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Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
SURFACE COATINGS-
THEIR PRODUCTION AND USE
A Bibliography with Abstracts
fSWiSiW::::
3E U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
-------
EPA-450/1-74-005
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
SURFACE COATINGS -
THEIR PRODUCTION AND USE
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
March 1974
-------
This report is published by the Environmental Protection Agency to report information
of general interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of charge - as
supplies permit - from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Copies may also be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 20402.
Publication Number EPA-450/1-74-005
11
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION iv
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 12
C. Measurement Methods 34
D. Air Quality Measurements 40
E. Atmospheric Interaction 42
F. Basic Science and Technology 43
G. Effects - Human Health 44
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock (None)
I. Effects - Materials 47
J. Effects - Economic 48
K. Standards and Criteria 49
L. Legal and Administrative 50
M. Social Aspects 54
N. General 55
AUTHOR INDEX 57
SUBJECT INDEX 59
111
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
SURFACE COATINGS-
THEIR PRODUCTION AND USE
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards prepared, selected, and compiled the approximately 235 abstracts
in this bibliography. The abstracts are arranged within two categories listed in the
Contents. The abstracted documents are thought to be representative of available lit-
erature, and no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and acces-
sion number. The author index lists all authors individually; primary authorship is
indicated by an asterisk. Generally, higher accession numbers have been assigned to
more recent documents.
Current information on this subject and many others related to air pollution may be
found in APTIC's monthly abstract bulletin.*
All of the documents abstracted by APTIC are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers outside
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may seek the documents directly from
publishers, from authors, or-from libraries.
*"Air Pollution Abstracts", Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Subscription price: $27.00 per year; $6.75 addition-
al for foreign mailing. (More than 6300 abstracts, subject and author indexes are in-
cluded in each issue, plus two separate indexes.)
vi
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
00746
R. Piper
THE HAZARDS OF PAINTING AND VARNISHING 1965.
Brit. J. Ir J. Med. (London) 22(4):247-266, Oct. 1965.
A review of paint hazards is made, giving brief descriptions of
methods of application in use in l%a, of paint usage according
to resin base, and of paint ingredients. The most interesting
and complex of these are the resin bases, which have much in
common with plastics. Reference is made to some of the many
minor ingredients. The problem of keeping abreast of the
possible toxic effects, so that paint manufacturers and their
customers may be warned and protected is emphasized.
(Author's abstract)
00904
T. Karoly
DANGER OF FIRE, EXPLOSION AND HEALTH-DETERI-
ORATION WITH VARNISHING AND PAINTING - PART I.
A Lakkazas-Festes Tuz-, Robbanas- es Egeszsegveszelyei.
Gepgyartes Technologia (Budapest), 6(7):311-315, July 1966.
The highest permissible values, in volume-%, are given for a
number of poisonous vapors found in the dyestuffs industry.
Dust from pigments and loaders, and vapors from solvents and
extenders are deleterious to an extent dependent on the length
of exposure and poisonous nature of each material. The
danger arising from deterioration of these substances is
discussed and methods for prevention of the accumulation of
critical amounts of the vapors in the working area are outlined.
03764
03864 P. S. Tow, E. J. Vincent, J. A. Verssen, R. L. Weimer,
and R. M. Ingels
A SURVEY OF ORGANIC SOLVENT VAPOR EMISSIONS IN
LOS ANGELES COUNTY (FINAL REPT.). Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control Board, Calif. Sept. 1, 1959. 67
pp.
In 1958, a program of comprehensive surveys of solvent ven-
dors and industries using organic solvents, diluents or thinners
was accelerated by the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Con-
trol District. The information obtained from the surveys has
been evaluated to estimate the nature and quantity of organic
companies were surveyed. On the assumption that all organic
solvents purchased and used as solvents are eventually
vaporized, a review and analysis of the survey data shows that
the daily emissions of organic vapors from organic solvent
usage amount to 430 tons. This total consists of 300 tons per
day of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and 130 tons per
day of other organic materials, principally ketones, alcohols,
esters and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Estimates of emissions
from the various types of operations utilizing solvents were
made from surveys of users, solvent vendors and vendors of
protective coatings. These are tabulated as well as the solvent
emissions from the individually surveyed categories of indus-
try. No one industry appears to contribute more than 8% of
the 430-ton-per-day total. Comparison of data on emissions
from organic solvent usage with organic emissions from other
sources indicates that organic solvent vapor emissions account
for almost 30% of the total organic emissions from all sources
into the Los Angeles atmosphere. Solvent usage contributes
about 20% of all of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon
vapors emitted and about 70% of other emissions of organic
origin. Application of oil-based surface coatings in all industri-
al, commercial and domestic activities was found to account
for about 55% of the total of emissions from organic solvent
usage. Other principal uses of solvents or sources of emissions
are encountered in metal degreasing, dry cleaning and in the
use of solvent -containing materials such as inks, pharmaceuti-
cals and adhesives. (Author summary modified)
04234
J. V. Pustinger, Jr., F. N. Hodgson, and W. D. Ross
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS OF
SPACE CABIN MATERIALS. Monsanto Research Corp.,
Dayton, Ohio. (Rept. No. AMRL-TR-66-53.) June 1966. 210 pp.
CFSTI: AD 642054
Fifty-five candidate materials for space cabin construction
were stored for 30, 60 and 90 day periods at 23-25 C, and 20-
40% R. H. in environments of air at a pressure of one at-
mosphere and oxygen at 5 psia. The composition of the gas-off
products was determined by mass spectrometry and gas chro-
matography. Considerable amounts of gas-off products were
detected from candidate materials prepared immediately prior
to testing, e.g., coatings, paints, and adhesives. Very little, if
any, gas-off products were evolved from materials submitted
as fabricated sections, e.g., polycarbonates, polyvinyl-
fluorides, and nylon based material. In general, the major gas-
off products were solvents, plasticizers, and monomers. Some
coatings desorbed considerable amounts of carbon monoxide.
Others gave off relatively large quantities of trimethyl silanol
and low molecular weight methyl siloxane polymers. Although
slight differences in relative amounts of alcohols and al-
dehydes were observed in some gas-off atmospheres, no large
changes in atmospheric composition were observed that could
be attributed to increased oxidation when materials were ex-
posed at 23-25 C to oxygen at 5 psia. Quantitative analyses of
the gas-off products were influenced by: uniformity of sample
lots, sample homogeneity, freshness of sample, free surface
area, adsorptive characteristics of the encapsulating chamber,
method of sampling the gaseous atmosphere, and method of
analysis. Additional analyses were performed on desorbates
from four carbon canisters from space cabin simulators and
the hydrolysis products of MCS 198. (Author abstract)
08521
Walton, T. R.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERIOR PAINTS FOR NUCLEAR
SUBMARINES. In: Status of Chemical Research in At-
mosphere Purification and Control on Nuclear-Powered Sub-
marines (Fifth Annual Progress Lab., Washington, D. C.,
NRL-6491, p. 27-32, Jan. 11, 1967. 5 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD
648505
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SURFACE COATINGS
One development of a high quality paint that could be used
while on patrol duty is described. Two fundamental require-
ments of the new paint were: (a) that it release little or no
volatile organic compounds into the submarines atmosphere
during or after applica- tion and (b) that it be self-extinguishing
on its fire-retardancy program. There were other general
requirements of the paint. Four paint systems have been stu-
died and are separately discussed. They are: (I) a latex paint
containing a chlorinated additive and antimony oxide, (2) a
paint based on a vinyl chloride/acrylic copolymer emulsion
and antimony oxide, (3) a paint based on a convertible water-
soluble chlorinated alkyd, and antimony oxide, and (4) a paint
based on a water soluble linseed oil derivative and containing
a chlorinated additive and antimony oxide. The abilities of
each system to meet the given requirements are evaluated.
08553
Coffman, Q. H.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AEROSPACE INDUSTRY'S PRO-
GRAM TO CONTROL SMOG PRODUCED BY CHEMICAL
MILLING MASKANTS AND SHOP PROTECTIVE
COATINGS. S.A.E. (Soc. Automovite Engrs.), Preprint
670816, 10p., 1967. (Presented at the Aeronautic & Space En-
gineering & Manufacturing Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct.
2-6, 1967.)
The materials, test criteria results, and conclusions for chemi-
cal milling maskants an d hand-peelable shop protective
coatings which comply with Rule 66 of the Los Angeles Coun-
ty Air Pollution Control District (APCD), and are used by the
aerospace industry in Southern California are discussed. The
maskants were evaluated to determine the material best suited
under Rule 66 to perform chemical milling, and the shop pro-
tective coatings were evaluated to determine the material best
suited for protecting metal surfaces during fabrication, adhe-
sive bonding, and assembly operations. (Authors abstract,
modified)
08557
George, J. C. and G. R. Morris
AVAILABILITY AND EVALUATION OF
NONPHOTOCHEMICALLY REACTIVE PRIMERS AND
TOPCOATS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS. S.A.E.
(Soc. Automo- tive Engrs.), Preprint 670814, 7p., 1967.
(Presented at the Aeronautic & Space Engineering and Manu-
facturing Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 2-6, 1967.)
New coatings with low smog producing potential have been
and are continuing to be evaluated for use in the aerospace in-
dustry. These new coatings have been proved in laboratory
and shop testing to be equal in quality to the conventional
coatings they are replacing. Environmental exposure tests to
date are satisfactory and are continuing. However, difficulty
has been encountered in obtaining consistent quality in large
production batches. Some of the new coatings contain solvents
that are slightly more toxic. Also, some of the modified
coatings have lower flash points. These new materials, which
include both proprietary and military coatings, appear to be
readily available. Coating costs of the new materials generally
are higher, but vary from a reduction of approximately 7 per-
cent to an increase of 35 percent. (Authors abstract)
09028
G. G. Esposito
QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF PHOTOCHEMICALLY
REACTIVE AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN ENAMELS
AND THINNERS. (INTERIM REPORT.) Army Coating and
Chemical Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., Contract
AMCMS-5025.11.29500, Proj. 1T024401A329, CCL-241, 12p.,
Dec. 1967. 5 refs. Also: J. Paint Techno!., 40(520): 214-221, May
1968. 9 rets. CFSTI, DDC: AD 663813
Recently enacted air pollution abatement laws regulate the
amount of photochemically reactive solvents at can be used in
paint products. Aromatic solvents possess the strongest sol-
vency of the hydrocarbon types, but their use in paint must
now be restricted in order to comply with air contamination
laws. This report describes a suitable gas chromatographic
procedure for the determination of toluene, ethyl benzene and
total aromatics in enamels and thinners. The solvent is isolated
by vacuum distillation. High boiling and low boiling internal
standards are added and the analysis is conducted on six and
eighteen foot columns containing N,N-Bis(2-cyanoethyl) for-
mamide as the liquid. (Author's abstract)
09238
Mader, P. P., and E. S. Mills
CONTAMINANT CONTROL IN SPACE CABINS: AP-
PROACH AND RESULTS. Aerospace Med., 38(8):822-825,
Aug. 1967, 4 refs.
The systematic screening of materials and supplies intended
for use inside space cabins is described. Materials were
screened on the basis of their outgassing properties at 120 deg
F. for 72 hrs. in an apparatus consisting of a closed 72-1.
Pyrex flask containing 50 percent 02 and 50 percent nitrogen
and equipped with several inlet tubes through which gas sam-
ples were withdrawn for gas chromatographic and infrared
analysis. Pressure within the flasks was adjusted to 0.5 atm.
The test temperature of 120 deg F. was selected as the highest
level at which the chromatograms and infrared spectra were
still representative of the actual components in the gaseous
system. When paints and finishes were tested, a water-based
methacrylate paint was found to release the smallest amounts
of outgassing products, while epoxy paint and polyvinyl
acetate released considerably larger volumes of outgassing
products. A sound dampener was discarded when tests in-
dicated the release of substantial amounts of formaldehyde.
Glasswool and asbestos ribbons released large amounts of or-
ganic compounds, although they had been previously flash-
fired at 700 deg F. One insulating material was selected after 6
were screened. Trichlorethylene, used as a space cabin
cleaner, should not be used for a final cleaning of a space
cabin simulator because it forms toxicchlorinated acetylenes.
Atmospheric contaminants were also measured during a 30-day
test of the space cabin simulator by 4 men.
09781
Environmental Science Services Corp., Stamford, Conn.
SOLVENT EMISSION CONTROL LAWS AND THE
COATINGS AND SOLVENTS INDUS- TRY. (A
TECHNO/ECONOMIC STUDY.) 56 p., ((1967)). 6 refs.
The widespread adoption of the strict California solvent emis-
sion laws will seriously effect practices and products in the
surface coating industry. The California codes contain three
main elements: the emission of photochemically reactive sol-
vents is restricted; the sale of coatings containing these materi-
als is banned; and the emission of these materials during the
manufacture of coating materials is restricted. Widespread
adoption of these codes would cause changes in the formula-
tion of the coatings, and would adversely affect the markets
for mineral spirits, napthas, substituted aromatics, branched
ketones, olefins, and trichloroethylene. However, alcohols,
esters, odorless mineral spirits, and glycolesters would gain
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
markets at the expense of the photochemically active solvents.
Emission control methods, analytical techniques, and measure-
ment methods are outlined. The effectiveness of various or-
ganic solvents in photochemical smog formation is discussed.
An evaluation of existing regulations, with emphasis on
California Rule 66, is presented along with lists of exempt
sources.
10283
Fink, C. K. and J. E. Weigel
OXYGENATED SOLVENTS. Paint Varnish Prod., 58(3):45-48,
March 1968.
The restriction of some solvents in alkyd surface coatings has
caused the coating industry to study acceptable oxygenated
solvents and exempt hydrocarbons as possible substitutes. To
assist the formulators in developing new systems with
equivalent coating properties, recent research has provided es-
sential information on viscosity-composition relationships for
the solvents. This data, along with volatility considerations,
can be used for the selection of alkyd resin solvents which
comply to air pollution regulations.
10660
Laffey, William T. and Robert N. Manning
SOLVENT SELECTION FOR THE REDUCTION OF AIR
POLLUTION. Hercules Chem., No. 56:1-6, March 1968. 5
refs.
Regulations restricting the use of solvents which partake in
photochemical smog reactions have caused the solvent and
surface coating industries to develop alternate solvent formula-
tions. A system is presented whereby a restricted solvent can
be simulated using combinations of allowable materials. The
procedure is graphical and depends on the solvent parameters
and solubility characteristics of the materials. When several
formulations are found which possess the required solvent
properties, the choice of the best one then depends on
economic or other factors.
11546
CONTROL OF ORGANIC SOLVENT EMISSIONS INTO AT-
MOSPHERE. (Third Interim Report), Aerospace Industries
Association of America, Inc., Washington, D. C., 175p., 1968.
The results of work to find aerospace industry solvents and
coatings which comply with Los Angeles Rule 66 are
presented. Involved are protective coatings, solvents, and thin-
ners; solvents for cleaning and degreasing; chemical milling
maskants and shop protective coatings; and plastics and adhe-
sives. Data and evaluation reports are presented on coating
and primer substitution degreasing solvents, inhibited 1,1,1
trichloroethane vapor degreasing, aqueous cleaning com-
pounds, chemical milling, maskants, temporary protective al-
kaline removable coatings, and shop protective coatings.
REFORMULATING
Paint, Varnish, Prod.,
12084
Fink, C. K. and J. E. Weigel
OXYGENATED SOLVENTS.
NITROCELLULOSE LACQUERS.
58(12):38-43, Dec. 1968.
Oxygenated solvents in combination with allowable aromatic
and exempt hydrocarbon diluents have been accepted as an
approach to compliance with air pollution controls. A guide to
reformulation based on recent research into solvent composi-
tion-solution viscosity relationships is presented. Data are
presented relating the composition of complying solvent
systems to viscosity of nitrocellulose solutions prepared with
these solvents. In addition to viscosity, a solvent mixture must
have a balanced evaporation rate. A listing of acceptable sol-
vents by relative evaporation rate is also presented.
12122
Pustinger, J. V., Jr. and F. N. Hodgson
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS OF
SPACE CABIN MATERIALS. Monsanto Research Corp.,
Dayton, Ohio, AMRL Contract F33615-67-C- 1357, Proj. 6302,
Task 630204, AMRL-TR-68-27, 161p., July 1968. 2 refs. CF-
STI, DDC: AD 675177
Fifty-three candidate materials for space cabin construction in-
cluding various silicones, rubbers, expoxies, and coatings,
were tested to establish volatile gas-off and oxidation
products. Testing was accomplished by two methods: prelimi-
nary screening by thermogravimetric analysis to determine
weight loss between 0.001% and 1.0%, exclusive of water, dur-
ing 24 hours at 25 C to 68 C in a nitrogen atmosphere at 5
psia; and, for materials within this range, storage tests at 68 C
for 72 hours and at 25 C for 30 and 60 days in oxygen at 5
psia, followed by analyses of the chamber gases, to determine
the nature of the individual components evolved from the can-
didate material. Those materials falling outside this range were
conditionally excluded from further tests. Weight loss data,
thermogravimetric curves, gas chromatograms of volatile con-
taminants, and the nature and quantities of individual com-
ponents evolved from the candidate materials are reported. In
addition to the gas-off experiments, gas chromatographic and
mass spectrometric analyses were performed on seven samples
of atmospheres from bio-environmental systems. Considerable
differences in levels of volatiles were observed. A major con-
tributing factor is the adsorption of volatiles on the chamber
walls. Although thermogravimetric measurements are useful, a
more direct, measurement of water at the sample site is
needed to provide more reliable data. The use of a hygrometer
probe at the sample site is recommended. The types of com-
pounds detected included carbon monoxide, alkanes, alkenes,
alcohols, alkyl nalides aldehydes, ketones, ethers, aromatic
hydrocarbons, phenol, and silicon compounds.
12641
H. A. Newnham
METALLIC LEAD PRIMERS. A REVIEW. Paint Technol.,
32(10):16, 18-20, Oct. 1968. 31 Refs.
The earliest reference to the rust inhibiting properties of
metallic lead primers was made by J. N. Tervet in 1924. The
literature relating to the exposure characteristics of metallic
lead priming paints and the underlying chemical mechanisms
of these primers is reviewed.
18751
Lunche, R. G., A. Stein, C. J. Seymour, and R. L. Weimer
EMISSIONS FROM ORGANIC SOLVENT USAGE IN LOS
ANGELES COUNTY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 37p., 1957. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 50th, St. Louis,
Mo., June 4, 1957.)
Organic solvent usage in Los Angeles County approaching 600
tons/day was determined on the basis of surveys. After adjust-
ment for solvents shipped out of the county, disposed of in
control equipment, and discarded in liquid or semi-liquid
wastes, an estimated 400 tons are vaporized into the at-
mosphere. Volume-wise, the most important individual sol-
vents, in order, are the aliphatic hydrocarbons boiling within
-------
SURFACE COATINGS
300-400 F, iso-propyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, methyl ethyl
ketone, trichloroethylene, acetone, methyl alcohol, toluene,
xylene, methyl iso-butyl ketone, and perchloroethylene. The
major markets for organic solvents are surface coating manu-
facturers, dry cleaners, aircraft companies, automobile assem-
blies, rubber product manufacturers, and can and container
manufacturers. Major sources of evaporation include surface
coating operations, dry cleaning, and degreasing. (Author ab-
stract modified)
23843
Merz, Otto
PRACTICAL DETERMINATION OF GASES FROM
VARNISH DRYING OVENS. (Praxisnahe Bestimmung von
Abgasen aus Lacktrockenoefen). Text in German. Blech,
15(1):12-16, Jan. 1968. 19 refs.
An exact chemical analysis of gases emanating from lacquer
drying ovens which are a complex mixture of various organic
compounds of unknown exact composition can be accom-
plished only by a combination of gas chromatography, flame
ionization detection, and infrared spectroscopy. The emission
consists largely of solvents which can be dealt with by cata-
lytic combustion and of less than 1% decomposition products
the smell of which is sometimes objectionable. Some sulfur
dioxide is also generated if fuel oil i used in the installation.
Maximal permissible work site concentrations and maximal
permissible emission levels of various solvents and formal-
dehyde, furfurol, mono- di- and trimethylamine, mono- di- and
triethylamine (which have in 1964 been reduced to up to one
tenth of their former levels) are reviewed. Portable explosime-
ters are used for the determination of the concentration of
combustible gases, vapors, and their mixtures with air for con-
centration within a range of up to the lower explosion limit.
Especially suited for gas emanations from lacquer drying
ovens are gas detectors using detection cartridges for almost
all solvents and lacquer decomposition products such as
phenol, monostyrol, polyacrylate, formaldehyde, and acrolein.
A color conversion of the test substance in the cartridge
represents a qualitative and sometimes a quantitative test of
the presence of the objectionable substance. The presence of
100 mg hydrocarbon N/cu m is considered to be the upper per-
missible limit, but the figure is arbitrary because the olfactory
threshold of various compounds varies widely.
24096
Doorgeest, T.
PAINT AND AIR POLLUTION. (Verf en luchtverontreinig-
ing). Text in Dutch. T. N. O. Nieuws, vol. 25:37-42, 1970.
Dutch paint manufacturers are well aware of the fact that ap-
plication of the products of the paint industry does contribute
to air pollution. This awareness has resulted in a joint in-
vestigation by paint manufacturers and TNO into the contribu-
tion of paint producers and paint users to air pollution in the
Netherlands. From information received mainly from members
and co-members of the Vereniging Voor Verf-Research (Dutch
Society for Paint Research) it was calculated that paint produ-
cers and paint users are together responsible for approximately
0.1% of the harmfulness of air pollution in the Netherlands.
Moreover the conclusion was drawn that the percentage men-
tioned will decrease slowly in the coming years. (Author ab-
stract modified^
24754
Franzky,U.
RESULTS OF THERMAL AND OF CATALYTIC PROCESSES
TO LIMIT OLFACTORY EMISSIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMI-
CAL COMPOUNDS. (Ergebnisse thermischer und kata-
lytischer Verfahren zur Einschraenkung geruchsintensiver
Emissionen organisch-chemischer Verbindungen). Text in Ger-
man. Landesanstalt fuer Immissions-und Bodennut-
zungsschutz, Essen (West Germany), 9p., 1970 (?). 13 refs.
A reliable process for the elimination of emissions of organic
chemical compounds with an objectionable smell is thermal
combustion. Organic compounds are completely destroyed by
heating the exhaust gas flow to above 800 C for a sufficiently
long time. The process is expensive because the oxidation
does not generate heat. The concentration of olfactory sub-
stances is always minute and all heat for the combustion has
to be provided from the outside. Catalytic combustion which
achieves satisfactory combustion at temperatures between 350
and 400 C is therefore used more frequently. Such tempera-
tures can often be produced by means of heat exchangers. But
catalytic purification cannot be applied universally because
dust and other admixtures (phosphorus compounds for exam-
ple) can prematurely deactivate the catalyst. With catalytic
combustion at temperatures above 350 C, residual concentra-
tions are largely independent of the nature and quantity of the
original impurities. The effectiveness of these processes is
judged by the carbon content of the gas before and following
combustion. Thermal and catalytic installations designed to
reduce objectionable emission from lacquer drying furnaces,
from poly vinyl chloride jelling canals, from coffee and malt
roasting drums, from curing chambers and other emission
sources are described.
29526
Sletmoe, G. M.
THE CALCULATION OF MIXED HYDROCARBON-OX-
YGENATED SOLVENT EVAPORATION. J. Paint Technol.,
42(543):246-259, April 1970. 18 refs. (Presented at the Federa-
tion of Societies for Paint Technology, Annual Meeting 47th,
Chicago, 111., Nov. 6, 1969.)
A hypothesis regarding the evaporation of hydrocarbon-ox-
ygenated solvent blends from paint films is derived theoreti-
cally, justified experimentally, and generalized to a usable rou-
tine consisting of three steps: a quantitative calculation of rate
and balance in the initial neat solvent evaporation; a qualita-
tive extension of this to the entire neat solvent evaporation;
and guidelines for relating neat solvent evaporation to
evaporation from the fully formulated paint film. A general-
ized system of escaping coefficients is provided for this calcu-
lation. (Author abstract)
29984
Tatsukawa, Ryo
A NEW ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB). (Atarashii kankyo
osen busshitsu - Enka jifeniiru (PCB)). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(5): 419-425, May
1971. 22 refs.
The new environmental pollutant, Polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB) is discussed as to its physical and chemical properties,
physiological effects and toxicity, actual cases of pollution,
and analysis methods. PCB is a biphenyl whose hydrogen has
been substituted by chlorine. It comes in various forms of
chlorine compounds (theoretically 210 kinds in all) such as
mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta- and deca-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
chlorobiphenyls, each of which also comes in a number of
variations. Many PCB products are commercially available.
PCB is chemically inert, so that it does not react with acid, al-
kali, or water and is insoluble in water. It does dissolve well in
organic solvents and never dries even when exposed to air
after being shaped like a film. Also, PCB is thermoplastic and
incombustible except with low chlorine compound content. It
adheres well to smooth metal surfaces and glass and will not
corrode them, even at high temperature. Highly heat- insulat-
ing and super dielectric, PCB has a wide range of applications.
The most popular use is as a transformer and capacitor oil;
also it is used as a coating for electric wire, insulators, and
carbon resistors. When mixed with asphalt and ethylcellulose,
PCB forms a protective coating for lumber, metal, and
concrete; it also can be mixed with paint and varnish. Another
use is as an additive for natural and synthetic rubber, floor
tile, printing ink, and brake linings. While its toxic effect is
chronic rather than acute, PCB s toxicity on fish is less than
DDT. Lichtenstein and other countries report its toxicity is
1/8000- 1/1000 compared with Dieldrin and 1/300-1/30 com-
pared with DDT. Marine pollution by PCB and its effect on
fish and other living things is described to show its chronic ef-
fect. Cases of Chloracne a skin disease, have been caused by
PCB.
31649
McCaldin, Roy O.
ESTIMATION OF SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD AND
MEASURED ATMOSPHERIC LEAD LEVELS. Public Health
Service, Washington, D. C., Symp. Environ. Lead Contamina-
tion, 1965, p. 7-15. 15 refs. (Dec. 13- 15.) (PHS Pub. 1440.)
NTIS: PB 198104
Literature on sources of lead emissions and atmospheric lead
levels is reviewed. Emissions resulting from insecticide,
storage battery, and paint manufacture are discussed. Other
possible lead emission sources are municipal incineration,
burning dumps, burning waste materials associated with build-
ing demolition, and combustion of lead-burning fuels. Re-en-
trainment into the air of lead-bearing soils is a source of pollu-
tion but only a minor contribution for urban soils. The use of
emission inventories as a point of departure to estimate the
relative quantity of lead emitted when coal and gasoline are
burned is discussed. Data on atmospheric lead levels for
specific urban areas are presented. The conclusions indicate
that data on lead emissions and its sources are minimal. Based
on available data, the principal source of atmospheric lead in
urban areas is combustion of leaded gasoline.
32351
Lemke, Eric E., George Thomas, and Wayne E. Zwiacher
PROFILE OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN LOS AN-
GELES COUNTY. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif., 66p., Jan. 1969.
A profile of air pollution sources, the effectiveness of the con-
trol program, and a projection for the future in Los Angeles
are presented. The Federal Clean Air Act of 1967 figures
prominently in the future projections, because it is assumed
that California will set motor vehicle emission standards more
stringently than the Federal standards. About 13,500 tons of
air contaminants are still being emitted daily, primarily
because of automobile emissions which comprise approximate-
ly 90% of the uncontrolled emissions. Major sources are listed
with data on type and amounts of participates emitted, and the
amounts prevented. Motor vehicle sources include exhaust,
blowby, and evaporation in gasoline-powered engines and
diesel-powered engines; the prevention methods for motor
vehicle emissions include crankcase and exhaust control.
Other sources include organic solvents (surface coating, dry
cleaning, and degreasing), chemicals (sulfur and sulfuric acid
plants), incineration, non-ferrous metal production, cupolas,
electric steel furnaces, open hearths, mineral production (in-
cluding asphalt), and petroleum (refining, marketing, and
production). Rule 62 prevents contamination from power
plants and other fuel combustion processes. Jet and piston
driven aircraft, ships, and railroads are also sources. Contami-
nants include nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrocarbons, and particulates. The distribution of chemi-
cal processing equipment, boilers, heaters, paint bake ovens,
incinerators, metal melting equipment, concrete batch plants,
petroleum processing equipment, rendering equipment, and
power plant boilers are shown. Daily emissions from fuel oil,
natural gas, and refinery make gas are shown. Also, steam and
electric power plants are discussed. When motor vehicle ex-
haust reacts with the air, photochemical smog can be formed
which causes eye irritation; the California Pure Air Act has set
standards which should eliminate this. Stationary and mobile
sources, air monitoring stations, seasonal changes, ozone con-
centrations, wind effects, daily concentration levels, oxidant
levels, and alerts are also discussed.
32855
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi, Kazuo Hishida, and Tsunehiro Yajima
PRESENT STATE OF PUBLIC NUSIANCE CAUSED BY OF-
FENSIVE ODORS IN TOKYO. (Tokyo ni okeru akushu kogai
no genjo). Text in Japanese Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
13(8):972-978, Aug. 1971.
Control criteria were designated for emissions of smoke,
gases, and offensive odors in Tokyo. The harmful gases in-
cluded ammonia, fluorine and its compounds, hydrogen cya-
nide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol, isoamyl
alchohol, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen
chloride, acrolein, acetone, sulfur dioxide, benzene, nitrogen
oxides, toluene, phenol, sulfuric acid, and chromic acid. The
public Nuisance Bureau received 2751 complaints about offen-
sive odors and 416 complaints about deleterious gases during
1970. The major sources of the offensive odors were plants
processing fish guts and bones, animal bones and fat, and
feathers, stock yards, poultry farms, urban waste disposal
plants, sewage treatment plants, fish oil processing plants,
varnish manufacturing plants, lubricant oil regenerating facto-
ries, soy sauce lees and other vegetable protein processing
plants, organic fertilizer manufacturing plants, and food manu-
facturing plants. Deodorization experiments were conducted
with respect to the analysis of the components of odors,
deodorizing devices, sensory tests, interrelation of odor con-
stituents, and process improvements.
33570
Poole, W. Kenneth and Donald R. Johnson
ESTIMATING POPULATION EXPOSURE TO SELECTED
METALS - TITANIUM. (FINAL REPORT). Research Triangle
Inst., Research Triangle Park, N. C., NIEHS Contract PH-86-
65-109, RTI Rept. AU-229, Rept. Nffl-ES-2434, lOlp., March
1969. 50 refs. NTIS: PB 195819
Three aspects of titanium in the environment are discussed:
the flow of titanium from the time it is mined until it is con-
sumed; the exposure of subpopulations occupationally exposed
to titanium; and the exposure of the general population to
titanium via air, food, and water. Occupational exposure to
titanium in the air has been found to be absent. Apart from
open pit operation, the mining industry has no significant ex-
posure problem. Among manufacturers using titanium concen-
-------
SURFACE COATINGS
trates, pigment plants and titanium metal plants have been sug-
gested as sources of possible excessive exposure. Exposures
to titanium dioxide pigment may be considerable in some
manufacturing processes, such as rubber, and negligible in
others, such as hosiery. Assuming a daily respiratory volume
of 20 cu m, the amount of titanium taken into the body by in-
halation of urban air is 1.2 milligram/day. Deposition of par-
ticulate matter in the lung is a function of particle size; a mass
median diameter of 0.3 micron is assumed. The daily retention
fo titanium has been estimated to be 0.32 milligram. This esti-
mate reflects that portion of deposited titanium not removed
by lung clearance mechanisms. Food appears to be the signifi-
cant source of titanium exposure to the general population;
estimated titanium dose from a typical diet is 607 milligrams.
Normal water intake is three milligrams.
34571
Merz, Otto
LACQUERS AND COATINGS FOR SURFACE TREATMENT
AND POSSIBLE IMMISSIONS. (Lacke und Beschichtungss-
toffe zur Oberflaechenbehandlung und moeghche Immis-
sionen). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(10):395-
396, Oct. 1971. 5 rets.
Emissions develop during the drying process of lacquered or
coated surfaces. The process takes place at different tempera-
tures. A heating-up zone and a drying or reaction zone must
be distinguished. In the first zone with temperatures between
80 and 150 C, high and medium volatile solvents, monomeres,
and oligomeres evaporate. In the second zone between 160 and
200 C, the solvents, monomeres, and oligomeres which are dif-
ficult to volatilize evaporate. Aliphatic hydrocarbons,
hydrogen chloride, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, ketones, and
acid amines are split off from solvents and binding agents.
Zinc oxide and soot may be emitted during the combustion of
fuel oil.
34585
Meuthen, Bernd
WASTE AIR PROBLEMS IN THE COIL COATING INDUS-
TRY. (Abluftfragen aus der Sicht der coil coating-industrie).
Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(10):407-410, Oct.
1971. 23 refs.
During the coil coating process, organic gaseous emissions
develop. The gaseous emissions are primarily composed of
volatilized organic solvents of a known nature, as well as com-
ponents developing during the reaction of the binding agents
and solvents on the hot furnace walls. Such reaction products
are marked by annoying odors. According to the present ex-
perience, they amount to approximately four percent of the
solid content. Type and quantity of the organic emissions are
subject to great temporal fluctuations. The fraction of
hydrocarbons emitted by such plants amounts to 0.1% of the
total hydrocarbon emissions. Regulations in North Rhine
Westphalia require cleaning of such waste gases to a residual
carbon content of 300 mg/cu m. In other West European coun-
tries, no such stringent regulations exist. In the U. S., the use
of certain solvents is prohibited and the emission quantities
are limited. Catalytic combustion has been used as a control
method. But this method is not very suitable because of
catalyst poisoning. Thermal afterburning has found little appli-
cation in Europe, but is the accepted method in the United
States. The best solution would be the use of coating material
which is free of solvents. Such coating material is available in
form of so called power lacquers whose quality has yet to be
improved for satisfactory use. A special method of lacquer
drying, electron beam curing, is in the developmental stage.
With the method, none of the present solvents will cause any
emissions.
34763
Fonteyn, M.
IS THE PAINT INDUSTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE POL-
LUTION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT? (L Industrie de la pein-
ture est-elle responsable de la pollution de notre environne-
ment). Text in French. Tribune CEBEDEAU (Centre Beige
Etude Doc. Eaux), 24(327):67-69, Feb. 1971. (Presented at the
Congres de la Federation des Jeunes Chefs d Enterprises d Eu-
rope, Brussels, Belgium, Nov. 6, 1970.)
Paint is a material which contains oil and/or synthetic resin,
pigments for opacity and color, and in most cases, solvents
and diluents to achieve sufficient fluidity for application. A
study made by the Dutch Institute for Paint Research shows
that 37,000 tons of pollutants from the paint industry were
emitted into the air in 1968 in The Netherlands. The largest
portions of this total are 15,500 tons of aliphatic hydrocarbons
(solvents) and 11,500 tons of aromatic hydrocarbons. The
remaining pollutants are methyl alcohol, esters, ketons,
halogenated carbon compounds, and other hydrocarbons.
About 210,000 tons of the above pollutants originated from all
sources, so that the paint industry appears to have been
responsible for 18% of the air pollution caused by these emis-
sions. The overall air pollution in the same period of time, in-
cluding major emissions of carbon monoxide and sulfur diox-
ide, was estimated at two million tons; the paint industry then
accounts for less than 2% of the total. Efforts are underway to
develop effective control techniques.
35957
Tada, Osamu
METAL FINISHING INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH. (Hyomen shori kogyo to kankyo eisei). Text in
Japanese. Hyomen Shori Janaru (Metal Finish. J.), 4(4):62-66,
April 1971.
The effects of various metal finishing processes such as weld-
ing, coating, and plating on the working environment and the
maximum permissible concentration of pollutants are
reviewed. In metal plating pretreatment, inhaling of vapors of
trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene can damage nervous
system and liver. Various acid baths give off mists, nitric ox-
ide, and nitrogen dioxide, which can cause respiratory disor-
ders, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Electrolysis mist can cause
inflammation of membranes in the nose and throat. Inhalation
of zinc fume can cause headache, exhaustion, debility, high
fever, but the effects are not long-lasting. Ammonium chloride
inhalation causes discomfort, but poisoning cases have not
been reported. Ammonia can irritate eyes and respiratory
systems. Lead can cause chronic disorders to blood cells,
digestive systems, or nervous systems. Common effects of or-
ganic solvent used for paints, coating, and sealing materials
are paralysis of the body, irritation of skin and membranes,
and disorders of liver, kidney, nerve, and blood. During paint
spraying, skin damage can occur, particularly with epoxy-
based plastic. During the drying of paints, thermal decomposi-
tion of melamine creates formaldehydes, which irritate eyes,
irritate the respiratory system, and cause general discomfort.
Maximum permissible concentration is five ppm, but even one
to two ppm creates a considerable irritation of eyes ind noses.
A harmful amount of ozone can b^ created in welding by inert
gas arc, especially when welding nonferric metals. A concen-
tration of one to two ppm causes headache, dizziness, nausea,
and higher concentrations cause bronchial and lung inflamma-
tions.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
37190
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND CULTIVATION OF
THE ENVIRONMENT IN LOWER SAXONY. (Umweltschutz
und Umweltpflege in Niedersachsen). Text in German. Staed-
tehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(ll):266-267, Nov. 1971.
The emission limit values for sulfur dioxide and dust are ex-
ceeded in Lower Saxony during normal weather conditions
only in individual critical areas. In the Nordenham area the
soil and the vegetation are heavily enriched with lead and zinc
dust, sulfur dioxide, and fluorine. The lead content of the soil
has reached 120 times and zinc has reached 150 times the nor-
mal values. The milk of animals grazing in this area has to be
heavily mixed with other milk in order to make it drinkable. In
Delmhorst, the natural composition of the air is changed by
the emissions of a linoleum plant and a lacquer-resin plant.
During the oxidation of linseed oil and the melting of resins,
acrolein, formic acid, acetic acid, and phenols are liberated. In
Osterwald, the fluorine emissions of a ceramic plant has
destroyed a large forest. Injuries in forests were also observed
in Bad Salzdetfurth from the emissions of a potassium plant
and near Munich by a cellulose plant. Animal mass breeding
stations cause unbearable odor emissions in Suedoldenburg,
Bersenbrueck, Diepholz, Bassum, and Nienburg.
37556
Zegel, William
WHAT S GOING OUT THE STACK? Ind. Finishing (Indi-
anapolis), 46(12):13-15, 16B, Dec. 1970.
Stack tests were run at a coil-coating plant without any air pol-
lution control devices in operation to obtain the true emissions
from ovens and boilers. The tests included measurements of
stack gas velocities and temperatures, and the concentrations
of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, total aldehydes as formal-
dehyde, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbons
as propane, and particulates. From the measured emissions,
emission factors based on the rate of burning gas and the rate
of application of volatile material to the strip were computed.
The hydrocarbons were the largest emissions, the main pro-
portion of the hydrocarbons were aromatics containing 8-10
carbon atmos. Emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
and even aldehydes were not large when compared to many
industrial processes or even to automotive equipment. The
emission factors can be used to estimate emissions at similar
plants without control devices.
37681
niff, Neil
ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. New
Scientist, 3(781):263-265, Feb. 3, 1972.
World-wide, up to 20 million tons of manufactured organic
chemicals enter the environment annually. The majority of or-
ganic chemicals (about 75%) are processed either in their place
of manufacture or elsewhere. Over two-thirds of the latter are
used to synthesize end-products, e.g., plastics and resins,
synthetic fibers, rubber, and surface coatings. Of the remain-
ing 25%, consisting of chemicals used as such, the greater part
is further processed within the industry itself to produce such
products as solvents, glycols, and detergents. Of the gaseous
basic chemicals used as manufacturing building blocks, up to 1
million tons yearly enter the environment. Problems of liquid
effluent disposal from chemical works are also serious. The
contribution of lubricants and industrial oils to air and water
pollution may add up to more than 2 million tons annually.
Two case studies of major man-made organic chemicals,
ethylene and chlorofluorocarbons, are considered. The chemi-
cals that need to be studied are those that do not occur in na-
ture, and for which degration pathways may not exist. Further
and more objective research is imperative.
37996
Escourrou, R.
THE SCOURGE OF POLLUTION. (Le fleau de la pollution).
Text in French. Papeterie, 93(11): 1025-1026, 1029-1032, 1035-
1038, 1041-1045, Nov. 1971.
Air, water, and noise pollution are discussed. Dust generation
is discussed, with particular emphasis on cement works. Gase-
ous pollutants include sulfur dioxide, fluorine derivatives, car-
bon monoxide, and odors (from spray painting shops, animal
food production, and motor vehicle exhausts). The sampling of
air is briefly described, as well as methods of determining con-
centrations of sulfur dioxide, fluorine, and dust. Water pollu-
tion, effects on fish, and sources of water pollution are
discussed. Pollution of the sea by atomic fallout, residual oil,
effluents from coastal industries, and the discharge from
sewers is discussed. A suggested permissible noise limit for
city conditions would be 80 to 85 decibels. A motor vehicle
traveling at 50 mi/hr exceeds this noise level.
38307
Davis, J. B.
POLLUTION - THE EUROPEAN SCENE. Polym., Paint
Colour J., 161(3810):82-86, Jan. 19, 1972. 8 refs. (Presented at
the Chemical Coalers Association, Conference on Pollution,
Chicago, 111., Dec. 1971.)
Governments in all European countries have been alerted to
the dangers of pollution, and in consequence stricter regula-
tions are inevitable. The paint industry will have to meet these
changes by reformulation, redesign of equipment to eliminate
all forms of pollution, and better housekeeping. The four areas
of pollution that concern the industry are vapor emissions dur-
ing manufacturing and use; the emission of noxious odors
from resin manufacturing and the storing of industrial paints;
contamination of waterways by liquid waste; and the disposal
of solid waste. Both thermoset and thermoplastic nonaqueous
dispersion enamels will materially assist control of air pollu-
tion. Powder coatings and water-based enamels and primers
also help to reduce the solvent hazard. The solution to the
problem of liquid waste appears to be use of multiple settling
tanks for removal of suspended solids, with control of pH
prior to discharge. The destruction of organic contaminants
and surfactants by natural bacteria is being studied. Solid
waste, except plastic, is preferably disposed of by incinera-
tion. The answer to the problem of plastic containers may be
to use them as the basis for new surface coatings. Decisions
concerning the degree and nature of pollution control and
abatement will require comprehensive cost-benefit calcula-
tions. The industry must take part in these decisions and cal-
culations.
40303
Fox, Raymond D. and Steven H. Chansky
STATEWIDE EMISSION INVENTORY OF SOUTH DAKATA.
OCA Corp., Bedford, Mass, GCA Technology Div., Office of
Air Programs Contract 68-02-0041, GCA-TR-71-5-G, 67p., Aug.
1971. 48 refs. NTIS: PB 204947
The principal pollution sources and annual emission levels for
particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
and nitrogen oxides by source category were investigated
within an emission inventory for South Dakota. The major
source categories were stationary fuel combustion sources,
transportation sources, solid waste disposal, and process
-------
8
SURFACE COATINGS
losses. The primary source of particulate emissions was
process losses from industrial point sources, including mining,
stone quarrying, cement and asphalt batch plants, and terminal
and country grain elevators. Sulfur dioxide emissions were
produced from a wide variety of categories including coal
combustion by power plants and industrial establishments
(32%), domestic heating using distillate oil (23%), commerical-
institutional-industiral fuel oil (21%), and transportation
sources (21%). The primary sources of CO, hydrocarbons, and
NOx emissions were gasoline- powered motor vehicles and
off-highway gasoline used for farm tractors, with substantial
contributions from petroleum bulk storage facilities, dry clean-
ing, solvent evaporation from surface coatings, and solid
waste disposal. (Author summary modified)
40345
LaGrone, F. Scott and Clinton E. Burklin
FINAL REPORT FOR STATEWIDE EMISSIONS INVENTO-
RY FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. Radian Corp., Austin,
Tex., Office of Air Programs APTD-0794, 77p., Sept. 8, 1971.
14 refs. NTIS: PB 204949
Area and point source emissions of sulfur compounds (sulfur
dioxide and sulfur trioxide), participates, carbon monoxide,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and hydrocarbons and their
derivatives were calculated within an emission inventory for
Louisiana. Procedures involved in gathering data on emissions
and fuel consumption, determination of the grid systems, sur-
vey methodology, data analysis, and actual calculations of
emissions are reviewed. The point sources included chemical
processing, coal cleaning, detergent and soap manufacturing,
ink manufacturing, paint and varnish production, fertilizer
plants, synthetic fiber and rubber production, food and feed
operations, rendering, primary and secondary metallurgical
processes, mineral processing, petroleum refining, pulp and
paper manufacture, dry cleaning, surface coating operations,
gasoline marketing, steapi-electric power plants, incinerators,
and open burning dumps. Area source emissions were calcu-
lated from combustion and consumption data on coal, fuel oil,
natural gas, residual oil, and distillate oil with vessels, rail-
roads, diesel motor vehicles, gasoline motor vehicles, airport
operations, solid waste disposal, and process losses as major
area sources. Sample inventory forms, data tabulations, and
area maps are included.
418%
Alpiser, Francis M., Marius J. Gedgaudas, and Harold B.
Coughlin
POLLUTION SOURCES. In: Helena Valley, Montana, Area,
Environmental Pollution Study. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Office of Air Pro-
grams, Pub-AP-91, p. 145-160, Jan. 1972. NTIS: PB 207126
An emission inventory covering sulfur oxides, particulate
matter, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide
was made for the Helena Valley area in 1968. Although indus-
trial processes are the primary emission sources in the Valley,
fuel combustion in stationary sources, transportation, and
open burning also contribute to the overall problem. The pri-
mary pollutant is sulfur dioxide, of which approximately
71,000 tons are emitted annually. Particulate emissions, total-
ing nearly 8300 tons, are lower than the actual amount,
because dust from unpaved roads, for which there is no accu-
rate means of measurement, is a major problem in the area.
Carbon monoxide emissions amounted to approximately 22,000
tons, and nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons totaled approxi-
mately 2600 tons and 2100 tons, respectively. Major pollution
sources described include a lead smelter, a slag-processing
plant, and paint pigment facility. Process descriptions are
presented, and emissions and control measures at various
operations of the facilites are described. The smelter emits a
large amount of SO2 and a significant amount of dust. The
pollutants are emitted through stacks at the electrostatic
precipitator and the baghouse, with the emission rates depend-
ing on the charge rate to the sintering plant and the blast fur-
nace. The fuming operation of the slag processing plant emits
sulfur dioxide and particulates at the charging door of the fur-
nace and through stacks at the baghouse. In addition, particu-
lates are emitted through a stack at the coal-pulverizing mill,
and particulates and SO2 are released when the residue slag is
dumped. Available scrubbing processes for both the smelter
and the slag-processing plant are described. The pigments
operations emit sulfur dioxide and particulates in relatively
minor amounts. Although the particulates probably contain
small amounts of zinc, lead, and copper, no corrective action
or modification of existing air-pollution control equipment ap-
pears necessary as long as the equipment is properly main-
tained and production output is not drastically increased.
43268
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
EVAPORATION LOSS SOURCES. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors. GAP Pub-AP-42, p. 4-1 to 4-6,
Feb. 1972. 17 refs. NTIS: PB 209559
Evaporation losses and their sources are discussed. General
processes in dry cleaning, surface coating, petroleum storage,
and gasoline marketing are described. Hydrocarbon emission
factors are given for petroleum solvents and synthetic solvents
in dry cleaning operations; paint, varnish and shellac, lacquer,
enamel, and primer (zinc chromate) for surface-coating appli-
cations; and for breathing and working losses from the storage
of petroleum products. The emissions associated with gasoline
marketing are primarily vapors expelled from a tank by dis-
placement as a result of filling. Controls are mentioned.
43269
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRY. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors. OAP Pub-AP-42, p. 5-1 to 5-26,
Feb. 1972. 65 refs. NTIS: PB 209559
Emissions from the manufacture and/or use of chemicals or
chemical products are reviewed. Emissions are primarily gase-
ous and are controlled by incineration, adsorption, or absorp-
tion. Estimates of emission factors are based on material
balances, yields, or similar processes. Process descriptions are
given for: adipic acid, ammonia, carbon black (channel black,
furnace and thermal black processes), charcoal, chlor-alkali,
explosives (TNT and nitrocellulose), hydrochloric acid,
hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, paint and varnish, phosphoric
acid, phthah'c anhydride, plastics, printing ink, soap and deter-
gents, sodium carbonate, sulfuric acid, synthetic fibers,
synthetic rubber, and terephthalic acid. Significant emissions
and control methods are given for the processes.
44107
Bare, Fred
THE SWISS LACQUER AND PAINT INDUSTRY AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. (Die Schweizerische Lack-
und Farbenindustrie und der Umweltschutz). Text in German.
Chem. Rundschau (Solothurn), 25(29):937-939, 942, July 1972.
16 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
The Swiss lacquer industry comprises about 130 small and
medium- sized companies. The annual production amounts to
65,000 tons. Until 50 years ago, mainly oil paints and enamel
varnishes were used. They dried slowly, but contained few
solvents. With the coming of nitrocellulose and alkyd resin
lacquers and later of lacquers on the basis of chlorinated
rubber, vinyl resins, polyurethane, and aethoxilin resins came
also the air pollution problem. These lacquers contain solvents
which enter the ambient air after application. Of the various
solvent groups which are emitted, the various benzenes head
the list, as far as emission quantity is concerned, followed by
the aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene. The
basis for legal action against such enterprises in an effort to
stem the solvent emission is provided by paragraphs 679 and
684 of the civil law code, the traffic law, and the work law of
1964. Measures can be taken when justified complaints against
such an enterprise are voiced. In the near future guidelines
will be issued concerning maximum allowable emissions. The
pollutants are blown into the air from the workshops by ven-
tilators; sometimes the waste air is passed over a filter.
Generally, it can be said that the waste air problem in this in-
dustrial sector does not pose unsurmountable difficulties.
44184
Guenther, Rolf
A STUDY OF THE SUBSTANCES LIBERATED FROM BIND-
ING AGENTS AT THE DRYING OF LACQUERS WITH
RESPECT TO AIR POLLUTION. (Untersuchung der beim
Trocknen von Lacken aus den Bindemitteln freiwerdenden
Substanzen in Hinblick auf die Luftverunreinigung). Text in
German. Karlsruhe Univ. (West Germany), Fakultaet fuer
Chemie- Ingenieurwesen, Thesis (Ph.D.) 1971, 116p. 74 refs
Laboratory studies on substances formed from binding agents
during the drying of lacquers, and on the influence of tempera-
ture, furnace atmosphere, and time on such emissions are
described. The samples obtained from waste gases by conden-
sation were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by means
of gas chromatography. The drying temperatures in the experi-
mental drying furnace ranged from 80 to 200 C. Phenolformal-
dehyde and epoxy- formaldehyde lacquers released phenols
and cresols in a total amount of 29.3-105.5 mg/cu m, and bu-
tanol in concentrations of 650- 1050 mg/cu m. Also small quan-
tities of formaldehyde, ammonia, and phosphoric acid were
detected. Alkyd, acryl, and epoxy ester lacquers were respon-
sible for aromatics, terpenes, naphthenes, esters, and particu-
larly phthalic anhydride in concentrations of 9- 39 mg/cu m, as
well as for methacrylic acid, methylester (72-100 mg/cu m),
benzene, and xylene. While the emissions from binding agents
in a temperature range of 80-120 C were negligible, oxidative
decomposition started above 140 C, and large amounts of
products due to thermal decomposition above 200 C were ob-
served. Rapidly evaporating solvents and nitrogen instead of
oxygen atmosphere above 140 C had a positive effect. The
bulk of the solvents and some 98% of the components formed
from binding agents were found in the waste gases, and the
respective concentrations were far above the maximum al-
lowable values in many cases.
44373
Doorgest, T.
PAINTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE
NETHERLANDS. (Verf en milieuhygiene in den Niederlan-
den). Text in Dutch. Verfkroniek, no. 44:190-212, June 1971.
Results of a survey on the contributions by paint manufactur-
ing and processing industries to environmental pollution are
presented. The basic pollutants from paint and lacquer manu-
facturing and processing were found to be sulfur dioxide from
combustion processes, and solvent vapors, sprays, and liquid
compounds from film-forming processes, such as drying, ox-
idative drying, and acid hardening. Aliphatics, aromatics,
methanol, alcohols, esters, ketones, carbon halides,
halogenated hydrocarbons, and volatile compounds are the
chief air pollutants in this area. The investigations revealed
that the contribution by paint and lacquer manufacturing and
processing to global pollution is negligible with less than 0.1%,
but certain control measures are still necessary.
45495
Taylor, C. G.
THE LOSS OF MERCURY FROM FUNGICIDAL PAINTS. J.
Appl. Chem. (London), vol. 15:232-236, May 1965. 4 refs.
Reports have indicated that the use of mercury compounds as
fungicides in paints may lead to poisoning of persons spending
long periods in proximity to these paints. Radioacti Je mercury-
203 was used to measure the loss of mercury from a fungicidal
paint and to obtain values for the mercury concentration build-
ing up in an average sized room as a result of this loss.
Although loss occurs, its rate is not likely to cause, in a nor-
mal sized, adequately ventilated room, a concentration of mer-
cury greater than the maximum acceptable level for adult ex-
posure. Mercury is lost somewhat more rapidly under wet con-
ditions than dry ones. The conditions for wet exposure during
the present tests simulated a humid atmosphere. Adequate
ventilation is important during the first few days after applica-
tion of such a fungicidal paint, since the loss-rate of mercury
may then be several times greater than the loss-rate after three
months. (Author abstract modified)
45858
Lukey, Michael E. and M. Dean High
EXHAUST GAS CONVERSION FACTORS. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1972. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Assiciation, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-20, 1972, Paper 72-88.)
The exhaust gas parameters from 76 combustion and industrial
sources are given including fuel combustion processes, refuse
incineration, mineral industries, chemical industries, metallur-
gical processes, pulp mills, and refineries. The main objective
of the study was to define a relationship of the exhaust gases
being emitted, to the process weights. Each of the 76 industrial
source factors includes a process description, the potential air
contaminants, operating time, abatement equipment, an input-
output relationship, and the exhaust gas parameters: gas flow
rate, gas temperature, gas velocity, and stack height. An at-
tempt was made to relate the exhaust gas parameters to an
input or output quantity. Thus by knowing the production rate
of a plant, one can use these exhaust gas source factors and
pollutant emission factors to obtain engineering estimates of
specific plant emission and its community inpact through
modeling. Sources include coal, oil, natural gas, and wood
combustion, incineration; burners; chemical processes such as
ammonia, carbon black, chlorine, hydrofluoric acid, paint,
phosphoric acid, plastics, ink, soap, sulfuric acid, synthetic
fibers, and rubber production; food and agricultural processes;
primary metallurgy; steel, lead, zinc, and aluminum production
including sintering, blast furnaces, electric furnaces, and open
hearth furnaces; petroleum refining, pulp mills; dry cleaning;
and surface coating.
-------
10
SURFACE COATINGS
46023
Vostal, Jaroslav
TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION OF MERCURY IN
NATURE AND POSSIBLE ROUTES OF EXPOSURE. In:
Mercury in the Environment. A Toxicological and
Epidemiological Appraisal. Karolinska Inst., Stockholm
(Sweden), Dept of Environmental Hygiene, Office of Air Pro-
grams Contract CPA 70-30, Kept. APTD 0838, I08p., Nov.
1971. 1052refs.
Findings of recent studies concerning the environmental
sources and effects of mercury are summarized. Modes of
entry of mercury into various media of the natural geocycle in-
clude simple transport in the form of metallic mercury vapors,
transformation into volatilized organic mercury compounds,
and chemical transformation into more soluble salts or mercu-
ry compounds. Manmade sources of mercury in the environ-
ment include the chlorine-alkali industry, the production of
electrical apparatus, paint production, the pulp and paper in-
dustry, combustion of fossil fuels, mining and smelting of
ores, and agricultural uses of organomercurial fungicides. Air
over mercury deposits and over industrialized areas with high
mercury emissions may accumulate higher concentrations of
mercury mainly in zones near to the ground. Airborne mercury
is continuously being removed from the atmosphere and
deposited on the earth surface or water surface by rain or
snow. Mercury transport through waters and aquatic and ter-
restrial food chains is also discussed.
46111
Klee, Otto
PCB IN THE WAKE OF DDT. (Nach dem DDT das PCB).
Text in German. Kosmos (Stuttgart), no. 2:65-66, 1972.
General ecological problems of the contamination of the en-
vironment with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are reviewed.
The PCB, emitted ny the waste incinerators, or evaporating
from paints containing PCB as plasticizer, may be present in
the air, since it was actually detected in the air in London and
Hamburg in 1966. The PCB, being much more stable than
DDT, accumulates in adipose tissues, and attacks the liver.
The PCB are able to decompose progesterone, testosterone,
and estradiol into water-soluble products which are then
eliminated from the organism by the blood and the kidneys.
Investigations revealed thin eggshells and teratogenic malfor-
mation in fish and birds due to PCB.
46184
Turk, Amos
ODOR SOURCE INVENTORIES. Pollut. Eng., 4(5):22-24,
Aug. 1972.
An inventory of odor sources may be used to predict the
scope of odor control procedures needed for abatement, to re-
late odor sources to effects in the community, or to establish
regulatory or enforcement policies. If it is assumed that dif-
ferent odor sources cannot be measured on an equal basis,
then consideration must be given to the role of odor qualities.
Odor quality classification systems are described, and a
procedure is presented for translating quality descriptions into
inventories of odor sources. Another method is based on the
premise that a sample of odorous air can be described in terms
of the volume to which it must be diluted for its intensity to
be reduced to the sensory threshold level. Sources include
foundries, bakeries, rendering, surface coating, petroleum
refining, dry cleaning, and diesel engines. Organic nitrogen
compounds, phenols, organic sulfur compounds, organic acids,
solvents, and naphthalene are major odorants. Social and
economic effects of odors are mentioned. (Author abstract
modified)
46863
Sibbett, Donald J., Rudolph H. Moyer, and George H. Milly
EMISSION OF MERCURY FROM LATEX PAINTS. Am.
Chem. Soc., Div. Water, Air Waste Chem., Gen. Papers,
12(l):20-26, 1972. 5 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society, National Meeting, 163rd, Boston, Mass., April 1972.)
To determine the levels of total mercury emanating from sur-
faces after application of a latex paint, the walls of a room
measuring 5.36 by 4.37 by 2.47 m were given one coat utilizing
standard roller and brush methods. A total of 0.28 g Hg com-
bined as fungicide was involved. Hg concentrations were
determined by photometry During its application, the per-
missible limits for mercury organic compounds of this type in
the air as recommended by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, a time-weighted average
of 50 micrograms/cu m, was not exceeded with the paint sam-
ple tested. However, under inappropriate conditions, such as
poor air circulation and high temperatures, this limit could be
exceeded during painting operations despite the low mercury
concentration in the liquid paint sample. Indoors, the mercury
vapor concentration after application of the paint was approxi-
mately a thousand times that of the ambient, out-of- foors at-
mosphere after 220 hours. On the basis of a ventilation analy-
sis, it appears that mercury containing vapors will remain in
the air almost indefinitely. It seems reasonable that a normal
human exposed to the specific experimental environment
would absorb approximately 36 micrograms of mercury con-
taining compounds in 16 hours.
47112
Hansen, Charles M.
SOLVENTS FOR COATINGS. Chem. Technol., 2(9):547-553,
Sept. 1972. 49 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society, National Meeting, New York, N. Y., 1972.)
The newer concepts and techniques of using solvents in the
coatings industry are discussed. There are many criteria to be
met before a solvent composition is finally worked out for a
given application. The most common current goal is to arrive
at the least expensive blend which meets the requirements of
volatility, solvency, and air pollution regulations. Current regu-
lations limit the use of aromatic hydrocarbons, solvents con-
taining olefinic unsaturated, substituted aromatics, ketones
with a tertiary hydrogen atom, and trichloroethylene. Solubili-
ty relationships, determination of the polymer solubility
parameter, use of solubility parameter data, and surface
characterization are discussed. Potential applications of the
solubility parameter are indicated.
47148
Ordinanz, Wilhelm
COMPILATIONS OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS IN
THE USA. (Mitteilungen ueber Emissions-Kennzahlen in den
USA). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 32(10):399-
400, Oct. 1972. 2 refs.
The German literature provides only scattered data on the
gaseous emissions of power plants, steam boilers, industrial
furnaces, and incinerators. The Technical Directives On the
Maintenance of Clean Air and numerous VDI guidelines
supply only maximum allowable dust concentrations in emis-
sions. In the United States, however, emission inventories are
available for several industrial areas. The emission charac-
teristics of coal-fired furnaces, of metallurgical processes of
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
11
fuel-oil-fired and natural-gas-fired furnaces, and incinerators
are listed in tables. In another table the emissions of frequent
working processes such as welding, lacquering, degreasing,
and drying are listed. Pollutants include nitrogen oxides, par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, aldehydes,
benzopyrenes, ammonia, and organic acids.
47708
Meuthen, Bernd
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE-RELATED PROBLEMS FROM
THE COIL COATING INDUSTRY VIEWPOINT. (Probleme
der Luftreinhaltung aus der Sicht der coil coating-Industrie).
Text in German. Fachber. Oberflaechentech., 10(7):231-235,
1972. 12refs.
Problems of pollution control in the coil coating industry are
reviewed. Coil coating plant-generated emissions constitute
complex gaseous mixtures of solvents with partly unknown,
though malodorous, reaction products as well as various addi-
tives of organic nature. The contribution by the coil coating in-
dustry to overall air pollution is estimated at well below 1%.
The emissions, practically independent of the specific heat
treatment process, are in the neighborhood of 3 g/N cu m.
Catalytic waste gas incineration for odor destruction, in a tem-
perature range of 250-500 C, proved not to be feasible due to
catalyst poisoning. Thermal incineration in a temperature range
of 600-800 C and at a reaction time of 0.5-1.5 sec represents,
however, a solution of practical interest. The use of water-
dispersible acrylates, polyesters, oxides, solvent-free powder
lacquers, or the electron beam curing process are potential
methods for the abatement of coil coating plant-generated
emissions.
47879
Davis, J. B.
TWO POLLUTION--A CHALLENGE TO THE PAINT INDUS-
TRY. Paint Mfr., 42(9):10-11, 15, Sept. 1972.
Moves in the United Kingdom to combat nuisance problems
from air pollution resulted in the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and
1968, and a recent Order under the Alkali Act brought the sur-
face coating industry within its orbit for the first time by list-
ing acrylate works and diisocyanate works as registrable under
the Act. Potential pollution problems from industries that use
organic finishes are mostly due to evaporating solvents and
diluents and to by-products of baking finishes like acrolein and
formaldehyde. Solvent vaports can be adsorbed by activated
carbon or absorbed with a suitable liquid such as mineral oil.
Direct flame and catalytic incineration are other possible con-
trol methods for organic emissions. There are six main types
of water pollutants in the paint industry, some of which derive
from emulsion paints, others which derive from solvent based
products, and some which come from both types. A very ef-
fective control device is a good interceptor on the sewer line
leaving the plant. This is basically a settling chamber that will
do a reasonably good job of trapping suspended solids, heavy
skins and sludges, solvents, and oils. Solid waste disposal is
discussed, as well as noise pollution and toxicity dangers.
Workers should be protected from infra sound, which is basi-
cally a low frequency consistent noise level which, while not
as obtrusive as a loud noise, can cause drowsiness and fatigue.
The paint industry uses lead, asbestos, mercury, and other
materials with a known toxicity; increasing usage of polyu-
rethanes and epoxies also brings into use new curing agents
with irritant properties. Research into this area can take
several forms covering products which do not pollute, applica-
tion methods, alternative methods of resin curing, and
methods of manufacture.
47963
Bundesministerium des Inneren, Bonn (West Germany),
Arbeitsgruppe Chemische Industrie
CONTRIBUTION OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PRO-
JECT GROUP. (Beitrag der Arbeitsgruppe Chemische Indus-
trie). Text in German. In: Materialian zum Umweltprogramm
der Bundesregierung 1971. Umweltplanung. Lower House of
Parliament, 6th Session, Document 6/2710, p. 395-461, Oct.
1971.
Environmental protection-related problems and objectives in
the chemical industry of West Germany are reviewed. The
total sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide,
chlorine, hydrochloric acid, fluorine compound, hydrocarbon,
and dust emission concentrations in 1969 were 6C,000, 25,000,
50,000, less than 100, 1000, 200, 100,000, and 10,000 tons,
respectively. Qualitative and quantitative determination
methods and emission standards for various pollutants, and
means of pollution control (such as cyclones, electrostatic dust
precipitators, tissue filters, scrubbers, fiber filters, and ther-
mal, catalytic, and wet incinerators) are reviewed. Problems
and projects in pollution control area in various branches of
the chemical industry (inorganic raw materials, petroleum and
natural gas, organic intermediaries, organic paints, monomers,
pesticides, pharmaceutical products, detergents, pulp and
paper, leather, textiles, starch, sugar, and beer) are outlined.
-------
12
B. CONTROL METHODS
01543
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION. Safety Maintenance
132(l):25-28, July 1966.
Brief descriptions of newly developed respiratory protective
equipment are given. This equipment includes a disposable
hood for protection from mists, vapors, and contaminants, a
belt attached respirator filter and an oral-nasal respirator.
Respiratory equipment for protection against paint and
radioactive dust is also described.
02112
J. Westchester.
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION BY FUMES FROM
BAKING FINISHES. Metal Finishing 64, (10) 702-77, Oct.
1966.
After reviewing regulations, particularly in Los Angeles Coun-
ty, for regulation of emission of organic solvents into the am-
bient air, the author lists critical solvents and their maximum
permissible concentrations as established by the American
Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. He then goes
on to review methods for disposing of waste solvents when
finishes are baked on or cured at higher than room tempera-
ture. The most effective method is catalytic burning of the sol-
vents; this method is employed in 2500 installations in the US
and 1500 installations elsewhere. The disposal of chlorinated
hydrocarbons and sulfur containing compounds is more com-
plex and requires additional methods and equipment. Silicone
coatings give SiO2 on combustion and coat the catalyst with a
fine powder. The equipment for catalytic burning may be
designed in several arrangements, but aerosol formation and
condensation must be prevented before the vapors reach the
exhaust fan, otherwise the efficiency of the catalyst may be
impaired. Some installations recirculate the hot clean air
resulting from solvent combustion to help bake the finish.
02427
R. L. Stenburg
CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM PAINT
AND VARNISH MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution
(Technical Rept. No. A58-4) 33 pp., June 1958. Also published
in Paint Varnish Prod. 49, 61-5, Sept. 1959 and Paint Varnish
Prod. 49, 111-4, Oct. 1959.
Air pollution problems associated with the manufacture of pro-
tective coatings result primarily from the high temperature
processing of natural and synthetic oils and resins to produce
paint and varnish vehicles. The release of malodorous materi-
als is the most widespread problem and the most difficult to
control. Since fume components are predominantly of
hydrocarbon compositions, they have the potential to con-
tribute to the formation of smog in those areas where air pol-
lution is well established. Property damage is also a definite
possibility from some of the processes employed. The majority
of fumes from cooking processes may be controlled by liquid
scrubbing or by incineration, the latter being more effective in
reducing the small but offensive portion of the total fume out-
put that is largely responsible for the odor problem. Activated
carbon adsorption is effective on certain highly odorous
materials in processes other than cooking. These and other
types of controls are in general usage throughout the industry
and are serving to greatly reduce the amount of undesirable
materials discharged to the atmosphere. (Author summary)
03762
Spencer, E. F., Jr. N. Kayne, M. F. LeDue and J. H. Elliott
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR THE CONTROL OF OR-
GANIC EMISSIONS FROM PROTECTIVE COATING
OPERATIONS (INTERIM REPT. NO. 2). Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control District, Calif. Jan. 1959. 40 pp.
This report discusses the equipment and procedures used in
the evaluation of control equipment for solvent vapors from
surface coating processes. A pilot plant which was used to
recover organic solvents by means of activated carbon is
described. Of the control methods evaluated, adsorption with
activated carbon offers the greatest promise. The advantages
of the activated carbon system are: (1) recovers solvent vapors
in all concentrations below the flammable range; (2) recovers
all types of volatile solvents; (3) recovers solvents efficiently
in the presence of water vapor; (4) recovers solvent vapors
with high overall efficiency; (5) operation of the equipment is
simple; (6) the equipment is sufficiently flexible for all types
of surface coating operations. Five complete adsorption-
desorption cycles were completed. The adsorption efficiency
before reaching saturation averaged 92 percent, while the
desorption efficiency, based on solvent recovery vs. solvent
adsorbed during the individual run, averaged 57 percent. Poor
steam distribution is believed responsible for the incomplete
desorption and the equipment is being modified to improve the
stripping of the carbon. It is planned to investigate another
fixed bed unit and one moving bed unit.
03763
E. F. Spencer, Jr., N. Kayne, M. F. LeDuc, and J. H. Elliott
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR THE CONTROL OF OR-
GANIC EMISSIONS FROM PROTECTIVE COATING
OPERATIONS. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif. July 1959. 37 pp.
This report discusses the progress made in an experimental
program designed to determine the degree to which the emis-
sion of solvent vapors from surface coating spraying opera-
tions can be controlled by adsorption with activated carbon.
Twenty-two runs have been made to date with single solvents
and multi-component solvent mixtures, representative of in-
dustrial formulations. The experimental work has shown that
the control of organic emissions from surface coating opera-
tions by adsorption with activated carbon is technically feasi-
ble. Single solvents or combinations of solvents in low concen-
trations are adsorbed with high overall efficiency. Solvents im-
miscible with water are recovered with high efficiency. The
desorption of mineral spirits appears to be the most formidable
economic factor as the required desorption temperature is high
and the value of the recovered solvent is low. A small experi-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
13
mental test oven to investigate surface coating oven emissions
has been installed. Various surface coatings and resin products
will be processed.
03966
M. J. Boldue, R. K. Severes, and G. L. Brewer
TEST PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL
FUME CONVERTERS (SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES REVIEWED FOR). Air Eng. 8, (2) 20-3, Feb.
1966. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
The purpose for development of the source testing outline was
to permit systematic evaluation of air pollution control equip-
ment on gaseous organic fume streams. Data were obtained to
fulfill the following objectives of the source outline: (1) Deter-
mination of combustible emission and conversion efficiency.
(2) Determination of particulate matter emissions. (3) Identifi-
cation of specific emissions by laboratory analyses. (4) Deter-
mination of the odor concentration of the effluent stream in
conjunction with these objectives of source test measure-
ments, the outlined program was to include: (5) A method to
check credibility of sampling and analyses. (6) A technique for
future monitoring of the control equipment performance.
Source tests were conducted on catalytic fume converter units
located on a metal-coating oven, a varnish-cooking kettle, a
phthalic anhydride plant and a wire-coating oven. Sampling
procedures, analytical techniques and developed equipment
are discussed. The results of each of the evaluations of the
catalytic fume converters are presented.
05173
E. F. Spencer, N. Kayne, M. F. LeDuc, and J. H. Elliott
AN EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR CONTROLLING OR-
GANIC EMISSIONS FROM PROTECTIVE COATING AND
SPRAYING OPERATIONS. Los Angeles County Air Pollution
Control District, Calif. July 1, 1958. 51 pp.
The results are presented of a search and evaluation of litera-
ture bearing on possible means of controlling solvent emis-
sions from surface coating operations. In evaluating any
method of solvent recovery it must first be considered if its
characteristics will permit safe operation. Other important
criteria by which a recovery process must be evaluated are:
recovery efficiency, recovery expense, flexibility to meet
varied operating conditions, and relation between initial cost
and saving. All of the solvent recovery processes known so far
made use of one or more of the following operations: conden-
sation by cooling or compression, adsorption, and absorption.
The recovered solvent may be contaminated with water and
distillation may be necessary if the solvent is water soluble. Of
the control methods evaluated, adsorption with activated car-
bon offers the greatest promise. The advantages of the ac-
tivated carbon system are: (1) recovery of solvent vapors in all
concentrations below the flammable range, (2) recovery of all
types of volatile solvents, (3) the recovery expense is suffi-
ciently low that the equipment cost may be amortized from the
solvent savings, (4) recovery of solvents efficiently in the
presence of water vapor, (5) recovery of solvent vapors with
high overall efficiency, (6) operation of the equipment is sim-
ple, and (7) the equipment is sufficiently flexible for all types
of surface coating operations.
05316
CONTROL OF ORGANIC SOLVENT EMISSIONS INTO AT-
MOSPHERE (SECOND INTERIM KEPT. APR. 1-NOV. 30,
1966). Aerospace Industries Assoc. of America, Washington,
D. C., Rept. MC-ll(66)-2, 159p., 1966.
This second interim report discusses the progress of Ad Hoc
Subcommittee MC-11, formed in August 1965 by the
Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) Manufacturing Com-
mittee. The subcommittee was organized to investigate the ef-
fects that would result from adoption of Rule 66 of the Los
Angeles County Air Pollution Control District (APCD). The
APCD drafted the rule after 9 years of testing various solvents
and solvent vapors that react photochemically with ozone and
nitrous oxides to produce eye-irritating smog. Combined effort
of industrial associations led to a new series of experiments to
form a basis for technical evaluations. Other negotiations
covered the definition of terms, and the proof of performance
criteria methods. (Results of the joint negotiations and tests
are presented in various sections of the present report.) The
AIA activity was devoted to 4 basic areas of application; Pro-
tective coatings, solvents, and thinner; Cleaning and degreas-
ing; Chemical milling and strippable coatings; Plastics and ad-
hesives. The inventigation indicated that the solvents tested
can be classified as follows in order of decreasing reactivity;
Xylenes and heavy aromatics; isophorone; Toluene; Methyl
isobutyl ketone; Trichlorethylene; Naphthenes; Mineral spirits;
VM and P naphtha; Stoddard solvent; Isoparaffin mixtures;
and n-Paraffin mixtures. In its final form, Rule 66 was sub-
stantially changed in many areas. Aerospace industries in the
Los Angeles area now have a concise rule covering the allowa-
ble emissions of organic solvents into the atmosphere. As a
result of the close working relationship between industry and
APCD personnel, Rule 66 represents the most practicable and
achievable one for reduction in the amount of solvents enter-
ing the atmosphere and contributing to smog.
05648
J. H. Elliott, N. Kayne, and M. F. LeDuc
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR THE CONTROL OF OR-
GANIC EMISSIONS FROM PROTECTIVE COATING
OPERATIONS (INTERIM REPT. NO. 7). Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control District, Calif. Jan. 1961. 26 pp.
The progress made on the experimental program for the con-
trol of solvent emissions from surface coating operations is re-
ported. The results of 16 runs made with two industrial
finishes, an air dry lacquer and a high temperature baking
enamel, are discussed with respect to particulate matter
removal before the air stream enters the carbon unit. Various
filters and combinations of filters were used in this study. Ad-
ditional runs were made using single and mixed solvents with
the four-tray adsorber. The results are analyzed with respect
to the effect of using saturated versus superheated steam on
the retentivity of the carbon for these solvents. Carbon life,
pressure drop, and temperature rise for the four-tray absorber
are also discussed. The status of the program, together with
the questions that have been answered, and the questions to
be answered, are delineated. A modification of the first coni-
cal unit adsorber is described. The experimental work on this
modified unit, now under construction, will conclude the work
on the spray booth phase of this project.
05678
Elliott, J. H. Kayne, N. and LeDuc, M. F.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR THE CONTROL OF OR-
GANIC EMISSIONS FROM PROTECTIVE COATING
OPERATIONS (INTERIM REPT. NO. 6).Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control District, Calif. July 1960. 19 pp.
The progress ma^.e on the experimental program for the con-
trol of solvent emissions from surface coating operations is re-
ported. The results of 38 runs made with single solvents and
solvent mixtures, using a four-tray activated carbon adsorber,
are discussed and compared with the solvent runs made with a
-------
14
SURFACE COATINGS
conical bed adsorber. An air distribution problem which
developed in the four-tray adsorber and the solution of the
problem are described. The work on external desorption is an
autoclave, using indirect and direct heating with saturated and
superheated steam, is also discussed. A continuous feed
system for the paint bake oven has been designed and c i-
structed. Some experiment runs with the oven and afterburner
have been made in order to develop operational procedures.
Problems arose in the analytical methods. These are discussed
together with their solutions. (AuthorsO abstract)
06006
Chass, R. L., C. V. Kanter, and J. H. Elliott
CONTRIBUTION OF SOLVENTS TO AIR POLLUTION AND
METHODS FOR CONTROLLING THEIR EMISSIONS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 13(2):64-72, 96, Feb. 1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
A breakdown of the emissions of organic solvent vapors by
category of industry in Los Angeles County shows that air-
craft manufacturing, dry cleaning, automobile assembling,
rubber production, toto-gravure printing, and furniture manu-
facturing are the major categories of industry responsible for
approximately 30% of the total. No one industry contributes
more than 8% of the total. Solvent usage contributes about
17% of all aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon vapors and
about 70% of other emissions of origin. Application of oil-
based surface coatings in all industrial, commercial and
domestic activities accounts for about 55% of the total emis-
sions from organic solvent usage. This paper summarizes the
total organic emissions from solvent uses entering the Los An-
geles County atmosphere each day and presents the results of
an engineering development program conducted by the Los
Angeles County APCD to determine the engineering and
economic feasibility of controlling solvent emissions from pro-
tective coatings operations. Uncontrolled operations involve
95% of the solvent usage in the Los Angeles County. The con-
trol of solvent emissions can theoretically be accomplished by
one or more of the following processes: condensation by cool-
ing or compression, absorption, chemical modification includ-
ing incineration, and adsorption. Control or recovery of or-
ganic vapors by adsorption appeared to be the most feasible
approach for the low concentrations involved and was there-
fore selected for the experimental work. Activated carbon
proved to be effective and economically feasible for the con-
trol of solvent vapors from spray finishing operations. The
operational costs, including maintenance expense, and in-
stalled costs for each of the systems were estimated.
06088
J. L. Mills, W. F. Hammond, R. C. Adrian
DESIGN OF AFTERBURNERS FOR VARNISH COOKERS. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10 (2), 161-8 (Apr. 1960).
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)
The airborne discharge from varnish cookers is particularly
difficult to control because it consists of varying mixtures of
solid particles, liquid droplets, condensable vapors and volatile
vapors. Two most widely used methods of control, scrubbing
and combustion, leave the odor problem unsolved. This report
concerns the design characteristics of direct-fired afterburners
which were constructed to destroy these air contaminants
produced during varnish cooking. Results show that the pollu-
tion problems from oil bodying and varnish cooking in batch
type vessels can be adequately and economically solved by
direct incineration of the combined paniculate and gaseous
pollutants. In designing a control system, the following items
should be considered: 1. Hooding. Hoods should be tight-
fitting to assure adequate mist capture with minimum airflow.
Ease of cleaning is a critical consideration because of the
danger of batch spoilage from dripping condensate. 2. Duct
work. Ducts should be sloped away from the hoods and spots
should be eliminated or provided with drainage. 3. Flashback
protection and precleaning. A water spray leg is recommended
for precleaning and flashback protection. 4. Afterburner. The
afterburner should be designed for a minimum gas temperature
of 1200 F with a capability of being operated at 1400 F and
should provide for intimate mixing of the gas stream with a lu-
minous flame. The combustion chamber should be refractory-
lined and should provide for a residence time of 0.5 second.
The velocity of the gases through the chamber should not be
less than 15 fps. 5. Controls. Burner controls should be of the
modulating type to insure continuous and uninterrupted flame
coverage in the combustion chamber.
06366
David M. Benforado, Joseph Waitkus
FUME CONTROL IN WIRE ENAMELING BY DIRECT-
FLAME INCINERATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
18(l):24-26, Jan. 1968. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-
16, 1967.)
The results of source tests to demonstrate the applicability of
direct-flame incineration for the control of the effluent from a
wire-enameling bake oven are presented. The tests were con-
ducted with a portable direct-flame incinerator under actual
plant conditions. The efficiency of direct-flame incineration
was established at incineration temperatures of 1000, 1200, and
1400 deg F. Evaluation of incineration efficiency was per-
formed by both analysis and quantitative odor measurement
using an odor panel. (Authors' abstract)
07242
THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1964 OF THE SUPERVISING
OFFICES FOR TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Aus dem Jahresbe-
richt 1964 der Gewerbeaufsicht. Reinhaltung der Luft in
Nordrhein-Westfalen. (2), 19-38 (1965) Ger.
In 1964, the supervising offices for trade and industry (Gewer-
beaufsichtsamter) in North-Rhine-Westfalia dealt with 10,262
cases where air pollution problems were involved. Tables
present some statistics as to the actions taken in each case.
Although the capacity of steam boiler plants had doubled in 10
years, the dust emission dropped by 34%. Many small waste
burners had to be shut down since they could not meet stan-
dard emission limits. The output of cement kilns rose 250%
from 1950 to 1964. In the same time dust emission dropped to
28% of its original value. Both dry and wet electrofilters are
mostly used. Photographs of chimneys in operation document
the favorable results. Dust emission from brick works was
greatly reduced by replacement of tunnel furnaces with ring
furnaces. Similar results are true for earthenware factories.
Measures for reducing the brown smoke of steel converters
are reported. Dust emission control for cupola furnaces is still
in its beginning stage. Costs of various methods of dust
removal are estimated; some preliminary results are reported.
Electroplating plants remove acid fumes by spraying with
neutralizing solutions. Methods of air pollution control in the
chemical industry, nonferrous metal industry, petroleum indus-
try, paint factories, and some other selected industries are also
briefly mentioned. Comments on current air pollution legisla-
tion conclude this report.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
15
07362
Feist, H. J.
ELIMINATING ODORS BY CATALYTIC COMBUSTION.
((Die Geruchsbeseitigung durch katalytische Verbrennung.))
Text in German. Stadtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 16(3):55-61,
Mar. 1965. 11 refs.
With the rapid growth of the chemical industry, air pollution
by odors has also increased. Catalytic oxidation and reduction
offer possibilities for an economic solution of the problem.
The principles of catalytic reactions are described. In a table
the properties of four catalysts are compared with each other.
These catalysts are: platinum on metal, platinum-palladium on
ceramics, copper-chromium on aluminum oxide, and platinum
on ceramics. The effectiveness of a catalyst depends on the
gas mixture, the temperature, the type of catalyst, and the
ratio: volume of gas/hour/volume of catalyst. The heat
generated by the catalytic process is usually used to preheat
the gas before it enters the catalyst. If the concentration of
combustible substances is sufficient, steam may be produced
in addition. An example is quoted where 47,000 cu. m. gas per
hour with a latent heat of 400 kcal/cu. m. produce 31 tons of
steam per hour. The equipment pays for itself in 2 1/4 years.
For gases of low heat content, catalytic combustion under in-
creased pressure is advantageous. Most economical is a gas
turbine which compresses the gas and, after it has passed the
catalytic chamber, uses the hot cleaned gas. The use of a gas
turbine is recommended for gas volumes of more than 100,000
cu. m./hr, if measures for air pollution control become neces-
sary.
07836
Benforado, David M.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL BY DIRECT FLAME IN-
CINERATION IN THE PAINT INDUSTRY. J. Paint Technol.,
39(508):265-266, May 1967. 1 ref. (Presented at the 44th An-
nual Meeting, Federation of Societies for Paint Technology,
Washington, D. C., Nov. 4, 1966.)
Direct-flame incineration is discussed and up-to-date informa-
tion available is summarized. Direct-flame incineration is rn
air pollution control process in which objectionable organic
vapors or organic particulates are converted to harmless car-
bon dioxide and water vapor. The organic emissions are
destroyed by exposure under the proper conditions to tem-
peratures of 1000-1400 deg, F in the presence of a flame. Heat
recovery equipment to cut down fuel costs is usually easily
justified. A typical forced draft direc- flame incineration
system with heat recovery showing how solvent vapors are el-
minated from a can coating process is presented. Compared
with other control processes for organic emissions, direct
flame incineration is capable of achieving a high level of effec-
tiveness. The basic variables affecting the design of a direct-
flame incinerator are: (1) Incineration temperature; (2) The
length of time the contaminated air is held at this temperature;
and (3) The amount of turbulence or mixing designed into the
combustor. Applications in which direct-flame incineration has
been used successfully by paint manufacturers include con-
trolling the exhaust from: resin and varnish cookers; and
phthalic anhydride plants. Applications in which direct-flame
incineration has been successfully used by industrial finishers
include control of emissions from bake ovens such as automo-
bile can coating, sheet metal, and wire enameling.
08345
Cooper, Jonathan C. and Frank T. Cunniff
CONTROL OF SOLVENT EMISSIONS. Proc. MECAR
Symp., New Developments in Air Pollution Control,
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air Resources, New York
City, p. 30-41, Oct. 23, 1967.
Four different approaches can be taken toward controlling sol-
vent vapor emissions from industrial and commercial opera-
tions. One way is to avoid air pollution entirely by using water
as the solvent. A second approach is to reduce the severity of
the pollution by changing to organic solvents with low
photochemical reactivity. A third contiol method is to destroy
the escaping solvent vapors by incineration. When properly
designed and installed this method is very effective and the
capital costs involved are moderate. The fourth type of control
method is to capture the emitted solvent vapors so that the
solvent can be recovered for reuse. Three techniques are
available - adsorption of the vapors in a scrubbing liquid, con-
densation by cooling, and adsorption on activated carbon. Of
these, activated carbon adsorption is the most generally ap-
plicable and is capable of achieving the highest degree of sol-
vent recovery, with resulting attractive payout.
08351
Benforado, David
CONTROL BY INCINERATION. Proc. MECAR Symp., New
Developments in Air Pollution Control, Metropolitan En-
gineers Council on Air Resources, New York City, p. 99-109,
Oct. 23, 1967. 3 refs.
Recent developments in the control of solvent emissions by in-
cineration are reviewed. There are two methods of incineration
available for consideration - direct-flame incineration and cata-
lytic-type incineration. In direct-flame incineration, the organic
emissions are destroyed by exposure under the proper condi-
tions to temperatures of 1000 deg to 1400 deg F., in the
presence of a flame. In catalytic-type incineration, the
presence of the catalyst allows the oxidation process to
proceed at a lower temperature and in the absence of a flame.
Experience has shown that direct-flame incineration systems
can operate continuously at efficiencies of 90 plus %. Efficien-
cy capabilities of 85 to 92% have been reported for properly
maintained catalyst systems. When Rule 66 was passed in Los
Angeles it stated that, if incineration is to be used, the control
system must have an efficiency of not lower than 90%. In-
cineration equipment installed in Los Angeles to comply with
Rule 66 will be direct flame systems because of the com-
pliance schedule requirements. Burner development, design
criteria, information required by equipment manufacturers,
and measurement of effectiveness of equipment are also
discussed.
08506
EXPLORING THE APPLICABILITY OF DIRECT-FLAME IN-
CINERATION TO WIRE ENAMELING FUME CONTROL.
Wire Prod., 42(11):1981-1988, Nov. 1968. (Presented at the
Electrical Conductor Division of the Wire Association,
Chicago, IU., Oct. 23, 1968.)
To test the applicability of direct-flame incineration to control
fumes emitted in the wire enameling process, a portable direct-
flame incinerator was used. The effectiveness of the incinera-
tion of objectionable fumes at temperatures of 1,400, 1,200
and 1,000 + deg. F. was investigated by chemical and instru-
ment analysis of phenolic compounds, heavy hydrocarbons
and light gaseous hydro- carbons as well as by a quantitative
odor measurement, using an odor panel. A description and
-------
16
SURFACE COATINGS
schematic diagram of the portable incinerator unit is provided.
Tabulated data include summaries of operating conditions, of
the analysis and of odor panel tests. The test program showed
that excellent cleanup of the exhaust from a wire-enameling
oven could be achieved with direct-flame inciner- ation. On
the basis of test data analysis it was concluded that an effi-
ciency of 90% (based on p.p.m. by weight reduction of con-
taminant) could be achieved at an incineration temperature of
1,350 + deg. F. with residence time of one-half second when
using a nozzle-mix burner in a properly designed combustor.
As a result of an engineering study to establish the most prac-
tical physical arrangement of a direct-flame incineration
system that could fulfill the requirements of a typical wire
enameling plant, a system was developed for a battery of
enameling towers which is highly efficient and includes a
waste heat recovery feature to make it more economical.
08635
Crouse, Lowell F., and Donald E. Waid
EFFICIENT DESIGN OF AFTER BURNERS FOR INCINERA-
TION OF MANY INDUSTRIAL FUMES. Air. Eng., 9(8):20-
29, Aug. 1967.
The performance of a tunnel type burner and of a com-
bustifume The performance of a tunnel type burner and of a
combustifume burner for the incineration of organic solvent
fumes were compared. The concentrations of unburned
hydrocarbons in industrial oven effluents were determined
with the flame ionization hydrocarbon analyzer. From a plot
of the results the combustifume burner eliminated the same
amount of hydrocarbons at a lower temperature than the tun-
nel type burner. For example, at 1450 deg. F the concentration
of hydrocarbons at the tunnel type burner outlet was 30 ppm
while the combustifume burner attained this degree of cleanli-
ness at 1130 deg F. Reasons for this considerable difference in
reaction temperature include: (1) the variation in temperature
across the combustion chamber (greater variations using the
single tunnel-type burner), (2) the great difference in flame ex-
posure to all the effluent, and (3) the dwell time at tempera-
ture is longer in a given combustion chamber when using the
very short- flame line burner instead of the tunnel-burner type.
Various other designs of the tunnel-type burner and com-
bustifume burner are also illustrated and discussed.
09110
Ingels, Raymond M.
THE AFTERBURNER ROUTE TO POLLUTION CONTROL.
Air Eng., 6(6):39-42, June 1964. 8 refs.
Thermal calculations are discussed which are required in
designing afterburners to control air pollution from industrial
processes. Factors considered in the calculations are (1) the
gross heating value, (2) combustion products, (31 the cor-
rection of the heating value (dry) to heat available with com-
bustion products at 1200 F (water as vapor), (4) a correction
for less than theoretical air used as primary air, (5) heat
required to heat 300 scfm of contaminated air from 200 F to
1200 F, (6) natural gas required, (7) the volume and velocity of
discharge gases, and (8) the required combustion chamber
length for a 0.3 second residence time. The results suggest that
(a) 454 cfh of natural gas is required; (b) a 13-in ID com-
bustion chamber should be used to give a discharge velocity of
21.4 ft/sec, and (c) a 6.4-ft long combustion chamber is
required for a residence time of 0.3 second.
09791
Dey, Howard F.
AFTERBURNERS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air
Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A.
Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
AP-40, p. 171-187, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Specifications and design parameters, the operation, applica-
tions, and efficiency of direct-fired and catalytic afterburners
are discussed. Examples showing calculations of some factors
considered in the design of a direct-fired afterburner to be in-
stalled in a meat smokehouse and a catalytic afterburner to be
installed to eliminate odor from a direct-fired process oven are
illustrated. Results of stack emissions from several direct-fired
and catalytic afterburners are also outlined. The process equip-
ment and the afterburner used in each case are briefly
described. A survey of installation cost of direct-fired and
catalytic afterburners reveals a general range from 5 to 10 dol-
lars per scfm contaminated gas.
09818
Weiss, Sanford M.
SURFACE-COATING OPERATIONS. In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 387-390, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Basic coating operations include dipping, spraying, flowcoat-
ing, and roller coating. Each operation is described. Air pollu-
tion problems, hooding and ventilation requirements, and con-
trol equipment are discussed. The discharge from a paint spray
booth consists of particulate matter and organic-solvent
vapors. Air contaminants from paint dipping, flowcoating, and
roller coating exist only in the form of organic-solvent vapors
since no particulate matter is formed. The usual spray booth
ventilation rate is 100 to 150 fpm per square foot of booth
opening. Insurance standards require that the enclosure for
spraying operations be designed and maintained so that the
average velocity over the face of the booth, during spraying
operations, is not less than 100 fpm. Dip tanks, flowcoaters,
and roller coalers are frequently operated without hoods.
When local ventilation at the unit is desirable, a canopy hood
may be installed. Particulate matter in paint spray booths is
controlled by baffle plates, filter pads, or water spray curtains.
Known solvent recovery processes make use of condensation,
compression, absorption, distillation, or adsorption principles.
In view of the small solvent vapor concentration in the
airstream from the spray booth or applicator hood, the only
economically feasible solvent control method is adsorption.
Recent work indicates that adsorption by activated carbon can
be a feasible method for the control of paint solvents. This
work indicates that control efficiencies of 90 percent or
greater are possible, provided particulates are removed from
the contaminated airstream by filtration before the airstream
enters the carbon bed.
09819
Chatfield, Harry E.
PIPE-COATING EQUIPMENT. In. Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, Coutny of Los An-
eles.) John A. Danielson ncomp. and ed.). Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 390-393, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
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B. CONTROL METHODS
17
Asphalt and coal for enamel is applied to pipes on order to ex-
clude corrosive elements from contacting the metals. The three
usual methods of applying asphalt or coal coatings are dipping,
wrapping and spinning. Each application method is described.
The largest source of air pollution from asphalt or coal tar
operations is the dense white emissions caused by vaporation
and subsequent condensation of volatile components in the
enamel. This cloud is composed of minute oil droplet. These
emissions are objectionable on three counts that include opaci-
ty, odor, and toxicity-those from coal tar being the more ob-
jectionable. Because of the nature of all three of the methods
used to apply asphalt and coal tar enamels to pipe, collection
of the contaminants is difficult. One solution is to install a sta-
tionary hood at the end of the pipe where the lance is inserted.
A portable fan or blower is used at the other end to blow air
through the pipe, conveying the emissions to the hood at the
other end. Another solution of the fume collection problem is
to house all the equipment and vent the building to the air pol-
lution control system selected. This method may not be neces-
sary for an isolated spinner or wrapper, but a dipping process
or a process using several coating operations, it is more
satisfactory than using local exhaust systems. Three basic
types of devices can be considered for control of the emis-
sions from asphalt and coal tar application. These are (1)
scrubbers, (2) incinerators (afterburner), and (3) electrical
precipitators. Water scrubbers have been used most
frequently. Incineration is the most positive method of
complete control, but economic factors practically eliminate its
application. The high initial cost of electrical precipitators as
compared with that of scrubber systems, has also made them
unattractive.
09844
Chatfield, Harry E.
RESIN KETTLES. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air
Pollution Contro1 District, County of Los Angeles.) John A.
Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
AP-40, p. 681-688, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Aspects of resin (plastic) production such as chemical reac-
tions, reaction conditions, equipment, and operating
procedures are discussed for phenolic, amino, polyester, and
alkyd, polyurethane, polyvinyl, polystyrene, and petroleum
and coal tar plastics. The principal air contaminants and
sources of emission from resin manufacturing operations are
tabulated. The usual emission control equipment types are
cyclones and spray towers for particulates, and reflux conden-
sers and water scrubbers for solvent fumes
09845
Chatfield, Harry E.
VARNISH COOKERS. In: Air Pollution Control Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 688-695, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Varnish is a homogeneous, heat-processed blend of drying oil,
resin, drier, and solvent. The ingredients are mixed in a heated
bottle from 8 to 12 hours at temperatures from 200 deg. to 600
deg. F. Emissions average 3 to 6 percent of the batch and in-
clude water vapor, fatty acids, glycerine, acrolein, phenols, al-
dehydes, ketones, terpene oils, terpenes, and carbon dioxide.
Exhaust hoods placed over the kettles lead to such emission
control equipment as water scrubbers, activated charcoal ad-
sorbers, and flame and catalytic afterburners. Proper design,
operating conditions, effectiveness, and limitations are
discussed for hoods and each type of emission control equip-
ment.
09848
Verssen, Julien A.
PAINT-BAKING OVENS. In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Centei for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 704-716, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Ovens, directly or indirectly fired, are used to dry, harden,
and remove solvents from such surface coatings as paint,
varnish, lacquer, resin, ink, enamel, and shellac. The general
design of such ovens and specific standards of the fire un-
derwriters are discussed in light of the lower explosive limit of
solvent vapors. Smoke emission from the heaters can be con-
trolled by proper choice of burners and fuel. Vapors from the
drying process, such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons,
ketones, alcohols and glycols, ethers, and esters can be con-
trolled by incineration in a direct- flame afterburner. Catalytic
afterburners have been found to be unsatisfactory. Tables of
organic solvents, efficiencies of catalytic and flame afterbur-
ners in control of emissions, and costs of various sizes of
flame afterburners are presented. Quantitative design
procedures for a baking oven are demonstrated.
10950
Benforado, D. M.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN THE FINISHING IN-
DUSTRIES. PART I. FIVE METHODS OF CONTROLLING
ORGANIC EMISSIONS FROM PAINTING AND BAKING
OPERATIONS IN FINISHING PLANTS. Ind. Finishing (Indi-
anapolis), 44(7):24-27, June 1968.
Organic emissions from the multitude of painting and baking
operations employed in metal finishing can be reduced or
suitably controlled by a variety of methods. The five methods
considered in this brief survey are: modification of equipment,
reformulation of solvents, adsorption, absorption, and in-
cineration.
10951
Benforado, David M.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN THE FINISHING IN-
DUSTRIES. TWO-PART REPORT/PART II. Ind. Finishing
(Indianapolis), 44(8):48-52, July 1968. 3 refs.
In catalytic-type incineration the presence of a catalyst allows
the oxidation process to proceed at a lower temperature and in
the absence of a flame. Incineration temperatures reported for
satisfactory operation of catalyst systems range from 600 to
1000 F. If incineration temperatures of 800-1000 F are
required, the application of heat recovery equipment should be
considered. Preheat temperature and space velocity through
the bed of the catalyst are important variables affecting effi-
ciency while another consideration in the selection of catalytic
systems is the possible presence of poisons, suppressants, or
fouling agents in the exhaust stream. Typical contaminants for
the platinum family catalysts are listed. In direct-flame in-
cineration the organic emissions are destroyed by exposure
under the proper conditions to temperatures of 1000-1400 F, in
the presence of a flame. The basic variables affecting the
design of a direct-flame incinerator are incineration tempera-
ture, the length of time the contaminated air is held at this
temperature, and the amount of turbulence or mixing designed
into the combustor. Heat recovery equipment to cut down fuel
costs is usually justified. Direct-flame fume incineration
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18
SURFACE COATINGS
systems have been installed on automobile paint bake ovens.
After the equipment is installed, fume control effectiveness
should be measured analytically by chemical or instrument
analysis, or subjectively by use of an odor panel.
12152
Elliott, Jack H., Norman Kayne, and Mark F. Le Due
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR THE CONTROL OF OR-
GANIC EMISSIONS FROM PROTECTIVE COATING
OPERATIONS. (FINAL REPORT). Rept. no. 8, Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., 147p., June 1962.
This report concludes an investigation into the feasibility of
controlling organic vapors released into the atmosphere from
surface coating operations. The effectiveness of activated car-
bon for controlling organic vapor emissions in commercial and
industrial spraying operations where concentrations range from
100 to 200 ppm is evaluated. Capital and operating costs for
facilities with exhaust volumes of 1000 to 50,000 cu ft per min
are estimated. Previously reported findings regarding ap-
proaches to control, results of pilot operations of activated
carbon adsorption units, and the development of analytical
methods are also summarized. Technical feasibility of adsorp-
tion methods was demonstrated; 90% of the organic emission
from a single source was recoverable. One batch of activated
carbon was used for 1928 hours without apparent decline in
adsorptive qualities or changes in size or appearance. The use
of filters to properly prevent contamination by solid particu-
late matter in the over-spray of the coating operation could ex-
tend the adsorption life considerably. The value of recovered
solvent is sufficient to cover operating costs of only the larger
units. The analytic method developed is satisfactory for source
testing and for determining compliance or non-compliance with
proposed control regulations.
13079
Bethune, W. J. and Lance J. Foord
FUME ABATERS CLEAN EXHAUST FROM WIRE ENAMEL
CURING OVENS. Wire Wire Prod., 44(7):50,94, July 1969.
Catalytic oxidation systems, installed on two wire enamel cur-
ing ovens at the Canadian General Electric Co., clean phenols
and other residual solvent contaminants from oven exhaust air.
This system uses no water. The gaseous pollutants are burned
while the exhaust remains in a vaporous state in the air ex-
haust stream. The combustion occurs as the preheated stream
passes through a catalyst-coated honeycomb bed housed in a
steel chamber erected above the oven. Formerly, the ovens
had to be shut down every six weeks while the water scrub-
bers were cleaned. The maintenance of the catalytic beds has
been minimal and operation can now be continuous. Another
advantage of the catalytic system is the air turbulence created
by the process fan which draws the exhaust fumes from the
oven and the combustion fans which mix the preheated air
stream with the fumes. This turbulence, along with the con-
trolled heat levels achieved by catalytic reaction, keeps the ex-
haust fumes in gaseous form, preventing a buildup of oils,
resins, and other condensates in the oven exhaust vents and
stacks.
16316
Nu-way Eclipse Ltd., England, Technical Engineering Staff
INCINERATION OF EFFLUENT VAPORS. Metal Finishing J.
(London), 15(180):434-436, Dec. 1969.
Direct-flame fume incinerators should meet the most stringent
regulations for the control of solvent emissions from
processes, such as paint drying and stoving, printing, lithogra-
phing, curing, and polymerizing. In these units, organic pollu-
tants are passed through a combustion chamber, raised to self-
ignition temperature by contact with the direct flame, and ox-
idized to carbon dioxide and water. The temperature to which
effluent gases must be raised for the combustion reaction to
produce a sufficiently pure gas will vary according to type of
pollutant, percentage of exhaust pollutant allowed, and the
degree to which effluent and flame are mixed in combustion.
In general, exhaust-gas discharge temperatures of 1200-1400 C
reduce pollution in effluent by 85-95%. The discharge to the
atmosphere is odor-free. The fume-elimination process cannot
be used with certain degreasing solvents such as halogenated
organic compounds.
16326
Acres, G. J. K.
PLATINUM CATALYSTS FOR THE CONTROL OF AIR
POLLUTION. Platinum Metals Rev., 14(1):2-10, Jan. 1970. 5
refs.
A new platinized ceramic honeycomb catalyst marks a major
advance in the use of catalysts for controlling gaseous organic
pollutants. The thin wall honeycomb structures have a high
surface-to-volume ratio which makes them as good or better
than pelleted catalysts. The honeycomb supports also have a
high thermal shock resistance and structural strength; unlike
pelleted catalysts, they are attrition resistant. The catalyst is
stable in either oxidizing or reducing conditions up to 750 C.
Homogeneous distribution of the platinum in the honeycomb
structure is obtained by impregnating the support with aqueous
chloroplatinic acid followed by a gas phase reduction in
hydrogen. The ignition temperatures on the catalyst for a wide
range of molecules often encountered in polluted air are tabu-
lated. On the catalyst, the temperature required for conver-
sions higher than 90% is usually 50-100 C higher than the igni-
tion temperature. When the temperature is above that required
for ignition, the catalyst can be placed directly in the gas
stream. Examples of this use are wire-enamelling ovens, some
paint-drying ovens, self-cleaning cookers, and diesel or inter-
nal engine combustion systems.
16890
Ellis, William H., Zoltan Saary, and David G. Lesnini
FORMULATION OF EXEMPT REPLACEMENTS FOR ARO-
MATIC SOLVENTS. J. Paint Technol., 41(531):249-258, April
1969. 16 refs.
Air pollution legislation in California, in effect, requires that
aromatic solvents be replaced with exempt materials. Ox-
ygenated solvents in combination with low-aromatic hydrocar-
bon thinners are being used to replace the restricted aromatics.
Solvency and evaporation rate are the two key performance
factors that must be considered in developing replacement sol-
vents. Cost, odor, and toxicity are also important. The use and
relationship of various tools available for developing suitable
aromatic replacements are described for the guidance of the
formulator. Data are given for illustration. A practical ap-
proach to reformulation is outlined. (Author's Abstract)
17293
Terabe, Mototsugu
BAD SMELLS AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR THE
PUBLIS NUISANCE. (Akushuh to kohgai taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(12):696-702,
Dec. 25, 1969. 17 refs.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
19
Most malodorous substances are organic substances containing
nitrogen or sulfur, such as amines and mercaptans. Other
malodorous substances containing no nitrogen and sulfur are
phenols, cresols, butyric acid, and valeric acid. Industrial
plants which possibly emit malodorous substances process
paints, metals, plastics, oils, fats, petroleum refinery, and
gum. Unpleasant odors are one of the most complex public
nuisances. Odors are generated by many kinds and small quan-
tities of substances, and the only measuring apparatus is man's
nose. Katz classified the intensities of smells into five classes:
zero is no odor; one, barely perceptable; two, faint; three,
easily noticed; four, strong; and five very strong. The relation-
ship of this scale to ppm with several sulfur compounds was
studied. The intensity of smell did not directly correspond to
the density. When the density became ten times, the intensity
becomes about double. The degree of odor, odor unit, odor
concentration and odor emission rate were explained. G.
Leonardos measured odor thresholds of 57 chemicals.
Deodorization methods were classified into absorption, ad-
sorption, chemical oxidation, combustion, and neutralization.
Deodorization methods having practical utility were explained.
The adsorption method using activated coal is useful for
alchols, acetic acid, butyric acid, caprylic acid, benzene, and
mercaptans. Adsorption efficiencies of activated coal were
tabulated for 97 substances. Removal of hydrogen sulfide was
studied by many methods. The Takahax wet method, absorp-
tion by naphtoquinone sulfonic acid was noteworthy. Organic
substances are removed efficiently by direct gas flame in-
cineration.
18050
Stresen-Reuter, James
CATALYTIC INCINERATOR CONTROLS HYDROCARBONS
AND ODORS. Plant Eng., 23(8):142, April 17, 1969.
In the production of varnishes, vehicles and compounds for
the paint industry and resins for the foundry industry, batch
processing in heated, cooled, and agitated reactors, mixing
tanks, and filtering equipment is used. Catalytic incineration
has proven to be the most effective method for eliminating
any odors from this type of process. A schematic drawing
shows the control of fumes from the reactor through a spray
tower to the catalytic incinerator.
18150
Bethune, W. J. and Lance J. Foord
ONE PLANT'S ANSWER TO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.
Prod. Finishing, p. 66-69, July 1969.
Magnetic wire for motors, generators, transformers and other
electrical devices is produced by General Electric Canada,
Ltd. GE applies five to seven different coatings to the wire for
insulation and protective purposes. The enamel film is cured
by baking in electrically heated, vertical ovens. Fumes emanat-
ing from these ovens contain solvent vapors which may cause
air pollution. To combat this problem, two catalytic fume
abaters are employed which oxidize the pollutants through
low-temperature combustion. As catalytic combustion occurs
in a honey-comb cartridge coated with a mixture of platinum
and aluminum, the temperature of the vapor stream rises to
about 780 F. Thermocouples in the catalytic chamber and af-
terburner area automatically control the preheating gas valves.
The units are normally controlled automatically, but there are
manual controls such as signal alarm systems which alert em-
ployees when there is a malfunction. There are several ad-
vantages to using this catalytic oxidation process, particularly
in the area of heat that is generated. The heat from the ex-
othermic reactions in the catalytic chamber may be used to
heat a plant, generate power, or be fed back into the process.
20310
Price, Harold A. and Donald A. Price
AIR POLLUTANT INCINERATION. (Gas Processors, Inc.,
Brea, Calif.) U. S. Pat. 3,472,498. 8p., Oct. 14, 1969. 3 refs.
(Appl. Dec. 8, 1967, 8 claims).
Generally, the source of industrial pollutants are incomplete
combustion products from heat generating processes and the
discharge of combustible solvents which have been
evaporated. One of the most common applications is found in
painting processes where paints are dried by baking to leave a
thin film of pigment on the item being painted. An incineration
system is provided for preventing the discharge into the at-
mosphere of oxidizable waste particles from exhaust gases of
ovens. Exhaust gas is mixed with a combustible gas to a level
just above the lower explosive limit for the mixture, and the
heated gas discharged by the incinerator is cooled preferably
by mixing it with an adequate quantity of air at ambient tem-
perature. Thereafter a blower propells the air and gas mixture
to a location where thermal energy in the mixture is required
and can be utilized, while the relatively small pressure drop
across the combustion chamber, together with the substantially
lower temperatures of the mixture, permit a highly economical
construction and operation of the blower. A preferred embodi-
ment of this invention contemplates a division of the air-gas
mixture into two streams.
21294
Bauch, Heinrich and Harry Burchard
ATTEMPTS FOR IMPROVING STRONGLY SMELLING OR
TOXIC EFFLUENTS BY OZONE. (Ueber Versuche, stark
riechende oder schaedliche Abwaesser mil Ozon zu verbes-
sern). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(4):134-137,
1970.
The influence of ozone on waste water from the lacquer and
paint industry containing alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes,
benzene, xylol, toluol, phenols, thioesters, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, fats, and oils was studied. The waste water was
subjected to preliminary treatment. The pH was reduced to
between 2 and 4 with sulfuric acid; 0.05 to 0.1 g iron and/or
aluminum was added. Calcium hydroxide was added until a pH
of 6.5 to 8 was obtained. Most metals, organic solvents, oils,
and resins were removed. The phenols, esters, alcohols, etc.
were not affected by this treatment. Addition of ozone
(ozonized air, or ozonized oxygen) markedly diminished the
KMnO4 demand. Odors were strikingly reduced. But not all
organic substances were oxidized. Acids, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, pyridine, and saturated paraffins were hardly
attacked by ozone. Preliminary treatment of the waste water
with chlorine reduced the ozone consumption.
22988
Okuno, Toshihide
THE CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF ODOR FROM
PLASTIC PLANTS AND SOME EXAMPLES OF ODOR CON-
TROL. (Purasuchiku kojo yori haishutsu sareru akushu
kagaku seibun oyobi sono dasshu taisaku). Text in Japanese.
Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), 1(1):46-50, April
20, 1970. 2 refs. ^
Chemical change of odor bearing waste gas in the course of
syntheti resin processing and some odor removal measures in
practice at plastic plants are discussed. Because of the diversi-
ty in the synthetic products, odor components and organic
compound residues are also different. The typical process for
acrylic acid ester compounds production involves a closed
reactor to prevent self-polymerization of monomers due to
sunlight and oxygen, and polymerization occurs in the nitrogen
-------
20
SURFACE COATINGS
stream. In this process the monomer-tank, the reactor and the
storage tank are the possible sources of odor emission.
Characterized by their irritating odor, acrylic acid ester com-
pounds even with a concentration below 1 ppm can be per-
ceived from 20 m away. Adsorption, catalytic oxidation, com-
bustion, and chemical solvents methods can remove this odor.
Some examples of odor removal by the use of chemical sol-
vents are demonstrated. In a process where plastic paint is
made of resin mixed with other synthetic materials, resin odor
stimulates eyes and throat. The result of ga chromatography
made on terpene gas has indicated that in a thermal treatment
tall rosin was greater in terpene emission than gum rosin. Set-
tling of terpene gas by cooling treatment can be an odor coun-
termeasure due to the difference in the boiling point of terpene
gas and resin acid. Some resin acid which is difficult to settle
by cooling can be neutralized by an alkaline substance.
23967
Hardison, L. C.
GASEOUS WASTE DISPOSAL. Ind. Gas, vol. 47:16-23, July
1968. (Presented at the East Ohio Gas Co. seminar on waste
disposal, Cleveland, Ohio.)
The three basic oxidation processes for incineration of waste
gases are flame, thermal, and catalytic incineration. The three
differ basically in the temperature to which the gas stream
must be heated. Flame incinerators are most often used for
closed chemical reactors; however, if the concentration of
combustible contaminants in air air stream is well below the
lower limit of flammability, direct thermal incineration is con-
siderably more economical. Catalytic incineration is widely
used for the oxidation of paint solvents, odors from chemical
and food operations, and for other functions that help offset
the cost of air pollution control equipment; it operates below
the limits of flammability and below the normal oxidation tem-
peratures of the contaminants. The catalytic systems are the
least costly when comparisons are made at the optimum level
of heat recovery. Details of the three methods are given, par-
ticularly in terms of the operating costs of the equipment;
several applications are briefly considered, including wire
enameling, metal lithography, and kettle cooking. Carbon ab-
sorption and wet scrubbing are among the alternatives for
some applications where incineration is not appropriate. The
general steps in choosing a gas disposal system for a particular
emission are outlined.
25033
Rueb, Friedmund
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUSTRIAL PAINT-
SPRAYING PLANTS. (Luftreinhaltung in industriellen
Lackierbetrieben). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(9):347-353, Sept. 1970.
The construction and operation of paint spray booths and
cabins with dry separators, of water-rinsed booths, of en-
closed spraying and drying booths, the drawing off and recla-
mation of organic solvents, thermal combustion of polluted
air, and its catalytic combustion are described. In dry separa-
tion, paint mists are drawn off by ventilators through labyrinth
filters; wet separation where the walls of the spray booths are
constantly being rinsed with water or where the mist has to
pass through a screen of water produces exhaust air of higher
purity and minimizes the danger of fires. Enclosed spray
booths use principally for spray painting automobiles are so
constructed that the operator is supplied fresh air. Paint and
solvent separation is the same as in open booths. The recovery
of solvents is accomplished by absorption with activated car-
bon whence the solvent is expelled by steam. When the emis-
sion of solvents into the atmosphere exceeds 10 kg/hr, then
the German law stipulates the mandatory use of a thermal or
catalytic combustion installation. The presence in the at-
mosphere of catalytic poisons like lead or phosphoric acid
esters makes catalytic combustion inapplicable. Combustion
takes place at 650-800 C. The advantage of catalytic com-
bustion is that it operates with higher concentrations and lower
temperatures.
25159
Nagrani, Ashok K.
LOCKHEED'S FILTRATION SYSTEM FOR PURD7YING
PAINT EXHAUST. Filtration Eng., 1(3):28-31, Nov. 1969.
A filtration system for purifying paint exhaust is described.
Faced with the problem of removing overspray from on-the-
spot painting operations, Lockheed engineers studied the four
feasible methods of extracting solvent vapors from an air
stream: oxidizing solvent vapors by heating over a catalyst;
condensing solvent vapors; adsorption by activated charcoal;
and ozone injection to mask the odors. Based on these
methods, a portable exhaust purification unit was designed
which uses a system comprised of mechanical filters for the
removal of solid paint particles, a plenum chamber to reduce
the air velocity, and banks of activated charcoal filters to ex-
tract the solvent vapors. The unit is equipped to handle 6000
cu ft/min of exhaust gas. The concentratio of toxic vapors in
the treated exhaust gas is checked by an electronic vapor de-
tector, which automatically shuts off the spray-painting unit if
solvent fumes are being passed. The unit is effective for about
240 hours of operation before filter replacement is necessary.
27732
Vos, A. W. D. and J. Smarsh
AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS AND POLLUTION. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 4p., 1970.
(Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers, Mid-Year
Meeting, Detroit, Mich., May 18-22, 1970, Paper 700466.)
Water and air pollution which result from the various
processes in painting automotive sheet metal and bodies are
reviewed: cleaning and phosphate coating; spray painting and
treatment of spray paint sludge; electrocoating; paint 'curing'
and 'baking'; wet sanding; paint stripping; and the use of
sealers, deadeners, and adhesive applications. Regulations in
effect in various communities affecting these processes are
briefly described; these concern control of organic and par-
ticulate emissions, opacity and odor, and water treatment
requirements. Current control measures being undertaken by
the Ford Co. include incinerator installations to control oven
emissions, undercoating, and use of electrostatic spray equip-
ment. In addition, several promising materials are being evalu-
ated, such as thermosetting and thermoplastic nonaqueous
dispersion enamels, higher solids solution acrylic enamels,
water-based enamels and primers, and powder coatings.
Material and emission testing is conducted in the laboratory; in
addition, tests are conducted at assembly plants to measure
exhaust or stack emissions, particularly when new materials
are used in production
28538
Wiebe, Herbert and Walter Gausepohl
THERMAL CLEANING OF WASTE AIR. (Thermische Abluf-
treiningung). Text in German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
23(3):98-102, March 1971. 7 refs.
Combustors are particularly suitable for the thermal treatment
of waste gas, but they are expensive and noisy. Fuel and air
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
21
are rapidly mixed with each other. The air enters the com-
bustion chamber not coaxially but in a rotary movement. A
combustor is used to clean solvent-laden waste air from a dry-
ing station of an automobile coating plant. The waste air enters
the combustor at 160 C, while the cleaned air leaves the
chamber at about 800 C. It is cooled in a heat exchanger and
the heat liberated used for a car body dryer. The use of a
combustor in a synthetic coating plant and for cleaning the
waste gases from a hardening chamber for phenol resins is
also described. Measurements of the pollutant concentrations
immediately behind the combustor revealed that the cleaned
gases contained between 40-1000 ppm carbon monoxide, 2-15
ppm nitrogen dioxide, and 25-60 ppm ammonia.
29659
Ehrlich, Arthur and C. R. Swenson
POLLUTION REGULATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON
VEHICLE PREPARATION. Am. Paint J., 55(44):18-24, April
19, 1971.
Cold blending of durable coatings offers many advantages
over vehicle cooking both as a consequence of the enforce-
ment of air pollution control regulations and because of certain
innate product characteristics. In the first place, cold blending
is more economical as a production process. No heat is needed
for the desired reaction and, consequently, no varnish cooking
equipment is required, only simple mixing operations. Because
room temperatures are involved, the fonnulator eliminates the
three to 10% loss in volatiles associated with cooking. In addi-
tion, low cost and low toxicity aliphatic and aromatic solvents
are employed in the solubilizing operation. Vehicles based on
the new oil polymer in anti-corrosive paints have better dry-
ing; toughness; durability; and chemical, alkali and water re-
sistance than those based on Unseed oil and alkyd.
29761
Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan)
ON PUBLIC NUISANCE BY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HY-
GIENE OF, PAINT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. (Toryo
seizogyo, kogai kankyo eisei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Rept.
417, p. 40-41, March 1971.
A survey was taken on public nuisances in small enterprises.
In the paint manufacturing industry fire hazards received
32.9% of the complaints and guidance by the supervising
governmental offices bad odors received 28.2%. Other items in
the list were effluents, smoke, noise, traffic noise and danger,
and dust. Enterprises with a work force of 50-99 persons
headed the list with 24 cases, followed by those with 30 per-
sons or less with 22 cases. Of the 28 cases of fire hazard
grievances, 20 cases have been corrected by improving the
production facilities (17 cases) and by other corrective mea-
sures (three). Eight still remain incorrected. The reasons given
for the pending corrective actions were that the preventive
devices and facilities cost too much (one case), or that the fac-
tory space was too limited to spare extra space for installation
of the preventive devices and facilities (seven cases). Also, 22
of 24 odor grievance cases were solved by equipment improve-
ment (16), change of blended material (two), stoppage of the
production of those products causing public nuisances (six),
and other measures (two). Two cases still were uncorrected
due to the lack of knowledge of what to do about the solution
(one), and the cost of preventive equipment (one). The devices
and equipment installed to improve the working environment
were shown by purpose. Of the 85 enterprises surveyed, 17
had the heating/cooling facilities, 26 the deodorizing facilities,
30 the dust-removing, 69 the ventilating, and 18 the sound-
proofing.
30176
Sturies, Franz
WASTE AIR FROM LACQUER PROCESSING. PROBLEMS
OF CATALYTIC AND THERMAL AFTERBURNING. (Abluft
bei der Lackverarbeitung. Problem der katalytischen und ther-
mischen Nachverbrennung). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Nachr. (Berlin), 25(22): 19, June 2, 1971.
Cleaned waste gases of lacquer-processing plants may not con-
tain more than 300 mg/cu m carbon in the combustible organic
matter. There is scarcely any knowledge about the composi-
tion of waste gas emitted from drying furnaces. The sensitivity
of available test tubes is below the odor threshold, but they
are suitable only for measurements between 0 and 40 C. To
achieve the necessary cooling of gases with temperatures of
300 C and more, copper tubes 600-mm long can be used.
These tubes are 5-mm in diameter and have a wall thickness of
1 mm. Such waste gases can be cleaned by catalytic com-
bustion between 300 and 500 C and thermal afterburning
between 500 and 900 C. Experiments show that at a waste gas
carbon content of 500-700 mg/cu m, thermal combustion with
efficiency of 60-70% is sufficient. If the carbon content of the
waste gas is between 2700-3000 mg/cu m, a combination of
thermal and catalytic afterburning is preferable. In cases
where the catalysts are rapidly contaminated by phosphorus
compounds contained in the lacquers, thermal afterburning
must be used. Installation costs for a combined thermal cata-
lytic/afterburning system range from $8400-9800.
30229
PURIFICATION OF WASTE GASES IN THE PAINT INDUS-
TRY. (Avgasrening vid lackering). Text in Swedish. Koy, vol.
4:30-31, 1971.
Waste gases from paint factories contain such impurities as
lead, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, and large quantities of
vaporized and cracked solvents. The most effective purifica-
tion methods involve the oxidation of the waste gases, other
methods, such as use of scrubbers, are not applicable. Two
basic types of oxidation are used: catalytic and thermal. Cata-
lytic afterburners operate in the temperature range of 250-400
C, depending on the composition of the gases. The most
frequently used catalyst is a noble metal such as platinum,
coated onto a ceramic base. For calculation purposes, one can
assume an average lifetime for the catalyst of 14,000 hours.
Approximately one liter of catalyst should be used for each 25
cu m/h gas flow, a figure that can vary depending on the com-
position of the gases. In cases where the use of a catalyst is
undesirable, direct afterburning can be used; higher tempera-
tures, in the range of 600-800 C, are required. It also is neces-
sary for the waste gases to be maintained at such temperatures
ofr a period of 0.4-10.0 sec. The catalytic process requires less
initial investment in equipment than direct afterburning (about
$4-5./cu m waste gas, compared with $5-6.) Operating costs
follow a similar pattern, but accurate figures are not available.
30403
Honda, Soichiro
INTRA-ROOM ELECTRIC DUST-COLLECTING ELEC-
TRODE DEVICE FOR TREATMENT ROOM. (Shorishitsunai
no shujin denkyoku sochi). Text in Japanese. (Honda Gijutsu
Kenkyusho K. K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-11032. 2p., April
16, 1971. (Appl. June 15, 1967, claims not given).
When a painted product is being dried in a drying room, mists
or aerosols of various kinds become suspended in the room as
the paint solvent evaporates. The suspended aerosol adheres
to other painted products being dried in the room, adversely
affecting their finish. The dust-collecting electrode device is
-------
22
SURFACE COATINGS
designed to remove such suspended aerosols or mists. The
lower inner side walls of the drying room are lined with a
grounded-dust- collecting plate. An electric collector bar is
fitted to one inner side wall by means of arm rods which are
fixed on the inner side wall by insulators. A conveyor runs
along the ceiling of the room. Suspended from the conveyor
are a number of hangers made of conductive material, but in-
sulated from the conveyor. Each hanger holds a painted item.
These hangers are so installed that they may come in touch
with the collector bar and slide along the bar. The collector
bar is connected to a negative high-voltage DC generator. The
painted items are conveyed from a painting room provided be-
fore the drying room. The painting room is of an electrostatic
painting system and equipped with a similar grounded collector
bar. The paint sprays or atomizers, installed opposite to the
collector bar in the painting room, are connected to a positive
high-voltage DC generator. With this arrangement, the mist or
aerosol is negatively charged in the drying room so that it may
be adsorbed by the positive dust-collecting electrode plate.
31231
Rody, Walter W.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AT THE LITTON AD-
VANCED MARINE PRODUCTION FACILITY. Nav. Engr. J.,
83(3):86-95, June 1971.
The control methods adopted by a new facility of the Litton
Ship System are discussed. There are several production
processes that are potential air pollutants. Careful attention to
the problem has greatly minimized or eliminated these as
sources of air pollution. To prevent the emission of heavy con-
centrations of iron oxide dusts from the steel fabrication shop,
the plates are sent through blast chambers with dust collectors.
When the air is released to the atmosphere it is 99% particle
free. This is accomplished by forcing the dust-filled air
through 16,000 sq ft of cloth filter bags. To control pollution
during painting operations, airless spray equipment is used to
reduce the amount of overspray and dry dust that is produced
by air spray equipment. When painting in open areas, the
operators wear filtertype respirators; in painting closed com-
partments, they wear face masks for protection from solvent
fumes. Welders are required to wear fresh air supplied face
masks to prevent zinc poisoning. Fresh air is also forced into
the welding area to protect other personnel. An industrial hy-
gienist monitors all operations that produce respiratory irri-
tants. Noise and water pollution are also discussed.
31301
Maier, Alfred
PROTECTION AGAINST IMMISSION IN THE WOOD-
WORKING INDUSTRY. (Immissionsschutz beim holzbear-
beitenden und -verarbeitenden Gewerbe). Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(6):214-219, June 1971. 8 refs.
Woodworking industries may pollute the neighborhood through
dust emissions from firing systems, odors from lacquering sta-
tions, and wood and sawdust from wood cutting and polishing.
Firing systems are usually heated with wood. Measurement of
the dust content in the waste gases revealed that the dust may
range from 650 to 4000 mg/cu m which grossly exceeds the 300
mg/cu m demanded by the VDI standard 2300. The dust is
very fine-grained. About 50% of the dust was below 10
micron. The fraction of unburned material was almost 50%
and the specific weight of the dusts averaged 1.9 g/cu cm. For
efficient dust collection, centrifugal separators can be used.
The fine dust developing at wood polishing machines is pneu-
matically drawn off and collected by cloth filters.
31472
Maier, Alfred
IMMISSION PROTECTION IN THE WOOD WORKING IN-
DUSTRY. (Immissionsschutz beim holzbearbeitenden and und
-verarbeitenden Gewerbe). Text in German. Wasser Luft
Betrieb, 15(7):261-264, July 1971.
In lacquering stations of wood working plants, odorous solvent
vapors develop which are mixed with the lacquer dust. Wet
collectors are best suited for the removal of such emissions.
With them, collection efficiencies of 99 to 99.5% can be
achieved. Such high efficiency, however, is achieved only for
the particulates in the vaporous emissions. For the solvents,
the efficiency is low. Examinations of a cascade scrubber for
emissions consisting of 29 mg/cu m of particulate matter and
of 353 mg C/N cu m revealed that by doubling the water quan-
tity the particulate emissions could be reduced to nine mg/cu
m. However, the solvent emission was reduced to only 325 mg
C/N cu m. The highest efficiency is achieved with a scrubber
operating on the venturi principle. The lacquer mists are drawn
off by a venturi-type nozzle. The atomized water droplets ad-
sorb the lacquer particles. The water droplets are separated on
subsequent steel sheet plates. An efficiency of 99.8% can be
achieved.
31996
Hardison, L. C.
WHERE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL STANDS AS AN IN-
DUSTRY. Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Proc. Instr. Soc. Am. Chem. Petrol. Instr. Symp., llth Annu.,
Chicago, m., 1970, p. 12-16. (April 8-10.)
Air pollution control is examined as a segment of industrial ac-
tivity. The principal air-pollution sources are automobiles,
utility electric plants, domestic heating, incineration, chemical
processes, metallurgical processes, evaporation of paint and
other coatings, and ventilation of food processing areas. The
major pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, dusts, and fumes. Controls for these
emissions include the electrostatic precipitator, mechanical
collectors, fabric filters, wet scrubbers, and gaseous emission
controls. The air pollution control problem is characterized
from the viewpoint of manufacturers of abatement equipment
and systems. The size and shape of the industry, the incen-
tives to manufacturers and their responses, and the potentials
for pitfalls and profits are examined.
32639
Glaeser, Eberhard, Egon-Ruediger Strich, Werner Tix, and
Klaus-Dieter Lemke
CATALYST FOR THE SECONDARY CATALYTIC COM-
BUSTION OF WASTE GASES. (Katalysator fuer die kata-
lytische Nachverbrennung von Abgasen). Text in German.
(Eberhard Glaeser, Egon-Ruediger Strich, Werner Tix, and
Klaus-Dieter Lemke) East Ger. Pat. 62,814. 3p., July 20, 1968.
(Appl. Aug. 31, 1967, 3 claims).
A catalyst is described for the combustion of noxious pollu-
tants in industrial waste gases or vapors from varnish drying
plants, textile plants, the electric industry, stationary or mobile
Diesel engines in enclosures, in mines, or in heavy high-traffic
areas. The catalyst comprises a temperature-resistant metallic
carrier coated with a layer of a rare metal; the carrier consists
of cuttings or chips made, for example, from chrome-nickel
steel on a planing machine or lathe. The cuttings are from 2 to
6 mm wide, 0.1 to 1 mm thick and are circle-, coil-, or spiral-
shaped with an external curvature radius of 2 to 10 mm. The
rare metal coating can be achieved by precipitating a thin layer
of palladium on the chips from a 0.5% palladium chloride solu-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
23
tion. Above the ignition temperature of 340 C this catalyst
had, when used for the combustion of hydrocarbon solvents
with air at a concentration of 8-25 g/N cu m, a catalytic effec-
tiveness of 99%.
33181
Matsushita M
AIR CLEANER. (Kuki seijoki). Text in Japanese. (Matsushita
Dendo Kogu K. K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-24550. 3p.,
Aug. 24, 1971. (Appl. Oct. 26, 1968, claims not given).
An air cleaner is described which is a king of vaccum cleaner
mounted on a push cart equipped with a lift mechanism. The
main unit of the cleaner is an L-shaped tubular duct with a
built-in electric suction fan. An opening on the front of the
duct is covered with a fine-mesh wire screen and serves as the
intake port; and opening on the top of duct serves as the
discharge port. The cleaning unit is mounted on a U-shaped
frame. The front upright plate of the U-shaped frame has an
opening approximately the size of the front opening of the
duct. This opening is also covered with a wire screen and,
between the two screens, is a filter that can be wound onto a
roller. Thus, a fresh portion of the filter can be wound out as
needed. The air cleaner is very suitable for use in a paint fac-
tory, where it can be moved close to an object and directly
suck in the air as the object is being painted.
33819
Peisert, Donald C. and Henry F. Mozina
THE CHALLENGE OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Wire
J., 4(11):47-51, Nov. 1971. (Presented at the Wire Association,
Annual Convention, New York, N. Y., Oct. 26, 1970.)
By recycling the heat from incinerated smoke and solvent,
magnet wire enameling ovens are fired at almost no operating
cost, replacing catalysts. There is, of course, the capital cost
of the direct thermal oxidizer, but smoke and solvent effluents
from the oven are reduced to compliance levels, the object of
the control effort. Temperature, time, and turbulence are the
three basic parameters in a thermal oxidizer. Construction of
the oxidizer and system engineering are discussed. At the
present time most wire enameling ovens are designed with an
internal catalyst which serves two purposes: one is the reduc-
tion of the hydrocarbon effluents and the second is to utilize
the thermal energy provided by the burning hydrocarbons to
reduce the volume of fuel gas required. A prototype is out-
lined of the adaption of a thermal oxidizer to an oven as the
energy source. Synchronized dampers are indicated. (Author
abstract modified)
34220
Waid, Donald E.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL THROUGH THERMAL IN-
CINERATION OF ORGANIC FINISHING FUMES. Ind.
Finishing (Indianapolis), 46(6):32-36, June 1970.
Most installations for air pollution control in industrial finish-
ing plants during the last few years, and all known installations
under Rule 66 in Los Angeles County and Regulation 3 in the
San Francisco Bay area, have been of the direct gas flame
thermal incineration type. Operation of fume incineration
equipment is discussed. Some of the advantages of the thermal
process over other means of organic solvent contiol include its
adaptability to future code changes and its stable performance
from the time of installation. There are no additional materials
or parts such as catalysts or charcoal to clean, reclaim or
maintain, and in many cases oxygen from the effluent is util-
ized for combustion. The direct gas-fired thermal incinerator
can readily be worked into a paint bake oven or other process
heat equipment. Methods of heat recovery and field test re-
ports are discussed.
34293
Terlyanskaya, A. T. and L. P. Finogeev
CATALYTIC PURIFICATION OF SPENT GASES FROM THE
PRODUCTION OF PAINTS AND VARNISHES.
(Kataliticheskaya ochistka otkhodyashchikh gazov proizvodst-
va lakokrasochnykh materialov). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom.
(Moscow), no. 8:583-584, 1971. 2 refs.
The results are presented of an experimental investigation of
the catalytic purification of waste gases during the production
of varnishes and paints, carried out on a copper-chromium
catalyst. The waste gases contained acrolein, phthalic an-
hydride, and xylene. The gases were analyzed before and after
catalytic oxidation. Optimum conditions for the catalytic ox-
idation of waste gases were determined, including velocity,
temperature, and amount of gas. The Cu-Cr catalyst can be
used in the purification of waste gases from varnish produc-
tion when the concentration of organic substances is no higher
than three mg/1 (with respect to xylene).
34574
Muehlen, Nikolaus von und zur
WASTE AIR IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY. (Abluft in
der Automobil-Industrie). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung
Luft, 31(10):411-414, Oct. 1971.
A regulation has gone into effect in North Rhine Westphalia
that limits the emissions from all plants where lacquers, dyes,
or synthetics are applied to and dried on metal, paper, textiles,
wood, and glass fiber. The carbon content of these waste
gases may not exceed 300 mg/cu m waste gas. Before the
regulation became effective, intensive experiments for clean-
ing these waste gases were carried out. Thermal combustion of
the waste gases was sufficient if the carbon content was not
higher than 500 to 700 mg/cu m. For higher carbon concentra-
tions, a combination of thermal and catalytic afterburning was
necessary. The heat developing at the combustion process can
be utilized for the drying process. The preheating torch is sup-
plied by 500 cu m fresh air/hr and about 1500 cu m waste air
from the lacquer dryer. The solvent fractions contained in the
waste air burn at 800 to 1000 C. The efficiency of this thermal
combustion is 60 to 70% if the carbon content does not exceed
700 mg/cu m. For an additional catalytic combustion, platinum
catalysts are used. The temperature of the waste gases prior to
passage of the catalysts is 400 to 410 C, and afterwards it is
450 to 460 C. This temperature difference can be used for con-
tinuous determination of the efficiency of the catalyst.
34620
Bluhm, Hans-Joachim
CONTRIBUTION BY THE TIN CAN MANUFACTURING IN-
DUSTRY TO THE LIMITATION OF EMISSIONS. (Der
Beitrag der Feinstblechpackungsindustrie zur Emissionsein-
grenzung). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
31(10):401-406, Oct. 1971.
During stove lacquering of tinned fine metal sheets (tin plate),
emissions in the form of gaseous hydrocarbons develop, which
are formed from the solvents contained in the lacquer and are
present in a highly diluted state in the waste gas from the
lacquer drying ovens. Since very little is known about the
biological effect of hydrocarbons, such emissions should be
avoided. In Germany, a regulation limits such emissions to 300
mg/cu m waste gas. Los Angeles limits the daily emission from
-------
24
SURFACE COATINGS
lacquer drying ovens to 15 Ibs. The best solution for the reduc-
tion of the hydrocarbon emission in these industries would be
a coating process which does not require any solvents. Separa-
tion of the solvents by cooling or absorption on activated coal
proved to be uneconomical because of the small concentra-
tions (1.0 to 10 g/cu m waste air) present in the waste air.
Combustion of the solvents in the waste air can be used. This
oxidation causes the formation of water and carbon dioxide
which are emitted instead of the solvents. If the oxidation is
carried out in a flame, the waste air must be heated to tem-
peratures between 700 and 900 C. Because of the high energy
costs in Germany, this method is too expensive. Some pilo
plants for catalytic combustion of the solvents are in operation
in Germany. They are preceded by filtration for removal of
catalyst poisons. Final results are not available yet, since the
experiments are still in progress.
35595
McCabe, Louis C.
SANITARY ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION. J. Sank. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engrs.,
vol. 80:392-1 to 392-4, Jan. 1954. (Presented at the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Annual Convention, New York,
Oct. 21, 1953.)
The sanitary engineer has extensive experience with air pollu-
tion problems, notably waste disposal and odors. The need for
odor control in industries which process dead animals may be
greater than in the packing plants which are preparing food for
human consumption. Some of the rendering plants in the Los
Angeles area have used venturi jet condensers successfully but
most rely on incineration to abate odors. Lack of cleanliness
in maintenance may also account for odors around rendering
plants. The greatest source of malodors in oil refineries are
mercaptans which contain sulfur and are commonly derived
from high sulfur crudes. Mercaptans may be removed from
petroleum products by treating in a variety of processes, prac-
tically all of which utilize caustic action. Paint and varnish
plants may discharge highly irritating substances such as
acrolein, aldehydes, and fatty acids from their processes. In-
cineration of domestic household waste and garbage is
generally not a sure means of eliminating odors in air pollu-
tion. Poor design, intermittent operation, and the character of
the waste material are responsible for unsatisfactory operation.
It is also recognized that hydrocarbons in the air may be ox-
idized to produce compounds which will damage growing
crops and cause eye irritation. Some control equipment for
dust, smoke, and fumes are noted.
35771
Senkevich, E. V.
CALCULATION OF A GAS COMBUSTION PROCESS USING
EXHAUST AIR CONTAINING COMBUSTIBLE COM-
PONENTS. (Raschet protsessa szhiganiya gaza s ispol-
zovaniyem otbrosnogo vozdukha, soderzhashchego goryuchiye
komponenty). Text in Russian. Gaz. Prom., 16(6):37-38, 1971.
A graphic method for the calculation of the afterburning of
solvent-containing exhaust gas from paint driers with natural
gas for air pollution prevention is presented. The driers may
contain up to 25% (of the lower limit of explosion in admix-
ture) of solvents such as toluene or xylene. Nomographs for
the determination of the amount of the combustible pollutants
in the exhaust air are given. Alignment charts expressing the
variation of the true excess air coefficient and of the variation
of the calculated excess air coefficient as affected by the con-
centration in combustible components in the exhaust air are
developed.
35933
A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS FOR PAINT FINISHING LINES. Ind. Heating,
38(12):2421, 2422, 2428, Dec. 197
A large metal working plant which recently installed a coil
coating line decided to make a virtue of necessity by installing
a fume processing system of advanced design and radical con-
cept. For, as it incinerates process oven fumes, enough Btu s
are recovered to supply the plant s entire metal preparation
heat and its entire building makeup air heat needs. At the same
time, process oven heat demands are reduced nearly 44%. The
hydrocarbons in the exhaust fumes are used as fuel for the
heat recovery system, the heart of which is a Caliqua heat
exchanger in the exhaust gas stream of the incinerator.
36130
NEW COMBUSTION CATALYST BEATS AIR POLLUTION.
Fact. Manage. Maint., 110(7):124-125, July 1952.
A combustion catalyst is described which burns industrial sol-
vents, resins, organic dyes, varnishes and lacquers, oil fumes,
smokes, and other industrial wastes. The basic unit is a simple
brick with 73 porcelain rods. Each rod has a coating of cata-
lytic alumina and platinum alloy; this coating completely ox-
idizes combustibles even at temperatures well below their nor-
mal burning points. It generates enough waste heate to fire
boilers and heat plant preocesses. In order to work, the
catalyst must be raised to a temperature of 500 F, in most
cases with a pre-heat burner at start-up. Once oxidizing, the
unit will sustain combustion of room temperature gases. When
oxidizng pure hydrocarbons, the catalyst should last indefinite-
ly. The catalyst can be poisoned by metallic vapors.
36752
McCabe, Louis C.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Ind. Eng. Chem., 43(12):97A-
98A, 100A, Dec. 1951. 2 refs.
Considerable progress has been achieved in the Los Angeles
area in reducing local odor nuisances. Odors from fish meal
production in canneries have been eliminated by using low
temperature dehydration; up to 15% more meal is recovered
and nutrient values are higher. Increased power consumption
is offset by reduced gas maintenance and consumption. Ventu-
ri jet condensers and incineration methods are used success-
fully in rendering plants. A newly developed low temperature
coffee roaster significantly reduces the quantity of odors from
coffee roasting installations. Control methods for mercaptan
odors from oil refineries and for aldehydes and fatty acids
from paint and varnish plants are also noted.
37126
Selheimer, C. W. and Charles Henry Borchers
EVALUATION OF MULTI-WASH COLLECTORS IN SUP-
PRESSION OF PAINT INDUSTRY FUMES. Off. Dig. Fed.
Paint Varn. Prod. Clubs, 26(384):684-709, Aug. 1954. 9 refs.
Evaluation of a Schneible Multi-Wash Collector system used
in the elimination of fumes from certain cooking operations in
a paint and varnish plant was concerned with performance,
construction, operational details, maintenance costs, means of
increasing performance, and safety of operation of the unit
tested. The chemical nature of the compounds in the fumes
which cause the odor problem, the chemical composition of
the raw fumes, and the gases released to the atmosphere were
determined by infrared and mass spectrometry. The per-
formance of the Multi-Wash Collector system was in the range
of 95 to 99% removal of nuisance materials. The water spray
leg does 85 to 88% of the work in controlling process fumes.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
25
Although the dilution of the gases entering the collector by the
large volume of air being bled into it would normally raise its
apparent efficiency close to 100% the fact that this does not
occur indicates that fumes washed from the same cooking
process during the maximum evolution period or coming from
the other two ulti-Wash Collectors are being re-liberated. The
equipment is limited to removal of fumes condensed by or dis-
solved in the wash water, but does not and cannot remove the
major odor-producing gases.
37127
Selheimer, C. W., Roland Armani, and Henry Jurczak
USE OF ACTIVATED CARBON TO ADSORB FUMES FROM
PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRY COOKING OPERA-
TIONS. Off. Dig. Fed. Paint Yarn. Prod. Clubs, 26(348):629-
643, Aug. 1954. 4 refs.
Four types of activated carbon were tested to the saturation
point or break-through of fumes from esterification of tall oil
with glycerine. The break-through point was determined by
odor alone. Equipment was modified from previous work so
that fumes passed successively through reflux condenser,
water cooled condenser with trap, water scrubber, and finally
through a carbon tower. The cooking operation followed a
standard cycle requiring eight hours to complete. From the
data obtained on saturation values of the various carbons, cost
figures were calculated in terms of pounds oil/pound carbon
and cost per 12,000-pound factory batch. There was a large
spread in the performance of the various carbon samples.
37152
Selheimer, C. W. and Charles H. Borchers
OXIDATION OF FUMES FROM TALL OIL-GLYCERINE
ESTERIFICATION WITH OZONE. Off. Dig. Fed. Paint Yarn.
Prod. Clubs, 26(348):644-646, Aug. 1954. 1 ref.
The effectiveness of ozone as a deodorizing agent for fumes
from tall oil-glycerine esterification in the point industry was
investigated on a laboratory scale. Fumes from the reaction,
after passing successively through an air cooled condenser
(reflux), water cooled condenser, and water scrubber, were
mixed in a chamber with ozone laden air. The ozone was
generated up to 0.2 gm per hour. This output was capable of
deodorizing the fumes from this reaction up to kettle batch
size of 700 gm total.
37254
Victor, Irving
CONTROL OF GASES AND VAPOR EMISSIONS FROM IN-
DUSTRIAL AND DRYCLEANING PROCESSES COMPARING
EFFICIENCY AND OPERATING COST OF INCINERATION,
ABSORPTION, CONDENSATION AND ADSORPTION
METHODS. Preprint, Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
and Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D. C.,
9p., 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Technical Conference on
New Technology in the Solution of Practical Problems in Air
and Water Pollution Control, Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 8, 1971.)
Control techniques for emissions of industrial chemical sol-
vents, primarily hydrocarbons, from various industrial
processes (surface coatings and vapor or solvent degreasing)
and dry cleaning systems are reviewed. The efficiency, basic
process, and operating costs of adsorption, especially ac-
tivated carbon adsorption, incineration, absorption for
scrubbing acids, chlorine, and ammonia, and condensation are
examined.
37304
Gallen, Thomas J.
APPARATUS FOR FILTERING POLLUTANTS. (Assignee
not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,599,399. 7p., Aug. 17, 1971. 13 refs.
(Appl. March 8, 1968, 3 claims).
An apparatus for filtering pollutants, specifically paint and
powder particles, from an airstream during a paint- and
powder- spraying operation is presented. In conventional prac-
tice, paint particles are extracted by passing through paper,
glass, or water media. The filtering apparatus removes the par-
ticles prior to reaching the conventional filters, thereby in-
creasing their life and efficiency. The apparatus is compact,
portable, easily cleaned, and can be adapted for use in con-
ventional or electrostatic spray booths. The apparatus com-
prises a plurality of filter banks is series arrangement between
the workpiece being spray painted and the conventional filter.
The filter banks are alternately grounded and charged. (Author
summary modified)
37494
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
BAD ODOR EMISSION CONTROL MEASURES AND EXAM-
PLES. (Akushu no haishutsu boshi taisaku to jitsurei). Text in
Japanese. PPM (Japan), 3(l):55-62, Jan. 1972. 4 refs.
Main sources of bad odors in Japan are chemical engineering,
Kraft pulp mills, petroleum refining, chemical fertilizer manu-
facturing, animals, corpses, fishmeal manufacturing,
stockyards, public facilities, garage dumps, excretion treat-
ment plants, and sewage treatment plants. In addition, foun-
dries, paint factories, pharmaceutical factories, canneries,
enamel electric wire factories, fish paste manufacturing plants,
distilleries, fermentation plants, and rubber factories are
sources of bad odors. The main points in bad odor control are
the normalization of the human relationship between industries
and inhabitants in the area, improvement of manufacturing or
treatment processes, and improvement of maintenance and
management of these odor creating sources. Various types of
countermeasures such as dilution, decomposition of odor ele-
ments, and elimination of elements are discussed. Various
methods of control such as combustion, catalytic oxidation,
adsorption, ozone, acid-alkaline scrubbing, ion exchange resin,
electrode, and water scrubbing methods are reviewed.
37804
Nesbitt, John D. and Klaus H. Hemsath
APPARATUS FOR TREATING GASES. (Midland-Ross Corp.,
Toledo, Ohio) U. S. Pat. 3,607,119. 5p., Sept. 21, 1971. 5 refs.
(Appl. Sept. 30, 1969, 9 claims).
A combustion apparatus for thermally treating gases which are
difficult to handle by mechanical compressors or pumps is
presented. The apparatus comprises an internal combustion
burner capable of producing a high-temperature and high-
velocity jet stream of gases which is directed into an adjacent
coaxially aligned chamber where it entrains, mixes with, and
propels the low-velocity fumes which have entered through an
inlet in the chamber and which are to be treated. The resultant
gas stream is propelled through a constricting outlet section of
the chamber having a cylindrical throat coaxially aligned with
the jet stream. The relative location and size of the throat sec-
tion are established so that the natural dispersion angle of the
jet stream intersects the chamber walls adjacent the inlet end
of the throat section or between the inlet and outlet ends of
the throat section. A treating chamber is adjacent to the outlet
of the throat section. This invention has been applied to the in-
cineration of fumes from various industrial processes including
wire-coating operations.
-------
26
SURFACE COATINGS
37885
Crowley, J. D.
LACQUER REFORMULATION. Paint Varnish Prod.,
61(12):35-37, Dec. 1971.
Los Angeles Rule 66 attempts to regulate organic solvent
vapor emissions into tthe atmosphere by reducing the amount
of branched- chain emission products allowed. The immediate
effect of these regulations on compounds is that there is a
need for reformulated lacquers with reduced amounts of
branched-chain products. Eastman Chemical Products has
recently introduced methyl n-butyl ketone as a new commer-
cial solvent. In addition to the advantage of its reduced
photochemical reactivity, MBK is a medium evaporating sol-
vent which, when used in coatings formulations, results in
compounds with much lower viscosities than would be ex-
pected. OtherO advantages of MBK are cited, as well as the
laboratory re of its physical properties.
38195
Mueller, James H.
FUME AND ODOR CONTROL SYSTEMS COMPARED AND
ANALYZED. Wood Wood Prod., 76(3):48-50, March 1971.
A common problem in the wood products industry is the con-
trol of fumes and odors produced by veneer dryers, paint
spray booths, gluing operations, and finishing lines. The three
basic types of control equipment that will meet or exceed pol-
lution control regulations are the afterburner, the afterburner
plus heat exchanger, and the thermal regenerative air purifica-
tion system (TRAPS). The three systems, each of which heats
process exhaust to 1400 F for 1/2 sec. are compared with
respect to size, capacity, nitrogen oxides production, equip-
ment costs, and annual costs. While the initial cost of the
TRAPS system is high, this system has the lowest annual cost,
including annual fuel cost, and the lowest rate of nitrogen ox-
ides production. Thermal recovery efficiency of the system is
75%, versus 40% for the afterburner with heat recovery.
38651
REMOVAL OF THE GASES IN A CZECHOSLOVAKIAN
VARNISH ENTERPRISE. (Abgasbeseitigung in einer
tschechischen Lackfabrik). Text in German. Farbe Lack,
78(1):89, Jan. 1972.
From the esterification boiler used for the production of
synthetic lacquers, a mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous sub-
stances is emitted forming a white smoke with a pungent odor.
New equipment has been developed to utilize these emitted
substances for the production of special resin lacquers. The
new equipment consists of a cooled discharger for solid and
condensable substances and a thermo-reactor for the thermal
oxidation of the remaining substances. The discharger consists
of a cabinet of a diameter of 500 by 250 mm and a tube
system arranged in twelve floors. The tubes are first cooled
with water so that the solid substances contained in the flue
gas settle down on the tube surface while, at the same time,
the liquid reaction products are condensed. At the end of the
gas development steam is fed into the tubes so that the sedi-
mentated substances are heated and transformed into a pasty
substance flowing on the bottom of the discharger from where
it can be easily removed. The flue gases emitted from the
discharger are fed into the thermo-reactor where the organic
substances still contained in the gas are removed at a tempera-
ture of 600 C.
39149
Zenkner, K.
FLAME SIZE AND BURNING BEHAVIOR IN THERMAL AF-
TERBURNERS. (Flammengroesse und Ausbrandverhalten bei
thermischen Nachverbrennungsanlagen). Text in German.
Luftverunreinigung, 1971:31-33, Dec. 1971.
Experiments carried out on a thermal afterburner in a surface-
coating shop are described. The air, preheated in a heat
exchanger, is admitted to the burning chamber through a
burner, and is burned in the presence of natural gas or light
oil. Turbulence is provided for complete combustion, and an
average chamber temperature is stabilized by means of auxilia-
ry energy. The burned gases are recycled to the heat
exchanger. The air should be preheated to a temperature close
to that required for complete combustion, and ignition is ab-
solutely necessary. A minimum flame size, dependent on the
preheat temperature, is necessary for the initial ignition, even
if no auxiliary energy is needed. However, the pilot burner
alone is not sufficient, even at extremely high preheating tem-
peratures. The pilot flame distribution should be uniform as it
affects the carbon monoxide content. The combustion quality,
showing fluctuations of more than 50%, is strongly influenced
by variations in the flame size. A minimum burning chamber
temperature of 750 C is necessary to obtain pollutant concen-
trations below the odor threshold. The corresponding value for
xylene is 710 C.
39286
Brewer, G. L.
ODOR CONTROL FOR KETTLE COOKING. J. Pollution
Control Assoc., 13(4):167-169, April 1963. 4 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 55th,
Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
Nearly all kettle operations, including the manufacture of
paints, varnishes, chemicals, and asphalt, involve a fume and
odor problem. The release of the hazardous combustible fumes
and objectionable odors to the atmosphere results in
widespread neighborhood complaints and damage to property
and vegetation. The most successful method of eliminating
these problems is catalytic combustion, i.e., oxidation of com-
bustible kettle gases in the presence of a platinum catalyst.
The catalyst enhances the oxidation reaction in two ways: it
lowers the temperatures required for sustaining combustion
and decreases the dwell time. Products of the reaction are car-
bon dioxide, water vapor, and heat. Because of the high effi-
ciency of catalysis (99.5%), essentially all combustibles are
converted to inerts. Operating and maintenance costs of cata-
lytic systems are substantially lower than for thermal com-
bustion systems. In addition, the catalytic systems do not
require disposal of contaminated water or sludge, since fumes
are kept in a gaseous state throughout the process.
39295
Selheimer, C. W., Lawrence White, and Glen Workman
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF FUMES FROM TALL OIL-
GYLCERINE ESTERIFICATION, PILOT PLANT SIZE
EQUIPMENT. Off. Fed. Paint Varn. Prod. Clubs, 26(348):664-
683, Aug. 1954. 223 refs.
As part of a paint and varnish industry fume control project,
fumes from a tall -oil glycerine esterification, generated in a
pilot-plant-size unit, were passed through a portable catalytic
combustion unit. Results of the test indicate the combustion
unit was capable of considerable odor reduction, but the
discharged gases were very irritating to the eyes and nose. Ap-
parently sulfur compounds in the gas stream were converted
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
27
to oxides. The unit is not recommended under such conditions.
A bibliography covering all articles on catalytic oxidation for
the years 1907 to 1952, including those but remotely connected
to this problem, is included. (Author abstract modified)
39296
Selheimer, C. W., John P. Antolak, and Jack Paskind
OXIDATION OF FUMES FROM TALL OIL-GLYCERINE
ESTERIFICATION WITH OZONE. Off. Dig. Fed. Paint Yarn.
Prod. Clubs, 26(348):647-652, Aug. 1954. 5 refs.
As part of a paint and varnish industry fume control project,
fumes from tall oil-glycerine esterification were treated with
ozone laden air in a pilot plant scale operation. Ozone was ob-
tained from a commerical size electrostatic generator. Three
cooks were conducted, using carbon dioxide as the blanketing
gas. The fumes, after passing through a spray tower, were
mixed with the ozone laden air. Before mixing with ozone the
fumes were foul and irritating, while after ozone treatment,
the foul odors were largely eliminated. The economics of this
operation are covered to the extent of the data. The cost of
equipment and operation are excessive when compared with
other methods of fume treatment.
39683
Edelen, Earl W., Howard L. Clark, and John L. Hodges
ODOR CONTROL IN LOW ANGELES COUNTY. Air Repair,
1(3): 1-4, Feb. 1952.
Several examples are given of successful odor pollution con-
trol in Los Angeles County, where the principal sources of
noxious odors have been fish canneries, paint and varnish
works, and chemical plants. Installation of low-temperature
dehydration units in the canneries eliminated odors from
burned fish meal; at the same time 15% more meal was
produced and the nutritional value, and hence the market
value, of the product increased. Most paint and varnish plants
in the Los Angeles area employ scrubbers to reduce odors
from acrolein, other aldehydes, and fatty acids; however in-
cineration is the surest and most efficient method, although
more expensive. Since controls were established, the large
number of odor nuisance complaints has decreased to about
one each month, most of which are caused by equipment
breakdowns or careless operation.
39792
Ruff, R. J.
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBON VAPORS.
Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution, Washington, D.
C., Air Pollut., Proc. U. S. Tech. Conf., Washington, D. C.,
1950, p. 259-263. (May 3-5, Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
A recently developed catalytic method of fume incineration
permits effective oxidation of hydrocarbon vapors at reasona-
ble cost, provided that the fumes are substantially free of un-
burnable solids and that metals such as mercury and zinc,
which will deactivate the catalyst, are not present. The
catalyst, in the form of a metallic filter mat, is constructed to
provide a high surface exposure, turbulence in passage
through the element, and reasonable minimum resistance tj
flow. Sustained discharge temperatures above 1200 F are per-
missible without damage to the catalyst. Of the units operating
to date, none have become deactivated until about 4000 hr of
service. Reactivation is possible at reasonable cost. The princi-
ples of operation and details of use with various types of
ovens and furnaces are explained. Applications include render-
ing and surface coating operations, solvent evaporation
processes, coffee roasting, chemical processing plastics manu-
facturing, and paper printing and varnishing.
40465
Siepmann R. and K. Reith
CATALYTIC EXHAUST GAS PURIFIERS FOR SMALL
PLANTS. (Katalytischer Abgasreiniger fuer Kleinanlagen).
Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 16(5):142-143, May
1972.
Exhaust gases containing organic pollutants are now mostly
cleaned by catalytic or thermal afterburning. At larger waste
gas quantities the economical operation of such afterburners
depends on the heat recovery and its re-use. For waste gas
quantities of up to few thousand cu m/hr, heat recovery is no
longer economical. A rather simple design of the afterburner is
feasible in such cases. A catalytic afterburner consisting of a
cylindrical container which conically widens on top is
described. It comes in three sizes with capacities to 250, 500,
and 1000 cu m/hr. The waste air which enters the afterburner
is heated by means of a burner fired with city gas, natural gas,
liquid gas, or fuel oil. A guide vane imparts a rotary movement
on the waste gas flow and mixes it with the hot gases from the
burner. Next the gas flow passes the catalyst and is burned to
harmless CO2 and water. The afterburner is made of stainless
steel for avoidance of corrosion. A honeycomb catalyst is used
instead of the conventional pellets or spheres. The afterburner
has been successfully used in a meat curing plant, at drying
stations for food, and at lacquering stations. An average col-
lection efficiency of 99.7% could be achieved.
40948
Starkman, Ernest H.
POLLUTION CONTROL BUDS AT GM. Ind. Week,
173(5):28-32, May 1, 1972.
Modifying processes and the materials going into them are an
important part of General Motors approach to air pollution
control in its plants. General Motors is trying both to develop
new solvents and also to develop a dry powder substitute for
wet paint which will eliminate the solvent entirely. Similarly,
air pollution requirements are being met in GM foundries by
modifications in production processes. Cupolas at Saginaw,
Michigan, are being converted to induction furnaces so that
the problem is about 90% eliminated just by not using coal. A
program is being worked on to obtain a full-scale demonstra-
tion system of a totally conserved water process. With regard
to the automobile, it is suggested that emission requirements
are exaggerated. The question has never been whether there
should be controls, but it has always been at what level should
controls be established to achieve the best balance between
appropriate environmental protection and the resulting impact
on our national economy and our natural resources.
41079
Hoffmann, Alfred and Heinrich Klein
TORNADO-FLOW APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING PAR-
TICULATE SUBSTANCE FROM GASES, PARTICULARLY
ADHESIVE LIQUIDS FROM GASES. (Siemens A. G., Berlin
(West Germany)) U. S. Pat. 3,641,743. 4p., Feb. 15, 1972. 7
refs. (Appl. March 11, 1969, 3 claims).
A tornado flow apparatus is described for separating adhesive
liquids, such as paint sprays or other easily adhering sub-
stances, from gases. The apparatus comprises a cylindrical
separator vessel with an axial clean gas outlet, a gas inlet duct
coaxially opposite the outlet, and tangential gas inlets oblique-
ly opposed to the flow direction of the inlet duct. Thus, a tor-
nado flow is produced in the vessel which causes the particu-
late substance to be separated from the gas and carried out-
ward into an annular interspace surrounding the axial inlet
duct. Nozzle devices are provided for producing a veil of
-------
28
SURFACE COATINGS
liquid in the tornado chamber or on the inner wall surface of
the chamber. Preferably the devices comprise a spray nozzle
coaxially mounted in the mouth of the inlet duct to produce a
conical veil of liquid in the lower region of the vessel, and tan-
gential nozzle means in the upper region of the vessel inject
liquid to wet the inner wall of the vessel. (Author abstract
modified)
41195
Kriegel, E.
PERFORATED-BASE SCRUBBER FOR THE EXHAUST AIR
FROM PAINT PLANTS. DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATING
RESULTS. (Siebboden-waescher fuer die abluft von
Lackieranlagen. Entwicklungs- und Betriebserg ebnisse). Tech.
Mitt. Krupp, 28(3):97-103, 1970. 2 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. 21p.
Based on an industrial evaluation of existing wet scrubbers for
spray painting plants and on an analysis of the requirements, a
scrubber in which the exhaust air is purified in a layer of bub-
bles or foam on a perforated base was developed and studied.
A working model, a pilot system, and finally a working system
were produced and tested. Through use of similarity relations,
stepwise enlargement of the test systems caused no difficulty.
The capacity of the perforated-base scrubber was finally
tested under practical conditions in a full-scale working system
to obtain operating data especially on fouling, during longer
working periods. Air throughput, water circulation, water
evaporation, formation of bubble layers, pressure loss, and
degree of separation were measured. Standard values taken
from the literature provide a direct comparison of the per-
forated-base scrubber with conventional methods. Due to the
success of the prototype, the perforated-base scrubber is being
introduced into general use. (Author summary modified)
41522
Best, W. H.
INCINERATION: STATE OF THE ART. Ind. Gas, 52(5):15-
18, May 1972.
Natural gas-fired incinerators are an effective tool for con-
trolling many potential pollutants. Gaseous and fine paraticu-
late hydrocarbons can often be incinerated by raising their
temperature above the auto-ignition point. The amount of con-
taminant must be small, and the volume of inert carrier must
be large. For paint curing ovens, 10,000 cu ft of air must be
used for each gallon of solvent. Direct flame incineration can
be used for those gases having heating values as low as 100
Btu/cu ft; many gases with lower heating values can sustain
combustion when preheated to 700 F. Thermal incineration is
an excellent alternative for wastes with very low heating
values. Temperature and dwell time can be adjusted to provide
complete oxidation. Liquid incineration is often possible.
Through atomization, organic compounds with water can be
incinerated; usually a secondary combustion chamber is
required. In some instances, multiple treatment may be neces-
sary to remove toxic material either created in the combustion
process or not consumed by it. Fume incineration without heat
recovery is a waste of energy. A well- designed counterflow
heat exchanger, though initially expensive, can reduce the cost
of operation by as much as 70% by preheating the waste
gases. Where the recovered heat can be used elsewhere, the
cost of operation can be cut even further.
41592
Baylis, R. L.
NON-AQUEOUS DISPERSION FINISHES-INDUSTRIAL OR-
GANIC FINISHES WITH REDUCED POLLUTION LEVEL.
Trans. Inst. Metal Finish., 50(Part 2): 80-86, 1972.
The majority of industrial finishes now in use are based on
aromatic solvents, which are recognized as potential sources
of pollution. The substitution of non-aqueous dispersions,
especially aliphatic hydrocarbons, can reduce air pollution and
improve processing. Both thermoplastic and thermosetting
finishes have been developed with process characteristics
similar to conventional finishes. Using aliphatic solvents, the
atomized paint particles arrive at the surface in a high solids
state. This gives the capability for high build with freedom
from sags and runs. The baking schedules for solution and
NAD are identical. Under air pollution solvent restrictions ex-
pected to come into force in 1974, paint formulators will be
faced with limitations on the type and amount of solvent to be
used. The NAD finishes fill the legislative requirements and
can readily be used in existing processes.
41627
Muehlen, Nikolaus Von zur
AIR POLLUTION IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 131(10):411-414, Oct. 1971.
The major emissions form automobile manufacturing are the
solvents from lacquer drying. Thermal and catalytic com-
bustion was used for the destruction of the solvent vapors in a
car factory; the heat was recovered and used for the drying
ovens. Catalyst poisoning was not observed during two years
of operation of the catalytic plant, and maintenance was
chiefly in the washing of catalytic elements with distilled
water. The economics of direct flame and catalytic combustion
are compared. Other pollution measures, such as a large gar-
bage incineration plant with 20 t/day capacity, a sludge separa-
tion plant, and a chemical treatment plant for chromium,
nickel, copper, iron, and cyanide and mentioned.
41783
Kreisler, R.
ODOR PROBLEMS IN THE LACQUER INDUSTRY.
(Geruchsprobleme der Lackindustrie). Text in German. Schrif-
tenreihe Ver. Wasser-Boden- Lufthyg. (Berlin), no 35:105-111,
1971. (Presented at the Colloquium Geruchsbelaestigende
Stoffe, Duesseldorf, West Germany, March 18, 1971.)
Odor problems develop in the lacquer industry in the produc-
tion of resins, the production of lacquers, their applicaton, and
particularly the drying and burning of lacquered material. Odor
emissions in the first two cases are avoided by using entirely
enclosed process facilities. In order to avoid odor emissions in
the application of lacquers, aqueous lacquer solutions are ap-
plied by dipping. The concentration of organic substances in
waste gases from such processes were 1.8 mg/cu m maximum.
This low concentration of odorous substances in the waste gas
makes any total removal more difficult. Thermal and catalytic
afterburners are widely used in the lacquer industry. Enor-
mous efforts have been made for developing lacquering
processes which work without solvents. Such processes in-
clude plating material with foils which have the appearance of
a lacquer film or the use of pulverized lacquers.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
29
42853
Schadt, H. F.
FUME INCINERATION HEAT RECOVERY CUTS POLLU-
TION CONTROL COST. Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning,
44(7):79-80, July 1972.
High efficiency heat recovery systems which are built into in-
cinerators have been developed in the last few years. These
systems take a variety of forms, including air-to-air exchan-
gers used to heat exhaust prior to its entry into an incinerator,
and air-to-liquid systems designed to recover waste for use in
metal preparation operations, in heating ovens, and for heating
plant makeup air. One of the most recent major systems of the
liquid heat recovery type is in installation on a new coil coat-
ing line at Peotone, 111. This is a high pressure hot water heat
recovery system operated in conjunction with two solvent
fume incinerators. Design data, controls, and safety features
of this installation are indicated.
43362
Hayashi, Kenzo
FILTER ATTACHMENT DEVICE FOR MICROPARTICLES
IN GASES OR ATOMIZED PAINT. (Gokiryo no bijin matawa
toryo mukaryushi nado no rokatai toritsuke sochi). Text in
Japanese. (Joban Electric Appliances Co., Ltd. (Japan)) Japan.
Pat. Sho 47-7356. 3p., March 17, 1972. (Appl. May 8, 1969, 1
claim).
This utility model is to be installed in the filter device or air
cleaner of a paint plant, where dust-containing air or aerosol
paint can be filtered effectively by a zigzag arrangement of
these filters. The loading of the filters is very easy and the
cleaning recovery of the filter material is also simple. The
frame is made of aluminum or some other light metal, rigid
plastic, or wood, in an oblong or right square. The top and the
lower sides have parallel rail channels outside, and hooking
channels inside. The filter material to be loaded on this frame
is made of an outer package of wire mesh which is stuffed
with an appropriate filter material chosen according to in-
dividual needs, such as glasswool, chemical fiber, felt, steel-
wool, or activated carbon.
43446
Hishida, Kazuo, Kinzo Nakano, and Minoru Takeda
CHARACTERISTICS AND TREATMENT OF WASTE GAS
FROM AEROSOL PAINT PROCESSING. (Funmu toso ni
tomonau hai gasu no seijo to taisaku) Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):82, 1969.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meet-
ing, 10th, Tokyo, Japan, 1969, Paper 81.)
Seventy-seven complaints against aerosol paint, which were
40.5% of the total complaints in 1968 against air pollutant in-
dustrial dusts, and 65 complaints against paint solvent odor,
which was 13.4% of the total 1968 complaints against industrial
odors, show a high rate of problems with aerosol paint
processing. Generally, paint already has approximately 50%
solvent in it, and 20 to 100% more thinner is added immediate-
ly before the use, increasing the surface area per unit particle
of microparticles of paint. This enhances evaporation. The
emission cannot be collected by a wet booth alone, so it has to
be discharged in the air through an exhaust pipe. Either a wet
(water scrubbing) or dry (filter) treatment and exhaust pipe are
necessary in order to maintain the maximum concentration of
less than 150 mg/N cu m, a mean concentration of approxi-
mately 75 mg/N cu m. Aerosol paint booths of most scales and
types are available. The emission from the exhaust pipe should
maintain a 1/10 level of the labor environment maximum con-
centration, or 1/100 of the hour-average concentration per-
mitted by the labor law. When concentration exceeds these
levels, the organic solvent emission should be reduced by
combustion, adsorption, or contact oxidation.
44245
Schaetzle, P.
ELIMINATION OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS. PART I:
THE THERMAL AND CATALYTIC COMBUSTION.
(Elimination gasfoermiger Luftverunreinigungen 1. Teil: Die
thermische und katalytische Verbrennung). Text in German.
Chem. Rundschau (Solothurn), 25(31):985, Aug. 1972.
Thermal afterburning assumes an important role in waste gas
cleaning. It produces no scrubbing water which must be
eliminated and no adsorbent which must be recovered.
Prerequisite for an efficient thermal afterburning process is the
combustibility of the pollutants. The oxidation should not lead
to other undesirable substances (such as chlorine, hydrochloric
acid, or oxides of nitrogen). There are two types of thermal
waste gas treatment, direct and catalytic combustion. For
direct combustion the waste gases are passed into a special
combustion chamber where they are heated to more than 800
C. The efficiency of this method is influenced by the residence
time and the air surplus. The method is used in the chemical
industry, the lacquer and paint industry, the plastics industry,
and rendering. The catalytic method uses precious metal
(mainly platinum) catalysts on metallic or ceramic carriers for
increasing the reaction speed so that the desired conversion
takes place at much lower temperatures, usually between 300
and 400 C. This method cannot be used when the waste gases
contain substances which impair the activity of the catalyst
such as heavy metals, halogens, phosphorus compounds, and
arsenic.
44637
DiGiacomo, Joseph D.
NEW APPROACHES TO THE DESIGN OF AFTERBURNERS
FOR VARNISH COOLERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p., 1972. 15 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, Paper 72-103.)
It is apparent that the best method of controlling varnish kettle
emissions is by thermal incineration. Earlier thermal incinera-
tion systems utilized conventional combustion equipment such
as the refractory nozzle-external blower and the refractory
nozzle-100% premix. The new approaches utilize either of two
completely different combustion systems. One, the integral-
blower burner, offers substantial decreases in installation,
operating, and maintenance costs. Installation costs are
reduced by eliminating expensive combustion air piping, by
making burner mounting, easier, and by giving simple adjust-
ments for initial start-up. Operating costs are reduced by tak-
ing advantage of the heat energy available in the fume stream
and the burner turn-down ratio of 40:1. Maintenance costs are
reduced because the cast iron burner nozzle needs no repair or
replacement. The second new approach utilizes a non-powered
raw gas burner. Combustion air is obtained from the fume
stream, eliminating the need for a combustion air blower. In-
stallation costs are reduced by elimination of the combustion
air blower, the in-line mounting of the burner, and the simple
gas train piping. Maintenance costs are reduced because the
burner has no moving parts. Operating costs are decreased by
utilizing the heat energy available in the effluent. Further fuel
savings occur by the increase of approximately 25% in the net
heat available from the fuel. The new approaches achieve an
increase of almost 100% in mixing velocity. This increase in
-------
30
SURFACE COATINGS
turbulence reduces maximum fuel consumption by approxi-
mately 20%. Residence time is reduced by 29% by means of
the non-powered raw gas burner approach. The length/diame-
ter ratio is significantly reduced, and an average of 65% is
achieved. Either approach offers significant advantages over
conventional methods.
44812
Ruff, R. J.
FUME DISPOSAL BY CATALYTIC COMBUSTION. Eng.
Bull. Purdue Univ., Eng. Ext. Ser., no. 83:117-185, 1953.
Some basic principles of catalytic combustion are defined and
discussed, and industrial applications of catalytic combustion
for fume disposal are reviewed. Catalytic oxidation is broadly
applicable to hydrocarbons and organic type fumes, including
alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, acrolein, and aldehydes, as
well as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and mercaptans. From
the standpoint of initial cost, there are no serious volumetric
limitations. Several systems have been supplied for volumes as
low as 20 cfm; others have capacities of over 20,000 cfm.
Because of the requirements for preheating to catalytic igni-
tion temperature, operating costs may increase directly with
the volume, but inversely with fume energy concentration. The
process is considered unsuitable for use where the fumes con-
tain large amounts of cinders, inorganic solids, or vaporized
metals that would cause rapid deterioration of the catalyst, as
in foundry cupolas, blast furnaces, or coal-fired boilers.
Process applications include foundry core-baking oven using
Unseed oil and similar core binders, oil cooling kettles, alkyd
resin cooking kettles for paint manufacturing, phenolic resin
curing ovens, dryers of high-speed paper printing presses, oil
burn-off furnaces used in vaporizing kerosene and light oils
from transformer punchings, kilns for firing wax-bonded
ceramics, organic chemical plants, and wire enameling ovens.
A field study of potential applications, prior to design develop-
ment, includes investigation of manufacturing processes caus-
ing fume generation; nature of fumes, their rates of liberation
or cyclical behavior; exhaust volume requirements; control
and safety equipment existing on the fume generating process;
presence of condensate in existing exhaust lines, and the op-
portunities for use of reclaimed heat where fumes have high
energy concentration.
45071
Ross, R. D.
INCINERATION OF SOLVENT-AIR MIXTURES. Preprint,
American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, New York, 9p., 1971.
(Presented at the American Inst. of Chemical Engineers Na-
tional Meeting, 70th, Atlantic City, N. J., Aug. 29-Sept. 1,
1971, Paper 48b.)
Solvent-air mixtures come from the drying and coating of a
various materials, spray painting, adhesive bonding, the
polymerization of various coatings, and the venting of solvent
storage tanks and lines. Incineration is a satisfactory method
for the destruction of these mixtures to meet air pollution
regulations. The solvents used in most industrial applications
can be classified as hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
or sulfonated solvents. The three basic types of incineration
which are applicable to solvent-air mixtures are direct flame,
thermal, and catalytic incineration. Direct flame incineration is
used only when the solvent-air mixture contains enough sol-
vent that the mixture can act as a fuel and when mixed with
additional air will sustain combustion. Thermal incineration is
applicable to a wide range of air-solvent mixtures and will
produce a clear, hydrocarbon-free effluent if certain rules are
followed. The solvent concentration should be below 25% of
the lower explosive limit or at least not higher than 50% of the
LEL under any conditions. The incinerator must provide suffi-
cient time for the combustion reaction, sufficient turbulence to
obtain good mixing between the products from the burner of
the incinerator and the air-solvent mixture, and sufficient tem-
perature to cause the oxidation to proceed rapidly to comple-
tion. The thermal incinerator can be a chamber of almost any
type of cross section although a cylindrical chamber is
generally preferred. The burner for the thermal incinerator can
be a conventional gas- or oil fired unit. A catalytic incinerator
is basically a thermal incinerator with a catalyst added. Most
catalytic reactions can proceed at preheat temperatures
between 600-1000 F, which results in a fuel saving when com-
pared with thermal systems, but the preheat temperature is de-
pendent on the type of catalyst used and the type of solvent to
be destroyed. Both the catalytic and thermal incineration
methods lend themselves to heat recuperation. Chlorinated and
sulfonated solvents produce hydrochloric acid and sulfur diox-
ide or sulfur trioxide which must be subjected to scrubber
treatments before disposal.
45087
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Air
Pollution Control Administration
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR HYDROCARBON AND OR-
GANIC SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY
SOURCES. AP-68, 114p., March 1970. 120 refs. GPO
Information is presented on techniques for the control of or-
ganic emissions from stationary sources. Methods used to con-
trol hydrocarbon and organic solvent emissions are operational
or process changes, substitution of materials, and installation
of control equipment. Techniques used in control devices are
of four classifications: incineration, adsorption, absorption,
and condensation. Incineration devices are of two types, direct
flame afterburners and catalytic afterburners. Activated car-
bon adsorbers collect organic vapors in the capillary surface of
the solid adsorbent, while absorption is the transfer of a solu-
ble component of a gas phase into a relatively nonvolatile
liquid absorbent. Condensers collect organic emission by
lowering the temperature of the gaseous stream to the conden-
sation point of that material. The use of less photochemically
reactive materials is considered. Control systems for industrial
processes are discussed for petroleum refining, gasoline dis-
tribution systems, chemical plants, paint, lacquer, and varnish
manufacture, rubber and plastic products manufacture, surface
coatings applications, degreasing operations, dry cleaning, sta-
tionary fuel combustion, metallurgical coke plants, sewage
treatment plants, waste disposal, and food and feed opera-
tions. Economic considerations are included.
45233
Turitani, T.
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION OF THE DUST AND
MIST COLLECTION IN A PIGMENT FACTORY. (Ganryo
kojo ni okeru shujin no mondaiten to sono taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air -J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.,
Tokyo), 10(3):32-38, Aug. 1972. 7 refs.
A general discussion is given on the physical properties of pig-
ments and the collections problems encountered at pigment
factories. Inorganic pigments are generally hydrophilic, while
organic pigments are hydrophobic. The diameter of pigment
color is about 10 to 30 A. However, the pigment powder has a
large distribution of particle size. The bag filter is the main
device used for dust collection, and in addition to this, the
designations of the hood and duct for the gas path are impor-
tant. For a better collection efficiency, it is required that the
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
31
size of the particulates be 0.5 to 50 micron and that the dust
concentration be small. An example shows that a 99.9% collec-
tion efficiency can be obtained when a bag filter with a
polyester filter fiber is used for the collection at a filtering
velocity of 0.5 to 2 cm/sec.
45234
Ito, M.
PROBLEMS OF DUST COLLECTION AT PAINT FACTO-
RIES AND COUNTERMEASURES. (Toryo Kojo ni okeru
shujin mondai to sono taisaku). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air -J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 10(3):23-31.
Aug 1972.
A general discussion is given on dust collection at paint facto-
ries. A large variety of material are used at paint factories, and
the particle sizes are as small as less than one micron. There-
fore, special consideration is required for the specific purpose.
Upon designation of the exhaust gas system, the determina-
tions of the exhaust gas direction, the type of hood, and the
control velocity of the gas are important. The control velocity
of the gas ranges from 0.25 m/sec to 10.0 m/sec depending on
the sources. Dry type dust collectors are used for collection at
paint factories, and the bag filter is most suitable. Both digital
dust meters and high volume samplers are used for the mea-
surements of pigment particulates. A gas detecting tube is used
for the measurement of organic solvent vapors.
46035
Cross, F. L., Jr. and Glenn E. Benson
IS INCINERATION THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE FOR CON-
TROLLING ADX POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM THE
MANUFACTURE OF STEEL SHIPPING CONTAINERS?
Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, New York,
30p., 1972. 5 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, National Meeting, 72nd, St. Louis, Mo.,
May 21-24, 1972.)
Different alternative methods of controlling atmospheric emis-
sions are discussed. The steel shipping container industry has
expanded and standardized its product. This industry is cur-
rently confronted with air pollution codes relating to odors,
particulates, and hydrocarbon emissions from the manufactur-
ing operations. The manufacturing process is described. The
Environmental Protection Agency has recently promulgated a
national ambient air quality standard for hydrocarbons. The
standard -- 160 micrograms/cu m is a maximum 3-hour concen-
tration not to be exceeded more than once a year. Many states
have not stipulated allowable hydrocarbon or solvent emis-
sions from paint-drying ovens or paint-spray operations. Ther-
mal incineration, catalytic incineration adsorption, and process
modifications are methods by which solvent emissions from
paint-spray operations and paint bake ovens may be con-
trolled. Thermal incineration should be used to control the at-
mospheric emissions from a steel shipping container plant. A
typical design would include provisions for ducting the emis-
sions from the ovens to one fume incinerator and the emis-
sions from the spray booths to a separate incinerator.
Economic considerations dictate that the proposed system
operate with a heat-recovery unit with a minimum of 65% heat
recovery. With a rotary regenerative heat exchanger, 75 to
80% heat recovery may be possible. The incinerator of the
proposed fume incinerator would handle approximately 20,000
standard cu ft/m of process gases. The afterburner should be
the modulating type. The capability of adjusting heat input has
to be of optimum condition. Low-sulfur oil may be necessary
if there is a scarcity of natural gas. The air for atomization of
fuel oil must be drawn off the process air stream before the
process air passes through the heat exchanger. Burner arrange-
ment must be of such a design that the preheated effluent
gases pass through the flame upon entering the incinerator.
(Author conclusions modified)
46060
Vick, Erhard
CLEAN AIR IS NOT DULL THEORY. A COMMUNICATION
ON WASTE GAS CLEANING EQUIPMENT. (Reine Luft ist
keine graue Theorie. Ein Erfahrungsbericht ueber Abluf-
treinigungsanlagen). Text in German. Ind. Lackier Betr., no. 4,
1972.
Various direct burning equipment designed for waste gas
cleaning in lacquering shops is described. The waste gases
contain vapors or aerosols of combustible organic substances.
Drying furnace waste gases of 200 and 120 C temperature are
incinerated in a temperature range of 650-750 C in a coil coat-
ing plant. The carbon content is reduced from 1500 to 30 mg/N
cu m, corresponding to an efficiency of 98-99.5%. The phenol
and formaldehyde vapors present in waste gases of 200-300 C
temperature in a mineral fiber processing plant are burned at a
reaction temperature of 770 C. The hot cleaned air is used to
preheat the fresh air for the drying furnace. Automatic clean-
ing equipment treats the waste gases from the drying furnace
of an auto parts lacquering shop at 600-850 C with an efficien-
cy of 99.5%. The waste gases from another lacquering shop
drying furnace are burned at 800 C, with efficiency at 98%
(carbon content reduced from 4000 to 80 mg/N cu m).
Economic calculations for different reaction temperatures and
throughput capacities are presented.
46061
Vick, Erhard
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN LACQUERING SHOPS
AND PRETREATMENT FACILITIES. (Umweltschutz bei
Lackieranlagen und Vorbehandlungen). Text in German. Ind.
Lackier-Betr., no. 3:97-104, 1971.
Different environmental protection techniques as applied in
lacquering shops are reviewed. The spent air from drying fur-
naces and other equipment, containing organic vapors, is
cleaned mostly by thermal or catalytic incineration. The op-
timum conditions for catalytic incineration are a temperature
range of 400-800 C, and catalyst layer thickness of 4-10 cm.
The life of catalysts, to be regenerated about every 4000
hours, is within a range of 10,000-14,000 hours. Thermal in-
cineration requires thorough blending of the spent air with the
combustion gases, a temperature range of 650-950 C, and con-
tact times of 0.3-1.0 sec. Cracking products, formed at high
temperatures, especially as applied for the drying of lacquered
metal parts, may destroy the catalysts. The destruction of
odorous substances presents the most difficult problem in
lacquering facilities. Thermal incineration continues to be
preferred to catalytic procedures, while afterburning devices
are designed for new furnaces. Complex environmental protec-
tion is exemplified by a refrigerator lacquering shop where the
organic solvent vapors from the 200 C-furnace are directly
burned at 650 C, and the heat thus obtained is utilized to warm
the air for the drying furnace. Costs are reviewed.
46102
Hestermann, Gerhard
SHOULD DRYING FURNACES POLLUTE THE AIR? AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL AS SEEN BY LACQUERING
EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS. (Muessen Trockner di
Luft verpesten? Die Abliflreinigung aus der Sicht des
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32
SURFACE COATINGS
Lackieranlagenherstellers). Text in German. JOT, no. 1-2, Feb.
1971.
Technical and economic aspects of an emission standard for
drying furnaces (maximum allowable concentration of 300
mg/cu m carbon are outlined. The spent air from drying fur-
naces in lacquering plants contains solvent vapors, coating
materials, and crackling products. The bulk of these pollutants
must convert into carbon dioxide or otherwise removed. Direct
burning, especially in the case of high-temperature drying, is a
universally applicable method. Cracking condensates in the
drier can be prevented by increased air throughput. The spent
air to be cleaned should be preheated to 300-600 C, and in-
tense blending should be provided in the burning chamber.
Temperatures of 700-800 C and a minimum contact time of 0.3
sec are usually applied. The cleaned air is used to preheat the
spent air before releasing into the atmosphere at 200-400 C.
Another technique, catalytic burning, has several advantages:
no condensate is present, and the concentrations are higher
than in the case of direct burning. The spent air should be pre-
heated to 350-450 C, while the temperature rise over the
catalyst is 100-600 C. The high-temperature cleaned air is used
to preheat the fresh air. Direct burning equipment, operating at
600 C, may increase the production costs by 0.05%.
46138
Waid, Donald E.
THE SWEET SMELL OF SUCCESS IN POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT PROGRAMS. Ind. Gas, 52(7):14-17, July 1972.
Many industrial processes produce little that would offend the
olfactory sense, but where odors are present, the most practi-
cal solution often is thermal incineration, utilizing a direct
natural gas flame. This process is very effective in controlling
certain air pollutants but should be restricted to those applica-
tions where it is desired to oxidize gaseous and fine particulate
hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water vapor. Some of the
most common odor producing processes and types of equip-
ment that can be controlled with direct gas flame incineration
are coffee roasters, core ovens, fat rendering, meat
smokehouses, metal coating ovens, packing house effluents,
paint baking ovens, varnish bum-off, varnish kettles, and wire
enameling. Catalytic and flame incineration are described, as
well as adsorption, wet scrubbing, and thermal incineration.
Development of direct gas-fired thermal incineration is
discussed, and design criteria are considered. Effluent
velocity, pressure drop, amount of profile plate opening
around the burner, combustion chamber considerations, and
temperatures are mentioned as significant design parameters.
Special considerations for odor control aie included, and
utilization of the heat produced is discussed. Advantages of
the thermal process are cited.
46580
Black, J. W. C., R. M. Cooper, and D. T. Rattray
POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN THE CANADIAN PAINT IN-
DUSTRY. Am. Paint J., 57(9):69, 72, 74-75, 77, Sept. 18, 1972.
(Presented at the International Anti-Pollution Coating Seminar,
1st, Chicago, 111.)
Various emission sources and pollution control methods within
the Canadian paint industry are reviewed. Pollution potentials
within the industry include air contamination from the emis-
sion of disagreeable odors associated with resin manufacture
or emissions resulting from industrial application or curing of
paint coatings; contamination of municipal sewer systems by
waste products in plant effluents; disposal of miscellaneous
solid and liquid wastes; and the use of materials considered
hazardous to the environment. The manufacture of protective
coatings may generate many potential atmospheric pollutants,
with oils, resins, and solvents as the major components. Resin
manufacture processes can emit fumes containing aldehydes,
ketones, esters, alcohols, and phenols. The application of in-
dustrial finishes contributes to air pollution, with the curing of
paint films as the main source. Evaporation and vaporization
during the spraying of paint coatings also results in organic
solvent losses. The major abatement techniques include the
use of closed kettles within the operations, efficient scrubbers,
reflux condensers, odor control through incineration, and
restrictions placed on the type and quantity of solvents used in
the industry. Canadian legislation and regulations are men-
tioned.
46598
Hultgren, Evert
EXHAUSTION ARRANGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CARE AT SPRAY PAINTING PLANTS. (Utsugningsanordnin-
gar och miljovard vid sprutmalning). Text in Swedish. Korros.
Ytskydd, 7(l-2):25, 27, 1972.
Spray booths with exhaust systems for the separation of paint
spray particles are described. Spray booths with labyrinth dry
filter, separating paint particles on the centrifugal principle,
have an efficiency of about 80%, and are not suitable for
large-capacity surface-coating plants. New disposable filters
reach efficiencies of 94-96%. Spray booths with water curtain
between the booth and the exhaust, using water with pH ad-
justed to 10.5, have efficiencies above 99%. Cascade booth in-
clude powerful fan instead of pump for exhausting the air
across cascade plates located in a water tank. Cascade booths
with water curtain, operating in closed water cycle at efficien-
cies above 99%, are advantageous regarding the noise level.
Spray booths for porcelain glaze are equipped with special
water curtain with dry spray trap for the separation of some
80% by the spray trap and of 20% by the water curtain. Com-
binations of spray trap and bag filter with a total efficiency of
over 99% are used mostly for large-scale operations. Spray
booth waste gases, containing solvent vapors, can be evacu-
ated by pipes led vertically downward with filter at their end,
while large-capacity surface-coating facilities increasingly
prefer catalytic afterburning for destruction.
47675
Baskin, B., D. J. Giffels, and E. Willoughby
POLLUTION CONTROL IN METAL FABRICATING
PLANTS. In: Industrial Pollution Control Handbook. Herbert
F. Lund (ed.), New York, McGraw-Hill, 1971, Chapt. 13, p.
13-1 to 13-22.
Threshold limit values, ventilation and pollution control,
machining, surface finishing, heat treating, joining processes,
finishing operations, surface coating, paint baking and
stripping, air pollution control equipment costs, waste water
treatment, and plant layout are discussed for the metal
fabricating industry. Fundamental to any plant layout and
planning considerations is the attitude of management, which
must be predicted on the concept that the resolution of the
plant pollution problem is an inescapable concomitant of the
plant operation. The significance and the priority assigned to
problems of atmospheric and industrial pollution control must
be elevated to the status of the more directly related produc-
tion factors such as good housekeeping, enforcement of
proper safety practices, efficient material flow, production
processes, and machine operations.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
33
47686
Reichmann, Robert G.
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE AEROSPACE AND ELEC-
TRONICS INDUSTRIES. In: Industrial Pollution Control
Handbook. Herbert F. Lund (ed.), New York, McGraw-Hill,
1971, Chapt. 19, p. 19-1 to 19-22.
The items produced by the aerospace and electronics industry
are as diversified as the processes that are required to
complete production. Though most plants in this field employ
many processes similar to those used in other industries, cer-
tain special situations continually consume their time and ener-
gy. Since they are in the public limelight both locally and na-
tionally, they must present a stronger public limelight image
than most other industries. As they tend to deal with relatively
new, exotic metals, they are faced with significantly difficult
pollution problems. Some of the types of control agencies rele-
vant to the aerospace and electronics industry which are found
in a community are listed. Federal controls and codes, includ-
ing military specifications, are mentioned. Conflict at the com-
munity level is considered. Safe working levels for mineral
dusts and metallic dusts, fumes, and vapors, are presented.
Dust collection methods includ electrostatic precipitators, fil-
ters, dry collectors and scrubbers. Community controls and
codes pertaining to stack emissions are considered. Incinerator
controls are indicated. Hydrocarbon pollution control is
discussed, and a solvent classification is presented. A survey
of aerospace-electronics manufacturing processes was con-
ducted by a number of companies to determine which
processes use hydrocarbon materials that may be effected by
the Los Angeles solvent emissions regulation. Solvent control
methods include carbon absorption, incineration, and solvent
substitution. Methods available for the disposal of liquid
wastes and the relevant codes and regulations are considered,
as well as water conservation and reclamation. Plants handling
or using radioactive materials are required under federal law to
be licensed to permit their use.
47863
Dumon, R
THE FIGHT AGAINST SMELLS, A HARMFUL EFFECT OF
A SOPHISTICATED WORLD. (La lutte contre les odeurs,
nuisances d un monde raffine). Text in French. Chim. Ind.,
Genie Chim., 105(18): 1255-1260, Aug.-Sept. 1972.
General problems and possibilities of odorous emission control
are reviewed. Incineration of odorous gases to water and car-
bon dioxide, possibly using additional fuel, should be done at
a minimum temperature of 900 C. Catalytic odor destruction is
used in petroleum refineries, in surface-coating shops, and in
formaldehyde, plastic, and printing ink manufacturing plants.
Scrubbers using water with added oxidizing or neutralizing
agent are suitable for combined deodorization and dust
removal. Adsorption on activated carbon, alumina, or silicagel
is applied to waste gases with low concentrations (1-5 ppm) of
odorous substances. Masking can be applied under certain
conditions for nontoxic odorous substances. Ozonization is
highly effective for odorous emissions from e.g., phenol and
synthetic rubber manufacturing plants and from fermentation
processes.
48096
Schneider, H. J. and Robert L. Price
POLLUTION: COPE WITH IT OR AVOID IT PART 2--AIR
POLLUTION. Ind. Finishing (Indianapolis), 48(10):12-14, Oct.
1972.
Many parts of the country are adopting Los Angeles County
Rule 66 to control air pollution from metal cleaning and
pretreatment operations. Under this rule emissions from bake-
cured organic compounds must be reduced by 90% or else
must not exceed 15 Ib/day/machine. Photochemically reactive
solvents emissions must be reduced by 85% or else held to
less than 40 Ib/day/machine. To meet these regulations thermal
incinerators must perform at 85% efficiency under varying
loads of solvent mixtures and must be able to handle a wide
range of organic emissions. Mutiple-stage and multi-purpose
scrubbers for organic compounds are being investigated. The
multi-purpose scrubbers hold the promise of lower cost, but
contaminant reduction of some organic solvents appears im-
possible. Powder coatings and water-based coatings also help
to reduce air pollution problems. Measures that will ensure an
efficient control program are outlined.
48430
Weisburd, Melvin I.
PAINT AND VARNISH MANUFACTURING. In: Field Opera-
tions and Enforcement Manual for Air Pollution Control.
Volume III: Inspection Procedures for Specific Industries.
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif.,
Office of Air Programs Contract CPA 70-122, Rept. APTD-
1102, p. 7.15.1-7.15-18, Aug. 1972. 6 refs.
The paint and varnish manufacturing industry in a fairly broad
context could be said to include synthetic resin manufacturing,
varnish cooking, and paint blending processes. The major air
pollutants from synthetic resin manufacturing would include
emissions of monomers and other raw materials from storage
and reaction vessels, sublimed phthalic anhydride and oil
bodying odors from alkyd resin manufacturing, and possible
solvent losses during thinning operations and storage of
thinned resins. Varnish cooking involves a wide variety of
odorous substances released during the polymerization and
other chemical reactions that the natural drying oils enter into
during the cooking process. These range from acrolein and
other partially oxidized organic compounds to sulfur deriva-
tives. Solvent losses may also occur in the thinning of varnish
and in paint blending operations. Processes, air pollution con-
trol techniques, and inspection points are discussed. Control
techniques include scrubbers, adsorption, flame and catalytic
afterburners, and odor counteraction.
48437
Terlyanskaya, A. T. and L. P. Finogeyev
CATALYTIC PURIFICATION OF WASTE GASES FROM
LACQUER AND PAINT PRODUCTION. (Kataliticheskaya
ochistka otkhodyashchikh gazov proizvodstva
lakokrasochnykh materialov). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom.
(Moscow), 47(8):583-584, 1971. 2 refs.
A pilot-scale process for the catalytic purification of lacquer
and paint manufacturing-generated waste gases containing
acrolein, phthalic anhydride, and xylene is described. The
throughput capacity was about 50 cu m/hr. The catalyst used
is composed of 47-51% of copper oxide, 40-46% of chromium
trioxide, and at least 2% of calcium oxide; the catalyst charge
in the reactor is 1.5-3 1. The optimum conditions for the cata-
lytic purification were determined to be a bulk speed of
30,000- 40,000/hr, a temperature of 370-390 C, and a combined
organic contaminant concentration not higher than 3 mg/1 (ex-
pressed in xylene). The efficiency was 76.4-96.4%. The waste
gas to be treated was heated up by heat exchanger in utilizing
the excess heat of the treated gas which is cooled to 100-115 C
-------
34
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
01333
A. Y. Ping, L. R. Clayton, T. E. McEwen, and J. S. Paydo
THE APPLICATION OF SILICA GEL IN SOURCE TESTING.
PART I: COLLECTION OF SAMPLES. Preprint. (Presented
at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper No. 66 79.)
The engineering of air pollution control deals with testing gas
effluents for air contaminants and their concentrations. In this
endeavor, the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District has
developed and improved a technique of using silica gel adsorp-
tion tubes for determining test data on the organic compound
emissions from commercial and industrial operations. This
paper discusses a phase of source testing for such gaseous
emissions from solvent-user operations. General details, in-
volving the sample probe, sampling train, and pressure drops
are included in the paper. Some typical test data and calcula-
tions are also given. (Author abstract)
03991
G. G. Esposito M. H. Swann
DETERMINATION OF AROMATIC CONTENT OF
HYDROCARBON PAINT SOLVENTS BY GAS CHRO-
MATOGRAPHY. J. PAINT TECHNOL. 38, (498) 377-80, July
1966.
The solvency characteristics of petroleum thinners for alkyd
resins can be related to the amount of aromatic hydrocarbons
present. Many other synthetic resins require thinners of high
aromatic content and there is a need for a rapid, accurate
analytical method that can be used for quality control. A
procedure is described for the determination of aromatic sol-
vents in petroleum thinners by gas-liquid chromatography
(GLC) using a highly selective partitioning liquid. (Author ab-
stract)
04143
T. Iritani and Y. Morishita
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF BENZENE
TOLUENE, AND XYLENE IN SOLVENT AND IN AIR BY
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY. Japan. J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 2,
(6) 56-67, June 1960. Jap.
The minimum determinable concentration of benzene, toluene,
and xylene in solvents was found with gas chromatography to
be 0.1% and the error was within 0.5% of the value deter-
mined. The quantitative determination of benzene, toluene,
and xylene in air using colorimetry after separation by gas
chromatography showed gross error and is of no practical use,
because the vapors condensed near the outlet. When the air
was supplied to the gas chromatograph without preparation,
the minimum determinable value was about 75ppm for 10 ml
of air, but 75ppm is too high, to be a desirable minimum value.
To concentrate the air then, 1 liter of air was passed at the
rate of 100 ml/min through a small column filled with 1 g of
solid support (DOP) and cooled by dry ice; when the gases are
attached to the inlet of the gas chromatograph and heated to
130 degrees C, a satisfactory gas chromatogram is obtained.
When the vapor determination is made in air, the adequate
column temperature is 100 degrees C instead of 125 degrees C
(as with the analysis with solvents), since at 125 degrees C the
vapors are not separated sufficiently from steam. In order to
prevent disturbance by steam, phosphorus pentoxide must be
put around the concentration column during air-sampling. Sil-
ica gel and a molecular sieve are inadequate as desiccating
agents since they absorb benzene, toluene, and xylene as well
as steam. This method proved reliable when air samples con-
taining known quantities of the vapors were analyzed. The
minimum determinable concentration by this method using 1
liter of air is approximately 2ppm for benzene, 4ppm for
toluene, and lOppm for xylene, and these are equivalent to
about 0.003mV (4mm) in the peak height of gas chromato-
grams. Measurements can be taken in the field if the samples
are taken into concentration columns with phosphorus pentox-
ide columns and tightly corked. (Author summary modified)
04742
H. Sakamoto and T. Kozima
RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATED
BENZENE HOMOLOGUE CONCENTRATIONS WITH THE
BENZENE-DETECTION TUBE. Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo)
3, (8)419-21, Aug. 1961. Jap.
A study was made of the reliability of measurement with the
benzene detection tube, widely used to measure the amount of
benzene and its homologues in the air of workshops. The
richer the benzene concentration in the air, the 'arger the
probable error of the mean of obtained values, whereas the
coefficient of variation of obtained values is at a minimum
when a benzene detection tube is used. The same results were
obtained in cases of toluene and its mixture with benzene in
the air of workshops. When the benzene-like mist in the
workshop air which evaporated from sprayed paint was ex-
amined, the values obtained with the benzene-detection tubes
showed half of the values obtained by the sulfuric acid-for-
malin method. (Author summary modified)
05848
R. Goldstein and J. H. Elliott
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR THE CONTROL OF OR-
GANIC EMISSIONS FROM PROTECTIVE COATING
OPERATIONS (INTERIM REPT. NO. 5. DEVELOPMENT OF
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS.) Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, Calif. Mar. 1960. 44 pp.
Analytical methods have been developed for the determination
of low concentrations of solvent vapors emitted from protec-
tive coating operations. Organic compounds are detected and
determined as CO2 in a nondispersive infrared CO2 analyzer
after combustion. A chromatographic apparatus has been con-
structed to be used in conjunction with the combustion-in-
frared CO2 analyzer to determine low concentrations of or-
ganic vapors as CO2 in the presence of background concentra-
tions of CO2 as high as six %. The development of a chro-
matographic procedure for the complete separation and quan-
titative determination of individual compounds in an effluent
containing solvent vapors is in progress. (Author abstract)
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
35
08033
J. V. Pustinger Jr., and F. N. Hodgson
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS OF
SPACE CABIN MATERIALS. Monsanto Research Corp.,
Dayton, Ohio, Contract AF 33(615) - 3377, Proj. 6302, Task
630202, AMRL-TR-67-58, 164p., June 1967. CFSTI, DDC: AD
658203
Ninety eight candidate materials for space cabin construction
were tested to establish possible volatile gas-off and oxidation
products. These materials could be potential cabin contami-
nants. Test conditions were designed to simulate the normal
space cabin environment. After pretreatment at 0.1 torr and at
25 degrees C, candidate materials were stored in bench-scale
simulators for 14 days at 68 degrees C, and for 30, 60, and 90
days at 25 degrees C, in a 5 psia oxygen atmosphere with 20-
40% relative humidity. Individual components of the volatile
contaminants were identified and the quantities evolved were
estimated by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric
analyses. Paints and coatings, prepared immediately before
testing, gave off considerable amounts of entrapped solvents.
Lesser, but significant, amounts of contaminants result from
oxidation and from hydrolysis. In some cases, larger increases
in carbon monoxide levels were observed when the storage
temperature was increased from 25 degrees C to 68 degrees C.
In addition to the gas-off experiments, a cryogenic system for
serial trapping of atmospheric contaminants was constructed.
Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses were
performed on four samples of atmospheres from bio-environ-
mental systems. (Authors' abstract, modified)
08290
Kolk, Alvin L. Vander
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SOLVENT EMIS-
SIONS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., p. 588-589, Nov.-Dec. 1967.
Stack emissions were evaluated for air pollution purposes by
using both Mylar bag sampling and gas washing bottles contan-
ing normal hexane and orthoxylene. Analysis was done by gas
chromatography. Agreement between the two sampling
techniques was good, and each method has its advantages and
disadvantages. (AuthorOs abstract)
09751
Schmertzing, Hannibal and Julian H. Chaudet
UTILIZATION OF INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY IN
MICROCONTAMINANT STUDIES IN SEALED ENVIRON-
MENTS. Melpar, Inc., Falls Church, Va., Contract AF 41(609)-
1962, Task 793002, SAM-TR-67-2, 20 p., Jan. 1967. CFSTI,
DDC: AD 650000
Microcontaminants in a sealed environmental system were
separated and identified. The separation and identification of
the collected samples were accomplished with gas-liquid chro-
matography and infrared spectrophotometry. Fifty-four sets of
samples of the atmosphere from a space cabin simulator, com-
prising 162 individual samples, were analyzed. The method
used was gas-liquid chromatography using a flame ionization
detector. The retention time on the column was used for
identification, while the peak area was used for quantitative
estimation of the compounds. A collection of the vapor in-
frared spectra of 146 compounds, which are possible contami-
nants for space cabin simulators, has been compiled during 2
years. A computer program for sorting infrared spectra with
the aid of the ASTM deck of infrared cards has been
established. Analyses have been made of gases evolved from
paint panels, from the decomposition of a Teflon insulator,
and from human waste products.
11486
Petrova, M. S. and O. N. Shevkun
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF ODOR OF NONMETALLIC
BUILDING MATERIALS. ((K voprosu o gigienicheskoi ot-
senke nemetallicheskikh stroitel'nykh materialov po ikh zapak-
hu.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(4-
6):218-220, April-June 1968. ((2)) refs. CFSTI: TT 68-50449/2
Testers were first studied to ensure that they have a normal
olfactory threshold (as described below). The testers then eval-
uated the odor of the building material under test (Vozhzhova
and Denisenko). The odor of several coatings and other
materials was tested. A varnish coating based on styrene with
epoxy ester was tested for its odor 8 months after its applica-
tion to the substrate. In the testing of a special adhesive with a
phenolformaldehyde base, an olfactory sensation was
produced by 0.6-0.8 ml air; i.e., it produced a 'moderate odor'.
Every material tested by this method (taking into account the
specified conditions of its envisaged use) may be categorized
in terms of its odor. The method makes it possible to appraise
the odor of new articles and materials at moderate cost and
with simple equipment.
13081
Merz, Otto
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF WASTE GASES FROM
ENAMEL PAINT DRYING FURNACES. (Praxisnahe Bestim-
mung von Abgasen aus Lacktrockenofen). Text in German. Ab-
wasser, Abgas Schwebstofftechnik, Dechema Monograph.,
59(1045-1069):199-207, Frankfurt am Main, Deutsche
Gesellschaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen E.V., 1968. 12
refs.
Waste gases from enamel paint drying furnaces are complex
mixtures of organic substances and small amounts (usually less
than 1%) of gaseous pollutants developing during drying of
bonding agents. Nothing is yet known about the composition
of these gaseous pollutants, although an ordinance regulating
the emissions of drying furnaces has been drafted in the West
German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, stipulating that not
more than 100 mg combustible substances/cu m be emitted
with the waste gas. Thus, there exists an urgent need to deter-
mine the concentration of combustible gaseous pollutants. One
such unit suitable for fast determination would be the so-called
explosimeter, of which various types are available and which
are highly sensitive. Multi-gas detectors, of which three varie-
ties exist, are indispensable for such measurements. Qualita-
tive evaluations can be carried out with the test tubes
'Qualitest' and 'Polytest'. The sensitivity of these units lies
below the odor threshold. Both test tubes, which are by dif-
ferent manufacturers, react to many organic substances; how-
ever, coloration and intensities of the two units differ. They
can be used for almost all solvants. Moreover, Polytest tubes
may be also used for quantitative analyses. Such test tubes are
manufactured for phenols, formaldehydes and sulfurous acids.
They are suited for measurement in a temperature range of 0
to 40 C. With the phenol test tube, concentrations of 0.026
ppm can be measured. The measurement range of formal-
dehyde test tubes extends from 2 to 40 ppm. Concentration
measurements of sulfur dioxide can also be performed. Such
measurements are of importance when oil-fired drying fur-
naces are used. Test tubes for quantitative analyses of all
gaseous hydrocarbons are still in the developmental stage.
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36
SURFACE COATINGS
13711
Sova, B.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DETERMINATION OF
LACQUER PETROLEUM IN ATMOSPHERE. (Prispevek ke
stanoveni lakoveho benzinu v ovzdusi). Text in Czech. Cesk.
Hyg. (Prague), 13(l):54-58, 1968. 5 refs.
The nephelometric method appears to be a suitable one for the
determination of lacquer petroleum vapors in the air, as it has
sufficient sensitivity and reproducibility. The sensitivity of the
method is unfavorably influenced by the presence of aromatic
hydrocarbons. The higher the average molecular weight of the
petroleum, the more intense the cloudiness. The composition
of lacquer petroleum and related solvents for colors and
lacquers changes, and therefore, a new calibration curve must
be established for any special case. The petrol for colors and
lacquers necessary for the calibration is obtained by means of
vacuum distillation of the paint matter; at the same time the
distilled liquid is substituted by a high-boiling compound
distilled in the given conditions. (Author summary modified)
14476
Ixfeld, H.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN
WASTE GASES. (Verfahren zur Erfassung organischer Sub-
stanzen in Abgasen). Text in German. Brennstoff-Chem. (Es-
sen), 50(6): 186-189, June 1969. 4 refs.
The method of Ixfeld and Buck for quantitative determination
of organic substances in waste gases (with the exception of the
hydrocarbons C1-C4) can be improved if the samples are care-
fully taken and prepared. This improvement is illustrated by
the example of waste gases from a lacquer-drying stove. The
waste gases from these stoves are usually cleaned in catalytic
after- burners. The partially clean gases contain much higher
fractions of CO2 (50 to 100 g/cu m) and water vapor (20 to 50
g/cu m) than the uncleaned waste gases. These high concentra-
tions may have a considerable influence on hydrocarbon anal-
ysis by the Ixfeld and Buck method. To determine the mag-
nitude of this influence, CO2 and synthetic air were mixed in a
1:1 ratio and freed of combustible organic substances. The gas
mixture, cooled to room temperature and saturated with water
vapor, was passed for 10 min through a silica gel tube. The
tube was tightly sealed afterwards and left to rest for periods
of up to 24 hrs. After that it was flushed for 5 min with
nitrogen and desorbed. The desorbed CO2 quantity was pro-
portional to the length of time the silica gel tube rested. The
optimum resting period between the two flushings was 4 hrs.
After this period, further reduction of the remaining CO2 con-
tent was found to be negligible. The nitrogen flushings did not
influence analysis of the adsorbed organic substances. Similar
experiments were conducted to determine the influence of
H2O. So-called MN silica gel was used as the adsorbent and
hexane as the organic component with synthetic air. The mea-
surement errors increased with water content. Lowering of the
gas throughput in the same sampling time brought no improve-
ment. Aerosols can be better sampled if glass fiber filters are
inserted ahead of the silica gel tube.
18133
Weigel, James E. and E. George Sabino, Jr.
SOLVENCY AND SOLVENT RETENTION STUDIES FOR
COMPLYING VINYL SOLUTION COATINGS. J. Paint
Technol., 41(529):81-88, February 1969. 11 refs.
Solvent systems for vinyl solution coatings have been signifi-
cantly affected by the West Coast air pollution control regula-
tions. Basic solvency information that has been developed to
permit the formulation of complying vinyl systems is
discussed. Data are shown which relate the composition of sol-
vent systems to viscosity of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate
copolymer solutions. Solution properties of non-exempt and
complying versions of vinyl solutions are compared. A gas-
liquid chromatography method for the determination of
retained solvents in dried firms cast from these solutions is
described. Data developed by this method is shown which re-
lates solvent retention to solvent volatility. (Author Abstract)
20538
Franzky, Ulrich
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS ON DRYING OVENS AND
JELLYING CHANNELS WITH SECONDARY WASTE-GAS
PURIFYING PLANTS FOR ODOR ABATEMENT. Staub (En-
glish translation from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft),
29(1):33-41, Jan. 1969. 9 refs.
Waste gases from ovens used for drying or baking colors have
an intense odor due to the solvents and softeners emitted. For
this reason, the government of North Rhine-Westphalia is
limiting the carbon content of the combustible organic sub-
stances in undiluted, purified waste gas from drying ovens to
300 mg/cu m STP. A new technique will permit sampling for
carbon concentrations between 100 and 300 mg/cu m STP. A
heated probe aspirates a sample from the waste gas through a
quartz tube filled with silica gel. The combustible organic sub-
stances are absorbed in the process. During subsequent treat-
ment in the laboratory, the samples are desorbed in a flow of
hot oxygen and combusted to carbon dioxide, the quantity of
which is analytically determined. Emission measurements ob-
tained by the method are reported for three polyvinyl chloride
jellying channels and four continuous or quasi-continuous
lacquer drying ovens. A plant that combined waste gas purifi-
cation by catalytic combustion with waste-gas feedback
achieved satisfactory reductions in the total amount of com-
bustible substances present in the flue gas.
21717
Esposito, George G.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LACQUER SOL-
VENTS CONTAINING NAPHTHA DILUENT. Coating and
Chemical Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., AMCMC
Code 502E.11.29500, Proj. 1TO62105A329, CCL Kept. 274,
13p., Dec. 1969. 3 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 699324
Gas-liquid chromatography is used for the identification and
determination of lacquer solvents, as certain solvent types
used in surface coatings tend to form free radicals when ex-
posed to solar radiation. A column prepared from two very
polar liquid phases, diethylene glycol succinate and N,N-Bis(2-
cyanoethyl)formamide, will elute aliphatic solvents quickly,
permitting the identification and determination of oxygenated
and aromatic solvents which appear as well defined peaks in
the latter part of the chromatogram. Distillation of solvent
from the lacquer is required as a preliminary step and final
analysis can be calculated on a weight or volume basis.
25514
Belisle, Jon W.
AIR TESTING PROCESS. (Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co.,
St. Paul) U. S. Pat. 3,533,750. 3p., Oct. 13, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl.
Oct. 16, 1967, 7 claims).
A method for detecting low concentrations of aromatic iso-
cyanates or aromatic amines is described, which comprises in-
troducing a sample of air into an impinger containing an
acidified aqueous test solution containing glutaconic aldehyde,
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
37
and a participate cation exchange resin whereby a visible color
change occurs. In recent years, the application of toluene
diisocyanates has become increasingly important in the general
field of synthetic chemistry and in the manufacture of adhe-
sives, protective coatings, foams, fluid polymers, and urethane
plastics. The observable color formation which takes place on
the resin particles is an orange-red which is directly related to
the amount of amine present.
26966
Kaiser, Elmer R.
ODOR AND ITS MEASUREMENT. In: Air Pollution. Arthur
C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press, 1962,
Chapt. 15, p. 509-527. 21 refs.
Part of the air pollution problem of all sizable communities is
the presence of gases and vapors in the atmosphere that of-
fend the sens of smell. The amazing sensitivity of olfactory
reception is apparent from the fact that a sniff of 50 cc of air
containing only 2 times 10 to the minus 9th power mg of mer-
captan serves as an adequate odor stimulus. The first require-
ment for odor measurement is a definable and reliable yard-
stick. An individual perception threshold and a population per-
ception threshold are discussed. A group of three, five, or
more trained observers, each with at least an average keenness
of smell, and who will follow prescribed rules, can make valu-
able odor determinations. The organoleptic panel technique is
described, as well as the sampling of odorized air or gas. The
most satisfactory determination of odor concentration is by
dilution of a sample with odor-free air until the perception
threshold is reached. A simple procedure of the American
Society for Testing Materials is outlined. An odor evaluation
apparatus has been devised by Nader, which utilizes the per-
ception principle with continuously proportioned streams of
odorous air and odor-free air. Factors affecting odor percep-
tion include concentration of th odorant in air, odor fatigue or
adaptation, humidity, and temperature. Odor sources most
frequently reported to air pollutio control agencies are
presented tabularly, as well as the minimum concentration for
positive perception of a large number of compound Odor
masking and counteraction are discussed, including the cost of
odor treatment.
28393
Lang, Oskar and Thorkill zur Muehlen
AIR POLLUTION BY ORGANIC ACIDS AND ESTERS AND
THEIR ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION. (Luftverun-
reinigung durch organische Saeuren und Ester und deren
analytischer Nachweis). Text in German. Zbl. Arbeitsmed., no.
2:39-45, Feb. 1971. 25 refs.
Odor emissions are frequently traced to organic acids and their
esters, concentration of which can be photometrically deter-
mined with the hydroxamic acid reaction. An impinger
(volume 100 ml) with 50 ml saturated barium hydroxide solu-
tion is used for sampling Sampling speed is 1.8 to 2.0 cu m/hr.
The pollutant to be measured is absorbed on a 10-cm layer of
silica gel. The silica gel is then extracted for 30 min with 15 ml
ether. For analysis, 10 ml ether solution is mixed with 2 ml
diazomethane solution and the mixture heated to the boiling
point. After cooling, 3 ml hydroxylamine solution is added and
the mixture heated again for 10 min. The extinction is mea-
sured and compared with a control solution. The method was
used to measure ricinolic acid in the waste gas of a lacquer
drying oven; a concentration of 0.6 mg/cu m was measured.
The method was also used for measuring methylcyclohex-
ylacetate and for measurements at an acetylation plant.
31240
Jensen, Soren
PCB AS CONTAMINANT OF THE ENVIRONMENT - HISTO-
RY. National Swedish Environment Protection Board, Solna,
Proc. PCB Conf., Stockholm, Sweden, 1970, p. 7-17. (Sept.
29.)
The history of PCB began in 1929 when it was introduced as a
nonflammable oil in electrical transformers, condensers, and in
paint. Today, it is almost as widespread as DDT. Due to its
non-degradability, PCB wastes will remain in the environment
for a considerable length of time. It was recently discovered
that most of the unknown components from pesticide analysis
of wild life samples were PCB. In analyzing residues for PCB,
the pesticides must be extracted from the biological material,
followed by a careful clean-up to remove interfering sub-
stances. The PCB can then be identified by gas chromatog-
raphy, thin layer chromatography, and mass spectrometry.
Once identified, quantitative analysis of the PCB can be ac-
complished.
31924
Baba, Yoshio
MEASUREMENT/ANALYSIS OF ODOR AND TECHNIQUES
OF OFFENSIVE ODOR PREVENTION. (Shuki no sokutei
bunseki oyobe akushu boshi gijutsu). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan), 60p.,
1971. (Presented at the Public Nuisance Prevent. Tech.
Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Odors can be measured by a human panel procedure or with
analytical apparatus; the former method is used primarily to
determine the intensity of an odor and/or kinds of odors, while
the latter method is more often used for the analysis of sub-
stances giving a particular smell. Odorants which exist in ex-
tremely small quantities can now be detected by gas chromato-
graphic analysis. However, it is still difficult to correlate the
detected odorants and the unpleasant odor they are believed to
cause. Various olfactory tests are cited. Deodorizing
techniques include combustion, scrubbing, adsorption, oxida-
tion, masking, neutralization, and a chemical deodorization
method. The preventive measures implemented at the source
of odor generation are cited for oil refineries, Kraft pulping,
petrochemical processes, chemical processes, painting and
printing industries, slaughterhouses, pig and poultry farming,
and diesel or jet engine exhaust. The analysis methods are
given for acrolein, formaldehydes, acetaldehyde, mercaptans,
benzenes, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide.
33045
Triplett, Gary
ESTIMATION OF PLANT EMISSIONS. Preprint, p. 15-27.
1970 (?). 21 refs.
There are times when it is not possible or practical to deter-
mine emission rates by stack sampling; in these cases emission
rates may be estimated by utilizing available emission factors.
An emission factor is the statistical average of the mass of
contaminants emitted/unit quantity of material handled,
processed, or burned. The emission factor may also be ex-
pressed as the quantity of contaminant/unit quantity of final
product or effluent volume. These factors have been
developed through stack testing or by material balance calcula-
tions. Emission factors are normally given in terms of uncon-
trolled emissions. Therefore, the type and effectiveness of
control equipment must be considered when calculating emis-
sions from controlled sources. Particle size distribution and ef-
fective stack height should also be considered. Emission fac-
tors are given for coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood burning;
-------
38
SURFACE COATINGS
solid waste disposal; incinerators; paint manufacturing; the
food and agriculture industry; primary metallurgical processing
including iron and steel manufacturing, open hearth furnaces,
basic oxygen furnaces, electrical arc furnaces, and blast fur-
naces; smelting and foundries for aluminum, brass, lead mag-
nesium, steel, and zinc; mineral processing of asphalt, calcium
carbide, cement, concrete, glass and lime; petroleum produc-
tion, and the kraft pulp industry. (Author abstract modified)
37128
Selheimer, C. W., William Muttera, Fred Zavasnik, and
Rudolph Novak
ANALYSIS OF FUMES BY SELECTIVE ADSORPTION
(CHROMATOGRAPHY). Off. Dig. Fed. Paint Yarn. Prod.
Clubs, 26(348):595-615, Aug. 1954. 5 refs.
As part of a program to find a fume control method applicable
to the entire paint and varnish industry, sampling apparatus
consisting of an air cooled condenser with trap, water cooled
condenser with trap, water jacketed scrubber, air trap, calcium
chloride drying tube, dry ice-acetoned cooled condenser with
trap, modified Orsat gas analysis equipment, dry gas test me-
ter, vacuum gage, pump, and gas sampling tank was tested on
three different processes: tall oil-glycerine, linseed oil bodying,
and castor oil-tall oil dehydration. Fume sampling runs were
made on each of the three processes on a full scale plant ba-
sis, while small scale laboratory runs were made on the tall
oil-glycerine and linseed oil bodying processes. The plant and
laboratory runs were compared on a basis of peak fume load
and material condensed. A preliminary separation was per-
formed on material condensed in the dry ice trap from a tall
oil-glycerine run using selective adsorption and results indicate
feasibility of this method.
37151
Selheimer, C. W. and Robert Lance
ANALYSIS OF FUMES LEAVING RESIN KETTLES AND
FUME ABATEMENT EQUIPMENT. Off. Dig Fed. Paint
Yarn. Prod. Clubs, 26(348):711-768, Aug. 1954. 180 refs.
Infrared spectroscopy was successfully used to identify types
of compounds in the fumes emitted during the various cooking
operations in the paint and varnish industry. In particular, heat
bodying of linseed oil and alkyd resin manufacture was stu-
died. The linseed oil heat bodying reaction emits fumes
primarily containing aliphatic carboxylic acids, esters, and al-
dehydes. Pure paraffins and olefins are also present. Analyses
by both infrared and mass spectroscopy of the fumes leaving a
multi-wash collector prove that the odorous materials exiting
to the atmosphere are present in extremely small quantities.
The fumes which condense as a liquid may be separated into
their respective components by employing the techniques of
chromatography. A catalytic combustion unit was tested and
performed at 89 and 98%. In addition, the combustion unit
releases to the atmosphere only one-third to one-sixth the total
weight of uncondensables released by the wash system for
comparable cooking operations. (Author conclusions modified)
37155
Selheimer, C. W., Robert Lance, Allen Weinberg, and Donald
Brown
ANALYSIS OF FUME CONSTITUENTS BY CHROMATOG-
RAPHY, WITH PRELIMINARY SEPARATION BY FRAC-
TIONAL DISTILLATION. Off. Fed Paint Yarn. Prod. Clubs.,
26(348):653-663, Aug. 1954. 14 refs
Previous work on fume control in the paint and varnish indus-
try demonstrated the possibility of separating the dry ice con-
densate fraction of fumes from the tall oil-glycerine esterifica-
tion by chromatographic methods. The method was extended
to the analysis of all the condensate fractions from the same
reaction. As a further step in the physical separation of the
condensates, a laboratory fractionating column equivalent to
60 theoretical plates was set up and used. The silica gel-
isopropanol system previously used on the dry ice condensate
would not make the separation on the other fractions col-
lected, but Attapulgus clay did separate all the condensates; in
addition, results obtained checked the silica gel separation of
the dry ice condensate. Initial preparation of adsorbent is criti-
cal if consistent results are desired. Fine mesh clay is necessa-
ry for good separation, since coarse particles cause channeling
and poor separation. Cooling water in the column jacket
speeded up separation time from several weeks to seven
hours. Gas pressure also accelerated the separation. Small aux-
iliary columns were used to obtain preliminary information on
adsorbent-effluent systems. Fractionation of water layers in-
dicated minute amounts of organic materials in solution. Con-
densates from water and air-cooled condensers were quite
similar to kettle raw materials, both by odor and analysis.
(Author abstract modified)
37584
Betz, Erwin C.
IMPURITY DETECTOR FOR GASEOUS STREAMS. (U-
niversal Oil Products Co., Des Plaines, 111.) U. S. Pat.
3,567,394. 4p., March 2, 1971. 3 refs. (Appl. May 16, 1968, 3
claims).
The multi-column gas chromatographs generally used to detect
impurities in a gaseous atmosphere require considerable floor
space, close operating control and skill, and long sample
probes. The invention provides a small, simple, and reliable in-
strument for transporting, measuring, indicating and/or record-
ing continuously the impurity concentration in a gaseous
stream. A known impurity stream and an unknown impurity
stream are passed through parallel conversion zones,
preferably catalytic, to produce separate conversion product
streams. The product streams are then passed through detec-
tors that generate signals which correlate quantitatively with
the impurity content of the unknown stream. Suitable catalysts
are metal oxides, e.g., copper oxide; suitable detectors are
thermal conductivity cells, infrared analyzers, and hydrogen
flame ionization detectors. Applications of the instrument in-
clude the detection of hydrocarbons in exhaust gases from
drying ovens, vents from paint and varnish applications,
catalyst regeneration facilities, and internal combustion en-
gines. The performance of control devices for these exhaust
streams can be evaluated with the instrument.
39244
Adamiak, J.
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CYCLOHEX-
ANONE IN THE PRESENCE OF ACETONE IN AIR. (Kolo-
rymetryczne oznaczaniecykloheksanonu w obecnosci acetonu
w powietrzu). Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 13(4):895- 900, 1968. 8
refs. Translated from Polish. National Leading Library for
Science and Technology, Yorkshire (England), Russian Trans-
lating Programme, 9p.
The colorimetric determination of cyclohexanone in the
presence of acetone in air is described. Both cyclohexanone
and acetone are used in the paint and lacquer industry as a
solvent for nitro and polyvinyl paints, and both occur simul-
taneously in solvent-polluted air. The method is based on the
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
39
coupling of cyclohexanone with a diazonium salt of hydrogen
acid in an alkaline medium of sodium hydroxide and sodium
sulfite or bisulfite. Absorption determinations are carried out
by spectrophotometry.
39491
Selheimer, C. W. and Howard Bauman
FUME ANALYSIS AND PROCESS DESIGN CALCULA-
TIONS. Off. Dig. Fed. Paint Yarn. Prod. Clubs, 26(348):574-
594, Aug. 1954. 9 refs.
The development and use of two procedures for the analysis
of fumes from paint and varnish manufacturing processes are
presented. In the first procedure, water scrubber and water
condenser fractions are combined and then separated into oil
and water layers. After a sodium fusion test, litmus paper
tests, and solubility tests, the oil layers and water layers are
separated into solubility classes. The second procedure is a
simplified sampling and analysis scheme that yields data from
which the effectiveness and cost of the common fume disposal
systems can be calculated for any given process.
43890
Merz, Otto
INFORMATIVE MEASURING WITH GAS TEST TUBES IN
AIR AND OVEN DRYING. (Orientierende Messungen mil
Gaspruefroehrchen bei Luft- und Of en- trocknung). Text in
German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(10):399- 401, Oct. 1971. 7
refs.
Testing with gas test tubes has been known since 1934 under
the names of chromometry and chromogrametry. It is based
on the discoloration of chemical reagents on a carrier material
by the substance to be tested. A predetermined volume of the
atmosphere to be tested is being aspired by a suction pump
through the gas test tube. The discoloration occurs on an in-
dicating layer of the gas test tubes, whereby the intensity of
color and the length of the discolored part of the layer cor-
respond to the concentration of the gas or vapor. The sen-
sitivity of these tubes lies below the smelling threshold. The
tubes are suitable for measurements up to 40 C, so that waste
gases above this temperature must be cooled before being
tested. Phenol, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide and ammonia are
the substances of principal interest in connection with oven
drying. Test tubes for phenol show a blue discoloration and
have a measuring range up to 5 ppm. For formaldehyde, the
discoloration is reddish, and the measuring range of the tubes
is 2 to 40 ppm. The results obtained with this method in a
plant for sheet metal packing materials coated with varnish,
where oven drying and catalytic afterburning are included in
the operation, are reported.
47952
Muehlen, Th. zur
DETERMINATION OF THE SOLVENT VAPOR CONCEN-
TRATION IN AIR. SAMPLING AND GAS CHROMATO-
GRAPHIC ANALYSIS. (Bestimmung von Loesungsmittel-
dampf-Konzentrationen in Luft. Probenahme und gaschro-
matographisch^ Analyse). Text in German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed.
Arbeitsschutz, 22(9):264-276, Sept. 1972. 24 refs.
Solvent vapors are frequent air pollutants. They develop dur-
ing cleaning, degreasing, lacquering, coating, production of
chemical and pharmaceutical products, and production and
processing of synthetics. Solvent vapors do not only con-
taminate the air over the working places, but they also emit
and annoy the neighborhood with emissions. The sampling gas
collection probes were used mainly for determination of work-
ing place concentrations. Furthermore, adsorption on silica gel
and adsorption in solvents were suitable methods. The latter
two sampling methods can be combined with the method of
collection of the gas sample in a tube which is sealed after 20
to 30 1 air have been pumped through. The adsorption method
has been successfully applied for determination of solvent
vapor mixtures in the waste air emitted by a lacquer manufac-
turing plant. The method was tested for determination of
methanol and acetone vapors in the waste air of a coating sta-
tion. The measured emission concentrations agreed well with
the calculated concentration of about 15 g/cu m which was ob-
tained from the applied solvent quantity and the waste air
quantity. The adsorption method was also successfully applied
for the determination of emission concentrations. Through the
use of two adsorption tubes connected in parallel, plus a
higher air throughput the ethylene acetate, i-butanol, and
toluene emissions between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm in the vicinity of a
lacquer production plant could still be measured. The three
sampling methods are described in detail as is the calibration
of the gas chromatographic equipment for the analysis of the
gas samples from the gas collection tube or the solutions from
the absorption method.
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40
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
00081
R.T. Arnest
ATMOSPHERE CONTROL IN CLOSED SPACE ENVIRON-
MENT (SUBMARINE). Naval Medical Research Lab., New
London, Conn., Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, (Kept. No.
367.) Dec. 14, 1961. 39 pp. CFSTI, DDC: AD 270896
The purpose of this work was to make a general summary of
the toxicological problems associated with the closed space en-
vironment of submarines and to review the current state of
development of tools for measuring and removing the problem
substances involved. More than twenty-five atmospheric con-
taminants are listed, their sources, and their maximum allowa-
ble concentrations (MAC) are given, as well as the symptoms
they cause, the long-term effects; tools for measuring the
amounts of contaminants present are described and methods
of removal indicated, in so far as known.
10128
G. Swanson
MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED PARTICU-
LATES IN DENVER AIR POLLUTION. In: Further Studies
of Denver Air Pollution. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins,
Colo., Dept. of Atmos- pheric Science, AS-105, p. 109-145,
Dec. 1966. 14 refs.
Results of microscopical analysis of suspended particulates in
the Denver air are discussed. The study was a preliminary on
in to evaluate the feasibility of identification of suspended par-
ticulates in situ. The major sampling site was located close to
the center of the city of Denver. The greatest density of po-
tential sources lies in a northerly and northeasterly direction
from the sampling site. Located in the area are pulverized-fuel
users, refinery operations, ceramic tile manufacturers, feed
pro- cessing operations, fertilizer plants, paint manufacturers,
oil combusters, and paper processing plants. Suspended at-
mospheric particulates were collected on a 47 mm (960 mm2
effective area, Millipore ADM-30, 1966) membrane filter, pore
size 0.45 micron. The filter was retained in a stainless steel
'open-type' filter holder containing a 10 liter per minute limit-
ing orifice. The analysis relied on morphological identification
and simple chemical microscopical techniques. It was found
that wind changes and inversion conditions affect the composi-
tion of sample as well as the size distribution.
32259
Hidy, G. M., S. K. Friedlander, and W. Green
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON SITE AND
METEOROLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS. PASADENA SMOG
EXPERIMENT. In: Aerosol Measurements in Los Angeles
Smog, Vol. I, Section II. Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, Parti-
cle Technology Lab., Particle Lab. Pub. 141, Air Pollution
Control Office APTD-0630, PHS Grant AP-00680-02, 18p.,
Feb. 1971. 14 refs. NTIS: PB 198816
The general character of the observational site, an inventory
of sources, and the meso-scale meteorology of the Los An-
geles basin are presented. The physical site in Pasadena is
described in detail and a brief summary of the meteorological
instrumentation and support of the program is presented. Typi-
cal stationary sources producing a variety of pollutants include
chemical processing equipment, boilers and heaters, paint bake
ovens, incinerating equipment, melting equipment, and power
plants. The power plants release mainly nitrogen oxides to the
atmosphere. Typical contaminant concentration levels are
listed for the summer months in West San Gabriel Valley. The
broad scale features that characterize Los Angeles weather are
the Pacific high pressure zone which dominates the synoptic
scale atmospheric motion from early spring to early fall, the
continental high pressure region over the deserts and high
plains to the east and north which is present most of the
period from fall through winter, and the winter passage of
cyclonic storms originating to the north, south, and west over
the Pacific. In addition to direct observations made from the
roof of Keck Laboratories, several parameters were recorded
from local sources. Some meteorological charts and data on
emissions and meteorological instrumentation are included.
35437
FINAL REPORT ON THE EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR
THE STATE OF ALABAMA. TRW Systems Group, McLean,
Va., Washington Operations, Office of Air Programs Contract
68-02-0048, 93p. Aug. 1971. 33 refs. NTIS: PB 203467
Under the Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended, each state is
required to submit a plan for the implementation and enforce-
ment of national ambient air quality standards for each air
quality control region in the state. An initial requirement for
each of these plans is an emission inventory for each
designated region. The Alabama Emission Inventory is sum-
marized in charts and tables that serve as a guide to control
strategy development and selection. Point source data required
for preparation of the report were obtained from question-
naires and follow-up contacts with individual sources; area
source data were obtained from various governmental agencies
and personal contract with knowledgeable individuals. All data
were transferred to prepared computer load sheets and
processed by the Environmental Protection Agency inventory
computer program. The Metropolitan Mobile and Birmingham
areas were divided into grid networks for the purpose of ap-
portioning the emissions in these areas. All other emission
totals are reported by political jurisdiction and region. Sources
included coal boilers and burners, fuel oil burners, natural gas
boilers, open burning, incineration, solvent evaporation, diesel
engines, railroads, ships, gasoline motor vehicles, surface
coating, petroleum refining and distribution, wood burning,
solid waste disposal, pulp mills, and power plants for re-
sidential, industrial and commercial areas. Sulfur dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates, and nitrogen oxides
were measured.
36910
Hoshika, Yasuyuki, Tomohiko Ishiguro, Yoshiyuki Katori,
Shinobu Futaki, and Yoshihiro Shigeta
AN EXAMPLE OF INVESTIGATION METHODS FOR ODOR
POLLUTION. (Akushu kogai chosa no jirei). Text in
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
41
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):227, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Upon complaints from residents in the surrounding area of a
small- scale doll manufacturing plant, the odor concentration
was measured by the organoleptic panel technique and the
odor syringe method. The odorant concentration was measured
by gas chromatograpy. Thy paint thinner and styrene type
odors were detected, and the odor concentration was 10-300 at
the source and 2-10 in the surrounding area. Methyl, ethyl, and
n-butyl acetates, toluene, benzene, and ethylbenzene were
identified, however, the concentrations were below the posi-
tive perception level.
41887
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
SUMMARY. In: Helena Valley, Montana, Area Environmen-
tal Pollution Study, Pub-AP-91, p. 1-23, Jan. 1972. NTIS: PB
207126
The history, topography, climatology, population statistics, in-
dustry, and agricultural activity of Helena Valley, Montana,
are reviewed. Air, water, and soil were examined for con-
tamination by arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc. In addition,
airborne sulfur dioxide was measured. Pollutant effects on
vegetation and accumulation of heavy metals in hair, organs,
and edible animal tissue were studied. The exposure of area
residents to heavy metals was reflected by elevated concentra-
tions of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in the hair of fourth-grade
school boys. Pollution sources from lead smelting, slag
processing, and paint pigment production were surveyed.
Meteorology and source-receptor relationships were examined,
including atmospheric stability and temperature inversions,
and diffusion estimates of short-term SO2, long-term SO2, and
paniculate matter. Ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels were also
studied.
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42
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
25527 criteria are 0.1 ppm for average one-hr oxidant concentrations
Levy, Arthur, William E. Wilson, Jr., and Salo E. Miller and °-3 PPm for average one-hr hydrocarbon concentrations.
SOLVING THE RIDDLE OF SMOG. Battelle Res. Outlook, th appropriate research and development and intelligent use
of the results, control can be achieved and regional standards
{ ' ~ ' simultaneously upgraded. In this connection, smog chambers
Although knowledge of the chemistry of smog is incomplete, are valuable tools for researching the photochemical smog
oxidant and hydrocarbon criteria estabilshed by the National process and evaluating control schemes. Their use by the
Air Pollution Control Administration form a basis for the ef- petroleum and paint and solvent industries is cited as a sound
fective regulation of smog in Air Quality Control Regions. The approach to resolving photochemical smog and controlling it.
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43
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
08558
Hamming, Walter J.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF SOLVENTS. S.A.E.
(Soc. Automotive Engrs.), Preprint 670809, 14p., 1967. 5 refs.
(Presented at the Aeronautic & Space Engineering and Manu-
facturing Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 2-6, 1967.)
Evaluative studies of relative photochemical reactivities of
various organic solvents for purposes of emission control are
reported. Solvents include olefins, xylenes and other aromatics
of comparable weight, toluene, branched ketones, tri- and
tetrachloroethylene; benzene, and saturated halogenated
hydrocarbons. Criteria used to judge relative photochemical
reactivity were mainly eye irritation and ozone formation. Ini-
tial judgments based on these standards were also invluenced
by aerosol formation, aldehyde production, and effect of test
substances on rate of conversion of NO to NO2. The results
of the entire study show clearly that xylene is more reactive
than toluene and some olefins. However, the latter, as a
group, appear to have the greatest photochemical reactivity of
all hydrocarbon types. Normal ketones, such as methyl ethyl
ketone, are slightly reactive, but branched ketones, such as
methyl isobutyl ketone, are somewhat more reactive than their
normal isomers. Chlorinated ethylenes, except
perchloroethylene, appear to be photochemically active to a
degree roughly comparable with branched ketones and toluene.
Alcohols and aldehydes are less reactive than toluene; and
branched hydrocarbons, cyclic paraffins, and normal paraf-
fins, still less so. Benzene, perchloroethylene, saturated
halogenate hydrocarbons and acetone appear virtually unreac-
tive. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that both
the quantity of organic solvent emissions in Los Angeles
County and their overall photochemical reactivity were such
that a reduction was necessary. The results of the studies were
utilized to construct Rule 66 for the control of organic solvent
emissions in Los Angeles County.
37564
Low, Manfred J. D. and Howard Mark
INFRARED FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY IN
THE COATINGS INDUSTRY. I: INFRARED SPECTRA OF
CLEAR COATINGS ON METALS. J. Paint Technol.,
42(544):265-275, May 1970. 8 refs. (Presented at the Federation
of Societies for Paint Technology, Annual Meeting, 46th, New
York, N. Y., Oct. 25, 1968.)
The use of Fourier Transform spectrometers to measure in-
frared spectra is becoming more widespread, and it seems like-
ly that the high sensitivity, speed, and versatility of these in-
struments can be used to advantage in the coatings industry.
The principles of Fourier spectroscopy are briefly outlined and
some exploratory measurements of infrared spectra of clear
coatings on metals are described. The Fourier Transform spec-
trometer does not have a monochromator. Dispersion of filter-
ing is not required, so that energy-wasting slits are not needed.
The throughput, the amount of radiation which can enter the
optics of the Fourier Transform spectrometer, is quite large in
comparison to that of a conventional spectrometer. In the con-
ventional spectrometer, each radiation bundle or resolution
element of the spectrum is scanned across the detector. Con-
sequently, if there are M resolution elements, the intensity of
each element is measured for only a fraction T/M of the total
scan time, T. The signal proper is directly proportional to the
time spent observing it, while noise, being random, is propor-
tional to the square root of the observation time. The S/N is
then proportional to (T/M) to the 1/2 power. With the inter-
ferometer, however, the entering radiation falls on the detec-
tor, so that each resolution element is observed throughout the
entire scan period, with the result that S/N is proportional to T
to the 1/2 power. (Author abstract modified)
37580
Low, Manfred J. D. and Howard Mark
INFRARED FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTOSCOPY IN
THE COATING INDUSTRY II. OPTICAL SUBTRACTION. J.
Paint Technol., 43(553):31-41, Feb. 1971 12 refs.
The operation of a Fourier Transform spectrometer in the
dual-beam, optical subtract mode offers the advantages of
higher sensitivity and, in suitable cases, infrared spectra can
be recorded quickly. Conversely, it is the inherent high sen-
sitivity of the method itself which leads to some experimental
difficulties, because the optical balance of the system can easi-
ly be destroyed. Fortunately it is possible to eliminate or al-
leviate instrument drift of the type encountered and to im-
prove instrument performance and sensitivity through the use
of better and more appropriate components than were availa-
ble. Optical subtraction probably can be developed into an at-
tractive technique for differential reflection measurements,
film thickness determinations, and especially the measurement
of infrared transmission spectra of very small amounts of sam-
ples. The use of such instruments to record infrared spectra of
coatings and microsamples, and to measure film thickness, is
outlined. (Author summary modified)
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44
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
00776
M.B. Jacobs L.J. Goldwater
ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF MERCURY IN MAN.
Vm. MERCURY EXPOSURE FROM HOUSE PAINT. - A
CONTROLLED STUDY ON HUMANS. Arch. Environ Health
Vol. 11:582-587, Oct. 1965.
When paints containing a mercury-bearing preservative were
used, mercury vapor was elaborated. It reached a value of 0.17
mg/cu meter in about 90 minutes. It stayed at this concentra-
tion level for about two hours and then fell to 0.01 mg/cu
meter in 24 hours. The total mercury concentration was of the
order of 0.02 mg/cu meter for about 4 1/2 hours. 2. After 24
hours with no exceptional attempts at ventilation the concen-
tration of mercury decreased to an insignificant level. 3. Some
mercury was absorbed by persons exposed to the vapors. Uri-
nary concentrations were no greater than those found in unex-
posed 'normal' persons. 4. Painters using mercury-bearing
paints showed no evidence of absorption or effects of inhaling
the concentrations of mercury found in the workroom air. 5.
No evidence was found of mercury exposure or absorption in
a degree that would constitute a hazard to the painters or to
the occupants of the painted room. (Author summary)
01559
T. Karoly
DANGER OF FIRE, EXPLOSION, AND HEALTH - DETERI-
ORATION WITH VARNISHING AND PAINTING. PART II.
A Lakkozas-Festes Tuz, Robbanas-es Egeszsegveszelyei II.
Resz. Gepgyartastechnologia (Budapest), 6(8):354-358, Aug.
1966.
Density, period of exposure and poisoning power are functions
of the deleterious action to the organism of various pigment
dusts and loading materials found in the dyestuff industry.
Toxic tolerances of these poisonous materials are given.
Methods to avoid over-exposure to these materials are
described. It was concluded that the concentration of the most
commonly used inflammable liquids in the dyestuff industry
should not exceed 0.5 vol. % in the working space.
03654
J. Steel
TOXIC HAZARDS IN THE MANUFACTURE AND USE OF
SURFACE COATINGS. Paint Technol. (London) 30(ll):26-28,
30-4, Nov. 1966.
The recognition of the hazards inherent in the handling of
more than 2000 raw materials in a prerequisite for any pro-
gram to promote healthy working conditions among the 50,000
workers involved in the manufacture of paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and printing inks. The maximum allowable concen-
trations assigned by the British Ministry of Labour are given
for a large number of materials used in the manufacture of
paint. Although there has been a steady decline in the in-
cidence of lead poisoning over the last few decades, one sixth
of the 407 cases in the 1960-1964 period were caused by the
manufacture and industrial use of lead paints, enamels, and
pigments. The problems of the newer hazards such as tolylene
diisocyanate which because of its potential for sensitizing ac-
tion has required an extremely low M.A.C. of 0.02 ppm are
discussed. The hazards from the degradation of surface
coatings during burning or cutting operations are discussed.
The application of research to the development of safer paints
is advocated. Any toxic hazard involved in the manufacture or
use of surface coatings can be controlled.
04142
S. Sato
RESULTS OF A HEALTH EXAMINATION ON BENZENE
WORKERS AND THE EFFECT OF THIOCTIC ACD3. Japan.
J. Health (Tokyo) 2, (6) 35-41, June 1960. Jap.
Decreased blood cell counts and positive urobilinogen were
found in a health examination in a few of the 17 workers en-
gaged in painting with benzene mixtures. Positive albuminuria
and coproporphyrinuria were not found in any of them. The
examination included counts of red and white blood cells, tests
of protein, urobilinogen and coproporphyrin in the urine. Sub-
jective symptoms such as feelings of fatigue, headache, ver-
tigo, general weakness, and intestinal disorders were reported
in many of them. The relative number of constituent leuco-
cytes, specific gravity, and hemoglobin content of the blood
sugar and urobilinogen contents in the urine were measured in
five subjects who had both subjective symptoms and defective
blood counts just before, one week after, and at the end of the
intravenous administration of thioctic acid of 25 mg/day for 2
weeks. During these 2 weeks, a marked increase of the red
and white cell counts, specific gravity of the whole blood, and
hemoglobin contents as well as a marked decrease of uro-
bilinogen excretion in the urine was noted but there was no
improvement of the relative counts of the leucocytes. (Author
summary modified)
06663
A. P. Rusinova
BENZENE AND ITS HOMOLOGUES AS POISONS IN ELEC-
TRICAL WINDING AND INSULATION PLANTS . U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
Vol. 7, 176-81, 1962. (Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya) 1,
(1) 20-4, 1957 Translated from Russian. CFSTI: 62-11103
The air of winding and insulation department of the plant in-
vestigated contained benzene and its homologues in concentra-
tions exceeding the allowable limits. Most unfavorable opera-
tions were: application of adhesives to micanite on tables
manually and their loading into the drying ovens; insulation
and lacquering of windings; brush coating of pole coils; and
finally, washing and cleaning various finished products. Un-
satisfactory labor conditions produced occupational poisoning
with aromatic hydrocarbons among the women workers, with
symptons of typical blood picture changes and nervous system
disturbances. A state of susceptibility occurred to some com-
mon non-occupational dis- eases, as was shown by increase in
the morbidity of such diseases in woman with toxic symptoms
as compared with the control women.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
45
06820
G. F. Smith
TRICHLORETHYLENE: A REVIEW. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (Lon-
don) 23 (4), 249-62 (Oct. 1966).
The physical and chemical characteristics of trichlorethylene
are reviewed in relation to its uses in industry and medical
practice with special attention being paid to its metabolism,
toxicity, and determination in air. Although the acute toxicity
of trichlorethylene was recognized soon after it came into
widespread industrial use chiefly by its effects on the central
nervous system, the recognition of a possible chronic toxic ef-
fect characterized by a mild psycho-organic syndrome came
much later and is still not universally accepted. The opinion
that trichlorethylene is non-toxic has long since been aban-
doned in view of the increasing evidence to the contrary. The
preponderance of opinion is against any serious toxic effect on
the liver, although individual cases of liver damage in industri-
al workers have been reported. The sudden fatal collapse of
young workers during mild exercise has been reported on rare
occasions which generally involved heavy exposure. The most
common method of determination involves the use of gas de-
tector tubes. The other chemical and physical methods of
determination are discussed. The maximum permissible levels
for trichlorethylene in air were reduced from 400 ppm in 1947
to 200 ppm, and to 100 ppm in 1961. Effects on the
hemopoietic system are rare as are reports on renal damage.
Air concentration as well as urinary metabolite levels are con-
sidered the best means of monitoring working conditions.
07740
Hansan, J., S. Hernberg, P. Metsala, and V. Vihko
ENHANCED POTASSIUM LOSS IN BLOOD CELLS FROM
MEN EXPOSED TO LEAD. Arch. Environ. Health, 14(2):309-
312, Feb. 1967. 24 refs.
The possibility that lead ions in vivo would interfere with the
erythrocyte membrane functions suggested a study of some
properties of the RBC of men exposed occupationally to inor-
ganic lead. Blood samples were collected from seven shipyard
workers exposed to lead oxide paint and from seven nonex-
posed control subjects. No signs or symptoms of lead poison-
ing could be detected in the exposed men, and the concentra-
tion of lead in their blood did not exceed 0.07 mg/100 ml. Dur-
ing incubation in a heparinized glass tube at 37 C for two
hours, the concentration of potassium in the plasma of blood
samples from the control group consistently decreased by 0.19
to 0.62 mEq/liter; it decreased in the blood sample of one ex-
posed worker by 0.17 mEq/liter. In the blood samples of seven
of the exposed workers, the concentration of potassium, under
identical conditions, increased by 0.34 to 1.38 mEq/liter. No
differences could be demonstrated between the mean potassi-
um concentrations in the red cell samples from the two
groups. Essentially similar results were obtained in samples
from seven control subjects and seven of the same eight ex-
posed workers after an interval of four months. No systematic
differences were observed between the changes in sodium
concentration in the blood samples from exposed and nonex-
posed workers. The results are interpreted as reflecting a defi-
ciency in the functional capacity of erythrocytes of men ex-
posed to inorganic lead, revealed by the load imposed on the
cells by the incubation in vitro.
09727
Rasche, B., and W. T. Ulmer
CELLULAR RETENTION AND CELLULAR TRANSPORT OF
INHALED DUST PARTI- CLES IN ALVEOLAR
MACROPHAGES. ((Die zellulaere Rentention und der zellu-
laere Transport inhalierter Staubpartikel in Alveolar-
makrophagen.)) Text in German. Med. Thorac. (Basel), 24(4):
227-236, 1967. 19 refs.
The alveoli are constantly traversed by free mononuclear cells,
the macrophages, which may be significantly increased in
number as a result of the inhalation of various irritants, includ-
ing dust. After repeated inhalation of ultramarine blue paint
dust particles (1-2 micron), guinea pigs had higher phagocyte
indices than after a single inhalation. Phagocytized paint parti-
cles were also carried from the lungs to peritoneal organs in
response to prior intraperitoneal irritation. As a result, fewer
macrophages re- mained available to purify the lungs.
11359
V.A. Chizhikov
BIOLOGICAL EFFECT AND HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF
LOW TOLUYLENE DIISOCYANATE CONCENTRATIONS IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. In: Maximum Permissible Concentra-
tions of atmospheric Pollutants, Book 8, V. A. Ryazanov and
M. S. Gol'dberg (eds.), Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Oc-
cupational Diseases, Vol. 15, pp. 12-24, 1968. ((34)) refs. CF-
STI: PB 179140
The threshold of toluylene diisocyanate odor perception for
most odor sensitive persons was established at 0.2 mg/cu m;
0.15 mg /cu m was the maximal nonodor-perceptible concen-
tration of toluylene diisocyanate vapor. The threshold effect of
toluylene diisocyanate on electric brain activity was
established at 0.10 mg/cu m; 0.05 mg/cu m of the vapor
elicited no changes in the electrical brain activity. It is
proposed that 0.05 mg/cu m of toluylene diisocyanate be
adopted as the maximal single limit of allowable concentration
in the atmospheric air. Exposure of white rats to the inhalation
of air containing 2 and 0.2 mg/cu m of toluylene diisocyanate
24 hours a day for 84 days elicited in the experimental rats an
arrest in their weight gain, enhanced cholinesterase activity,
affected their motor chronaxy, elicited a change in the protein
fraction ratios, and affected porphyrin metabolism. No
changes in any of the above mentioned phases could be de-
tected in white rats exposed to the chronic inhalation of 0.02
mg/cu m of toluylene diisocyanate. It is proposed that the
average 24 hour limit of allowable toluylene diisocyanate con-
centration in the atmospheric air be set at the level of 0.02
mg/cu m.
27132
Hartogensis, F. and R. L. Zielhuis
HEALTH STANDARDS FOR LEAD CHROMATE DUST.
Ann. Occupational Hyg., vol. 5:27-36, 1%2. 18 refs.
Ratios of lead to chromium are reported for those departments
of pigment industries where chrome yellow is exclusively
produced and processed. They indicate that a large proportion
of the lead intake of exposed workers is lead chromate. Data
for 26 workers show a consistent decrease of haemoglobin and
increase of coproporphyrinuria and basophilia with increasing
exposure to lead chromate dust. These results suggest that
lead chromate dust is as toxic as more soluble lead compounds
and that the maximum allowable concentration should be the
same as for other lead compounds (0.1 or 0.2 mg Pb/cu m).
The toxicity of lead chromate in paints may be lower than its
toxicity in pigments because in the paints the pigment particles
are coated with a vehicle, rendering it difficult for the organ-
ism to attack and absorb small paint droplets.
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46
SURFACE COATINGS
28814
Biersteker, K.
AIR POLLUTION AND MORTALITY IN ROTTERDAM. (De
medische betekenis van de luchtverontreiniging in Rotterdam).
Text in Dutch. Jaarboek Kankeronderzoek Kankerbestrijding
Nederland, no. 15:183- 195, 1965. 6 refs.
Air pollution in general and in particular the presence of car-
cinogenic compounds are a public health problem. Although
there was not an increase in total daily mortality during the
past seven years on days of severe air pollution in Rotterdam,
there was a positive fluctuation in the number of deaths from
cardiorespiratory diseases and tumors in December 1962 and
January 1959. However, the presence of more sulfur dioxide
indoors than outdoors in some Rotterdam homes makes one
uncertain as to whether this correlation is causal to indoor or
outdoor concentrations. Death rates from chronic bronchitis in
Rotterdam were compared to those for 4 agricultural commu-
nities. While the chronic bronchitis mortality was stationary in
the 4 provinces, Rotterdam males showed a 100% increase in
death rate since 1950. An analysis of occupations revealed a
possible promoting influence of the following occupations on
lung cancer risk: metalworker, painter, and driver. However,
occupation alone explains only a very small part of the total
male lung cancer mortality in Rotterdam. Smoking habits also
have not explained a higher lung cancer mortality nor has air
pollution definitely been concluded to account for this
prevalence of lung cancer. (Author summary modified)
29963
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE OF JAPAN AS-
SOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH. (Dai 9 kai Nippon
sangyoi kyogikai kiji). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (J. Ind.
Health), 13(2):138-159, March 1971.
Brief summaries are given of conference reports on medical
examinations of workers handling heavy metals, especially
lead; case histories of lead poisoning in paint factories; health
control at beryllium factories; and a case of an oxygen-defi-
cient environment. Also summarized are reports on the effect
of auto exhaust on patrols, results of medical check-ups on
taxi drivers and toll collectors, and the hygienics of airborne
lead particles.
33504
Battigelli, M. C.
MERCURY TOXICITY FROM INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE. A
CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE - PART I. J.
Occupational Med., vol. 2:337-344, July 1960. 67 refs.
Data from animal experiments and observations of human
cases are analyzed in relation to the variables of intake and
subsequent handling by the body of mercury in different
forms. Industrial exposures include the mining and refining of
ore containing cinnabar (mercurous sulfide); the manufacture
of felt hats, technical instruments, carbon brushes for electri-
cal equipment, and certain fluorescent lamps; and the use of
mercury paints. The degree of intoxication produced by mer-
cury is determined by the amount and rate of absorption,
physiochemical properties of the absorbed compound, and in-
dividual susceptibility. Neither the amount of mercury that
constitutes a harmful total body burden nor the amount that is
safely tolerated is known with satisfactory precision for hu-
mans. The metabolism of mercury in the blood, brain, kidney,
liver, and intestine is discussed. It is known that mercury
develops chemical associations with various substances in the
blood. There is a poor correlation between the amount of mer-
cury localized in a given tissue and pathological changes. The
matter is further complicated by the Tact that mercury may be
found in impressive concentrations in the tissues of persons
with no identifiable intake of this substance. The diuretic ef-
fect of mercurials stems from their inhibition of succinic
dehydrogenase within kidney cells. The ultimate effect of mer-
cury and its compounds is very probably based on the capaci-
ty of these substances to inhibit enzymes.
44874
Gerarde, Horace W.
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HYDROCARBONS: IH.
THE BIOCHEMORPHOLOGY OF THE PHENYLALKANES
AND PHENYLALKENES. Arch. Ind. Health, 19(4) 403-418,
April 1959. 11 refs. (Presented at the American Industrial Hy-
giene Association, Annual Meeting, 18th, St. Louis, Mo., April
1957 and at the American Industrial Hygiene Association, An-
nual Meeting, 19th, Atlantic City, N. J., April 1958.)
The present state of knowledge regarding the toxicology,
biochemistry, and metabolism of the alkyl derivatives of
benzene is presented. Toluene and the xylenes are obtained by
distillation of coal tar and from petroleum. Alkylbenzenes are
used as constituents of aviation and automotive gasoline; as
starting materials in the synthesis of plastics, paints, and pesti-
cides; and as solvents for paints, dyes, inks, and lacquers. In
general, lengthening of the side-chain diminishes the odor of
the compound since the vapor pressure decreases with increas-
ing molecular weight. The liquid alkylbenzenes, on contact
with mucous membranes, cause local irritation and vasodilata-
tion. This property diminishes in potency with the lengthening
of the alkyl substituent and multiplicity of alkyl groups.
Branching and unsaturation of the chain increase the local ir-
ritation potency. Direct contact of the liquid alkylbenzenes
with pulmonary tissue causes chemical pneumonitis charac-
terized by pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis.
Direct contact by these hydrocarbons causes vasodilatation,
erythema, and irritation; branching tends to increase the
potency for local irritation. In industry the alkylbenzenes are
absorbed into the blood through inhalation and percutaneous
absorption. They accumulate in tissues having a high lipid con-
tent. Local irritation of endothelial cells by the hydrocarbons
results in permeability changes in the capillaries. This leads to
increased diapedesis, edema in surrounding tissues, petechial
and gross hemorrhage. The branched and unsaturated chain al-
kylbenzenes are more irritating than the corresponding un-
branched and saturated alkylbenzene isomers. The alkyl-
benzenes have a particular affinity for nerve tissue because of
its high lipid content. The presence of these hydrocarbons in
the brain cells interferes with normal metabolic processes,
resulting in sluggishness, stupor, anesthesia, and coma. This is
in sharp contrast with benzene, which is a neuroconvulsant
producing stimulation characterized by tremors and convul-
sions. Benzene is also considered a dangerous chemical due to
its destruction of blood-forming tissue. Because it is less ir-
ritating than the alkyl derivatives, systemic injury on repeated
exposure can occur at air concentrations below levels which
warn of its presence.
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47
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
05233
P. J. Hearst
VOLATILE PHOTODEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF OR-
GANIC COATINGS. Naval Civil Engineering Lab., Port
Hueneme, Calif. July 1966. 36 pp. (Technical Kept. (No. R
460.)
Various clear and pigmented vehicle films were irradiated in
air with a mercury arc and a xenon arc. The volatile
photodegradation products were identified by infrared spec-
troscopy. The coatings included alkyd, oil, vinyl-alkyd, vinyl
copolymer, partially hydrolyzed vinyl copolymer, polyvinyl
acetate, epoxy-amine, and epoxy-polyamide films. The major
product from all films was carbon dioxide. Eleven other
products or types of products were obtained, as well as some
unidentified products. The addition of pigments decreased the
yields of almost all the products. However, the yields of dif-
ferent products were affected in different degrees by pigmen-
tation, and this difference may in part be related to the
penetration of the light responsible for the production of each
particular product. (Author abstract)
23551
Donovan, P. D. and J. Stringer
CORROSION OF METALS BY ACID VAPOURS. Royal Ar-
mament Research and Development Establishment, Fort Hal-
stead (England), Basic Techniques Div., M-5/70, 10p., March
1970. CFSTI, DDC: AD 703572
Organic acid vapors may be evolved in trace quantities from a
wide variety of organic materials. If such sources are held in
confined spaces with metals, significant levels of vapors build
up which, at high humidities, may cause rapid corrosion.
Based on a simple test developed for vapor corrosion, the
sources of organic acid vapors encountered viz. woods,
fabrics, paints, adhesives, and certain plastics are discussed
and the types of vapors evolved from many of these are
identified. Methods of reducing the quantities of acids evolved
are considered. The action of a wide range of concentrations
of acetic and formic acids on a variety of metals is reported.
Zinc and cadmium, the metals most frequently used as protec-
tive coatings, are among the most susceptible to this form of
attack; steel, magnesium, and lead are also rapidly corroded.
Copper, brass, and nickel are less rapidly attacked and tin,
aluminium, and silver are resistant. A wide range of alloy elec-
trodeposits was studied for their susceptibility to this type of
corrosion; the most protective coatings for steel against at-
mospheric and vapor corrosion effects were nickel/zinc,
tin/cadmium, manganese/selenium, and a duplex coating of tin
over cadmium. The practical implications, particularly in
packaging, are considered. (Author summary modified).
44509
Spence, J. W. and F. H. Haynie
PAINT TECHNOLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION: A SURVEY
AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., National Environmen-
tal Research Center, Office of Air Programs Pub. AP-103,
44p., Feb. 1972. 65 refs. NTIS: PB210736
Technical developments within the paint industry with applica-
tion to characteristics of pollutant attacks on exterior paints
were surveyed. The specific effects of hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
dioxide, ozone, and particulates on exterior finishes were con-
sidered. Hydrogen sulfide attacks in-service exterior house
paints, causing discolorations and darkening. Sulfur dioxide at-
tacks result in film deterioration and can increase the drying
and hardening times of certain paint systems. Agglomeration
of particulates causes loss of aesthetic attractiveness and
chemical degradation of film. Chemical damage to four classes
of exterior paints, i. e., household, automotive refinishing, coil
coating, and maintenance, was assessed for economic losses.
The total estimated cost at the consumer level is over $0.7 bil-
lion/yr. Household paint sustains the most damage, represent-
ing over 75% of the total dollar loss. (Author abstract
modified)
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48
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
30696
LeSourd, D. A., M. E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstle, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SPECIFIED AIR POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL REPORT).
Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA 70-60, RTI Proj.
OU-534, Kept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec. 1970. 328 refs. NTIS:
PB 197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a national basis and in terms of unit investment and annual
operating and maintenance costs as well as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs. The analyses cover the estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976. Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected industries
and the Nation are also determined. Finally, an extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile sources
selected for analysis are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and particulates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation. Mobile sources include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty trucks. Stationary sources studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam- electric
power plants, asphalt batching, brick and tile, coal cleaning,
cement, elemental phosphorus, grain handling and milling
(animal feed), gray iron, iron and steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and storage, petroleum refineries,
phosphate fertilizer, primary non-ferrous metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and air pollution control engineering
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and the cost impact on each industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)
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49
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
00250
L. C. McCabe and J. S. Lagarias
AIR POLLUTION AND THE PAINT INDUSTRY. J. Paint
Technol., 38(495):210-216, Apr. 1966. (Presented at the 43rd
Annual Meeting, Federation of Societies for Paint Technology,
At- lantic City, N. J., Oct. 29, 1965.
The manner in which regulations on gaseous and participate
emissions affect the paint industry is reviewed with special
emphasis on proposed new legislation concerning solvent emis-
sions. Factors which influence the establishment of emission
standards and ambient air quality are discussed. The incon-
sistencies from community to community on emission stan-
dards do not appear to be related to meteorological or local
conditions. It is suggested that the setting of standards for air
quality should depend upon establishing the effects of air pol-
lutants on humans, animals, and vegetation as well as
economic and meteorological considerations. A review of ex-
isting codes shows that this has not always been done. In the
case of organic solvents, proposed legislation could result in
substantial changes in the use of certain solvents.
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50
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
05106
G. W. Fiero
PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND RULE 66. Am Paint J. 52
(29), 70-1. 74, 76, 78, 80, 82 (Jan. 9, 1967).
Rule 66 defines 'photochemically reactive' solvents as those
containing more than 20 per cent total of the substances listed
or more than: (1) 5 percent olefinic or cyclo-olefinic hydrocar-
bons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers or ketones. (2) 8 per-
cent c8 or higher aromatics except ethylbenzene. (3) 20 per
cent ethylbenzene, toluene, branched ketones or
trichloroethylene. Rule 66 requires reduction of 85 per cent of
emissions of sol/ents from various industrial applications if
'photochemically reactive' solvents are used. There are some
uncertainties with regard to the rule. For example, both state
and federal protective coatings specifications in many cases
specify the solvents employed and often they are the 'pho-
toreactive' variety. To make matters worse, Presidential Or-
ders require Federal facilities to abide by local air pollution
regulations. After many consultations with industry, in March
and April 1966 LA APCD, in conjunction with California
Manufacturers Assn., conducted a series of tests on solvents
and Rule 66 was finalized. The reason for this rule was that an
estimated 345 tons of solvents were emitted each day in 1965
from the drying of protective coatings. After the final Rule 66
was adopted, the Bay Area APCD followed suit and in its cur-
rent draft it prohibits the sale or use of quart or larger sizes of
building coatings containing more than 8 per cent 'reactive or-
ganic compounds' plus 12 per cent of monosubstituted aro-
matics. Industrial coatings are limited to 20 per cent of 'reac-
tive organic compounds.' Thus, in the current draft, Bay Area
APCD regulations are somewhat less restrictive than LA
APCD Rule 66, but the number of pounds exempt per facility
is less than LA. The Bay Area APCD estimates 1964 emission
of solvents to be 297 T/D of solvents. Industry is compiling
data for a more up-to-date figure. It should be borne in mind
that this is a draft; final Regulation 3 is expected to issue in
January of 1967 to become effective January 1, 1968.
05471
J. Oliver
THE PAINT FINISHER AND AIR POLLUTION. Prod. Finish-
ing (Cincinnati) pp. 62-9. Apr. 1967.
Rule 66 adopted by Los Angeles County, July 28, 1966 requir-
ing tighter control of the 550 tons of solvent capor discharged
daily appears to be a precursor of regulatory action in other
areas. The rule was based on smog chamber tests of the
photochemical reactivity of various solvent vapors. Rule 66
prohibits the discharge of more than 15 pounds of organic
material into the atmosphere daily from heat-cured, baked, or
heat-polymerized material unless all organic material has been
reduced 85% or to not more than 15 pounds daily. With air-
drying finishes containing no photochemically reactive sol-
vents there are no restrictions. Control measures include a
greater use of water - based coatings and the substitution of a
mixture of oxygenated solvents and aliphatic hydrocarbons for
aromatic solvents. Where formulation changes do not control
the exhausts from spray booths or baking ovens, alternative
controls include absorption, liquid scrubbing, incineration, and
catalytic combustion. Substantial tax benefits are under con-
sideration in some states for companies installing pollution-
abatement equipment.
06486
B. F. Postman
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 26 (4), 394-9 (Aug. 1965). (Presented
at the 25th Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene As-
sociation, Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 30, 1964.)
The Department of Air Pollution Control of New York City is
discussed with special emphasis on approaches and specific
control problems. The present Department of Air Pollution
Control was authorized by law in November 1952. The Depart-
ment is responsible not only for smoke control and abatement
but also for the control of all sources of air pollution. During
the 11 years of operation, the Department has developed
criteria for oil-fired equipment, flue-fed and direct-fed in-
cinerators; criteria for spray booths, drying ovens, and
spreaders, including all types of coating and impregnating
operations; and criteria used in the examination of applications
for registration of retail neighborhood dry-cleaning establish-
ments including coin-operated dry-cleaning establishments.
Technical data sheets relative to required data for review of
submitted applications have been developed.
07187
E. C. Larson and H. E. Sipple
LOS ANGELES RULE 66 AND EXEMPT SOLVENTS. J.
Paint Technol. 39(508):258-264 (May 1967). (Presented at the
Los Angeles Society for Coatings Technology, Calif., Oct. 12,
1966; at the Golden Gate Society, San Francisco, Calif., Oct.
17, 1966; and at the Portland, Seattle, abd Vancouver Sections
of the Pacific Northwest Society, Washington, Oct. 19, 20,
and 21, 1966.)
The implications of Rule 66 of the Los Angeles County Air
Pollution Control District, which controls the emissions of
volatile organic solvents, are reviewed for then- effect on the
paint industry. The various provisions of Rule 66 are discussed
to illustrate the desirability of using exempt solvents. Satu-
rated hydrocarbons (iso, normal, and cycloparaffins), alcohols,
esters, ether-alcohols, and non-branched ketones are entirely
exempt. The exempt limits for photochemical reactive materi-
als are as follows: olefins - 5%, C8 plus aromatics - 8%, and
toluene, ethylbenzene, branched ketones, and
trichloroethylene - 20%. With mixtures of these photochemical
reactives the total allowable amount is 20%. The problem fac-
ing the paint industry is the replacement of the aromatic sol-
vents which are good solvents, but are photochemically reac-
tive, (igh solvency napthenic base stocks will help offset the
solvency of the displaced aromatics for the long oil alkyds and
many medium oil alkyds. Small quantities of non-exempt sol-
vents can be used provided the escaping vapors are condensed
or burned efficiently. The General Services Administration has
asked for a revision of all their purchasing specifications to
conform to Rule 66.
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
51
07483
Maher, G. R.
AIR POLLUTION REGULATION OF NONVEHICULAR, OR-
GANIC-SOLVENT EMISSIONS BY LOS ANGELES RULE 66.
J. Am. Oil Chemists Soc. 44(8):340A, Aug. 1967. (Presented at
the AOCS Short Course, East Lansing, Mich., Aug. 29-Sept.
1, 1966.)
In an effort to control sources emitting organic solvents into
the atmosphere, the Air Pollution Control District of Los An-
geles County, Calif., successfully secured passage of Rule 66
into law. Rule 66 specifically relates to the control of organic
solvent emissions from stationary sources. The major con-
tributor to the 550-ton daily emission of organic solvents was
industrial, commercial, and residential painting. Organic sol-
vent-containing products are to be controlled as follows. 1. A
maximum of 5% by volume of olefinic or cycloolefinic organic
solvents may be present. 2. A maximum of 8% by volume of
aromatic organic solvents having eight or more carbon atmos
may be used. 3. Ketone organic solvents having a branched
chain structure, such as methyl iso-butyl ketone, are limited to
a maximum of 20% by volume. 4. A maximum of 20% by
volume of toluene may be used. 5. Ethylbenzene, an aromatic
organic solvent with eight carbon atmos, was given a special
status and allowed a maximum of 20% by volume. 6.
Trichloroethylene is restricted to a maximum of 20% by
volume.
08055
Hardison, L. C.
CONTROLLING COMBUSTIBLE EMISSIONS. Paint Varnish
Prod., 57(7):41- 47, July 1967.
The control of solvent emissions may be handled by adsorp-
tion, thermal incineration, and catalytic incineration. Adsorp-
tion has the disadvantage of requiring reconstitution of the sol-
vent and presents a complex addition to the manufacturing
procedure. Adsorption as a means of concentrating solvent
into a smaller stream for subsequent incineration appears at-
tractive for some paint spray applications. Incineration pro-
vides the most nearly universal answer to the solvent emission
problem, and perhaps the most costly. Catalytic incineration is
not universally accepted at the present time because of the
lack of evidence of sustained performance, and will require a
guarantee of service and replacement in order to gain ac-
ceptance for solvent emission control. Thermal incineration,
on the other hand, can be assumed to sustain a given per-
formance level if the flows, temperatures, etc., are held con-
stant. This will be the main tool for solvent incineration in the
coating industries in the near future.
08376
Fiero, George W.
SOLVENTS, SMOG AND RULE 66. J. Am. Soc. Lubrication
Engr., 23(ll):448-458, Nov. 1967. 29 refs. (Presented at the
22nd ASLE Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, May 1-4,
1967.)
Solvents and cleaners evaporate into the air and some of them
may become pollutants. Their quantity, however, is relatively
small and their photochemical reactivity is relatively low.
Since, however, certain solvents when tested in smog cham-
bers at relatively hihg concentration (4ppm) do produce eye ir-
ritating products, their use is restricted in Los Angeles by Rule
66 and in the San Francisco Bay area by Regulation 3. These
are discussed in detail. The topographical and meteorological
characteristics of these locations are unique. Therefore, such
restrictions should not be imposed in other localities until a
thorough study is made to determine the extent, if any, which
solvents may contribute to smog.
08826
THE AMERICAN PAINT CONVENTION: AIR POLLUTION
AND RULE 66 DISCUSSED. Paint, Oil Colour J. (London),
152(3605):908-912, Nov. 17, 1967. 35 refs.
The discussion of the panel on air pollution at the annual
meeting of the Federation of Societies for Paint Technology is
reported. The panel consisted of four speakers and a chair-
man, or moderator, drawn from various parts of industry, and
including raw material and equipment manufacturers. The his-
tory of the recent legislative proceedings, a review of other
local rules and by-laws, problems of reformation and elimina-
tion of air-polluting products were discussed by the panel.
Rule 66, which was implemented on July 1, 1967, was the final
result of prolonged work and followed the drafting of 65 inter-
mediate regulations, some of which threatened the very ex-
istence of many industries in Los Angeles. The complicated
nature of Rule 66 was made apparent from the numerous
printed commentaries in the form of questions and answers.
Reverting to methods of control and disposal of excessive air
pollution emission as discussed by the panel, three major
sources of air-pollution in the manufacture of paint and ancil-
lary products and their use were considered, namely: (1) Resin
manufacture; (2) Paint application and drying; and (3) Paint
baking. The panel did not concern itself with details of refor-
mulation, otherwise than to indicate the basic problems facing
formulations.
09612
Peters, Alec Peters, Alec
AIR POLLUTION LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Preprint, Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.
Science Information Services, 20p., 1968. 15 refs. (Presented
at the International Symposium on Powder Coatings, London,
England, Feb. 13-15, 1968.)
The recent enactment of Rule 66 in Los Angeles, which regu-
lates the emission of hydrocarbon solvents, has now focused
attention on the air pollution problems of the coatings industry
in the United States, and affects both the manufacturers and
users of coatings. The implications and effects of this law, as
well as the overall American scene with regard to air pollution
control are discussed.
09918
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
INFORMATION CONCERNING PROPOSED RULES 66,
66.1,and 66.2. CONTROL OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS.
Preprint, ((17))p., June 15, 1966.
Questions and answer are presented which may help in ex-
plaining the provisions of proposed Rules 66, 66.1 and 66.2
concerning the control of organic solvents. Fifty-one questions
and answers are included Proposed rules 66.1 on architectural
coatings and 66.2 on disposal and evaporation of solvents are
presented.
10083
Fiero, George W.
AIR POLLUTION AND PROTECTIVE COATINGS:
HOUSTON, DALLAS, AND WASH- INGTON. J. Paint
Technol., 40(520):222-228, May 1968. 18 refs.
In general, man-made air pollutants are largely products of
combustion, and solvents from protective coatings are not
major air pollutants. Photochemical smog prevalent in Los An-
geles results fro inter-reaction between oxides of nitrogen,
reactive hydrocarbons, a oxygen. Hydrocarbons vary greatly
in their reactivity; hydrocarbo found in solvents are less reac-
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52
SURFACE COATINGS
live than auto exhaust. Data are provided on common air pol-
lutants in Houston, Dallas, Ft. Worth, an Washington. Rule 66
and its definition of photochemically reactive solvents are ex-
amined with respect to the use of protective coating in the San
Francisco Bay Area. Where federal specifications apply, the
Bay Area Air Pollution Control District has agreed to draw up
a variance to January 24, 1969. So far, Rule 66-type regula-
tions hav not been adopted anywhere other than California.
The New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania regulations and
proposed rules are discusse Industry must cooperate with local
authorities to reduce general a pollution. The National Paint,
Varnish and Lacquer Association smo chamber at Batelle
Memorial Institute should provide data relative the extent sol-
vents add to photochemical smog.
11069
Feldstein M. and W. R. Crouse
THE APPLICATION OF THE BAY AREA AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL DISTRICT REGULATION 3 TO SOLVENT EMIS-
SION CONTROL. Preprint, Bay Area Air Pollution Control
District, San Francisco, Calif., ((8))p., 2 refs. 1968. (Presented
at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-47.)
Regulation 3 of the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District
controls the emission of reactive organic compounds only. The
Regulation applies to other industrial sources than the surface
coating and solvent operations, but remarks are confined to
these latter industries. The Regulation defines reactive organic
compounds, and suggests methods by which they can be mea-
sured in effluent gases or in solvents.
11074
Chass, R. L., Krenz, W. B., and Dickinson, J. E.
AN APPRAISAL OF RULE 66 OF THE LOS ANGELES
COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT. Preprint,
Los Angeles County Air Pollu- tion Control District, 22p.,
1968. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-46.)
Emissions of organic solvents to the atmosphere of Los An-
geles County Air Pollution Control District (APCD) are cur-
rently estimated at 600 tons per day. In order to reduce these
emissions Rule 66 was enacted on July 28, 1966, after more
than a year of joint effort by industry and the APCD. The
provisions of rules 66, 66.1, and 66.2 are explained as well as
how their enforcement will affect industry and the entire com-
munity, and discusses the methods being utilized by industry
to bring its various operations into compliance. (Authors' ab-
stract, modified)
11090
Scofield, Francis
THE PAINT INDUSTRY APPROACH TO SOLVENT EMIS-
SION CONTROL. Preprint, National Paint, Varnish and
Lacquer Assoc., 4p., 1968.
The National Paint, Varnish, and Lacquer Association
established a smog chamber for the use of the paint industry,
to be devoted entirely to solvents used in coatings. The
chamber is currently operating and meaningful data are being
collected. The objectives include: the determination of smog-
forming tendencies of solvents which had not been previously
examined, and which are not currently controlled; the ex-
amination of solvents currently controlled, as members of a
class (such as branched-cham ketones) although no tests had
been run on the specific compound, study of the products of
baking ovens; and study of the smog-forming reaction, to re-
late structure to smog-forming tendency. Some policies, con-
tributions, and positions of the association are also described.
12789
Lunche, Robert G., Walter J. Hamming, Warren M. Dorn,
Louis J. Fuller, S. Smith Griswold, H. E. Sipple, Q. H.
Coffman, J. G. Hayes, W. J. Ryan, Rae E. Houke, J. C.
George, and G. R. Morris
L. A. S RULE 66 NIPS AIR POLLUTION DUE TO SOL-
VENTS. SAE (Soc. Automot. Engrs.) J., 76(11):25-31, Nov.
1968. 11 refs.
Enacted in July 1966, Rule 66 of the Los Angeles County Air
Pollution Control District struck at what had then become the
last remaining uncontrolled major hydrocarbon contributor to
photochemical smog - the emission of reactive organic sol-
vents into the atmosphere. Essentially, the rule prohibits the
emission of more than 40 Ibs per 24-hour day of these
photochemically reactive organic solvents into the atmosphere
from any piece of equipment where coatings are being applied
or dried unless a suitable air pollution control device is em-
ployed. Other features of the rule are described, as well as in-
dustry compliance, search for a substitute instead of invest-
ment in control equipment, and development of a non-
photochemically reactive solvent. A full-scale environmental
test chamber study was conducted in 1962-63 by the District to
determine the photochemical reactivity of various solvents, in
which eye irritation and ozone formation were the criteria util-
ized to judge relative reactivity. Solvent chemistry is reviewed.
20530
McFadden, Vincent D.
AIR POLLUTION AND FINISHING. Ind. Finishing (Indi-
anapolis), 43(9):28-30,32,34, Aug. 1967.
Studies conducted in Los Angeles, using a smog chamber,
revealed that organic solvents of the type used in coatings are
the cause of about 20% of the total organic emissions. Rule 66,
which was consequently enacted, is considered in its applica-
tion to industrial finishings. Coatings baked, heat cured or heat
polymerized, regardless of the type of solvent used, are
limited to no more than 15 Ibs per day from each operating
setup, and air-dried coatings in which photochemically reactive
solvents are used are limited to 40 Ibs per day. Some of the
following more common solvents are restricted: xylene,
toluene, MIBK, DIBK, mineral spirits, ethyl amyl ketone, Sol-
vesso 100, and hi-flash naphtha. Regulation No. 3 in San Fran-
cisco basically follows the form of Rule 66, but it tolerates
more solvents; suppliers shipping quantities of photochemi-
cally reactive agents in the Bay Area in 55-gallon containers or
larger must register this delivery with the San Francisco Air
Pollution Control District.
25176
Joyce, James D.
AIR POLLUTION: HOW IS THE FINISHER INVOLVED?
Prod. Finishing, 35(3):70-83, Dec. 1970. 4 refs.
Recent and future developments in air pollution legislation are
discussed with reference to their implications for the solvents-
consuming industry. The framework used by the Federal
government to control air quality is given in the Clean Air Act
of 1963 and the Air Quality Act of 1967. This legislation gives
the Department of Health, Education and Welfare the authori-
ty to establish air quality regions, to issue air quality criteria
for pollutants, and to make available state-of-the-art emission
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
53
control techniques. Of particular interest to the finisher are the
criteria on photochemical oxidants and hydrocarbons, and the
corresponding documents discussing their control techniques
for their emissions from stationary and mobile sources. The
criteria for photochemical oxidants point out that the lowest
level of photochemical reaction by-products observed to affect
human health correspond to a nonmethane hydrocarbon con-
tent of about 130 micrograms/cu m. Therefore, state authori-
ties can be expected to restrict levels of total nonmethane
hydrocarbons. This approach differs from that taken by the
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, which
rigidly controls the composition of hydrocarbons emitted to
the atmosphere. A report of the National Paint, Varnish and
Lacquer Association tends to confirm data on smog- producing
solvents used to derive the Los Angeles regulation. While the
uncertain nature of future legislation makes it difficult for the
finisher to plan for the future, he should become familiar with
methods of controlling solvent vapor emissions, including
those from vapor degreasers. These are to be found in the Na-
tional Air Pollution Control Administration's booklet 'Control
Techniques for Hydrocarbon and Organic Solvent Emissions
from Stationary Sources.'
25592
Polglase, William L.
THE CONTROL OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS. Preprint, Ohio
Painting and Decorating Contractors Association, 9p., 1970.
(Presented at the State of Ohio Painting and Decorating Con-
tractors Association Convention, Nov. 5-7, 1970.)
When engineering studies in the Los Angeles area indicated
that that organic emissions from solvent usage were second
only to those from gasoline-powered vehicles, a decision was
made to regulate solvents classified as either reactive or
moderately reactive. These are the solvents that enter into
photochemical reactions in the atmosphere and produce smog.
Provisions for their control are specified in Rule 66 of the Los
Angeles Air Pollution Control District, which restricts emis-
sions from paint bake ovens, heat curing, or heat polymeriza-
tion in the presence of oxygen to 15 pounds a day. Emissions
from all other operations using photochemically reactive sol-
vents (such as paint spray booths and degreasers) are limited
to 40 pounds a day. The use of architectural coatings contain-
ing reactive solvents is prohibited. Compliance with the regula-
tions can be achieved through the use of afterburners or ab-
sorbers, use of solvents formulated from nonphotochemically
reactive solvents, or process and equipment modification.
26070
Moffat, William E. G.
EUROPEAN LEGISLATION ON POLLUTION AND WASTE
DISPOSAL. Paint Mfr., 40(10:35-37, Nov. 1970. 1 ref.
European legislation and practice on water and air pollution
and waste disposal are surveyed. The effects on the paint in-
dustry are highlighted. Water pollution control legislation is
mentioned for Austria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands,
Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Three classes
of water are defined in Belgium, and Class 1 which pertains to
drinking water has very strict standards of temperature, pH,
solid content, and oxygen content. The other two classes
which pertain to fishing waters and industrial water have wider
limits. Control of air pollution throughout Europe is confined
at present chiefly to limiting sulfur dioxide and exhaust fumes
from motor cars. Regulations regarding air pollution from paint
manufacturing are mentioned in particular for West Germany.
Solid waste from the paint industry includes such materials as
paper, packaging materials, processing, and cleaning residues.
Fogel, M. E., R. E. Folsom, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
SURVEY PLAN FOR SPECIFIED AIR POLLUTION
SOURCES. (FINAL REPORT). (VOLUME III). Research Tri-
angle Inst., Research Triangle Park, N. C., Operations
Research and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA-70-60,
RTI Proj. OU-534, APTD-0664, 44p., Dec. 1970. 4 refs. NTIS:
PB 198780
A survey plan intended to increase the statistical validity of
future cost of clean air reports is presented. Eleven industrial
sources are included in the sampling plan: asphalt batching,
brick and tile, coal cleaning, grain milling (animal feed) and
handling, lime, petroleum refining, petroleum storage, rubber
(tires), secondary nonferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and
varnish. Air pollution control survey forms for the specified
sources are included. Sampling design recommendations are
presented for national, state, and metropolitan surveys.
Recommendations for mail and follow-up procedures are
discussed, and estimation techniques are presented. (Author
abstract modified)
34501
A CORPORATE CONCERN FOR OUR ENVIRONMENT.
PPG Products, 79(1):10-11, 1971.
At PPG, environmental control has emerged as a major ad-
ministrative segment of corporate activity. The Environmental
Control Policy Committee was established in 1969. Chaired by
the vice president of corporate relations, it includes the manu-
facturing vice presidents of the company s four operating divi-
sions. Company pollution control spending is projected at a
minimum of $52.5 million for 1971-75. The Glass Division
designed what it calls continuous air recording units to collect
ambient air data in the area of its plants, while a PPG-designed
noiseless and smokeless incinerator for liquid organic and
aqueous wastes will solve a disposal problem at some of the
company s Coatings and Resins Division facilities. An environ-
mental control laboratory was recently established to serve all
four divisions and PPG s subsidiaries.
43926
Hendry, A. L.
FLORIDA AIR AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT.
J. Paint Technol., 43(559):78-79, Aug. 1971. (Presented at the
Southern Society for Paint Technology, Annual Meeting, At-
lanta, Ga., March 1971.)
The intent of the Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Act
is to use the powers granted by the legislature to form state
and local agencies for the prevention and control of pollution.
Study of the Act and interviews with personnel showed that
the agencies have broad and real power to compel compliance
with the rules and regulations set up by these agencies. Ap-
peals are provided for in the Act, but they are expensive and
time- consuming. Coatings manufactures who have been con-
tacted by the control agencies report the agencies to be fair
and unbiased. There is no evidence that paint factories are re-
garded as pollution sources by the agencies themselves, but
public concern over pollution should cause paint manufac-
turers to establish open and frank relations with the pollution
control people in their areas. Good housekeeping procedures
and a visible intent to comply with local pollution control rules
will avoid unnecessary involvement with pollution control en-
forcement. (Author summary)
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54
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
00298 Basin, a seminar wasconducted in order to elucidate construc-
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS RELATING TO ORGANIC tive recommendations based on scientific analyses which
SOLVENTS. California Manufacturers Assoc. and Los An- would lead to an equitable law The Seminar on Au- Pollution
. _ .. _ . _ . _. ., ,., VT . served as a basis for general education in air pollution.
geles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., Nov. 4, Auhough genera, m Thei/Control; The Experimental Program
pp' on the Photochemical Activity of Organic Solvents; Control
Preliminary to acceptance of a proposal to regulate the manu- Equipment; Control of Organic Solvents from the Viewpoint
facturing and use of organic solvents in the Los Angeles of the Industrial Hygienist.
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55
N. GENERAL
43824 urethanes, and vinyls); other raw material developments (addi-
Preuss Harold P lives, pigments, and solvents); surface preparation; coatings;
TFPHNirAl nFVFl OPMFNTS IN 1Q71 PART 2 ORCANir protection against corrosion (mildew defacement); paint han-
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 1971. PART 2. ORGANIC du d application (coil coating, electrocoating, electron
(PAINT) COATINGS, PROCESSES AND EQUIPMENT. Metal beaffl curing^owder coatings> and containers); paini removal,
Finishing, 70(2):49-75, Feb. 1972 300 refs. testing_ and analysis; ecoiogy; and h^th, safety, and the law
Literature concerning technical developments in the following (lead, mercury, air quality legislation, product labeling, and
areas is reviewed: resin developments (acrylic, nylon, silicone, consumerism).
-------
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
57
D
H
ACRES G J K 'B-16326
ADAMIAK J *C-39244
ADRIAN, R C B-06088
ALPISER F M 'A-41896
ANTOLAK J P B-39296
ARMANI R B-37127
ARNEST, R T 'D-00081
AYER F A J-30696, L-32075
B
BABA Y 'C-31924
BARE F 'A-44107
BASKIN B 'B-47675
BATTIGELLI M C 'G-33504
BAUCH H 'B-21294
BAUMAN H C-39491
BAYLIS R L "B-41592
BELISLE J W 'C-25514
BENFORADO D M 'B-10951
BENFORADO, D 'B-08351
BENFORADO, D M 'B-06366, *B-07836,
'B-08506, 'B-10950
BENSON G E B-46035
BEST W H 'B-41522
BETHUNE W J 'B-18150
BETHUNE, W J 'B-13079
BETZ E C 'C-37584
BIERSTCKER K *G-28814
BINGHAM T E J-30696
BLACK J W C 'B-46580
BLUHM H J 'B-34620
BOLDUE, M J *B-03%6
BORCHERS C H B-37126, B-37152
BREWER G L 'B-39286
BREWER, G L B-03%6
BROWN D C-37155
BURCHARD H B-21294
BURKLIN C E A-40345
CHANSKY S H A-40303
CHASS, R L *B-06006, L-11074
CHATFIELD, H E *B-09819, *B-09844,
B-09845
CHAUDET, J H C-09751
CHIZHIKOV, V A *G-11359
CLARK H L B-39683
CLAYTON, L R C-01333
COFFMAN Q H L-12789
COFFMAN, Q H *A-08553
COOPER R M B-46580
COOPER, J C *B-08345
COUGHLIN H B A-41896
CROSS F L JR 'B-46035
CROUSE, L F 'B-08635
CROUSE, W R L-11069
CROWLEY J D *B-37885
CUNNIFF, F T B-08345
DAVIS J B *A-38307, *A-47879
DE SCHMERTZING, H 'C-09751
DEY, H F 'B-09791
DICKINSON, J E L-11074
DIGIACOMO J D 'B-44637
DONOVAN P D '1-23551
DOORGEEST T 'A-24096
DOORGEST T *A-44373
DORN W M L-12789
DUMON R 'B-47863
EDELEN E W 'B-39683
EHRLICH A 'B-29659
ELLIOTT J H 'B-12152
ELLIOTT, J H B-03762, B-03763, B-05173,
'B-05648, 'B-05678, B-06006, C-05848
ELLIS W H *B-16890
ESCOURROU R 'A-37996
ESPOSITO G G *C -21717
ESPOSITO, G G *A-09028, 'C-03991
FEIST, H J 'B-07362
FELDSTEIN, M 'L-11069
FIERO, G W *L-05106, 'L-08376,
L-10083
FINK, C K 'A-10283, *A-12084
FINOGEEV L P B-34293
FOGEL M E J-30696, *L-32075
FOLSOM R E L-32075
FONTEYN M 'A-34763
FOORD L J B-18150
FOORD, L J B-13079
FOX R D 'A-40303
FRANZKY U 'A-24754, 'C-20538
FRIEDLANDER S K D-32259
FULLER L J L-12789
FUTAKI S D-36910
GALLEN T J 'B-37304
GAUSEPOHL W B-28538
GEDGAUDAS M J A-41896
GEORGE J C L-12789
GEORGE, J C 'A-08557
GERARDE H W 'G-44874
GERSTLE R W J-30696
GIFFELS D J B-47675
GLAESER E 'B-32639
GOLDSTEIN, R 'C-05848
GOLDWATER, L J G-00776
GREEN W D-32259
GRISWOLD S S L-12789
GUENTHER R 'A-44184
HAMMING W J L-12789
HAMMING, W J 'F-08558
HAMMOND, W F B-06088
HANSEN C M 'A-47112
HARDISON L C 'B-23967, 'B-31996
HARDISON, L C 'L-08055
HARTOGENSIS F 'G-27132
HASAN, J 'G-07740
HAYASHI K 'B-43362
HAYES J G L-12789
HAYNIE F H 1-44509
HEARST, P J '1-05233
HEMSATH K H B-37804
HENDRY A L 'L-43926
HERNBERG, S G-07740
HESTERMANN G 'B-46102
HIDY G M 'D-32259
HIGH D M A-45858
HILL E L J-30696, L-32075
HISHIDA K A-32855, 'B-43446
HODGES J L B-39683
HODGSON F N A-12122
HODGSON, F N A-04234, C-08033
HOFFMANN A *B-41079
HONDA S 'B-30403
HOSHIKA Y 'D-36910
HOUKE R E L-12789
HULTGREN E 'B-46598
I
ILIFF N 'A-37681
INGELS, R M A-03764, 'B-09110
IRITANI, T *C-04143
ISHIGURO T 'A-32855, D-36910
ITO M 'B-45234
IXFELD H 'C-14476
JACOBS, M B 'G-00776
JENSEN S 'C-31240
JOHNSON D R A-33570
JOYCE J D 'L-25176
JURCZAK H B-37127
K
KAISER E R 'C-26966
KANTER, C V B-06006
KAROLY, T 'A-00904, 'G-01559
KATORI Y D-36910
KAYNE N B-12152
KAYNE, N B-03762, B-03763, B-05173,
B-05648, B-05678
KLEE O 'A-46111
KLEIN H B-41079
KOLK, A L 'C-08290
KOZIMA, T C-04742
KREISLER R 'B-41783
KRENZ, W B 'L-11074
KRIEGEL E 'B-41195
-------
58
LAFFEY, W T * A-10660
LAGARIAS, J S K-00250
LAGRONE F S *A-40345
LANCER C-37151, C-37155
LANG O *C-28393
LARSON, E C *L-07187
LE DUG M F B-12152
LEDUC, M F B-03762, B-03763, B-05173,
B-05648, B-05678
LEMKE E E 'A-32351
LEMKE K D B-32639
LESNINI D G B-16890
LESOURD D A 'J-30696
LEVY A *E-25527
LOW M J D 'F-37564, *F-37580
LUKEY M E 'A-45858
LUNCHE R G 'A-18751, *L-12789
M
MADER, P P *A-09238
MAKER, G R 'L-07483
MAIER A *B-31301, 'B-31472
MANNING, R N A-10660
MARK H F-37564, F-37580
MATSUSHITA M 'B-33181
MCCABE L C 'B-35595, 'B-36752
MCCABE, L C *K-00250
MCCALDIN R O *A-31649
MCEWEN, T E C-01333
MCFADDEN V D 'L-20530
MERZ O 'A-23843, 'A-34571, 'C-13081,
'C-43890
METSALA, P G-07740
MEUTHEN B 'A-34585, 'A-47708
MILLER S E E-25527
MILLS, E S A-09238
MILLS, J L 'B-06088
MILLY G H A-46863
MOFFAT W E G 'L-26070
MORISHITA, Y C-04143
MORRIS G R L-12789
MORRIS, G R A-08557
MOYER R H A-46863
MOZINA H F B-33819
MUEHLEN N V U Z *B-34574
MUEHLEN N V Z *B-41627
MUEHLEN T Z 'C-47952
MUELLER J H 'B-38195
MUTTERA W C-37128
N
NAGRANI A K 'B-25159
NAKANO K B-43446
NESBITT J D »B-37804
NEWNHAM, H A 'A-12641
NOVAK R C-37128
O
OKUNO T 'B-22988
OLIVER, J 'L-05471
ORDINANZ W 'A-47148
SURFACE COATINGS
P
PASKIND J B-39296
PAYDO, J S C-01333
PEISERT D C 'B-33819
PETERS, A 'L-09612
PETROVA, M S 'C-11486
PING, A Y *C-01333
PIPER, R *A-00746
POLGLASE W L *L-25592
POOLE W K 'A-33570
POSTMAN, B F 'L-06486
PREUSS H P 'N-43824
PRICE D A B-20310
PRICE H A 'B-20310
PRICE R L B-48096
PUSTINGER J V JR 'A-12122
PUSTINGER, J V JR *A-04234, 'C-08033
R
RASCHE, B 'G-09727
RATTRAY D T B-46580
REICHMANN R G *B-47686
REITH K B-40465
RODY W W *B-31231
ROSS R D 'B-45071
ROSS, W D A-04234
RUEB F 'B-25033
RUFF R J *B-39792, 'B-44812
RUSINOVA, A P *G-06663
RYAN W J L-12789
SAARY Z B-16890
SABINO E G JR C-18133
SAKAMOTO, H 'C-04742
SATO, S 'G-04142
SCHADT H F *B-42853
SCHAETZLE P "B-44245
SCHLEICHER A R J-30696
SCHNEIDER H J *B-48096
SCOFIELD, F *L-11090
SELHEIMER C W B-37126, 'B-37127,
*B-37152, 'B-39295, 'B-39296,
*C-37128, *C-37151, 'C-37155,
*C-39491
SENKEVICH E V *B-35771
SEVERES, R K B-03966
SEYMOUR C J A-18751
SHEVKUN, O N C-11486
SHIGETA Y 'B-37494, D-36910
SIBBETT D J 'A-46863
SIEPMANN R *B-40465
SIPPLE H E L-12789
SIPPLE, H E L-07187
SLETMOE G M 'A-29526
SMARSH J B-27732
SMITH, G F 'G-06820
SOVA B *C-13711
SPENCE J W «I-44509
SPENCER, E F *B-05173
SPENCER, E F JR 'B-03762, *B-03763
STARKMAN E H 'B-40948
STEEL, J *G-03654
STEIN A A-18751
STENBURG, R L 'B-02427
STRESEN REUTER J *B-18050
STRICH E R B-32639
STRINGER J 1-23551
STURIES F 'B-30176
SWANN, M H C-03991
SWANSON, G "D-10128
SWENSON C R B-29659
TADA O 'A-35957
TAKEDA M B-43446
TATSUKAWA R 'A-29984
TAYLOR C G 'A-45495
TERABE M 'B-17293
TERLYANSKAYA A T 'B-34293
THOMAS G A-32351
TIX W B-32639
TOW, P S 'A-03764
TRIPLETT G 'C-33045
TURITANI T *B-45233
TURK A *A-46184
U
ULMER, W T G-09727
VERSSEN, J A A-03764, *B-09848
VICK E *B-46060, 'B-46061
VICTOR I *B-37254
VIHKO, V G-07740
VINCENT, E J A-03764
VOS A W D 'B-27732
VOSTAL J 'A-46023
W
WAID D E 'B-34220, 'B-46138
WAID, D E B-08635
WAITKUS, J B-06366, B-08506
WALTON, T R 'A-08521
WEIGEL J E 'C-18133
WEIGEL, J E A-10283, A-12084
WEIMER R L A-18751
WEIMER, R L A-03764
WEINBERG A C-37155
WEISBURD M I 'B-48430
WEISS, S M 'B-09818
WESTCHESTER, J 'B-02112
WHITE L B-39295
WIEBE H 'B-28538
WILLOUGHBY E B-47675
WILSON W E JR E-25527
WORKMAN G B-39295
YAJIMA T A-32855
ZAVASNIK F C-37128
ZEGEL W 'A-37556
ZENKNER K 'B-39149
ZIELHUIS R L G-27132
ZUR MUEHLEN T C-28393
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
59
ABATEMENT A-08553, A-08557, A-32351,
A-38307, A-46184, A-47%3, B-05316,
B-40948, B-47686, L-0%12, L-25176,
L-26070, L-43926
ABSORPTION A-08553, A-09781, A-43269,
A-47879, B-02427, B-05173, B-06006,
B-09845, B-10950, B-17293, B-23967,
B-25033, B-25159, B-34620, B-37254,
B-37494, B-43446, B-45087, B-47686,
C-20538, C-47952, G-00776, L-05471,
L-07187, L-25592
ACETALDEHYDE A-04234, B-02427,
C-31924
ACETIC ACID A-04234, A-37190, 1-23551
ACETONE A-00746, A-04234, A-18751,
A-32855, B-09818, C-09751, C-18133,
C-39244, F-08558, 1-05233
ACETYLENES C-09751, 1-05233, L-08376,
L-09612
ACID SMUTS A-35957
ACIDS A-04234, A-29984, A-32351,
A-32855, A-34571, A-35957, A-37190,
A-43269, A-44184, A-45858, A-47148,
A-47963, B-03966, B-07362, B-09844,
B-10950, B-36752, B-37254, B-45071,
C-08033, C-28393, C-31924, D-00081,
G-04142, 1-05233, 1-23551, J-30696,
L-32075
ACROLEIN A-32855, A-37190, A-47879,
B-02427, B-34293, B-48437, C-31924,
L-08376, L-09612
ACUTE A-35957, G-06820
ADAPTATION C-26966
ADHESIVES A-04234, A-08553, A-29984,
B-05316, B-41079, C-08033, C-25514,
1-23551, L-08376, L-11069
ADMINISTRATION A-08553, A-08557,
A-09238, A-32351, A-40345, B-05316,
B-08351, B-09791, B-40948, B-47675,
B-47686, B-48096, D-35437, D-41887,
L-06486, L-09612, L-09918, L-11090,
L-32075, L-34501, M-00298
ADSORPTION A-08553, A-08557,
A-09781, A-43269, A-47879, B-03762,
B-03763, B-05173, B-05648, B-05678,
B-06006, B-08345, B-09818, B-09845,
B-10950, B-12152, B-17293, B-37127,
B-37254, B-37494, B-43446, B-45087,
B-46035, B-46138, B-47863, B-48430,
C-01333, C-31924, C-37128, C-47952,
L-05471, L-08055
ADULTS C-04143
ADVISORY SERVICES L-09612
AEROSOLS A-09781, B-01543, B-09791,
B-09848, B-30403, B-43362, B-43446,
B-46060, D-00081, F-08558
AFTERBURNERS A-09781, A-34585,
A-47708, A-47879, A-47%3, B-02112,
B-03762, B-03763, B-05173, B-05678,
B-06088, B-06366, B-07362, B-08345,
B-08351, B-08635, B-09110, B-09791,
B-09819, B-09845, B-09848, B-10950,
B-10951, B-13079, B-23967, B-30176,
B-30229, B-34220, B-34574, B-35771,
B-38195, B-39149, B-40465, B-41627,
B-41783, B-44245, B-44637, B-45071,
B-45087, B-46035, B-46060, B-46061,
B-46102, B-46138, B-48096, B-48430,
C-43890, F-08558, L-08055, L-08826,
L-11069, L-11074, L-25592
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
B-29761, B-33181
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES A-32351,
B-43446, M-00298
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA E-25527,
N-43824
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-32351, A-40345,
D-35437, D-41887, L-32075
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-03764, A-04234, A-10660, A-31649,
A-34763, A-40303, A-40345, A-41896,
A-45495, A-46863, B-06006, B-09844,
B-37126, C-04742, C-05848, C-21717,
C-37155, D-32259, D-35437, D-41887,
G-06663
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-00904,
A-08557, A-09781, A-23843, A-32351,
A-35957, A-37190, A-46863, B-02112,
B-09848, B-34620, B-46035, B-46102,
B-47686, D-00081, G-01559, G-03654,
G-06663, G-06820, G-11359, G-27132,
K-00250, L-05471, L-08826, L-09612,
M-00298
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
L-34501
AIRCRAFT A-08553, A-08557, A-18751,
A-32351, A-40345, B-05316, B-47686,
C-31924, D-32259
AIRPORTS A-40345
ALABAMA D-35437
ALCOHOLS A-00746, A-03764, A-04234,
A-08557, A-09781, A-10283, A-12122,
A-18751, A-23843, A-32855, A-34571,
A-34763, A-37190, A-44184, A-44373,
A-46184, B-02112, B-06366, B-08506,
B-09818, B-09844, B-09848, B-16890,
B-21294, B-44812, B-46060, B-46580,
B-47863, C-08033, C-09751, C-43890,
D-00081, F-08558, 1-05233, L-05106,
L-07187, L-08376, L-09612, L-10083
ALDEHYDES A-00746, A-04234, A-08557,
A-09028, A-09238, A-09781, A-12122,
A-23843, A-32855, A-34571, A-35957,
A-37190, A-37556, A-44184, A-47148,
A-47879, B-02112, B-02427, B-09844,
B-21294, B-34293, B-36752, B-39683,
B-44812, B-46060, B-46580, B-47863,
B-48437, C-08033, C-31924, C-43890,
D-00081, F-08558, L-08376, L-08826,
L-09612, L-11069
ALERTS A-32351
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-03764,
A-04234, A-08557, A-09781, A-10283,
A-10660, A-18751, A-23843, A-34571,
A-34763, A-35957, A-37556, A-37681,
A-44373, A-47112, B-02112, B-05316,
B-07362, B-08345, B-09818, B-09845,
B-09848, B-16890, B-41592, C-01333,
C-03991, C-08033, C-09751, C-18133,
D-00081, F-08558, 1-05233, L-05106,
L-07187, L-07483, L-08376, L-08826,
L-09612, L-10083, L-11074, M-00298
ALLERGIES G-11359
ALTITUDE A-46023
ALUMINUM A-08553, A-45858, B-07362,
B-09791, B-36130, B-43362, C-33045,
J-30696
ALVEOLI G-09727
AMINES A-04234, A-23843, A-34571,
B-09844, C-25514, 1-05233
AMMONIA A-04234, A-32855, A-35957,
A-43269, A-44184, A-45858, A-47148,
B-28538, B-37254, C-08033, C-09751,
C-31924, C-43890, D-00081
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE A-35957
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-04234,
A-32855, A-35957, A-43269, A-44184,
A-45858, A-47148, B-28538, B-37254,
C-08033, C-09751, C-31924, C-43890,
D-00081
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-04234,
A-09028, A-09238, A-09781, A-12122,
A-23843, A-29984, A-44184, A-47%3,
B-03762, B-03966, B-06366, B-08506,
B-08635, B-34574, C-03991, C-04143,
C-04742, C-05848, C-08033, C-08290,
C-09751, C-13081, C-13711, C-14476,
C-18133, C-21717, C-25514, C-31240,
C-31924, C-37128, C-37I51, C-37155,
C-39244, C-39491, C-43890, C-47952,
D-10128, D-36910, G-06820, N-43824
ANIMALS A-29984, A-37190, B-02427,
C-04143, C-08033, D-00081, D-41887,
G-01559, G-03654, G-04142, G-09727,
G-11359
ANNUAL A-31649, A-37681, A-40303,
B-38195
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS A-08521
AREA SURVEYS A-32351, D-35437,
D-41887
AROMATIC FRACTIONS C-21717
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-00746,
A-03764, A-04234, A-08557, A-09028,
A-09781, A-10283, A-10660, A-12084,
A-18751, A-23843, A-29984, A-32855,
A-34763, A-37556, A-44107, A-44184,
A-44373, A-46111, A-47112, B-02112,
B-03763, B-03966, B-05316, B-08345,
B-09818, B-09844, B-09845, B-09848,
B-16890, B-34293, B-35771, B-39149,
B-48437, C-01333, C-03991, C-04143,
C-04742, C-08033, C-08290, C-09751,
C-11486, C-18133, C-25514, C-31240,
C-31924, D-00081, D-36910, F-08558,
G-04142, G-06663, G-11359, G-44874,
L-05106, L-07187, L-07483, L-08376,
L-08826, L-09612, L-10083, L-11074,
M-00298
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS B-08351,
D-00081, D-41887
ARSINE D-00081
ASBESTOS A-09238
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60
SURFACE COATINGS
ASIA A-29984, A-32855, A-35957,
A-47148, B-17293, B-22988, B-29761,
B-30403, B-33181, B-37494, B-43362,
B-43446, B-45233, B-45234, C-04143,
C-04742, C-31924, D-36910, G-04142,
G-29963
ASPHALT A-32351, A-40303, B-09791,
B-09819, B-39286, C-33045, J-30696,
L-32075
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-32351,
D-10128, D-32259
AUTOMOBILES A-18751, A-32351,
A-40345, B-319%, B-34574, D-35437,
1-44509, J-30696, L-08376, L-0%12
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-32351, B-40948, J-306%, L-09612
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-09781,
A-32351, A-43268, B-32639, C-26966,
C-37584, F-08558, G-28814, G-29963,
L-09612, L-26070, M-00298
B
BACTERIA B-01543
BAFFLES A-09781, B-09845
BAG FILTERS B-09844, B-31231,
B-45233, B-45234, B-46598, C-08290
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES C-33045
BATTERY MANUFACTURING A-31649
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
C-21717
BENZENES A-00746, A-04234, A-08557,
A-09028, A-09781, A-10283, A-32855,
A-44107, A-44184, B-02112, C-03991,
C-04143, C-04742, C-08033, C-09751,
C-31924, D-36910, F-08558, G-04142,
G-06663, G-44874, L-05106, L-07187,
L-07483, L-08376, L-0%12
BENZOIC ACID B-07362
BENZOPYRENES A-47148
BERYLLIOSIS A-03764, A-04234,
B-02112, B-03762, B-03763, B-03966,
C-01333, C-03991, C-04143
BERYLLIUM D-00081
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS G-29963
BESSEMER CONVERTERS C-33045
BLAST FURNACES A-45858, B-31231,
C-33045
BLOOD CELLS A-35957, G-04142,
G-07740, G-09727, G-11359, G-33504
BLOOD CHEMISTRY G-04142, G-07740
BLOOD VESSELS A-35957, G-44874
BLOWS Y A-32351
BODY FLUIDS A-46111, G-11359
BOILERS A-32351, A-37556, A-47148,
B-38651, D-32259, D-35437, J-306%
BREATHING A-33570, G-11359
tREATHING APPARATUS B-31231
1RICKS B-36130, J-30696, L-32075
1RONCHI A-35957
1RONCHITIS A-35957, G-11359, G-28814
3UBBLE TOWERS A-09781, B-03%6,
B-41195
BUDGETS L-34501
BUILD-UP RATES A-45495, A-46863
BUILDINGS A-46863, G-06663, 1-44509
BUTADIENES L-08376
BUTENES F-08558, L-08376
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-38307,
B-07836, B-28538, B-35933, B-38195,
B-38651, B-3%83, B-41522, B-41627
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
D-41887
A-00746,
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS D-10128
CALCIUM SULFATES D-10128
CALIBRATION METHODS C-47952
CALIFORNIA A-03764, A-08553, A-08557,
A-09238, A-09781, A-11546, A-18751,
A-32351, B-02112, B-05316, B-06006,
B-08345, B-08351, B-16890, B-34220,
B-36752, B-37885, B-39683, B-48096,
D-32259, F-08558, K-00250, L-05106,
L-07187, L-07483, L-08055, L-08376,
L-08826, L-09612, L-09918, L-10083,
L-11069, L-11074, L-12789, L-25592,
M-00298
CANADA A-04234, B-01543, B-13079,
B-18150, B-46580, C-01333, G-00776
CANCER G-28814
CANNING A-18751, B-36752, B-37494,
B-3%83
CARBON BLACK A-43269, A-45858,
B-03762, B-03763, B-30176, B-37127,
B-37254, B-43362, B-45087, B-46060,
B-47863
CARBON DIOXIDE A-09238, A-37556,
B-03966, B-08635, B-34620, B-46102,
C-05848, C-09751, C-14476, D-00081,
1-05233
CARBON DISULFIDE C-08033, D-00081
CARBON MONOXIDE A-04234, A-09238,
A-09781, A-10660, A-12122, A-32351,
A-32855, A-37556, A-37996, A-40303,
A-40345, A-418%, A-47148, A-47963,
B-03966, B-07362, B-28538, B-31996,
B-39149, B-44812, C-08033, C-09751,
D-00081, D-32259, D-35437, F-08558,
1-05233, J-30696, K-00250, L-08376
CARBONYLS A-09781, 1-05233
CARCINOGENS A-03764, B-02427,
B-03763, B-03966, G-01559, K-00250
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES G-11359,
G-28814
CATALYSIS B-02112, B-02427, B-07362,
B-08351, B-09791, B-09844, B-09845,
B-10951, B-16326, B-25033, B-32639,
B-34293, B-34574, B-36130, B-39286,
B-39792, B-44245, B-46061, B-48437,
C-37151, C-37584, D-10128, L-05471
CATALYSTS B-02427, B-07362, B-08351,
B-09791, B-09844, B-09845, B-10951,
B-16326, B-25033, B-32639, B-34293,
B-34574, B-36130, B-39286, B-39792,
B-44245, B-46061, B-48437, C-37584,
D-10128, L-05471
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY B-02112, B-07362
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS A-09781,
A-34585, A-47708, A-47879, A-47963,
B-02112, B-03762, B-05173, B-07362,
B-08345, B-08351, B-08635, B-09791,
B-09845, B-09848, B-13079, B-23967,
B-30229, B-34574, B-40465, B-41627,
B-41783, B-44245, B-45071, B-46061,
B-46138, B-48430, C-43890, F-08558,
L-08055, L-08826, L-11069, L-11074
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-23843,
A-24754, B-02112, B-03966, B-07362,
B-08345, B-08635, B-13079, B-16326,
B-18050, B-18150, B-25033, B-25159,
B-30176, B-30229, B-32639, B-33819,
B-34293, B-34620, B-37494, B-39286,
B-39295, B-39792, B-44812, B-46035,
B-46102, B-46138, B-47863, B-48437,
C-37151, C-37584, L-05471, L-08055
CELLS A-35957, G-04142, G-07740,
G-09727, G-11359, G-33504
CEMENTS A-40303, C-33045, D-10128,
J-306%
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-47963,
B-09844, B-31301
CERAMICS A-29984, A-37190, B-07362
CHARCOAL A-08553, A-09781, A-43269,
B-02427, B-05173, B-05648, B-05678,
B-06006, B-08345, B-25159, L-05471
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-10660,
B-06006, B-09844, B-37126, C-21717,
C-37155, G-06663
CHEMICAL METHODS A-04234,
A-09238, B-03762, B-03%6, B-08506,
C-03991, C-05848, C-13081, C-14476,
C-43890, D-10128, G-06820
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-08553,
A-08557, A-09028, A-09238, A-09781,
A-10660, A-32351, A-44184, A-46023,
B-03762, B-05173, B-05316, B-07362,
B-08345, B-09844, B-09845, B-16316,
B-17293, B-34620, B-36130, B-37152,
B-37494, B-37885, B-38651, B-39296,
B-43446, B-45087, B-46138, C-08033,
C-31924, E-25527, F-08558, G-06820,
1-05233, L-05471, L-07187, L-07483,
L-08376, L-0%12, L-11069, L-11074,
L-11090, L-12789, M-00298
CHICAGO L-09612
CHILDREN D-41887
CHLORIDES C-09751
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-00746, A-03764, A-08521, A-08553,
A-08557, A-09238, A-11546, A-18751,
A-29984, A-37681, A-44107, A-46111,
A-47112, B-05316, B-08345, B-21294,
B-45071, C-01333, C-08033, C-09751,
C-31240, F-08558, G-06820, L-05106,
L-07187, L-07483, L-08376, L-08826,
L-09612
CHLORINE A-45858, A-47963, D-00081
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-09238,
A-09781, A-35957, B-37254, C-09751
CHLOROFORM C-09751
CHROMATES G-27132
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-04234, A-09028,
A-09238, A-09781, A-12122, A-23843,
A-44184, B-03762, B-03966, B-08635,
B-34574, C-03991, C-04143, C-05848,
C-08033, C-08290, C-09751, C-18133,
C-21717, C-31240, C-31924, C-37128,
C-37151, C-37155, C-47952, D-36910,
G-06820
CHROMIUM B-07362, B-41627
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS A-00746,
B-34293, G-27132
CHROMIUM OXIDES A-32855
CHRONIC A-29984, A-35957, G-06820,
G-28814
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A-35957,
G-44874
CITY GOVERNMENTS A-32855, K-00250,
L-08826, L-09612
CLAY C-37155
CLEAN AIR ACT D-35437, L-08826,
L-09612
COAL A-31649, A-40345, A-45858,
A-47148, B-34620, B-40948, C-33045,
D-10128, D-35437, J-30696, L-32075
COAL TARS B-09819
CODES A-09781, B-47686, L-07187,
L-07483, L-10083
COFFEE-MAKING A-24754, B-07362,
B-08635, B-09110, B-09791, B-36752
COLLECTORS A-09781, A-47879,
A^!7%3, B-09844, B-09845, B-31231,
B-31301, B-319%, B-37126, B-47686,
C-01333
COLORADO D-10128
COLORIMETRY A-23843, B-03966,
C-04742, C-25514, C-39244, G-06820
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY B-03966,
C-05848, C-37155
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
61
COMBUSTION A-08521, A-24754,
B-02112, B-02427, B-03762, B-03763,
B-06088, B-07362, B-08345, B-08351,
B-08635, B-09791, B-17293, B-18150,
B-28538, B-34620, B-35771, B-36130,
B-37494, B-37804, B-39286, B-43446,
C-05848, C-31924, C-37151, D-10128,
G-06820, K-00250, L-07187, L-08376
COMBUSTION AIR B-08345, B-08351,
B-35771, B-46102
COMBUSTION GASES A-10660, A-37190,
A-37556, A-38307, A-41896, A-44184,
A-44373, A-45858, B-03763, B-09791,
B-09848, B-23967, B-27732, B-28538,
B-29761, B-30176, B-30229, B-31301,
B-33819, B-34293, B-34574, B-34620,
B-35933, B-37804, B-38651, B-39149,
B-39286, B-39792, B-40465, B-41079,
B-41195, B-41522, B-41783, B-43446,
B-44245, B-45087, B-45234, B-46060,
B-46598, B-47686, B-47863, B-48437,
C-08290, C-14476, C-33045, C-37584,
C-43890, K-00250, L-08376
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-10660,
A-31649, A-37190, A-37556, A-38307,
A-40303, A-41896, A-44184, A-44373,
A-45858, A-46023, A-47148, B-03763,
B-09791, B-09848, B-23967, B-27732,
B-28538, B-29761, B-30176, B-30229,
B-31301, B-33819, B-34293, B-34574,
B-34620, B-35933, B-37804, B-38651,
B-39149, B-39286, B-39792, B-40465,
B-41079, B-41195, B-41522, B-41783,
B-43446, B-44245, B-45087, B-45234,
B-46060, B-46598, B-47686, B-47863,
B-48437, C-08290, C-14476, C-33045,
C-37584, C-43890, D-10128, K-00250,
L-06486, L-08376
COMMERCIAL AREAS D-35437
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-01543,
B-09791
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-29761, B-31231,
B-40948, C-01333, L-34501, M-00298
COMPLAINTS A-32855, A-44107,
B-29761, B-39683, B-43446, D-36910
COMPRESSED GASES B-37804
COMPRESSION B-07362
COMPUTER PROGRAMS C-09751,
D-35437
COMPUTERS D-35437
CONCRETE A-32351, C-33045
CONDENSATION A-09028, B-05173,
B-08345, B-09844, B-37254, B-38651,
B-45087, B-46580, C-01333, C-37155,
L-07187
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-09238,
A-12122, A-32351, A-40303, B-09791,
B-09819, B-09844, B-09845, B-36130,
B-39286, C-08033, C-11486, C-33045,
D-10128, J-30696, L-32075
CONTINUOUS MONITORING C-37584,
L-34501
CONTROL AGENCIES B-05316, B-09848,
B-47686, L-09612, L-12789, L-43926
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-08553,
A-08557, A-09238, A-09781, A-29984,
A-34585, A-44107, A-47708, A-47879,
A-47963, B-01543, B-02112, B-02427,
B-03762, B-03763, B-03966, B-05173,
B-05648, B-05678, B-06006, B-06088,
B-06366, B-07362, B-08345, B-08351,
B-08635, B-09110, B-09791, B-09818,
B-09819, B-09844, B-09845, B-09848,
B-10950, B-10951, B-13079, B-23967,
B-25033, B-25159, B-27732, B-29761,
B-30176, B-30229, B-30403, B-31231,
B-31301, B-31472, B-31996, B-33181,
B-34220, B-34574, B-34620, B-35595,
B-35771, B-35933, B-36752, B-37126,
B-37127, B-37254, B-37304, B-37494,
B-37804, B-38195, B-38651, B-39149,
B-39296, B-39683, B-40465, B-41079,
B-41195, B-41627, B-41783, B-42853,
B-43362, B-43446, B-44245, B-44637,
B-45071, B-45087, B-45233, B-45234,
B-46035, B-46060, B-46061, B-46102,
B-46138, B-46580, B-46598, B-47675,
B-47686, B-47863, B-48096, B-48430,
C-01333, C-08290, C-31924, C-33045,
C-37151, C-43890, D-00081, D-10128,
F-08558, L-05471, L-08055, L-08826,
L-11069, L-11074, L-25592, L-34501
CONTROL METHODS A-08553, A-08557,
A-09781, A-10283, A-10660, A-11546,
A-23843, A-24754, A-32351, A-32855,
A-34585, A-38307, A-41896, A-43268,
A-43269, A-44107, A-45495, A-46863,
A-47708, A-47879, B-02112, B-02427,
B-03762, B-03763, B-03966, B-05173,
B-05316, B-05648, B-05678, B-06006,
B-06088, B-06366, B-07242, B-07362,
B-07836, B-08345, B-08351, B-08506,
B-08635, B-09791, B-09818, B-09819,
B-09845, B-10950, B-12152, B-13079,
B-16316, B-16326, B-17293, B-18050,
B-18150, B-20310, B-21294, B-22988,
B-23967, B-25033, B-25159, B-27732,
B-28538, B-29659, B-29761, B-30176,
B-30229, B-31231, B-31301, B-31996,
B-32639, B-33819, B-34293, B-34620,
B-35595, B-35771, B-35933, B-36752,
B-37127, B-37152, B-37254, B-37494,
B-37885, B-38195, B-38651, B-39149,
B-39286, B-39295, B-39296, B-39683,
B-39792, B-40465, B^t0948, B-41522,
B-41627, B-41783, B-43362, B-43446,
B-44637, B-44812, B-45071, B-45087,
B-45234, B-46035, B-46060, B-46061,
B-46102, B-46138, B-46580, B-47675,
B-47686, B-47863, B-48430, B-48437,
C-01333, C-20538, C-26966, C-31924,
C-37128, C-37151, C-37584, C-39491,
C-47952, D-00081, G-00776, G-01559,
G-03654, G-06820, 1-44509, J-30696,
L-05471, L-07187, L-08055, L-08826,
L-0%12, L-11069, L-11074, L-25592
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-08553,
A-08557, B-40948, B-47675, B-47686,
B-48096, L-06486, L-09612, L-09918,
L-34501
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES A-04234,
A-08557, A-09238, A-12122, C-08033,
C-09751
CONVECTION B-09848
COOLING B-05173, B-08345, B-29659,
B-38651, C-08033, C-43890
COPPER B-07362, B-41627, C-33045,
J-30696
COPPER ALLOYS C-33045
COPPER COMPOUNDS B-34293
CORE OVENS B-09791, B-46138
CORROSION A-12641, 1-23551, N-43824
COSTS A-08557, B-05173, B-06006,
B-07242, B-08345, B-09791, B-09848,
B-12152, B-16890, B-23967, B-29659,
B-30229, B-31996, B-33819, B-34620,
B-37254, B-38195, B-39286, B-39296,
B-41627, B-44637, B-45087, B-46035,
B-46060, B-46061, B-46102, B-47675,
C-26966, C-39491,1-44509, J-30696,
L-07483, L-34501
COUGH G-11359
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS A-08553,
A-08557, A-09781, B-02112, B-08351,
B-39683, F-08558, L-07187, L-07483,
L-08055, L-08376, L-08826, L-0%12,
L-09918, L-12789
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS A-32351
CRITERIA C-39491, E-25527, F-08558,
N-43824
CROPS G-04142
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE D-10128
CUPOLAS A-32351, B-07242, C-33045
CYANATES B-09844, C-25514, G-11359
CYANIDES A-09238, B-41627
CYCLIC ALKANES A-08557, C-08033,
C-09751, F-08558
CYCLONES (ATMOSPHERIC) D-32259
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-04234, B-03762,
B-38651, C-04143, C-13711, G-00776
D
DATA ANALYSIS D-35437
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-40345,
C-09751, D-35437
DECOMPOSITION A-44184, B-09845,
B-37494, G-06820
DECREASING A-08553, A-11546,
A-18751, A-32351, A-47148, B-06006,
B-08345, B-08635, B-37254, B-45087,
C-47952, G-06820, L-08376, L-11069,
L-11074, L-25176
DENSITY B-31301, B-34293, D-32259
DEPOSITION A-33570, D-10128
DESIGN CRITERIA B-03762, B-05648,
B-06088, B-07836, B-08351, B-09110,
B-09791, B-09845, B-09848, B-10951,
B-16326, B-18050, B-20310, B-25033,
B-30229, B-30403, B-33181, B-33819,
B-37304, B-37804, B-41079, B-41195,
B-42853, B-43362, B-44812, B-46138,
C-01333, C-37584, C-39491, F-37580
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
A-40345, A-45858, A-47963, C-09751,
D-10128
DIESEL ENGINES A-32351, A-40345,
A-46184, B-16326, B-32639, C-26966,
C-31924, D-32259, D-35437
DIFFUSION D-41887
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A-35957, G-04142,
G-06820, G-33504
DIOLEFINS F-08558, L-08376
DIPHENYLS A-29984
DISCOLORATION 1-44509
DISPERSION A-09781, A-40345, A-44373,
A-46023, B-37494, D-10128, D-35437,
D-41887, G-09727
DISPERSIONS B-41592
DISSIPATION RATES A-46863
DISTILLATE OILS A-40303, A-40345
DIURNAL A-31649, A-32351, D-32259
DOGS C-08033
DOMESTIC HEATING A-10660, A-40303,
B-31996, J-30696
DONORA L-0%12
DROPLETS B-06088, B-09819
DRY CLEANING A-1875!, A-32351,
A-40303, A-40345, A-43268, A-45858,
A-46184, B-06006, B-08345, B-37254,
B-45087, C-01333, C-47952, G-06820,
L-05106, L-06486, L-08376
DRY CLEANING SOLVENTS A-03764,
B-06006, F-08558, G-06820, K-00250,
L-06486, L-07187, M-00298
DRYING A-29984, A-34571, A-34585,
A-44184, A-44373, A-47148, B-09848,
-------
62
SURFACE COATINGS
B-28538, B-34574, B-35771, B-36752,
B-39683, B-41522, B-41627, B-44812,
B-45071, C-43890, L-07187, L-07483
DUMPS A-31649, A-40345, B-37494,
L-08376
DUSTS A-00904, A-33570, A-37190,
A-37996, A-47148, A-47963, B-01543,
B-07242, B-08351, B-09844, B-09845,
B-29761, B-31231, B-31301, B-31472,
B-31996, B-43362, B-45233, B-45234,
B-47686, D-10128, G-01559, G-09727,
G-27132
DYE MANUFACTURING A-00904,
A-40345, B-21294, G-01559
ECONOMIC LOSSES 1-44509
EDUCATION M-00298
ELECTRIC CHARGE B-30403, B-37304
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-32351,
A-45858, C-33045
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-10660, A-32351, A-40303, A-40345,
A-47148, B-07242, B-31996, C-31924,
D-32259, D-35437, J-30696
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES A-29984,
B-30403, B-37304
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
B-03966
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-47963, B-09819, B-27732, B-30403,
B-31996, B-37304, B-47686
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-34763,
A-40303, A-40345, A-41896, B-06006,
D-32259, D-35437
EMISSION STANDARDS A-09781,
A-32351, A-34585, A-37190, A-44107,
A-47963, B-05316, B-31301, B-34620,
B-46035, B-46102, J-306%, K-00250,
L-07187, L-08055, L-0%12, L-25176,
L-25592
EMPHYSEMA G-11359
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES L-09612,
L-43926
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-09781, A-32351,
C-26966, C-37584, F-08558, L-09612,
M-00298
ENZYMES A-46111, G-33504
ERYTHEMA G-44874
ESTERS A-03764, A-04234, A-08557,
A-10283, A-12084, A-34763, A-44184,
A-44373, B-02112, B-09818, B-09844,
B-09848, B-16890, B-21294, B-22988,
B-34293, B-44812, B-46580, C-09751,
C-11486, C-18133, C-28393, D-00081,
D-36910, F-08558, 1-05233, L-05106,
L-07187, L-08376, L-09612
ETHERS A-03764, A-08557, A-12084,
A-12122, B-09848, B-16890, B-44812,
C-08033, C-09751, F-08558, L-05106,
L-07187, L-08376, L-09612
ETHYL ALCOHOL B-09818, C-09751,
F-08558
ETHYLENE A-18751, A-35957, A-37681,
B-02112, B-05316, C-01333, F-08558,
1-05233, L-09612
EUROPE A-04234, A-23843, A-24096,
A-24754, A-34571, A-34585, A-34763,
A-37190, A-37681, A-37996, A-38307,
A-44107, A-44184, A-44373, A-45495,
A-46023, A-46111, A-47708, A-47879,
A-47963, B-02112, B-02427, B-03762,
B-03966, B-07242, B-07362, B-16316,
B-16326, B-21294, B-25033, B-28538,
B-30176, B-30229, B-31301, B-31472,
B-32639, B-34293, B-34574, B-34620,
B-35771, B-38651, B-39149, B-40465,
B-41079, B-41195, B-41592, B-41627,
B-41783, B-44245, B-46060, B-46061,
B-46102, B-46598, B-47863, B-48437,
C-01333, C-04143, C-11486, C-13081,
C-137U, C-14476, C-20538, C-28393,
C-31240, C-39244, C-43890, C-47952,
D-00081, G-00776, G-06663, G-07740,
G-09727, G-11359, G-27132, G-28814,
1-23551, K-00250, L-0%12, L-26070
EXCESS AIR B-08345, B-35771
EXCRETIONS G-04142, G-06820
EXHAUST SYSTEMS B-02112, B-06088,
B-08345, B-09791, B-09818, B-09819,
B-09848, B-25033, B-25159, B-33181,
B-43446, B-45233, B-45234, B-46598
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT B-07362
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A-04234,
A-46863, B-08506, B-16890, C-04143,
C-39244
EXPLOSIONS A-43269
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS G-00776,
G-09727
EXPOSURE METHODS G-00776
EYE IRRITATION A-09781, A-32351,
A-35957, B-39295, F-08558, G-06820,
G-11359, L-07483, L-08376, L-09612,
L-12789
EYES A-35957, B-09844, G-06820
FADING 1-44509
FALLOUT A-37996
FANS (BLOWERS) B-02112, B-08345,
B-09791, B-09819, B-09848, B-33181
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-06006,
B-12152, C-37128
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS B-47686,
L-07187, L-09612, L-25176, M-00298
FEED LOTS A-37190, B-37494
FEMALES G-06663
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-32855, A-40345, B-37494
FERTILIZING D-10128
FIELD TESTS B-06366, B-08635, B-34220
FILTER FABRICS A-09238, A-29984,
A-47963, B-03966, B-05648, B-31301,
B-31996, B-34574, B-43362, B-45233,
C-33045, D-10128, L-34501
FILTERS A-09238, A-29984, A-44107,
A-47963, B-03966, B-05648, B-09844,
B-25033, B-25159, B-31231, B-31301,
B-31996, B-33181, B-34574, B-34620,
B-37304, B-41195, B-43362, B-43446,
B-45233, B-45234, B-46598, B-47686,
C-08290, C-33045, D-10128, L-34501
FIRING METHODS B-08345, B-08351,
B-35771, B-40465, B-46102
FLAME AFTERBURNERS A-09781,
A-34585, A-47708, A-47963, B-03762,
B-03763, B-05173, B-05678, B-06088,
B-06366, B-08351, B-08635, B-09110,
B-09791, B-09845, B-09848, B-23967,
B-30229, B-34220, B-34574, B-39149,
B-40465, B-41627, B-41783, B-44245,
B-45071, B-46061, B-46138, B-48430,
F-08558, L-11069
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
A-23843, B-03966, B-08635, C-08033,
C-09751, C-18133
FLARES A-09781
FLAX G-04142
FLORIDA L-43926
FLOW RATES A-37556, A-45858,
B-03966, B-07362, B-09791, B-16890,
B-34293, B-37804, B-41195, B-45233,
B-45234, B-46138, C-04143, C-18133,
C-33045
FLOWMETERS C-01333
FLUID FLOW A-37556, A-45858, B-03966,
B-05648, B-07362, B-09791, B-16890,
B-34293, B-37804, B-41195, B-45233,
B-45234, B-46138, C-04143, C-18133,
C-33045
FLUORIDES J-306%
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-37681, C-08033, C-09751
FLUORINE A-37190
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-32855,
A-37996, A-47963, J-30696
FLY ASH D-10128
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-18751, A-24754, A-32855, A-37996,
A-40303, A-40345, A-45858, A-46184,
A-47963, B-07362, B-08635, B-09110,
B-09791, B-23967, B-31996, B-35595,
B-36752, B-37494, B-39683, B-40465,
B-45087, B-46138, C-26966, C-31924,
C-33045, D-10128, J-30696, L-32075
FOODS A-37190
FORESTS A-37190
FORMALDEHYDES A-04234, A-09238,
A-23843, A-32855, A-35957, A-37556,
A-44184, A-47879, B-46060, B-47863,
C-31924, C-43890, F-08558, L-08376
FORMIC ACID A-37190, 1-05233, 1-23551
FRACTIONATION C-37155, C-39491
FRANCE A-37996, B-47863
FREE RADICALS A-09028
FREEZING C-08033
FUEL EVAPORATION A-32351, A-43268
FUEL GASES A-32351, A-40345, A-45858,
A-47148, B-09110, B-09848, B-35771,
B-41522, B-46035, C-33045, D-35437
FUEL OILS A-32351, A-34571, A-40303,
A-40345, A-45858, A-47148, B-09848,
B-46035, C-33045, D-10128, D-35437
FUELS A-09781, A-31649, A-32351,
A-34571, A-40303, A-40345, A-45858,
A-46023, A-47148, B-09110, B-09848,
B-34620, B-35771, B-35933, B-40948,
B-41522, B-46035, C-33045, D-10128,
D-32259, D-35437, G-44874, J-30696,
K-00250, L-0%12, L-32075
FUMES A-08553, A-08557, A-35957,
B-01543, B-02112, B-02427, B-06366,
B-08506, B-08635, B-09110, B-09791,
B-09819, B-09844, B-09845, B-10951,
B-13079, B-16316, B-16326, B-18150,
B-31996, B-34220, B-35933, B-37126,
B-37127, B-37152, B-37804, B-38195,
B-39286, B-39295, B-39296, B-39792,
B-41522, B-42853, B-44812, B-46035,
B-46580, B-47686, C-04143, C-37128,
C-37151, C-37155, C-39491, G-01559,
G-04142, L-05471
FUNGI A-45495, A-46863, N-43824
FURNACES A-32351, A-37556, A-44184,
A-45858, A-47148, B-07242, B-30176,
B-31231, B-31301, B-33819, B-39286,
B-39792, B-40948, B-46035, B-46060,
B-46061, B-46102, C-33045, C-37584,
D-35437
G
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-09028,
A-09238, A-12122, A-23843, A-44184,
B-03762, B-03966, B-08635, C-03991,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
63
C-04143, C-05848, C-08033, C-08290,
C-09751, C-18133, C-21717, C-31240,
C-31924, C-47952, D-36910, G-06820
GAS SAMPLING A-09238, B-03966,
C-05848, C-08033, C-08290, C-14476,
C-47952
GAS TURBINES B-07362
GASES A-09238, B-03762, B-16326,
B-37804, B-41079, C-01333, C-08290,
C-13081, C-37584, K-00250
GASOLINES A-31649, A-40303, A-40345,
D-35437, G-44874
GERMANY A-23843, A-24754, A-34571,
A-34585, A-37190, A-44184, A-46111,
A-47708, A-47963, B-07242, B-07362,
B-21294, B-25033, B-28538, B-30176,
B-31301, B-31472, B-32639, B-34574,
B-34620, B-38651, B-39149, B-40465,
B-41079, B-41195, B-41627, B-41783,
B-44245, B-46060, B-46061, B-46102,
C-13081, C-14476, C-20538, C-28393,
C-43890, C-47952, G-09727
GLASS FABRICS A-09238, A-29984,
B-03966, B-05648, B-34574, C-33045,
D-10128, L-34501
GLUE MANUFACTURING G-11359
GOVERNMENTS A-08553, A-08557,
A-09781, A-32855, B-02112, B-08351,
B-16890, B-34574, B-3%83, B-47686,
F-08558, K-00250, L-07187, L-07483,
L-08055, L-08376, L-08826, L-09612,
L-09918, L-12789, L-25176, L-43926,
M-00298
GRAIN PROCESSING A-40303, J-30696
GRANTS L-09612
GREAT BRITAIN A-37681, A-38307,
A-45495, A-47879, B-16316, B-16326,
B-41592, 1-23551, L-09612
GROUND LEVEL A-46023
GUINEA PIGS G-09727
H
HALOGEN GASES A-37190, A-44373,
A-45858, A-47963, B-08351, D-00081
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-00746, A-03764, A-04234, A-08521,
A-08553, A-08557, A-09238, A-11546,
A-12122, A-I8751, A-29984, A-34763,
A-37681, A-44107, A-44373, A-46111,
A-47112, B-02112, B-05316, B-08345,
B-21294, B-45071, C-01333, C-08033,
C-09751, C-31240, D-00081, F-08558,
G-06820, L-05106, L-07187, L-07483,
L-08376, L-08826, L-09612
HEADACHE A-35957, G-04142, G-06820,
G-11359
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-35957,
B-02427, B-09819, G-00776, G-06663,
G-11359, M-00298
HEAT OF COMBUSTION A-24754,
B-09110, B-42853
HEAT TRANSFER B-05173, B-07362,
B-08345, B-08351, B-09848, B-10951,
B-28538, B-29659, B-33819, B-34220,
B-34574, B-35933, B-38195, B-38651,
B-39149, B-40465, B-41522, B-42853,
B-46035, B-48437, C-08033, C-43890
HEIGHT FINDING C-33045
HEMATOLOGY G-04142, G-06820,
G-07740
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS G-04142
HEPTANES C-09751, F-08558
HERBICIDES A-00746
HEXANES C-09751, F-08558
HEXENES F-08558
HI-VOL SAMPLERS B-45234
HORMONES A-46111
HOURLY D-32259
HOUSTON L-10083
HUMANS A-09238, A-29984, A-33570,
A-35957, C-04143, C-09751, C-26966,
D-00081, D-41887, G-01559, G-03654,
G-04142, G-06663, G-06820, G-07740,
G-28814, G-29963
HUMIDITY A-04234, A-45495, C-08033,
C-26966
HYDROCARBONS A-00746, A-03764,
A-04234, A-08521, A-08557, A-09028,
A-09238, A-09781, A-10283, A-10660,
A-12084, A-12122, A-18751, A-23843,
A-29526, A-29984, A-32351, A-32855,
A-34571, A-34585, A-34763, A-35957,
A-37556, A-37681, A-40303, A-40345,
A-41896, A-43268, A-44107, A-44184,
A-44373, A-46111, A-46184, A-47112,
A-47148, A-47708, A-47963, B-02112,
B-03762, B-03763, B-03966, B-05316,
B-05648, B-06366, B-07362, B-07836,
B-08345, B-08506, B-08635, B-09818,
B-09844, B-09845, B-09848, B-12152,
B-16890, B-18050, B-31996, B-32639,
B-33819, B-34293, B-34620, B-35771,
B-35933, B-37254, B-39149, B-39792,
B-40465, B-41522, B-41592, B-44812,
B-45071, B-45087, B-46035, B-46138,
B-47686, B-48096, B-48430, B-48437,
C-01333, C-03991, C-04143, C-04742,
C-05848, C-08033, C-08290, C-09751,
C-11486, C-14476, C-18133, C-20538,
C-25514, C-31240, C-31924, C-37584,
D-00081, D-35437, D-36910, E-25527,
F-08558, G-04142, G-06663, G-11359,
G-44874, 1-05233, J-30696, L-05106,
L-05471, L-07187, L-07483, L-08376,
L-08826, L-09612, L-10083, L-11074,
L-25176, M-00298
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-32855,
A-34571, A-43269, A-47963, B-09844,
C-31924
HYDROCYANIC ACID A-32855
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-43269,
A-45858, D-00081
HYDROGEN B-44812
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-09238, A-32855,
B-17293, C-08033, C-31924, D-00081,
1-44509, K-00250
HYDROLYSIS C-08033
I
ILLINOIS L-09612
INCINERATION A-08553, A-08557,
A-09781, A-31649, A-32351, A-38307,
A-40345, A-43269, A-45858, A-46111,
A-47148, A-47879, A-47963, B-02427,
B-03762, B-03763, B-05173, B-05316,
B-05678, B-06006, B-06088, B-06366,
B-07836, B-08345, B-08351, B-08506,
B-08635, B-09791, B-09819, B-09845,
B-10950, B-16316, B-18050, B-20310,
B-31996, B-35595, B-35933, B-36752,
B-37254, B-37494, B-37804, B-39683,
B-39792, B-41522, B-41627, B-42853,
B-44637, B-44812, B-45071, B-46035,
B-46060, B-46138, B-46580, B-47686,
B-47863, C-26966, C-33045, D-10128,
D-32259, D-35437, L-05471, L-06486,
L-07187, L-08055, L-08376, L-08826,
L-11069, L-34501
INDOOR A-45495, A-46863
INDUSTRIAL AREAS B-31301, D-35437,
D-36910
INFRARED RADIATION B-03966
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY A-09238,
A-23843, B-03762, B-08635, B-37126,
C-05848, C-08033, C-09751, C-37151,
C-37584, F-37564, F-37580, 1-05233
INGESTION A-33570
INHIBITION A-12641
INORGANIC ACIDS A-32351, A-32855,
A-34571, A-43269, A-44184, A-45858,
A-47963, B-09844, C-31924, D-00081,
J-30696, L-32075
INSPECTION B-48430
INSTRUMENTATION A-04234, A-09238,
C-01333, F-37564, F-37580
INTERMITTENT MONITORING G-06820
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-32351, A-40345, A-46184, B-16326,
B-32639, C-26966, C-31924, C-37584,
D-32259, D-35437
INTESTINES G-04142, G-33504
INVERSION A-09781, D-10128
IONS D-00081
IRON A-32351, A-45858, B-09844,
B-09848, B-31231, B-41627, B-46035,
C-33045, J-30696
IRON COMPOUNDS D-10128
IRON OXIDES B-08351, B-31231
IRRADIATION CHAMBERS A-09781,
F-08558, L-05471, L-08376, L-11090
ISOTOPES A-45495
JAPAN A-29984, A-32855, A-35957,
B-17293, B-22988, B-29761, B-30403,
B-33181, B-37494, B-43362, B-43446,
B-45233, B-45234, C-04143, C-04742,
C-31924, D-36910, G-04142, G-29963
JET AIRCRAFT A-32351, C-31924,
D-32259
K
KETONES A-00746, A-03764, A-04234,
A-08557, A-09781, A-12084, A-12122,
A-18751, A-32855, A-34571, A-34763,
A-44373, A-47112, B-02112, B-03762,
B-03763, B-05316, B-09818, B-09848,
B-16890, B-21294, B-37885, B-44812,
B-46580, C-08033, C-09751, C-18133,
C-39244, D-00081, F-08558, 1-05233,
L-05106, L-07187, L-07483, L-08376,
L-08826, L-09612, L-11090
KIDNEYS A-35957, A-46111, G-06820,
G-33504
KILNS B-03762, B-03763, B-07242,
B-44812, C-33045, L-32075
KRAFT PULPING A-40345, A-45858,
A-46023, A-47963, B-37494, C-33045,
D-35437
LABORATORY ANIMALS B-02427,
C-04143, C-08033, D-00081, G-01559,
G-03654, G-04142, G-09727, G-11359
LACQUERS A-08557, A-11546, A-12084,
A-23843, A-34585, A-37190, A-43268,
A-44107, A-44184, A-44373, B-03762,
B-03763, B-05648, B-05678, B-08351,
B-09818, B-09844, B-21294, B-30176,
B-31301, B-31472, B-34574, B-34620,
-------
64
SURFACE COATINGS
B-378fc, B-38651, B-41627, B-41783,
B-46060, B-46061, B-46102, C-13711,
C-14476, C-21717, C-28393, D-36910,
G-03654, G-06663, 1-05233, L-05471,
L-08055, L-09612, L-10083, L-11069,
L-11074, L-25176
LEAD A-12641, A-31649, A-45858,
C-33045, G-03654, G-07740, J-306%
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-00746, A-31649,
A-35957, A-37190, B-08345, B-25033,
B-30229, D-41887, G-07740, G-27132,
G-29963, J-30696, N-43824
LEGAL ASPECTS A-08553, A-08557,
A-09781, A-10660, A-11546, A-32351,
A-34585, A-38307, A-44107, A-47112,
A-47879, B-02112, B-05316, B-07242,
B-08345, B-08351, B-16890, B-27732,
B-29659, B-34220, B-34574, B-34620,
B-37885, B-40948, B-46580, B-47686,
B-48096, C-13081, C-18133, D-35437,
F-08558, L-05106, L-05471, L-07187,
L-07483, L-08055, L-08376, L-08826,
L-09612, L-09918, L-10083, L-11069,
L-11074, L-12789, L-20530, L-25176,
L-25592, L-26070, L-43926, M-00298,
N-43824
LEGISLATION A-32351, A-38307,
A-44107, A-47879, B-02112, B-05316,
B-07242, B-16890, B-37885, B-46580,
C-13081, D-35437, L-08826, L-09612,
L-09918, L-20530, L-25176, L-26070,
L-43926, N-43824
LEUKOCYTES G-11359
LIGHT RADIATION A-09781, B-03966,
F-08558, L-08376
LIME C-33045, L-32075
LIMESTONE D-10128
LINE SOURCES A-40345
LIPIDS G-44874
LIQUIDS B-02427, B-08345, B-41079,
C-09751
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS A-04234
LIVER A-35957, G-06820, G-33504
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS B-47686,
L-09612, M-00298
LONDON L-09612
LOS ANGELES A-03764, A-08553,
A-08557, A-09781, A-11546, A-18751,
B-02112, B-05316, B-06006, B-08345,
B-08351, B-16890, B-36752, B-37885,
B-39683, B-48096, D-32259, F-08558,
K-00250, L-05106, L-07187, L-07483,
L-08055, L-08376, L-08826, L-09612,
L-09918, L-10083, L-11074, L-12789,
L-25592, M-00298
LOUISIANA A-40345
LUBRICANTS A-04234, A-37190,
A-37681, C-08033
LUNG CANCER G-28814
LUNG CLEARANCE A-33570
LUNGS A-33570, A-35957, G-09727,
G-44874
LYMPHOCYTES G-09727
M
MAGNESIUM A-08553, C-33045
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS A-04234,
D-10128
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
A-32351
MAINTENANCE B-35595, B-37494,
B-41627, B-43362, B-44637, B-47675,
G-06820, 1-44509, J-30696
MALES G-28814
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL B-47675
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS B-30229
MAPPING A-40345, D-32259
MASS SPECTROMETRY A-04234,
A-12122, B-37126, C-08033, C-31240,
C-37151
MASSACHUSETTS L-09612
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-09238,
A-12641, 1-05233, 1-23551, 1-44509,
N-43824
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-29526,
A-47112, B-35771, C-33045, C-39491
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-00904,
A-08557, A-09781, A-23843, A-35957,
A-37190, A-46863, B-02112, B-34620,
B-46102, B-47686, D-00081, G-01559,
G-03654, G-06663, G-06820, G-11359,
G-27132, K-00250, L-08826
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-23843,
A-32855, A-46863, B-03966, B-08351,
B-08506, B-31231, C-11486, C-20538,
C-26966, C-28393, C-31924, C-33045,
C-37584, D-36910, G-06820, L-34501
MEETINGS G-29963, L-08826, M-00298
MEMBRANE FILTERS B-03966, D-10128
MEMBRANES A-35957, G-44874
MERCAPTANS B-02427, B-09845,
B-17293, B-35595, B-36752, B-44812,
C-31924
MERCURY COMPOUNDS A-45495,
A-46023, A-46863, C-09751, G-33504,
N-43824
METABOLISM G-06820, G-11359,
G-33504, G-44874
METAL COMPOUNDS A-00746, A-04234,
A-08521, A-08557, A-31649, A-33570,
A-34571, A-35957, A-37190, A-45495,
A-46023, A-46863, B-08345, B-25033,
B-30229, B-31231, B-34293, C-09751,
D-10128, D-41887, G-07740, G-27132,
G-29963, G-33504, J-30696, N-43824
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-03764, A-08553, A-11546, A-18751,
A-32351, A-33570, A-35957, A-45858,
A-46184, B-02112, B-06006, B-07242,
B-08506, B-09791, B-10950, B-10951,
B-18050, B-23967, B-27732, B-31231,
B-35933, B-40948, B-44812, B-46035,
B-47675, B-47686, B-48096, C-26966,
C-33045, G-28814, J-30696
METAL POISONING A-35957, G-00776,
G-03654, G-07740, G-27132, G-29963
METALS A-08553, A-12641, A-29984,
A-31649, A-32351, A-45858, B-07362,
B-09791, B-09819, B-09844, B-09848,
B-10951, B-16326, B-31231, B-32639,
B-34574, B-34620, B-36130, B-39286,
B-41627, B-43362, B-44245, B-46035,
C-33045, D-00081, G-03654, G-07740,
1-23551, J-30696
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
D-32259
METEOROLOGY A-04234, A-09238,
A-32351, A-37190, A-45495, A-46023,
A-46863, C-08033, C-26966, D-10128,
D-32259, L-09612
METHANES A-04234, A-44373, C-09751
MICROORGANISMS A-45495, A-46111,
A-46863, B-01543, N-43824
MICROSCOPY D-10128
MILK A-37190
MINERAL PROCESSING A-32351,
A-33570, A-37190, A-40303, A-40345,
A-45858, A-46023, B-31996, B-32639,
B-39286, C-33045, G-33504, J-30696,
L-32075
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-09238, A-37681,
C-37155, D-10128
MINING A-33570, A-40303, A-46023,
B-32639, G-33504
MISSILES AND ROCKETS B-05316,
B-47686, L-08376
MISSOURI A-04234, B-03763, B-03966,
C-04143
MISTS A-35957, B-01543, B-30403,
B-41195, C-04'742
MOBILE A-32351, J-30696
MONITORING B-31231, C-37584,
G-06820, L-34501
MONTANA A-41896, D-41887
MORBIDITY G-06663, G-06820, G-11359
MORTALITY G-06820, G-11359, G-28814
MOUNTAINS L-09612
N
NAPHTHALENES A-09781, A-46184,
B-03763, L-08376
NAPHTHENES B-05316, B-07362,
F-08558, L-09612
NATURAL GAS A-32351, A-40345,
A-45858, B-09110, B-35771, B-41522,
B-46035, C-33045, D-35437
NAUSEA A-35957, G-06820
NECROSIS L-09612
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-35957, G-06820,
G-11359
NETHERLANDS A-44373
NEW JERSEY L-10083
NEW YORK CITY L-06486, L-08376,
L-09612, L-10083
NEW YORK STATE K-00250, L-06486,
L-08376, L-09612, L-10083
NICKEL B-09844, B-41627
NITRATES A-09028, F-08558, L-08376
NITRIC ACID A-43269
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-09028, A-35957,
A-37556, A-40345, B-31996, D-00081,
F-08558, L-08376
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-09028,
A-35957, A-37556, A-40345, B-28538,
B-31996, D-00081, D-41887, F-08558,
L-08376
NITROGEN OXIDES A-09028, A-09238,
A-09781, A-10660, A-32351, A-32855,
A-35957, A-37556, A-40303, A-40345,
A-41896, A-47148, A-47963, B-05316,
B-28538, B-31996, B-38195, D-00081,
D-32259, D-35437, D-41887, F-08558,
J-30696, K-00250, L-08376, L-09612
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) B-05316,
D-00081
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-10660, A-29984, A-31649, A-32855,
A-37190, A-37681, A-37996, A-38307,
A-40303, A-40345, A-41896, A-47879,
B-05316, B-27732, B-31231, B-31996,
B-35595, B-37494, B-40948, B-41627,
B-45087, B-46580, B-47675, B-47686,
C-26966, C-33045, D-10128, D-35437,
D-41887, J-30696, L-06486, L-08376,
L-09612, L-26070, L-34501
NON-URBAN AREAS G-28814
NOSTRILS A-35957, B-39295
NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES A-08521
NYLON B-09848
o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-00904,
A-33570, A-35957, B-01543, C-04742,
G-00776, G-01559, G-03654, G-04142,
G-06663, G-07740, G-11359, G-27132,
G-28814, G-29%3, G-33504, G-44874,
N-43824
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
65
OCEANS A-37996, L-09612
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-32855,
A-47708, B-02427, B-06088, B-06366,
B-07362, B-08506, B-17293, B-21294,
B-22988, B-27732, B-29761, B-35595,
B-36752, B-37152, B-37494, B-39149,
B-39295, B-39296, B-3%83, B-41783,
B-46061, B-46138, B-46580, B-47863,
B-48430, C-26966, C-31924, L-05471
ODORIMETRY A-32855, B-03966,
B-08351, B-08506, C-11486, C-26966,
C-28393, C-31924, D-36910
ODORS A-23843, A-24754, A-32855,
A-34585, A-35957, A-37190, A-37996,
A-38307, A-46184, A-47708, B-02427,
B-03966, B-06366, B-07362, B-08351,
B-08506, B-08635, B-09110, B-09791,
B-09818, B-09819, B-09844, B-09845,
B-09848, B-16890, B-17293, B-18050,
B-21294, B-22988, B-23967, B-27732,
B-29761, B-31301, B-31472, B-32639,
B-36752, B-37126, B-37494, B-38195,
B-38651, B-39149, B-39286, B-39295,
B-39683, B-41783, B-46035, B-46580,
B-47863, B-48430, C-08290, C-11486,
C-20538, C-26966, C-28393, C-31924,
D-36910, G-11359, G-44874, L-05471,
L-06486
OIL BURNERS A-45858
OLEFINS A-04234, A-08557, A-09781,
A-10660, A-18751, A-35957, A-37681,
A-47112, B-02112, B-05316, B-08345,
C-01333, C-08033, C-09751, D-00081,
F-08558, 1-05233, L-05106, L-07187,
L-07483, L-08376, L-08826, L-09612,
L-11074
OPEN BURNING A-31649, A-40345,
A-41896, D-35437, L-09612
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-32351,
A-45858, C-33045
OPERATING CRITERIA C-39491
OPERATING VARIABLES A-34571,
A-34585, A-37556, A-44184, B-09848,
B-10951, B-25033, B-33819, B-34220,
B-34293, B-39149, B-39792, P 41195,
B-42853, B-44245, B-45087, B-46138,
B-47675, B-48430, B-48437, F-37580
OPINION SURVEYS B-29761
ORGANIC ACIDS A-04234, A-32855,
A-37190, A-44184, A-47148, B-03966,
B-07362, B-10950, B-36752, B-45071,
C-08033, C-28393, D-00081, 1-05233,
1-23551
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
A-04234, A-23843, A-34571, A-46184,
B-09844, C-25514, 1-05233
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
A-46184, B-02427, B-09845, B-17293,
B-21294, B-35595, B-36752, B-44812,
B-48430, C-31924
ORGANIC WASTES B-35595, L-34501
ORGANOMETALLICS A-46863
ORSAT ANALYSIS B-03966
OXIDANT PRECURSORS L-08055
OXIDANTS A-32351, B-16890, B-20310,
B-21294, E-25527, F-08558, L-25176
OXIDATION A-09238, B-03762, B-07362,
B-09845, B-16316, B-17293, B-34620,
B-36130, B-37152, B-38651, B-39296,
B-43446, B-46138, C-08033, C-31924,
L-08376
OXIDES A-04234, A-09028, A-09238,
A-09781, A-10660, A-12122, A-23843,
A-32351, A-32855, A-34571, A-35957,
A-37190, A-37556, A-37996, A-40303,
A-40345, A-41896, A-44373, A-47148,
A-47963, B-02427, B-03966, B-05316,
B-07362, B-08351, B-08635, B-28538,
B-31231, B-319%, B-34620, B-38195,
B-39149, B-44812, B-46102, C-01333,
C-05848, C-08033, C-09751, C-14476,
C-43890, D-00081, D-10128, D-32259,
D-35437, D-41887, F-08558, G-28814,
1-05233, 1-44509, J-30696, K-00250,
L-08376, L-09612, L-26070
OXYGEN A-04234, A-09028, A-29526,
B-01543, B-08635, D-00081, L-09612
OXYGENATED FRACTIONS C-21717
OZONE A-09028, A-09238, A-09781,
A-32351, A-35957, B-05316, B-21294,
B-37152, B-37494, B-39296, B-47863,
D-00081, D-32259, D-41887, F-08558,
1-44509, K-00250, L-07187, L-08376,
L-12789
PACKED TOWERS A-08553, A-09781
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-00746,
A-00904, A-09028, A-23843, A-24096,
A-24754, A-29526, A-31649, A-32351,
A-33570, A-34763, A-35957, A-38307,
A-40345, A-41896, A-43269, A-44107,
A-44373, A-45858, A-46023, A-47879,
A-47963, B-01543, B-02112, B-02427,
B-06088, B-07242, B-07362, B-07836,
B-08345, B-08351, B-09110, B-09791,
B-16316, B-16326, B-17293, B-18050,
B-20310, B-21294, B-22988, B-23967,
B-29761, B-30229, B-31996, B-32639,
B-33181, B-34293, B-35595, B-36752,
B-37126, B-37127, B-37152, B-37494,
B-39286, B-39295, B-39296, B-39683,
B-43362, B-44245, B-44812, B-45233,
B-45234, B-46138, B-46580, B-48430,
B-48437, C-04143, C-08290, C-20538,
C-26966, C-31924, C-33045, C-37128,
C-37151, C-37155, C-37584, C-39244,
C-39491, D-32259, D-41887, E-25527,
G-00776, G-01559, G-03654, G-06820,
G-27132, G-29963, G-33504, G-44874,
1-44509, K-00250, L-05106, L-07187,
L-07483, L-08055, L-08826, L-09612,
L-10083, L-26070, L-43926, M-00298,
N-43824
PAINT REMOVERS A-00746, B-06006,
B-07362, B-27732, K-00250, L-07187,
L-09612, M-00298, N-43824
PAINTS A-00746, A-00904, A-03764,
A-04234, A-08521, A-08557, A-09028,
A-09238, A-11546, A-12641, A-23843,
A-24096, A-29526, A-37556, A-43268,
A-44107, A-45495, A-46111, A-46863,
B-02112, B-03762, B-03763, B-05648,
B-05678, B-06006, B-08351, B-08506,
B-09818, B-09844, B-21294, B-25033,
B-25159, B-27732, B-30403, B-31231,
B-33181, B-34293, B-34574, B-35771,
B-35933, B-36752, B-37304, B-39286,
B-3%83, B-40948, B-41195, B-41522,
B-41592, B-43446, B-46035, B-46580,
B-46598, B-48430, C-03991, C-08033,
C-09751, C-13081, C-31240, D-00081,
D-10128, D-36910, G-00776, G-03654,
G-09727, G-28814, 1-23551, 1-44509,
L-05471, L-08055, L-09612, L-09918,
L-10083, L-11069, L-11074, L-11090,
L-25176, N-43824
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY B-34574
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-40345,
A-45858, A-46023, A-47963, B-37494,
B-39792, D-35437
PARTICLE SHAPE B-43446, D-10128
PARTICLE SIZE A-33570, B-06088,
B-31301, B-43446, B-45233, B-45234,
C-33045, D-10128
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-33570,
B-06088, B-31301, B-43446, B-45233,
B-45234, C-33045, D-10128
PARTICULATE SAMPLING B-03966
PARTICULATES A-00746, A-00904,
A-08553, A-08557, A-09781, A-10660,
A-32351, A-33570, A-34571, A-35957,
A-37190, A-37556, A-37996, A-40303,
A-40345, A-41896, A-46111, A-47148,
A-47963, B-01543, B-02112, B-02427,
B-03966, B-05316, B-05648, B-06088,
B-06366, B-07242, B-07836, B-08351,
B-08506, B-08635, B-09110, B-09791,
B-09818, B-09819, B-09844, B-09845,
B-09848, B-10950, B-10951, B-13079,
B-16316, B-16326, B-18150, B-25033,
B-25159, B-27732, B-29761, B-30403,
B-31231, B-31301, B-31472, B-31996,
B-33181, B-33819, B-34220, B-35933,
B-36130, B-37126, B-37127, B-37152,
B-37304, B-37804, B-38195, B-38651,
B-39286, B-39295, B-39296, B-39792,
B-41079, B-41195, B-41522, B-42853,
B-43362, B-43446, B-44812, B-45233,
B-45234, B-46035, B-46060, B-46580,
B-46598, B-47686, C-04143, C-04742,
C-37128, C-37151, C-37155, C-39491,
D-00081, D-10128, D-32259, D-41887,
E-25527, F-08558, G-01559, G-04142,
G-09727, G-27132, 1-44509, J-30696,
L-05471, L-06486, L-07187, L-07483,
L-08376, L-09612, L-11069, L-25592
PENNSYLVANIA L-09612, L-10083
PENTANES C-09751
PENTENES L-08376
PERMITS B-47686
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE A-09028
PEROXYACYL NITRATES A-09028,
F-08558, L-08376
PERSONNEL B-47675
PEST CONTROL A-31649
PESTICIDES A-00746, A-29984, A-46023,
A-46111, C-31240
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION A-32351,
A-40303, A-40345, A-43268, B-45087,
D-35437, L-32075
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-32351,
B-37494, D-35437, E-25527
PETROLEUM REFINING A-32351,
A-40345, A-45858, A-46184, A-47963,
B-06006, B-07242, B-17293, B-31996,
B-35595, B-36752, B-39683, C-26966,
C-31924, D-10128, D-35437, L-11074,
L-32075
PHENOLS A-23843, A-32855, A-34571,
A-37190, A-46184, B-02112, B-06366,
B-08506, B-09844, B-46060, B-46580,
B-47863, C-08033, C-43890, D-00081
PHENYL COMPOUNDS A-00746,
A-09781, A-29984, A-46111, B-02112,
B-09844, C-08033, C-11486, C-31240,
D-36910
PHENYLS A-00746, B-02112, B-09844,
C-08033, C-11486, C-31240, D-36910
PHILADELPHIA L-09612
PHOSPHATES B-08351
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-44184, A-45858,
B-09844
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS B-08345,
B-08351, B-25033, B-30229
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-08553, A-08557, A-09028, A-09781,
A-10660, A-32351, B-05316, B-08345,
B-37885, B-45087, E-25527, F-08558,
-------
66
SURFACE COATINGS
1-05233, L-05471, L-07483, L-08376,
L-09612, L-11069, L-11074, L-11090,
L-12789, M-00298
PHOTOLYSIS A-09028, 1-05233
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS A-46863,
C-28393
PHOTOOXIDATION A-09028, A-09781,
A-10660, L-09612, M-00298
PHTHALIC ACID B-03966, B-07362
PHYSICAL STATES A-08521, A-09238,
A-38307, A-46023, B-02427, B-03762,
B-05648, B-05678, B-06088, B-07362,
B-07836, B-08345, B-10950, B-16326,
B-37804, B-39792, B-41079, B-41592,
B-46061, C-01333, C-08290, C-09751,
C-13081, C-13711, C-14476, C-37584,
1-23551, K-00250, L-05471, L-25176
PHYTOTOXICANTS A-00746, A-46863
PILOT PLANTS B-34620, B-39295,
B-39296, B-41195, B-48437
PLANNING AND ZONING D-35437
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-08553,
A-08557, A-32351, A-40345, B-40948,
B-47675, B-47686, B-48096, D-35437,
D-41887, L-06486, L-09612, L-09918,
L-11090, L-32075, L-34501, M-00298
PLANT DAMAGE A-37190, B-02427,
L-09612
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-37190, D-41887,
G-04142
PLASTICS A-00746, A-04234, A-08553,
A-11546, A-12122, A-37681, A-43269,
B-05316, B-08345, B-09844, B-09845,
B-22988, B-36130, B-39792, B-43362,
B-44245, B-45087, B-47863, C-08033,
C-09751, C-18133, C-25514, 1-23551,
L-08376, N-43824
PLATING L-08376
PLATINUM B-07362, B-10951, B-16326,
B-34574, B-36130, B-39286, B-44245
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-09781, D-10128
PNEUMONIA A-35957
POINT SOURCES A-40345, D-35437
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS B-03966
POLLUTION PRECURSORS A-09781,
L-08055
POLYMERIZATION B-09844, B-09845,
L-07187, L-07483
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-09781,
A-44107, A-46184, A-47148, B-03763,
L-08376
PORTABLE B-06366, B-37304
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS A-37190,
G-07740
POWER SOURCES A-08521, A-32351,
A-40345, A-46184, B-07362, B-16326,
B-32639, C-26966, C-31924, C-37584,
D-32259, D-35437
PRECIPITATION A-46023
PRESSURE A-04234, B-05648, B-08345,
B-41195, B-46138, C-08033, C-09751
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) A-04234,
D-32259
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-32351, A-40345,
A-41896, A-45858, A-46023, A-47148,
B-09791, B-17293, B-31996, B-37494,
B-45087, C-26966, C-33045, D-41887,
J-30696
PRIMATES C-08033
PRINTING A-03764, A-43269, B-06006,
B-08345, B-08635, B-16316, B-47863,
G-03654, L-08376, L-11069, L-11074,
M-00298
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-10660,
A-11546, A-34585, A-38307, A-47708,
A-47879, B-08345, B-08351, B-10950,
B-20310, B-27732, B-29659, B-31996,
B-35771, B-40465, B-40948, B-44637,
B-46035, B-46060, B-46061, B-46102,
B-46138, B-46580, L-08055, L-25592
PROFANES A-37556
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT A-32351
PROPOSALS L-09918
PROTECTIVE MASKS B-01543, B-31231
PROTEINS G-04142
PUBLIC AFFAIRS A-32855, A-44107,
A-46184, B-29761, B-39683, B-43446,
B-47686, D-36910, L-08826, M-00298
PUBLIC INFORMATION M-00298
PULVERIZED FUELS D-10128
PYRENES A-47148
PYROLYSIS B-05173
Q
QUARTZ D-10128
QUESTIONNAIRES A-18751, A-40345,
D-35437, L-32075
R
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION A-37996,
A-45495, B-47686
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS A-45495
RAIN A-46023
RATS G-11359
REACTION KINETICS A-29526, L-12789
REACTION MECHANISMS B-16890
REDUCTION B-07362
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS B-34574,
L-09612
REGULATIONS A-08553, A-08557,
A-09781, A-11546, A-34585, A-38307,
A-47U2, B-02U2, B-08345, B-08351,
B-27732, B-29659, B-34220, B-34574,
B-34620, B-40948, B-46580. B-47686,
B-48096, C-18133, F-08558, L-05106,
L-05471, L-07187, L-07483, L-08055,
L-08376, L-08826, L-09612, L-09918,
L-10083, L-11069, L-11074, L-12789,
L-25592, M-00298
RENDERING A-32351, A-40345, A-46184,
B-08635, B-09791, B-35595, B-36752,
B-37494, B-39792, B-44245, B-46138
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES A-09238,
A-47112, A-47879
RESEARCH PROGRAMS A-09238,
B-05316, L-09612, L-11090, M-00298
RESIDENTIAL AREAS D-35437
RESIDUAL OILS A-40345
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-35957,
G-11359, G-28814, G-44874, M-00298
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS A-33570,
D-10128, G-11359
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A-33570,
A-35957, B-01543, B-09844, B-39295,
G-06820, G-09727, G-44874
RETENTION D-41887, G-09727
RUBBER A-04234, A-12122, A-29984,
A-33570, A-37190, A-37681, A-43269,
A-44107, A-45858, B-08345, B-45087,
C-08033, C-11486, D-10128, J-30696,
L-08376
RUBBER MANUFACTURING A-03764,
A-18751, A-33570, A-40345, A-43269,
A-45858, B-08345, B-37494, B-45087,
D-10128, L-32075
SAFETY EQUIPMENT B-01543, B-42853
SAMPLERS B-03966, B-45234, C-08290,
C-37128, D-10128
SAMPLING METHODS A-04234, A-09238,
B-03966, B-06366, B-45234, C-01333,
C-05848, C-08033, C-08290, C-14476,
C-20538, C-33045, C-37128, C-39491,
C-47952, D-10128
SAMPLING PROBES C-01333, C-20538,
C-47952
SAN FRANCISCO A-09781, B-08345,
B-08351, B-16890, K-00250, L-05106,
L-08376, L-10083, L-11069
SCANDINAVIA A-46023, B-46598
SCREEN FILTERS B-33181, B-41195,
B-43362
SCRUBBERS A-08553, A-09781, A-47963,
B-02427, B-03966, B-08345, B-09819,
B-09844, B-09845, B-23967, B-31472,
B-31996, B-35595, B-36752, B-37126,
B-37127, B-37254, B-37494, B-39296,
B-39683, B-41079, B-41195, B-43446,
B-45071, B-46138, B-46580, B-46598,
B-47686, B-47863, B-48096, B-48430,
C-31924, D-00081, L-05471, L-08055
SEALING COMPOUNDS A-04234,
A-34571, A-34585, A-35957, C-08033,
D-10128
SEASONAL A-31649, A-32351, D-32259
SEDIMENTATION A-38307, B-38651
SETTLING CHAMBERS A-47879
SETTLING PARTICLES A-00746,
A-00904, A-33570, A-34571, A-37190,
A-37996, A-47148, A-47963, B-01543,
B-07242, B-08351, B-09844, B-09845,
B-25033, B-25159, B-29761, B-31231,
B-31301, B-31472, B-31996, B-41195,
B-43362, B-45233, B-45234, B-46598,
B-47686, D-10128, G-01559, G-09727,
G-27132
SEWAGE A-32855, A-37996, A-47879,
B-37494, B-41627, B-45087, B-46580,
C-26966
SEWAGE TREATMENT A-32855
SEWERS A-37996, B-46580
SHIPS A-08521, A-32351, A-40345,
B-31231, D-00081, D-35437
SILICATES D-10128
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-04234,
A-12122, B-08345, B-08351, C-01333,
C-08033, D-10128
SILICON DIOXIDE D-35437
SIMULATION A-09238, A-45495, C-08033,
F-08558
SINTERING A-45858
SKIN A-35957, G-06820
SLAUGHTERHOUSES B-37494, C-31924
SLUDGE B-41627
SMOG A-09781, A-32351, B-02427,
B-05316, D-32259, E-25527, F-08558,
L-05471, L-07187, L-07483, L-08376,
L-09612, L-11069, L-25592
SMOKES B-07242, B-08635, B-09110,
B-09791, B-09848, B-29761, B-33819,
B-38651, L-06486, L-09612
SMOKING G-28814
SNOW A^16023
SOAP MANUFACTURING A-40345,
A-43269, A-45858, C-09751, D-10128,
G-06820
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-38307,
A^t6184, B-29761, J-30696
SODIUM COMPOUNDS G-07740
SOILING 1-44509
-------
SUEJECT INDEX
67
aOILS A-:?190, D-41887
SOLAR RADIATION L-08376
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-10660,
A-31649, A-32855, A-38307, A-40303,
A-40345, A-4-/S79, B-27732, B-35595,
B-37494, B-45087, B-46580, C-33045,
D-35437, J-30696, L-06486, L-08376,
L-26070, L-34501
SOLVENTS A-00746, A-00904, A-03764,
A-08521, A-08553, A-08557, A-09028,
A-09238, A-09781, A-10283. A-10660,
A-11546, A-12084, A-18751, A-23843,
A-29526, A-29984, A-32351, A-34571,
A-34585, A-34763, A-35957, A-37681,
A-37996, A-38307, A-40303, A-43268,
A-44107, A-44184, A-44373, A-46184,
A-47112, A-47708, A-47879, B-01543,
B-02112, B-02427, B-03762, B-03763,
B-05173, B-05316, B-05648, B-05678,
B-06006, B-07362, B-08345, B-08351,
B-08635, B-09791, B-09818, B-09844,
B-09845, B-09848, B-10950, B-10951,
B-12152, B-16316, B-16326, B-16890,
B-18150, B-21294, B-23967, B-25033,
B-25159, B-27732, B-28538, B-30229,
B-30403, B-31472, B-32639, B-33819,
B-34220, B-34574, B-34620, B-35771,
B-36130, B-37254, B-37885, B-39792,
B-40948, B-41522, B-41592, B-41627,
B-41783, B-42853, B-43446, B-45071,
B-45087, B-45234, B-46035, B-46060,
B-46061, B-46102, B-46580, B-46598,
B-47686, B-48096, B-48430, C-01333,
C-03991, C-04143, C-05848, C-08033,
C-08290, C-13081, C-13711, C-18133,
C-20538, C-39244, C-47952, D-35437,
F-08558, G-01559, G-03654, G-06663,
G-06820, G-44874, K-00250, L-05106,
L-05471, L-06486, L-07187, L-07483,
L-08055, L-08376, L-08826, L-09612,
L-09918, L-10083, L-11069, L-11074,
L-11090, L-12789, L-20530, L-25176,
L-25592, M-00298, N-43824
SOOT A-34571, D-10128
SOURCE SAMPLING C-01333, C-33045
SOUTH DAKOTA A-40303
SPACECRAFT ATMOSPHERES A-08557,
A-09238, A-12122, C-08033, C-09751
SPECTROMETRY A-04234, A-09238,
A-09781, A-12122, A-23843, B-03762,
B-08635, B-37126, C-05848, C-08033,
C-09751, C-31240, C-37151, C-37584,
F-37564, F-37580, 1-05233, L-08376
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-09238,
B-03966, B-08635, C-08033, C-09751,
C-39244, G-06820
SPRAY TOWERS B-09819, B-09844,
B-09845, B-392%, B-41195, B-46598
SPRAYS A-00746, B-25033, B-25159,
B-41195, B-43362, B-46598
ST LOUIS A-04234, B-03763, B-03966,
C-04143
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) A-09781,
D-10128, D-41887
STACK GASES A-37190, A-37556,
A-38307, A-41896, A-44184, A-44373,
A-45858, B-27732, B-29761, B-30176,
B-31301, B-33819, B-34293, B-34574,
B-34620, B-35933, B-37804, B-38651,
B-39149, B-39286, B-39792, B-40465,
B-41079, B-41195, B-41783, B-43446,
B-44245, B-45234, B-47686, B-47863,
B-48437, C-08290, C-33045, C-37584,
C-43890
STACK SAMPLING C-01333, C-33045
STACKS A-45858, L-09612
STANDARDS A-00904, A-08557, A-09781,
A-23843, A-32351, A-34585, A-35957,
A-37190, A-44107, A-46863, A-47963,
B-02112, 5-05316, B-09848, B-31301,
B-34620, ,5-40948, B-46035, B-46102,
B-47686, 11-00081, G-01559, G-03654,
G-06663, (i-06820, G-11359, G-27132,
J-30696, F -00250, L-05471, L-07187,
L-08055, .-08826, L-09612, L-25176,
L-25592, .vI-00298
STATE GOVERNMENTS B-16890,
L-09612, L-25176, L-43926, M-00298
STATISTICA ^ ANALYSES J-30696
STEAM P-05648, B-07362, B-08345,
C-K476
STEAM I LANTS A-32351, A-40345,
A-47148, B-07242
STEEL A-32351, A-45858, B-09844,
B-09848, B-31231, B-46035, C-33045,
J-306%
STONE A-40303
STYRENES A-00746, B-02112, B-09844,
C-11486, D-36910
SUBLIMATION A-09238, B-09845,
C-08033
SULFIDES A-04234, A-09238, A-32855,
B-02427, B-17293, C-08033, C-31924,
D-00081, 1-44509, K-00250
SULFONIC ACID B-45071
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-04234,
A-09238, A-32351, A-32855, B-02427,
B-08351, B-09845, B-17293, B-39295,
C-08033, C-31924, D-00081, 1-44509,
K-00250
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-09238, A-23843,
A-32351, A-32855, A-37190, A-37996,
A-40303, A-40345, A-41896, A-44373,
A-47963, B-02427, B-31996, C-43890,
D-00081, D-32259, D-41887, F-08558,
G-28814, 1-44509, K-00250, L-08376,
L-26070
SULFUR OXIDES A-09238, A-09781,
A-10660, A-23843, A-32351, A-32855,
A-37190, A-37996, A-40303, A-40345,
A-41896, A-44373, A-47148, A-47963,
B-02427, B-31996, C-43890, D-00081,
D-32259, D-41887, F-08558, G-28814,
1-44509, J-30696, K-00250, L-08376,
L-26070
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL D-00081
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-40345
SULFURIC ACID A-32351, A-32855,
A-43269, A-45858, B-09844, D-00081,
J-30696, L-32075
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-03764, A-08553, A-08557, A-09781,
A-10660, A-11546, A-12084, A-18751,
A-32855, A-34571, A-34585, A-35957,
A-37190, A-37556, A-37996, A-40303,
A-40345, A-43268, A-44184, A-45858,
A-46184, A-46863, A-47112, A-47148,
A-47708, B-03966, B-05173, B-05648,
B-05678, B-06006, B-06366, B-07836,
B-08345, B-08351, B-08506, B-08635,
B-09110, B-09791, B-09818, B-09819,
B-09848, B-10950, B-10951, B-12152,
B-13079, B-18150, B-25159, B-30176,
B-31231, B-31301, B-31472, B-33819,
B-34574, B-34620, B-35771, B-35933,
B-37254, B-37304, B-37494, B-37804,
B-37885, B-38195, B-39149, B-39792,
B-40465, B-41195, B-41522, B-41592,
B-41627, B-41783, B-42853, B-43446,
B-44245, B-46035, B-46060, B-46061,
B-46102, B-46138, B-46580, B-46598,
B-47675, B-47686, B-47863, C-01333,
C-04742, C-05848, C-13081, C-43890,
C-47952, D-35437, D-36910, F-08558,
F-37564, F-37580, G-04142, G-06663,
G-06820, G-07740, G-11359, 1-44509,
J-30696, L-05471, L-06486, L-07187,
L-07483, L-08376, L-08826, L-09612,
L-10083, L-11069, L-11074, L-20530,
L-25176, L-32075, N-43824
SURFACE PROPERTIES A-47112,
B-46061, N-43824
SURVEY METHODS A-40345, L-32075
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-08553,
A-08557, A-09781, A-32351, A-35957,
B-01543, B-02112, B-02427, B-05316,
B-06088, B-06366, B-07242, B-08506,
B-08635, B-09110, B-09791, B-09819,
B-09844, B-09845, B-09848, B-10951,
B-13079, B-16316, B-16326, B-18150,
B-29761, B-30403, B-31996, B-33819,
B-34220, B-35933, B-37126, B-37127,
B-37152, B-37804, B-38195, B-38651,
B-39286, B-39295, B-39296, B-39792,
B-41195, B-41522, B-42853, B-44812,
B-46035, B-46580, B-47686, C-04143,
C-04742, C-37128, C-37151, C-37155,
C-39491, D-10128, D-32259, E-25527,
F-08558, G-01559, G-04142, L-05471,
L-06486, L-07187, L-07483, L-08376,
L-09612, L-11069, L-25592
SWEDEN A-46023, B-02112, B-02427,
B-03762, B-03966, B-30229, B-46598,
C-01333, C-04143, C-31240, D-00081,
K-00250
SYNERGISM D-00081
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-33570, A-37681,
A-40345, A-43269, A-45858, B-09848,
B-45233, D-10128, N-43824
SYNTHETIC RUBBER A-04234, A-29984,
A-37190, A-43269, A-45858, C-08033,
C-11486, L-08376
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES L-08826,
M-00298
TEFLON C-08033, C-09751
TEMPERATURE A-04234, A-09028,
A-24754, A-34571, A-37556, A-44184,
A-45858, B-03762, B-03763, B-03966,
B-05648, B-06088, B-06366, B-07362,
B-07836, B-08345, B-08351, B-08506,
B-08635, B-09791, B-09844, B-09848,
B-10951, B-16326, B-23967, B-25033,
B-29659, B-30176, B-30229, B-33819,
B-34293, B-34574, B-34620, B-36130,
B-37804, B-38195, B-38651, B-39149,
B-39792, B-41522, B-46060, B-46061,
B-46102, B-46138, C-04143, C-08033,
C-43890, L-05471, L-08826
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-09238, A-46863, C-26966, L-09612
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS B-09791
TENSILE STRENGTH A-08553
TESTING FACILITIES A-09781, A-46863,
B-08635, C-08033, E-25527, F-08558,
G-00776, G-09727, L-05471, L-08376,
L-11090
TEXAS L-10083
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-40345,
A-43269, A-45858, A-47%3
TEXTILES A-33570, A-37681, A-40345,
A-43269, A-45858, B-09848, B-34574,
B-45233, D-10128, G-33504, 1-23551,
N-43824
THERMAL RADIATION B-09848
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68
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
C-31240
THRESHOLDS A-46184, B-47675,
C-26966, G-11359
TIN B-34620
TIN COMPOUNDS A-00746
TISSUES A-46111
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS A-33570
TOKYO A-32855
TOLUENES A-00746, A-04234, A-08557,
A-09028, A-09781, A-10283, A-18751,
A-32855, A-44107, B-03763, B-05316,
B-08345, B-09818, B-09845, B-35771,
C-03991, C-04143, C-04742, C-08033,
C-08290, C-09751, C-18133, C-25514,
D-36910, F-08558, G-06663, G-11359,
G-44874, L-07187, L-07483, L-08376,
L-08826, L-09612
TOXIC TOLERANCES B-02427, D-00081,
G-00776, G-01559, G-03654, G-04142,
G-06820, G-33504
TOXICITY A-29984, A-35957, A-37190,
A-37996, A-46111, A-47879, B-16890,
G-06663, G-07740, G-11359, G-27132,
G-44874
TRACE ANALYSIS C-13081
TRACHEA A-35957
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS A-08553,
A-08557, B-31996, K-00250, L-08376,
L-11090
TRAINS A-32351, A-40345, D-35437
TRANSPORT A-44373, A-46023, G-09727
TRANSPORTATION A-04234, A-08521,
A-08553, A-08557, A-10660, A-18751,
A-32351, A-37996, A-40303, A-40345,
A-41896, A-46184, B-05316, B-07362,
B-16326, B-31231, B-31996, B-32639,
B-34574, B-47686, C-08033, C-26966,
C-31924, C-37584, D-00081, D-32259,
D-35437, 1-44509, J-30696, L-08376,
L-09612, L-26070
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) C-08033,
C-08290
TREATMENT AND AIDS G-04142
TRIMETHYLBENZENE L-07483
TRUCKS A-40345, J-30696
SURFACE COATINGS
U
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION F-08558
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
A-09781, L-08376
UNDERFIRE AIR B-08351
UNITED STATES A-34585, A-47148,
L-09612
URBAN AREAS A-18751, A-31649,
A-32351, A-32855, A-33570, A-37190,
A-37996, B-05316, B-31301, D-32259,
D-35437, D-36910, G-28814, J-30696,
K-00250, L-06486, L-12789
URINALYSIS B-02427, G-11359
USSR B-34293, B-35771, B-48437,
C-11486, G-06663, G-11359, K-00250
VALLEYS A-41896, D-32259, D-41887
VAPOR PRESSURE B-16890
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS B-07362,
B-25033, B-35933, B-38651, B-42853,
B-45234
VAPORS A-08521, A-38307, A-46023,
B-05648, B-05678, B-06088, B-07362,
B-07836, B-08345, B-10950, B-39792,
B-46061, C-13711, C-14476, 1-23551,
L-05471, L-25176
VARNISHES A-00746, A-00904, A-04234,
A-08557, A-11546, A-23843, A-32855,
A-43268, B-02427, B-03762, B-03763,
B-03966, B-06006, B-06088, B-08351,
B-09818, B-09844, B-09845, B-09848,
B-34293, B-36752, B-38651, B-39286,
B-39295, B-39683, B-44637, B-48430,
C-11486, G-03654, J-30696, L-05471,
L-08055, L-09612, L-10083, L-11069,
L-11074, L-25176
VEHICLES A-04234, A-08557, A-10660,
A-18751, A-32351, A-37996, A-40303,
A-40345, B-31996, B-34574, C-08033,
D-32259, D-35437, 1-44509, J-30696,
L-08376, L-09612, L-26070
VENTILATION A-44107, A-45495,
A-46863, B-09818, B-09819, B-09845,
B-25033, B-29761, B-31231, B-47675,
G-00776, G-01559, G-03654, G-06820
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-31472,
B-35595, B-36752
VIRUSES B-01543
VISIBLE RADIATION A-09781
VOLATILITY A-04234, A-08521, A-09238,
A-10283, A-12122, A-18751, A-29526,
A-34571, A-34585, A-47112, B-03762,
B-03763, B-16890, B-29659, C-08033,
C-18133, G-06820, L-07187
w
WASHOUT A-46023
WATER B-08345, C-09751
WATER POLLUTION A-29984, A-37681,
A-37996, A-38307, A-47879, B-27732,
B-31231, B-40948, B-46580, B-47675,
B-47686, D-41887, L-26070
WET CYCLONES B-41079
WINDS A-32351, D-10128
WOOD A-45858, B-31301, B-31472,
B-34574, B-38195, B-43362, C-33045,
D-35437, 1-23551
X
XYLENES A-00746, A-04234, A-08557,
A-09781, A-18751, A-44107, A-44184,
B-03966, B-05316, B-09818, B-09845,
B-34293, B-35771, B-39149, B-48437,
C-03991, C-04143, C-08033, C-08290,
C-09751, F-08558, G-06663, G-44874,
L-07187, L-08376
ZINC A-45858, C-33045, J-30696
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-08557, A-34571,
A-35957, A 37190, B-30229,
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/1-74-005
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOONO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF EMISSION
SOURCES: Surface Coatings Their Production
and Use, A Bibliography with Abstracts
5. REPORT DATE
March 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Control Programs Development Division
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Control Programs Development Division
National Environmental Research Center
Tnianale Park. N.C. 27711
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Bibliography contains abstracts of the available literature pertinent to
emissions associated with the manufacture of surface coatings, the
effects of those emissions on man and his environment, and feasible
technology for their control.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington. D.C.
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
None
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
None
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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