEVIC, SR 'G-09253
DJURIC D 'A-34068, C-42137, *G-36283,
•G-41731, *H-27352
DODDS E C *G-35559
DODO H *G-40532
DOELLING R P 'A-44682, 'B-33542,
•B-42819
DOLGNER R G-31319
DOMRACHEV G A 'F-36524
DONAGI A A-23316
DONOHUE J J A-35818
DORBES P C-26467
DOSHER I R J-34828
DOWNING P B "J-26765
DOYLE, G J F-05849
DRAGO R J A-31632, D-20191
DRAKE J F *B-44742
DRDKOVA, S 'G-08381
DREESSEN W C 'A-28862
DREISBACH R H 'N-20548
DRESSEL W M B-43937
DREYHAUPT F J A-25125
DRISCOLL J C-38973
DROZDOVA, V M *E-10215
DRUCKER M A D-27096
DUBOIS, L 'D-00697, *D-09432
DUCE R A D-28920, D-32350, D-35725,
D-35861, E-28586
DUCE, R A D-04646
DUCKERING G E 'G-36093
DUEKER M H-32224
DUEMMLER F *L-17472
DUFFY L J 'A-41959
DUKE C R 'C-43587
DUKE F R »F-14868
DUKES C E G-36935
DULFU R H-30033
DULFU V H-30033
DUMITRIU, C G-11580
DUNNING J M 'G-39833
DUPREY, R L "A-09686
DURSZT J G-30334
DUVAL C F-17585
DWYER F G B-33386
E
EARL J L A-19684, A-23239, *C-12943,
C-42160
EBEL R H 'B-23697
EBENS R J H-39204
ECCLESTON B H A-17339, 'A-23789
EDA S «A-29539, 'A-29787
EDINGER J G C-26275
EDWARDS T I * A-28862
EGAN D A "H-27386
EGE J F JR "C-25793
EGEBACK K E 'A-44464
EGIZAROV A A B-33157
EIBIHARA T G-30395
EINBRODT H J C-16367, 'D-15789,
•D-15823, *G-12984, 'G-26931
EINBRODT, H J 'D-08502, 'G-12070
EISENBUD M D-17340
EJIRI S A-29787
EL HOSARY A A F-16659
ELLEN R P *A-17365
ELLIOT P '1-31377
ELLIS D J 'F-13705
ELLIS J C 'A-40455
ELLIS, L D G-01812
ELLIS, R W *G-02191
ENDO M D-36909
ENDO R *D-17106, 'D-28233
ENDO Y D-29814, 'D-32727, D-32883,
D-36486
ENGDAHL R B A-33087
ENGEL R E 'G-23715, «G-31528
ENGELKES G 'L-37717
ERDMAN J A H-39204
ERHARDT, W H H-12647
ERLEBACH W E A-30428
ERMAKOV E V 'G-15731
ESCH G J V 'G-43615
ESCHENBACH D 'N-37225
ESHLEMAN A 'H-27063
ETTINGER M B *A-33293
ETTINGER, M B *A-03280
EVERETT N R A-41959
EVERETT, J L 'D-08279
EVSEEV A M F-17161
EWING R C *B-24186
FAES, M H G-08683
FAIRHALL L T *C-26145, *G-32608
FAIRHILL L T *H-34901
FAITH, W L D-05573
FAORO, R B D-05551
FATZER R 'B-32822
FAUST W J B-14604, »B-37150, *B-44473
FEDORCHENKO I M 'F-27348
FEENAN, J J B-00015
FEICHT F L 'B-32633, 'C-32975
FELDMAN F »G-36957
FELT A E A-14461, 'A-27458, 'A-35199
FENSTERSTOCK, J C 'D-05551
FERM V H 'G-35219
FERRANDO R *G-13159
FERRI, E S *G-00873
FERRIS B JR G-30198
FERRIS, B G JR *G-07162
FERSEN O V 'A-38522
FIELDNER A C 'G-37119, *G-39193
FINE M M B-43937
FINELLI V N 'F-44164
FINK G B 'G-44385
FINKLEA J F G-24716, G-39179,
*G-41894
FINN B J H-27391
FINNIGAN F T *B-44614
FIRST M W *B-31441
FIRST, M W 'G-03287
FISH R A *A-41945
FISHER C E 'B-23540
FISHER F *M-29432
FITE L E C-33042
FITZEK J *C-16367
FLEK J G-45005
FLENGAS S N 'F-16595
FLESCH, J P *C-09888
FLETCHER K 'C-30928, H-39287
FLETCHER K W H-30921
FLETCHER R S B-22890
FOCKE R J 'A-17304
FOGEL M E J-30696
FONG C W 'F-43245
FONTAN J *D-45218, E-29946
FONTANGES R G-40688
FORESTER G C-26275
FORSTER E J 'B-37619
FORZIATI A F A-33350
FOURNIER P E G-28205
FOWLER, D G *G-05697
FRANCHINI I G-40697
FRANCIS C W 'E-21796
FRANCIS H E A-31632, D-20191
FRANCIS, C W *H-12647
FRANK, E R 1-02176
FRANK, N R G-07162
FRANKE, W 'F-05440
FREDERICK F P 'B-22834
FREE E E *H^t0590
FREED V H *A-31324
FREEMAN A M ID 'L-44044
FREEMAN R 'G-34701, *G-35463
FREISER H C-38973
FREITS G S F-13635
FRENCH M C G-40014
FREUDE H *B-35018
FREUDENTHAL P C D-17340
FRIBERG L 'G-26356
FRIEND W K G-32737
FRIGIERI P 'C-38778
FRISTEDT B 1 G-42884
FRITSCH W A-40981
FRITZSCHE H C-33178
FRONDIZI C A A-25581
FRYBOURG M *B-42166
FUCHS E J 'B-42702
FUGAS M *C-25440
FUJII J A-29661, D-28629, D-2865U,
•E-38118
FUJII T C-37514, *D-43962, *G-44087
FUJINAGA T 'C-32534
FUJITA M *F-42772
FUJITANI Y 'L-35922
FUJIWARA M 'D-42367
FUJIWARA T "C-32718
-------
374
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
FUKAMIT A-32523
FUKAYA K A-36006, C-27681, C-28755,
C-29419, C-30786, D-28634
FUKUBAYASHI H B-40709
FUKUDA J D-27648
FUKUDA M 'G-37722
FUKUDA T D-36288, D-37320
FUKUI S A-36006, C-27681, *C-28126,
C-28755, C-29419, C-30786, *C-32476
FUKUOKA S *D-29647
FUKUSHIMA T D-29814
FULLER F T 'A-13524
FULLERTON P M G-32747, 'G-34832,
•G-39883
FUNAYAMA Y A-29539
FUQUAY J J 'E-29688
FURUKAWA Y D-36820
FUSAMURA N «B-31317
FUSSELL D R 'A-22976
GABINOVA Z L L-16200
GAEKE, G C JR C-05787
GAGLIARDI J C «A-14462, *A-35353
GAGLIARDI, J C "A-04460
GALENKO N P B-19725
GALLE P *G-18515, G-32216
GALLOPOULOS N E »B-36145
GAMMELGARD P N *A-31520
GANHE T J H-25374
GANJE T J H-35827, 'H-44071
GAR3ER K 'H-31010
GARCIA ESCOLAR L *A-39035
GARCZYNSKI, H G-06814
GARDNER C O 'B-19331
GARDNER, J W 'A-01868
GARNER F M G-32746, H-44588
GARRO F *G-43531
GARTENMANN E *B-33932, 'B-39404
GATTI, L G-041%
GAULTIER M *G-28205
GAVASHELI SH G "E-44999
GAVRILESCU, N 'G-11580
GEHRI D C B-37222
GELIUS, R *B-00899, 'F-05440
GENDEREN H V *H-24667
GENDERNALIK S A B-29126
GEORGII H W *D-32945
GERBER A F *A-44682, B-33542
GERHARDSON G 'K-18294
GERHOLD C G B-24696, B-28865,
•J-31518
GERNET, E V "C-08145
GERSTLE R W J-30696
GERSTLE, R W A-05067
GERVAIS P G-28205
GHANNAM F E A-14462
GHELBERG N W *G-44255
GIAUME L «A-38022
GIBSON H J B-35778, B-39333, B-42886
GIBSON, F H A-06351
GIBSON, F W »A-10749
GIEVER P M C-27294, *D-2%55
GIEVER, P M 'C-09476
GILARDI, E F "C-06I07
GILBERT L F B-29126
GILES W 'B-36144
GILFILLAN, S C 'G-05478
GILL J E C-26275
GILLETTE D A 'E-35207
GILLETTE R »G-34649
GILLULY R H 'G-23167
GILMOUR, T C G-OCI662
GLATER R A B 'H-43342
GO F D-43962, G-44087
GODANIE A-38022
GODFREY D '1-36051
GODWIN T F-36067
GOELPK B-40411
GOETZMANN S A-40981
GOLDBERG A G-32834, G-34847
GOLDBERG E D A-35788
GOLDSMITH J R 'G-16810, 'G-18549,
•G-23768, *(i-27291
GOLDSMITH, J R *G-00020, 'G-08411
GOLDSTEIN G »G-43277
GOLLIV *G-34092
GOMEZ, M 'G-09408
GOODACRE C L 'A-22825
GOODMAN G T 'C-30113
GORALCZYK 11-38727
GORBUNOVA K N B-22492
GORDON C C 'H-41892
GORDON G M B-34313, B-35478
GOROSHKO B B D-26387
GOSHGARIAN, B B 'F-07451
GOSSMANN, H H «G-09261
GOTTBERG G-Z5068, L-24467
GOYER R A *G-23926, 'G-31493,
•G-34836, G- 34914
GRABECKIJ *G-34175
GRAJPEL A 'C-41968
GRANDJEAN E 'A-38891
GRANTHAM L F 'B-35352, 'B-37222
GRAOVAC LEPOSAVIC L A-34068,
G-36283, G-41731
GRAVEN R G 'H-41793
GRAY P *G-185C2
GREENBURG L C-27294, *G-24603
GREENGARD, J *G-01754
GRENNARD A H 'B-1%37
GRIECO B 'G-30468
GRIECO, B G-01500
GRIFFING M E A-35477, 'A-35919
GRIGOREV, Z E 'G-08949
GRISWOLD S S 'A-42377
GRISWOLD, S S «B-00107
GROFFMAN D M "C-29297
GROSS G P 'B-41608
GROSSER! »D-31396
GROSSKLAUS D 'G-40355
GROULX P R D-19822
GROUVEN H *H-23581
GRUEN D M F-14008, F-14039
GUALTIEROTTI R 'G-40634
GUBAUBDULLIN, G S B-06493
GUERRINIA E-31895
GUICHERIT R 'C-30290
GUILLAUME P G-32216
GUILLAUME, J 'G-03892
GUINEE V F G-35587
GUINN V P "C-44210
GUPTA C P B-32938, 'B-40411
GUPTA D R 'B-32938
GUSAROV V N B-15208
GUSS S B 'H-26276
H
HAAR U D »L-25542
HAAR, G L T *H-09448
HAAS T 'G-37964
HABffil K 'A-39609, 'K-24107
HADDAD, R *N-(M052
HADUCH T G-34175
HAEGER ARONSEN B 'G-42884
HAILER K E A-Z8560
HAILEY D M C-17048
HALEY T J 'G-27084, 'G-40022
HALEY, T J 'G-06059
HALL C A *A-14-161
HALL S K *G-35f!ll
HALLBERG, L G-02202
HALLEY J H "A-35224
HALLOWS R L 'B-25781
HALSTEAD R L H-27391
HAMA A 'B-22520
HAMAGUCHI T G-26528, G-26775
HAMAMURA N D-36288, *D-37320
HAMBLIN R J J "B-14604
HAMILTON E I 'A-18510
HAMILTON W L *A-34647
HAMMER D I *G-24716, G-31528,
'G-39179, *G-41894
HAMMETT F S *H-40335
HAMMOND P B "A-23058, H-20237,
H-35209
HAMMOND, W F «B-09798
HAMPEL A G-37229
HANCOCK E E 'B-37042
HANKIN L •G-39095
HANSELL W A 'D-19144
HANSON G P *H- 26055
HANSON L A-22367
KARA N 'C-03034
HARADA M A-26134
HARASHIMA, S *G-05780
HARDISON L C 'B-32248
HARDY H L 'G-33234, *G-34436
HARDY, H L 'G-03286
HARING C M "H-40591
HARLEYJH «G-17214
HARLEY, N 'H-01523
HARMELIN M *F-17585
HARMSEN H »A-M227
HARPUR E G- 33605
HARRIS V G G-32737
HARRISON M J G G-32747
HARRISON P R 'D-27621, 'D-35489,
•D-39914
HARROLD G C *C'-25932
HARROLD G G *Cr-32625
HARTKOPF G *L-33740
HARUKIT G-27253
HASAN J 'G-40316
HASAN, J 'G-06985, *G-07740, G-07892
HASEGAWA H G-40532
HASEGAWA T A-:29661, 'C-29464,
•C-31304, *C-32892, 'C-34017,
•D-21015, 'D-28629, »D-28650,
•D-36009, E-38118
HASHIMOTO C G-27253
HASHIMOTO H 'B-34071, 'D-27257,
G-27253
HASHIMOTO K 'B-17525
HASHIMOTO M G-27253, 'N-11871
HASHIMOTO N Ei-36820
HASHIZUME G C-25015, C-43448
HASKIN L A E-211796
HASS G M G-34851
HATTORI D M C-18007
HATTORI S G-26528, 'G-26775
HAUPT G B-20740
HAUT H V *C-397l>2, »H-39328
HAVEMAN R H 'L-44044
HAVLIK, B R 1-03735
HAWKES A S »A-:I0027, 'A-31088
HAYAFUKU M *D-30410
HAYAKAWA K 'C-39069
HAYAKAWA M D-36288, D-37320,
D-37366
HAYASHIH *A-42080
HECKER L G-20198
HEIDBREDER, G A G-08326
HEILENZ, S G-09261
HEIMANNH «G-31517
HEIMANN, H 'G-07423
HEITNER WIRGUIN C C-26503
HELLER A «D-14762, «D-15573
HELLWIG A *D-29515
HENDRICKS N V "G-24314
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
375
HENDRICKS R H G-24716, G-39179,
G-41894
HENDRICKSON E R C-27294
HENRY W M A-30759
HENSON C G *B-35476
HERIC E L 'F-14138
HERINGTON H R B-32248
HERN D H C-41490
HERNANDEZ L 'H-43342
HERNBERG S 'G-22637, *G-26886,
*G-28010, G-40316, G-41717
HERNBERG, S G-06985, *G-07740,
•G-07892
HERDS R 'D-43693
HESSELBERG, H E D-01315
HETTCHE, O 'A-09393
HEUSGHEM C G-15703
HEXTER A C G-18549
HEXTER, A C 'G-08411
HICKMAN J R 'G-35568
HIGLEY L W B-40709
HIKICHI H A-29539, A-29787
HILL E L J-306%
HILL, W H 'C-01607, 'C-01608
HMI K C-36840, C-36841
HIMIY 'D-29152
HINCH N »N-18005
HINDAWI I J *H-41891
HINKAMP J B *A-35477
HINNERS T A G-39179
HINNERS, R G G-00473
HIRAFUNE K 'D-30326
HIRATA K D-38133
HIRO M E-30073
HIROBE H D-28326, D-37202
HIROKAWA R B-39333, B-42886
HIRONO T D-37191
HffiOTA M G-31351
HIRSCHLER D A 'B-32364, B-35778
HISHIDA K 'A-20652, 'A-32875,
*D-29382, 'D-29416
HITCHCOCK, L B *D-05573
HOARE D E 'F-39901
HOBBS M E C-41825
HOCHHEISER, S 'D-00005
HODY, G L F-07451
HOEGGER D *B-32424
HOEKSTRA J 'B-25377
HOFER, L J E 'B-00015
HOFFMAN G L D-35861
HOFMANN H P G-18046
HOFREUTER, D H 'G-00597
HOGAN A W 'A-26191
HOLDEN F R C-25932
HOLMA B G-26356
HOLMES P D C-32058
HOLTZ J L G-44696
HOLTZMAN R A-32748, H-17217
HOLTZMAN R B A-11702, E-22959,
•F-27752, 'G-21766, G-31040,
H-14786, 'H-45056
HOLTZMAN, R B H-09448
HOMMA K 'B-29664
HOMMA, K *A-06220, 'C-03037
HONDA T A-29936, D-33114
HONMA K 'B-26532, 'C-27829, 'C-36840,
C-36841
HONMA S 'G-42661
HOOG H 'A-24080
HOOLBOOM H G-36932
HORI M D-2S881, D-31014, D-36820
HORIGUCHI S G-33372
HORIUCHI K 'G-26260, *G-29815,
•G-33372
HORN K D-31396
HORSTMAN, S W D-00005
HORTON R J M 'A-32035, G-24716,
G-31528
HOSHIAIT G-29663
HOSLER, C R 'C-01249, 'E-05713
HOUSSET H G-28205
HOWELL M C G-34436
HRSAK J C-25440
HU J N A-37176, B-31604
HUENIGEN E C-22927
HUERTAS M L E-29946
HUETER F G 'G-25068, 'L-24467
HUETER, F G 'G-00473
HUEY N A 'D-41888
HUFFMAN C JR *A-41890
HUKUSHIMA H D-30892
HULTBERG H 'H-23258
HUNIGEN, E 'K-08803
HUNT C M C-38165
HUNT W F JR *G-23801
HURN R W A-17339, A-23789, 'A-27249
HURSH J B 'G-18046, 'G-20990
HUTCHINSON T C 'H-42250
HWANG J Y »C-29226, 'C-30707
HYDE J L 'A-24281
HYLAND R G B-28860
HYMAN M H 'B-31221, *B-35816
I
ICHIHARA M G-27490
ICHUO M *B-35296
IGOSHIY A-31934
IGUCHIM D-29385
HDA T «B-39333, B-42886
IKEDA H B-42886, D-27257
IKEDA J B-39333
KEDA S G-29129
IKI S A-36846, 'D-27188, 'D-27675
ILCEWICZ F H F-27752, G-21766,
'G-31040
IMADA M A-41145
IMAI S 'C-38682
INAI H G-38867, 'G-45288
INGRAHAM T R F-16595
INNES W B 'C-44165
INOKOSHIY »A-43966
INOUE H D-36288, D-37320
INOUE K D-43962, G-44087
INOUE T D-27257
INOUYE T «F-29400
IONESCU A G-11630
IOSIF, C 'H-10318
IRIYOSHI M G-27253
ISHIDA K D-36288, D-37320
ISHIHARA H D-40716
ISHH T *C-24617, *C-24618, 'C-25013,
•C-42020
ISHIKAWA K D-37202
ISHIKAWA T D-37202
ISHIMARU M B-39333, B-42886
ISHINISHI N 'D-29153, G-40435
ISHINISHI S »D-30025
ISIZAKIM 'C-29810
ISOARD P «G-40688
ISOGAIY A-32523
ITO E 'D-28620, '0-28785, D-36474,
D-37366, D-38133
ITO H A-29539, A-29787, A-32523
ITO K C-38682
ITO S D-28528
ITO T G-27253
no Y F-29400
IVANOVA A A F-39522
IVERSON M L F-14868
IWASAKIT B-31317
IWATA H 'G-31351
IZUMIGAWA S D-27831
JAAKKOLA T G-19881
JACOBS E S K-24107
JACOBS M B G-24603
JACOBZINER, H *G-01755
JAGEL K I 'B-33386
JAIMEE A 'B-33388
JAMES L F H-42715
JASKULLA N C-22927, *E-37953
JAWOROWSKI Z *A-25417
JEFFERIES D J 'G-40014
JENSEN W N 'G-39863
JENSEN, D A *A-01624
JENSEN, W N G-01812
JERARDINO M 'G-20287
JERNIGAN E L 'D-35725
JESSER B W *B-27824
JIKIHARA S C-37693
JO E B-42886
JO S B-39333
JO S H *B-31314
JOHN M K 'A-35065
JOHN W "C-44479
JOHNS D R 'G-32624
JOHNSON M G G-34943
JOHNSON R H A-36080
JOHNSON, R E '1-00305
JOHNSTONE M S D-23658
JONES J R E 'H-34831
JONES, A R C-02164
JONES, J F G-06151
JONES, J H 'G-06151
JONES, M H G-00177
JORDIA 'G-27085
JOSHI M S H-35827
JOSHI, L U 'D-10756
JOST D D-32945
JOTANI F F-17689
JUNG F 'G-32218
JUNGREIS E 'C-14758
JUST J 'D-20642
JUTZI W 'D-34933, 'D-39405
K
KADAN, E 'D-02133
KADOYA N D-28634
KAHL H 'D-30858
KAHN E H-18520
KAIFER R C^4479
KAJI K 'B-38614
KALSTEIN A 'A-39152
KALTSTEIN A 'G-44176
KAMAKURA K D-28620
KANABROCKIE C-18007
KANAMARU T D-28326, D-37202
KANEKO Y 'B-37116
KANNO S A-36006, C-27681, C-28755,
•C-30635, C-30786, D-28634, E-36487
KANO S C-15562
KANTELO M V C-26955
KAPLAN E G-36207
KAPLAN, E G-00740
KARUHN R B-34740, B-39272
KARWETA S A-29572, H-32338
KASAMATSU G 'A-31133
KASHKIM 'C-44129
KASHIMIZU T E-36487
KASSOWnZ H 'G-39503
KASTIEN H 'C-37971
KASUTANI K C-27681
KATAGIRIY G-31351
KATAYAMA H 'A-26134, B-39333,
B-42886
-------
376
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
KATO K 'K-44377
KATO S B-31314
KATO Y «B-21324
KATZ M C-27294, *H-08884
KATZ, M 'D-04996, 'K-09259
KAURANEN P 'G-19881
KAUTZ K F-34297, '1-33802
KAWAIK G-27253
KAWAIM G-31351
KAWAI S *D-30182
KAWAMOTO H 'L-30620
KAWAMURA T D-29814
KAWANAMI, Y *D-07198
KAWARAYA T G-27253
KAWASAKI G D-28653, D-29385
KAWASE Y *D-28528
KAZANTZIS G G-32747
KEARBY K K B-35223, B-36578
KEATON C M 'H-42207
KEELER R F H-42715
KEENAN R G *C-26145
KEENAN, R G G-00597
KEENE J A A-36082, "A-44821
KEHOE R A A-40314, "C-16382,
'G-19159, *G-31584, 'G-33864,
•G-42757, 'K-16808
KEHOE, R A 'G-03283, 'G-05483
KELINMAN M T D-34805
KELLER J G *A-34031
KELLER T H-16655, "H-25878, «H-28471,
*H-32423, 'H-32654, *H-39409
KELLEY, E B G-00740
KELLOGG H H 'A-41518
KENDLERJ 'A-23316.'C-26503
KENLINE, P A 'D-OK.73
KENNARD T G 'B-44742
KENNEDY W R «D-35407
KENT W L «B-44614
KEPPLER J F *G-32749
KERIN D C-42137, 'H-31185, *H-35880
KERIN Z A-34068, 'C-42137, G-36283,
'H-17978, H-27352, H-31185
KERLEY R V A-27458, A-35199
KERTESZ SARINGER M D-41520
KESBERGER H A-40981
KETTNER H C-15563, D-14762, D-15573,
*D-28369, 'F-15618, 'G-37229
KETTNER, H D-09726
KHORGUANI V G E-29699
KHRGIAN A KH E-29699
KIBOKU M D-26535
KIFUNE I 'A-33710
KILLALA N J P G-18518, M-35206
KIMBERLEY J L »B-37845
KIMURA J C-37608, D-37518
KIMURA M »A-29364, 'A-44252
KINCHEN J C C-19313
KING E G-34902
KINNY H 'G-12984
KIRSCH H F-34297
KISHMOTO M G-27253
KISTLER J 'B-43515
KITAMURA T D-31669
KITANO H 'B-31496
KITANO T D-28528
KITASE M D-36474, D-37366
KITAZAWA S D-30182
KITAZUME M D-32727, D-32883
KITCHING W »F-43245
KIYOURA R 'A-35052, *A-37166,
•D-28653, »D-29385
KLEIN M 'G-33605
KLEINERT R 'A-28336
KLEINMAN A *H-35410
KLEINMAN M T C-27106, D-22553,
D-24316, D-27105, D-31332, 'D-43558
KLOKE A *H-24788
KLOSTERKOETTER W D-15789
KNAUER A D-313%
KNEIP T J 'C-38973, »D-17340
KNIPRATH E «B-38727
KNOCKAERT, O E *G-08683
KNOP W *K-1444:i
KNUECHEL F *H -40024
KOBAYAKAWA T *A-24156, A-26134,
•B-19808, 'B-25894
KOBAYASHI J *H-14489, 'H-27489
KOBAYASHIM (}-29129
KOBAYASHI Y D-25881,'D-29744,
•D-29918, «D-!1014, 'D-36820,
•E-30073, *G-:!9816
KOBAYSSHIY 'A-30513
KODAMA Y G-4C435
KOEPERNIK K L 'B-35703
KOEPPE D E *H-17038
KOGAN, B A G-08326
KOHAYAGAWA T 'A-27858
KOHAYAKAWA T *L-28099
KOHGO T D-17106, D-28233
KOIDE M 'A-35788
KOLESNKOVA T KH E-29910, F-39522
KOMECHIT D-30494
KOMEIJIT A-31934
KOMEJIT »D-44«i3
KOMETANI T Y 'C-42139
KOMISSAROV O G 'B-34313
KOMURA, S *G-08566
KONDO H D-31669
KONDO M 'B-31985, D-31669
KONO T D-41975
KONONOVA, V A "L-08196
KONOPINSKI, V J 'D-01089, D-01673,
•D-02750
KONOPKA A P *B-32319
KONOVALOV G S *E-29910, *F-39522
KOP M A-34068, G-36283
KOPITO L 'G-39867
KOPPIUS O G *C-:>5432
KORN M "C-29512
KORNREICH L C-38973
KORTEMME H G-12984, G-26931
KORTEMME, H G-12070
KOSHI S B-29664, »C-21862
KOSHI, S C-03037
KOSMIDER, S *F-11570
KOVALEV V P B- 35478
KOWALSKIT D-27241
KOYAMA M C-32:i34
KOYAMA T D-29191
KOZLOWSKI, W '13-10380
KRAJEWSKI B 'D-42742, «D-43388
KRAMER B G-41818
KRASNIEWSKIJ Q-27241
KRASNOPEVTSEV YU P D-44996
KRAUT H *G-3305:!
KRIGMAN M R G-23926, G-34836
KROES R *G-43615
KRUGER P 'D-23864, E-32158
KRUMM A A G-34841
KUBO K "C-26848, D-28620, D-28785,
*D-36474, 'D-38133
KUBODERA T A-3il934, A-43966
KUBOTA, J 'G-10434
KUDO T D-27880
KUEHN M *B-34611
KUEHN R 'G-45159
KUEHNER, A G-09019
KUMAJO K »G-452<»3
KUMASHKO K *A-32492
KUMAZAWA Y »C-19501
KUMLER K C-389V3
KUMLER, K D-10612
KUMMER J T A-33822, D-43468
KUNITAKE E *G-4l)435
KUNZ W G JR K-24107
KUPCHIK G J C-27294
KURAMOTO T D-28653, D-29385
KURCATOVA, G *D-10634
KURIHARA M B-29204
KURODA H B-37116
KUROKIM 'D-26535
KURONO S G-27253
KUROSAKA K G-^14087
KUROSAKA Y D-43962
KUSUMOTO M 'C-27358
KUWATA S D-27257
KUYKENDALL W E C-33042
KWON S P *L-4432:>
L
LAAMANEN A 'D-Z3388, *D-24351,
*D-35940, 'D-37264
LACASSE N L "H-17225, H-27111,
J-21749
LACHNIT V *G-400S8
LACY G A *B-39492
LAFFERTY W L JR »A-36535
LAGARIAS, J S *B-i)7606
LAGERWERFF J V "A-45072, 'H-17216,
*H-21794, 'H-28379
LAHMANN, E 'C-10556, 'D-10554
LAJTHAY J »A-38543
LAMANNA P G-30468
LAMANNA, P *G-01500
LAMBERT, G 'C-06920
LAMBIE, J A *G-07551
LANDAU E 'D-16839
LANDER D W *C-41908
LANE N M G-31528
LANE, R E *G-06174
LANGE G 'G-41737
LANGE, A 'B-10558
LANGER G *E-33873i
LANGFORD J C 'E-33225
LANGHEIN J A-409'81
LANGMANN R D-28369, "L-33844
LANGMANN, R *D-il»726
LARIONOV A V B-19725
LARSEN A A H-32736
LARSEN R I 'K-36382
LARSEN, R I »A-00962
LARSON G 'B-44853
LAUWERYS R G-40057
LAVESKOG A A-24B31, A-44464,
•C-26505, «D-25055, *D-41664
LAWSON, S D 'L-11204
LAWTHER, P J D-00985
LAYMAN E M G-44463
LAZAR, V A G-10434
LAZRUS A L 'A-26454
LE PAGE J F B-224:i6
LEAR W P 'A-39603
LEBBE, J *D-08821
LECH J F C-41138
LEE J A «H^»3721
LEE L 'B-31246
LEE R E JR 'A-15295
LEE, R E JR 'D-07985, »D-11202
LEE, R L JR 'D-12049
LEEDS E B G-36934
LEH H O H-24788, 'H-36611
LEHMANN E »D-15575
LEHNERT G *A-40759, *G-26883,
*G-37933, »G-40295, 'G-44746
LEHNERT, G 'G-09019
LEIGH, D A *G-0602JI
LEIGHTON, P A *D-()0%9
LEDCKANEN H E *B-42817
LEMERCIER G G-40688
LEMMENMEYER, W K 'B-09231
LENANE D L A-37176, B-31604
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
377
LEONARD D L G-23926
LEPOW M *G-30686
LEPSOE R 'B-32260
LESOURD D A 'J-30696
LESPAGNOL A G-37731
LEVIN A A G-30831
LEVIZZANI G G-29256
LEWIS E F 'H-41461
LEWIS K H 'H-33201
LEWIS T R «H-41893
LEWIS, K H 'A-03279
LEWIS, W M «D-12099
LI T M F-39901
LICHTMAN H C G-36957
LIDEN K C-11626
LIEDER W D 'J-42721
LIEGEOIS, F 'H-12536
LIFFERS R D-15823
LILIUS H G-22637
LILLS, R *G-11580
LEMTIACA L P G-446%
LIN FU J S *G-34095
LINCH A L *G-20687, G-32749
LIND B 'G-44053
LINDBERG W 'G-13625
LINDH, K G G-00177
LINDSAY R 'B-36081, 'B-36721
LININGER R L 'D-28920
LIST R J E-28799
LISUNOVA, T S 'G-04251
LITTLE, J B 'G-05280
LITTLEFIELD J B *B-32633
LIVINGSTON H K 'A-24281
LOB M *G-29286, *G-30009, *G-33903,
'G-39406
LOCKE J K H-20062
LOCKE L N *H-18521
LOCKHART L B JR • A-45274
LOCKHART, L B JR "C-01249, 'C-05243,
•D-01355
LODGE J P JR A-26454
LODGE, J P JR '1-02176, '1-03735,
•N-03674
LODWICK, J R 'B-05300
LOEBSACK T »A-35078
LOFGREN A D-37264
LOFTIN H P 'C-28895
LOGAN J O *B-24696
LOHS K 'C-26274
LORANGE E A-26454
LORD E E G-35438
LORENZ G *C -39168
LOSEE, F G-10434
LOUCKS R H 'A-26925, 'D-27429
LOURIE R S 'G-44463
LOWES F J 'B-29920
LOYGUE A M G-28205
LUCAS H F JR A-11702, G-21766,
H-14786
LUCAS H JR A-32748, H-17217
LUCAS, H F JR H-09448
LUCUS H F JR E-22959
LUDWIG, F L 'C-00855, *D-00976,
D-07600
LUDWIG, J H 'D-01315
LUKE, C L 'C-11042
LUND C 'G-33527
LUNDGREN D A "C-31258, 'C-35494,
'D-22829
LUTMER, R F *G-00148
LUTZ G 'G-30831
LYLES, G C-05787
LYNN D A D-16839
LYNN, D A D-05277, E-06841
M
MAASSEN W D-28369
MACHATA, G *C-10561
MACHE K G-37964
MACHTA L 'E-28799
MACKENZIE E J H-31801
MACKENZIE, V G 'M-01073
MACKIW V N *F-13534
MACLEAN A J "H-27391
MACLEOD W D C-26275
MACPHERSON J H F-14995
MAEDA H G-37722
MAENO M *H-21018, 'H-41800, 'H-42336
MAES, G L G-08683
MAGA, J A D-01315
MAGNO P J «D-19822
MAGYAR M C-42139
MAHADEVAN, T N 'D-10756
MAHLER, E A J 'B-03125
MAIENTHAL E J *C-20891
MAJER J R *C-43737
MAJOR E G-44255
MAKHONKO E P C-44995
MAKOTCHENKO V M 'G-37028
MALAKHOV S G D-449%
MALCOLM, D «G-06177
MALEMUD C J G-36957
MALER A R A-35919
MALIN H M 'C-38755
MALLATT R C A-39610
MALMSTROM, R »A-03982
MALOOF C C G-34436
MALSCHAERT F P 'A-34442, 'B-44341
MANARY O J B-27371
MANDORF G G-32129
MANDORF, G F-11582
MANDRIOLIP D-25635
MANGANELLI, R M C-06107
MANGE P W A-45274
MANINGER R C C-26275
MANITA M D 'C-29595
MANNING D L *F-13911
MAO P 'G-34791
MAPPES 'G-42698
MAPPES, R 'C-03770
MARCOTTE F G-40688
MARENCO A 'D-45218
MARIAN P H-30033
MARKLAND J H-37912, 'H-37926
MARRACCINI, L "D-08810
MARSDEN, E 'G-07169
MARTEN G C 'H-20237
MARTIN R 'B-24184
MARTY A M 'E-29946
MASAHIRO H D-29918
MASTALL H G-40295
MATRAKHIN G A B-35478
MATSAK, V G 'F-03525, *F-06648
MATSCHINER H C-33178
MATSCHINER, H »C-05456
MATSON W R D-28920, D-35489
MATSON, W R 'C-10528
MATSUE T A-31133
MATSUHO S D-27257
MATSUI T D-28326, D-37202
MATSUMOTO K »B-30154, «B-37195
MATSUMOTO M D-27188
MATSUMOTO Y D-28233
MATSUMURA T C-21338, D-15175,
D-15314, D-16576
MATSUO Y D-28650
MATSUOKA C 'D-31669
MATSUTOMIT D-26535
MATSUURA A *F-37213
MATSUYAMA S G-27253
MATSUZAWA S C-26336
MATTHES D 'A-30604
MATTHEWS, G A G-06028
MATTSSON S C-11626
MAUER P G-44696
MAXFIELD M E G-25328, G-32749
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCE
•K-41682
MAY H "A-25125
MAY P G-34836
MAYER L *A-27180
MAYR B *B-33741
MAZIARKA S D-20642
MCALLISTER R G *G-34114
MCCABE L C 'A-35168
MCCABE L J 'F-36076
MCCABE, L C B-03754
MCCALDIN R O 'A-31649
MCCALDIN, R O 'A-03278
MCCAUSLAND E D H-32736
MCCOLLUM W A JR B-37222
MCCONNELL W J G-39193
MCCRONE W C 'C-35695
MCCULLOCH E C "H-34237
MCDONALD J H G-34851
MCELROY M W A-26763
MCJONES R W 'A-22941
MCKEE H C 'C-17180, "C-32058
MCLAUGHLIN M G-25328
MCLEOD W J 'J-22358
MCMULLEN, T B *D-05551
MCNAY B E A-35224
MCNESBY J R 'C-38165
MCNULTY O G-23801
MEDEIROS R W «A-34040
MEDRAS K G-36747
MEEK S F *C-25932, 'G-32625
MEEKER, G O 'N-04649
MEEKER, J E D-05623
MEGONNELL W H *A-20545
MEGUERIAN, G H *F-09745, F-09745
MEGURO T D-31014
MEHANI S *G-34951
MEHANI, S 'G-00902
MEIKLE J C H-41461
MEISEL S L A-33350, *B-33403
MEKLER L I B-33157
MELLIN G G-22637
MELTON C W 'A-30759
MENDEN E E 'F-44164
MENENDEZ M D-41033
MERCER T T G-20990
MESSINA N V B-39333, «B-42886
METSALA, P G-07740
MEYER JH C-33731, C-38914
MEYER K F »H-40591
MEYER W E 'B-29605
MIANO, S 'G-00736
MICHELAKIS A M G-34114
MIDDLETON J T «B-28377, 'L-25288
MIESCH A T 'A-41890
MIESSNER, H *H-11467
MffiTTINEN J K G-19881
MIEVILLE, R L 'F-09745
MIKHEEV, V A 'B-06493
MIKITA J J 'B-24722, "B-34035
MILHAUD G 'G-13159
MILIC D H-32291
MILIC S 'G-37540, G-40021, G-41731
MILLAR J A 'G-32834
MILLER J E A-34647
MILLER J W »H-34901
MILLER R J H-17038
MILLER, R G G-00148
MILLICAN F K G-44463
MILLS A L »G-29493
MILLS G A "B-44906
-------
378
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
MILMORE, B K *G-08326
MINAMIDANI H B-42886
MINAMIYA H B-39333
MIRANDO, E H *G-09408
MISHIMA M 'G-29663
MISHURIN YA V B-35478
MITCHELL R I A-30759, G-31452
MITCHELL R L F-43436
MITCHELL, R I 'G-03282
MITCHLEY B C V G-36935
MITSUGI H *C-25015, 'C-43448
MITSUKI H D-29191
MIURA H 'G-29958
MIURA M *B-28172
MIYAGAWA A D-27257, G-27253
MIYAMOTO T »B-30944
MIZUHARA K D-27257, *G-27253
MIZUNO K 'C-40407
MIZUTANI H D-37366
MOESCHLIN S *G-42759
MOKELER C J C-30707
MOLLER, M C-10556, D-10554
MOLNAR J J G-34791
MOMOTANI H C-27358
MONKMAN L D-25107
MONKMAN, J L D-00697, D-09432
MOOD E W D-270%
MOORE C E C-18007, D-27241, *D-39535
MOORE J F G-23926, 'J-36592
MOORE, J F L-11204
MOORHEAD J C-21459
MORAN J B 'B-27371
MOREL MAROGER L G-18515, G-32216
MORENO G D G-39863
MOREO L G-29256
MORGAN G B 'A-23561, 'L-33495
MORGAN J M G-35211, *G-35217
MORGAN, G B C-08661
MORGAN, G M 'C-06643
MORI T B-39333, B-42886
MORH F H-14489, H-27489
MORITA H G-27253
MORLIN Z 'D-41520
MOROZUMI K G-29129
MORRIS W E 'A-36084, 'A-45136
MORRISON D L G-30831
MORROW J J 'G-34847
MORSE T *B-27503
MORTSTEDT S E 'A-44464, 'B-44750
MOSER C E 'B-20735
MOSS W D G-32749
MOSSMAN D B G-32787
MOSTYN, R A *N-06992
MOTOYAMA M C-25015, C-43448
MOTT W E 'C-33055
MOTTO C K H-17218
MOTTO H D-24414
MOTTO H L 'H-17218
MOYERS J L *D-35861
MUELLER F *A-30976
MUELLER P K 'A-41145, 'C-17179,
•H-36197
MULLER, R B-00899
MULLER, T *D-08812
MUNCACI E G-11630
MUNIAK S E 'G-33497
MUNIDASA M D-28653
MUNISADA M D-29385
MUNSELL M W B-39333, B-42886
MURAMATSU F D-29152
MURAMATSU T C-36840, C-36841
MURAMOTO S H-14489, H-27489
MURANAKA H D-27257, G-27253
MURASHOV B F G-15731
MURASHOV, B F 'G-09486
MURATA M *D-28326, 'D-37202
MURAYAMA, H «G-05475
MURO L A *G-34914
MUROZUMI M 'A-15205, 'A-19955,
*A-21722, 'G-29789
MUROZUMI, M 'F-00841
MURPHY R P *D -30860, *D-32055
MURPHY, E M B-03337
MURRAY E F G -42716
MUSCHTER W 11-30858
MUSHA S C-24617, C-24618, C-25013
MUSSER G S *B-28860
MUTSAARS P M 'A-40947
MYERS P A-33350
MYERS P S »A-2:i250, *A-33365, A-35484
NAGATA M
NAGATA R
N
*D-27648
D-30410, *D-30494, *D-37191
NAGATA T *D-41975
NAGAYAMA S A-29539, A-29787
NAGEL S 'G-32484, 'L-31957
NAGOYAS B-31517
NAGY S G-44255
NAITON D-2865J, D-29385
NAKA K D-28326, D-37202
NAKAAKI K D-06148, D-36503
NAKAGAWA Y D-29191
NAKAHASHIN G-27253
NAKAMURA H G-14492
NAKAMURA K D-36288, D-37320
NAKAMURA M '13-36486
NAKAMURA T G-27253
NAKANISHI K G-27253
NAKANO K C-28621, 'D-28635, D-30410,
D-30494, D-41975, D-44063
NAKANO W D-3<>806
NAKASHIMA S H-14489, H-27489
NAKAZAWA M *]i-36487
NALL K L A-39603
NAMER R 6-336(15
NANCE, J T 'B-09798
NANJO M C-15562
NAPIER J C B-39275
NARDIB A-38022
NATHANS M W 'E-31852
NATHANSON B C-42139
NEBEL, G J A-05171
NEEDLEMAN H L 'G-36534
NEELY G E 'H-41891
NEIBURGER, M 13-05573
NELSON E 'B-36523
NELSON J L A-26763
NELSON N «G-3i;i24
NELSON, H M F-07451
NERI T M G-40697
NESTORESCU, B G-11580
NEUBERT H 'G-23887
NEWTON D F-13451
NEZAMI, M *C-06'J20
NICHIPORENKO O .'> F-27348
NICHOLS G B A-26441
NIELSEN K L G-30831
NIELSEN S W *H-42857
NIKKANEN J G-22637, G-26886,
G-28010, 'G-41717
NINOMIYAJS *B-25301
NISHIT 'D-37288
NISHIDA K A-29936, 'D-33114
NISHIHARA T B-42886
NISHII S 'G-19940
NISHIMARU, M G-03893
NISHIMURA T D-27188
NISHIYAMA K A- 29539, A-29787
NISKIHARA T B-39333
NIX J 'F-36067
NOBE K B-30717, B-3124G, B-32392
NOBE, K F-03799
NOGAMI Y C-19501
NOIRFALISE A G -15703
NOMA M D-36288, D-37320
NONOMURA T D- 30182
NORBYE J P 'A-42980
NORDMAN C H G-26886
NORRIS H B G-44696
NORTON R J N G -41894
NOUSHI H 'D-27831
NOVAK L A-34068, G-36283
NOVARINI A G-4CI697
NOWEIR M H 'G-24428
NOZAKI, K 'G-04877
NULMAN R D-25107
NURULLAYEV, D K D-05260
NUSBAUM, R E 'G-00662
NYE L J J 'G-34738
NYHOLM, E A-03982
O CONNELL M J G-42716
O CUILL T H-27386
O HARRA B M 'B-25781
O NEILL D 'B-19710
ODAIRA T 'A-1732.';, 'D-15610, D-28635,
D-37191
ODAIRO T C-28621
OELERT H H 'B-37234
OELSCHLAEGER W 'H-38743
OESCHGER H E-28799
OGATA M A-32492, 'G-45293
OGAWA R C-36840, C-36841
OGAWA S G-27253
OGIWARA I D-27257
OGLESBY S JR *A-26441
OHBA H 'A-43776
OHIRA T 'A-31934, D-41975
OHM H J 'G-24573
OHMORI K D-29814, G-14492, 'G-27490,
H-28529
OHNO T D-29814
OHSHINO A 'D-43962
OIKAWA K C-36588, 'C-36698, 'C-36703,
C-36840, 'C-36841, C-37608,
'D-36688, 'D-37518
OKA K 'C-37514, *C-42043, D-43%2,
G-44087
OKAMOTO S G-27253
OKASHITA H C -32718
OKI I 'D-25758
OKUBO Y 'C-37608, D-37518
OKUNO T D-43962
OKUYAMA Y D-28650
OMANG S H 'C-32474
OMURA K G-27490
OOMICHI S F-372B
ORANSKY S G-369.57
ORNING, A A A-05067
ORTON W T 'G-20704
OSHIMA S C-44129
OSTERLI V P 'H-26092
OTSUKA Y 'D-28634
OTTO J 'C-13122
OTTOBONI F 'H-18520
GUI G G-37722
OURA M 'C-32829
OYAKE T D-17106, D-28233
OYANGUREN, H 'G-01512
OYASU R 'G-34851
OZAKI T B-2%56
OZOLINS G A-2356 1, L-33495
PADRTA F G 'A-35818
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
379
PADUCHEV V V 'F-13943
PAGE A L 'H-25374, 'H-35827, *H-44071
PAGE R T A-28862, L-23234
PAHNKE A J 'A-14033, 'B-42829
PAHNKE, A J *A-09355
PALMA T V D 'B-41922
PALMBY A K C-24719
PALMISANO P A *G-34947
PALUCH J *A-29572, 'H-32338
PARKER A 'A-43346
PARKINSON G S 'K-33730
PARRY E P 'C-41490
PARTANEN T D-24351, D-35940
PARTANEN T J D-37264
PARUNGO F P 'D-21684
PASTELL D L K-24107
PASZTOR G G-30334
PATTERSON C A-15205, A-19955,
A-21722
PATTERSON C C 'A-2i%9, 'A-26891,
•E-30676
PATTERSON D J *A-40776
PATTERSON K 'G-37420
PATTERSON R K A-15295
PATTERSON, C F-00841
PATTERSON, C C *G-00642, *N-05313
PATTERSON, R K *D-07985, D-11202,
D-12049
PATTERSON, R L JR C-05243, D-01355
PATTISON J N *B-42290
PAUKOVIC R C-25440
PAULSON G L 'G-34895
FAVLOVICH, N V D-08438
PEARCE A W 'A-36623
PEARSON E F C-43720
PECORA L 'G-39621
PEIRSON, D H 'E-03841
PELL S G-25328
PENKETT S A E-38666
PENNAROLA R G-30468
PENTSCHEW A *G-36964, *G-39503,
*G-43531
PEREZ, E 'G-01512
PERIN G C-33255
PERIN, G «C-09953
PERLA, V G-10793
PERLSTEIN, M A 'G-01757
PERRINE R L *M-33904
PERRY R 'C-43737
PERVUNINA R I 'C-44995
PETERING H G F-44164
PETERS B 'A-35484
PETROVA, A 'D-08275, »D-09240
PETROVA, N V 'G-04251
PETROVSKY D D G-41818
PETTIBONE, J S '1-06357
PEYTON M F L-23234
PFITZER E A G-18417, G-24428, G-27416
PFITZER, E 'G-01812
PHILBERTH B 'L-41703
PHILBERTH K L-41703
PIEHL F J A-41959
PIERCE J 0 *C-33731, *C-38914
PIERRARD J M A-16766, *A-35123,
B-33994
PIERSON W R 'A-33822, *D-43468
PINES A G 'G-26720, *G-41695
PINES I »C-32169
PINKERTON C G-23801
PIOTROWSKI H D A-40981
PIOTROWSKIJ G-32041
PIOTROWSKI, J 'G-06814
PISCATOR M G-26356, «G-44053
PITTS J N JR 'B-26269, 'G-16820
PLASSMANN E A-25125, 'K-30069
PLATT M 'A-45092
PLESS L G 'A-36083, *B-41112
PLUMLEE L A G-31528
POLIAN, G C-06920
POLLITZER E L »F-40387
POSKITT R W A-36084, A-45136
POTT F *G-33779, 'G-37685, G-38869
POUNDS C A 'C-43720
POWELL H E «B-40709
PRASAD C R 'F-44032
PRENDERGAST W D *G-43S59
PREROVSKA I 'G-24192, *G-45005
PREROVSKA, I "G-08381
PRERVOSKAI "G-43196
PRESCOTT J H *J-37409
PREUSS H P «N-43824
PRIETSCH W *C-22927, E-37953
PRffiTSCH, W 'K-08803
PRINDLE, R A 'G-00375
PROCTOR P D 'A-34788
PROCr)1* W G C-41612
PURSALL B k 'A-15769, 'C-42775
PURTYMUN W D D-35407
PURVES D *H-22926, *H-31801, *H-37977
PYLE W R B-35816
R
RABINOVrrZ M 'G-43532
RABINOWITZ M B 'C-45235
RADFORD E P G-18417
RADFORD, E P JR 'G-05280
RADZMIRSKIS «A-42212
RAINS D W "H-33112
RAMAN A K S B-35223, B-36S78
RAO V K 'F-44032
RASSBACH W *F-15413
RASSWEILER G M *A-24718
RATHER, J B JR L-11204
RAUSA G A-15599, C-33255
RAY B J D-35725
RAYZACHER B 'B-28108
RAZUMOV, V A *C-06881, 'C-06894
READE M J C-43737
REDERS K A-36082, A-44821
REGAN C J *G-24961
REICHEL F *G-21266
REILAND W H A-36080
REINHART W H A-28862
REISER L G-36957
RENSHAW G D 'C-43720
RENZETTI, N A D-05573, 'F-05849
REPETTO M *D-41033
REPLOH H D-15789, G-26931
REPLOH, H D-08502, G-12070
RESCH W 'D-28178
REUSMANN G *C-42312
REYNOLDS, D D-08279
RHEA J O D-21684
RHYNE B G-23926
RICHET G 'G-32216
RICHTER R H H 'G-33910, 'H-39407
RICHTER U B-32760, 'B-35035, B-37750
RIGGAN W B G-39179
RINEHART W E »B-29126
RDCMANN W *A-28560, 'B-37938
ROBBINS J A 'A-37312
ROBERTS T M C-30113
ROBERTS W O *E-29445
ROBINSON E »E-30863
ROBINSON J W *C-17048, 'C-23571,
C-28895, C-41612
ROBINSON, E C-00855, D-00976,
•D-07600
ROBINSON, J W C-00056
ROCCHI B 'F-28908
RODRIGUEZ TORRES R G-40769
ROE F J C *G-36935
ROEBISCH G *C-15734
ROENSCH M M *B-44882
ROGERS J D JR A-36084, 'A-45136
ROGERS J E "B-42300
ROGERS, L H D-05573, G-00020
ROLF L C-29512
ROLLA A *C-41016
ROMANOVSKY J C 'A-27943
RONDIA D 'G-33607, *G-42881
ROSCHIG M "C-33178
ROSCHIG, M 'C-05456
ROSENBLUM W I 'G-34943
ROSS T K 1-31377
ROSSANO, A T JR 1-00305
ROSSENBECK M «A-34341, 'A-36527,
*A-38330
ROSSINI F D 'A-33350
ROTH J F *B-34536, 'B-35814
ROTH R P G-20087, G-29329
ROTH Z G-45005
ROTHCHILD H B G-41847
ROUNDS, F G »A-05171
ROUSSEL A *G-44254
ROVENTA, A G-11580
ROZENSHTEYN I S 'B-22492
ROZHAYSKIY G S B-34313
ROZMANTTH A I B-33388, 1-32921
RUCH W E D-2%55
RUCKELSHAUS W D 'L-37423
RUEB F «B-250:'3
RUHLD4G A A-22370, *C-18302,
•D-23971, *D-35010, 'H-17681,
*H-23435, 'H-28289
RUIZ SALAZAR A 'G-44867
RUOF C H 'B-42886
RUOF H B-39333
RUSSELL D R *B-28699
RYAZANOV V A "K-41682
RYLANDER R G-26356
RYSS M A B-15208
RZEPKA, J D-10380
SABIN W W 'J-32241
SABIN, W W *J-03288
SACHDEV S L *C-22975, *F-13839
SACHS H K 'G-42716
SAIKIY E-36487
SAITA G 'G-29256
SATTO H G-27490, H-28529
SATTO K 'G-38867, '0^5288
SATTO T B-39333, B-42886
SATTO, K 'G-073%
SAKABE, H C-03037
SAKAMOTO T D-17106
SAKURAI T B-39333, B-42886
SALINGEN G L-40520
SALOOJAKC *A-18211
SALOOJA, K C *F-09578
SALTZMAN B E »C-26707, C-27294
SALVIA J D A-21069
SAMSON P C A-35818
SANDERS L W «G-32613
SANDSTEAD H H G-34114, 'G-34837,
•G-40312
SANDULACHE L G-11630
SANGL H »G-44294
SANO I *A-14945, 'E-36038, *F-19823
SARUTA K D-29814, D-36486
SARUTA, N *D-06760
SASAKI K *B-29204
SASAKI T D-30182
SATO A D-21869, *D-27880, D-30326,
D-36806
SATO Y G-29129
SATO, N G-03893
-------
380
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
SATTLER E L G-18046
SAUER R M 'G-32746, 'H-44588
SAUNDERS, A W JR C-05243, D-01355
SAUNDERS, L W "G-05025
SAVILLE J M H-32736
SAWANO T D-06148
SAWINSKY A 'G-30334
SAWYER R F A-25581, 'A-38625,
*K-43312
SAVERS M H P 'G-43337
SAVERS R R A-28862, 'G-37119,
•G-39193, L-23234
SAYLOR L F 'L-37497
SAYLOR W A B-44742
SCALES R K J-32241
SCALES, R K J-03288
SCANLON J *G-43725, *G-44364
SCARBERRY J E C-19313
SCHAEFER V J 'A-23620, 'E-19058,
'E-36714
SCHAFER, L J 'A-12624, D-01089
SCHALLER K H G-37964, G-40295,
'G-44746
SCHALLER, K H *G-09019
SCHARF, P B 'F-07451
SCHEDLING J A 'D-28097
SCHEDLING, J A D-02133
SCHEEL THOMSEN, A 'G-11468
SCHENCK R *F-13879, *F-15413
SCHERZ R G G-32737
SCHLADITZ R A-40981
SCHLAEPFER W W 'G-08999
SCHLATTER C G-33910
SCHLATTER CH H-39407
SCHLEICHER A R J-30696
SCHLIPKOETER 'G-41368
SCHLIPKOETER H W 'G-31319,
•G-33778
SCHMITT N 'H-32736
SCHNECK T JR C-26275
SCHNEIDER D E B-33388
SCHOENBECK H *H-32335
SCHRAUB A G-18046
SCHRENK H H B-32633, *C-32975
SCHROEDER H A A-21109, 'D-27174,
G-18494, *G-28834, 'G-35055,
•G-45165
SCHROEDER, H A 'G-01731, 'G-01923,
*G-12075
SCHUBERT R H W 'G-44294
SCHUCHT F 'H-32224
SCHUCK E A *H-17182, *H-20062
SCHUCKER, G W *G-00740
SCHUETZE C 'G-39161
SCHULDT, A F *B-03232
SCHULTE H F D-35407
SCHULZ U 'B-32760, 'B-37750
SCHULZE H D D-29515
SCHULZE W H *G-41847
SCHWANECKE R *A-38331
SCHWARTZ, C H A-05067
SCHWARZ E H-38743
SCHWARZENBEK E F «B-37173
SCHWIND G F «B-41544
SCHWING R C 'B-43333
SCIARAFFA P L «C-37175
SCOTT A N B F-13451
SECCHI G C *G-21037
SEDIVEC V G-45005
SEEGALL M I 'B-39275
SEELEY J L 'F-44332
SEIDEL G H 'B-28060
SEKIH G-37722
SEKIY G-45273
SEKIGUCHIY E-36487
SELANDER S 'G-32129, »G-32738
SELANDER, S *F-11582, G-00821,
•G-02202
SELEZNEVA YE S 'E-29699
SELLENT R 'G-11808
SEMSCH R D 3-32737
SENECHAL R G A-30428
SENHAUSER D A G-32696
SENICAR L G -41731
SENKO E E E-24166
SERVICE G R B-30717
SETO T D-278M
SEVCIK J J A-41959
SEVERS R K »D-44234, 'D-44580
SHALNOVA K G F-36524
SHAMIRZAYEV, S Y 'D-05260
SHAMS EL DIN A M 'F-16659
SHAPIRO I M G-36534
SHAW C F 'H-40590
SHEMYAKINA Z N B-13982
SHERWOOD P T 'A-31323
SHIBKO S I 'G-41895
SHIBUSAWA Y A-26134
SHIGEMORI N D-29153, D-30025
SHIGETA T *F- 41787
SHIIO H C-40407
SHIKHVARGER F D *C-25979
SHILINA A I C-44995, D-44996
SHIMA H D-28326, D-37202
SHIMIZU T G-27253
SHIMIZU Y D- 36288, D-37320
SHINMURA G 'L-35795
SHINOZAKI Z A-31934
SHIOBARA Y "L-37521
SHIRAI T 'B-44003
SHIRAKAWA K 'G-17470
SHO, K G-03893, 'G-03897
SHOLTS R A 11-39333, B^»2886
SHROFF G L 'H-34846
SHULTZ, J F 11-00015
SHUPE J L 'H-42715
SHUSHUNCV V A F-34607
SHVAROV V N B-13982
SHWACHMAN H G-39867
SHY C M G-24716, G-39179, G-41894
SIEBENBERG S C-42139, D-17058
SIEGEL R D A-45092
SIEGEL S M H-27063
SIES W 'A-33667
SIGWORTH H JR A-35484
SILVER W *G-1«769
SILVERMAN L *C-25793
SILVESTRONI A G-39621
SIMKIN E A B-33157
SIMPSON B H A-33350, B-25301,
'B-33366
SIMS J D H-39:!04
SINGER M J 'A-22367
SINGH DEV R "F-34297
SINISTRI C *F-17882
SIVIERI G E-40164
SJOBERG J W B-33388, '1-32921
SKALA H A-35818
SKOGERBOE R K F-44332
SLOMYANSKAYA F B '1-22128
SMITH D S 'A-25581
SMITH F R G-41847
SMITH G W 'C-24719
SMITH HD G-J2737
SMITH J R B-3
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
381
STORMONT D H "J-39956
STORY R V G-19159
STRAFUSS A C H-35209
STREHLOW C D D-17340
STRESEMANN E *A-17778
STRUNZ W 'A-31315
STRUTH B W 'A-34177, 'J-37734
STYRO B I E-29699
SUDAR S B-42131
SUGAI R A-33710
SUGAWARA N D-17106, D-28233
SUGAWARA V 'C-25535
SUGIMAE A A-29661, C-29464, C-31304,
C-32892, C-34017, D-21015, D-28629,
D-28650, D-36009, E-38118
SUGITA M *G^»5273
SULZBERGER M B 'G-39826
SULZMANN G P C-26275
SUN H G-11808
SUNDERMAN, F W JR 'G-01797
SUZUKA T A-29936, D-33114
SUZUKI S 'A-42791, 'G-30355
SUZUKI T *A-32523, D-36909, 'G-17244,
G-2%63
SVISTOV, P F E-10215
SWAIN R E 'A-24285
SWAINE D J 'F-43436
SWANN C D "C-42775
SYLVESTER, R O 1-00305
SZADKOWSKI D G-40295
SZADKOWSKI, D G-09019
SZAJNAR J G-20198
SZCZENIOWSKI B 'B-35535
TABOR, E C 'D-05623
TADA O A-19598, *A-35957, 'C-27556,
•D-06148, *D-36503, *G-13154,
•G-24081
TADA, O "C-06112
TAGUCHI K "C-37689, D-43962, G-44087
TAHARA I D-31669
TAIKISHIMA T D-30892
TAIRA K G-29958
TAIRAFUNE K 'D-21869, *D-36806
TAKADA N D-29191
TAKADA S D-30182
TAKAHASHI K G-45273
TAKAHASHI M D-21869, D-27880,
D-30326, D-36806
TAKAHASHI T *F-17689
TAKAISHI S G-27253
TAKAKUWA E G-38867, G-45288
TAKAMATSU K E-36487
TAKATA N C-25015, 'C-43448
TAKEDA K D-31669
TAKENOBU Y D-30182
TAKESHI F E-30073
TAKEUCHIJ D-28620
TAKEYAMA Y G-27253
TAKIGAWA T G-27253
TALIAFERRO H R *A-3%10
TAMURA S D-25758
TANAKA K A-36006, B-37116, 'C-27681,
•C-28755, "C-29419, *C-30786,
D-28634
TANAKA M G-14492
TANAKA T C-36840, C-36841
TANAKA, D 'G-03635, G-03893
TANI M *C-42360
TANIMOTO F B-31496
TANIZAKI A G-27490, H-28529
TANSY M F 'G-20087, 'G-29329
TARUNIN B I F-34607
TATE, G M JR D-00005
TATEISHI R 'G-26528, G-26775
TATSUMI S 'D-40716
TAYLOR J A G-34841
TECH G G-40492
TEICHMAN, T D-00697, *D-09432
TEISINGER J 'G-26483, *G-43196,
•G-45005
TEISINGER, J 'G-09535
TENCONI L T "H-42945
TEPPER L B 'D-36195, 'G-27416,
*G-31442
TEPPER, L B 'G-03284
TER HAAR G A-32748, A-33350,
H-17217, 'H-17220, *H-24947
TER HAAR G L A-11702, 'A-37176,
•B-31604, 'D-31775, 'E-22959,
•E-35264, »H-14786, 'H-33364
TERADA K 'A-38819
TERRY R T G-34837
TERZUOLO D "G-30328
TESHIROGI N 'B-29656
THALMAYER C E *F-14008, 'F-14039
THAMANN F 'A-40314, 'G-42757
THAYER J M 'L-17927
THILLIEZ G 'C-19276
THILLIEZ, G 'D-07649
THOM N G 'D-24162
THOM, G W 'B-03232
THOMAS A B-36081, B-36721
THOMAS B G H G-37119, G-39193
THOMAS R W L 'E-42720
THOMAS, H V *G-08326
THOMAS, R S D-09432
THOMPSON R J C-38973
THUM E E 'L-39640
TffiTJEN G G-32749
TIKHONOVA Z I 'F-13461
TIMARU J G-11630
TIMS J M *A-31085
TINARD H 'B-37275
TIPSON, R S 'F-00058
TIPTON, I H 'G-12075
TOKIDA T F-19823
TOKOS J V C-24337
TOLA S G-26886, G-41717
TOMASHEFSKI J F *G-31452
TOMASHEFSKI, J F 'G-03282
TOMIDA B 'D-36288
TOMINAGA H *C-43763
TOMITA B D-37320
TOMITA K G-27253
TOMIZUKA K 'B-29531
TOMOTO F D-27648
TOMOTO N 'D-44063
TOMSON N M "H-28448
TOMUS R G-44255
TONKELAAR W A M D 'C-30593
TONOMURA M 'C-15562, C-21338,
D-15314, D-16576
TOPE, O *L-07952
TOPOROVA V V F-13943
TORGE H E-37953
TORNER G G-44255
TOYAMA T C-27358
TOYODA J D-27257
TOYOSHIMA K D-37320
TRASKO V M 'L-23234
TRINKS, W B-10558
TROJANOWSKA B G-32041
TRUCCO R C-38778
TRUFAKIN V A E-24166
TRUFFERT, L 'D-08821, *G-13059
TRYBULA E A-27180
TSESSARSKII V N B-35478
TSO, T C *H-01523
TSUCHIHIRA K 'C-41763
TSUCHIYA K D-25881, D-29918,
•G-28170, G-29816, *G-37941,
•G-39989, 'G-42098
TSUCHIYA, K *G-03893, *G-05780
TSUDA S 'C-41719
TSUJIKAWA T D-37202
TSUKIYAMA H C-32718
TSUNETOSHI Y G-27253
TUDDENHAM, W M C-06045
TUFTS B J 'C-23657
TUNCAY O C G-36534
TURNER T H »B-44283
TURNER, D "L-02635
TURNESCU B G-34092
TUSCHIYA K 'G-45273
TUZHILINA, A A D-08438
TYLER C *A-18297
TYLER G A-22370, C-18302, 'C-25222,
D-23971, D-35010, H-17681, H-28289
u
UBISCH H V *A-30414
UBL, Z 'C-09983
UCHEVATKINA T S E-40157
UCHIDA K *B-25155
UCHIDA S 'B-35080, *L-36030
UCHINUMA K 'B-30498
UCHIYAMA Y B-29656
UEDA K *G-30395
UENISHI Y D-28653, D-29385
UENO Y F-19823
ULLED A "L-41557
ULLMAN W W *A-30674
ULLMANN W W *A-31313
ULLUCCI P A C-30707
'G-27614
G-21266
ULMER D D
ULMER W T
ULRICH C E
UMEHARA K
UMEZAWA M
UNCKELL F
UNZELMAN G H
URBANOWICZ H
G-42957
•D-36909
D-36909
G-40492
J-39941
G-34175
URLAUB A "A-29516
URSU P G-38616
URTA G G-34847
URUSHIYAMA Y A-33710
URYU K G-27490
UYEHARA O A A-35484
VAAST D G-37731
VADIC V C-25440
VAIL, E H G-00740
VALENTIN H G-37964
VALKONEN S G-26886
VALLANCE J H-37926
VALLEE B L G-27614
VAN ARTSDALEN E R 'F-14510
VAN PETEGHEM C G-42136
VAN STEEN J E A-40947
VANDEN BERG R H C-24119
VANDENABEELE W J 'E-45050
VANHOORNE M *G-42136
VARDI J B-35223, B-36578
VARYUKHIN V A F-36524
VASILYEV V I B-34313
VDOVICHENKO V T 'B-19725
VENDRAMINI R *A-15599
VENTURINI P D A-26763, *B-31819,
•B-31825
VERGNANO C G-24784
VERNET D *B-40723
VETTE J I *E-24549
VIETS, F H B-03754
VIGDORCHIK, E A 'C-08130
VIHKO, V *G-06985, G-07740, G-07892
VILAND C K *K-30035
-------
382
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
VILENSKII, V D D-00261
VIMERCATI, F 'G-11552
VINTON, WHJR G-01731.G-01923
VITTORI O *C-23096
VITTORIA O «D-25635
VIVONA F M E-31895
VOGEL H *A-290%, "L-30908
VOLCHOK H L C-27106, *D-22553,
'D-24316, *D-27105, *D-31325,
•D-31332, 'D-42742, 'D-43388,
•D-43558
VOLVHOK H L 'D-34805
VORONIN G F *F-17i61
w
W M HAGER J-39941
WADA A D-28620, D-28785, *D-37366,
*D-37394
WADA O 'G-29825, *G-35021, 'G-41124
WAGMAN J A-15295, 'D-21906
WAGMAN, } D-07985, D-11202, D-12049
WAGNER T O *A-35050
WAGNER, G D-02133
WAINERDI R E 'C-33042
WAKAMATSU S E-36487
WALDRON, H A 'G-OQ808, G-00993
WALFORD J G-34902
WALKER A O *C-1299>3
WALKER, J A *A-02636
WALKER, R L F-10599
WALLDEN I "L-40520
WALLER, R E 'D-00985
WALSH A D F-39901
WALSH M P A-44682, B-33542
WARE T E JR J-34828
WARNICK S L 'H-43279
WARREN H V 'A-14135, 'H-30921,
•H-39287
WARTERESIEWICZ M 'H-32322
WATANABE H *D-29191
WATANABE N B-2%56, B-39333,
B-42886
WATANABE S D-36288
WATANABE Y D-27257, G-27253
WATANABE, H 'G-05475
WAXMAN H S 'G-43532
WEAVER E E 'A-14459, A-35353
WEAVER N K 'G-34406, G-34841,
•G-37180, "N-14772
WEBB J C *C-19313
WEBB P R A-30759
WEBBER M D *H-42607
WEBER M *G-33052
WEBSTER C C *H-19604
WEBSTER S H A-28862, »C-28017
WEGNER H »A-31395
WEIDENSAUL T C 'H-27111, 'J-21749
WEINBERGER, L W D-05277
WEISS S 'H-30225
WEISZ, H C-05787
WELBERGEN J *B-38287
WELCH H V «B-24553
WELLS A E 'A-40583, 'D-40584
WESOLOWSKI J J 'C-44479
WEST P W C-14758, C-22975, »F-13839
WEST W *A-249%
WEST, P W C-00056, *C-05787
WESTERLUND K A-30414
WESTERMAN, M P 'G-01812
WESTPHAL J D-15575
WESTPHALEN J *C-42312
WETCH J R *B-42131
WETHERILL G W 'C-45235
WEXLER I B *G-41818
WEY R J G-18494
WHITE M T JR B-39333, B-42886
WHITE W F *B-35:I42
WIDMARK G 'A-24031
WIECK A G G-37S64
WIESER P H *D-2i089
WIEST E G G-206I!7
WIETHAUP H 'G-45196
WIGG E E B-3522:i, B-36578
WIKLANDER L * A-36032
WILKS E H-39287
WILLIAMS H 'G-41847
WILLIAMS M "G-M709
WILLIAMS M K 'G-34902
WILLIAMS, J D *G-06028
WILLIAMS, M K »G-00810
WILSON J A B-28860
WILSON JONES R A «B-21303
WILSON, K W G-B0177
WINCHESTER J W A-26925, D-27429,
D-27621, D-28920, *D-32350, D-35489,
*E-28586
WINCHESTER, J W 'D-04646, 'D-11184
WINCK, W D-08502
WINDEBANK C S A-36623
WINDOMHL *C-13646
WDMTRINGHAM J S B-35778
WISE H B-30950
WISHART D J *B-:!7876
WITHROW L 'A-24718
WITSCHIH *G-34789
WOBITH F G-212(p6
WODKOWSKI C S A-35353
WOERNER F D-2:i089
WOLFF H C "L-42169
WOLFF J *A-34350
WOLKONSKY P M 'G-21259
WOLOCHOW H W C-26275
WOLOWICZ F R (3-44696
WOOD R C-29297
WOODRIFF R 'C-41138
WOODWARD C C-17048
WOODWORTH J A B-36081
WORCESTER A 'A-42726
WOZNICZEK H »A-22579
WRIGHT L T A-3%10
WYSZYNSKA H D-20642
XINTARAS C 'G-24288, 'G-42957
XINTARAS, C «D-'35820, G-00597
YAGYU H »G-29129, G-37722
YAKOVLEV V V F-15493
YAMADA S D-27(48, »G-41067
YAMAGA S D-29S14, *G-14492,
•H-28529
YAMAKAWA T *A -42791
YAMAKI J N B-39333
YAMAKI N 'A-37372, 'A-40677, B-30154,
B-42886
YAMAKI, N «D-08591
YAMAMOTO A D-27257
YAMAMOTO K D-27257
YAMAMOTO T 'A-29936, A-31934,
A-43966, 'C-26336, F-41787
YAMAMOTO, H 'L-08725
YAMANAKA T *B-29058, 'B-29898
YAMAOKA, S G-05475
YAMASHITA E *C-37693
YAMATE N C-213.-I8, 'C-24644, *C-32833,
•D-15175, 'D-15314, «D-16576
YAMAUCHIT 'F-42772
YAMAZAKI H D-30410, D-37191,
D-41975
YAMAZAKI K D-27831
YAMAZAKI S G-29129
YAMAZAKI V C-25535
YAMAZOE S »C-44129
YANAGIHARA S 'B-24813,'B-35166
YANOVSKIY A G 'L-16200
YANT W P G-37119, G-39193
YARRINGTON R M 'B-21040, B-26243
YATSUMAKI A-26134
YAZAKI S B-29204
YEAGER, D A-12624
YEGOROV V V C-44995, *D-44996
YEMEL YANOV B V *B-13982
YOCOM J *D-36562
YOCOM J E 'B-35540
YODER, J D C-02161
YOKOHATA A C-41719
YOKOYAMA A G-27253
YOLLES R S «B-309:50
YONEYAMA E 'D-29814, D-32727,
*D-32883, D-36486
YORK C R D-37026
YOSHIDA E 'B-31364
YOSHIDA H D-27257, G-27253
YOSHIDA K D-37202
YOSHIKAWA H 'G-38580, *G-42022
YOSHIMURA K G--I4087
YOSHMURA K I D-43962
YOSHINAGA S 'A-36846, D-27188
YOSHITANI K A-36006, C-28755,
C-30786
YOSHITANI N D-2JI634
YOSIM S J B-35352
YOUNG L T H-18521
YOUNG P L B-31341
YUGE S D-28528
ZAIA J A G-18494
ZAKO V P B-15208
ZAPP J A *B-32036
ZAREMBOK I G-18-t94
ZATEK J E *C-2359«
ZAWIRSKA B *G-36747
ZEDDA, S D-08810
ZEILINGER K *A-41738
ZEITZ A H 'B-29625
ZEMSKOV I F 'B-31390
ZENZ, C *G-06704
ZESCHMANN E G B-36081
ZHDANOV A K 'F-15493
ZHIGALOVSKAYA T N "C-44995,
•D-44996
ZIEGLER C A C-37175
ZIELHU1S R L »G-35118, G-35792,
*G-44395, 'K-16104, 'K-16128
ZIELINSKI M G-29588
ZIERMANN P B-33741
ZIMDAHL R L F-441332
ZIMMER, C E *C-08661
ZOLLER W H D-35861
ZOLLER, W H *D-04646
ZOOK B C G-32746, 'G-36934, 'H-44588
ZORE V A *F-13461
ZUBER R H-32654, *H-40368
ZULIANIG *C-3325:>
ZUTAUT D W A-35477
ZWEIBAUM F 'C-21459
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
383
ABATEMENT A-23280, A-26552, A-32621,
A-32875, A-33350, A-33%3, A-36623,
A-37166, A-39367, A-41035, A-41654,
A-45145, B-28377, B-30633, B-31314,
B-31496, B-35018, B-39404, B-39492,
B-42330, D-09726, D-29416, D-30860,
D-32055, D-35025, D-38110, D-42120,
G-30328, G-34059, J-30329, J-42721,
K-03956, K-34063, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288, L-26442, L-28349,
L-28397, L-29421, L-30152, L-30620,
L-30908, L-31454, L-32462, L-32789,
L-32865, L-32884, L-33740, L-34033,
L-34980, L-35795, L-36877, L-37497,
L-37560, L-37717, L-38669, L-40486,
L-40520, L-41557, L-42016, L-42041,
L-42873, L-44044, L-44219, L-44325,
L-44499, M-29432
ABSENTEEISM G-32735
ABSORPTION A-18211, A-21069, A-23280,
A-40314, B-03337, B-19331, B-25033,
B-28699, B-29204, B-30944, B-31364,
B-35296, B-37222, C-00056, C-05977,
C-06107, C-06112, C-08145, C-21459,
C-27556, C-30635, C-30928, C-32058,
C-32169, E-38666, G-00642, G-02191,
G-03283, G-03284, G-03285, G-05002,
G-06028, G-19881, G-20087, G-20198,
G-23167, G-23768, G-24603, G-26260,
G-28024, G-29493, G-29789, G-30686,
G-31319, G-31442, G-33372, G-33779,
G-33864, G-34902, G-36283, G-36551,
G-37685, G-38580, G-38869, G-39826,
G-42957, G-44364, H-17215, H-17216,
H-17217, H-17218, H-17220, H-17681,
H-17978, H-20062, H-20237, H-21018,
H-24788, H-24947, H-25878, H-26092,
H-27352, H-28379, H-28529, H-32224,
H-34830, H-35827, N-09780
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) A-12751,
A-12823, A-34774, A-35052, B-03337,
B-160S3, B-28172, B-32260, E-12777,
1-22128, N-09780
ACETALDEHYDE F-07451, F-09578,
G-00177
ACETIC ACID A-37190, C-06894, F-00058,
F-06648, F-09578, G-03892, G-03893,
G-04196, G-26483, G-34851, G-36934,
G-39883
ACETONE C-09333, F-03525, F-06648,
F-09578, G-00177, K-02580
ACETYLENES B-00063, C-23596, J-03289
ACID SMUTS A-35957, B-35476
ACIDS A-05067, A-09686, A-10749,
A-12751, A-12823, A-23561, A-26441,
A-29786, A-31315, A-32875, A-34018,
A-35052, A-35224, A-35957, A-37166,
A-37190, A-37721, A-39462, A-42676,
B-03337, B-07606, B-26600, B-28172,
B-29058, B-31985, B-34025, B-35476,
B-35703, B-38727, B-43937, C-00125,
C-00855, C-06894, C-08661, C-09333,
C-09983, C-23657, C-26274, C-26467,
C-28126, C-30360, C-31258, C-31304,
C-32476, C-35494, C-38670, C-39136,
C-41719, C-41763, C-42139, C-42928,
D-03441, D-05260, D-07198, D-10634,
D-26387, D-27096, D-29382, D-29416,
D-313%, D-34008, D-36806, D-38133,
D-41979, E-24570, E-32155, E-36038,
F-00058, F-06648, F-09578, G-00375,
G-00708, G-03892, G-03893, G-04196,
G-07162, G-08411, G-24314, G-26483,
G-31319, G-32735, G-32738, G-34851,
G-35174, G-36093, G-36934, G-38721,
G-38869, G-39621, G-39883, G-44294,
G-44433, G-44867, H-08884, H-11452,
H-11467, H-26055, H-27111, H-30225,
H-32224, H-3%90, H-42250, H-42607,
H-42945, 1-33802, J-21749, J-30696,
K-02580, K-06734, K-06778, K-08420,
K-09259, K-11746, K-19750, K-20121,
K-33107, K-34063, K-34377, K-36823,
K-38197, K-41682, K-42039, K-44310,
K-44377, L-00311, L-17472, L-28349,
L-29421, L-32789, L-35795, L-38669,
L-39640, N-04052, N-04212, N-09780,
N-20548, N-28803
ACROLEIN A-37190, G-00177, G-07162,
K-02580
ACUTE A-35957, G-01797, G-03286,
G-06814, G-07162, G-11580, G-21266,
G-29129, G-30686, G-31493, G-31584,
G-32487, G-32608, G-34406, G-34436,
G-35225, G-35387, G-35560, G-37180,
G-38867, G-38869, G-40634, G-40688,
G-41847, G-42098, G-42136, G-44867,
H-11452, H-11467, H-41461, H-43279
ADAPTATION G-26477, G-29825, L-07952
ADMINISTRATION A-01868, A-12624,
A-24031, A-25125, A-27858, A-31136,
A-31313, A-31323, A-32621, A-33087,
A-33963, A-33965, A-36623, A-36664,
A-38625, A-39367, A-40776, A-40981,
A-41035, A-41145, A-42791, B-01851,
B-20735, B-28730, B-30633, B-31314,
B-31496, B-31690, B-32364, B-32424,
B-33386, B-33388, B-33542, B-33550,
B-34457, B-36721, B-37116, B-39404,
B-42702, B-43575, B-44283, B-44470,
C-18007, C-22927, C-30360, C-38755,
C-41016, C-44479, D-00005, D-00017,
D-00974, D-01089, D-02133, D-03410,
D-03441, D-04996, D-05167, D-05573,
D-05623, D-05820, D-08568, D-12049,
D-12099, D-16539, D-16839, D-19144,
D-22553, D-23971, D-24351, D-25107,
D-26387, D-270%, D-27105, D-27174,
D-27621, D-28097, D-29416, D-2%55,
D-30656, D-30858, D-30860, D-31325,
D-31332, D-31396, D-32055, D-32945,
D-34008, D-34933, D-35407, D-35940,
D-36009, D-36195, D-36288, D-36449,
D-36806, D-37394, D-38110, D-38133,
D-39081, D-39405, D-39914, D-40363,
D-40997, D-41033, D-41887, D-41975,
D-41979, D-42120, D-42122, D-42742,
D-42921, D-43316, D-43558, D-44059,
D-44170, D-44234, D-44330, D-44580,
E-29445, E-32155, G-00740, G-08411,
G-09253, G-12038, G-14156, G-16820,
G-23715, G-24877, G-25068, G-27961,
G-29815, G-29816, G-30181, G-31528,
G-34095, G-34436, G-34895, G-35118,
G-36207, G-37229, G-37788, G-44254,
G-44395, G-44463, H-27111, H-40368,
H-43226, J-30329, J-39956, K-03007,
K-03956, K-36346, K-36823, L-03536,
L-08725, L-09009, L-16200, L-22583,
L-23234, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-24467, L-25288, L-25542, L-26442,
L-28397, L-28869, L-29888, L-30152,
L-30908, L-31454, L-32462, L-33495,
L-33844, L-35151, L-35461, L-35795,
L-35922, L-36877, L-37193, L-37423,
L-37497, L-37521, L-38757, L-40486,
L-40520, L-41557, L-42041, L-42873,
L-44044, L-44499, M-01073, M-33904,
N-03674, N-04052, N-04649, N-08273,
N-11871
ADSORPTION A-35818, A-42791, B-03337,
B-21762, B-31341, B-31390, B-44003,
C-06072, C-26707, E-45050, F-10599,
G-00177, G-09019, G-24603, N-09780
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) A-35052
ADULTS A-17778, A-29872, A-31313,
D-01315, D-08568, D-08812, D-08821,
D-44330, F-11570, G-00705, G-00808,
G-00810, G-00821, G-01512, G-03283,
G-05780, G-06I74, G-06704, G-08326,
G-08381, G-08566, G-08949, G-09261,
G-10434, G-10793, G-10856, G-11580,
G-12075, G-20287, G-23876, G-24192,
G-25328, G-27084, G-27253, G-29129,
G-29958, G-30672, G-31228, G-31584,
G-31899, G-32738, G-32747, G-32787,
G-33372, G-33527, G-33903, G-34066,
G-34092, G-34709, G-34738, G-35211,
G-35560, G-35811, G-36152, G-38579,
G-39406, G-40022, G-41067, G-41847,
G-42098, G-42884, N-11871
ADVECTION E-21182
ADVISORY SERVICES A-33965, D-30860,
D-32055, G-34649, L-30908, L-35151,
L-37193, N-09780
AEROSOL GENERATORS E-36038,
F-19823, F-29400
AEROSOLS A-01624, A-01868, A-14945,
A-15205, A-19684, A-21722, A-25295,
A-26891, A-26925, A-40981, A-41145,
A-42676, A-45072, B-00107, B-29664,
B-30124, B-33994, B-39272, C-00855,
C-01249, C-05243, C-06881, C-06894,
C-06920, C-08145, C-09888, C-09983,
C-12943, C-19313, C-19857, C-21862,
C-21948, C-27829, C-29595, C-31258,
C-33042, C-33055, C-39168, C-40724,
C-42137, C-45235, D-00976, D-01355,
D-04646, D-07600, D-10634, D-11184,
D-11202, D-20642, D-21684, D-21906,
D-22829, D-23658, D-23864, D-26387,
D-27429, D-28920, D-31014, D-32350,
D-34008, D-35489, D-39914, D-449%,
-------
384
LEAD AND ADI POLLUTION
E-19058, E-22959, E-23743, E-28586,
E-30073, E-30676, E-31895, E-32155,
E-32158, E-35207, E-36038, E-38666,
E-42720, F-00841, F-05849, F-07451,
F-10599, F-13451, F-19823, F-29400,
G-00177, G-00375, G-00642, G-03282,
G-04877, G-09493, G-16820, G-18046,
G-31524, G-324«4, G-32735, G-33778,
G-36354, G-37229, G-38616, G-39161,
G-40688, H-08884, H-27063, H-31185,
K-02580, K-16808, I.-00311, N-03674,
N-09780, N-28088
AFRICA B-03337, F-16659, G-12075,
G-16810, G-24428, M-01073
AFTERBURNERS A-14459, A-22825,
A-23250, A-26134, A-26763, A-27858,
A-28560, A-29127, A-30604, A-31324,
A-33378, A-34442, A-35353, A-35484,
A-35818, A-36083, A-37372, A-38522,
A-39067, A-39462, A-40677, A-45092,
B-00063, B-01484, B-03125, B-05214,
B-09231, B-14604, B-20735, B-20844,
B-21040, B-21762, B-23540, B-23697,
B-24184, B-24696, B-24722, B-24813,
B-25155, B-25377, B-25470, B-25894,
B-26243, B-28286, B-28699, B-28730,
B-28865, B-29204, B-30229, B-30498,
B-31364, B-31496, B-31819, B-31825,
B-32355, B-33366, B-33386, B-33388,
B-33403, B-34025, B-34035, B-34457,
B-35018, B-35703, B-35778, B-35821,
B-36145, B-36523, B-36578, B-36721,
B-37042, B-37116, B-37150, B-37234,
B-37275, B-37408, B-37845, B-37938,
B-38287, B-38614, B-39275, B-39333,
B-40411, B-40723, B-40785, B-41608,
B-41922, B-42330, B-42886, B-43333,
B-44341, B-44473, G-34059, G-41737,
1-32921, J-26765, J-30329, J-34370,
K-24107, K-38758, L-07952, L-09009,
L-28869, L-37423, L-38757, L-40520,
N-09780
AGE D-09240, D-36195, F-11570, G-08381,
G-09261, G-09408, G-12070, G-12075,
G-16810, G-20287, G-21766, G-26720,
G-26931, G-27253, G-29129, G-30181,
G-326%, G-32787, G-33372, G-33910,
G-34092, G-34832, G-34851, G-35217,
G-35219, G-36152, G-39406, G-42463,
G-44053, G-44463, G-45273, H-32423,
H-32736, K-16808
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
B-35540, C-38165, D-27187, D-36562,
L-30152
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES A-24156,
A-32875, D-03441, D-29416, D-32055,
D-37026, D-39081, O-00375, G-07423,
G-24603, G-31493, G-38616, G-44087,
G-44867, G-4$l%, H-08884, H-H467,
H-361%, K-36823, K-38197, L-37497,
L-44499, N-14772, N-18005
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
A-33087, A-45092, D-26535, D-32912,
K-36382, L-35922
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA A-27943,
A-32621, A-35676, B-25894, B-34457,
D-29416, D-31669, G-12038, G-16810,
G-16820, G-23768, G-27084, G-33903,
G-34406, G-34895, H-32335, K-08420,
K-09259, K-16808, K-36823, K-43312,
N-14772, N-43824
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-01868, A-12624,
A-25125, A-31313, A-33087, A-33%3,
A-33%5, A-39367, A-41035, A-41145,
B-01851, B-28730, B-30633, C-18007,
C-22927, C-30360, C-41016, C-44479,
D-00005, D-00017, D-00974, D-01089,
D-02133, D-0341B, D-03441, D-049%,
D-05167, D-05573, D-05623, D-05820,
D-08568, D-12049, D-12099, D-16539,
D-16839, D-22553, D-23971, D-24351,
D-26387, D-27096, D-27105, D-27174,
D-27621, D-28097, D-29416, D-29655,
D-30656, D-30858, D-30860, D-31325,
D-31332, D-31396, D-32055, D-32945,
D-34008, D-34933, D-35407, D-35940,
D-36009, D-36195, D-36288, D-36449,
D-36806, D-37394, D-38110, D-38133,
D-39081, D-39405, D-39914, D-40363,
D-40997, D-41033, D-41887, D-41975,
D-41979, D-42120, D-42122, D-42742,
D-42921, D-43316, D-43558, D-44059,
D-44170, D-44234, D-44330, D-44580,
E-32155, G-08411, G-09253, G-16820,
G-27961, G-30181, G-34436, G-35118,
G-37229, H-27111, K-03007, K-36823,
L-09009, L-23601!, L-23610, L-24214,
L-25542, L-2644:>, L-28397, L-33495,
L-35151, L-3592.!, L-41557, L-42873,
L-44499, N-03674, N-04052, N-04649,
N-11871
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-00962, A-01868, A-02636, A-03278,
A-06351, A-13524, A-15599, A-16766,
A-17325, A-17339, A-18297, A-19598,
A-19684, A-2110), A-21722, A-24031,
A-26645, A-26925, A-28560, A-28873,
A-29516, A-2957Z, A-30414, A-30513,
A-30759, A-31525, A-31649, A-31934,
A-32035, A-32447, A-32621, A-32875,
A-33822, A-33%5, A-34018, A-34068,
A-35052, A-35125, A-35168, A-35788,
A-35953, A-37015, A-37176, A-38891,
A-39152, A-39610, A-40455, A-40583,
A-41035, A-41145, A-41654, A-45145,
B-22414, B-283T', B-30633, B-31341,
B-31604, B-329311, B-33366, B-33542,
B-33550, B-33994, B-35540, B-37150,
B-42829, B-44660, B-44750, C-00855,
C-03770, C-05977, C-06072, C-06107,
C-08661, C-1052H, C-10556, C-12943,
C-18007, C-18302, C-19313, C-22927,
C-230%, C-23646, C-25222, C-25535,
C-26467, C-2650:;, C-30360, C-31258,
C-31304, C-32474, C-35396, C-35494,
C-37514, C-3760K, C-37693, C-38165,
C-38755, C-3877&, C-39136, C-39168,
C-39762, C-40724., C-41016, C-41763,
C-42043, C-4292&, C-44479, C-45235,
D-00005, D-0001'', D-00697, D-00974,
D-00976, D-0098;>, D-01089, D-01315,
D-01673, D-0213:!, D-03410, D-03441,
D-03526, D-049%, D-05167, D-05260,
D-05277, D-0555!, D-05573, D-05623,
D-05820, D-0614H, D-06760, D-07198,
D-07600, D-079a>, D-08275, D-08438,
D-08502, D-0856(l, D-08591, D-09432,
D-10380, D-10593, D-10612, D-10756,
D-11028, D-11184, D-11202, D-12049,
D-12099, D-14762, D-15175, D-15314,
D-15573, D-1557\ D-15610, D-15789,
D-15823, D-1634J, D-16539, D-16576,
D-16684, D-16791, D-16839, D-17058,
D-17106, D-17340, D-19144, D-19433,
D-19822, D-20191, D-20642, D-21015,
D-21869, D-21906, D-22290, D-22553,
D-22829, D-2338S, D-23658, D-23864,
D-23971, D-24162, D-24316, D-24351,
D-24414, D-24463, D-24952, D-25055,
D-25107, D-25635, D-25758, D-25881,
D-26044, D-26054, D-26287, D-26387,
D-26535, D-27096, D-27105, D-27174,
D-27187, D-27188, D-27191, D-27257,
D-27429, D-27621, D-27648, D-27672,
D-27675, D-27831, D-27880, D-28097,
D-28178, D-28233, D-28326, D-28369,
D-28528, D-28620, D-28629, D-28634,
D-28635, D-28650, D-28653, D-28785,
D-29152, D-29153, D-29191, D-29382,
D-29385, D-29416, D-29465, D-29515,
D-29647, D-2%55, D-29744, D-29814,
D-29918, D-30025, D-30182, D-30326,
D-30410, D-30493, D-30494, D-30656,
D-30858, D-30860, D-30892, D-31014,
D-31325, D-31332, D-31396, D-31669,
D-31775, D-32055, D-32350, D-32727,
D-32883, D-32912, D-32945, D-33114,
D-33576, D-34008, D-34805, D-34933,
D-35010, D-35025, D-35407, D-35489,
D-35725, D-35861, D-35940, D-36009,
D-36195, D-36288, D-36449, D-36474,
D-36486, D-36503, D-36562, D-36688,
D-36806, D-36820, D-36909, D-37026,
D-37191, D-37202, D-37264, D-37288,
D-37320, D-37366, D-37369, D-37394,
D-37518, D-38110, D-38133, D-39405,
D-39535, D-39914, D-39988, D-40118,
D-40363, D-40574, D-40584, D-40716,
D-40997, D-41033, D-41520, D-41664,
D-41887, D-41888, D-41975, D-41979,
D^42120, D-42122, D-42247, D-42367,
D-42742, D-42921, D-43316, D-43388,
D-43693, D-43962, D-44059, D-44063,
D-44170, D-44234, D-44330, 0^44580,
D-449%, D-45218, E-00834, E-05713,
E-23743, E-27116, E-29445, E-30073,
E-30863, E-32155, E-32158, E-35207,
E-35264, E-36487, E-36714, E-37953,
E-38118, E-38666, E-40164, E-44813,
F-03799, F-05849, G-00076, G-00177,
G-00902, G-04251, G-05780, G-08326,
G-09253, G-19159, G-21423, G-23801,
G-24428, G-24603, G-26260, G-26310,
G-27291, G-29129, G-29958, G-30181,
G-30328, G-30334, G-30395, G-30671,
G-31351, G-32735, G-32905, G-33497,
G-34059, G-34436, G-34895, G-34902,
G-35041, G-35055, G-36093, G-36283,
G-37040, G-37229, G-37788, G-37942,
G-38580, G-39179, G-44087, G-44251,
G-44255, G-45273, H-10318, H-11157,
H-23435, H-25374, H-28471, H-32423,
H-32736, H-35827, H-36197, H-37977,
H-38743, H-39690, H-42250, H-44071,
1-00305, K-03007, K-16808, K-36382,
K-36823, K-38197, K-42118, L-00311,
L-08196, L-24757, L-33844, L-35922,
L-36877, L-44325, L-44499, N-03674,
N-04649
Affi QUALITY STANDARDS A-00962,
A-22579, A-29516, A-30604, A-30976,
A-31315, A-32447, A-32621, A-33169,
A-34341, A-35957, A-36527, A-37190,
A-37721, A-39152, A-39367, A-40677,
A-45092, B-28730, B-35166, B-44882,
C-41719, D-00005, D-02133, D-08275,
D-08568, D-27831, D-32055, D-32883,
D-32945, D-33576, D-35025, D-39988,
D-40363, E-23743, E-44999, G-00020,
G-03285, G-03654, G-05780, G-08381,
G-08683, G-16820, G-25068, G-25705,
G-26915, G-28170, G-29129, G-29815,
G-30000, G-31280, G-31537, G-32905,
G-33903, G-34406, G-34649, G-34951,
G-35042, G-37180, G-38580, G-38721,
G-40485, G-40492, G-41097, G-41737,
G-42098, G-44176, H-28448, H-36611,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
385
J-27968, K-02580, K-03007, K-06734,
K-06778, K-08803, K-09259, K-11746,
K-14443, K-16128, K-19750, K-20121,
K-22223, K-33107, K-34063, K-34377,
K-36346, K-36382, K-36823, K-38197,
K-41682, K-43312, K-44310, L-00311,
L-07952, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-24757, L-28066, L-28099, L-30152,
L-32789, L-32865, L-32884, L-33495,
L-35795, L-37497, L-37521, L-38669,
L-38757, L-44325, L-44499, N-14772
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
B-27824, B-28377, L-23562, L-26442,
L-28066, L-28099, L-28349, L-41557
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-01565, A-01624,
A-05171, A-17304, A-19598, A-22941,
A-23250, A-24829, A-27249, A-27272,
A-27858, A-28873, A-29516, A-30604,
A-33378, A-34774, A-35481, A-35484,
A-41035, A-44252, A-45092, B-03754,
B-09231, B-18053, B-20740, B-20844,
B-22414, B-23697, B-24182, B-24696,
B-25155, B-26269, B-27876, B-28865,
B-29058, B-30944, B-31314, B-31690,
B-32355, B-32938, B-33741, B-34457,
B-35018, B-35778, B-36081, B-36145,
B-37195, B-37234, B-37275, B-37938,
B-40411, B-41608, B-43333, G-19940,
G-39161
AIRCRAFT A-16156, A-20927, A-23620,
A-33087, A-35676, A-38625, A-40677,
A-42679, A-45092, B-22890, B-2%28,
C-19313, D-06788, E-29445, F-07451,
F-14995, L-00311
AIRPORTS A-20927, A-35676, A-38625,
A-45092, B-22890, D-06788, E-01821,
L-23608
AITKEN COUNTERS C-08130
ALABAMA D-00005, D-05623, G-03086
ALASKA D-04646, D-32350, E-00834,
E-24109, E-28586
ALCOHOLS A-24829, A-27458, A-35199,
A-35477, A-35481, A-37190, B-01484,
B-05300, B-29414, B-34611, B-35535,
B-41608, C-09333, C-09983, C-38670,
C-39136, C-39516, C-42928, D-26387,
F-06648, F-07451, F-09578, F-09745,
F-28908, F-39901, G-07162, G-18508,
G-35387, G-39883, K-02580, K-20121,
K-41682, N-28803
ALDEHYDES A-02636, A-05067, A-08039,
A-09686, A-15599, A-17778, A-19598,
A-22579, A-23561, A-23789, A-24829,
A-27180, A-27249, A-27458, A-31315,
A-34018, A-34774, A-35199, A-35353,
A-35477, A-35957, A-37015, A-37190,
A-37372, A-38625, A-42080, A-42212,
A-43346, A-45145, B-01484, B-26269,
B-29126, B-29625, B-32938, B-35166,
C-06112, C-09333, C-09983, C-26274,
C-26275, C-26707, C-27294, C-32476,
C-32534, C-38670, C-42928, D-01673,
D-03441, D-05573, D-06788, D-08812,
D-10634, D-30860, D-32055, D-33114,
D-34008, F-07451, F-09578, F-39901,
G-00177, G-00375, G-07162, G-13059,
G-16820, G-24603, G-32735, G-34895,
G-35118, G-37229, G-44254, K-02580,
K-08803, K-41682, N-04212, N-28088,
N-28803
ALERTS D-29416, D-39081, K-36823,
K-38197, L-37497, L-44499
ALFALFA G-05483, G-07396, H-08884,
H-25878, H-27391, H-41891
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-05171,
A-08039, A-14461, A-23280, A-26925,
A-27249, A-31085, A-315%, A-33822,
A-34040, A-34177, A-34774, A-35050,
A-35078, A-35353, A-35477, A-35919,
A-35957, A-36527, A-36535, A-36664,
A-38330, A-38331, A-40455, A-41738,
A-42377, A-42980, A-43966, A-44252,
A-44464, A-44682, A-44821, A-45136,
B-00015, B-00063, B-01851, B-03337,
B-05214, B-19725, B-20735, B-22414,
B-22436, B-22834, B-24696, B-27503,
B-29414, B-30154, B-31221, B-31246,
B-31341, B-32392, B-32822, B-33542,
B-33550, B-33932, B-35080, B-35112,
B-35688, B-35816, B-37150, B-37173,
B-37619, B-37938, B-39333, B-39404,
B-41793, B-42702, B-42829, B-44470,
B-44473, B-44882, C-01230, C-23596,
C-26274, C-33178, C-38670, C-41719,
D-01089, D-01673, D-19433, D-30860,
D-43468, F-03799, F-05440, F-06648,
F-08207, F-09578, F-09745, F-17689,
F-28908, F-39901, F-41787, G-00177,
G-03892, G-16820, G-33607, G-38867,
G-39883, G-44867, H-08884, H-26055,
H-27111, J-03289, ]-21749, J-22358,
J-31720, J-34370, J-38624, K-03007,
K-09259, K-20121, K-33730, K-41682,
L-11204, L-36030, L-37392, L-38757,
L-41289, N-03674
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-12751,
A-12823, A-34774, A-35052, B-03337,
B-25377, B-34025, E-12777, L-23562
ALKALIZED ALUMINA (ADSORPTION)
A-35052
ALLERGIES G-00375, G-26477, G-31351,
G-39826
ALPHA PARTICLES B-05214, C-00125,
C-01249, C-06920, C-27294, D-03441,
G-07169
ALTITUDE A-15205, A-26645, A-34647,
A-38625, B-09231, C-01249, C-06920,
C-19313, C-33055, D-01355, D-05573,
D-08275, D-09240, D-14762, D-17058,
D-21684, D-21906, D-23864, D-24316,
D-25089, D-25881, D-27105, D-28097,
D-28634, D-28635, D-28650, D-29918,
D-30410, D-31332, D-32945, D-33114,
D-34805, D-35725, D-36449, D-36474,
D-37366, D-41520, D-43388, D-43558,
D-45218, E-01821, E-03841, E-05713,
E-06841, E-24109, E-24166, E-27116,
E-30073, E-33225, E-36487, E-37953,
E-38118, E-38666, G-08326, G-16820,
G-33497, H-28529, H-32423, H-39409,
L-23562
ALUMINUM A-09686, A-34018, A-34916,
A-34921, A-35168, A-39462, A-41518,
A-42676, A-43271, B-00107, B-03125,
B-03754, B-09798, B-21324, B-32248,
B-32319, C-15734, D-049%, D-08502,
F-10599, G-00177, G-00662, G-31319,
H-08884, 1-02176,1-03735, 1-06355,
1-06357, 1-22128, 1-32921, J-30696
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-26441,
A-45072, B-03337, B-31246, B-34536,
B-35703, C-05787, C-16367, C-22975,
C-38778, C-41612, C-41825, C-41908,
C-41%8, C-42928, C-44210, C-44995,
D-049%, D-08502, D-27174, D-44580,
E-10215, E-29910, F-43436, G-19159,
G-40688, K-14443
ALUMINUM OXIDES B-00015, B-00063,
B-25377, B-30717, B-32392, C-42928,
D-15789, F-03799, F-08207, F-17689,
G-40068, H-42336, 1-33802
ALVEOLI D-350Z5, D-36688, F-13451,
G-03282, G-18417, G-26356, G-31517,
G-33497
AMIDES G-39883
AMINES A-31085, B-03337, B-05300,
C-38670, C-39136, C-42928, F-03525,
F-06648, G-00821, G-03892, G-34436,
G-35387
AMINO ACIDS A-34068, A-35953,
G-03892, G-22637, G-23768, G-29256,
G-29825, G-30686, G-31899, G-34175,
G-34847, G-35225, G-35560, G-36152,
G-36932, G-36957, G-37731, G-37941,
G-37964, G-39621, G-40021, G-40057,
G-40295, G-40492, G-43532, G-44395,
H-42945
AMMONIA A-09686, A-33350, A-34018,
A-35052, A-35957, B-03337, B-35223,
B-36578, B-39275, C-09983, C-26274,
C-28126, C-32534, C-38670, C-39136,
C-41763, D-049%, D-08812, D-21906,
D-29416, D-41033, D-41979, F-05849,
F-06648, F-07451, G-07162, G-24314,
G-24603, H-08884, H-40368, K-41682,
K-44310, L-25542, L-32789, N-04212
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE A-35957,
A-38819, B-28172
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-09686,
A-33350, A-34018, A-35052, A-35957,
A-37176, A-38819, B-03337, B-28172,
B-31604, B-33157, B-35223, B-35703,
B-36578, B-39275, C-09888, C-09983,
C-26274, C-28126, C-32534, C-38165,
C-38670, C-39136, C-41763, D-049%,
D-08812, D-21906, D-29416, D-41033,
D-41979, E-38666, F-05849, F-06648,
F-07451, G-07162, G-24314, G-24603,
H-08884, H-23581, H-40368, 1-22128,
K-41682, K-44310, L-25542, L-32789,
N-04212
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-04460,
A-05067, A-09355, A-09393, A-13524,
A-15599, A-23789, A-25295, A-29516,
A-29539, A-29661, A-29936, A-32523,
A-32621, A-34647, A-35065, A-35788,
A-36006, A-38022, A-39035, A-40947,
A-41604, A-43966, B-00899, B-20844,
B-27371, B-30717, B-31317, B-31690,
B-32392, B-39272, B-39275, C-00056,
C-00125, C-00855, C-01230, C-01607,
C-01608, C-02164, C-03034, C-05456,
C-05787, C-05977, C-06045, C-06072,
C-06112, C-06881, C-06894, C-08145,
C-08661, C-09333, C-09476, C-09953,
C-09983, C-10528, C-10556, C-11042,
C-11626, C-12993, C-14758, C-15563,
C-15734, C-16123, C-16367, C-17771,
C-18007, C-18302, C-19276, C-19501,
C-20891, C-20945, C-21338, C-22975,
C-230%, C-23571, C-235%, C-24119,
C-24337, C-24617, C-24618, C-24644,
C-24719, C-25013, C-25440, C-25535,
C-25932, C-25979, C-26274, C-26275,
C-26336, C-26467, C-26503, C-26505,
C-26698, C-26707, C-26848, C-26955,
C-27075, C-27106, C-27294, C-27556,
C-27681, C-28017, C-28126, C-28621,
C-28755, C-28895, C-29226, C-29297,
C-29419, C-29464, C-29595, C-30290,
C-30360, C-30593, C-30635, C-30707,
C-30786, C-30928, C-31258, C-31933,
C-32058, C-32169, C-32474, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32829, C-32833, C-32892,
C-33042, C-33055, C-33178, C-33255,
C-33338, C-33731, C-34017, C-34407,
C-35494, C-36588, C-36698, C-36703,
-------
386
LEAD AND A1H POLLUTION
C-37514, C-37608, C-37689, C-37971,
C-38670, C-38682, C-38755, C-38914,
C-38973, C-39069, C-39136, C-39168,
C-39516, C-39762, C-40407, C-41138,
C-41490, C-41612, C-41719, C-41763,
C-41825, C-41908, C-41%8, C-42020,
C-42043, C-42084, C-42139, C-42160,
C-42312, C-42360, C-42437, C-42775,
C-42928, C-43448, C-43720, C-43737,
C-43763, C-44129, C-44165, C-44210,
C-44479, C-44995, C-45235, D-00005,
D-00697, D-00974, D-00976, D-00985,
D-01089, D-02133, D-03410, D-03526,
D-04646, D-07649, D-07985, D-08275,
D-08438, D-08502, D-08568, D-08810,
D-09240, D-09726, D-10595, D-10612,
D-10756, D-11028, D-11184, D-U202,
D-12049, D-14762, D-15573, D-16576,
D-16791, D-21684, D-21869, D-22290,
D-25055, D-25635, D-25881, D-27241,
D-27621, D-28097, D-28178, D-28528,
D-28620, D-28629, D-28650, D-28653,
D-28785, D-28920, D-29153, D-29744,
D-29814, D-29918, D-30860, D-31014,
D-31325, D-32350, D-32727, D-32883,
D-32912, D-32945, D-35010, D-35489,
D-35861, D-36449, D-36486, D-36688,
D-36820, D-36909, D-37202, D-37264,
D-37366, D-37369, D-37518, D-39081,
D-39535, D-39914, D-40716, D-41664,
D-42122, D-43388, D-43468, D-43558,
D-43%2, D-44059, D-44330, D-44580,
D-449%, E-10215, E-22754, E-28586,
E-29688, E-31852, E-45050, F-00841,
F-05849, F-07451, F-09745, F-11582,
F-13461, F-13839, F-14008, F-14039,
F-14510, F-15618, F-16595, F-16659,
F-34607, F-34948, F-36067, F-37213,
F-39522, F-42772, F-43436, F-44332,
F-45295, G-00177, G-00662, G-00902,
G-01797, G-02191, G-03635, G-08683,
G-09019, G-09261, G-12070, G-16820,
G-19881, G-20287, G-20687, G-21070,
G-23582, G-23801, G-24573, G-24603,
G-28011, G-29329, G-29663, G-29816,
G-31040, G-32129, G-32749, G-33165,
G-33605, G-34246, G-34836, G-34847,
G-35042, G-35055, G-35560, G-36534,
G-39179, G-41368, G-41894, G-42136,
G-42661, G-43337, G-446%, G-44746,
H-12647, H-14489, H-25967, H-28379,
H-28529, H-30424, H-30921, H-31801,
H-32224, H-38743, H-39204, H-39287,
H-39328, H-40368, H-41143, H-42607,
H-43342, H-43782, 1-03735, K-06734,
K-08420, K-08803, L-32865, N-03674,
N-06992, N-17260, N-43824
ANEMIA A-22579, A-31313, G-00705,
G-00708, G-00808, G-00810, G-00993,
G-01754, G-03635, G-05475, G-05780,
G-07551, G-09484, G-23926, G-32624,
G-33374, G-33607, G-33910, G-34832,
G-34847, G-35211, G-40532, G-41097,
G-42098, G-43559, G-44867, H-33362,
H-34830, H-39407, K-16808
ANIMALS A-03279, A-17778, A-23058,
A-24285, A-27458, A-31315, A-34018,
A-35398, A-37190, A-45072, A-45145,
B-01484, B-29414, B-32424, C-00125,
C-33042, C-33055, C-45235, D-01315,
D-41887, F-11570, F-35379, G-00076,
G-00148, G-00177, G-00375, G-00473,
G-00597, G-00662, G-00705, G-00708,
G-00736, G-00740, G-00808, G-00810,
G-00821, G-00873, G-00902, G-00993,
G-01341, G-01500, G-01512, G-01731,
G-01754, G-01755, G-01756, G-01757,
G-01797, G-01S12, G-01923, G-02191,
G-02202, G-03C86, G-03281, G-03282,
G-03283, G-03284, G-03285, G-03286,
G-03287, G-03635, G-03654, G-03897,
G-04196, G-05002, G-05671, G-08999,
G-09253, G-09493, G-11468, G-11580,
G-11808, G-12038, G-12075, G-12646,
G-13159, G-14156, G-14492, G-17214,
G-18417, G-18494, G-18502, G-18515,
G-19881, G-20(I87, G-20198, G-21259,
G-23167, G-23715, G-23926, G-24288,
G-26260, G-26356, G-26483, G-27107,
G-27490, G-27614, G-27801, G-28024,
G-29329, G-29:i88, G-30468, G-30671,
G-30672, G-31'W2, G-32041, G-32746,
G-32834, G-33052, G-33374, G-33527,
G-33607, G-33''79, G-33910, G-34791,
G-34832, G-34836, G-34841, G-34851,
G-34914, G-34!W3, G-35055, G-35174,
G-35219, G-35225, G-36251, G-36354,
G-36740, G-36747, G-36765, G-36934,
G-36935, G-37119, G-37685, G-37722,
G-37788, G-38«6, G-38867, G-38869,
G-39193, G-39503, G-3%21, G-39863,
G-40014, G-40068, G-40312, G-40355,
G-40688, G-411518, G-42737, G-42957,
G-43277, G-43531, G-43615, G-44087,
G-44254, G-44581, G-44385, G-45005,
G-45196, G-45Z88, G-45293, H-08884,
H-10318, H-11452, H-11467, H-12536,
H-16270, H-18481, H-18520, H-18521,
H-23258, H-24667, H-25%7, H-26092,
H-26276, H-27063, H-27386, H-28105,
H-28448, H-30033, H-30931, H-31185,
H-32291, H-32736, H-33201, H-33362,
H-33922, H-34237, H-34830, H-34831,
H-34901, H-35209, H-35234, H-36196,
H-36197, H-36265, H-36991, H-37912,
H-39407, H-39408, H-40024, H-40368,
H-40591, H-41461, H-41892, H-41893,
H-42715, H-42857, H-42924, H-42945,
H-43226, H-43279, H-43511, H-44588,
H-45056, K-03007, K-11746, K-16808,
L-00311, L-07952, L-34980, N-04212,
N-09780
ANNUAL A-0327f, A-30976, A-31395,
A-31649, A-32447, B-32355, C-30360,
D-00974, D-01315, D-06760, D-07198,
D-08568, D-08591, D-11028, D-15610,
D-16839, D-25881, D-26044, D-27672,
D-27675, D-29153, D-29515, D-29655,
D-30025, D-30860, D-31014, D-32945,
D-33576, D-35010, D-36820, D-37026,
D-37264, D-37288, D-39535, D-41888,
D-43558, G-32735, H-11157, H-17225,
J-39956, K-19"'50, K-34377, L-30620
ANTHRACENES ^-01565, A-26645,
A-35481, B-41608, C-32058, D-03526,
D-04938, D-11028, F-00058, F-06648,
G-40688
ANTHRACOSIS G-26528, G-26775
ANTIBODIES G-C7162
ANTIDOTES G-23876, G-28256, G-34114,
G-34436, G-35387, G-35463, G-36152,
G-36740, G-36934, H-34831, H-35209
ANTIGENS G-07162
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06220, A-06351, A-242S5, B-26532,
B-37750, B-38727, C-06045, C-27294,
C-36703, D-00974, D-05167, D-27174,
F-06648, G-35042, G-35055, G-45165,
H-37912, K-06778, L-39640
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
K-33107, K-34377, L-32884
AREA SURVEYS A-12624, A-25125,
A-33963, A-39367, A-41035, B-30633,
C-22927, C-30360, C-41016, C-44479,
D-01089, D-03410, D-03441, D-049%,
D-05573, D-05623, D-08568, D-12099,
D-16539, D-22553, D-23971, D-24351,
D-27621, D-29416, D-30656, D-30858,
D-30860, D-3132J, D-32055, D-32945,
D-34008, D-34933, D-35940, D-36009,
D-36195, D-36288, D-36449, D-36806,
D-37394, D-38110, D-38133, D-39081,
D-39405, D-39914, D-40363, D-40997,
D-41033, D-41887, D-41975, D-41979,
D-42120, D-42122, D-44059, D-44234,
D-44330, D-44580, E-32155, G-09253,
G-27961, G-30181, G-34436, G-37229,
H-27111, L-28397, N-03674, N-04052,
N-11871
ARIZONA D-07600
AROMATIC FRACTIONS A-30759
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-05171,
A-08972, A-09355, A-09393, A-14461,
A-26100, A-29127, A-29936, A-30027,
A-31085, A-31934, A-33626, A-33822,
A-34177, A-35123, A-35199, A-35353,
A-35477, A-35818, A-35919, A-36084,
A-36535, A-36541, A-36664, A-37372,
A-38331, A-38891, A-39610, A-40455,
A-41738, A-43966, A-44252, A-44682,
A-45145, B-00063, B-01851, B-05300,
B-17906, B-19637, B-20740, B-20844,
B-22414, B-22834, B-24696, B-26269,
B-29126, B-29414, B-2%25, B-31221,
B-31341, B-32938, B-33628, B-33932,
B-35112, B-35535, B-35688, B-35816,
B-37150, B-3717J, B-42290, B-44473,
C-03034, C-05456, C-06112, C-06894,
C-09333, C-09888, C-09983, C-27294,
C-32534, C-38670, C-39136, C-44165,
D-06788, D-10612, D-11028, D-20642,
D-30182, D-43468, F-00058, F-03525,
F-05440, F-06648, F-07451, F-13839,
F-28908, F-41787, G-00177, G-07162,
G-28205, G-39826, H-42857, J-34370,
J-34828, 1-34970, J-38624, K-02580,
K-08803, K-20121, K-24107, K-41682,
L-11204, L-37392, N-28088
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-24285,
A-40583, A-41889, A-41890, B-37750,
B-38727, C-09333, C-09983, C-19857,
C-25431, C-26707, C-27294, C-30635,
C-32718, C-33338, C-39136, C-39516,
C^2437, C-42928, C-43720, D-03410,
D-27188, D-27880, D-313%, D-40574,
D-40584, D-41887, D-41888, F-06648,
G-01512, G-03086, G-07423, G-17470,
G-23715, G-24314, G-24716, G-31280,
G-32608, G-33374, G-35042, G-36765,
G-38580, G-38616, G-39179, G-39833,
G-39883, G-41894, G-41895, G-42022,
G-42737, G-44364, H-07742, H-08884,
H-11452, H-11467, H-23581, H-32224,
H-32736, H-34237, H-34901, H-38332,
H-39690, H-40590, H-41891, H-41893,
H-42924, H-43226, K-06778, K-09259,
K-14443, K-41682, L-23234, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-39640, N-04212
ARSINE G-24314
ASBESTOS A-23561, A-27272, A-39367,
B-03754, B-44283, C-40631, G-07423,
G-13625, G-21259, G-25068, G-27085,
G-40068, G-44395, H-40368, L-24467
ASBESTOSIS G-13625, G-27085, G-40068
ASHES A-33087, B-31364, B-39333,
D-04996, D-27188, D-37288, D-40716,
G-20704, G-38721, H-28448, L-00311,
L-30620, N-04212
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
387
ASIA A-14945, A-17325, A-19598,
A-19955, A-20652, A-21722, A-23316,
A-24156, A-26100, A-26134, A-27858,
A-29364, A-29539, A-29661, A-29787,
A-29936, A-30513, A-31133, A-3U36,
A-31934, A-32492, A-32523, A-32875,
A-33710, A-33%3, A-33965, A-34774,
A-35052, A-35957, A-36006, A-36846,
A-37166, A-37372, A-37721, A-38819,
A-40677, A-41035, A-42080, A-42791,
A-43776, A-43966, A-44252, B-17525,
B-19808, B-21324, B-22520, B-24813,
B-25155, B-25894, B-26532, B-28172,
B-28730, B-29058, B-29204, B-29531,
B-2%56, B-29664, B-29898, B-30154,
B-30498, B-30944, B-31314, B-31317,
B-31364, B-314%, B-31985, B-32938,
B-34071, B-35080, B-35296, B-35821,
B-37116, B-37195, B-37468, B-38614,
B-39333, B-40411, B-42886, B-44003,
C-03034, C-06112, C-15562, C-19501,
C-21338, C-21862, C-24617, C-24618,
C-24644, C-25013, C-25015, C-25535,
C-26336, C-26503, C-26848, C-27358,
C-27556, C-27681, C-27829, C-28126,
C-28621, C-28755, C-29419, C-29464,
C-29810, C-30360, C-30635, C-30786,
C-31304, C-31933, C-32476, C-32534,
C-32718, C-32829, C-32833, C-32892,
C-34017, C-36588, C-36698, C-36703,
C-36840, C-36841, C-37514, C-37608,
C-37689, C-37693, C-38670, C-38682,
C-39069, C-39136, C-39516, C-40407,
C-41719, C-41763, C-42020, C-42043,
C-42360, C-43448, C-43763, C-44129,
D-06148, D-06760, D-07198, D-08591,
D-10756, D-15175, D-15314, D-15610,
D-16539, D-16576, D-17106, D-21015,
D-21869, D-22290, D-25089, D-25758,
D-25881, D-26044, D-26054, D-26287,
D-26535, D-27187, D-27188, D-27191,
D-27257, D-27648, D-27672, D-27675,
D-27831, D-27880, D-28233, D-28326,
D-28528, D-28620, D-28629, D-28634,
D-28635, D-28650, D-28653, D-28785,
D-29152, D-29153, D-29191, D-29382,
D-29385, D-29416, D-29465, D-29647,
D-29744, D-29814, D-29918, D-30025,
D-30182, D-30326, D-30410, D-30493,
D-30494, D-30656, D-30892, D-31014,
D-31669, D-32727, D-32883, D-32912,
D-33114, D-33576, D-35025, D-36009,
D-36288, D-36474, D-36486, D-36503,
D-36688, D-36806, D-36820, D-36909,
D-37191, D-37202, D-37288, D-37320,
D-37366, D-37369, D-37394, D-37518,
D-38110, D-38133, D-39081, D-39988,
D-40118, D-40363, D-40716, D-40997,
D-41975, D-41979, D-42120, D-42122,
D-42367, D-43316, D-43%2, D-44059,
D-44063, D-44330, E-21182, E-30073,
E-31852, E-36038, E-36487, E-38118,
F-17689, F-19823, F-29400, F-37213.
F-41787, F-42772, F-44032, G-00373,
G-03286, G-03635, G-03893, G-03897,
G-05475, G-05780, G-07396, G-07423,
G-08566, G-09408, G-09535, G-12075,
G-13154, G-14492, G-16810, G-17244,
G-17470, G-19304, G-19940, G-24081,
G-26260, G-26310, G-26528, G-26775,
G-27253, G-27490, G-27%1, G-28170,
G-28171, G-29129, G-29663, G-29789,
G-29815, G-29816, G-29825, G-29958,
G-29963, G-30181, G-30355, G-30395,
G-30671, G-30672, G-31351, G-32735,
G-32905, G-33165, G-33372, G-35021,
G-35041, G-37722, G-37941, G-37942,
G-38580, G-38867, G-39989, G-40435,
G-40532, G-41067, G-41124, G-42022,
G-42098, G-42661, G-44087, G-44433,
G-45273, H-14489, H-21018, H-27489,
H-28105, H-28529, H-41800, H-42336,
K-20121, K-33107, K-34063, K-34377,
K-36823, K-38197, K-42039, K-44310,
K-44377, L-08725, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-27664, L-28099, L-28349,
L-29421, L-29888, L-30152, L-30620,
L-30908, L-32789, L-32865, L-32884,
L-34980, L-35151, L-35795, L-35922,
L-36030, L-36877, L-37521, L-38669,
L-44325, L-44499, N-04212, N-11871
ASPHALT A-09686, A-39462, B-00107,
D-05260, G-13625, H-30225, J-30696
ASPHYXIATION G-24314
ASPIRATORS C-08145, C-32474, C-38778,
D-08275, D-08438, D-10612, D-10756,
D-34933
ASTHMA A-30513, D-03441, G-00375,
G-07423, G-09253, G-13625, G-26477,
G-27291, G-30181, G-32735, G-41067,
G-41097, G-44433, L-37497, L-44325
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-29787,
A-30513, A-39367, A-40583, B-28730,
B-44283, C-00855, C-02164, C-21948,
C-23646, C-26848, C-27829, C-40724,
D-00005, D-03410, D-03441, D-04996,
D-05623, D-07198, D-08502, D-08568,
D-08821, D-09240, D-10634, D-12099,
D-15789, D-16791, D-16839, D-17340,
D-23864, D-24414, D-26054, D-26387,
D-26535, D-27187, D-27672, D-28629,
D-28650, D-29655, D-29814, D-30410,
D-32912, D-33114, D-35489, D-35725,
D-36009, D-36449, D-36474, D-36806,
D-37026, D-37366, D-37369, D-37394,
D-39081, D-39988, D-40584, D-42122,
D-42247, D-43%2, D-44059, D-449%,
E-00834, E-01821, E-05713, E-12777,
E-21182, E-24109, E-24166, E-27116,
E-30073, E-37953, E-38118, E-40157,
E-44813, E-45050, G-29129, G-44087,
H-32224, H-33985, H-35827, L-08196,
L-23562, L-35922, N-04212, N-11871
ATTACK RATES G-07169, G-27085
AUSTRALIA A-27272, B-27876, D-30860,
D-32055, F-43245, G-34701, G-34738,
G-35463
AUTOMATIC METHODS B-24186,
B-28730, B-30633, C-21338, C-22927,
C-30290, C-32833, C-43587, D-30860,
D-32055, D-32350, D-33114, D-40363,
D-40997, D-42247, D-44059, G-29663,
L-33495
AUTOMOBILES A-00%2, A-01868,
A-03278, A-03280, A-04460, A-05171,
A-08039, A-08972, A-09210, A-09686,
A-12624, A-14461, A-15295, A-15599,
A-17778, A-19598, A-20545, A-22976,
A-23250, A-23280, A-23316, A-23561,
A-23789, A-24156, A-24829, A-24996,
A-26100, A-26552, A-26645, A-26763,
A-27272, A-27458, A-27943, A-28560,
A-290%, A-29127, A-29661, A-29782,
A-29786, A-30604, A-30759, A-30976,
A-31085, A-31133, A-31136, A-31313,
A-31315, A-31323, A-31395, A-31596,
A-32035, A-32447, A-32492, A-32621,
A-33087, A-33169, A-33350, A-33365,
A-33378, A-33667, A-33710, A-33822,
A-33%5, A-34018, A-34040, A-34350,
A-34442, A-34774, A-35078, A-35123,
A-35353, A-35477, A-35481, A-35484,
A-35919, A-35953, A-36080, A-36082,
A-36083, A-36084, A-37176, A-37372,
A-38522, A-38543, A-38891, A-39609,
A-39754, A-40314, A-40677, A-41035,
A-42080, A-42679, A-43966, A-44227,
A-45136, B-00015, B-00063, B-09231,
B-17906, B-20844, B-22414, B-23697,
B-24182, B-25301, B-25894, B-28377,
B-28730, B-2%56, B-29898, B-30154,
B-30633, B-30944, B-30950, B-31221,
B-31314, B-31341, B-31364, B-314%,
B-31519, B-31604, B-31819, B-3I825,
B-31985, B-32355, B-32822, B-33366,
B-33386, B-33388, B-33403, B-33542,
B-33550, B-33657, B-34035, B-34457,
B-34536, B-35018, B-35223, B-35476,
B-35535, B-36144, B-36523, B-36721,
B-37195, B-37234, B-37275, B-37468,
B-37619, B-37845, B-38287, B-39404,
B-41112, B-44660, B-44750, C-21948,
C-24617, C-32058, C-32829, C-43587,
C-44479, D-00%9, D-03410, D-03526,
D-04646, D-08275, D-08568, D-08591,
D-10595, D-11028, D-12099, D-16539,
D-16684, D-16791, D-24414, D-25055,
D-26287, D-26535, D-27187, D-27188,
D-27191, D-27257, D-27672, D-27675,
D-27831, D-28528, D-28650, D-2%55,
D-29744, D-30860, D-31014, D-31669,
D-31775, D-32055, D-32350, D-32883,
D-32912, D-32945, D-33114, D-34008,
D-34933, D-36503, D-36909, D-37394,
D-39535, D-39914, D-39988, D-40118,
D-41033, D-43%2, D-44330, E-23743,
E-30073, E-30676, E-31895, E-38666,
F-00058, F-08207, F-14995, G-00076,
G-00148, G-00375, G-00597, G-00708,
G-10856, G-11468, G-19940, G-21423,
G-27253, G-29129, G-29789, G-30156,
G-30328, G-30355, G-30671, G-30672,
G-31319, G-31517, G-31528, G-31899,
G-32484, G-32905, G-33165, G-33497,
G-33607, G-33778, G-33910, G-34059,
G-34406, G-35811, G-36354, G-37942,
G-37964, G-39095, G-40485, H-21794,
H-25878, H-28529, H-33364, H-36611,
J-26765, J-30329, J-306%, J-38624,
K-24107, K-30069, L-07952, L-09009,
L-17472, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-24757, L-25288, L-30152, L-30908,
L-31957, L-32462, L-32789, L-32865,
L-33844, L-35151, L-36030, L-37521,
L-37717, L-41703, L-44325, M-33904,
N-04212, N-04649, N-08273, N-09780,
N-20548
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-00%2, A-01565, A-01624, A-01868,
A-05171, A-14033, A-14461, A-14462,
A-16156, A-17304, A-17365, A-19598,
A-20545, A-20927, A-22825, A-22941,
A-22976, A-23250, A-23280, A-23316,
A-24281, A-24829, A-249%, A-26134,
A-26763, A-27249, A-27272, A-27858,
A-28560, A-28873, A-29364, A-29516,
A-30067, A-30604, A-31133, A-31323,
A-31324, A-32621, A-32875, A-33350,
A-33365, A-33378, A-33626, A-34031,
A-34350, A-34442, A-34774, A-35050,
A-35199, A-35353, A-35477, A-35481,
A-35484, A-35818, A-36080, A-36082,
A-36083, A-36084, A-36623, A-36664,
A-37176, A-37372, A-38330, A-38331,
A-38522, A-38543, A-39067, A-39603,
A-39609, A-3%10, A-39754, A^»0455,
A-40677, A-40776, A-41035, A-41654,
A-41738, A-42080, A-42377, A-42980,
A-43776, A-44252, A-44682, A-44821,
-------
388
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
A-45092, B-00015, B-00063, B-01484,
B-01851, B-03754, B-05214, B-09231,
B-13982, B-14604, B-17906, B-18053,
B-19331, B-19637, B-19710, B-19808,
B-20735, B-20740, B-20844, B-21040,
B-21303, B-21762, B-22414, B-22834,
B-22890, B-23540, B-23697, B-23923,
B-24182, B-24184, B-24696, B-24722,
B-24813, B-250%, B-25155, B-25377,
B-25894, B-26153, B-26243, B-26269,
B-27503, B-27850, B-27876, B-28059,
B-28060, B-28108, B-28286, B-28699,
B-28730, B-28860, B-28865, B-29058,
B-29531, B-29605, B-2%56, B-29898,
B-29920, B-30010, B-30154, B-30498,
B-30944, B-30950, B-31221, B-31314,
B-31341, B-31364, B-31496, B-31519,
B-31604, B-31690, B-31819, B-3182S,
B-3198S, B-32355, B-32364, B-32822,
B-32938, B-33366, B-33386, B-33388,
B-33403, B-33542, B-33550, B-33628,
B-33741, B-33994, B-34035, B-34381,
B-34457, B-34536, B-34611, B-34740,
B-35018, B-35080, B-35166, B-35223,
B-35352, B-35476, B-35688, B-35703,
B-35778, B-35814, B-35816, B-35821,
B-36081, B-36144, B-36145, B-36523,
B-36578, B-36721, B-37042, B-37116,
B-37150, B-37195, B-37222, B-37234,
B-37275, B-37408, B-37619, B-37845,
B-37938, B-38287, B-38614, B-39272,
B-39275, B-39333, B-39404, B-39492,
B-40411, B-40723, B-40785, B-41112,
B-41544, B-41608, B-41922, B-42131,
B-42166, B-42300, B-42330, B-42702,
B-42886, B-43333, B-43575, B-44003,
B-44341, B-44470, B-44473, B-44614,
B-44660, B-44750, B-44882, B-44906,
D-00%9, D-08568, D-08591, D-29744,
F-03799, F-08207, G-19940, G-25328,
G-30328, G-39161, J-26765, J-27%8,
J-30696, J-31518, J-32241, J-34828,
J-34970, J-42721, K-18294, K-24107,
K-30035, K-38758, L-03536, L-07952,
L-09009, L-22583, L-28099, L-28869,
L-31957, L-32865, L-35151, L-36030,
L-37193, L-37423, L-37521, L-37560,
L-37717, L-40520, L-41289, L-44376,
L-44499, M-29432, M-33904, N-37225
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-00962,
A-01565, A-01624, A-01868, A-02636,
A-04460, A-05171, A-08039, A-08972,
A-09210, A-09355, A-09393, A-09686,
A-12624, A-14033, A-14459, A-14461,
A-14462, A-14945, A-15295, A-15599,
A-15769, A-16156, A-16766, A-17304,
A-17325, A-17339, A-17365, A-17778,
A-19598, A-19684, A-20545, A-20927,
A-21109, A-22367, A-22579, A-22825,
A-22941, A-22976, A-23058, A-23250,
A-23280, A-23316, A-23561, A-23620,
A-23789, A-24031, A-24156, A-24829,
A-24996, A-25125, A-25295, A-25581,
A-26100, A-26134, A-26191, A-26552,
A-26645, A-26763, A-26891, A-26925,
A-27113, A-27180, A-27249, A-27272,
A-27458, A-27595, A-27858, A-27943,
A-28560, A-28873, A-29096, A-29127,
A-29364, A-29516, A-29661, A-29782,
A-29786, A-29872, A-30001, A-30027,
A-30067, A-30414, A-30604, A-30674,
A-30759, A-30976, A-31085, A-31133,
A-31136, A-31315, A-31323, A-31395,
A-31934, A-32492, A-32621, A-32875,
A-33169, A-33350, A-33365, A-33378,
A-33667, A-33710, A-33822, A-33%5,
A-34018, A-34040, A-34341, A-34350,
A-34442, A-34647, A-34774, A-35050,
A-35052, A-35078, A-35123, A-35199,
A-35353, A-35477, A-35481, A-35484,
A-35676, A-35818, A-35919, A-35953,
A-36032, A-36082, A-36083, A-36527,
A-36541, A-36664, A-37015, A-37166,
A-37176, A-37312, A-37372, A-37648,
A-38522, A-38543, A-38625, A-38891,
A-39152, A-39367, A-39603, A-39609,
A-3%10, A-39754, A-40677, A-40759,
A-40776, A-40981, A-41035, A-41654,
A-41738, A-41945, A-42080, A-42212,
A-42377, A-42S79, A-42791, A-43776,
A-43966, A-44227, A-44252, A-44464,
A-44682, A-45i#2, A-45274, B-00015,
B-00063, B-01484, B-01851, B-05214,
B-09231, B-17906, B-18053, B-19331,
B-19637, B-20735, B-20844, B-21040,
B-21303, B-21762, B-22414, B-22436,
B-22890, B-23540, B-23697, B-24182,
B-24184, B-246%, B-24813, B-250%,
B-25155, B-253'01, B-25377, B-25894,
B-26153, B-26243, B-26269, B-27371,
B-27503, B-27&76, B-28286, B-28377,
B-28699, B-28'30, B-28860, B-29126,
B-29204, B-29414, B-29531, B-29605,
B-29625, B-29628, B-29656, B-29898,
B-29920, B-30154, B-30498, B-30633,
B-30944, B-30950, B-31221, B-31314,
B-31364, B-31441, B-31496, B-31519,
B-31604, B-31690, B-31819, B-31825,
B-31985, B-32355, B-32424, B-32822,
B-32938, B-33366, B-33386, B-33388,
B-33403, B-33542, B-33550, B-33657,
B-33932, B-33994, B-34035, B-34381,
B-34457, B-34536, B-34611, B-34740,
B-35018, B-35080, B-35166, B-35223,
B-35352, B-35476, B-35535, B-35688,
B-35778, B-35814, B-35816, B-35821,
B-36081, B-36145, B-36523, B-36578,
B-36721, B-37116, B-37195, B-37222,
B-37234, B-37275, B-37408, B-37468,
B-37845, 8-379)8, B-38287, B-38614,
B-39272, B-39275, B-39333, B-39404,
B-39492, B-40411, B-40723, B-41112,
B-41544, B-41608, B-41922, B-42131,
B-42166, B-42300, B-42330, B-42817,
B-42819, B-42829, B-42886, B-44003,
B-44283, B-44341, 8^4470, B-44660,
B-44750, B-44882, B-44906, C-02164,
C-06112, C-06643, C-08661, C-09476,
C-09953, C-15562, C-17179, C-17180,
C-18302, C-2194«, C-22927, C-24617,
C-24618, C-24644, C-26275, C-26505,
C-28621, C-28755, C-29595, C-32058,
C-32829, C-33055, C-35695, C-37175,
C-42020, C-42775, C-43587, C-44165,
C-44479, C-45235, D-00%9, D-00976,
D-00985, D-01315, D-01673, D-02133,
D-02750, D-04646, D-04938, D-05260,
D-05277, D-05820, D-06148, D-08275,
D-08438, D-08568, D-08591, D-08810,
D-08812, D-08821, D-09240, D-09726,
D-10554, D-10595, D-10612, D-11028,
D-12099, D-15573, D-15575, D-15610,
D-16539, D-16684, D-16791, D-16839,
D-17106, D-19433, D-21015, D-24162,
D-24414, D-24952, D-25055, D-25635,
D-25881, D-26287, D-26535, D-27174,
D-27187, D-27188, D-27191, D-27257,
D-27429, D-27621, D-27672, D-27675,
D-27831, D-28173, D-28233, D-28326,
D-28369, D-28523, D-28620, D-28634,
D-28635, D-28650, D-28920, D-29382,
D-29385, D-294K5, D-29465, D-29515,
D-29647, D-2%55, D-29744, D-29918,
D-30494, D-308ISO, D-31014, D-31669,
D-31775, D-32055, D-32350, D-32883,
D-32912, D-32945, D-33114, D-34008,
D-35025, D-35725, D-35861, D-36449,
D-36474, D-36486, D-36503, D-36820,
D-36909, D-37191, D-37288, D-37366,
D-37394, D-38110, D-38133, D-39081,
D-39405, D-39914, D-39988, D-40118,
D-40716, D-40997, D-41033, D-41664,
D-41979, D-4365'3, D-43%2, D-44063,
D-44330, E-00834, E-01821, E-06841,
E-19058, E-23743, E-27116, E-2%99,
E-30073, E-30676, E-31895, E-33873,
E-35207, E-35264, E-36714, E-37953,
E-38118, E-38666, E-44813, E-45050,
F-00058, F-0379!>, F-05849, F-08207,
F-17689, G-00020, G-00076, G-00148,
G-00177, G-00375, G-00473, G-00597,
G-05541, G-07169, G-08326, G-08411,
G-11468, G-12038, G-12075, G-13059,
G-14492, G-16810, G-16820, G-17244,
G-19304, G-19940, G-20704, G-21266,
G-21423, G-23715, G-23876, G-24081,
G-24877, G-24961, G-25068, G-25328,
G-25705, G-26260, G-27253, G-27291,
G-28010, G-29129, G-29493, G-29789,
G-29825, G-29963, G-30000, G-30156,
G-30198, G-30328, G-30355, G-30671,
G-30672, G-31228, G-31319, G-31517,
G-31528, G-31537, G-31899, G-32484,
G-32905, G-33165, G-33497, G-33607,
G-33778, G-33903, G-33910, G-34059,
G-34406, G-34436, G-34649, G-34709,
G-34895, G-35118, G-35811, G-36354,
G-37040, G-37119, G-37180, G-37630,
G-37788, G-37933, G-37942, G-37964,
G-38579, G-38721 , G-38869, G-39095,
G-39161, G-39193, G-39406, G-40014,
G-40295, G-40355, G-40435, G-40485,
G-40634, G-41737, G-42091, G-42881,
G-44176, G-44251, G-44254, G-44508,
H-07742, H-08884, H-16655, H-17225,
H-17681, H-19604, H-20062, H-21018,
H-24667, H-24788, H-24947, H-25878,
H-26276, H-27063, H-28105, H-28289,
H-28471, H-28529, H-30424, H-32423,
H-32654, H-33364, H-33922, H-35827,
H-36197, H-36611, H-39204, H-39407,
H-39408, H-39409, H-40540, H-42857,
H-43342, 1-32921, J-26765, K-03007,
K-03956, K-08803, K-09259, K-11746,
K-18294, K-24107, K-30069, K-34063,
K-36346, K-42118, K-43312, L-00311,
L-02635, L-03536, L-07952, L-081%,
L-09009, L-17472, L-22583, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-24467, L-24757,
L-25288, L-27664, L-28066, L-30152,
L-30620, L-30908, L-31957, L-32462,
L-32789, L-35922, L-36877, L-37193,
L-37392, L-37521, L-37560, L-37717,
L-40520, L-41703, L-42873, L-44376,
L-44499, M-01073, M-33904, N-03674,
N-04212, N-09780, N-11871, N-17260,
N-20548, N-28803, N-37225
AUTOPSY F-11570, G-00662, G-00873,
G-01797, G-12070, G-26528, G-32746,
G-36747, G-39193, G-44053, G-446%,
H-18520, H-40591
B
BACTERIA C-33055, (5-35042, G-41097,
G-44254, G-45159
BAFFLES B-29920
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
389
BAG FILTERS A-10749, A-24285,
A-40583, A-42726, A-432/1, B-00107,
B-03125, B-03754, B-08562, B-09798,
B-21324, B-22492, B-22520, B-25470,
B-25781, B-26600, B-30124, B-32319,
B-34025, B-34313, B-35035, B-35478,
D-05260, K-33107, L-23562, L-32884
BALLOONS E-24549
BARIUM COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06351, A-27595, B-25377, C-25431,
C-32718, D-049%, D-05167, D-27174,
E-10215, F-14868, F-16659, F-17949,
G-17470, H-36991, N-05313
BARLEY H-27489, H-41891, H-42207
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-09686,
A-26441, B-03232, B-35342
BATTERY MANUFACTURING A-03278,
A-28862, A-31649, A-32035, A-35065,
C-26467, G-00821, G-00902, G-03281,
G-03286, G-03287, G-03635, G-03893,
G-05780, G-11552, G-19304, G-20704,
G-24428, G-30831, G-32408, G-32738,
G-33374, G-34902, G-39989, H-20237
BELGIUM A-30027, A-31088, A-34442,
A-40947, B-44341, G-00375, G-07423,
G-08683, G-08949, G-33607, G-40057,
G-42136, G-42881, L-00311, L-02635,
L-32462, L-44376, N-28088
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
A-30759, B-35540, D-00005, D-00017,
D-00974, D-01673, D-03410, D-05167,
D-05573, D-05623, D-11028, D-19144,
D-21869, D-30656, D-35407, D-36562,
D-37026, D-42122, D-44234, N-04649
BENZENES A-05171, A-29936, A-31934,
A-35818, A-36541, A-43966, B-01851,
B-29414, B-31341, B-35535, C-05456,
C-06894, C-09333, C-38670, C-39136,
D-06788, D-11028, F-03525, F-05440,
F-06648, F-07451, F-28908, G-00177,
G-07162, G-28205, K-02580, K-08803,
K-20121
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE A-01565, A-05067,
A-09393, A-16156, A-19598, A-35078,
B-01851, B-41608, C-30290, C-39762,
D-00985, D-01673, D-03410, D-03526,
D-04938, D-06760, D-06788, D-08568,
D-08821, D-11028, D-16684, D-17106,
D-28233, D-34008, D-43693, D-44059,
F-00058, G-00375, G-03086, G-07162,
G-41097, G-44176, H-39328, L-02635,
L-07952, N-04052, N-04212
BENZOPYRENES A-01565, A-05067,
A-09393, A-16156, A-19598, A-26645,
A-29786, A-30759, A-34018, A-35078,
A-35481, A-35919, A-42212, B-01851,
B-33932, B-41608, C-26707, C-27294,
C-30290, C-32058, C-39762, D-00985,
D-01673, D-03410, D-03526, D-04938,
D-06760, D-06788, D-08568, D-08821,
D-11028, D-16684, D-17106, D-25107,
D-28097, D-28233, D-34008, D-43693,
D-44059, F-00058, G-00375, G-03086,
G-07162, G-33607, G-33778, G-38869,
G-40634, G-40688, G-41097, G-44176,
H-39328, L-02635, L-07952, L-41703,
N-04052, N-04212
BERYLLIOSIS A-00962, A-01868,
A-03278, A-04460, B-00015, B-00063,
B-00899, B-01851, B-03232, C-00056,
C-00125, C-00855, C-01230, C-01249,
C-01607, C-01608, C-02164, C-03037,
C-03770, D-00005, D-00017, D-00261,
D-00697, D-00969, D-00974, D-00976,
D-00985, D-01089, D-01315, D-01355,
D-01673, D-02133, D-02750, D-03410,
D-03526, D-04646, E-00834, E-01821,
E-03841, F-00841, F-03799, G-00076,
G-00177, G-00597, G-00642, G-00662,
G-00873, G-00902, G-00993, G-01512,
G-01797, G-01812, G-02191, G-03635,
G-05002, G-13625, G-35055, 1-00305,
1-02176, 1-03735, K-03007, L-00311,
N-03674
BERYLLIUM D-03526, G-00375, G-03086,
G-07162, G-07423, K-06734, K-08420
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06351, A-27595, C-09333, C-09476,
C-21459, C-22975, C-30360, C-36698,
C-40631, C-42928, D-03526, D-04996,
D-05167, D-20642, D-22290, D-27174,
D-27188, D-35407, D-42122, E-10215,
E-28799, F-34948, G-00375, G-07162,
G-13625, G-25705, G-27085, G-29%3,
G-32608, G-35042, G-35055, G-38580,
G-38616, G-38721, G-40068, G-44696,
G-45165, K-06734, K-08420, K-19750,
N-04212, N-20548
BESSEMER CONVERTERS A-09686
BETA PARTICLES B-34313, C-00125,
C-01249, C-05243, C-06920, C-09333,
C-11626, C-27294, C-43587, D-00017,
D-00974, D-01355, D-03441, D-10756,
D-25089, D-32350, D-42921, E-05713,
E-22754, G-07169
BIO-ASSAY C-32058, C-33042, G-09261,
G-23926
BIOCLIMATOLOGY G-00375, G-33778
BIOPSY G-01812, G-32216
BIRDS G-20087, G-29329, G-33527,
G-33910, G-37119, G-37722, G-39193,
H-18521, H-24667, H-27063, H-36991
BIRMINGHAM.ALABAMA D-00005,
D-05623
BISMUTH B-15208, C-06045, C-10528,
C-15734, E-05713
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS A-06351,
C-10528, C-21459, C-36698, C-44995,
D-05167, D-25758, D-27174, D-27621,
D-39914, E-24166, E-29910, F-14008,
F-14039, F-39522, G-18046, G-35055,
G-39833, H-38743
BLAST FURNACES A-09686, A-10749,
A-13524, A-26441, B-06493, B-22520,
B-24553, B-32319, B-35303, B-43515,
C-41968
BLENDING A-29127, A-31934, A-35199,
B-24186, B-30154, B-31341, B-34846,
J-34970
BLOOD CELLS A-29872, A-35957,
C-26955, C-27556, C-28017, D-34008,
F-13451, G-00708, G-00808, G-00810,
G-00821, G-00993, G-01756, G-01812,
G-02202, G-05475, G-05780, G-06151,
G-06985, G-07162, G-07396, G-07551,
G-07740, G-07892, G-08566, G-09408,
G-09484, G-10434, G-11462, G-11552,
G-13059, G-15703, G-18046, G-19881,
G-21037, G-22637, G-23582, G-24784,
G-26310, G-26477, G-26720, G-26883,
G-26886, G-27085, G-27416, G-28010,
G-28024, G-28205, G-29815, G-30334,
G-30672, G-31228, G-31351, G-31493,
G-31899, G-32041, G-32129, G-32216,
G-32218, G-32487, G-32624, G-326%,
G-33234, G-33910, G-34789, G-34841,
G-34847, G-34914, G-35380, G-35811,
G-36251, G-36934, G-37023, G-39095,
G-39863, G-39989, G-40316, G-41695,
G-41717, G-41737, G-41872, G-42463,
G-42881, G-42884, G-43277, G-43337,
G-43531, G-43532, G-43725, G-44254,
G-44255, G-44508, H-10318, H-28105,
H-33362, H-34830, H-35209, H-36991,
H-39407, K-16808, K-36346
BLOOD CHEMISTRY A-18510, A-31313,
A-36527, B-32424, B-37845, C-05977,
C-16382, C-33055, D-08568, D-24463,
D-36195, D-44330, F-11582, G-00020,
G-00076, G-00473, G-00597, G-00642,
G-00705, G-00810, G-01754, G-01755,
G-01756, G-03285, G-03635, G-03893,
G-03897, G-05025, G-05475, G-06151,
G-06177, G-06814, G-073%, G-07551,
G-07740, G-07892, G-08326, G-08381,
G-08411, G-09019, G-09486, G-09493,
G-09535, G-10793, G-11462, G-11580,
G-13059, G-14492, G-18503, G-18549,
G-19159, G-20287, G-22637, G-23768,
G-26720, G-26886, G-26915, G-29286,
G-29493, G-29815, G-29825, G-29958,
G-30009, G-30672, G-30686, G-31228,
G-31351, G-31584, G-31899, G-32129,
G-32218, G-32624, G-32696, G-32737,
G-32738, G-32747, G-32749, G-32834,
G-33202, G-33374, G-33607, G-33903,
G-33910, G-34066, G-34095, G-34246,
G-34709, G-34841, G-34902, G-35021,
G-35217, G-35387, G-35560, G-35587,
G-36152, G-36354, G-36932, G-36957,
G-37023, G-37297, G-37420, G-37540,
G-37722, G-37788, G-37933, G-37941,
G-37964, G-38579, G-38867, G-38869,
G-39095, G-39179, G-39193, G-39406,
G-3%21, G-39989, G-40022, G-40057,
0^*0295, G-40532, G-41737, G-42098,
G-42136, G-42661, G-42698, G-42716,
G^J2757, G-42759, G-43337, G-44251,
G-44254, G-44255, G-44294, G^5273,
G-45293, H-10318, H-30931, H-31185,
H-33922, H-34830, H-35234, H-43511,
J-27968, K-11746, L-36877
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS A-23058,
C-27556, D-08568, G-00473, G-11808,
G-13059, G-21266, G-27253, G-39406
BLOOD PRESSURE G-11580, G-35055,
G-36551, G-41872
BLOOD VESSELS A-35957, C-01608,
F-11570, G-08381, G-11580, G-32041,
G-33910, G-43337, G-43531, G^t4381
BLOWBY A-01624, A-08972, A-26763,
A-32875, A-35484, A-41035, B-01851,
B-28699, B-314%, B-36145, B-44003,
C-32058, N-20548
BODY FLUIDS C-01608, C-16382,
D-01315, G-00076, G-00597, G-00708,
G-09535, G-10434, G-10793, G-12984,
G-14492, G-32625, G-34789, G-36957,
G-40697, G-41695, G-41818, G-44746
BOILERS A-05067, B-00107, B-28108,
B-34025, B-35476, D-05260, D-30860,
D-32055, D-32912, J-306%, K-06778,
K-34063, L-23610, L-32884
BONES A-23058, A-27113, A-34341,
A-36527, C-00125, C-26955, G-00148,
G-00473, G-00662, G-00808, G-01754,
G-01756, G-01812, G-03897, G-05002,
G-05483, G-06151, G-09261, G-09484,
G-12075, G-16810, G-20198, G-21070,
G-21766, G-23768, G-26483, G-26915,
G-27416, G-27614, G-29493, G-30000,
G-30156, G-30395, G-30672, G-31303,
G-31319, G-31491, G-32041, G-32484,
G-326%, G-32737, G-32787, G-33779,
G-33910, G-35219, G-36152, G-36534,
G-36934, G-37685, G-37722, G-38579,
G-38869, G-39095, G-39833, G-39863,
G-39989, G-41368, G-41818, G-44251,
-------
390
LEAD AND ADR POLLUTION
G-45005, H-11452, H-11467, H-28105,
H-28448, H-33922, H-34237, H-34901,
H-39407, H-39408, H-40368, H-42715,
H-45056, K-11746, K-16808
BOFON COMPOUNDS A-06351, C-42928,
S-29910, E-29946, G-35042, H-22926,
'T-31801, H-37977
BREATHING A-29872, C-09333, G-04877,
G-07169, G-13625, G-15703, G-17214,
G-20087, G-20198, G-26260, G-27490,
G-30000, G-30181, G-30198, G-31452,
G-32735, G-33497, G-33779, G-33864,
G-34951, G-42463, G-44381, L-07952
BREATHING APPARATUS G-36093
BRICKS H-11157, 1-306%
BROMATES C-42020
BROMIDES A-04460, A-17304, A-22367,
A-29786, A-34040, B-39275, C-00855,
C-32718, D-04646, D-32350, F-06648,
F-13911, F-145LO, F-14868, G-33779,
G-34841, G-37685, G-39883
BROMINATED HYDROCARBONS
D-32350, F-06648
BROMINE A-26925, A-34018, A-37312,
D-27429, D-28920, D-31775, D-34008,
D-43468, E-24109, E-28586, G-07162
BROMINE COMPOUNDS A-04460,
A-17304, A-22367, A-29786, A-33822,
A-34040, B-39275, C-00855, C-32718,
C-33042, C-38778, C-40724, C-42020,
C-43763, C-44479, D-04646, D-11184,
D-32350, D-35725, D-35861, E-29910,
F-06648, F-13911, F-14510, F-14868,
G-16820, G-33779, G-34841, G-37685,
G-39883, K-34063
BRONCHI A-35957, G-05280, G-31452
BRONCHITIS A-27943, A-35957, D-32055,
E-38666, G-00375, G-00473, G-03086,
G-03282, G-07423, G-09253, G-13625,
G-23167, G-27291, G-28256, G-30198,
G-34092, G-40068, G-40634, G-41124,
H-08884, H-11467, L-25288, L-44499,
N-04052, N-20548
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION G-07423
BRONCHODILATORS G-041%
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT E-32155,
G-03282
BUBBLE TOWERS B-16053
BUDGETS L-35151
BUILD-UP RATES A-00962, C-23646,
C-25222, D-34933, G-34059, G-36283,
H-25374, H-32423, H-36197
BUILDINGS A-30414, B-35540, C-32169,
C-38165, D-03526, D-06148, D-08438,
D-12099, D-16684, D-29465, D-36449,
D-36503, D-36562, G-37229, H-01523,
H-17216, H-17217, H-17218, H-17220,
H-17681, H-24947, H-35880
BUSES A-05171, A-08972, A-22976,
A-34018, A-39603, B-34381, D-04646,
D-08275, G-00708, G-21423, N-08273
BUTADIENES A-33822, B-01851,
D-43468, F-06648
BUTANES A-34177, F-09578, G-44867,
J-31720
BUTENES A-05171, A-08039, G-16820
BUTYNES J-03289
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-12751,
A-12823, A-24285, A-35224, B-03232,
B-03337, B-06493, B-15208, B-16053,
B-26600, B-31221, B-32260, B-33I57,
B-34071, B-35296, B-35816, B-38727,
B-40709, B-43937, B-44853, E-12777,
N-09780
BYSSINOSIS G-27085
CABBAGE C-00125, G-05541, H-17220,
H-17978, H-20062, H-37977, H-40540
CADMIUM A-06220, B-17525, C-06045,
C-10528, C -11042, C-15734, D-00017,
D-00974, D-07985, D-11202, D-12049,
D-20191, F-06648, F-10599, G-01731,
G-01923, G-08683, G-10434, H-07742,
H-32338, L-35795
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-18297, A-21109, A-27595, A-29539,
A-29787, A-30513, A-31632, A-33965,
A-36846, A-37721, A-39367, A-41889,
A-41890, A-45072, B-32260, C-05787,
C-09333, C-10528, C-11042, C-20891,
C-22975, C-25222, C-27075, C-28126,
C-30113, C--30360, C-30635, C-30707,
C-31933, C--32476, C-33338, C-34407,
C-36588, C -36698, C-36703, C-36840,
C-36841, C-37608, C-37689, C-38670,
C-39136, C-39516, C-41719, C-41763,
C-41908, C--42020, C-42084, C-42139,
C-42312, C-42360, C-42437, C-42928,
C-43720, C-43763, C-44995, D-049%,
D-05167, D-07985, D-09432, D-11184,
D-17340, D-23971, D-25881, D-27174,
D-27188, D-27621, D-27648, D-27831,
D-28653, D-29153, D-29191, D-30025,
D-30182, D-30326, D-30493, D-30892,
D-31014, D-31325, D-32727, D-35010,
D-35489, D-36288, D-36474, D-36486,
D-36688, D-36806, D-36820, D-37191,
D-37320, D-37518, D-39914, D-41887,
D-41888, D -41975, D-42122, D-42367,
D-43316, D43388, D-44234, D-44580,
D-44996, E-36487, E-44813, F-13635,
F-13839, F-14008, F-14039, F-14510,
F-14868, F-16595, F-17882, F-29400,
F-44164, G-01731, G-03897, G-07162,
G-08683, G-17470, G-23167, G-23715,
G-23801, G-24716, G-27961, G-28256,
G-28834, G-29816, G-30181, G-31280,
G-32608, G-35042, G-35055, G-38580,
G-38721, G--39179, G-40068, G-41894,
G-41895, G-42022, G-42098, G-44053,
G-44364, G-45165, H-07742, H-14489,
H-21794, H-23435, H-27489, H-28379,
H-32322, H-32736, H-36265, H-36991,
H-41800, H-41891, H-41892, H-41893,
H-42336, H-43226, H-43279, K-06778,
K-14443, K-33107, K-34063, K-34377,
K-38197, K 42039, K-44310, K-44377,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-28349,
L-29421, L-30620, L-32789, L-32884,
L-34980, L-35795, L-38669, L-44325,
N-04212
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-29572,
A-30759, B-03337, B-05300, B-25377,
B-31317, B-33157, C-05977, C-16367,
C-29512, C-38778, C-39168, C-41612,
C-41825, C-41908, C-41968, C-42928,
D-04996, D-08502, D-09432, D-15789,
D-16684, D-21869, D-23971, D-24351,
D-27880, D-30326, D-35010, D-35940,
D-44580, F-13705, F-14510, F-14868,
F-16659, F-J4297, F-34948, G-03892,
G-06028, G-08566, G-12038, G-26483,
G-30181, G-32624, G-35380, G-36765,
G-40688, G-41818, H-27391, H-32224,
H-34831, H-34901, H-35209, H-36991,
H-41461, H-42336, 1-00305, 1-33802
CALCIUM SULFATES G-08566, G-12038,
H-32224, 1-313802
CALIBRATION METHODS A-36006,
C-01249, C-03770, C-09888, C-19501,
C-23571, C-23657, C-30593, C-30635,
C-34017, C-34106, C-37175, C-37971,
C-38755, C-38778, C-38914, C-38973,
C-39168, C-40407, C-40631, C-42437,
C-43737, D-00976, D-07649, D-22290,
D-29152, E-22754, F-42772, G-20687,
G-32749, G-41368
CALIFORNIA A-03278, A-09393, A-19684,
A-29516, A-34442, A-35168, A-39603,
A-40583, B-00107, B-03754, B-19710,
B-34381, B-35688, B-37195, B-43575,
B-44470, B-44853, C-00855, C-06072,
C-40724, C-44479, C-45235, D-00969,
D-00976, D-01315, D-02750, D-03441,
D-05573, D-07600, D-10612, D-16791,
D-16839, D-22829, D-23658, D-24463,
D-36195, D-40584, F-05849, G-00020,
G-00076, G-00375, G-00662, G-03282,
G-05002, G-07162, G-08326, G-09535,
G-16820, G-27291, G-37040, H-18520,
H-25967, H-33112, H-35827, H-40590,
H-40591, H-44071, K-03007, K-09259,
K-11746, K-30069, K-36346, K-38197,
K-43312, L-00311, L-02635, L-32462,
L-37497, M-33904, N-04212, N-20548
CANADA A-04460, A-06351, A-14135,
A-16156, A-34018, A-35065, B 00063,
B-01851, B-18053, B-2%28, B-32260,
B-35535, C-00855, C-01607, C-01608,
C-03037, C-30928, D-01673, D-09432,
D-44170, F-08207, F-16595, F-45295,
G-00076, G-00148, G-00177, G-00473,
G-01797, G-33605, H-08884, H-18481,
H-27391, H-30921, H-32736, H-39287,
H-42250, H-42607, K-09259, L-32462
CANCER A-17778, A-31395, A-45145,
C-32058, D-16345, G-00375, G-00873,
G-01797, G-03086, G-07169, G-07423,
G-13625, G-26528, G-26775, G-34791,
G-34851, G-35055, G-36747, G-36935,
G-38869, G-39826, G-40068, G-40634,
G-41097. G-41124, G-41737, G-43615,
G-44176, G-44254, G-44395, H-42857,
L-07952, L-25288, L-31957, N-20548
CANNING B-44853
CARBON BLACK A-26441, A-34774,
A-35052, A-37176, A-39462, A-42212,
B-08562, B-31390, C-40407, C-42043,
E-35264, G-00177, G-26775, G-30181,
K-08803
CARBON DIOXIDE A-05067, A-16156,
A-23250, A-23620, A-27180, A-27249,
A-28873, A-29096, A-29786, A-31315,
A-34018, A-35078, A-38625, A-45145,
B-27371, B-3(r717, B-30944, B-31690,
B-31985, B-32938, B-35018, B-35166,
B-35476, B-39275, B-44283, B-44660,
C-06112, C-16123, C-22927, C-32534,
C-41719, D-02133, D-06148, D-06788,
D-27191, D-32055, D-32912, E-00834,
E-06841, E-24109, E-29445, E-30863,
E-31895, F-07451, F-34297, F-39901,
G-00375, G-OH341, G-04877, G-07162,
G-19940, G-40634, G-44867, H-32224,
H-32423, 1-33802, K-08803, K-09259,
K-24107, K-30069, L-00311, L-25542,
L-32865, N-03674, N-04052, N-04212
CARBON DISULFIDE A-24281, B-03337,
B-19725, C-09983, F-06648, G-07162,
G-08381, G-39883, K-02580, K-09259,
L-00311, L-23562
CARBON MONOXIDE A-00962, A-01565,
A-01624, A-01868, A-02636, A-04460,
A-05067, A-08972, A-09210, A-09355,
A-09393, A-09686, A-14033, A-14459,
A-15599, A-1S769, A-16156, A-16766,
A-17304, A-17325, A-17365, A-17778,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
391
A-19598, A-20545, A-20927, A-22579, G-27085, G-27107, G-27291, G-27801,
A-22825, A-22941, A-22976, A-23250, G-29129, G-30156, G-30328, G-30355,
A-23316, A-23561, A-23620, A-23789, G-30671, G-30672, G-31319, G-31452,
A-24156, A-24996, A-25581, A-26134, G-32484, G-32905, G-33607, G-33778,
A-26645, A-26763, A-27180, A-27249, G-34406, G-34841, G-34895, G-35118,
A-27272, A-27943, A-28560, A-28873, G-37180, G-37229, G-37788, G-37942,
A-29096, A-29516, A-29786, A-30414, G-38616, G-38721, G-4%34, G-41097,
A-30513, A-30604, A-30976, A-31133, G-41737, G-42881, G-44087, G-44176,
A-31315, A-31323, A-31395, A-32447, G-44254, G-44381, G-44395, J-26765,
A-32621, A-32875, A-33087, A-33169, J-27968, J-306%, K-02580, K-03007,
A-33378, A-33710, A-33963, A-33965, K-03956, K-06734, K-08420, K-08803,
A-34018, A-34350, A-34442, A-34774, K-18294, K-19750, K-20121, K-30035,
A-35078, A-35353, A-35481, A-35484, K-30069, K-36382, K-36823, K-38758,
A-35676, A-36623, A-37015, A-37166, K-41682, K-42118, K-43312, K-44377,
A-38522, A-38543, A-38625, A-38819, L-02635, L-03536, L-07952, L-09009,
A-38891, A-39152, A-39603, A-39754, L-16200, L-17472, L-22583, L-23608,
A-40677, A-40776, A-40981, A-41035, L-23610, L-24214, L-25288, L-25542,
A-41654, A-41738, A-41945, A-42080, L-28099, L-28397, L-29888, L-30152,
A-42212, A-42377, A-42676, A-42679, L-31957, L-32462, L-32789, L-32865,
A-43346, A-43776, A-44227, A-44252, L-33495, L-33844, L-35922, L-37193,
A-44682, A-45092, A-45145, A-45274, L-37497, L-37560, L-41557, L-41703,
B-00015, B-00063, B-00107, B-01484, L-42873, L-44376, L-44499, M-01073,
B-01851, B-03337, B-05214, B-09231, N-03674, N-04052, N-04212, N-08273,
B-14604, B-17906, B-18053, B-19331, N-11871, N-14772, N-18005, N-20548,
B-19808, B-20735, B-21762, B-22890, N-28088
B-23697, B-24182, B-24722, B-24813, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE F-03525,
B-25155, B-25894, B-26153, B-27371, F-06648, G-44385
B-27503, B-27824, B-27876, B-28377, CARBONATES B-03232, B-10558,
B-28699, B-28730, B-28865, B-29126, B-28286, B-31317, B-35352, B-37222,
B-29605, B-29898, B-30154, B-30498, C-14758, C-29512, D-049%, D-31775,
B-30717, B-30944, B-30950, B-31246, F-05440, F-16659, F-34297, G-32625,
B-31314, B-31364, B-31496, B-31690, G-34943, H-34901
B-31819, B-31825, B-31985, B-32260, CARBONYLS B-05300, F-07451, F-09578,
B-32355, B-32364, B-32938, B-33366, G-01797, G-23167, G-24314
B-33386, B-33388, B-33403, B-33741, CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN A-00%2,
B-34035, B-34381, B-34611, B-35018, A-27272, A-27943, A-30513, A-39152,
B-35166, B-35476, B-35540, B-35778, A-43776, D-06148, D-08568, D-08821,
B-35821, B-36081, B-36523, B-37116, D-24162, G-00810, G-10793, G-13059,
B-37222, B-37845, B-37938, B-38287, G-13154, G-17244, G-21259, G-24%1,
B-38614, B-39275, B-39492, B-41544, G-27253, G-27291, G-29129, G-31319,
B-41608, B-42330, B-42817, B-43333, G-32905, G-33607, G-33778, G-37180,
B-44003, B-44283, B-44341, B-44660, G-37942, G-41737, G-42881, G-44395,
B-44750, B-44882, B-44906, C-02164, K-08420, K-36823, L-25288, L-33844,
C-06112, C-09476, C-09983, C-16123, N-11871, N-20548
C-22927, C-235%, C-24644, C-26274, CARBURETION A-34442, A-35484,
C-26707, C-27294, C-30290, C-32058, A-41738, B-09231, B-14604, B-18053,
C-32534, C-32829, C-41719, C-41763, B-1%37, B-20844, B-21303, B-23540,
C-42775, C-42928, D-00005, D-00969, B-23697, B-23923, B-24182, B-28108,
D-00985, D-01673, D-03441, D-04938, B-28730, B-30154, B-30944, B-31690,
D-05260, D-05573, D-06148, D-06760, B-32355, B-33388, B-34035, B-34457,
D-06788, D-07198, D-08275, D-08438, B-34611, B-35018, B-35778, B-36081,
D-08568, D-08591, D-08812, D-08821, B-36523, B-37195, B-37275, B-38287,
D-09240, D-09726, D-10612, D-10634, B-41608, B-44341, D-08568, G-39161,
D-11028, D-15575, D-15610, D-16345, L-37717, L-44376
D-16539, D-16684, D-16839, D-17058, CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES
D-17106, D-19433, D-24162, D-26287, A-01565, A-02636, A-08972, A-16156,
D-26387, D-26535, D-27187, D-27191, A-17304, A-17365, A-22941, A-22976,
D-27257, D-27672, D-27675, D-28233, A-26191, A-42377, B-17906, B-18053,
D-28528, D-28634, D-28635, D-29416, B-19637, B-20735, B-20844, B-21762,
D-29465, D-29655, D-29744, D-30494, N-20548
D-30860, D-313%, D-31669, D-32912, CARCINOGENS A-00%2, A-01565,
D-32945, D-33114, D-33576, D-35025, A-01624, A-03278, A-17778, A-26645,
D-36009, D-36503, D-36562, D-36909, A-27458, A-290%, A-31395, A-35078,
D-37288, D-37366, D-37394, D-38110, A-45145, B-26269, C-00855, C-01249,
D-39081, D-39988, D-40118, D-40997, C-03770, C-22975, C-32058, D-00697,
D-41033, D-41979, D-42120, D-43316, D-00%9, D-00974, D-00976, D-00985,
D-43%2, D-44063, D-44330, E-27116, D-01089, D-01315, D-01673, D-03410,
E-30073, E-30863, E-36487, E-37953, D-03526, D-11028, D-20642, D-24162,
E-44813, F-07451, F-08207, F-09578, D-34008, E-00834, E-01821, E-03841,
F-17689, G-00020, G-00177, G-00375, F-00841, F-03799, G-00076, G-00148,
G-00473, G-03282, G-07162, G-07423, G-00177, G-00473, G-00642, G-00662,
G-08381, G-08411, G-10793, G-12038, G-00873, G-00902, G-00993, G-01512,
G-12646, G-13059, G-13154, G-13625, G-01812, G-03893, G-25068, G-26775,
G-16820, G-17244, G-19940, G-21259, G-32484, G-33607, G-34851, G-35118,
G-21266, G-23876, G-24288, G-24314, G-36935, G-38616, G-38869, G-40068,
G-24603, G-24961, G-26310, G-26477, G-40634, G-41737, G-43615, G-44176,
1-00305, L-00311, L-07952, L-24467,
L-31957
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES A-27595,
D-31396, F-11570, G-00375, G-01923,
G-07162, G-08381, G-09486, G-10793,
G-11580, G-13625, G-23167, G-23801,
G-24192, G-25328, G-26477, G-27291,
G-34895, G-35055, G-35463, G-36964,
G-38580, G-40634, G-40769, G-44176,
G-45196, H-08884, N-20548
CASCADE SAMPLERS A-15295, A-29661,
A-30759, B-25301, C-00855, C-09888,
C-27358, C-31258, C-31304, C-35494,
C-37689, D-04646, D-07985, D-11184,
D-11202, D-12049, D-21906, D-28650,
D-28920, D-30182, D-32350, D-35489,
D-36009, D-37518, E-35207
CATALYSIS A-14459, A-26134, A-26763,
A-29127, A-31324, A-33365, A-34177,
A-34774, A-35353, A-37372, A-38331,
A-42791, B-00015, B-00063, B-05214,
B-05300, B-09231, B-13982, B-19725,
B-21040, B-22436, B-25033, B-25377,
B-26153, B-26243, B-27503, B-29058,
B-29204, B-29605, B-29898, B-30154,
B-30498, B-30717, B-30950, B-31246,
B-31496, B-31819, B-31825, B-32392,
B-33386, B-34035, B-34536, B-34611,
B-35223, B-35814, B-36453, B-36578,
B-37173, B-37275, B-37408, B-37845,
B-39275, B-40723, B-41922, B-44906,
C-01230, F-00058, F-03799, F-08207,
F-09578, F-17689, F-36524, F-40387,
G-00177, G-06985, G-25328, G-38869,
J-03289, K-30035, L-11204
CATALYSTS A-14459, A-26134, A-29127,
A-31324, A-33365, A-34177, A-38331,
B-00015, B-00063, B-05214, B-05300,
B-09231, B-13982, B-25033, B-25377,
B-26153, B-26243, B-29058, B-29204,
B-29605, B-29898, B-30154, B-30498,
B-30950, B-31246, B-31496, B-32392,
B-34035, B-34536, B-34611, B-35223,
B-35814, B-36453, B-36578, B-37173,
B-37275, B-37408, B-37845, B-39275,
B-40723, C-01230, F-00058, F-03799,
F-08207, F-09578, F-36524, G-00177,
G-06985, G-38869, L-11204
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY A-14459,
A-26763, A-34774, A-35353, A-37372,
A-42791, B-00063, B-05214, B-21040,
B-22436, B-27503, B-30154, B-31246,
B-33386, B-34536, B-35223, B-35814,
B-36578, B-39275, B-41922, F-03799,
F-09578, F-17689, G-06985, J-03289
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS A-14459,
A-22825, A-23250, A-26134, A-26763,
A-29127, A-31324, A-33378, A-35353,
A-35484, A-35818, A-37372, A-39067,
A-40677, A-45092, B-00063, B-01484,
B-05214, B-09231, B-14604, B-20735,
B-20844, B-21040, B-21762, B-23540,
B-23697, B-24696, B-24813, B-25377,
B-25894, B-26243, B-28699, B-28730,
B-28865, B-29204, B-30229, B-30498,
B-32355, B-33366, B-33386, B-33403,
B-34025, B-34035, B-35018, B-35703,
B-36145, B-36523, B-36578, B-36721,
B-37042, B-37116, B-37150, B-37234,
B-37275, B-37408, B-37845, B-38287,
B-38614, B-39275, B-39333, B-40411,
B-40723, B-40785, B-41608, B-41922,
B-42886, B-44341, B-44473, G-34059,
J-26765, J-30329, J-34370, K-38758,
L-07952, L-09009, L-28869, L-37423
L-38757, L-40520, N-09780
-------
392
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
CATALYTIC OXE>ATION A-14459,
A-22825, A-27858, A-30604, A-31136,
A-35052, B-00015, B-00063, B-03337,
B-13982, B-19331, B-21762, B-25033,
B-25096, B-25377, B-26153, B-28865,
B-29204, B-30229, B-30950, B-31314,
B-31364, B-32260, B-32392, B-33386,
B-33403, B-34536, B-34611, B-35018,
B-35223, B-35814, B-36578, B-38287,
B-39275, B-44906, C-44165, F-03799,
F-08207, F-17689, G-00177
CATS H-28105, H-42857
CATTLE G-00375, G-13159, G-17214,
G-33910, G-38616, H-10318, H-11452,
H-11467, H-12536, H-26276, H-27063,
H-27386, H-31185, H-32291, H-32736,
H-33201, H-53362, H-33922, H-35209,
H-36196, H-37912, H-39407, H-39408,
H-40024, H-40591, H-41461, H-42715,
H-42857, H-43226, H-43511, L-07952
CELL GROWTH G-18502, G-30671,
G-31319, G-32484, G-33234, G-34832,
G-34914, G-34943, G-34947, G-37119,
G-39193, G-44254, G-45288, H-38332,
H-39407, L-31957
CELL METABOLISM G-31493, G-32487,
G-34789, G-34791, G-40316, G-42884,
G-43277, G-43532, H-08884
CELLS A-29872, A-35957, C-26955,
C-27556, C-28017, D-34008, F-13451,
G-00708, G-00808, G-00810, G-00821,
G-00993, G-01756, G-01812, G-02202,
G-05475, G-05780, G-06151, G-06985,
G-07162, G-07169, G-07396, G-07551,
G-07740, G-07892, G-08566, G-08999,
G-09408, G-09484, G-10434, G-11462,
G-11552, G-13059, G-15703, G-18046,
G-18417, G-18515, G-19881, G-21037,
G-22637, G-23582, G-23926, G-24784,
G-26310, G-26356, G-26477, G-26720,
G-26883, G-26886, G-27085, G-27416,
G-28010, G-28024, G-28205, G-29815,
G-30334, G-30468, G-30672, G-31228,
G-31351, G-31493, G-31899, G-32041,
G-32129, G-32216, G-32218, G-32487,
G-32624, G-32696, G-33234, G-33910,
G-34789, G-34791, G-34836, G-34841,
G-34847, G-34914, G-34943, G-35380,
G-35811, G-36251, G-36934, G-37023,
G-39095, G-39863, G-39989, G-40316,
G-41695, G-41717, G-41737, G-41872,
G-42091, G-42463, G-42881, G-42884,
G-43277, G-43337, G-43531, G-43532,
G-43725, G-44251, G-44254, G-44255,
G-44508, H-10318, H-18521, H-28105,
H-33362, H-34830, H-34901, H-35209,
H-36991, H-38332, H-39407, H-40335,
H-44588, K-16808, K-36346
CEMENTS A-26441, A-31395, A-34018,
A-39462, C-08130, D-21869, D-27880,
D-30326, D-30860, D-41979, H-11157,
J-306%, L-17927, L-23562
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-03982,
A-05067, A-09686, A-39462, A-39609,
A-43271, B-03754, B-15208, B-22492,
B-25155, B-28172, B-31985, B-32319,
B-33403, B-34025, B-35342, B-35778,
B-44341, D-00976, D-05260, K-33107,
L-23562, L-32884, N-09780
CERAMICS A-09686, A-35078, A-37190,
A-38819, A-40314, B-00107, G-33605,
G-35568, G-42757
CERIUM COMPOUNDS C-05243, D-43388
CESIUM COMPOUNDS C-05243, C-09333,
C-34407, D-10756, D-43388
CHARCOAL B-03337, B-08562, B-13982,
B-30944, C-05977, C-06072, D-01089,
D-35861
CHEMICAL BONDS F-00058, F-13911,
F-14743, F-43245, G-01797, G-34789
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-01868,
A-02636, A-06351, A-17325, A-17339,
A-19598, A-21722, A-28560, A-28873,
A-29516, A-30759, A-31934, A-35788,
A-37176, A-3%10, A-40455, A-41145,
B-22414, B-31341, B-31604, B-33542,
B-33550, B-35540, B-37150, B-44660,
C-05977, C-06072, C-06107, C-10528,
C-18302, C-230%, C-23646, C-31258,
C-35396, C-35494, C-38778, C-39136,
C-39168, C-41016, D-00005, D-00017,
D-00974, D-01673, D-03410, D-05167,
D-05573, D-05623, D-08275, D-l 1028,
D-11184, D-12049, D-15575, D-15789,
D-15823, D-17340, D-19144, D-21015,
D-21869, D-21906, D-27648, D-27880,
D-30182, D-30656, D-30892, D-31775,
D-35407, D-35489, D-35725, D-35940,
D-36009, D-36288, D-36474, D-36486,
D-36562, D-37026, D-37191, D-37202,
D-37264, D-37288, D-37320, D-38133,
D-40716, D-41033, D-41975, D-42122,
D-43316, D-43693, D-44059, D-44234,
E-32155, E-38666, F-05849, G-19159,
G-33497, G-35041, G-35055, H-35827,
H-37977, H-38743, H-42250, N-04649
CHEMICAL M1STHODS A-15599,
A-25295, A-39035, A-41604, B-00899,
B-27371, B-39272, C-00125, C-01607,
C-05456, C-05977, C-06072, C-06881,
C-08661, C-09333, C-09983, C-10528,
C-16123, C-16367, C-18007, C-18302,
C-20891, C-21338, C-235%, C-24119,
C-24617, C-25013, C-25979, C-26274,
C-26275, C-26336, C-26467, C-26698,
C-26707, C-26955, C-27106, C-27556,
C-29464, C-30290, C-30635, C-31258,
C-31933, C-32169, C-32476, C-32534,
C-32829, C-32833, C-33178, C-33255,
C-36698, €-36703, C-39762, C-41490,
C-42020, C-42084, C-42312, C-42775,
D-00697, D-01089, D-02133, D-03526,
D-04646, D-07985, D-08275, D-08438,
D-08502, D-08810, D-09240, D-10595,
D-11184, D-15573, D-16576, D-25881,
D-27621, 0-28097, D-28178, D-28620,
D-28785, 0-28920, D-29814, D-29918,
D-30860, D-31014, D-32350, D-35489,
D-36688, 13-36820, D-39914, D-43388,
D-43468, D-43962, D-44059, F-05849,
F-07451, P-14008, F-14039, F-14510,
F-16595, F-16659, F-34948, F-36067,
G-00902, (3-08683, G-24603, G-32129,
G-34836, G-43337, H-32224, H-39328,
1-03735, K-08420, N-03674, N-06992
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-00%2,
A-01868, A-03982, A-09210, A-09355,
A-10749, A-12751, A-12823, A-15295,
A-17339, A-17778, A-19598, A-23561,
A-23789, A-26441, A-27272, A-27458,
A-27943, A-29127, A-29364, A-29786,
A-30027, A-30067, A-30513, A-31324,
A-31934, A-32875, A-34774, A-35078,
A-35199, A-35353, A-35788, A-39610,
A-40455, A-40677, A-42080, A-42791,
A-44227, A-45145, A-45274, B-00015,
B-00063, B-03337, B-05300, B-19808,
B-20735, B-22436, B-24722, B-24813,
B-26269, B.-28377, B-29204, B-30717,
B-31246, B-31317, B-31985, B-32938,
B-33403, B-33542, B-34035, B-34536,
B-35018, B-35223, B-35296, B-35814,
B-36578, B-38727, B-39275, B-40411,
B-41112, B-42290, B-43333, B-43937,
C-00125, C-00855, C-01230, C-32058,
C-36703, C-44165, D-00005, D-00969,
D-11184, D-24162, D-29416, D-31775,
D-32055, D-34008, D-35025, D-38110,
D-39081, E-12777, E-29699, E-33873,
E-38666, E-45050, F-00058, F-03799,
F-05849, F-08207, F-09578, F-09745,
F-13534, F-13879, F-13943, F-15413,
F-16659, F-17585, F-17882, F-17949,
F-34297, F-34607, F-34948, F-36524,
F-37213, F-39901, F-44032, G-00148,
G-00177, G-00375, G-01341, G-07162,
G-16820, G-27291, G-34406, G-40634,
G-44087, G-44364, H-08884, H-17038,
H-19604, 1-32921, 1-36051, J-03289,
K-03007, L-03536, L-28099, L-29888,
L-32789, M-33904, N-03674, N-18005
CHEMISTS D-30860, D-32055
CHICAGO C-18007, D-07600, D-11184,
D-27621, D-39535, D-39914, G-01754,
G-01757, G-42716
CHILDREN A-27113, A-29872, A-31313,
A-32875, D-03441, D-08275, D-09240,
D-10380, D-270%, D-32912, D-41887,
G-00736, G-00740, G-01512, G-01754,
G-01755, G-01756, G-01757, G-03283,
G-03286, G-05002, G-06174, G-09408,
G-11630, G-18518, G-20704, G-24716,
G-27084, G-29816, G-30672, G-30686,
G-30831, G-31228, G-31493, G-31528,
G-31537, G-31962, G-32484, G-32487,
G-32735, G-32737, G-32787, G-32834,
G-33165, G-33372, G-33374, G-33605,
G-34059, G-34095, G-34701, G-34709,
G-34738, G-35041, G-35055, G-35377,
G-35380, G-35387, G-35438, G-35463,
G-35560, G-35587, G-35792, G-35811,
G-36152, G-36207, G-36534, G-36957,
G-37023, G-37731, G-37941, G-38579,
G-39095, G-39867, G-40022, G-40317,
G-40769, G-41847, G-41894, G-42098,
G^»2884, G-43725, G-44087, G-44433,
G-44463, L-31957, M-35206
CHLORATES F-34948
CHLORIDES A-04460, A-15295, A-17304,
A-29786, A-34040, A-35788, A-42676,
B-352%, C-00855, C-09333, C-23096,
C-23657, C-26707, C-27294, C-30360,
C-38670, C-39762, D-04646, D-05167,
D-16684, D 21906, D-32350, F-06648,
F-14008, F-14510, F-14868, F-16595,
F-17882, F-29400, F-36524, G-07162,
G-18502, G-32218, G-36093, G-44381,
H-17038, H-33985, 1-33802, K-34063,
L-16200, L-32789, L-35795, N-04052
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
C-39136, D-32350, F-03525, F-06648,
G-13154, G-39826, G-44381, G-44385,
H-24667, H-42857, 1-33802, K-20121,
K-H682, K-44310
CHLORINE A-06351, A-09686, A-26925,
A-31315, A-34018, A-37312, A-37721,
B-31390, C-09983, C-11042, C-26275,
C-28126, C-38670, C-41719, C-42928,
D-04996, D-27429, D-28920, D-32912,
E-24109, E-28586, G-07162, G-24314,
G-38616, H-08884, H-39328, K-06778,
K-33107, K-34063, K-42039, K-44377,
L-00311, L-25542, L-30620, L-31957,
L-32884, L-35795, L-38669
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-04460,
A-15295, A-17304, A-29786, A-34040,
A-35788, A-35957, A-37721, A-42676,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
393
B-35296, C-00855, C-09333, C-230%,
C-23657, C-26707, C-27294, C-28126,
C-30360, C-32476, C-38670, C-38778,
C-39136, C-39762, C-41612, C-41719,
D-04646, D-05167, D-11184, D-16684,
D-21906, D-24351, D-32350, D-35940,
F-06648, F-14008, F-14510, F-14868,
F-16595, F-17882, F-29400, F-34948,
F-36524, G-07162, G-16820, G-18502,
G-24314, G-32218, G-34841, G-36093,
G-44381, H-17038, H-33985, H-40368,
1-33802, K-09259, K-34063, K-34377,
K-36823, K-38197, K-41682, L-16200,
L-28349, L-32789, L-35795, L-38669,
N-04052
CHLOROFORM F-06648
CHLOROPLASTS B-03754
CHLOROSIS H-08884, H-16655
CHROMATES C-09333, C-29810, F-14868,
F-16659, G-32608, G-32625, H-33985,
K-09259
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-05067, A-09355,
A-13524, A-23789, A-29516, A-29936,
A-40947, A-43966, B-27371, B-30717,
B-31690, C-01230, C-01607, C-01608,
C-06112, C-08145, C-09333, C-09953,
C-16123, C-19276, C-23596, C-26275,
C-26505, C-26707, C-27294, C-28126,
C-29595, C-30635, C-32058, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32829, C-37971, C-38670,
C-39069, C-41719, C-42437, C-42928,
C-43448, D-00985, D-03410, D-03526,
D-08275, D-08438, D-11028, D-25055,
D-29744, D-30860, D-36909, D-40716,
D-41664, D-44330, F-07451, G-00177,
G-35560, N-03674
CHROMnjM B-00063, D-00017, D-00974,
D-03526, D-07985, D-11202, D-12049,
G-00662, G-01731, G-01923, H-07742,
1-32921, N-04649
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06351, A-18297, A-22370, A-36846,
B-03337, B-05300, B-30717, B-31364,
B-35703, C-05787, C-09333, C-29810,
C-30360, C-38670, C-38778, C-39136,
C-39516, C-41825, C-41908, C-41968,
C-42928, C-44210, C-44995, D-049%,
D-05167, D-07985, D-17340, D-22290,
D-23388, D-23971, D-24351, D-26387,
D-27188, D-27648, D-27831, D-28653,
D-30182, D-30493, D-31325, D-35010,
D-35940, D-36486, D-36688, D-36820,
D-37026, D-37191, D-37264, D-37518,
D-41975, D-44580, D-44996, E-44813,
F-14868, F-16595, F-16659, F-36067,
G-01731, G-01797, G-26528. G-26775,
G-28834, G-30181, G-30395, G-32608,
G-32625, G-32735, G-38580, G-39833,
G-40068, G-42022. G-44696, H-07742,
H-23435, H-33985, H-36991, H-41800,
H-43279, K-09259, K-41682, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, N-04649
CHROMIUM OXIDES B-00015, B-00063,
B-05214, B-30154, F-00058, F-09578,
F-17689
CHROMOSOMES G-07169, G-26883,
G-34914, G-44251
CHRONIC A-31324, A-35957, D-03441,
D-09726, E-30676, F-11570, G-00375,
G-00473, O-03282, G-06059, G-07162,
G-07423, G-08381, G-08949, G-08999,
G-09484, G-09486, G-11552, G-11580,
G-15731, G-20704, G-21259, G-21266,
G-27291, G-27614, G-29129, G-30198,
G-30671, G-30686, G-30831, G-31228,
G-31493, G-32487, G-32608, G-33527,
G-33910, G-34092, G-34114, G-34406,
G-34436, G-34701, G-34738, G-34832,
G-34841, G-35211, G-35380, G-35387,
G-35463, G-35714, G-36152, G-36207,
G-36747, G-36765, G-37028, G-37180,
G-37731, G-38616, G-38869, G-39867,
G-40068, G-40312, G-40634, G-40688,
G-41067, G-41124, G-41872, G-41895,
G-42098, G-42759, G-42957, G-43196,
G-43277, G-43531, G-44254, G-44746,
G-44867, H-11452, H-11467, H-18481,
H-32736, H-33362, H-34830, L-44499,
N-20548
CHRYSENES F-00058, G-40688
CILIA G-07162
CINCINNATI A-03278, A-12624, C-09888,
D-01089, D-01315, D-01673, D-02750,
D-07600, D-07985, D-11202, D-12049,
D-16839, D-24463, D-36195, G-00076,
G-37040, K-11746
CINDERS D-10380, D-16684
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A-23058,
A-29096, A-34341, A-35957, C-01608,
F-11570, G-01923, G-041%, G-06151,
G-06814, G-08381, G-10434, G-10793,
G-11580, G-12075, G-13059, G-19159,
G-32041, G-32216, G-32484, G-33910,
G-35463, G-36964, G-38867, G-39989,
G-43337, G-43531, G-44254, G-44381,
G-44385, G-44395, G-45196, H-34830,
H-35209
CITIZENS GROUPS D-30860, G-33903,
L-34980, M-29432
CITRUS H-20062
CITY GOVERNMENTS D-00005, D-03410,
D-28097, G-34059, K-43312
CLAY A-39462, H-32224
CLEAN AIR ACT A-01868, A-37166,
A-41945, D-44170, K-09259, L-34033,
M-01073, N-14772
CLOUD SEEDING D-21684, E-19058,
E-36714, E-40157, E-44999
CLOUDS A-35078, C-44995, D-00261,
D-049%, D-21684, D-29647, D-39988,
E-19058, E-29445, E-29688, E-29699,
E-31895, E-32155, E-32158, E-36714
COAL A-03278, A-05067, A-06351,
A-09686, A-23239, A-29786, A-30428,
A-30674, A-31649, A-34018, A-34341,
A-34774, A-35052, A-37166, A-39367,
A-39462, A-43346, B-03232, B-03337,
B-30633, B-34025, C-08130, C-230%,
C-42160, C-43763, D-05260, D-08591,
D-27188, D-27621, D-27672, D-30182,
D-313%, D-35025, E-00834, E-24109,
G-00076, G-12038, G-31528, G-34092,
G-35811, G-446%, H-19620, H-23581,
J-306%, K-34063, L-00311, N-18005
COAL CHARACTERISTICS A-06351,
A-23239, A-34774, B-03337, C-42160
COAL PREPARATION B-03337
COAL TARS L-07952
COBALT COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-18297, A-36846, B-00063, B-30154,
B-31364, C-05787, C-10528, C-11042,
C-27358, C-42360. C-44210, C-44995,
D-00974, D-03526, D-05167, D-23971,
D-27174, D-27188, D-35010, D-39535,
D-42367, D-43316, D-44580, E-29910,
F-13705, F-13839, F-16595, F-36067,
F-39522, F-43436, G-35041, G-38580,
G-40068, G-42022, H-07742, H-11452,
H-23435, H-36991, H-42250, H-43279
CODES K-06778, K-14443, K-36346
COFFEE-MAKING A-09686, N-04052
COKE A-26441, A-34774, A-43271,
A-43346, B-29628, B-32260, B-36453,
K-34377
COLLECTORS A-03982, A-05067,
A-09686, A-39462, A-39609, A-42726,
A-43271, B-03125, B-03754, B-06493,
B-15208, B-21324, B-22492, B-24722,
B-25155, B-28172, B-29920, B-31985,
B-32248, B-32319, B-33403, B-34025,
B-35342, B-35778, B-44341, B-44742,
C-05977, C-06072, D-00976, D-05260,
D-35025, D-37320, K-33107, K-34377,
L-17472, L-23562, L-30152, L-32884,
L-37560, N-09780
COLLOIDS F-35379
COLORADO D-16839, D-21684, E-33873
COLORIMETRY A-05067, A-32523,
B-30717, B-31317, B-39272, B-39275,
C-00855, C-02164, C-03034, C-05977,
C-06072, C-06112, C-06881, C-06894,
C-09333, C-09983, C-14758, C-15563,
C-16123, C-17771, C-20945, C-23096,
C-24337, C-25440, C-25932, C-25979,
C-26467, C-26503, C-26698, C-26848,
C-28017, C-29297, C-30290, C-30928,
C-32476, C-33731, C-37514, C-38670,
C-38755, C-38914, C-38973, C-42043,
C-42928, D-00005, D-00985, D-02133,
D-03410, D-16791, D-25635, D-30860,
D-32912, D-37366, D-42122, D-43%2,
F-09745, F-37213, G-23582, G-24603,
G-33165, G-34246, G-34847, H-38743,
H-43342, K-08420
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY C-26707,
C-32058, C-39069, D-03410, D-03526,
D-11028
COMBUSTION A-08039, A-23561,
A-24281, A-26100, A-27249, A-27272,
A-33087, A-33365, A-34774, A-35788,
A-38625, A-38819, B-1%37, B-20735,
B-23697, B-27503, B-28060, B-30944,
B-31364, B-33741, B-35018, B-37195,
B-39492, B-44283, B-44742, C-08145,
C-36703, D-00005, D-08502, F-05440,
F-08207, F-09578, F-09745, F-17689,
F-39901, G-08683, G-24603, H-42607,
L-00311, L-09009
COMBUSTION AIR A-05067, A-10749,
A-26763, A-27249, A-30067, A-30604,
A-34774, A-38819, A-41738, B-14604,
B-28699, B-31819, B-31825, B-32938,
B-35018, B-35476, B-37042, B-37195,
B-42300, B-43333, F-08207, L-09009
COMBUSTION GASES A-09355, A-09686,
A-12751, A-12823, A-23620, A-24080,
A-24285, A-26441, A-26645, A-290%,
A-29539, A-29787, A-30674, A-31136,
A-31315, A-J1632, A-32875, A-33087,
A-35224, A-16623, A-37166, A-37190,
A-38819, A-38891, A-40583, A-40677,
A-41945, A-42676, B-00107, B-03337,
B-03754, B-09231, B-09798, B-15208,
B-16053, B-22492, B-25377, B-25470,
B-26600, B-27824, B-28172, B-29628,
B-30229, B-31985, B-32248, B-32355,
B-32760, B-34025, B-35035, B-35303,
B-35476, B-35478, B-37222, B-38727,
B-43515, B-44742, B-44853, B-44906,
C-06112, C-09476, C-33055, C-36588,
C-36840, C-36841, C-38670, C-39136,
C-44210, D-05260. D-08591, D-10380,
D-20191, D-26054, D-27174, D-30182,
D-30860, D-32055, D-32912, D-39914,
D-40574, D-40584, D-41979, E-12777,
E-24109, F-07451, F-34297, G-00375,
G-09019, G-09408, G-12038, G-20704,
-------
394
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
G-30181, G-31319, G-34092, G-39161,
H-08884, H-11452, H-14489, H-26276,
H-31185, H-39690, H-42857, 1-31377,
1-33802, K-06778, K-14443, K-34063,
K-36823, L-17927, L-23562, L-29421,
L-30620, L-35151, L-38669, N-09780
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-05067,
A-09355, A-09686, A-12751, A-12823,
A-23561, A-23620, A-24080, A-24285,
A-26441, A-26645, A-29096, A-29539,
A-29787, A-30428, A-30674, A-31136,
A-31315, A-31632, A-31649, A-32875,
A-33087, A-35224, A-35788, A-36623,
A-37166, A-37190, A-38819, A-38891,
A-40583, A-40677, A-41945, A-42676,
A-43346, B-00107, B-03337, B-03754,
B-09231, B-09798, B-15208, B-16053,
B-22492, B-25377, B-25470, B-26600,
B-27824, B-28172, B-29628, B-30229,
B-31364, B-31985, B-32248, B-32260,
B-32355, B-32760, B-34025, B-35035,
B-35303, B-35476, B-35478, B-37222,
B-38727, B-39333, B-42702, B-43515,
B-44742, B-44853, B-44906, C-06112,
C-09476, C-23096, C-33055, C-36588,
C-36840, C-36841, C-38670, C-39136,
C-44210, D-04996, D-05260, D-05551,
D-08591, D-I0380, D-16684, D-20191,
D-26054, D-27174, D-27188, D-30182,
D-30860, D-32055, D-32912, D-35025,
D-37288, D-39914, D-40574, D-40584,
D-40716, D-41979, E-00834, E-12777,
E-24109, F-00058, F-05440, F-07451,
F-34297, G-00076, G-00375, G-09019,
G-09408, G-12038, G-20704, G-30181,
G-31319, G-31528, G-34092, G-38721,
G-39161, G-41737, H-08884, H-11452,
H-14489, H-26276, H-28448, H-31185,
H-39690, H-42857, 1-31377, 1-33802,
K-06778, K-09259, K-14443, K-34063,
K-36823, L-00311, L-16200, L-17927,
L-23562, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-29421, L-30620, L-32789, L-35151,
L-38669, L-44499, N-04212, N-09780,
N-28803
COMMERCIAL AREAS C-15562, C-32058,
D-01315, D-04938, D-06760, D-08821,
D-10612, D-12049, D-15823, D-27188,
D-27648, D-27675, D-29515, D-30025,
D-30860, D-31014, D-32055, D-32727,
D-36009, D-36195, D-36562, D-36820,
D-37264, D-38110, G-09408, G-23801,
G-30000, H-40591, H-41800, H-42336,
L-44499
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-00107,
B-16053, C-03037, C-09888, D-02133
COMMERCIAL FIRMS A-41959, B-24184,
B-31314, B-31690, B-32364, G-30156,
J-30329, L-44044, M-01073, M-29432
COMMON COLD G-07423, G-13625
COMPLAINTS D-39081,0-44330, M-29432
COMPLIANCE G-07162
COMPRESSED GASES A-24080, A-31133,
A-35052, A-35484, A-42377, A-44464,
B-28699, B-28730, B-30154, B-31496,
B-33932, B-35816, B-36721, L-35151
COMPRESSION B-44882, C-43448
COMPUTER PROGRAMS A-25125,
B-27371, B-31690, C-41908, J-03288,
J-34970, N-04649
COMPUTERS C-29512, C-41908, D-44234,
J-39941
CONCRETE A-09686, B-00107, B-03754
CONDENSATION B-00015, B-41544,
C-32718, C-44165, E-24570, E-2%99,
E-33873, F-44164, G-24603
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-23620 A-26191, A-29096, A-35078,
A-41145, B-20735, B-31221, B-35816,
B-44283, C-44995, D-00261, D-04996,
D-07198 D-09726, D-10634, D-21684,
D-25635. D-28920, D-29647, D-39988,
E-00834, E-19058, E-24109, E-24570,
E-28586, E-29445, E-29688, E-2%99,
E-30863, E-31895, E-32155, E-32158,
E-33873, E-36714, E-40157, 1-02176,
L-33844, N-04212
CONNECTICLT A-30674, A-31313,
B-35540, D-270%, H-30424, H-41143
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-09686,
A-26441, A-31395, A-34018, A-39462,
B-00107, B-03754, B-34035, B-35778,
C-08130, D-05260, D-21869, D-27880,
D-30326, D-30860, D-41979, G-13625,
G-38616, H-11157, H-30225, J-30696,
L-00311, L-17927, L-23562
CONTACT PROCESSING A-10749,
A-42791, L-23562
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING
PROGRAM (CAMP) A-01868,
D-12049, D-16839, D-44170
CONTINUOUS MONITORING A-26645,
B-30154, B-30633, B-30950, B-44750,
C-00855, C-06112, C-16382, C-19276,
C-21338, C-23596, C-24644, C-27294,
C-28621, C-28895, C-32534, C-32833,
C-40724, C-44165, D-04996, D-11202,
D-12049, D-15575, D-16839, D-27672,
D-27675, D-28650, D-28785, D-29647,
D-30326, D-30860, D-31396, D-32055,
D-35025, D-36009, D-36562, D-37366,
D-38110, D-41975, D-42122, D-43316,
E-32155, G-00177, G-31584, G-32608,
G-33864, G-34406, G-34791, G-34841,
G-36093, G-36747, G-38869, K-08803,
K-30069, L-17472, L-33495, L-35922,
L-41557, N-11871
CONTRACTING B-44283
CONTROL AGENCIES A-36664, B-250%,
D-19144, D-30860, G-31528, J-31720,
K-38758, L-09009, L-17472, L-31454,
L-32865, L-33495, L-33844, L-35151,
L-41557, N-08273, N-09780
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-03982,
A-05067, A-06220, A-09686, A-10749,
A-12751, A-12823, A-14459, A-14945,
A-15599, A-20652, A-20927, A-22825,
A-23250, A-24156, A-24285, A-26134,
A-26441, A-26763, A-27858, A-28560,
A-28862, A-29127, A-29661, A-30604,
A-31324, A-33378, A-34442, A-35052,
A-35168, A-35353, A-35484, A-35818,
A-36083, A-37372, A-38522, A-39067,
A-39462, \-39609, A-40583, A-40677,
A-42726, \-43271, A-45092, B-00063,
B-00107, B-01484, B-03125, B-03232,
B-03337, B-03754, B-05214, B-05300,
B-06493, B-07606, B-08562, B-09231,
B-09798, B-10558, B-14604, B-15208,
B-16053, B-17525, B-19331, B-19808,
B-20735, B-20844, B-21040, B-21324,
B-21762, B-22492, B-22520, B-23540,
B-23697, B-24184, B-24553, B-24696,
B-24722, B-24813, B-25033, B-25155,
B-25334, B-25377, B-25470, B-25781,
B-25894, 11-26243, B-26532, B-26600,
B-28172, B-28286, B-28699, B-28730,
B-28865, B-29204, B-29664, B-29920,
B-30124, B-30229, B-30498, B-31364,
B-31496, B-31690, B-31819, B-31825,
B-31985, B-32248, B-32319, B-32355,
B-32633, B-32760, B-33157, B-33366,
B-33386, B-33388, B-33403, B-33628,
B-34025, B-34035, B-34313, B-34457,
B-35018, B-35035, B-35303, B-35342,
B-35352, B-35476, B-35478, B-35540,
B-35703, B-35778, B-35821, B-36145,
B-36523, B-36578, B-36721, B-37042,
B-37116, B-37150, B-37234, B-37275,
B-37408, B-37750, B-37845, B-37938,
B-38287, B-38614, B-39272, B-39275,
B-39333, B-40411, B-40723, B-40785,
B-41544, B-41608, B-41922, B-42131,
B-42330, B-42886, B-43333, B-43515,
B-44003, B-44341, B-44470, B-44473,
B-44742, B-44750, C-00855, C-01249,
C-03034, C-03770, C-05243, C-05977,
C-06072, C-06112, C-08130, C-08145,
C-10556, C-11042, C-19313, C-19501,
C-23096, C-24337, C-25015, C-25793,
C-26145, C-26698, C-26955, C-27556,
C-27829, C-28621, C-29595, C-31258,
C-31304, C-31933, C-32058, C-32474,
C-32718, C-32892, C-33255, C-34106,
C-34407, C-36588, C-36840, C-36841,
C-37514, C-37693, C-38165, C-41612,
C-41908, C-42043, C-42139, C-42360,
C-42437, C-43448, C-43587, D-00005,
D-00976, D-01089, D-01355, D-03410,
D-05260, D-08275, D-08502, D-09432,
D-10612, D-10756, D-11028, D-15789,
D-16576, D-27187, D-28097, D-31332,
D-32350, D-34933, D-35025, D-36562,
D-37320, D-42247, E-12777, E-32155,
F-05440, G-00177, G-01512, G-03086,
G-041%, G-06704, G-08566, G-31040,
G-34059, G-41737, H-24947, H-35880,
1-00305, 1-32921, J-26765, J-30329,
J-34370, K-06778, K-24107, K-33107,
K-34377, K-38758, L-00311, L-07952,
L-09009, L-17472, L-23234, L-23562,
L-28869, L-30152, L-32884, L-33844,
L-37392, L-37423, L-37560, L-38757,
L-40520, L-42873, N-09780
CONTROL METHODS A-00962, A-01565,
A-01624, A-01868, A-02636, A-04460,
A-05067, A-05171, A-09355, A-09686,
A-10749, A-12751, A-12823, A-14033,
A-14459, A-14461, A-14462, A-15769,
A-16156, A-17304, A-17339, A-17365,
A-18211, A-19598, A-20545, A-20927,
A-21069, A-21109, A-22825, A-22941,
A-22976, A-23058, A-23250, A-23280,
A-23316, A-23789, A-24080, A-24156,
A-24281, A-24285, A-24718, A-24829,
A-24996, A-25295, A-25581, A-26100,
A-26134, A-26191, A-26552, A-26763,
A-26891, A-27249, A-27272, A-27458,
A-27595, A-27858, A-28336, A-28394,
A-28560, A-28862, A-28873, A-29127,
A-29364, A-29516, A-29539, A-29782,
A-29786, A-29872, A-30027, A-30067,
A-30414, A-30604, A-30674, A-30976,
A-31085, A-31088, A-31133, A-31136,
A-31323, A-31324, A-31520, A-31525,
A-31596, A-31934, A-32523, A-32621,
A-32875, A-33169, A-33350, A-33365,
A-33378, A-33626, A-33667, A-33963,
A-33965, A-34031, A-34040, A-34177,
A-34341, A-34350, A-34442, A-34774,
A-35050, A-35052, A-35123, A-35199,
A-35224, A-35353, A-35477, A-35481,
A-35484, A-35818, A-35919, A-36080,
A-36082, A-36083, A-36084, A-36527,
A-36541, A-36623, A-36664, A-37166,
A-37176, A-37312, A-37372, A-37648,
A-38330, A-38331, A-38522, A-38543,
A-38625, A-38759, A-38819, A-39035,
A-39067, A-39367, A-39603, A-39609,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
395
A-39610, A-39754, A-40314, A-40455, F-28908, F-34297, F-40387, F-41787,
A-40583, A-40677, A-40759, A-40776, F-44032, G-00177, G-00642, O-02191,
A-41035, A-41518, A-41654, A-41738, G-03282, G-03283, G-03284, G-03285,
A-41945, A-41959, A-42080, A-42377, G-03287, G-03654, G-041%, G-04251,
A-42676, A-42791, A-42980, A-43346, G-05002, G-06028, G-06177, G-06704,
A-43776, A-44252, A-44464, A-44682, G-08566, G-09019, G-10856, G-14492,
A-44821, A-45092, A-45136, A-45145, G-19304, G-19881, G-19940, G-20087,
B-00015, B-00063, B-00107, B-00899, G-20198, G-22222, G-23167, G-23768,
B-01484, B-01851, B-03232, B-03337, G-24603, G-24877, G-25328, G-26260,
B-03754, B-05214, B-05300, B-06493, G-28024, G-29286, G-29493, G-29789,
B-09231, B-09798, B-13982, B-14604, G-29825, G-30156, G-30328, G-30671,
B-15208, B-16053, B-17906, B-18053, G-30672, G-30686, G-30831, G-31228,
B-19331, B-1%37, B-19710, B-19725, G-31319, G-31442, G-31491, G-31517,
B-19808, B-20735, B-20740, B-20844, G-31537, G-31899, G-32613, G-32738,
B-21040, B-21303, B-21719, B-21762, G-33372, G-33607, G-33779, G-33864,
B-22414, B-22834, B-22890, B-23540, G-34059, G-34175, G-34436, G-34649,
B-23697, B-23923, B-24182, B-24I84, G-34895, G-34902, G-34951, G-35568,
B-24186, B-24696, B-24722, B-24813, G-36283, G-36354, G-36551, G-37229,
B-25033, B-25096, B-251", R-7.5301, fl-37470 O-V7685. G-37788, G-37933,
B-25377, B-25781, B-25894, B-26i53, G-38579, G-38580, G-38867, G-38869,
B-26243, B-26269, B-26600, B-27371, G-39161, G-39826, G-40485, G-41847,
B-27503, B-27824, B-27850, B-27876, G-42091, G-42957, G-44364, G-44867,
B-280S9, B-28060, B-28108, B-28172, H-17215, H-17216, H-17217, H-17218,
B-28286, B-28377, B-28699, B-28730, H-17220, H-17681, H-17978, H-20062,
B-28860, B-2886S, B-29058, B-29126, H-20237, H-21018, H-24788, H-24947,
B-29204, B-29414, B-29531, B-29605, H-25878, H-26092, H-27352, H-28379,
B-2%28, B-29656, B-29898, B-29920, H-28529, H-30921, H-32224, H-32654,
B-30010, B-30124, B-30154, B-30229, H-33364, H-34830, H-35827, H-36197,
B-30498, B-30944, B-30950, B-31221, H-36611, 1-22128, 1-32921, 1-36051,
B-31314, B-31317, B-31341, B-31364, J-03288, J-22358, J-26765, J-27%8,
B-31390, B-31441, B-31496, B-31519, J-30329, J-30696, J-31518, J-32241,
B-31604, B-31690, B-31819, B-31825, J-34828, J-34970, J-35391, J-36592,
B-31985, B-32036, B-32260, B-32355, J-37409, J-37734, J-38624, J-39941,
B-32364, B-32392, B-32424, B-32822, 1-39956, J-42721, K-18294, K-24107,
B-32938, B-33157, B-33366, B-33386, K-30035, K-33730, K-36346, K-38758,
B-33388, B-33403, B-33542, B-33550, L-03536, L-07952, L-09009, L-11204,
B-33628, B-33657, B-33741, B-33932, L-22583, L-23234, L-23562, L-26442,
B-33994, B-34025, B-34035, B-34071, L-28099 L-28397 L-28869, L-30908
B-34381, B-34457, B-34536, B-34611, L-31454, L-31957, L-32865, L-33740,
B-34740, B-34846, B-35018, B-35080, L-35151, L-36030, L-37193, L-37423,
B-35112, B-35166, B-35223, B-352%, L-37521, L-37560, L-37717, L-38757,
B-35303, B-35342, B-35352, B-35476, L-40486, L-40520, L-41289, L-41703,
B-35478, B-35535, B-35540, B-35688, L-42016, L-42041, L-42873, L-44376,
B-35703, B-35778, B-35814, B-35816, L-44499, M-01073, M-29432, M-33904,
B-35821, B-36081, B-36144, B-36145, N-06992, N-09780, N-28088, N-37225
B-36453, B-36523, B-36578, B-36721, CONTROL PROGRAMS A-31136,
B-37042, B-37116, B-37150, B-37173, A-31323, A-32621, A-33%3, A-33965,
B-37195, B-37222, B-37234, B-37275, A-42791, B-01851, B-20735, B-30633,
B-37408, B-37468, B-37619, B-37845, B-31314, B-314%, B-32424, B-39404,
B-37938, B-38287, B-38614, B-38727, D-03441, D-08568, D-30860, D-32055,
B-39272, B-39275, B-39333, B-39404, G-00740, G-31528, G-34095, G-34895,
B-39492, B-40411, B-40709, B-40723, G-36207, J-30329, J-39956, K-03007,
B-40785, B-41112, B-41544, B-41608, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-25288,
B-41793, B-41922, B-42131, B-42166, L-28869, L-29888, L-30152, L-31454,
B-42300, B-42330, B-42702, B-42817, L-32462, L-33844, L-35151, L-35461,
B-42819, B-42829, B-42886, B-43333, L-35922, L-36877, L-37193, L-37497,
B-43575, B-43937, B-44003, B-44283, L-37521, L-40486, L-40520, L-42041,
B-44341, B-44470, B-44473, B-44614, L-42873, M-01073, M-33904, N-11871
B-44660, B-44742, B-44750, B-44853, CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES C-06107,
B-44882, B-44906, C-00056, C-00125, C-16123, G-00473, G-09493, H-33364
C-00855, C-05977, C-06072, C-06107, CONVECTION (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-06112, C-08130, C-08145, C-21459, E-00834, E-24109, E-24166, E-40157
C-26707, C-27556, C-27681, C-28755, COOLING A-23561, B-09798, B-35778,
C-29419, C-29810, C-30635, C-30928, B-36145, C-06643, C-44210, E-24109,
C-32058, C-32169, C-35494, C-38165, E-40157, F-27348
C-42775, C-43587, C-44165, D-00%9, COPPER A-09686, A-24285, A-29787,
D-04646, D-05277, D-08275, D-08568, A-34916, A-35168, A-39462, A-42676,
D-08591, D-23658, D-24952, D-27096, A-43271, B-00063, B-00107, B-03754,
D-27174, D-28369, D-29647, D-29744, B-08562, B-09798, B-17525, B-25470,
D-32350, D-32912, D-33114, D-35861, B-32248, B-32319, B-32760, B-35035,
D-36562, D-36820, D-39405, D-43%2, B-352%, B-37222, B-37750, B-40709,
D-44996, E-00834, E-12777, E-23743, C-10528, C-11042, C-15734, D-00017,
E-30676, E-31895, E-32155, E-32158, D-00974, D-03526, D-07985, D-10634,
E-35207, E-35264, E-38666, E-44813, D-11202, D-12049, F-07451, F-10599,
E-45050, F-03799, F-05440, F-08207, F-13534, F-27348, G-00662, G-OI512,
F-09745, F-10599, F-14995, F-17689, G-03086, G-10434, H-07742, H-08884,
H-II467, H-39690, 1-02176, 1-03735,
1-06355, 1-06357, J-30696, L-28066,
N-04649
COPPER ALLOYS A-35168, A-42676,
B-00107, B-03754, B-09798, B-17525,
B-25470, B-32248, B-40709, 1-06357
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-03982,
A-05067, A-06351, A-12751, A-12823,
A-18297, A-22370, A-24285, A-26441,
A-26454, A-29539, A-29787, A-35224,
A-36846, A-45072, B-00063, B-03337,
B-05214, B-05300, B-08562, B-30154,
B-30717, B-31246, B-32392, B-33157,
B-34536, B-35223, B-352%, B-35703,
B-35814, B-36578, B-38727, B-39275,
B-40709, B-43937, C-05787, C-06045,
C-08145, C-10528, C-11042, C-19313,
C-19501, C-20891, C-22975, C-24119,
C-25535, C-25979, C-27075, C-28126,
C-30113, C-30360, C-30635, C-31304,
C-31933, C-32892, C-34407, C-37608,
C-37689, C-37693, C-38682, C-38778,
C-39136, C-39516, C-41825, C-41908,
C-41968, C-42020, C-42084, C-42139,
C-42360, C-43720, C-43763, C-44995,
D-03526, D-049%, D-05167, D-07985,
D-09432, D-11184, D-17340, D-21869,
D-23388, D-23971, D-24351, D-27174,
D-27188, D-27621, D-27648, D-27831,
D-27880, D-28326, D-28629, D-28653,
D-29191, D-30182, D-30326, D-30493,
D-30656, D-30892, D-31325, D-32055,
D-32727, D-35010, D-35489, D-35940,
D-36288, D-36474, D-36486, D-36806,
D-36820, D-37191, D-37202, D-37264,
D-37288, D-37320, D-39914, D-41975,
D-42122, D-42367, D-43316, D-44059,
0^14234, D-449%, E-10215, E-12777,
E-29910, E-40157, E-44813, F-03799,
F-08207, F-13461, F-13635, F-13705,
F-13839, F-14743, F-16595, F-17689,
F-35378, F-36067, F-39522, F-43436,
F-44164, G-19159, G-24716, G-30181,
G-35041, G-36093, G-39179, G-39833,
G-40688, G-41894, G-42022, G-44053,
G-446%, H-08884, H-22926, H-23258,
H-23435, H-30921, H-31010, H-31801,
H-32224, H-32322, H-34831, H-36265,
H-36991, H-37977, H-39287, H-3%90,
H-41461, H-41733, H-42250, H-42336,
H-43279, K-14443, K-44310, L-3%40,
N-04649
CORE OVENS B-00107
CORN H-17038, H-17218, H-17220,
H-36991
CORONA B-07606, B-35035
CORROSION A-28210, A-33626, B-03337,
B-05300, B-07606, B-30498, B-33388,
B-33932, B-41112, B-42290, D-37026,
H-3%90, 1-02176, 1-03735,1-06355,
1-06357, 1-22128, 1-31377, 1-32921,
1-33802, 1-36051, N-43824
COSMIC RAYS E-24549, E-32155
COSTS A-00%2, A-12751, A-12823,
A-17304, A-23280, A-24829, A-26134,
A-26441, A-28394, A-30976, A-31085,
A-31395, A-31596, A-33350, A-34031,
A-34921, A-36664, A-37166, A-38330,
A-38331, A-38543, A-38625, A-39067,
A-39462, A-39603, A-3%10, A-41654,
A-42377, A-42980, B-13982, B-18053,
B-24184, B-246%, B-25470, B-25781,
B-26153, B-27824, B-28286, B-28865,
B-29605, B-29625, B-30154, B-30229,
B-31221, B-31341, B-31519, B-31819,
B-32248, B-32319, B-33403, B-34846,
-------
396
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
B-35112, B-36453, B-36721, B-37173,
B-37845, B-38287, B-39275, B-39404,
B-40785, B-42166, B-42290, B-42829,
B-44742, B-44882, D-11184, D-30860,
E-12777, F-14995, G-22222, J-03288,
J-03289, J-21749, J-22358, J-26765,
J-27968, J-30329, J-30696, 1-31518,
J-31720, J-32241, J-34370, J-34828,
J-34970, J-35391, 1-36592, J-37409,
J-37734, J-38624, J-39956, J-42721,
K-18294, L-11204, L-22583, L-28869,
L-30908, L-35151, L-36030, L-38757,
L-40520, L-412S9, L-44044, M-01073,
M-33904, N-08273, N-09780
COTTON H-08884
COTTON GINNING A-39462
COTTONS B-09798, C-08130, C-08145,
G-07162
COUGH G-24314, G-30181, G-32696,
G-32905, O-35041, G-40435, G-41737,
G-44087, G-44176
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS B-00107,
D-03410
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS A-01565,
A-01624, A-08972, A-16156, A-17304,
A-22976, A-26763, A-32621, A-32875,
A-35484, A-36083, A-41035, A-42212,
B-01484, B-01851, B-09231, B-17906,
B-18053, B-21762, B-23697, B-28699,
B-30498, B-31364, B-31496, B-31819,
B-32355, B-35018, B-36145, B-36721,
B-37116, B-39333, B-39492, B-40411,
B-41112, B-41544, B-42300, B-44003,
B-44341, B-44660, B-44750, C-32058,
D-00969, K-30069, L-09009, L-32462,
L-44376, N-20548
CRANKCASE VENTILATION AIR
A-17304, B-09231, B-30498, B-32355,
B-41544, B-44750
CRITERIA A-12823, A-24996, A-27943,
A-30001, A-32621, A-35676, A-36527,
A-40455, 8-258*1, B-32424, B-33932,
B-34457, B-39404, C-30635, D-29416,
D-31669, D-44580, E-12777, G-12038,
G-13159, G-16810, G-16820, G-23768,
G-27084, G-31524, G-33903, G-34406,
G-34895, H-32335, J-38624, K-03956,
K-08420, K-09259, K-16808, K-24107,
K-33730, K-36382, K-36823, K-43312,
L-32865, L-32884, L-37717, L-44499,
N-14772, N-43824
CROP SPRAYING G-27801, G-33374
CROPS A-03279, A-26552, A-29787,
A-30428, A-32748, A-34018, A-36032,
B-32036, C-00125, C-21948, C-30113,
C-33042, C-45235, G-00375, G-00708,
G-00808, G-00810, G-00821, G-00873,
G-00993, G-01756, G-01812, G-03286,
G-05483, G-07169, G-073%, G-10434,
G-17214, G-28256, G-31319, G-33910,
G-39095, G-40355, H-01523, H-07742,
H-08884, H-09448, H-11467, H-12647,
H-14489, H-14786, H-17038, H-17215,
H-17216, H-17217, H-17218, H-17220,
H-20237, H-24947, H-25878, H-27111,
H-27391, H-27489, H-28471, H-30931,
H-31010, H-31185, H-32322, H-32335,
H-32654, H-32736, H-33112, H-33201,
H-33362, H-33364, H-33922, H-33985,
H-35827, H-36197, H-36611, H-36991,
H-37912, H-38332, H-39408, H-40024,
H-40368, H-41891, H-41892, H-42207,
H-43721, H-44071, J-21749
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE C-23657,
C-29810, E-24109, E-2%88, F-13911,
F-34297
CUMULATIVE METHODS C-26503,
C-38755, D-26044, D-27672, D-2%55,
D-37026, D-40363, D-40997, D-44059,
G-02191, G-24603, G-35041, 1-02176
CUPOLAS A-2C652, A-26441, B-00107,
B-03754, B-09798, B-32248, B-44742,
D-21015, L-17927, L-23562
CYANATES K-41682
CYANIDES A-29787, C-230%, C-32534,
C-38670, C-39136, C-39516, F-07451,
G-07162, G-24314, G-24603, G-39826,
K-44310, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-01868, A-06220,
C-00056, C-00855, C-01249, C-01607,
C 03037, C-D3770, C-09983, D-00%9,
D-00976, D-00985, D-01355, D-02750,
D-03526, E-00834, E-01821, F-00841,
G-00177, G-00473, G-01731, G-01756,
G-01797, G-03283, G-08381, G-09535,
G-24192, G-26483, G-26883, G-43196,
G-45005, 1-02176, 1-03735, K-09259,
L-44376, N-D4649
D
DATA ANALYSIS D-10380, D-42921,
J-35391, L-33495, N-04649
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-25125,
B-27371, B-:il690, C-00855, C-33042,
C-40724, C-41908, D-10380, D-42921,
G-29816, J-03288, J-34970, J-35391,
L-33495, N-04649
DECISIONS D-40574
DECOMPOSITION A-42791, B-03337,
B-29204, B-33403, E-45050, F-09745,
F-17949, F-44032, L-32789
DENSITY A-29559, A-30513, B-03337,
B-07606, B-31317, C-31258, C-32534,
C-43763, D-15575, D-29416, E-00834,
E-30073, E-36038, G-02191, G-05475,
G-31351, G-33864
DEPOSITION A-29572, A-29782, A-30674,
A-34341, A-36032, A-37372, B-31221,
D-27174, D-28369, D-35010, E-30676,
E-31852, G-12070, G-18046, G-20990,
G-24603, G-26775, G-26931, G-30000,
G-30468, G-31452, G-31528, G-32041,
G-33372, G-33497, G-36354, G-38869,
H-19604, H-33922, H-34901, H-35827,
H-44071
DESIGN CRITERIA A-06220, A-10749,
A-24996, A-26441, A-39603, A-42980,
B-01851, B-08562, B-09798, B-19331,
B-22520, B-2.1540, B-23697, B-24553,
B-24722, B-2:i033, B-25334, B-26243,
B-29204, 8-2*920, B-30229, B-31690,
B-31819, B-31825, B-31985, B-32248,
B-32364, B-3'.!760, B-33386, B-34025,
B-34035, B-34381, B-35303, B-35478,
B-35778, B-3M53, B-37042, B-37222,
B-37275, B-38614, B-38727, B-41544,
B-41922, B-42131, B-42300, C-01607,
C-03037, C-OS'888, C-11626, C-17180,
C-19276, C-21459, C-23596, C-27358,
C-32833, C-41490, C^t3587, E-44813,
G-11808
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
A-24080, A-29127, A-31136, A-31934,
A-34177, A-34774, A-35052, A-35199,
A-37166, A-3J331, A-39067, B-03337,
B-19725, B-24186, B-27824, B-30154,
B-31221, B-31341, B-34846, B-37150,
B-44906, J-34
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
397
DISCOLORATION D-37026
DISPERSION A-11702, A-23561, A-25417,
A-29096, A-35052, A-35919, A-40583,
A-41145, A-45274, B-01851, B-20735,
C-01249, C-19313, C-23646, C-25222,
C-26275, C-28621, C-33042, C-33055,
C-38165, D-10380, D-11202, D-23388,
D-23864, D-23971, D-24351, D-27187,
D-29918, D-30410, D-30860, D-32912,
D-33114, D-35010, D-35725, D-40584,
D-41887, E-01821, E-03841, E-05713,
E-21182, E-22754, E-23743, E-24166,
E-27116, E-28586, E-28799, E-29688,
E-29946, E-30073, E-30863, E-31852,
E-32155, E-32158, E-33225, E-35207,
E-36038, E-37953, E-38118, E-38666,
E-40164, E-44813, E-45050, F-14008,
G-19940, G-29816, G-30468, G-30831,
H-08884, H-24667, H-28105, H-28529,
H-32224, H-33922, H-36197, H-39408,
H-42250, K-34063, L-23562, L-25288,
L-30152, L-32884, N-11871
DISPERSIONS F-35379
DISPLACEMENT F-36524
DISSIPATION RATES A-00962, E-38666
DISSOCIATION A-44227, F-17949,
F-34297
DISTILLATE OILS A-38022
DIURNAL A-12624, A-26645, A-30414,
A-30674, A-30976, A-31649, A-32035,
A-41145, B-28730, B-30633, B-32355,
C-00855, C-02164, C-30593, C-37608,
C-44479, D-03441, D-04996, D-07198,
D-08275, D-09240, D-10554, D-10612,
D-11028, D-16839, D-17058, D-21015,
D-22829, D-25758, D-25881, D-26044,
D-26054, D-27187, D-27191, D-27648,
D-27672, D-27675, D-28178, D-28369,
D-28528, D-28620, D-28629, D-28634,
D-28785, D-29647, D-29918, D-30182,
D-30326, D-30494, D-30858, D-30860,
D-30892, D-31332, D-31669, D-32055,
D-33576, D-34008, D-34805, D-35025,
D-35489, D-36009, D-36486, D-36562,
D-37026, D-37191, D-37320, D-39988,
D-40584, D-40997, D-41664, D-42122,
D-42247, D-43%2, E-01821, E-05713,
E-24166, E-30073, E-35207, E-38118,
G-00148, G-02191, G-05002, G-16820,
G-30468, G-30671, G-30672, G-33864,
G-34895, G-34902, G-35792, G-37630,
G-37942, G-41731, G-41895, G-44381,
H-33201, K-19750, K-41682, L-30620,
L-33495
DOGS F-11570, G-11468, G-33374,
G-33910, G-36934, G-37119, G-39193,
G-42737, H-35209, H-39407, H-42857
DOMESTIC HEATING A-33087, A-33965,
A-40981, A-43346, A-44227, B-19808,
B-28108, C-41016, D-00005, D-17340,
D-30858, D-31325, D-34008, D-41033,
G-03086, G-31319, G-33607, J-30329,
J-306%, L-00311, L-32884, L-33844,
N-04052, N-04212, N-09780
DONORA D-05623, G-00375, G-07162,
G-07423, N-18005
DROPLETS C-28755, E-22754, E-23743,
E-24109, E-29688, E-32158
DRUGS G-00708, G-00821, G-01754,
G-01756, G-02202, G-03892, G-041%,
G-05671, G-06028, G-11468, G-23876,
G-27085, G-28256, G-31%2, G-32624,
G-34095, G-34114, G-34436, G-34947,
G-35217, G-35387, G-35463, G-36152,
G-36740, G-36934, G-36935, G-38869,
G-39095, G-40022, G-41872, G-42716,
H-34831, H-35209
DRY CLEANING A-34018, N-04212
DRYING C-32474, H-32322
DUMPS A-03278, A-31649, H-37912
DUST FALL A-29572, C-23646, C-25535,
C-38755, C-41763, D-00005, D-049%,
D-06760, D-07198, D-10380, D-15789,
D-15823, D-16539, D-16684, D-16791,
D-21015, D-23388, D-23971, D-24351,
D-26044, D-26054, D-27191, D-27648,
D-27672, D-27675, D-27880, D-28097,
D-30182, D-30493, D-30858, D-30860,
D-32055, D-32727, D-35010, D-35407,
D-35940, D-37026, D-37264, D-37288,
D-38110, D-39405, D-40363, D-40716,
D-41888, D-41979, D-44170, E-23743,
E-32155, E-32158, G-23801, G-24603,
G-30395, G-35041, G-39179, H-10318,
H-W250, 1-00305, K-36823
DUSTS A-03278, A-09393, A-12624,
A-13524, A-15205, A-19955, A-20652,
A-21722, A-26441, A-28210, A-29661,
A-29787, A-30414, A-31395, A-31525,
A-33169, A-33710, A-33965, A-34774,
A-35078, A-37190, A-38543, A-38819,
A-39152, A-39462, A-40583, A-40981,
A-42080, A-42676, A-42726, A-43271,
A-44464, B-03125, B-03232, B-03754,
B-07606, B-08562, B-09798, B-15208,
B-17525, B-22520, B-24553, B-26600,
B-28172, B-28730, B-30633, B-32319,
B-32633, B-32760, B-32822, B-33157,
B-34071, B-34313, B-352%, B-35342,
B-35478, B-37750, B-38727, B-40709,
B-43515, B-43937, B-44283, B-44750,
C-01608, C-03037, C-03770, C-05977,
C-08130, C-09983, C-10556, C-10561,
C-15563, C-16367, C-25431, C-26274,
C-26698, C-27358, C-28017, C-28755,
C-29464, C-29595, C-30290, C-30360,
C-31933, C-32534, C-32718, C-32975,
C-36588, C-37608, C-37689, C-37693,
C-37971, C-38165, C-38778, C-41763,
C-41908, C-41968, C-45235, D-02133,
D-03441, D-04996, D-05277, D-06148,
D-06760, D-07198, D-08438, D-08502,
D-09432, D-10380, D-10634, D-14762,
D-15610, D-15789, D-15823, D-16684,
D-17106, D-20642, D-21869, D-25089,
D-25758, D-26387, D-26535, D-27187,
D-27257, D-28097, D-28233, D-28326,
D-28653, D-29152, D-29191, D-29382,
D-29385, D-29416, D-29515, D-29814,
D-30025, D-30182, D-30656, D-30858,
D-30860, D-31396, D-32055, D-32912,
D-32945, D-33114, D-34008, D-34933,
D-37518, D-38110, D-38133, D-39405,
D-39988, D-41520, D-41975, D-42122,
D-43693, D-43%2, D-44059, D-44330,
D-44996, E-03841, E-19058, E-21796,
E-24570, E-29445, E-29910, E-32155,
E-36714, G-00810, G-00902, G-01512,
G-03892, G-04196, G-05002, G-07162,
G-07551, G-08566, G-09253, G-09408,
G-12070, G-12984, G-18417, G-19940,
G-20704, G-24081, G-26477, G-26775,
G-29129, G-30000, G-30181, G-31319,
G-31351, G-32484, G-32696, G-32905,
G-33778, G-34092, G-34951, G-35568,
G-38721, G-39095, G-41067, G-42463,
G-44087, G-44251, G-44254, G-44433,
G-44508, G-44696, H-08884, H-10318,
H-11157, H-19604, H-20062, H-21018,
H-26276, H-28448, H-30225, H-30921,
H-31010, H-32322, H-32338, H-36197,
H-38332, H-3%90, H-40368, H-42857,
1-00305, K-06778, K-14443, K-20121,
K-33107, K-34063, K-34377, K-36823,
K-38197, K-41682, K-42039, L-00311,
L-02635, L-17472, L-17927, L-23234,
L-23562, L-25542, L-28349, L-28397,
L-30152, L-30620, L-31957, L-32865,
L-32884, L-35795, L-35922, L-37560,
L-38669, L-42873, N-03674, N-04052,
N-04212, N-11871, N-28088
DYNAMOMETERS A-04460, A-14461,
A-35123, A-37176, B-00063, B-01851,
B-27371, B-30154, B-31604, B-31690,
B-36081, F-08207, G-00177, 1-36051,
K-30069
E
ECONOMIC LOSSES A-00962, A-17304,
A-30001, A-34018, B-31519, G-30831,
H-27111, J-21749, J-31518, J-32241,
J-38624, J-39941, L-25288, L-39640,
L-44044, N-09780, N-28088
EDUCATION A-40776, G-34095, L-35151,
M-01073, M-33904, N-28088
ELECTRIC CHARGE A-02636, B-05300,
C-09888, C-25979, C-30360, E-06841,
E-29688
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-06220,
A-09686, A-26441, B-00107, B-03754,
B-09798, B-15208, B-34071, B-35342,
D-37320, L-30620
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-05067, A-24080, A-26441, A-30513,
A-31315, A-33087, A-34018, A-34788,
A-35052, A-37166, A-38891, A-39462,
A-40677, A-40981, A-43346, B-00107,
B-03337, B-21324, B-28108, B-28377,
B-34025, B-37222, B-44906, C-44210,
D-05260, D-05551, D-30860, D-313%,
D-32912, D-38110, E-00834, G-00375,
G-03281, J-30329, J-30696, J-42721,
K-06778, K-34063, L-00311, L-17472,
L-17927, L-23562, L-23610, L-24214,
L-29421, L-30152, L-30620, L-32884,
L-33844, L-35151, N-04052, N-04212,
N-09780
ELECTRIC PROPULSION A-26763,
A-30604, A-30976, A-32621, A-38543,
A-39603, A-40776, A-41518, A-44227,
B-28699, B-30944, B-32355, B-33366,
B-34457, B-37275, B-39492, B-42166,
B-44882, G-30831, G-41847, H-36196,
L-07952, L-35151, N-08273, N-09780
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-01607, C-01608, C-09888, C-42312,
D-39914
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES A-02636,
B-03337, B-05300, B-07606, B-10558,
B-32760, B-35035, B-37750, C-09888,
C-25979, C-26145, C-30360, C-32474,
C-44995, E-06841, E-29688, F-16595,
G-03635, H-42250, 1-02176
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-10558,
B-32760, B-35035, B-37750, 1-02176
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
B-39272, C-01607, C-05456, C-05977,
C-06881, C-09983, C-10528, C-16123,
C-18007, C-20891, C-21338, C-23596,
C-24617, C-25013, C-25979, C-26275,
C-26336, C-26467, C-27556, C-29464,
C-30290, C-31933, C-32534, C-32833,
C-33255, C-39762, C-41490, C-42020,
C-42084, C-42312, C-42775, D-00697,
D-04646, D-10595, D-11184, D-16576,
D-25881, D-27621, D-28097, D-28178,
D-28620, D-28785, D-28920, D-29814,
D-29918, D-31014, D-32350, D-35489,
D-36688, D-36820, D-39914, D^3468,
-------
398
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
D-43962, D-44059, F-14008, F-14039,
F-14510, F-16595, F-16659, F-34948,
G-08683, G-43337, H-39328,1-03735,
N-03674
ELECTROCONDUCnVTTY ANALYZERS
C-00855, C-06112, C-32534, D-04996,
D-27672, D-30860, D-36562, D-42122,
E-32155, L-17472,
ELECTROLYSIS A-42676, B-03337,
C-25979, C-44995, F-15493
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY A-06220,
C-03037, C-08145, C-09888, C-26275,
C-35494, C-35695, C-42928, D-00976,
E-32155, G-00177, G-08999, G-39863,
G-44381, 1-03735
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-05067, A-096«i, A-10749, A-24285,
A-26441, A-39462, A-42726, A-43271,
B-00107, B-03125, B-03232, B-03754,
B-07606, B-09798, B-10558, B-17525,
B-19331, B-24553, B-25470, B-26532,
B-26600, B-32248, B-32319, B-32633,
B-32760, B-33157, B-33403, B-34025,
B-35035, B-35476, B-37750, C-05977,
C-06112, C-08145, C-230%, C-25015,
C-26145, C-26698, C-27556, C-43448,
D-05260, D-08502, D-15789, F-05440,
G-01512, K-06778, K-33107, L-23562,
L-32884, N-09780
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-03278,
A-30513, A-35052, B-33366, D-03410,
D-05551, D-10380, D-39914, K-36823
EMISSION STANDARDS A-22825,
A-24156, A-24996, A-26134, A-26763,
A-27272, A-29516, A-30604, A-33378,
A-34442, A-3505CI, A-35168, A-36527,
A-36664, A-37190, A-38522, A-38625,
A-39367, A-39609, A-40455, A-40776,
A-41654, A-41959, A-42679, A-43776,
B-20844, B-24722, B-25096, B-28377,
B-28699, B-28730, B-29414, B-29605,
B-30944, B-31496, B-31819, B-31825,
B-33386, B-33388, B-34381, B-34457,
B-34611, B-35166, B-35778, B-36081,
B-36523, B-36578, B-37195, B-37938,
B-39492, B-40785, B-42330, B-44750,
B-44882, C-41719, D-00005, D-32055,
D-41979, D-42367, F-00841, G-00020,
G-12075, G-30328, G-35118, J-22358,
J-30696, K-06778, K-09259, K-16104,
K-18294, K-24107, K-30035, K-30069,
K-33107, K-34063, K-34377, K-36382,
K-36823, K-38197, K-38758, K-42039,
K-42118, K-44310, K-44377, L-03536,
L-17927, L-25288, L-28349, L-29421,
L-31957, L-32462, L-32865, L-32884,
L-34033, L-35795, L-37560, L-38669,
L-38757, L-42016, L-42873, L-44219,
L-44376, M-01073, N-09780, N-11871,
N-14772
EMISSIVITY E-05713, F-00841
EMPHYSEMA G-00375, G-03282,
G-07423, G-13625, G-23167, G-26477,
G-28256, G-31452, G-40634, G-41124,
G-44381, H-08884, H-11452, H-11467,
N-20548
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
A-38625, B-29628, B-32424, D-32912,
G-35714, K-06778, L-08725, L-29421,
L-30620, L-35795, L-37423, L-38669,
L-44044, L-44499, M-29432, N-08273
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
A-20545, A-20927, A-22825, A-23250,
A-26763, A-32621, A-36084, A-38522,
A-38543, A-39603, A-40677, A-40776,
A-41654, A-42980, A-43776, A-4S092,
B-09231, B-IS053, B-19637, B-19710,
B-20735, B-20844, B-21303, B-21762,
B-22414, B-22890, B-23540, B-23697,
B-24182, B-24184, B-24696, B-25096,
B-27503, B-27850, B-30944, B-31314,
B-31364, B-31819, B-31825, B-32355,
B-32938, B-3J366, B-33550, B-33628,
B-34381, B-34457, B-35018, B-35166,
B-35821, B-36523, B-36721, B-37195,
B-37275, B-37938, B-39492, B-40411,
B-42330, B-42886, B-44660, D-29744,
J-26765, J-27%8, K-24107, L-07952,
L-44376
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-01565, A-01624,
A-01868, A-02636, A-04460, A-05171,
A-08039, A-08972, A-09210, A-09355,
A-09686, A-12624, A-14033, A-14459,
A-14461, A-14462, A-15295, A-15599,
A-16156, A-16766, A-17304, A-17365,
A-19598, A-20545, A-20927, A-21109,
A-22367, A-22825, A-22941, A-22976,
A-23058, A-23280, A-23316, A-23789,
A-24031, A-24156, A-24996, A-25581,
A-26100, A-26134, A-26552, A-26763,
A-26891, A-26925, A-27249, A-27272,
A-27458, A-27595, A-27858, A-28560,
A-28873, A-29096, A-29127, A-29516,
A-29661, A-29782, A-29872, A-30001,
A-30027, A-30067, A-30414, A-30604,
A-30674, A-30759, A-30976, A-31085,
A-31133, A-31136, A-31395, A-32621,
A-32875, A-33169, A-33350, A-33365,
A-33378, A-33667, A-33710, A-33822,
A-33965, A-34018, A-34040, A-34350,
A-34442, A-34774, A-35078, A-35199,
A-3S353, A-35477, A-35481, A-35484,
A-35676, A-35818, A-35919, A-35953,
A-36082, A-36083, A-36527, A-36541,
A-36664, A-37015, A-37166, A-37176,
A-37312, A-37372, A-37648, A-38522,
A-38543, A-38625, A-38891, A-39367,
A-39610, A-39754, A-40677, A-40759,
A-40776, A-40981, A-41035, A-41654,
A-41738, A-41945, A-42212, A-42377,
A-42679, A-43966, A-44227, A-44252,
A-44464, A-44682, A-45092, B-00015,
B-00063, B-01484, B-01851, B-05214,
B-09231, B-17906, B-18053, B-19331,
B-19637, B-20735, B-21040, B-21762,
B-22414, B-ZS890, B-23540, B-23697,
B-24182, B-24184, B-24696, B-25096,
B-25301, B-2/>377, B-25894, B-26153,
B-26243, B-2V371, B-27503, B-28286,
B-29126, B-29204, B-29414, B-2%56,
B-29898, B-29920, B-30154, B-30498,
B-30633, B-30944, B-30950, B-31221,
B-31314, B-31364, B-31441, B-31496,
B-31604, B-31819, B-31825, B-31985,
B-32355, B-32938, B-33366, B-33386,
B-33388, 8-3:1403, B-33542, B-33550,
B-33657, 8-3:1932, B-34035, B-34381,
B-34457, B-34536, B-34611, B-34740,
B-35018, B-35223, B-35352, B-35476,
B-35688, B-3S778, B-35814, B-35816,
B-35821, B-36081, B-36721, B-37116,
B-37195, B-37222, B-37234, B-37275,
B-37408, B-37468, B-37845, B-37938,
B-38287, B-38614, B-39272, B-39275,
B-39404, B-39492, B-40411, B-40723,
B-41112, B-41608, B-41922, B-42131,
B-42817, B-42819, B-42829, B-44003,
B-44283, B-44341, C-02164, C-06643,
C-09476, C-17179, C-17180, C-18302,
C-21948, C-22927, C-24617, C-24618,
C-24644, C-26505, C-28755, C-29595,
C-32058, C-32829, C-33055, C-37175,
C-42020, C-42775, C-43587, C-44165,
D-00969, D-01315, D-01673, D-02750,
D-04646, D-04938, D-05277, D-05820,
D-08275, D-08438, D-08568, D-08591,
D-08812, D-08821, D-10554, D-10595,
D-12099, D-15610, D-16539, D-16791,
D-16839, D-17106, D-21015, D-24414,
D-24952, D-25055, D-25635, D-25881,
D-26535, D-27174, D-27187, D-27188,
D-27191, D-27257, D-27429, D-27672,
D-27675, D-27831, D-28233, D-28326,
D-28528, D-28620, D-28634, D-28635,
D-29382, D-29S15, D-29647, D-29918,
D-30860, D-31669, D-31775, D-32055,
D-32350, D-32883, D-32912, D-32945,
D-33114, D-34008, D-35861, D-36449,
D-36474, D-36486, D-36503, D-36820,
D-36909, D-37191, D-37288, D-37366,
D-37394, D-38110, D-38133, D-39081,
D-39405, D-39988, D-40118, D-40716,
D-40997, D-41664, D-41979, D-43693,
D-44063, E-00834, E-01821, E-06841,
E-23743, E-30073, E-30676, E-31895,
E-37953, E-38118, E-45050, F-00058,
F-03799, F-05849, F-08207, F-17689,
G-00020, G-00076, G-00148, G-00177,
G-00375, G-00473, G-00597, G-05541,
G-07169, G-08326, G-08411, G-11468,
G-12075, G-13059, G-19304, G-19940,
G-20704, G-21266, G-21423, G-23715,
G-24961, G-25068, G-25328, G-25705,
G-26260, G-27253, G-27291, G-29129,
G-29789, G-29825, G-30156, G-30355,
G-30671, G-30672, G-31228, G-31319,
G-31517, G-31537, G-31899, G-32905,
G-33165, G-33497, G-33607, G-33778,
G-34406, G-34436, G-34895, G-35118,
G-35811, G-36354, G-37180, G-37630,
G-37788, G-37933, G-37942, G-37964,
G-39095, G-39161, G-39193, G-40355,
G-40435, G-41737, G-42881, G-44176,
G-44254, G-44508, H-07742, H-08884,
H-17225, H-19604, H-24667, H-24788,
H-24947, H-25SI78, H-26276, H-27063,
H-28105, H-28289, H-28471, H-28529,
H-32654, H-33364, H-33922, H-35827,
H-36611, H-39407, H-39408, H-39409,
H-40540, H-42857, H-43342, 1-32921,
J-26765, K-03007, K-08803, K-11746,
K-24107, K-30069, K-34063, K-36346,
K-42118, L-03536, L-07952, L-081%,
L-09009, L-24757, L-27664, L-30152,
L-30620, L-30908, L-31957, L-32462,
L-36877, L-37193, L-37392, L-37521,
L-37560, L-40520, L-41703, L-44376,
L-44499, M-33904, N-03674, N-04212,
N-09780, N-11871, N-17260, N-20548,
N-37225
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES A-01565,
A-02636, A-04460, A-05171, A-19598,
A-20927, A-23316, A-26134, A-27272,
A-29661, A-31133, A-32875, A-33169,
A-34442, A-35477, A-35481, A-35676,
A-35919, A-36082, A-36083, A-37176,
A-38625, A-39609, A-39754, A-44464,
A-44821, A-45092, A-45136, B-01484,
B-09231, B-25155, B-2S301, B-26153,
B-28730, B-296S6, B-30950, B-31496,
B-31604, B-31825, B-32938, B-33388,
B-36081, B-37042, B-38614, B-40411,
B-41112, B-41608, B-42702, B-44470,
B-44660, B-44750, C-32829, C-42020,
D-08568, D-08591, D-30860, D-32055,
E-35264, F-08207, G-00177, G-19940,
1-32921, K-30069, L-03536, L-09009,
L-30152, L-32462, L-37717
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
399
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION A-08972, A-09393, A-14135, A-15599,
A-01565, A-01624, A-05171, A-16156, A-15769, A-17778, A-18211, A-18297,
A-17304, A-19S98, A-22941, A-23250, A-18510, A-22370, A-22579, A-22976,
A-24281, A-24829, A-27249, A-27272, A-23280, A-24031, A-24080, A-2S12S,
A-27858, A-28560, A-28873, A-29516, A-26552, A-26645, A-27180, A-28210,
A-30067, A-30604, A-31133, A-32621, A-28336, A-28394, A-28560, A-290%,
A-33378, A-34442, A-34774, A-35481, A-29127, A-29516, A-29572, A-29782,
A-35484, A-35818, A-36084, A-38522, A-29786, A-29872, A-30001, A-30027,
A-38543, A-40677, A-40776, A-41035, A-30414, A-30604, A-30976, A-31085,
A-41654, A-41738, A-42377, A-43776, A-31088, A-31315, A-31323, A-31395,
A-44252, A-45092, B-01851, B-03754, A-32447, A-33169, A-33667, A-34068,
B-09231, B-14604, B-18053, B-19637, A-34341, A-34350, A-34442, A-35052,
B-20735, B-20740, B-20844, B-21303, A-35078, A-35398, A-35953, A-36032,
B-21762, B-22414, B-22890, B-23540, A-36082, A-36527, A-36541, A-36623,
B-23697, B-23923, B-24182, B-246%, A-37015, A-37166, A-37190, A-37648,
B-25096, B-25155, B-26269, B-27876, A-38022, A-38330, A-38331, A-38522,
B-28108, B-28730, B-28860, B-28865, A-38543, A-38759, A-38891, A-39035,
B-29058, B-30010, B-30154, B-30498, A-39152, A-39367, A-40759, A-40947,
B-30944, B-31314, B-31690, B-32355, A-40981, A-41604, A-41654, A-41738,
B-32938, B-33366, B-33388, B-33741, A-41945, A-42212, A-42679, A-43346,
B-34035, B-34457, B-34611, B-35018, A-44227, A-44464, A-44821, B-00015,
B-35166, B-35778, B-36081, B-36145, B-00063, B-00899, B-03125, B-03337,
B-36523, B-36578, B-36721, B-37042, B-09231, B-10558, B-13982, B-15208,
B-37116, B-37195, B-37222, B-37234, B-19637, B-19725, B-19808, B-20740,
B-37275, B-37845, B-37938, B-38287, B-21303, B-21719, B-22436, B-22492,
B-39492, B-40411, B-40785, B-41112, B-25033, B-25096, B-25334, B-26243,
B-41608, B-42330, B-42886, B-43333, B-26600, B-27503, B-28059, B-28060,
B-44341, B-44882, D-08568, D-29744, B-28108, B-28699, B-29414, B-30010,
G-19940, G-39161, J-26765, K-24107, B-30229, B-30633, B-31390, B-31690,
L-07952, L-37717, L^t4376 B-32260, B-32424, B-32760, B-32822,
ENGINEERS A-41518, D-30860, D-32055, B-33157, B-33628, B-33741, B-33932,
L-09009, L-35151 B-34313, B-34611, B-35018, B-35035,
ENZYMES A-35953, A-40759, D-27096, B-35112, B-35303, B-35476, B-35478,
G-03286, G-06985, G-07892, G-08411, B-35703, B-36081, B-36721, B-37195,
G-08999, G-21037, G-22637, G-23582, B-37234, B-37275, B-37408, B-37750,
G-24784, G-25705, G-26483, G-26886, B-37938, B-38287, B-38727, B-39404,
G-27416, G-27614, G-28010, G-28024, B-42166, B-42330, B-43515, B-44283,
G-29493, G-29588, G-31228, G-31491, B-44341, B-44660, B-44750, C-00056,
G-32487, G-32834, G-33234, G-33374, C-00125, C-00855, C-01230, C-01249,
G-33607, G-34114, G-34791, G-34836 C-01607, C-01608, C-03037, C-03770,
G-34847, G-36251, G-36932, G-37040, C-05456, C-06881, C-06894, C-08130,
G-37540, G-37722, G-37941, G-38579, C-08145, C-09953, C-09983, C-10556,
G-39621, G-40021, G-40057, G-40068, C-10561, C-11626, C-13122, C-15563,
G-40312, G-40316, G-40355, G-41872, C-15734, C-16367, C-17771, C-18302,
G-42091, G-42759, G-42881, G-42884, C-19276, C-19857, C-20945, C-22927,
G-431%, G-43277, G-43725, G-44254, C-25222, C-25440, C-25979, C-26274,
G-44255, G-44385, G-44395, H-08884, C-26467, C-26505, C-29133, C-29297,
K-36346 C-29512, C-29595, C-30113, C-30290,
EPIDEMIOLOGY A-17778, A-45145, C-30593, C-32169, C-32474, C-33178,
C-42137, D-16345, D-27096, D-29655, C-33255, C-37971, C-38778, C-39168,
G-00375, G-01512, G-01755, G-03086, C-39762, C-41016, C-41968, C-42084,
G-07169, G-08411, G-16810, G-18549, C-42137, C-42312, C-42775, C-43737,
G-21259, G-22222, G-23768, G-31228, C-44995, D-00005, D-00017, D-00261,
G-32735, G-32834, G-34092, G-34709, D-00969, D-00974, D-00976, D-00985,
G-34738, G-35587, G-38579, G-38616, D-01089, D-01355, D-02133, D-02750,
G-38869, G-39179, G-40697, G-41097, D-03526, D-05260, D-06788, D-07649,
G-41124, G-41737, G-44053, G-44254, D-08275, D-08279, D-08438, D-08502,
G-44867, H-18520, K-22223, K-36823 D-08568, D-08810, D-08812, D-08821,
EPITHELIUM G-05280, G-34791 D-09240, D-09726, D-10380, D-10554,
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA A-249%, D-10595, D-10634, D-14762, D-15573,
B-34457 D-15575, D-15789, D-15823, D-16345,
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS K-34063, D-16684, D-20642, D-23388, D-23971,
L-35151, L-38669 D-24351, D-25055, D-25089, D-25635,
ESTERS C-09333, F-09578, F-13839, D-26387, D-28097, D-28178, D-28369,
G-09493, K-20121 D-29515, D-30858, D-313%, D-32945,
ETHERS A-08039, F-03525, F-06648, D-34008, D-34933, D-35010, D-35940,
F-09578, G-00177 D-37264, D-39405, D-41033, D-41520,
ETHNIC FACTORS G-18508, G-34095 D-41664, D-43693, D-44996, D-45218,
ETHYL ALCOHOL B-35535, F-06648 E-00834, E-01821, E-03841, E-10215,
ETHYLENE A-08039, A-26925, A-35957, E-24166, E-28799, E-29699, E-29910,
B-22414, B-31246, B-32392, C-38670, E-29946, E-31852, E-31895, E-37953,
F-06648, G-03892, G-39883, H-08884, E-38666, E-40157, E-40164, E-44999,
H-26055, H-27111, J-21749, J-34370, F-00058, F-00841, F-03525, F-03799,
K-03007, K-09259 F-05440, F-06648, F-09578, F-11570,
EUROPE A-00962, A-01868, A-02636, F-11582, F-1363J, F-13705, F-13879,
A-03280, A-03982, A-06220, A-06351, F-13943, F-14743, F-15413, F-15493,
F-15618, F-17161, F-17585, F-17882,
F-17949, F-27348, F-28908, F-34297,
F-34607, F-35378, F-35379, F-36524,
F-39522, F-39901, F-43436, G-00148,
G-00177, G-00375, G-00473, G-00873,
G-01341, G-01500, G-01731, G-01756,
G-01797, G-03086, G-03282, G-03283,
G-03892, G-04196, G-04251, G-06814,
G-06985, G-07162, G-07423, G-07740,
G-07892, G-08381, G-08683, G-08949,
G-09019, G-09253, G-09261, G-09484,
G-09486, G-09493, G-09535, G-10793,
G-10856, G-11462, G-11468, G-11552,
G-11630, G-12070, G-12075, G-13159,
G-13625, G-15731, G-16810, G-18503,
G-18515, G-18518, G-19881, G-20704,
G-21037, G-21266, G-21423, G-22222,
G-22637, G-23582, G-23876, G-23887,
G-24192, G-24573, G-24784, G-24961,
G-25068, G-26356, G-26483, G-26720,
G-26883, G-26886, G-26931, G-27085,
G-28010, G-28024, G-28205, G-28256,
G-29256, G-29286, G-29493, G-29588,
G-30000, G-30009, G-30156, G-30328,
G-30334, G-30468, G-31303, G-31319,
G-31491, G-31S37, G-31899, G-31%2,
G-32041, G-32129, G-32216, G-32218,
G-32408, G-32484, G-32738, G-32747,
G-32787, G-32834, G-33052, G-33527,
G-33607, G-33778, G-33779, G-33903,
G-33910, G-34066, G-34092, G-34175,
G-34246, G-34709, G-34789, G-34832,
G-34847, G-34902, G-34951, G-35118,
G-35174, G-35377, G-35559, G-35792,
G-36093, G-36251, G-36283, G-36740,
G-36747, G-36932, G-36935, G-37023,
G-37229, G-37297, G-37540, G-37630,
G-37685, G-37731, G-37788, G-37933,
G-37964, G-38579, G-38616, G-38869,
G-39161, G-39406, G-39503, G-3%21,
G-39863, G-39883, G-40014, G-40021,
G-40057, G-40068, G-40295, G-40485,
G-40492, G-40634, G-40688, G-41368,
G-41695, G-41717, G-41737, G-41857,
G-42136, G-42698, G-42759, G-42881,
G-42884, G-43196, G-43559, G-43615,
G-44053, G-44176, G-44251, G-44254,
G-44255, G-44294, G-44395, G-44508,
G-44746, G-45005, G-45159, G-451%,
H-01523, H-10318, H-11157, H-11452,
H-11467, H-16270, H-16655, H-17681,
H-17978, H-19604, H-19620, H-22926,
H-23258, H-23435, H-23581, H-24667,
H-24788, H-25878, H-27352, H-27386,
H-28289, H-28448, H-28471, H-30033,
H-30225, H-31010, H-31185, H-31801,
H-32224, H-32291, H-32322, H-32335,
H-32338, H-32423, H-32654, H-33922,
H-33985, H-34831, H-35880, H-36265,
H-36611, H-37912, H-37926, H-37977,
H-38332, H-38743, H-39328, H-39407,
H-39408, H-39409, H-40024, H-40368,
H-41461, H-41733, H-42945, H-43511,
H-43721, H-43782, 1-02176,1-03735,
1-06355, 1-06357, 1-22128, 1-31377,
1-33802,1-03288, J-03289, J-27968,
J-30329, J-34370, K-02580, K-03007,
K-06778, K-08803, K-09259, K-11746,
K-14443, K-16104, K-16128, K-18294,
K-22223, K-30069, K-33730, K-41682,
K-42118, L-00311, L-02635, L-03536,
L-07952, L-08196, L-08725, L-09009,
L-16200, L-17472, L-17927, L-23562,
L-24467, L-24757, L-25542, L-28066,
L-28397, L-30908, L-31454, L-31957,
L-32462, L-33740, L-33844, L-37193,
-------
400
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
L-37392, L-37560, L-37717, L-40486,
L-40520, L-41703, L-42016, L-42169,
L-42873, L-44219, L-44376, M-35206,
N-03674, N-04212, N-04649, N-06992,
N-17260, N-18005, N-28088, N-37225
EVAPORATORS A-06220
EXCESS AIR A-05067, A-30067, A-38819,
A-41738, B-28699, B-35018, B-35476,
F-08207
EXCRETIONS C-01607, C-01608, C-16382,
D-01315, D-27096, G-01500, O-01756,
G-02191, G-02202, G-03283, G-04196,
G-05002, G-05475, G-05483, G-05671,
G-06028, G-06814, G-07162, G-07396,
G-07551, G-13154, G-18046, G-18518,
G-19159, G-26260, G-26483, G-27084,
G-29815, G-29958, G-32041, G-32216,
G-32613, G-32624, G-33903, G-34436,
G-34841, G-35021, G-35174, G-35211,
G-35377, G-35387, G-36152, G-36740,
G-36932, G-37023, G-37229, G-37420,
G-37540, G-37731, G-37788, G-37941,
G-37964, G-39621, G-40492, G-41695,
G-41872, G-42757, G-42759, G-43196,
G-45273, H-33201, H-34830, H-35209,
H-40024, K-16808
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-20927, B-09798,
B-19808, B-25033, B-25334, B-31690,
B-35303, B-35478, B-43515, G-041%,
G-06704, G-08566, K-34377, L-23234
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-03982,
A-06220, B-01851, B-39272, B-39275,
C-09888, C-10528, C-11626, C-32975,
C-39168, C-43587, F-13534, G-41368
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A-06220,
A-30428, A-36082, A-40947, A-41604,
B-39272, C-06881, C-09983, C-10528,
C-23571, C-24119, C-24337, C-24617,
C-25013, C-29810, C-31933, C-33178,
C-34017, C-38914, C-38973, C-40724,
C-41138, C-41490, C-41908, C-43737,
C-44479, D-01355, D-07649, D-10612,
D-10756, D-39914, E-06841, F-05849,
F-07451, F-11570, F-14138, F-36067,
G-03283, G-06985, G-08381, G-09019,
G-18501, G-32613, G-32749, G-34066,
G-34246, G-35560, G-40021, G-40057,
G-41368, G-43531, H-18521, 1-02176,
1-06355, 1-06357
EXPLOSIONS C-05243, D-00261, D-01355,
D-25089, D-31332, D-34805, D-42742,
D-43388, D-43558, E-03841
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS G-00148,
G-00177, G-00473, G-01797, G-09493,
G-24288, G-29588, G-30672, G-34841,
G-38869, G-44254, H-09448
EXPOSURE METHODS A-32748,
C-06881, C-16382, F-11570, G-01731,
G-05025, G-05483, G-07162, G-08411,
G-18046, G-18494, G-26356, G-28024,
G-33779, G-33864, G-34841, G-34851,
G-34914, G-34943, G-35225, G-36251,
G-36747, G-36935, G-37119, G-38869,
G-39193, G-3%21, G-40057, G-42737,
G-44254, G-45293, H-34901, H-35209,
H-39408, H-42715, 1-06355, 1-06357
EYE IRRrrATION A-35078, A-35957,
B-22436, C-32058, D-00%9, D-02750,
D-03441, D-05573, G-00177, G-00375,
G-05475, G-07423, G-24314, G-27291,
G-30181, G-32735, G-37942, G-40435,
G-41737, G-44176, G-44433, L-07952,
L-25288, N-20548
EYES A-22579, A-35957, D-35025,
G-00177, G-01757, G-13059, N-20548
FADING C-06107, D-37026
FALLOUT A-3:>052, B-05300, C-05243,
C-09333, D-00261, D-31325, D-35010,
D-43558, G--07169, H-01523, H-12647,
H-36197, H-41733, H-42857
FANS (BLOWERS) B-09798, B-31690,
B-35478, G-06704
FARMS A-12624, A-35065, D-08279,
D-40584, E-36714, H-19604, H-26276,
H-28471, H-37912, H-43226
FEASIBILrTY STUDIES A-35676,
B-20735, B-28860, B-31825, B-36453,
D-39914, J-34970, J-38624, L-44044
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS A-01868,
A-27943, A-31136, A-32447, A-34442,
A-40455, A--40981, B-2%28, B-32424,
B-44283, D-32055, G-25705, G-31528,
G-34059, G-35714, J-27968, J-37409,
K-33107, K-43312, L-17927, L-22583,
L-23234, L-24467, L-27664, L-28349,
L-28397, L-28869, L-29421, L-30908,
L-31454, L-32865, L-32884, L-33495,
L-33740, L-35461, L-36877, L-37193,
L-37423, L-38669, N-08273, N-14772
FEED LOTS A- 37190, H-43226
FEES D-30860, D-32055, L-31454
FEMALES B-3V845, D-27096, D-313%,
G-00597, G -00662, G-03086, G-03283,
G-07892, G -08326, G-08949, G-09261,
G-09408, G -12070, G-26720, G-26931,
G-27253, G--32787, G-33052, G-33234,
G-34092, G-35225, G-35463, G-35792,
G-36747, G-37964, G-40022, G-40435,
G-42884, G -44053, G-44385
FERROALLOYS A-39462, A-43271
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-24285, A-34018, A-34788, A-35078,
A-39462, D -41033, H-32291
FERTILIZING A-34788, A-45072,
H-01523, H-08884, H-36197, H-37977,
H-41733
FIELD TESTS A-09355, A-14459,
A-14461, A-14462, A-15205, A-16766,
A-30428, A- 35484, A-36080, A-36083,
B-29898, B-35814, B-37042, C-41138,
C-44479, D-00976, D-02750, D-32350,
E-32158, G-29129, G-43337, H-32224,
1-02176, 1-06355, 1-06357, K-18294
FILTER FABRICS A-09686, A-29661,
A-39462, B-00107, B-03754, B-08562,
B-09798, B-26532, B-29664, B-32248,
B-32319, B-32760, B-34025, B-34313,
C-01249, C-08145, C-10556, C-19313,
C-26145, C-27556, C-28621, C-31304,
C-31933, C-32474, C-32718, C-32892,
C-36840, C-36841, C-37514, C-41612,
C-42043, C-42360, D-00005, D-03410,
D-09432, D-16576, F-05440, G-00177,
H-35880, L- 33844
FILTERS A-06220, A-09686, A-10749,
A-14945, A-15599, A-20652, A-24285,
A-29661, A-35168, A-39462, A-40583,
A-42726, A-43271, B-00107, B-03125,
B-03754, B-08562, B-09798, B-10558,
B-15208, B-21324, B-22492, B-22520,
B-25033, B-25334, B-25470, B-25781,
B-26532, B-26600, B-29664, B-30124,
B-32248, B-32319, B-32760, B-33403,
B-33628, B-34025, B-34313, B-35035,
B-35476, B-35478, B-35540, B-38614,
B-41544, B-42131, C-00855, C-01249,
C-03034, C-03770, C-05243, C-05977,
C-06072, C-06112, C-08130, C-08145,
C-10556, C-11042, C-19313, C-19501,
C-25793, C-26145, C-26955, C-27556,
C-27829, C-28621, C-29595, C-31258,
C-31304, C-31933, C-32058, C-32474,
C-32718, C-32892, C-33255, C-34106,
C-34407, C-36588, C-36840, C-36841,
C-37514, C-37693, C-41612, C-41908,
C-42043, C-42139, C-42360, C-42437,
C-43448, C-45587, D-00005, D-01355,
D-03410, D-05260, D-09432, D-10612,
D-10756, D-11028, D-16576, D-28097,
D-31332, D-32350, D-34933, D-36562,
D-42247, F-05440, G-00177, G-03086,
G-31040, H-24947, H-35880, 1-00305,
K-33107, L-23562, L-32884, L-33844,
L-37392, N-09780
FINLAND G-41717
FIRING METHODS! A-05067, A-10749,
A-26763, A-27249, A-30067, A-30604,
A-33378, A-34774, A-38819, A-41738,
A-44464, A-45092, B-14604, B-28699,
B-31819, B-3L825, B-32938, B-35018,
B-35476, 8-3(5081, B-37042, B-37195,
B-40411, B-42300, B-43333, F-08207,
G-35568, L-09009, N-28088
FLAME AFTERBURNERS A-22825,
A-28560, A-31324, A-40677, B-20844,
B-24722, B-24813, B-25894, B-30229,
B-33366, B-33388, B-33403, B-34025,
B-34035, B-33018, B-36523, B-36721,
B-37116, B-37275, B-37938, B-38287,
B-39333, B-404U, B-40785, B-41608,
B-44341, 1-32921, L-07952, L-09009,
L-28869, N-OJ780
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
A-05067, A-09355, A-23789, A-29516,
A-40947, B-31690, C-01230, C-06112,
C-19276, C-23596, C-29595, C-32829,
C-41719, D-44330, F-07451
FLAX G-00708, G-00808, G-00810,
G-00821, G-00993, G-01756, G-01812,
G-03286
FLORIDA L-26442
FLOUR PROCESSING G-34092
FLOW RATES A-06220, A-12751,
B-22520, B-31604, B-32392, B-34740,
B-35223, B-3S352, B-36145, B-36578,
B-43515, C-01249, C-08145, C-21862,
C-25793, C-27829, C-35494, C-37689,
C-37693, C-3«165, C-39069, C-44165,
D-01089, D-01355, D-19433, E-44813,
F-03525, F-08207, F-19823, G-04877
FLOWERS H-08884, H-41891, J-21749
FLOWMETERS G-30198
FLUID FLOW A-O6220, A-12751, B-22520,
B-31604, B-32392, B-34740, B-35223,
B-35352, B-36145, B-36578, B-37042,
B-43515, C-011249, C-08145, C-21862,
C-25793, C-27829, C-35494, C-37689,
C-37693, C-38165, C-39069, C-44165,
D-01089, D-01355, D-19433, E-44813,
F-03525, F-08207, F-19823, G-04877
FLUORANTHENES A-05067, C-26707,
C-27294, C-32058, D-25107, F-00058,
G-40688
FLUORENES F-00058
FLUORESCENCE C-17048, C-19501,
C-23571, C-2'i015, C-29595, C-32058,
C-32718,C-32829,C-33055,C-34106,
C-34407, C-37175, C-38778, C-40407,
C-40724, C-41016, C-42437, C-43448,
C-43763, C-44479, D-29152, D-42122,
D-44059, F-«>745, F-42772, G-00375
FLUORIDES A-23561, A-27595, A-29786,
A-34018, A-3.5078, A-45145, C-09333,
C-230%, C-2:i657, C-26274, C-26707,
C-27294, C-3M76, C-38670, C-39762,
C-41719, C-4I763, D-03410, D-05167,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
401
D-16345, D-32350, F-06648, F-34948,
G-00375, G-24603, G-32608, G-43277,
H-08884, H-11157, H-11452, H-19604,
H-26055, H-26092, H-32291, H-32736,
H-38332, H-42857, H-42924, 1-00305,
J-30696, K-06734, K-08420, K-34063,
K-34377, K-36823, L-32789, L-33495,
L-35795, L-38669, N-04212, N-17260
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
F-06648, G-34851
FLUORINE A-06351, A-31315, A-37190,
A-37721, C-09476, C-09983, C-11626,
C-38670, C-41763, C-42928, D-31396,
G-07162, G-13159, G-38616, G-39833,
H-35880, H-39328, K-06734, K-33107,
K-34063, K-42039, K-44377, L-25542,
L-30620, L-32884, L-35795, L-38669,
L-42873, N-14772
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-23561,
A-27595, A-29786, A-34018, A-35078,
A-37721, A-42676, A-45145, C-06112,
C-09333, C-09476, C-230%, C-23657,
C-26274, C-26707, C-27294, C-32476,
C-32534, C-38670, C-39136, C-39516,
C-39762, C-41719, C-41763, D-03410,
D-05167, D-16345, D-28097, D-32350,
D-33576, E-29910, F-06648, F-34948,
G-00375, G-24603, G-32608, G-38616,
G-38721, G-43277, H-08884, H-11157,
H-11452, H-19604, H-26055, H-26092,
H-32291, H-32736, H-35880, H-38332,
H-40368, H-42857, H-42924, H-43226,
1-00305, J-30696, K-02580, K-06734,
K-08420, K-34063, K-34377, K-36823,
K-38197, K-41682, K-44377, L-17472,
L-23562, L-32789, L-33495, L-35795,
L-38669, N-04212, N-17260
FLUOROSIS H-08884, H-26092, H-32291,
H-42857, H-43226
FLY ASH A-05067, A-09686, A-26441,
A-30428, A-31632, A-34774, A-39462,
B-OOI07, B-07606, B-09798, B-10558,
B-25470, B-34025, B-35476, B-37222,
C-25535, C-26274, D-05260, D-24351,
D-32055, F-34297, G-00642, G-03086,
G-07162, G-12038, H-11157, H-11467,
H-37977, H-38332, L-00311, N-09780
FOG A-41145, B-44283, D-10634, E-00834,
E-24109, E-24570, E-29445, E-32155,
1-02176, N-04212
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-03279, A-09686, A-34018, A-39367,
A-39462, B-32036, B-44853, G-34092,
J-30696, N-04052
FOODS A-03279, A-18510, A-25417,
A-26552, A-30674, A-31313, A-32035,
A-32748, A-37190, A-40314, B-32036,
B-32424, C-00125, C-26955, C-44210,
D-270%, D-36195, G-00642, G-03283,
G-03287, G-05002, G-05541, G-08566,
G-10434, G-13159, G-15703, G-19881,
G-27084, G-28834, G-31528, G-33779,
G-33910, G-34943, G-34947, G-35568,
G-35714, G-35792, G-35811, G-36765,
G-37420, G-37788, G-38579, G-38580,
G-39095, G-39989, G-40355, G-41895,
G-42757, G-44381, H-14786, H-18481,
H-24947, H-27386, H-31185, H-32291,
H-32736, H-33201, H-33364, H-33922,
H-361%, H-36991, H-37977, H-39407,
H-39408, H-40024, H-40368, H-41893,
H-42924, L-07952
FORESTS A-37190, D-00974, H-39409
FORMALDEHYDES A-05067, A-15599,
A-23561, A-35957, C-09333, C-09983,
C-26707, C-27294, C-32476, C-38670,
D-10634, D-30860, D-34008, F-39901,
G-00177, K-02580, K-08803
FORMIC ACID A-37190, F-06648
FRACTIONATION A-15295, A-35065,
F-44164
FRANCE B-00899, B-03337, B-22436,
B-26243, B-28108, B-35112, B-35303,
B-37275, B-42166, B-44283, C-19276,
C-26467, D-06788, D-07649, D-08568,
D-08821, D-10554, D-16684, D-43693,
D-45218, E-29946, F-17585, G-11462,
G-13159, G-18515, G-28205, G-29286,
G-32216, G-37731, G-39863, G-40485,
G-40688, G-44254, J-03288, K-42118,
L-03536, L-32462, L-40486, L-44376,
N-17260
FREE RADICALS B-05300
FREEZING C-06643
FRUITS F-13461, G-31528, H-07742,
H-14489, H-20062, H-25878, H-27489,
H-30225, H-33201, H-35410, H-35880,
H-40368, H-44071, J-21749
FUEL ADDITIVES A-02636, A-04460,
A-09355, A-14459, A-14461, A-17339,
A-20545, A-21109, A-22976, A-23058,
A-23280, A-23789, A-24156, A-24281,
A-24718, A-24829, A-25295, A-25581,
A-26100, A-26134, A-26191, A-26552,
A-26763, A-26891, A-27249, A-27272,
A-27458, A-27595, A-28336, A-28394,
A-28560, A-28873, A-29127, A-29364,
A-29516, A-29782, A-29786, A-29872,
A-30027, A-30067, A-30604, A-30674,
A-31085, A-31088, A-31133, A-31136,
A-31324, A-31520, A-31525, A-315%,
A-31934, A-32523, A-32875, A-33350,
A-33365, A-33378, A-33626, A-33667,
A-34031, A-34040, A-34177, A-34341,
A-35123, A-35199, A-35353, A-35477,
A-35481, A-35818, A-35919, A-36080,
A-36082, A-36083, A-36084, A-36527,
A-36541, A-36664, A-37176, A-37312,
A-37372, A-37648, A-38330, A-38331,
A-38522, A-38759, A-39035, A-39610,
A-39754, A-40455, A-40677, A-40759,
A-40776, A-41518, A-41738, A-41959,
A-42791, A-43346, A-44821, A-45136,
B-01484, B-05300, B-14604, B-1%37,
B-19710, B-20735, B-20740, B-20844,
B-21303, B-21719, B-22414, B-23923,
B-24184, B-24186, B-24696, B-24813,
B-25096, B-25155, B-25301, B-25894,
B-26269, B-27371, B-27503, B-28059,
B-28060, B-29126, B-29414, B-29531,
B-29656, B-29898, B-30010, B-30154,
B-30498, B-30944, B-30950, B-31221,
B-31314, B-31341, B-31364, B-31441,
B-31496, B-31519, B-31604, B-32036,
B-32355, B-32424, B-32822, B-33366,
B-33386, B-33388, B-33403, B-33542,
B-33550, B-33628, B-33657, B-33741,
B-33932, B-33994, B-34025, B-34457,
B-34536, B-34611, B-34846, B-35018,
B-35080, B-35112, B-35476, B-35535,
B-35688, B-35816, B-36144, B-36145,
B-36453, B-36578, B-36721, B-37150,
B-37173, B-37195, B-37234, B-37408,
B-37468, B-37619, B-37845, B-39492,
B-40723, B-40785, B-41112, B-41608,
B-41793, B-42166, B-42300, B-42702,
B-42817, B-42819, B-42829, B-42886,
B-43333, B-43575, B^4614, B-44882,
C-27681, C-28755, C-29419, C-29810,
C-43587, D-04646, D-05277, D-08275,
D-23658, D-270%, D-27174, D-28369,
D-29647, D-32350, D-35861, D-36820,
E-30676, E-31895, E-35264, F-05440,
F-09745, F-14995, F-28908, F-40387,
F-41787, F-44032, G-10856, G-14492,
G-22222, G-24877, G-25328, G-29286,
G-29789, G-29825, G-30156, G-30671,
G-30672, G-30831, G-31228, G-31491,
G-31517, G-31537, G-31899, G-32613,
G-33607, G-33779, G-34059, G-34436,
G-34649, G-36354, G-37420, G-37788,
G-37933, G-38579, G-38867, G-40485,
G-42091, G-44867, H-30921, H-33364,
H-36197, H-36611, 1-32921, 1-36051,
J-22358, J-26765, J-30329, J-31518,
J-32241, J-34828, J-35391, J-36592,
J-37409, J-37734, J-38624, K-30035,
K-33730, K-36346, L-03536, L-11204,
L-22583, L-28397, L-28869, L-30908,
L-31454, L-33740, L-36030, L-37423,
L-37521, L-37560, L-38757, L-40486,
L-41289, L-41703, L-42016, L-42041,
M-29432, N-06992, N-37225
FUEL CELLS A-30976, B-34457, L-07952
FUEL CHARGING A-33378, A-44464,
B-35018, B-36081, B-40411
FUEL CRITERIA A-30001, A-36527,
A-40455, B-32424, B-33932, B-39404,
J-38624, K-33730, L-37717
FUEL EVAPORATION A-01565, A-01624,
A-02636, A-08972, A-16156, A-17304,
A-17339, A-17365, A-22941, A-22976,
A-23789, A-26100, A-26191, A-26763,
A-32621, A-32875, A-34018, A-34350,
A-36083, A-39610, A-40776, A-42212,
A-42377, B-01484, B-17906, B-18053,
B-19637, B-20735, B-20844, B-21762,
B-22436, B-23697, B-27503, B-28699,
B-30944, B-31364, B-31819, B-32355,
B-33550, B-36145, B-36721, B-39492,
B-40411, B-41112, B-44003, B-44470,
G-21423, K-11746, K-30069, L-00311,
L-081%, L-24757, L-32462, N-20548
FUEL GASES A-05171, A-22941, A-24080,
A-27249, A-31133, A-33087, A-34774,
A-35052, A-35484, A-37166, A-38543,
A-39367, A-42377, A-43346, A-44464,
B-00107, B-03337, B-1%37, B-19725,
B-28699, B-28730, B-30154, B-314%,
B-33932, B-36721, B-42330, B-44750,
D-05260, D-32055, G-19940, H-08884,
J-31720, J-39941, K-34063, L-11204,
L-16200, L-32884, L-33844, L-35151,
L-35795, L-44499
FUEL OIL PREPARATION A-24080,
A-29127, A-31934, A-35199, A-37166,
A-38331, A-39067, B-24186, B-30154,
B-31341, B-34846, J-34970, K-30035,
L-42873, N-09780
FUEL OILS A-08972, A-18211, A-27180,
A-29127, A-29786, A-30428, A-31136,
A-31315, A-34774, A-35052, A-35481,
A-36083, A-36623, A-37166, A-38022,
A-38891, A-39067, A-43346, B-00107,
B-09798, B-20735, B-20844, B-21719,
B-28060, B-28108, B-30498, B-31364,
B-33932, B-34611, B-39333, B-44660,
C-09333, C-32718, C-33178, C-43763,
D-05260, D-08591, D-21015, D-24351,
D-27188, D-27672, D-28629, D-31325,
D-32055, D-35025, D-37191, D-40997,
E-00834, E-24109, G-31528, G-34092,
G-45159, H-21794, H-36196, H-40368,
J-31518, J-31720, K-34063, L-23608,
L-29421, L-30152, L-32884, L-35151,
L-44325, L-44499, M-01073, N-04212,
N-20548
-------
402
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
FUEL STANDARDS A-23280, A-31934,
A-32447, A-32523, A-33350, A-33667,
A-34177, A-34341, A-36527, A-36541,
A-36664, A-38331, B-19710, B-25096,
B-32424, B-33628, B-33932, B-37195,
B-37234, B-42330, D-36820, J-27968,
K-33107, K-33730, K-38758, L-22583,
L-247S7, L-32884, L-35795, L-36030,
L-37392, L-37423, L-37717, L-38757,
L-40520, L-42016, L-42169, L-42873,
L-44325, L-44376, M-01073, N-09780,
N-37225
FUEL TANK EVAPORATION A-01565,
A-02636, A-08972, A-17304, A-17365,
A-22941, A-22976, A-26191, A-42377,
B-17906, B-18053, B-1%37, B-20844,
B-21762, G-21423, L-00311, N-20548
FUELS A-02636, A-TO278, A-04460,
A-05067, A-05171, A-06351, A-08039,
A-08972, A-09355, A-09686, A-14461,
A-14462, A-17339, A-18211, A-20545,
A-22825, A-22941, A-22976, A-23239,
A-23280, A-23316, A-23789, A-24080,
A-24281, A-24718, A-24829, A-25295,
A-26100, A-26134, A-26191, A-26441,
A-26454, A-26891, A-27180, A-27249,
A-27272, A-27458, A-27595, A-27858,
A-28336, A-28394, A-28560, A-29127,
A-29364, A-29782, A-29786, A-29872,
A-29936, A-30001, A-30027, A-30067,
A-30428, A-30674, A-31085, A-31088,
A-31133, A-31136, A-31315, A-31324,
A-31520, A-31525, A-315%, A-31649,
A-31934, A-32447, A-32523, A-32875,
A-33087, A-33350, A-33365, A-33378,
A-33626, A-33667, A-34018, A-34031,
A-34040, A-34177, A-34341, A-34350,
A-34442, A-34774, A-35050, A-35052,
A-35123, A-35199, A-35353, A-35477,
A-35481, A-35484, A-35788, A-35818,
A-35919, A-35953, A-36006, A-36080,
A-36082, A-36083, A-36084, A-36527,
A-36535, A-36541, A-36623, A-36664,
A-37015, A-37166, A-37312, A-37372,
A-38022, A-38330, A-38331, A-38522,
A-38543, A-38625, A-38759, A-38819,
A-38891, A-3903S, A-39067, A-39152,
A-39367, A-39462, A-39603, A-39609,
A-39610, A-39754, A-40455, A-40677,
A-40776, A-40947, A-41518, A-41604,
A-41654, A-41738, A-41959, A-42080,
A-42377, A-42679, A-42791, A-42980,
A-43271, A-43346, A-43966, A-44252,
A-44464, A-44682, A-44821, A-45136,
B-00107, B-00899, B-01484, B-01851,
B-03232, B-03337, B-05214, B-05300,
B-09798, B-18053, B-19637, B-19710,
B-19725, B-20735, B-20844, B-21719,
B-21762, B-22414, B-22436, B-22834,
B-22890, B-23697, B-23923, B-24182,
B-24184, B-24186, B-246%, B-24813,
B-250%, B-25155, B-25301, B-25894,
B-27503, B-27850, B-28059, B-28060,
B-28108, B-28699, B-28730, B-28860,
B-28865, B-29126, B-29414, B-29531,
B-29605, B-29625, B-29628, B-29898,
B-30010, B-30154, B-30498, B-30633,
B-31221, B-31314, B-31341, B-31364,
B-31441, B-31496, B-31519, B-31819,
B-31825, B-32036, B-32248, B-32260,
B-32355, B-32424, B-32822, B-33366,
B-33386, B-33388, B-33403, B-33542,
B-33550, B-33628, B-33657, B-33741,
B-33932, B-34025, B-34035, B-34457,
B-34536, B-34611, B-34846, B-35018,
B-35080, B-35112, B-35223, B-35476,
B-35535, B-35688, B-35778, B-35816,
B-35821, B-36081, B-36144, B-36145,
B-36453, B-36523, B-36721, B-37042,
B-?7UC B-J7173, B-37195, B-37234,
B-W?<. .,-57408, B-37468, B-37619,
B-37845, B-J793o, 2-38287, ^ 39333,
B-39404, B-59492, B-40785, B-41112,
B-41608, B-41793, B-42166, B-42290,
B-42300, B-42330, B-42702, B-42817,
B-42819, B-42829, B-42886, B-43333,
B-43575, B-44470, B-44473, B-44614,
B-44660, B-44750, B-44882, B-44906,
C-01230, C-06112, C-08130, C-09333,
C-17771, C-18302, C-21948, C-230%,
C-23571, C-:3596, C-24119, C-24719,
C-25013, C-:>6336, C-26467, C-27681,
C-29133, C-;»419, C-29810, C-30635,
C-30786, C-'.I2718, C-33178, C-40407,
C-42160, C-43763, C-44129, C-44165,
C-45235, D-00005, D-03410, D-04646,
D-05260, D-05551, D-06788, D-08275,
D-08438, D-08591, D-12099, D-21015,
D-23658, D-24351, D-27174, D-27188,
D-27621, D-:!7672, D-28369, D-28629,
D-29647, D-:t0182, D-31325, D-31396,
D-32055, D-'.S2350, D-35025, D-35861,
D-35940, D-:i6820, D-37026, D-37191,
D-40716, D-40997, D-42122, D-43962,
E-00834, E-24109, E-30676, F-03799,
F-05440, F-08207, F-09745, F-14995,
F-40387, F-41787, F-44032, F-45295,
G-00076, G-(I0177, G-01341, G-05002,
G-10856, G-12038, G-14492, G-16820,
G-19304, G-19940, G-24603, G-24877,
G-25328, G-27490, G-28171, G-29286,
G-29493, G-29825, G-30156, G-30328,
G-30671, G-30672, G-30831, G-31228,
G-31491, G-31517, G-31528, G-31537,
G-33779, G-34059, G-34092, G-34406,
G-34436, G-34649, G-35118, G-35811,
G-36354, G-37119, G-37180, G-37420,
G-38579, G-38867, G-39161, G-39193,
G-40295, G-40485, G-41097, G-41847,
G-42091, G-42881, G-44508, G-446%,
G-45159, G-45288, H-08884, H-17218,
H-19620, H-21794, H-23581, H-36196,
H-36197, H-36611, H-40368, 1-32921,
1-36051, J-03:!88, J-03289, J-22358,
J-27968, J-30329, J-306%, J-31518,
J-31720, J-32:>41, J-34370, J-34828,
J-34970, J-35:i91, J-36592, J-37409,
J-37734, J-38624, J-39941, J-42721,
K-03956, K-09259, K-11746, K-18294,
K-24107, K-30035, K-33107, K-33730,
K-34063, K-34377, K-38197, K-38758,
K-41682, K-44310, L-00311, L-08196,
L-09009, L-11204, L-16200, L-23562,
L-23608, L-24757, L-28066, L-28099,
L-28397, L-2SH21, L-30152, L-30908,
L-31454, L-32789, L-32884, L-33740,
L-33844, L-34033, L-35151, L-35795,
L-36030, L-3<«77, L-37193, L-37392,
L-37423, L-3"521, L-37717, L-38757,
L-40486, L-4C520, L-41289, L-41703,
L-42041, L-42169, L-44219, L-44325,
L-44376, L-44499, M-01073, M-33904,
N-04052, N-04212, N-04649, N-06992,
N-09780, N-1IS005, N-20548, N-28088,
N-37225
FUMES A-06220, A-13524, A-31525,
A-35168, A-35957, A-40583, A-43271,
B-00107, B-03125, B-03754, B-09798,
B-17906, B-24553, B-25334, B-25781,
B-26532, B-26500, B-28172, B-31317,
B-32633, C-05977, C-08130, C-09333,
C-14758, C-25793, C-26145, C-26698,
C-27556, C-28017, C-32975, C-36840,
D-07198, D-32055, F-10599, G-00705,
G-00810, G-00902, G-03282, G-041%,
G-04877, G-06704, G-09408, G-24081,
G-31452, G-34092, G-34951, G-38721,
G-45293, H-11467, H-36197, H-37912,
H-42857, J-39956, K-06778, K-20121,
L-00311, L-08196, L-17927, L-23234
FUMIGATION E-05713, H-08884
FUNGI G-00375, N-43824
FURNACES A-05067, A-06220, A-09686,
A-10749, A-13524, A-20652, A-26441,
A-33087, A-34018, A-35224, A-39462,
A-40583, A-42726, A-43346, B-00107,
B-03232, B-03754, B-06493, B-07606,
B-08562, B-09798, B-15208, B-22492,
B-22520, B-24553, B-25334, B-25470,
B-25781, B-30633, B-32248, B-32319,
B-32760, B-34071, B-35303, B-35342,
B-39272, B-43.515, B-43937, B-44742,
C-41968, D-21015, D-32055, D-37320,
D-40574, G-00375, K-14443, K-34063,
K-34377, K-36823, L-00311, L-17927,
L-23562, L-30620, L-32789
GAMMA RADIATION B-05214, C-40631,
C-43763, C-44210, D-24316, D-25758,
D-31332, D-34805, D-42742, D-43558,
E-24549, F-13451, G-07169
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-05067,
A-09355, A-23789, A-29516, A-29936,
A-40947, A-43966, B-27371, B-30717,
B-31690, C-01230, C-06112, C-09333,
C-09953, C-16123, C-19276, C-23596,
C-26505, C-28126, C-29595, C-30635,
C-32058, C-32534, C-32829, C-38670,
C-39069, C-41719, D-08438, D-25055,
D-29744, D-36909, D-40716, D-41664,
D-44330, F-07451, G-00177
GAS SAMPLING A-09355, A-13524,
A-28873, A-37176, B-27371, B-31604,
C-06072, C-06112, C-09333, C-12993,
C-16123, C-24644, C-26275, C-27358,
C-32476, C-32718, D-00985, D-01673,
D-08438, D-08568, D-09240, D-32912,
D-36562, D-42742, E-44999, G-00902,
K-08420, N-03674
GAS TURBINES A-20927, A-24996,
A-26763, A-27249, A-28560, A-30604,
A-32621, A-33087, A-39603, A-45092,
B-09231, B-23923, B-28699, B-30944,
B-32355, B-33366, B-34457, B-39492,
B-42166, B-44882, 1-31377, N-08273
GASES A-24080, A-28873, A-31133,
A-35052, A-35484, A-40583, A^»2377,
A-44464, B-03337, B-28172, B-28699,
B-28730, B-30154, B-314%, B-33932,
B-35816, B-36721, B-37173, C-17048,
C-29595, D-00005, D-22829, D-35861,
E-29688, G-07162, G-24314, G-29588,
1-22128, L-35151
GASOLINES A-02636, A-03278, A-04460,
A-05171, A-08972, A-09355, A-14461,
A-14462, A-173'59, A-18211, A-22825,
A-22941, A-22976, A-23280, A-23316,
A-23789, A-24080, A-24281, A-24718,
A-24829, A-25295, A-26100, A-26134,
A-26191, A-26454, A-26891, A-27180,
A-27272, A-274S8, A-27858, A-28336,
A-28394, A-28560, A-29127, A-29782,
A-29872, A-29936, A-30001, A-30027,
A-30067, A-30428, A-30674, A-31085,
A-31088, A-31133, A-31136, A-31324,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
403
A-31520, A-31525, A-315%, A-31649,
A-31934, A-32447, A-32523, A-32875,
A-33350, A-33365, A-33378, A-33626,
A-33667, A-34018, A-34031, A-34040,
A-34177, A-34341, A-34350, A-34442,
A-35050, A-35123, A-35199, A-35353,
A-35477, A-35481, A-35484, A-35818,
A-35919, A-35953, A-36006, A-36080,
A-36082, A-36083, A-36084, A-36527,
A-36535, A-36541, A-36623, A-36664,
A-37015, A-37312, A-37372, A-38022,
A-38330, A-38331, A-38522, A-38543,
A-38759, A-38891, A-39035, A-39067,
A-39152, A-39609, A-3%10, A-39754,
A-40455, A-40677, A-40776, A-40947,
A-41518, A-41604, A-41654, A-41738,
A-41959, A-42080, A-42377, A-42679,
A-42791, A-42980, A-43346, A-43966,
A-44252, A-44464, A-44682, A-44821,
A-45136, B-00899, B-01484, B-01851,
B-05214, B-05300, B-18053, B-1%37,
B-19710, B-20735, B-20844, B-21719,
B-21762, B-22414, B-22436, B-22834,
B-23697, B-23923, B-24182, B-24184,
B-24186, B-246%, B-24813, B-250%,
B-25155, B-25301, B-25894, B-27503,
B-27850, B-280S9, B-28108, B-28865,
B-29126, B-29414, B-29531, B-29625,
B-29628, B-30010, B-30154, B-31221,
B-31314, B-31341, B-31364, B-31441,
B-314%, B-31519, B-31819, B-31825,
B-32036, B-32355, B-32424, B-32822,
B-33386, B-33388, B-33403, B-33542,
B-33550, B-33628, B-33657, B-33741,
B-33932, B-34035, B-34457, B-34536,
B-34846, B-35018, B-35080, B-35112,
B-35223, B-35535, B-35688, B-35778,
B-35816, B-35821, B-36081, B-36144,
B-36145, B-364S3, B-36523, B-36721,
B-37042, B-37150, B-37173, B-37195,
B-37234, B-37275, B-37408, B-37468,
B-37619, B-37845, B-37938, B-38287,
B-39333, B-39404, B-39492, B-40785,
B-41112, B-41608, B-41793, B-42166,
B-42290, B-42300, B-42330, B-42702,
B-42817, B-42819, B^t2829, B-42886,
B-43333, B-43575, B-44470, B-44473,
B-44614, B-44882, B-44906, C-01230,
C-17771, C-18302, C-21948, C-23571,
C-23596, C-24119, C-24719, C-25013,
C-26336, C-26467, C-27681, C-29133,
C-29419, C-29810, C-30635, C-30786,
C-40407, C-42160, C-44129, C-44165,
C-45235, D-04646, D-05260, D-OS551,
D-08275, D-08438, D-08591, D-12099,
D-23658, D-27174, D-28369, D-29647,
D-32350, D-35861, D-36820, D-40716,
E-00834, E-24109, E-30676, F-05440,
F-08207, F-09745, F-40387, F-41787,
F-44032, G-00076, G-00177, G-01341,
G-05002, G-10856, G-14492, G-19304,
G-19940, G-24877, G-25328, G-27490,
G-28171, G-29286, G-29493, G-29825,
G-30156, G-30328, G-30671, G-30672,
G-30831, G-31228, G-31491, G-31517,
G-31537, G-33779, G-34059, G-34092,
G-34406, G-34436, G-34649, G-35118,
G-35811, G-36354, G-37119, G-37180,
G-37420, G-38579, G-38867, G-39161,
G-39193, G-40295, G-40485, G-41097,
G-42091, G-42881, G-44508, G-45159,
G-45288, H-17218, H-21794, H-36197,
H-36611, 1-32921, 1-36051, J-03288,
J-03289, J-22358, J-27968, J-30329,
J-31518, J-31720, J-32241, J-34370,
J-34828, J-34970, J-35391, J-36592,
J-37409, J-37734, J-38624, J-39941,
J-42721, K-03956, K-11746, K-18294,
K-24107, K-30035, K-33730, K-38758,
K-41682, L-08196, L-09009, L-11204,
L-24757, L-28066, L-28099, L-28397,
L-30152, L-30908, L-31454, L-33740,
L-34033, L-35151, L-36030, L-36877,
L-37193, L-37392, L-37423, L-37521,
L-37717, L-38757, L-40486, L-40520,
L-41289, L-41703, L-42041, L-42169,
L-44219, L-44325, L-44376, M-01073,
M-33904, N-04052, N-06992, N-37225
GENETICS G-26477, G-34914, G-44364,
H-26055
GEORGIA D-19144
GERMANY A-09393, A-17778, A-25125,
A-26552, A-28336, A-28394, A-28560,
A-29096, A-29516, A-29782, A-29786,
A-30001, A-30604, A-30976, A-31395,
A-32447, A-33667, A-34341, A-34350,
A-35078, A-35953, A-36082, A-36527,
A-36541, A-37015, A-37190, A-37648,
A-38330, A-38331, A-38522, A-38759,
A-39152, A-40759, A-40981, A-41738,
A-44227, A-44821, B-10558, B-20740,
B-25033, B-28059, B-28060, B-29414,
B-30010, B-32760, B-33628, B-33741,
B-34611, B-35018, B-35703, B-37234,
B-37408, B-37750, B-37938, B-38287,
B-38727, C-05456, C-10556, C-10561,
C-13122, C-15563, C-15734, C-16367,
C-22927, C-26274, C-29133, C-29512,
C-33178, C-39168, C-39762, C-42312,
D-08502, D-09726, D-10554, D-14762,
D-15573, D-15575, D-15789, D-15823,
D-25089, D-28369, D-29515, D-30858,
D-313%, D-32945, D-34008, E-37953,
F-05440, F-11570, F-13879, F-15413,
F-15618, F-34297, G-09019, G-09261,
G-10856, G-12070, G-21266, G-21423,
G-22222, G-23876, G-23887, G-24573,
G-25068, G-26931, G-30000, G-30156,
G-31303, G-31319, G-31491, G-31%2,
G-32218, G-32484, G-33052, G-33778,
G-33779, G-34175, G-36740, G-37229,
G-37685, G-37933, G-37964, G-38869,
G-39161, G-39503, G-40295, G-40492,
G-41368, G-41737, G-42698, G-44176,
G-44251, G-44294, G-44508, G-44746,
G-45159, G-451%, H-11452, H-11467,
H-23581, H-24788, H-30225, H-31010,
H-32224, H-32335, H-36611, H-38332,
H-38743, H-39328, H-40024, H-43511,
1-31377, 1-33802, J-27968, K-08803,
K-09259, K-14443, K-22223, K-30069,
L-00311, L-02635, L-07952, L-17472,
L-24467, L-24757, L-25542, L-28066,
L-28397, L-30908, L-31454, L-31957,
L-32462, L-33740, L-33844, L-37193,
L-37392, L-37560, L-41703, L-42016,
L-42169, L-42873, L-44219, L-44376,
N-37225
GLADIOLI H-08884
GLANDS G-03897, G-09486, G-12075,
G-12984, G-16810, G-34837, G-35055,
G-36747, G-37028, G-40312, G-41695,
H-11452, H-28105, H-35209
GLASS FABRICS A-09686, A-29661,
B-00107, B-03754, B-09798, B-29664,
B-32319, C-01249, C-08145, C-10556,
C-19313, C-26145, C-27556, C-28621,
C-31304, C-31933, C-32718, C-32892,
C-36840, C-36841, C-37514, C-41612,
C-42043, C-42360, D-00005, D-03410,
D-09432, D-16576, F-05440, H-35880
GLUE MANUFACTURING A-34018
GOATS H-32291, H-39407, H-43226
GOVERNMENTS A-01868, A-27943,
A-31136, A-32447, A-34442, A-39367,
A-40455, A-40981, B-00107, B-18053,
B-29628, B-32424, B-44283, D-00005,
D-03410, D-03441, D-28097, D-30860,
D-32055, G-25705, G-31528, G-34059,
G-35714, J-27968, J-37409, K-03007,
K-06778, K-08420, K-19750, K-33107,
K-36346, K-42039, K-43312, K-44310,
L-08725, L-17927, L-22583, L-23234,
L-24467, L-25288, L-27664, L-28349,
L-28397, L-28869, L-29421, L-29888,
L-30908, L-31454, L-32865, L-32884,
L-33495, L-33740, L-35461, L-36877,
L-37193, L-37423, L-37521, L-38669,
L-41557, L-42169, L-44044, L-44499,
M-29432, N-08273, N-14772
GRAIN PROCESSING A-39462, B-44853,
J-306%
GRANTS L-35461
GRAPES H-30225
GRAPHITE C-08130, C-10528, C-29464
GRASSES A-30428, A-32748, A-34018,
C-21948, C-30113, C-45235, G-00375,
G-17214, H-09448, H-11467, H-14786,
H-17215, H-17217, H-17218, H-20237,
H-30931, H-31010, H-31185, H-32736,
H-33362, H-33985, H-36197, H-36611,
H-37912, H-41891, H-41892, H-43721
GRAVITY SETTLING A-09686, E-35207
GREAT BRITAIN A-02636, A-09393,
A-14135, A-15769, A-18211, A-18510,
A-22976, A-24080, A-29127, A-29872,
A-31085, A-31323, A-35398, A-36082,
A-36623, A-41945, A-42679, A-43346,
A-44821, B-21303, B-25334, B-26600,
B-27503, B-28699, B-30633, B-31690,
B-35476, B-36081, B-36721, B-42330,
B-44283, C-29297, C-30113, C-42775,
C-43737, D-00985, D-03526, D-08279,
D-10554, E-03841, E-38666, F-09578,
F-13705, F-14743, F-35378, F-35379,
F-39901, G-00375, G-03086, G-07162,
G-07423, G-18503, G-18518, G-20704,
G-24961, G-28256, G-29493, G-31537,
G-32747, G-32787, G-32834, G-34246,
G-34709, G-34832, G-34847, G-34902,
G-34951, G-35377, G-35559, G-36093,
G-36935, G-37023, G-39883, G-40014,
G-41857, G-43559, H-11157, H-19604,
H-31801, H-33985, H-36265, H-37912,
H-37926, H-37977, H-41461, H-41733,
H-43721, H-43782, 1-06355, 1-06357,
K-06778, K-08803, K-33730, L-00311,
L-02635, L-08725, L-17927, L-23562,
L-32462, M-35206, N-04212, N-06992,
N-18005
GREENHOUSES H-01523, H-17216,
H-17217, H-17218, H-17220, H-17681,
H-24947
GROUND LEVEL A-15205, A-34647,
B-09231, C-01249, C-19313, C-33055,
D-01355, D-09240, D-14762, D-21684,
D-21906, D-23864, D-25089, D-25881,
D-27105, D-29918, D-31332, D-32945,
D-33114, D-34805, D-35725, D-36474,
D-37366, D-41520, D-43388, D-43558,
E-01821, E-03841, E-05713, E-24109,
E-24166, E-27116, E-30073, E-33225,
E-36487, E-38666, G-08326, G-33497,
H-32423, L-23562
GUINEA PIGS A-17778, G-00375,
G-00473, G-12038, G-26356, G-33052,
G-33910, G-34832, G-37119, G-38869,
G-39193, G-39863
-------
404
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
H
HALOGEN GASES A-06351, A-0%86,
A-26925, A-31315, A-34018, A-37190,
A-37312, A-37721, A-38625, B-14604,
B-31390, B-33388, B-34536, B-35352,
B-35814, B-37222, C-09476, C-09983,
C-11042, C-11626, C-12993, C-24337,
C-26275, C-28126, C-38670, C-41719,
C-41763, C-42928, D-049%, D-27429,
D-28920, D-31396, D-31775, D-32912,
D-34008, D-43468, E-00834, E-24109,
E-28586, G-07162, G-13159, G-24314,
G-38616, G-39833., H-08884, H-30225,
H-35880, H-39328, 1-03735, 1-32921,
K-06734, K-06778, K-33107, K-34063,
K-42039, K-44377, L-00311, L-25542,
L-30620, L-31957, L-32884, L-35795,
L-38669, L-42873, N-14772
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
C-39136, D-323SO, F-03525, F-06648,
G-13154, G-34851, G-39826, G-44381,
G-44385, H-24667, H-42857, 1-33802,
K-20121, K-41682, K-44310
HAMSTERS G-35219, G-43615
HARBORS C-30635, D-38110, H-25%7,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
HAWAII D-23864, D-28920, D-32350,
D-35725, E-28586, H-27063
HAZE A-23620, A-29096, B-20735,
B-31221, B-35816, D-07198, D-09726,
D-28920, E-28586, E-32155, E-33873,
L-33844
HEADACHE A-35957, G-09486, G-23876,
G-24314, G-30181, G-31351, G-31491,
G-31537, G-35041, G-40435, G-41737,
G-41872, G-43559, L-07952
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-00962,
A-17365, A-27113, A-27272, A-27943,
A-31313, A-32621, A-32875, A-34068,
A-35957, A-39152, B-01484, B-27503,
B-28377, B-31441, B-32355, B-32938,
B-33628, D-00969, D-02750, D-03441,
D-44330, E-30676, E-38666, G-00177,
G-00473, G-00642, G-01757, G-04251,
G-05002, G-05025, G-05475, G-07162,
G-07396, G-07423, G-07551, G-08949,
G-09253, G-11630, G-24314, G-24603,
G-26720, G-26915, G-27084, G-27253,
G-30334, G-30671, G-31228, G-31280,
G-31303, G-31319, G-31491, G-31528,
G-31962, G-32487, G-32624, G-32696,
G-32834, G-33234, G-33778, G-33864,
G-34649, G-34832, G-35041, G-35118,
G-36354, G-37040, G-37942, G-38867,
G-39161, G-40316, G^»0355, G-40485,
G-40634, G-42098, G^4395, G-44433,
G-45196, H-11452, H-11467, H-27063,
K-03007, K-08420, L-02635, L-07952,
L-31957, L-33844, L-38757, N-18005,
N-28088, N-28803
HEALTH STATISTICS D-03441, D-27096,
G-00705, G-00736, G-00740, G-00902,
G-01757, G-05541, G-13625, G-23887,
G-26720, G-26775, G-27085, G-35587,
G-38579, L-08725
HEARINGS B-24696, B-24722, G-25328,
K-06734
HEART F-11570, G-01923, G-06814,
G-10434, G-12075, G-35463, G-38867,
G-44254, G-44385, H-34830, H-35209
HEAT CAPACITY A-35199, B-03337
HEAT OF COMBUSTION A-27249,
A-33365
HEAT TRANSFER A-23561, A-35224,
B-09798, B-:i3657, B-35778, B-36145,
C-06643, C-44210, E-24109, E-29445,
E-40157, F-27348, F-34297
HEMATOLOGY A-00962, A-18510,
A-23058, A-27272, A-27943, A-28862,
A-30513, A-:>1313, A-31324, A-32447,
A-36527, A-39152, A-43776, B-32424,
B-37845, C-(I5977, C-16382, C-27556,
C-33055, C-33338, D-01315, D-06148,
D-08568, 0-1)8821, D-24162, D-24463,
D-28369, D-:)6195, D-44330, F-11582,
F-13451, G-00020, G-00076, G-00473,
G-00597, G-00642, G-00705, G-00808,
G-00810, G-00993, G-01754, G-01755,
G-01756, G-02202, G-03285, G-03635,
G-03893, G-03897, G-04196, G-05002,
G-05025, G-05475, G-05483, G-06151,
G-06177, G-06814, G-06985, G-073%,
G-07551, G-07740, G-07892, G-08326,
G-08381, G-08411, G-09019, G-09253,
G-09408, G-09484, G-09486, G-09493,
G-09535, G-10793, G-10856, G-11462,
G-11580, G-I1808, G-13059, G-13154,
G-14492, G-! 6810, G-17244, G-18503,
G-18549, G-19159, G-19881, G-20287,
G-21259, G-;!1266, G-22637, G-23768,
G-24081, G-:S4961, G-25328, G-26260,
G-26310, G-:i6720, G-26886, G-26915,
G-27253, G-27291, G-27%1, G-28205,
G-29129, G-29256, G-29286, G-29329,
G-29493, G-29663, G-29789, G-29815,
G-29825, G-29958, G-30009, G-30181,
G-30334, G-30672, G-30686, G-31228,
G-31319, G-M351, G-31491, G-31493,
G-31584, G-31899, G-32129, G-32218,
G-32624, G-32696, G-32737, G-32738,
G-32747, G-32749, G-32834, G-32905,
G-33202, G-33374, G-33607, G-33778,
G-33864, G-33903, G-33910, G-34066,
G-34095, G-34246, G-34709, G-34841,
G-34895, G-34902, G-34943, G-35021,
G-35217, G-35387, G-35560, G-35587,
G-36152, G-36354, G-36932, G-36934,
G-36957, G-37023, G-37040, G-37119,
G-37180, G-37297, G-37420, G-37540,
G-37722, G-37788, G-37933, G-37941,
G-37942, G-37964, G-38579, G-38867,
G-38869, G-39095, G-39179, G-39193,
G-39406, G-39621, G-39989, G-40022,
G-40057, G-40295, G-40532, G-41737,
G-41818, G-42098, G-42136, G-42661,
G-42698, G-42716, G-42757, G-42759,
G-42881, G-42884, G-43337, G-43532,
G-44251, G-44254, G-44255, G-44294,
G-44395, G-44746, G-45273, G-45293,
H-10318, H-30931, H-31185, H-33922,
H-34830, H-35234, H-36991, H-39407,
H-43511, J-27968, K-08420, K-11746,
K-16808, K-36346, K-36823, L-25288,
L-33844, L-36877, N-11871, N-20548
HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
SAMPLERS C-01608
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS
G-00705, G-00808, G-00810, G-00993,
G-03635, G-05002, G-07396, G-16810,
G-21266, G-25328, G-28205, G-31228,
G-31491, G-31493, G-32218, G-32624,
G-32747, G-33607, G-34895, G-35021,
G-41737, G-42881, G-42884, G-43532,
G-44254, G-4:5273, K-16808, K-36346,
N-20548
HEPTANES F-05.J40, F-06648, F-09745,
F-41787
HEPTENES G-00177
HERBICIDES H-27111
HERBS H-42715
HEXANES A-05171, A-38331, F-03799,
F-06648, F-08207, F-09578, G-00177,
K-20121
HEXENES F-08207, G-00177
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-29661, A-33710,
B-25301, C-00855, C-10556, C-19313,
C-19501, C-25015, C-25440, C-26848,
C-27075, C-31933, C-34407, C-36588,
C-37608, C-42360, C-43448, D-00974,
D-03410, D-08810, D-09432, D-14762,
D-15573, D-23864, D-25881, D-28528,
D-28620, D-28629, D-28650, D-28653,
D-29655, D-30025, D-30182, D-30326,
D-30656, D-31014, D-32883, D-36009,
D-36288, D-36449, D-36486, D-36688,
D-36820, D-37191, D-37202, D-37320,
D-37369, D-39914, D-41975, D-42122,
D-43962, D-44059, D-44330, E-36487,
E-38118, G-00597, G-24603, G-35041,
K-08420, N-04212
HIGHWAYS A-12624, A-21109, A-22367,
A-30428, A-32035, A-32492, A-33822,
A-35078, A-35953, A-36083, A-41035,
B-19331, B-29898, B-32424, B-41112,
C-26467, C-30593, C-32058, C-39762,
C^5235, D-02750, D-04938, D-06148,
D-08279, D-10612, D-15610, D-16791,
D-16839, D-24414, D-24952, D-26287,
D-27187, D-27257, D-28369, D-28634,
D-28785, D-29647, D-31014, D-31669,
D-31775, D-33114, D-36688, D-37369,
D-37394, D-39535, D-39988, D-40118,
D-40997, D-43693, D-43%2, E-23743,
E-27116, E-30676, E-32158, E-37953,
E-45050, G-05002, G-08326, G-16810,
G-27253, G-29129, G-30009, G-31351,
G-32905, G-37933, G-37942, G-39406,
G-40014, G-40068, G-40355, G-40485,
G-41737, G-44254, G-44433, G-45196,
H-16655, H-17182, H-17216, H-17217,
H-17218, H-17220, H-17225, H-17681,
H-20062, H-21794, H-24788, H-24947,
H-25374, H-25878, H-26055, H-26092,
H-26276, H-27391, H-28289, H-28379,
H-28471, H-28529, H-30424, H-31185,
H-32423, H-33364, H-33922, H-35410,
H-35827, H-36611, H-39204, H-39408,
H-39409, H-40024, H-40368, H-40540,
L-07952, L-30152, L-33844
HOGS G-13159, H-12536, H-40591,
H-43226
HORMONES G-03897, G-09486, G-31491,
G-34837, G-36740, G-36747, G-36935,
G-40312, G-41695, H-08884
HOURLY A-41035, B-28730, D-06148,
D-07198, D-11028, D-15610, D-22829,
D-26054, D-27191, D-27257, D-28178,
D-28634, D-29416, D-29647, D-29744,
D-29918, D-30410, D-30860, D-30892,
D-31669, D-33114, D-33576, D-35489,
D-36474, D-37394, D-39988, D-42122,
E-30073, E-38118, G-29816, G-30671,
G-30672, K-19750, K-44377, L-30620,
L-32789
HOUSTON D-44234, D-44580
HUMANS A-03279, A-17778, A-21069,
A-23058, A-23280, A-25417, A-27113,
A-27272, A-28394, A-29872, A-30513,
A-30674, A-31313, A-31315, A-31323,
A-31324, A-31395, A-32447, A-32621,
A-32875, A-33963, A-33%5, A-34018,
A-34068, A-34341, A-35078, A-35957,
A-37015, A-45145, A-45274, B-01484,
B-28377, B-29414, B-32424, B-35476,
B-37845, C-001Z5, C-15562, C-16382,
C-26274, C-36588, D-01315, D-03441,
D-08275, D-08568, D-08812, D-08821,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
405
D-09240, D-UB80, D-16345, D-':,869, G-44385, G-44433, G-44463, G-44867,
D-27096, D-27174, D-28369, D-2y655, G-45165, G-45273, H-11467, H-18481,
D-31396, D-32055, D-32912, D-36195, H-18520, H-27063, H-32423, H-32736,
D-36503, D-36688, D-41887, D-44330, H-33201, H-35209, H-43511, H-45056,
E-30676, E-38666, F-U570, F-11582, J-27968, K-03007, K-08420, K-11746,
G-00076, G-00177, G-00375, G-00597, K-16808, K-36346, K-38197, L-00311,
G-00662, G-00705, G-00708, G-00736, L-07952, L-08725, L-31957, L-34980,
G-00740, G-00808, G-00810, G-00821, L-36877, L-44325, L-44499, M-35206,
G-00873, G-00902, G-00993, G-01512, N-04212, N-09780, N-11871
G-01754, G-01755, G-01756, G-01757, HUMIDITY A-35078, B-32760, B-37750,
G-01812, G-02191, G-02202, G-03086, B-44283, C-00855, C-26274, C-30360,
G-03281, G-03282, G-03283, G-03284, C-43587, D-00005, D-05277, D-05573,
G-03285, G-03286, G-03287, G-03635, D-08502, D-25635, D-26387, D-26535,
G-03654, G-041%, G-05002, G-05475, D-39988, D-42122, E-06841, E-29699,
G-05483, G-05780, G-06028, G-06151, E-31895, E-40157, E-40164, F-03525,
G-06174, G-06704, G-06814, G-06985, G-00177, G-44087, H-08884, H-11157,
G-07169, G-07423, G-07551, G-07740, H-26055, H-3%90, L-35922, N-11871
G-07892, G-08326, G-08381, G-08566, HYDRAZINES C-0012S
G-08949, G-09019, G-09253, G-09261, HYDROCARBONS A-00%2, A-01565,
G-09408, G-09484, G-09486, G-09535, A-01624, A-01868, A-02636, A-04460,
G-10434, G-10793, G-10856, G-11552, A-05067, A-05171, A-08039, A-08972,
G-11580, G-11630, G-12070, G-12075, A-09210, A-09355, A-09393, A-09686,
G-14156, G-14492, G-15731, G-16810, A-14033, A-14459, A-14461, A-14462,
G-17214, G-18046, G-18503, G-18515, A-15769, A-16156, A-18211, A-19598,
G-18518, G-18549, G-19159, G-19881, A-20545, A-20927, A-22579, A-22825,
G-20287, G-20704, G-20990, G-21266, A-22941, A-22976, A-23250, A-23280,
G-21423, G-21766, G-23582, G-23768, A-23316, A-23561, A-23620, A-24156,
G-23801, G-23876, G-23887, G-24081, A-24829, A-24996, A-25581, A-26100,
G-24192, G-24428, G-24573, G-24603, A-26645, A-26763, A-26925, A-27180,
G-24716, G-24784, G-25068, G-25328, A-27249, A-27272, A-27458, A-27943,
G-26260, G-26310, G-26477, G-26483, A-28560, A-28873, A-29127, A-29516,
G-26528, G-26720, G-26775, G-26883, A-29786, A-29936, A-30027, A-30513,
G-26886, G-26915, G-26931, G-27084, A-30604, A-30759, A-30976, A-31085,
G-27107, G-27253, G-27291, G-27416, A-31315, A-31323, A-31395, A-31596,
G-27801, G-28010, G-28024, G-28205, A-31934, A-32447, A-32621, A-32875,
G-28834, G-29129, G-29286, G-29789, A-33087, A-33169, A-33378, A-33626,
G-29816, G-29825, G-299S8, G-29963, A-33822, A-33%3, A-33965, A-34018,
G-30156, G-30181, G-30198, G-30328, A-34040, A-34177, A-34350, A-34442,
G-30334, G-30355, G-30395, G-30672, A-34774, A-35050, A-35078, A-35123,
G-30686, G-30831, G-31228, G-31303, A-35199, A-35353, A-35477, A-35481,
G-31319, G-31351, G-31442, G-31452, A-35484, A-35818, A-35919, A-35957,
G-31493, G-31524, G-31528, G-31537, A-36084, A-36527, A-36535, A-36541,
G-31584, G-31899, G-31%2, G-32041, A-36623, A-36664, A-37015, A-37176,
G-32129, G-32216, G-32408, G-32484, A-37372, A-38330, A-38331, A-38522,
G-32487, G-32608, G-32613, G-32625, A-38543, A-38625, A-38891, A-39152,
G-326%, G-32735, G-32737, G-32738, A-39367, A-39462, A-39603, A-39610,
G-32747, G-32787, G-32834, G-32905, A-39754, A-40455, A-40677, A-40776,
G-33052, G-33165, G-33202, G-33234, A-40981, A-41035, A-41654, A-41738,
G-33372, G-33374, G-33497, G-33527, A-41945, A-42080, A-42212, A-42377,
G-33605, G-33607, G-33778, G-33864, A-42679, A-42980, A-43346, A-43776,
G-33903, G-33910, G-34059, G-34066, A-43966, A-44227, A-44252, A-44464,
G-34092, G-34095, G-34114, G-34175, A-44682, A-44821, A-45092, A-45136,
G-34246, G-34406, G-34436, G-34649, A-45145, B-00015, B-00063, B-00107,
G-34701, G-34709, G-34738, G-34789, B-01851, B-03337, B-05214, B-05300,
G-34832, G-34837, G-34851, G-34902, B-09231, B-14604, B-17906, B-18053,
G-34947, G-34951, G-35021, G-35041, B-1%37, B-19710, B-19725, B-19808,
G-35055, G-35118, G-35211, G-35217, B-20735, B-20740, B-20844, B-21762,
G-35219, G-35225, G-35377, G-35380, B-22414, B-22436, B-22834, B-22890,
G-35387, G-354J8, G-35463, G-35559, B-23540, B-23697, B-24182, B-24696,
G-35560, G-35568, G-35587, G-35792, B-24722, B-24813, B-25155, B-25894,
G-35811, G-36093, G-36152, G-36207, B-26153, B-26269, B-27371, B-27503,
G-36354, G-36534, G-36551, G-36747, B-27824, B-27876, B-28286, B-28377,
G-36932, G-36957, G-36964, G-37023, B-28699, B-28730, B-28865, B-29126,
G-37028, G-37119, G-37297, G-37420, B-29414, B-29605, B-29625, B-29898,
G-37540, G-37630, G-37731, G-37788, B-30154, B-30498, B-30944, B-30950,
G-37933, G-37941, G-37964, G-38579, B-31221, B-31246, B-31314, B-31341,
G-38580, G-38616, G-38721, G-39095, B-31364, B-31604, B-31690, B-31819,
G-39161, G-39179, G-39193, G-39406, B-31825, B-31985, B-32355, B-32364,
G-39867, G-40021, G-40022, G-40057, B-32392, B-32822, B-32938, B-33366,
G-40068, G-40316, G-40317, G-40435, B-33386, B-33388, B-33403, B-33542,
G-40532, G-40634, G-40769, G-41067, B-33550, B-33628, B-33741, B-33932,
G-41097, G-41695, G-41731, G-41737, B-34035, B-34381, B-35018, B-35080,
G-41847, G-41872, G-41894, G-41895, B-35112, B-35166, B-35476, B-35535,
G-42022, G-42098, G-42463, G-42757, B-35688, B-35778, B-35816, B-35821,
G-42759, G-42884, G-43277, G-43725, B-36081, B-36523, B-37116, B-37150,
G-44053, G-44087, G-44255, G-44364, B-37173, B-37195, B-37234, B-37619,
B-37845, B-37938, B-38287, B-38614,
B-39333, B-39404, B-39492, B-40411,
B-41608, B-41793, B-42166, B-42290,
B-42330, B-42702, B-42817, B-42819,
B-42829, B-43333, B-44003, B-44341,
B-44470, B-44473, B-44660, B-44750,
B-44882, B-44906, C-01230, C-03034,
C-05456, C-06112, C-06894, C-09333,
C-09476, C-09888, C-09983, C-235%,
C-24644, C-26274, C-26707, C-27294,
C-29595, C-30290, C-32058, C-32534,
C-32829, C-33178, C-38670, C-39136,
C-39762, C-41719, C-42775, C-42928,
C-44165, D-00969, D-00985, D-01089,
D-01673, D-03410, D-03441, D-03526,
D-04938, D-05573, D-06148, D-06760,
D-06788, D-07198, D-08568, D-08821,
D-09432, D-09726, D-10612, D-11028,
D-15575, D-15610, D-16345, D-16684,
D-17106, D-19433, D-20642, D-24162,
D-24351, D-25107, D-27257, D-28097,
D-28233, D-29382, D-29744, D-30182,
D-30656, D-30860, D-31396, D-32055,
D-33576, D-34008, D-38110, D-40997,
D-42921, D-43316, D-43468, D-43693,
D-44059, D-44330, E-00834, E-32155,
E-37953, E-38118, E-38666, E-44813,
F-00058, F-03525, F-03799, F-05440,
F-05849, F-06648, F-07451, F-08207,
F-09578, F-09745, F-13839, F-17689,
F-28908, F-39901, F-41787, F-43245,
F-44032, G-00020, G-00177, G-00375,
G-00473, G-03086, G-03892, G-07162,
G-16820, G-23715, G-23876, G-24603,
G-28171, G-28205, G-30156, G-30328,
G-30355, G-31319, G-32484, G-33607,
G-33778, G-34406, G-37180, G-37788,
G-37942, G-38721, G-38867, G-38869,
G-39161, G-39826, G-39883, G-40634,
G^t0688, G-41097, G-41737, G-42881,
G-44087, G-44176, G-44867, H-08884,
H-26055, H-27111, H-39328, H-40368,
H-42857, J-03289, J-21749, J-22358,
J-26765, J-27968, J-30696, J-31720,
J-34370, J-34828, J-34970, J-37734,
J-38624, J-39956, K-02580, K-03007,
K-08803, K-09259, K-18294, K-20121,
K-24107, K-30035, K-30069, K-33730,
K-34063, K-36382, K-38758, K-41682,
K-43312, L-02635, L-03536, L-07952,
L-081%, L-09009, L-11204, L-17472,
L-22583, L-25288, L-27664, L-28099,
L-30152, L-31957, L-32462, L-32789,
L-33495, L-35922, L-36030, L-37193,
L-37392, L-38757, L-41289, L-41703,
L-42873, L-44325, L-44376, L-44499,
M-01073, N-03674, N-04052, N-04212,
N-08273, N-09780, N-14772, N-17260,
N-18005, N-20548, N-28088, N-28803
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-29786,
A-31315, A-37721, A-42676, B-38727,
C-00125, C-28126, C-30360, C-39136,
C-41719, C-41763, D-29416, D-313%,
G-07162, G-31319, G-36093, G-44433,
H-08884, H-27111, 1-33802, J-21749,
K-06778, K-09259, K-33107, K-34063,
K-34377, K-38197, K-42039, K-44377,
L-00311, L-17472, L-35795, L-38669,
N-04212
HYDROCYANIC ACID C-26274, C-32476,
G-24314
HYDRODESULFURIZATION A-24080,
A-29127, K-30035, N-09780
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-23561,
A-29786, A-31315, A-37721, C-23657,
C-28126, C-31304, C-32476, C-38670,
-------
406
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
C-41763, D-29416, D-34008, D-36806,
D-41979, G-00375, G-07162, G-31319,
G-44867, H-11452, H-11467, H-26055,
H-30225, K-06734, K-06778, K-19750,
K-33107, K-34063, K-34377, K-42039,
K-44310, L-28349, L-29421, L-32789,
L-35795, L-38669, N-04052, N-04212
HYDROGEN A-34774, B-31221, B-35816,
D-10634, D-30860, F-00058, F-39901,
G-07162, G-24314, K-02580
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-23561, A-24281,
A-29787, A-31315, A-34018, A-35788,
A-45145, B-03337, B-28172, C-06107,
C-06112, C-09983, C-26275, C-28126,
C-32476, C-32534, C-38670, C-38755,
C-41763, C-42928, D-00005, D-03441,
D-049%, D-313%, D-32055, D-34008,
D-41979, G-24314, G-24603, G-32735,
G-38616, G-44867, H-08884, K-02580,
K-06734, K-06778, K-08420, K-09259,
K-19750, K-44310, L-00311, L-17472,
L-23562, L-31957, N-04052, N-04212,
N-20548
HYDROGENATION A-29127, A-42791,
B-22436, C-01230
HYDROSPHERE A-25417, C-33055,
D-34805, E-10215
HYDROXroES B-03337, B-29920,
B-35703, F-06648, F-09578, G-32218
HYPOXIA A-15599
I
ICE A-15205, A-19955, A-21722, A-23620,
A-26191, C-06643, D-21684, E-00834,
E-24109, E-33873, E-36714, E-40157
ILLINOIS C-18007, D-07600, D-11184,
D-27241, D-27621, D-39535, D-39914,
G-01754, G-01757, G-33497, G-42716,
H-36991
IMMUNOLOGY G-00473, G-07162,
G-29588, G-44254, G-44255
IMPINGERS A-05067, B-32633, B-35352,
C-00855, C-11042, C-25932, C-26145,
C-26467, C-26698, C-27556, C-28755,
C-32975, D-28528, D-30182, D-36009,
D-43%2, G-20687, G-24603
INCINERATION A-0%86, A-26441,
A-29786, A-31632, A-31649, A-34018,
A-39462, B-00107, B-30124, D-03441,
D-20191, G-23167, G-31319, G-31528,
G-33607, G-35811, G-39161, G-44087,
1-33802, L-30152, N-04052
INDIANA D-05623, D-11184, D-27621,
D-39914
INDOOR A-38625
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-29539, A-29787,
A-31315, A-31395, A-35065, A-35078,
A-35398, A-40S83, C-22927, C-26274,
C-26467, C-30113, C-32169, C-36588,
C-39762, C-44479, D-01315, D-03526,
D-06760, D-07198, D-07600, D-08279,
D-08502, D-08821, D-09726, D-10380,
D-12049, D-15823, D-21869, D-26044,
D-26054, D-26387, D-27187, D-27188,
D-27648, D-27675, D-27880, D-28326,
D-28369, D-28653, D-29153, D-30025,
D-30326, D-30858, D-30860, D-30892,
D-31014, D-31396, D-32055, D-32912,
D-33576, D-34008, D-35940, D-36009,
D-36195, D-36288, D-36486, D-36688,
D-37026, D-37264, D-37320, D-37369,
D-38110, D-38133, D-40584, D-41979,
D-44059, G-08381, G-09408, G-11630,
G-20287, G-23801, G-26886, G-26931,
G-27085, G -30672, G-32787, G-34709,
G-37731, G-40688, G-41067, G-41737,
G-44087, G-44255, G-44867, H-19620,
H-30921, H-31010, H-31185, H-32224,
H-35880, H-37926, H-37977, H-40590,
H-41800, H-42250, H-42336, 1-00305,
K-33107, L-08196, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-33844, L-44499
INERTIAL SEPARATION B-35342,
C-35494
INFANTS A-23058, G-00736, G-09408,
G-10856, G -12075, G-30395, G-32216,
G-32787, G -33527, G-34947, G-35438,
G-36964, G -37964, G-43725, G-44364,
H-43511
INFLUENZA N-20548
INFRARED RADIATION C-17048,
C-40631, E-29445
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY A-04460,
A-05067, A-23789, A-29516, A-33822,
A-43966, B-39275, C-06045, C-17048,
C-32829, C-35494, C-38165, D-00985,
D-08568, D-49726, D-11028, D-36562,
D-37366, D-39081, D-43468, D-43%2,
D-44330, F-05849, F-07451, G-00177,
G-24603, K-08420, L-17472
INGESTION A-25417, A-28394, A-40314,
D-19822, F-36076, G-01754, G-01755,
G-01756, G-01757, G-05478, G-05541,
G-07169, G-08999, G-15703, G-17214,
G-18518, G-19881, G-20087, G-20198,
G-23768, G-23926, G-26260, G-29789,
G-31584, G-33372, G-33779, G-33864,
G-34851, G-35211, G-35217, G-35380,
G-35438, G-35463, G-35568, G-35714,
G-35792, G-36207, G-36534, G-36765,
G-37788, G-37964, G-38580, G-38869,
G-39095, G-40068, G-40317, G-41895,
G-42463, G-42737, G-42757, G-42957,
G-44381, G-45288, H-26276, H-33362,
H-34901, H-35234, H-39408, H-40024,
H-42715, L-35461
INHALATION THERAPY G-18417,
G-29129, G-30672
INHIBITION B-05300, D-27096, F-44032,
G-07892, G-21037, G-24784, G-26886,
G-27614, G-28010, G-28024, G-32487,
G-32834, G-37040, G-39621, G-40057,
G-40312, G-43277, G-43532, G-43725,
H-31010, H-39409, H-43511, 1-36051
INORGANIC ACIDS A-09686, A-10749,
A-12751, A-12823, A-23561, A-26441,
A-29786, A-31315, A-32875, A-35052,
A-35224, A-37166, A-37721, A-39462,
A-42676, B-B3337, B-26600, B-28172,
B-29058, B-H985, B-34025, B-35476,
B-38727, B-43937, C-00125, C-00855,
C-08661, C-139983, C-23657, C-26467,
C-28126, C-50360, C-31258, C-31304,
C-32476, C-38670, C-39136, C-41719,
C-41763, C-42139, C-42928, D-05260,
D-07198, D-10634, D-26387, D-29382,
D-29416, D-313%, D-34008, D-36806,
D-38133, D-41979, E-24570, E-32155,
E-36038, F-00058, G-00375, G-07162,
G-08411, G-31319, G-32735, G-36093,
G-38721, G-J8869, G-44433, G-44867,
H-08884, H-11452, H-11467, H-26055,
H-27111, H-30225, H-32224, H-3%90,
H-42250, H-42607, 1-33802, J-21749,
J-306%, K-02580, K-06734, K-06778,
K-08420, K-09259, K-19750, K-20121,
K-33107, K-34063, K-34377, K-36823,
K-38197, K-41682, K-42039, K-44310,
K-44377, L-00311, L-17472, L-28349,
L-29421, L-32789, L-35795, L-38669,
L-39640, N-04052, N-04212, N-09780,
N-20548
INSPECTION A-34442, A-39367, A-40776,
B-44750, G-06177, L-28869, L-37717
INSTRUMENTATION A-40947, B-2073S,
C-00855, C-01607, C-01608, C-03037,
C-16123, C-25432, C-26275, C-30290,
C-32975, C-33055, C-36698, C-36703,
C-38778, C-40631, C-41138, C-41908,
C-42084, C-43587, C-43737, D-01673,
E-06841, E-10215, E-44813, G-04877,
G-09019, G-41368, K-08803, L-33495
INTERMITTENT MONITORING C-12943,
C-24644, D-08812, D-09240, D-14762,
D-15575, D-30858, L-33495
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-01565, A-01624, A-01868, A-04460,
A-05171, A-08039, A-08972, A-09210,
A-09355, A-09393, A-09686, A-15769,
A-19598, A-20545, A-20927, A-22579,
A-22941, A-22976, A-23250, A-23316,
A-24281, A-24718, A-24996, A-25581,
A-26134, A-26552, A-26763, A-26925,
A-27249, A-27272, A-27943, A-28394,
A-28560, A-28873, A-29364, A-29516,
A-29782, A-29786, A-30604, A-30976,
A-31133, A-315%, A-32621, A-33087,
A-33365, A-33378, A-33626, A-33667,
A-33710, A-34018, A-34040, A-34442,
A-34774, A-35353, A-35484, A-37648,
A-38522, A-38543, A-39603, A-39754,
A-41654, A-41738, A-42080, A-42212,
A-42980, A-43346, A-44464, B-00015,
B-01484, B-01851, B-05214, B-05300,
B-09231, B-17906, B-20740, B-20844,
B-21303, B-21762, B-23540, B-23923,
B-24813, B-25377, B-26153, B-26243,
B-27876, B-28059, B-28060, B-28286,
B-28699, B-29204, B-29531, B-2%56,
B-29920, B-30944, B-31221, B-31819,
B-31825, B-32355, B-32822, B-33366,
B-33403, B-33741, B-33932, B-34457,
B-34611, B-34740, B-35778, B-35821,
B-36081, B-36144, B-36145, B-37150,
B-37195, B-37938, B-39272, B-42300,
B-42330, B-42817, B-42819, B-44473,
B-44660, B-44750, B-44882, C-22927,
C-28755, C-32058, C-42775, D-03410,
D-04646, D-08438, D-08568, D-08810,
D-08812, D-08821, D-09726, D-12099,
D-24162, D-24351, D-25055, D-27174,
D-28369, D-34008, D-39988, F-00058,
F-03799, F-08207, F-09745, F-14995,
F-28908, G-00020, G-08411, G-10856,
G-19940, G-23167, G-30328, G-33165,
G-34406, G-35118, H-25878, H-28471,
1-36051, J-27%8, K-03956, K-08803,
K-38758, L-02635, L-03536, L-07952,
L-09009, L-22583, L-37392, L-37717,
L-41703, L-44376, N-04052, N-08273,
N-09780, N-20548
INTERNATIONAL A-32621, A-38625,
B-36721, D-27105, E-29445, G-30328,
K-03956, K-30069, L-00311, L-09009,
L-31454, L-32462, L-41557, L-42016,
L-44219, L-44376
INTESTINES G-01500, G-03086, G-08411,
G-09493, G-31491, G-33779, G-37685,
H-16270, H-33362, H-35209
INVERSION A-45274, D-03410, D-03441,
D-04646, D-049%, D-10380, D-10634,
D-19144, D-23864, D-30410, D-30860,
D-32945, E-00834, E-01821, E-12777,
E-19058, E-22959, E-24109, E-29445,
E-30676, G-07162, G-33778, G-44867,
K-30035, N-09780, N-18005
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
407
IODIDES A-29786, C-06643, C-23096,
D-04646, E-40157, E-44999
IODIMETRIC METHODS C-09333,
C-26698, C-26955, C-32476, C-32829,
D-01089, D-09240, G-24603
IODINE C-11626, C-12993, C-24337,
D-28920, E-28586, L-25542
IODINE COMPOUNDS A-26191, A-29786,
C-05977, C-06643, C-09333, C-23096,
C-27294, C-42020, C-44129, D-01089,
D-04646, D-11184, D-21684, E-29910,
E-36714, E-40157, E-44999, F-10599,
G-34837, G-40312
IONIZATION D-34008, G-07169
IONS A-37312, B-05300, B-31604,
C-06045, C-10528, C-25222, C-30635,
C-32534, C-41490, C-44995, D-05277,
D-24351, D-28326, E-06841, E-10215,
E-29946, E-32155, F-13839, F-13911,
F-14008, F-14039, F-14510, F-14868,
F-16659, F-17585, F-17882, F-34948,
F-44164, G-32735, G-43532, H-23258,
H-36265, H-36991
IRELAND H-27386
IRON A-09686, A-34788, A-39462,
A-43271, B-00063, B-03232, B-03754,
B-07606, B-21324, B-29656, B-34071,
B-35296, B-35342, B-35778, B-37222,
B-43937, C-10528, C-11042, C-15734,
D-00005, D-00017, D-00974, D-05623,
D-07985, D-08502, D-11202, D-12049,
D-21869, D-27880, D-29153, D-29191,
D-30326, D-30860, D-35940, D-37320,
D-38110, F-10599, G-00662, G-15703,
G-41067, H-08884, 1-02176, 1-03735,
1-22128, 1-32921, 1-33802, J-30696,
L-17927, L-23608, L-24214, N-04649
IRON COMPOUNDS A-03982, A-05067,
A-26454, A-30414, A-30759, A-34647,
A-35123, A-41889, B-03337, B-05300,
B-20740, B-30010, B-35296, B-35814,
B-36144, B-38727, B-43515, B-43937,
C-05787, C-06045, C-06894, C-10528,
C-11042, C-16367, C-19313, C-19501,
C-20891, C-22975, C-23096, C-25535,
C-27075, C-28126, C-30360, C-31258,
C-31304, C-31933, C-32718, C-32892,
C-34407, C-35494, C-37693, C-38682,
C-38778, C-39136, C-39516, C-41016,
C-41612, C-41825, C-41908, C-41968,
C-42020, C-42360, C-42928, C-43763,
D-04996, D-05167, D-05623, D-07985,
D-08275, D-08502, D-09432, D-10380,
D-21015, D-21869, D-22290, D-22829,
D-23971, D-27174, D-27648, D-27831,
D-27880, D-28326, D-28629, D-28653,
D-29152, D-29153, D-29191, D-30025,
D-30182, D-30326, D-30493, D-30656,
D-31014, D-32055, D-35010, D-36288,
D-36474, D-36486, D-36688, D-36820,
D-37026, D-37191, D-37202, D-37320,
D-37518, D-38133, D-41975, D-42122,
D-42367, D-42921, D-43316, D-43388,
D-44059, E-10215, E-29910, E-44813,
F-16595, F-34297, F-35378, F-36067,
F-44164, G-24314, G-27107, G-30181,
G-32735, G-34847, G-36093, G-38869,
G-39833, G-40068, G-40688, G-42136,
G-43532, G-44696, H-08884, H-16270,
H-23435, H-32224, H-35880, H-36265,
H-36991, H-39690, H-42250, H-42336,
H-43279, K-14443, N-04649
IRON OXIDES A-03982, B-00063,
B-03232, B-30154, B-41544, C-06045,
C-25793, D-04996, D-06760, D-15789,
E-36038, F-17689, H-42336, 1-33802,
K-14443
IRRADIATION CHAMBERS A-23789,
D-32350, E-29946, G-00148, G-00473
ISOBUTANES A-34177
ISOPENTANES B-00015, B-00063,
F-06648, G-00177
ISOTOPES A-11702, A-18510, A-23239,
A-25295, A-25417, A-30428, B-34313,
C-00125, C-01249, C-01608, C-05243,
C-06920, C-09333, C-21948, C-23646,
C-27106, C-27294, C-27829, C-32534,
C-33042, C-33055, C-34106, C-35396,
C-42160, C-43587, C-43763, C-45235,
D-00261, D-01355, D-22553, D-23658,
D-23864, D-25089, D-25758, D-43388,
D-45218, E-03841, E-05713, E-21182,
E-21796, E-22754, E-22959, E-24166,
E-28799, E-31852, E-33225, F-00841,
F-13451, F-13943, F-27752, G-01500,
G-05280, G-07169, G-18046, G-19881,
G-30468, G-32041, G-34789, G-34837,
G-36251, G-40312, H-01523, H-12647,
H-33985, H-45056, N-05313
ITALY A-15599, A-33169, A-38022,
B-250%, C-09953, C-33255, C-38778,
C-41016, D-08810, D-10554, D-10595,
D-25635, E-31895, E-40164, F-17882,
F-17949, F-28908, G-10793, G-11552,
G-21037, G-23582, G-24784, G-29256,
G-30328, G-30468, G-35174, G-36251,
G-39621, G-40634, H-42945, J-30329,
L-32462
JAPAN A-14945, A-17325, A-19598,
A-19955, A-20652, A-21722, A-24156,
A-26100, A-26134, A-27858, A-29364,
A-29539, A-29661, A-29787, A-29936,
A-30513, A-31133, A-31136, A-31934,
A-32492, A-32523, A-32875, A-33710,
A-33963, A-33965, A-34774, A-35052,
A-35957, A-36006, A-36846, A-37166,
A-37372, A-37721, A-38819, A-40677,
A-41035, A-42080, A-42791, A-43776,
A-43966, A-44252, B-17525, B-19808,
B-21324, B-22520, B-24813, B-25155,
B-25894, B-26532, B-28172, B-28730,
B-29058, B-29204, B-29531, B-29656,
B-29664, B-29898, B-30154, B-30498,
B-30944, B-31314, B-31317, B-31364,
B-314%, B-31985, B-34071, B-35080,
B-35296, B-35821, B-37116, B-37195,
B-37468, B-38614, B-39333, B-42886,
B-44003, C-03034, C-06112, C-15562,
C-19501, C-21338, C-21862, C-24617,
C-24618, C-24644, C-25013, C-25015,
C-25535, C-26336, C-26848, C-27358,
C-27556, C-27681, C-27829, C-28126,
C-28621, C-28755, C-29419, C-29464,
C-29810, C-30360, C-30635, C-30786,
C-31304, C-31933, C-32476, C-32534,
C-32718, C-32829, C-32833, C-32892,
C-34017, C-36588, C-36698, C-36703,
C-36840, C-36841, C-37514, C-37608,
C-37689, C-37693, C-38670, C-38682,
C-39069, C-39136, C-39516, C-40407,
C-41719, C-41763, C-42020, C-42043,
C-42360, C-43448, C-43763, C-44129,
D-06148, D-06760, D-07198, D-08591,
D-15175, D-15314, D-15610, D-16539,
D-16576, D-17106, D-21015, D-21869,
D-22290, D-25758, D-25881, D-26044,
D-26054, D-26287, D-26535, D-27187,
D-27188, D-27191, D-27257, D-27648,
D-27672, D-27675, D-27831, D-27880,
D-28233, D-28326, D-28528, D-28620,
D-28629, D-28634, D-28635, D-28650,
D-28653, D-28785, D-29152, D-29153,
D-29191, D-29382, D-29385, D-29416,
D-29465, D-29647, D-29744, D-29814,
D-29918, D-30025, D-30182, D-30326,
D-30410, D-30493, D-30494, D-30656,
D-30892, D-31014, D-31669, D-32727,
D-32883, D-32912, D-33114, D-33576,
D-35025, D-36009, D-36288, D-36474,
D-36486, D-36503, D-36688, D-36806,
D-36820, D-36909, D-37191, D-37202,
D-37288, D-37320, D-37366, D-37369,
D-37394, D-37518, D-38110, D-38133,
D-39081, D-39988, D-40118, D-40363,
D-40716, D-40997, D-41975, D-41979,
D-42120, D-42122, D-42367, D-43316,
D-43962, D-44059, D-44063, D-44330,
E-30073, E-36038, E-36487, E-38118,
F-17689, F-19823, F-29400, F-37213,
F-41787, F-42772, G-00375, G-03286,
G-03635, G-03893, G-03897, G-05475,
G-05780, G-073%, G-07423, G-08566,
G-09535, G-13154, G-14492, G-17244,
G-17470, G-19304, G-19940, G-24081,
G-26260, G-26310, G-26528, G-26775,
G-27253, G-27490, G-27961, G-28170,
G-28171, G-29129, G-29663, G-29789,
G-29815, G-29816, G-29825, G-29958,
G-29963, G-30181, G-30355, G-30395,
G-30671, G-30672, G-31351, G-32735,
G-32905, G-33165, G-33372, G-35021,
G-35041, G-37722, G-37941, G-37942,
G-38580, G-38867, G-39989, G-40435,
G-40532, G-41067, G-41124, G-42022,
G-42098, G-42661, G-44087, G-44433,
G-45273, H-14489, H-21018, H-27489,
H-28105, H-28529, H-41800, H-42336,
K-20121, K-33107, K-34063, K-34377,
K-36823, K-38197, K-42039, K-44310,
K-44377, L-08725, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-27664, L-28099, L-28349,
L-29421, L-29888, L-30152, L-30620,
L-30908, L-32789, L-32865, L-32884,
L-34980, L-35151, L-35795, L-35922,
L-36030, L-36877, L-37521, L-38669,
L-44325, L-44499, N-04212, N-11871
JET AIRCRAFT A-23620, B-22890,
D-06788, E-29445
K
KANAGAWA PREFECTURE C-39136,
G-44433, H-42336
KEROSENE A-34774, A-39603, C-17771,
G-45159
KETONES A-08039, A-22579, A-23561,
A-31315, A-42080, B-32938, C-06894,
C-09333, C-26274, C-42928, C-44129,
F-03525, F-06648, F-09578, G-00177,
K-02580, K-41682
KIDNEYS A-23058, A-35957, G-00821,
G-01341, G-01756, G-01923, G-03286,
G-06174, G-06814, G-09535, G-10434,
G-11580, G-12075, G-14492, G-16810,
G-18515, G-23167, G-23768, G-23926,
G-26483, G-27416, G-27614, G-30468,
G-30686, G-31228, G-31493, G-32216,
G-32487, G-34114, G-34738, G-34791,
G-34836, G-34841, G-35021, G-35055,
G-35211, G-35380, G-35792, G-35811,
G-36207, G-36251, G-36747, G-36765,
G-36935, G-37023, G-37722, G-37731,
G-38867, G-40068, G-40485, G-42737,
G-43559, G-43615, G-44053, G-45005,
G-45288, G-45293, H-11467, H-16270,
-------
408
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
H-18521, H-28105, H-30033, H-33922,
H-34901, H-35209, H-36991, H-39408,
H-41893, H-44588
KILNS A-03982, A-20652, A-38819,
B-03232, B-32248, D-32055, H-08884,
L-23562
KONIMETERS C-08130
KRAFT PULPING A-09686, A-26441,
A-39462, B-29628, C-33055, D-03410
L
LABORATORY ANIMALS A-03279,
A-17778, A-23058, A-27458, B-01484,
B-29414, C-00125, D-01315, F-11570,
G-00076, G-00148, G-00177, G-00375,
G-00473, G-00597, G-00662, G-00705,
G-00708, G-00736, G-00740, G-00808,
G-00810, G-00821, G-00873, G-00902,
G-00993, G-01341, G-01500, G-01512,
G-01731, G-01754, G-01755, G-01756,
G-01757, G-01797, G-01812, G-01923,
G-02191, G-02202, G-03086, G-03281,
G-03282, G-03283, G-03284, G-03285,
G-03286, G-03287, G-03635, G-03654,
G-03897, G-04196, G-05002, G-05671,
G-08999, G-09493, G-11468, G-11808,
G-12038, G-12075, G-12646, G-14156,
G-14492, G-18417, G-18494, G-18502,
G-18515, G-20198, G-21259, G-23167,
G-23715, G-23926, G-24288, G-26260,
G-26356, G-26483, G-27107, G-27490,
G-27614, G-28024, G-29588, G-30468,
G-30671, G-30672, G-31442, G-32041,
G-32746, G-32834, G-33052, G-33374,
G-33527, G-33779, G-33910, G-34791,
G-34832, G-34836, G-34841, G-34851,
G-34914, G-34943, G-35174, G-35219,
G-35225, G-36251, G-36740, G-36747,
G-36765, G-36934, G-36935, G-37119,
G-37685, G-37788, G-38867, G-38869,
G-39193, G-39503, G-39621, G-39863,
G-40014, G-40312, G-40688, G-41818,
G-42737, G-42957, G-43277, G-43531,
G-43615, G-44254, G-44381, G-45005,
G-45288, G-45293, H-28105, H-28448,
H-34901, H-35209, H-39407, H-42857,
H-42945, K-03007, K-11746, K-16808,
L-00311, N-04212
LABORATORY FACILITIES B-27371,
B-31690, C-08661, C-09333, C-09983,
D-11184, E-32158, G-11808, G-16820
LACQUERS A-37190, G-03654
LAKES D-00974, D-11184, E-29910,
E-35207, H-23258, 1-00305
LANDFILLS B-30124
LARYNX H-33362, H-40591
LASERS C-17048, C-26275, E-30863
LATIN AMERICA A-40314, G-41872,
G-42757, G-44867, L-41557
LAUNDERING (COAL) B-03337
LAUNDRIES N-04212
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE C-26503,
C-38755, D-26044, D-27672, D-29655,
D-37026, D-40363, D^»0997, D-44059,
G-24603, G-35041
LEAVES A-30428, A-32748, C-18302,
C-39762, D-08279, D-32912, D-40716,
G-30671, G-44433, H-01523, H-07742,
H-08884, H-11157, H-27489, H-28529,
H-30931, H-31010, H-32338, H-32423,
H-32654, H-33364, H-33922, H-35880,
H-38743, H-39328, H-39408, H-41143,
H-41800, H-42250, H-42336
LEGAL ASPECTS A-01565, A-01868,
A-20545, A-22976, A-23280, A-29787,
A-29936, A-30001, A-30604, A-31323,
A-31520, A-32621, A-32875, A-33667,
A-33963, A-33965, A-34031, A-34177,
A-34341, A-34442, A-35050, A-35052,
A-35168, A-36535, A-36664, A-37166,
A-38625, A-39067, A-39152, A-39367,
A-40455, A-A1035, A-41654, A-41945,
A-43776, B-C0107, B-18053, B-24696,
B-24722, B-28059, B-28377, B-28699,
B-2%28, B-30633, B-31364, B-31496,
B-31690, B-32424, B-33628, B-33932,
B-35112, B-35166, B-35688, B-36721,
B-37150, B-39404, B-42330, B-44742,
C-39516, C-41763, D-00969, D-03410,
D-03441, D-19144, D-29416, D-30860,
D-32055, D-32912, D-35025, D-38110,
D-40574, D-42367, D-44170, F-41787,
G-16820, G-25328, G-30328, G-34059,
G-34436, H-28471, J-22358, J-34370,
J-35391, J-37409, J-39941, K-03007,
K-06734, K-06778, K-09259, K-14443,
K-19750, K-33107, K-34063, K-34377,
K-36346, K-36823, K-38197, K-42039,
K-44310, L-00311, L-02635, L-07952,
L-08196, L-08725, L-16200, L-17927,
L-22583, L-23562, L-24757, L-26442,
L-27664, L-28349, L-28397, L-28869,
L-29421, L-29888, L-30620, L-31957,
L-32462, L-32789, L-32865, L-32884,
L-33740, L-34033, L-34980, L-35461,
L-35795, L-37193, L-37392, L-37423,
L-37521, L-37560, L-37717, L-38669,
L-38757, L-3')640, L-40486, L-40520,
L-41289, L-41557, L-42016, L-42041,
L-42169, L-42873, L-44044, L-44325,
L-44376, L-4U99, M-01073, M-29432,
N-04052, N-09780, N-14772, N-28088,
N-J3824
LEGISLATION A-01565, A-01868,
A-20545, A-22976, A-23280, A-30604,
A-31323, A-32621, A-32875, A-33667,
A-33965, A-34031, A-34341, A-35050,
A-35052, A-37166, A-39152, A-39367,
A-41945, B-113053, B-28059, B-28377,
B-28699, B-29628, B-30633, B-31496,
B-31690, B-3:!424, B-33628, B-35112,
B-35688, B-36721, B-37150, B-39404,
B-42330, D-00969, D-03410, D-19144,
D-30860, D-32055, D-32912, D-35025,
D-44170, G-16820, G-30328, G-34059,
G-34436, J-22358, J-34370, K-03007,
K-06778, K-09259, K-14443, K-34063,
K-34377, K-36823, K-38197, K-42039,
K-44310, L-00311, L-02635, L-07952,
L-17927, L-22583, L-23562, L-27664,
L-28349, L-28397, L-28869, L-29421,
L-30620, L-3M62, L-32789, L-32865,
L-32884, L-33740, L-34033, L-34980,
L-35461, L-3<795, L-37193, L-37392,
L-37560, L-3&669, L^»0520, L-42016,
L-42169, L-44325, M-01073, N-14772,
N-28088, N-45824
LETTUCE C-00125, H-17218, H-17220,
H-17978, H-41892
LEUKEMIA G-44254
LEUKOCYTES G-05780, G-26883,
G-27085, G-30334, G-34914, G-41695,
H-10318
LIFE SPAN G-01923, G-40068
LIGHT RADIATION A-05067, A-23561,
A-290%, A-35078, B-30633, B-32938,
C-06107, C-06920, C-17048, C-21459,
C-40631, D-11028, D-29647, E-24109,
E-24570, E-29445, E-29699, E-29946,
E-30863, E-31395, E-32155, G-00148,
G-00177, G-00375, G-16820, G-30395,
G-31319, G-38616, H-11157, K-11746,
L-33844, L-35922
LIGHT SCATTERING A-16766, B-39272,
C-32474, D-22829, E-30863, E-32155,
E-35264, E-42720, G-04877
LIME B-32248, H-08884
LIMESTONE A-35052, C-29512, H-26276
LINE SOURCES D-23388, D-24351,
E-45050
LIPIDS F-11570, G-00473, G-08381,
G-24192, G-34789, G-44254
LIQUIDS A-03280, A-25417, A-26454,
A-32035, A-41889, A-45092, B-03337,
B-29058, B-32036, B-35018, B-37173,
B-40411, C-26955, C-28755, C-32058,
C-44165, D-25635, F-03525, F-06648,
F-14008, F-14138, F-14510, F-14743,
F-14868, F-15493, F-17161, F-34948,
F-36067, G-05CI02, G-10434, G-35811,
H-09448, H-14786, H-17217, 1-22128
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
B-35352, C-21459, C-30360, C-34106,
C-39168, F-14008, F-16659
LITIGATION D-40574, L-34033, L-39640
LIVER A-35957, D-09240, G-00993,
G-01341, G-01500, G-01756, G-01797,
G-01923, G-06814, G-09493, G-10434,
G-10793, G-12075, G-14492, G-16810,
G-23768, G-27614, G-29588, G-30468,
G-30672, G-31228, G-32787, G-35055,
G-35225, G-36251, G-38867, G-39989,
G-40014, G-40CI63, G-40485, G-41737,
G-42881, G-44254, G-44385, G-45005,
G-45288, G-45293, H-11452, H-16270,
H-18521, H-28105, H-28448, H-30033,
H-33922, H-35234, H-36991, H-39408,
H-41893, H-44588
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS D-03441,
D-32055, G-35714, K-42039, K-44310,
L-32884, L-33495, L-35461, L-37521,
L-38669, L-44499
LONDON A-09393, A-41945, B-30633,
D-00985, G-00375, G-07162, G-07423,
N-04212, N-18005
LOS ANGELES A-03278, A-09393,
A-35168, B-00107, B-03754, B-44470,
B-44853, C-00855, C-06072, D-00969,
D-00976, D-01315, D-02750, D-03441,
D-05573, D-07600, D-10612, D-16839,
D-22829, D-23658, D-24463, D-36195,
F-05849, G-00020, G-00076, G-00375,
G-00662, G-03282, G-05002, G-07162,
G-08326, G-37040, H-35827, H-44071,
K-09259, K-11746, K-38197, K-43312,
M-33904, N-04212
LOUISIANA G-00375
LOWER ATMOSPHERE A-26645,
C-06920, C-19313, D-05573, D-17058,
D-21684, D-21906, D-23864, D-24316,
D-25881, D-28097, D-28634, D-28635,
D-28650, D-29918, D-30410, D-34805,
D-36474, D-37366, D-41520, D-45218,
E-03841, E-05713, E-06841, E-24166,
E-27116, E-36487, G-08326, G-16820,
H-28529, H-32423
LUBRICANTS A-04460, A-36080,
A-36083, A-37190, A-37372, A-38625,
B-36145, B-39333, B-42702, B-42886,
F-42772, H-36196
LUNG CANCER A-17778, D-16345,
G-00375, G-00873, G-01797, G-03086,
G-07169, G-07423, G-13625, G-26528,
G-26775, G-38869, G-40068, G^t0634,
G-41097, G-41124, G-41737, G-44176,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
409
G-44395, H-42857, L-07952, L-25288,
N-20548
LUNG CLEARANCE F-13451, G-18046,
G-26356, G-31452
LUNGS A-21069, A-35957, A-36527,
D-27174, D-35025, D-36688, F-13451,
G-00473, G-00902, G-01797, G-01923,
G-03282, G-07169, G-12070, G-12075,
G-12984, G-16810, G-18046, G-18417,
G-20990, G-24314, G-26356, G-26528,
G-26775, G-26931, G-27614, G-29789,
G-30156, G-30181, G-30468, G-31319,
G-31452, G-31517, G-31528, G-32625,
G-33497, G-33779, G-34951, G-37685,
G-38867, G-39989, G-40688, G-44254,
G-44381, G-44508, G-44696, G-44867,
G-45293, H-U467, H-28105, K-11746,
N-20548
LYMPHOCYTES G-11552, G-41695,
G-43277
M
MAGNESIUM A-35168, A-43271, B-00107,
B-03754, C-10528, C-15734, D-07985,
D-11202, D-12049, F-06648, F-10599,
1-06355, 1-06357
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS B-03337,
C-06045, C-10528, C-25793, C-30113,
C-41825, C-41908, C-41968, C-42928,
C-44210, D-049%, D-05167, D-07985,
D-09432, D-21869, D-23971, D-35010,
D-43388, D-44234, D-44580, F-13705,
F-14868, F-34297, F-34948, G-01797,
G-30181, G-32608, G-40688, G-42022,
G-44696, H-08884, H-36991, H-42336
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
A-43346
MAINTENANCE A-27272, A-33626,
A-34442, A-36083, A-40583, B-01484,
B-25781, B-26153, B-28108, B-35303,
B-35478, B-35688, B-36721, B-41922,
B-42829, J-30329, J-306%, L-22583,
L-28869, L-37717, L-44376
MALES D-08568, D-08812, D-270%,
D-31396, G-00076, G-00375, G-00597,
G-00662, G-00810, G-00902, G-00993,
G-02191, G-03086, G-03283, G-06985,
G-07551, G-07892, G-08326, G-08381,
G-08949, G-09261, G-09408, G-09484,
G-10434, G-23801, G-24716, G-26720,
G-27253, G-31899, G-32041, G-32625,
G-326%, G-32787, G-32905, G-33052,
G-33234, G-34092, G-35217, G-36747,
G-41894, G-42884, G-44053, G-44385
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL L-09009
MANGANESE B-00063, C-15734, C-29464,
D-00005, D-00017, D-00974, D-03526,
G-00177, G-00662, G-07423, H-08884,
N-04649
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06351, A-18211, A-26454, A-36846,
A-41889, A-45072, B-00015, B-00063,
B-03337, B-20740, B-21719, B-30010,
B-30154, B-30229, B-35476, C-05787,
C-06045, C-08145, C-09983, C-19501,
C-24719, C-27075, C-27358, C-28126,
C-30360, C-31304, C-32718, C-32892,
C-34017, C-37608, C-37693, C-38682,
C-38778, C-39136, C-39516, C-41825,
C-41968, C-42020, C-42360, C-42928,
C-44995, D-03526, D-04996, D-05167,
D-05551, D-17340, D-21015, D-21869,
D-22290, D-23388, D-23971, D-24351,
D-26387, D-27174, D-27188, D-27648,
D-27831, D-27880, D-28326, D-28629,
D-28653, D-29153, D-29191, D-29385,
D-30025, D-30182, D-30326, D-30493,
D-30656, D-31325, D-35010, D-35940,
D-36288, D-36474, D-36486, D-36688,
D-36806, D-36820, D-37191, D-37202,
D-37264, D-37288, D-37320, D-37518,
D-41975, D-42122, D-42367, D-43316,
D-43388, D-44059, D-44234, D-449%,
E-10215, E-29910, E-36487, E-44813,
F-13461, F-13705, F-16595, F-17689,
F-34297, F-36067, F-39522, F-43436,
G-00177, G-08566, G-13625, G-17470,
G-19159, G-28256, G-30181, G-30395,
G-32608, G-32735, G-38580, G-38616,
G-38869, G-40068, G-42022, G-446%,
H-08884, H-23435, H-35880, H-36991,
H-42250, H-42336, K-02580, K-09259,
K-41682, N-04649
MANGANESE DIOXIDE (JAPANESE)
A-34774, A-35052
MANGANESE SULFATES G-08566
MANUAL C-24644, C-43587
MAPPING A-26454, C-25222, D-16684,
D-44234, D-44580
MARYLAND D-37026, G-00740, G-41847
MASS SPECTROMETRY A-23239,
A-43966, C-26275, C-26505, C-353%,
C-38778, C-43737, C-45235, D-23658,
D-25055, D-41664, E-31852, F-07451
MASS TRANSPORTATION D-02133,
L-09009
MASSACHUSETTS D-01673, D-28920,
D-32350, D-35861, E-28586, G-03286,
G-34436
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-182H,
A-28210, A-32621, A-33626, A-34018,
A-35199, A-36080, A-36083, A-45145,
B-03337, B-05300, B-07606, B-28377,
B-29656, B-30498, B-31221, B-33388,
B-33657, B-33932, B-35080, B-35476,
B-36144, B-36145, B-37468, B-41112,
B-42290, B-42702, B-42829, B-44614,
C-06107, D-37026, D-43468, G-38616,
G-451%, H-35880, H-39409, H-39690,
1-02176, 1-03735, 1-06355, 1-06357,
1-22128, 1-31377, 1-32921, 1-33802,
1-36051, K-09259, L-00311, N-03674,
N-28088, N-43824
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-15599,
A-39603, A-44821, B-22834, B-33386,
B-33994, B-36144, C-00855, C-06107,
C-10528, C-29419, C-38165, C-38914,
D-00969, D-00976, D-05167, D-05277,
D-10380, D-19433, D-24351, E-00834,
E-01821, E-24166, E-29445, E-30863,
E-32155, E-35207, E-37953, E-40157,
E-42720, F-13911, F-27348, F-34607,
G-16810, G-30831, G-33372, G-39179,
H-36197, H-36265, J-34970, J-35391,
K-36382, K-44377, N-04649, N-17260
MATHEMATICAL MODELING B-22834,
B-33386, C-10528, C-38165, D-10380,
E-01821, E-29445, E-32155, E-35207,
E-40157, G-30831, G-39179, H-36197,
J-34970, J-35391, K-36382, N-04649,
N-17260
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-22579,
A-29516, A-30604, A-30976, A-31315,
A-32447, A-33169, A-34341, A-35957,
A-36527, A-37190, A-37721, A-39152,
B-35166, C-41719, D-02133, D-08275,
D-08568, D-27831, D-32055, D-32883,
D-33576, E-44999, G-00020, G-03285,
G-03654, G-05780, G-08381, G-08683,
G-28170, G-29129, G-29815, G-30000,
G-31537, G-32905, G-33903, G-38580,
G-38721, G-40485, G-40492, G-41737,
G-42098, G-44176, H-28448, H-36611,
J-27968, K-02S80, K-06734, K-06778,
K-08803, K-09259, K-11746, K-14443,
K-16128, K-19750, K-20121, K-22223,
K-33107, K-34063, K-34377, K-36346,
K-36823, K-41682, L-00311, L-07952,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-24757,
L-32789, L-32865, L-32884, L-35795,
L-37497, L-38669, L-38757
MBTH METHOD C-32476
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-01868,
A-05067, A-09393, A-12624, A-18297,
A-25417, A-26454, A-26645, A-29539,
A-31323, A-32523, A-33293, A-33350,
A-33710, A-33963, A-33965, A-34350,
A-35919, A-37721, A-40947, A-41945,
A-41959, A-45145, B-00063, B-20735,
B-20844, B-24186, B-28377, B-28730,
B-30154, B-30633, B-30950, B-39272,
B-44750, C-00125, C-00855, C-01249,
C-03037, C-03770, C-06072, C-06107,
C-06112, C-06643, C-06881, C-06920,
C-08130, C-09333, C-09476, C-09888,
C-09983, C-10528, C-10556, C-11042,
C-12943, C-13122, C-15562, C-15734,
C-16382, C-18007, C-19276, C-21338,
C-21459, C-22927, C-23571, C-23596,
C-24618, C-24644, C-24719, C-25431,
C-25432, C-25979, C-26274, C-26275,
C-26336, C-26503, C-26707, C-27106,
C-27294, C-28126, C-28621, C-28755,
C-28895, C-29419, C-29512, C-29595,
C-30290, C-30360, C-32058, C-32169,
C-32534, C-32833, C-33055, C-33178,
C-34106, C-35396, C-36588, C-37175,
C-38165, C-38755, C-38778, C-39168,
C-39762, C-40631, C-40724, C-41719,
C-41763, C-42137, C-42437, C-43587,
C-43763, C-44165, C-44479, D-00261,
D-00974, D-02750, D-03526, D-04938,
D-049%, D-05167, D-05277, D-06148,
D-07649, D-08812, D-08821, D-09240,
D-10756, D-11202, D-12049, D-14762,
D-15573, D-15575, D-16839, D-17058,
D-21684, D-24162, D-24463, D-26044,
D-27105, D-27187, D-27672, D-27675,
D-28650, D-28785, D-29647, D-29655,
D-30326, D-30858, D-30860, D-31332,
D-31396, D-32055, D-32350, D-32912,
D-33114, D-34008, D-34805, D-35025,
D-36009, D-36562, D-37026, D-37366,
D-38110, D-40363, D-40574, D-40997,
D-41975, D-42122, D-42247, D-43316,
D-43388, D-44059, D-44330, E-06841,
E-24549, E-32155, E-33873, E-42720,
E-44813, F-00841, F-07451, F-27752,
F-29400, G-00177, G-02191, G-04877,
G-18046, G-20687, G-20990, G-24603,
G-25068, G-27416, G-29663, G-29958,
G-30831, G-31584, G-32608, G-33864,
G-34406, G-34791, G-34841, G-34895,
G-34951, G-35041, G-36093, G-36152,
G-36747, G-38869, G-39179, G-40021,
G-43277, G-43337, G-44433, G-44746,
H-39690, 1-02176, 1-06355, K-08420,
K-08803, K-11746, K-30069, K-42118,
L-17472, L-24467, L-25542, L-28099,
L-32462, L-32865, L-33495, L-35151,
L-35922, L-41557, L-44219, N-06992,
N-11871, N-28088
MEDICAL FACILITIES G-06985, G-36207
-------
410
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
MEDICAL PERSONNEL G-27291,
G-32624, G-32737, G-36207, G-41124,
G-44395, G-44463, L-23234, L-33844
MEETINGS B-250%, B-32036, B-39333,
E-29699, G-27416, G-29963, G-31524,
J-30329, K-38197, L-31957, L-36877,
N-08273
MEMBRANE FILTERS C-02164, C-06894,
C-08661, C-230%, C-23657, C-25015,
C-26467, C-267(I7, C-26848, C-27106,
C-27358, C-27556, C-28621, C-30707,
C-32476, C-33731, C-37175, C-37514,
C-38778, C-38914, C-42043, D-01089,
D-01315, D-02133, D-04646, D-07600,
D-07985, D-09432, D-21684, D-22553,
D-24316, D-25635, D-28528, D-31775,
D-34805, D-35861, D-37518, D-42742,
D-44996, E-32155, F-07451, F-34948,
G-00076, G-00177, G-20687, G-24603
MEMBRANES A-35957, G-06985,
G-07892, G-09493, G-32218, G-40068,
G-40316, G-41737
MERCAPTANS A-24281, A-45145,
C-38755, C-39136, D-41979, F-09745,
G-07162
MERCURY C-05977, C-06045, C-10S28,
F-06648, F-11570, G-07423
MERCURY COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-23561, A-29787, A-31313, A-39367,
A-45072, B-31390, C-05977, C-06045,
C-09333, C-11626, C-25431, C-26275,
C-28126, C-30635, C-32476, C-32534,
C-32718, C-33042, C-33338, C-38670,
C-39136, C-39516, C-40631, C-42437,
C-44210, D-07649, D-27188, D-32912,
F-06648, F-11570, G-13154, G-13625,
G-17470, G-27085, G-27801, G-31280,
G-32218, G-32608, G-34789, G-35042,
G-35055, G-37028, G-38580, G-39833,
G-39883, G-44364, G-44381, G-45165,
H-36265, H-41143, H-41733, H-42857,
H-43279, K-41682, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288, N-43824
METABOLISM A-23058, A-29872,
A-31313, A-40759, C-16382, G-00808,
G-02191, G-03281, G-03283, G-03897,
G-05002, G-05475, G-05483, G-05671,
G-06814, G-09486, G-10793, G-12984,
G-13154, G-15703, G-16810, G-26477,
G-26483, G-27291, G-27614, G-27801,
G-28834, G-29588, G-29815, G-29816,
G-29958, G-30686, G-31528, G-31%2,
G-32041, G-32216, G-32624, G-32737,
G-32738, G-33778, G-33910, G-34709,
G-35021, G-35174, G-35225, G-35792,
G-36207, G-36354, G-36747, G-36957,
G-36964, G-37023, G-37119, G-37229,
G-37933, G-38579, G-39621, G-40021,
G-40057, G-40485, G-41872, G-42091,
G-42759, G-42884, G-43531, G-44053,
G-44395, G-45005, H-27391, H-38332,
H-39407, H-41461, H-42924, H-42945,
K-36346
METAL COMPOUNDS A-00962, A-01565,
A-01624, A-01868, A-02636, A-03278,
A-03279, A-03280, A-03982, A-04460,
A-05067, A-05171, A-06220, A-06351,
A-08039, A-08972, A-09210, A-09355,
A-09393, A-09686, A-10749, A-11702,
A-12624, A-12751, A-12823, A-13524,
A-14033, A-14135, A-14459, A-14461,
A-14462, A-14945, A-15205, A-15295,
A-15599, A-15769, A-16156, A-16766,
A-17304, A-17325, A-17339, A-17365,
A-17778, A-18211, A-18297, A-18510,
A-19598, A-19684, A-19955, A-20545,
A-20927, A-21069, A-21109, A-21722,
A-22367, A- 22370, A-22579, A-22825,
A-22941, A- 22976, A-23058, A-23239,
A-23250, A-23280, A-23316, A-23561,
A-23620, A-23789, A-24031, A-24080,
A-24156, A-24281, A-24285, A-24718,
A-24829, A- 24996, A-25295, A-25417,
A-25581, A- 26100, A-26134, A-26191,
A-26441, A-26454, A-26552, A-26645,
A-26763, A-26891, A-26925, A-27113,
A-27180, A- 27249, A-27272, A-27458,
A-27595, A-27858, A-27943, A-28210,
A-28336, A- 28394, A-28560, A-28862,
A-28873, A- 290%, A-29127, A-29364,
A-29516, A- 29539, A-29572, A-29661,
A-29782, A- 29786, A-29787, A-29872,
A-29936, A- 30001, A-30027, A-30067,
A-30414, A- 30428, A-30513, A-30604,
A-30674, A- 30759, A-30976, A-31085,
A-31088, A-31133, A-31136, A-31313,
A-31315, A-31323, A-31324, A-31395,
A-31520, A- 31525, A-315%, A-31632,
A-31649, A- 31934, A-32035, A-32447,
A-32492, A- 32523, A-32621, A-32748,
A-32875, A- 33087, A-33169, A-33293,
A-33350, A-33365, A-33378, A-33626,
A-33667, A-33710, A-33822, A-33%3,
A-33965, A- 34018, A-34031, A-34040,
A-34068, A-34177, A-34341, A-34350,
A-34442, A-34647, A-34774, A-35050,
A-35052, A-35065, A-35078, A-35123,
A-35168, A-35199, A-35224, A-35353,
A-35398, A-35477, A-35481, A-35484,
A-35676, A-35788, A-35818, A-35919,
A-35953, A-35957, A-36006, A-36032,
A-36080, A- 36082, A-36083, A-36084,
A-36527, A-36535, A-36541, A-36623,
A-36664, A- 36846, A-37015, A-37166,
A-37176, A- 37190, A-37312, A-37372,
A-37648, A-37721, A-38022, A-38330,
A-38331, A-38522, A-38543, A-38625,
A-38759, A-38819, A-38891, A-39035,
A-39067, A-39152, A-39367, A-39603,
A-39609, A-39610, A-39754, A-40314,
A-40455, A-40583, A-40677, A-40759,
A-40776, A-40947, A-40981, A-41035,
A-41145, A-41518, A-41604, A-41654,
A-41738, A-41889, A-41890, A-41945,
A-41959, A-42080, A-42212, A-42377,
A-42679, A-42726, A-42791, A-42980,
A-43346, A-43776, A-43966, A-44227,
A-44252, A-44464, A-44682, A-44821,
A-45072, A-45092, A-45136, A-45145,
A-45274, B-00015, B-00063, B-00899,
B-01484, B-01851, B-03232, B-03337,
B-05214, B-
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
411
C-41908,
C-42084,
C-42312,
C-42928,
C-43737,
C-44210,
D-00261,
D-01315,
D-02750,
D-04646,
D-05260,
D-05820,
D-07198,
D-0827S,
D-08568,
D-08821,
D-10380,
D-10756,
D-15175,
D-15610,
D-16539,
D-16839,
D-19144,
D-21015,
D-22290,
D-23658,
D-24316,
D-24952,
D-25635,
D-26287,
D-27105,
D-27191,
D-27621,
D-27831,
D-28233,
D-28620,
D-28650,
D-29152,
D-29385,
D-29647,
D-29918,
D-30410,
D-30858,
D-31325,
D-31775,
D-32883,
D-33576,
D-35010,
D-3S725,
D-36195,
D-36486,
D-36806,
D-37191,
D-37320,
D-37518,
D-39405,
D-40118,
D-40997,
D-41887,
D-42120,
D-42742,
D-43468,
D-44059,
D-44330,
E-00834,
E-19058,
E-22959,
E-24549,
E-28799,
E-29910,
E-30863,
E-32158,
E-3S264,
E-37953,
E-40164,
F-00058,
C-41968,
C-42137,
C-42360,
C-43448,
C-43763,
C-44479,
D-00%9,
D-01355,
D-03410,
D-04938,
D-05551,
D-06148,
D-07600,
D-08279,
D-08591,
D-09240,
D-10554,
D-11028,
D-15314,
D-15789,
D-16S76,
D-17058,
D-19433,
D-21684,
D-22553,
D-23864,
D-24351,
D-25055,
D-25758,
D-26387,
D-27174,
D-27241,
D-27648,
D-27880,
D-28326,
D-28629,
D-28653,
D-29153,
D-29416,
D-2%55,
D-30025,
D-30493,
D-30860,
D-31332,
D-32055,
D-32912,
D-34008,
D-35025,
D-35861,
D-36288,
D-36503,
D-36820,
D-37202,
D-37366,
D-38110,
D-3953S,
D-40574,
D-41033,
D-41888,
D-42122,
D-42921,
D-43558,
D-44063,
D-44580,
E-01821,
E-21182,
E-23743,
E-24570,
E-29445,
E-29946,
E-31852,
E-3322S,
E-36038,
E-38118,
E-44813,
F-00841,
C-42020,
C-42139,
C-42437,
C-43587,
C-44129,
C-44995,
D-00974,
D-01673,
D-03441,
D-049%,
D-05573,
D-06760,
D-07649,
D-08438,
D-08810,
D-09432,
D-10595,
D-11184,
D-15573,
D-15823,
D-16684,
D-17106,
D-19822,
D-21869,
D-22829,
D-23971
D-24414
D-25089
D-25881
D-26S35
D-27187
D-27257,
D-27672,
D-28097,
D-28369,
D-28634,
D-28785,
D-29191,
D-29465,
D-29744,
D-30182,
D-30494,
D-30892,
D-31396,
D-32350,
D-32945,
D-34805,
D-35407,
D-35940,
D-36449,
D-36562,
D-36909,
D-37264,
D-37369,
D-38133,
D-39914,
D-40584,
D-41520,
D-4197S,
D-43316,
D-43693,
D-44170,
D-449%,
E-10215,
E-21796,
E-24109,
E-27116,
E-29688,
E-30073,
E-31895,
E-33873,
E-36487,
E-38666,
E-44999,
F-03525,
C-42043,
C-42160,
C-42775,
C-43720,
C-44165,
C-45235,
D-01089,
D-02133,
D-03526,
D-05167,
D-05623,
D-06788,
D-07985,
D-08502,
D-08812,
D-09726,
D-10612,
D-14762,
D-15575,
D-16345,
D-16791,
D-17340,
D-20642,
D-21906,
D-23388,
, D-24162,
D-24463,
, D-25107,
, D-26054,
, D-270%,
, D-27188,
, D-27429,
, D-27675,
, D-28178,
, D-28528,
, D-28635,
, D-28920,
, D-29382,
, D-29515,
D-29814,
, D-30326,
, D-30656,
, D-31014,
, D-31669,
, D-32727,
, D-33114,
, D-34933,
D-35489,
, D-36009,
, D-36474,
, D-36688,
, D-37026,
, D-37288,
D-37394,
, D-39081,
D-39988,
D-40716,
D-41664,
, D-41979,
D-42367,
D-43388,
D-43%2,
D-44234,
D-45218,
E-12777,
E-22754,
E-24166,
E-28S86,
E-29699,
E-30676,
E-32155,
E-35207,
E-367U,
E-40157,
E-4S050,
F-03799,
F-05440,
F-09578,
F-11582,
F-13705,
F-13943,
F-14510,
F-15413,
F-16659,
F-17949,
F-34297,
F-36067,
F-39522,
F-42772,
F-44164,
G-00076,
G-00473,
G-00708,
G-00873,
0-01500,
G-01755,
G-02191,
G-03283,
G-03287,
G-04196,
G-0502S,
G-05483,
G-05780,
G-06174,
G-07162,
G-07740,
G-08411,
G-08999,
G-09408,
G-10793,
G-11580,
G-12070,
G-13059,
G-14156,
G-16820,
G-18046,
G-18502,
G-18518,
G-19881,
G-20287,
G-21037,
G-21766,
G-23582,
G-23876,
G-24192,
G-24573,
G-24877,
G-25705,
G-26477,
G-26775,
G-26931,
G-27253,
G-27614,
G-28011,
G-28256,
G-29286,
G-29663,
G-29825,
G-30009,
G-30328,
G-30468,
G-30831,
G-31303,
G-31452,
G-31524,
G-31899,
G-32216,
G-32487,
G-32625,
G-32738,
G-32787,
G-33165,
F-05849,
F-09745,
F-13451,
F-13839.
F-14008,
F-14743,
F-15493,
F-17585,
F-2T752,
F-34607,
F-36076,
F-39901,
F-43245,
F-44332,
G -00148,
G-00597,
G -00808,
G -00902,
O-01512.
G-02202,
G-03284,
G-03635,
G-04251,
G-05280,
G-05541,
G-06028,
G-06177,
G-07169,
G-07892,
G-08566,
G-09019,
G-09484,
G-10856,
G-11630,
G-12075,
G-13154,
G-14492,
G-17214,
G-18417,
G-18503,
G-18549,
G-19940,
G-20687,
G-21259,
G-22222,
G-23715,
G-23887,
G-24288,
G-24603,
G-24%1,
G-26260,
G-26483,
G-26883,
G-27084,
G-27291,
G-27801,
G-28024,
G-28834,
G-29329,
G-29789,
G-29958,
G-30156,
G-30334,
G-30671,
G-31040,
G-31319,
G-31491,
G-31528,
G-31%2,
G-32218,
G-32608,
G-32698,
G-32746,
G-32834,
G-33202,
F-06648,
F-10599,
F-13461,
F-13879,
F-14039,
F-14868,
F-15618,
F-17689,
F-28908,
F-34948,
F-36524,
F-40387,
F-43436,
F-45295,
G-00177,
G-00642,
G-00810,
G-00993,
G-01731,
0-01757,
G-03281,
G-03285,
G-03892,
G-04877,
G-05475,
G-05671
G-06059,
G-06704,
G-07396
G-08326,
G-08683,
G-09253,
G-09486,
G-11468
G-11808
G-12646,
G-13159,
G-15731,
G-17244,
G-18494,
G-18508,
G-19159
G-20087
G-20704,
G-21266,
G-22637,
G-23768,
G-23926,
G-24314,
G-24716,
G-25068,
G-26310,
G-26528,
G-26886,
G-27085,
G-27416,
G-27%1,
G-28170,
G-29129,
G-29493,
G-29815,
G-29963,
G-30181,
G-30355,
G-30672,
G-31228,
G-31351,
G-31493,
G-31537,
G-32041,
G-32408,
G-32613,
G-32735,
G-32747,
G-32905,
G-33234,
F-08207,
F-11570,
F-13635,
F-13911,
F-14138,
F-14995,
F-16595,
F-17882,
F-29400,
F-35378,
F-37213,
F-41787,
F-44032,
G-00020,
, G-00375,
, G-00705,
, G-00821,
, G-01341,
, G-01754,
. G-01797,
, G-03282,
, G-03286,
, G-03897,
, G-05002,
, G-05478,
, G-05697,
G-06151,
G-06814,
G-07551,
G-08381,
G-08949,
G-09261,
G-09493,
G-11552,
G-12038,
G-12984,
G-13625,
G-16810,
G-17470,
G-18501,
G-18515,
G-19304,
G-20198,
G-20990,
G-21423,
G-23167,
G-23801,
G-24081,
G-24428,
G-24784,
G-25328,
0-26356,
G-26720,
G-26915,
G-27107,
G-27490,
G-28010,
G-28171,
G-29256,
G-29588,
G-29816,
G-30000,
G-30198,
G-30395,
G-30686,
G-31280,
G-31442,
G-31517,
G-31584,
G-32129,
G-32484,
G-32624,
G-32737,
G-32749,
G-33052,
G-33372,
G-33374,
G-33607,
G-33903,
G-34092,
G-34246,
G-34701,
G-34791,
G-34841.
G-34902,
G-349S1,
G-350S5,
G-35217,
G-35380,
G-35559,
G-35714,
G-36152,
G-36354,
G-36747,
G-36935,
G-37028,
G-37229,
G-37630,
G-37788,
G-37964,
G-38721,
G-39161,
G-39503,
G-39863,
G-40014,
G-40068,
G-40317,
G-40492,
G-40697,
G-41124,
G-41731,
G-41857,
G-42022,
G-42463,
G-42737,
G-42884,
G-43615,
G-44176,
G-44294,
G-44395,
G-44696,
G-45159,
G-45288,
H-08884,
H-11452,
H-14489,
H-17038,
H-17217,
H-17681,
H-18521,
H-20237,
H-23258,
H-24788,
H-25967,
H-27063,
H-27391,
H-28379,
H-30033,
H-30931,
H-32224,
H-32423,
H-33201,
H-33985,
H-34901,
H-35827,
H-36265,
H-37926,
H-39204,
H-39408,
H-40335,
H-40591,
G-33497,
G-33778,
G-33910,
G-34095,
G-34406,
G-34709,
G-34832,
G-34847,
G-34914,
G-35021,
G-35118,
G-35219,
G-35387,
G-35560,
G-35792,
G-36207,
G-36534,
G-36765,
G-36957,
G-37040,
G-37297,
G-37685,
G-37933,
G-38579,
G-38867,
G-39179,
G-3%21,
G-39867,
G-40021,
G-40295,
G-40355,
G-40532,
G-40769,
G-41368,
G-41737,
G-41872,
G-42091,
G-42661,
G-42757,
G-42957,
G-43531,
G-43725,
G-44251,
G-44364,
G-44433,
G-44746,
G-45165,
G-45293,
H-09448,
H-11467,
H-14786,
H-17182,
H-17218,
H-17978,
H-19604,
H-21018,
H-23435,
H-24947,
H-26055,
H-27111,
H-27489,
H-28448,
H-30225,
H-31010,
H-32322,
H-32654,
H-33362,
H-34237,
H-35209,
H-35880,
H-36611,
H-37977,
H-39287,
H-39409,
H-40368,
H-41143,
G-33527,
G-33779,
G-34059,
G-34114,
G-34436,
G-34738,
G-34836,
G-34851,
G-34943,
G-35041,
G-35174,
G-35225,
G-35438,
G-35568,
G-35811,
G-36251,
G-36551,
G-36932,
G-36964,
G-37119,
G-37420,
G-37722,
G-37941,
G-38580,
G-38869,
G-39193,
G-39826,
G-39883,
G-40022,
(/-40312,
G-40435,
G-40634,
G-41067,
G-41695,
G-41818,
G-41894,
G-42098,
G-42698,
G-42759,
G-43196,
G-43532,
G-44053,
G-44254,
G-44381,
G-44463,
G-44867,
G-45196,
H-01523,
H-10318,
H-12536,
H-16270,
H-17215,
H-17220,
H-18481,
H-1%20,
H-21794,
H-23581,
H-25374,
H-26092,
H-27352,
H-28105,
H-28471,
H-30424,
H-31185,
H-32335,
H-32736,
H-33364,
H-34830,
H-35234,
H-36196,
H-36991,
H-38332,
H-39328,
H-39690,
H-40S40,
H-41461,
G-33605,
G-33864,
G-34066,
G-34175,
G-34649,
G-34789,
G-34837,
G-34895,
G-34947,
G-35042,
G-35211,
G-35377,
G-35463,
G-35587,
G-36093,
G-36283,
G-36740,
G-36934,
G-37023,
G-37180,
G-37540,
G-37731,
G-37942,
G-38616,
G-39095,
G-39406,
G-39833,
G-39989,
G-40057,
G-40316,
G-40485,
G-40688,
G-41097,
G-41717,
G-41847,
G-41895,
G-42136,
G-42716,
G-42881,
G-43277,
G-43559,
G-44087,
G-44255,
G-44385,
G-44508,
G-45005,
G-45273,
H-07742,
H-11157,
H-12647,
H-16655,
H-17216,
H-17225,
H-18520,
H-20062,
H-22926,
H-24667,
H-25878,
H-26276,
H-27386,
H-28289,
H-28529,
H-30921,
H-31801,
H-32338,
H-33112,
H-33922,
H-34831,
H-35410,
H-36197,
H-37912,
H-38743,
H-39407,
H-40024,
H-40590,
H-41733,
-------
412
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
H-41800, H-41891, H-41892, H-41893,
H-42207, H-42250, H-42336, H-42607,
H-42715, H-42857, H-42924, H-42945,
H-43226, H-43279, H-43342, H-43511,
H-43721, H-43782, H-44071, H-44588,
H-45056,1-00305, 1-31377, 1-32921,
1-33802, 1-36051, J-03288, J-03289,
J-21749, J-22358, J-26765, J-27968,
J-30329, J-306%, J-31518, J-31720,
J-32241, J-34370, J-34828, J-34970,
J-35391, J-36592, J-37409, J-37734,
J-38624, J-39941, J-39956, J-42721,
K-02580, K-03007, K-03956, K-06734,
K-06778, K-08420, K-08803, K-09259,
K-11746, K-14443, K-16104, K-16128,
K-16808, K-18294, K-19750, K-20121,
K-22223, K-24107, K-30035, K-30069,
K-33107, K-33730, K-34063, K-34377,
K-36346, K-36382, K-36823, K-38197,
K-38758, K-41682, K-42039, K-42118,
K-43312, K-44310, K-44377, L-00311,
L-02635, L-03536, L-07952, L-08196,
L-08725, L-09009, L-16200, L-17472,
L-22583, L-23234, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-24467, L-24757, L-25288,
L-25542, L-27664, L-28099, L-28349,
L-28397, L-28869, L-29421, L-29888,
L-30152, L-30620, L-30908, L-31454,
L-31957, L-32462, L-32789, L-32865,
L-32884, L-33495, L-33740, L-33844,
L-34033, L-34980, L-35151, L-35461,
L-35795, L-36030, L-36877, L-37193,
L-37392, L-37423, L-37497, L-37521,
L-37560, L-37717, L-38669, L-38757,
L-39640, L-40486, L-40520, L-41289,
L-41557, L-41703, L-42016, L-42041,
L-42169, L-42873, L-44044, L-44219,
L-44325, L-44376, L-44499, M-01073,
M-29432, M-33904, M-35206, N-04052,
N-04212, N-04649, N-05313, N-06992,
N-08273, N-09780, N-11871, N-14772,
N-17260, N-18005, N-20548, N-28088,
N-28803, N-37225, N-43824
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-03280, A-20652, A-31525, A-32035,
A-35078, A-35957, A-39462, A-42726,
B-03125, B-03754, B-09798, B-10558,
B-17525, B-21324, B-31441, B-32319,
B-35035, B-38727, B-43515, B-44853,
C-10561, C-25222, D-03526, D-10380,
D-21869, D-30326, D-30892, G-00821,
G-00902, G-03281, G-03287, G-06704,
G-08566, G-08949, G-09253, G-09408,
G-24428, G-30334, G-30831, G-34092,
G-36093, G-41067, G-41731, G-42136,
H-07742, H-08884, H-11467, H-17978,
H-23581, H-31010, H-32291, J-30696,
J-42721, K-14443, L-00311, L-34980
METAL POISONING A-06220, A-21109,
A-23058, A-24285, A-27113, A-28862,
A-31313, A-35953, A-35957, A-36527,
A-40759, B-32260, B-32424, C-01607,
C-01608, C-33338, D-08275, D-08812,
F-11570, F-11582, G-00076, G-00642,
G-00705, G-00708, G-00736, G-00740,
G-00808, G-00810, G-00821, G-00902,
G-00993, G-01341, G-01512, G-01754,
G-01755, G-01756, G-01757, G-OI812,
G-01923, G-02202, G-03283, G-03286,
G-03635, G-03654, G-03892, G-03893,
G-03897, G-04196, G-04251, G-04877,
G-05025, G-05475, G-05478, G-05483,
G-05541, G-05671, G-05697, G-05780,
G-06028, G-06059, G-06174, G-06177,
G-06704, G-06985, G-07169, G-073%,
G-07551, G-07740, G-07892, G-08381,
G-08411, G-08566, G-08683, G-08949,
G-08999, G-09019, G-09253, G-09261,
G-09408, G-09484, G-09486, G-09493,
G-10793, G-10856, G-11462, G-11468,
G-11552, G-11580, G-13625, G-15703,
G-17470, G-18515, G-18518, G-20704,
G-21423, G-22637, G-23167, Q-23582,
G-23887, G-23926, G-24192, G-24716,
G-24784, G-24%1, G-26310, G-26477,
G-26483, G-26528, G-26720, G-26883,
G-26886, G-26915, G-27084, G-27085,
G-27416, G-28170, G-28205, G-28256,
G-29256, G-29493, G-29789, G-29963,
G-30686, G-31228, G-31280, G-31351,
G-31442, G-31452, G-31491, G-31493,
G-31517, G-31524, G-31528, G-31537,
G-31584, G-31899, G-31%2, G-32041,
G-32216, G-32218, G-32408, G-32487,
G-J2608, G-32624, G-32625, G-326%,
G-32737, G-32738, G-32746, G-32747,
G-32834, G-33202, G-33234, G-33374,
G-33497, G-33527, G-33605, G-33607,
G-33910, G-34059, G-34095, G-34114,
G-34436, G-34649, G-34701, G-34709,
G-34738, G-34791, G-34832, G-34836,
G-34837, G-34841, G-34914, G-34943,
G-34947, G-35021, G-35042, G-35055,
G-35174, G-35211, G-35217, G-35225,
G-35380, G-35387, G-35438, G-35463,
G-35559, G-35560, G-35568, G-35587,
G-357! 1, G-36093, G-36152, G-36207,
G-36283, G-36740, G-36747, G-36932,
G-36934, G-36957, G-36964, G-37023,
G-37028, G-37119, G-37297, G-37420,
G-37731, G-37788, G-38579, G-39095,
G-3919\ G-39406, G-3%21, G-39863,
G-39867, G-39989, G-40021, G-40022,
G-40057, G-40068, G-40295, G-40312,
G-40317, G-40435, G-40485, G-40492,
G-40697, G-40769, G-41067, G-41695,
G-41813, G-41847, G-41857, G-41872,
G-42022, G-42098, G-42716, G-42737,
G-42759, G-43196, G-43337, G-43531,
G-43559, G-44251, G-44294, G-44463,
G-44508, G-44746, G-44867, G-45005,
H-08884, H-10318, H-11467, H-12536,
H-16270, H-18481, H-18520, H-18521,
H-26092, H-26276, H-27063, H-30033,
H-30931, H-32291, H-32736, H-33362,
H-34830, H-34831, H-35209, H-36196,
H-36265, H-37912, H-40591, H-41461,
H-42945, H-43511, H-44588, K-11746,
K-16104, L-08725, L-35461, L-37521,
M-35206
METALS A-01565, A-01868, A-03278,
A-03280, A -03982, A-06220, A-09210,
A-09686, A-10749, A-13524, A-20652,
A-24285, A -29787, A-31649, A-34018,
A-34788, A-34916, A-34921, A-35168,
A-39462, A-40677, A-41518, A-42676,
A-42726, A-43271, B-00015, B-00063,
B-00107, B-01851, B-03125, B-03232,
B-03337, B-03754, B-07606, B-08562,
B-09798, B-15208, B-16053, B-17525,
B-21324, B-22492, B-22520, B-25334,
B-25377, B-25470, B-25781, B-26600,
B-29058, B-2%56, B-30124, B-30154,
B-30717, B-31317, B-31819, B-31825,
B-32248, B-32319, B-32760, B-34035,
B-34071, B-35035, B-35296, B-35303,
B-35342, B-35478, B-35778, B-37173,
B-37222, B-37408, B-37750, B-39275,
B-40709, B-43937, B-44853, C-00056,
C-00125, C-01230, C-01249, C-01607,
C-01608, C-03037, C-05456, C-05977,
C-06045, C-06072, C-06643, C-06881,
C-06894, C-CI6920, C-08130, C-08661,
C-09983, C-10528, C-10556, C-10561,
C-11042, C-14758, C-15734, C-18302,
C-19857, C-29464, C-30360, D-00005,
D-00017, D-00261, D-00697, D-00974,
D-00976, D-00985, D-01089, D-01315,
D-01355, D-01673, D-02750, D-03526,
D-04996, D-05277, D-05551, D-05623,
D-05820, D-07600, D-07985, D-08275,
D-08279, D-08438, D-08502, D-08568,
D-08821, D-09240, D-10612, D-10634,
D-10756, D-11028, D-11202, D-12049,
D-12099, D-20191, D-21869, D-26054,
D-27880, D-29153, D-29191, D-30326,
D-30860, D-30892, D-35940, D-37320,
D-38110, D-44330, E-03841, E-05713,
E-06841, F-00841, F-03525, F-06648,
F-07451, F-09578, F-10599, F-11570,
F-11582, F-U534, F-17161, F-19823,
F-27348, F-35378, F-35379, F-36524,
F-40387, G-00020, G-00076, G-00148,
G-00177, G-C0375, G-00473, G-00597,
G-00642, G-00662, G-00736, G-00740,
G-00993, G-01500, G-01512, G-01731,
G-01797, G-01812, G-01923, G-02191,
G-02202, G-03086, G-03283, G-03284,
G-03654, G-03892, G-03893, G-03897,
G-04877, G-05002, G-05475, G-05478,
G-05483, G-05541, G-05697, G-05780,
G-06028, G-06059, G-06174, G-06177,
G-06704, G-06985, G-07162, G-07396,
G-07423, G-07551, G-07740, G-07892,
G-08326, G-08381, G-08411, G-08566,
G-08683, G-08949, G-08999, G-09019,
G-09253, G-09261, G-09408, G-09484,
G-09486, G-09493, G-09535, G-10434,
G-10856, G-11462, G-11468, G-11552,
G-11580, G-11630, G-12070, G-15703,
G-21070, G-27107, G-28205, G-31319,
G-36093, G-41067, H-01523, H-07742,
H-08884, H-09448, H-10318, H-11157,
H-11467, H-12647, H-17978, H-26276,
H-32291, H-32338, H-39690, 1-02176,
1-03735, 1-06355, 1-06357, 1-22128,
1-32921, 1-33802, J-30696, K-06734,
K-08420, K-11746, K-36823, L-07952,
L-08725, L-11204, L-17927, L-23562,
L-23608, L-24214, L-28066, L-35795,
L-35922, N-03674, N-04649, N-06992,
N-08273
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
D-03410, E-24549
METEOROLOGY A-01868, A-03280,
A-11702, A-15205, A-18510, A-19684,
A-19955, A-21069, A-21722, A-23561,
A-23620, A-26191, A-26454, A-290%,
A-29787, A-30513, A-31315, A-33293,
A-33822, A-33%3, A-34647, A-35078,
A-35788, A-36032, A-37166, A-37190,
A-38625, A-39367, A-40583, A-41145,
A-45092, B-09231, B-19808, B-20735,
B-28377, B-28730, B-31221, B-31690,
B-32760, B-33550, B-35816, B-37750,
B-44283, C-00855, C-02164, C-06920,
C-18302, C-19313, C-21948, C-22927,
C-23646, C-26274, C-26848, C-27829,
C-30360, C-33042, C-40724, C-43587,
C-44995, D-00005, D-00261, D-00969,
D-02133, D-03410, D-03441, D-04646,
D-04938, D-049%, D-05277, D-05573,
D-05623, D-07198, D-08502, D-08568,
D-08821, D-09240, D-09726, D-10634,
D-12099, D-1.5789, D-16576, D-16791,
D-16839, D-17340, D-19433, D-21015,
D-21684, D-22829, D-23658, D-23864,
D-23971, D-24414, D-24952, D-25089,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
413
D-25635, D-26054, D-26387, D-26535,
D-27187, D-27191, D-27648, D-27672,
D-28620, D-28629, D-28650, D-28920,
D-29647, D-29655, D-29814, D-29918,
D-30182, D-30410, D-30860, D-31325,
D-32055, D-32727, D-32912, D-33114,
D-34008, D-34805, D-35489, D-35725,
D-35861, D-36009, D-36449, D-36474,
D-36806, D-37026, D-37288, D-37366,
D-37369, D-37394, D-39081, D-39405,
D-39988, D-40584, D-41979, D-42122,
D-42247, D-43693, D-43962, D-44059,
D-44996, E-00834, E-01821, E-03841,
E-05713, E-06841, E-10215, E-12777,
E-19058, E-21182, E-21796, E-22754,
E-22959, E-23743, E-24109, E-24166,
E-24570, E-27116, E-28586, E-28799,
E-29445, E-29688, E-29699, E-29910,
E-30073, E-30676, E-30863, E-31895,
E-32155, E-32158, E-33873, E-35207,
E-36714, E-37953, E-38118, E-38666,
E-40157, E-40164, E-44813, E-44999,
E-45050, F-03525, F-35379, G-00076,
G-00177, G-00375, G-19940, G-23801,
G-29129, G-29789, G-31040, G-32129,
G-32735, G-32905, G-33778, G-34092,
G-37420, G-38616, G-40485, G-42463,
G-44087, H-08884, H-11157, H-U452,
H-12647, H-14786, H-17225, H-17681,
H-23258, H-26055, H-28289, H-31010,
H-32224, H-33112, H-33364, H-33922,
H-33985, H-35827, H-39287, H-39408,
H-39690, H-42250, H-42924, 1-00305,
1-02176, K-36382, L-03536, L-081%,
L-23562, L-25288, L-25542, L-26442,
L-33844, L-35922, N-04052, N-04212,
N-08273, N-11871
METHANES A-34774, A-42377, A-44252,
B-03337, B-19725, B-30154, C-01230,
C-41719, D-19433, D-30860, F-06648,
F-17689, F-39901
MEUSE VALLEY G-00375, G-07423
MEXICO A-40314, G-42757, G-44867,
L-41557
MICE A-17778, G-00148, G-00375,
G-00473, G-01731, G-12075, G-23167,
G-30671, G-34914, G-34943, G-38869,
G-40014, G-40688, G-43615, G-44254
MICHIGAN A-26645, A-40776, D-04938,
D-04996, D-10612, D-11184, D-29655,
D-35489
MICROMETEOROLOGY A-23561,
D-26387, D-26535, E-24570, E-29445,
E-29910, E-35207, L-25288, L-26442
MICROORGANISMS C-32058, C-33055,
G-00375, G-35042, G-41097, G-44254,
G-45159, N-43824
MICROSCOPY B-27371, B-44614, C-08130,
C-09888, C-10561, C-23657, C-26698,
C-29512, C-35695, G-06151, G-18515,
G-39863
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE D-24316
MILK A-03279, A-37190, B-32424,
G-08566, G-33910, G-34943, G-36765,
H-31185, H-32291, H-33201, H-33922,
H-39407, H-39408, H-40024, L-07952
MINERAL PROCESSING A-13524,
A-26441, A-31395, A-34018, A-34068,
A-35398, A-37190, A-39462, A-40314,
A-42726, A-43346, B-00107, B-03125,
B-03337, B-03754, B-31441, B-32248,
C-03037, D-03441, D-05260, D-10380,
D-21869, D-27880, D-30326, D-30860,
D-32055, D-35940, D^»1979, F-35378,
F-35379, G-01512, G-03892, G-04251,
G-09261, G-33052, G-34092, G-36283,
G-39095, G-44696, H-07742, H-11157,
H-11467, H-14489, H-19620, H-26276,
H-27386, H-31185, H-32322, H-32338,
H-35880, H-37912, H-37926, J-30329,
J-306%, K-14443, K-34063, K-34377,
L-17927, L-23562, L-28066
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-23561, A-27272,
A-35052, A-39367, A-39462, B-03754,
B-34313, B-44283, C-06045, C-08130,
C-10528, C-29464, C-29512, C-40631,
G-07423, G-13625, G-21259, G-25068,
G-27085, G-40068, G-44395, H-26276,
H-32224, H-39204, H-40368, L-24467
MINING A-34068, A-35398, A-40314,
A-43346, B-31441, F-35378, F-35379,
G-01512, G-04251, G-39095, G-44696,
H-07742, H-11467, H-19620, H-27386,
H-37912, H-37926, J-30329, L-28066
MISSILES AND ROCKETS A-27595,
F-07451, G-07551, N-20548
MISSOURI A-01868, A-02636, A-03982,
B-00063, B-03337, C-45235, D-36449,
E-00834, F-03525, F-03799, G-02191,
G-03635, H-39204, 1-02176
MISTS A-35957, A-39462, B-07606,
B-28172, B-34611, C-09333, D-07198,
D-29382, E-32155, E-36038, G-03282,
G-12038, G-31452, G-32735, H-41891,
K-08803, K-20121, K-36823, N-04212
MOBILE A-33350, B-34025, B-39275,
C-22927, C-25431, C-25432, D-00976,
D-02750, G-31524, J-306%
MOLYBDENUM D-00017, D-00974,
D-03526, F-10599, F-13534, G-00662,
G-03086, 1-06355,1-06357
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06351, C-36698, C-38682, C-44995,
D-049%, D-05167, D-27174, D-449%,
E-29910, F-39522, F-43436, G-13159,
G-32608, H-11452, H-23435, H-36991,
H-39287, H-42924, H-43226
MONITORING A-12624, A-26645,
A-31323, A-33293, A-33710, A-34350,
A-41945, A-41959, A-45145, B-28730,
B-30154, B-30633, B-30950, B-44750,
C-00855, C-06112, C-12943, C-16382,
C-18007, C-19276, C-21338, C-22927,
C-23596, C-24644, C-25431, C-25432,
C-26275, C-27294, C-28621, C-28895,
C-29419, C-32534, C-32833, C-40631,
C-40724, C-44165, D-04996, D-05167,
D-07649, D-08812, D-09240, D-11202,
D-12049, D-14762, D-15575, D-16839,
D-17058, D-24162, D-24463, D-27672,
D-27675, D-28650, D-28785, D-29647,
D-30326, D-30858, D-30860, D-31396,
D-32055, D-34008, D-35025, D-36009,
D-36562, D-37366, D-38110, D-41975,
D-42122, D-43316, E-32155, G-00177,
G-20687, G-25068, G-30831, G-31584,
G-32608, G-33864, G-34406, G-34791,
G-34841, G-34895, G-36093, G-36152,
G-36747, G-38869, G-39179, G-43277,
G-43337, H-3%90, K-08803, K-11746,
K-30069, K-42118, L-17472, L-24467,
L-25542, L-33495, L-35922, L-41557,
L-44219, N-11871
MONTANA A-41889, A-41890, D-03410,
D-41887, D-41888, G-41894, G-41895,
H-41891, H-41892, H-41893
MONTHLY A-30513, B-30633, D-00974,
D-01315, D-03441, D-049%, D-06760,
D-08279, D-15610, D-23388, D-24414,
D-26044, D-27241, D-27648, D-28650,
D-2%55, D-29744, D-30656, D-30858,
D-30860, D-31325, D-313%, D-32727,
D-32945, D-33576, D-35025, D-36009,
D-37026, D-37288, D-37369, D-38133,
D-39535, D-40363, D-40997, D-42247,
D-42742, D-43558, E-12777, G-20687,
H-33112, K-19750
MORBIDITY D-03441, D-16345, F-35379,
G-00473, G-00736, G-01755, G-03286,
G-05541, G-07162, G-09408, G-38616,
G-39833, G-40634, G-41737, H-30033
MORTALITY A-27595, A-31313, A-31395,
C-45235, D-16345, D-313%, D-32055,
G-00473, G-00736, G-00873, G-01731,
G-01755, G-01923, G-03086, G-03286,
G-07162, G-23167, G-23801, G-33527,
G-33605, G-34095, G-35055, G-35387,
G-35714, G-36747, G-38616, G-38867,
G-40634, G-41737, G-42716, G-44867,
H-18520, H-43511, N-04052, N-20548
MOUNTAINS A-19684, D-00974, D-31396,
E-31895, H-33922
MOUTH G-03893, G-05475, G-073%
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-31632
MUTATIONS G-28256, G-34914, G-35118,
G-35219, G-40355, G-41097, H-42715,
H-43511
N
NAPHTHALENES F-00058, F-06648
NAPHTHENES A-38331, B-31341, J-03289
NASHVILLE G-00375
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK
(NASN) A-41145, B-01851, C-18007,
D-00017, D-00974, D-05167, D-05820,
D-27174, D-27621, D-42921, D-44580,
E-32155, G-08411, N-04649
NATURAL GAS A-22941, A-24080,
A-27249, A-33087, A-34774, A-35052,
A-37166, A-38543, A-39367, A-42377,
A-43346, B-00107, B-19725, B-28699,
B-28730, B-33932, D-32055, G-19940,
H-08884, J-31720, J-39941, L-11204,
L-16200, L-33844, L-35151, L-44499
NAUSEA A-35957, G-01757, G-09408,
G-31351, G-32624, G-41737, G-43559
NECROSIS H-26055
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-18510, A-22579,
A-23058, A-290%, A-29872, A-31313,
A-35953, A-35957, G-00375, G-01341,
G-01754, G-01757, G-03286, G-06174,
G-06814, G-07162, G-073%, G-08999,
G-09486, G-10856, G-12075, G-12646,
G-15731, G-17470, G-18494, G-18502,
G-18508, G-23167, G-24288, G-26720,
G-27107, G-27416, G-28256, G-29588,
G-29789, G-30671, G-30686, G-31228,
G-31493, G-31537, G-31%2, G-32041,
G-32216, G-32484, G-32487, G-326%,
G-32737, G-32746, G-32747, G-32834,
G-33778, G-33910, G-34095, G-34436,
G-34709, G-34832, G-34851, G-34943,
G-34947, G-35021, G-35055, G-35380,
G-35438, G-35463, G-35714, G-35811,
G-36152, G-36207, G-36934, G-36964,
G-37023, G-38867, G-39095, G-39503,
G-39883, G-39989, G-40022, G-40485,
G-41737, G-41847, G-41872, G-42091,
G-42098, G-42716, G-42881, G-42957,
G-43531, G-43559, G-43725, G-44385,
G-44867, G-45288, H-08884, H-10318,
H-27063, H-30033, H-33362, H-35234,
H-40591, H-43511, K-16808, L-33844
NETHERLANDS A-39367, G-43615,
G-44395
-------
414
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
NEUTRAL CONDITION E-45050
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
C-11626, C-33042, C-330S5, C-44210,
C-44479, D-11184, D-28920, D-32350,
D-35861, D-43468, E-22754, E-28586,
G-42136, H-25967
NEW JERSEY A-30428, D-16839
NEW MEXICO D-35407
NEW ORLEANS G-00375
NEW YORK CITY A-26645, C-42139,
D-10612, D-11028, D-16839, D-17058,
D-17340, D-31325, E-44813, G-00375,
G-01755, G-07423, G-34059, G-34895,
G-35587, H-30931, K-38197, N-04212
NEW YORK STATE A-26645, C-42139,
D-01673, D-10612, D-11028, D-16839,
D-17058, D-17340, D-31325, E-44813,
G-00375, G-01755, G-07423, G-34059,
G-34895, G-35587, H-30931, K-09259,
K-38197, N-04212
NICKEL A-35168, B-09798, B-34035,
B-37222, C-01230, C-10528, C-11042,
C-15734, D-00017, D-00974, D-03526,
D-11202, F-10599, G-00662, G-01731,
G-01797, H-07742, H-08884, 1-06355,
1-06357, N-04649
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06351, A-18297, A-22370, A-26454,
A-27595, A-36846, B-35223, B-36578,
C-05787, C-10528, C-21459, C-22975,
C-30113, C-30360, C-32892, C-38778,
C-39136, C-39516, C-41908, C-42360,
C-42928, C-44210, C-44995, D-03526,
D-049%, D-05167, D-17340, D-22290,
D-23388, D-23971, D-24351, D-27174,
D-27188, D-27831, D-28653, D-30182,
D-30493, D-30656, D-31325, D-35010,
D-35940, D-36486, D-36820, D-37191,
D-37202, D-37264, D-37518, D-42122,
D-42367, D-43316, D-44580, D-44996,
E-29910, E-36487, E-44813, F-13839,
F-16595, F-36067, F-39522, F-43436,
G-01731, G-01797, G-23167, G-24314,
G-26528, G-26775, G-30181, G-31280,
G-32735, G-35042, G-35055, G-38580,
G-39833, G-44364, G-44696, G-45165,
H-07742, H-08884, H-21794, H-23435,
H-36991, H-41800, H-42250, H-42336,
H-43279, 1-31377, N-04649
NITRATES A-15295, A-17778, A-23561,
A-32621, A-37176, B-31604, B-32938,
C-23096, C-24644, C-26274, C-30360,
C-31258, C-35494, C-42020, D-00017,
D-00974, D-01673, D-05167, D-05573,
D-21869, D-21906, D-22829, D-28326,
D-37202, D-42122, D-42921, F-00058,
F-05440, F-05849, F-13911, F-14008,
F-14138, F-14868, F-16659, F-17585,
F-17882, F-34948, G-00375, G-07162,
G-16820, G-32218, G-43277, G-45159,
H-11157, H-26055, H-32654, 1-00305,
K-20121, N-04649
NITRIC ACID A-09686, B-29058, C-26467,
C-30360, C-31258, D-05260, F-00058,
G-32735, G-44433, H-42607, K-06778,
K-20121
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-01565, A-01624,
A-08039, A-09393, A-15769, A-19598,
A-22976, A-23316, A-23561, A-25581,
A-28873, A-29516, A-29786, A-30513,
A-33%3, A-34350, A-35957, A-38625,
A-38891, A-39603, A-41738, A-45145,
B-00107, B-18053, B-24813, B-27876,
B-30717, B-30944, B-30950, B-31246,
B-32938, B-35018, B-35223, B-36081,
B-36578, B-37195, B-37222, B-39275,
B-41608, B-44750, C-09476, C-32534,
C-38755, D-03441, D-06760, D-06788,
D-15610, D-16684, D-17106, D-27257,
D-27672, D-27675, D-28233, D-29744,
D-30410, D-30860, D-33114, D-33576,
D-36806, D-40118, D-44330, G-00020,
G-00177, G-00473, G-16820, G-23876,
G-29129, G-32735, G-37942, G-41737,
H-32322, K-36382, K-36823, L-35922,
L-44325, N-11871
NITRITES F-00058, F-17585
NITROGEN A-37721, A-41945, C-41612,
F-03799, F-19823
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-01565,
A-09393, A-09686, A-19598, A-23316,
A-23561, A-26763, A-29786, A-30513,
A-33169, A-33%3, A-35957, A-38891,
A-39603, A-43776, A-45092, A-45145,
B-00107, B-01484, B-30717, B-44750,
C-00855, C-09:t33, C-09476, C-09983,
C-17048, C-22927, C-26707, C-27294,
C-28126, C-32534, C-38670, C-38755,
D-00017, D-06148, D-06760, D-06788,
D-08812, D-15610, D-16345, D-16539,
D-16684, D-17106, D-19144, D-26287,
D-26387, 0-26)35, D-27257, D-27672,
D-27675, D-28233, D-29385, D-29744,
D-30410, D-30860, D-31396, D-32912,
D-33114, D-33576, D-34008, D-36503,
D-36806, D-40118, D-41887, D-44330,
E-30863, E-37953, F-07451, G-00020,
G-00177, G-00473, G-12038, G-16820,
G-21259, G-23''15, G-29129, G-32735,
G-34841, G-37942, G-41097, G-41124,
G-41737, G-43277, G-44087, G-44381,
H-26055, K-06734, K-06778, K-08420,
K-19750, K-36382, K-36823, K-41682,
K-42118, K-43312, K-44310, L-33495,
L-35922, L-44325, N-04212, N-09780,
N-11871
NITROGEN OXIDES A-00962, A-01565,
A-01624, A-01868, A-02636, A-04460,
A-05067, A-08039, A-08972, A-09210,
A-09355, A-09393, A-09686, A-14033,
A-15599, A-15769, A-16156, A-16766,
A-17325, A-17365, A-17778, A-19598,
A-20545, A-20927, A-22579, A-22941,
A-22976, A-23250, A-23316, A-23561,
A-23620, A-23789, A-24996, A-25581,
A-26134, A-26763, A-27180, A-27249,
A-27272, A-27943, A-28560, A-28873,
A-29096, A-29516, A-29786, A-30513,
A-30604, A-30976, A-31315, A-31323,
A-31395, A-32447, A-32621, A-32875,
A-33087, A-33169, A-33378, A-33%3,
A-33%5, A-34018, A-34350, A-34442,
A-34774, A-35481, A-35484, A-35676,
A-35957, A-36083, A-36623, A-37015,
A-37721, A-38522, A-38543, A-38625,
A-38891, A-39152, A-39603, A-39754,
A-40677, A-40776, A-40981, A-41654,
A-41738, A-41945, A-42080, A-42212,
A-42377, A-42679, A-43346, A-43776,
A-44227, A-44252, A-45092, A-45145,
B-00107, B-01484, B-05214, B-14604,
B-17906, B-18053, B-19808, B-20844,
B-21762, B-22890, B-23697, B-24182,
B-24696, B-24722, B-24813, B-25155,
B-25894, B-261?>3, B-27371, B-27824,
B-27876, B-28286, B-28377, B-28699,
B-28730, B-28860, B-28865, B-29058,
B-29605, B-30717, B-30944, B-30950,
B-31246, B-31314, B-31364, B-31690,
B-31819, B-31825, B-32355, B-32364,
B-32938, B-33366, B-33386, B-33388,
B-33403, B-34035, B-34381, B-35018,
B-35223, B-35476, B-35778, B-35821,
B-36081, B-36145, B-36523, B-36578,
B-37116, B-37195, B-37222, B-37845,
B-37938, B-38287, B-39275, B-39492,
B-40411, B-41112, B-41544, B-41608,
B-42131, B-42166, B-42330, B-44003,
B-44283, B-44341, B-44750, B-44906,
C-00855, C-06112, C-09333, C-09476,
C-09983, C-16123, C-17048, C-22927,
C-24644, C-26274, C-26707, C-27294,
C-28126, C-30290, C-32476, C-32534,
C-32829, C-38670, C-38755, C-39136,
C-40631, C-41719, C-41763, C-42775,
C-42928, D-00005, D-00017, D-00%9,
D-01673, D-02133, D-03441, D-049%,
D-05573, D-06148, D-06760, D-06788,
D-07198, D-08438, D-08812, D-10634,
D-15610, D-16345, D-16539, D-16684,
D-17106, D-19144, D-24162, D-26287,
D-26387, D-26535, D-27257, D-27672,
D-27675, D-28097, D-28233, D-28634,
D-29382, D-29385, D-29744, D-30410,
D-30860, D-31396, D-32055, D-32912,
D-33114, D-33576, D-34008, D-35025,
D-36503, D-36806, D-36909, D-37366,
D-37394, D-38110, D-40118, D-40997,
D-41887, D-41888, D-42120, D-43316,
D-43%2, D-44330, E-30863, E-37953,
E-38666, F-00058, F-06648, F-07451,
G-00020, G-00177, G-00375, G-00473,
G-07162, G-12038, G-13059, G-16820,
G-17244, G-21259, G-23715, G-23876,
G-24314, G-24605, G-27801, G-29129,
G-30156, G-3032i3, G-30355, G-32735,
G-34406, G-34841, G-34895, G-35118,
G-37180, G-37788, G-37942, G-38616,
G-38721, G-40634, G-41097, G-41124,
G-41737, G-43277, G-44087, G-44176,
G-44254, G-4438L, H-08884, H-11157,
H-19604, H-26055, H-32322, H-40368,
J-26765, J-27968, J-306%, K-02580,
K-03007, K-06734, K-06778, K-08420,
K-08803, K-09259, K-18294, K-19750,
K-24107, K-30035, K-30069, K-34063,
K-36382, K-36825, K-38758, K-41682,
K-42118, K-43312, K-44310, L-00311,
L-02635, L-03536, L-24467, L-25288,
L-25542, L-28099, L-30152, L-30620,
L-31957, L-32462, L-32789, L-32865,
L-33495, L-35795, L-35922, L-37560,
L-41557, L-42873, L-44325, L-44499,
M-01073, N-04052, N-04212, N-09780,
N-11871, N-14772, N-18005, N-20548,
N-28088
NITROGEN TRIOXIDE; (N03) C-09476,
C-32534
NITROMETHANE H-11157
NITROUS ACID H-32224
NITROUS ANHYDRIDE (N2O3) N-04212
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) B-30717
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-03278, A-03280, A-09686, A-12624,
A-23561, A-24080, A-26441, A-26925,
A-27595, A-30674, A-3I632, A-31649,
A-32035, A-33087, A-33293, A-33%5,
A-34647, A-34774, A-34788, A-35398,
A-37190, A-39462, A-40314, A-40981,
A-41889, A-41945, A-43346, A-44227,
A^15072, B-18053, B-19808, B-27824,
B-28108, B-30124, B-35342, B-42886,
C-30635, C-33042, C-33055, C-353%,
C-38670, C-41016. C-44210, D-00005,
D-00%9, D-03410, D-03441, D-03526,
D-04646, D-08275, D-08438, D-08502,
D-08568, D-0859I, D-08810, D-08821,
D-12099, D-17340, D-20191, D-30858,
D-31325, D-34008, D-35407, D-37026,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
415
D-37369,
D-41979,
E-33225,
F-35379,
G-00708,
G-01757,
G-08411,
G-30671,
G-33607,
G-38721,
H-08884,
H-32736,
H-36197,
:
D-38110,
D-42120,
E-36714,
F-36076,
G-01754,
G-03086,
G-20704,
G-31319,
G-35811,
G-39095,
H-24667,
H-34830,
H-37912,
HW05
D-41033, D-41887,
E-00834, E-29445,
F-07451, F-35378,
G-00597, G-00642,
G-01755, G-01756,
G-05002, G-07551,
G-27801, G-29816,
G-31528, G-33374,
G-36283, G-37788,
G-42757, H-01523,
, H-27489, H-32291,
, H-34831, H-361%,
, H-37977, H-41733,
1-33802, J-30329,
G-08566,
G-11552,
G-19304,
G-24081,
G-25705,
G-26883,
G-27085,
G-29129,
G-30198,
G-31899,
G-32608,
G-32696,
G-32787,
G-33374,
i . I • i
l . 4 • >
G-08683,
G-11580,
G-20687,
G-24192,
G-26528,
G-26886,
G-28011,
G-29815,
G-30334,
G-32129,
G-32613,
G-32738,
G-32905,
G-33527,
G-08949,
G-13154,
G-23582,
G-24428,
G-26720,
G-26915,
G-28024,
G-29958,
G-30672,
G-32216,
G-32624,
G-32747,
G-33052,
G-33903,
G-09486,
G-18515,
G-23887,
G-25328,
G-26775,
G-27084,
G-28205,
G-29%3,
G-31351,
G-32408,
G-32625,
G-32749,
G-33202,
G-34059,
B-32392, B-33542, B-33550, B-33932,
B-35112, B-35688, B-37150, B-44470,
C-235%, C-26274, C-33178, C-38670,
D-43468, F-06648, F-08207, F-41787,
G-00177, G-03892, G-16820, G-39883,
H-08884, H-26055, H-27111, J-03289,
J-21749, J-22358, J-34370, K-03007,
K-09259, N-03674
OPEN BURNING A-09686, A-31649,
A-39462, D-03410, E-29445, G-33607,
G-39095
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-0%86,
A-26441, B-00107, B-03232, B-03754,
B-07606, B-09798, B-34071, B-43515,
PI
-------
416
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
OXIDANTS A-00962,
A-27943, A-30513
A-34018, A-40677
B-28377, B-31690,
C-27294, C-32476,
C-41763, D-00005,
D-05573, D-19144
D-32055, D-33576,
D-39988, D-43316
G-35118, G-38616
A-01868, A-17365,
, A-32621, A-32875,
, A-42080, B-01484,
C-09476, C-26275,
, C-32534, C-40631,
, D-00969, D-03441,
, D-28097, D-29647,
D-34008, D-39081,
, F-00058, G-16820,
, G-44087, H-08884,
B-M819, B-
B-32355, !)-
B-32938, B-
B-33403, B-
B-34381, B-
B-35035, B-
B-35342, B-
B-35821, B-
B-36578, B-
B-37750, B-
31825,
32364,
33366.
33741,
34536,
35166
35476:
36081
37116
•37845
B-31985,
B-32392,
B-33386,
B-34035,
B-34611,
B-35223,
B-35540,
B-36145,
B-37195,
B-37?38,
B-32260.
B-32633
B-33388
B-34071.
B-35018
B-35303
B-35778
B-36523
B-37222
B-382S7,
G-30355,
G-31452,
G-32905,
G-33864,
G-35041,
G-37685,
G-38721,
G-43277,
G-30671,
G-32484,
G-33607,
G-34406,
G-35118,
G-37788,
G--38869,
G-41124,
G-44087,
G-30672,
G-32625,
G-33778,
G-34841,
G-37180,
G-37942,
G-40068,
G-41737,
G-44176,
G-31319,
G-32735,
G-33779,
G-34895,
G-37229,
G-38616,
G-40634,
G-42881,
G-44254,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
417
G-35463, G-36207, G-39095, G-42463,
H-36196, H-44588, L-35461, M-35206,
N-43824
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY C-08145,
C-32058, C-42437, C-43448, D-11028
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-0%86,
A-26441, A-39462, C-33055, D-03410,
L-29421
PARIS B-03337, D-06788, D-08568,
D-08821, D-16684, D-43693, G-32216,
K-42118
PARTICLE COUNTERS C-06643,
C-08130, C-09888, C-26275, C-29512,
C-39168, C-43587, D-05277, D-21684,
E-33873, G-35041, K-08803
PARTICLE GROWTH A-23620, A-39609,
C-26848, D-24952, E-19058, E-23743,
E-2%99, E-29946, E-32158, E-35207,
E-36714, E-40157
PARTICLE SHAPE A-06220, C-08130,
C-09476, C-09888, C-29512, E-00834,
E-32155
PARTICLE SIZE A-03278, A-06220,
A-12624, A-14945, A-15295, A-16766,
A-23561, A-23620, A-26925, A-29661,
A-30674, A-30759, A-31324, A-34341,
A-35168, A-36527, A-37176, A-37312,
A-37372, A-39609, A-41145, B-07606,
B-08562, B-09798, B-25301, B-25470,
B-26532, B-28377, B-29664, B-31604,
B-32633, B-34740, B-35342, B-35352,
B-39272, C-00855, C-03037, C-05243,
C-08130, C-08145, C-09476, C-09888,
C-10561, C-14758, C-17179, C-21862,
C-23096, C-23646, C-26275, C-26848,
C-27358, C-27829, C-31258, C-31304,
C-35494, C-36588, C-36703, C-36840,
C-37689, C-39168, D-00976, D-01355,
D-04646, D-07600, D-07985, D-10612,
D-11184, D-11202, D-12049, D-21684,
D-21906, D-22829, D-24414, D-24952,
D-27429, D-28629, D-28650, D-28920,
D-29191, D-30182, D-34933, D-35489,
D-36009, D-36562, D-36688, D-37518,
E-00834, E-22754, E-24109, E-29688,
E-29946, E-30073, E-32155, E-32158,
E-35207, E-35264, E-36038, E-38118,
E-38666, F-07451, F-19823, G-00177,
G-03282, G-04877, G-05002, G-07162,
G-16810, G-21259, G-29493, G-30000,
G-31452, G-31517, G-31528, G-32625,
G-33864, G-40688, G-45293, H-28105,
H-28471, K-16808, K-24107, N-03674,
N-04212, N-09780, N-17260
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-03278,
A-06220, A-12624, A-1494S, A-15295,
A-16766, A-23561, A-23620, A-26925,
A-29661, A-30674, A-30759, A-31324,
A-34341, A-35168, A-36527, A-37176,
A-37312, A-37372, A-39462, A-39609,
A-41145, B-07606, B-08562, B-09798,
B-25301, B-25470, B-26532, B-28377,
B-29664, B-31604, B-32633, B-34740,
B-35342, B-35352, B-39272, C-00855,
C-02164, C-03037, C-05243, C-08130,
C-08145, C-09476, C-09888, C-10561,
C-14758, C-17179, C-21862, C-23096,
C-23646, C-26275, C-26848, C-27358,
C-27829, C-29512, C-31258, C-31304,
C-35494, C-35695, C-36588, C-36703,
C-36840, C-37689, C-39168, C-42928,
D-00976, D-01355, D-04646, D-07600,
D-07985, D-10612, D-11184, D-11202,
D-12049, D-21684, D-21906, D-22829,
D-24414, D-24952, D-27429, D-28629,
D-28650, D-28920, D-29191, D-30182,
D-34933, D-35489, D-36009, D-36562,
D-36688, D-37518, E-00834, E-22754,
E-24109, E-2%88, E-29946, E-30073,
E-32155, E-32158, E-35207, E-35264,
E-36038, E-38118, E-38666, F-07451,
F-19823, G-00177, G-03282, G-04877,
G-05002, G-07162, G-16810, G-21259,
G-29493, G-30000, G-31452, G-31517,
G-31528, G-32625, G-33864, G-40688,
G-45293, H-28105, H-28471, K-16808,
K-24107, N-03674, N-04212, N-09780,
N-17260, N-18005
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-05067,
A-39609, B-01851, B-27371, C-00855,
C-01249, C-03037, C-05243, C-06072,
C-06112, C-08130, C-08145, C-08661,
C-09333, C-11042, C-12943, C-19313,
C-20891, C-23657, C-26698, C-26848,
C-27106, C-30593, C-30707, C-31304,
C-32058, C-32474, C-33255, C-34017,
D-00985, D-01089, D-01355, D-01673,
D-03410, D-04646, D-04938, D-05167,
D-07600, D-07985, D-08438, D-09432,
D-10756, D-11028, D-27621, D-30656,
D-34933, D-449%, E-01821, E-35207,
F-07451, F-10599, G-00076, G-00902,
K-08420, N-03674
PARTICULATES A-00%2, A-01565,
A-01624, A-01868, A-02636, A-03278,
A-03982, A-05067, A-06220, A-08972,
A-09210, A-09393, A-09686, A-12624,
A-13524, A-14945, A-15205, A-15295,
A-16766, A-17339, A-19684, A-19955,
A-20652, A-20927, A-21722, A-22825,
A-22941, A-22976, A-23250, A-23316,
A-23561, A-23620, A-24156, A-25295,
A-26441, A-26645, A-26763, A-26891,
A-26925, A-27180, A-27249, A-27272,
A-27458, A-27858, A-27943, A-28210,
A-29127, A-29661, A-29786, A-29787,
A-30067, A-30414, A-30428, A-31323,
A-31324, A-31395, A-31525, A-31632,
A-31934, A-J2447, A-32621, t 32875,
A-33087, A-33169, A-33350, A-33710,
A-33822, A-33963, A-33965, A-34018,
A-34647, A-34774, A-35078, A-35123,
A-35168, A-35353, A-35484, A-35676,
A-35957, A-36623, A-36846, A-37166,
A-37176, A-37190, A-37312, A-37372,
A-38543, A-38625, A-38819, A-39152,
A-39367, A-39462, A-39603, A-39609,
A-39610, A-40583, A-40677, A-40776,
A-40981, A-41145, A-41654, A-41945,
A-42080, A-42377, A-42676, A-42726,
A-43271, A-43346, A-44464, A-45072,
A-45092, A-45145, A-45274, B-00107,
B-01484, B-01851, B-03125, B-03232,
B-03754, B-07606, B-08562, B-09798,
B-10558, B-15208, B-17525, B-17906,
B-18053, B-19710, B-19808, B-20735,
B-20740, B-22436, B-22520, B-22890,
B-24553, B-24813, B-25033, B-25301,
B-25334, B-25470, B-25781, B-25894,
B-26269, B-26532, B-26600, B-27371,
B-28060, B-28172, B-28286, B-28377,
B-28730, B-29126, B-29664, B-29920,
B-30124, B-30633, B-30944, B-31317,
B-31364, B-31604, B-31985, B-32319,
B-32355, B-32364, B-32633, B-32760,
B-32822, B-32938, B-33157, B-33366,
B-33403, B-33542, B-33550, B-33932,
B-33994, B-34025, B-34071, B-34313,
B-346M, B-34740, B-35035, B-35166,
B-35296, B-35342, B-35352, B-35476,
B-35478, B-35540, B-37222, B-37750,
B-38727, B-39272, B-39404, B-39492,
B-40709,
B-43937,
B-44750,
C-01608,
C-05243,
C-06112,
C-08130,
C-09888,
C-10561,
C-16367,
C-19313,
C-23096,
C-25440,
C-26145,
C-26848,
C-27358,
C-28621,
C-29464,
C-30707,
C-32474,
C-32975,
C-34407,
C-36698,
C-37689,
C-38755,
C-41763,
C-42139,
C-45235,
D-00%9,
D-01089,
D-02133,
D-03526,
D-05167,
D-05573,
D-07198,
D-08438,
D-10380,
D-11184,
D-14762,
D-16345,
D-17106,
D-20642,
D-21906,
D-23864,
D-25635,
D-26535,
D-27429,
D-27880,
D-28369,
D-28650,
D-29152,
D-29385,
D-2%55,
D-30326,
D-30656,
D-31014,
D-32350,
D-33576,
D-35010,
D-35725,
D-36195,
D-36486,
D-36820,
D-37288,
D-37518,
D-39405,
D-40118,
D-40716,
D-41887,
D-42122,
D-43962,
D-44330,
E-03841,
E-22754,
E-24570,
E-29688,
B-42300,
B-44283,
B-44906,
C-02164,
C-05787,
C-06881,
C-08145,
C-09983,
C-12943,
C-17179,
C-19857,
C-23657,
C-25535,
C-26274,
C-27075,
C-27556,
C-28755,
C-29595,
C-31258,
C-32534,
C-33042,
C-35494,
C-36703,
C-37693,
C-38778,
C-41908,
C-42928,
D-00005,
D-00974,
D-01315,
D-02750,
D-04646,
D-05260,
D-05623,
D-07600,
D-08502,
D-10612,
D-11202,
D-15610,
D-16684,
D-17340,
D-21015,
D-22829,
D-24162,
D-25758,
D-27187,
D-27621,
D-28097,
D-28620,
D-28653,
D-29153,
D-29416,
D-29814,
D-30410,
D-30858,
D-31396,
D-32912,
D-34008,
D-35025,
D-35861,
D-36288,
D-36562,
D-37026,
D-37320,
D-38110,
D-39535,
D-40363,
D-40997,
D-41888,
D-42921,
D-44059,
D-44580,
E-06841,
E-22959,
E-27116,
E-29910,
B-42829,
B-44470,
C-00855,
C-03037,
C-05977,
C-06894,
C-09333,
C-10528,
C-14758,
C-17180,
C-21862,
C-25015,
C-25793,
C-26275,
C-27106,
C-27829,
C-29226,
C-30290,
C-31304,
C-32718,
C-33055,
C-35695,
C-36840,
C-37971,
C-39168,
C-41968,
C-43448,
D-00017,
D-00976,
D-01355,
D-03410,
D-04938,
D-05277,
D-06148,
D-07985,
D-08591,
D-10634,
D-12049,
D-15789,
D-16791,
D-19144,
D-21684,
D-23388,
D-24351,
D-26054,
D-27241,
D-27648,
D-28233,
D-28629,
D-28785,
D-29191,
D-29515,
D-30025,
D-30493,
D-30860,
D-31669,
D-32945,
D-34805,
D-35407,
D-35940,
D-36449,
D-36688,
D-37191,
D-37369,
D-38133,
D-39914,
D-40574,
D-41033,
D-41975,
D-43468,
D-44170,
D-449%,
E-19058,
E-23743,
E-28586,
E-30073,
B-43515,
B-44742,
C-01249,
C-03770,
C-06072,
C-06920,
C-09476,
C-10556,
C-15563,
C-18007,
C-21948,
C-25431,
C-25979,
C-26698,
C-27294,
C-28017,
C-29297,
C-30360,
C-31933,
C-32892,
C-34017,
C-36588,
C-37608,
C-38165,
C-40724,
C-42137,
C-44479,
D-00697,
D-00985,
D-01673,
D-03441,
D-049%,
D-05551,
D-06760,
D-08275,
D-09432,
D-10756,
D-12099,
D-15823,
D-16839,
D-19433,
D-21869,
D-23658,
D-25089,
D-26387,
D-27257,
D-27672,
D-28326,
D-28634,
D-28920,
D-29382,
D-29647,
D-30182,
D-30494,
D-30892,
D-32055,
D-33114,
D-34933,
D-35489,
D-36009,
D-36474,
D-36806,
D-37202,
D-37394,
D-39081,
D-39988,
D-40584,
D-41520,
D-41979,
D-43693,
D-44234,
E-00834,
E-21796,
E-24109,
E-29445,
E-30676,
-------
4T8
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
E-30863, E-31895, E-32155, E-32158,
E-33225, E-35207, E-35264, E-36038,
E-36487, E-36714, E-38118, E-38666,
E-42720, E-44813, F-00841, F-03799,
F-05440, F-05849, F-07451, F-10S99,
F-13451, F-19823, F-27348, F-29400,
F-34297, F-37213, G-00020, G-00076,
G-00177, G-00375, G-00642, G-00705,
G-00810, G-00902, G-01512, G-03086,
G-03282, G-03892, G-041%, G-04877,
G-05002, G-06704, G-07162, G-07551,
G-08411, G-08566, G-09253, G-09408,
G-09493, G-12038, G-12070, G-12984,
G-16810, G-16820, G-18046, G-18417,
G-19304, G-19940, G-20704, G-24081,
G-26260, G-26477, G-26775, G-27291,
G-29129, G-29588, G-30000, G-30181,
G-30328, G-31319, G-31351, G-31452,
G-31524, G-32484, G-32696, G-32735,
G-32905, G-33497, G-33607, G-33778,
G-33864, G-34092, G-34406, G-34895,
G-34951, G-35118, G-35568, G-36354,
G-37180, G-37229, G-37942, G-38580,
G-38616, G-38721, G-38869, G-39095,
G-39161, G-39826, G-40634, G-40688,
G-41067, G-41097, G-42136, G-42463,
G-44087, G-44251, G-44254, G-44433,
G-44508, G-446%, G-45293, H-08884,
H-10318, H-11157, H-11452, H-11467,
H-19604, H-19620, H-20062, H-21018,
H-26276, H-27063, H-27111, H-28448,
H-30225, H-30921, H-31010, H-31185,
H-32322, H-32338, H-35827, H-36197,
H-37912, H-37977, H-38332, H-39690,
H-40368, H-40590, H-40591, H^1891,
H-42336, H-42857, H-44071, 1-00305,
J-21749, J-22358, J-306%, J-39956,
K-02580, K-03007, K-03956, K-06734,
K-06778, K-08420, K-08803, K-09259,
K-14443, K-16808, K-18294, K-19750,
K-20121, K-24107, K-30035, K-30069,
K-33107, K-34063, K-34377, K-36382,
K-36823, K-38197, K-41682, K^*2039,
K-43312, K-44310, K-44377, L-00311,
L-02635, L-081%, L-09009, L-17472,
L-17927, L-23234, L-23562, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-25288, L-25542,
L-27664, L-28099, L-28349, L-28397,
L-29421, L-29888, L-30152, L-30620,
L-31957, L-32462, L-32789, L-32865,
L-32884, L-33495, L-35795, L-35922,
L-37560, L-38669, L-39640, L-41557,
L-42873, L-44325, M-33904, N-03674,
N-04052, N-04212, N-04649, N-08273,
N-09780, N-11871, N-14772, N-17260,
N-18005, N-20548, N-28088, N-28803
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
F-11570, G-00873, G-01797, G-06704,
G-08999, G-18515, G-23926, G-26356,
G-26775, G-30468, G-32216, G-32787,
G-34791, G-34832, G-34836, G-34841,
G-34943, G-37119, G-40316, G-40688,
G-41872, G-44254, H-08884, H-16270,
H-34901, H-43511
PENNSYLVANIA A-03278, A-23239,
D-01315, D-05623, D-07600, D-16839,
D-24463, D-36195, E-01821, G-00076,
G-00375, G-00736, G-47162, G-07423,
G-29329, G-36534, G-37040, H-26276,
H-27111, J-21749, K-06734, K-08420,
K-19750, N-04212, N-18005
PENTANES A-05171, A-38331, B-00015,
B-00063, B-05214, F-06648, F-09578,
G-00177
PENTENES G-00177
PERCHLORIC ACID C-00125, H-42607
PERMEABILITY D-36562, G-40316,
G-43531, H-32224
PERMITS A-39567, L-25288, L-38669,
L-44044
PEROXIDES A -15769, A-18211, B-05300,
C-42928, D-30860, F-00058
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE A-23561,
C-24644, C-26274, G-16820, G-43277,
H-26055
PEROXYACYL NITRATES A-17778,
A-23561, A-32621, B-32938, C-24644,
C-26274, G-00375, G-07162, G-16820,
G-43277, H-11157, H-26055
PERSONNEL A-34788, A-41518, C-08661,
D-30860, D-32055, G-00736, G-00740,
G-27291, G-30672, G-32624, G-32737,
G-32905, G-36207, G-41124, G-44395,
G-44463, L-09009, L-23234, L-33844,
L-35151, M-33904
PERYLEN1JS A-05067, C-32058, D-00985,
D-03526, F-00058
PEST CONTROL A-31649
PESTICIDE S A- 03279, A-23561, A-39367,
A-40.114, A-40981, A-45072, A-45145,
B-31441, C-26274, D-03441, G-00642,
G-05002, G-05541, G-07423, G-27801,
G-33:i74, G-35811, G-43277, G-44385,
H-07742, H-08884, H-24667, H-34237,
H-36196, H-36197, H-41733
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
L-23562
PETROLELM DISTRIBUTION A-41959,
C-33255, D-()3441. G-32613, G-34406,
G-35?59, G-19161, J-32241, J-39956,
L-34033, L-37423, M-33904
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-26441,
A-29127, A-:i0513, A-41959, A-43346,
B-00107, B-:«060, B-28108, D-01315,
D-03441, D-:!4463, E-40164, G-01341,
J-223f>8, J-27968, J-34828, L-24751,
L-34033, M-01073, M-33904, N-04649
PETROLEUM REFINING A-09686,
A-24080, A-26441, A-29127, A-29786,
A-30513, A-31085, A-31136, A-31520,
A-340M, A-34177, A-35050, A-36527,
A-36555, A-36541, A-36664, A-37166,
A-38350, A-38331, A-39067, A-39367,
A-39462, B-00107, B-20844, B-22834,
B-24184, B-24186, B-27824, B-29628,
B-312?.!, B-31341, B-31496, B-31519,
B-339:i2, B-34846, B-35080, B-35816,
B-364!!3, B-37150, B-37173, B-39404,
B-417<>3, B-4M73, B-44853, B-44906,
C-330M, D-23326, D-30860, D-38110,
E-401M, F-40387, G-29286, G-32613,
G-34649, G-44867, H-18520, J-03288,
J-032*), J-30329, J-31518, J-31720,
J-32241, J-34370, J-34828, J-34970,
J-3539!, J-36592, J-37409, J-37734,
J-3994:;, J-395'56, J-42721, L-11204,
L-17927, L-23562, L-28869, L-30908,
L-34033, L-36030, L-37423, M-33904,
N-04052, N-04649, N-20548
PETUNIAS H-41891
PH A-18510, A-29572, A-31315, A-37166,
A-45072, B-2S060, C-08661, C-09333,
C-38682, D-049%, D-21869, D-24351,
D-37288, D-41888, D-42122, F-16659,
F-34948, F-36076, G-08683, G-41717,
H-23258, H-24947, H-26276, H-27391,
H-28379, H-32224, H-32338, H-36197,
H-39287, H-42250, L-25542
PHENANTHRENES C-32058, D-03526,
F-00058
PHENOLS A-24829, A-27458, A-35199,
A-354T', A-35481, A-37190, B-05300,
B-41608, C-09983, C-38670, C-39136,
C-39516, C-42928, D-26387, F-06648,
F-09745, G-39883, K-02580, N-28803
PHENYL COMPOUNDS A-33822,
C-03034, C-06894, C-09888, C-32534,
D-43468, F-l 3839, H-42857, K-02580,
K-20121
PHENYLS A-33822, C-09888, C-32534,
D-43468, H-42857, K-02580, K-20121
PHILADELPHIA A-03278, D-01315,
D-07600, D-16839, D-24463, D-36195,
E-01821, G-00076, G-00736, G-29329,
G-36534, G-37040
PHOSPHATES A-45072, B-29920, F-34948,
G-32218, G-36935, G-39883, H-07742,
H-17038, H-27391, 1-00305
PHOSPHORESCENCE C-32058
PHOSPHORIC ACn> A-09686, A-39462
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-26441, A-39610, A-45072, B-05300,
B-14604, B-25033, B-29920, B-30229,
B-31364, B-33388, B-37468, B-40785,
B-41608, B-44614, C-26503, C-30360,
D-28326, F-06648, F-34948, G-24314,
G-32218, G-36935, G-39833, G-39883,
G-41818, H-07742, H-17038, H-27391,
H-36991, 1-00305, 1-32921, K-41682,
K-44310, L-37423, L-38757
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-00962, A-01868, A-09210, A-09355,
A-15295, A-17339, A-17778, A-19598,
A-23561, A-23789, A-27272, A-27458,
A-27943, A-29364, A-29786, A-30027,
A-30067, A-30513, A-31934, A-32875,
A-34774, A-35078, A-35199, A-35353,
A-3%10, A-40455, A-40677, A-42080,
A^»4227, A-45145, A-45274, B-03337,
B-19808, B-20735, B-22436, B-26269,
B-28377, B-31317, B-32938, B-33542,
B-42290, C-00855, C-32058, C-44165,
D-00005, D-00969, D-24162, D-29416,
D-32055, D-34008, D-35025, D-38110,
D-39081, E-2%99, E-33873, E-38666,
F-05849, G-00148, G-00375, G-16820,
G-27291, G-34406, G-40634, G-44087,
H-08884, H-19604, K-03007, L-03536,
L-28099, L-29888, M-33904, N-03674,
N-18005
PHOTOELECTRIC PHENOMENA
A-35078, C-25431, C-39168, E-24549
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS B-44614,
C-25431, G-30468
PHOTOIONIZATION D-34008
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS A-26454,
A-32523, A-40947, B-39272, C-06881,
C-09333, C-10556, C-15734, C-21459,
C-23571, C-24719, C-26275, C-28126,
C-29595, C-32169, C-32534, C-33178,
C-38755, C-41719, D-15573, E-42720,
G-00177, G-29663, G-29958, G-44433,
G-44746, L-17472
PHOTOOXIDATION A-00962, A-29786,
C-00855, D-00005, D-00969, D-34008,
G-27291
PHOTOSYNTHESIS A-35078, G-27801,
H-08884, H-32423, H-32654, H-38332,
H-39409
PHTHALIC ACID F-06648
PHYSICAL STATES A-03280, A-15205,
A-19955, A-21722, A-23620, A-24080,
A-25417, A-26191, A-26454, A-28873,
A-31133, A-32035, A-35052, A-35484,
A-40583, A-41889, A-42377, A-44464,
A-45092, B-03337, B-28172, B-28699,
B-28730, B-29058, B-30154, B-31390,
B-31496, B-32036, B-33932, B-35018,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
419
B-35352, B-35816, B-36721, B-37173,
B-40411, B-41544, B-44660, C-05977,
C-06072, C-06643, C-09333, C-17048,
C-23596, C-26955, C-27556, C-28755,
C-29595, C-32058, C-44165, D-00005,
D-21684, D-22829, D-25635, D-35861,
E-00834, E-24109, E-2%88, E-33873,
E-36714, E-40157, F-03525, F-06648,
F-08207, F-10599, F-14008, F-14138,
F-14510, F-14743, F-14868, F-15413,
F-15493, F-17161, F-34948, F-35379,
F-36067, G-05002, G-07162, G-08949,
G-10434, G-24314, G-27490, G-29588,
G-35811, G-36093, G-41067, H-09448,
H-14786, H-17217, 1-22128, L-35151
PHYTOTOXICANTS A-00962, A-45145,
D-00969, H-08884, H-27111
PILOT PLANTS B-08562, B-35478
PINTO BEANS D-05573, H-17978,
H-41891
PITTSBURGH D-05623, N-04212
PLAINS D-04646
PLANNING AND ZONING A-38625,
A-41654, B-28377, K-33107, K-34377,
L-08196, L-16200, L-26442, L-32884,
L-37521, L-44499, N-28088
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-01868,
A-12624, A-25125, A-31136, A-31313,
A-31323, A-32621, A-33087, A-33%3,
A-33965, A-39367, A-41035, A-41145,
A-42791, B-01851, B-20735, B-28730,
B-30633, B-31314, B-31496, B-32424,
B-39404, B-43575, C-18007, C-22927,
C-30360, C-38755, C-41016, C-44479,
D-00005, D-00017, D-00974, D-01089,
D-02133, D-03410, D-03441, D-04996,
D-05167, D-05573, D-05623, D-05820,
D-08568, D-12049, D-12099, D-16539,
D-16839, D-22553, D-23971, D-24351,
D-26387, D-270%, D-27105, D-27174,
D-27621, D-28097, D-29416, D-29655,
D-30656, D-30858, D-30860, D-31325,
D-31332, D-31396, D-32055, D-32945,
D-34008, D-34933, D-35407, D-35940,
D-36009, D-36195, D-36288, D-36449,
D-36806, D-37394, D-38110, D-38133,
D-39081, D-39405, D-39914, D-40363,
D-40997, D-41033, D-41887, D-41975,
D-41979, D-42120, D-42122, D-42742,
D-42921, D-43316, D-43558, D-44059,
D-44170, D-44234, D-44330, D-44580,
E-32155, G-00740, G-08411, G-09253,
G-16820, G-27961, G-30181, G-31528,
G-34095, G-34436, G-34895, G-35118,
G-36207, G-37229, H-27111, J-30329,
J-39956, K-03007, K-03956, K-36823,
L-08725, L-09009, L-16200, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-24467, L-25288,
L-25542, L-26442, L-28397, L-28869,
L-29888, L-30152, L-30908, L-31454,
L-32462, L-33495, L-33844, L-35151,
L-35461, L-35922, L-36877, L-37193,
L-37497, L-37521, L-40486, L-40520,
L-41557, L-42041, L-42873, L-44499,
M-01073, M-33904, N-03674, N-04052,
N-04649, N-08273, N-11871
PLANT DAMAGE A-00962, A-17778,
A-24285, A-32621, A-34018, A-37190,
A-45145, B-01484, B-28377, B-32355,
B-32938, C-32058, D-03441, D-05573,
D-40574, E-30676, E-38666, G-00375,
G-27291, G-27801, G-36354, G-38616,
G-45196, H-07742, H-08884, H-14489,
H-16655, H-17225, H-19604, H-23581,
H-26055, H-27063, H-27111, H-30225,
H-31010, H-32224, H-32322, H-32335,
H-32423, H-35880, H-38332, H-39408,
H-39409, H-39690, H-40590, H-41891,
H-41892, H-42250, H-43721, J-21749,
K-08420, L-25288, L-34980, L-39640,
L-44499, N-04212, N-17260, N-28088
PLANT GROWTH A-35078, G-27801,
H-08884, H-17038, H-1%20, H-26055,
H-28379, H-30225, H-31010, H-32322,
H-32335, H-32338, H-32423, H-32654,
H-33112, H-37977, H-38332, H-39409,
H-42207, H-42336
PLANT INDICATORS A-18297, A-22370,
C-18302, C-25222, C-30113, C-39762,
D-08279, D-35010, F-27752, H-16655,
H-17681, H-19604, H-23435, H-28289,
H-28448, H-32423, H-35410, H-39328,
H-43782
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-00962, A-03279,
A-12624, A-14135, A-18510, A-22370,
A-26552, A-29572, A-29787, A-30428,
A-31315, A-32748, A-33%3, A-33965,
A-34018, A-34068, A-35065, A-36032,
A-37190, A-45072, A-45145, A-45274,
B-22492, B-32036, B-32424, C-00125,
C-18302, C-21948, C-30113, C-30928,
C-33042, C-33055, C-39762, C-42137,
C-42312, C-45235, D-03441, D-05573,
D-08279, D-23971, D-32912, D-40716,
D-41887, F-13461, F-27752, G-00177,
G-00375, G-00708, G-00808, G-00810,
G-00821, G-00873, G-00993, G-01756,
G-01812, G-03286, G-05483, G-05541,
G-07169, G-07396, G-10434, G-17214,
G-19881, G-27084, G-28256, G-30671,
G-31319, G-31528, G-33910, G-36283,
G-38616, G-39095, G-39406, G-40014,
G-40355, G-41895, G-42757, G-44433,
H-01523, H-07742, H-08884, H-09448,
H-11157, H-11467, H-12647, H-14489,
H-14786, H-16655, H-17038, H-17182,
H-17215, H-17216, H-17217, H-17218,
H-17220, H-17681, H-17978, H-19604,
H-20062, H-20237, H-21018, H-21794,
H-23435, H-23581, H-24788, H-24947,
H-25374, H-25878, H-26092, H-27111,
H-27352, H-27391, H-27489, H-28105,
H-28289, H-28379, H-28448, H-28471,
H-28529, H-30225, H-30424, H-30921,
H-30931, H-31010, H-31185, H-31801,
H-32291, H-32322, H-32335, H-32338,
H-32423, H-32654, H-32736, H-33112,
H-33201, H-33362, H-33364, H-33922,
H-33985, H-34237, H-35410, H-35827,
H-35880, H-36197, H-36611, H-36991,
H-37912, H-37926, H-37977, H-38332,
H-38743, H-39204, H-39287, H-39328,
H-39408, H-39409, H-40024, H-40335,
H-40368, H-40540, H-41143, H-41800,
H-41891, H-41892, H-42207, H-42250,
H-42336, H-42607, H-42715, H-43342,
H-43721, H-43782, H-44071, H-45056,
J-21749, K-03007, K-08420, L-00311,
N-04212
PLASTICS C-00855, G-00148, G-00473,
G-39161, 1-33802, N-43824
PLATING A-03280
PLATINUM B-03337, B-25377, B-29058,
B-30154, B-30717, B-31819, B-31825,
B-37173, B-37408, B-39275, C-30360,
F-10599, F-40387, L-11204
PLETHYSMOGRAPHY G-12038
PLUME BEHAVIOR E-05713, E-30863,
H-08884
PLUTONIUM COMPOUNDS C-27106,
C-27829, D-43388
PNEUMOCONIOSIS B-43515, G-12984,
G-13625, G-26528, G-26775, G-27085,
G-32608, G-40068, G-41067, G-41097
PNEUMONIA A-35957, G-00473, G-03086,
G-32735, G-40068, G-40688, G-44176,
G-44381, H-40591, N-20548
POINT SOURCES C-28621, D-23388,
D-24351
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS B-39272,
C-01607, C-05456, C-05977, C-06881,
C-09983, C-16123, C-18007, C-20891,
C-21338, C-24617, C-25013, C-26336,
C-26467, C-27556, C-31933, C-32534,
C-32833, C-33255, C-39762, C-41490,
C-42020, C-42084, D-00697, D-04646,
D-10595, D-16576, D-25881, D-28097,
D-28178, D-28620, D-28785, D-29814,
D-29918, D-31014, D-32350, D-36688,
D-36820, D-43962, D-44059, G-08683,
0^3337, H-39328
POLLENS A-34018, E-22754, G-00375,
G-07162, G-26477, G-38721
POLLUTION PRECURSORS D-05551
POLYMERIZATION J-03289
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-01565,
A-05067, A-08972, A-09393, A-16156,
A-19598, A-24829, A-26645, A-27180,
A-27458, A-29786, A-30759, A-33087,
A-34018, A-35078, A-35199, A-35353,
A-35481, A-35818, A-35919, A-42212,
B-01851, B-05300, B-17906, B-26269,
B-29126, B-31364, B-32938, B-33932,
B-37150, B-37234, B-41608, B-44473,
C-06112, C-09476, C-26707, C-27294,
C-29595, C-30290, C-32058, C-39762,
D-00985, D-01673, D-03410, D-03526,
D-04938, D-05573, D-06760, D-06788,
D-08568, D-08821, D-09432, D-10612,
D-11028, D-16684, D-17106, D-25107,
D-28097, D-28233, D-313%, D-34008,
D-43693, D-44059, F-00058, F-06648,
G-00375, G-03086, G-07162, G-30328,
G-31319, G-33607, G-33778, G-38869,
G-40634, G-40688, G-41097, G-44176,
H-39328, L-02635, L-07952, L-33495,
L-41703, N-04052, N-04212, N-17260,
N-28088
PORTABLE C-08130, C-235%, C-32975,
C-40724, D-30860, D-36562, D-40584,
G-34902
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS A-32492,
A-37190, B-26243, B-35352, C-23096,
C-24337, C-38778, C-41825, D-23971,
D-35010, D-44580, F-06648, F-13911,
F-14008, F-16659, F-17882, G-07740,
G-21037, H-36991, K-34377
POTATOES H-17218, H-17220, H-17978
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS C-235%,
C-30290, C-39762, F-14008, F-14039,
F-16659, H-39328
POULTRY A-17778, G-13159, G-18502,
G-40355, H-12536, H-30033, H-39407,
H-43226
POWER CYCLES E-00834, K-06778
POWER SOURCES A-01565, A-01624,
A-01868, A-04460, A-05171, A-08039,
A-08972, A-09210, A-09355, A-09393,
A-09686, A-15769, A-19598, A-20545,
A-20927, A-22579, A-22941, A-22976,
A-23250, A-23316, A-24281, A-24718,
A-249%, A-25581, A-26134, A-26552,
A-26763, A-26925, A-27249, A-27272,
A-27943, A-28394, A-28560, A-28873,
A-29364, A-29516, A-29782, A-29786,
A-30604, A-30976, A-31133, A-315%,
A-32621, A-33087, A-33365, A-33378
-------
420
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
A-33626, A-33667, A-33710, A-34018,
A-34040, A-34442, A-34774, A-35353,
A-35484, A-37648, A-38522, A-38543,
A-38625, A-39603, A-39754, A-40776,
A-41518, A-41654, A-41738, A-42080,
A-42212, A-42980, A-43346, A-44227,
A-44464, A-45092, B-00015, B-01484,
B-01851, B-05214, B-05300, B-09231,
B-17906, B-18053, B-20740, B-20844,
B-21303, B-21762, B-23540, B-23697,
B-23923, B-24813, B-25377, B-26153,
B-26243, B-27876, B-28059, B-28060,
B-28286, B-28699, B-29204, B-29531,
B-29605, B-2%56, B-29920, B-30944,
B-31221, B-31819, B-31825, B-32355,
B-32822, B-33366, B-33403, B-33741,
B-33932, B-34381, B-34457, B-34611,
B-34740, B-35778, B-35821, B-36081,
B-36144, B-36145, B-36721, B-37150,
B-37195, B-37275, B-37938, B-39272,
B-39492, B-42166, B-42300, B-42330,
B-42817, B-42819, B-44473, B-44660,
B-44750, B-44882, C-22927, C-28755,
C-32058, C-42775, D-00969, D-02133,
D-03410, D-04646, D-08438, D-08568,
D-08810, D-08812, D-08821, D-09726,
D-12099, D-24162, D-24351, D-25055,
D-27174, D-28369, D-34008, D-39988,
F-00058, F-03799, F-08207, F-09745,
F-14995, F-28908, G-00020, G-08411,
G-10856, G-19940, G-23167, G-30328,
G-30831, G-33165, G-34406, G-35118,
G-41847, H-25878, H-28471, H-361%,
1-31377, 1-36051, J-27968, K-03956,
K-08803, K-30035, K-38758, L-02635,
L-03536, L-07952, L-09009, L-22583,
L-35151, L-37392, L-37717, L-41703,
L-42873, L-44376, L-44499, N-04052,
N-08273, K-09780, N-20548
PRECIPITATION A-03280, A-l 1702,
A-15205, A-19955, A-21069, A-21722,
A-23620, A-26454, A-30513, A-31315,
A-33293, A-34647, A-35078, A-35788,
A-36032, A-37166, A-41145, C-06920,
C-18302, C-23646, C-33042, C-44995,
D-00005, D-02133, D-04646, D-05623,
D-07198, D-08502, D-09240, D-15789,
D-16791, D-21015, D-21684, D-23658,
D-23971, D-24952, D-25089, D-27191,
D-27648, D-28620, D-29647, D-29814,
D-29918, D-30182, D-31325, D-32727,
D-37288, D-39405, D-39988, D-42247,
D-449%, E-00834, E-01821, E-03841,
E-05713, E-10215, E-19058, E-21796,
E-22754, E-22959, E-23743, E-24166,
E-24570, E-28799, E-29445, E-29688,
E-29910, B-30073, E-30676, E-30863,
E-31B95, E-32155, E-32158, E-367I4,
E-40157, E-44999, E-4SOJO, F-35379,
G-23801, G-29789, G-31040, G-32129,
G-37420, G-40485, G-42463, H-12647,
H-14786, H-17681, H-23258, H-28289,
H-31010, H-33112, H-33364, H-33985,
H-42250, 1-00305, I-02I76, L-25542,
L-35922, N-04212
PRESSURE A-05171, A-33365, A-42791,
B-22520, B-37173, B-42300, B-44003
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) B-09231,
D-08502, D-34805, E-24109
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-03982, A-09686,
A-10749, A-12751, A-12823, A-24285,
A-26441, A-26891, A-29539, A-29572,
A-29786, A-29787, A-30513, A-31525,
A-32035, A-34068, A-34788, A-34916,
A-34921, A-35168, A-35224, A-39462,
A-40314, A-40583, A-41889, A-41S90,
A-42676, A-^2726, A-43271, B-00107,
B-03252, B-C3337, B-03754, B-08562,
B-10558, B-15208, B-16053, B-21324,
B-224J2, B-22520, B-24553, B-25334,
B-25470, B-25781, B-26600, B-30124,
B-32036, B-32248, B-32260, B-32319,
B-32750, B-33157, B-34071, B-352%,
B-35303, B-35342, B-35478, B-37750,
B-407», B-43937, C-08145, C-10561,
C-42137, C-44479, C-45235, D-03410,
D-05623, D-;:1869, D-26054, D-27880,
D-29153, D-::9191, D-30326, D-30860,
D-37320, D-:-8110, D-40574, D-40584,
D-41887, E-12777, F-13534, G-03281,
G-03892, G-(i3893, G-04196, G-11630,
G-24428, G-: 1319, G-31528, G-34709,
G-36283, G-'.7731, G-44255, H-IOM8,
H-11467, H-18481, H-19620, H-20'237.
H-23435, H-!6276, H-27489, H-32224,
H-32335, H-12736, H-33112, H-33562,
H-35880, H-.I9690, H-40590, H-40591,
H-41891, H-41892, H-41893, H-42250,
J-306S<6, K-05778, K-14443, L-17927,
L-23552, L-23610, L-24214, L-39MO,
N-20548
PRIMATES G-12038, G-12646, G-32745,
G-34841, G-:7119, G-39193
PRINTING A-31:>25, A-32035, G-03281,
G-03654, G-(I5780, G-28024, G-33527,
G-37540, G^.0492
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-05067,
A-10749, A-::6763, A-27249, A-30067,
A-30604, A-:3378, A-34774, A-36623,
A-38819, A--: 1738, A-44464, A-45092,
B-14604, B-19808, B-28699, B-31819,
B-318Z5, B-32938, B-35018, B-35476,
B-36031, B-37042, B-37195, B-40411,
B-423'JO, B-42330, B-43333, B-44853,
F-08207, F-45387, G-08566, G-34175,
G-35558, J-2:>358, J-39941, L-09009,
L-280J9, N-JS088
PROFANES A-27249, A-34774, A-44464,
B-31221, G-44867
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT B-22890,
D-067S8, F-07451
PROPENES A-08039
PROPIONALDEHYDES G-00177
PROPOSALS A-36664, B-43575, D-05573,
D-251 )7, G-24877, G-34436, G-44395,
K-36346, L-C9009, L-22583, L-23234,
L-314S4, L-37423, L-37521, L-38757,
L-4041S6, L-42041
PROTECTIVE MAHKS G-04196, G-08566,
L-23214
PROTEINS A-34068, A-35953, C-42928,
F-IWO. F-1ISU2, G-00993, fl-0363 J,
G-03892, G-08381, G-22637, •G-2J768,
G-27614, G-29256, G-29BZ5, G-30686,
O-313<», G-31491, G-31495, G-31899,
G-32119, G-32218, G-34175, G-M789,
G-34&16, G-34847, G-35225, G-35560,
G-361 )2, G-36251, G-36932, G-36957,
G-37711, G-37941, G-37964, G-39621,
G-4CO!!, G-40057, G-40295, G-40492,
G-416')5, G-43532, G-44254, G-44255,
G-443'»5, G-45273, H-42945
PROTOZOA C-32058
PUBLIC AFFAIRS D-03441, D-30860,
D-390K1, D-44330, G-00740, G-32408,
G-33903, G-34095, G-41067, L-00311,
L-225K3, L-3.»980, L-37193, L-37521,
M-01073, M-!9432, N-04212, N-09-/80
PUBLIC INFORMATION D-03441,
G-007'M), G-32408, G-34095, G-41067,
L-00311, L-2!583, L-37193, L-37521,
M-01073, N-14212, N-09780
PULMONARY
G-26477,
H-11467
PULMONARY
G-00375,
G-21266,
G-32735,
G-38869,
N-11871,
PULMONARY
G-07162,
PULSE RATE
PULVERIZED
PYRENES A
A-16156,
A-30759,
A-35919,
B-41608,
C-32058,
D-03410,
D-06788,
D-16684,
D-28233,
F-00058,
G-33607,
G-40688,
L-02635,
N-04212
PYROLYSIS
EDEMA A-35078, G-00375,
G-41737, H-08884, H-11452,
FUNCTION D-36503,
G-00473, G-07162, G-21259,
G-27253, G-27291, G-30198,
G-32'J05, G-35041, G-37942,
G-42136, H-34831, L-37497,
N-20548
RESISTANCE G-00375,
G-32735
G-30671
FUELS A-05067
.-01565, A-05067, A-09393,
A-19598, A-26645, A-29786,
A-34018, A-35078, A-35481,
A-42212, B-01851, B-33932,
C-26707, C-27294, C-30290,
C-39762, D-00985, D-01673,
D-03526, D-04938, D-06760,
D-08568, D-08821, D-11028,
D-17106, D-25107, D-28097,
D-34008, D-43693, D-44059,
G-00375, G-03086, G-07162,
G-33778, G-38869, G-40634,
G-41097, G-44176, H-39328,
L-07952, L-41703, N-04052,
B-03337, F-13534
Q
QUARTZ B-34313
QUESTIONNAIRES A-40981, D-44330,
G-05475, G-OKI26, G-30181, G-30198,
G-32905, G-35041, 1-06355, J 35391,
K-03007
QUINOLINES C-15734, F-06648
QUINONES C-06&M, F-06648
RABBITS G-11808, G-14492, G-26356,
G-26483, G-27490, G-28024, G-30671,
G-31442, G-33527, G-33910, G-35225,
G-36740, G-3'/l 19, G-39193, G-39503,
G-3%21, G-39t«3, G-45005, H-42945
RADIATION COUNTERS C-01249,
D-00261, D-31332, D-32350, D-34805,
E-24549, G-18046, G-20990
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
A-25417, B-00063, C-OW25, C-01249,
C-06920, C-25431, C-25432, C-26707,
C-27106, C-33055, C-34106, C-37175,
C-42437, C-44479, IVW»261, D-00974,
D-10756, D-J7105, J)-31332, P-323JO,
D-34S05, D-U3M, B-J4549, F-00841,
G-4JOJ77, 0-t«i46, G-20990
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION X-OS417,
A-30428, A-35«I5Z, A--5W48, A-41945,
A-45145, B-00063, B-05214, B-05300,
B-27371, B-J4313, C-00125, C-01249,
C-01607, C-01608, C-05243, C-06920,
C-09333, C-11042, C-11626, C-26707,
C-27106, C-27294, C-27829, C-29810,
C-32534, C-33042, C-33055, C-34407,
C-35494, C-36588, C-36698, C-37175,
C-38778, C-40407, C-40631, C-40724,
C-41016, C-42160, C-42437, C-43448,
C-43587, C-43763, C-44210, C-44479,
D-00017, D-002:61, D-00974, D-01355,
D-03441, D-05167, D-10756, D-19822,
D-22553, D-24316, D-25089, D-25758,
D-27105, D-31325, D-31332, D-32350,
D-34088, D-34805, D-35010, D-35407,
D-37026, D-42742, D-42921, D-43388,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
421
D-43558, D-45218, E-03841, E-05713,
E-21182, E-22754, E-22959, E-24166,
E-24549, E-28799, E-31852, E-32155,
F-00841, F-13451, G-00873, G-01500,
G-07162, G-07169, G-19881, G-20990,
G-27801, G-28205, G-30468, G-34837,
G-3625V, G-38721, G-39833, H-01523,
H-12647, H-33985, H-36197, H-41733,
H-42857, L-25542, N-05313, N-28803
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS A-30428,
B-34313, C-01607, C-01608, C-06920,
C-33055, C-36588, C-36698, E-03841,
E-05713, E-21182, E-22754, E-22959,
E-31852, F-00841, F-13451, G-01500,
G-20990, G-34837, G-36251, H-01523,
N-05313
RADIOGRAPHY C-25015, C-32718,
D-29152, G-01754, G-30181, G-30395,
G-30468, G-32696, G-32735, G-36934,
G-39095
RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH F-13451,
G-20990
RADON C-27294, D-10756, E-05713,
E-21182, E-24166, G-07169, H-12647
RAIN A-03280, A-11702, A 23620,
A-30513, A-31315, A-33293, A-41145,
C-18302, C-33042, D-00005, D-05623,
D-07198, D-16791, D-21015, D-21684,
D-23971, D-24952, D-25089, D-27191,
D-27648, D-28620, D-29647, D-29814,
D-29918, D-30182, D-32727, D-37288,
D-39405, D-39988, D-42247, E-03841,
E-19058, E-217%, E-22754, E-22959,
E-23743, E-24570, E-29445, E-2%88,
E-30073, E-32155, E-32158, E-36714,
F-35379, G-23801, G-31040, G-40485,
H-12647, H-14786, H-23258, H-31010,
H-33112, H-33364, 1-02176, N-04212
RATS B-29414, G-00473, G-01341,
G-01500, G-01797, G-01923, G-03897,
G-05671, G-08999, G-09493, G-12038,
G-12075, G-12646, G-14156, G-18417,
G-18494, G-18515, G-23167, G-23926,
G-24288, G-27107, G-29588, G-30468,
G-30671, G-30672, G-31442, G-32041,
G-32834, G-33779, G-33910, G-34791,
G-34836, G-34841, G-34851, G-35174,
G-35225, G-36251, G-36747, G-36935,
G-37685, G-38867, G-38869, G-39863,
G-40312, G-41818, G-42737, G-42957,
G-43531, G-44254, G-44381, G-45288,
G-45293, H-34901, H-35209, H^t2945,
K-11746
REACTION KINETICS A-28873, B-20735,
B-37750, B-39275, C-10528, F-03799,
F-08207, F-09745, F-19823, F-34297,
F-34607
REACTION MECHANISMS A-26191,
A-33365, A-34040, B-05300, B-26243,
B-35476, B-35814, B-38727, C-25222,
D-31775, D-34008, F-00058, F-08207,
F-09578, F-09745, F-13943, F-16659,
F-34297, F-34607, F-36524, F-39901,
F-44032, G-09493, G-28024, G-35042,
H-26055
RECORDING METHODS A-40947,
B-44614, C-25431, C-39168, F-11570,
G-30468
REDUCTION A-10749, A-12751, A-12823,
A-26441, B-03337, B-05300, B-30717,
B-31246, B-31985, B-33403, B-34536,
B-35223, B-35814, B-36578, B-39275,
B-40411, E-12777, F-09578, F-13534,
F-36524, G-07162
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS A-39367,
B-29628, K-33107, K-42039, L-29421,
L-32884
REGULATIONS A-29787, A-29936,
A-30001, A-31520, A-33667, A-33963,
A-34031, A-34177, A-34442, A-35168,
A-36535, A-36664, A-39067, A-40455,
A-41035, A-41654, A-43776, B-00107,
B-31364, B-31496, B-32424, B-33932,
B-35166, B-44742, C-39516, C-41763,
D-29416, D-30860, D-38110, D-42367,
F-41787, G-34059, H-28471, J-35391,
J-37409, J-39941, K-06778, K-09259,
K-19750, K-34377, K-36346, K-42039,
L-00311, L-02635, L-08725, L-24757,
L-31957, L-32789, L-32884, L-34033,
L-34980, L-35795, L-37423, L-37521,
L-37717, L-38669, L-38757, L-40486,
L-41289, L-42041, L-42873, L-44044,
L-44325, L-44376, N-04052, N-09780
REINLUFT PROCESS (ADSORPTION)
A-35052
REPRODUCTION B-29414, G-00473,
G-03286, G-10856, G-16810, G-18503,
G-30671, G-31228, G-33234, G-33527,
G-34914, G-35055, G-35219, G-35714,
G-36765, G-37964, G-40022, G-42737,
G-44364, H-33362, H-35234, H-39407,
H-42715, H-43511
RESEARCH INSTITUTES B-30633,
B-43937, D-34008, D-35407, H-24667
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES A-01868,
A-06220, A-39462, B-43937, B-44750,
C-01607, C-10528, C-33042, C-36588,
C-36698, C-36703, D-10380, D-16345,
D-22290, D-29655, E-44813, G-12646,
G-31524, G-31584, G-32749, G-33202,
G-38869, G-39179, H-12647, H-38743
RESEARCH PROGRAMS A-01868,
A-24031, A-25125, A-27858, A-32621,
A-33087, A-36623, A-38625, A-40776,
A-40981, A-42791, B-01851, B-20735,
B-30633, B-31690, B-32364, B-33386,
B-33388, B-33542, B-33550, B-34457,
B-36721, B-37116, B-42702, B-44283,
B-44470, D-03441, D-05820, D-30860,
E-29445, G-12038, G-14156, G-23715,
G-25068, G-29815, G-29816, G-34095,
G-34895, G-37788, G-44254, G-44463,
H-40368, H-43226, J-39956, L-03536,
L-09009, L-24467, L-32462, L-35151,
L-35461, L-37193, L-37497, L-40486,
L-40520, L-42041
RESIDENTIAL AREAS A-34647, A-35065,
C-15562, C-20891, C-32058, D-01315,
D-05167, D-06760, D-07600, D-08438,
D-08502, D-08821, D-10612, D-15789,
D-15823, D-24162, D-24952, D-27188,
D-27648, D-27675, D-28369, D-29515,
D-30860, D-31014, D-32055, D-32727,
D-32945, D-35940, D-36009, D-36195,
D-36486, D-36562, D-36820, D-37264,
D-39535, E-23743, E-37953, G-01754,
G-08326, G-09253, G-09408, G-23801,
G-23876, G-29958, G-30000, G-30672,
G-35041, H-41800, H-42336, 1-00305,
L-08196, M-35206
RESIDUAL OILS A-29786, A-34774,
B-33932, C-32718, C-43763, D-28629,
D-32055, D-37191, L-32884, L-44499
RESPIRATION G-11630, H-17038,
H-32654
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-00962,
A-22579, A-27943, A-30513, A-34018,
A-35078, A-35957, B-43515, D-03441,
D-05260, D-16345, D-31396, D-32055,
D-35025, E-38666, G-00020, G-00375,
G-00473, G-01754, G-03086, G-03282,
G-07162, G-07423, G-09253, G-11630,
G-12984, G-13625, G-14156, G-21259,
G-23167, G-24314, G-26356, G-26477,
G-26528, G-26775, G-27085, G-27291,
G-28256, G-30181, G-30198, G-31452,
G-32484, G-32608, G-326%, G-32735,
G-32905, G-34092, G-35041, G-38616,
G-40068, G-40435, G-40634, G-40688,
G-41067, G-41097, G-41124, G-41737,
G-44087, G-44176, G-44381, G-44433,
G-44867, G-451%, H-08884, H-11452,
H-H467, H-40591, H-42857, L-25288,
L-31957, L-37497, L-44325, L-44499,
N-04052, N-20548
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS A-27943,
A-29572, A-29782, A-29872, A-30674,
A-34341, A-36032, A-37372, B-31221,
C-09333, D-27174, D-28369, D-35010,
D-36503, E-30676, E-31852, F-13451,
F-35379, G-00375, G-00473, G-00902,
G-04877, G-07162, G-07169, G-12070,
G-13625, G-15703, G-17214, G-17244,
G-18046, G-20087, G-20198, G-20990,
G-21259, G-21266, G-23768, G-24603,
G-26260, G-26356, G-26775, G-26931,
G-27253, G-27291, G-27490, G-29815,
G-30000, G-30181, G-30198, G-30468,
G-31452, G-31517, G-31528, G-32041,
G-32735, G-32905, G-33372, G-33497,
G-33779, G-33864, G-34951, G-35041,
G-36354, G-37942, G-38869, G-42136,
G-42463, G-44381, H-19604, H-33922,
H-34831, H-34901, H-35827, H-36265,
H-44071, L-07952, L-37497, N-11871,
N-20548
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A-21069,
A-29096, A-30674, A-35957, A-36527,
D-27174, D-35025, D-36688, F-13451,
G-00473, G-00902, G-01756, G-01797,
G-01923, G-03282, G-05002, G-05280,
G-05475, G-07169, G-08411, G-09019,
G-09493, G-12070, G-12075, G-12984,
G-16810, G-18046, G-18417, G-20990,
G-23768, G-24314, G-26356, G-26528,
G-26775, G-26931, G-27614, G-29789,
G-30156, G-30181, G-30468, G-31319,
G-31452, G-31517, G-31528, G-32625,
G-33497, G-33779, G-33864, G-34951,
G-36354, G-37685, G-38616, G-38721,
G-38867, G-39161, G-39989, G-40068,
G-40688, G-42098, G-42136, G^t4254,
0^14381, G-44508, G-44696, G-44867,
G-45196, G-45293, H-08884, H-11467,
H-28105, H-33362, H-34831, H-40591,
K-11746, K-16808, L-07952, N-18005,
N-20548
RETENTION A-23280, A-25417, A-29872,
A-35953, A-36032, A-40314, C-39762,
C-43720, D-03441, D-27174, D-28369,
D^»1887, F-13451, F-36076, G-00902,
G-03282, G-04877, G-06059, G-09261,
G-09535, G-14492, G-18549, G-19159,
G-20990, G-26260, G-26483, G-26931,
G-27490, G-28170, G-29329, G-29493,
G-29789, G-30000, G-30672, G-31517,
G-32041, G-32484, G-32787, G-33052,
G-33778, G-33779, G-33864, G-34951,
G-35217, G-35380, G-35792, G-36152,
G-36765, G-37119, G-38580, G-38867,
G-38869, G-39179, G-39193, G^10014,
G-41368, G-41731, G-42022, G-42098,
G-42737, G-42757, G-42881, G^4053,
G-44176, G-44251, G-44508, G-44696,
G-45005, G-45288, G-45293, H-14489,
H-14786, H-17978, H-28105, H-28448,
H-32654, H-33112, H-33922, H-33985,
H-34830, H-35410, H-35880, H-36197,
H-37912. H-37926, H-37977, H-38332,
-------
422
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
H-38743, H-39328, H-39408, H-39409,
H-40335, H-40368, H-40540, H-41143,
H-41892, H-41893, H-44071, H-45056,
K-11746
RINGELMANN CHART A-35168, L-00311
RIVERS A-03280, A-26891, A-34068,
A-35398, C-33042, D-049%, D-37369,
F-35378, F-35379, F-39522, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214
ROTARY PISTON ENGINES A-20927,
A-27249, A-28560, A-30604, A-38522,
A-42980, B-09231, B-30944, B-35821,
B-37150, B-44473, D-34008, L-22583
RUBBER A-09210, A-28210, A-33822,
A-37190, B-44283, D-43468, H-40368,
J-30696, L-07952
RUNNING EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
A-08972, B-20844
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
L-23234
SALTZMAN METHOD
D-37366, D-43962
SAMPLERS A-05067,
A-29661, A-30759,
B-32633, B-35352,
C-02164, C-03037,
C-08145, C-08661,
C-10556, C-11042,
C-21862, C-230%,
C-25015, C-25440,
C-26275, C-26467,
C-26848, C-27075,
C-27556, C-27829,
C-29464, C-30593,
C-31304, C-31933,
C-32975, C-33731,
C-36588, C-36840,
C-37514, C-37608,
C-38778, C-38914,
C-42360, C-42437,
D-01089, D-01315,
D-04646, D-07600,
D-08438, D-08568,
D-10612, D-10756,
D-12049, D-14762,
D-21906, D-22553,
D-25635, D-25881,
D-28620, D-28629,
D-28920, D-29655,
D-30326, D-30656,
D-32350, D-32883,
D-35489, D-35861,
D-36449, D-36486,
D-36820, D-37191,
D-37369, D-37518,
D-41975, D-42122,
D-44059, D-44330,
E-32155, E-35207,
F-07451, F-34948,
G-00597, G-20687,
G-31351, G-34902,
L-32462, N-04212
SAMPLING METHODS
A-09355, A-13S24,
A-26454, A-26645,
A-30759, A-31632,
A-35168, A-35919,
B-01851, B-25301,
B-32633, B-35352,
C-01249, C-01608,
C-05243, C-05977,
B-22520, G-29286,
C-32476, C-38755,
, K-08420
A-06220, A-15295,
, A-33710, B-25301,
C-00855, C-01608,
C-05243, C-06894,
C-09888, C-09983,
C-19313, C-19501,
C-23657, C-24644,
C-25932, C-26145,
C-26698, C-26707,
C-27106, C-27358,
C-28621, C-28755,
C-30707, C-31258,
C-32474, C-32476,
C-34407, C-35494,
C-36841, C-37175,
C-37689, C-37693,
C-42043, C-42139,
C-43448, D-00974,
D-02133, D-03410,
D-07985, D-08275,
D-08810, D-09432,
D-11184, D-11202,
D-15573, D-21684,
D-23864, D-24316,
D-26044, D-28528,
D-28650, D-28653,
D-30025, D-30182,
D-31014, D-31775,
D-34805, D-34933,
D-36009, D-36288,
D-36562, D-36688,
D-37202, D-37320,
D-39405, D-39914,
D-42742, D-43%2,
D-449%, E-03841,
E-36487, E-38118,
G-00076, G-00177,
G-24603, G-29958,
G-35041, K-08420,
A-05067, A-06220,
A-15295, A-18297,
A-28873, A-29661,
A-32621, A-33710,
A-37176, A-39609,
B-27371, B-31604,
B-41608, C-00855,
C-02164, C-03037,
C-06072, C-06112,
C-06894, C-08130, C-08145, C-08661,
C-09333, C-09888, C-09953, C-09983,
C-10556, C-11042, C-12943, C-12993,
C-16123, C-17179, C-17180, C-19313,
C-19501, C-20891, C-21862, C-230%,
C-23657, C-24644, C-25015, C-25440,
C-25793, C-25932, C-26145, C-26275,
C-26467, C-:>6503, C-26698, C-26707,
C-26848, C-27075, C-27106, C-27294,
C-27358, C-27556, C-27829, C-28017,
C-28126, C-:!8621, C-28755, C-29464,
C-30360, C-:(0593, C-30707, C-31258,
C-31304, C-:!1933, C-32058, C-32474,
C-32476, C-:i2534, C-32718, C-32829,
C-32975, C-:i3255, C-33731, C-34017,
C-34407, C-:t5396, C-35494, C-36588,
C-36840, C-:i6841, C-37175, C-37514,
C-37608, C-T7689, C-37693, C-38670,
C-38778, C-38914, C-41908, C-42043,
C-42139, C-42360, C-42437, C-43448,
C-44995, C-45235, D-00974, D-00976,
D-00985, D-01089, D-01315, D-01355,
D-01673, D-02133, D-02750, D-03410,
D-03526, D-04646, D-04938, D-05167,
D-05277, D-05551, D-07600, D-07985,
D-08275, D-08438, D-08568, D-08810,
D-09240, D-09432, D-10612, D-10756,
D-11028, D-: 1184, D-11202, D-12049,
D-14762, D-i 5573, D-20642, D-21684,
D-21906, D-22553, D-22829, D-23864,
D-24316, D-:'.5635, D-25881, D-26044,
D-27621, D-:!8528, D-28620, D-28629,
D-28650, D-28653, D-28920, D-29655,
D-30025, D-30182, D-30326, D-30656,
D-31014, D-M775, D-32350, D-32883,
D-32912, D-34805, D-34933, D-35489,
D-35725, D-35861, D-36009, D-36288,
D-36449, D-36486, D-36562, D-36688,
D-36820, D-27191, D-37202, D-37320,
D-37369, D-37518, D-39405, D-39914,
D-41664, D-41975, D-42122, D-42742,
D-43962, D-44059, D-44330, D-44996,
E-00834, E-01821, E-03841, E-32155,
E-35207, E-36487, E-38118, E-44999,
F-05440, F-07451, F-10599, F-34948,
G-00076, G-00177, G-00597, G-00902,
G-20687, G-24428, G-24603, G-27084,
G-29816, G-29958, G-31351, G-31528,
G-34902, G-35041, H-30424, H-32224,
K-06734, K-08420, L-00311, L-32462,
L-33495, N-03674, N-04212, N-17260
SAMPLING PROBKS A-37176, D-01089,
D-02i:)3, F-10599
SAN FRANCISCO C-00855, C-44479,
D-00969, D-02750, D-03441, D-07600,
H-25967, K-43312, N-20548
SANITARIANS Cl-00736, G-00740,
G-36207, L-3J844, L-35151, M-33904
SCANDINAVIA A-41654, A-44464,
B-44660, B-44750, D-41664, G-41717,
G-42884, G-44053, G-44508, L-40520,
L-44376
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC) D-00005
SCREEN FILTERS B-08562
SCRUBBERS A-C9686, A-12751, A-12823,
A-206J2, A-35052, A-35168, A-39462,
B-00107, B-03125, B-03337, B-03754,
B-09798, B-16053, B-22492, B-22520,
B-25470, B-28172, B-28286, B-30124,
B-31985, B-32248, B-32319, B-34025,
B-35303, B-3_<342, B-35352, B-35476,
B-39272, B-40785, B-42131, B-43515,
B-44742, C-06072, C-24337, C-42043,
D-01089, D-05260, E-12777, G-00177,
K-34377, L-07952, L-23562, L-32884,
L-37560, N-09780
SEA BREEZE B-44283
SEA SALTS A-15205, A-19955, A-21722,
E-28586, G-39095
SEALING COMPOUNDS A-35957
SEASONAL A-15205, A-15599, A-19684,
A-19955, A-21722, A-26645, A-31649,
A-36032, B-30633, B-44283, C-05243,
C-40724, D-00974, D-01315, D-02133,
D-03526, D-04646, D-04938, D-04996,
D-06148, D-07198, D-08275, D-08591,
D-09240, D-10595, D-10612, D-10634,
D-10756, D-11028, D-17340, D-19822,
D-23388, D-24414, D-25089, D-25635,
D-25881, D-27241, D-27621, D-27672,
D-27675, D-29153, D-29416, D-29647,
D-29918, D-30025, D-30410, D-30858,
D-30860, D-31325, D-32350, D-34008,
D-34933, D-36562, D-36820, D-37026,
D-37288, D-40363, D-42247, D-44996,
E-03841, E-30676, E-32155, G-00736,
G-01755, G-05002, G-29816, G-30395,
G-33497, G-34701, G-35377, G-36934,
G-37023, G-37941, G-44433, H-17225,
H-25878, H-27352, H-28529, H-33112,
H-33364, H-33922, H-33985, H-39408,
K-34377
SECONDARY AIR B-14604, B-37042,
L-09009
SEDIMENTATION A-09686, A-29539,
B-35296, B-35342, C-00125, C-00855,
C-08130, C-35494, D-24952, D-39405,
E-00834, E-23743, E-32155, E-32158,
E-35207, E-45050, G-03282
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS B-38727,
C-27294, C-42437, D-39535, G-32608,
G^»2022, H-07742, K-20121
SENATE HEARINGS B-24696, B-24722,
G-25328
SETTLING CHAMBERS B-03754, B-33403
SETTLING PARTICLES
A-09393, A-12624,
A-19955, A-20652,
A-26441, A-27180,
A-29786, A-29787,
A-31525, A-33169,
A-34018, A-34774,
A-36846, A-37190,
A-38819, A-39152,
A-40981, A-41654,
A-42676, A-42726,
B-00107, B-03125,
B-07606, B-08562,
B-17525, B-20740,
B-25033, B-25470,
B-28172, B-28730,
B-32633, B-32760,
B-33157, B-34025,
B-35166, B-352%,
B-35540, B-37750,
B-43515, B-43957,
C-01608, C-03037,
C-08130, C-09983,
C-14758, C-15563,
C-26274, C-26698,
C-28755, C-29464,
C-30360, C-31933,
C-32975, C-36588,
C-37693, C-37971,
C-41763, C-41908,
D-00005, D-02133,
D-05260, D-05277,
D-07198, D-08438,
D-10380, D-10634,
D-15789, D-15823,
D-20642, D-21869,
D-26387, D-26555,
D-28097, D-28233,
A-03278,
A-13524, A-15205,
A-21722, A-22941,
A-28210, A-29661,
A-30414, A-31395,
A-33710, A-33965,
A-35078, A-35676,
A-37372, A-38543,
A-39462, A-40583,
A-42080, A-42377,
A-43271, A-44464,
B-03232, B-03754,
B-09798, B-15208,
B-22520, B-24553,
B-26600, B-28060,
B-30633, B-32319,
B-32822, B-32938,
B-34071, B-34313,
B-35342, B-35478,
B-38727, B-40709,
B-44283, B-44750,
C-03770, C-05977,
C-10556, C-10561,
C-16367, C-25431,
C-27358, C-28017,
C-29595, C-30290,
C-32534, C-32718,
C-37608, C-37689,
C-38165, C-38778,
C-41968, C-45235,
D-03441, D-04996,
D-06148, D-06760,
D-08502, D-09432,
D-14762, D-15610,
D-16684, D-17106,
D-25089, D-25758,
D-27187, D-27257,
D-28326, D-28653,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
423
D-29152, D-29191, D-29382, D-29385,
D-29416, D-29515, D-29814, D-30025,
D-30182, D-30493, D-30656, D-30858,
D-30860, D-31014, D-313%, D-32055,
D-32912, D-32945, D-33114, D-33576,
D-34008, D-34933, D-35025, D-36562,
D-37518, D-38110, D-38133, D-39405,
D-39988, D-40363, D-41033, D-41520,
D-41888, D-41975, D-42122, D-43693,
D-43%2, D-44059, D-44330, D-44996,
E-03841, E-19058, E-21796, E-24570,
E-28S86, E-29445, E-29910, E-30676,
E-32155, E-36714, F-27348, G-00810,
G-00902, G-01512, G-03892, G-041%,
G-05002, G-07162, G-07551, G-08566,
G-09253, G-09408, G-12070, G-12984,
G-18417, G-19940, G-20704, G-24081,
G-26477, G-26775, G-29129, G-30000,
G-30181, G-31319, G-31351, G-32484,
G-32696, G-32905, G-33778, G-34092,
G-34951, G-35568, G-38721, G-39095,
G-41067, G-42463, G-44087, G-44251,
G-44254, G-44433, G-44508, G-446%,
H-08884, H-10318, H-11157, H-19604,
H-19620, H-20062, H-21018, H-26276,
H-28448, H-30225, H-30921, H-31010,
H-32322, H-32338, H-36197, H-37977,
H-38332, H-3%90, H-40368, H-42857,
1-00305, K-03007, K-06734, K-06778,
K-08420, K-09259, K-14443, K-19750,
K-20121, K-30069, K-33107, K-34063,
K-34377, K-36823, K-38197, K-41682,
K-42039, L-00311, L-02635, L-17472,
L-17927, L-23234, L-23562, L-25542,
L-28349, L-28397, L-29421, L-30152,
L-30620, L-31957, L-32789, L-32865,
L-32884, L-35795, L-35922, L-37560,
L-38669, L-42873, N-03674, N-04052,
N-04212, N-09780, N-11871, N-18005,
N-28088
SEWAGE A-31632, A-33293, A-40981,
A-45072, B-3S342, B-42886, C-30635,
C-33055, D-20191, D-41979, E-00834,
G-39095, H-37977, H-41733, H-43226,
L-29421, N-20548
SEWAGE TREATMENT A-33293,
D-20191, E-00834
SEWERS D-41979, L-29421
SHEEP G-13159, G-33910, G-38869,
H-11467, H-12536, H-32291, H-33362,
H-34237, H-35234, H-39407, H-40591,
H-43226
SHIPS A-33293, A-43346, D-32055,
L-00311, L-29421
SIEVE ANALYSIS C-02164
SILICATES A-15205, A-19955, C-06045,
C-23657, C-29226, L-23234
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-15205,
A-19955, A-21722, B-03337, B-26243,
B-43515, C-06045, C-06072, C-09983,
C-23657, C-29226, C-32975, C-34106,
C-38778, C-41612, C-41763, C-41908,
C-41968, D-049%, D-08502, E-10215,
F-06648, F-34607, G-29129, G-34092,
G-40688, H-26055, 1-33802, K-42039,
L-23234, L-32789, L-35795, L-38669
SILICON DIOXIDE A-03982, B-08562,
C-09333, C-09983, C-16367, C-29512,
C-42928, D-04996, D-15789, D-27880,
D-37288, G-34895, G-41097, G-446%,
H-39690, H-42336, K-14443
SILICOSIS B-43515, G-12984, G-27085,
G-32608, G-41067, G-41097
SILVER COMPOUNDS A-06351, C-00125,
C-22975, C-230%, C-30707, C-33042,
D-05167, D-21684, D-32350, E-29910,
E-40157, F-10599, F-13839, F-14008,
F-14039, F-17882, F-17949, F-39522,
G-19159
SILVER IODIDE E-40157
SIMULATION B-28377, B-31690, B-42702,
C-06107, E-35207, F-07451, G-00177,
G-00473, G-38869, H-11157, J-32241,
J-35391, L-35922
SINTERING A-10749, A-13524, A-42726,
B-08562, B-26600, B-32319, K-06778
SKIN A-35953, A-35957, D-35025,
G-03283, G-03284, G-03285, G-05002,
G-05280, G-26483, G-30181, G-31442,
G-32041, G-34791, G-35055, G-37119,
G-39179, G-39826, G-40485, G-44433,
G-45005
SKIN CANCER G-00375
SKIN TESTS G-41695
SLAUGHTERHOUSES A-34018
SLUDGE A-31632, A-45072, B-35342,
B-42886, C-30635, D-20191, G-39095,
H-37977, H-41733
SMOG A-00962, A-01868, A-09210,
A-17339, A-22825, A-22976, A-24156,
A-27180, A-27272, A-27458, A-27858,
A-27943, A-29786, A-30067, A-31934,
A-32875, A-33%3, A-35078, A-39367,
A-39603, A-40677, A-41145, A-42080,
A-45274, B-00107, B-01484, B-17906,
B-18053, B-19808, B-20735, B-22436,
B-25894, B-26269, B-28377, B-32938,
B-33542, B-33550, B-33932, B-39404,
B-42300, B-44470, C-26274, D-02750,
D-03441, D-049%, D-05573, D-07198,
D-08591, D-22829, D-24162, D-29382,
D-29416, D-2%47, D-30860, D-32055,
D-35025, D-38110, D-39081, E-00834,
E-32155, F-03799, F-05849, G-00177,
G-07162, G-16820, G-27291, G-32484,
G-34406, G-35118, G-40634, G-41~)7,
H-08884, H-11157, H-11467, H-19604,
J-22358, K-18294, K-30035, K-30069,
L-28099, L-29888, L-41557, L-44325,
M-33904, N-03674, N-04212, N-17260,
N-18005, N-28088
SMOG INDEX D-07198
SMOKE SHADE A-35168, C-22927,
D-00005, D-05277, D-30860, D-32055,
G-30328, L-00311
SMOKEMETERS C-26275, C-32534
SMOKES A-01624, A-01868, A-08972,
A-20652, A-22976, A-23316, A-26763,
A-27180, A-27249, A-27272, A-29787,
A-31323, A-32621, A-35168, A-38625,
A-39367, A-40583, A-41945, A-43271,
A-43346, B-00107, B-09798, B-17525,
B-22520, B-25470, B-26600, B-30633,
B-30944, B-35476, B-44742, B-44750,
C-08130, C-08145, C-25440, C-26274,
C-41763, D-00005, D-00985, D-03526,
D-05260, D-05277, D-06760, D-08275,
D-08591, D-12099, D-16345, D-26054,
D-29382, D-30860, D-32055, D-40574,
D-40584, D-41033, D-41979, D-44059,
E-00834, E-19058, E-32155, E-36038,
E-38666, F-05440, G-03086, G-09408,
G-30181, G-32735, G-38721, G-39095,
G-42136, H-08884, H-11157, H-11452,
H-11467, H-19604, H-30225, H-3%90,
H-40590, H-40591, J-39956, K-03956,
L-00311, L-09009, L-27664, L-29421,
L-30620, L-32884, L-39640, N-09780,
N-20548
SMOKING A-00%2, A-30674, A-32035,
C-41825, D-01315, D-08568, D-36195,
E-38666, F-44164, G-00375, G-00597,
G-00642, G-00662, G-00810, G-00873,
G-03086, G-05002, G-05280, G-07162,
G-07169, G-08326, G-08411, G-09019,
G-10793, G-13625, G-21266, G-21766,
G-26528, G-26775, G-27291, G-29129,
G-29789, G-30181, G-30198, G-31528,
G-33607, G-34092, G-37180, G-38580,
G-38721, G-40435, G-41097, K-16808,
L-07952, N-28803
SNOW A-15205, A-19955, A-21069,
A-21722, A-23620, A-34647, A-35788,
A-36032, C-06920, C-23646, C-33042,
D-04646, D-21684, D-23658, E-19058,
E-36714, G-29789, G-37420, N-04212
SOCIAL ATTITUDES A-26552, A-35676,
B-31441, D-05260, G-41067, M-01073,
M-29432
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-31520,
A-33350, A-33%5, A-35050, A-35052,
A-38759, A-39067, A-45145, B-22834,
B-31519, B-32355, B-35112, B-35476,
B-35816, B-39404, G-08326, G-18508,
G-30328, G-32484, G-32737, G-34059,
G-34095, G-36207. G-44463, G-45273,
J-30329, J-306%, J-31518, J-31720,
J-32241, J-34370, J-34970, J-35391,
J-37409, J-37734, J-38624, J-39956,
J-42721, L-26442, L-32462, L-36030,
L-40520, L-41289, L-41557, L-42016,
M-33904, M-35206
SODIUM CARBONATE C-29464, F-16659
SODIUM CHLORIDE C-09888, C-30360,
F-00841, F-06648
SODIUM COMPOUNDS B-03337,
B-35352, C-09333, C-09888, C-29464,
C-30360, C-38778, C-39168, C-41825,
D-05167, D-23971, D-28620, D-35010,
D-44580, E-36038, F-00841, F-06648,
F-13911, F-14008, F-14138, F-14868,
F-15493, F-16659, F-17882, G-03892,
G-07740, G-21037, G-34837, G-35380,
G-35387, H-36991, 1-31377
SODIUM HYDROXIDE F-06648
SODIUM SULFITE B-03337
SOILING A-34018, B-42829, H-39409
SOILING INDEX A-35123, B-35540,
D-05623, D-35407, D-37026, D-41888,
D-44170, E-32155, E-44813
SOILS A-12624, A-14135, A-18510,
A-22367, A-25417, A-28210, A-29539,
A-29572, A-29787, A-30428, A-32492,
A-32748, A-34068, A-35065, A-36032,
A-36846, A-37190, A-41890, A-45072,
C-21948, C-30113, C-38670, C-39136,
C-42137, C-45235, D-10612, D-10756,
D-35407, D-40584, D-41887, E-22959,
E-30676, E-31852, E-45050, F-43436,
F-44332, G-09253, G-20704, G-27084,
G-34436, G-36283, G-37420, G-39095,
G^t2757, G-45159, H-07742, H-09448,
H-11157, H-12647, H-14786, H-17182,
H-17215, H-17216, H-17217, H-17218,
H-17681, H-19604, H-1%20, H-20237,
H-21794, H-22926, H-23581, H-24667,
H-24947, H-25374, H-25%7, H-26092,
H-27063, H-27352, H-27391, H-28289,
H-28379, H-28529, H-30921, H-30931,
H-31010, H-31801, H-32224, H-32335,
H-32338, H-32736, H-33362, H-33364,
H-35827, H-36197, H-36991, H-37926,
H-37977, H-39204, H-39287, H-39408,
H-3%90, H-40590, H-40591, H-41733,
H-41891, H-41892, H-42207, H-42250,
H-43782, H-44071, L-081%, L-28349,
L-29421
-------
424
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
SOLAR RADIATION A-23561, A-29096,
A-35078, B-30633, B-32938, C-06920,
E-24570, E-30863, E-31895, E-32155,
G-16820, G-30395, G-38616, L-35922
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-03278,
A-26441, A-31632, A-31649, A-34774,
A-40981, A-41945, A^5072, B-30124,
C-33055, D-03410, D-03441, D-20191,
D-37026, F-35378, G-05002, G-20704,
G-33607, H-37912, H-41733, 1-33802,
J-30696, L-29421, L-29888, L-35151,
N-04052
SOLIDS A-15205, A-19955, A-21722,
A-23620, A-26191, B-03337, B-35018,
C-06643, C-32058, D-21684, E-00834,
E-24109, E-33873, E-36714, E-40157,
F-10599, F-14138, F-15413, G-07162,
G-08949
SOLVENTS A-35957, A-38022, B-00107,
B-25033, B-30229, C-09333, C-30707,
C-44129, F-13839, G-03654, G-16820,
G-17470, G-27085, N-04052, N-43824
SOOT A-09393, A-22941, A-27180,
A-29786, A-34774, A-35676, A-38819,
A-41654, A-42377, B-20740, B-25470,
B-28060, B-30633, B-32938, B-34025,
B-35166, B-44750, C-09983, C-30290,
C-30360, C-41763, D-05260, D-07198,
D-08502, D-10634, D-29416, D-30182,
D-34008, D-39988, D-41975, G-07162,
G-31319, H-11157, H-19604, H-30225,
H-37977, H-38332, K-09259, K-30069,
K-34063, K-38197, K-41682, L-00311,
L-17927, L-28349, L-29421, L-30620,
L-32789, L-35795, L-38669, N-04052,
N-04212, N-09780, N-18005
SOOT FALL B-30633, D-07198, D-26044,
D-40574, G-24603
SOURCE SAMPLING A-31632, C-36588,
C-38670, L-00311
SOUTH AMERICA G-41872
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-12751, A-12823,
A-24080, A-24285, A-31136, A-34774,
A-35052, A-35224, A-37166, A-41945,
B-03337, B-16053, B-25377, B-26600,
B-27824, B-28172, B-29628, B-32260,
B-34025, B-44906, E-12777, F-34297,
1-22128, L-23562, L-37560, N-09780,
N-28088
SPACECRAFT ATMOSPHERES C-16123
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-01565,
A-01624, A-01868, A-04460, A-05171,
A-08039, A-08972, A-09355, A-09393,
A-09686, A-23316, A-24281, A-24718,
A-26763, A-27249, A-28394, A-28560,
A-28873, A-30604, A-32621, A-33365,
A-34442, A-35484, A-42080, A-44464,
B-00015, B-01484, B-05214, B-05300,
B-09231, B-26153, B-28286, B-32355,
B-33741, B-34740, B-36081, B-39272,
C-42775, D-03410, D-04646, D-08568,
D-08810, D-08812, D-08821, D-24162,
D-25055, F-03799, F-08207, F-09745,
F-28908, G-00020, G-10856, K-08803,
L-02635, L-03536, L-07952, L-09009,
L-37392, L-44376, N-08273, N-09780
SPARK TIMING A-23250, A-27249,
A-27858, A-28560, A-28873, A-34442,
A-35481, A-35484, B-20844, B-23697,
B-26269, B-27876, B-28108, B-^0944,
B-31314, B-31690, B-32938, B-33741,
B-34035, B-34457, B-36145, B-37042,
B-37195, B-37234, B-37275, B-40411,
B-41608, B-44341, J-26765
SPECTROMETRY A-04460, A-05067,
A-06351, A-14945, A-23239, A-23789,
A-24718, A-:!8873, A-29516, A-29539,
A-29936, A-:!3710, A-33822, A-35818,
A-43966, B-27371, B-30717, B-31690,
B-39275, C-00056, C-06045, C-06881,
C-06920, C-11042, C-17048, C-18007,
C-19501, C-19857, C-25015, C-25431,
C-25432, C-I6275, C-26505, C-27075,
C-27556, C-2.9133, C-29419, C-29464,
C-29595, C-30593, C-30635, C-30707,
C-31304, C-31933, C-32058, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32718, C-32829, C-32892,
C-33042, C-33055, C-34017, C-35396,
C-35494, C-36588, C-36698, C-38165,
C-38778, C-39136, C-39168, C-40724,
C-41612, C-41908, C-41968, C-42139,
C-43737, C-44210, C-44995, C-45235,
D-00976, D-C0985, D-03526, D-07600,
D-07649, D-CI8568, D-09726, D-11028,
D-23658, D-I5055, D-25758, D-30526,
D-30656, D-30860, D-31332, D-34805,
D-34933, D-35861, D-36009, D-36288,
D-36474, D-36486, D-36562, D-36820,
D-36939, D-37191, D-37202, D-37366,
D-39081, D-39405, D-41520, D-41664,
D-42122, D-42742, D-43316, D-43468,
D-43962, D-14059, D-44330, E-22754,
E-24549, E-31852, E-36487, E-38118,
F-00841, F-05849, F-07451, F-13451,
F-395:'.2, F-44164, F-44332, F-45295,
G-00177, G-01756, G-01797, G-09261,
G-104M, G-12075, G-16820, G-18501,
G-21070, G-24603, G-32749, G-33165,
G-33605, H-21018, K-08420, L-17472,
N-06992
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-04460,
A-050(>7, A-29661, A-34647, A-35788,
A-36006, A-38022, A-40947, A-43966,
B-323!>2, C-00056, C-00855, C-05977,
C-QW.5, C-06072, C-06881, C-08661,
C-0932.3, C-l >563, C-18007, C-18302,
C-19276, C-19501, C-22975, C-23571,
C-24618, C-24719, C-25440, C-25535,
C-26336, C-2(i707, C-26955, C-27294,
C-27556, C-2''681, C-28126, C-28621,
C-28755, C-2K895, C-29226, C-29297,
C-29595, C-30360, C-30786, C-30928,
C-31258, C-31933, C-32474, C-33338,
C-33731, C-37608, C-37689, C-38670,
C-38682, C-38914, C-38973, C-41138,
C-42360, C-43448, C-43720, C-44129,
C-44995, C-4^235, D-00005, D-00974,
D-00985, D-0:(410, D-03526, D-07649,
D-07985, D-09726, D-11028, D-11202,
D-12049, D-14762, D-21684, D-22290,
D-27241, D-28097, D-28528, D-28620,
D-28629, D-2«650, D-28653, D-28785,
D-29153, D-31014, D-32727, D-32883,
D-32912, D-3::945, D-35010, D-36449,
D-37202, D-37369, D-37518, D-39081,
D-44059, D-4^330, D-44580, D-449%,
E-10215, E-45050, F-07451, F-11582,
F-13461, F-13539, F-34607, F-36067,
F-4433:!, F-45295, G-01797, G-09019,
G-09261, G-U820, G-19881, G-20287,
G-20687, G-23801, G-28011, G-29329,
G-29665, G-31040, G-32129, G-32749,
G-3424'5, G-36534, G-41368, G-42661,
G-43337, G-44746, H-14489, H-25967,
H-2837J, H-2M29, H-30424, H-40368,
H-4114!, H-43782, K-08420, N-06992
SPINACH G-05541
SPOT TESTS C-03034, C-05787, C-05977,
C-06894, C-12993
SPRAY TOWSRS B-28172, B-35303
SPRAYS B-25033
ST LOUIS A-01868, A-02636, A-03982,
B-00063, B-03337, D-36449, E-00834,
F-03525, F-03799, G-02191, G-03635,
1-02176
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) A-45274,
C-02164, D-03410, D-03441, D-04646,
D-04996, D-10380, D-10634, D-19144,
D-21684, D-23864, D-26054, D-30410,
D-30860, D-32945, D-41887, E-00834,
E-01821, E-05713, E-12777, E-19058,
E-22959, E-24109, E-29445, E-30676,
E-32158, E-45050, G-07162, G-33778,
G-44867, H-17225, K-30035, L-23562,
N-09780, N-18005
STACK GASES A--09686, A-12751,
A-12823, A-24080, A-24285, A-29096,
A-29539, A-29787, A-30674, A-31J36,
A-31315, A-31632, A-32875, A-35224,
A-37166, A-37190, A-40583, A-41945,
A-42676, 8-03337, B-03754, B-09798,
B-22492, B-25470, B-26600, B-27^24,
B-29628, B-32248, B-32760, B-34025,
B-35035, B-35476, B-35478, B-37222,
B-38727, B-43515, B-44742, B-448J3,
B-44906, C-06112, C-09476, C-33055,
C-36588, C-36840, C-36841, C-38670,
C-39136, C-44210, D-05260, D-08591,
D-20191, D-26054, D-27174, D-30182,
D-30860, D-32055, D-32912, D-40574,
D-40584, D-41979, E-12777, E-24109,
F-34297, G-12038, G-20704, G-30181,
G-31319, H-08884, H-11452, H-26276,
H-31185, H-39690, H-42857, 1-33802,
K-06778, K-14443, K-34063, K-36823,
L-17927, L-29421, L-30620, L-35151,
L-38669
STACK SAMPLING A-31632, C-36588,
C-38670, L-00311
STACKS A-13524, A-20652, A-24080,
A-24285, A-29539, A-31632, A-39367,
B-28108, B-30633, B-35476, C-06112,
D-29416, G-01512, K-06778, K-44377,
L-00311, L-17927, L-30152, L-42873
STAGNATION D-03410, E-01821,
E-05713, E-24109
STANDARDS A-00962, A-01868, A-22579,
A-22825, A-23280, A-24156, A-24996,
A-26134, A-26763, A-27272, A-29516,
A-30604, A-30976, A-31315, A-31934,
A-32447, A-32523, A-32621, A-33169,
A-33293, A-33350, A-33378, A-33667,
A-33963, A-33965, A-34177, A-34341,
A-34442, A-34647, A-35050, A-35052,
A-35168, A-35957, A-36527, A-36541,
A-36664, A-37190, A-37721, A-38331,
A-38522, A-38625, A-39152, A-39367,
A-39609, A-40455, A-40677, A-40776,
A-41654, A-41959, A-42679, A-43776,
A-45092, B-19710, B-20844, B-24722,
B-25096, B-28377, B-28699, B-28730,
B-29414, B-29605, B-30944, B 31496,
B-31819, B-31825, B-32424, B-33386,
B-33388, B-33628, B-33932, B-34381,
B-34457, B-34611, B-35166, B-35778,
B-36081, B-36523, B-36578, B-37195,
B-37234, B-37938, B-.*9492, B-40785,
B-42330, B-44750, B-44882, C-30360,
C-41719, D-00005, D-02133, D-08275,
D-08568, D-27831, D-29382, D-32055,
D-32883, D-32945, D-33576, D-35025,
D-36820, D-39988, D-40363, D-41979,
D-42367, E-23743, E-44999, F-00841,
F-36076, G-00020, G-03285, G-03654,
G-05780, G-08381, G-08683, G-12075,
G-16820, G-25068, G-25705, G 26915,
G-28170, G-29129, G-29815, G-30000,
G-30328, G-31280, G-31537, G-J2905,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
425
G-33202, G-33903, G-34406, G-34649,
G-34951, G-35042, G-3511R, G-37180,
G-38580, G-38721, G-40485, G-40492,
G-41097, G-41737, G-42098, G-44176,
H-28448, H-36611, J-22358, J-27968,
J-30696, K-02580, K-03007, K-06734,
K-06778, K-08803, K-09259, K-11746,
K-14443, K-16104, K-16128, K-18294,
K-19750, K-20121, K-22223, K-24107,
K-30035, K-30069, K-33107, K-33730,
K-34063, K-34377, K-36346, K-36382,
K-36823, K-38197, K-38758, K-41682,
K-42039, K-42118, K-43312, K-44310,
K-44377, L-00311, L-03536, L-07952,
L-17927, L-22583, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-24757, L-25288, L-28066,
L-28099, L-28349, L-29421, L-30152,
L-30620, L-31957, L-32462, L-32789,
L-32865, L-32884, L-33495, L-34033,
L-35151, L-35795, L-36030, L-37392,
L-37423, L-37497, L-37521, L-37560,
L-37717, L-38669, L-38757, L-40520,
L-42016, L-42169, L-42873, L-44219,
L-44325, L-44376, L-44499, M-01073,
N-08273, N-09780, N-11871, N-14772,
N-37225
STATE GOVERNMENTS A-01868,
A-34442, D-03410, D-30860, D-32055,
G-35714, K-03007, K-08420, K-19750,
K-36346, L-33495
STATISTICAL ANALYSES A-09355,
B-42817, C-08661, C-10561, C-17179,
C-18302, C-33731, C-38914, D-05167,
D-05277, D-05551, D-05623, D-08568,
D-08591, D-10612, D-12099, D-15575,
D-21906, D-26535, D-29655, D-32945,
D-35940, D-36009, D-36449, D-44580,
E-217%, E-35264, G-06985, G-07423,
G-07892, G-08381, G-08411, G-12075,
G-19304, G-23801, G-24716, G-26775,
G-32749, G-34092, G-34902, G-37941,
G-37964, G-40295, G-40492, J-30696
STEAM B-41544, F-08207, G-41067
STEAM ENGINES A-24996, A-30604,
A-32621, A-39603, A-40776, B-30944,
B-34381, B-34457, B-39492, B-42166
STEAM PLANTS A-05067, A-24080,
A-33087, B-28108, E-00834, K-06778
L-17472, L-29421
STEEL A-09686, A-39462, A-43271,
B-03232, B-03754, B-07606, B-21324,
B-29656, B-34071, B-35342, B-35778,
B-37222, B-43937, D-05623, D-2186V
D-27880, D-29153, D-30326, D-3086U,
D-37320, D-38110, G-41067, 1-22128,
1-33802, J-30696, L-17927, L-23608,
L-24214
STERILIZATION G-00473, G-05478
STOMACH G-03086, G-37297, H-34237
STONE A-09686, B-03754
STORAGE BATTERIES A-26763,
A-41518, B-30944, B-34457, G-30831,
G-41847, H-361%
STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINES
A-33378, B-27876, B-34457, K-38758
STREETS A-09393, A-21109, A-24031,
A-28210, A-32875, A-33169, A-33710,
A-34647, A-35078, A-35953, A-36032,
A-36083, A-41035, A-41654, B-28730,
B-41112, C-06643, C-08130, C-10556,
C-18302, D-00985, D-01315, D-08438,
D-08568, D-08810, D-08812, D-08821,
D-09726, D-10554, D-10595, D-11028,
D-14762, D-15175, D-15573, D-15575,
D-16576, D-17058, D-17106, D-19433,
D-24162, D-25055, D-25881, D-27187,
D-27191, D-27675, D-28178, D-28233,
D-28528, D-28620, D-28635, D-28785,
D-29153, D-29416, D-29465, D-29647,
D-29814, D-29918, D-30025, D-30494,
D-32945, D-34933, D-36449, D-36562,
D-36820, D-36909, D-37264, D-37288,
D-37366, D-39081, D-39405, D-40716,
D-40997, D-41033, D-41520, D-41664,
D-42120, D-42247, D-44063, D-44330,
E-30073, E-38118, E-44813, G-21266,
G-21423, G-23876, G-26310, G-29958,
G-30000, G-30198, G-30671, G-31899,
G-37933, G-40014, G-40295, G-40485,
G-42091, G-42463, G-44508, H-21018,
H-23581, H-28529, H-39204, H-40024,
H-40368, H-40540, H-41800, H-43782,
K-18294, L-07952, L-29421, L-35922,
N-11871
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
B-25377, C-05243, C-09333, C-30360,
C-39168, C-41825, D-05167, D-23864,
D-25089, D-27174, D-30656, D-31325,
D-43388, F-13705, F-16659, F-17949,
H-33985, H-36991
STUDENTS G-30672
STYRENES A-33822, C-09888, D-43468,
K-02580, K-20121
SUBLIMATION C-32058
SUBWAYS D-08821, H-24788
SULFATES A-15295, A-26645, A-35788,
A-41145, B-00015, B-03337, B-10558,
B-26243, B-38727, B-41544, C-00855,
C-09888, C-23096, C-26503, C-29226,
C-30360, C-31258, C-35494, C-38165,
C-42020, C-42139, D-00017, D-00974,
D-01673, D-04938, D-04996, D-05167,
D-05551, D-05573, D-05623, D-09432,
D-11028, D-12049, D-21869, D-21906,
D-22829, D-24351, D-28326, D-30656,
D-35940, D-37202, D-37288, D-41888,
D-42122, D-42921, E-32155, E-36038,
E-38666, F-05849, F-13879, F-13943,
F-15413, F-15493, F-17882, F-34297,
G-00375, G-32218, G-45159, H-23258,
H-32224, H-35880, 1-00305, 1-33802,
K-06734, K-08420, K-19750, K-36382,
L-25542, N-04649
SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS G-35225
SULFIDES A-03982, A-10749, A-23561,
A-24281, A-29787, A-31315, A-34018,
A-35788, A-45145, B-03337, B-10558,
B-19725, B-28172, B-33157, B-38727,
C-06045, C-06107, C-06112, C-09983,
C-23096, C-26275, C-28126, C-29512,
C-32476, C-32534, C-38670, C-38755,
C-41763, C-42928, D-00005, D-03441,
D-04996, D-10634, D-31396, D-32055,
D-34008, D-41979, E-40157, F-06648,
F-07451, F-09745, F-13879, F-13943,
F-34948, G-07162, G-08381, G-24314,
G-24603, G-32735, G-38616, G-39883,
G-44867, H-08884, K-02580, K-06734,
K-06778, K-08420, K-09259, K-19750,
K^t4310, L-00311, L-17472, L-23562,
L-31957, N-04052, N-04212, N-20548
SULFITES B-03337, F-17949, G-00177,
1-22128
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-03982,
A-08972, A-10749, A-15295, A-23561,
A-24281, A-26645, A-29127, A-29787,
A-31315, A-34018, A-34788, A-35168,
A-35788, A-38625, A-41145, A-42212,
A-45145, B-00015, B-03232, B-03337,
B-06493, B-10558, B-14604, B-19725,
B-26243, B-28172, B-31221, B-33157,
B-33388, B-352%, B-35816, B-38727,
B-40785, B-41544, B-44742, C-00855,
C-06045, C-06107, C-06112, C-09888,
C-09983, C-11042, C-16367, C-23096,
C-26275, C-26503, C-28126, C-29226,
C-29512, C-30360, C-31258, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32718, C-35494, C-38165,
C-38670, C-38755, C-38778, C-39136,
C-39762, C-41612, C-41763, C-42020,
C-42139, C-42928, C-43763, D-00005,
D-00017, D-00974, D-01673, D-03441,
D-04938, D-04996, D-05167, D-05551,
D-05573, D-05623, D-09432, D-10634,
D-11028, D-12049, D-12099, D-16684,
D-21869, D-21906, D-22829, D-24351,
D-28326, D-30656, D-31396, D-32055,
D-34008, D-35940, D-37202, D-37288,
D-40584, D-41888, D-41979, D-42122,
D-42921, E-00834, E-32155, E-36038,
E-38666, E-40157, F-05849, F-06648,
F-07451, F-09745, F-13879, F-13943,
F-15413, F-15493, F-17882, F-17949,
F-34297, F-34948, G-00177, G-00375,
G-07162, G-08381, G-24314, G-24603,
G-32218, G-32735, G-38616, G-39883,
G-44867, G-45159, H-08884, H-23258,
H-23581, H-32224, H-35880, H-39328,
1-00305, 1-03735, 1-22128, 1-32921,
1-33802, J-39956, K-02580, K-06734,
K-06778, K-08420, K-09259, K-19750,
K-33107, K-36382, K-41682, K-44310,
L-00311, L-17472, L-23562, L-25542,
L-31957, N-04052, N-04212, N-04649,
N-20548
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-00962, A-01565,
A-01624, A-02636, A-03982, A-05067,
A-08972, A-09393, A-09686, A-10749,
A-12823, A-15295, A-19598, A-22579,
A-23250, A-23561, A-24156, A-24281,
A-24285, A-29127, A-29786, A-29787,
A-30513, A-31315, A-33169, A-34442,
A-35078, A-35168, A-35676, A-35788,
A-36623, A-37015, A-37190, A-38819,
A-38891, A-39367, A-40583, A^t0677,
A-40981, A-42080, A-42676, A-43776,
A^»5092, B-00107, B-03125, B-03337,
B-03754, B-10558, B-16053, B-19725,
B-22520, B-25470, B-26243, B-28108,
B-28172, B-28730, B-30124, B-30633,
B-31985, B-32355, B-35540, B-43937,
B-M750, C-00855, C-09333, C-09476,
C-09983, C-17048, C-22927, C-24644,
C-26274, C-26707, C-26848, C-27294,
C-28126, C-30290, C-32476, C-33055,
C-38670, C-38755, C-39136, C-39762,
C-40631, C-42928, D-00005, D-00017,
D-00969, D-00985, D-02133, D-03410,
D-04996, D-05260, D-05551, D-05573,
D-05623, D-06148, D-06760, D-06788,
D-07198, D-08812, D-10634, D-15610,
D-15789, D-16345, D-17106, D-19144,
D-26054, D-26387, D-26535, D-27257,
D-27672, D-27675, D-27880, D-28233,
D-29385, D-29416, D-30858, D-30860,
D-30892, D-31396, D-32055, D-32912,
D-33114, D-34008, D-36503, D-36562,
D-36688, D-36806, D-37288, D-38133,
D^K>363, D-40574, D-40584, D-40997,
D-41887, D-41888, D-41979, D-42122,
D-44059, D-44170, E-24109, E-24570,
E-30073, E-30863, E-36487, E-38666,
F-W745, F-10599, F-13635, F-13943,
F-1M13, F-17949, F-34297, F-37213,
F-41245, G-00177, G-00375, G-03282,
G-07423, G-09253, G-12038, G-13159,
G-U625, G-14156, G-16820, G-21259,
G-24314, G-24603, G-29588, G-31319,
-------
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
G-31452, G-32735, G-34841, G-37229,
G-37942, G-38616, G-38721, G-38869,
G-41097, G-41124, G-41737, G-43277,
G-44254, H-11157, H-11467, H-19604,
H-26055, H-30225, H-31185, H-32224,
H-32322, H-35880, H-38332, H-39328,
H-3%90, H-40368, H-41891, H^»1892,
H-42250, H-42924, 1-31377, 1-33802,
K-02580, K-03007, K-06734, K-06778,
K-08420, K-09259, K-19750, K-33107,
K-36382, K-36823, K-41682, K-43312,
L-00311, L-16200, L-17472, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288, L-25542, L-28397,
L-29421, L-29888, L-30152, L-31454,
L-31957, L-32865, L-32884, L-33495,
L-33844, L-35922, L-37560, L-41557,
L-44325, L-44499, N-03674, N-04052,
N-04212, N-09780, N-11871, N-18005,
N-20548, N-28088
SULFUR OXIDES A-00962, A-01565,
A-01624, A-02636, A-03982, A-05067,
A-08972, A-09393, A-09686, A-10749,
A-12823, A-15295, A-19598, A-20652,
A-22579, A-22976, A-23250, A-23561,
A-24156, A-24281, A-24285, A-26441,
A-27180, A-29127, A-29786, A-29787,
A-30513, A-31315, A-33087, A-33169,
A-33963, A-33%5, A-34018, A-34442,
A-35078, A-35168, A-35676, A-35788,
A-36623, A-37015, A-37166, A-37190,
A-38543, A-38625, A-38819, A-38891,
A-39367, A-39462, A-39603, A-40583,
A-40677, A-40776, A-40981, A-42080,
A-42676, A-43271, A-43346, A-43776,
A-45092, A-45145, B-00107, B-00899,
B-03125, B-03337, B-03754, B-10558,
B-14604, B-16053, B-17525, B-19725,
B-22520, B-25470, B-26243, B-28108,
B-28172, B-28286, B-28730, B-30124,
B-30633, B-31221, B-31985, B-32355,
B-35476, B-35540, B-41544, B-43937,
B-44750, C-00855, C-06U2, C-09333,
C-09476, C-09983, C-17048, C-22927,
C-24644, C-26274, C-26707, C-26848,
C-27294, C-28126, C-30290, C-32476,
C-33055, C-38670, C-38755, C-39136,
C-39762, C-40631, C-41719, C-41763,
C-42775, C-42928, D-00005, D-00017,
D-00969, D-00985, D-02133, D-03410,
D-03441, D-04996, D-05260, D-05551,
D-05573, D-05623, D-06148, D-06760,
D-06788, D-07198, D-4J8812, D-10634,
D-15610, D-15789, D-16345, D-17106,
D-19144, D-21015, D-26044, D-26054,
D-26387, D-26535, D-27257, D-27672,
D-27675, D-27880, D-28233, D-28629,
D-29382, D-29385, D-29416, D-30858,
D-30860, D-30892, D-313%, D-32055,
D-32912, D-33114, D-33576, D-34008,
D-35025, D-36503, D-36562, D-36688,
D-36806, D-37026, D-37288, D-38110,
D-38133, D-40118, D-40363, D-40574,
D-40584, D-40997, D-41887, D-41888,
D-41979, D-42122, D-43316, D-44059,
D-44170, D-44580, E-06841, E-24109,
E-24570, E-30073, E-30863, E-36487,
E-38666, F-09745, F-10599, F-13635,
F-13943, F-15413, F-17949, F-34297,
F-37213, F-43245, G-00177, G-00375,
G-03282, G-07162, G-07423, G-09253,
G-12038, G-13159, G-13625, G-141S6,
G-16820, G-19940, G-21259, G-24314,
G-24603, G-27801, G-29588, G-31319,
G-31452, G-32735, G-34841, G-35041,
G-37229, G-37942, G-38616, G-38721,
G-38869, G-41097, G-41124, G-41737,
G-43277, G-44087, G-44254, G-44433,
H-11157, H-11467, H-19604, H-26055,
H-27111, H-30225, H-31185, H-32224,
H-32322, H-35880, H-38332, H-39328,
H-39690, H-40368, H-41891, H-41892,
H-42250, H-42336, H-42924, 1-31377,
1-33802, J-21749, J-30696, K-02580,
K-03007, K-06734, K-06778, K-08420,
K-08803, K-09259, K-19750, K-30069,
K-33107, K-34063, K-34377, K-36382,
K-36823, K-41682, K-43312, K-44310,
K-44377, L-00311, L-16200, L-17472,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-25288,
L-25:>42, L-28349, L-28397, L-29421,
L-29888, L-30152, L-30620, L-31454,
L-31!»57, L-32789, L-32865, L-32884,
L-33495, L-33844, L-35795, L-35922,
L-37.S60, L-38669, L-39640, L-41S57,
L-42S73, L-44044, L-44325, L-44499,
N-03cS74, N-04052, N-04212, N-09780,
N-11871, N-14772, N-18005, N-20548,
N-28088
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-12751,
A-12K23, A-24080, A-24285, A-29127,
A-31136, A-31934, A-34177, A-34774,
A-35052, A-35199, A-35224, A-36623,
A-37166, A-58331, A-39067, A-41945,
B-00107, B-03337, B-16053, B-19725,
B-20J44, B-M186, B-25377, B-26600,
B-27S24, B-'.!8172, B-28377, B-29628,
B-30154, B-:il221, B-31341, B-32260,
B-34025, B-:t4846, B-37150, B-44906,
D-32912, E- 2777, F-34297, 1-22128,
J-349''0, J-42.721, K-30035, L-23562,
L-32865, L--.5151, L-37560, L-42873,
M-01U73, N-09780, N-28088
SULFUR TIUOXUlE A-05067, A-08972,
A-0%86, A-:!0652, A-24281, A-24285,
A-29786, A-:il315, A-35078, B-00107,
B-00899, B-C3337, B-17525, B-22520,
B-28172, B-41544, C-26274, C-42928,
D-15789, D-26044, D-29416, D-32912,
D-34008, D-40363, D-40997, F-34297,
0-24633, G-44433, H-3%90, H-42336,
K-06778, L-17472, L-31454, N-04212,
N-09780, N-::0548
SULFURIC ACID A-09686, A-10749,
A-12751, A-12823, A-26441, A-29786,
A-32875, A-35052, A-35224, A-37166,
A-394«>2, B-03337, B-26600, B-28172,
B-319«5, B-34025, B-35476, B-38727,
B-439:i7, C-00855, C-09983, C-42139,
C-429::8, D-07198, D-10634, D-26387,
D-293K2, D-34008, D-38133, E-24570,
E-321.',5, E-36038, G-07162, G-32735,
G-38721, G-38869, G-44433, H-11452,
H-114
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
427
H-11157, H-11452, H-11467, H-19604,
H-30225, H-35827, H-36197, H-37912,
H-37977, H-38332, H-39690, H-40590,
H-40591, H-41891, H-42857, J-22358,
J-39956, K-03007, K-03956, K-06734,
K-06778, K-08420, K-08803, K-18294,
K-19750, K-20121, K-30035, K-30069,
K-34377, K-36823, L-00311, L-081%,
L-09009, L-17927, L-23234, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-27664, L-28099,
L-29421, L-29888, L-30620, L-32884,
L-33495, L-35922, L-39640, L-41557,
L-44325, M-33904, N-03674, N-04052,
N-04212, N-04649, N-09780, N-17260,
N-18005, N-20548, N-28088
SWEDEN A-00962, A-03280, A-03982,
A-18297, A-22370, A-23280, A-24031,
A-30414, A-34341, A-36032, A-41654,
A-44464, B-00015, B-00063, B-03337,
B-30229, B-44660, B-44750, C-00125,
C-00855, C-01230, C-01249, C-01607,
C-01608, C-11626, C-18302, C-25222,
C-26505, D-00005, D-00017, D-00261,
D-00969, D-00974, D-01089, D-01355,
D-23971, D-25055, D-35010, D-41664,
E-00834, E-03841, F-OOOS8, F-03525,
F-03799, F-11582, G-00148, G-00177,
G-00873, G-01341, G-01500, G-01797,
G-03282, G-26356, G-32129, G-32408,
G-32738, G-33527, G-42884, G-44053,
G-44508, H-01523, H-17681, H-23258,
H-23435, H-28289, J-03289, K-03007,
K-18294, L-00311, L-03536, L-09009,
L-32462, L-37717, L-40520, L-44376,
N-03674
SYNERGISM B-26269, G-12038, G-21259,
G-27801, G-31280, G-31452, G-33234,
G-34841, G-34895, G-35042, G-36354,
G-36740, G-38869, G-41097, G-41737,
G-42737, H-32736, K-41682
SYNTHETIC FIBERS B-08562, B-09798,
N-43824
SYNTHETIC RUBBER A-37190
TAR A-34774, A-39609, B-01851, C-26274,
D-11028, D-38133, D-40716, H-11157,
H-30225, L-07952
TAXATION A-23280, B-32424, B-39404,
L-22583, L-31454, L-35151, L-40486,
L-41289, L-41703, L-42041, L-44044,
N-09780
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES B-44470,
C-38755, 1-06355, 1-06357, L-03536,
L-40486
TEFLON C-00855, G-00148, G-00473
TEMPERATURE A-01868, A-03982,
A-05067, A-05171, A-06220, A-15295,
A-28560, A-33365, A-34774, A-38819,
A-41738, A-42212, A-42791, B-00063,
B-05214, B-07606, B-09798, B-10558,
B-16053, B-20735, B-22520, B-23697,
B-24722, B-25033, B-27876, B-29058,
B-30229, B-30498, B-30944, B-31317,
B-32392, B-32760, B-32938, B-33388,
B-34536, B-34740, B-35018, B-35035,
B-35223, B-35352, B-35703, B-36145,
B-36578, B-37042, B-37750, B-37938,
B-39272, B-39492, B-41922, B-43515,
B-44003, C-25979, C-30635, C-36703,
C-39069, C-42139, C-44165, D-08502,
D-27241, E-40157, F-03525, F-03799,
F-06648, F-08207, F-09578, F-09745,
F-15493, F-19823, F-27348, F-29400,
F-34297, F-34607, H-42607, 1-22128,
1-31377, 1-32921, 1-36051, L-44376
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-01868, B-31690, B-33550, B-44283,
C-02164, C-19313, D-04938, D-05277,
D-05573, D-08502, D-10634, D-15789,
D-17340, D-25635, D-26387, D-26535,
D-27191, D-34805, D-39988, D-42122,
D-44059, E-00834, E-06841, E-24109,
E-24570, E-29445, E-31895, G-23801,
G-33778, G-34092, G-44087, L-03536,
L-35922, N-04212, N-11871
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT C-02164,
D-03441, D-26054, E-32158, L-23562
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS A-05067, C-16123,
F-09745
TENNESSEE G-00375, G-18508
TENSILE STRENGTH F-06648
TEST ENGINES A-08039, A-14033,
A-30759, A-31133, A-36080, A-38625,
A-39754, B-00063, B-01851, B-20735,
B-2%56, B-31690, B-36081, B-36144,
B-41608, B-43333, G-00177
TESTING FACILITIES A-08039, A-14033,
A-23789, A-30759, A-31133, A-36080,
A-38625, A-39754, B-00063, B-01851,
B-20735, B-27371, B-29656, B-31690,
B-36081, B-36144, B-41608, B-43333,
C-00855, C-08661, C-09333, C-09983,
D-11184, D-32350, E-29946, E-32158,
F-09745, G-00148, G-00177, G-00473,
G-01797, G-09493, G-11808, G-16820,
G-24288, G-29588, G-30672, G-34841,
G-38869, G-44254, H-09448, L-09009
TETRAETHYL LEAD A-03278, A-04460,
A-05171, A-08039, A-08972, A-09355,
A-14033, A-14459, A-14461, A-14462,
A-15205, A-20545, A-21109, A-22367,
A-22579, A-22941, A-22976, A-23058,
A-23250, A-23280, A-23789, A-24080,
A-24281, A-24718, A-24996, A-25295,
A-26191, A-26552, A-26763, A-26891,
A-26925, A-27113, A-28336, A-28394,
A-29364, A-29782, A-29786, A-31133,
A-31315, A-31324, A-31934, A-33667,
A-34040, A-34341, A-34774, A-35123,
A-35919, A-35953, A-36082, A-36527,
A-36623, A-37648, A-38022, A-38330,
A-40759, A-40776, A-40947, A-41604,
A-43966, B-00015, B-00899, B-01851,
B-05214, B-05300, B-13982, B-14604,
B-19808, B-20740, B-20844, B-21040,
B-21303, B-21719, B-22414, B-22436,
B-22834, B-23540, B-24182, B-24184,
B-24696, B-250%, B-25155, B-25301,
B-26153, B-26243, B-27371, B-27503,
B-27850, B-28108, B-28286, B-29414,
B-30010, B-30950, B-31390, B-32355,
B-32424, B-32633, B-32822, B-33932,
B-35018, B-35112, B-35535, B-36721,
B-37619, B-38614, B-39404, B-40723,
B-41922, B-43333, C-05456, C-05977,
C-06072, C-08145, C-09953, C-17048,
C-17180, C-17771, C-23571, C-24119,
C-24337, C-24617, C-24618, C-24719,
C-25013, C-26274, C-26336, C-26467,
C-26505, C-28755, C-29419, C-30786,
C-33178, C-33255, C-37514, C-39069,
C-40407, C-43737, D-01089, D-02750,
D-04646, D-05260, D-05820, D-07649,
D-08275, D-08810, D-08812, D-09240,
D-10554, D-10595, D-16791, D-23658,
D-25055, D-270%, D-27429, D-32350,
D-34008, D-36820, D-40716, D-41033,
D-41664, E-23743, E-40164, F-05440,
F-08207, F-09745, F-14995, F-28908,
F-34607, F-41787, F-44032, G-00020,
G-00148, G-00708, G-01341, G-03283,
G-03284, G-03287, G-05002, G-05025,
G-05541, G-06059, G-06814, G-07162,
G-07169, G-08411, G-09486, G-10856,
G-11468, G-13059, G-15731, G-18494,
G-21259, G-21423, G-22222, G-23876,
G-24314, G-25328, G-27084, G-27490,
G-28171, G-29286, G-29825, G-30328,
G-30671, G-30831, G-31442, G-32613,
G-33607, G-34895, G-35559, G-36740,
G-37119, G-38867, G-39161, G-40485,
G-40634, G-41737, G-42091, G-44867,
G-45288, H-17681, H-24667, H-25878,
H-27063, H-28471, H-32423, H-36611,
H-40024, H-43721, 1-32921, J-03288,
J-03289, J-22358, J-26765, J-30329,
J-32241, J-34370, J-34828, J-35391,
J-36592, J-37409, K-02580, K-08803,
K-24107, L-07952, L-08196, L-09009,
L-30152, L-37392, L-37717, L-40486,
L-41289, M-29432, N-06992, N-09780,
N-37225
TEXAS D-44234, D-44580
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-0%86,
A-34018, D-05260, G-34092
TEXTILES B-08562, B-09798, B-26532,
C-08130, C-08145, G-07162, N-43824
THERMAL RADIATION B-34740,
B-39272, C-17048, E-29445, L-34033
THERMISTORS C-16123
THERMOCOUPLES A-05067
THERMODYNAMICS A-34442, B-03337,
E-29699, E-31895, E-32158, F-13635,
F-14008, F-14039, F-16595, F-17161
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
C-26707, C-32058, C-37971
THIOPHENE F-09745
THRESHOLDS A-36527, A-37015,
D-03441, G-00148, G-00177, G-00705,
G-00708, G-05002, G-05780, G-20687,
G-21423, G-24961, G-26886, G-26915,
G-31537, G-33202, G-34066, G-34406,
G-34902, G-36354, G-37180, G-37297,
G-38721, G-39989, G-40492, G-41124,
H-36265, H-42924, K-22223
THUNDERSTORMS E-22959
TIMED FUEL INJECTION A-27249,
B-19637, B-20844, B-23697, B-30944,
B-32355, B-34457, B-34611, B-36081,
B-36523, B-37275, L-07952
TIN A-34921, B-09798, B-32248, B-32760,
B-37750, B-40709, D-00005, D-00017,
D-00974, F-06648, F-10599, F-17161,
G-36093, N-04649
TIN COMPOUNDS A-05067, A-06351,
A-21109, B-31390, B-32260, B-35035,
B-37750, B-38727, B-40709, C-32892,
C-34407, C-36698, C-38682, C-41908,
C-»2360, D-049%, D-05167, D-05551,
D-23388, D-27174, D-27188, D-28629,
D-35940, D-37264, D-42367, D-43316,
D-449%, E-29910, F-13461, F-34607,
F-39522, G-01797, G-17470, G-19159,
G-31280, G-35055, G-36093, G-38580,
N-04649
TIRES A-09210, D-43468, L-07952
TISSUE CULTURES G-43277
TISSUES A-25417, C-33042, C-33338,
G-01341, G-01756, G-01797, G-01812,
G-01923, G-03283, G-05002, G-05671,
G-06814, G-07162, G-07169, G-10856,
G-12075, G-16810, G-18046, G-18503,
G-20087, G-20198, G-26483, G-26720,
G-26915, G-27416, G-27614, G-29329,
-------
428
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
G-31442, G-31452, G-31584, G-32041,
G-32787, G-33779, G-34114, G-34436,
G-34738, G-34943, G-35380, G-36152,
G-36747, G-36765, G-37119, G-37685,
G-39193, G-41695, G-43277, G-43531,
G-44381, G-44696, H-10318, H-18481,
H-28105, H-28448, H-33362, H-34830,
H-34901, H-35209, H-35234, H-36991,
H-42607, H-42924, H-43342
TITANIUM C-11042, D-00005, D-00017,
D-00974, D-03526, G-01731, G-03086,
1-06355, 1-06357, N-04649
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06351, A-36846, C-11042, C-30360,
C-34407, C-36698, C-38682, C-38778,
C-41825, C-44995, D-03526, D-04996,
D-05167, D-05551, D-23388, D-24351,
D-27188, D-28326, D-35940, D-37202,
D-37264, D-37288, D-42122, E-10215,
E-29910, F-44332, G-01731, G-32735,
G-446%, H-36991, N-04649
TOBACCO C-33042, G-00873, G-07169,
G-28256, H-01523, H-12647, H-41891
TOKYO A-17325, A-30513, A-32875,
A-41035, C-37514, C-47608, D-07198,
D-08591, D-15175, D-15610, D-27831,
D-28635, D-29385, D-29416, D-29465,
D-29647, D-30410, D-30493, D-30494,
D-32912, D-37191, D-37518, D-39081,
D-40363, D-41975, D^t4063, D-44330,
G-05780, G-26310, G-29129, G-30395,
G-37722, H-21018, H-41800, K-36823,
L-23610, L-29888, L-30152, L-44499
TOLUENES A-29936, A-31934, A-36541,
A-43966, B-22414, B-29414, C-09333,
C-38670, C-39136, D-06788, F-03525,
F-41787, K-20121
TOMATOES H-17218, H-17220, H-20062
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
A-23561, A-35078, A-38625, A-39367,
A-40583, B-20735, D-03410, D-03441,
D-08568, D-16576, D-26054, D-26387,
D-30860, D-36449, D-37026, D-39081,
E-12777, E-29445, E-31895, E-44813,
G-00375, H-10318, H-11452, H-39287,
L-34980
TOXIC TOLERANCES A-03279, A-23280,
B-44882, C-01608, D-03441, G-00705,
G-00993, G-01341, G-01731, G-02202,
G-03283, G-03284, G-03285, G-03286,
G-03287, G-03635, G-03654, G-03893,
G-03897, G-04196, G-05002, G-06059,
G-08566, G-27416, G-28834, G-29789,
G-31491, G-31584, G-32608, G-33202,
G-33374, G-33864, G-34406, G-34436,
G-34951, G-35042, G-37229, G-38869,
G-39503, G-40485, G-42022, G-42098,
G-44508, H-26055, H-33362, H-36265,
H-42924, H-43279, K-03007, K-16808,
L-37497, L-44325
TOXICITY A-17365, A-17778, A-18510,
A-22579, A-22976, A-23058, A-25417,
A-27113, A-27272, A-27595, A-28336,
A-28394, A-29096, A-29872, A-30513,
A-32447, A-33169, A-34341, A-35953,
A-35957, A-36527, A-37015, A-37190,
A-37721, A-40759, A-43776, A-45072,
A-45274, B-29414, B-31441, B-42290,
B-42330, B-44882, C-14758, C-26274,
C-32058, C-33042, C-36588, C-42775,
D-16345, D-27174, D-36688, E-36038,
E-38666, F-07451, G-05025, G-05478,
G-05483, G-05541, G-05671, G-06059,
G-06174, G-06814, G-06985, G-07169,
G-073%, G-07740, G-07892, G-08381,
G-08411, G-08566, G-08999, G-10434,
G-12075, G 12646, G-13154, G-15703,
G-15731, G-17244, G-19940, G-20704,
G-21423, G-22222, G-23715, G-23768,
G-24314, G 24961, G-25068, G-25705,
G-26720, G 26886, G-27084, G-27085,
G-27416, G-27614, G-27801, G-27961,
G-28171, G 28256, G-29286, G-29493,
G-29825, G-30156, G-30355, G-30831,
G-31280, G-31442, G-31493, G-31517,
G-31524, G 31528, G-31537, G-31584,
G-32218, G-32408, G-32608, G-32625,
G-32696, G-32737, G-32746, G-3i202,
G-33234, G-33374, G-33607, G-33778,
G-33910, G-34095, G-34175, G-34406,
G-34436, G-34789, G-34832, G-34841,
G-34395, G-34943, G-35042, G-35055,
G-35118, G-35211, G-35387, G-35792,
G-35.J11, G-36093, G-36152, G-36207,
G-36551, G-36747, G-36765, G-36957,
G-3&J64, G-37023, G-37028, G-37119,
G-37180, G-37229, G-37297, G-37420,
G-37540, G-37630, G-37722, G-37788,
G-3TO3, G-37942, G-38579, G-38580,
G-38616, G-38721, G-38867, G-38869,
G-39095, G-39161, G-39193, G-39503,
G-39S83, G-39989, G-40022, G-40057,
G-40435, G-40485, G-40688, G-41124,
G-41C>95, G-41737, G-41895, G-42022,
G-42091, G-42098, G-42463, G-42737,
G-42''59, G-42881, G-42884, G-43615,
G-44087, G-44176, G-44251, G-44254,
G-44:i55, G-44364, G-44381, G-44385,
G-44.S08, G-44867, G-45165, G-45288,
H-07''42, H-08884, H-10318, H-r.!536,
H-18481, H-27063, H-27386, H-30931,
H-32;:91, H-33362, H-34237, H-34830,
H-34831, H-34901, H-35209, H-36197,
H-36265, H-37977, H-38332, H-39407,
H-39^08, H-39409, H-42250, H-42715,
H^»28;57, H-12924, H-43279, H-43511,
H-43721, K-11746, K-16808, K-36346,
K-36S23, K-)8197, L-08725, L-37497,
L-38669, L-<2041, L^t4325, N-17260
TRACE ANALYSIS A-05067, C-01607,
C-01608, C-C5977, C-06072, C-10528,
C-11042, C-15734, C-16367, C-20891,
C-22975, C-26503, C-27075, C-30593,
C-30737, C-31933, C-32534, C-32892,
C-33042, C-33055, C-33178, C-33338,
C-34017, C-34407, C-38682, C-41U8,
C-41825, C-41908, C-42084, C-421 )9,
C-423(50, C-43720, C-43737, C-44479,
C-44995, D-00974, D-03526, D-07649,
D-15573, D-22290, D-27621, D-31325,
D-35439, D-36486, D-37264, D-39535,
D-39914, D-43558, D-44580, D-44996,
E-296K8, E-31852, F-11582, F-13461,
F-15618, F-3IW67, F-39522, F-43436,
G-006(')2, G-01797, G-09261, G-21070,
G-23801, G-24573, G-29816, G-32749,
G-35042, G-35055, G-39179, G-41894,
G-446%, H-14489, H-30921, H-31801,
H-39204, H-39287
TRACERS A-11702, A-35919, C-23646,
C-330J5, C-3H165, E-05713, E-22754,
E-27116, E-2%88
TRACHEA A-35957, G-30181, G-37685
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS A-36623,
B-36721, J-27J68, L-03536
TRAINS A-08972, A-38543, A-42679,
A-43346, B-44283, G-11468, L-00311,
N-08273
TRANSMISSOMETKRS C-32534
TRANSPORT A-23561, A-41145, A-45274,
C-23646, D-23864, D-23971, D-35010,
E-21182, E-227i4, E-28586, E-29688,
E-31852, E-32158, E-33225, E-45050,
G-30831, H-36197
TRANSPORTATION A-00%2, A-01565,
A-01624, A-01868, A-03278, A-03280,
A-04460, A-05171, A-08039, A-08972,
A-09210, A-09355, A-09393, A-09686,
A-12624, A-14461, A-15295, A-15599,
A-15769, A-16156, A-17304, A-17325,
A-17778, A-19598, A-20545, A-20927,
A-22579, A-22941, A-22976, A-23250,
A-23280, A-2J316, A-23561, A-23620,
A-23789, A-24156, A-24281, A-24718,
A-24829, A-24996, A-25581, A-26100,
A-26134, A-26552, A-26645, A-26763,
A-26925, A-27180, A-27249, A-27272,
A-27458, A-27595, A-27943, A-28394,
A-28560, A-28873, A-290%, A-29127,
A-29364, A-29516, A-29661, A-29782,
A-29786, A-30414, A-30604, A-30759,
A-30976, A-31085, A-31133, A-31136,
A-31313, A-31315, A-31323, A-31395,
A-315%, A-32035, A-32447, A-32492,
A-32621, A-33087, A-33169, A-33293,
A-33350, A-33365, A-33378, A-33626,
A-33667, A-33710, A-33822, A-33%5,
A-34018, A-34040, A-34350, A-34442,
A-34774, A-35078, A-35123, A-35353,
A-35477, A-35481, A-35484, A-35676,
A-35919, A-35953, A-36080, A-36082,
A-36083, A-36084, A-36664, A-37176,
A-37372, A-37648, A-38522, \-38543,
A-38625, A-38891, A-39603, A-39609,
A-39754, A-40314, A-40677, A-40776,
A-41035, A-41145, A-41518, A-41654,
A-41738, A-42080, A-42212, A-42679,
A-42980, A-43346, A-43966, A-44227,
A-44464, A-45092, A-45136, B-00015,
B-00063, B-01484, B-01851, B-05214,
B-05300, B-09231, B-17906, B-18053,
B-20740, B-20844, B-21303, B-21762,
B-22414, B-22890, B-23540, B-23697,
B-23923, B-24182, B-74184, B-24813,
B-25096, B-25301, B-25377, B-25894,
B-26153, B-26243, B-27876, B-28059,
B-28060, B-28108, B-28286, B-28377,
B-28699, B-28730, B-29204, B-29531,
B-29605, B-2%28, B-29656, B-29898,
B-29920, B-30154, B-30633, B-30944,
B-30950, B-31221, B-31314, B-31341,
B-31364, B-31496, B-31519, B-31604,
B-31819, B-31825, B-31985, B-32355,
B-32822, B-33366, B-33386, B-33388,
B-33403, B-33542, B-33550, B-33657,
B-33741, B-33932, B-34035, B-34381,
B-34457, B-34536, B-34611, B-34740,
B-35018, B-35223, B-35476, B-35535,
B-35778, B-35821, B-36081, B-36144,
B-36145, B-36523, B-36721, B-37150,
B-37195, B-37234, B-37275, B-37468,
B-37619, B-37845, B-37938, B-38287,
B-39272, B-39275, B-39404, B-39492,
B-41112, B-42166, B-42300, B-42330,
B-42817, B-42819, B-44283, B-44473,
8^44660, B-44750, B-44882, C-06112,
C-06643, C-18302, C-19313, C-21948,
C-22927, C-24617, C-26467, C-28755,
C-30290, C-30593, C-32058, C-32829,
C-42775, C-43587, C-44479, D-00969,
D-00985, D-01315, D-02133, D-03410,
D-03441, D-03526, D-04646, D-04938,
D-05260, D-06788, D-08275, D-08438,
D-08568, D-08591, D-08810, D-08812,
D-08821, D-09240, D-09726, D-10554,
D-10595, D-11028, D-12099, D-15610,
D-16539, D-16576, D-16684, D-16791,
D-17058, D-19433, D-24162, D-24351,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
429
D-24414, D-24952, D-25055, D-25635,
D-25881, D-26287, D-26535, D-27174,
D-27187, D-27188, D-27191, D-27257,
D-27672, D-27675, D-27831, D-28178,
D-28326, D-28369, D-28528, D-28634,
D-28635, D-28650, D-29515, D-29655,
D-29744, D-29814, D-30860, D-31014,
D-31669, D-31775, D-32055, D-32350,
D-32883, D-32912, D-32945, D-33114,
D-34008, D-34933, D-35940, D-36009,
D-36449, D-36503, D-36909, D-37288,
D-37366, D-37394, D-39081, D-39535,
D-39914, D-39988, D-40118, D-41033,
D-41664, D-43693, D-43%2, D-44330,
E-01821, E-23743, E-27116, E-29445,
E-30073, E-30676, E-31895, E-37953,
E-38666, E-44813, F-00058, F-03799,
F-07451, F-08207, F-09745, F-14995,
F-28908, G-00020, G-00076, G-00148,
G-00375, G-00597, G-00708, G-03287,
G-05002, G-08411, G-10856, G-11468,
G-16820, G-19940, G-20704, G-21423,
G-23167, G-27253, G-27291, G-29129,
G-29789, G-30156, G-30328, G-30355,
G-30671, G-30672, G-30831, G-31319,
G-31517, G-31528, G-31899, G-32484,
G-32905, G-33165, G-33497, G-33607,
G-33778, G-33910, G-34059, G-34406,
G-35118, G-35811, G-36354, G-37942,
G-37964, G-39095, G-40485, G-41847,
H-1665S, H-17182, H-17216, H-17218,
H-17225, H-21794, H-25374, H-25878,
H-26276, H-28471, H-28529, H-30424,
H-33364, H-361%, H-36611, H-39409,
1-31377, 1-36051, J-26765, J-27968,
J-30329, J-30696, J-38624, K-03007,
K-03956, K-08803, K-09259, K-24107,
K-30035, K-30069, K-38758, K-43312,
L-00311, L-02635, L-03536, L-07952,
L-09009, L-17472, L-22583, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-24757, L-25288,
L-26442, L-29421, L-30152, L-30908,
L-31957, L-32462, L-32789, L-32865,
L-33844, L-35151, L-36030, L-37392,
L-37423, L-37521, L-37717, L-41703,
L-42873, L-44325, L-44376, L-44499,
M-33904, N-04052, N-04212, N-04649,
N-08273, N-09780, N-20548
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) A-37176,
B-31604, C-27358, C-32476, C-32718
TREATED FABRICS B-26532, G-00177
TREATMENT AND AIDS A-28862,
B-29414, B-44882, C-25015, C-32058,
C-32718, C-33042, D-29152, F-11570,
F-1W82, G-00662, G-00705, G-00708,
G-00821, G-00873, G-01754, G-01755,
* G-017S6, G-01797, G-01812, G-82202,
G-03892, G-04196, G-05025. G-«SC71,
G-«028, 0^*6177, G-06985, G-D7396,
G-09261, G-09493, G-11468, G-11S52,
G-11580, G-12070. G-13154, G-15731,
G-17470, G-18417, G-18508, G-18518,
G-22637, G-23582, G-23715, G-23876,
G-23926, G-24081, G-24288, G-26528,
G-27084, G-27085, G-28170, G-28171,
G-28256, G-29129, G-29256, G-30181,
G-30395, G-30468, G-30672, G-30686,
G-31528, G-31537, G-31584, G-31899,
G-31%2, G-32216, G-32608, G-32624,
G-32696, G-32735, G-32737, G-32746,
G-32747, G-33202, G-33234, G-34095,
G-34114, G-34436, G-34738, G-34837,
G-34841, G-34914, G-34947, G-35041,
G-35174, G-35217, G-35380, G-35387,
G-35438, G-35463, G-35559, G-35560,
G-36152, G-36207, G-36740, G-36747,
G-36932, G-36934, G-36935, G-36957,
G-37023, G-37040, G-37119, G-38867,
G-38869, G-39095, G-39193, G-39867,
G-39989, G-40021, G-40022, G-40057,
G-40532, G-40769, G-41695, G-41872,
G-42098, G-42698, G-42716, G-42759,
G-43196, G-43559, G-44053, G-44696,
H-18520, H-18521, H-27111, H-33201,
H-34831, H-35209, H-35234, H-40591,
H-41461, H-42924, L-36877, M-35206
TREES A-30428, A-34018, A-36032,
D-32912, F-27752, G-44433, H-08884,
H-12647, H-16655, H-21018, H-23581,
H-25878, H-28105, H-28471, H-28529,
H-30424, H-31010, H-32338, H-32423,
H-32654, H-33922, H-35880, H-38743,
H-39408, H-39409, H-41143, H-41800,
H-41892, H-42336, J-21749
TRIMETHYLBENZENE G-00177
TRUCKS A-28560, A-30604, A-33087,
A-38543, B-05214, B-09231, B-34381,
B-37468, D-03410, D-04646, D-08275,
G-00708, G-21423, J-306%, L-07952,
N-08273
TUBERCULOSIS G-44867, N-20548
TUMORS A-27458, G-01923, G-34791,
G-34851, G-36747, G-36935, G-40634,
G-40688, G-43615, G-44254, H-11452
TUNNELS A-09393, A-15769, A-33169,
A-33822, A-35123, B-44283, C-42775,
D-01315, D-01673, D-03526, D-08568,
D-08821, D-27187, D-43468, D-43%2,
G-21423, G-34895, G-44254
TURBIDIMETRY C-06881, C-25979,
C-3Z534, C-43763, 1-02176, K-08420
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-06107, D-24952, D-26387, E-21182,
E-24166, E-27116, E-29445, L-23562,
N-04212
u
ULTRASONICS B-31985, B-34740,
B-39272
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION C-40631,
D-11028, D-29647, E-24570, E-2%99,
E-29946, G-00177, G-30395, G-31319,
K-11746, L-33844
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
A-05067, A-24718, B-31690, C-25432,
C-32534, C-32829, D-03526, D-41520,
G-00177, G-01797, G-16820, N-O6992
UNITED STATES A-06351, A-26100,
A-34442, A-35052, A-37015, A-37166,
A-39603, A-40314, A-40677, B-09231,
B-19808, D-00017, D-00974, D-4S167,
D-05551, D-10554, D-25089, D-27429,
G-06059, G-10434, G-12075, G-16810,
G-24081, G-25068, G-37420, 1-06355,
1-06357, K-08803, K-09259, K-36823,
L-00311, L-02635, L-24467, L-30908,
L-31454, L-32462, L-35461, L-35922,
N-04649
UNIVERSITIES D-04646, M-33904
UPPER ATMOSPHERE E-03841, G-16820
URANIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-18510, A-23239, B-00063, B-05214,
C-09333, C-10528, C-27829, C-39168,
F-14008, F-14039, G-32608, G-42022
URBAN AREAS A-09393, A-12624,
A-14945, A-15599, A-17325, A-19598,
A-1%84, A-21109, A-22367, A-24031,
A-25125, A-26645, A-27113, A-27943,
A-28210, A-290%, A-29539, A-29787,
A-30414, A-30513, A-30976, A-31315,
A-31324,
A-32447,
A-33169,
A-34647,
A-35953,
A-37190,
A-39367,
A-41035,
B-28730,
B-37042,
C-00855,
C-19313,
C-26467,
C-32058,
C-37608,
C-41016,
C-45235,
D-00976,
D-03410,
D-05167,
D-05820,
D-07985,
D-08502,
D-09432,
D-10595,
D-12049,
D-15314,
D-15789,
D-16684,
D-17106,
D-21015,
D-22290,
D-24952,
D-26044,
D-26535,
D-27188,
D-27648,
D-27880,
D-28326,
D-28635,
D-29153,
D-29515,
D-30025,
D-30493,
D-30860,
D-31669,
D-32883,
D-34008,
D-35725,
D-36195,
D-36486,
D-36820,
D-37202,
D-37366,
D-38110,
D-39535,
D-40716,
D-41664,
D-42120,
D-43693,
D-44234,
E-06841,
E-27116,
E-30863,
E-35207,
E-38118,
G-00597,
G-08326,
G-09408,
G-16810,
G-21266,
G-24716,
G-26775,
G-27253,
G-29789,
G-30328,
A-31395,
A-32492,
A-33710,
A-35065,
A-36032,
A-38543,
A-40314,
A-41145,
B-29898,
B-37845,
C-08661,
C-20891,
C-26505,
C-32169,
C-37693,
C-42139,
D-00017,
D-00985,
D-03526,
D-05260,
D-06760,
D-08275,
D-08568,
D-09726,
D-10612,
D-12099,
D-15573,
D-15823,
D-16791,
D-17340,
D-21684,
D-23388,
D-25107,
D-26054,
D-27096,
D-27191,
D-27672,
D-28097,
D-28369,
D-28650,
D-29382,
D-29647,
D-30182,
D-30494,
D-30892,
D-32055,
D-32912,
D-34933,
D-35861,
D-36288,
D-36562,
D-36909,
D-37264,
D-37369,
D-38133,
D-39988,
D-40W7,
D-41888,
D-42122,
D,44059,
D-44330,
E-19058,
E-29445,
E-31895,
E-36487,
E-38666,
G-00642,
G-08381,
G-10434,
G-18549,
G-21423,
G-25705,
G-26886,
G-28010,
G-29958,
G-30395,
A-31649,
A-32621,
A-33963,
A-35078,
A-36083,
A-38891,
A-40583,
A-41654,
B-32424,
B-41112,
C-09888,
C-22927,
C-26848,
C-36588,
C-39762,
C-42360,
D-00697,
D-01315,
D-04646,
D-05277,
D-07198,
D-08279,
D-08821,
D-10380,
D-11028,
D-14762,
D-15575,
D-16539,
D-16839,
D-19433,
D-21869,
D-23658,
D-25635,
D-26287,
D-27174,
D-27241,
D-27675,
D-28178,
D-28528,
D-28653,
D-29385,
D-29814,
D-30326,
D-30656,
D-31014,
D-32350,
D-32945,
D-35025,
D-35940,
D-36449,
D-36688,
D-37026,
D-37288,
D-37394,
D-39081,
D-40118,
D-41033,
D-41975,
D-42367,
D-44063,
D-449%,
E-23743,
E-30073,
E-32155,
E-36714,
E-44813,
G-01754,
G-08411,
G-11630,
G-20087,
G-23801,
G-26310,
G-26931,
G-29129,
G-30000,
G-30671,
A-32035,
A-32875,
A-33965,
A-35398,
A-36846,
A-39152,
B-27503,
B-35540,
B-44750,
C-15562,
C-26274,
C-30113,
C-37514,
C-40724,
C-44479,
D-00974,
D-02750,
D-04938,
D-05551,
D-07600,
D-08438,
D-09240,
D-10554,
D-11202,
D-15175,
D-15610,
D-16576,
D-17058,
D-20642,
D-21906,
D-24162,
D-25881 ,
D-26387,
D-27187,
D-27621,
D-27831,
D-28233,
D-28620,
D-28785,
D-29416,
D-29918,
D-30410,
D-30858,
D-31396,
D-32727,
D-33576,
D-35489,
D-36009,
D-36474,
D-36806,
D-37191,
D-37320,
D-37518,
D-39405,
D-40584,
D-41520,
D-41979,
D-42921,
D-44170,
E-01821,
E-24570,
E-30676,
E-32158,
E-37953,
G-00076,
G-05002,
G-09253,
G-13625,
G-20287,
G-23876,
G-26528,
G-27085,
G-29329,
G-30181,
G-30672,
-------
430
LEAD AND AIR POLLUTION
G-31228, G-31303, G-31491, G-31493,
G-31537, G-31899, G-32408, G-32487,
G-32735, G-32737, G-32787, G-32905,
G-33165, G-34059, G-34092, G-34406,
G-34436, G-34649, G-34701, G-34709,
G-34895, G-35041, G-35055, G-35587,
G-35792, G-35811, G-36207, G-36354,
G-36534, G-37040, G-37420, G-37722,
G-37731, G-37941, G-37942, G-38579,
G-38580, G-38616, G-38721, G-38869,
G-39179, G-40068, G-40295, G-40435,
G-40485, G-40532, G-40634, G-40688,
G-41067, G-41737, G-41894, G-42091,
G-42463, G-42716, G-42881, G-44087,
G-44176, G-44255, G-44294, G-44508,
G-44867, H-08884, H-19620, H-21018,
H-22926, H-30921, H-30931, H-31010,
H-31185, H-31801, H-32224, H-35880,
H-37926, H-37977, H-3%90, H-40590,
H-40591, H-41143, H-41800, H-42250,
H-42336, H-43226, H-43782, 1-00305,
J-30696, K-11746, K-16808, K-33107,
K-36382, K-36823, K-38197, K-42118,
K-43312, K-44310, L-07952, L-08196,
L-16200, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-26442, L-30152, L-31957, L-33495,
L-33844, L-34980, L-35151, L-35461,
L-35795, L-35922, L-36877, L-37521,
L-38669, L-44325, L-44499, M-35206,
N-04649
URINALYSIS A-00962, A-03279, A-28862,
A-31313, A-31525, A-32035, A-34068,
B-01484, C-00125, C-05977, C-09333,
C-16382, C-27556, C-28017, C-33338,
D-08275, D-08812, D-09240, D-270%,
D-36503, F-13451, F-34948, G-00177,
G-00375, G-00873, G-03283, G-03287,
G-05002, G-05025, G-05475, G-05697,
G-05780, G-06028, G-06177, G-06704,
G-06814, G-07551, G-07892, G-08411,
G-08566, G-08683, G-09253, G-09408,
G-09486, G-09493, G-09535, G-11580,
G-13154, G-14492, G-16810, G-18046,
G-18501, G-19159, G-19304, G-20287,
G-20687, G-22637, G-23768, G-23876,
G-23926, G-24081, G-24428, G-25328,
G-26260, G-26310, G-26915, G-27961,
G-28011, G-29129, G-29256, G-29286,
G-29493, G-29815, G-29816, G-29825,
G-29958, G-30009, G-30181, G-30334,
G-30355, G-30672, G-30686, G-31040,
G-31351, G-31584, G-31899, G-31962,
G-32041, G-32216, G-32613, G-32624,
G-32625, G-32696, G-32737, G-32738,
G-33202, G-33372, G-33864, G-33903,
G-34066, G-34175, G-34436, G-34837,
G-34841, G-34902, G-34947, G-35021,
G-35174, G-35211, G-35217, G-35377,
G-35387, G-35559, G-36152, G-36283,
G-36740, G-36932, G-36934, G-37023,
G-37040, G-37540, G-37731, G-37788,
G-37933, G-37941, G-37964, G-38579,
G-39095, G-39406, G-3%21, G-39867,
G-40021, G-40022, G-40057, G-40295,
G-40492, G-40532, G-40697, G-41695,
G-41731, G-41872, G-42098, G-42661,
G-42698, G-42716, G-42757, G-42759,
G-42884, G-43196, G-44294, G-44746,
G-45273, H-01523, H-18481, H-18520,
H-32736, H-33922, H-35209, H-35234,
H-40368, H-42945, K-03007, K-11746,
K-16808, L-00311, L-36877
USSR A-28210, A-39152, B-13982,
B-15208, B-19725, B-21719, B-22492,
B-31390, B-33157, B-34313, B-35478,
C-06881, C-06894, C-08130, C-08145,
C-17'71, C-19857, C-20945, C-25979,
C-29595, C-44995, D-00261, D-05260,
D-08438, D-10554, D-10634, D-25089,
D-26387, D-34008, D-44996, E-10215,
E-24166, E-2%99, E-29910, E-40157,
E-44999, F-06648, F-13635, F-13943,
F-15493, F-17161, F-27348, F-34607,
F-36524, F-:t9522, G-04251, G-08949,
G-09484, G-09486, G-09493, G-15731,
G-26720, G-41695, H-1%20, H-28448,
1-22178, K-02580, K-08803, K-09259,
K-ll''46, K-22223, K-41682, L-02635,
L-08196, L-16200
UTAH E-45050, H-39690, L-39640
VALLEYS A-19684, A-41889, A-41890,
C-42137, D-41887, D-41888, G-41895,
H-10318, H-41891, H-41892, H-41893
VANADIUM D-00017, D-00974, D-03526,
D-05551, D-11028, G-03086, G-05475,
G-21070, H-07742
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS A-05067,
A-06351, A-26645, A-36846, B-03337,
B-26243, C-25222, C-30360, C-31304,
C-32892, C-38682, C-38778, C-41016,
C-42360, C-44210, C-44995, D-03526,
D-04938, D-04996, D-05167, D-05551,
D-11028, D-17340, D-21015, D-22290,
D-23388, D-24351, D-27174, D-27188,
D-28326, D-28629, D-29191, D-30493,
D-31325, D-35861, D-35940, D-36486,
D-37191, D-37202, D-37264, D-42122,
D-42367, D-43316, D-44059, D-44580,
D-44996, E-29910, F-03799, F-39522,
G-05475, G-23167, G-32608, G-32735,
G-35041, G-38580, G-38869, G-40068,
G-44364, G-44696, H-07742, H-23435,
H-36991, 1-31377, K-41682
VAPOR PRESSURE B-20735, B-34846,
E-00834, E-24109, F-03525, F-06648,
F-17161, J-22358
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS B-05300,
B-16053, B-20844, B-25033, N-09780
VAPORS A-26191, B-31390, B-35018,
B-35352, B-41544, B-44660, C-05977,
C-06072, C-OS'333, C-235%, C-27556,
F-08207, F-10599, G-07162, G-08949,
G-27490, G-29588, G-36093, G-41067
VARNISHES G-03654, J-306%
VEGETABLES A-14135, A-32748,
C-00125, D-05573, F-13461, G-05541,
G-17214, G-31528, G-39406, G-41895,
H-07742, H-08884, H-09448, H-12647,
H-14489, H-14786, H-17215, H-17217,
H-17218, H-17220, H-17978, H-20062,
H-24947, H-25878, H-27352, H-27489,
H-28379, H-30921, H-33364, H-33922,
H-35410, H-35880, H-36611, H-37926,
H-37977, H-3S1287, H-40540, H-41891,
H-41892, H-44071, J-21749
VEHICLES A-00962, A-01565, A-01868,
A-03278, A-03280, A-04460, A-05171,
A-08039, A-08972, A-09210, A-09355,
A-09393, A-09686, A-12624, A-14461,
A-15295, A-15599, A-16156, A-17304,
A-17325, A-17778, A-19598, A-20545,
A-22579, A-22976, A-23250, A-23280,
A-23316, A-23561, A-23620, A-23789,
A-24156, A-24829, A-24996, A-26100,
A-26134, A-26552, A-26645, A-26763,
A-27180, A-27272, A-27458, A-27595,
A-27943, A-28560, A-29096, A-29127,
A-29661, A-29782, A-29786, A-30414,
A-30604, A-30759, A-30976, A-31085,
A-31133, A-31136, A-31313, A-31315,
A-31323, A-3I395, A-31596, A-32035,
A-32447, A-32492, A-32621, A-33087,
A-33169, A-33350, A-33365, A-33378,
A-33667, A-33710, A-33822, A-33965,
A-34018, A-34040, A-34350, A-34442,
A-34774, A-35078, A-35123, A-35353,
A-35477, A-35481, A-35484, A-35919,
A-35953, A-36080, A-36082, A-36083,
A-36084, A-36664, A-37176, A-37372,
A-38522, A-38543, A-38891, A-39603,
A-39609, A-39754, A-40314, A-40677,
A-41035, A-41145, A-41654, A-42080,
A-42679, A-43346, A-43966, A-44227,
A-45136, B-00015, B-00063, B-05214,
B-09231, B-17906, B-18053, B-20844,
B-22414, B-23697, B-24182, B-24184,
B-25096, B-25301, B-25894, B-28108,
B-28377, B-28730, B-29656, B-29898,
B-30154, B-30633, B-30944, B-30950,
B-31221, B-31314, B-31341, B-31364,
B-314%, B-31519, B-31604, B-31819,
B-31825, B-31985, B-32355, B-32822,
B-33366, B-33386, B-33388, B-33403,
B-33542, B-33550, B-33657, B-34035,
B-34381, B-34457, B-34536, B-35018,
B-35223, B-35476, B-35535, B-36144,
B-36523, B-36721, B-37195, B-37234,
B-37275, B-37468, B-37619, B-37845,
B-38287, B-39275, B-39404, B-41112,
B-44283, B-44660, B-44750, C-06112,
C-06643, C-18302, C-21948, C-24617,
C-26467, C-30290, C-30593, C-32058,
C-32829, C-43587, C-44479, D-00969,
D-00985, D-01315, D-03410, D-03441,
D-03526, D-04646, D-04938, D-05260,
D-08275, D-08438, D-08568, D-08591,
D-08812, D-08821, D-09240, D-09726,
D-10554, D-10595, D-11028, D-12099,
D-15610, D-16539, D-16576, D-16684,
D-16791, D-17058, D-19433, D-24162,
D-24414, D-24952, D-25055, D-25635,
D-25881, D-26287, D-26535, D-27187,
D-27188, D-27191, D-27257, D-27672,
D-27675, D-27831, D-28178, D-28326,
D-28528, D-28634, D-28635, D-28650,
D-29515, D-29655, D-29744, D-29814,
D-30860, D-31014, D-31669, D-31775,
D-32055, D-32350, D-32883, D-32912,
D-32945, D-33114, D-34008, D-34933,
D-35940, D-36009, D-36449, D-36503,
D-36909, D-37288, D-37366, D-37394,
D-39081, D-39535, D-39914, D-39988,
D-40118, D-41033, D-41664, D-43693,
D^»3962, D-44330, E-01821, E-23743,
E-27116, E-30073, E-30676, E-31895,
E-37953, E-38666, E-44813, F-00058,
F-08207, F-14995, G-00076, G-00148,
G-00375, G-00597, G-00708, G-03287,
G-05002, G-08411, G-10856, G-11468,
G-19940, G-20704, G-21423, G-27253,
G-27291, G-29129, G-29789, G-30156,
G-30328, G-30355, G-30671, G-30672,
G-31319, G-31517, G-31528, G-31899,
G-32484, G-32905, G-33165, G-33497,
G-33607, G-33778, G-33910, G-34059,
G-34406, G-35118, G-35811, G-36354,
G-37942, G-37964, G-39095, G-40485,
H-16655, H-17182, H-17216, H-17218,
H-17225, H-21794, H-25374, H-25878,
H-26276, H-28529, H-30424, H-33364,
H-36611, H-39409, J-26765, J-30329,
J-30696, J-38624, K-03007, K-09259,
K-24107, K-30069, L-00311, L-02635,
L-03536, L-07952, L-09009, L-17472,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
431
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-24757,
L-25288, L-30152, L-30908, L-31957,
L-32462, L-32789, L-32865, L-33844,
L-35151, L-36030, L-37423, L-37521,
L-37717, L-41703, L-42873, L-44325,
M-33904, N-04052, N-04212, N-04649,
N-08273, N-09780, N-20548
VENTILATION A-15769, A-30414,
A-33169, A-34774, A-36083, A-39367,
B-09798, B-25033, B -35540, B-41544,
B-44283, B-44341, B-44660, C-38165,
C-42775, D-33114, D-36562, D-43962,
D-449%, E-30676, E-44813, G-03654,
G-04196, G-04251, G-08566, G-34895,
G-34951, G-37229
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-00902
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-03125,
B-22520, B-30124, B-32248, B-42131,
B-43515, D-05260, G-00177
VETERINARY MEDICIK.. S-LS, '.
VIRGINIA A-35676, C-01249, E-05713
VIRUSES C-33055, G-41097
VISIBILITY A-16766, A-32621, A-34018,
A-35123, B-28377, B-30633, B-32938,
B-33994, B-42829, D-00005, D-05573,
D-07198, D-35407, E-30863, E-35264,
E-38666, G-27291
VISIBLE RADIATION H-11157
VOLATILITY A-02636, A-06220, A-26100,
A-26925, A-31085, A-34774, A-35050,
A-36535, A-36664, A-37312, A-3%10,
A-40455, A-41738, A-44682, B-1%37,
B-20735, B-27503, B-31341, B-33542,
B-33550, B-35688, B-44470, C-30635,
C-33178, C-41825, C-42139, C-43737,
F-03525, J-22358
VOLCANOES A-35788, D-23864, D-37288,
G-39095
VOLTAGE B-07606, B-32760, B-37750,
C-25979, C-26145, C-32474
VOLTMETERS C-42312
w
WASHINGTON (STATE) G-00375,
1-00305, K-11746
WASHINGTON D C D-01355, D-16839,
E-05713
WASHOUT D-21015, D-31325, D-449%,
E-03841, E-05713, E-10215, E-24166,
E-29688, E-30676, E-32158, H-28289,
1-00305
WATER A-03280, A-25417, A-26454,
A-32035, A-41889, A-45092, B-29058,
B-32036, B-35018, B-40411, C-26955,
C-28755, D-25635, F-03525, F-06648,
F-14138, F-15493, F-36067, G-05002,
G-10434, G-35811, H-09448, H-14786,
H-17217
WATER POLLUTION A-03280, A-24080,
A-30674, A-32035, A-33293, A-34647,
A-35398, A-40314, A-41889, A-41945,
B-27824, B-30124, B-35342, C-30635,
C-33042, C-33055, C-35396, C-38670,
C-44210, D-35407, D-37369, D-38110,
D-41887, D-41979, D-42120, E-33225,
F-35378, F-35379, F-36076, G-29816,
G-30671, G-31528, G-35811, G-36283,
G-37788, G-39095, G-42757, H-24667,
H-27489, H-32291, H-32736, H-34830,
H-34831, 1-00305, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-28349, L-29421, L-29888,
L-34033, N-28803
WEATHER MODIFICATION A-23620,
A-29096, A-35078, D-21684, E-19058,
E-24570, E-29445, E-31895, E-36714,
E-40157, E-44999, G-38616
WEST AND GAEKB METHOD C-00855,
C-32476, C-38755, D-02133, F-37213,
K-08420
WEST VIRGINIA G-44696
WET CYCLONES A-20652, B-43515
\VETTTNr! P "l*n ^-32975, E-32158
WHEAT A-36032, H-17220, H-27489,
H-32335
WIND ROSE D-05623
WINDS A-29787, A-30513, A-39367,
A-40583, B-28730, B-44283, C-02164,
C-21948, C-23646, C-26848, C-27829,
C-40724, D-00005, D-03410, D-03441,
D-049%, D-05623, D-07198, D-08502,
D-08568, D-08821, D-09240, D-10634,
D-12099, D-15789, D-16791, D-16839,
D-17340, D-23864, D-24414, D-26387,
D-26535, D-27187, D-27672, D-28629,
D-28650, D-29655, D-29814, D-30410,
D-33114, D-35489, D-35725, D-36009,
D-36449, D-36474, D-36806, D-37026,
D-37366, D-37369, D-37394, D-39081,
D-39988, D-40584, D-42122, D-42247,
D-43962, D-44059, D-44996, E-01821,
E-05713, E-12777, E-21182, E-27116,
E-30073, E-37953, E-38118, E-44813,
E-45050, G-29129, G-44087, H-32224,
H-33985, H-35827, L-08196, L-23562,
L-35922, N-04212, N-11871
WOOD A-39462, C-08130, C-230%,
F-27752, G-31040
WOOLS B-08562, B-09798, B-26532
X-RAYS B-27371, C-11042, C-29810,
C-32534, C-33055, C-34407, C-35494,
C-36588, C-36698, C-37175, C-38778,
C-40407, C-40631, C-40724, C-41016,
C-42437, C-43448, C-43763, C-44479,
N-28803
XYLENES A-36541, A-43966, B-01851,
B-22414, B-29414, C-38670, D-06788
YOKOHAMA B-28730, D-15175, D-25881,
D-26044, D-27187, D-29385, D-29814,
D-29918, D-31014, D-32727, D-32883,
D-32912, D-36486, D-36820, G-07423,
G-30671, G-33165, H-21018
ZINC A-06220, A-09686, A-29787,
A-34788, A-34916, A-34921, A-39462,
A-42676, A-43271, B-00107, B-03125,
B-03754, B-09798, B-17525, B-21324,
B-32248, B-32319, B-32760, B-35296,
B-35303, B-37750, B-40709, C-06045,
C-10528, C-11042, C-15734, C-19857,
D-00017, D-00974, D-03526, D-05551,
D-11202, D-20191, D-26054, D-30892,
F-06648, F-13534, G-00662, G-03086,
G-09253, G-10434, H-07742, H-08884,
1-06355, 1-06357, J-306%, N-04649
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-03982, A-05067,
A-06351, A-12751, A-12823, A-18297,
A-22370, A-24285, A-26441, A-26454,
A-29539, A-29572, A-29787, A-30414,
A-31632, A-33822, A-35168, A-35224,
A-35957, A-36846, A-37190, A-41889,
A-41890, A-45072, B-09798, B-10558,
B-24553, B-25470, B-26532, B-30229,
B-32260, B-33157, B-34071, B-35035,
B-352%, B-35303, B-37750, B-40709,
B-43515, B-43937, B-44742, C-05787,
C-08145, C-09333, C-09888, C-10528,
C-11042, C-l>313, C-19501, C-22975,
C-25015, C-7.5535, C-25793, C-25979,
C-27075, C-28126, C-30113, C-30635,
C-30707, C-31933, C-32476, C-32718,
C-34407, C-36703, C-38682, C-38778,
C-39136, C-39516, C-41825, C-41908,
C-41968, C-42020, C-42084, C-42139,
C-42312, C-42360, C-42928, C-43448,
C-43720, C-44210, C-44995, D-03526,
D-049%, D-05167, D-05551, D-05623,
D-09432, D-17340, D-23388, D-23971,
D-27174, D-27188, D-27648, D-27831,
D-27880, D-28653, D-29191, D-30892,
D-31325, D-35010, D-36288, D-37288,
D-37320, D-37518, D-39535, D-41033,
D-41888, D-42122, D-42367, D-43316,
D-43468, D-44234, D-44580, D-449%,
E-12777, E-44813, F-13635, F-13839,
F-14510, F-16595, F-34297, F-35378,
F-36067, F-39522, F-43436, F-44164,
G-fll797, G-07162, G-23801, G-24716,
G-30181, G-32218, G-35041, G-38580,
G-38721, G-39179, G-40688, G-41894,
G-41895, G-44053, G-446%, H-07742,
H-08884, H-11452, H-14489, H-21794,
H-22926, H-23258, H-23435, H-27489,
H-28379, H-30921, H-31010, H-31801,
H-32224, H-32322, H-32335, H-32338,
H-32736, H-34831, H-35880, H-36265,
H-36991, H-37977, H-38332, H-39287,
H-39690, H-41733, H-41891, H-41893,
H-42250, H-42336, H-43279, K-14443,
K-44310, L-00311, L-17472, L-33844,
L-34980, L-39640, L-44325, N-04649
ZIRCONIUM F-10599
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