EPA-450/1-74-004
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
March 1974
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This report is published by the Environmental Protection Agency to report information
of general interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of charge - as
supplies permit - from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Copies may also be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 20402.
Publication Number EPA-450/1-74-004
11
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 8
C. Measurement Methods 18
D. Air Quality Measurements 20
E. Atmospheric Interaction 21
F. Basic Science and Technology (None)
G. Effects - Human Health 22
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock (None)
I. Effects - Materials (None)
J. Effects - Economic - ° 24
K. Standards and Criteria 27
L. Legal and Administrative 28
M. Social Aspects (None)
N. General 30
AUTHOR INDEX 31
SUBJECT INDEX 33
in
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards prepared, selected, and compiled the approximately 235 abstracts
in this bibliography. The abstracts are arranged within the categories; listed in the
Contents. The abstracted documents are thought to be representative of available lit-
erature, and no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and acces-
sion number. The author index lists all authors individually, primary authorship is in-
dicated by an asterisk. Generally, higher accession numbers have been assigned to
more recent documents.
Current information on this subject and many others related to air pollution may be
found in APTIC's monthly abstract bulletin.*
All of the documents abstracted by APTIC are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standairds , Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers
outside of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may seek the documents directly
from publishers, from authors, or from libraries.
*" Air Pollution Abstracts" , Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, B.C. 20460. Subscription price: $27 . 00 per year; $6 . 75 addition
al for foreign mailing. (More than 6300 abstracts, subject and author indexes are in-
cluded in each issue, plus two separate indexes.)
IV
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
11012
Steffora, T. J.
INDUCTION FURNACES, PREHEATERS, AND AIR POLLU-
TION. Foundry 96(8):82-86, Aug. 1968.
A basic reason for the growth of induction melting during the
last decade has been the general belief that it offers relief
from air pollution legislation pressures. That opinion has been
based chiefly on the facts that no fossil fuels are used and that
no serious metal oxidation takes place during melting. This ar-
ticle describes the results of a series of tests to determine how
induction melting and preheating meet air pollution control
regulations. In essence, the tests confirmed that the coreless
induction melter and the charge preheater can be operated in
most installations without pollution control devices, yet
comply with existing or pending emission limits. (Author's ab-
stract)
18085
Davis, J. A., R. Clark, and W. A. Gibeaut
GAS INJECTION LOWERS CUPOLA MELTING COSTS, IN-
CREASES MELTING RATES. Foundry, 97(6):66-73, June
1969.
A conventional commercial cold-blast cupola was operated for
10 days under 20 different sets of operating conditions to
determine the economic and metallurgical effects of replacing
a portion of the regular coke charge with natural gas injected
and burned above the regular tuyeres. Several tests were made
during which natural gas was burned (mostly with stoichiomet-
ric amounts of air) in place of 20, 30, 40, and 60 percent of the
normal coke charge. The conventional No. 9 1/2 cupola used
in the experiments had a normal melting rate of about 14 1/2
tons per hour with a normal coke charge. The following article
details the steps and conditions of the experiment and lists
several definite conclusions that can be drawn from the results
of the authors' work. A companion paper on the construction
and operation of the gas-injection burners will be published in
a later issue. (Author's Abstract)
26929
Wedin, Bertil
FIGHTING AIR CONTAMINATION-CLEANER AIR AN UR-
GENT NECESSITY. Svenska Flaktfabriken Rev., vol. 6-7:201-
207, 1963-1964.
Natural and man-made pollution, dispersal and concentration,
and pollution control are discussed. Oil refineries, steelworks,
foundries, cement works, plastic and fertilizer factories, and
power stations are typical generators of pollutants in larger or
smaller emissions. Sulfur-containing oils and benzopyrenes
have received too little attention in Sweden. While the threat
represented by deep valleys of Scandinavia has been clearly
demonstrated in many instances, Sweden's forests probably
play an important role as pollution control agents, since both
deciduous and coniferous trees can absorb considerable quan-
tities of airborne contaminants. While some pollutants display
synergistic characteristics causing greater injury together than
could the individual pollutants alone, there is evidence that
certain airborne substances can reduce the injurious effects of
other contaminants.
28371
Masek, Vaclav
THE COMPOSITION OF DUSTS ON WORK SITES AND IN
THE CLOSE VICINITY OF IRON WORKS. (Ueber die
Zusammensetzung der Staeube an den Arbeitsplaetzen und in
der nahen Umgebung von Eisenhuettenwerken). Text in Ger-
man. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(2):66-68, Feb. 1971. 15 refs.
The grain size distribution, specific surface area, soot content,
3,4-benzopyrene content, arsenic content, and chemical and
roentgenographic composition of dusts collected at work sites
and in the vicinity of blast furnaces, steel works, rolling mills,
and foundries of the industrial area of Ostrava in
Czechoslovakia were determined. The dust contained arouni.
30% silicon dioxide, 7% calcium oxide, 3% magnesium oxide,
15% aluminum trioxide, 15-50% ferric oxide, and 0.25% man-
ganese. The share of the dust of a grain size below 1 micron
fluctuated between 3 and 24% and above 4 micron, between 5
and 32%. The specific surface of the dust fluctuated between
1.2 and 14.1 sq m/g; the soot content, between 7 and 64%; the
3,4-benzopyrene content, between 0.1 and 13%; and the ar-
senic content, between 0.02 and 1.18%. Most of this dust falls
on cultivated land.
30446
Sebesta, William
FERROUS METALLURGICAL PROCESSES. In: Air Pollu-
tion. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 36, p. 143-169. 40 refs.
Coke, sinter, iron, and steel production and foundry opera-
tions are discussed, including process emissions and their con-
trol. Bessemer converters, open hearth furnaces, electric arc
furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, and scarfing are included in
reviewing steel manufacture, and cupolas and electric melting
furnaces are considered in foundry operations.
30613
Wasilewska, Janina and Urszula Krause
PROPERTIES OF DUST EMITTED BY METALLURGICAL
PLANTS, (Wlasnosci pylow emitowanych do atmosfery przez
urzadzenia hut zelaza). Text in Polish. Wiad. Hutnicze (Kato-
wice), 27(2): 57-61, 1971. 16 refs.
Chemico-physical properties of dust emitted into the at-
mosphere by metallurgical plants were studied. The method of
determination of these properties is described, as are the
method of sample collection and apparatus used. The chemical
composition and density of the dust were determined; its frac-
tional analysis was performed. The gases emitted into the at-
mosphere by metallurgical industry contained mostly carbon,
silicon dioxide, and iron oxides; the relative amount depended
on the character of a specific plant. Thus gases emitted from
blast furnaces contained 33% carbon, 23% SiO2, 7% iron ox-
ides; those from steel works, 51-55% iron oxides; and gases
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FERROUS FOUNDRIES
from foundries, 89-92% SiO2. The latter appear to be most
hazardous to human health, since the gas causes fibrosis of
lungs. A quantity of 45% dust from foundries consisted of par-
ticles with a diameter less than 20 micron. Fractional composi-
tion of dust varied according to plant; the finest is the dust
from steel works. The fraction with a diameter lower than 5
micron formed 60%, out of which a considerable part was of a
diameter between 0.5-1 micron. Because of its fine structure,
the dust emitted by steel works does not settle to the ground,
which indicates the necessity of using dust collectors. Further
utilization of the steel works dust rich in iron oxides is sug-
gested such as sintering the dust and returning it to production
in this form.
32040
Krause, U. and J. Wasilewska
INVESTIGATIONS OF DUST AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE
EMISSION INTO THE AIR FROM VARIOUS DEPART-
MENTS OF STEELWORKS. Hutnik (Prague), 36(3): 128-132,
1969. 7 refs. Translated from Polish. Iron and Steel Inst. Lon-
don (England), British Iron and Steel Industry Translation Ser-
vice, 9p., Oct. 1969.
A steelworks manufacturing finished products and using natu-
ral gas as its main fuel was monitored for emission of pollu-
tion in flue gases. Emissions of dust and sulfur dioxide in
smoke and fumes were measured from an electric furnace,
open-hearth furnace, cupola, reverbatory furnace, and drying
installations at the iron foundry and steel foundry manufactur-
ing rolling-mill rolls, all potential sources of emission of a
steelworks. Dust concentration was measured by sampling,
and the amount of SO2 in the fumes was determined by the
iodimetric method. The principal emission sources were the
electric furnace in the roll-casting foundry, the open-hearth
furnace in the roll-casting plant, and the cupola. The reverba-
tory furnace and the drying ovens discharged only small
amounts of dust into the air. The total dust emission from all
steelwork emission sources was 51.6 kg/hr (250.5 Mg/t/year).
The total SO2 emission was about 671 g/hr (approximately 3.2
Mg/t/year).
32252
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS
CONTROL IN THE IRON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. VOLUME
HI. APPENDIX. Kearney (A. T.) and Co Inc., Chicago, 111.,
Air Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-106, 260p.,
Feb. 1971. 735 refs. NTIS: PB-198350
An investigation was undertaken to define the air pollution
problems of the iron foundry industry, and to set priorities for
research and development work that will lead to improved
emission control capabilities at reduced cost. An extensive
search of the literature was conducted to identify and list in a
single bibliography of published material pertinent to the sub-
ject of this study. In addition to the list of 735 references, all
the data compiled on the foundries are contained in the data
bank which is a part of this appendix. Information pertaining
to material and heat balances of foundry melting furnaces is
also included. Development of a mathematical model and the
nature of input required are discussed. A sample of the materi-
al balance and heat balance outputs and the chemical reactions
considered in the model are given. A listing of the FORTRAN
IV computer program of the material and heat balance is in-
cluded. The curves used to determine the cost of pollution
control equipment are presented, as well as recommended
emission test procedures. A glossary of terms is presented.
32351
Lemke, Eric E., George Thomas, and Wayne E. Zwiacher
PROFILE OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN LOS AN-
GELES COUNTY. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif., 66p., Jan. 1969.
A profile of air pollution sources, the effectiveness of the con-
trol program, and a projection for the future in Los Angeles
are presented. The Federal Clean Air Act of 1967 figures
prominently in the future projections, because it is assumed
that California will set motor vehicle emission standards more
stringently than the Federal standards. About 13,500 tons of
air contaminants are still being emitted daily, primarily
because of automobile emissions which comprise approximate-
ly 90% of the uncontrolled emissions. Major sources are listed
with data on type and amounts of particulates emitted, and the
amounts prevented. Motor vehicle sources include exhaust,
blowby, and evaporation in gasoline-powered engines and
diesel-powered engines; the prevention methods for motor
vehicle emissions include crankcase and exhaust control.
Other sources include organic solvents (surface coating, dry
cleaning, and degreasing), chemicals (sulfur and sulfuric acid
plants), incineration, non-ferrous metal production, cupolas,
electric steel furnaces, open hearths, mineral production (in-
cluding asphalt), and petroleum (refining, marketing, and
production). Rule 62 prevents contamination from power
plants and other fuel combustion processes. Jet and piston
driven aircraft, ships, and railroads are also sources. Contami-
nants include nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrocarbons, and particulates. The distribution of chemi-
cal processing equipment, boilers, heaters, paint bake ovens,
incinerators, metal melting equipment, concrete batch plants,
petroleum processing equipment, rendering equipment, and
power plant boilers are shown. Daily emissions from fuel oil,
natural gas, and refinery make gas are shown. Also, steam and
electric power plants are discussed. When motor vehicle ex-
haust reacts with the air, photochemical smog can be formed
which causes eye irritation; the California Pure Air Act has set
standards which should eliminate this. Stationary and mobile
sources, air monitoring stations, seasonal changes, ozone con-
centrations, wind effects, daily concentration levels, oxidant
levels, and alerts are also discussed.
32489
Giever, P. M.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUNDRY EFFLUENTS. Preprint,
American Foundrymen s Society, Des Plaines, 111., 3p., 1970. 7
refs. (Presented at the Total Environmental Control Con-
ference, Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 16-19 1970.)
Effluents from the numerous types of foundry furnaces and
products; vary over a wide range of physical and chemical
characteristics including visible plumes, particulates, irritating
fumes, and gases, as well as explosive dusts. Approximately
90% of the gray iron melting furnaces are cupolas and only 15
to 18% of these have air pollution control devices installed.
One of the most important characteristics of cupola effluent is
the high temperature. In addition to particulates, the effluent
from cupolas contains gases which are primarily carbon diox-
ide and nitrogen with some excess oxygen and varying
amounts of sulfur dioxide. Smoke, oil vapor, and fumes make
up the remainder of the emissions. Emissions from electric arc
furnace: and non-ferrous foundries are also discussed. These
include <:inc dust, ammonium chloride, carbon monoxide, car-
bon dioxide, fumes, sulfur oxides, sulfides, sulfates, metal ox-
ides, aluminum oxides, odors, particulates, and many others.
Particle size can be an important aspect.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
32716
Tanaka, Yasunobu and Mamoru Sakata
X-RAY MICROANALYSIS OF AEROSOL AND EXHAUST
DUST. (Funjin baijin no X sen maikuro anarishisu). Text in
Japanese. Shimazu Hyoro (Shimazu Rev.), 28(2):71-79, June
1971.
The elemental composition and characteristics of fine particles
of exhaust dust and aerosol, gathered from steel mills and an
expressway, were studied by an electron microprobe x-ray
analyzer. Tests were performed to determine the presence of
carbon, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, calcium, man-
ganese, iron, and their compounds. A relation was established
between the results and the type of pollutant source. Exhaust
gas from the flue, because of very high temperatures, was
blown into a solution, and the trapped dust was dried. The
results, therefore, could differ from the analysis of dust
emitted into the atmosphere. Exhaust gas emitted after the
burning of heavy oil contained dust consisting mainly of car-
bon and some iron and manganese. Dust from the neighbor-
hood of a foundry contained very little silicon; the little that
was present as large particulates differed from the dust found
in urban areas. The presence of large amounts of calcium
monoxide was related to the iron-making process. Dust
gathered at the intersection of a highway contained fine car-
bon particulates, due to tire friction, and large amounts of
iron; the dust differed from that near the iron foundry or from
the flue gases.
33762
Weber, Helmut
ANNUAL SURVEY UNALLOYED AND ALLOYED AND
LOW-ALLOYED CAST STEEL (EIGHTH SUCCESSION).
(Jahresuebersicht Unlegierter und niedriglegierter Stahlguss (8.
Folge)). Text in German. Giesserei (Duesseldorf), 58(20):624-
633, Oct. 1971. 96refs.
Smokeless refining has gained great importance for smaller
foundries since costly dust collectors can be avoided. Oxides
of iron, or if the composition of the melt permits it, of nickel
oxide and molybdenum oxide can be injected with a pres-
surized air jet thus avoiding the development of dust. The
brown smoke which arises at the oxygen lancing of the melt
consists primarily of iron oxides with a particle size of less
than five micron of which a sizeable portion is below one
micron. For fume and smoke the maximum allowable emission
is 115 mg/cu m; for dust between 1 and 76 micron and for grit
with a particle size of more than 76 micron, the maximum al-
lowable emission is 460 mg/cu m. If the reactions leading to
the development of brown smoke are known, refining methods
which avoid it can be used. Considerable smoke reduction can
be achieved by mixing the oxygen with steam. Fast and
smokeless refining is feasible by using oxygen oil burners.
35128
Hall, H. T.
THE ROLE OF THE STEEL FOUNDRY INDUSTRY IN EN-
GENDERING BETTER STANDARDS OF HEALTH,SAFETY
AND WELFARE IN STEEL FOUNDRIES. Brit. Foundryman,
vol. 64:283-292, Aug. 12 1971. (Presented at the Steel Castings
Research and Trade Association, Annual Conference, Newcas-
tle, England, June 1971.)
The role taken by the steel foundry industry in engendering
better standards of health, safety, and welfare in steel foun-
dries is described. A new steelmaking process has been
developed which depends upon the injection of iron oxide,
e.g., millscale, for the removal of carbon and other metalloids.
One of the principal advantages is that metalloids can be
removed without fume and thus without thy need for fume
collection or fume cleaning equipment. Ventilation has con-
tributed to diminishing the risk of steel foundry workers con-
tracting respiratory diseases. Particular problems pertain to sil-
ica dust, hydrogen and exposion hazards, and other respirable
dusts. Dust sampling is mentioned. Personal protective devices
must be capable of reducing dust concentrations to safe levels
while also being acceptable to the wearer. The generation and
suppression of noise in steel foundries are discussed. Legisla-
tion and dust surveys in steel foundriess are also described.
35574
Vandegrift, A. E. and L. J. Shannon
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME II
HANDBOOK OF EMISSION PROPERTIES. Midwest
Research Inst., Envrionmental Sciences Section, Air Pollution
Control Office Contract CPA-22-69-104, MRI Pro]. 3326-C,
607p., May 1, 1971. 288 rels. NTIS: PB 203522
Particulate air pollution with respect to defined stationary
emission sources, chemical and physical characteristics of the
particulates and the carrier gas, and current control practices
was investigated. Determining factors in the study of effluent
characteristic included particle size distribution, toxicity, cor-
rosivity, soiling potential, and optical properties; particle and
carrier gas properties included particle distribution and shape,
density, electrical resistivity, volumetric flow rate, gas tem-
perature, and humidity. Cyclones, wet scrubbers, electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, and afterburners were investigated
for efficiency, application, cost, and advantages. The major
sources of paniculate emissions examined were stationary
combustion processes (coal fuel oil, and gas), including elec-
tric power generation, industrial power plants, and domestic
heating; crushed stone, sand, and gravel industries; agricul-
tural operations, e.g., field burning, grain elevators, alfalfa
mills, and cotton gins; iron and steel industry; cement manu-
facture; forest product industry; lime manufacture; primary
nonferrous metallurgy; clay products; fertilizer manufacture;
asphalt plants, ferroalloy manufacture; iron foundries; secon-
dary nonferrous metals industry; coal preparation plants; car-
bon black; petroleum refining; acid manufacture; and incinera-
tion. Cost relationships were derived for the control methods
and corresponding sources, derived for the control methods
and corresponding sources.
35897
Gutow, Bernard S.
AN INVENTORY OF IRON FOUNDRY EMISSIONS. Mod.
Casting, 61(l):46-48, Jan. 1972.
Estimates of iron foundry emissions in 1969 were made during
a study of melting and non-melting operations. Amounts of
paniculate and gaseous emissions were determined by molten
iron production. Federal data were obtained on total 1969 gray
iron casting tonnage for each of nine geographical regions, and
the percents of casting tonnage produced from iron melted in
cupolas, electric arc, and other furnaces were calculated for
each region. The high concentration of iron foundries in the
Great Lakes states accounts for almost 70% of the national
molten iron production and approximately 72% of the particu-
late emissions emitted from melting and non-melting opera-
tions. About 73% of the carbon monoxide emitted from iron
foundries occurs in the Great Lakes states, and an additional
10% of carbon monoxide emissions occurs in the east south
central states for a combined total of almost 83%. The results
of the total nationwide emissions estimated to come from iron
foundries are tabulated. (Author summary modified)
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FERROUS FOUNDRIES
35925
Greenberg, I. H.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS THE IRON
FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. Chem. Technol., l(12):728-736, Dec.
1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1971.)
Characteristics and sources of emissions in various iron
foundry departments are presented, in order to set priorities
for research and development that will lead to improved emis-
sion control capabilities. A general, simplified process flow for
all iron foundries includes raw material storage, preparation
and charging, metal melting, molding, pouring, and shakeout,
sand conditioning and reclamation, cleaning, heat treating and
finishing, and coremaking. Of techniques available to control
foundry pollutants, paniculate collection equipment systems
are the most significant. These systems include dry cen-
trifuges, wet collectors, catalytic combustion, fabric filters,
and electrostatic precipitators; they vary widely in design,
capabilities, cost, and application. Specific emissions for the
various processes include dust, vapors, smoke, hydrocarbons,
fly ash, metallic oxides, sulfur compounds, carbon monoxide
and fumes. Particle size, concentrations, and control costs are
mentioned. Cupola furnaces, electric arc furnaces, and boilers
also cause pollution.
36123
Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Economic
Development Administration
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR HILL-
SDALE FOUNDRY COMPANY, HILLSDALE, MICHIGAN.
(FINAL REPORT). 15p., May 20, 1971. NTIS: PB 199455F
The potential environmental impact of a proposed iron
foundry in Hillsdale, Michigan is reported with comments and
memos by the state public health department and concerned
federal agencies. Environmental aspects under consideration
included availability of transportation; waste disposal means;
water supply; effect of noise, vibration, and noxious odors on
wildlife; and foundry emissions. Smoke from the cupolas and
dust and sand from the moulting area would be collected in a
bag house. Captured solid material and slag from the melting
process would be disposed of in a landfill. The foundry would
rely on remoteness from inhabited areas and on the prevailing
winds to carry stack emissions over sparsely inhabited areas.
The particulate-free stack emissions may be slightly
malodorous in the vicnity of the foundry but negligible at any
distance.
37642
Schock, D. and A. Dahlmann
EMISSION REDUCTION IN CUPOLA FURNACE THROUGH
NATURAL GAS SUPPLEMENTAL FIRING. (Emissionsmin-
derung an Kupoloefen durch Erdgaszusatzfeuerung (Kur-
zauszug). Text in German. Luftverunreinigung, 1969:10-14,
Oct. 1969. 4 refs.
Experiments were carried out over a year-long period to deter-
mine to what degree natural gas can be partially substituted
for coke in an iron foundry in order to reduce undesirable
emissions. An 800 mm diameter cold-blast cupola furnace was
used. The furnace was equipped with four nozzles for coke
combustion and six tunnel burners for the complete com-
bustion of natural gas at a fuel-air ratio of 1.05. The sulfur
dioxide concentration dropped from 0.25 g/cu m at 15% coke
to 0.10 g/cu m at 6% coke. However, the overall dust emission
increased with an increase in the percentage of natural gas
substituted for coke. The coaise dust fraction (greater than
36.39 micron) rose from 45.2% at 15% coke to more than
77.6% at 9% coke and to 87.3% at 6% coke. Decreases in car-
bon and sulfur and increases in manganese and silicon in the
metal were noted with a decrease in coke, when using gas in
combination with coke. Two possibilities exist for reducing
emissions without lowering the quality of the end product: af-
terburning of the reduced gases by the addition of air above
the gas burners or operating a furnace solely with gas.
39140
Shaw, F. M.
IRONFOUNDRY Am POLLUTION IN THE UNITED KING-
DOM. Brit. Foundryman, 65(3):90-105, March 1972. 20 refs.
The acts, regulations, recommendations, and directives affect-
ing iron foundries in England are summarized. Emissions from
iron foundry processes and control methods are also ex-
amined. Legislation controlling iron foundry air pollution in-
cludes the Public Health Act of 1936, the Clean Air Acts of
1956 and 1968, the Alkali Act of 1906, regulations issued under
the Clean Air Acts, and recommendations issued by the Minis-
try of Housing and Local Government. Cupola gases contain
grit, dust, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and sul-
fur dioxide. The major constituents of cupola dust are silicon
dioxide, iron oxides, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum ox-
ide, manganese oxide, and sulfur. To reduce emissions from
cold blast cupolas, wet arresters, increased discharge heights,
and stack gas combustion must be incorporated as specified by
regulations. High efficiency cyclones, electrostatic precipita-
tors, anci fabric filters for dust collection may also be used.
Projected costs and power consumption are computed for cu-
pola gas control methods; hoods and scrubbers for electric fur-
naces; hi,gh energy scrubbers for rotary, air, and reverbatory
furnaces spray cleaners, fans, and fabric filters for clay-
bonded sand plants; special combustion chambers to reduce
smoke; and spray cleaners, exhaust systems, and fabric filters
to remove dust from fettling and cleaning operations. The effi-
ciency, operation, and advantages of the control methods are
reviewed.
39460
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME I -
MASS EMISSIONS. Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City,
Mo., Air Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104,
MRI Proj. 3326-C, 372p., May 1, 1971. 198 refs.
A program to assess particulate air pollution from stationary
sources in the continental United States and to advance the
capability of control equipment for particulates was con-
ducted. All significant sources of particulate pollutants are
identified and the most important sources are evaluated. Fu-
ture problem particulate emission sources, determined by pro-
jecting production trends, control efficiency, and control
equipment application trends, were identified. Research and
development plans were formulated to fill in the knowledge
gaps pinpointed during the study. From the list of significant
sources, a ranking of the most important sources by total ton-
nage emitted was developed by calculating total emissions
using emission factor techniques and other calculation
methods. Important sources by tonnage are fuel combustion in
stationary sources; crushed stone, sand, and gravel; operations
related to agriculture; iron and steel manufacturing; cement
plants; forest products; lime; clay products; primary nonfer-
rous metals; fertilizer manufacturing; asphalt; ferroalloys; iron
foundries; secondary nonferrous metals; coal preparation
plants; carbon black; petroleum refining; and acid manufactur-
ing. Sources and air pollutants were ranked by objectionable
properties. In order they were: carcinogens, beryllium and
mercury, toxic metals, mercaptans, isocyanates, asbestos and
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
silicates, very toxic metals, fluorides, alkyl amines, hydrogen
sulfide, calcium oxide, mineral acids (hydrochloric, nitric, sul-
furic, and phosphoric acids), sulfates, nitrates, sulfur oxides,
organic sulfides, pyridines, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, soot,
smoke, carbon black, less toxic metals, fly ash, inert particu-
lates, oxidants such as ozone, olefins, aldehydes, phenols,
aniline, aromatics, chlorocarbons, mixed organics, ammonia,
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
39461
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME n
FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS. Air Pollution Control Office
Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-C, 335p., Aug. 1,
1971. 87 refs.
A program was conducted to quantify fine particle emissions
(0.01 to 2 micron) from paniculate pollution sources. The pri-
mary objective was to use the best data currently available on
particle size distributions of participates from uncontrolled and
controlled sources, fractional efficiency curves for specific
control devices, and the degree of application of control equip-
ment on specific sources to estimate the mass and number of
fine particles emitted from paniculate pollution sources.
Secondary objectives were the assessment of the applicability
of standard sampling and particle sizing methods to the fine
particle regime, and the current understanding of the adverse
effects of fine participate pollutants on human health. Major
sources were stationary combustion (coal, fuel oil, natural gas,
and liquified petroleum gas used in industries and electric utili-
ties); crushed stone; iron and steel manufacturing (sintering,
open hearth furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, electric arc
furnances); kraft pulp mills; cement plants and rotary kilns;
hot-mix asphalt plants; ferroalloys; lime plants; secondary
nonferrous metallurgy; carbon black; coal preparation plants;
petroleum refining; incinerators; fertilizer manufacturing; iron
foundries and cupolas; and sulfuric and phosphoric acid manu-
facturing. Efficiency of control equipment including electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, wet scrubbers, and cyclones
is also discussed. Projections of paniculate emissions to the
year 2000 and modifications of the atmosphere by paniculate
pollution are mentioned.
39462
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME
III - HANDBOOK OF EMISSION PROPERTIES. Air Pollu-
tion Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-
C, 626p., May 1, 1971. 302 refs.
Details of the methodology employed to obtain data concern-
ing the kind and number of stationary paniculate sources, the
chemical and physical characteristics of both the particulates
and carrier gas emitted by specific sources, and the status of
current control practices, are presented. Emission factors and
rates, chemical and physical properties of effluents, and con-
trol practices and equipment are given for stationary com-
bustion processes (power generation and furnaces); mineral
processing; agricultural operations (field burning, grain eleva-
tors, cotton gins); iron and steel manufacturing; cement manu-
facturing; forest products industry (sawmills, pulp industry);
primary nonferrous metallurgy (copper, lead, zinc, and alu-
minum smelting and refining); clay products; fertilizer manu-
facturing; asphalt; ferroalloy manufacturing; iron foundries;
secondary nonferrous metals industry; coal preparation; car-
bon black manufacturing; petroleum refining; acid manufac-
ture (sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid); and incineration. The
control equipment includes cyclones, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, mist eliminators, and after-
burners. Effluents include dusts, particulates, fly ash, sulfur
oxides, hydrocarbons, and other noxious gases. Costs for con-
trol equipment purchase and operation are given. This hand-
book constitutes a reference source for available information
on the distinguishing features of the various paniculate pollu-
tion sources and should be of value to air pollution regulatory
agencies, control equipment manufacturers, and industrial con-
cerns.
40180
Kearney (A. T.) and Co., Inc., Chicago, m.
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE IRON FOUNDRY IN-
DUSTRY. Office of Air Programs Contract CPA 22-69-106,
Rept. APTD-0806, 260p., Feb. 1971. 18 refs.
A study directed at the iron foundry industry, with particular
emphasis on the melting area, was undertaken in order to ex-
amine those aspects pertinent to air pollution. Pollutants com-
monly discharged by such industries include smoke, metallic
oxides, oil vapors, carbon monoxide, sand fines, metal dust,
and coke dust, odors, fluoride fumes, vapors, and facing
fumes. Paniculate emissions have been a point of focus for
concentrated efforts in air pollution; however, gaseous emis-
sions and odors from the foundries have not been given much
attention, and the foundry industry now has to take steps to
suppress these discharges into the atmosphere. The physical
difficulties of satisfactory collection of pollutants are not easi-
ly solved and, in most cases, costs of satisfactory collection
are quite high. A lack of correlation between standard furnace
design factors and emission levels indicates a variance in
operating factors. One group of variables is related directly to
cupola operation, including specific blast rate, blast tempera-
ture, type of lining, and operating variables of the afterburner.
A second group of variables concerns the quantity and quality
of charge materials. Reproducibility of test results is difficult
with any given technique, even for a stable emissions produc-
ing system. Compounded further by the use of different
techniques, equipment, and testing companies to obtain data
for comparison and analysis, the confidence level of the data
must suffer, despite the high degree of professionalism of the
laboratories performing the tests. Control methods include
centrifuges, scrubbers, filters, afterburners, preheaters, hoods,
and electrostatic precipitators.
41650
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla. and PEDCo
Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
NATIONAL STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
SOURCES. GRAY IRON FOUNDRIES. Air Pollution Control
Office Contract CPA eO-142, Task 2, 63p., March 15, 1971. 31
refs.
Gray iron foundries produce metal castings by mixing gray
iron, pig iron, scrap, and trace additives. The need for particu-
late controls is great, but average profits of approximately
6.9% do not provide much margin for elaborate controls. New
plants seem to be able to economically justify air pollution
control; old plants cannot. All devices now in use are designed
to control particulate matter. No attempt is made to control
nitrogen oxides, and in many cases emission levels have not
been determined. The only sulfur dioxide removal is that
which takes place during particulate scrubbing. The concentra-
tions of S02 in top gases from cupola furnaces range from 300
to 470 ppm. Quantitative analyses of fluoride emissions are not
reported. Reduced S compounds are not generated in any gray
iron processes. Odors originating from the oil, wax, and resins
-------
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
used in molding have not been measured. Uncontrolled cupola
melting results in variable opacity which approaches 100%.
Electric arc melting also produces a visible plume. Other
processes have plumes during charging and when fluxes are
added. Four foundries are either planned or in production
within stringent paniculate emission regulations; eleven foun-
dries operate with 99% efficient controls. Emission limits
recommended for new or modified sources are: sulfur oxides-
500 ppm, NOx--325 ppm, particulates-0.03g/scf, and visible
emissions-less than 10% equivalent opacity. Control methods
include venturi scrubbers, fabric filters, baghouses, afterbur-
ners, and electrostatic precipitators.
42683
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
IRON AND TEMPERING FOUNDRIES. (Eisen- und Temper-
giessereien). Text in German. In: Reine Luft fuer norgen.
Utopie oder Wirklichkeit, Moehnesee-Wamel, West Germany,
Verlag K. von Saint- George, 1972, p. 38-40.
The present situation and future trends for a period ending in
1980 in the output and emissions of iron and tempering foun-
dries in North Rhine-Westphalia are described. The iron and
tempering foundries in North Rhine-Westphalia now account
for 44% of the total production volume in West Germany;
their growth is expected to slow down during the next decade.
The basic pollutants emitted by foundries are dust, sulfur
dioxide, and gaseous fluorine compounds, and melting fur-
naces as well as mold preparation represent the chief emission
sources. The maximum allowable specific dust emission from
melting furnaces will be lowered from 1.5 to 1.0 kg/t of iron by
1980. New furnaces can be now provided with total dust
separation, and the proportion of such furnaces is expected to
rise to 20% by 1980. Cupola furnace throat gases contain, on
an average, 700 ppm of SO2, corresponding to a specific emis-
sion of 1.6 kg/t. A decrease of about 33% in SO2 emission by
1980 can be expected, as coke will be increasingly replaced by
natural gas and electricity. The gaseous fluorine emissions are
due to fluorine contents in coke (20 ppm) and in dolomite and
lime (about 100 ppm). While the fluorine emissions (less than
10 t/year are relatively low), separation techniques with a
minimum efficiency of 90% are available. A further decrease
in fluorine emissions due to the decreasing proportion of basic
hot-blast cupola furnaces is predicted.
42751
Kearney (A. T.) and Co., Inc., Chicago, 111.
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE IRON FOUNDRY IN-
DUSTRY-FEBRUARY, 1971. Air Pollution Control Office
Contract CPA 22-69-106, 156p., Feb. 1971. 18 refs. NTIS: PB
204712
Despite recent advancements in the technology of making iron
castings, the cupola is still the predominant melting unit em-
ployed in the iron foundry industry. Emissions from the indus-
try include metallic oxides, oil vapors, and carbon monoxide
from melting furnace operations; from other dust-producing
operations come sand fines, metal dust, and coke dust. Odors
and gaseous compounds such as fluoride fumes, vapors, and
facing fumes come from both sources. The lack of correlation
between standard furnace design factors and emissions levels
requires that the explanation for the wide variance in type and
quantity of emissions lie with cupola operating factors, rather
than cupola design. Operating factors are broken down into
two distinct groups: methods of operations, such as blast rate
and temperature, ty^e of lining, and operating variables of the
afterburner; and the quality of charge materials, including
metal to coke ratio, use of oxygen or natural gas, and the use
of briquettes. Recommended practices for testing paniculate
emissions from cupolas are also included. Control devices in-
clude centrifuges, scrubbers, fabric filters, afterburners, pre-
heaters, electrostatic precipitators, furnace hoods, and ventila-
tion.
43198
I Anson, J. E., C. J. Bradley, and D. L. Robertson
GRAY IRON FOUNDRIES TAKE THE STAND. West.
Metals, 8(3):23-24, 1950.
The salient features of the California Assembly Bill No. 1 con-
cerning the control and suppression of air pollutants are
reviewed together with Los Angeles County emission stan-
dards. The objectives of a voluntary association of 38 gray
iron foundries in Los Angeles County, in relation to pollution
control regulations, are presented. To determine the contribu-
tion of the gray iron foundry industry to Los Angeles smog,
the foundries consumption of me tallies, coke and limestone
was survived, and particle sizes in emissions were analyzed.
Of the 6.30 tons/day of particulates emissions from 49 cupolar,
0.432 tons were less than 5 micron. The 0.432 tons (or 966 Ibs)
are the only probable contribution of the gray iron foundry in-
dustry to the smog problem.
44849
Matveev, V. A. and D. P. Filimontsev
SOURCES OF DUST AND TOXIC GASES IN FOUNDRIES.
Russ. Cast. Prod, (English translation from Russian of:
Liteinoe Proizvd.), vol. 6:251-253, June 1961.
Cupolas are commonly considered the only source of dust-
containing toxic gases from foundries, and special measures
are taken for purifying cupola waste gases without regard for
the large volumes of toxic gases, dust, and odorous vapors
discharged directly from the foundry itself. As a result, a
study was made of the sources of dust and toxic gases in an
iron foundry and of atmospheric conditions at various
distances from the cupola and the foundry shop. There is a
sharp increase in atmospheric carbon monoxide at a distance
of about 300 m from the cupola. The otherwise uniform drop
in the CO concentration with increasing distance from the
source is evidence of the presence of a ground-level current of
gases from the foundry. At 12 m from the cupola and a level
of plus 1.5 m, the atmosphere contains 4 mg/cu nm of dust
with the cupola in operation and 1.3 mg/cu nm at other times,
indicating that the cupola is not the only source of dust in the
foundry. The curve of atmospheric dust content indicates that
the value does not fall to the permissible maximum of 0.5
mg/cu nm until 400 m from the walls of the foundry. The per-
missible dust content in a foundry is 2 mg/cu m, but the con-
tent in the barrel-cleaning section with the barrel in operation
is 180 mg/cu m; that in the sand preparation section 110 mg/cu
m. Very high dust contents are also found near the discharge
section on the conveyor, near the elevators, and elsewhere in
the foundry. The dust-laden and polluted air is discharged
from the foundry, without cleaning, through open fanlights in
the windows, skylights in the roof, and exhaust chimneys
which are carried an insufficient distance over the roof.
44929
McElwee, R. G.
REPORT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE A.F.S. CUPOLA
RESEARCH COMMITTEE. Trans. Am. Foundrymen s Soc.,
vol. 57:384-385, 1949. 15 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
Slag studies, coke quality studies, and cupola tests conducted
by the American Foundrymen s Society Cupola Research
Committee are reviewed. Slag viscosity is indicated to be a
factor in carbon pick-up and had some relationship to the
amount of combined carbon in the iron as well as to the final
structure of it. A study of slag color is reported. The Commit-
tee is also making a survey of the ordinances which pertain to
cupola emissions, including the quantity and size of the parti-
cles emitted and the equipment that is being marketed for the
removal of this material. As a criterion of cupola operation the
chill test has been adopted by the cupola operator.
47883
Taft, R. T.
THE FIRST TWELVE MONTHS OPERATION OF A
TOTALLY GAS-FIRED CUPOLA. Brit. Foundryman,
65(9):321-328, Sept. 1972. (Presented at the Institute of British
Foundrymen, Annual Conference, Eastbourne, England, June
1972.)
The program of development leading up to the conversion of a
production cupola to gas firing is briefly outlined. Design of
the gas cupola is discussed, as well as the actual conversion
and operation. Properties of the iron from the gas cupola and
the essential qualities of the gas cupola itself are indicated.
Refractory wear inside the furnace was much less than in a
coke cupola. In addition, there was no visible emission and no
visible smoke plume. Since melting was under reducing condi-
tions, there were no brown fumes resulting from an excess of
iron oxides, although there were some iron oxides in the gases
emitted. Various problems and experiences in operating the
gas cupola over the first twelve months operation are ex-
amined. The cost of conversion and the operating cost are
considered. The gas cupola has a place in the foundry industry
for its present and future melting requirements. (Author ab-
stract modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
02020
A. Archer
CLEAN AIR AND THE IRON FOUNDRY. Proc. (Part I) In-
tern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966, 99-102. (Paper IV/8.)
The paper describes some of the processes carried on in the
iron foundry that may give rise to air pollution problems. The
operation of the cold blast cupola is discussed and reference is
made to the absence of official guidance as to the best prac-
ticable means for reducing pollution. It is suggested that there
is a need for standards relating to permissible emissions from
foundry processes. (Author)
02229
P.W. Spaite, D.G. Stephen, A.H. Rose, Jr.
HIGH TEMPERATURE FABRIC FILTRATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL GASES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, 243-7 &
58, May 1961. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pol-
lution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
The field of industrial filtration over 300 F is assessed in a
general way. High temperature media other than fiber glass are
not discussed. Thermal effects on equipment, media, chemical
attack and power requirements are covered. Applications to
gray iron cupolas, nonferrous fumes, perlite processing, car-
bon black production, cement kilns, and electric arc steel fur-
naces are reviewed. Potential applications and research are
discussed.
02771
M. Sterling
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS - FOUNDRY
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollu-
tion, 3rd, Washington, D.C. 1966. pp. 254-9. (Also published
as: 'Looking at Foundry Air Pollution Problems.' Foundry 95,
(3) 136-8, Mar. 1967.)
The air pollution problems confronting the foundry industry
generally are amenable to control by application of existing
technology. Future emphasis will have to be placed on sim-
plification of cupola collector designs with markedly reduced
maintenance and operating expenses, especially for systems
required by the smaller foundry operators. The use of electric
induction and arc furnaces will reveive increasing interest and
use especially by the smaller foundry operator as an answer to
the question of whether to install non-productive collector
devices or utilize new melting techniques. The odor and fume
problems associated with core making and the newer molding
processes must receive additional attention, as practical and
economical abatement systems are not presently available to
solve these problems. Not only must government assume its
basic responsibility to enact and enforce legislation to control
foundry emissions to protect the health, comfort and welfare
of the public, but is must also share in the responsibility of
developing with the industrial community, new approaches,
methods, and/or equipment to reduce air pollution. Such in-
centives as rapid tax write-off and tax exemptions on air pollu-
tion control facilities are worthwhile government contributions
in the joint government- industry partnership of achieving
cleaner and more tolerable air for our citizens.
03754
G. L. Allen, F. H. Viets, and L. C. McCabe
CONTROL OF METALLURGICAL AND MINERAL DUSTS
AND FUMES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIF. Bureau
of Mines, Washington, D.C. (Information Circular 7627.) Apr.
1952. 85 pp.
The nonferrous pyrometallurgical industry of Los Angeles has
three unusual characteristics that contribute to its difficulties
in developing suitable fume control: (1) It consists of a mul-
tiplicity of relatively small establishments subject to wide
variations in products and operating schedules; (2) operations
are largely of the secondary or reclaiming nature; and (3)
much of the industry is concentrated near the center of a city.
A difficulty inherent in most nonferrous foundries is the high
volatility of zinc and the extremely small mean particle size of
the resulting zinc oxide fume. The nonferrous industry has
found only one type of equipment that could be depended
upon to adequately remove particulate matter emitted by the
larger furnaces in which the gases are characterized by heavy
dust loadings at high temperatures. This is a specially equipped
baghouse, and its first cost is rather high. For smaller fur-
naces, particularly of the crucible type, the conventional sock-
type baghouse has proved satisfactory. The inert slag cover,
which reduces emission at the source, has proved fairly effec-
tive and economical, particularly with the crucible-type fur-
nace and pouring ladle, but is successful use depends on the
skill of the operators. The gray-iron-foundry branch of the fer-
rous industries has not fared as well as the nonferrous branch,
despite extensive investigation and development of equipment
for control of cupola emissions. Appreciable progress has been
made in adapting equipment suitable technically and cost-wise
for cupola-exit gases, and development continues. Equipment
capable of producing the required clearances is available but is
not within the financial ability of many small foundries. The
baghouse equipped with specially woven glass-fabric bags, as
used commercially in the nonferrous industry, has technically
been the most successful single device to date for controlling
cupola emissions and has been proven in pilot operations.
After extensive investigation, electrical precipitation has been
adopted for cold-metal open-hearth work, and hydrodynamic
scrubbers and baghouses have been adopted for electric-steel-
furnace fumes. In addition to the fact that such equipment
removes the necessary dust, capital and operating costs were
important factors in their selection.
06853
FOUNDRY FUME DISAPPEARS - GAS CLEANING AT
FORD'S LEAMINGTON PLANT. Iron Steel (London), 40(1):
8-9, Jan. 1967.
A dry plate electrostatic precipitator is used in eliminating
fumes from a steel foundry. The fume as generated had a high
electrical resistivity and the precipitator was selected on the
basis of a water vapour content of 10% by volume in the
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
waste gases at peak conditions. Under off-peak conditions the
site measurements indicated that water conditioning would be
less complete or non-existent, and precipitation conditions cor-
respond- ingly less favorable. Fume from the converters is col-
lected in conical unlined mild steel hoods connected into a
rectangular head- er from which it is conveyed to the top of
the cylindrical condi- tioning tower, and fume-laden gas from
the roof-mounted hood of the electric arc furnace is delivered
by the existing hood exhaust fan to the base of the condition-
ing tower. Precipitator effi- ciency was measured three weeks
after commissioning. The tests were carried out during normal
operation and inlet loadings were generally in line with those
measured during the preliminary site survey. As was to be ex-
pected, they were considerably lower than those allowed for
completely overlapping oxygen-enriched blows, but this is
reflected also in the outlet loadings, and the collection effi-
ciency was up to the design figure of 99%, within the limits of
experimental accuracy.
07062
Parkes, W. B.
MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE DUST CONCENTRATIONS
IN FOUNDRIES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 25(5):447-459, Oct.
1964. 11 refs.
The general problem of sampling, measuring and evaluating
dust exposures in iron foundries in England is discussed. Of
the various types of samplers the Hexhlet elutriator is con-
sidered to have many advantages. The use of this dust sampler
is considered in detail in reference to efficiency, dust stan-
dards, and a dust control program. Other topics discussed are:
(1) Existing dust standards; (2) Methods of sampling; (3) Com-
position of foundry dust; (4) Dust parameters; (5) Respirable
dust and its measurement; (6) Dust samplers; (7) Use of
Hexhlet samplers; and (8) A dust control program. (Author's
abstract, modified)
09797
Hammond, William F. and James Rt. Nance
IRON CASTING. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air
Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A.
Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-
999-AP-40, p. 258-270, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Control of the air pollution that results from the melting and
casting of iron is considered according to the type of furnaces
employed, namely, the cupolas, electric and reverberatory fur-
naces. The air pollutants are similar. The primary differences
among th control systems are in the variation in hooding and
the necessary preparation and treatment of the contaminated
gases from the furnaces. Essentially the air pollution problem
becomes one of entraining the smoke, dust and fumes at the
furnaces and transporting these contaminants to suitable col-
lectors. The hood and ventilation requirements, control equip-
ment, and the air pollution problems associated with cupolas
and electric furnaces are discussed. Test results of a small
reverberatory furnace charging clean metal indicate a low rate
of particulate discharge. No air pollution control devices have
been necessary for the operations conducted in this type of
furnace melting iron. An example problem illustrates typical
calculations involved in designing a cupola control system. Ta-
bles giving the following data are included: general recommen-
dations for operating commercial cupolas; dust and fume emis-
sions from gray iron cupolas; micromerograph particle size
analysis of two samples taken from a baghouse serving a gray
iron cupola furnace; qualitative spectrographic analysis of two
samples taken from a baghouse serving a gray iron cupola fur-
nace; and some collection efficiencies of experimental small
scale control devices tested on gray iron cupolas.
16681
Willet, Howard P.
PROFIT ORIENTED SYSTEMS FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York,
N. Y., American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., American Society of
Civil Engineers, New York, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, New York,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, and
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Proc. MECAR Symp., Design and Operation for Air Pollution
Control, New York, N. Y., 1968. p. 75-85. (Oct. 24).
The development of pollution control systems that provide an
economically profitable return on control costs is described; it
is believed that such processes will enhance control activities
by establishing an economic incentive to add to the public
pressures on polluters to install control equipment. Profit-
oriented control systems are described for blast furnaces and
the basic oxygen processes in steel fabrication, for foundry
cupolas, kraft pulping, and for sulfur dioxide recovery from
power and sulfuric acid plants. Venturi scrubbers, used to
clean blast furnace gases, make it possible to obtain higher hot
blast temperatures for preheating air blown into the furnaces
and thus improve the economics of their operation. Gas take-
offs installed below the charging door on foundry cupolas
reduce the size of the gas cleaning equipment required and
permit the gas to be used as fuel for preheating air blasts to
the cupolas. A new method recently introduced from Japan,
called the OG Process, has a great profit potential in its appli-
cation to the basic oxygen process in steel-making, primarily
by collecting carbon monoxide without combustion. A series
of pollution control techniques can be applied to the kraft
pulping process to reduce capital and operating costs. An ab-
sorption system to eliminate SO2 pollution from sulfuric acid
plants and to increase plant profits is nearing completion, and
a concept called the Central Processing Approach is described,
involving the establishment of central processing plants, to
permit the profitable recovery of elemental sulfur from the
sulfur oxide emissions of both large and small power produ-
cers.
17824
Kane, J. M. and R. V. Sloan
FUME CONTROL-ELECTRIC MELTING FURNACES. Am.
Foundryman, 18(ll):33-35, Nov. 1950.
A three-ton, side-charged acid furnace in a steel foundry was
tested which operated on a two-hour cycle with charges of ap-
proximately 7500 Ib. Test No. 2 used heavily oxidized scrap
from the bottom of the scrap pile and represents the heavier
loadings that could be expected under poorer scrap conditions.
The furnace was equipped with hood exhausting fumes from
charging door and around electrodes. The pouring spout was
plugged so that no escapement occurred at this point. Essential
data from four tests conducted during four complete 2-hr melt-
ing cycles are tabulated. Dust loading in exhaust gases varied
with the point in the melting cycle, with the heaviest loading
occurring during the boil and refining cycle. Variation in
loadings of the four tests are shown. Samples taken periodi-
cally during the test runs were checked with the electron
microscope, and it was indicated that approximately 95% of all
particles, were less than 0.5 micron, with practically no parti-
cles above 2 microns. Agglomerating tendency of the material
was pronounced. A local exhaust wet type dust collector was
-------
10
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
installed for the two furnaces which guaranteed to meet solids
removal requirements. Test data during a 97-min period, in-
cluding the boil and refining periods of both furnaces, in-
dicated a loss from the exhaust system discharge of 3.35 Ib/hr
as compared with an allowable 8.39 Ib/hr. From this study,
emission of solids of the order of 5 to 8 Ib/hr/ton of metal
melted can be expected from electric melting furnaces in steel
foundries. Reduction of this quantity by about 75% can be ob-
tained with wet dust collection equipment.
19484
Karpati, Judit and Gyoergy Mathe
DUST CONTROL EXPERIMENTS WITH SAND PREPARA-
TION PLANTS IN STEEL FOUNDIRES. (Acelontodei
homokelokeszito portalanitasaval szerzet tapasztalatok). Text
in Hungarian. Ontode, 100(10):226-231, Oct. 1967. 4 refs.
A study was made of the design and operation of dust-collect-
ing equipment in sand preparation plants serving steel foun-
dries. The belt system transporting the sand from the screens
takes the prepared sand to a storage bin. Envelopes were em-
ployed at points where used or fresh sand gives off dust, and
the dust was first aspirated from these and the aspirated air
purified in a wet cyclone before release. By way of ascertain-
ing the efficiency of the equipment, dust exposure was studied
at various places of work, with and without the use of the
aspirator, before and after the beginning of work, using a
konimeter for dust measurements.
20248
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution
Control Administration
A STATUS REPORT: PROCESS CONTROL ENGINEERING;
R & D FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 37p., Nov. 1969.
The various phases of the work of the Process Control En-
gineering Division of the National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration are described as of late 1969. These include sulfur
oxides control (dry and wet limestone processes, coal clean-
ing, and new processes such as those employing molten alkali
carbonates), industrial process control (nonferrous smelting,
iron and steel, sulfuric acid, papermaking, graphic arts, iron
foundries, aluminum smelting, etc.), combustion emissions
control (e.g., fluidized-bed combustion, nitrogen oxides), ap-
plied equipment research (wet scrubbers, fabric filters, electro-
static precipitators, incinerator control), supporting measure-
ments (detection, spectroscopy, dust- and gas-sampling analy-
sis, holographic determinations, continuous monitors, etc.),
and advisory and supporting services. A special report is also
given on the alkalized alumina process for control of SO2. A
list of 110 specific research projects and 11 services is given.
More than eleven million dollars was budgeted for the Process
Control Engineering programs in 1969. The 1970 budget is ex-
pected to be more limited, necessitating an emphasis on
sustaining rather than new programs.
21324
Kato, Yujiro
PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM AT VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
(VI). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN THE METALWORK-
ING INDUSTRY. (Gyoshubetsu ni mini rokashiki shujin sochi
no keikaku to unten jisshi rei (VI). Kinzoku kogyo ni okeru
baggu firuta). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(10):663-668, Oct. 15, 1968.
The operational conditions of bag filters used for emission
control in the metalworking industry ar» illustrated by exam-
ples. In i.he zinc refining industry, bag filters are used at vari-
ous points. The baghouse for the independent electric power
plant which is provided to allow the exhausted material to cool
down is one example. Another is the baghouse for controlling
emissions from a smelting furnace exhaust. The applications of
bag filters to the aluminum industry is illustrated by the
baghouse used to control emissions from an alumina coveying
process. In a powdered lead manufacturing plant, a complete
dust collector has to be provided since the lead dust is ex-
tremely toxic and cannot be allowed to escape into the at-
mosphere. Complete hooding is also necessary. In the nonfer-
rous metal working industry, emissions are commonly worth
recovering. High efficient dust collectors are adequate for this
purpose. In the iron and steel industry, the collected material
from the exhaust is generally of little value, but dust collectors
are necessary for air pollution control. Their use is typified by
baghouses equipped for controlling emissions from electric-arc
steelmaking furnaces and from electric furnaces for ferro-alloy
manufacture. In the metal processing industry, bag filters are
also used for controlling emissions from various processes. An
example is the baghouse equipped for controlling emissions
from the finishing process of iron casting.
27036
Shaw, F. M.
EMISSIONS FROM IRONFOUNDRIES. Foundry Trade J.
(London), 106(2218):439-444, April 16, 1959. 9 refs.
The air pollution problem posed by the iron foundry industry
is caused mainly by the melting processnotably cupola melt-
ing. The application of cyclones, wet scrubbers, electrostatic
precipitaiors, and fabric filters, to cupola dust is noted together
with the efficiencies obtainable with each category of equip-
ment. Low-velocity electrostatic precipitators, bag filters, or
high-pressure drop venturi scrubbers offer the only known
methods of removing fume from cupola gases, and combustion
the only way of removing smoke in a cold cupola blast. Other
foundry processes, in particular annealing, can cause difficul-
ties, but these processes account for only four % of the indus-
try's output. Where it can be applied, electric furnace anneal-
ing has the advantage of being smokeless. No economical or
satisfactory method yet exists for removing the odorous fumes
liberated by core drying and mould pouring.
27896
Attwood, W. A. and W. B. Lawrie
THE FORMATION AND PREVENTION OF ATMOSPHERIC
CONTAMINATION IN FACTORIES. Trans. Manchester Ass.
Eng., 1953-1954: 19-64. 27 refs. (Presented at the Manchester
Association of Engineers Meeting, Oct. 16, 1953.)
Atmospheric contaminants exist in the form of dust, smoke,
fumes, sprays, vapors, and gases and are being produced in
ever increasing quantities as a result of the development of
new processes and of modernization of old processes. The
hazards fall into two main categories: danger to health from
specific diseases and also from many forms of industrial
poisoning; and danger from fire and explosions. The latter
danger arises with many different everyday dusts and also
from vapors of inflammable liquids. This paper identifies
processes producing there hazards and methods of reducing
them. Part I is devoted to a brief summary of the general
problem and of legal requirements. Part II provides a more
detailed description of the methods adopted in iron and steel
foundries, where the problems are particularly difficult. Spe-
cial attention is paid to local exhaust ventilating systems, such
as those lor grinders. A new technique, which allows dust of
the respirable size-range to be both seen and photographed on
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
11
a fine film, makes it possible to explore the aerodynamics of
local exhaust ventilation systems, by reference to dust move-
ment. It would appear, therefore, that local exhaust ventilation
systems should be designed and tested with reference to dust
flow rather than air flow.
29108
Greenberg, H. H. and R. E. Conover
IRON FOUNDRY EMISSIONS: A STUDY. Foundry,
99(4):AP-18 to AP-23, April 1971.
Iron foundry processes fall into the following areas: raw
material storage, preparation, and charging; metal melting;
molding, pouring and casting shakeout; sand conditioning and
reclamation; coremaking; and cleaning, heat treating, and
finishing. Emissions from each area are classified as to type,
concentration, particle size, relative control liability, and rela-
tive control cost. In addition, 10 research and development
projects are recommended to bridge the gap between existing
technology and that required for improved emission control
capacities. Iron melting operations, especially cupola melting,
are identified as among the areas of highest priority with re-
gard to additional development work. Paniculate emissions
from iron melting have been estimated at 243,000 tons/yr with
approximately 182,000 being discharged to the atmosphere.
29212
Higgins, R. I. and J. A. Bright
BCIRA SYSTEM OF DUST CONTROL FOR A HIGH-SPEED
PEDESTAL GRINDER. Foundry Trade J. (London),
130(2824):73-77, Jan. 21, 1971. 2 refs.
When iron castings are ground on a pedestal grinder, metal is
removed in the form of separate particles which cover a con-
tinuous range of sizes from several thousand micron to one
micron. The basic principles of effective dust control on
pedestal grinders and methods of capturing primary and secon-
dary dust streams are described and considered in relation to
high-speed grinding. A very efficient system of dust control
has been developed for the Richards 30 by 3 inch pedestal
grinder operating at a constant speed of 12,500 surface ft per
min. This system of dust control consists of a flexible airtight
seal between the spindle housing and the grinding wheel cas-
ing, as well as an extraction hood complete with an integral
louvred or perforated adjustable tongue on top of the casing.
An air extraction of 1000 cu ft/min at 4.5-inch wg hood suction
is applied to this arrangement. Also, an air extraction of 1500
cu ft/min at 4.5-inch eg hood suction is applied to a 7 1/2 by 5-
inch spigot located at the back of the machine hopper. (Author
summary modified)
29231
Nakai, Yoshiyuki and Tetsuya Yokokawa
ACTUAL EXAMPLES OF KANAGAWA RESEARCH INDUS-
TRIAL INSTITUTE TYPE DESULFURIZING UNIT FOR
WASTE GAS. (Shin ko shi shiki haien daturyu sochi no gu-
taiteki jitshi rei). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku (Chem.
Eng.), 35(l):36-42, Jan. 1971.
Practical Kanagawa Research Institute type desulfurizing units
for waste gas classify roughly into nonrecovering and recover-
ing gas absorbing units. The nonrecovering type uses fresh or
sea water as the absorbing solution for sulfur dioxide. The ab-
sorbing solution is released in a harmless condition without
recovering the SO2. The recovering type effectively uses ab-
sorbed SO2 without causing a public nuisance. The gas and ab-
sorbent contact, but the liquid s surface tension causes them
to form a thin surface on the wire mesh. Gas sucked into the
unit cannot pass through without contacting the liquid plane.
Also, the gas-liquid rate can be arbitrarily decided. If a greater
rate of gas to liquid is needed, the quantity of flowing liquid is
increased. Pressure loss at the contact surface is not related to
the change of the liquid-gas rate. An actual example is the use
of desulfurizing with hydrogen in the final gas treating unit in
petroleum refining. When hydrogen sulfide produced by
hydrogen desulfurization enters the combustion furnace for
waste gas and becomes sulfurous anhydride, the desulfurizing
unit is needed for high concentrations. Another application is
the treating unit for waste gas from sintering furnaces in iron
foundries. This gas is of fairly high concentration. Further, the
gas includes many powder dusts but the KRI-wet-type has a
good ability to manage for the structure without kinetic parts.
Also, the waste gas treatment unit from the boiler in paper
mills makes a caustic soda solution absorb sulfurous anhydride
in waste gas. The produced sodium sulfate is used as a
medicine for a pulp steam bath.
29602
Miwa, Chikamitsu, Yoshinori Shoji, and Toru Kadowaki
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION ON IRON FOUNDRY.
(Seitetsusho no taiki osen boshi). Text in Japanese. Kagaku
Kogaku (Chem. Eng.), 35(l):42-47, Jan. 1971.
The prevention of air pollution in iron-works was discussed.
To control powder dust, use is made of iron-ore, limestone,
and coal. The color of the dust must also be controlled. During
steel and pig-iron production, corpuscles of oxidized iron are
easily produced at high temperatures. Secondary dispersion for
the treatment of dust should be considered for sites. The con-
sideratio of dust storms is also required at seaside iron-works.
Gas by products can be utilized as a source of heat. The sul-
furous components from the sintering furnace and heavy oil
must be considered. The selection and layout of arrangements
must be examined because of the equipment producing smoke
and soot. The technical level for the prevention of air pollution
should be high because of a wide variety of equipment, the
diversity of the powdered dust, and characteristics such as
high temperatures, and continuous operation. Air-pollution
from pig- and steel iron-works is powder dust and sulfurous
anhydride. Dust control measures include the collection of
dust and the suppression of powder- dispersion from storage
places of coal and ore. A wet-scattering collector was used to
collect dust and large sprinklers were used t prevent powder
dispersion. Sulfur dioxide is controlled by the desulfurization
of the materials used in sintering and pellet making, of fuels,
and of waste gases, and by installing higher stacks to improve
smoke diffusion.
31754
Miller, William C.
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS FROM THE GRAY IRON
FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 33p., 1971. 8 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic
City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-134.)
The various particulate control methods and types of basic
process equipment available to the small gray iron foundry are
discussed and emission quantities, economic aspects, operating
and maintenance procedures, and product quality control are
compared. The most common method used for melting metal
for gray iron casting is the cupola process. Other furnaces
used include the electric arc furnace, electric induction fur-
nace, and a gas- or oil-fired reverberatory furnace. The four
basic types of control equipment used on gray iron foundry
cupolas are wet cap, multiple cyclone, wet scrubber, and
-------
12
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
fabric collector. In order for the small jobbing foundry to com-
pete with larger plants and remain in business, the control
equipment addition method of reducing air pollution emissions
from the cupola melting furnace must be abandoned in favor
of a more reasonable approach. The most satisfactory solution
is the replacement of the cupola melting process with an oil-
or gas-fired reverberatory melting furnace.
32247
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS
CONTROL IN THE IRON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. VOLUME
II. EXHIBITS. Kearney (A. T.) and Co. Inc., Chicago, 111., Air
Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-106, 180p., Feb.
1971. NTIS: PB 198349
An investigation was undertaken to define the air pollution
problems of the iron foundry industry, and to set priorities for
research and development work that will lead to improved
emission control capabilities at reduced cost. Graphs, illustra-
tions, and tables are presented in this volume. They pertain to
iron foundry production trends, population trends, and the
geographical distribution of foundries. Cupola and electric fur-
nace trends are also indicated. Characteristics and sources of
emissions are depicted for various foundry operations. Process
specifications and process flow diagrams are presented. Vari-
ous types of furnaces are illustrated. The Ringelmann scale
and other measurement methods are included. The effect of
various operating parameters on emissions are presented. Con-
trol equipment and costs are considered. Control equipment
mentioned includes cyclones, collectors wet collectors, venturi
scrubbers, impingers, fabric filters bag filters, afterburners,
catalytic afterburners, and electrostatic precipitators.
32251
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS
CONTROL IN THE IRON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. VOLUME
I. TEXT. Kearney (A. T.) and Co., Inc. Chicago, 111., Air Pol-
lution Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-106, 286p., Feb.
1971. 84 refs. NTIS: PB 198348
An investigation was undertaken to define the air pollution
problems of the iron foundry industry, and to set priorities for
research and development work that will lead to improve emis-
sion control capabilities at reduced cost. An extensive search
of the literature was conducted to identify and list in a single
bibliography published material pertinent to the subject of this
study. Emission sources in the foundry are indicated, as well
as control capability. The majority of the foundries use cu-
polas, with only about 15% of production using other forms of
melting. Metallic oxides, silicon and calcuim oxides, and com-
bustible materials are the major components of particulate
emissions. A technical and economic analysis of control
technology is presented. Trends are projected.
35958
Engels, Gerhard
STATE OF THE ART OF DUST ELIMINATION IN FOUN-
DRIES. (Stand der Staubbekaempfung in der Giessereiindus-
trie). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(ll):436-438,
Nov. 1971.
In the Federal Republic of Germany about 800 iron and steel
foundries and 900 non-ferric metal foundries existed in 1970.
They produce 75,000 tons of dust/year, of which 55,000 tons
are retained in dust collectors. The dust collection during sand
preparation and distribution, emptying of molds, and old sand
return has been technically solved. At a cost of five million
dollars/year for investment and operation about 20,000 tons of
dust/year are collected. Of the 800 cupola furnaces in ex-
istence in 1964, about 30% have been equipped with dust col-
lectors. Twenty percent of the furnaces were replaced by elec-
tric furnaces. The costs for dust collection at cupola furnaces
between 1964 and 1969 amounted to 10 million dollars. Ac-
cording to the effective regulations, new cupola furnaces may
emit only a maximum of 1.5 kg/ton of iron depending on the
melting capacity and the operating hours. At older furnaces,
the dust emission has been limited to a maximum of 3.0 kg/ton
of iron. The amount of cast iron obtained through furnaces
equipped with dust collectors and through waste gas free elec-
tric furnaces is approximately 70%. The costs for operation
and maintenance of the dust collectors for cast iron run at six
million dollars/year; dust collection at the production of other
foundry products over two million dollars/year.
36756
Cowen, P. S.
THE IRON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. Tennessee Univ., Knox-
ville, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Proc. Ind. Air Pollut. Control
Conf., Annu., 1st, Knoxville, Tenn., 1971, p. 109-124. 10 refs.
(April 22-23.)
Emissions and their control in the iron foundry industry are
reviewed. The chief documented source of emissions is the
iron meking process using the cupola. Cupola emissions in-
clude particulates, sulfur oxjdes, and carbon monoxide and
cause visibility problems. Effluent characteristics, including
control considerations, of the emissions are described. Cupola
dust is composed of silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, aluminum
oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxides, magnesium oxide, and
ignition losses (carbon, sulfur, arid carbon dioxide). Control
techniques for cupola dust must consider control of the carrier
gas temperature. Afterburners and maintenance of secondary
combustion as control techniques are discussed. Control
methods for opacity include dispersion techniques, exhaust ex-
its, and raising of stack gas temperatures.
39698
Erickson, O. E.
ELECTRIC STEEL FOUNDRIES CONTROL DUST EMIS-
SIONS IN LOS ANGELES AREA. J. Metals, 5(12): 1625-1626,
Dec. 1953.
Equipment used in electric steel foundries to control dust
emissions, in the Los Angeles area was described. Wet collec-
tors are t nable to handle dust particles less than five micron in
size. The air stream from electric furnaces contains some sul-
fur compounds which caused corrosion in the equipment.
Baghouse collectors are also not successful. Despite the high
collection efficiency, the dust tends to adhere to the fabrics.
Electrostatic precipitators car not put enough charge on the
particles to make them stick to the collecting devices in the
filter and to prevent them from passing on to the atmosphere.
This is particularly true of the air stream from electric
furnances because of the high molecular activity of the parti-
cles at that high temperature. The most successful system is a
tube-type bag filter using Orion bags and combining an
adequate reverse air flow with mechanical shaking. It requires
little maintenance or manual cleaning.
39747
American Foundry men s Society, Des Plaines, 111., Air
Pollution Control Committee
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM METAL-MELTING
OPERATIONS. 26p., 1954. 47 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
13
The reduction of air pollution through control of emissions
from metal melting operations is discussed. The types of metal
melting equipment which produce the most obvious sources of
air pollution are the cupola, open-hearth furnace, electric-arc
furnace, and the air or reverberatory furnace. In non-ferrous
melting the extent of pollution generated depends upon the
type of metal being melted. Effective control of emissions
from melting furnaces is complicated by a number of factors
such as: the great number of ultrafine fume particles in stack
gases; high temperatures of furnace stack gases; the large
volume of gases; use of water spray equipment for stack gas
cooling which frequently presents corrosion problems; and the
added operating cost burden of air pollution control equip-
ment. Dust particle size and the nature of solids in furnace
stack gases are considered. Pollution codes and control or-
dinances are discussed for different states. Visible emissions
are mentioned. Metallurgical stack emissions and cupola stack
emissions are indicated, including cupola operational improve-
ments. Stack burners and secondary combustion equipment,
medium- and high-efficiency dust collectors, and cupola dust
collector details are described. The screen-cage type of cupola
cinder collector, simple spray washers, an improved cupola
gas washer with cone, dry mechanical or centrifugal collec-
tors, and high-efficiency wet collectors are included. Bag
cleaning methods, filter materials for elevated temperatures,
and collector installations are indicated for cloth dust collec-
tors. Methods of preheating combustion air for the cupola are
cited. Electrostatic precipitation is described. Control methods
are also described for the other furnaces, as well as at-
mospheric sampling and analysis. Area sampling, stack or duct
sampling, and particle size determinations are mentioned.
39795
Weber, Herbert J.
METHODS OF COMBATTING AIR POLLUTION IN FER-
ROUS AND NON-FERROUS FOUNDRIES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 7(3):178-181, Nov. 1957. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 50th, St.
Louis, Mo., June 2-6, 1957.)
By its efforts to remove internal dust and fumes through the
use of exhaust ventilation and dust-collecting systems, the
castings industry became one of the foremost users of indus-
trial dust collection equipment. During this period, the foundry
industry, in conjunction with the dust control equipment in-
dustry, built up an excellent background of knowledge and ex-
perience in the techniques of effective dust and fume control
within its plants. Shakeout, cleaning room, and pattern-making
operations have been controlled in the foundry industry, but
melting operations have presented an entirely new set of
problems because of heat and corrosive gases. Operational
changes are indicated as a basic step in air pollution control of
hot emissions. Simple spray washers, an improved gas washer
with cone, dry mechanical or centrifugal separators, high effi-
ciency centrifugal collectors, fabric filters, and electrostatic
precipitators are described to control cupola emissions. Con-
trol equipment for open-hearth furnaces is indicated, as well
as methods to reduce emissions during the phosphorizing of
copper and the inoculation of iron with magnesium. The car-
bon dioxide process for hardening cores and molds is
discussed.
39953
McCabe, Louis C.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Ind. Eng. Chem., 44(6):103A-
104A, 106A, June 1952. 2 refs.
Data on gas volume, process weight ratio, sulfur dioxide con-
tent, and other constituents, grain loading, and particle size
are summarized for stack gas emissions from gray iron foun-
dries. Limited but favorable experience in complying with Los
Angeles regulations on grain loading from this source is
described for the electric furnace, gas- or oil-fired reverberato-
ry furnace, and continuous gas-fired rotary melting furnaces.
Two or more types of equipment may be required to control
gases from these cupolas since there does not appear to be
any single, inexpensive dust- recovery technique. Several
possible combinations of equipment are noted. Several types
of equipment, including the high-temperature baghouse, elec-
tric precipitator, and scrubber/closed-top cupola combination,
seem to be potentially capable of satisfactory control. Capital
and operating costs may be the deciding factor in the choice of
methods adopted. The experience of one firm with a high-tem-
perature baghouse is described.
39970
Specht, S. E. and R. W. Sickles
NEW USES OF ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION FOR CON-
TROL OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Air Repair,
4(3):137-140, 170, Nov. 1954.
The application of electrical precipitators for the removal of
fly ash from central power stations boiler effluent is reviewed.
New applications are discussed including the cleaning of fer-
romanganese blast furnace gas, open hearth precipitators, the
recovery of dust from the combustion gases from iron ore sin-
tering machines, cupola installations, and the recovery of dust
from cement processing. Design criteria for these applications
are considered. A precipitator consists of a shell in which are
grouped two sets of electrodes; one, plates or pipes known as
collecting electrodes, and the other, wires or rods designated
as discharge electrodes. The latter are located in the center of
ducts formed by the collecting electrodes in the case of the
plate type precipitator, and in the center of the pipes in the
case of the pipe type precipitator. A high voltage,
unidirectional difference of potential is impressed across the
two sets of electrodes which ionizes the gas, imparts a charge
on the particles, and precipitates them on the electrode of op-
posite polarity.
40080
Pring, Robert T.
FILTRATION OF HOT GASES. Air Repair, 4(l):40-45, May
1954. 4 refs.
Particularly in the case of gases from open hearth and electric
steel furnaces, a reduction in either the concentration or mass
rate of emission of extremely fine solid particles sufficient to
meet the requirements of most air pollution control ordinances
has only a minor effect on the appearance of the stack
discharge. Of the gas cleaning equipment presently operating
on various types of metal melting furnaces, only cloth filters
have consistently produced effluent discharges free from visi-
ble solids. Orion and fiberglass fabrics are the most useful
materials for hot gas filtration. The application of cloth filtra-
tion to the cleaning of furnace gases requires in most cases
that the gases be cooled in order to protect the filter fabric
and to ensure economical fabric life. Radiation and convec-
tion, tempering air, and spray cooling are employed singly or
in combination. Examples of hot gas filtration include grey
iron foundry cupolas, electric furnaces, and open hearth steel
furnaces.
-------
14
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
40553
Bloomfieid, B. D.
EXPERIENCE WITH CUPOLA CONTROL FOR JOBBING
AND LOW PRODUCTION RATE GREY IRON FOUNDRIES.
Preprint, American Foundrymen s Society, De Plaines, 111.,
4p., 1970. (Presented at the Total Environmental Control Con-
ference, Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 16-19, 1970, Paper IV-1.)
A considerable amount of working experience is being
developed with all types of cupola collectors including systems
that perform well on a sustained use basis. The dry centrifugal
system and the wet cap collection system described are mar-
ginal performers. Their use should be on a special basis where
the character of the neighborhood can accommodate the level
of performance. The cupola melt rate appears to be a particu-
larly limiting factor. When a decision to install a dry centrifu-
gal or wet cap system is made, it should be with the un-
derstanding that there is no flexibility in the control approach.
Unless additional equipment is added at a later date, per-
formance cannot be improved to accommodate an increased
melt rate, as would be the case with a high energy variable ori-
fice type wet collector. An increase in melt rate would
probably result in emissions which exceed a loading of 0.4
lbs/1000 Ibs of gas. Particulate emission limits in Michigan,
cost factors, and stack sampling are also mentioned.
40554
Wiedemann, C. R.
A CASE HISTORY OF COLLECTION EQUIPMENT.
Preprint, American Foutfdrymen s Society, Des Plaines, 111.,
4p., 1970. (Presented at the Total Environmental Control Con-
ference, Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 16-19, 1970, Paper IV-2.)
A case history of dust collection equipment in a Kentucky
foundry was presented. All dust collectors are the orifice-type
wet scrubbers, with individual sludge ejectors discharging into
the respective sluicing systems. The foundry dust collector ef-
fluent is mainly silica dust with a percentage of metallics from
the cleaning room. Due to the fact that the dust collectors use
a separate water system, this effluent is in the nature of a slur-
ry, which contains about 20% water by volume. The sludge
then enters a settling tank.
40555
Downs, J. J.
OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH A DIRECT EVACUA-
TION SYSTEM. Preprint, American Foundrymen s Society,
Des Plaines, 111., 3p., 1970. (Presented at the Total Environ-
mental Control Conference, Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 16-19,
1970, Paper IV-3.)
A dust collector system for a jobbing steel foundry producing
plain carbon and low alloy steel castings was described. The
system is a knocked down pressure type, having a net cloth
area of 5860 sq ft to filter 14,000 cu ft/min of electric furnace
fume laden air at an air to cloth ratio of 2.39 to 1.0. Fumes are
removed directly from the furnace through a hole in the roof
to a stainless steel duct leading to a baghouse. There is a
damper to control exhaust velocity in the system. A 100 hp
blower draws fumes through the system and discharges them
into the baghouse. Between the blower and the baghouse is a
by-pass which directs the air flow to the atmosphere instead to
to the baghouse during the times when the furnace fumes are
not being collected ur if the temper air damper cannot control
gas temperature.
40568
Crabaugh, Hoyt R., Andrew H. Rose, Jr., and Robert L.
Chass
DUST AND FUMES FROM GRAY IRON CUPOLAS-HOW
THEY ARE CONTROLLED IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Air Repair, 4(3):125-130, Nov. 1954.
The characteristics of the pollutant involved in a control
equipment design problem, and the characteristics of the gase-
ous conveying medium, are fundamentally a function of the
process equipment under consideration, in this case a cupola
producing gray iron. Pollutants discharged from a gray iron cu-
pola are predominantly solids, and approximately 25% of the
total weight discharged to the atmosphere is in the particle size
range of 0-10 micron. Chemical analyses of the inorganic por-
tions of the dusts and fumes discharged are indicated. Of
major importance from a design standpoint is the temperature
of the gas stream. Physical and operational limitations of the
types of control equipment contemplated and the efficiency
required must also be considered. In making an engineering
evaluation necessary to design an effective control installation
for a gray iron cupola, the problems of temperature control
and gas conditioning are of prime importance. This phase of
the problem is aided through the use of radiation and convec-
tive columns or through the use of evaporative coolers.
Several examples utilized in the Los Angeles area are
described: one employing radiation and convective cooling and
a baghouse; a baghouse system and evaporative coolers; and
electrical precipitator; and a gas-fired reverberatory furnace.
40608
Wiedemann, C. R.
A DISCUSSION OF SOME CUPOLA DUST COLLECTION
SYSTEMS - PART 3. Mod. Casting, 57(l):72-74, Jan. 1970.
Electrostcitic precipitators have not yet been successfully ap-
plied to .gray iron cupolas because, at the elevated tempera-
tures at which the precipitator equipment must be operated,
the resistivity of the silica in the cupola effluents increases to
the point where the gases must be wetted. In this moist en-
vironment, the iron oxides in the effluent gases tend to coagu-
late on the collector plate and are difficult to remove. In sum-
marizing cupola dust collectors, some specific guidelines are
given for applying cloth filters and scrubbers. In general, no
one type of collector is applicable to all cupola operations, nor
can any of the methods be applied to any one cupola. Rather,
economic and engineering considerations must be evaluated
for each case.
43200
Brechtelsbauer, O. J.
CUPOLA GAS SCRUBBERS. Am. Foundryman, 27:34-37,
Feb. 1955
The performance of wet cupola gas scrubbers at various gray
iron foundries is discussed. Guidelines are given for optimum
scrubber performance. Cleaning and maintenance procedures
and costs are reviewed. Effluent dust loading tests and analy-
sis of particle size were conducted to check the performance
of single spray nozzle units. Results of the tests in grains/cu ft
at 500 F, which varied only 0.04 grains, indicate accuracy and
reliability. The average of 12 samples was 0.11 grains/cu ft at
500 F, indicating that the scrubbers are reasonably effective.
The analysis of particle size showed that only about 1% by
weight of the escaping participate matter exceeded 40 micron
in diameter. Over 99% of the particles were less than 5 micron
in diameter.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
15
43202
Dok, Harry
SMOG CONTROL IN THE FOUNDRY. Am. Foundryman,
26:46-49, Dec. 1954.
Construction and operation details of a collection system for
an electric steel foundry are presented. Smog control is
defined as the collection of smoke, fumes, and dust and reduc-
ing the volume escaping into the atmosphere. Pollutants and
their sources reviewed included sawdust, shavings, and dust
sanders in the pattern and carpenter shops, grinding opera-
tions, sand blasting, and shot blasting; and smoke from the
electric furnaces. The types of dust consist of steel particles,
fine sand, and fine particles of the grinding wheels. Reclaiming
and control equipment discussed are cooling towers, settling
tanks, wet-type collectors, baghouses, and electric precipita-
tors. A dry system using baghouses is described in detail.
43515
Kistler, Jules
TWO MODERN METHODS FOR ABATING AIR POLLU-
TION IN FOUNDRIES AND IRON AND STEEL WORKS.
(Zwei moderne Verfahren zur Bekaempfung der Luftverun-
reinigung in Giessereien sowie in der Eisen- und Stahlindus-
trie). Text in German. Giesserei (Duesseldorf), 43(13):333-340,
June 1956.
General problems of dust in foundries and iron and steel
works as well as two methods of dust separation are
described. Fine dusts, particularly when containing crystalline
silicic acid, kieselguhr, chalk flint, aluminum, manganese diox-
ide, Thomas slag, or chromium compounds, are most dan-
gerous since they can cause silicosis. Dust emissions are
highest during mold opening and sandblasting. Finest foundry
dust contains 2-15%, and courser dust, above 10 micron, 50-
75% of silicon. More than 90% of foundry dust is made up of
fine fractions. The maximum iron, zinc, and lead contents in
dusts lie at 10.0, 15.0, and 0.15 mg/cu m. The dust concentra-
tion in foundries lies in a range of 4.4- 5.8 mg/cu m, cor-
responding to 5-7 kg/ton of iron, while the respective value for
Siemens-Martin furnaces is 2.75 g/N cu m. Dust problems in
foundries can be effectively solved by two different types of
equipment. Pease-Anthony venturi scrubbers apply gas flow
rates of 60-120 m/sec to agglomerate dust particles with finely
dispersed water. Such scrubbers can be also applied to sulfur
dioxide and sodium sulfide. The efficiency for open-hearth and
blast furnace gases lies at 98-99%. Elex- Schneible type cen-
trifugal wet separators, with low water consumption, can be
used for cupola furnaces as well. The water is dispersed by
turbine blades to form a curtain of fine droplets. Exhaust
hoods installed in foundry facilities are a basic means of abat-
ing dust concentrations. The temperature difference between
the ambient and the fresh air should not exceed 6 C.
43766
Ellison, William
CLEANUP OF WET-SCRUBBER EFFLUENT. Ind. Water
Eng., 8(8):16-19, Oct./Nov. 1971.
The objectives of both air and water pollution control regula-
tions can be met through judicious selection of wet-collector
type and scrubbing water circuitry. Recirculation and reuse of
scrubbing liquid is a necessary means of achieving the most
economical control of water pollution and is a basic feature to
many large wet collectors. Pollutants generally common to all
scrubbing liquids and scrubber effluents are settleable,
suspended, and dissolved solids. Solid constituents vary with
application of wet scrubber. The wet collectors are extensively
used in the steel industry, the ferrous and non-ferrous foundry
industry, and the power industry. Effluent treatment for the
various applications and ultimate disposal of effluents are
reviewed.
44844
Miller, William C.
GRAY IRON FOUNDRIES WITHOUT CUPOLAS: OPERAT-
ING EXPERIENCE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1972. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla.,
June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-80.)
Results of the control strategy developed for reducing panicu-
late emissions from gray ion jobbing foundry melting opera-
tions in Philadelphia are presented. Two foundry operators
were interviewed to determine their experiences and opinions
since converting from the cupola melting furnace to a gas or
oil-fired reverberatory furnace. Information was obtained con-
cerning initial costs, prodoction costs, fuel utilization and
availability, operating procedures, and quality control. A com-
parison is made between cupola and reverberatory furnace
particulate emissions using emissions factors. A stack test of
the largest reverberatory furnace installed was performed and
the results used to verify the estimated emissions. The reduc-
tion of emissions from all foundry melting processes is on the
order of 50 ton/yr of particulate matter and almost total
elimination of carbon monoxide emissions. The basic equip-
ment conversion, providing improved melting methods, and
other related process improvements have demonstrated that
the small jobbing foundry must be modernized to comply with
strict particulate emission limitations while maintaining a
satisfactory level of production. (Author abstract)
44931
Witheridge, William N.
FOUNDRY CUPOLA DUST COLLECTION. PART I - FER-
ROUS CUPOLA EMISSION. Heat. Vent., 46(12):70-84, Dec.
1949. 27 refs. (Presented at the American Foundrymen s
Society, East Lansing, Mich., Oct. 28, 1949.)
Methods for the removal of dust from cupola stack gases and
the properties of emissions from the ferrous foundry cupola
are discussed. The solid matter in ferrous cupola stack gas is
heterogeneous in both size and composition. In size it ranges
chiefly from 1 to 1000 micron; in specific gravity, from 1.5 to
7.5. It is partially magnetic, corrosive, and abrasive, and con-
tains coke, ash, sulfur, silicon oxides, aluminum, calcium,
magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, lead, and possibly other
elements getting in with the charge. An important factor in the
design of cupola dust collection systems is the dilution ex-
perienced by the combustion gases as they rise past the open
charging door and mix with the air induced at that point. The
advantages of diluting the combustion gas with induced air in-
cluding a cooling effect, a lower concentration of both gaseous
and solid matter, a fresh supply of oxygen, and a ventilation
effect on the charging floor. Methods of gas cleaning for open
top cupolas and closed top cupolas are discussed and dry ver-
sus wet systems of cleaning are compared. Advantages of the
wet system include improved collection of finer fractions,
cooling effect of water, convenience of hydraulic transport of
the dust, and reduction of abrasive effects. Advantages of the
dry system include retention of sensible heat, minimum corro-
sion activity, and better dispersion of gas in the atmosphere.
-------
16
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
45148
American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science,
Washington, D. C., Air Conservation Commission
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. In: Air Conservation. AAAS
Pub. 80, p. 234-272, 1965. 11 refs.
Currently utilized equipment and procedures for air pollution
control are reviewed. Some tail-end control techniques are set-
tling chambers, target boxes, baffled chambers, cyclones, fil-
ters, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, gas washers, open-
flame afterburners in refractory chambers, solid adsorbers,
catalytic afterburners, and vapor retention devices. Control
techniques that involve changes in equipment or method are
also described. There are many areas in which engineering
science has the technology to enable control of pollutants from
various industrial sources, but costs have discouraged the
development of the necessary devices. Control techniques for
motor vehicle pollution include tail-end exhaust control
devices, restriction on fuel additives, derating of diesel en-
gines, and development of fuel-cell powered automobiles. The
development of the California Ambient Air Quality Standards
is described, and the adverse, serious, and emergency levels
for various pollutants are discussed. Cost and operating data
for cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and
scrubbers in the grey iron foundry, steel production, chemical
drying operations, petroleum refinery, and coal-fired heating
and power plants are presented along with typical costs of
basic and control equipment installed in Los Angeles County.
45177
Yoda, Fumio
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES FOR CUPOLA,
HEAT TREATMENT, AND SAND TREATMENT. (Kyupora
netsu shori suna shori no taiki osen taisakv). Text in Japanese.
Kinzoku Zairyo (Metals in Engineering), 12(5): 127-131, May
1972.
Air pollution control at a cast-iron plant is reported. The major
sources of pollutants are the cupola furnace, thermal-treatment
furnace, and sand-treatment apparatus, and the pollutants con-
sist mainly of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons,
particulates, and soots. Sulfur oxides from the cupola are lar-
gely reduced by using a wet dust collector, while the particu-
late concentration is reduced to 0.005-0.05 g/N cu m by using
the combination of an inertial force dust collector and a bag
filter. The sulfur oxides concentration in flue gas from the
thermal-treatment furnace was reduced to 0.4% by converting
from heavy oil to kerosene. Dusts from sand-treatment ap-
paratus, such as shake-out machine, mixer, and sand mill are
collected by air tumblers, hydrofilter and bag filter.
45364
Mitsch, G. L. and R. A. Wright
THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR AND THE CU-
POLA -- 1971. Trans. Am. Foundrymens Soc., vol. 79:257-
260, 1971. 3 refs.
The selection, performance, operating variables, and costs of
an electrostatic precipitator for an emission control system ap-
plied to a gray iron foundry cupola are reviewed. Scrubber,
baghouse, and precipitator performance and efficiency data
are compared. Complete capital, maintenance, and operating
costs are documented and compared ,"ith those for other con-
trol devices. A test cupola at one foundry produces 12 t/hr on
a 4-5 hour shift for 5 days/wk. The precipitator handles 35,000
cu ft/min at 500 F with a maximum inlet grain load of 3 g/cu
ft/min; precipitator efficiency is 99.2%. Stack emissions are
significantly lower than the maximum allowable emission stan-
dards. The annual additional operating cost of the system is
$0.70/t of iron produced. (Author abstract modified)
45554
Guthmann, Kurt
DUST PROBLEMS IN FOUNDRIES. (Staubprobleme in Gies-
sereien). Text in German. Giesserei (Duesseldorf), 43(18):572-
579, Aug. 30, 1956. 16 refs.
Dust problems in foundries and different dust separation
techniques, especially as applied in the U. S., are reviewed.
Dust collectors in small foundries in the U. S. must have an
efficiency of 80%, while collectors in foundries with a
minimum output of 1 ton/hr must have an efficiency of 90%.
Dust emission standards for different metallurgical processes,
and dust sedimentation rates as a function of stack height, are
given. Dust concentrations in throat gases from hot-blast cu-
polas are 0.9-1.0 g/N cu m, with very fine dust being present
in large proportions. The average dust emissions from cold-
blast and hot-blast cupolas are 3.65-12.6 and about 2.7 kg/ton
of iron, respectively. Only bag filters and electrostatic
precipitators are able to meet the present requirements regard-
ing dust emissions. Bag filters, e.g., those made of polyacryl-
nitrile fibers, are able to treat waste gases cooled to about 140
C temperature at 99% or higher efficiency. Dry electrostatic
precipitators, used primarily for hot-blast cupolas, accept
waste gaies at 60-350 C. Waste gases from electric-arc fur-
naces, containing dust in concentrations of 2-10 g/N cu m, can
be purified by means of bag filters, usually at 60-105 C. Dust
collecting techniques based on disintegrators or venturi scrub-
bers are briefly reviewed.
45977
United Nations, New York, Economic Commission for
Europe
AIR AND WATER-CLEANING INSTALLATIONS USED IN
THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. In: Problems of Air and
Water Pollution Arising in the Iron and Steel Industry, p. 19-
50, 1970.
The design and operation of the most recent or satisfactory air
and water-cleaning installations used in different production
processes and in different sizes of iron and steel production
installations are reviewed. The following main stages of
production are considered: cokeries, burden preparation, pig-
iron and ferro-alloys, crude steelmaking, rolling and finishing,
and ancillary activities. Conlrol equipment includes cyclones,
scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, exhaust hoods, absorp-
tion systems, and various non-mechanical collectors and fil-
ters. The effects of gas pressure and suspended paniculate
granularity in the blast-furnace gas-flow are discussed. Some
of the nations for which experiences with pollution control
equipment are described include Russia, France, Germany,
Poland, England, United States, and Sweden. Water pollution,
the emission of cyanides sintering, coke ovens, open hearth
furnaces, electric furnaces, and foundries are also discussed.
47125
Yoshihara, Tadashi, Toshiaki Sakurai, and Takeshi Imura
FOUNDRY OF CAST IRON, SAYAMA FACTORY, HONDA
MOTOR CO. - REMARKABLE FEATURE REGARDING TO
THE COUNTERMEASURES FOR PUBLIC NUISANCE.
(Honda giken kogyo (kabu) sayama seisaku-sho chuzo kojo -
kogai taisaku ni tokushoku). Text in Japanese. Imono
(Foundry), 44(7):593-597, July 1972.
A new melting process at a cast iron foundry uses a cupola of
the heating-water-cooling type with a 5 ton/hr capacity. The
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
entire exhaust gas is treated in a recombustion furnace, then
the exhaust gas goes through a heat exchanger, and is cooled
again by a gas cooler to 400 C. Microparticle dusts go through
a wet chamber and then are sent to an electrostatic precipita-
tor. The final-gets emission contains less than 0.05 g/cu cm of
dust. The radical operation system previously used fluorite and
created the problem of fluoride gas. It was replaced by an alu-
mina base solvent specially developed by this plant. Good
results are obtained.
47328
Kubota, K., K. Kobayashi, N. Yoshikawa, H. Tosaki, and M.
Tsuda
SOME PROPERTIES OF GRAY CAST IRON MELTED BY
LPG FURNACE FOR PURPOSE OF FEW AIR POLLUTIONS.
(Teikogai taisaku o mokuteki to shita LPG-ro yokai chutetsu
no ni, san no seishitsu). Text in Japanese. Imono (Foundry),
44(9):724-726, Sept. 1972. 2 refs.
A newly designed liquefied petroleum gas burner was adopted
to a furnace combining the shaft type and a reactor, and a
pilot furnace was constructed for a capacity of 1.5 ton/hr. The
properties of the gray cast iron product from this furnace were
examined. The products were stable and satisfactory. From
the economical standpoint, the furnace is very desirable. The
amount of dust emission was much lower than an ordinary
foundry, and a gas chromatography test proved that no treat-
ment was necessary for the exhaust gas.
47711
Makigushi, Toshisada
THE PRESENT STATE AND THE FUTURE OF COUNTER-
MEASURES FOR PUBLIC NUISANCE AT FOUNDRY FAC-
TORY. (Imono kojo ni okeru kogai taisaku no genjo to
shorai). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku Zairyo (Metals in Engineer-
ing), 12(9):85-98, Sept. 1972.
Questionnaires were sent to foundries concerning various
forms of public nuisance and answers were obtained from 74
factories. Sixty-five percent (48) answered that they were hav-
ing problems presently; 81% (61) replied that they expected
problems in the future; 54% (40) answered that previous
problems have been treated, and 57% (42) answered that some
countermeasures have been taken. The types of the present
problems are noise, vibration, dust, and soot. Problems an-
ticipated in the future are in the areas of toxic gases, bad
odor, and the treatment of waste liquid. The types of factories
with problems of dusts and soot are cupolas, electric furnaces,
and sand treatment. The composition of dusts from cupolas is
mostly approximately 30% silicon dioxide; the particle size dis-
tribution range from 40 to 200 micron. The dust quantity from
electric furnaces used at foundry is 7.09 to 10.84 g/N cu m.
The chemical composition of this type of dust is 27.26% SiO2,
0.6% alumina, 60.13% ferrous oxide, 26% calcium oxide, and
0.47% manganese oxide, with traceable heavy metals. Exam-
ples of dust collection systems presently used and their effi-
ciencies include the wetcap type (72.9%), a wetcap and
cyclone combination (71.9%), jet spray scrubber (87.5%), low
pressure venturi scrubbers (90-92%), venturi scrubber and
cyclone combination (94.5%), high pressure venturi scrubbers
(90-94.5%), bag filters combining water and air coolers (99%),
the double-water cooling bag filters (99.4%), and the dry elec-
trostatic precipitators (97.5%).
48272
Hall, I,. T.
IMPROVEMENTS IN STEEL FOUNDRY EQUIPMENT,
MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES OVER THE LAST
DECADE. Brit. Foundryman, 65(10):378-381, Oct. 1972.
(Presented at the Institute of British Foundry men, Annual
Conference, Session D, Eastbourne, England, June 1972.)
During the last decade the number of steel foundries has
decreased by 20%. Modern industrial conditions and the cost
of re-equipping favor large firms. Scrap is often used in steel-
making now. During the last decade, pollution control equip-
ment has been added to many of the steel foundry processes.
For example, cupolas must be wet scrubber systems to
eliminate the fume. The electric arc steel-making S.C.R.A.T.A.
process is being used increasingly for fumeless refining; in it,
iron oxides are injected which cause a reducing atmosphere
above the liquid steel bath, thus eliminating fume formation.
New analytical systems have helped improve monitoring and
control of steel processes. Several deoxidizers have been
developed which improve cleanliness of the steel. New equip-
ment and processes are also being used in mold-making and
fettling. In the past decade, the traditional lung diseases of
foundry men have disappeared because of improved air quality.
Future problems in steel foundries are mentioned.
48424
Weisburd, Melvin I.
FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS FOUNDRIES. In: Field
Operations and Enforcement Manual for Air Pollution Control.
Volume III: Inspection Procedures for Specific Industries.
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif.,
Office of Air Programs Contract CPA 70-122, Kept. APTD-
1102, p. 7.9.1-7.9.31, Aug. 1972. 4 refs.
The products of the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical in-
dustries are oriented to consumer or industrial use while smel-
ters and refiners provide alloys in ingot form to be used by the
foundries. While furnaces and melting practices have long
been treated as major sources of air pollution from foundries,
other operations also contribute. Among these are core mak-
ing, sand handling, grinding, buffing, and plating. Melting
operations produce smoke and condensed fumes while the
other operations produce dust, mists, organic gases, and
vapors. Processes and inspection points are described for grey
iron foundries, as well as for copper-base alloys, aluminum,
and zinc foundries.
-------
18
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
07045
R. I. Higgins, P. Dewell
A GRAVIMETRIC SIZE-SELECTING PERSONAL DUST
SAMPLER. Proc. Intern. Symp. Inhaled Particles Vapours, II,
Cambridge, England, 1965. pp. 575-585, (1967.) Also: British
Cast Iron Research Assoc., Alvechurch (Birmingham),
BCIRA-908, 8p., March 1968. 8 refs.
The Hexhlet is a very satisfactory apparatus for measuring
respirable dust concentrations in the general atmospheres of
iron foundries, but it is unsuitable for measuring the concen-
tration of respirable dust actually breathed by an individual
foundryman. The need for an apparatus which will measure
true personal dust exposure is outlined, and a gravimetric size-
selecting personal sampler which gives results in close agree-
ment with the Hexhlet, is described. The apparatus operates
without attention, is convenient to wear, and samples continu-
ously from the man's breathing zone for a full working shift.
(Authors' summary)
33045
Triplett, Gary
ESTIMATION OF PLANT EMISSIONS. Preprint, p. 15-27.
1970 (?). 21 refs.
There are times when it is not possible or practical to deter-
mine emission rates by stack sampling; in these cases emission
rates may be estimated by utilizing available emission factors.
An emission factor is the statistical average of the mass of
contaminants emitted/unit quantity of material handled,
processed, or burned. The emission factor may also be ex-
pressed as the quantity of contaminant/unit quantity of final
product or effluent volume. These factors have been
developed through stack testing or by material balance calcula-
tions. Emission factors are normally given in terms of uncon-
trolled emissions. Therefore, the type and effectiveness of
control equipment must be considered when calculating emis-
sions from controlled sources. Particle size distribution and ef-
fective stack height should also be considered. Emission fac-
tors are given for coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood burning;
solid waste disposal; incinerators; paint manufacturing; the
food and agriculture industry; primary metallurgical processing
including iron and steel manufacturing, open hearth furnaces,
basic oxygen furnaces, electrical arc furnaces, and blast fur-
naces; smelting and foundries for aluminum, brass, lead mag-
nesium, steel, and zinc; mineral processing of asphalt, calcium
carbide, cement, concrete, glass and lime; petroleum produc-
tion, and the kraft pulp industry. (Author abstract modified)
39898
Bloor, W. A.
REDUCTION OF DUST IN STEELFOUNDRY OPERATIONS.
Foundry Trade J. (London), 91(1819):31-40, 46, July 12, 1951.
22 refs. (Presented at the Institute of British Foundrymen,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.)
Recent methods for measuring and continuously recording
dust concentrations in steel foundries are described. The most
widely used control methods are those of local exhaust ven-
tilation at the dust sources and the complete enclosure of dust
producing processes with provision of exhaust ventilation. To
minimize metal dust produced by the stripping and fettling of
castings by pneumatic tools, it appears desirable to employ
molding materials of as fine a grain size as possible consistent
with the maintenance of adequate resistance to general sinter-
ing. Animals experiments on the effects of dust inhalation on
respiratory diseases are discussed. Concentration estimations,
photographic scales, print comparison, screen image com-
parison, and free silica determinations are described. Using
Owens jet apparatus and a salicylic acid filter with the
methods of estimation described, existing conditions in steel
foundries were surveyed and a wide variety of conditions.
Dust concentrations vary from under 200 particles per cu cm
to over 6400/cu cm. The free silica content of airborne dusts
vary from 11 to 73%. The results were partly dependent on the
amount of general atmospheric pollution associated with the
area in which the foundry was situated. Many processes
showed high concentrations due to contamination of the at-
mosphere by adjacent dusty processes.
41048
Drasche, H. and H. W. Beckenkamp
DETERMINATION OF DUST AT WORKSHIFT FROM THE
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE POINT OF VIEW. (Mesures
des poussieres au poste de travail sous 1 angle de la medecine
da travail). Text in French. Arch. Maladies Profess. Med.
Trav. Securite Sociale (Paris), 32(3):283-288, March 1971.
Measurement of the exposure of workers to airborne dust in
their work requires care to insure that the measurement is ac-
tually of the dust to which the worker is exposed. Use of the
usual dust measurement methods does not readily allow a
close correlation to be established between measured values
and the amount of dust absorbed by men. In order to obtain
results more closely approaching actual dust absorption,
gravimetric measurements by means of fixed instruments at
workplaces and by means of portable instruments attached to
workers backs; konimetric measurements; and measurements
obtained with filter masks worn by workers were conducted in
an iron foundry. Measurements taken by means of portable
gravimetric instruments are valuable. For greatest efficiency,
measurements must be taken throughout the working day;
over a 5-day period; since the varying degree of effort entailed
by different tasks affects the dust absorption rate, this must
be taken into account when evaluating exposure.
42735
Clark, G. L. and H. C. Terford
X-RAY ANALYSIS OF FOUNDRY DUSTS. FLUORESCENT
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS FOR IRON. Anal. Chem., 26(9):1416-
1418, Sept. 1954.
Because of the importance of iron determinations in foundry
dusts in the diagnosis of siderosis, as contrasted with silicosis,
and because of the extremely laborious and unsatisfactory
analysis by most chemical methods, recourse must be taken to
fluorescent spectral analysis. Foundry dusts were analyzed
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS 19
with the General Electric SPG fluorescent spectrometer with sidered.
the XRDa3 x-ray diffraction unit. The calibration curve is con-
-------
20
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
45624
TNO, Delft (The Netherlands), Research Inst. for Public
Health Engineering
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION. (Binnenlucht). Text in Dutch. In:
IG-TNO Annual Report 1969-1970. p. 26-33, 1970.
A statistical design was drawn up for an investigation of iron
and steel foundries to be conducted in cooperation with the
European Coal and Steel Community, and the results of mea-
surements in ceramic industries in and around the town of
Gouda is being prepared. Personal air samplers were evaluated
for their ability to measure the concentrations of dust in the
vicinity of individual workers who carried them on their
backs, and research was carried out on methods to sample and
measure solvent vapors in factories. The storage capacities of
several types of plastic bags were determined for
trichloroethylene in the 60 ppm range; the determination of
quartz in dust was investigated, along with methods to mea-
sure bis(tributyltin)oxide and trichloroethylene in air.
-------
21
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
32850 was studied in connection with occupational health protection.
Fiksinski Rajmund Emissions outside of the plant and within the factory were
EM.SSION AND IMMISSION OF DUST AND FUMES IN A ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
STEEL FOUNDRY. (Emisja oraz irmsja pylow i dymow w dust depositions were constructed with isolines of equal dusti-
odlewm stahwa). Text in Polish. Przeglad Odlewnictwa, ness Two and a half years of measurements showed depen-
21(4):141-146, 1971. 12 refs. dence between production volume and the amount of outside
The emission and diffusion of pollutants in a steel foundry emissions between the buildings and the plant area.
-------
22
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
01093
S. Tanaka and J. Lieben
COMMUNITY CHEST X-RAYS FOR PNEUMOCONIOSIS
PREVENTION. Arch. Environ. Health 12, 10-4, Jan. 1966.
Among 395,961 70 mm chest photofluorograms taken over the
three-year period of 1961-1963 in 23 Pennsylvania Counties,
there were 428 cases in which films were read as pneu-
moconiosis, silicotuberculosis, and generalized fibrosis. Of
these, 111 of the persons were between ages 25 and 54. These
were investigated further. Of the 111 persons studied, 43%
were coal workers, 14% worked in brick and stone industries,
and 9% in foundries. About 28% gave no history of occupa-
tional dust exposure. Thirty of the 48 coal workers came from
one coal region county. The overall rate of medical follow-up
was 88%. In the dust exposed group, about 50% of those fol-
lowed were found to have non-occupational diseases of the
lungs. All nine women in the study had no dust exposure.
Neigher had the 14 cases that had been read as 'generalized
fibrosis.' On the basis of 31 confirmed pneumoconiosis case
reports, investigation for the source of dust exposure was con-
ducted in 20 various-sized establishments; 14 are in current
operation and are scheduled to be surveyed or to have recom-
mendations for proper corrective measures.
01094
C. Zenz, J. P. Bartlett, and W. H. Thiede
ANALYSIS OF VENTILATION IN OLDER WORKERS IN
FOUNDRY, MACHINE SHOP, AND OFFICE. J. Occupational
Med. 7, (9) 443-6, Sept. 1965.
Clinical pulmonary spirometry has been evaluated in 206 work-
ing men. Physical examinations, chest X-ray films, and ventila-
tory-function tests during this special survey detected no new
respiratory aberrations in the group. Occupation appeared to
have virtually no effect on ventilation; no significant changes
were detected in the pulmonary function after exposure to
foundry, office, or machine-shop environment, even after an
average 30 continuous years of exposure. (Author summary
modified)
01536
J. Knowelden R.H. Kastell
SURVEY OF RESPIRATORY PERFORMANCE OF STEEL-
FOUNDRY EMPLOYEES. Foundry Trade (London)
121(2592):177-181, Aug. 11, 1966.
A British Steel Founders' Association radiological survey car-
ried out upon the respiratory tracts of steelfoundry personnel
is discussed. The objective was to discover if there was any
evidence of disturbance in ventilatory functions associated
with occupation, smoking habits or radiological abnormality.
Conclusions indicated that although individual men varied
widely in their ventilatory capacity there was little difference
between firms or occupations. A decline in capacity was as-
sociated with severe radiological abnormality or with heavy
cigarette-smoking but there are probably many other factors
unconnected with steel-foundry employment which accounted
for difference in performances of individual men who were
subjected to testing. (Author summary)
11899
Ciuhandu, G., M, Diaconovici, L. Kiss, and V. Rusu
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBON MONOXIDE
EXCRETION IN EXHALED AIR, AND OCCUPATIONAL EX-
POSURE. ((Die Beziehung zwischen Kohlenmonox-
idausscheidung in der Ausatemluft und beruflicher Exposi-
tion.)) Text in German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeistsschutz,
18(6):172-176, June 1968. 9 refs.
Attempts to determine carbon monoxide blood content by
analysis of exhaled air have been made. In earlier attempts the
authors measured the total amount of CO exhaled in 5
minutes. Breathing was performed in the closed system of a
spirometer containing 10 liters of oxygen. The dependence of
exhaled CO volume on the gas concentration of the blood cor-
responds with a slow rising curve of concentration. Using this
relationship, an indirect determination of the blood CO is
possible. The relationships between CO exposure and CO
elimination in the exhaled gas mixture was studied in 272 per-
sons who worked at different jobs in one steel and 2 iron
foundries. Exhaled carbon monoxide quantities in smokers as
opposed to nonsmokers are generally higher; therefore,
smokers and nonsmokers were observed separately. In each
occupational group there is an increase in the gas elimination
following exposure. In nonsmofcers the gas volume is
somewhat lower at the beginning of the work shift. With expo-
sure excretion levels increase. In smokers the CO levels were
higher at the beginning of the shift the rise in excretion levels
following occupational exposure is the same in the smokers as
in nonsmokers. Marked individual variations in the levels oc-
cur, but overall figures in groups of exposed workers are sta-
ble. After work exposure, CO is excreted and levels become
lower in nonsmokers and return to the original prework shift
levels. Smokers continually add to their CO content even after
their occupational exposure. By analysis of exhaled gas, the
carbon monoxide impregnation during a given work period can
be measured. The gas content in 100 ml. blood is of the same
order of magnitude as that excreted in the air in 5 minutes. It
can be determined with the aid of a reference curve. The
procedure does not require serial blood sampling while per-
mitting the observation of carbon monoxide levels in exposed
workers.
11970
Langmanri, R.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON SELECTED
POPULATION GROUPS. (Die Wirkung von Luftverun-
reinigungen auf ausgesuchte Bevoelkerungsgruppen). Oeffentl.
Gesundheitsdienst, 22(5):179- 184, 1960. Translated from Ger-
man. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science
Info. Services, 13p.
Various studies were undertaken to determine the transient ef-
fect of industrial dust on lung function. In one test, healthy
male subjects averaging 25 years of age were exposed for six
hours in a working area of a steel and iron foundry to 18 ppm
carbon monoxide and 0.08 ppm sulfur dioxide. No worker
demonstrated the onset of any acute loss of respiratory func-
tion. Only one difference was noted in MTV values as deter-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
23
mined by the Fowler Test before the start and after the end of
the working day. The difference was not statistically signifi-
cant. Tests were also conducted with workers exposed to 0.24
ppm in the foundry pit. No detectable changes were recorded
with respect to vital capacity, maximum expiration value, and
respiratory minute volume. However, respiration rate in-
creased by 11.9% and depth of respiration declined by 9%,
suggesting that dust potentiates SO2 action. The effects of
chronic exposure to dust in a study concerned with measure-
ment of pulmonary function in a group of older persons need
to be taken into account. Subjective reactions to SO2 concen-
trations less than 1 ppm were noted in older emphysema pa-
tients when the weather was foggy and small amounts of
hydrogen sulfide were present in the atmosphere.
42136
Vanhoorne, M., R. Dams, J. Bressers, and C. van Peteghem
SMOKE OF THE TRIGGER PROCESS IN THE PRODUC-
TION OF NODULAR IRON AND ITS POSSIBLE EFFECTS
ON MAN. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed., 29(2):102- 118, June 1972.
38 refs.
Following complaints of foundry workers about the smoke
released by the triggering process in the production of nodular
iron, the composition of this smoke and its possible effects on
man were investigated. Nondestructive neutron activation
analysis showed 34 elements, all in concentrations below
threshold limit values. The possible acute effects of this smoke
on man were investigated in 10 workers. Eight workers had
subjective complaints, mainly respiratory discomfort. Deter-
mination of iron in serum and lead in blood of workers before
and after exposure to the smoke showed no significant dif-
ferences. Clinical laboratory investigations and body tempera-
ture readings indicate that metal fume fever did not occur. All
subjects showed to a different extent a decrease of vital
capacity shortly after exposure to the smoke. Forced expirato-
ry volume in one second showed no consistent changes. Long
term effects of repeated short exposures are unknown.
42736
Clark, G. L. and L. E. Holly
X-RAV ANALYSIS OF FOUNDRY DUSTS. INTERPRETA-
TION OF RESULTS AND CORRELATED MEDICAL OBSER-
VATIONS. Anal. Chem., 26(9):1418-1420, Sept. 1954. 6 refs.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society, National Meet-
ing, 123rd, Los Angeles, Calif., 1953.)
An intensive study was made in all sections of a large mid-
western steel foundry of the concentrations and compositions
of dusts which may constitute a hazard upon inhalation to the
workers, especially in development of silicosis. Since alpha-
quartz is the established cause of this disease, quantitative
analysis of dusts must be made by x-ray diffraction
techniques. Two sets of dust samples collected from the same
areas, one a year after the other, were analyzed on two dif-
ferent Geiger diffractometers by two observers. Iron was
determined chemically and by fluorescent spectral analysis in
all the dust samples to ascertain any lung effects defined as
siderosis. Dusts varied in quartz content from 0 to more than
80%, and in general the amount of iron varied inversely. Since
many workers in the foundry had been employed for more
than 16 years in the same duties and the same areas and since
lung radiographs periodically made over a period of 16 years
were available for each man, it was possible to study the
development and progression of evidence of silicotic nodula-
tion and of siderotic changes, supposedly benign, which are
often difficult to distinguish from silicosis, as related to the
hazard of the particular occupation. The effects of ventilation
and of aluminum dust therapy were thus ascertained. (Author
summary modified)
43510
Einbrodt, H. J.
ASBESTOSIS AND PSEUDOASBESTOSIS BODIES (FERRU-
GINOUS BODIES). (Asbestose- und Pseudoasbestosekoer-
perchen (ferruginous bodies)). Text in German. Pathol. Anat.
Hals, Nasen, Ohren, Zahnheilkd. (Stuttgart), 41(4):504-506,
1970. 18 refs.
Studies on asbestosis, pseudoasbestosis, and asbestos-like
bodies are reviewed. Asbestosis bodies, containing a longitu-
dinal asbestos fiber, pseudoasbestosis bodies without longitu-
dinal orientation, and asbestos-like bodies of 20 micron or
larger have a similar morphology and chemical structure in
consisting of ferrous phosphate. Pleural mesothelioma due to
filamentous asbestos, a highly carcinogenic substance, was ob-
served. Pseudoasbestos bodies in the lungs of workers ex-
posed to rutile, talc, and cork dust, and asbestos-like bodies in
foundry workers were detected.O The presence in the lung of
ferruginous bodies was found to be associated with pulmonary
fibrosis. Ferruginous bodies in 15% of populations not exposed
to dust in industrial areas were detected, which suggests no
relationship between such bodies and fibrotic and carcinogenic
effects.
46757
Zahorski, Witold, Kazimierz Marek, Aleksandra Kuiawska,
Marek Zacharewicz, Antoni Gwara, Joana Kubicka, and Adam
Konca
EVALUATION OF THE HEALTH STATE OF IRON MILL
EMPLOYEES. (Ocena stanu zdrowia zalogi walcowne zelaza).
Polski Tygod. Lekar. (Warsaw), 25(27):993-996, 1970. 8 refs.
Translated from Polish. 12p.
Taking into account characteristics of the work environment in
a foundry, an attempt was made to determine the relationship
between chronic bronchitis, high blood pressure, ulcers, and
neurotic syndromes with the possible influence of pathogenic,
occupational, and non-occupational factors. The employees ex-
amined consisted of 561 men between 19 and 64 years of age,
40% of whom had worked at the iron mill less than 5 years
and 33% of whom had worked there over 15 years. Factors
which were considered included age, smoking, alcohol con-
sumption, earnings, marital status, living conditions, and the
various occupational factors such as duration of employment
and type of job. Morbidity is discussed, as well as absentee-
ism.
-------
24
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
12394
Woodcock, Kenneth R. and Larry B. Barrett
ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE IMPACT OF AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL: GRAY-IRON FOUNDRIES, A CASE
STUDY. Preprint, Air Pollution Contr Association, New York
City, 23p., 1969. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association Annual Meeting, 62nd, New York, N. Y., June 22-
26, 1969.)
Two gray-iron foundries are used as models to illustrate how
economic indicators can describe the direct impact of air-pol-
lution control expenditures and help determine what is effi-
cient and equitable. A set of 14 indicators (financial, engineer-
ing, production effectiveness) is used in the analysis. By relat-
ing control costs to the various economic and engineering
characteristics of a firm, the study provides a means for deter-
mining relative measures of impact, which is defined as either
the value of any investment in an air-pollution control system
or the value of capital and current costs allocated annually to
the control system. Control costs for any given type of indus-
trial process normally increase with the size of the process as
well as the efficiency of the control system. In general, the im-
pact indicator increases with increasing collection efficiencies
of control systems. However, this direct relationship does not
always hold true for the variable of size because certain
economies are often found with increasing size. A discussion
of these principles as measured by impact indicators is in-
cluded. The indicators are capable of broader application then
the presented comparison of two plants in the same industry.
They can also be used to compare different plants in the same
industry.
17059
Weber, Herbert J.
THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION LAWS ON THE SMALL
FOUNDRY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(2):67-71, Feb.
1970.
Various air pollution laws in the United States and Canada are
compared and the cost of complying with them for the small
iron foundry is discussed. The question of why gray iron foun-
dries do not replace cupolas with electric melting furnaces is
answered by presenting an analysis of cupola melting costs
and electric melting costs. Gross melt costs for arc melting are
6 to 21% higher and induction melting costs, 8 to 19% higher
than cupola melting. The financial plight of the small foundry
is typified by the case of five Rhode Island foundries that are
required to have collection efficiencies higher than 99%. The
net worth of the foundries ranges from $30,000 to $175,000.
The installed cost of air pollution equipment comes to
$135,000 and combined financing and maintenance costs, to
$38,168 per year. However, a breakthrough in cheaper control
of cupola effluents appears imminent. A Chicago foundry has
obtained a pronounced reduction of the effluents by the use of
coke-fired cupolas with natural gas injected just above the
tuyeres. The gas burners above the tuyeres deliver 14,000,000
BTU/hr, reducing the amount of coke used by 27%. The
system is installed on a malleable iron cupola. Whether it will
be successful on a gray-iron cupola remains to be determined.
17193
Woodcock, Kenneth R. and Larry B. Barrett
ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE IMPACT OF AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
20(2):72-77, Feb. 1970. 6 refs.
Because the cost of air pollution controls should be examined
relative to denominators common to emitters, desirable indica-
tors of economic impact are those permitting comparisons
between emitters. Indicators which facilitate such comparisons
are suggested and their usefulness illustrated by application to
two model gray iron foundries. Four alternative control
systems are proposed for each model plant. The indicators are
formed by comparing the investment and annual costs of the
control systems to the financial, engineering, and production
characteristics of the plants as well as to the effectiveness
measures of the control systems. The characteristics of the
model are represented by data on the following: investment in
melting equipment, plant assets, retained earnings, value of
castings, net income, melt rate, control system gas volume,
annual quantity of castings shipped, and annual quantity of
particulates captured. The indicators permit judgements on the
equity and efficiency of various levels of air pollution control
and make it possible to obtain a more equitable distribution of
costs.
21968
Linsky, Benjamin
CASE STUDIES OF COSTS (QUALITY AIR-LUXURY OR
INEXPENSIVE NECESSITY). Virginia Polytechnic Inst.,
Blacksburg, Water Resources Research Center, Seminar on
the Economics of Air and Water Pollut., Blacksburg, Va.,
1969,p. 195-208.
A series of case studies relating pollution control costs, equip-
ment, and effects are discussed. A breakdown of the con-
sumers dollar in terms of what air and water pollution actually
cost him is included. A system of concepts and phrases used
in considering air pollution is presented. Proposals, reports,
and local ordinances relevent to the discussion are included.
Estimated costs for air pollution control for the gray iron
foundry cupola (afterburners, scrubbers, baghouses, and elec-
trostatic precipitators), steel plant (scrubbers, baghouses, and
electrostatic precipitators), and chemical drying operation (pri-
mary cyclone, secondary multiple cyclones, secondary wet
scrubbers, and baghouses) are subdivided into the following
breakdown: air pollution emissions (particulates and droplets,
gases); collection efficiency or recovery; and cost (capital in-
vestment, operating costs, and plant investment).
29879
Gutow, Bernard
HOW EMISSION CONTROL AFFECTS MELTING COSTS.
Foundry, 99(5):76-80. May 1971.
Estimates are presented of capital and operating costs of emis-
sion control systems for iron foundry melting furnaces. The
data are for foundries with cupolas controlled with high-energy
wet scrubbers or fabric filters and for electric furnaces con-
-------
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
25
trolled with fabric filters. Differences in installation dates have
been compensated for by converting investment costs to a
common base of 1969 dollars. Capital costs considered include
basic equipment, auxiliary equipment, engineering, and instal-
lation. Basic and auxiliary equipment costs are the main com-
ponents of total capital costs, varying from 41 to 85% of total
costs. Factors influencing capital costs of cupola control
systems include construction materials, water supply and solid
disposal, and erection costs. Costs of electric arc control in-
stallations are influenced by type of exhaust hood, complexity
of the ductwork, and cost of baghouse. Total investment costs
for both scrubbers and filters vary directly with gas volume
throughput and increase with increased pressure drop. Operat-
ing costs considered include electrical power and makeup
water. For wet scrubbers, these are the major costs. Cost-per-
ton curves, comparing 1000, 2000, and 4000 hr/yr levels of
operation, indicate that the cost per ton of melt rises rapidly
as the size of the foundry operation decreases.
30696
LeSourd, D. A., M. E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstie, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SPECIFIED AIR POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE EC'ONOMIC EFFECTS OF
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL REPORT).
Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA 70-60, RTI Proj.
OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec. 1970. 328 refs. NTIS:
PB 197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a national basis and in terms of unit investment and annual
operating and maintenance costs as well as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs. The analyses cover the estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976. Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected industries
and the Nation are also determined. Finally, an extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile sources
selected for analysis are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and particulates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation. Mobile sources include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty trucks. Stationary sources studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam- electric
power plants, asphalt batching, brick and tile, coal cleaning,
cement, elemental phosphorus, grain handling and milling
(animal feed), gray iron, iron and steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and storage, petroleum refineries,
phosphate fertilizer, primary non-ferrous metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and air pollution control engineering
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and the cost impact on each industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)
40545
Commins (J. A.) and Associates, Inc., Fort Washington, Pa.
A LOCALIZED STUDY OF GRAY IRON FOUNDRIES TO
DETERMINE BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL COMMONALI-
TIES CONDUCIVE TO REDUCING ABATEMENT COSTS.
Office of Air Programs Contract OAP-EPA 68-04-0043, Rept.
APTD- 1081, 177p., Jan. 1972. 45 refs. NTIS: PB 209291
The extent of technical and business commonalities in gray
iron foundries which would be conducive to reducing air pollu-
tion abatement costs was examined on the thesis that
economics of scale both in purchase and in financing costs
might be available to members of the group, thereby lessening
the financial impact to small foundries in complying with air
pollution regulations. A sizeable portion of an air pollution
control system can be substantially identical for foundries in
Pennsylvania having commonalities of melt rate, blast rate,
and stack exit temperatures. Installation problems are unique
and are not amenable to the economies of scale. In some
cases, process changes are an attractive alternative to control
devices. A group of ten foundries of ten ton/hr melt rate could
save $20,000 per each group member by group procurement. If
group financing turns out to be possible, a group of ten foun-
dries could save $15,000 for each member s financing charge.
No precedent exists for this type of joint venture thus seri-
ously inhibiting the adoption of groups with the goal of obtain-
ing the savings previously mentioned. This problem can be
overcome by conducting a program in gradual steps. As the
program proceeds, previously unanswered questions are an-
swered and the risk is eliminated or at least quantified and ac-
cepted, the parties would become more increasingly committed
up to the last phase of firm commitment in a legally binding
way (Author conclusions modified)
41352
Public Health Service, Raleigh, N. C., National Air Pollution
Control Administration
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ON
GRAY IRON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY. Publ. AP-74, 124p.,
Nov. 1970. 75 refs. GPO
Nationally, gray iron foundries rank as one of the largest in-
dustries in terms of value of shipments, employment, and par-
ticulate pollution. Emissions in 1966 amounted to 190,000 tons,
which was 2.9% of the 5.9 million tons of particulates emitted
by industrial processes into the nation s atmosphere. In 1967,
particulate emissions were controlled from 204, or about 11%
of the 1376 foundries in the gray iron industry. About half the
foundries shipped less than $1.0 million in castings; and of
those, only about 5% operate air pollution control systems.
The four most common pollution control devices, in ascending
order of collection efficiency, are wet caps, multiple cyclones,
wet scrubbers, and fabric filters Nearly half the foundries
with control systems use low-cost, low-efficiency wet caps,
which do not usually satisfy stringent emission regulations. In-
dustry considerations as to whether and how to control air pol-
lution have been influenced by state and local regulations.
Federal activity under the Clean Air Act will serve to intensify
state and local efforts to combat air pollution. A comparison
of pollution control costs determined from the interview sur-
vey with industry financial data provided by the Internal
Revenue Service suggests that the impact of stringent pollution
control on small firms is greater than on large firms. The an-
nual cost of controlling air pollution, as a percent of profits
before taxes, declines, as size increases, from 59% for a typi-
cal firm with value of casting shipments under $0.5 million to
11% for a typical firm with over $10 million in value of ship-
ments. The possibility of foundries shifting air pollution con-
-------
26 FERROUS FOUNDRIES
trol costs is limited by the price behavior in markets serving materials prices, and the increasing profit and capital shares of
and served by the industry. The growth of larger foundries, the industry will allow larger firms to distribute the burden of
the relative increase in casting prices and decrease in raw air pollution control more widely. (Author summary modified)
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27
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
44599
Statens Naturvardsverk, Stockholm (Sweden)
GUIDELINES FOR EMISSION ABATEMENT MEASURES TO
BE APPLIED TO AIR POLLUTANT INSTALLATIONS.
(Riktlinjer for emissionsbegransande atgarder vid luftforore-
nande anlaggningar). Text in Swedish. Kept. 2, 18p., 1970.
Guidelines issued July 1969 for emission abatement to be ap-
plied to old and new pollutant installations are presented.
Guidelines for and calculations of the required height of stacks
emitting sulfur dioxide and dust are reproduced. The maximum
allowable SO2 concentrations are 0.14 mg/cu m (monthly
average), 0.29 mg/cu m (daily average), and 0.72 mg/cu m (30-
minute average). The dust and soot emission limits for oil-
fueled facilities with thermal power outputs below 300 MW are
1.5 g and 1.0 g/kg of oil; while the limits for steam boiler units
with outputs exceeding 300 MW are 1.0 g of dust and 20 g of
SO2/kg of oil. The SO2 emission from sulfuric acid manufac-
turing plants should not exceed 5 kg/ton of sulfuric acid. Cor-
responding emission limits for iron and steel works, ferroalloy
manufacturing, powder metallurgic plants, cement, lime,
asphalt and cellulose plants, foundries, petroleum refineries,
and gas turbine power plants have been established. A
minimum temperature of 800 C is required for waste incinera-
tors, and a maximum of 10% of the dust present in incinerator
waste gases should be in a fraction above 40 micron.
46100
Engels, Gerhard
NEW DETERMINATION FOR EMISSION CONTROL AND
OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION IN FOUNDRY ENVIRON-
MENT. (Neue Bestimmungen zum Immissions- und Ar-
beitsschutz und ihre Auswirkungen auf Giessereien). Text in
German. Giesserei (Duesseldorf), 56(21):621-624, Oct. 1969. 14
refs.
New regulations and emission standards imposed on metallur-
gical facilities in West Germany are reviewed. The maximum
allowable dust emission from cupola furnaces is 1.5 kg/ton of
iron, while a higher value of 2 kg/ton of iron is permitted for
adverse cases. Measurements revealed that dust emissions
from hot-blast and cold-blast cupola furnaces are largely in the
same order of magnitude within a range of 10.01-10.30 g/N cu
m, while the specific emissions, determined mainly by the
quantity and quality of the coke charge, are 7.52-7.70 kg/ton of
iron. Three maxima of the grain size distribution were found in
the respective ranges of 2-5, 20-50 and 100-500 micron, and
some 50% of the total dust was below 63 micron. The sug-
gested maximum allowable concentrations for copper-melting
furnaces are 150 mg/N cu m for electrostatic precipitators and
scrubbers, and 100 mg/N cu m for tissue filters. Maximum al-
lowable job site concentrations were elaborated for 323 dif-
ferent pollutants in 1968. The use of quartz sand for sandblast-
ing has been prohibited. A noise standard of 90 dB, specified
for foundries, is hard to comply with.
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28
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
08093
Bloomfield, Bernard D.
THE FOUNDRY - AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
LEGISLATION. Mod. Castings, 52(4):93-97, Oct. 1967. 5 refs.
This paper discusses air pollution as created by foundries in
Michigan, processes and equipment to combat these polluters
and legislative procedures, now in force and proposed, in that
State, and what must be done if air pollution is to be solved.
The author points out that approach to zoning has to be on the
basis of long term projection-on an orderly pre-determined
basis for the good of all. The author feels it is likely that more
governmental assistance and incentives are needed to en-
courage, or enable, installation of effective air pollution con-
trol equipment. (AuthorOs abstract)
09095
New York State Air Pollution Control Board, Albany
PART 188. CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS FROM FERROUS
JOBBING FOUNDRIES. (STATUTORY AUTHORITY:
PUBLIC HEALTH LAW, SS 1271, 1276.) 3p., Feb. 6, 1968.
A regulation stipulating maximum allowable emissions of par-
ticulate matter from ferrous foundry cupolas and open hearth
furnaces in the State of New York is outlined. The regulation
applies to all cupolas and open hearth furnaces in operation on
or prior to February 6, 1968. The effective date of compliance
is January 1, 1971.
09538
Walderman, Howard
LEGAL NOTE...AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Public Health
Rept. (U. S.), 83(2):118, Feb. 1968.
The Superior Court of New Jersey held than an expert opinion
based on estimates of paniculate emissions from the
smokestack of a cast iron foundry was sufficient to find air
pollution code violations by the defendant operator of the
foundry. The Court also held that such evidence could support
an order directing the defendant to cease discharging solid par-
ticles into the air in violation of the code. The Court thus re-
jected the defendant's attack upon the substantiality of the
State's evidence, which evidence had consisted of assumptions
found in 'respected' literature, in the form of reliably based
percentages, of the solid particles emitted from the material
fed into the operation if uncontrolled (emission factors), and
of the efficiency of the air pollution equipment installed.
29975
Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan)
CASTING WORK ENVIRONMENTS AND PUBLIC
NUISANCE. (Chuzo sagyo kankyo oyobi kogai). Text in
Japanese. In: Report of Field Survey on Technical Standards
of Smaller Enterprises. Pig Iron Castings Manufacturing Indus-
try (70-70) Chapt. Rept. 419, p. 57-69, March 1971.
The shortage of labor, caused by generally poor working con-
ditions, is an increasingly serious problem for the casting in-
dustry. A survey revealed that 100% of the enterprises in the
pig iron casting industry admitted the need to make working
environment improvements. Changes should include: the
development of work procedures, machines, tools, and equip-
ment that will not damage the working environment; the im-
provement of ventilation, lighting, and air conditioning to
eliminate dust, heat, noise, and odor; and the development of
high-performance, low-cost devices to improve the working
environment. According to the opinion survey, 774 out of 1762
companies wanted something done about dust, 386 about heat,
364 about noise, 129 about vibration, 82 about odor, and 27
about other items. Dust is produced by sand screening,
demolition of molds, grinding, and melting in a cupola furnace.
Heat occurs in teeming, especially hand-teeming, melting in a
cupola, and demolition of molds. Noise comes from compres-
sors, melting, molding machines, and grinding. Vibration
comes from molding machines, grinders, cupola furnaces, and
others, while odor is from mold-making, especially shell mold-
making, carbon dioxide, melting in a cupola, and demolition of
molds. Dust, noise, vibration, exhaust gas, odor, and effluents
from the casting industry also cause a public nuisance. Since
most casting works are smaller enterprises and located in den-
sely populated districts, the solution of the public nuisance
problem is very difficult, particularly for economical reasons.
It can only be solved through the cooperation of central and
local governments, enterprises, and local inhabitants. The most
popular public nuisance prevention devices in the industry are
dust removers and sound insulation devices, followed by the
suspension of night-time operations. Now 75.4% of the enter-
prises operate during daytime only.
38376
Engels, G.
LAW AND JURISDICTION. (Aus Gesetz und Recht-
sprechung). Text in German. Giesserei (Duesseldorf),
58(26):824, Dec. 1971.
The catalogue of foundry processes which are subject to strin-
gent emission limitations and thus must be licensed before
they can be put into operation has been changed. All plants
which melt crude iron or crude steel as well as plants for steel
production must obtain a license. Excepted are plants operat-
ing on the vacuum melting principle with capacities to 5 tons.
The list also includes melting plants for non-ferrous metals in-
cluding plants for refining. Excepted are plants for vacuum
melting and melting of up to 50 kg of light metals or 200 kg
heavy metals and melting plants for precious metals, or alloys
consisting solely of precious metals. Furthermore, the list per-
tains to iron, annealing, and steel foundries, foundries for non-
ferrous metals with the exception of foundries for bell casting,
and art foundries where metallic molds are used. The new list
omits the small foundries for non-ferrous metals with the com-
ment that air pollution by these plants is negligible.
44928
ReinhardI, Robert T.
WEST COAST. Iron Age, 163(15):104, 106, April 14, 1949.
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 29
The approximately 75 gray iron foundries in Los Angeles Control Act of California is mentioned, including the system
County are faced with the necessity for controlling smog, and of issuing permits. The situation in San Francisco and the
three types of pilot plants are now in use to determine the Pacific Northwest is mentioned. To aid western industry
most efficient methods. Steel foundries numbering about 20 in management attempting to eliminate or minimize industrial
the area are likewise conducting experiments to meet legal health hazards, the Public Health Service is setting up its first
requirements. Action is also being taken against the petroleum industrial hygiene field station outside of Washington, D. C.,
industry and open dumps burning rubbish. The Air Pollution near the University of Utah campus in Salt Lake City.
-------
30
N. GENERAL
06146
W. Rayher* and J. T. Middleton
THE CASE FOR CLEAN AIR (SPECIAL REPORT). Mill Fac-
tory 80,(4) 41-56, Apr. 1967.
The introduction in the form of a series of questions put to Dr.
Middleton is of special interest in indicating the forward thrust
of the Federal government in air pollution control since he is
the Director of the National Center for Air Pollution Control
which has the responsibility for the administration of the
Federal air pollution control laws and regulations. His answers
indicate vigorous activity by the Federal authorities where
local authori- ties fail to act. The major provisions of the
proposed Air Quality Act of 1967 are outlined as well as the
existing Federal authority under the Clean Air Act of 1963.
With this back- ground of increased Federal activity and espe-
cially with the issuance of emission standards, this definitive
review continues with an outline of the various types of air
pollutants, their sources, and the accepted methods of control.
In the section covering what is being done by industry today,
examples are given of the control measures in effect at a
rubber processing plant, a cement plant, steel plant, and a
foundry.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
31
ALLEN, G L 'B-03754
ARCHER, A 'B-02020
ATTWOOD W A *B-27896
AVER F A J-30696
B
BARRETT L B J-12394, J-17193
BARTLETT, J P G-01094
BECKENKAMP H W C-41048
BINGHAM T E J-30696
BLOOMFIELD B D *B-40553
BLOOR W A 'C-39898
BLOOMFIELD, B D "L-08093
BRADLEY C J A-43198
BRECHTELSBAUER O J 'B-43200
BRESSERS J G-42136
BRIGHT / A B-29212
GREENBERG J H *A-35925
GUTHMANN K 'B-45554
GUTOW B *J-29879
GUTOW B S *A-35897
GWARA A G-46757
H
HALL H T *A-35128, 'B-48272
HAMMOND, W F 'B-09797
HIGGINS R I *B-29212
HIGGINS, R I *C-07045
HILL E L J-306%
HOLLY L E G-42736
I ANSON J E 'A-43198
IMURA T B-47I25
N
NAKAI Y 'B-29231
NANCE, J T B-09797
PARKES, W B 'B-07062
PRING R T *B-40080
R
RAYHER, W 'N-06146
REINHARDT R T "L-44928
ROBERTSON D L A-43198
ROSE A H JR B-40568
ROSE, A H JR B-02229
RUSU, V G-11899
CHASS R L B-40568
CIUHANDU, G 'G-11899
CLARK G L 'C-42735, 'G-42736
CLARK R A-18085
CONOVER R E B-29108
COWEN P S 'B-36756
CRABAUGH H R »B-40568
D
DAHLMANN A A-37642
DAMS R G-42136
DAVIS J A 'A-18085
DEWELL, P C-07045
DIACONOVICI, M G-11899
DOK H 'B-43202
DOWNS J J 'B-40555
DRASCHE H "C-41048
EINBRODT H J 'G-43510
ELLISON W *B-43766
ENGELS G 'B-35958, 'K-46100, *L-38376
ERICKSON O E 'B-39698
K
KADOWAKI T B-29602
KANE J M 'B-17824
KARPATI J *B-19484
KASTELL, R H G-01536
KATO Y 'B-21324
KISS, L G-11899
KISTLER J *B-43515
KNOWELDEN, J *G-01536
KOBAYASHI K B-47328
KONCA A G-46757
KRAUSE U A-30613, 'A-32040
KUBICKA J G-46757
KUBOTA K «B-47328
KUJAWSKA A G-46757
LANGMANN R 'G-11970
LAWRIE W B B-27896
LEMKE E E 'A-32351
LESOURD D A 'J-30696
LIEBEN, J G-01093
LINSKY B *J-21968
M
SAKATA M A-32716
SAKURAI T B-47125
SCHLEICHER A R J-30696
SCHOCK D 'A-37642
SEBESTA W 'A-30446
SHANNON L J A-35574
SHAW F M 'A-39140, 'B-27036
SHOJI Y B-29602
SICKLES R W B-39970
SLOAN R V B-17824
SPAITE, P W *B-02229
SPECHT S E 'B-39970
STEFFORA, T J 'A-11012
STEPHEN, D G B-02229
STERLING, M *B-02771
TAFT R T 'A-47883
TANAKA Y 'A-32716
TANAKA, S 'G-01093
TERFORD H C C-42735
THIEDE, W H G-01094
THOMAS G A-32351
TOSAKI H B-47328
TRIPLET! G 'C-33045
TSUDA M B-47328
FIKSINSKI R *E-32850
FILIMONTSEV D P A-44849
FOGEL M E J-30696
G
GERSTLE R W J-30696
GIBEAUT W A A-18085
GIEVER P M 'A-32489
GREENBERG H H "B-29108
MAKIGUCHI T 'B-47711
MAREK K G-46757
MASEK V 'A-28371
MATHE G B-19484
MATVEEV V A "A-44849
MCCABE L C *B-39953
MCCABE, L C B-03754
MCELWEE R G 'A-44929
MIDDLETON, J T N-06146
MILLER W C *B-31754, *B-44844
MITSCH G L *B-45364
MIWA C *B-29602
VAN PETEGHEM C G-42136
VANDEGRIFT A E 'A-35574
VANHOORNE M 'G-42136
VIETS, F H B-03754
WALDERMAN, H
WASILEWSKA J
W
'L-09538
A-30613, A-32040
-------
32 FERROUS FOUNDRIES
WEBER H -A-33762 Y YOSHIKAWA N B-47328
WEBER H J *B-39795, "J-17059
WEDIN B 'A-26929
WIEDEMANN C R 'B-40554, 'B-40608 YODA F 'B-45177 Z
WILLET H P 'B-16681
WITHERIDGE W N 'B-44931 YOKOKAWA T B-29231 ZACHAREWICZ M G-46757
WOODCOCK K R "J-12394, 'J-17193 ZAHORSKI W *G-46757
WRIGHT R A B-45364 YOSHIHARA T *B-47125 ZENZ, C »G-01094
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
33
ABATEMENT A-32351, A-35128, A-39140,
A-41650, J-12394, J-40545, L-38376,
L-44928, N-06146
ABSENTEEISM G-46757
ABSORPTION A-26929, B-45977, N-06146
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-16681,
B-29231
ACIDS A-32351, A-35574, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, B-20248, J-30696,
K-44599
ACUTE G-11899, G-42136
ADMINISTRATION A-32252, A-32351,
A-35128, A-35925, A-39460, A-44929,
B-20248, B-29108, B-32251, B-44844,
D-45624, G-01093, J-40545, L-08093,
L-44928, N-06146
ADSORPTION B-45148, N-06146
ADULTS G-01094, G-01536, G-11899
AERODYNAMICS B-27896
AEROSOLS A-32716, B-27896
AFTERBURNERS A-35574, A-37642,
A-39462, A-40180, A-41650, A-42751,
B-09797, B-32247, B-36756, B-45148,
J-21968, N-06146
AGE G-11970, G-46757
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
L-29975
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES A-32351
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA A-41650
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-32351, L-44928
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-11012, A-28371, A-30613, A-32716,
A-35128, A-35574, A-35897, A-41650,
B-32247, B-36756, B-39747, B-40568,
B-44931, B-47125, B-47711, C-07045,
C-39898, D-45624, E-32850, G-42736
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-32351,
A-33762, B-07062, B-45148, L-09095
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
L-08093
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-37642, B-03754
AIRCRAFT A-32351
ALCOHOLS A-39460, G-46757
ALDEHYDES A-39460
ALERTS A-32351
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-39460
ALKALINE ADDITIVES B-20248
ALTITUDE A-44849
ALUMINUM A-39462, B-03754, B-20248,
B-21324, B-47711, B-48424, C-33045,
J-30696
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-32489,
B-20248, G-42736
ALUMINUM OXIDES A-28371, A-32716,
A-39140, B-20248, B-36756, B-47711
AMINES A-39460
AMMONIA A-39460
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-39460
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-32040,
B-20248, B-48272, C-39898, C-42735,
G-11899, G-42136, G-42736
ANIMALS A-36123, G-01093, G-01094.
G-01536
ANNUAL A-32040
AREA SURVEYS A-32351
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-39460
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-28371
ASBESTOS A-39460, B-03754, G-01093
ASBESTOSIS G-43510
ASIA A-32716, B-21324, B-29231, B-29602,
B-45177, B-47125, B-47328, B-47711,
L-29975
ASPHALT A-32351, A-35574, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, C-33045, J-30696,
K-44599
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-32351
AUTOMOBILES A-32351, B-45148,
J-30696
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-32351, A-37642, B-03754, B-45148,
J-30696
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-32351
B
BAFFLES N-06146
BAG FILTERS A-36123, A-41650,
B-02229, B-02771, B-03754, B-09797,
B-21324, B-27036, B-32247, B-39698,
B-39747, B-39953, B-40555, B-40568,
B-43202, B-45177, B-45364, B-45554,
B-47711, J-21968, L-08093
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-39461,
C-33045
BELGIUM G-42136
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE A-28371
BENZOPYRENES A-26929, A-28371
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS A-39460
BESSEMER CONVERTERS C-33045
BLAST FURNACES A-28371, A-30613,
B-02020, B-16681, B-43515, B-45977,
C-33045
BLOOD CELLS G-11899
BLOOD CHEMISTRY G-42136
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS G-11899
BLOOD PRESSURE G-46757
BLOWBY A-32351
BODY FLUIDS G-11899
BOILERS A-32351, A-35925, B-29231,
B-39970, J-30696, K-44599
BREATHING B-07062, C-07045, G-01093,
G-11899
BRICKS J-30696
BRONCHITIS G-01093, G-46757
BUDGETS B-20248
BUILDINGS E-32850
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY B-16681,
B-29231, B-29602, B-35958
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-28371,
A-32716, A-39140, A-39460, B-32251,
B-36756, B-47711
CALIBRATION METHODS C-42735,
G-11899
CALIFORNIA A-32351, A-43198, B-03754,
B-39698, B-39953, B-40568, B-44931,
B-45148, L-44928
CANCER G-43510
CARBON BLACK A-30613, A-32716,
A-35574, A-37642, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, A-44929, B-02229, B-36756
CARBON DIOXIDE A-32489, A-39140,
B-36756, L-29975
CARBON MONOXIDE A-32351, A-32489,
A-35897, A-35925, A-39140, A-39460,
A-40180, A-42751, A-44849, B-09797,
B-16681, B-36756, B-44844, G-11899,
G-11970, J-30696, N-06146
CARBONATES B-20248
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN G-11899
CARCINOGENS A-39460, G-43510
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES G-01093
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS B-32247,
B-45148, N-06146
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-35925,
N-06146
CELLS G-11899
CEMENTS A-26929, A-35574, A-39461,
A-39462, B-02229, B-39970, C-33045,
J-30696, K-44599, N-06146
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-35574,
A-35925, A-39140, A-39461, A-39462,
A-40180, A-42751, B-03754, B-07062,
B-09797, B-19484, B-32247, B-39795,
B-39953, B-40553, B-45148, B-45977,
B-47711, C-07045, J-21968, J-41352,
N-06146
CERAMICS D-45624
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-11012,
A-28371, A-30613, A-32716, B-40568,
B-44931, B-47711, G-42736
CHEMICAL METHODS A-32040, G-42736
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-32252,
A-32351, B-02229, N-06146
CHLORIDES A-32489
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-39460, D-45624
CHLORINE A-39460
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-32489
CHLOROPLASTS B-03754
CHRONIC G-01093, G-46757
CLAY A-35574, A-39460, A-39462,
B-07062
CLEAN AIR ACT L-08093, N-06146
COAL A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, B-07062, B-29602, C-33045,
G-11899, J-30696
COAL PREPARATION B-07062, B-20248
CODES B-39747
COKE A-18085, A-30446, A-37642,
B-45977, J-17059
COLLECTORS A-35574, A-35925,
A-39140, A-39461, A-39462, A-40180,
A-42683, A-42751, B-03754, B-07062,
B-09797, B-19484, B-21324, B-32247,
B-35958, B-39698, B-39747, B-39795,
B-39953, B-40553, B-40554, B-40555,
B-43202, B-44931, B-45148, B-45177,
B-45977, B-47711, C-07045, J-21%8,
J-41352, L-08093, N-06146
COMBUSTION A-37642, B-09797, B-27036
COMBUSTION AIR B-36756
-------
34
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
COMBUSTION GASES A-30446, A-30613,
A-32040, A-32489, A-32716, A-35574,
A-36123, A-37642, A-39140, A-42683,
A-44849, B-03754, B-09797, B-29231,
B-29602, B-32247, B-32251, B-36756,
B-39747, B-39953, B-39970, B-40080,
B-40555, B-43515, B-45148, B-45177,
B-45364, B-47125, B-47328, B-47711,
C-33045, E-32S50, J-40545, L-29975
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-30446,
A-30613, A-32040, A-32489, A-32716,
A-35574, A-36123, A-37642, A-39140,
A-42683, A-44849, A-44929, A-47883,
B-03754, B-09797, B-29231, B-29602,
B-32247, B-32251, B-36756, B-39747,
B-39953, B-39970, B-40080, B-40555,
B-43515, B-45148, B-45177, B-45364,
B-47125, B-47328, B-47711, C-33045,
E-32850, J-40545, L-29975
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-16681
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-16681, J-40545,
L-29975
COMPRESSED GASES A-39461, B-47328
COMPUTER PROGRAMS A-32252
CONCRETE A-32351, B-03754, C-33045
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-26929,
A-32351, A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, A-47883, B-02229, B-03754,
B-39970, B-47711, C-33045, J-30696,
K-44599, N-06146
CONTINUOUS MONITORING B-20248,
C-39898, G-11899
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-30446,
A-32252, A-32489, A-35128, A-35574,
A-35925, A-36123, A-37642, A-39140,
A-39460, A-39461, A-39462, A-40180,
A-41650, A-42683, A-42751, B-02020,
B-02229, B-02771, B-03754, B-06853,
B-07062, B-09797, B-16681, B-17824,
B-19484, B-20248, B-21324, B-27036,
B-27896, B-292I2, B-29231, B-31754,
B-32247, B-32251, B-35'^58, B-36756,
B-39698, B-39747, B-39795, B-39953,
B-39970, B-40080, B-40553, B-40554,
B-40555, B-40568, B-40608, B-43200,
B-43202, B-43515, B-43766, B-44931,
B-45148, B-45177, B-45364, B-45554,
B-45977, B-47125, B-47711, B-48272,
C-07045, C-33045, C-41048, J-17193,
J-21968, J-29879, J-40545, J-41352,
K-46100, L-08093, L-29975, N-06146
CONTROL METHODS A-11012, A-26929,
A-30446, A-32351, A-35128, A-35925.
A-37642, A-39460, A-42683, A-42751,
A-47883, B-02020, B-03754, B-07062,
B-09797, B-16681, B-20248, B-27036,
B-27896, B-29108, B-29212, B-29231,
B-29602, B-31754, B-35958, B-36756,
B-39795, B-40080, B-40554, B-44844,
B-45148, B-45177, B-45364, B-45977,
B-47125, B-47328, B-48272, B-48424,
C-07045, C-39898, G-42736, J-17059,
J-17193, J-30696, J-40545, L-08093,
L-29975, N-06146
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-35128,
B-20248, B-44844, G-01093, J-40545,
L-08093, L-44928, N-06146
COOLING B-02229, B-09797, B-40080
COOLING TOWERS B-43202
COPPER A-39462, B-03754, B-39795,
B-48424, C-33045, J-30696, K-46100
COPPER ALLOYS B-03754, B-48424,
C-33045
CORROSION A-35574, B-39698, B-39795
COSTS A-18085, A-32252, A-35574,
A-35925, A-39140, A-39462, A-40180,
A-41650, A-47883, B-02771, B-16681,
B-32247, B-32251, B-35958, B-39953,
B-43200, B-44844, B-45148, B-45364,
J-12394, J-17059, J-17193, J-21968,
J-29879, J-30696, J-40545, J-41352,
L-08093, N-06146
COTTON GINNING A-39462
COUGH G-01094
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS A-)2351
CRITERIA A-39140, A-41650, A-44929,
L-08093, N-06146
CUPOLAS A-18085, A-32040, A-32351,
A-32489, A-35897, A-35925, A-36123,
A-37642, A-39140, A-39461, A-41650,
A-42683, A-42751, A-44849, A-44929,
A-47883, B-02020, B-02229 B-02771,
B-03754, B-07062, B-09797 B-16681,
B-27036, B-31754, B-32247 B-32251,
B-35958, B-36756, B-39747, B-39795,
B-39953, B-40080, B-40553. B-40568,
B-40608, B-43200, B-44844 B-44931,
B-45177, B-45364, B-45554. B-47125,
B-47711, B-48272, C-33045 J-17059,
J-21968, J-29879, K-46100, L-08093,
L-09095, L-29975
CYANATES A-39460
CYANIDES B-45977
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-28371
D
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-32252
DECISIONS L-09538
DECREASING A-32351
DENSITY A-30613, A-35574
DESIGN CRITERIA A-47883, 11-07062,
B-09797, B-17824, B-19484, B-29212,
B-39970, B-40568
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
B-07062, B-20248, B-29231 B-29602
DIAGNOSIS G-01093
DIESEL ENGINES A-32351, B-45148
DIFFRACTION C-42735, G-427 J6
DIFFUSION A-44849, E-32850
DISPERSION A-26929, A-3248!>, A-44849,
B-29602, B-36756, E-32850
DIURNAL A-32351, G-11899
DOMESTIC HEATING A-3557-1, J-30696
DRY CLEANING A 32351
DRYING A-32040
DUMPS L-44928
DUST FALL B-47125, C-07045 E-32850
DUSTS A-18085, A-28371, A-30613,
A-32040, A-32489, A-32716, A-33762,
A-35128, A-35925, A-36123, A-37642,
A-39140, A-39462, A-40180, A-42683,
A-42751, A-44849, B-02020 B-03754,
B-06853, B-07062, B-09797 B-17824,
B-19484, B-27036, B-27896 B-29212,
B-29231, B-29602, B-35958, B-36756,
B-39698, B-39747, B-39795. B-39970,
B-40554, B-40555, B-43202, B-43515,
B-44931, B-45177, B-45554, B-47125,
B-47328, B-47711, B-48424 C-07045,
C-39898, C-41048, C-42735 D-45624,
E-32850, G-01093, G-11970 G-42736,
K-44599. K-46100, L-08093, L-29975,
N-06146
ECONOMIC LOSSES J-12394, J-17193,
J-21968, J-40545
ELECTRIC FURNACES rt-11012,
A-32040, A-32351, A-32489 A-35897,
A-35925, A-39140, A-39461 B-02229,
B-02771, B-03754, B-06853, B-09797,
B-17824, B-27036, B-31754, B-32247,
B-35958, B-39698, B-39747, B-39953,
B-40080, B-43202, B-45977, B-47711,
B-48272, C-33045, J-17059, J-29879,
L-08093, N-06146
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-26929, A-32351, A-35574, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, B-16681, B-21324,
B-39970, B-43766, B-45148, J-30696,
K-44599
ELECTRIC PROPULSION B-45148
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES A-35574,
B-40608
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE A-35574,
B-40608
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-35574, A-35925, A-39140, A-39461,
A-39462, A-40180, A-41650, A-42751,
B-02771, B-03754, B-06853, B-07062,
B-09797, B-20248, B-27036, B-32247,
B-39698, B-39747, B-39795, B-39953,
B-39970, B-40568, B-40608, B-43202,
B-45148, B-45364, B-45554, B-45977,
B-47125, B-47711, J-21968, K-46100,
L-08093, N-06146
ELUTRIATION B-07062
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-35897
EMISSION STANDARDS A-32351,
A-41650, A-42683, A-43198, B-02020,
B-40553, B-44931, B-45554, J-30696,
J-40545, K-44599, K-46100, L-09095,
L-38376, N-06146
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-32351
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
A-37642, B-03754
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA A-39140,
A-44929, L-08093
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS B-45554
EUROPE A-26929, A-28371, A-30613,
A-33762, A-35128, A-37642, A-39140.
A-44849, A-47883, B-02229, B-06853,
B-07062, B-19484, B-27036, B-27896,
B-29212, B-35958, B-43515, B-45554,
B-48272, C-39898, C-41048, D-45624,
E-32850, G-01536, G-11899, G-11970,
G-42136, G-43510, G-46757, K-44599,
K-46100, L-38376
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-39140, A-40180,
A-42751, B-09797, B-17824, B-27896,
B-29212, B-36756, B-39795, B-43515,
B-45148, B-47125
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS G-11899
EXPLOSIONS A-32489, A-35128, B-27896
EXPOSURE METHODS B-07062, G-11899
EYE IRRITATION A-32351
FANS (BLOWERS) A-39140
FEASIBILITY STUDIES A-36123, J-40545
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS 3-41352,
L-08093, N-06146
FERROALLOYS A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, K-44599
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-26929, A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462
FILTEB FABRICS A-35574, A-35925,
A-39140, A-39461, A-39462, A-41650,
A-427M, B-02229, B-03754, B-20248,
B-31754, B-32247, B-39698, B-39747,
B-39795, B-40080, B-40608, B-45148,
C-33045, L-08093
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
35
FILTERS A-35574, A-35925, A-36123,
A-39140, A-39461, A-39462, A-40180,
A-41650, A-42751, B-02229, B-02771,
B-03754, B-07062, B-09797, B-20248,
B-21324, B-27036, B-29231, B-31754,
B-32247, B-39698, B-39747, B-39795,
B-39953, B-40080, B-40555, B-40568,
B-40608, B-43202, B-45148, B-45177,
B-45364, B-45554, B-45977, B-47711,
C-33045, J-21968, J-29879, J-41352,
K-46100, L-08093, N-06146
FIRING METHODS B-36756
FLAME AFTERBURNERS B-32247,
B-45148, N-06146
FLOW RATES A-35574, B-29231,
B-40555, B-43515, C-33045
FLUID FLOW A-35574, B-29231, B-40555,
B-43515, C-33045
FLUORESCENCE C-42735, G-42736
FLUORIDES A-39460, A-40180, A-41650,
A-42751, J-30696
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-39460,
A-40180, A-41650, A-42683, A-42751,
B-47125, J-30696
FLY ASH A-35925, A-39460, A-39462,
B-39970
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-35574, A-39460, A-39462, C-33045,
J-30696
FORESTS A-26929
FRANCE C-41048
FUEL ADDITIVES B-45148
FUEL CELLS B-45148
FUEL EVAPORATION A-32351
FUEL GASES A-18085, A-32040, A-32351,
A-35574, A-37642, A-39461, A-47883,
B-47328, C-33045, J-17059
FUEL OIL PREPARATION B-29231
FUEL OILS A-32351, A-32716, A-35574,
A-39461, B-29602, C-33045, K-44599
FUELS A-18085, A-30446, A-32040,
A-32351, A-32716, A-35574, A-37642,
A-39460, A-39461, A-39462, A-47883,
B-07062, B-29602, B-45177, B-45977,
B-47328, C-33045, G-11899, J-17059,
J-30696, K-44599
FUMES A-11012, A-32040, A-32489,
A-35128, A-35925, A-40180, A-42751,
B-02020, B-02229, B-03754, B-06853,
B-07062, B-09797, B-17824, B-27036,
B-27896, B-39747, B-39795, B-40555,
B-43202, B-48272, B-48424, E-32850,
N-06146
FURNACES A-11012, A-18085, A-28371,
A-30446, A-30613, A-32040, A-32252,
A-32351, A-32489, A-33762, A-35897,
A-35925, A-36123, A-37642, A-39140,
A-39461, A-39462, A-40180, A-41650,
A-42683, A-42751, A-44849, A-44929,
A-47883, B-02020, B-02229, B-02771,
B-03754, B-06853, B-07062, B-09797,
B-16681, B-17824, B-27036, B-31754,
B-32247, B-32251, B-35958, B-36756,
B-39698, B-39747, B-39795, B-39953,
B-39970, B-40080, B-40553, B-40555,
B-40568, B-40608, B-43200, B-43202,
B-43515, B-44844, B-44931, B-45177,
B-45364, B-45554 B-45977, B-47125,
B-47328, B-47711, B-48272, C-33045,
J-17059, J-21968, J-29879, K-46100,
L-08093, L-09095, L-29975, N-06146
GAS SAMPLING
GAS TURBINES
G
B-20248, G-11899
K-44599
GASES A-39461, B-02229, B-27896,
B-47328, N-06146
GERMANY A-33762, A-37642, B-35958,
B-45554, G-11970, G-43510, K-46100,
L-38376
GLASS FABRICS B-02229, B-03754,
C-33045
GOVERNMENTS G-01093, J-41352,
L-08093, L-09095, L-09538, N-06146
GRAIN PROCESSING A-35574, A-39462,
J-30696
GRAVITY SETTLING B-40554, C-07045
GREAT BRITAIN A-35128, A-39140,
A-47883, B-06853, B-07062, B-27036,
B-27896, B-29212, B-48272, C-39898,
G-01536
GROUND LEVEL A-44849
H
HALOGEN GASES A-39460
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-39460, D-45624
HEALTH STATISTICS G-01536
HEAT TRANSFER A-32252, A-40180,
B-02229, B-09797, B-40080, B-40568,
B-47125
HEIGHT FINDING C-33045
HEMATOLOGY G-11899, G-42136
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS G-11899
HIGHWAYS A-32716
HOURLY A-32040
HUMANS A-35128, G-01093, G-01094,
G-01536, G-11899, G-11970, G-46757
HUMIDITY A-35574
HYDROCARBONS A-26929, A-28371,
A-32351, A-32489, A-35925, A-39460,
A-39462, B-48424, D-45624, J-30696,
N-06146
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-39460
HYDRODESULFURIZATION B-29231
HYDROGEN A-35128
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-39460, B-29231
I
IMPINGERS B-07062, B-32247
INCINERATION A-32351, A-35574,
A-39461, A-39462, B-20248, C-33045,
K-44599, N-06146
INDOOR A-44849, C-39898, D-45624
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-28371, A-32716,
E-32850, G-11899
INGESTION C-41048
INORGANIC ACIDS A-32351, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, B-20248, J-30696,
K-44599
INSPECTION B-48424
INSTRUMENTATION C-07045, C-42735
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-32351, B-45148
IODIMETRIC METHODS A-32040
IRON OXIDES A-28371, A-30613,
A-33762, A-39140, A-47883, B-36756,
B-40608, B-47711, B-48272, L-08093
JAPAN A-32716, B-21324, B-29231,
B-29602, B-45177, B-47125, B-47328,
B-47711, L-29975
JET AIRCRAFT A-32351
K
KEROSENE B-45177
KILNS A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
C-33045
KONIMETERS C-39898, C-41048
KRAFT PULPING A-39461, A-39462,
B-16681, B-20248, C-33045
LABORATORY ANIMALS G-01093,
G-01094, G-01536
LABORATORY FACILITIES G-11899
LANDFILLS A-36123
LEAD A-39462, B-03754, B-21324,
C-33045, J-30696
LEAD ALLOYS B-03754
LEAD COMPOUNDS B-43515, G-42136,
J-30696
LEGAL ASPECTS A-32351, A-35128,
A-39140, A-41650, A-43198, A-44929,
B-02020, B-39747, B-39953, J-17059,
J-40545, J-41352, K-46100, L-08093,
L-09095, L-09538, L-38376, L-44928,
N-06146
LEGISLATION A-32351, A-35128,
A-39140, A-43198, B-02020. J-17059,
J-41352, L-08093, L-09095, L-38376,
L-44928, N-06146
LIME A-35574, A-39460, A-39461, C-33045
LIMESTONE B-29602
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS J-41352,
N-06146
LOS ANGELES A-43198, B-03754,
B-39698, B-39953, B-40568, B-44931,
B-45148
LUNG CANCER G-43510
LUNG CLEARANCE G-11899
LUNGS B-07062
M
MAGNESIUM B-03754, C-33045
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS A-28371,
A-32716, B-36756
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
A-32351
MAINTENANCE B-31754, B-36756,
B-40080, B-45364, J-30696
MALES G-01093, G-01536, G-11970,
G-46757
MANGANESE B-47711
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-28371,
A-32716, A-37642, A-39140, B-36756,
B-47711
MAPPING E-32850
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-35574,
A-47883, B-39698, B-39795
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-32252,
C-33045, G-11899
MATHEMATICAL MODELING A-32252
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-33762,
L-09095
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-32252.
A-44929. B-20248, B-27896, B-32247,
B-48272, C-33045, C-39898, C-41048,
E-32850, G-11899, G-42736
MERCAPTANS A-39460
MERCURY COMPOUNDS A-39460
METABOLISM G-11899
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-i!012. A-18085, A-26929, A-28371,
-------
36
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
A-30446, A-30613, A-32040, A-32252,
A-32351, A-32489, A-32716, A-33762,
A-35128, A-35574, A-35897, A-35925,
A-36123, A-37642, A-39140, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, A-40180, A-41650,
A-42683, A-42751, A-43198, A-44849,
A-44929, A-47883, B-02020, B-02229,
B-02771, B-03754, B-06853, B-07062,
B-09797, B-16681, B-17824, B-19484,
B-20248, B-21324, B-27036, B-27896,
B-29108, B-29212, B-29231, B-29602,
B-31754, B-32247, B-32251, B-35958,
B-36756, B-39698, B-39747, B-39795,
B-39953, B-39970, B-40080, B-40553,
B-40554, B-40555, B-40568, B-40608,
B-43200, B-43202, B-43515, B-43766,
B-44844, B-44931, B-45148, B-45177,
B-45364, B-45554, B-45977, B-47125,
B-47328, B-47711, B-48272, B-48424,
C-07045, C-33045, C-39898, C-41048,
C-42735, D-45624, E-32850, G-01093,
G-01094, G-01536, G-11899, G-11970,
G-42136, G-42736, G-43510, G-46757,
J-12394, J-17059, J-17193, J-21%8,
J-29879, J-30696, J-40545, J-41352,
K-44599, K-46100, L-08093, L-09095,
L-09538, L-29975, L-38376, L-44928,
N-06146
METEOROLOGY A-32351, A-35574,
A-39461
MICHIGAN A-36123, B-40553, L-08093
MINERAL PROCESSING A-26929,
A-32351, A-35574, A-35925, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, B-03754, B-07062,
B-35958, B-39970, C-33045, D-45624,
G-01093, G-43510, J-30696, K-44599,
N-06146
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-35574, A-39460,
A-39462, B-03754, B-07062, B-29602,
C-07045, D-45624, G-01093, G-42736,
K-46100
MINING B-07062, G-01093, G-43510
MISSOURI B-02229
MISTS A-39462, B-48424, N-06146
MOBILE A-32351, J-30696
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS A-33762
MONITORING B-20248, B-48272,
C-39898, G-11899
MORBIDITY G-46757
N
NATURAL GAS A-18085, A-32040,
A-32351, A-37642, A-39461, C-33045,
J-17059
NERVOUS SYSTEM G-46757
NETHERLANDS D-45624
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
G-42136
NEW JERSEY L-09538
NEW YORK STATE L-09095
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-33762
NITRATES A-39460, N-06146
NITRIC ACID A-39460
NITROGEN A-32489, A-39140
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) N-06146
NITROGEN OXIDES A-32351, A-39460,
A-41650, J-30696, N-06146
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-35574, A-36123, A-39460, A-39462,
B-40554, B-43766, C-33045, J-30696,
L-44928
o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-35128,
B-27896, C-07045, C-39898, C-41048,
C-42735, E-32850, G-01093, G-01094,
G-01536, G-11899, G-119''0, G-42136,
G-42736, G-43510, G-46757, L-29975
ODORS A-30446, A-32489, A-36123,
A-40180, A-41650, A-42751, B-02020,
B-27036, B-47711, L-08093, L-29975,
N-06146
OIL BURNERS A-33762
OLEFINS A-39460
OPEN BURNING A-35574, A-39462,
L-44928
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-32040,
A-32351, A-39461, B-03754, B-39747,
B-39795, B-40080, B-43515, B-45977,
C-33045, L-09095
OPERATING CRITERIA A-44929
OPERATING VARIABLES A-30446,
A-32252, A-35925, A-40180, A-42751,
A-47883, B-19484, B-21324, B-29231,
B-32247, B-35958, B-39970, B-40553,
B-45148, B-45364, B-4842-t, C-41048,
J-29879
OPINION SURVEYS L-29975
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
A-39460
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
A-39460
OWENS JET DUST COUNTERS C-39898
OXIDANTS A-32351, A-39460, N-06146
OXIDES A-28371, A-30613, A-32040,
A-32351, A-32489, A-32716, A-33762,
A-35897, A-35925, A-3764!, A-39140,
A-39460, A-39462, A-40180, A-41650,
A-42751, A-44849, A-4788), B-03754,
B-07062, B-09797, B-16681, B-20248,
B-32251, B-36756, B-40554, B-40608,
B-44844, B-47711, B-48272, E-32850,
G-11899, G-11970, J-30696, K-44599,
L-08093, L-29975, N-06146
OXYGEN A-32489, A-33762
OXYGEN LANCING A-33762
OZONE A-32351, A-39460
PACKED TOWERS B-03754
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-32351,
C-33045
PAPER MANUFACTURING A -35574,
A-39460, A-39462, B-29231
PARTICLE COUNTERS C-39898, C-41048
PARTICLE SHAPE A-35574
PARTICLE SIZE A-28371, A-30613,
A-32489, A-33762, A-35574, A-35925,
A-37642, A-39461, A-43198, B-02771,
B-07062, B-09797, B-39698 B-39747,
B-39953, B-40568, B-43200, B-44931,
B-47711, C-07045, C-33045, G-43510,
K-46100
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-28371,
A-30613, A-32489, A-33762, A-35574,
A-35925, A-37642, A-39461, A-39462,
A-43198, B-02771, B-07062, B-09797,
B-39698, B-39747, B-39953, B-40568,
B-43200, B-44931, B-47711, C-07045,
C-33045, G-43510, K-46100
PARTICULATE SAMPLING B -07062,
B-20248, C-07045
PARTICULATES A-11012, A-1S085,
A-28371, A-30446, A-30613, A-32040,
A-32351, A-32489, A-32716, A-33762,
A-35128, A-35574, A-35897, A-35925,
A-36123, A-37642, A-39140, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, A-40180, A-41650,
A-42683, A-42751, A-43198, A-44849,
A-44929, A-47883, B-02020, B-02229,
B-03754, B-06853, B-07062, B-09797,
B-17824, B-19484, B-27036, B-27896,
B-29108, B-29212, B-29231, B-29602,
B-31754, B-32247, B-32251, B-35958,
B-36756, B-39698, B-39747, B-39795,
B-39953, B-39970, B-40080, B-40553,
B-40554, B-40555, B-40568, B-43200,
B-43202, B-43515, B-43766, B-44844,
B-44931, B-4J177, B-45554, B-45977,
B-47125, B-47328, B-47711, B-48272,
B-48424, C-07045, C-39898, C-41048,
C-42735, D-45624, E-32850, G-01093,
G-11970, G-42136, G-42736, J-30696,
J-41352, K-44599, K-46100, L-08093,
L-09095, L-09538, L-29975, L-44928,
N-06146
PENNSYLVANIA G-01093, J-40545
PERMITS L-38376, L-44928
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE N-06146
PEROXYACYL NITRATES N-06146
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION A-32351
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-32351
PETROLEUM REFINING A-26929,
A-32351, A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, B-29231, B-45148, K-44599,
L-44928
PHENOLS A-39460
PHOSPHATES G-43510
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS G-43510
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-32351, N-06146
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS B-27896,
C-39898
PHYSICAL STATES A-32489, A-33762,
A-35925, A-39461, A-40180, B-02229,
B-09797, B-27896, B-47328, B-48424,
D-45624, N-06146
PILOT PLANTS B-47328, L-44928
PLANNING AND ZONING L-08093
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-32351,
A-35128, B-20248, B-44844, G-01093,
J-40545, L-08093, L-44928, N-06146
PLANTS (.BOTANY) A-26929
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-32489
PNEUMOCONIOSIS B-07062, B-43515,
C-07045, C-39898, C-42735, G-01093,
G-42736, G-43510
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-26929,
A-28371
PORTABLE C-41048
POWER SOURCES A-32351, B-45148,
K-44599
PRESSURE B-02229
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-11012,
A-35128, A-42683, A-42751, A-47883,
B-16681, B-35958, B-36756, B-44844,
B-45148, B-47125, B-47328, B-48272,
J-40545
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT A-32351
PROPOSALS B-29108
PROTECTIVE MASKS A-35128, C-41048
PUBLIC AFFAIRS L-29975
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-01094,
G-42136
PYRENES A-26929, A-28371
PYRIDINES A-39460
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
37
QUARTZ A-39460, B-07062, C-07045,
D-45624, G-42736, K-46100
QUESTIONNAIRES B-47711, G-01094
R
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
G-42736
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION C-42735,
G-42736
RADIOGRAPHY A-32716, G-01093,
G-01094, G-01536, G-42736
REACTION KINETICS G-11899
RECORDING METHODS B-27896,
C-39898
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS N-06146
REGULATIONS A-39140, A-41650,
A-44929, B-39747, B-39953, J-40545,
J-41352, K-46100, L-09095, 1.-38376,
L-44928
RENDERING A-32351
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES A-39462,
E-32850, G-11899
RESEARCH PROGRAMS A-32252,
A-35925, A-39460, A-44929, B-32251,
D-45624, L-44928, N-06146
RESIDUAL OILS A-32716, B-29602
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-35128,
B-07062, B-43515, B-48272, C-07045,
C-39898, C-42735, G-01093, G-01094,
G-42736, G-43510, G-46757
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS B-07062,
C-07045, G-01093, G-01094, G-01536,
G-11899, G-11970, G-42136
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM B-07062,
G-01093, G-11899, G-42136
RETENTION G-11899
RINGELMANN CHART B-32247
RUBBER J-30696
RUBBER MANUFACTURING G-01093,
N-06146
SAFETY EQUIPMENT A-35128
SALARIES G-46757
SAMPLERS B-07062, B-32247, C-07045,
D-45624
SAMPLING METHODS A-32040, A-32716,
A-35128, A-39461, A-42751, B-07062,
B-20248, B-32247, B-39747, B-40553,
B-48272, C-07045, C-33045, D-45624,
G-11899
SAMPLING PROBES A-32716
SCANDINAVIA K-44599
SCREEN FILTERS B-29231
SCRUBBERS A-35574, A-35925, A-39140,
A-39461, A-39462, A-40180, A-41650,
A-42751, B-02771, B-03754, B-09797,
B-16681, B-17824, B-19484, B-20248,
B-27036, B-31754, B-32247, B-39747,
B-39795, B-39953, B-40553, B-40554,
B-40608, B-43200, B-43202, B-43515,
B-43766, B-44931, B-45148, B-45177,
B-45364, B-45977, B-47711, B-48272,
J-21968, J-29879, J-41352, K-46100,
L-08093, N-06146
SEASONAL A-32351
SECONDARY AIR B-36756
SEDIMENTATION B-40554, C-07045
SETTLING CHAMBERS B-03754,
B-09797, B-40554, B-43202, B-45148,
N-06146
SETTLING PARTICLES A-18085,
A-28371, A-30613, A-32040, A-32489,
A-32716, A-33762, A-35128, A-35925,
A-36123, A-37642, A-39140, A-39460,
A-39462, A-40180, A-42683, A-42751,
A-44849, B-02020, B-03754, B-06853,
B-07062, B-09797, B-17824, B-19484,
B-27036, B-27896, B-29212, B-29231,
B-29602, B-35958, B-36756, B-39698,
B-39747, B-39795, B-39970, B-40554,
B-40555, B-43202, B-43515, B-44931,
B-45177, B-45554, B-47125, B-47328,
B-47711, B-48424, C-07045, C-39898,
C-41048, C-42735, D-45624, E-32850,
G-01093, G-11970, G-42736, K-44599,
K-46100, L-08093, L-29975, N-06146
SEWAGE B-40554
SHIPS A-32351
SIEVE ANALYSIS A-28371
SILICATES A-39460
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-32716,
A-35128, A-37642, A-39460, B-43515,
C-39898, L-08093
SILICON DIOXIDE A-28371, A-30613,
A-32716, A-39140, B-07062, B-32251,
B-36756, B-40554, B-40608, B-47711
SILICOSIS B-43515, C-39898, G-01093,
G-42736
SINTERING A-30446, A-39461, B-29231,
B-29602, B-39970, B-45977
SLUDGE B-40554
SMOG A-32351, A-43198, B-43202,
L-44928, N-06146
SMOKE SHADE A-41650, B-32247,
B-39747
SMOKES A-18085, A-32040, A-32489,
A-33762, A-35925, A-36123, A-39140,
A-39460, A-40180, A-47883, B-02020,
B-09797, B-27036, B-27896, B-29602,
B-48424, G-42136
SMOKING G-01094, G-01536, G-11899,
G-46757
SOCIAL ATTITUDES L-29975
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS G-46757,
J-21968, J-30696, L-29975
SOILING A-35574
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-36123,
B-43766, C-33045, J-30696, L-44928
SOLVENTS A-32351, B-47125, D-45624
SOOT A-28371, A-39460, B-29602,
B-47711, K-44599
SOURCE SAMPLING A-32040, A-42751,
B-39747, B-40553, B-48272, C-33045
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) B-16681, B-20248,
B-29231, B-29602, B-45177
SPECTROMETRY B-20248, C-42735,
G-42736
SPRAY TOWERS A-39140, B-39795,
B-43200, B-47711
SPRAYS B-27896, N-06146
ST LOUIS B-02229
STACK GASES A-30613, A-32040,
A-32489, A-32716, A-35574, A-36123,
A-37642, A-39140, A-42683, A-44849,
B-03754, B-09797, B-29231, B-29602,
B-36756, B-39747, B-39953, B-40555,
B-43515, B-45148, B-45177, B-45364,
B-47125, C-33045, E-32850, J-40545
STACK SAMPLING A-32040, A-42751,
B-39747, B-40553, C-33045
STACKS A-39140, B-29602, B-36756
STANDARDS A-32351, A-33762, A-39140,
A-41650, A-42683, A-43198, B-02020,
B-07062, B-40553, B-44931, B-45148,
B-45554, J-30696, J-40545, K-44599,
K-46100, L-09095, L-38376, N-06146
STATE GOVERNMENTS G-01093,
J-41352, L-08093, L-09095, L-09538,
N-06146
STATISTICAL ANALYSES J-30696
STEAM A-33762
STEAM PLANTS A-32351, K-44599
STEEL A-26929, A-28371, A-30446,
A-30613, A-32040, A-32351, A-32716,
A-33762, A-35128, A-35574, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, B-03754, B-06853,
B-16681, B-17824, B-19484, B-20248,
B-21324, B-27896, B-29602, B-35958,
B-39698, B-39795, B-39970, B-40080,
B-40555, B-43202, B-43766, B-45148,
B-45977, B-48272, C-33045, C-39898,
C-42735, D-45624, E-32850, G-01536,
G-11899, G-11970, G-42736, J-21968,
J-30696, K-44599, L-08093, L-3S376,
L-44928, N-06146
STONE A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
B-03754
SULFATES A-32489, A-39460
SULFIDES A-32489, A-39460, B-29231
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-32351,
A-32489, A-35925, A-37642, A-39140,
A-39460, B-16681, B-29231, B-36756,
B-44931
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-32040, A-32351,
A-32489, A-37642, A-39140, A-41650,
B-03754, E-32850, G-11970, K-44599
SULFUR OXIDES A-32040, A-32351,
A-32489, A-32716, A-37642, A-39140,
A-39460, A-39462, A-41650, B-03754,
B-36756, E-32850, G-11970, J-30696,
K-44599, N-06146
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL B-07062,
B-16681, B-20248, B-29231, B-29602,
B-45177
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-32489
SULFURIC ACID A-32351, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, B-20248, J-30696,
K-44599
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
J-30696
SURFACE COATINGS A-32351, J-30696
SURFACE PROPERTIES B-29231
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-11012,
A-18085, A-32040, A-32351, A-32489,
A-33762, A-35128, A-35925, A-36123,
A-39140, A-39460, A-39462, A-40180,
A-42751, A-43198, A-47883, B-02020,
B-02229, B-03754, B-06853, B-07062,
B-09797, B-17824, B-27036, B-27896,
B-29602, B-39747, B-39795, B-39970,
B-40555, B-43202, B-47711, B-48272,
B-48424, E-32850, G-42136, L-44928,
N-06146
SWEDEN A-26929, B-02229, K-44599
SYNERGISM A-26929, G-11899
TEMPERATURE A-32489, A-35574,
B-02229, B-09797, B-36756, B-39795,
B-40568, B-43515, B-47125, J-40545
TESTING FACILITIES G-11899
THERMODYNAMICS A-32252
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS A-26929
TOXICITY A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
B-47711
TRAINS A-32351
TRANSPORTATION A-32351, B-45148,
J-30696, K-44599, N-06146
TREATMENT AND AIDS A-32716,
G-01093, G-01094, G-01536, G-42736
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38
FERROUS FOUNDRIES
TREES A-26929
TRUCKS J-30696
TUBERCULOSIS G-01093
U
UNITED STATES B-45554
URBAN AREAS A-28371, A-32351,
A-32716, B-39953, B-40568, B-44931,
E-32850, G-01094, G-11899, J-30696,
L-44928
USSR A-44849
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS B-45148
VAPORS A-32489, A-33762, A-35925,
A-40180, B-09797, B-27896, B-48424,
D-45624
VARNISHES J-30696
VEHICLES A-32351, B-45148, J-30696,
N-06146
VENTILATION A-35128, A-42751,
B-02020, B-09797, B-27896, B-39795,
C-39898, G-42736, L-29975
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-01094,
G-01536
VENTURI SCRUBBERS A-41650,
B-02771, B-09797, B-16681, B-27036,
B-32247, B-43515, B-47711
VISIBILITY A-35574, B-36756
w
WATER POLLUTION B-43766
WEATHER MODIFICATION A-39461
WET CYCLONES A-35574, B-09797,
B-17824, B-19484, B-27036, B-32247,
B-43515, B-47711, J-41352
WETTING B-40608
WINDS A-32351
WISCONSIN G-01094
WOOD A-35574, A-39462, C-33045,
K-44599
X-RAYS C-42735, G-42736
z
ZINC A-39462, B-03754, B-21324,
B-48424, C-33045, J-30696
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-450/1--74-004
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF EMISSIC
SOURCES: Ferrous Foundries
A Bibliography with Abstracts
7. VJTHOR(S)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Control Programs Development Division
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Control Programs Development Division
National Environmental Research Center
Roroaroh TH-mnlr Pir-lr M C" '~'7r7U
15. SUPPLEMENTARY1 No'-ft"9'0 ^QrlC » H <- ± ( ( 11
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION- NO.
5. REPORT DATE
)N March 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16. ABSTRACT
Bibliography contains abstracts of the available literature pertinent to
errissions from ferrous foundries, the effects of those erris^ ions on man
and his environment, and feasible technology for their control.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS b.lDENTIFI
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURI
Release unlimited
20. SECURI
No
ERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
TY CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
e 44
TY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
ne
EPA Form 222il-1 (9-73)
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