j-EPA-450/1-74-003
!• MARCH 1974 !
Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
A Bibliography with Abstracts
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U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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EPA-450/1-74-003
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
March 1974
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This report is published by the Environmental Protection Agency to report information
of general interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of charge - as
supplies permit - from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Copies may also be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 20402.
Publication Number EPA-450/1-74-003
11
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 7
C. Measurement Methods 13
D. Air Quality Measurements 14
E. Atmospheric Interaction 15
F. Basic Science and Technology 16
G. Effects - Human Health 18
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 19
I. Effects - Materials (None)
J. Effects - Economic 21
K. Standards and Criteria . . . « 22
L. Legal and Administrative 23
M. Social Aspects (None)
N. General (None)
AUTHOR INDEX 25
SUBJECT INDEX 27
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards prepared, selected, and compiled the approximately 235 abstracts
in this bibliography. The abstracts are arranged within the categories listed in the
Contents. The abstracted documents are thought to be representative of available lit-
erature, and no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and acces-
sion number. The author index lists all authors individually; primary authorship is
indicated by an asterisk. Gnerally, higher accession numbers have been assigned to
more recent documents.
Current information on this subject and many others related to air pollution may be
found in APTIC's monthly abstract bulletin.*
All of the documents abstracted by APTIC are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers outside
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may seek the documents directly from
publishers, from authors, or from libraries.
*"Air Pollution Abstracts" , Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, B.C. 20402. Subscription price: $27. 00 per year; $6. 75 addition-
al for foreign mailing. (More than 6300 abstracts, subject and author indexes are in-
cluded in each issue, plus two separate indexes.)
IV
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
08147
Pakhotina, N. S.
SANITARY-HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL
EMISSIONS BY A ZINC-LEAD COMBINE. In: Survey of U.
S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution an Related Occupational
Diseases. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied
Tech., Vol. 3, p. 93-97, May, 1960. 6 refs. CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The degree of atmospheric air pollution and vegetation pollu-
tion by the discharges of lead-zinc combine and the distance
over which such pollution extended was investigated.lt should
be mentioned at this point that according to N 101-54 the sani-
tary-clearance zone around lead-zinc combines must be 1000 m
wide. The lead-zinc combine under investigation had the fol-
lowing departments; a) premetallurgical production of lead
from enriched ore concentrates; b) production of zinc by the
continuous and intermittent processes of pyrite cinders
leaching and the utilization of tailings, such as zinc cakes,
sands, etc.; c) production of sulfuric acid by the contact
method from SO2 formed in the process of calcining the zinc
concentrates. Samples were collected by the sedimentation and
aspiration methods. Determinations were made for lead, ar-
senic and SO2. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, moisture
content, H2SO4, and total lead and arsenic; plant samples
were analyzed for lead, arsenic and H2SO4. Samples were
taken 150 m to 5,000 m away from the emission source. For
control purposes, samples were also taken 16 km away. Indus-
trial discharges of the lead-zinc combine heavily polluted the
atmospheric air with SO2, lead and arsenic at all distances
from the combine at which samples were taken. The degree of
soil and plant pollution with lead and arsenic over the three
years of the combineOs operation considerably exceeded the
content of lead and arsenic in the soil and on plants of the
control region. Under such pollution conditions the prescribed
sanitary clearance zone of 1000 m proved inadequate as a sani-
tary protection measure.
12074
Rohrman, F. A., and J. H. Ludwig
SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS BY SMELTERS. J. Metals,
20(12):46, Dec. 1968.
Sulfur dioxide and trioxide are emitted during the roasting and
smelting of most copper, lead, and zinc concentrates. The 32
major smelters in the U. S. account for roughly 12.2% of the
total emissions of S02 in the country. This is a brief review of
some of the statistics.
12751
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOLUME II: APPENDICES A AND B. Contract PH
86-65-85, Rept. 993, 88p., June 1969. 72 refs. CFSTI: PB 184
885
A systems study of the primary copper, lead, and zinc smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economi factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. Sulfur oxide emissions for various types of
smelting operations are tabulated, including gas flows and
compositions and an analysis of sulfur oxides generation and
recovery. Smelter flow diagrams are presented for the control
methods of contact sulfuric acid, absorption, reduction to ele-
mental sulfur, lime wet scrubbing, and limestone wet
scrubbing. Sulfur oxide recovery processes that were in-
vestigated and rejected as not being suitable for economic
analysis are listed. Cost estimates for various control
processes are given.
12823
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOL I. Contract PH 86-65-85, Rept. 993, 188p., June
1969. CFSTI: PB 184 884
A systems study of the primary copper, zinc, and lead smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economic factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. The nature of smelting practice is described,
and potential air pollution problems in smelter areas are
revealed. Five processes for the control of sulfur oxides are
presented, including contact sulfuric acid, absorption, reduc-
tion to elemental sulfur, lime wet scrubbing, and limestone wet
scrubbing. Current sulfur oxide emissions from U. S. smelters
are given, and forseeabl emission trends are discussed. Mar-
kets for sulfur byproducts are mentioned, the costs of control
by available methods are tabulated, and control method
evaluation with plant models is considered. A research and
development program for control methods and smelting
process technology is recommended.
13814
Coolbaugh, William E. and Ray F. Neider
FLUH) COLUMN ROASTING AT SHERBROOKE METAL-
LURGICAL CO., LTD. PORT MAITLAND, ONTARIO. In:
Pyrometallurgical Processes in Nonferrous Metallurgy, J. N.
Anderson and P. E. Queneau (eds.), Metallurgical Society
Conference, vol. 39, Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petroleum Engr., p. 45-54, 1967. (Based on a Symposium spon-
sored by the Extractive Metallurgy Div. of the Metallurgical
Soc., Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engr.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., Nov. 29-Dec. 1, 1965.)
The design of a vertical retort smelter using pelletized feed for
roasting and a roaster design based on the New Jersey Zinc
Co.'s Fluid Column process is reviewed. By using pelletized
rather than sintered feed, the process keeps carry-over dust to
a minimum and control of the low sulfate sulfur roast necessa-
ry for retort smelting is achieved. The calcine zinc oxide pel-
lets produced yield briquettes equivalent to sintered calcine for
zinc smelting, but the process is far less costly than sintering.
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PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
The two roasters employed are shaft-type furnaces, approxi-
mately 17 ft high and 24 ft long. They are equipped with 32 in.
wide hearths, and at the top of the fluid column level they
flare at 50 deg angles to a full width of 10 ft. The end walls
and the roof of each roaster are integral with the boiler.
Fluidizing air is delivered through 6 in. pipelines and dis-
tributed to eight wind-boxes below the hearth of each roaster.
Draft control of the roasting operation is maintained in an acid
plant and with hot fans. The calcine produced during conven-
tional sulfur elimination roasting averages less than 0.5% sul-
fide and 1.3 to 1.5% total sulfur. With lead-cadmium elimina-
tion roasting, 90% of the cadmium and 92% of the lead in the
pellet feed can be eliminated. During conventional roasts, dust
carry-over amounts to 10 to 15% of the total feed, under lead-
calcium elimination conditions, carry-over is increased to 18 to
22% of the feed. Dusts are recovered in boilers, cyclones, and
an electrostatic precipitator.
13815
Reid, I. H.
OPERATION OF A 350 TON PER DAY SUSPENSION
ROASTER AT TRAIL, BRITISH COLUMBIA. In: Pyrometal-
lurgical Processes in Nonferrous Metallurgy, J. N. Anderson
and P. E. Queneau (eds.), Metallurgical Society Conferences,
vol. 39, Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engr.,
p. 69-77, 1967. 2 refs. (Based on a Symposium sponsored by
the Extractive Metallurgy Div. of the Metallurgical Soc., Am.
Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engr., Pittsburgh,
Pa., Nov. 29-Dec. 1, 1965.)
Prior to the construction of a 350 ton per day suspension
roaster, the roasting facilities at Trail consisted of eight
suspension roasters, with individual capacities of 150 tons of
zinc concentrates per day. Required auxiliary facilities in-
cluded a wet concentrate conveying system, a dry concentrate
conveying and grinding system, waste heat boilers, and a dust
recovery system comprising cyclones and an electrostatic
precipitator. With the exception of the wet concentrate con-
veying system, the new installation is completely independent
of the older facilities. Its main components are a dry concen-
trate ball mill, the roaster proper, a calcine ball mill, a calcine
slurry tank, waste heat boiler, cyclones, and glass fabric bag
house. Most of the related equipment is installed in duplicate
on opposite sides of the roaster. Operation at rated capacity
requires the use of all equipment; operation at 60% capacity is
possible with only one half of it. Sulfur dioxide is recovered
economically by means of gas recirculation. The recirculating
combustion gases are cooled in passing through the waste heat
boiler and cleaned in the bag house, whose operation is
completely automated. Dust loss with the glass fabric bag
house is on the order of 174 Ibs a day, representing a recovery
of 99% of the dust load entering the bag house.
17471
Knop, Wilhelm
INDUSTIRAL DUSTS AND WASTE GASES. (Industri-
estauebe und-abgase). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(2):63-66, Feb. 1970. 22 refs.
The most dangerous anJ annoying pollutants emitted by vari-
ous industries are enumerated. Steel mills emit primarily iron
oxides and fluorine compounds. Half of the original fluorine
input is emitted; the other half goes into the slag. The iron
oxide emissions, primarily the small particles below 5 micron,
form the brown smoke. The non-ferrous metal fabricating and
finishing plants emit .Metal oxides (cadmium oxide). When in-
haled, the latter may be extremely harmful. The TLV
(threshold limit value) is 0.1 mg/cu m air. In aluminum produc-
tion, dust-laden waste gases develop, despite the wet process.
The aluminum oxide dust content in the rotary furnace is 300-
400 g/standard cu m. In electrolytic reduction of aluminum ox-
ide, cryolite also dissociates. As a consequence, hydrogen
fluoride and dusts of fluorine compounds are found in the
waste gas. The TLV for fluorides is 2.5 mg/cu m; for hydrogen
fluoride, 2 mg/cu m. In lead plants 3 to 3.5 cu m waste gases
per kg sinter develop in the sintering and roasting station.
They contain 1.5 to 5% by volume SO2 and up to 15 g/cu m
dust. The dust contains lead, zinc, sulfur, and small amounts
of other elements. Considerable amounts of metal vapors
develop. In the fly dust of the shaft furnaces, cadmium oxide
or sulfate, arsenic, zinc, and thallium compounds may be
found. In copper smelting plants, the waste gases contain fly
dust and SO2. In zinc refining, fly dust (0.1 g/standard cu m)
and SO2 are emitted to the waste gas. In ferro-alloy produc-
tion, dusts of various kinds are carried along in the waste
gases. The waste gas quantity of a 10 MW furnace amounts to
70,000-250,000 cu m/h; the dust content, to 0.25-2.5 g/cu m.
24285
Swain, Robert E.
SMOKE AND FUME INVESTIGATIONS. A HISTORICAL
REVIEW. Ind. Eng. Chem., 41(ll):2384-2388, Nov. 1949. 18
refs.
Several outstanding cases of injury to animal and plant life by
emanations from industrial plants at Ducktown, Tenn.,
Anaconda, Mont., Salt Lake City, Utah, and Trail, B. C. are
cited in a historical survey of atmospheric pollution and the
steps that have been taken to prevent and combat it. Sulfur
dioxide from two copper smelters was the offender in
Ducktown, jeaching for 30 miles across the broad-leafed
forests of northern Georgia. A crisis came when Georgia
brought suit against Tennessee to compel it to cancel the
franchise of the smelting companies, but out of this came the
design, erection, and successful operation of an adaptation of
the lead chamber process to convert SO2 from copper smelt-
ing operations to sulfuric acid. With the installation at the
Anaconda smelter in 1910 of an enormous Cottrell system for
electrical precipitation of solids, one of the most remarkable
cases of injury to livestock by smelter smoke ever recorded
passed into Mstory. The emissions from the low stacks of an
old plant operated at a neighboring location had killed all
vegetation, and losses of livestock by arsenical poisoning had
been heavy over the near-lying area. A new smelter was
erected with stacks over 300 feet tall, but there were still
emitted daily 2300 tons of SO2, 200 tons of sulfur trioxide, 30
tons of arsenic trioxide, 3 tons of zinc, and over 2 tons each
of copper, lead, and antimony trioxide. Lead and SO3 fumes
were soon put under complete control in Utah by liming and
bag filtration, and by electrical precipitation. About
$13,000,000 was invested at Trail in recovering airborne wastes
and converting them to marketable by-products. These were
tied together into a smoothly operating system and soon
phosphate fertilizers of several types, ammonium sulfate, and
sulfur were being produced on a large scale. Contributions of
research and diurnal fumigation are also discussed.
25178
Teworte, W M.
SPECD7IC AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS
AT NON-FERROUS METAL WORKS. Preprint, International
Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 41p., 1970. 20
refs. (Presented at the Internationa Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, Paper EN-28B.)
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
Information on the cost problem and on the necessity for air
pollution control technology in the field of non-ferrous metals
production is presented. Their price, high in comparison with
that of steel, is an incentive to developing any means of in-
creasing the yield and, thus, to recovering the metals from flue
dusts. Therefore, the center of air pollution control arrange-
ments shifts to the side of extracting accompanying elements
in the ores, auxiliary materials, and highly volatile compounds.
The negative biological effects of a large number of metals
require particularly effective arrangements for waste gas pu-
rification. More recent specific methods of air pollution con-
trol are illustrated by several examples. Fluorine emissions
from the flux are fought in aluminum works by means of ef-
fective wet purification processes; dry absorption methods are
also being tried. Fluorine levels of 0.5-1.5 ppb were detected
even in industrial areas where there was no aluminum produc-
tion at all. Waste gas purification at aluminum re-melting
works presents a particularly difficult problem with regard to
the extraction of very fine salt fumes. The utilization of the
sulfur content in the non-ferrous metal ores is discussed in
detail. Here, the solution to the economic problem of market-
ing a sulfuric acid, aptly called 'acide fatal' by Belgian smelt-
ing works, is as important as the solution to the process-
technical problem. The latter was dealt with very successfully
by means of the development of a double-contact process with
intermediate absorption for roasting gases poor in sulfur diox-
ide. The final gases contain less than 0.5% of the SO2 charge.
More and more processes favorable to air hygiene are being
used by zinc metallurgy. Methods of recovery that cannot be
controlled by waste gas technology, will be discarded. General
and particular information is given on the cost problem of air
pollution control. Frequently, the wrong conclusions are drawn
from the fact that only 0.2% of the value of industrial produc-
tion are required for direct steps, with secondary injurious ef-
fects, amounting to 1-2%, being prevented in this manner.
Production at some works is hard hit by specific costs of 1-5%
of the proceeds from sales. (Author abstract)
26441
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr. and Grady B. Nichols
A MANUAL OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
TECHNOLOGY. PART II -- APPLICATION AREAS. Southern
Research lost., Birmingham, Ala., NAPCA Contract CPA 22-
69-73, 875p., Aug. 25, 1970. 118 rets. NTIS: PB 196381
The application of electrostatic precipitators is reviewed for
the electric utility industry, the pulp and paper industry, the
iron and steel industry, the rock products industry, the chemi-
cal industry, in cleaning municipal incinerator dusts, for the
petroleum industry, and in the nonferrous metals industry.
Particular emphasis is placed on the dust and gaseous emis-
sions of the processes discussed. This is followed by a tabula-
tion of input and design parameters for precipitators operating
on various types of dust control problems and an analysis of
critical design parameters and test results. Cost data are also
presented. The electrolytic reduction of aluminum, the produc-
tion of copper, primary lead, and zinc reduction are discussed
in the area of the nonferrous metals industry. In the petroleum
industry, catalytic cracking and detarring are indicated as ap-
plication areas. Refuse properties are discussed, as well as
types of incinerators. Sulfuric acid production, the production
of elemental phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and carbon black,
warrant the use of precipitators in the chemical industry. In
the rock products industry, the manufacture of Portland ce-
ment and the gypsum industry present problems. Coke ovens,
sinter plants, blast furnaces, open hearth furnaces, basic ox-
ygen converters, electric arc furnaces, scarfing machines, and
iron cupolas are areas of application in the iron and steel in-
dustry. In the pulp and paper industry, precipitators are in-
dicated for the recovery of boiler paniculate emissions and
sulfate process flue gases. Fly ash precipitators are needed in
the electric utility industry.
29539
Eda, Shizuo, Hiroshi Ito, Hiroshi Hikichi, Yoshiichi
Funayama, Shijeo Nagayama, and Kaoni Nishiyama
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN THE ONAHAMA INDUS-
TRIAL AREA. 1ST REPORT. DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY
METALS IN SOIL. (Onahama kogyo chitai niokeru jukinzoku
osen. Dai 1 po. Dojo no jukinzoku osen bunpu to sono kento).
Text in Japanese. Fukushima Kogyo Koto Senmon Gakko
Kiyo (Mem. Fukushima Tech. Coll.), 7(l):22-32, 1971. 15 refs.
The amount of heavy metal pollution in the Onahama industri-
al area soil was determined by an atomic absorption spec-
trometer. The concentration of cadmium, lead, copper, and
zinc was 1.07 to 0.27 ppm, 51 to 12 ppm, 65.7 to 12.6 ppm, and
172.4 to 35.1 ppm respectively. The metal ratio Cd:Pb:Cu:Zn
was 1:48:65:170. This pollution occurred more than two km
from A refinery and was caused by the high stacks of the A
and B refineries. The rate of cadmium compound sedimenta-
tion at Minamitomioka village in Onahama was 36 mg Cd
metal/sq m, year. If the present rate of pollution continues,
the heavy metal concentration in the soil would be about three
times the present concentration in 10 years. The quality grade
of ore and the heavy metal ratio in the soil are used to deter-
mine whether copper or zinc is a greater pollutant.
29572
Paluch, Jan and Stanislaw Karweta
AIR POLLUTION BY LEAD AND ZINC IN THE AREA OF
COMBINED METALLURGICA WORKS AND ITS IN-
FLUENCE ON VEGETATION AND SOIL. (Die Luftverun-
reinigung durch Blei und Zink im Bereich eines metallur-
gischen Kombinates und ihr Einfluss auf Vegetation und
Boden). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Humboldt Univ. Berlin
Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):495-497, 1970.
A study was made for over three years in the area of a large
non-ferrous metals plant that started operations in 1966, and
which was located in a formerly very clean wooded area. Its
production includes zinc oxide and lead; by-products include
sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate. The zinc oxide melting
furnaces emit about 30 tons of gas per month, containing
about 50% zinc plus lead. Additional quantities of zinc and
lead dust in the air originate from the charging of the furnaces
with powdered raw material, from transportation and handling
of scrap material, from the sintering plant for zinc-lead ores,
and from the shaft furnace in which the metal oxides are
reduced to metals. A distinct increase in dust fall and air pollu-
tion in the areas adjacent to the plant was observed, reaching
a peak two years after start of operations, and then leveling
off. Emission of zinc- and lead-bearing dust into th air was
found to cause an accumulation of these metals in the soil and
in plants, the accumulation in the soil was observed only in
the surface layers. The emission of zinc and lead from the
melting units takes place mainly in the form of oxides which
are emitted together with considerable quantities of calcium
oxide. The accumulation of these three metal groups leads to
soil alkalinity. The process of assimilation of zinc and lead in
plants is far more intensive than in the soil.
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PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
30447
Nelson, Kenneth W.
NONFERROUS METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS. In: Air
Pollution. Arthur C. Stem (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 37, p. 171-190. 16 refs.
While sulfur dioxide from the smelting of copper, lead, and
zinc has been the principal pollutant of interest in nonferrous
metallurgy, gaseous and paniculate fluorides from aluminum
smelting are also of concern. Fluoride problems first came to
attention because of adverse effects on grazing animals rather
than effects on vegetation, as with SO2. The mining, milling,
and concentrating of copper, lead, and zinc are discussed, as
well as their refining and smelting, emissions, and controls.
The mining and ore treatment of aluminum is considered, its
electrolysis, and emissions and controls. Copper, lead, zinc,
and aluminum produced from scrap are also discussed. The
production of nonferrous alloys is noted.
30647
Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo (Japan)
INSPECTION RESULTS OF CADMIUM MINES AND
REFINERIES. 1970. (Kadornyumu kanren kozan seirensho no
45 nendo kensa kekka nitsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 7(5):250-257, May 1971.
Mines and smelters which handle zinc, copper, or lead were
inspected. It is important to control the overall effluent so that
its cadmium concentration is within the allowable limit of (0.1
ppm). Of 62 mines inspected, two exceeded the limit with
0.542 ppm and 0.145 ppm respectively. To indicate the in-
dividual effluent condition, the maximum and minimum con-
centrations are shown in tabular form. Three other mines also
exceeded the 0.1 ppm limit with 0.125 ppm, 0.14 ppm, and
0.195 ppm, respectively. However, the overall effluent showed
less than the standard concentration. Strong supervision is
recommended to reduce the seepage from old piles and to
reduce the individual effluent at each pit and pile. Two smel-
ters exceeded the standard, with 0.175 ppm and 0.111 ppm,
respectively. The water near several mines and smelters was
sampled, and four mines exceeded 0.01 ppm. The atmospheric
cadmium concentration was also measured. Even under the
most unfavorable condition, all were within the standard of
0.88 micrograms leu m -2.93 micrograms /cu m. The mines and
smelters which exceeded the standard were directed to close
the pit, repair defective water discharge facilities and neutral-
ize the seepage. A thorough study will be made to clarify en-
vironmental pollution by cadmium, distinguishing it from com-
plex pollution.
32567
Dean, R. S. and R. E. Swain
REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE TRAIL SMELTER AR-
BITRAL TRIBUNAL. PART 1 OPERATIONAL FEATURES
OF TRAIL SMELTER. Bull. Bureau Mines, no. 453:1-22,
1944. 5 refs.
The Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal, with powers derived from
a convention between the U. S. and Canada, was established
to determine whether fumigations from the Trail Smelter in
British Columbia were a source of vegetation damage in the
State of Washington and, if so, what indemnity should be paid
for damages incurred since January 1932. Both lead and zinc
concentrates are roasted at Trail, and nearly all the sulfur is
converted to sulfur dioxide gas during this process. In 1930,
SO2 emissions from the plant reached approximately 20,000
tons/month. Subsequently, emissions were reduced by the con-
struction of sulfuric acid plants, absorption plants, and a sul-
fur-reduction unit. A detailed description is given of the vari-
ous smelting operations at Trail and of the sulfur-recovery
operations. General topographic and climatic features of the
region are briefly reviewed together with smoke-control mea-
sures. Data on the total tonnage of sulfur discharged from the
plant per month from 1900-1939 are presented.
34788
Proctor, Paul Dean and Thomas R. Beveridge
POPULATION, ENERGY, SELECTED MINERAL RAW
MATERIALS, AND PERSONNEL DEMANDS, 2000 A. D.
Preprint, Society of Mining Engineers, AIME, N. Y., New York,
N. Y., 19p., 1971. (Presented at the American Institute of Min-
ing, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Annual Meeting,
New York, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971, Paper 71-H-107.)
The people of the United States currently consume 32% of the
world s energy and similarly large percentages of the world s
mineral raw materials. A minimal two percent increase per
year in the standard of living in the United States and a four
percent increase elsewhere in the world, beyond the demands
of the estimated population increases, suggest the magnitude
of the increased need for energy-mineral raw materials and the
possible crises the world will face in these areas by 2000 A.D.
Iron ore, copper, lead, and zinc, sulfur, and fertilizer con-
sumption and projections are considered. Better trained and
increased manpower needs are also indicated.
34916
Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C.
PRODUCT CLASSES - VALUE SHIPPED BY ALL MANU-
FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS: 1947, 1954, 1958, 1963 TO
1967. In: Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals and Al-
loys, p. 33C-29, 1970.
Quantities shipped by all manufacturing establishments of
copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, primary nonferrous metals, and
secondary nonferrous metals are tabulated for 1947, 1954,
1958, and 1963 to 1967. Both smelter and refined materials are
included.
34921
Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C.
MATERIALS CONSUMED, BY KIND: 1967 AND 1963. In.
Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals and Alloys, p.
33C-31, 1970.
The quantity consumed in the smelting and refining of nonfer-
rous metal;, and alloys of aluminum ingot, aluminum and alu-
minum-base alloy scrap, copper, lead, zinc, and tin is listed
for 1963 and 1967. Delivered costs are also indicated.
35224
Halley, James H. and Bruce E. McNay
CURRENT SMELTING SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELATION
TO AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers New York and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 20p., 1970. 5 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos, Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Aug.
30-Sept. 2, 1970.)
The non-ferrous smelting operations, using metallic sulfides as
feed material, are briefly described. These include copper,
lead, and ;'.inc smelting. Conditions and the nature of waste
gas streams are discussed in relation to extraction and
recovery of sulfur. Major problems of high temperatures, un-
clean gases, and low sulfur oxide concentration are noted.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
Possible changes in equipment and processes are discussed, as
well as the manufacture of sulfuric acid from relatively strong
sulfur dioxide waste gas. (Author abstract modified)
39462
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME
m - HANDBOOK OF EMISSION PROPERTIES. Air Pollu-
tion Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-
C, 626p., May 1, 1971. 302 refs.
Details of the methodology employed to obtain data concern-
ing the kind and number of stationary paniculate sources, the
chemical and physical characteristics of both the participates
anJ carrier gas emitted by specific sources, and the status of
current control practices, are presented. Emission factors and
rates, chemical and physical properties of effluents, and con-
trol practices and equipment are given for stationary com-
bustion processes (power generation and furnaces); mineral
processing; agricultural operations (field burning, grain eleva-
tors, cotton gins); iron and steel manufacturing; cement manu-
facturing; forest products industry (sawmills, pulp industry);
primary nonferrous metallurgy (copper, lead, zinc, and alu-
minum smelting and refining); clay products; fertilizer manu-
facturing; asphalt; ferroalloy manufacturing; iron foundries;
secondary nonferrous metals industry; coal preparation; car-
bon black manufacturing; petroleum refining; acid manufac-
ture (sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid); and incineration. The
control equipment includes cyclones, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, mist eliminators, and after-
burners. Effluents include dusts, particulates, fly ash, sulfur
oxides, hydrocarbons, and other noxious gases. Costs for con-
trol equipment purchase and operation are given. This hand-
book constitutes a reference source for available information
on the distinguishing features of the various particulate pollu-
tion sources and should be of value to air pollution regulatory
agencies, control equipment manufacturers, and industrial con-
40182
Takahashi, Noboru
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY METAL INDUSTRIES.
(Kinzoku sangyo ni yoru kankyo osen). Text in Japanese.
Kagaku (Science), 41(10):551-556, Oct. 1971.
Iron works produce mineral powder and coke powder as par-
ticulates and sulfur dioxide. More than 50% of the SO2 is from
the sintering process. By an approximate calculation, a plant
with a capacity of annual production of 1000 tons crude steel
produces 7,000,000 cu m SO2 every year. The SO2 gas from
an iron works also contains extremely poisonous arsenic triox-
ide. The same plant discharges about 2400 tons of waste water
yearly. Casting industries generate approximately 6000 tons of
particulates yearly, of which about 50% are silicon dioxide. In
zinc production industries, cadmium is generated since its con-
tamination in zinc mineral is approximately 0.25%. It is
discharged as dust into air and as waste in waste water. In alu-
minum refining, fluorides are generated, and for a production
of 1 ton aluminum about 20 to 30 kg of fluorine are also
produced as fluorides. Cyanides are largely used in metal gild-
ing and thermal treatment, approximately 50% for the former
and 30% for the latter. These cyanides, accompanied with cad-
mium, have been the major pollutants in the rivers in large ci-
ties.
42225
Montague, H. L.
THE EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY OF ZINC. REVIEW OF
PROCESSES AND PROJECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE.
Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petrole-
um Engineers, New York, Metallurgical Society, 53p., 1971. 7
refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Mining, Metallur-
gical and Petroleum Engineers, Annual Meeting, 100th, New
York, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971, Paper A71-74.)
The history of zinc extractive metallurgy is reviewed, and the
five prinicipal processes presently used for the primary
production of zinc are described. They are the horizontal re-
tort process, the vertical retort process, the electrothermic
process, the imperial smelting process, and the electrolytic
process. Free World zinc plants are listed by process type,
with information on starting dates, operating features, produc-
tion capacities, and 1969 zinc production. Three major factors
which are likely to affect the type of processes used and the
design of future plants are labor difficulties, the tightening of
impurity specifications by customers, such as the die-casting
industry and the continuous galvanizing industry, and pollution
control regulations, restricting sulfur dioxide and particulate
emissions. Several plants currently under design or construc-
tion are described.
42676
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrheim-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
NONFERROUS METALLURGY. (NE-Metallerzeugung). Text
in German. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wir-
klichkeit. Moehnesee- Wamel, West Germany, K. ron Saint
George, 1972, p. 60-65.
The present situation and future trends in the output and emis-
sions in the nonferrous metallurgy of North Rhine-Westphalia
are described. The aluminum industriy, which accounts for
more than 50% of the total output of West Germany, will ex-
perience rapid growth. The basic pollutants are gaseous
fluorine compounds (0.8-1.5 kg/t), aluminum- and fluorine-
bearing dust (9-20 kg/t), sulfur dioxide (3-15 kg/t), and carbon
monoxide. Aluminum remelting is expected to increase 100%
by 1980. Chloride aerosols, metal oxides, and gaseous fluorine
compounds are the chief pollutants. Dust separation at a rate
of 15% was applied to rotary furnaces in 1970. Dust emissions
will decrease from 1320 tons in 1970 to 680 tons in 1980 by
lowering the dust concentration to 150 mg/N cu m and 100
mg/N cu m for rotary furnaces and thermal chips treatment
facilities, respectively. Gaseous fluorine emissions, 90 tons in
1970, will be reduced to 50 tons in 1980 by applying wet-type
gas cleaning. Sulfur dioxide emissions from lead manufactur-
ing will be reduced 90% due to waste-gas desulfurization. The
efficiency of SO2 separation at sulfuric acid production facili-
ties is 98%. Lead and zinc emissions, amounting to 350 and
180 tons in 1970, will decrease to 50 tons each in 1975. Sulfur
dioxide emissions from copper manufacturing, for which a 2%
yearly rate of growth is predicted, will rise from 900 tons in
1970 to 1100 tons in 1980, the waste-gas SO2 concentration
being 0.2 g/N cu m. Hydrochloric acid emissions, now 500
tons, will decrease by 50%. While total dust emission will be
reduced from 600 to 300 tons, no further reduction in lead,
zinc, and copper emissions is possible. The dust emissions
from copper alloy manufacturing will be 10% of the 1970 level
by 1980, as an upper limit of 50 mg/N cu m will be set in 1973.
Sulfur dioxide emissions from zinc manufacturing, for which
electrolytic processes are increasingly used, will decrease from
1800 tons in 1970 to about 1500 tons in 1980. The imposition of
a maximum allowable dust emission of 50 mg/N cu m in 1973
-------
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
will result in zinc and lead emissions, now 160 and 40 tons,
decreasing to 80 and 20 tons, respectively, despite a growth
rate of 40%.
43271
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY. In: Compilation of Air Pol-
lutant Emission Factors. OAP Pub-AP-42, p. 7-1 to 7-22, Feb.
1972. 61 refs. NTIS: PB 209559
Primary and secondary metal industries are discussed. The pri-
mary industries, producing metals from ore, reviewed are:
non-ferrous operations of aluminum ore reduction, copper
smelters, lead smelters, zinc smelters, iron and steel mills, fer-
roalloy production, and metallurgical coke manufacture. Large
quantities of sulfur oxides and particulates are emitted by
these industries. The secondary metallurgical industries, which
recover metal from scrap and salvage and produce alloys from
ingot, include aluminum operations, brass and bronze ingots,
gray iron foundries, lead smelting, magnesium smelting, steel
foundries, and zinc processing. The major air contaminants
from these operations are particulates in the forms of metallic
fumes, smoke, and dust. Control methods used are: cyclones,
electrostatic precipitators, filters, and baghouses.
44781
Davis, W. E.
NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS.
BARIUM, BORON, COPPER, SELENIUM, AND ZINC. SEC-
TION V. ZINC. Davis (W. E.) and Associates, Leawood,
Kans., Office of Air Programs Contract 68-02-0100, 77p., May
1972. 26 refs. NTIS: PB 210680
The flow of zinc in the United States was traced and charted
for the year 1969. Consumption was 1,797,000 tons, while pri-
mary and secondary production totaled 1,417,000 tons. Imports
and exports were 354,000 and 43,000 tons, respectively. Ore
used directly in processing was 127,000 tons. Emissions to the
atmosphere during the year were 159,922 tons. About 31% of
the emissions resulted from the metallurgical processing of
zinc, more than 3% from the production of iron and steel, and
nearly 18% from the incineration of refuse. The production of
zinc oxide, the wear of rubber tires, and the combustion of
coal were also significant emission sources. Emission esti-
mates for mining, production of primary and secondary zinc,
manufacture of zinc- base alloy products, and the production
of zinc oxide are based on unpublished data obtained from in-
dustrial sources. (Author summary)
45858
Lukey, Michael E. and M. Dean High
EXHAUST GAS CONVERSION FACTORS. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1972. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Assiciation, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-20, 1972, Paper 72-88.)
The exhaust gas parameters from 76 combustion and industrial
sources are given including fuel combustion processes, refuse
incineration, mineral industries, chemical industries, metallur-
gical processes, pulp mills, and refineries. The main objective
of the study was to define a relationship of the exhaust gases
being emitted, to the process weights. Each of the 76 industrial
source factors includes a process description, the potential air
contaminants, operating time, abatement equipment, an input-
output relationship, and the exhaust gas parameters: gas flow
rate, gas temperature, gas velocity, and stack height. An at-
tempt was made to relate the exhaust gas parameters to an
input or output quantity. Thus by knowing the production rate
of a plant, one can use these exhaust gas source factors and
pollutant emission factors to obtain engineering estimates of
specific plant emission and its community inpact through
modeling. Sources include coal, oil, natural gas, and wood
combustion, incineration; burners; chemical processes such as
ammonia, carbon black, chlorine, hydrofluoric acid, paint,
phosphoric acid, plastics, ink, soap, sulfuric acid, synthetic
fibers, and rubber production; food and agricultural processes;
primary metallurgy; steel, lead, zinc, and aluminum production
including sintering, blast furnaces, electric furnaces, and open
hearth furnaces; petroleum refining, pulp mills; dry cleaning;
and surface coating.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
06091
G. A. Johnson, R. E. Lund, K. F. Peterson
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AT A MODERN ZINC
SMELTER. Air Repair 3 (3), 173-8 (Feb. 1954).
Throughput is of the order of 600 tons of zinc sulfide concen-
trates per day. The acid plant consists of three gas purification
systems and four contact units. Concentration of sulfur diox-
ide in the stack gases is approximately 0.01% by volume.
Sinter and furnace plant dusts and fumes are collected in a
275,000 cfm bag collector which discharges to a 168' stack. In
all there is a capacity of about 1,000,000 cu. ft. per minute of
air cleaning equipment in operation at Josephtown. The agl-
lomeration of roaster calcines by sintering results in the evolu-
tion of large quantities of fume rich in zinc, cadmium, and
lead. The electrostatic precipitators at Josephtown comprise
probably the largest installation for this application of fume
collection in the zinc industry. Conditioning is achieved by
treating the gases in chambers prior to the precipitator with
large quantities of finely atomized water. Two cyclone scrub-
bers further threat sintering gases before venting. The overall
removal of fume from the sintering gas is of the order of 95%
with a concentration in stack gases of approximately .02 grains
per cu. ft. STP. Effective control of dust and fume (other than
that from the sinter machines) at Josephtown is accomplished
with a central cloth bag collector of 275,000 cu. ft. per minute
capacity. Over 100 tons of dust are removed from the 11,000
tons of air which are cleaned every day. The dust loading en-
tering the collector is about four grains per cu. ft. and the col-
lector operates at better than 99.9% efficiency. Individual
points of dust and fume generation are hooded or enclosed as
completely as possible and exhausted to the collection system.
Measurements of SO2 in the vicinity of the smelter are
reviewed.
10558
Lange, Alfred and Werner Trinks
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF LEAD AND ZINC
COMPOUNDS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GAS
PHASE. APPLICATIONS TO ELECTROSTATIC GAS
CLEANING. ((Der elektrische Widerstand von Blei- und Zink-
verbindungen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der
Gasphase. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der elektrischen
Gasreinigung.)) Text in German. Neue Heutte, 12(2):81-88,
Feb. 1968. 8 refs.
The use of electrofilters in dust elimination from flue gases in
nonferrous metallurgy in many cases is attended by failure due
to the poor conductivity of the dust deposited on the filter
electrodes. Hence, the determination of the electrical re-
sistance of particular dust types is of interest. The literature
on this subject is reviewed and original resistance measure-
ments are reported which utilized a specially constructed ap-
paratus permitting gas phase measurements up to temperatures
of 400 degrees C. Electrical resistance measurements of lead
oxide, carbonate and sulfide are described and illustrated by
graphs. The results of these measurements and of deposition
experiments with lead oxide and lead sulfate fly ash are
detailed. At high temperatures the resistance of lead and zinc
compounds lies below the critical limit, thus deposition in a
hot-gas atmosphere (EGR) is possible in principle; however,
larger quantities of gas and larger filters are consequently
required. The reported results suggest that lead oxide fly ash
should be deposited in the temperature range of 320 and 380
degrees C., and lead sulfate fly ash at temperatures above 350
degrees C. During the deposition of lead oxide fly ash, the
partial oxygen pressure of the gas phase should be as high as
possible, in contrast to the conditions required for zinc oxide
fly ash. In the deposition of lead sulfate fly ash, especially,
the constant presence of SO2 in the gas phase is essential.
21309
Argenbright, L. P. and Bennett Preble
SO2 FROM SMELTERS: THREE PROCESSES FORM AN
OVERVIEW OF RECOVERY COSTS. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
4(7):554-561, July 1970.
About 2.2 million long tons per year of sulfur is contained in
the sulfur oxide gases generated in the operation of copper,
zinc, and lead smelters in the western United States. Nearly
23% of this is recovered, mostly as sulfuric acid. A study was
made to identify and evaluate the technological and economic
problems associated with controlling the sulfur oxide emis-
sions of these smelting operations. Three processes for control
and by-product recovery were considered: the contact sulfuric
acid process, the Cominco absorption process, and the ASAR-
CO reduction process. All three are adversely affected by the
low percentage of sulfur in the exhaust gases. Similarly, all are
limited in optimum size, since the capital investment for larger
operations off-sets the reduction in operating cost. Of the
three processes considered, the contact sulfuric acid process is
the least costly, both in terms of initial cost and operating
cost.
21324
Kato, Yujiro
PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM AT VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
(VI). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN THE METALWORK-
ING INDUSTRY. (Gyoshubetsu ni mini rokashiki shujin sochi
no keikaku to unten jisshi rei (VI). Kinzoku kogyo ni okeru
baggu firuta). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(10):663-668, Oct. 15, 1968.
The operational conditions of bag filters used for emission
control in the metalworking industry are illustrated by exam-
ples. In the zinc refining industry, bag filters are used at vari-
ous points. The baghouse for the independent electric power
plant which is provided to allow the exhausted material to cool
down is one example. Another is the baghouse for controlling
emissions from a smelting furnace exhaust. The applications of
bag filters to the aluminum industry is illustrated by the
baghouse used to control emissions from an alumina coveying
process. In a powdered lead manufacturing plant, a complete
dust collector has to be provided since the lead dust is ex-
tremely toxic and cannot be allowed to escape into the at-
mosphere. Complete hooding is also necessary. In the nonfer-
-------
8
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
rous metal working industry, emissions are commonly worth
recovering. High efficient dust collectors are adequate for this
purpose. In the iron and steel industry, the collected material
from the exhaust is generally of little value, but dust collectors
are necessary for air pollution control. Their use is typified by
baghouses equipped for controlling emissions from electric-arc
steelmaking furnaces and from electric furnaces for ferro-alloy
manufacture. In the metal processing industry, bag filters are
also used for controlling emissions from various processes. An
example is the baghouse equipped for controlling emissions
from the finishing process of iron casting.
23530
Lepsoe, R. and W. S. Kirkpatrick
RECOVERY OF SULPHUR FROM SULPHUR DIOXIDE.
Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), vol. 39:20-22, 54, Jan. 1938.
(Also: Trans. Can. Inst. Mining Meet., vol. 15:399-404, 1937.)
Sulfur dioxide recovery operations to produce pure sulfur at a
lead and zinc smelting plant are outlined. The production in-
volves three main operations. The first consists of absorption
of the SO2 The roaster gas is cleaned and passed through one
or more absorbing towers in contact with a solution of am-
monium sulfite and ammonium bisulfite, concentrating the gas
to about 0.1% SO2 or less. The second step involves liberation
of the SO2 gas. The sulfite solution is passed down a packed
tower and mixed with sulfuric acid previously used to dry the
evolved SO2 gas. At the base of the tower is ammonium
sulfate solution with a small amount of SO2 included; the
latter is driven off by blowing steam directly into the solution.
The third step involved reduction of the SO2 gas to elemental
sulfur. The SO2 gas and pure oxygen enter a reduction fur-
nace; on leaving the coke-bed, the gases are mainly CO2 and
elemental sulfur gas, plus carbon oxysulfide and some carbon
monoxide. To this is added SO2 to react with the carbon oxy-
sulfid before it passes into the catalyst column where this
reaction takes place. From the columns, the gases pass
through waste-heat boilers where liquid sulfur is recovered;
this liquid is eventually solidified for marketing.
24321
ELEMENTAL SULPHUR. EXTRACTION AND REDUCTION
OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM ROASTER GASES AT
TRAIL. Can. Chem. Process, 26(3):138-139, March 1942.
Methods adopted for concentrating the sulfur dioxide from
zinc and lead roaster gases, and reducing it to elemental sul-
fur, are described. In the concentration process, cleaned and
cooled roaster gas flows either countercurrent or concurrent to
a circulating solution of ammonia monosulfite and ammonium
bisulfite through four absorbing towers, reducing the SO2 con-
centration from about 6 to 0.15%. The only product of the ab-
sorption systems is a concentrated solution of ammonium
bisulfite, from which SO2 is released by two processes,
acidification or exorption. The reduction to sulfur is accom-
plished by passing the concentrated SO2 through incandescent
coke and then through catalyst columns. The gaseous sulfur is
condensed out as mist and liquid and recovered as liquid in
Cottrell treaters. After removal of any occluded carbon from
the molten sulfur, it is pumped into storage tanks where it
solidifies as a yellow mass of over 99.99% purity.
24553
Welch, Harry V.
COLLECTION OF LEAD AND ZINC DUSTS AND FUMES
BY THE COTTRELL PROCESS. Trans. AIME (Am. Inst.
Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engr.), vol. 121:304-338,
1936. 42 refs.
A review of the historical background of Cottrell precipitators
and a discussion of the theory of conditioning blast furnace
and Dwight-Lloyd gases is followed by a summary of the
design, operation, and application of various Cottrells. In-
cluded are the exposed pipe, submerged pipe, plate, rod-cur-
tain, screen, and cylindrical-rod designs. Collection of lead and
zinc dusts and fumes by the Cottrell process at a selected
number of representativ smelters is described.
25589
Kirkpatrick, S. D.
TRAIL SOLVES ITS SULPHUR PROBLEM. Chem. Met.
Eng., 45(9):483-485, Sept. 1938. 2 refs.
The iron and zinc concentrates used at the Trail Smelter
average about 400 tons of sulfur per day, which when roasted
yield gases containing from 0.7 to 6.8% sulfur dioxide. In the
past, all but 10% of the sulfur had been recovered as sulfuric
acid for use by the company's fertilizer plant. Now an elemen-
tary sulfur recovery plant has been built to recover the
remaining sulfur. In essence, this sulfur recovery process con-
sists of absorbing the SO2 from the roaster gases in ammoni-
um sulfite solution from which it is eliminated as 100% SO2 by
treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid. Pure SO2 is then
reduced by incandescent coke to elemental sulfur which is
refined to 99.99% brimstone, that is sold to the paper and pulp
industry and to farmer's for crop dusting. Equipment used in
the process includes lead towers, packed with wood-plank for
absorption of SO2; iron plate-and-frame filter presses for
removing any solids carried over from the roasters; and lead
towers, packed with acid-proof brick, for eliminating SO2
from the absorbing solution. The coke- fired reduction furnace
is essentially a gas producer in which large amounts of carbon
oxy-sulfide are formed. To convert the carbon oxy-sulfide to
sulfur and carbon dioxide, exit gases from the reduction fur-
nace are passed to a catalyst column where the reducing reac-
tion is completed. The gases are then cooled, most of the sul-
fur condensed as a liquid, and what is remaining is
precipitated as a mist in Cottrell treaters.
26107
Ichijo, M.
TECHNOLOGY OF POLLUTION-CONTROL IN ZINC AND
LEAD SMELTING. (Aen oyobi nanari serien ni okeru kogai
boshi gijutsu). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku (Metals) (Tokyo),
41(l):118-m, Jan. 1 and 15, 1971.
Cadmium production by zinc smelting is a serious pollution
problem, even though the amount generated is very small
(about 1/400 of zinc). The pollutant is a source of contamina-
tion whether discharged with smelter effluent or contained in
solid waste. Though present in an even smaller proportion,
cadmium is also found in lead; and both lead and zinc produc-
tion are increasing. Flow sheets are given for both wet and dry
zinc smelting processes and lead smelting processes. Attempts
to recover cadmium and recycle it to the smelting operation
have not significantly reduced emissions. Currently the ef-
fluent is being treated with calcium carbonate or calcium
hydroxide. A process for recovering these compounds as sul-
fides is in the development stage. Other control methods under
study are ion exchange, multi-stage flush condensation, and
the Duval and cyanide methods used in copper smelting.
27470
FLUIDIZED BEDS-PART I: FLUIDIZED REACTORS
BECOMING POPULAR. Can. Chem. Process., 55(2):20, 21,
24, Feb. 1971.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
Canada's pulp and paper and metallurgical industries are in-
creasingly turning to fluidized-bed reactor systems since these
offer thermal efficiency and uniformity of reactor environ-
ment. Basically, a fluidized bed functions when a bed of solid
particles is set in fluid motion by directing a stream of gas,
under carefully controlled conditions, up through the bed. The
gas stream forces a passage between the particles, setting
them in homogeneous motion and causing the solids to take on
a fluid character. Advantages resulting from this fluidized state
are temperature control, continuity of operation, hea transfer,
and catalysis. A new application of the fluidized-bed reactor is
the reduction of zinc concentrates to calcine. One plant has
solved the problem of removing the calcine dust from sulfur
dioxide-containing roaster gases by a combination cyclone-
electrostatic precipitator system. The roaster plant is provided
with control instrumentation for sulfur dioxide analysis and
precipitator electrical data. An important feature of the
fluidized bed reactor in iron ore reduction is the reduced gas
throughput and resulting higher SO2 concentrations in the gas
which permit more efficient acid production. The heat of reac-
tion in this type of reactor is commonly scavenged to provide
process steam.
27597
Semrau, Konrad T.
CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM PRIMA-
RY COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC SMELTERS--A REVIEW.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 39p.,
1970. 140 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970,
Paper 70-97.)
The methods of control of sulfur dioxide emissions from pri-
mary copper, lead, and zinc smelters are reviewed. The prin-
cipal barrier to control is economical rather than technical.
The processes of copper, lead, and zinc smelting are
described. Method for control and useful recovery of sulfur
oxide emissions are placed into 3 categories: systems produc-
ing sulfuric acid; systems producing concentrated sulfur diox-
ide, either for use as such or as an intermediate in production
of some other materials, such as sulfuric acid or elemental sul-
fur; and systems producing elemental sulfur. Processes
described include a conventional gas cleaning and conditioning
system for a sulfuric acid plant consisting of scrubbing towers
and a wet-type electrostatic precipitator, the Asarco DMA ab-
sorption system, the Cominco ammonia absorption system the
Lurgi Sulfacid process, the Monsanto Cat-Ox process, the Bo-
liden process, the Asarco Brimstone process, the TGS
process, and the Claus process.
28267
SULPHURIC ACID, FERTILISERS AND ELEMENTAL SUL-
FUR FROM FURNACE GASES. Chem. Eng. Mining Rev.,
30(350):49-51, Nov. 15, 1937.
About 20 tons/day of sulfur is evolved in the zinc roasting sec-
tion and 160 tons in the lead roasting section at Trail, B. C.
About 60% of the content of the zinc gases is fixed directly as
sulfuric acid; the balance is absorbed by passing through
several towers until the sulfur dioxide content is reduced from
6% to 0.1%. The resulting ammonium bisulfite soulution is
then treated in a tower with sulfuric acid; SO2 is liberated and
ammonium sulfate solution obtained from which the salt may
be crystallized by evaporation. The SO2 gas, together with ox-
ygen from a liquid-air distillation plant, is blown into a
modified water-gas producer, where the reaction with incan-
descent coke produces carbon dioxide and sulfur gas, plus a
certain amount of carbon oxysulfide and carbon monoxide.
Sulfur dioxide is added to the exit gases in the proportion
required to convert the oxysulfide to CO2, and the gases lead
to waste-heat boilers and a Cottrell electrostatic plant, where
liquid sulfur is produced. Further treatment by electrostatic
precipitators raises the grade of the sulfur to 99.95%. Present
production of the sulfur plants is 450 tons of sulfuric acid/day
and 45 tons of sulfur/day.
28595
Semrau, Konrad T.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF NEW SULFUR OXIDE CONTROL
PROCESSES FOR APPLICATION TO SMELTERS AND
POWER PLANTS. PART I: THE MONSANTO CAT-OX
PROCESS FOR APPLICATION TO SMELTER GASES.
(FINAL REPORT). Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park,
Calif., NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-78, SRI Proj. PMU-7923,
54p., 1969 (?). 20 refs. NTIS: PB 197166
The Monsanto Cat-Ox system for sulfur oxides recovery is es-
sentially an adaptation of the contact process for sulfuric acid
manufacture. The gas containing both SO2 and oxygen is
passed through a fixed bed of catalyst at an appropriate tem-
perature, and most of the SO2 is oxidized to SO3. The gas is
then passed through an absorption tower, where the SOS is ab-
sorbed in recirculated sulfuric acid. Though developed primari-
ly for use with power plant flue gases, the Cat-Ox system can
be used on dilut gas streams (such as smelter gases) containing
2% or less SO2. In the present study, cost estimates were ob-
tained for application of the Cat-Ox system to hypothetical
copper and zinc smelters of varying sizes and producing 2%
and less SO2. Even with the richest of the gases, the acid
production cost would exceed $ll/ton, making the acid non-
competitive with that from alternative available sources. For
gases containing less than 2% SO2, acid production costs rise
rapidly with decrease in SO2 concentration. Plant size is an
additional but much less important factor in acid-production
cost.
29328
Rastas, J., E. Nyholm, and J. Kangas
MERCURY RECOVERY FROM SO2-RICH SMELTER
GASES. Eng. Mining J., 172(4): 123-124, April 1971. 1 ref.
When Outokumpu Oy put on-stream its zinc plant at Kokkola,
Finland, about half of the mercury contained in the zinc con-
centrate went to the sulfuric acid produced, and Outokumpu
had to find a method for mercury removal from roaster gases.
If roasted in a fluidized bed furnace at 950 C, the mercury sul-
fide contained in zinc concentrates decomposes and the mer-
cury vaporizes. The heat contained in the gases is recovered in
a waste-heat boiler. Dust is separated from the gas with
cyclones and electrostatic precipitators, and the gases at a
temperature of 350 C go to the sulfatizing unit. The mercury
sulfatizer is a brick-lined tower containing ceiamic packing;
here, the mercury-bearing gases are contacted by a counter-
current flow of strong sulfuric acid which sulfatizes the mer-
cury. Sulfuric acid flows from the bottom of the tower to an
intermediate storage tank, from where it is pumped through a
heat exchanger and recycled to the tower. Part of the acid is
taken from the storage tank to a thickener, where mercury
sulfate and selenium compounds are separated from the solu-
tion. Zinc and iron salts formed from the dust of the gas are
also separated from the acid in the thickener. Gas leaving the
mercury sulfatizer at a temperature of 180 C contains less than
0.2 mg/cu Nm of elemental mercury. The gas is then washed
with weak sulfuric acid in a venturi scrubber to decrease the
temperature to about 70 C and to lower the chlorine content to
a level permitted for sulfuric acid production. The underflow
-------
10
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
which is obtained when the mercury and selenium compounds
are separated from this weak acid in the thickener is combined
with the underflow of the thickener of the mercury sulfatizer.
Precipitates from the combined underflow are washed with
water. The filtered residue is mixed with lime in a certain pro-
portion, and the batch charged to a resistance-heated furnace
whose temperature is raised gradually to about 650 C. The
mercury compounds decompose, and metallic mercury
vaporized is carried out of the furnace together with an air
stream.
32260
Lepsoe, Robert
HISTORY OF THE TRAIL SMELTING PLANTS. (Historien
om Trail smelteverk). Text in Norwegian. Tidesskr. Kjemi
Bergvesen Met., 7(2):22-25, Feb. 1947.
The history of this plant, located in the Canadian province of
British Columbia, on the Columbia River just north of the U.
S. border is reviewed. The plant produces metallic lead, zinc,
cadmium, gold, tin, elemental sulfur, and sulfur dioxide gas
(for commercial use). At an earlier period, the company had
serious problems with lead poisoning among its workers, but
the institution of regular checkups, including blood tests, of
workers in contact with lead, combined with proper medical
treatments and other personnel policies, has almost eliminated
the problem. Extensive research has been done at the plant on
the problem of recovering sulfur products from the roasting
gases. Among the absorption media tested are zinc oxide,
limestone, basic aluminum sutfate, and organic bases. Granu-
lated lead slag has been found extremely effective as an ab-
sorbing agent, but at the same time its use is not economically
profitable. The basic decision of plant management was to
recover sulfur dioxide in a form in which it could be converted
to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. Reducing SO2 with coke is
complicated by the fact that coke is so expensive locally. On
the other hand, there is an abundance of carbon monoxide
available from thermo electric plants, which can be substituted
for the coke.
32319
Konopka, A. P.
PARTICIPATE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN PRIMARY
NON-FERROUS SMELTING. Preprint, American Inst. of
Chemical Engineers and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 10p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, ODenver, Colo., Sept.
1970.)
The sources and nature of paniculate emissions and control
technology in the primary smelting of aluminum, copper, lead,
and zinc are described. The high dust concentrations generated
by bauxite drying and alumina calcining frequently require
multicyclones for preliminary collection, followed by electro-
static precipitation. Installed costs for the combined system
are $4.60-$2.30/CFM, at 99+% collection efficiencies. Elec-
trolytic aluminum reduction cells pose a more complicated
emission problem: moderate-energy wet scrubbers, glass filter
bags, or flushed precipitator installations are used. Representa-
tive installed costs for the three methods are S3.00/CFM,
$2.00/CFM, and S2.00/CFM, respectively. Dry electrostatic
precipitators, preceded by mechanical collectors, are univer-
sally applied in copper smelting. Installation costs for the com-
bined equipment are S6.00/CFM for 50,000 CFM flows and
$3.00/CFM for 2,0,000 CFM flows. Large lead blast fur-
naces employ electrostatic precipitators, smaller units use
fabric filters. Installation costs of vertical flow pipe-type
precipitators in the 100,000 CFM range are S6.00/CFM. Con-
tinuous baghouses for smaller volumes cost S5.00/CFM in-
stalled. Horizontal flow plate precipitators are used on new
zinc sintering machines. Mild-steel construction is common,
and installed costs for 50,000 CFM collectors are S3.50/CFM.
Emissions from flash roasting of zinc ore are also controlled
by plate-type precipitators of mild steel construction. Installed
costs are S3.50/CFM.
32461
Kangas, J , E. Nyholm, and J. Rastas
SMELTER GASES YIELD MERCURY. Chem. Eng.,
78(20):55-57, Sept. 6, 1971.
A technique was developed which scrubs the sulfur dioxide-
rich gases from smelter or roasting operations of mercury be-
fore the gas is processed for sulfuric acid production. At the
Kokkola plant of Outokumpu Oy (Finland), zinc concentrates
are roasted in a fluidized-bed furnace at at temperature of 950
C. Mercury sulfide contained in the concentrate decomposes
completely and mercury vaporizes. The heat contained in the
gases is recovered in a waste heat boiler, and dust is separated
from the gas by means of cyclones and electrostatic precipita-
tors. Mercury-containing gases coming from the electrostatic
precipitators at a temperature of 350 C go to the sulfatizing
unit. The mercury sulfatizer is a brick-lined tower containing
ceramic packing, in which mercury-bearing gases contact a
countercurrent flow of strong sulfuric acid. Mercury and
selenium are scrubbed from the gas by the acid. Sulfuric acid
flows from the bottom of the tower to an intermediate storage
tank, it is then pumped through a heat exchanger and recycled
to the tower. Zinc and iron salts, as well as chlorides and
fluorides, can also be removed in this process. Washing the
precipitate, and the production of metallic mercury are men-
tioned.
32760
Schulz, Ulrich and Ulf Richter
THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETER ON
THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS IN NON-FERROUS METALLURGY. (Ein-
fluss technologischer Parameter auf den Abscheidegrad von
Elektrofiltern in der NE-Metallurgie). Text in German. Neue
Huette, 16(7):385-390, July 1971. 13 refs.
Experiments were conducted with a hot gas electrostatic
precipitator to determine efficient design criteria for applica-
tion to the non-ferrous metallurgical industry. A sample flow
was drawn through the precipitator from waste gases coming
from copper, tin, zinc, and lead furnaces. Dust which had
remained in the gas after passage through the precipitator was
removed with a glass fiber reinforced asbestos paper filter. Ef-
ficiency measurements, resistance determinations, and
theoretical considerations revealed that the filter temperature
and water content of the gases influence the collection effi-
ciency by relationships which are controlled by the specific
electric resistivity of dust. In the case of dusts with a resistivi-
ty of less than 10 to th 10th power ohm/cm, temperature and
dew point influence the collection efficiency via the break-
down voltage and the gas viscosity, regardless of the dust re-
sistivity.
35296
Ichijo, Michio
JAPAN TODAY: POLLUTION-FREE METALLURGY. Min-
ing Mag. (London), 125(5):471-474, Nov. 1971. 10 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
11
A pollution-free process for recovery of various metals from
Kuroko ore is described. The ore is first separated by a flota-
tion process to produce copper, lead, zinc, iron, and slime
bulk concentrates, plus tailings. The copper concentrate is
then treated by a dry method for extraction of crude copper.
Iron concentrate is treated by the Kohwa process to obtain he-
matite pellets. Lead and zinc dust from the copper concentrate
and vaporized copper, lead, and zinc chlorides from the iron
concentrate are treated in a gas-absorbing neutralization tank
and then separated from the transparent solution by precipita-
tion. Lead and zinc concentrates and slime bulk concentrates
are oxidized and leached with ferric chloride solution, separat-
ing the precipitate from the transparent solution. Sulfur is
precipitated as elemental sulfur, then the leached residue is
recycled to the flotation process. The transparent solution,
after leaching with ferric chloride, contains copper, lead, zinc,
and other metallic ions. High purity metals are obtained by
amalgam phase exchange in combination with amalgam elec-
trolysis.
35303
Cattelain, Claude
METHOD FOR TREATING ZINC BLAST FURNACE GASES.
(Metallurgical Processes Ltd., Nassau (Bahamas) and Imperial
Smelting Corp. Ltd., London (England)) U. S. Pat. 3,592,631.
4p., July 13, 1971. 8 refs. (Appl. April 11, 1968, 2 claims).
A method is presented for conveying zinc blast furnace exit
gases from a condenser to a scrubbing tower by means of a
dry crossover duct. Prior practice was to use a crossover duct
in the form of a downcomer to link the top of the condenser
with the bottom of the scrubbing tower. This crossover duct
was irrigated with water to attempt to minimize accretion of
lead and zinc oxides. However, accetions were still a problem.
In the present process, the duct is sloped upward towards the
scrubbing tower to return liquid metal to the condenser. The
scrubbing tower includes sprays for cooling and saturating the
gases in order to avoid accretion at the end of the duct or
tower. (Author abstract modified) 0
37750
Schulz, Ulrich and Ulf Richter
INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE
DEGREE OF SEPARATION OF ELECTRIC FILTERS IN
NON-FERROUS METALLURGY. (Einfluss technologischer
Parameter auf den Abscheidegrad von Elektrofiltern in der
NE-MetaUurgie). Text in German. Neue Huette, 16(7):385-390,
July 1971. 13 refs.
The flying dust generated in non-ferrous metallurgical furnaces
is mostly composed of oxidized particles of zinc, lead, tin, an-
timony, and arsenic. Sheet-type filters and electrostatic
precipitators are used for removal and recovery of these dust
types. Due to the generally high specific electric resistance of
the dust, the process can be carried out effectively only by ad-
hering to certain values of precipitation temperature and water
content of the gas phase. To establish design parameters for
the construction of precipitators for the non-ferrous metal in-
dustry, the precipitation rate of waste gases derived from vari-
ous metallurgical furnaces for copper, zinc, tin, and lead was
measured by a laboratory-type electrostatic precipitator. The
influence of precipitation temperature and water content of the
gas phase on the precipitation rate was investigated. The
results of measurements of precipitation rates and electric re-
sistance of the separated dust material, in combination with
theoretical considerations, lead to the conclusion that with
dust of a specific electric resistance of less than 10 to the 10th
ohm cm, the precipitation rate is influenced by temperature,
dew point of gas, viscosity of gas, and voltage of electric
field, independent of the specific electric resistance of the
dust. Above 10 to the 10th and up to 10 to the llth ohm cm,
the precipitation rate is related to the specific electric re-
sistance of the dust.
40760
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS IN COPPER,
LEAD AND ZINC SMELTING. Bureau of Mines Information
Circ., no. 8527:1-62, 1971 6 refs.
Removal of sulfur oxides from copper, lead, and zinc smelter
gases will require substantial capital investment. The copper
smelting industry anticipates expenditures of $600 million in
order to conform to a 10% standard. The lead and zinc indus-
try is expected to spend at least $100 million. According to in-
dustry specialists the smelting cost of copper may rise 4
cents/lb from current levels of 4 to 6 cents/lb. Lead is ex-
pected to increase 2 to 4 cents over the current cost of 2
cents/lb. Zinc may increase 1.5 cents/ Ib from its current price
of 6 cents/lb. Companies may find it difficult to pass the cost
on to the ultimate consumer. Controversy has arisen between
the metals industry and governmental control agencies over
the status of stack gas desulfurization processes. New markets
for sulfuric acid produced during effluent gas scrubbing must
be discovered. Air pollution regulations and emission stan-
dards are mentioned. Sulfur dioxide control methods include
tall stacks, conversion to H2SO4 by the contact method, ab-
sorption, lime and limestone scrubbing to yield sulfur com-
pounds, and reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur.
44025
McCrea, D. H., G. J. Cinquegrane, R. J. Leister, and A. J.
Forney
EVALUATION OF SOLID MINERAL WASTES FOR
REMOVAL OF SULFUR FROM FLUE GASES. Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D. C., and IIT Research Inst., Chicago,
m., Proc. Miner. Waste Util. Symp., 3rd, Chicago, 111., 1972,
p. 153-160. 5 ref. (March 14-16.)
The U. S. Bureau of Mines has been investigating the use of
solid mineral wastes for removing sulfur oxides from flue
gases. A literature survey identified more than 20 materials
that are available in large quantity, have thermodynamic
potential of reacting with SO2, and can be supplied to the
North Central United States for less than $20/ton. Reactivity
of these materials toward SO2 was determined experimentally
at 130-700 C. In most cases, SO2 was absorbed, but capacity
and rate of absorption were low. However, two waste
products—red mud and lead-zinc ore tailings-absorbed sub-
stantial quantities of SO2. Lead-zinc ore tailings consist
primarily of dolomitic carbonates. Their use was evaluated in
differential kinetic experiments and by injection into a small
pulverized coal-fired furnace. Results showed that injection of
the tailings is probably less attractive than injection of
limestone. Red mud, the byproduct of bauxite refining, was
also studied in differential kinetic experiments and by injection
into the furnace. Results showed that, when the injection
method is used, the short residence time prevents efficient
SO2 removal. Experiments demonstrated, however, that if a
reactor is employed to increase residence time, a high degree
of SO2 removal can be obtained at 550 C. The red mud can be
thermally regenerated at 650 C. A conceptual regenerable
process has been suggested. (Author abstract)
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12
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
44367
Ichijo, Michio
ZINC, COPPER, AND CADMIUM REFINERIES. (Aen, do,
kadomiumu seirenjo). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku Zairyo
(Metals in Engineering), 12(5):20-26, May 1972. 14 refs.
A general discussion is given of the present status of pollution
control in various metal refineries. In 1969, only 30.7% of the
total sulfur dioxide from zinc, copper, and cadmium refineries
in the U. S. was recovered, the other 69.3% being released to
the atmosphere. A control policy has since been formulated.
Sulfur dioxide in flue gas is usually recovered as sodium
sulfite, ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, gypsum, or high con-
centrated SO2. There is a wide range of dust-generating
sources. The problem is being gradually solved through use of
cyclones, bag filters, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, and
other control equipment. The treatment of waste water and
sludges, and the removal of mercury and arsenic, are also
described. Processes for the removal of mercury from flue gas
and the wet treatment of pyrites are illustrated in flow charts.
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13
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
33045
Triplett, Gary
ESTIMATION OF PLANT EMISSIONS. Preprint, p. 15-27.
1970 (?). 21 refs.
There are times when it is not possible or practical to deter-
mine emission rates by stack sampling; in these cases emission
rates may be estimated by utilizing available emission factors.
An emission factor is the statistical average of the mass of
contaminants emitted/unit quantity of material handled,
processed, or burned. The emission factor may also be ex-
pressed as the quantity of contaminant/unit quantity of final
product or effluent volume. These factors have been
developed through stack testing or by material balance calcula-
tions. Emission factors are normally given in terms of uncon-
trolled emissions. Therefore, the type and effectiveness of
control equipment must be considered when calculating emis-
sions from controlled sources. Particle size distribution and ef-
fective stack height should also be considered. Emission fac-
tors are given for coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood burning;
solid waste disposal; incinerators; paint manufacturing; the
food and agriculture industry; primary metallurgical processing
including iron and steel manufacturing, open hearth furnaces,
basic oxygen furnaces, electrical arc furnaces, and blast fur-
naces; smelting and foundries for aluminum, brass, lead mag-
nesium, steel, and zinc; mineral processing of asphalt, calcium
carbide, cement, concrete, glass and lime; petroleum produc-
tion, and the kraft pulp industry. (Author abstract modified)
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14
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
10517
Robinson, E. and R. C. Robbins
SOURCES, ABUNDANCE, AND FATE OF GASEOUS AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS (FINAL REPORT.)Stanford
Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., SRI-P 6755, 123p., Feb.
1968. 120 rets.
An analysis of the sources, abundance, and fate of gaseous at-
mospheric pollutants is presented, considering three families
of compounds: sulfurous, nitrogenous, and organic; and two
inorganic carbon compounds: carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide. With the exception of CO2, similar patterns of
analyses of these materials a followed and rather detailed
analyses are produced. The presentati of CO2 is only a brief
review of the current state of thinking. Included are estimates
of annual world-wide emissions of pollutants SO2, H2S, CO,
NO2, NH3, and organics. The magnitudes of the natura
emanations of a variety of materials have also been con-
sidered, although the means of estimating these emissions are
very crude because so little study has been made of emissions
from other than urban air pollution sources. Sulfur com-
pounds, in the form of SO2, are currently the most topical of
the numerous air pollutants. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as
air pollutants in the form of SO2, H2S, H2SO4, and particu-
late sulfates; and as natural emanations in the form of H2S
and sulfates. Among the various sources of CO, automobile
exhaust accounts for more than 805 of the estimated worl wide
CO emission. The major sources for the gaseous nitrogen com-
pounds are biological action and organic decomposition in the
so and perhaps in the ocean. Aerosols containing NH4 ions
and NO3 ion are formed by atmospheric reactions involving
the various gases. Major contributions of hydrocarbons in-
clude natural CH4 emissions from flooded paddy areas, ter-
pene-class organics evolved by vegetation, and pollutant emis-
sions. A brief review of present understanding of CO2 in the
atmosphere indicates a clear example of situation where pollu-
tant emissions are significant enough to cause measurable
changes in the ambient concentrations.
26054
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo (Japan), Public
Nuisance Section
REPORT OF THE SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION OF AN-
NAKA AREA IN GUNMA PREFECTURE. (Gunma-ken An-
naka chiku kankyo osen chosa kkeka hokoku-sho). Text in
Japanese. 108p., June 1970.
In May and October in 1969, oxidized sulfur, suspended dust,
metallic ingredients, and meteorological conditions (only in
May) were surveyed. In Annaka, a zinc smeltery is located on
a steep slope, and the lay of the land is complicated; the air
current there is considerably disorderly, and ordinary diffusion
equations such as Sutton and Bosanquet's cannot be applied.
Also, atmospheric temperature of the plateau and the basin
goes into reverse; this influences atmospheric pollution conspi-
ciously in winter. The highest amount of sulfur dioxide was
0.04 ppm; less than 0.03 ppm was measured at most of the sta-
tions. The hourly average of 8 daytime hours was a maximum
of 0.1 ppm at a spot withi 500 meters on the south side of the
zink smeltery. One of the characteristics of this area is that a
high level of pollution for a short period occurs frequently.
The possible cause of this is that the smoke producing equip-
ment is not in good condition for emission and diffusion. Pol-
lution did not always correspond with the amount of smoke
emitted. As to the extension of the polluted area, the south
side of smoke emitted. As to the extension of the polluted
area, the south side of the smeltery showed a remarkably low
level 600-700 m from the smeltery; but on the east side, a con-
siderably high level of pollution remained more tha 1 km from
the smeltery. The average of total amount of suspended dust
was 214 micrograms/cu m, the highest measured at the mea-
suring stations was 365 micrograms/cu m, and the daily highest
was 639 micrograms/cu m. The average amount of cadmium
was 0.10 micrograms/cu m (May) and 0.04 micrograms/cu m
(October). The average amount of lead was 1.13 micro-
grams/cu m (May) and 0.68 micrograms/cu m (October); the
amount of lead at several measuring stations was remarkably
higher than that of the other cities and towns. The amount of
cadmium and lead decreased in October. No relation was
found between the hourly changes of dust and SO2, but some
relation of the changes of the hourly average of the two during
the 8 daytime hours was recognized.
26372
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo (Japan), Public
Nuisance Section
STUDY OF POLLUTION FROM ANNAKA ZINC SMELTER.
6p., Nov. 1969. Translated from Japanese. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 7p., March 27, 1970.
The results of a survey in May 1969 of emissions from a zinc
smelter are presented. Typical daily averages of sulfur oxides
were 0.02-0.03 ppm. Suspended particulates were measured at
250 mg/cu m for one 24-hour period, going up to a high of 300
mg/cu m on another day. The daily average cadmium concen-
tratio was 0.03-0.19 mg/cu m. Particulates decreased with in-
creasing distance from the smelter, as did cadmium concentra-
tion to a very marked degree. Data collected in the survey are
given in tabular form for 13 stations.
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15
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
12777
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOLUME HI: APPENDICES C THROUGH G. Con-
tract PH 86-65-85, Rept. 993, 114p., June 1969. 130 refs. CF-
STI: PB 184 886
A systems study of the primary copper, lead, and zinc smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economic factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. Various sulfur oxides control methods, in-
cluding scrubbing, absorption, and reduction, are matched
with smelter models to determine optimum control and
production combinations. A precise analysis of the pollution
potential of an individual smelter requires meteorological data
for the specific smelter site. The variables that can be con-
sidered in such a topographical analysis include inversion
frequencies, monthly mean maximum mixing depths, surface
winds, and general airflow conditions. An analysis of the U. S.
markets for zinc, lead, and copper is presented, as well as
markets for sulfur byproducts. A literature review of control
methods for sulfur oxide emissions from primary copper, lead,
and zinc smelters is included.
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16
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
13534
Mackiw, V. N.
CURRENT TRENDS IN CHEMICAL METALLURGY. Can. J.
Chem. Eng., 46(1): 3-15, Feb. 1968. 52 refs.
Recent developments in hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy
are reviewed. Some processes presently in commercial opera-
tion and some in the developmental stage are presented from
the standpoint of extraction of metals and from their fabrica-
tion into useful materials. The chemical reactions of various
commerical processes are shown both graphically and chemi-
cally. New processes are presented for the treatment of Zn
Cu, and Pb concentrates, complex Pb-Zn, Cu, FeS2 bulk con-
centrates, and Zn plant residues. A combination of roasting
and hydrometallurgy for the recovery of molybdenum from
molybdenite is displayed diagramatically. Laterite treatment
and other investigations and reactions are reviewed. It is con-
cluded that new products from new processes will evolve
economically through a new technology.
14090
Umetsu, Yoshiyuki and Shinichiro Suzuki
ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ZINC FERRITE BY ROAST-
ING IN SO2-02-N2 ATMOSPHERE. (Atetsu aen no SO2-02-
N2 funiki ni yoru bunkai). Text in Japanese. Nippon Kogyo
Kaishi (J. Mining Met. Inst. Japan), vol. 68:529-532, 1952. 4
refs.
Zinc ferrite is easily decomposed by roasting from 600 to 800
C in an SO2-02-N2 atmosphere; the roasting temperature is de-
pendent on the partial pressure of SO2 in the atmosphere. Zinc
sulfatizes more rapidly than iron. Although the formation of
water-soluble iron decreases with a rise in roasting tempera-
ture, a certain amount of iron is still soluble at high tempera-
tures. (Author abstract modified)
17529
Watanabe, Motoo and Toshiaki Yoshida
STUDIES ON ROASTING SULFffiE ORES. (H) ROASTING
OF ZNS IN THE ATMOSPHERE WITH HIGH PARTIAL
PRESSURE OF SO2. (Ryukako no baisho ni kansuru kenkyu
(dai 2 ho) Aryusangasu bunatsu no takai kiken deno ryukaaen
no baisho). Text in Japanese. Tohoku Daigaku Senko Seiren
Kenkyusho Iho (Bull. Res. Inst. Mineral Dressing Met.),
18(2):131-140, Dec. 1962. 5 refs.
Experiments were performed on roasting zinc sulfide at 450 to
750 C in mixed gas atmospheres of 13 to 18% of O2, 12 to
35% of SO2, and in the air. The sample was prepared by
recrystallizing a reagent of extra pure grade in a process in-
volving precipitation from ammonium acetate buffer solution.
Its analysis was 65.84 Zn and 31.93% S (Zn/S equals 2.06). The
theoretical values are 67.09, 32.91, and 2.03 respectively. The
products, at low temperature or in the gas containing a large
quantity of sulfur dioxide, are rich in the basic sulfate or in
zinc sulfate, but most of those produced by roasting at high
temperatures are zinc oxide. When zinc sulfide was roasted at
high temperature, and in the atmosphere containing much sul-
fur dioxide, zinc oxide was produced. When zinc sulfide al-
most disappeared, zinc oxide turned into a basic sulfate by the
gas contained in the atmosphere. When roasting was con-
tinued, the basic sulfate changed to zinc sulfate. Weight
change and the rate of reaction are graphically shown as a
function of reaction time for several kinds of the mixed gas at-
mospheres tested.
19617
Horvath, Zoltan
STUDY OF THE THERMODYNAMICS OF REACTIONS OC-
CURRING DURING THE DEAD ROASTING OF
SPHALERITES AND PYRITES. (A szfalerit es pint oxidalo
porkolesenel lejatszodo reakciok termodinamikai vizsgalata).
Text in Hungarian. Kohasz. Lapok, 10(4):163-176, 1955. 6 refs.
The thermodynamics of a number of metallurgical reactions
are discussed: the reaction of zinc sulfide with atmospheric
oxygen to form zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide; the oxidation of
SO2 to SO3; the reaction of ZnO with SO3 to form ZnSO4;
the pyrite roasting reaction, which is the decomposition of
FeS2 to form FeS and S2; oxidation reactions which involve
FeS and S2, yielding FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, SO2, and SO3;
various reactions between sulfur trioxide and the sulfides and
oxides of iron; the oxidation of FeO to Fe2O3 and Fe3O4; the
reaction between FeO and Fe2O3, forming Fe3O4; the oxida-
tion of FeSO4 to Fe2(SO4)3 and Fe2O3; the decomposition of
the latter two products to form sulfur trioxide and oxides of
iron; the oxidation of FeS2 to form sulfur dioxide and oxides
of iron.
23798
Ingraham, T. R. and H. H. Kellogg
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTDZS OF ZINC SULFATE,
ZINC BASIC SULFATE, AND THE SYSTEM ZN-S-O. Trans.
AIME (Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engr.),
vol. 227:1419-1426, Dec. 1963. 19 refs.
The total gas pressure developed from decomposition of either
zinc sulfate or zinc oxide-2ZnSO4 in a closed system was mea-
sured. A flexible Pyrex bellows was used to separate the reac-
tion gas mixture (SO3, SO2, and O2) from the mercury in the
manometer, and thus prevent corrosion of the mercury by
SO3. In addition to the decomposition-pressure measurements
a number of auxiliary experiments involving differential ther-
mal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and x-ray diffraction
were made. Three anhydrous zinc sulfates have been
identified: ZnSO4(alpha), stable below 1007 K; ZnSO4(beta),
stable above 1007 K; and ZnO-2ZnSO4. DTA measurements
on ZnSCM consistently show a sharp and reversible endother-
mic peak at about 1007 K, indicative of crystal transformation.
Availability of reliable high temperature equilibrium data for
the various zinc sulfates makes possible the construction of
the thermodynamic phase diagrams for the ternary system,
showing the stable univariant and bivariant equilibrium rela-
tions. In the temperature interval 900-1300 K, only one true in-
variant point is found: that resulting from the crystal transfor-
mation in ZnSO4 at 1007 K. The other apparent invariant point
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 17
at 1181 K results from the arbitrary selection of 1 atm pres- equilibria exhibit SO2 pressures which are either too high or
sure to divide the fields of stability of liquid and gaseous zinc. too low for direct measurement. Application of these diagrams
Another peculiarity of the Zn-S-O system is that the univariant to problems of roasting zinc concentrates is discussed.
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18
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
03421
. H. H. Schrenk, H. Heimann, G. D. Clayton, W. M. Gafafer,
H. Wexler
AIR POLLUTION IN DONORA, PA. ^EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
THE UNUSUAL SMOG EPISODE OF OCTOBER 1948,
PRELIMINARY REPORT). Public Health Bulletin No. 306.
1949. 203 pp. GPO, HEW
In the latter part of October 1948, Donora, Pennsylvania, a
town of about 13,000 population, containing a zinc plant and a
steel and wire plant, experienced a large number of acute ill-
nesses and 20 deaths during a heavy smog. This report is
based upon a carefully made epidemiological study, ap-
proached from the biological, the engineering, and meteorolog-
ical point of view. The data collection began after the episode
was over and included: (1) Studies of acute morbidity by
house-to-house vanvass, records of fatal and hospitalized pa-
tients, and finally, study of general morbidity; (2) Study of
chronic morbidity by dental examinations of school children,
by certain chest roentgenograms, and morbidity of selected
groups of individuals; (3) Study of mortality records of the
community and comparing them with similar records of
neighboring towns; (4) Atmospheric studies of air pollutants;
(5) Evaluation of industrial plant effluents; (6) Evaluation of
air contaminants from other sources; (7) Description of the
topography of the valley in which the town is located; (8)
Micrometeorological studies of the valley; (9) Description of
the weather during the acute episode in October, 1948.
Detailed descriptions of the methods used are presented since
it was believed they would be useful to other making similar
studies. The study showed that the cause of the episode was
an accumulation in the atmosphere of chemical irritants, this
accumulation resulting from the weather inversion which ex-
isted in this pan of the country during the fateful days. The
parts played by all sources of chemical air contamination are
discussed. A section is devoted to discussing the specific agent
or agents probably responsible for the illnesses, and it is
deduced that no one agent can be indicated. It was likely that
it was due to a chemical irritant (possibly sulfur dioxide) plus
paniculate matter, although, because of the lack of knowledge
about the toxic effects of low concentrations of the irritant
gases, this cannot be said with certainty.
32842
McCaull, Julian
BUILDING A SHORTER LIFE. Environment, 13(7):2-15, 38-
41, Sept. 1971.48refs.
Cadmium pollution of the environment is reviewed with
respect to basic characteristics, emission sources, uses, con-
centration levels, and effects on human health. Cadmium dust,
fumes, and mist are emitted during the refining of zinc,
copper, land lead, as well as during extraction of cadmium.
These processes released an estimated 2.1 million pounds (45%
of total emissions) into the air in 1968. The single largest
source was the roasting and sintering of zinc concentrates. In-
cineration or disposal of cadmium-containing products con-
tributed 52% of total emissions. The processes included elec-
troplating, recycling of scrap steel, melting down scrapped au-
tomobile radiators, and incineration of solid wastes. Cadmium
concentrations in the waterways, tap water, food, vegetation,
soils, and certain commercial products (fertilizers) were deter-
mined. The toxicity of cadmium, levels of ingestion and reten-
tion in the body, and correlation with hypertension, liver
damage, bone disease, emphysema in industrial workers,
cancer, and kidney impairment are examined.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
16637
Ranft, H.
EVALUATION OF A PREVIOUS PLANTING EXPERIMENT
WITHIN THE RANGE OF THE ZINC SMELTER AT
FREIBERG. (Vyhodnoceni starsiho pokusu s vysadbou v
dosahu zinkove hute u Freibergu). Scientific and Technical
Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and Forestry
Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emission Forestry, Janske
Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XV-1 to XV-15. (Oct. 11-14.)
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs..
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, April 24, 1969.
A planting experiment on 10 ha of 40 tree and shrub species
which was started i!935 in an area of emission attack from a
metallurgical plant at Freidberg in Saxony was evaluated. The
experiment was northwest of the plant at 400 m above sea
level on a flat plain which slopes eastward to the Mulda val-
ley. The basic stratum is gray gneiss; the soil is medium-to-
deep, quite loamy, and exhibits medium sorption and nutrient
values. The trees and shrubs were planted in small stands, also
in rows and mixed groups, or former agricultural land. The
prevailing winds were from southwest to northwest and the
growing stands were injured only slightly by the stack gases
from the metallurgical plant. After the beginning of the opera-
tion of a new zinc refinery which was located a few hundred
meters northwest, an increased attack was evidence by SO2,
SO3, and iron oxide dust containing waste material. The iron
oxide dust did not prove harmful. Short-term measurements
gave peak values of more than 1.2 mg SO2/cu m of air. Inju-
ries affecting the size of leaves and fascicles, their color, with
necrosis and inhibition of growth of foliage and fascicles was
observed. The extent of current damage was determined. Mea-
surements of height and circumference, together with borings,
confirmed the more or less large decrease in yields from vari-
ous representative varieties of woody plant found in the area.
Smoke damage on trees and shrubs, based on damage manifes-
tations and yield decrease, were graded and were listed.
27489
Kobayashi, Jun, Fuji Morii, Shigeki Muramoto, and Susumu
Nakashima
EFFECT OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION ON AGRICUL-
TURAL PRODUCTS BY CD, PB, ZN ATTRIBUTED TO
MINE REFINERY IN ANNAKA CITY, GUNMA PREFEC-
TURE. (Gunma-ken Annaka-shi no seirensho ni yoru nosaku-
butsu nado no junkinsoku (Cd, Pb, Zn) osen ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Jap. J. Hyg.), 25(4):364-75,
Oct. 1970. 30 refs.
In an investigation of air and water pollution by zinc, lead and
cadmium discharged from the zinc refinery in Annaka city,
Gunma prefecture, agricultural products in the environs were
sampled and the contents of the various metals were analyzed.
The examinations were carried out twice: in October, 1968 and
in June, 1969. The quantities were measured by the atomic ab-
sorption analysis method. The contents of the metals in mul-
berry leaves in the hilly regions 400-2500 m east of the
refinery were: Cd 17 - 3.3 ppm, Zn 2590 - 360 ppm, Pb 160 -
41 ppm, and the contents of Cd and Zn showed a regression
line, (Zn) equals 141(Cd) - 107, r equal 0.998, indicating a mu-
tual relationship. For agricultural products, the results were:
fruit vegetables Cd 8.6 - 0.3 ppm, Zn 150 - 29 ppm, Pb 11 less
than 0.4 ppm, root vegetables, Cd 17 - 14 ppm, Zn 530 - 100
ppm, Pb 63 less than 0.02 ppm; leaf vegetables, Cd 61 - 3.2
ppm, Zn 7010 - 380 ppm, Pb 370 - 4.3 ppm. As to barley and
wheat, the highest levels were recorded as follows: Cd 6.8
ppm, Zn 310 ppm, and Pb 14 ppm. Moreover, the contents of
Pb in barley and wheat growing in the fields more than 1500 m
below the refinery showed higher levels than those of Pb in
barley and wheat growing in the hilly Yaden region, which is
800 - 1250 m south of the refinery; the fact indicates that the
effect of water pollution cannot be ignored. The contents of
Cd and Zn in wheat in Yaden and Iwai region showed a
regression line, (Zn) equals 41 (Cd) + 50, r equals 0.95, in-
dicating significant relationships. Also in Yaden region, higher
levels of metals were found in leaf vegetables compared with
root vegetables and fruit vegetables and in Annaka city, rice
was not the only polluted agricultural product but leaf vegeta-
bles were especially highly polluted.
32335
Schoenbeck, Helfried
THE APPLICATION OF THE TEST PLANT METHOD. A
MODIFICATION OF SAURER S PLANT INDICATOR
METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF PLANT DAMAGING
IMMISSIONS. (Die Anwendung der Testpflanzenmethode. Ei
Modifikation des Saurerschen Fangpflanzenverfahrens zum
Nachweis von Pflanzenschaedigenden Immissionen). Text in
German. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych
Gornoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego, Mater. Mied-
zynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen Powietrza na
Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p. 313-325. 9 refs. (Sept. 9-
14.)
Proof that damage to vegetation by emissions from a zinc
smelter was obtained by cultivating identical plants at various
distances downwind from the smelter and in an uncon-
taminated locality. To eliminate differences in soil and other
environmental factors holes were made in the ground, lined
with plastic to prevent interaction with the surrounding soil,
and filled with loamy sand containing 20 mg Zn/100 g soil plus
11.4 mg Pb/100 g soil (contaminated soil) and 4.0 mg Zn/100 g
soil plus 5 mg Pb/100 g soil (normal soil). Both soil types were
used side by side in all experimental sites. Summer wheat,
beans, oats, and sugar beet were used as experimental plants.
Since damage to the control area plants was due only to the
contaminated soil, any additional damage in a polluted at-
mosphere could be ascribed to the effect of atmospheric pollu-
tants. Wheat grain yield at various distances from the smelter
was 46-77% lower than the yield in the control area. Other cul-
tures suffered comparably. Generally the damaging effect of
air pollution on plant growth was smaller than that of the
metal salt pollutants in the soil. The Zn, Pb, and S levels in
plant tissues decreased with increasing distance from the zinc
smelter.
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20
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
44497
Buchauer, Marilyn Jordan
EFFECTS OF ZINC AND CADMIUM POLLUTION ON
VEGETATION AND SOILS. Rutgers-The State Univ., New
Brunswick, N. J., Dept. of Botany, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor,
Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1971, 44p. 106 refs.
The fate of emitted heavy metals and the effects of zinc and
cadmium on vascular plants has been investigated and the rela-
tive importance of pollution and fire as causal agents of the
vegetation damage evaluated at the Lehigh Gap area in
Pennsylvania was evaluated. Soil and foliage samples were
analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with up to
8% zinc and 1500 ppm cadmium by weight found in the air-
dried, less than two mm fraction soil horizons. Approximately
90% of added metals are retained in the upper 15 cm of the
soil. Trees near the smelters contained up to 4500 ppm zinc
and 70 ppm cadmium by weight in overdried foliage. Elevated
concentrations of zinc were detected in soil and vegetation up
to 10 km west and 20 km east of the smelters. In sand culture
nutrient solutions, 10 ppm cadmium and 100 ppm zinc were
lethal to seedlings of Quercus rubra and Acer rubrum while
Arenaria patula tolerated 100 ppm zinc with no visible effects.
Forests in burned and unburned areas on Blue Mountain were
sampled for density and percent cover of tree, shrub, and herb
species. Sassafras albidum and Nyssa sylvatica are among the
most common tree species in the severely denuded areas.
Nearly all species which normally invade burned areas are ab-
sent or rare at Lehigh Gap. High soil metal levels, erosion,
and desiccation are the main factors preventing re-vegetation
of the barren areas of Lehigh Gap. (Author abstract modified)
46788
Little, P. and M. H. Martin
A SURVEY OF ZINC, LEAD AND CADMIUM IN SOIL AND
NATURAL VEGETATION AROUND A SMELTING COM-
PLEX. Environ. Pollut., no. 3:241-254, July 1972. 19 refs.
Analysis of samples of leaves and soil collected in the Avon-
mouth area of Severnside, Great Britain, showed the distribu-
tion of airborne zinc, lead, and cadmium to be strongly af-
fected by prevailing wind conditions. Levels of zinc, lead, and
cadmium in elm leaves collected in October 1971 ranged from
8000, 5000, and 50 ppm dry matter close to a smelting com-
plex, to values of about 200, 100, and less than 0.25 ppm,
respectively, at distances of 10-15 km from the factory. The
Avonmouth industrial complex includes the largest lead and
zinc smelting plant in the world. Determinations of metal con-
tent were made using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer,
and results of the analyses are presented in the form of con-
centration contour maps. (Author abstract modified)
46802
Nash, Thomas H., Ill
SIMPLIFICATION OF THE BLUE MOUNTAIN LICHEN
COMMUNITIES NEAR A ZINC FACTORY. Bryologist,
75(3):315-324, 1972. 16 refs.
The effect of zinc factory emissions on lichen communities
was investigated. In Lehigh Water Gap near a zinc factory,
species diversities of corticolous, saxicolous, lignicolous, and
terricolous lichen communities were markedly reduced as com-
pared to the specied diversities of lichen communities in
Delaware Water Gap. Nine lichen species were found in
Lehigh Water Gap; 84 were found in Delaware Water Gap.
Foliose, fruticose, and crustose species, respectively, were in-
creasingly more tolerant of the conditions around the zinc fac-
tory. The effect of factory emissions on the lichen flora was
discernible up to 6 km to the west and 15 km to the east of
Lehigh Water Gap. (Author abstract modified)
48167
Leibetseder, Josef, Monika Skalicky, Abdul Hakim Said,
Alfred Kment, Erich Glawischnig, and Gerd Schlerka
STUDIES OF THE TOXIC EFFECT OF HAY ON CATTLE IN
SMOKE-INJURED AREAS. (Untersuchungen ueber toxische
Wirkungen von Heu aus Rauchschadengeibieten beim Rind).
Text in German. Z. Erzbergbau Metallhuettenwesen,
25(10):493-505, 1972. 21 refs.
In the vicinity of zinc, lead, and sulfuric acid plants in Arnold
stein, Avistria, the extent of injuries to the vegetation by the
emissions from these plants was determined. The hay from the
smoke-injured area was used for feeding experiments with
seven test cows for determination of any possible intoxication
through the higher lead, zinc, and fluorine intake with the
fodder. With the exception of spots on the teeth of about 1/3
of the test cows, no symptoms of intoxication with these ele-
ments could be determined The feeding experiment lasted 6
months. The lead and zinc concentration of the examined hay
was above normal, but below the toxic limit. The fluorine con-
centrations were on the upper limit of the normal values. Clini-
cal examinations including blood tests carried out at 2-week in-
tervals were negative. The lead and zinc concentrations of
blood, blood plasma, feces, urine, milk, and hair were below
the toxic range. The fluorine concentration in the bones ex-
cluded any fluorine intoxication. The milk production of the
test animals, however, was significantly lower by 0.64
I/animal/day (average over the total duration of the feeding ex-
periment*), compared to the control animals.
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21
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
30696
LeSourd, D. A., M. E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstle, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SPECIFIED AIR POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
ADI QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL REPORT).
Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA 70-60, RTI Proj.
OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec. 1970. 328 refs. NTIS:
PB 197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a national basis and in terms of unit investment and annual
operating and maintenance costs as well as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs. The analyses cover the estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976. Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected industries
and the Nation are also determined. Finally, an extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile sources
selected for analysis are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and particulates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation. Mobile sources include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty trucks. Stationary sources studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam- electric
power plants, asphalt batching, brick and tile, coal cleaning,
cement, elemental phosphorus, grain handling and milling
(animal feed), gray iron, iron and steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and storage, petroleum refineries,
phosphate fertilizer, primary non-ferrous metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and air pollution control engineering
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and the cost impact on each industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)
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22
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
06580
RESTRICTING EMISSION OF DUST AND SULPHUR DIOX-
IDE IN ZINC SMELTERS. (Auswurfbegrenzung Zinkhutten.)
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany-(Sept. 1961). 33 pp. Ger. (Tr.)
(VDI 2284.)
Descriptions of installations and processes for the production
of zinc which lead to the formation of sulfur dioxide and dust
were presented. Factors influencing dust and sulfur dioxide
emissions, means of reducing these emissions, and established
limits and guide values for permissible dust emissions from
new installations are discussed.
14443
Knop, W.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NON-FERROUS METAL IN-
DUSTRIES. II. PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
OF THE NON-FERROUS METAL INDUSTRY AND EMIS-
SION STANDARDS. (Luftreinhaltung im NE-Metall-Betrieb.
II. Staub-und gasfoermige Emissionen der NE-Metallindustrie
und die Emissionsbegrenzung.) Text in German. Metall.,
22(12):1266-1271, Dec. 1968. 21 refs.
In this review article, the West German air pollution laws and
regulations as applied to metallurgical plants are compiled and
discussed. In the aluminum industry, dust arises both in the
production of aluminum oxide from bauxite and in the elec-
trolytic furnaces. The most dangerous component of the waste
gas is fluoride of which the maximum allowable concentration
is 2.5 mg/cu m. Lead refineries emit considerable amounts of
dust, up to 15 g/cu m waste gas, which contains metal com-
pounds in the form of sulfates, oxides, sulfides, and coke
dust. The pollutants originating in the various steps of lead
production are discussed in detail. The threshold limit value
(TLV) oi lead is 0.2 mg/cu m. Electrometallurgical furnaces
for iron and steel alloys emit very fine dusts (less than 0.4
micrometer), typically up to 250 kg/hr at 10,000 kva capacity.
Metal oxides predominate, especially iron and silicon oxides.
The waste gases of copper ore refineries contain mostly fly
dust and sulfur compounds. The dust contains copper, zinc,
and sulfur. Typical concentrations at various stages are listed.
The TLV of copper is 1 mg/cu m. Emissions of zinc plants are
listed, and waste gas and soot emissions of oil, coke, and coal
furnaces are discussed in detail. Special problems are posed by
scrap metal refineries, where plastics and varnishes cause air
pollution. Typical examples are cited.
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23
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
44265
Gabrisch, R.
DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTS OF LEGAL REGULATIONS
CONCERNING METALLURGICAL PLANTS AND REMELT-
ING PLANTS. (Entwicklung und Auswirkung behoerdlicher
Auflagen fuer Metallhuetten und Umschmelzwerke). Text in
German. Preprint, Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten und
Bergleute, Clausthal-ZeUerfeld (West Germany), 12p., 1972.
(Presented at the Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten und
Bergleute-Hauptversammlung, Stuttgart, West Germany, April
26- 30, 1972.)
One hundred and forty-four metallurgical plants and recasting
plants existed in the Federal Republic and West Berlin in 1971.
The total turnover was about one billion dollars, 0.8% of the
entire industrial turnover. Despite this relatively small fraction
of the total industrial turnover, the expenditures for air pollu-
tion control measures are remarkable. The new regulations
which became effective in 1971 tie the licensing of all melting
plants for non-ferrous metals to the presence of the most
modern air pollution cleaning facilities. Vacuum melting plants
and melting plants for up to 50 kg light metals or 200 kg heavy
metals and melting plants for precious metals are excluded. In
1964 the Technical Directives for the Maintenance of Clean
Air (TAL) were enacted. They demanded that the sulfur diox-
ide emissions by lead and zinc plants be reduced as far as
possible by passing the roasting and sintering gases to a sul-
furic acid production plant. The particulate emissions were
limited to 400 mg/cu m during continuous operation for waste
gases from lead blast furnaces, from lead reverberatory fur-
naces, and from zinc muffle furnaces. The particulate emission
from lead refineries and zinc distillation plants was limited to
200 mg/cu m. Emissions from copper processing could contain
as much as 500 mg/cu m dust. In 1966 this limit was reduced
to 300 mg/cu m. For secondary aluminum plants a guideline is
being worked out which will recommend the limitation of the
particulate emissions from all melting aggregates to 150 mg/cu
m and from thermal degreasing plants to 100 mg/cu m. In
secondary zinc and copper plants, the maximum allowable
emission will be limited to 50 mg/cu m because of the toxicity
of zinc and copper. The metal recovery from old cables is con-
nected with emission problems which still require a solution.
At present no cable burning plant in Germany is equipped with
any dust cleaning devices.
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AUTHOR INDEX
25
ARGENBRIGHT L P *B-21309
AVER F A J-30696
B
BEVERIDGE T R A-34788
BINGHAM T E J-30696
BUCHAUER M J 'H-44497
CATTELAIN C 'B-35303
CINQUEGRANE G J B-44025
CLAYTON, G D G-03421
COOLBAUGH W E 'A-13814
ICHIJO M 'B-26107, "B-35296, *B-44367
INGRAHAM T R *F-23798
ITO H A-29539
DAVIS W E
DEAN R S
D
•A-44781
•A-32567
EDA S 'A-29539
FOGEL M E J-30696
FORNEY A J B-44025
FUNAYAMA Y A-29539
GABRISCH R "L-44265
GAFAFER, W M G-03421
GERSTLE R W J-30696
H
HALLEY J H *A-35224
HEIMANN, H G-03421
HIGH D M A-45858
HIKICHI H A-29539
HILL E L J-30696
HORVATH Z *F-196P
JOHNSON, G A *
B-06091
KANGAS B-29328
KANGAS J *B-32461
KARWETA S A-29572
KATO Y 'B-21324
KELLOGG H H F-23798
KIRKPATRICK S D 'B-25589
KIRKPATR1CK W S B-23530
KNOP W 'A-17471, "K-14443
KOBAYASH1 J "H-27489
KONOPKA A P 'B-32319
LANGE, A *B-10558
LEISTER R J B-44025
LEPSOE R *B-23530, 'B-32260
LESOURD D A 'J-30696
LITTLE P 'H-46788
LUDWIG, J H A-12074
LUKEY M E 'A-45858
LUND, R E B-06091
M
MACKIW V N »F-13534
MARTIN M H H-46788
MCCAULL J 'G-32842
MCCREA D H *B-44025
MCNAY B E A-35224
MONTAGUE H L 'A-42225
MORII F H-27489
MURAMOTO S H-27489
N
NAGAYAMA S A-29539
NAKASHIMA S H-27489
NASH T H III "H-46802
NEIDER R F A-13814
NELSON K W 'A-30447
NICHOLS G B A-26441
NISHIYAMA K A-29539
NYHOLM E B-29328, B-32461
o
OGLESBY S JR *A-26441
PAKHOTINA, N S 'A-08147
PALUCH J *A-29572
PETERSON, K F B-06091
PREBLE B B-21309
PROCTOR P D *A-i4788
RANFT H "H-16637
RASTAS J 'B-29328, B-32461
REID J H 'A-13815
RICHTER U B-32760, B-37750
ROBBINS, R C D-10517
ROBINSON, E 'D-10517
ROHRMAN, F A *A-12074
SCHLEICHER A R J-30696
SCHOENBECK H "H-32335
SCHRENK, H H *G-03421
SCHULZ U 'B-32760, *B-37750
SEMRAU K T *B-27597, *B-28595
SUZUKI S F-14090
SWAIN R E 'A-24285, A-32567
TAKAHASHI N 'A-40182
TEWORTE W M *A-25178
TRINKS, W B-10558
TRIPLETT G 'C-33045
U
UMETSU Y *F-14090
W
WATANABE M 'F-17529
WELCH H V 'B-24553
WEXLER, H G-03421
-------
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
27
ABATEMENT L-44265
ABSENTEEISM G-03421
ABSORPTION A-25178, B-35296, D-10517
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) A-12751,
A-12823, A-32567, B-23530, B-24321,
B-25589, B-27597, B-32260, B-40760,
B-44025, E-12777
ACIDS A-08147, A-12751, A-12823,
A-17471, A-25178, A-26441, A-32567,
A-35224, A-39462, A-42676, A-45858,
B-21309, B-25589, B-27470, B-27597,
B-28595, B-29328, B-32461, B-40760,
D-10517, H-48167, J-30696
ACUTE G-03421, G-32842
ADAPTATION H-46802
ADMINISTRATION D-26372, G-03421,
H-44497
AEROSOLS A-42676, D-10517, G-03421
AFTERBURNERS A-39462
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES G-03421
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA H-32335
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS D-26372, G-03421,
H-44497
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-08147, A-29572, A-30647, A-44781,
D-10517, D-26054, D-26372, G-03421,
H-44497
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-30647,
K-14443
ALASKA D-10517
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-12751,
A-12823, B-27597, B-40760, B-44025,
E-12777
ALUMINUM A-17471, A-34916, A-34921,
A-39462, A-40182, A-42676, A-43271,
A-45858, B-21324, B-32319, C-33045,
J-30696, L-44265
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-25178,
A-26441, A-30447, K-14443
ALUMINUM OXIDES A-17471, B-44025
ALVEOLI G-03421
AMMONIA A-45858, B-24321
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-45858,
B-23530, B-24321, B-25589
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-29539,
G-03421, H-44497, H-46788
ANIMALS A-24285, G-03421, G-32842,
H-48167
ANNUAL G-32842
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS A-24285,
B-37750
AREA SURVEYS D-26372, G-03421,
H-44497
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-08147,
A-24285, A-40182, B-37750, B-44367,
G-03421, K-14443
ASIA A-29539, A-30647, A-40182,
B-21324, B-26107, B-35296, B-44367,
D-26054, D-26372, F-14090, F-17529,
G-32842, H-27489
ASPHALT A-39462, C-33045, J-30696
ASPIRATORS A-08147
ASTHMA G-03421
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS D-26054,
E-12777, H-46788
AUTOMOBILES J-306%
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
J-306%
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS D-10517
AUTOPSY G-03421
B
BAG FILTERS A-08147, A-13815,
A-24285, A-43271, B-06091, B-21324,
B-32319
BARLEY H-27489
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-26441,
C-33045
BATTERY MANUFACTURING G-32842
BERYLLIOSIS G-03421
BESSEMER CONVERTERS C-33045
BLAST FURNACES A-26441, A-45858,
B-24553, B-32319, B-35303, C-33045
BLOOD CHEMISTRY H-48167
BLOOD PRESSURE G-32842
BOILERS J-30696
BONES G-32842
BRICKS J-30696
BRONCHITIS G-03421
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-12751,
A-12823, A-13815, A-24285, A-25178,
A-32567, A-35224, B-21309, B-23530,
B-24321, B-25589, B-27470, B-27597,
B-28267, B-28595, B-29328, B-32260,
B-32461, B-35296, B-40760, B-44367,
E-12777, L-44265
CADMIUM A-30647, B-44367, D-26372,
G-03421
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-13814,
A-17471, A-29539, A-30647, A-40182,
B-26107, B-32260, G-32842, H-27489,
H-44497, H-46788, K-14443
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-29572
CANADA A-13814, A-13815, B-23530,
B-24321, B-25589, B-27470, B-28267,
B-32260, G-03421
CANCER G-32842
CARBON BLACK A-26441, A-39462,
A-45858
CARBON MONOXIDE A-42676, B-32260,
G-03421, J-30696
CARBONATES B-10558, B-44025
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES G-03421
CATALYSIS B-23530, B-24321, B-27470
CATALYSTS B-24321
CATALYTIC OXIDATION B-27597,
B-28595, B-32260
CATTLE H-48167
CEMENTS A-26441, A-39462, C-33045,
J-30696
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-39462,
A-43271, B-27470, B-29328, B-32319,
B-32461
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-12751,
A-12823, A-26441, A-32567, B-23530,
B-24321, B-27470, B-29328, B-35296,
B-40760, E-12777, F-13534, F-14090,
F-17529, F-23798
CHILDREN G-03421
CHLORIDES A-42676, B-32461, B-35296,
G-03421
CHLORINE A-45858
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-42676,
B-32461, B-35296, G-03421
CHRONIC G-03421, G-32842
CLAY A-39462, B-44025
CLOUDS D-10517
COAL A-39462, A-44781, A-45858,
C-33045, D-10517, J-30696
CODES K-14443
COKE A-26441, A-43271, B-25589,
B-32260
COLLECTORS A-39462, A-43271,
B-21324, B-27470, B-29328, B-32319,
B-32461
COMBUSTION GASES A-12074, A-12751,
A-12823, A-24285, A-26441, A-29539,
A-32567, A-35224, A-42676, A-45858,
B-21309, B-23530, B-27470, B-27597,
B-28595, B-29328, B-32461, B-32760,
B-35303, B-40760, B-44025, B-44367,
C-33045, D-10517, D-26054, E-12777,
G-03421, G-32842, K-06580, K-14443,
L-44265
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-12074,
A-12751, A-12823, A-24285, A-26441,
A-29539, A-30447, A-32567, A-35224,
A-42676, A-44781, A-45858, B-21309,
B-23530, B-27470, B-27597, B-28595,
B-29328, B-32260, B-32461, B-32760,
B-35303, B-40760, B-44025, B-44367,
C-33045, D-10517, D-26054, E-12777,
G-03421, G-32842, K-06580, K-14443,
L-44265
CONCRETE C-33045
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
D-10517
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-26441,
A-39462, C-33045, J-30696
CONTACT PROCESSING B-28595,
B-32461
CONTROL AGENCIES B-40760
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-08147,
A-12751, A-12823, A-13815, A-24285,
A-26441, A-30447, A-39462, A-43271,
B-06091, B-10558, B-21324, B-23530,
B-24553, B-25589, B-27470, B-27597,
B-28595, B-29328, B-32319, B-32461,
B-32760, B-35303, B-37750, B-44367,
C-33045, E-12777, G-03421, K-06580
CONTROL METHODS A-08147, A-12751,
A-12823, A-13814, A-13815, A-24285,
A-25178, A-29539, A-30447, A-30647,
A-32567, A-35224, A-42676, B-21309,
B-23530, B-24321, B-25589, B-26107,
B-27470, B-27597, B-28267, B-28595,
B-29328, B-32260, B-32461, B-35296,
B-35303, B-40760, B-44025, B-44367,
-------
28
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
I. 10517, E-12777, J-30696, K-06580,
L-4J265
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES F-14090
COPPER A-12074, A-17471, A-24285,
A-30447, A-30647, A-34916, A-39462,
A-42676, A-43271, B-21309, B-27597,
B-28595, B-32319, B-32760, B-35296,
B-37750, B-40760, B-44367, C-33045,
D-10517, F-13534, G-32842, J-30696,
L-44265
COPPER ALLOYS A-30447, A-42676,
C-33045
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-12751,
A-12823, A-24285, A-26441, A-29539,
A-30447, A-35224, B-35296, E-12777,
K-14443
COSTS A-12751, A-12823, A-25178,
A-26441, A-34921, A-39462, B-21309,
B-28595, B-32319, B-40760, E-12777,
J-30696, L-44265
COTTON GINNING A-39462
COUGH G-03421
CRITERIA A-12823, E-12777, H-32335
CROPS G-32842, H-27489, H-32335,
H-48167
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE F-23798
CUPOLAS A-26441, C-33045
CYANIDES A-40182
CZECHOSLOVAKIA G-03421
D
DECOMPOSITION B-29328, F-14090,
F-23798
DECREASING L-44265
DENSITY A-29539
DEPOSITION A-29572, D-10517
DESIGN CRITERIA A-26441, B-24553,
B-32760, B-35303
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
A-45858
DIAGNOSIS G-03421
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM G-03421, G-32842
DISPERSION A-32567
DIURNAL D-26054, D-26372, G-03421
DOMESTIC HEATING D-10517, G-03421,
J-30696
DONORA G-03421
DRY CLEANING A-45858
DUST FALL A-29572, D-26054
DUSTS A-08147, A-13814, A-13815,
A-17471, A-26441, A-39462, A-40182,
A-42676, A-43271, B-24553, B-27470,
B-29328, B-32319, B-32461, B-32760,
B-35296, B-37750, B-44367, G-32842,
K-06580, K-14443
ECONOMIC LOSSES A-32567
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-26441,
A-45858, C-33045
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-26441, A-34788, A-39462, B-21324,
D-10517, J-30696
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-10558,
B-32760, B-37750
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-10558,
B-32760, B-37750
ELECTROLYSIS A-30447, A-42676
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-24285, A-26441, A-39462, A-43271,
B-06091, B-10558, B-24553, B-27470,
B-27597, B-29328, B-32319, B-32461,
B-32760, B-37750, G-03421, K-06580
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-44781,
D-10517, H-44497
EMISSION STANDARDS A-30647,
B-40760, J-30696, K-06580, L-44265
EMPHYSEMA G-32842
ENGINE EXHAUSTS D-10517
EPIDEMIOLOGY G-03421
EUROPE A-08147, A-17471, A-25178,
A-29572, B-10558, B-29328, B-32260,
B-32461, B-32760, B-35303, B-37750,
F-19617, G-03421, H-16637, H-32335,
H-46788, H-48167, K-06580, K-14443,
L-44265
EXCRETIONS G-03421, H-48167
EXHAUST SYSTEMS B-06091, B-35303
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT F-13534
EYE IRRITATION G-03421
FANS (BLOWERS) B-06091
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-28595
FEMALES G-03421
FERROALLOYS A-39462, A-43271
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-24285, A-34788, A-39462
FERTILIZING A-34788, G-32842
FIELD TESTS G-03421
FILTER FABRICS A-08147, A-13815,
A-39462, B-32319, B-32760, C-33045
FILTERS A-08147, A-13815, A-24285,
A-39462, A-43271, B-06091, B-10558,
B-21324, B-32319, B-32760, C-33045
FLOW RATES A-12751, A-45858, C-33045
FLUID FLOW A-12751, A-45858, B-27470,
C-33045
FLUORIDES A-17471, A-30447, A-40182,
B-32461, G-03421, J-30696
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-17471,
A-25178, A-30447, A-40182, A-42676,
B-32461, G-03421, H-48167, J-30696
FLY ASH A-26441, A-39462, B-10558
FOG D-10517
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-39462, A-45858, C-33045, J-30696
FOODS G-32842, H-48167
FORESTS D-10517
FRANCE B-35303
FRUITS H-27489
FUEL GASES A-45858, C-3.1045, D-10517
FUEL OILS A-45858, C-33045, D-10517
FUELS A-26441, A-39462, A-43271,
A-44781, A-45858, B-25589, B-32260,
C-33045, D-10517, G-03421, J-30696
FUMES A-43271, B-24553, G-32842
FUMIGATION A-32567
FURNACES A-26441, A-35224, A-39462,
A-45858, B-24553, B-28267, B-32319,
B-32461, B-32760, B-35303, C-33045,
G-03421, K-06580, K-14443, L-44265
GAS SAMPLING A-08147
GASES B-28267
GASOLINES D-10517
GERMANY A-17471, A-25178, B-10558,
B-32760, B-37750, H-16637, H-32335,
K-06580, K-14443, L-44265
GLASS FABRICS A-13815, B-32319,
C-33045
GRAIN PROCESSING A-39462, J-30696
GREAT BRITAIN H-46788
H
HALOGEN GASES A-45858, G-03421
HEADACHE G-03421
HEALTH STATISTICS G-03421
HEARINGS A-32567
HEAT TRANSFER A-35224, B-27470,
B-29328, B-32461
HEIGHT FINDING C-33045
HEMATOLOGY G-03421, H-48167
HERBS H-44497
HOURLY D-26054
HUMANS G-03421, G-32842
HUMIDITY B-32760, B-37750
HYDROCARBONS A-39462, J-30696
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-42676
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-17471,
A-45858
HYDROGEN SULFIDE G-03421
HYDROXIDES B-44025
I
INCINERATION A-26441, A-39462,
A-44781, A-45858, C-33045, D-10517
G-32842
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-29539, D-26054,
G-32842, H-46788, H-46802, H-48167
INFLUENZA G-03421
INGESTION G-32842, H-48167
INORGANIC ACIDS A-08147, A-12751,
A-12823, A-17471, A-25178, A-26441,
A-32567, A-35224, A-39462, A-42676,
A-45858, B-21309, B-25589, B-27470,
B-27597, B-28595, B-29328, B-32461,
B-40760, D-10517, H-48167, J-30696
INSPECTION A-30647
INTESTINES G-03421
INVERSION E-12777
IRON A-17471, A-34788, A-39462,
A-40182, A-43271, A-44781, A-45858,
B-21324, B-35296, C-33045, G-32842,
J-30696
IRON COMPOUNDS B-25589, B-32461,
B-35296, B-44367, F-14090, F-19617,
K-14443
IRON OXIDES A-17471, B-44025,
F-19617, H-16637, K-14443
JAPAN A-29539, A-30647, A-40182,
B-21324, B-26107, B-35296, B-44367,
D-26054, D-26372, F-14090, F-17529,
G-32842, H-27489
K
KEROSENE D-10517
KIDNEYS G-03421, G-32842
KILNS C-33045
KRAFT PULPING A-26441, A-39462,
A-45858, C-33045
LABORATORY ANIMALS G-03421,
G-32842
LABORATORY FACILITIES G-03421
LEAD A-08147, A-12074, A-30447,
A-30647, A-34788, A-34916, A-34921,
A-39462, A-42676, A-43271, A-45858,
B-21309, B-21324, B-23530, B-26107,
B-27597, B-32319, B-32760, B-35296,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
29
B-37750, B-40760, B-44025, C-33045,
D-10517, F-13534, G-32842, H-48167,
J-30696, L-44265
LEAD ALLOYS A-30447, F-13534
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-08147, A-12751,
A-12823, A-13814, A-24285, A-26441,
A-29539, A-29572, A-30447, A-32567,
A-35224, B-10558, B-24321, B-24553,
B-32260, B-35296, B-35303, B-37750,
D-26054, E-12777, H-27489, H-32335,
H-46788, H-48167, J-30696, K-14443
LEAVES A-08147, H-27489, H-46788
LEGAL ASPECTS A-32567, B-40760,
K-14443, L-44265
LEGISLATION K-14443, L-44265
LIME C-33045
LIMESTONE B-44025
LIVER G-03421, G-32842
LUNGS G-03421
M
MAGNESIUM A-43271, C-33045
MAINTENANCE A-30647, B-35303,
J-30696
MALES G-03421
MAPPING D-10517, H-46788
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-44781
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES C-33045
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-30647,
K-14443
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-08147,
A-29539, C-33045
MERCURY COMPOUNDS B-29328,
B-32461, B-44367
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-17471, A-30447, A-39462, A-40182,
A-44781, A-45858, B-10558, B-21324,
B-32319, C-33045, G-03421, G-32842,
J-30696, K-14443, L-44265
METAL POISONING A-24285, B-32260,
G-32842
METEOROLOGY A-32567, B-32760,
B-37750, D-10517, D-26054, E-12777,
G-03421, H-46788
MICROSCOPY G-03421
MILK H-48167
MINERAL PROCESSING A-26441,
A-30447, A-30647, A-39462, A-44781,
A-45858, B-44025, C-33045, J-30696,
K-14443
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-39462, B-44025
MINING A-30647
MISTS A-39462, G-32842
MOBILE G-03421, J-30696
MOLYBDENUM F-13534
MONTHLY E-12777
MORBIDITY G-03421
MORTALITY G-03421
N
NATURAL GAS A-45858, C-33045,
D-10517
NAUSEA G-03421
NITROGEN F-14090
NITROGEN OXIDES G-03421, J-30696
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-26441, A-30647, A-34788, A-39462,
A-40182, A-44781, B-44025, B-44367,
C-33045, D-10517, G-03421, G-32842,
H-27489, H-44497, J-30696
NON-URBAN AREAS D-10517
o
OATS H-32335
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH B-32260,
G-32842
OCEANS D-10517
OIL BURNERS A-45858
OPEN BURNING A-39462, D-10517,
H-44497
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-26441,
A-45858, C-33045
OPERATING CRITERIA A-12823, E-12777
OPERATING VARIABLES A-12823,
A-35224, B-21309, B-21324, B-24553,
B-32760, B-37750
OXIDATION B-35296, F-13534
OXIDES A-08147, A-12074, A-12823,
A-17471, A-24285, A-26441, A-29572,
A-30447, A-39462, A-40182, A-42225,
A-42676, A-43271, A-44781, B-06091,
B-10558, B-27470, B-32260, B-35303,
B-37750, B-44025, D-26054, D-26372,
F-14090, F-17529, F-19617, F-23798,
G-03421, H-16637, J-30696, K-06580,
K-14443, L-44265
OXYGEN B-23530, F-14090
PACKED TOWERS B-23530, B-25589,
B-29328, B-32461
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-45858,
C-33045, G-32842
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-26441,
A-39462, A-45858, B-27470
PARTICLE SIZE C-33045, D-10517
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-39462,
C-33045, D-10517
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-08147
PARTICULATES A-08147, A-13814,
A-13815, A-17471, A-26441, A-32567,
A-39462, A-40182, A-42225, A-42676,
A-43271, B-10558, B-24553, B-27470,
B-29328, B-32319, B-32461, B-32760,
B-35296, B-37750, B-44367, D-10517,
D-26054, D-26372, G-03421, G-32842,
H-16637, H-48167, J-30696, K-06580,
K-14443, L-44265
PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS)
B-40760
PENNSYLVANIA B-06091, G-03421,
H-44497
PERSONNEL A-34788
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
B-27597
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-26441
PETROLEUM REFINING A-26441,
A-39462, A-45858, D-10517
PH A-08147, A-29572
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-39462, A-45858
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-26441
PHYSICAL STATES B-27470, B-28267,
F-23798, G-03421
PITTSBURGH B-06091
PLANS AND PROGRAMS D-26372,
G-03421, H-44497
PLANT DAMAGE A-24285, H-16637,
H-32335, H-44497
PLANT GROWTH H-16637, H-32335
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-08147, A-29572,
D-10517, G-32842, H-16637, H-27489,
H-32335, H-44497, H-46788, H-46802,
H-48167
PLASTICS G-32842
PLATING G-32842
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-32567
POWER SOURCES D-10517
PRECIPITATION D-10517
PRESSURE F-17529, F-23798
PULMONARY EDEMA G-03421
PYROLYSIS F-13534
QUESTIONNAIRES G-03421
R
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION G-03421
RAIN D-10517
REACTION KINETICS B-37750, B-44025,
F-17529
REDUCTION A-12751, A-12823, A-26441,
A-32567, B-23530, B-24321, B-27470,
B-40760, E-12777, F-13534
REGULATIONS B-40760, L-44265
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES A-39462
RESIDUAL OILS D-10517
RESPIRATORY DISEASES G-03421,
G-32842
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS A-29572,
D-10517
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM G-03421
RETENTION G-32842, H-46788
RUBBER A-44781, A-45858, J-30696
RUBBER MANUFACTURING A-45858
SAMPLERS A-08147, G-03421
SAMPLING METHODS A-08147, C-33045,
G-03421
SCRUBBERS A-12751, A-12823, A-39462,
B-23530, B-25589, B-27597, B-28595,
B-29328, B-32319, B-32461, B-35303,
E-12777, K-06580
SEASONAL G-03421
SEDIMENTATION A-08147, A-29539,
B-35296
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS B-29328,
B-32461
SETTLING PARTICLES A-08147,
A-13814, A-13815, A-17471, A-26441,
A-39462, A-40182, A-42676, A-43271,
B-24553, B-27470, B-29328, B-32319,
B-32461, B-32760, B-35296, B-37750,
B-44367, D-10517, G-32842, K-06580,
K-14443
SEWAGE B-44367, D-10517
SEWAGE TREATMENT D-10517
SILICON DIOXIDE A-40182, K-14443
SINTERING A-17471, A-30447, A-40182,
A-45858, B-06091, B-32319, G-32842,
L-44265
SLUDGE B-44367
SMOG G-03421
SMOKES A-32567, A-43271, D-26054,
H-16637, H-48167
SMOKING G-32842
SNOW D-10517
SOAP MANUFACTURING A-45858
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-25178,
J-30696
SOILS A-08147, A-29539, A-29572,
D-10517, G-32842, H-32335, H-44497,
H-46788
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-26441,
A-44781, B-44025, C-3304S, D-10517,
J-30696
SOLIDS B-27470, G-03421
SOURCE SAMPLING C-33045
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30
PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-12751, A-12823,
A-13815, A-24285, A-32567, A-35224,
B-21309, B-23530, B-24321, B-25589,
B-27597, B-28595, B-32260, B-40760,
B-44025, B-44367, E-12777, L-44265
SPECTROMETRY A-29539
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY H-44497,
H-46788
SPRAY TOWERS B-35303
SPRAYS D-10517
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) D-26054,
E-12777
STACK GASES A-12751, A-12823,
A-24285, A-29539, A-35224, A-42676,
A-45858, B-27597, B-28595, B-32461,
B-32760, B-40760, B-44025, B-44367,
C-33045, D-26054, E-12777, G-03421,
G-32842, K-14443, L-44265
STACK SAMPLING C-33045
STACKS A-08147, A-24285, A-29539,
A-45858, B-40760
STANDARDS A-30647, B-40760, J-30696,
K-06580, K-14443, L-44265
STATISTICAL ANALYSES J-30696
STEEL A-17471, A-39462, A-40182,
A-43271, A-44781, A-45858, B-21324,
C-33045, G-32842, J-30696
SULFATES A-13814, B-10558, B-23530,
B-29328, F-23798
SULFIDES B-10558, B-23530, B-24321,
B-29328, F-17529, G-03421
SULFITES B-25589
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-13814,
A-25178, A-34788, B-10558, B-23530,
B-24321, B-25589, B-27597, B-28267,
B-29328, B-35296, F-17529, F-19617,
F-23798, G-03421
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-08147, A-12074,
A-12823, A-17471, A-24285, A-30447,
A-40182, A-42225, A-42676, B-06091,
B-10558, B-27470, D-26054, F-14090,
F-17529, F-19617, G-03421, H-16637,
K-06580, L-44265
SULFUR OXIDES A-08147, A-12074,
A-12823, A-17471, A-24285, A-26441,
A-30447, A-39462, A-40183, A-42225,
A-42676, A-43271, B-06091, B-10558,
B-27470, D-26054, D-26372, F-14090,
F-17529, F-19617, G-03421, H-16637,
J-30696, K-06580, L-44265
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-12751,
A-12823, A-13814, A-13815, A-24285,
A-25178, A-32567, A-35224, B-21309,
B-23530, B-24321, B-25589, B-27597,
B-28267, B-28595, B-32260, B-40760,
B-44025, B-44367, E-12777, L-44265
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-08147, A-12074,
A-24285, F-19617, H-16637
SULFURIC ACID A-08147, A-12751,
A-12823, A-25178, A-26441, A-32567,
A-35224, A-39462, A-45858, B-21309,
B-25589, B-27470, B-27597, B-28595,
B-2932S, B-32461, B-40760, D-10517,
H-48167, J-30696
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-45858, J-30696
SURFACE COATINGS J-30696
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-26441,
A-32567, A-39462, A-43271, B-10558,
B-24553, D-26054, D-26372, G-03421,
G-32842, H-16637, H-48167
SWEDEN G-03421
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-45858
SYNTHETIC RUBBEJB, A-45853
TEMPERATURE A-45858, B-10558,
B-27470, B-32461, B-32760, B-37750,
B-44025, F-14090, F-17529, F-23798
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
D-10517
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT D-26054
TESTING FACILITIES G-03421
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-45858
TEXTILES A-45858
THERMAL RADIATION B-32461
THERMODYNAMICS F-19617, F-23798
TIN A-34921, B-32760, B-37750
TIN COMPOUNDS B-32260, B-37750
TIRES A-44781
TISSUES G-03421
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
A-32567, D-26054, E-12777
TOXIC TOLERANCES H-46802
TOXICITY G-32842, H-44497, H-46802,
H-48167
TRACE ANALYSIS H-46788
TRANSPORTATION D-10517, G-03421,
J-30696
TREATMENT AND AIDS G-03421
TREES A-08147, G-32842, H-16637,
H-44497, H-46788
TRUCKS J-30696
u
UNITED STATES A-44781, B-44367
URBAN AREAS A-29539, D-10517,
D-26054, G-32842, H-46788, H-46802,
H-48167, J-30696
URINALYSIS H-48167
USSR A-08147
VARNISHES J-30696
VEGETABLES G-32842, H-27489
VEHICLES J-30696
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-29328
VETERINARY MEDICINE G-03421
VOLCANOES D-10517
VOLTAGE B-32760, B-37750
w
WASHOUT D-10517
WATER POLLUTION A-30647, A-40182,
B-44367, G-32842, H-27489
WETTING B-37750
WHEAT H-27489, H-32335
WINDS E-12777, H-46788
WOOD A-39462, A-45858, C-33045
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO
EPA-450/1-74-003
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF EMISSION
SOURCES: Primary Zinc Production
A RihHngr-Aphy with Abstracts
Aii-ri_i/-»n/£M —*
5. REPORT DATE
March 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Control Programs Development Division
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Control Programs Development Division
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park. N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Bibliography contains abstracts of the available literature
pertinent to emissions associated with the production of
primary zinc, the effects of those emissions on man and
his environment, and feasible technology for their control.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C.
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
None
21. NO. OF PAGES
35
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
None
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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