EPA-450/1-76-003
FLUORINE, ITS COMPOUNDS,
AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
December 1976
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This report is published by the Environmental Protection Agency to report information
of general interest in the field of air pollution. Copies may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Off ice, Washington, D.C. 20402
Publication Number EPA-450/1-76-003
11
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 73
C. Measurement Methods 146
D. Air Quality Measurements 232
E. Atmospheric Interaction 256
F. Basic Science and Technology 263
G. Effects - Human Health 271
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 329
I. Effects - Materials 480
J. Effects - Economic 485
K. Standards and Criteria 489
L. Legal and Administrative 499
M. Social Aspects 517
N. General 518
AUTHOR INDEX 525
SUBJECT INDEX 541
111
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FLUORINE, ITS COMPOUNDS,
AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC)* of the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, has prepared, selected, and compiled the
approximately 2600 abstracts in this bibliography. The abstracts are arranged within the categories
listed in the Contents. The abstracted documents are thought to be representative of available
literature, and no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and abstract number.
Generally, higher numbers have been assigned to more recent documents. The author index lists
all authors individually; primary authorship is indicated by an asterisk.
This bibliography brings together relevant abstracts that were previously scattered throughout
"Air Pollution Abstracts" (1970-1976).
All of the documents abstracted by APTIC are on file at the library of EPA, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers outside EPA may seek the documents directly from publishers,
authors, or libraries.
*Now re-organized into the Manpower and Technical Information Branch.
v
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
00220
J. P. Sheehy, J. J. Henderson, C. I. Harding, and A. L. Danis
AIR POLLUTION IN JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA (A PILOT
STUDY - AUG.-SEPT. 1961). Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution (AP-3). Apr. 1963. 65 pp. GPO: 802-
899-6
The objectives of this pilot study were: (1) To develop a
preliminary opinion as to whether the city of Jacksonville has
a generalized air pollution problem. (2) To determine whether
certain pollutants - fluorides and SO2, were present in the at-
mosphere in concentrations capable of producing the damage
to vegetation that had been experienced in the Jacksonville-
Duval County area. To accomplish the first objective, a one-
week intensive investigation was carried on in downtown
Jacksonville, at (emming Park, from August 3 to 10, 1961. To
accomplish to second objective, additional studies were con-
ducted during the periods August 4 to 12, and September 5 to
13, 1961, in the area in which damage to vegetation had oc-
curred. The two fertilizer plants, located in the industrial area
of Jacksonville, were not in production during the first phase
of this study. Pollutants sampled in this study included
fluorides, SO2, H2S, NO2, nitrogen dioxide, and particulates.
As a result of the investigations it was concluded that: (1)
Photochemical smog was being produced in the air over
Jacksonville. (2) Concentrations of fluorides occurred in cer-
tain parts of Jacksonville during the period of the study that
could cause damage to sensitive plants. (3) Pollutants from the
city of Jacksonville can be transported across the St. John's
River. H2S concentrations measured during this study were
not of the magnitude known to cause discoloration of paints
containing lead pigments and/or mercury base fungicides. Sub-
sequent to the study, an incident of darkening of paints oc-
curred in the arlington area. Therefore, it is evident that an
H2S problem exists in this area. SO2 concentrations observed
during this study did not reach levels known to cause damage
to vegetation. However, it appears possible for SO2 concentra-
tions to reach levels during the heating season capable of caus-
ing damage to sensitive plants, particularly in localized areas
downwind of major sources of SO2.
00340
K. K. Huffstutler and W. E. Starnes
SOURCES & QUANTITIES OF FLUORIDES EVOLVED
FROM THE MANUFACTURE OF FERTILIZER & RELATED
PRODUCTS. Preprint. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, (12)
682-4, Dec. 1966. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-
24, 1966, Paper No. 66-8.)
Fluoride emission levels from the manufacture of phosphoric
acid, run-of-pile triple superphosphate, diammonium
phosphate and granular triple super-phosphate are presented in
tabular form. The information is discussed together with varia-
tions and unusual layouts or operating conditions. In addition,
fluoride emissions from the manufacturing of such products as
defluorinated and calcined phosphate rock, normal super-
phosphate, superphosphoric acid and elemental phosphorus
are discussed. The information applies to the fertilizer and re-
lated phosphate products manufactured in Polk and Hill-
sborough Counties in Florida. This area produces 75% of the
marketable phosphate rock in the Inited States. Some 40% of
the rock remains in these two counties for chemical or thermal
processing. The phosphate industry is required to report an-
nually on fluoride emission levels found by their sampling and
monitoring programs. These values are compared with those
found by spot checking various sources by the Florida State
Board of Health. (Author)
00375
R. A. Prindle
AIR POLLUTION AND COMMUNITY HEALTH (CHAPTER
EIGHTEEN). Medical Climatology 505-18, 1964.
In this chapter author reviews major pollution episodes which
have occurred since 1930 in various parts of the world. These
episodes have demonstrated the danger and the lethality that
may result when certain meteorologic phenomena occur in
geographical areas where potentially high concentrations of air
pollutants may form. Certain pollutants that might be tolerated
in low concentrations in some inhabited areas might become
dangerous when mixed with pollutants from other sources that
could exert an accentuating or synergistic action. SO2, particu-
lates, CO, beryllium, lead, fluoride, photochemical, and aller-
genic pollutants and their effect on man and animals are
discussed. The most important animal experiments as well as
other research are reviewed.
00640
P. M. Ricca
EXPOSURE CRITERIA FOR FLUORINE ROCKET PROPEL-
LANTS. Arch. Environ. Health VoJ 12:399-407, Mar. 1966.
(Presented at the Fourth Inter-American Conference on Tox-
icology and Occupational Medicine at Miami Univ., Fla., Aug.
24-27, 1964.)
A subject of considerable interest is the use of liquid fluorine
for propulsion because it is the most powerful of all the
chemical oxidizers. Space vehicles currently in the develop-
mental stage utilize elemental liquid fluorine (LF2) as well as
liquid fluorine and liquid oxygen (FLOX) mixtures. Rocket
testing with, and handling of, fluorine oxidizers call for the ut-
most care and consideration for the health and safety of per-
sonnel. Although closed and zero-loss handling systems are
used, total and complete containment of all fluorides is
generally infeasible. Environmental releases can come from
engine exhaust gases, burned purge gases, and accidental
discharges from pipe burnouts and spills. Because releases to
the atmosphere, either normally or accidentally, usually in-
volve F2/HF mixtures, industrial hygiene controls and site
planning are based on toxicity criteria for HF and F2. (Author
Abstract)
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00896
E. Weber
(ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE AIR
(SECOND SERIES).) Jahresubersicht Reinhaltung der Luft (2.
Folge). Giesserei (Duesseldorf) S3(12):405-410, June 9, 1966
This a comprehensive review of air purification problems with
116 references, mainly from the German literature. Articles
reviewed include government regulations in various countries,
aspects of dust and gas accumulations, disposal of fluorine
and sulfur compounds in the air, maximum concentration per-
missible in working areas, and measurement of emission of
gases.
01125
D. Zanon and D. Sordelli
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS OF AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
FROM CHEMICAL PROCESSES . (Realizzazioni nel Campo
delia Prevenzione dell' inquinamento Atmosferico di Origine In-
dustriale.) Translated from Italian, ("him. Ind. (Milan),
48(2):251-261, March 1966.
A strict control of pollutant to be dispersed in the atmosphere
offers technical and economic problems, both in the design
and the operation of chemical processing units. Three exam-
ples of processes for which pollution control has been
established are described: SO2 derived from contact sulfuric
acid and from hydroxylamine sulfate plants, nitrous gas from
low and high-pressure nitric acid plants, and fluorine-contain-
ing effluents from hydrogen fluoride production. The general
approach, kind of abatement process adopted, materials and
construction costs are discussed.
01528
K. Guthmann
(NEW KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE IN THE PURIFI-
CATION OF AIR IN FOUNDRIES.) Neue Erkenntnisse und Er-
fahrungen bei der Reinhaltung der Luft in Huttenwerken. Radex
Rundschau (Austria), No: 3: 139-162, June 1966.
German laws, passed by the Federal Government, requiring
maintenance of clean air, are discussed. Maximum allowable
emission values for dusts, gases, and smokes are given. Pro-
grams established for research on the measurement of dust
and SO2 and warning devices for smog are described Other
research described is being conducted on the removal of
brown smoke in basic steelworks and oxygen-blowing steel-
works, recovery of converter gas, possibilities for utilizing ac-
cumulated dust, removal of fluorine from exhaust gases and
removal of odor from exhaust gases.
01687
S.C. Rothman
ENGINEERING CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLU-
TION: STATE OF THE ART, 1966. Heating, Piping, Air Con-
ditioning Mar. 1966. 141-8 pp. (Presented before the First World
Air Pollution Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Nov. 1965.)
Problems encountered by the engineer are illustrated through
analysis of air pollution control in the aluminum production in-
dustry. Prebaked pots and Soderburg pots and their fluoride
emissions are considered.
02019
E.R. Hendrickson, J.S. Lagarias
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM PHOSPHATE
PROCESSING. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London,
1966. (Paper IV/7). PP. 97-9.
Phosphorus is one of the elements essential for the growth of
human, plant and animal life. Most phosphate ores must be
treated in some manner to make the phosphorus soluble and
thus available for life, usually by addition of acid or by heat-
ing. One-third of the world's phosphate is processed in
Florida, where practically all the products normally made from
phosphorus rock are produced. This results in a variety of air
pollution problems involving particulates, fluorides and
sulphur oxides. The manufacturing processes and sources of
pollutants are described briefly. Further described are the
general effects of the emissions. Based on the experience of a
number of years of investigation and application, procedures
for alleviating the air pollution are discussed. The sequential
application of these procedures has resulted in a substantial
reduction in contaminant emissions. (Author abstract)
02312
AIR RESOURCES OF UTAH. Utah Legislative Council, Salt
Lake City, Air Pollution Advisory Committee. June 1962. 32 pp.
A survey was made of the available information concerning air
pollution problems in Utah. No evidence was found to indicate
that Utah has a major air pollution problem at this time; how-
ever, a few perisistent problems exist in restricted areas. Over
the years three air pollution situations in Utah have produced
injury to plant and animal life or have constituted a public
nuisance. These are: (a) sulfur dioxide in Salt Lake Valley
(non-ferrous smelters, burning of coal, gasoline combustion,
and petroleum refining are the principal sources); (b) smoke
and smog along the Wasatch Front and in other localized areas
(burning of coal, open burning on municipal dump grounds and
in junk yards, and waste disposal around private homes con-
stitute the major sources); and (c) fluorides (processing of
Utah ores by steel mills in Utah County, brick and ceramic
plants, phosphate fertilizer plants, and general combustion
processes are the principal sources. Industry has made sub-
stantial progress in alleviating sulfur dioxide, fluorides, smoke,
and hydrocarbons by installing expensive control equipment
and by supplementing this equipment with extensive research,
survey, and monitoring programs. Legislation authorizing the
state, or cities and towns, to deal with public nuisances if
ound in the Utah Code. There is no definition of air pollution,
however, and its treatment as a nuisance is questionalbe.
Enabling legislation should define the problem, permit study of
its effects, and permit actions to control injurious practices.
(Author summary modified)
02653
K. F. Wentzel
FLUORINE-CONTAINING IMMISSIONS IN THE VICINITY
OF BRICKWORKS. STAUB (ENGLISH TRANSLATION) 25,
(3) 45-50, MAR. 1965. CFSTI TT 66-51040/3
Damage to vegetation by brickworks is widespread all over
Germany It is characterized by spontaneous occurrence and
particularly aggressive character, dying off very rapidly in the
interior of woods and greatly varying degrees of damage.
Harmful substances are HF and SiF4. Areas up to about 100
ha in extent occur. The destruction and reduction in growth
there and the damages arising therefrom reach amounts at
times running into five figures of German marks. Three causes
of damage exhaustively investigated in recent years are re-
ported. In two cases on the plain it was possible, by means of
50 m-high chimneys erected later , to prevent the damage over
a long period. At a third, in the mountains, on the other hand,
this measure increased the scale of the initial damage con-
siderably. (Author summary)
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
02847
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
BORDEN CHEMICALS, INC. GRANULAR TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE, PINEY POINT, FLORIDA. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Office of Air Programs Contract 68-02- 0232, Rept. 73-
FRT-9, 45p., Sept. 11-12, 1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted on the granular triple su-
perphosphate process at the Borden Chemical phosphate
works in Piney Point, Fla. in order to obtain data for use by
both the Industrial Studies Branch and the Performance Stan-
dards Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mea-
surements were made at the outlet stack for soluble and in-
soluble fluorides; and grab samples of scrubbing liquids,
process reactants, and process product were analyzed for
fluonde and phosphorus pentoxide content. Values for water
soluble fluorides in Ib/ton P2O5 fed ranged from 0.04-0.10,
while those for total fluorides (Ib/ton P2O5 fed) had an identi-
cal range. Total fluorides in Ib/hr varied from 0.5-1.2. Cyclones
and scrubbers serve as control apparatus.
02988
W. Oelschlager
THE CONTAMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY
FLUORINE. Staub (English Transl.) 25, (12) 5-10, Dec. 1965.
CFSTI TT66-51040/12
Fluorine plays an important role among toxic air pollutants,
because even a relatively small amount of it can be harmful
for plants and animals. The mam emitting sources of fluorine
are plants producing hydrofluoric acid, aluminum, su-
perphosphate and enamel; further, brickworks, metallurgical
works and industrial plants consuming very high amounts of
low quality coal. Fluorine contents of raw materials, fluorine
emissions in different processes and harmful effects on plants
and animals are reported. Finally, the measures to be taken to
reduce fluorine emission are briefly discussed. (Author sum-
mary)
03129
Avy., A. P.
METHODS OF REDUCING POLLUTION CAUSED BY
SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES. (CHAPTER VI. CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY). European Conf. of Air Pollution, Strasburg, 1964. p. 337-
356.
The pollutants discharged by the chemical industry may be
subdivided into several classes. The first and most important
class is that of harmful products emitted in large quantities by
the 'heavy' chemical industry and, in particular, organic
chemical works: Sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid, chlorine,
whether manufactured or in the form of impurities in the basic
material' fluorine in the case of fertilizers and fluorine again in
aluminum electro-chemistry. The chemical industry has a wide
range of special problems which is in a constant state of flux
owing to the wide and ever-increasing variety of new synthetic
products (intermediate and finished) in the organic chemical
industry. From the technical point of view, the prevention of
pollution by such products depends on their presentation and
manner of application. A problem directly connected with
chemical manufacture is that of smell: mercaptans, hydrogen
phosphide, methylamines, etc., although, of course, it does not
arise in the chemical industry alone. Technical methods used
to reduce pollution are highly devellped for dusts and smoke
and there is a wide choice of apparatus. The chemical indus-
try, like all others, is subject to laws and regulations governing
industrial air pollution. A fairly sharp distinction, however,
should be drawn between laws, which lay down in general
terms the objects to be attained and the obligations to be ful-
filled, and the regulations which embody detailes of the limits
imposed and the degree of reduction demanded. In this last re-
port, caution is necessary and impossible or unnecessary stan-
dards should not be set. It is clear that international liaison or
even international collaboration is not only desirable, but
necessary.
03450
C. I. Harding, S. B. McKee, and J. J. Schueneman
FLORIDA'S AIR RESOURCES. Florida State Board of Health,
Jacksonville. Feb. 1961. 66 pp.
The purpose of this survey is to describe the State's charac-
teristics as they relate to air resources, review present control
activities, assess the present and potential status of air pollu-
tion. The survey accumulated reports of air pollution problems
due to 265 particular sources of pollution. The most serious
problem is due to 18 phosphate rock processing plants which
are responsible for emission of gaseous and particulate
fluorides and other dusts. Nine pulp mills which emit odorous
materials and particulate matter are another major problem.
Other problems including automobile exhausts have also been
reported The State of Florida first took official notice of its
air pollution problems in 1955 when Chapter 381 Florida
Statutes was amended giving the State Board of Health
authority to promulgate rules and regulations for the control of
air pollution. On the basiss of information developed in this
survey recommendations have been made in the interest of
protecting and restoring the air resources of the State of
Florida.
03565
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
BORDEN CHEMICALS, INC. DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE,
PINEY POINT, FLORIDA. (FINAL REPORT). Office of Air
Programs Contract 68-02-0232, Rept. 73-FRT-13, 62p., Sept.
26/27, 1972. 3 refs.
An Office of Air Programs source emission test conducted by
Environmental Engineering, Inc. is reported for the Borden
Chemical phosphate works in Piney Point, Florida. Measure-
ments were made for soluble and insoluble fluorides at the
scrubber outlet to the atmosphere; and grab samples of the
scrubbing liquids, the process reactants, and the process
product were analyzed for fluoride and phosphorus pentoxide
content Total fluonde in mg ranged from 3.6-5.2, while total
fluoride in gr/SCF was 0.0008. Water soluble fluonde in Ib/hr
ranged from 0.54-0.66, and total fluoride in Ib/ton P205 Fed
was 0.03. Total fluoride in gr/CF stk. cond. was 0.0007. This
data will be used to establish performance standards.
04068
M. B Belaga and P. N. Maistruk
EXPERIMENTAL SANITARY IMPROVEMENT OF WORK-
ING CONDITION IN THE YA. M. SERDLOV SU-
PERPHOSPHATE PLANT. Gigiena i Sanit. 28 (1), 80-2 (Jan.
1963). Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
Vol. 12.)
The most significant sanitary measures instituted in the
phosphate plant's basic production departments to improve
sanitary working conditions are the following: The apatite un-
loading from the railroad gondolas and loading onto small
delivery cars was changed from manual to electric crane
shovels or buckets, which lowered the stockyard air dust den-
sity by 80 - 90%. Manual cleaning of the bunker grates, from
which the apatite was picked up by the elevator, was replaced
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by automatically operated electric scrapers, which also
lowered the air dust density by 80 - 90%. The acid diluting,
dosing, and temperature regulating in the operating section had
been automated, the conduits made leakproof, and the exhaust
ventilation was operated at 30 mm of mercury or below; all
this lowered the department's air dust density to 17 - 12% of
the original. At the silico-fluoride department, the use of coal
for drying-oven heating was replaced by natural gas, and the
oven had been heat insulated, which eliminated the presence
of coal dust in the air and lowered the intensity of heat radia-
tion by the drying ovens from 0.5 to 0.2 cal/sq cm.min.At the
department of granulated superphosphate, the following im-
provements have been instituted: natural gas instead of coal is
burned in heating the drying drums, a two-step air purification
from fluorine and superphosphate dust has been installed, all
ventilation conduits have been examined and made absolutely
leak-proof, etc. The tail gases discharged into the atmosphere
now contain only 0.18 g/cu m of dust and 0.002 g/cu m of
fluorine. In conclusion, study of the plant's personnel medical
and work records indicated that due to the above described
system of sanitary, therapeutic, general medical and
prophylactic services the rate of morbidity and loss in work
days have been steadily declining in this plant.
05040
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
BORDEN CHEMICAL, INC. DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE,
PINEY POINT, FLORIDA. (FINAL REPORT). Office of Air
Programs Contract CPA-70-82, Rept. 72-CI-3, 126p., Jan. 19-
20, 1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the Borden Chemical diam-
monium phosphate plant located in Piney Point, Fla. in order
to obtain data for the use of both the Industrial Studies
Branch and the Performance Standards Branch of the En-
vironmental Protection Agency. Measurements were made for
both total fluorides and ammonia in the inlet and outlet ducts
of the reactor and dryer scrubbers, the inlet duct of the cooler
scrubber, and the common outlet stack to the atmosphere.
Grab samples of the scrubbing liquids, the process reactants,
and the process product were taken and analyzed for fluoride
and phosphorus pentoxide content. Total fluorides at the Sta-
tion U outlet ranged from 0.0006-0.0012 gr/SCF, while those at
the reactor tail gas scrubber outlet (Station J) varied between
0.0018-0.0043 gr/SCF. The dryer tail gas scrubber outlet for
Station L showed a total fluoride concentration of 0.0014-
0.0083 gr/SCF. Ammonia concentrations at the Station U com-
mon outlet varied between 0.0001 and 0.0002 gr/SCF, and the
reactor tail gas scrubber outlet (Station J) had an ammonia
output of 0.002-0.005 gr/SCF. The Station L dryer tail gas
scrubber outlet registered 0.001-0.002 gr/SCF NH3.
05090
A. J. Teller
CONTROL OF GASEOUS FLUORIDE EMISSIONS. Chem.
Eng. Progr. 63, (3) 75-9, Mar. 1967.
Emission factors for fertilizer manufacture and for aluminum
manufacture are presented. The primary design problems of
recovery systems are stated. The pressure drop requirement,
transfer unit requirements, effluents from phosphoric acid
production, some scrubbing systems, design criteria, and
hybrid systems are considered, efluents from phosphoric acid
production, some scrubbing systems, design criteria, and
hybrid systems are considered.
05139
Pfaff, Roger O.
KAISER AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS, INC., REIGEL-
WOOD, NORTH CAROLINA. Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Emission Mea-
surement Branch and Weston (Roy F-), Inc., Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards Contract, Rept. 73-F'RT-16,
19p., 1973. 1 ref.
Emission measurements for phosphorous pentoxide, particu-
lates, fluoride, and ammonia were performed at the inlet and
outlet of a granulator scrubber situated in the granulated NPK
fertilizer plant at Kaiser Agricultural Chemicals in Reigelwood,
North Carolina. All inlet tests were run simultaneously with
the corresponding outlet tests, and P2O5 analyses were ob-
tained from the fluoride test runs. Ammonia tests were run
within the same time period as the fluoride tests. Total panicu-
late concentrations at the outlet ranged from 0.03735-0.1309
gr/DSCF and from 0.09494-0.31164 gr/DSCF at the inlet. Par-
ticulates for the probe, cyclone, and filter catch ranged from
0.00874- 0.1119 gr/DSCF at the outlet and from 0.04255-0.23106
gr/DSCF at the inlet. Ammonia concentrations were 0.00202
gr/DSCF at the inlet and 0.00116 gr/DSCF at the outlet Total
fluorides measured 0.00076 and 0.00055 gr/DSCF at the inlet
and outlet, respectively. Total P2O5 for the inlet was 0.00153
gr/DSCF, while the outlet concentration measured 0.00023
gr/DSCF. This data will be used to establish performance stan-
dards.
05140
Pfaff, Roger O.
SWIFT AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS, INC., BIR-
MINGHAM, ALABAMA. Environmental Engineering, Inc.,
Gainesville, Fla., Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Contract, Rept. 73-FRT-6, 22p., 1973. 1 ref.
Emission measurements of phosphorus pentoxide, fluorides,
particulates, and ammonia were performed at the outlet of the
control system for the granulated NPK fertilizer plant at Swift
Agricultural Chemicals in Birmingham, Alabama. Total par-
ticulates ranged from 0.04943-0.10764 gr/DSCF; while those
for the probe, cyclone, and filter catch were between 0.02105
and 0.08459. Ammonia concentration at the outlet ranged from
0.00034-0.00050 gr/DSCF, and total fluorides varied from
0.00056- 0.00101 gr/DSCF. Values for total P2O5 fell between
0.00053 and 0.01065 gr/DSCF. Data will be used for establish-
ing performance standards. Control equipment includes
cyclones and scrubbers.
05587
Environmental Engineering, Inc , Gainesville, Fla.
BORDEN CHEMICAL, INC. GRANULAR TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE. (FINAL REPORT). Office of Air Programs
Contract CPA 70-82, Rept. 72-CI- 5A, 124p., Jan. 25-26, 1972. 1
ref.
Emission test runs were performed on the granular triple su-
perphosphate process at the Borden Chemical phosphate
works located in Piney Point, Florida in order to obtain data
for use by both the Industrial Studies Branch and the Per-
formance Standards Branch of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Total fluorides were measured at the outlet stack, and
additonal measurements were made in the inlet ducts of the
reactor and dryer and the cooler tail gas scrubbers. The outlet
ducts of the reactor and dryer tail gas scrubbers were also
tested. A bypass stream between the dryer tail gas scrubber
and the reactor tail gas scrubber was also measured for
fluorides. Total fluorides in Ib/hr ranged from 1.07-2.19 for the
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A. EM,SSION SOURCES
reactor tail gas scrubber inlet, 0.1455- 0.2254 for the 'actor
scrubber outlet, 11.19-53.44 for the dryer tail gas scrubber in-
let, 1.39-2.45 for the dryer scrubber outlet, 3.08-5.50 for the
cooler tail gas inlet, 1.06-2.83 for the outlet of Station U, and
990-3217 for the bypass at Station W.
05601
R. R. Ott and R. E. Hatchard
CONTROL OF FLUORIDE EMISSIONS AT HARVEY ALU-
MINUM, INC. - SODERBERG PROCESS ALUMINUM
REDUCTION MILL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc 13 (9) 437-
43, Sept. 1963. (Presented at the 29th Annual Meeting,
Northwest Pollution Control Association, Salen, Ore., Oct. 24-
27, 1962.)
A 300 Soderberg, vertical-stud type aluminum mill, located
just north of the municipal boundaries of The Dalles, Ore.,
began production in July 1958. Multiclone type dust collectors
and scrubber towers were provided as part of the initial mill
installation. Tests have shown that the fluoride removal effi-
ciencies of the scrubbers are 95% or higher if satisfactory
maintenance and operation are provided. In response to com-
plaints filed by a private party in 1959 and by agricultural in-
terests in The Dalles area in the spring of 1960, the Sanitary
Authority intensified the area, mill, complaint, and air sample
surveys and evaluations. Horticultural damage from fluorides
has been shown to occur in certian foliage and fruit grown in
The Dalles area. Research investigations by the Oregon State
University's Agricultural Experiment Station are continuing
and include a proposed project for the evaluation of any effect
of fluorides upon sweet cherry crop production. The emissions
from individual reduction cells, which by-pass the vacuum col-
lection ducts to the control system, have been a suspected
source of fluoride discharges that were contributing to the hor-
ticultural damage. These emissions originate at the cells during
several operational steps including inadequate maintenance of
the cell. Roff monitor fluoride sample data obtained in 1961
led to a pilot project including an evaluation of fluoride
removal efficiencies. The Authority has granted conditional
approval for the roof monitor control system subject to its
operation at a maximum fluoride removal efficiency. The five
cell building roof monitor systems were completed in Sep-
tember 1962. These controls include an arrangement of spray
nozzles for wetting fluoride particulates, aerosols, and gases
prior to impingement or absorption on poly-vinyl plastic
screens - built into the cell building roof monitors. The final
evaluation of the effectiveness of this fluoride removal system
will depend upon its over-all reduction in the occurrence of
horticultural damage in The Dalles area. (Authors' summary)
05811
Semrau, Konrad T.
EMISSION OF FLUORIDES FROM INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES--A REVIEW. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
7(2):92-108, Aug. 1957. 131 refs. (Presented at the American
Chemical Society Annual Meeting, 130th, Atlantic City, N. J.,
Sept. 1956.)
The principal mechanisms of the liberation of fluorides, in
high temperature processes is pyrohydrolysis, resulting in the
formation of hydrogen fluoride, as indicated by thermodynam-
ic studies and a review of the literature. The principal varia-
bles in pyrohydrolysis in most industrial processes were the
equilibrium of the reaction, the water vapor concentration in
the process atmosphere, and the factors determining mass
transfer. Reaction rates were generally high, although little in-
formation is available. Significant formation of silicon
tetrafluoride was limited to cases involving thermal decom-
position of fluoi ^silicates or the reaction of fluorides and silica
with acids at relatively low temperatures. Formation of volatile
metal fluorides may be a significant liberation mechanism in
some cases, although it is generally of less importance than
pyrohydrolysis.
05871
Semrau, Konrad T.
EMISSION OF FLUORIDES FROM INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES - A REVIEW. Preprint, American Chemical
Society, Washington, D. C., 17p., 1956. 134 refs. (Presented at
the American Chemical Society, Meeting, 130th, Atlantic City,
N. J., Sept. 1956.)
A review of industrial sources of gaseous and paniculate
fluorine emissions is presented along with the mechanisms in-
volved in fluorine liberation. The principal mechanism of
fluorine liberation in high temperature processes is pyrohydrol-
ysis, which results in the formation of hydrogen fluoride. Vari-
ables affecting the formation of hydrogen fluoride include the
equilibrium of the reaction, the water vapor concentration in
the process atmosphere, and the factors determining mass
transfer Significant formation of silicon tetrafluoride appears
to be limited to cases involving thermal decomposition of
fluosilicates or the reaction of fluorides and silica with acids at
relatively low temperatures. The formation of volatile metal
fluorides may be a significant mechanism of liberation in some
cases but is generally of less importance than pyrohydrolysis.
Fluorine emissions in terms of the percent of fluorine input
are tabulated for the following industrial processes: calcining
ironstone, steelmaking, brick making, glass making, roasting
zinc oxide fume, calcining topaz, calcium metaphosphate
manufacture, and the defluorination or manufacture of su-
perphosphate. The table can be used to make order of mag-
nitude estimates of the probable fluorine emissions from a
given process. (Author summary modified)
06241
P. Macuch, G. Balazova, L. Bartosova, E. Hluchan, J.
Ambrus, J. Janovicova, and V. Kirilcukova
HYGDZNIC ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF NOXIOUS
FACTORS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND STATE OF
HEALTH OF THE POPULATION IN THE VICINITY OF AN
ALUMINIUM PLANT. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol.
(Prague) 7, 389-403 (1963).
The state of health of all children aged 6-14 years living for at
least six years in the fall-out area of the aluminum works was
studied. Special attention was paid in their history and in ob-
jective examination to the signs described in the literature as
the manifestations of the action of fluorine compounds on the
human organism, i.e. the haemoglobin percentage, the erythro-
cyte and leucocyte count and the differential white cell count.
Fluonde excretion was controlled in a single urine sample col-
lected over a period of four hours. Bone radiograms were
made of the lumbar spine, together with the hip joint, and of
the shoulder and arm, together with the elbow. In all the chil-
dren the teeth were also examined. The average haemoglobin
values among children in the given age group (6-14 years) in
the fall-out area of the aluminium plant were significantly
lower than in the controls. Average erythrocyte values were
significantly higher. Average leucocyte values in children aged
6-8 in the fall-out area were higher than in the controls. In the
higher age groups the situation was reversed. In the dif-
ferential white cell count no significant differences were found
between average granulocyte values. The significant difference
between the amount of haemoglobin in children in the fall-out
area of the aluminium plant and in the control group shows
-------
that the lower haemoglobin findings in the affected community
could be attributed to the less favourable environmental condi-
tions resulting from its proximity to the aluminium plant. The
experiences and the individual results obtained from these
analyses are used as a basis for suggestions for essential
health measures in concrete situations and for the formulation
of principles of preventive hygienic protection when projecting
and selecting the site of large industrial plants.
06371
S. G. Luxon
ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION IN THE
POTTERY INDUSTRY. Ann. Occupational Hyg. (London), 6
(3), 127-30 (July 1963) (Presented at a Scientific Meeting, British
Occupational Hygiene Society, Jan. 4, 1963.)
Investigations were carried out during a health survey in the
pottery industry with the object of determining the nature and
amount of the fluorine compounds liberated during the firing
of ware in muffle type kilns at temperatures in the region of
1150 deg C. Gas samples were taken using sintered plate gas
scrubbers which were known to be almost 100% efficient
against acid gases. The amount of fluoride trapped in the
second scrubber was of the order of 50% of that trapped in
the first, and repeatable results could not be obtained. Thus,
effective obsorption was not being achieved. These results,
together with the incongruous etching pointed towards the
presence of some agent other than hydrofluoric acid. Thermal
precipitator samples showed that the air of the kiln room con-
tained particles having a median size of 0.1 micron, almost all
particles being less than 0.4 micron. Samples taken from the
dust collecting on ledges of doors of the kilns and on beams in
the workrooms were examined by X/ray analysis and were
found to contain substantial quantities of ammonium fluosil-
icate. Having established the nature of the atmospheric con-
taminant, efforts were next directed toward a method of
trapping the sub-micron particles while retaining a sufficient
air-flow to enable large samples to be taken so ensuring relia-
ble estimations down to less than one part per million. The
method used showed that over 99% of the fluoride present
was trapped by this method. Samples were taken at numerous
positions in the kiln workrooms and in every case the highest
figures were associated with the higher kiln through-puts. Vari-
ous ventilation control methods are discussed. A better
method of dealing with the problem would be to use materials
in the body containing little or no F. The hazard from
fluorides is not considered to be serious if relatively simple
precautions are taken. The etching of the glass in the kiln
room, surrounding rooms and buildings cannot necessarily be
taken as indicative of the concentration present in the air. Ex-
ternal effects due to the emission of fluosilicates will follow
the general pattern associated with paniculate clouds.
07650
Otlowski, George J., Louis Farkas, George Boyd, and Joseph
Hynes
TAKE A DEEP DEADLY BREATH. Middlesex County Dept. of
Public Welfare, New Brunswick, N. J., Board of Chosen
Freeholders, 35p., ((1967)). (110 rets.)
A proposal was made to construct an aluminum reduction
plant in the Raritan Bay area in New Jersey. In an effort to
prevent the location of the plant in this area, a report is
presented describing the air and water pollution deriving from
this industry. The aluminum reduction process is described
and sulfur dioxide and fluorides are cited as being major ef-
fluents from the process. The health hazards associated with
these two pollutants are discussed, and several law suits are
mentioned which were brought against various aluminum com-
panies for damages sustained by plants, animals, and humans
attributed to emissions from the companies. It is concluded
that the Raritan Bay area, which already has an air pollution
problem, cannot tolerate the additional burden that the alu-
minum reduction plant would impose on the atmosphere.
08102
Office of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Emission Testing Branch
ALCOA ALUMINUM. BADIN, NORTH CAROLINA. (FINAL
REPORT). Rept. 72-MM-12, 135p., 1972. 1 ret.
Results are presented from an Office of Air Programs emis-
sions test conducted at Alcoa Aluminum in Badin, North
Carolina. The plant was considered a well-controlled stationary
source in the aluminum reduction industry. Three particulate
runs were made at the inlet and outlet of aluminum reduction
control system (hood, fluidized bed, and baghouse). The
probe, cyclone, and filter catch for this method ranged from
48.49 Ibs/ton feed to 60.27 Ibs/ton feed at the inlet and from
0.330-0.765 Ibs/ton feed at the outlet. The total particulate
catch ranged from 63.83 Ibs/ton feed to 83.23 Ibs/ton feed at
the inlet and from 5.04-6.80 Ibs/ton feed at the outlet. The
standard Environmental Protection Agency method was used
at the outlet only. The probe, cyclone, and filter catch ranged
from 0.236-0.264 Ibs/ton feed, while the total catch ranged
from 2.22-2.30 Ibs/ton feed. The standard EPA train was also
used for three runs at the inlet and outlet for fluorides. Soluble
fluorides at the inlet ranged from 48.20-58.50 Ibs/ton feed,
while total fluoride catch ranged from 56.20-65.90 Ibs/ton feed.
The soluble fluoride catch at the outlet ranged from 0.099-
0.520 Ibs/ton feed, while the total fluoride catch ranged from
0.327-1.656 Ibs/ton feed. Soluble fluorides at the roof monitor
as measured by the standard EPA train ranged from 0.734-
1.334 Ibs/ton feed, while the total fluoride catch ranged from
85.18- 90.42 Ibs/ton feed. Other methods employing a non-
heated filter between the last impinger and the silica gel or a
viton tube for connecting the probe to the standard sample
box were also utilized for fluoride measurements at the alu-
minum reduction control system.
08116
Rom, Jerome J. and John M. Reynolds
TEXAS GULF SULPHUR COMPANY WET PROCESS
PHOSPHORIC ACID PLANT, AURORA, NORTH
CAROLINA. Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville,
Fla., Environmental Protection Agency Contract, Rept. 71-CI-
31, 3Sp., Nov. 17-18, 1971.
Emission tests were conducted by Environmental Engineering,
Inc. under the direction of the Environmental Protection Agen-
cy at the Texas Gulf Sulphur Company wet process phosphor-
ic acid plant in order to obtain data for use by the Industrial
Studies Branch and the Standards Development Implementa-
tion Division. Measurements were made in the outlet stack
(following scrubbers) for total fluorides, while observations of
visible emissions were made by a member of the Industrial
Studies Branch. Fluoride emissions ranged from 0.0034-0.0016
Ibs/ton P2O5 fed. One test result showed an emission rate of
0.0007 Ibs of fluoride/ ton phosphorus pentoxide fed which
was unrealistically low and hence should be voided. Visible
emissions were 0%. (Author summary modified)
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
08486
Marchenko, E. N.
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
IN PROCESSING OF POLYFLUORETHVLENE RESINS.
((Osnovnye voprosy gigieny truda pri pererabotke ftoroplastov.))
Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow),
10(11):12-18, Nov. 1966. 9 refs.
A literature survey is presented on processes involved in the
degradation of polyfluoroethylene resins. Studies of operating
conditions during heat treatment of polyfluoroethylene showed
that the atmosphere may be polluted with perfluoroisobu-
tylene, tetrafluoroethylene, oxyfluorides, hydrogen fluoride,
carbon monoxide, and polymer aerosols. A system of
prophylactic measures has been developed which drastically
reduces toxic air pollution. Heat processing of
polyfluoroethylene resins requires the special attention of hy-
gienists and engineers.
08748
Bell, Doug D.
EMISSIONS FROM ANODE BAKE PLANT AT REVERE
COPPER AND BRASS, INC., SCOTTSBORO, ALABAMA.
(FINAL REPORT). Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N. C., Emission Testing Branch, Office of Air
Programs, Rept. 72-MM-24, S6p., 1972 (?). 2 refs.
A final report is presented on emission tests by the Office of
Air Programs on the anode bake plant of Revere Copper and
Brass, Inc. in Scottsboro, Alabama. Pollutants sampled were
fluorides, particulates, hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. Total
fluoride emissions ranged from 0.35-0.48 Ib/ton, and soluble
fluoride ranged from 0.32-0.44 Ib/ton. Particulates on and in
front of the filter ranged from 0.36-0.41 Ib/ton, while total par-
ticulate ranged from 0.70-0.87 Ib/ton. Results were expressed
as pounds of pollutant emitted per ton of aluminum produced.
This data will be used to establish performance standards for
the aluminum reduction industry. Fans and electrostatic
precipitators are used. (Author summary modified)
08816
Rose, Gerhard
WILL TRASH REMOVAL BE A MARKETING FACTOR FOR
THE GLASS CONTAINER INDUSTRY AND PRODUCERS OF
OTHER PACKAGING MATERIAL? ((Wird die Abfall-
beseitigung zu eineni Marktfaktor fur die Verpackungsglas- In-
dustrie und die Hersteller anderer Verpackungsmittel? Text in
German. Glastech. Ber., 40(ll):438-438, Nov. 1967.
While the removal of discarded glass containers presents a
pro- blem, it is not insurmountable, particularly if refuse
crushing plants and techniques are developed which will refuse
the silicon from waste glass. The substitution of plastic
packaging materials for glass has the disadvantage that during
incineration of poly- vinyl-chloride-containing material, corro-
sive gases are evolved, which cause severe damage to the
boiler units of the incinerator plant. Furthermore, the emission
of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids from these plastics
causes dangerous air pollution to such an extent, that in the
United States the incineration of plastic waste is forbidden in
the vicinity of large cities.
08882
Katz, Morris
NATURE AND SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION. Preprint,
39p., 1966. 24 refs. (Presented at the National Conference on
Pollution and Our Environment, Montreal, Quebec, Oct. 31-
Nov. 4, 1966, Paper A2-2.
The nature and properties of pollutants are discussed, includ-
ing major sources and projected future trends. Seasonal varia-
tion in the deposition of total solids, the formation of aerosols
by condensation and dispersion, the collection of aerosols and
particulate matter, and atmospheric concentrations of
suspended particulate matter are discussed. Properties of light
scattering and optical absorbance of aerosols are cited. Con-
densation nuclei and ions are discussed, as well as the major
chemical components of particulate pollution. Sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, organic sulfides, hydrogen fluoride and other
halides, oxides of nitrogen, ozone and oxidants, carbon
monoxide, aldehydes, and other organic vapor contaminants
are considered. The photochemical theory of smog formation
is discussed, and motor vehicle operation and emissions are
considered. Dust fall and concentrations of suspended particu-
lates, smoke, and selected pollutants in the urban atmospheres
of several Canadian and United States cities are tabulated and
correlated with respect to seasons and meteorological parame-
ters.
09214
Gerstle, Richard W.
DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE BORDEN CHEMICAL COM-
PANY, PLANT CITY, FLORIDA. PEDCo-Environmental Spe-
cialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, Environmental Protection Agen-
cy Contract 68-02-0237, Task 1, Rept. 72-CI-15, 37p., Feb. 1972.
1 ref.
Stack emission tests were conducted, and related process sam-
ples were taken at the Borden Chemical Co. s phosphate
animal feed plant in Plant City, Fla. during the period Feb. 22-
25, 1972. Stack gas samples were taken in the duct leaving the
kiln (before the cyclones) and in the stack after the scrubber.
Three simultaneous sets of samples were taken at these sites
to determine the total fluoride content of the gas streams.
Moisture, carbon dioxide, and oxygen content of the gas
streams were also measured; velocity, temperature, and total
gas flow were determined for each test. Samples of phosphate
rock feed, Limestone, phosphoric acid, product and scrubber
water were also taken during each run. Each stack gas sample
on the dicalcium process extended over a 2-hour period. A
complete summary of stack gas conditions and emission levels
for each test run are tabulated.
09321
Gerstle, Richard W.
FARMLAND INDUSTRIES INC. WET PROCESS
PHOSPHORIC ACID, PIERCE, FLORIDA. PEDCo-Environ-
mental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency Contract 68-02-0237, Task 2, Rept. 72-CI-17,
39p., March 1972.
Stack emission tests were conducted and related process sam-
ples were taken during the period March 1 and 2, 1972 at the
Farmland Industries phosphoric acid plant in Pierce, Fla.
Three tests were made to determine total fluoride emissions
entering the atmosphere from the phosphoric acid manufactur-
ing process after a primary and secondary scrubbing system.
Stack gas samples were taken in the duct after the scrubber.
Three sets of samples were taken to determine the total
fluoride content of the gas stream. Moisture, carbon dioxide,
and oxygen content of the gas stream were also measured;
velocity, temperature, and total gas flow were determined for
each test. Samples of feed materials, the phosphoric acid
product, and scrubber water were also taken during each run.
Each stack gas sample extended over a 2-hour period except
for the last test which was cut short because of a process mal-
function.
-------
8
09332
Gerstle, Richard W.
INTERNATIONAL MINERALS AND CHEMICALS SUPER
PHOSPHORIC ACID, BARTOW, FLORIDA. PEDCo.-Environ-
mental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency Contract 68-02-0237, Task 2, Rept. 72-CI-16,
54p., March 1972.
Stack emission tests were conducted, and related process sam-
ples were taken during the period Feb. 28-March 1, 1972, at
the International Mineral and Chemical Co. superphosphoric
acid plant in Bartow, Fla. Three tests were made to determine
total fluoride emissions before and after the scrubber serving
the superphosphoric acid plant. Fumes from the plant acid
recycle tank, and the vent serving the product storage tank
and barometric seal tank are directed into a combination ven-
turi scrubber and packed bed scrubber in series before enter-
ing the atmosphere. Samples were taken simultaneously in the
two lines entering the scrubber system, and in the single duct
leaving the scrubber. The equipment layout and the locations
of the sampling sites are included. Three sets of samples were
taken to determine the total fluoride content of the gas
streams. Moisture, carbon dioxide, and oxygen contents of the
gas streams were also measured; velocity, temperature, and
total gas flow were determined for each test. Samples of feed,
product, and recycled acid were taken during each run, as well
as scrubber water samples.
09541
Sprung, S., and H. M. V. Seebach
FLUORINE BALANCE AND FLUORINE EMISSION FROM
CEMENT KILNS. ((Flu- orhaushalt und Fluoremission von Ze-
mentofen.)) Text in German. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden),
21(1):18, Jan. 1968. 20 refs
In the burning of Portland cement clinker, fluorine is partly
driven out of the raw materials and fuel. To determine
whether gaseous fluorine is emitted along with the other kiln
gases, complete fluorine determinations were performed for 11
cement kilns of varying design. No gaseous fluorides could be
detected in the cleaned gas from these kilns; the significance
of electrofilters in the removal of solid fluorides is discussed.
In conclusion, cement kilns cannot emit gaseous fluorides
because, in the presence of an excess of CaO, they produce
CaF2. The negligible level of fluorides in the dust from the
cleaned gas (0.009-1.420 mg. F/Nm to 3rd power) is thus not
dependent upon the magnitude of the fluorine balance, but
upon the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitators. The
amount of fluorine combined in the clinker ranges from 88-98
percent of the total fluorine intake, and this percentage in-
creases with a decrease in dust load of the emitted gas.
Fluorine appears as CaF2 in clinker and kiln dust and, as
such, is harmless since CaF2 is relatively insoluble in water.
09651
Gerstle, Richard W. and Robert S. Amick
EMISSION TESTING REPORT. STAUFFER CHEMICAL
COMPANY, TARPON SPRINGS, FLORIDA. (FINAL RE-
PORT). PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, Office of Air Quality and Planning Contract 68-02-0237,
Task 4, Rept. 72-MM-05, Sip., 1972. 1 ref.
Atmospheric emissions of fluorides, phosphorus pentoxide
(P2O5), total particulates, and sulfur dioxide from Stauffer
Chemical Company s elemental phosphorus plant at Tarpon
Springs, Florida were sampled to form a data base for New
Source Performance Standards. Tests were made to determine
fluoride and P2O5 concentrations before and after the venturi
scrubber serving a furnace slag tapping operation. Fluoride,
P2O5, total particulates, and sulfur dioxide concentrations
were also measured before and after the spray chamber serv-
ing the feed nodulizing kiln. Additionally, the fluoride and
P2O5 concentrations in the air return line and the carbon
monoxide line leading to the kiln were measured. Composite
stack gas total fluoride emissions were equal to 0.0262
gr/DSCF, while the total P2O5 emissions from the same
source were between 0.264 and 0.408 gr/DSCF. Composite
values for emissions from the nodulizing kiln-scrubber spray
chamber outlet C were 0.00660 gr/DSCF for total fluorides and
0.0150 for total P2O5; those for chamber outlet B were,
respectively, 0.00656 and 0.0185 gr/DSCF. The total paniculate
catch (weighted average) for the nodulizing kiln- scrubber
spray chamber outlet was 0.0993 gr/DSCF. Sulfur dioxide
emissions at the spray chamber outlet ranged from 144-415
ppm. Orsat analyses were also performed.
09690
Spruiell, Stanley
INTERNATIONAL MINERALS AND CHEMICALS, AMER-
ICUS, GEORGIA. Office of Air Quality Planning and Stan-
dards, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Emission Testing Branch,
Rept. 73-FRT-15, 34p., 1973. 1 ref.
Emission tests were performed at the International Minerals
and Chemicals plant in Americus, Georgia for the purpose of
setting standards for phosphate fertilizer plants. The normal
superphosphate plant was tested for particulates and fluorides,
while the ammoniator-granulator plant was tested for am-
monia, particulates, and fluorides. Values were recorded for
both inlet and outlet scrubber concentrations. Total particu-
lates for the superphosphate plant ranged from 0.0965-0.1726
gr/DSCF at the outlet, while the concentrations at the am-
moniator scrubber outlet ranged from 0.01304-0.02339
gr/DSCF. Total fluorides at the outlets ranged from 0.0527-
0.120 gr/DSCF and from 0.000201- 0.000543 gr/DSCF at the su-
perphosphate and ammoniator plants, respectively. Ammonia
concentrations at the ammoniator scrubber outlet varied
between 0.912 and 1.49 gr/DSCF.
09692
Kulujian, Norman and Richard W. Gerstle
FMC CORPORATION, POCATELLO, IDAHO. PEDCo-En-
vironmental Specialists, Cincinnati, Ohio, Office of Air Pro-
grams Contract 68-02-0237, Task 15, Rept. 72-MM-26, 26p.,
1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted before and after the No. 1
scrubber serving the No. 2 calcining kiln at the FMC Corpora-
tion plant in Pocatello, Idaho which was designated as a well-
controlled stationary source in the elemental phosphorus
reduction industry. Samples were collected to determine the
filterable and total particulate emissions, fluorides, phosphorus
pentoxide (P2O5), and nitrogen oxides at each sampling loca-
tion. Particulates (probe, cyclone, and filter catch) ranged
from 0.0478-0.162 gr/DSCF at the outlet and from 0.183-0.873
gr/DSCF at the inlet. Total catch at the outlet was 0.141-0.285
gr/DSCF. Total fluorides at the outlet ranged from 0.00187-
0.00893 gr/DSCF and from 0.03328-0.1576 gr/DSCF at the in-
let. Total average P2O5 was .00647 gr/DSCF at the outlet and
.0372 gr/DSCF at the inlet. The average outlet emission of
NOx was 155 Ibs/hr, while that for the inlet was 142 Ibs/hr.
09693
Amick, Robert S. and Richard W. Gerstle
MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, SODA SPRINGS,
IDAHO. PEDCo- Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati,
-------
A. EMISSION SOURC S
Ohio, Office of Air Programs Contract 68-02-0237, Task 15,
Rept. 72fMM-27, 35p., 1972. 1 ref.
A series of emission tests were conducted at the elemental
phosphorus plant of Monsanto Chemical Company in Soda
Springs, Idaho. Fluoride, phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), sulfur
trioxide, and sulfur dioxide concentrations before and after the
venturi scrubber serving the slag tapping operation of the No.
8 electric furnace were measured. Average emission results for
the fluoride tests in Ib/hr fluoride were .21 at the outlet and 2.1
at the inlet, indicating and efficiency of 90.0%. The P2O5
emission rate was .00610 Ib/hr at the outlet and .11195 Ib/hr at
the inlet for an efficiency of 94.8%. Average emission results
for the P2O5 tests were .00771 Ib/hr of P2O5 at the outlet and
.08784 Ib/hr P2O5 at the inlet (efficiency of 90.4%). Fluorides
measured .00124 Ib/hr at the outlet and .01807 Ib/hr at the inlet
(efficiency of 92.0%). Sulfur trioxide outlet and inlet concen-
trations, respectively, were: 2.5 and 74 ppm (efficiency of
96.6%). Sulfur dioxide removal showed an efficiency of 29.6%
with an outlet concentration of 3.8 ppm and an inlet concentra-
tion of 5.4 ppm. These data will be used to set performance
standards.
09694
Kulujian, Norman and Richard W. Gerstle
INTERNATIONAL MINERALS AND CHEMICAL CORP.,
KINGSFORD, FLORIDA. PEDCo-Environmental, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Office of Air Programs Contract 68-02-0237, Task 12,
Rept. 73-ROC-l, 28p., Feb. 1973. 1 ref.
Atmospheric emissions of particulates and fluorides from the
International Minerals and Chemical corporation phosphate
rock dryer in Kingsford, Florida were sampled to establish a
guide for New Source Performance Standards. Triplicate tests
were performed to determine paniculate and fluoride concen-
trations at the inlet and outlet of the dryer scrubber. Total par-
ticulate concentrations in Ib/hr averaged out to 945.5 for the
inlet and 32.51 for the outlet. Total fluoride concentration was
21.76 Ibs/hr at the inlet and 2.3 Ibs/hr at the outlet. Outlet flow
rates for all cases except one paniculate run were slightly
higher than volumes sampled at the inlet. This may have been
caused by cyclonic flow distribution; but, since the maximum
difference was only three percent, other factors may have
contributed to the variation.
09695
Bell, Carl D.
EMISSION TESTING REPORT. INTERNATIONAL
MINERALS AND CHEMICALS (IMC), WINSTON-SALEM,
NORTH CAROLINA. York Research Corp., Stamford, Conn.,
and the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, N. C., Emission Testing Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards Contract, Rept. 73-FRT-14,
21p., 1973. 2 rets.
An Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards emission
testing program was conducted at the International Minerals
and Chemicals (IMC) plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina,
selected as a well-controlled stationary source in the
phr-phate fertilizer industry. Particulates, fluorides,
phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), and ammonia were sampled at
the inlet to the dryer, the inlet to the cooler, and the outlet of
the scrubber. Total paniculate catches at the dryer inlet,
cooler inlet, and scrubber outlet were: 10.6-20.9 Ibs/hr (average
17.1); 8.44-17.4 Ibs/hr (average 13.4); and 10.9-20.4 Ibs/hr
(average 15.1), respectively. Total fluoride catches for the
dryer inlet, cooler inlet, and scrubber outlet were respectively:
0.06-0.34 Ibs/hr (average 0.16); 0.58-1.19 Ibs/hr (average 0.90);
and 0.06-0.16 Ibs/hr (average 0.11). Total P2O5 for the dryer
inlet, cooler inlet, and scrubber outlet were respectively: 13.7-
73.7 mg; 340.0-651.0 mg; and 12.7-40.4 mg. Ammonia results
for the same three sampling points were respectively: less than
0.3-21.3 mg; 1.8-2.9 mg; and less than 0.3 to 13.0 mg. Results
for trace metals and mercury analysis for the second fluoride
run are also presented. (Author summary modified)
09696
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
SOURCE TESTING REPORT. ARCO CHEMICAL COM-
PANY, FORT MADISON, IOWA. (FINAL REPORT). Office of
Air Programs Contract 68-02-0228, Proj. 358S-C, Task 22, MRI
Task 23, Rept. 73-FRT-l, 20p., 1973. 2 refs.
Fluoride and ammonia emissions were determined for the
ARCO Chemical Company plant at Fort Madison, Iowa,
designated by the Environmental Protection Agency as a well-
controlled fertilizer plant. The fluoride caught in the cyclone
ranged from 0.00-0.2 Ib/hr with an average of 0.108. Fluoride
per ton of P2O5 ranged from 0.0-0.0123 Ib/ton with an average
of 0.007. Detected fluoride was present in the soluble form for
the cyclone catch for all five runs; and analysis for insoluble
fluoride showed less than 0.06 mg, the lower limit of detection
for the method employed. The total fluoride emitted ranged
from 0.39-0.85 Ib/hr with an average emission of 0.554. All am-
monia analyses showed less than 0.3 mg, the lower detection
limit; and there was no detectable ammonia discharged from
the stack for the period. Results were also collected for
moisture and Orsat analysis of the stack gases for each
fluoride run. (Author summary modified)
09697
Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
SOURCE TEST REPORT ON MEASUREMENT OF EMIS-
SIONS FROM OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL COMPANY,
WHITE SPRINGS, FLORIDA. (FINAL REPORT). Office of Air
Programs Contract 68-02-0232, Task 12, Task Change 3, Rept.
73-ROC-3, 38p., 1973. 2 refs.
Fluoride and particulate emission tests were performed at the
phosphate rock drying operation located at the Occidental
Chemical Company, White Springs, Florida for the purpose of
obtaining data for use by both the Industrial Studies Branch
and the Performance Standards Branch of the Environmental
Protection Agency. All emission tests were performed simul-
taneously at the inlet and outlet of a Dorrco Cyclonic Wet
Scrubber; fluoride emissions were determined by a method
currently being studied by the Environmental Protection Agen-
cy, while particulate emissions were determined by the EPA
Method No. 5. Grab samples of the stack gases at each sam-
pling site were obtained by an Orsat analyzer, and the concen-
trations of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and carbon monoxide were
determined. Fluoride, trace metals, and mercury content in
rock dryer process reactants and products were also deter-
mined. Total fluoride emissions in Ibs/ton of feed ranged from
0.000596-0.000958 for the rock dryer scrubber outlet and from
0.0218-0.0269 for the inlet. Total phosphates ranged from 2.46-
6.5 mg for the outlet and 236.4-347.4 mg for the inlet. Total
particulate emissions in Ibs/ton of feed were 0.130-0.177 for
the outlet and 0.535-1.075 for the inlet.
09785
Dickinson, Janet, Robert L. Chass, and W. J. Hamming
AIR CONTAMINANTS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A.
-------
10
Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
AP-40, p. 11-21, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
The parameters of an air pollution problem, particularly the
problem in Los Angeles County; the measures taken to
eliminate the problem; and control measures still needed are
described. The air contaminants include: organic gases
(hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives); inorganic gases
(NOx, SOx, CO); miscellaneous inorganic gases (NH3, H2S,
C12, F2); participates (carbon or soot particles, metallic oxides
and salts, oily or tarry droplets, acid droplets, metallic fumes).
Each is discussed indicating the sources and significance in the
air pollution problem.
09799
Hammond, William F. and Herbert Simon
SECONDARY ALUMINUM-MELTING PROCESSES. In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 284-292, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
The secondary aluminum melting process is described in detail
indicating the type of furnaces used, charging practices, pour-
ing practices, and fluxing. Frequently a large part of the
material charged is low-grade scrap and chips. Paint, dirt, oil,
grease, and other contaminants from this scrap cause large
quantities of smoke and fumes to be discharged. Even if the
scrap is clean, large surface to volume ratios require the use
of more fluxes which can cause serious air pollution problems.
The emissions from aluminum fluxing may consist of hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine in the gaseous state, alu-
minum chloride, magnesium chloride, aluminum fluoride, mag-
nesium fluoride, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc
chloride, zinc oxide, calcium fluoride, calcium chloride and
sodium chloride in the solid state. Because of the widely diver-
gent properties of these air contaminants the problem of con-
trol is complicated. A canopy hood is usually used for captur-
ing the emissions from the charging well of aluminum rever-
beratory furnaces. Calculation of the quantity of air required
can be accomplished as shown in an example. Some type of
scrubber is required to remove the soluble gaseous fraction of
the effluent, and either a baghouse or an electrical precipitator
is needed to control the solids. In order to maintain adequate
collection efficiency, the use of high efficiency scrubbers with
a caustic solution as the scrubbing medium has been found
necessary. Typical test data on collection efficiency for both
ordinary and high- efficiency scrubbers are outlined. Average
collection efficiencies obtained on various devices on emis-
sions from chlorinating aluminum are outlined. The devices are
horizontal multipass wet cyclone, single-pass wet dynamic col-
lector, packed-column water scrubber with limestone packing,
ultrasonic agglomerator followed by a multitube dry cyclone,
and an electrical precipitator. The trend in control equipment
for aluminum-fluxing emissions appears to be away from elec-
trical precipitators and toward the scrubber-baghouse combina-
tion.
10706
COMBUSTION AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
PRODUCTS OF ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES.
Preprint, Texas Univ., Austin Environmental Health Engineer-
ing Research Lab., Dept. of Civil (Env. Health) Engineering,
1968. (3) refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-28,
(ll)p., 1968. Paper 68-9.)
P-esearch was done on the oxidation and thermal decomposi-
tion pro- ducts of some common organophosphorus pesticides
to shed light on toxic hazards resulting from fires involving
pesticides, those either stored in warehouses or those freshly
sprayed in fields. The data presented are mostly directed
toward demonstrating how much of the organic phosphorus
escapes to the air as uncoverted pesticide and how much as
'other' compounds. There are only a few reactions which
would produce compounds with a toxicity com- parable to the
original pesticides, while most would reduce its toxicity by a
factor of 100 to 1000. (Authors' introduction, modified)
11341
York Research Corp., Stamford, Conn.
EMISSIONS FROM WATER SPRAY TOWER AND WET
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR SYSTEM AT ALU-
MINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA, ALCOA, TENNESSEE.
Office of Air Programs Contract, Rept. 71-MM-14, York Rept.
Y-7730-A, 138p., June 26, 1972. 1 ref.
The source test was performed at the Alcoa primary aluminum
plant for the purpose of gathering emission data for the Per-
formance Standards Branch and control unit efficiency data
for the Industrial Studies Branch. The aluminum cells were of
the vertical stud Soderberg type. Emissions from thirty cells
were manifolded to a particulate knockout chamber followed
by a forty foot redwood water spray tower in series with a wet
electrostatic precipitator before being released to the at-
mosphere. The standard Environmental Protection Agency
particulate train was used to sample both particulate matter
and fluorides. Six simultaneous samples were taken across the
control system using paper filters in three of the runs and
glass fiber filters in the other three runs. In addition, three
samples were taken at the outlet using membrane filters.
Triplicate gaseous samples of fluorides, sulfur dioxide, and
nitrogen oxides were also taken at both the inlet and outlet.
Experimentation with two types of absorbing media in the
midget impingers of the fluoride gas train was performed by
collecting three fluoride samples in water and three in sodium
hydroxide at both the inlet and outlet.
11453
AIR POLLUTION. Chambres d Agriculture, 35(304; Suppl.):!-
16, Nov. 1964. 7 refs. Translated from French by Information
Interscience, Inc., TR 0416.
The sources and effects of air pollution in the country and in
urban communities of France are reviewed. Air pollution
causes important losses of crops, contaminates the soil,
vegetables and livestock, and ultimately poisons the con-
sumers of these agricultural products. Fluorine, sulfur dioxide,
and organic peroxide compounds are particularly noxious.
Specific examples of damage caused by these compounds to
plants and livestock in France are given. In Paris the air con-
tains approximately 180 mineral products/cu m as well as
residues of combustion, soot, ashes, dust, and wastes of all
types. The principle sources of air pollution in Paris are
presently due to emanations from domestic furnaces, emis-
sions from industrial fumes, and exhaust gas from automo-
biles. Domestic furnaces are responsible for 70% of the sulfur
pollution in the center of Paris. Anti-pollution legislation is
summarized.
11541
Gerstle, Richard W.
ROCK DEFLUORINATION BORDEN CHEMICAL COM-
PANY, PLANT CITY, FLORIDA. PEDCo-Environmental Spe-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
11
cialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, Environmental Protection Agen-
cy Contract 68-02-0237, Task 1, Rept. 72-CI-14, 48p., Feb. 1972.
Iref.
Stack emission tests were conducted and related process sam-
ples were taken at the Borden Chemical Co. s phosphate
animal feed plant in Plant City, Fla., Feb. 22-25, 1972. Three
tests were made to determine total fluoride emissions on the
rock defluorination operations. The total fluoride from the kiln
exit gases at the scrubber inlet averaged 2.96 gr/SCF which is
equivalent to 417.6 Ib/hr. The total fluoride at the scrubber
outlet averaged .0016 gr/SCF which is equivalent to .57 Ib/hr.
Moisture, carbon dioxide, and oxygen contents of the gas
stream were also measured as well as gas velocity, tempera-
ture and total volume.
11590
Engineering-Science, Inc., Washington, D. C.
NORTHWEST BERGEN COUNTY SEWER AUTHORITY
SLUDGE INCINERATOR, WALDWICK, NEW JERSEY. Of-
fice of Air Programs Contract 68-02-0225, Task 7, Rept. 72-C1-
2, 133p., May 1972. 2 refs.
Source emission tests were conducted at the Northwest
Bergen County Sewer Authority Sludge Incinerator to aid in
the establishment of federal emission standards for new
sources in this category. Three tests were conducted on the
fluidized bed sludge incinerator equipped with an Impinget
scrubber. Samples were taken after the scrubber for particu-
lates, moisture, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen
chloride, mercury, and fluorides. Also sampled were carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen for excess air deter-
minations. All tests were performed according to the recom-
mended source test procedures of the Office of Air Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency. Examination of the particu-
late loadings indicated an 80% difference between test NBS-1
(0.583 Ib/hr) and either of the last two tests, 0.116 Ib/hr and
0.099 Ib/hr, respectively. There is no clear explanation for the
reduced loadings on the second day s tests.
11876
Terracciano, Louis
EMISSION SURVEY OF THE LOWER POTOMAC SLUDGE
INCINERATOR, FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA. York
Research Corp., Stamford, Conn., Air Pollution Control Office
Contract, Rept. 71-CI-20, York Rept. Y-7394-I, 72p., Sept. 1,
1971.
The purpose of this program was to obtain the total emissions
from the sludge incinerator. This information will be used for
the establishment of Federal performance standards.
Representative particulate samples were collected from the
stack flue gas at the scrubber exhaust, using the Air Pollution
Control Office Method. Nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen chloride, metals, mercury, and fluorides were sam-
pled by APCO Methods. Sludge at inlet, inlet-outlet scrubber
water, hydrocarbons, odors, and ash were also sampled.
Scrubber outlet results are: SO2, 2.013, 2.069, and 2.125 ppm;
NOx, 62.8-46.0, 83.3-75.8, and 44.3-54.7 ppm; HC1, 11.9, 6.83,
and 10.9 ppm; Hg times 10 to the -6 power, .1956, .7073, and
.2184 ppm; fluorides, .469; HC, 7.875-3.375-4.50, 3.375-3.375-
9.0, and 2.25-3.375-7.875 ppm; odor, 80-120-5120, 40-20-640,
and 160-40-20 odor units/CF; filter particulates, .0260, .0136,
and .0134 gr/SCFD; and total particulates, .0335, .0221, and
.0170 gr/SCFD.
11877
York Research Corp., Stamford, Conn.
EMISSIONS FOR PRIMARY ALUMINUM SMELTING
PLANT (SPECIAL EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM) AT ALU-
MINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA, WENATCHEE,
WASHINGTON. Office of Air Programs Contract, Rept. 71-
MM-16, York Rept. Y-7730-B, 104p., June 8, 1972. 1 ref.
The source tests were performed for the purpose of gathering
emission data for the Performance Standards Branch and con-
trol unit efficiency data for the Industrial Studies Branch of
the Environmental Protection Agency. Emissions from the pri-
mary aluminum cells were recirculated through the process via
a specially developed system designed by Alcoa to improve
the quality of aluminum produced and drastically reduced
emissions. The standard EPA particulate train was used to
sample both particulates and fluorides. Six simultaneous sam-
ples were taken across the control system using paper filters in
three runs and glass fiber filters in the other three runs. Also,
three outlet tests were run using membrane filters. Triplicate
gaseous samples of fluorides, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen ox-
ides were also taken at both inlet and outlet. Experimentation
with two types of absorbing media in the midget impingers of
the fluonde gas train was performed by collecting three sam-
ples in water and three in sodium hydroxide. Outlet results
are: particulates (Ib/ton) paper filter, .365, .353, and .707; glass
fiber filter, .587, .353, and .617; membrane filter, .350, .414,
and .222, total fluorides (Ib/ton) paper filter, .000812, .000867,
and .000433; glass fiber filter, .000503, .000580, and .000509;
membrane filter, .000638, .000689, and .001111; gaseous
fluorides (Ib/ton), .132, .300, .233, and .270; and SO2, 10.5, 7.2,
10.5, 9.3, 11 6, and 9.9 ppm.
11916
A. T. Silakova, and S. A. Mosendz
BLOOD PROTEIN AMIDE NITROGEN AND ITS POSSIBLE
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE IN INTOXICATION WITH ELECTRO-
WELDING AEROSOL. (Amidnii azot belkov krovi i ego voz-
mozhnoe diagnosticheskoe znachenie pri vozdeistvii na organizm
electrosvarochnogo aerosolya.) Text in Russian. Gigien. Truda i
Prof. Zabolevaniya, 12(8):56-58, Aug. 1968. 16 refs.
The aerosol obtained from automatic electro-welding, using
An 60 agents, contained in mg/cu m 0.83-1.15 HF, 2-3.18
N2O5, and 120-150 dust-of which 14.4 mg/cu m was Mn, 72-
90 mg/cu m Fe, 6-7.5 mg/cu m CaF, and 8.6-10.5 mg/cu m
Si02. Rats placed in exposure chambers were subjected to
daily 4 hr aerosol inhalations for 1, 3, 6, or 9 months. The
blood from the animals was subjected to acid (IN H2SO4)
hydrolysis during which ammonia derived form the blood
protein amide groups was measured. The one-month aerosol
inhalation reduced the amide group stability: of the total amide
N, in the first 10 minutes of hydrolysis, 31% was released as
ammonia in controls, as compared to 41-54% in the treated
animals. Complete hydrolysis was obtained in the controls in 2
hr and in the treated animals in 30 min. These changes are be-
lieved to be caused by Mn. The hydrolysis curves show a
characteristic pattern of change in the 1 -month period, and sta-
bility in the 3, 6, or 9-month period. The curves may be of
diagnostic value in cases of intoxication with the electro-weld-
ing aerosol.
12095
F. L. Cross, Jr. and R. W. Ross
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM
PHOSPHATE PROCESSING PLANTS. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 19(1):15-17, Jan. 1969. 5 refs.
-------
12
The problem of monitoring for ambient fluoride emissions near
a phosphate fertilizer processing plant in Manatee County,
Florida, are discussed. Results of a study conducted to deter-
mine the emission of fluorides from the surface of a gypsum
settling pond at the Borden Chemical Company plant are
given. Conclusions reached as a result of the study are: (1)
That fluorides are emitted from such a pond at a minimum
rate of about 0.16 pound per acre of surface area per day, (2)
that a breakpoint of about one-half mile from the pond occurs
in concentration of fluoride in the ambient air, (3) that concen-
trations of fluorides in excess of 75 ppm were found in young
citrus leaves in groves near the gypsum pond, and (4) that,
although a one-mile protective buffer zone for a phosphate
plant might be considered adequate for citrus groves, it would
not necessarily be adequate for row crops or ornamental
flowers such as gladiolas. (Author's Abstract)
12470
York Research Corp., Stamford, Conn.
EMISSIONS FROM WET SCRUBBER SYSTEM AT
REYNOLDS METALS, INC., TROUTDALE, OREGON. Office
of Air Programs Contract, York Rept. Y-7730-E, GAP Rept. 71-
MM-20, 148p., May 31, 1972.
A source test was performed at the Reynolds Metals Primary
Aluminum Plant to gather emission data for the Performance
Standards Branch and control unit efficiency data for the In-
dustrial Studies Branch. Emissions from the cells passed
through a wet scrubber system before being released to the at-
mosphere. The standard Environmental Protection Agency
particulate train was used to sample both particulate matter
and fluorides. Three simultaneous samples were taken across
the control system using glass fiber filters. Triplicate gaseous
samples of fluorides, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides were also
taken at both the inlet and outlet. Gaseous fluoride samples
were collected in midget impingers using water as the
scrubbing solution. Three samples were collected on the inlet
and three on the outlet.
12474
York Research Corp., Stamford, Conn.
EMISSIONS FROM THE WET SCRUBBER SYSTEM AT
HARVEY ALUMINUM, THE DALLES, OREGON. Office of
Air Programs Contract, Emission Testing Rept. 71-MM-21,
York Rept. Y-7730-F, 167p., June 7, 1972.
A source test was performed at the Harvey Primary Aluminum
Plant for the purpose of gathering emission data for the Per-
formance Standards Branch and control unit efficiency data
for the Industrial Studies Branch. Emissions from the cells
were manifolded to a wet scrubber system before being
released to the atmosphere. The standard Environmental Pro-
tection Agency particulate train was used to sample both par-
ticulate matter and fluorides. Six simultaneous samples were
taken across the control system using paper filters in three of
the runs and glass fiber filters in the other three runs. In addi-
tion, three samples were taken at the outlet using membrane
filters. Triplicate gaseous samples of fluorides, sulfur dioxide,
and nitrogen oxides were also taken at both the inlet and out-
let. Experimentation with two types of absorbing media in the
midget impingers of the fluoride gas train was performed by
collecting three fluoride samples in water and three in sodium
hydroxide at both the inlet and the outlet. At the primary inlet,
total fluorides were 42.24, 56.01, and 62.70 Ibs/ton Al, gaseous
fluorides were 38.59, 38.57, and 31.73 Ibs/ton Al, and SO2 was
25.3, 124, and 27.5 ppm. At the primary outlet, total fluorides
were 1.266, 1.666, and 1.945 Ibs/ton Al, gaseous fluorides were
.877, 1.418, and 1.647 Ibs/ton Al, and SO2 was 107.3, 23.5. and
165 ppm. At the secondary inlet, total fluorides were .642,
2.43, and 1.89 Ib/ton Al. At the secondary outlet, they were
1526, 18.34, and 1.102 Ib/ton Al.
12476
Valentine, Fisher, and Tomlinson. Seattle, Washington
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION EVALUATION, MARTIN
MARIETTA ALUMINUM PRIMARY REDUCTION PLANT,
THE DALLES, OREGON. Office of Air Programs Contract 68-
02-0236, Rept. 73-ALR-l, 83p., Dec. 1972. 1 ref.
The exhaust gases of the primary and secondary emission con-
trol systems on the Soderburg cells at Martin Marietta Alu-
minum in Dalles, Oregon were sampled and evaluated Oct. 2-
5, 1972 in order to set performance standards. The three sam-
ples taken from the primary outlet had a fluoride concentra-
tion of 0.000087, 0.000164, and 0.000289 grains/standard cu ft.
The three samples taken from the secondary outlet had a
fluoride concentration of 0.000348, 0.000168, and 0.000209
grains/standard cu ft. The standard cu ft is reported at 70 F, 1
atmosphere pressure, and dry. The following information is in-
cluded: discussion of results, description of the process, loca-
tion of sampling point, operation and production data on cells
sampled during emission tests, and sampling and analytical
procedures. Control equipment includes afterburners, bub-
blers, electrostatic precipitator, mist eliminator, and a spray
chamber. (Author summary modified)
12548
Craste, C.
FLUORIC POISONING. X. THE JURIDICAL PROBLEM. ((L-
'intoxication Fluoree. X. Le probleme juridique.)) Text in
French. Rev Med Veterinaire, 194:13-20, 1953.
The problem includes (a) the p. oof of fluoric poisoning and (b)
the estimate of damages, (a) The proof must rest on both clini-
cal and chemical criteria. After a review of early procedures,
the following factors are given as pertinent: 1. disease symp-
toms in an animal do not necessarily imply high fluorine con-
tent in the bones; 2. an animal must always be considered as
having been a victim of fluorosis when its bone ashes contain
more than 0.5% of fluorine (in CaF2); 3. when the fluorine
content is less than 0.25, the subject is free from the specific
poisoning; 4. between 0.25 and 0.50, the animal may show
costal nodosities, and these are not incompatible with the es-
sential osteomalacia. Tooth enamel is particularly sensitive to
fluoric poisoning. Blood and muscle laboratory tests are nega-
tive. Urine tests are valueless unless supported by fluorine and
fluoride tests of air and fodder. Urine tests on humans, how-
ever, may point to further useful research applicable to
animals, (b) Losses due to 'factory disease' may be direct or
indirect. The former include damages due to the settlement or
death of the sick animals. Settlement, by mutual agreement, is
subject to the positive results of the tests, and this is a source
of conflict. The indemnity must cover the replacement value
plus medical and other expenses. Indirect losses include cost
of substitution fodder during the illness, and the loss in value
of the establishment permanently exposed to fluoric pollution.
Further remarks must await the outcome of instances cur-
rently before the courts.
12557
Wood, F. A.
SOURCES OF PLANT-PATHOGENIC AIR POLLUTANTS.
Phytopathology, 58(8): 1075-1084, Aug. 1968. 27 refs.
Sulfur dioxide, fluoride, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrate are
currently the most important plant-pathogenic air pollutants in
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
13
the USA. These or their precursors emanate from transporta-
tion, industry, or generation of electricity. The increase in
population and in our demands for energy will result in in-
creased activity within each of these categories and attendant
increases in pollutant emissions. Thus, in all instances, the
problem is going to worsen within the next 20 years. By 2000
AD or shortly thereafter, there should be a reduction in the
levels of SO2 to present levels; the fluoride pollution problem
will probably be worse; and, unless a power plant such as the
electric engine is developed to take the place of the gasoline
engine, our major problem will probably be one of
photochemical air pollutants. It is also quite likely that pollu-
tants such as hydrogen chloride and chlorine will increase in
importance in the future. Finally, it should be kept in mind
that the accuracy of predictions of this type is subject to
changes in attitudes and technology. (Author's summary)
12587
Kelso, Gary
EMISSIONS FROM A CARBON ANODE BAKE PLANT AT
CONSOLIDATED ALUMINUM CORPORATION, LAKE
CHARLES, LOUISIANA. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas
City, Mo., Office of Air Programs Contract 68-02-0228, Proj.
3585-C, Task 19, MRI Task 20, Kept. 73-ALR-3, 84p., Jan. 29,
1973. 2 refs.
Source emission tests were conducted at the Consolidated Alu-
minum Corp. s aluminum reduction plant at Lake Charles, La.
A summary of results from the fluoride and mass particulate
tests conducted on the stack (behind an electrostatic precipita-
tor), and the Orsat analysis of the stack gas are tabulated.
Three fluoride tests were run. There was close agreement
(16.58 Ib/hr and 16.81 Ib/hr, respectively), in the first two
tests, while the third test had a lower value (15.69 Ib/hr). The
total mass particulate emissions test which was run with the
third fluoride test had a value of 74.77 Ib/hr. Twelve separate
Orsat analyses were run on the gas sample and are tabulated.
Results of the tests are carbon dioxide-average-1.1%; oxygen-
average-19.0%; and carbon monoxide- average-0.0%. These
data will be used to establish performance standards for the
industry. (Author summary modified)
12622
Boehlen, B.
FLUORINE EMISSION AT ALUMINIUM WORKS. Chem.
Eng., No 221, CE266-268, Sept. 1968.
The most important of the extraneous substances in the air
which arise from alumina reduction are inorganic fluorine
compounds, alumina, tar, carbon, sulfur dioxide, and carbon
monoxide The fluorine compounds are particularly important
because of their toxicity to livestock and plants. Waste gas pu-
rification systems must be of two types: One for purification
of the furnace waste gas and the other for purification of air
from the premises. The first system for use with the Soderberg
furnace consists of a combustion step with cyclone and elec-
trostatic precipitator dust removal, and spray-type scrubbers
or filter-plate columns for hydrogen fluoride removal. The
system for purification of air from the premises consists of a
spray chamber with synthetic fabric lining mounted on the
roof. Purification of waste furnace gases from Soderberg fur-
naces results in a fluorine concentration in the pure gas of less
than 10 mg/cu m, while the purification of air from the
premises results in a fluorine concentration in the pure gas less
than 2 mg/cu m.
12631
K. Karbe
FLUORIDE EMISSION FROM FERTILIZER PRODUCTION.
Chem. Eng., No. 221, CE268, Sept. 1968.
Crude phosphates, which are important starting materials for
the production of fertilizers, generally contain 3-4% fluorine
compounds. In this brief statement to the Working Party on
Air Pollution of the European Federation of Chemical En-
gineering, the emission reactions and the waste gas purifica-
tion methods are defined.
12676
Valentine, Fisher, and Tomlinson, Seattle, Wash., and Office
of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Emission
Testing Branch and Industrial Studies Branch
HARVEY ALUMINUM, THE DALLES, OREGON. OAP Con-
tract 68-02-0236, Rept. 72-MM-07, 121p., 1973.
Harvey Aluminum was considered a well controlled stationary
source in the aluminum reduction industry and was, therefore
selected by the Office of Air Programs for the emission testing
program to determine performance standards. Testing at the
bubbler- electrostatic precipitator (ESP) site included deter-
mination of particulate and fluoride emissions. Samples were
collected at the inlet to the bubbler and at the stack outlet of
the ESP. Testing was also conducted for fluorides and particu-
lates in the secondary system. This included sampling sites be-
fore and after the spray chambers in the spray tower. Three
particulate and three fluoride runs were made at each inlet and
outlet sampling site for both the primary and secondary
systems. The particulate emission data indicated that the major
portion of the reaction cell exhaust was going through the pri-
mary system while the remaining exhaust went through the
secondary control system. The combined probe and filter
catch at the primary system inlet ranged from 42.41 Ibs/ton
feed to 136.80 Ibs/ton feed while at the primary dsystem outlet
the range was from 0.0395 Ibs/ton feed to 0.0736 Ibs/ton feed.
The total catch, which includes the impinger portion of the
train, ranged from 44.90 Ibs/ton feed to 138.63 Ibs/ton feed at
the inlet and from 0.100 Ibs/ton feed to 0.1325 Ibs/ton feed at
the outlet. The particulate emissions in the probe and filter
catch at the inlet of the secondary system ranged from 16.46
Ibs/ton feed to 27.19 Ibs/ton feed while the outlet ranged from
2.61 Ibs/ton feed to 12.46 Ibs/ton feed. The total catch at the
inlet had a range of 22.38 Ibs/ton feed to 30.90 Ibs/ton feed
while the outlet ranged from 4.77 Ibs/ton feed to 16.91 Ibs/ton
feed. The fluoride emission results were divided into soluble
and total fluorides. The soluble fluoride emissions at the inlet
of the primary system ranged from 30.97 Ibs/ton feed to 41.44
Ibs/ton feed and at the outlet from 0.101 Ibs/ton feed to 0.0140
Ibs/ton feed. The total fluorides at the inlet ranged from 32.57
Ibs/ton feed to 92.80 Ibs/ton feed while at the outlet the range
was from 0.0101 Ibs/ton feed to 0.0161 Ibs/ton feed. The
secondary system (spray tower) ranges for soluble fluorides
were 0.639 Ibs/ton feed to 0.839 Ibs/ton feed for the inlet, and
0.551 Ibs/ton feed to 1.026 Ibs/ton feed for the outlet. The total
fluorides for the inlet and outlet of the secondary system
ranged from 0.638 Ibs/ton feed to 0.873 Ibs/ton feed and from
0.164 Ibs/ton feed to 0.273 Ibs/ton feed respectively.
12692
Valentine, Fisher and Tomlinson, Seattle, Wash., and Office
of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Emission
Testing Branch
REYNOLDS ALUMINUM, LONGVIEW, WASHINGTON.
OAP Contract 68-02- 0236, Rept. 72-MM-08, 85p., 1973 (?). 2
refs.
-------
14
To set realistic performance standards for the aluminum
reduction industry, Reynolds Aluminum, a well-controlled
source, was studied. Three particulate and three fluoride runs
were made at the inlet and outlet of the electrostatic precipita-
tor (ESP). Four fluoride runs were made at the roof monitor.
Almost all of the exhaust from the aluminum reduction reac-
tion cell is caught by the hood. Therefore, to be assured of an
adequate amount of sample at the roof, it had to be sampled
for approximately 10-15 hr at a high sampling rate. The com-
bined probe, cyclone and filter particulate catch at the ESP
inlet ranged from 60.8 Ibs/ton feed to 73.5 Ibs/ton feed while at
the outlet it ranged from 1.39 Ibs/ton feed to 4.98 Ibs/ton feed.
The total particulate ca'ch ranged from 74.5 Ibs/ton feed to
90.8 Ibs/ton feed at the inlet and 3.21 Ibs/ton feed to 8.91
Ibs/ton feed at the outlet. The fluoride emissions results were
analyzed as solution fluorides and total fluorides. The soluble
fluoride emissions at the inlet of the ESP ranged from 24.4
Ibs/ton feed to 36.6 Ibs/ton feed and at the outlet from 0.365
Ibs/ton feed to 0.422 Ibs/ton feed. The total fluoride catch at
the inlet ranged from 35.0 Ibs/ton feed to 50.4 Ibs/ton feed
while at the outlet it ranged from 0.382 Ibs/ton feed to 0.422
Ibs/ton feed. The soluble fluorides at the roof monitor ranged
from 1.09 Ibs/ton feed to 2.76 Ibs/ton feed. The total fluoride
catch at the roof monitor ranged from 1.10 Ibs/ton feed to 2.85
Ibs/ton feed. (Author summary)
12740
Valentine, Fisher, and Tomlinson, Seattle, Wash.
ALCOA, ALUMINUM, WENATCHEE, WASHINGTON.
FINAL REPORT. Office of Air Programs Contract 68-02-0236,
Kept. 72-MM-06, 104p., 1972. 1 ret.
Alcoa Aluminum in Wenatchee was considered a well con-
trolled stationary source in the aluminum reduction industry
and was, therefore, sebcted for the emission testing program
to determine reasonable performance standards. Testing at the
A-398 site included determination of particulate and fluoride
emissions. Samples were collected at the inlet to the fluidized
bed and at the outlet of the baghouse. Sampling for fluorides
was also conducted at the roof monitor using a portable roof
takeoff system which Alcoa uses in its own testing program.
The combined probe, cyclone, and filter catch for the particu-
late emissions at the inlet of the A-398 ranged from 95.8
Ibs/ton feed to 1.39 Ibs/ ton feed. The total particulate catch,
which includes the impinger portion of the train, at the A-398
ranged from 97.4 Ibs/ton feed to 101 Ibs/ton feed at the inlet
and 1.32 Ibs/ton feed to 2.54 Ibs/ton feed at the outlet. The
soluble fluoride emissions at the inlet and outlet of the A-398
ranged from 17.3 Ibs/ton feed to 36.8 Ibs/ton feed and 0.0547
Ibs/ton feed to 0.260 Ibs/ton feed respectively. The roof moni-
tor soluble fluoride emissions ranged from 1.09 Ibs/ton feed to
1.34 Ibs/ton feed. The total fluoride emissions at the inlet of
the A-398 ranged from 17.4 Ibs/ton feed to 51.7 Ibs/ton feed
while at the outlet they ranged from 0.0547 Ibs/ton feed to
0.267 Ibs/ton feed. The total fluoride emissions at the roof
monitor ranged from 1.10 Ibs/ton feed to 1.37 Ibs/ton feed.
12741
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
C. F. CHEMICALS, INC. DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE,
BARTOW, FLORIDA. Environmental Protection Agency Con-
tract CPA-70-82, Rept. 71-CI- 37, 135p., Dec. 1971. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the C. F. Chemicals, Inc.
diammonium phosphate plant No. 3 located in Bartow, Fla.
Dec. 16-20, 1971. Using separate sample trains, measurements
were made for both total fluorides and ammonia in the inlet
and outlet ducts of the reactor, cooler, and dryer scrubbers.
Grab samples of the scrubbing liquids, the process reactants,
and the process products were taken and analyzed for fluoride
and phosphorus pentoxide content. Pertinent results of the
tests are tabulated. The plant operated under normal process
conditions during the three test runs. However, minor irregu-
larities occurred in the sampling and there are irregularities in
the test data. The data was obtained for use by the Industrial
Studies Branch and Performance Standards Branch of the En-
vironmental Protection Agency.
12747
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
ROYSTER COMPANY DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE, MUL-
BERRY, FLORIDA. Environmental Protection Agency Contract
68-02-0232, Rept. 72-CI- 25, 165p., May 1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the Royster Co. diammoni-
um phosphate production facilities in Mulberry, Fla., May 17-
18, 1972 for the Industrial Studies Branch and the Per-
formance Standards Branch of Environmental Protection
Agency. Using separate sample trains, measurements were
made for both total fluorides and ammonia. Emission tests
were conducted in the inlet and outlet ducts of the reactor,
cooler, and dryer scrubbers as well as in the common outlet to
the atmosphere. Grab samples of the scrubbing liquid, the
process reactants, and the process products were analyzed for
fluoride and P2O5 (phosphorus pentoxide) content. Although
scrubber operation appeared normal during the tests, it was
subsequently determined that an abnormal acid mist entrain-
ment problem existed. This resulted in higher than normal
fluoride emissions to the atmosphere and also explains why in
all cases fluoride concentrations measured at the scrubber out-
lets were greater than the concentrations measured at the in-
lets. A complete summary of the gas conditions, fluoride con-
centrations, and ammonia emission levels are tabulated.
(Author summary modified)
12749
Neulicht, Roy M. and John M. Reynolds
C. F. CHEMICALS, INC. WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC
ACID, BARTOW, FLORIDA. Environmental Engineering, Inc.,
Gainesville, Fla., Environmental Protection Agency Contract
CPA-70-82, 72p., Dec. 1971. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the C. F. Chemical s Inc.,
wet process phosphoric acid plant no. 3 located in Bartow,
Fla. Three tests runs were conducted on Dec. 14-15, 1971. The
scrubber inlet from the attack tank showed fluoride emissions
ranging from .452-.907 Ib/ton P2O5 (phosphorus pentoxide)
fed. At the inlet from the filtration system, the fluoride emis-
sions ranged from .0025-.0042 Ib/ton P2O5 fed, while emissions
at the inlet from the condenser ranged from .005-.006 Ib/ton
P2O5 fed. At the scrubber outlet, total fluoride emissions
ranged from .011-.064 Ib/ton P2O5 fed. Compared to the other
two test runs, the value obtained for the first run (.064 Ib/ton
P2O5 fed) is extremely high. This irregularity is unexplainable,
except for the possibility that the sample for run 1 was con-
taminated. Scrubber efficiency was calculated and ranged for
93.0% to 98.7%. A complete summary of the test results are
tabulated.
12750
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
TEXAS GULF, INC. SUPER PHOSPHORIC ACID. AURORA,
NORTH CAROLINA. Environmental Protection Agency CPA-
70-82, Rept. 71-CI-32, 29p., Nov. 19, 1971. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the Texas Gulf, Inc.
phosphate complex to obtain data on soluble and insoluble
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
15
fluorides in the outlet stack of the off-gas scrubber. Grab sam-
ples of the scrubbing liquid, the process reactant, and the
process product were also analyzed for fluoride content. Sam-
pling and analytical methods, results, process description, lo-
cation of sampling points, and emission calculations and
results are discussed. The data will be used by the Industrial
Studies Branch and the Performance Standards Branch of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
12773
Environmental Engineering, Gainesville, Fla.
S. W. BROOKLYN MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR, NEW
YORK, NEW YORK. FINAL REPORT. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency Contract CPA-70-82, Task 1, Rept. 71-CI-15, 160p.,
1972. 2 refs.
Source tests for the determination of particulates, sulfur diox-
ide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, fluoride, special
metals, and mercury emissions were performed at Unit
Number 1 of the Southwest Brooklyn Municipal Incinerator.
Control equipment utilized in Brooklyn was a Wheelabrator
electrostatic precipitator. Three paniculate test runs were per-
formed at the inlet and outlet of the incinerator. Several gase-
ous emission tests were performed at the outlet only. Only
Orsat analyses for carbon dioxide, oxygen, and carbon monox-
ide were performed at both inlet and outlet. Inlet particulates
(probe, cyclone, and filter catch) measured 0.3744, 0.3783, and
0.3714 gr/SCFD. Paniculate total catch was 0.3814, 0.3822, and
0.3790 gr/SCFD. At the outlet SO2 was 1.1, 0.3, and 0.3 ppm,
NOx was 28.9, 44.3, and 44.8 ppm, and HC1 was 63.1, 15.4,
and 38.2 ppm. Outlet particulates (probe, cyclone, and filter
catch) were 0.1642, 0.1679, and 0.0983 gr/SCFD, and total par-
ticulates were 0.2013, 0.2048, and 0.1347 gr/SCFD. Data will
be used to determine realistic performance standards.
12809
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
TEXAS GULF, INC. SUPERPHOSPHORIC ACID, AURORA,
NORTH CAROLINA. AUGUST 29-30, 1972. Environmental
Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0232, Rept. 73-PSA-l, 43p.,
Aug. 1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the Texas Gulf, Inc. su-
perphosphoric acid production facilities in Aurora, N. C, Aug.
29-30, 1972 for the Industrial Studies Branch and the Per-
formance Standards Branch of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Three 2 hr tests were made and the outlet stack of
the off-gas scrubber was measured for soluble and insoluble
fluorides. Grab samples of the scrubbing liquid, the process
reactant, and the process product were analyzed for fluoride
and phosphorus pentoxide content. The total fluoride for the
three runs was 0.002 gr/SCF, 0.002 gr/SCF, and 0.003 gr/SCF
respectively. This is equivalent is total fluoride in Ib/hr of
0.005, 0.005, and 0.007 for the three runs.
12813
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
TEXAS GULF, INC., WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID,
AURORA, NORTH CAROLINA. Environmental Protection
Agency Contract 68-02-0232, Rept. 73-PSA-2, 62p., Sept. 1972. 1
ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the Texas Gulf, Inc.
phosphoric acid plant in Aurora, N. C. Aug. 31-Sept. 1, 1972
for use in setting performance standards. Measurements for
soluble and insoluble fluorides were made in the inlet ducts
and outlet stack of the fume scrubber. The inlet leading from
the attack tank and the combined inlet leading from the filtra-
tion system-condenser hotwell system were sampled. Nu-
merous grab samples of the process reactants and products
were analyzed for fluoride and phosphorus pentoxide content.
There are two identical production lines—the East Train and
the West Train. The first two test runs (1W, 2W) were per-
formed on the West Train; the third test (3E) was conducted
on the East Tram. At the outlet, total fluoride was 13.9 mg, 14
mg, and 2.2 mg for Runs 1W, 2W, and 3E respectively; in the
reactor scrubber inlet the total fluoride was 178.3 mg, 121 1
mg, and 283.4 mg; at the filter and miscellaneous scrubber in-
let, total fluoride was 138.2 mg, 6.7 mg, and 1.4 mg.
12822
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
W. R. GRACE AND COMPANY. GRANULAR TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE STORAGE. BARTOW, FLORIDA. Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0232, Rept. 73-FRT-
12, 42p., Sept. 21-22, 1972. 1 ref.
Three test runs of 2 hr each were conducted at a granular tri-
ple superphosphate storage building at the W. R. Grace and
Company phosphate works. Measurements for soluble and in-
soluble fluorides were made at the outlet stack of the storage
building scrubber. Grab samples of the scrubbing liquid and
storage product were analyzed for fluoride and phosphate
(P2O5) content. A schematic flow diagram of the process
operation and the sampling location, pertinent test results, and
complete test data are given. The amount of granular triple su-
perphosphate located in storage during the test runs was ap-
proximately 2000 tons P2O5 product. Normal production and
shipping operations were taking place during the test runs. No
problems were encountered daring the sampling. Locations of
sampling points, sampling and and analytical procedures, and
laboratory analysis procedures are described. The data will be
used by the Industrial Studies Branch and the Performance
Standards Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency.
12828
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
ROYSTER COMPANY. RUN-OF-PILE TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE. MULBERRY, FLORIDA. Environmental
Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0232, Rept. 73-FRT-ll, 48p.,
Sept. 19-20, 1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the Royster Chemical
phosphate works. Royster s scrubbing system is designed so
that the stack gas from the scrubber is split into the streams
and vented to the atmosphere by two stacks. Both stacks were
tested simultaneously for soluble and insoluble fluorides. In
addition, grab samples of the scrubbing liquids, the process
reactants, and the product were analyzed for fluoride and
phosphorus pentoxide content. A schematic flow diagram of
the process operation and the sample locations and pertinent
test results are presented. The total fluoride emissions for the
three runs were 0.18, 0.30, and 0.15 Ibs/ton P2O5. The process,
sampling points, and sampling and analytical methods are
described. The data will be used by the Industrial Studies
Branch and the Performance Standards Branch of the En-
vironmental Protection Agency.
12884
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
C. F. CHEMICALS, INC. RUN-OF-PILE TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE. PLANT CITY, FLORIDA. Environmental
Protection Agency Contract 68-02- 0232, Rept. 73-FRT-10, 4Sp.,
Sept. 14-15, 1972. 1 ref.
-------
16
Emission tests were conducted at the C. F. Chemical
phosphate works. Three 2-hour tests were performed at the
run-ofkpile triple superphosphate production facilities. Soluble
and insoluble fluorides were measured at the off-gas outlet to
the atmosphere. In addition, grab samples of the scrubbing
liquids, process reactants, and process products were analyzed
for fluoride and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) content. A sche-
matic flow diagram of the process operation and the sample
location is presented. The plant was operated under normal
process conditions during the test runs. Stack gas conditions,
fluoride emissions, process description and operation, location
of sampling points, sampling and analytical procedures, and
emission calculations and results are presented. The data will
be used by the Industrial Studies Branch and the Performance
Standards Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency.
12886
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
W. R. GRACE AND COMPANY GRANULAR TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE, BARTOW, FLORIDA. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency Contract 68-02-0232, Rept. 72-CI-30, 66p., June
1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the W. R. Grace and Co.
phosphate works in Bartow, Fla. On June 14-15, 1972, three
test runs of approximately 2 hr each were conducted on the
granular triple superphosphate process in order to get data for
determining performance standards. Measurements were made
for total fluorides at the outlet stack and at the inlet ducts to
the dryer and miscellaneous scrubbers. Grab samples of the
scrubbing liquids, the process reactants, and the process
products were analyzed for fluoride and phosphorus pentoxide
content. At the outlet, the total fluoride was the three runs
was 9.07 mg, 6.7 mg, and 6.9 mg; at the dryer scrubber inlet,
total fluoride was 5116.7 mg, 1212.6 mg, and 72.0 mg; at the
miscellaneous scrubber inlet, total fluoride was 472 mg, 7.3
mg, and 153.8 mg. No explanation for these irregularities could
be confirmed. A complete summary of stack gas conditions,
emission concentrations, and system efficiency is tabulated.
(Author summary modified)
12888
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
W. R. GRACE AND COMPANY. GRANULAR TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE STORAGE. BARTOW, FLORIDA. Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0232, Rept. 72-CI-
30B, 36p., June 14-15, 1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the W. R. Grace and Com-
pany phosphate runs to obtain emission data for the Industrial
Studies Branch and Performance Standards Branch of the En-
vironmental Protection Agency. Measurements for soluble and
insoluble fluorides were made at the outlet stack of the storage
building scrubber. Grab samples of the scrubbing liquid and
storage product were analyzed for fluoride and triple su-
perphosphate. A schematic flow diagram of the process opera-
tion and sampling location is given. The amount of granular
triple superphosphate located in storage during the test runs
was approximately 4500 tons. Normal production and shipping
operations took place during test runs. No irregularities oc-
curred during the sample. A summary is given of stack condi-
tions and emission levels for each test, and complete results
are listed. The location of sampling points, sampling and
analytical procedures, and emission calculations and results
are described.
12889
Environmental Engineering, Inc.
SEVENTY-THIRD STREET MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR,
NEW YORK, NEW YORK. FINAL REPORT. Environmental
Protection Agency Contract CPA-70-82, Task 1, Rept. 71-CI-14,
ISOp., 1972. 1 ref.
Source tests for the determination of particulates, sulfur diox-
ide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, fluoride, special
metals, and mercury emissions were performed. Control equip-
ment utilized was a venturi water scrubber. One particulate
emission test was performed at the inlet to the control unit,
while three particulate test runs were performed at the outlet.
Several gaseous emission tests were performed at the outlet
only. Only Orsat analyses for carbon dioxide, oxygen, and car-
bon monoxide were performed at both the inlet and outlet.
Inlet particulates at probe, cyclone, and filter were 1.0856
gr/SCFD; the total catch was 1.2382 gr/SCFD. Outlet particu-
lates at probe, cyclone, and filter were 0.0842, 0.0888, and
0.0830 gr/SCFD; total catch was 0.1026, 0.1088, and 0.1067
gr/SCFD. Outlet SO2 emissions were 3.6 and 1.4 ppm; NOx
were 32.7, 51.8, and 69.1 ppm; and HC1 were 170, 97.1, and
108.0 ppm. Data will be utilized to determine realistic per-
formance standards.
12919
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
INTERNATIONAL MINERALS AND CHEMICALS DICALCI-
UM PHOSPHATE, BARTOW, FLORIDA. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency Contract CPA-70-82, Rept. 72-CI-21, 90p.,
March 1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the International Minerals
and Chemicals dicalcium phosphate production facilities in
Bartow, Fla. March 13-14, 1972 for the Industrial Studies
Branch and the Performance Standards Branch of the En-
vironmental Protection Agency. Measurements for total
fluorides were made at the inlet and outlet ducts of the reac-
tor-granulator, dryer, and screen-mill scrubbers. Grab samples
of the scrubbing liquids, the process reactants and the process
product were analyzed for fluorides and phosphorus pentoxide
content. A complete summary of stack conditions, emission
levels, and scrubber efficiencies for each test run and test lo-
cation is tabulated.
12929
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
ROYSTER COMPANY. RUN OF PILE TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE. MULBERRY, FLORIDA. Environmental
Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0232, Rept. 72-CI-18, 77p.,
Feb. 29-March 1, 1972. 1 ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the Royster Company triple
superphosphate plant. Total fluorides were measured at the
scrubber inlet duct and at the two outlet stacks to the
scrubber. The emissions from the mixing cone were also mea-
sured. Grab samples of the scrubbing liquid, the process reac-
tants, and the process product were analyzed for fluoride and
phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) content. A schematic flow dia-
gram of all sampling locations and complete test results are
given. All process and scrubber operating conditions were nor-
mal during the three test runs. No major sampling problems
were encountered. For the third test run, both the percent
stack gas moisture and the fluoride concentration for the north
and south outlet stacks were extremely low compared to the
other two test runs. No explanation was available for this
anomaly. Stack gas conditions, fluoride emission levels, and
scrubber efficiencies for each test run are given. Process
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
17
description and operation, location of sampling points, sam-
pling and analytical methods, and test data and results are
presented. The data will be used by the Industrial Studies
Branch and the Performance Standards Branch of the En-
vironmental Protection Agency.
12931
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
BORDEN CHEMICAL, INC. GRANULAR TRIPLE SU-
PERPHOSPHATE STORAGE. PINEY POINT. Environmental
Protection Agency Contract CPA-70-82, Rept. 72-CI-5B, 52p.,
Jan. 24, 1972. 2 refs.
Emission tests were conducted at the Borden Chemical, Inc.
phosphate works. Total fluorides were measured at the inlet
and outlet ducts of the storage off-gas scrubber and grab sam-
ples of the scrubbing liquid were taken during the test runs
and analyzed for fluoride content. A schematic flow diagram
of the process operation and the sampling locations are given.
The amount of granular triple superphosphate located in
storage during the test runs was approximately 1400 tons.
Loading of the product into rail cars took place dunng test
runs. No major problems were encountered during the
sampling. Stack conditions and fluoride concentrations for
each test point, sampling and analytical procedures, emission
calculations, and results are presented. The data will be used
by the Industrial Studies Branch and the Performance Stan-
dards Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency.
12933
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
W. R. GRACE AND COMPANY WET PROCESS PHOSPHOR-
IC ACID, BARTOW, FLORIDA. Environmental Protection
Agency Contract CPA-70-82, Rept. 72-CI-l, 81p., Jan. 1972. 1
ref.
Emission tests were conducted at the W. R. Grace and Co.
wet process phosphoric acid plant located in Bartow, Fla., Jan.
4-5, 1972 for the Industrial Studies Branch and the Per-
formance Standards Branch of the Enviromental Protection
Agency. Measurements for soluble and insoluble fluorides
were made in the inlet ducts and outlet stack of the crossflow
scrubber. The inlet leading from the attack tank and the inlet
leading from the filtration system were sampled. Numerous
grab samples of the process reactants and products were taken
and analyzed for fluoride and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
content. For runs one, two, and three, respectively, the
scrubber inlet from the attack tank showed fluoride emissions
of 0.0333, 0.182, and 0.187 Ib/ton P2O5 fed. Emissions at the
inlet from the filtration system were 0.031, 0.025, and 0.024
Ib/ton P2O5 fed, while at the scrubber outlet to the at-
mosphere, total fluoride emissions were 0.004, 0.008, and 0.004
Ib/ton P2O5 fed. From this data, scrubber efficiency was cal-
culated to be 93.3%, 96.0%, and 97.7% for runs one, two, and
three, respectively. A complete summary of stack gas condi-
tions, sample volumes collected, and fluoride emissions are
tabulated. (Author summary modified)
13242
Hollander, Egon
CONDITIONS FOR RELEASING FLUORINE DURING THE
DECOMPOSITION OF PHOSPHATES WITH SULFURIC
ACID. (Podmienky uvolnovania fluoru pri rozklade fosfatov
kyselinou sirovou). Text in Czech. Chem. Prumysl (Prague),
18(2):65-67, 1968. 14 refs.
Conditions were determined for releasing fluorine, during the
decomposition of the most commonly used natural phosphates
by means of acids. In the decomposition of fluoride
phosphate, relatively little fluorine is released: 31% in the
USA, 40 to 45% in the USSR, and 33.7 to 42.8% in
Czechoslovakia. In manufacturing concentrated and combined
fertilizers, where the amount of fluorine released is con-
siderably less, additional fluorine is released through the
manufacture of the superphosphate. Factors that influence the
process include type of phosphate, temperature, concentra-
tion, fineness of the grain, and the amount of acid used. The
higher the concentration of sulfuric acid, the greater the con-
centration of phosphoric acid. When concentrations of
phosphoric acid range to 30% P205 at temperatures of 95 to
100 C, evaporation of the acid is low; with more than 40% of
P205, evaporation rises sharply. The amount of fluorine
released is directly proportional to the temperature, the
amount of acid used for the reaction, and the fineness of
phosphor grain. The reaction is also facilitated by using active
matter with the acid.
13353
Cross, F. L., Jr. and R. W. Ross
FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM PHOSPHATE PROCESSING
PLANTS. Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride Res.,
2(2):97-10S, April 1969. 4 refs.
A three-part study to determine the extent of an area affected
by fluoride emissions from a phosphate plant gypsum pond led
to the following conclusions: Monitoring of fluorides by static
air samplers at distances up to 8000 ft from the pond indicates
a break point in concentration at one-half mile. The F levels
drop off rapidly to this break point. In citrus leaves from
groves close to the pond, fluoride concentrations up to 75 ppm
were found in spring flush. Similar amounts were found in
young leaves at one-half mile from the pond. Concentrations
taken before November may serve as an indicator of air pollu-
tion which can result in a reduction of citrus yield. A one-mile
protective buffer zone for a phosphate plant might be con-
sidered adequate for citrus groves but would not necessarily
be adequate for row crops or ornamental flowers such as
gladioli. Studies conducted on the surface of the pond by
means of a specially constructed sampling shelter demon-
strated fluoride emissions up to 0.16 Ib/acre/day. At least 26
Ibs of fluoride/day were emitted from the 160-acre pond.
(Author conclusions modified)
13615
Knabe, Wilhelm
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FLUORINE CONCEN-
TRATION IN NEEDLES AND LEAVES OF PLANTS AS
FUNCTION OF THEIR HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND. (Experi-
mentelle Pruefung der Fluoranreicherung in Nadeln und Blaet-
tern von Pflanzen in Abhaengigkeit von deren Expositionshoehe
ueber Grund.) Translated from German. Landesanstalt fuer Im-
missions und Bodennutzungsschutz des Landes Nordrhein- VV'esl-
falen, Essen (Germany), p. 101-116, Sept. 1968. 6 refs.
The ability of many types of plants to absorb fluorine from the
air and store it in the leaves makes this pollutant particularly
well suited for studies of the pollutant intake by plants, as
function of the immissions in ground level atmospheric layers.
Therefore, field tests were performed of a distance of 4.6 km
from a fluorine emitting aluminum factory. The plants were set
up in containers at various heights above ground. The factory
emits approximately 30 kg F/h, about 80 percent in the gasepis
state and 20 percent as dust. The wider aim of the experiments
was to find correlations between the amount of excessive
fluorine in plants and characteristic immission parameters. In
the narrower range of our field experiments, the fluorine in-
-------
18
take of overground plant organisms as a function of the height
of the plant above ground was studied. All plants had the same
soil and the same water supply. A detailed description is given
of the experimental procedures and equipment. The results
pertain only to the period from October to November, and Oc-
tober to February, respectively, and only to fluorine contain-
ing emissions from one aluminum plant. The increase of the
fluorine content in plant organisms with increasing height
above ground or in the first row facing the aluminum plant in
ghe fall and winter of 1967/68 confirms earlier field experi-
ments. For further analyses of the fluorine content in plant or-
ganisms it must be kept in mind that not only the physiological
age and the sampling time but also the height above ground
and the position toward the emission source ought to be com-
parable.
13699
MacDonald, H. E.
FLUORIDE AS AIR POLLUTANT, Fluoride Quarterly, J. In-
tern. Soc. Fluoride Res., 2(1):4-12, Jan. 1969. 31 refs.
Fluoride compounds reach the air from two sources: volcanic
action and man's industrial activities. The two greatest acute
air pollution episodes occurred in Belgium's Mouse Valley and
in Donora, Pa. In both disasters, there was evidence of acute
fluoride poisoning. The sources of industrial fluoride pollution
are coal, clay, cryolite, fluorspar, hydrogen fluoride, and
phosphate rock About half the bituminous coal consumption
in the United States for 1963 was utilized by electric power
utilities. Vegetation in several counties in California has been
adversely affected by fluoride emissions from brick, tile, and
pottery factories. Cryolite, used in the production of alu-
minum, has been traced as a source of damage to vegetation,
livestock, and human health. Fluorspar and hydrogen fluoride
are used in steel production, and the latter is also used in the
production of high-octane gasoline. Many cases of eye irrita-
tion were recorded shortly after a Los Angeles refinery began
using hydrogen fluoride. Fluoride emissions from the produc-
tion of phosphate fertilizer, phosphoric acid, and phosphorus
have been responsible for damage to vegetation and livestock,
and respiratory ailments in people. Control of fluoride emis-
sion may be achieved by a variety of scrubbers and electro-
static precipitators
13701
Colombmi, M., C. Mauri, R. Olivo, and G. Vivoh
OBSERVATIONS ON FLUORINE POLLUTION DUE TO
EMISSIONS FROM AN ALUMINUM PLANT IN TRENTINO.
Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride Res., 2(l):40-48,
Jan. 1969. 5 refs.
For many years, women and children complained of skin le-
sions similar to suffusions in an area of Trentino, near an alu-
minum plant. These lesions were first observed in the same
place about 30 years ago. The symptomatology is related to
damage to the vegetation due to emission of fluorine com-
pounds. Since March 1966, three permanent stations were in-
stalled in the area in order to collect volatile fluorine com-
pounds. Since February 1967, five deposit gauges were
established at progressively increasing distances from the
source. Fluorine air pollution has reached values close to and
sometimes above 10 micrograms/ cu m of air. Rain water col-
lected for two weeks in the deposit gauges showed decreasing
concentrations of fluorine the greater the distance from the
source. The highest value of 7.13 mg/L was found in the
deposit gauge closest to the factory. In the inhabited area, the
fluorine content ranged between 0.14 and 2.55 mg/L. Since
May 1967, the degree of fluorine pollution has decreased fol-
lowing installation of modern purification equipment at the
plant. (Author summary modified)
15452
Smith, Ralph I.
AIR-POLLUTION PROBLEMS OF THE PHOSPHATE IN-
DUSTRY. (Bureau of Mines and Geology, Montana, Western
Phosphate Region, Proc. Ind. Seminar West. Phosphate Reg.,
Butte, Mont., 1966, p. 46-48, June 1967. (Special Pub. 42).
Materials from the phosphate industry which contribute to air
pollution are listed as follows: solids, such as natural dust and
organic particles, industrial dusts such as carbon and fly ash
from the combustion of fuels, and fine dusts; gases, such as
sulfur dioxide and trioxide, hydrogen fluoride, silicon
tetrafluoride, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide
and dioxide, nitrous and nitric oxide, ammonia, alcohols, and
ozone; and water vapor and mists, which are liquid from con-
densation of water and acids on suitable nuclei. The noxious
gases come from two sources in the phosphate industry: a wet
process called denning, and from calcination processes. As the
gases or smoke come out of the stack, they may either con-
tinue upward, spread out and diffuse, or an inversion or turbu-
lence may cause a rapid downward trend a short distance from
the stack. Smoke and fumes have both psychological effects
(depression and general irritation) and physiological effects
(the irritation of membranes of the nose, throat, and lungs by
the inhalation of gases; a toxic effect in the stomach of
animals who eat contaminited vegetation). Methods for the
removal of solids are listed as follows: a long flue equipped
with baffles and settling chambers; a filtering system such as a
bag house; and the cyclone. The most economical and effec-
tive way of removing noxious gases is by scrubbing. Sulfur
gases may also be sent through a sulfuric acid plant. Fluorine
gases may be removed by forcing the gases through a bed of
limestone; the absorption causes a chemical reaction to take
place, forming inert calcium fluoride. Other removal methods
mentioned include the following; electrostatic precipitation,
and sonic precipitation.
17076
Belaga, M. B. and P. N. Maystruk
SANITARY PROTECTION OF AIR IN VINNITSA. U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
vol. 8:241-246, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) (Also: Gigiena i
Sanitariya, 26(l):73-76, 1961. CFSTI: 63-11570
Plans are presented for the purification of discharges from dif-
ferent shops and departments of a superphosphate plant which
currently emits 10.5 tons of sulfur dioxide, 6.5 tons of nitric
acid, 1.2 tons of sulfuric acid, 0.5 tons of fluorides, and one
ton of superphosphate and tricalcium dust each day. Even at a
distance of 2000 meters from the plant, the maximum fluorine
concentrations are 13 times in excess of the allowable limit.
Similarly, sulfur dioxide concentrations at 1000 meters and sul-
furic acid aerosols at 500 meters have been found to exceed
allowable limits. The maximum concentration of dust at 200 m
from the plant is 15.4 mg/cum, or thirty times in excess of the
allowable limit. Dust samples collected at 200-1000 meters
from the plant showed a fluorine content of 0.8 to 1.4%. Soil
samples at 200, 500, and 1000 meters contained 16.9, 9.61, and
8.7 mg of fluorine per 100 g of soil. Among the measures being
taken to reduce pollution are the elimination of gas leaks by
equipment hermetization, the installation of dust catching and
gas purification equipment, and the construction of high stacks
for greater dispersion of pollutants. It is further recommended
that the sulfuric acid department build a separate housing for
its exhaust fans, use filters to raise tail-gas utilization efficien-
cy, and build a warehouse to store the apatite concentration.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
19
17116
Balazova, G., A. Rippel, E. Hluchan, and J. Ambrus
EVALUATION OF FLUOR CONTENT IN LIVING ORGAN-
ISM STANDING UNDER THE EFFECT OF FLUOR EX-
HALATIONS. (Zhodnotenie hladiny fluoru v zivom organizme
ovplyvnovanom fluorovymi exhalatmi). Text in Czech. Cesk.
Hyg. (Prague), 13(1): 12-17, 1968. 21 rets.
Such parameters as air quality, atmospheric fluor content, and
content of fluor in dust fall, drinking water, and agricultural
products were evaluated in a long-term study carried out in the
vicinity of an aluminum plant. At the same time, the fluor con-
tent in the teeth, hair, nails, and urine of children living close
to the plant was assessed. The mean values of the total fluor
content in the air fluctuated from 0.02 to 0.14 mg/F per cu m,
and in fallen dust reached up to 7.34 tons of fluor per sq m per
yr. The mean fluor content in the drinking water was 0.2
mg/liter. Fluor content in food produced from plants grown m
the region fluctuated within 0.5 and 10.0 mg/F/kg, in foods of
animal origin within 0.5 and 1.2 mg/F/kg. The fluor content in
bones of sparrows, frogs, and rats was two to fourteen times
higher than in the controls. The teeth, nails, hairs, and urine of
children living in the nearest residential quarter contained an
amount of fluor which was twice to three times as large as
that of the control children. Examinations in children living in
the neighborhood of the plant did not reveal any signs of en-
demic fluorosis. (Author summary modified)
17344
Knop, Wilhelm
INDUSTRIAL DUSTS AND WASTE GASES. (Industriestaeube
und-abgase). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(l):20-23,
Jan. 1970.
The major sources of dangerous and annoying industrial dusts
or gaseous pollutants are enumerated In mines, coking plants,
and gas works, dusts develop at the sorting, crushing, and
mixing processes. The extent of dust development depends on
the water content, the gram size, and the strength of the
material. Waste gas and vapor develops behind driers, trans-
portation facilities, and in the quenching of coke. The chemi-
cal industry produces the dangerous halogen gases, of which
chlorine and bromine are the most harmful. The maximum al-
lowable long-term emission concentration for chlorine is 0.1 cu
cm/cu m air; the short-term value is three times daily 0.5 cu
cm/cu m air. Hydrogen chloride develops at the manufacture
of dyes. The maximum allowable emission concentration for
fluorine is 0.5 cu cm/cu m air. Flourine compounds (in gaseous
form or dust) develop in aluminum production, fertilizer manu-
facture, and at the polishing stations for quartz and glass. With
sulfuric acid production in a Claus furnace or in the manufac-
ture of dyes SO2 and SO3 develop. The maximum allowable
concentration for these pollutants is 0.2 cu cm/cu m air
Hydrogen sulfide has been limited to 0.1 cu cm/cu m air. It
develops in refineries in dye and viscose manufacture. A par-
ticularly noxious gas is carbon monoxide which develops in
phosphorus and carbide plants. Quarries, cement factories, the
ceramic industry, mixers for asphalting highways, iron ore sin-
tering plants, blast furnaces, and foundries all are large con-
tributors of dust and gaseous emissions.
17357
Chovin, Paul
CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (La pol-
lution chimique de 1'atmosphere). Text in French. Sci. Progr.
Decour., no. 3417; 35-40, Jan. 1970. 6 refs.
A systematic general review is presented of the origin and na-
ture of chemical pollutants of the atmosphere, of their action
on living beings, and of the battle against atmospheric pollu-
tion. Principle sources of pollutants are the industrial and
domestic heating plants. In regions of high industry concentra-
tion, steel plants and chemical plants emit specific pollutants.
Principal pollutants are sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
fluorine, and light and heavy hydrocarbons. Sulfur dioxide is a
byproduct of combustion of fossil fuels containing, on the
average, 3% S (coal in France has about 1% S, some foreign
coals have up to 6% S). Estimated emission of S is as follows:
in France, 2 million tons, in England, 5 million tons, and in the
U. S., 40 million tons a S per year. Sulfur trioxide is largely
due to oxidation of SO2; it combines with moisture to form
H2SO4 which is very noxious. Rain has a beneficial effect by
scrubbing the polluted air. Carbon dioxide is the product of
complete combustion of C; 500 to 600 million tons are esti-
mated to be emitted in England. Carbon monoxide is the
product of incomplete combustion, rather rare in industry, but
invariably present in automobile exhaust gas. Nitric oxide and
NO2 are present in low concentrations, but a complex
photochemical reaction produces one type of smog, ozone,
and new chemical compounds such as peracetylnitrate, CH3-
CO-OO-NO2, which has a very strong physiological effect.
Fluorine and its compounds, such as HF, are emitted by fertil-
izer and by aluminum plants. Dusts are emitted by industrial
and domestic heating plants. The action of air pollutants on
bronchi and lungs is disucssed at length. The reaction of the
cardio- vascular system and the incidence of broncho-pulmo-
nary cancer are also considered. In the battle against at-
mospheric pollution laws alone are insufficient, means of mea-
suring emissions, and enforcing compliance are essential.
17377
Rowden, E.
OUTSTANDING AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. Brit.
Clayworker, 78(930):36-46, Nov. 1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the
Clean Air Conference, Eastbourne, Oct. 22.)
The most serious pollution problem in the heavy clay and
refractories industries is the brown smoke produced by the fir-
ing on blue bricks, roofing tiles, and floor quarries and the fir-
ing of salt-glazed pipes in intermittent and continuous grate-
fiied kilns that are hand fired with coal. In recent years, dark
smoke emission has been reduced considerably by the incor-
poration of oil-fired continuous car tunnel kilns or the conver-
sion of continuous or intermittent kilns to oil- or natural gas-
firing To reduce emissions for existing coal-fired intermittent
kilns, modifications of the coal-charging procedure are sug-
gested. Other outstanding problems of the industries concern
the new minimum kiln chimney height established by the Al-
kali Inspectorate and the emission of fumes and acid soots.
Many existing stacks will need to have height increases or be
replaced by mid-1970. If natural gas becomes available, exist-
ing chimneys of small height would be sufficient, except when
firing high sulfur or fluorine-bearing clays, or where salt glaz-
ing is carried out. The acid soot emission is related to the fir-
ing of oil in continuous kilns. Methods for its reduction de-
pend on achieving and maintaining efficient combustion, limit-
ing the sulfur content of the fuel or clay, and preventing acid
deposition. Fume emissions are more difficult to deal with
than smoke emissions. They present serious problems in the
firing of fletton bricks and in the firing in continuous kilns of
clays containing sulfur and fluorine compounds. A practical
commercial solution has not yet been found for this problem.
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20
17405
Tsunoda, Fumio
A NEW ASPECT OF AIR POLLUTION - FLUORIDES.
(Taikiosen mondai no aratano ichi kyokumen - fukkabutsu ni
yoru bai o reini). Text in Japanese. Igaku No Ayumi (Progr.
Med.), 70(2):621-622, Sept. 27, 1969. 2 refs.
As a result of industrial growth, atmospheric contamination by
mercury, lead, fluorine and other compounds is becoming
noteworthy. An aluminum refinery in Aizu basin was blamed
for the death of all silkworms in the area. Trees shed their
fruit prematurely. The harmful compound was: 3NaF-AlF3.
The fluorine contained in it contaminated the atmosphere and
badly damaged plants. Some plant species were sensitive to
only a few ppm. Many accumulate fluorine, paddy and gladio-
lus. This is the reason why cows and silkworms were
poisoned. Also, there is a possibility that human beings accu-
mulate too much fluorine in their bodies. Even a few ppm in
the air may exert a direct influence. In the Aizu district, inqui-
ries were made into the effects of long-term exposure to
fluorine. Persons who had accumulated fluorine for many
years were examined with regards to the quantity of fluorine
in urine, lung function, existence of spotted teeth, and bone
softening especially the pelvis and the limbs). Results of the
study have not yet been issued. The major sources of fluorine
are aluminum refineries whose number is expected to increase.
In the near future, fluorine will be also used for atomic power
industries. It is concluded that the air pollution research has
arrived at the stage where not only the atmosphere but also
water, soil, and food are objects of study because of an in-
direct contamination through air.
17464
REMARKABLE MEASURES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF
AIR QUALITY. (Beachtliche Massnahmen zur Verbesserung
der Luff). Text in German. Wasser Luff Betrieb, 14(l):33-36,
Jan. 1970.
In 1967, a total of 4 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted
from industrial sources, particularly power plants. Until 1975,
an increase to 5 million tons is anticipated; from then on, the
SO2 emission will stagnate and eventually decline, due to the
use of nuclear power. Contrary to this downward trend,
fluorine, chlorine, hydrocarbons and numerous odorous pollu-
tants are on an upward trend, due to the expanding chemical
industry. In the metallurgical industry, the sinter capacity has
been doubled; thus, the larger units will emit HC1 and larger
quantities of gaseous fluorine compounds along with SO2. It is
estimated that sintering plants presently already emit as much
fluorine compounds as the aluminum plants. No fluorine
removal method from the waste gases of the ore sintering
plants is yet available. Traffic will further increase, as well as
vehicle emissions. Emissions by domestic heaters will decrease
because electric or central heating will take the place of old
coal or oil fired heaters. To combat the increasing pollution of
air by an overall increase of emissions, the state of North-
Rhine-Westphalia plans to establish emission inventories. Such
inventories have been made in the area around Cologne; other
large cities will soon follow.
17471
Knop, Wilhelm
INDUSTIRAL DUSTS AND WASTE GASES. (Industriestauebe
und-abgase). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(2):63-66,
Feb. 1970. 22 refs.
The most dangerous and annoying pollutants emitted by vari-
ous industries are enumerated. Steel mills emit primarily iron
oxides and fluorine compounds. Half of the original fluorine
input is emitted; the other half goes into the slag. The iron
oxide emissions, primarily the small particles below 5 micron,
form the brown smoke. The non-ferrous metal fabricating and
finishing plants emit metal oxides (cadmium oxide). When in-
haled, the latter may be extremely harmful. The TLV
(threshold limit value) is 0.1 mg/cu m air. In aluminum produc-
tion, dust-laden waste gases develop, despite the wet process.
The aluminum oxide dust content in the rotary furnace is 300-
400 g/standard cu m. In electrolytic reduction of aluminum ox-
ide, cryolite also dissociates. As a consequence, hydrogen
fluoride and dusts of fluorine compounds are found in the
waste gas. The TLV for fluorides is 2.5 mg/cu m; for hydrogen
fluoride, 2 mg/cu m. In lead plants 3 to 3.5 cu m waste gases
per kg sinter develop in the sintering and roasting station.
They contain 1.5 to 5% by volume SO2 and up to 15 g/cu m
dust. The dust contains lead, zinc, sulfur, and small amounts
of other elements. Considerable amounts of metal vapors
develop. In the fly dust of the shaft furnaces, cadmium oxide
or sulfate, arsenic, zinc, and thallium compounds may be
found. In copper smelting plants, the waste gases contain fly
dust and SO2. In zinc refining, fly dust (0.1 g/standard cu m)
and SO2 are emitted to the waste gas. In ferro-alloy produc-
tion, dusts of various kinds are carried along in the waste
gases. The waste gas quantity of a 10 MW furnace amounts to
70,000-250,000 cu m/h; the dust content, to 0.25-2.5 g/cu m.
17883
Kiss, Istvan
INDUSTRIAL METHODS FOR ENRICHMENT OF U-235. (Az
IJ-23S dusitasanak ipari modszerei). Text in Hungarian. Energia
Atomtech. (Budapest), ll(7-8):466-473, 1958.
Various methods are reviewed for increasing the U-235 con-
centration of uranium ore. The various procedures for separat-
ing a particular isotope include distillation, chemical reaction,
thermal diffusion, electrolysis, gas diffusion, and the ultracen-
trifuge; however, the two last-mentioned methods have been
found by statistical studies to be the most suitable. In addition
to a study of the theoretical principles of gas diffusion and
centrifugation, the isotope enrichment is discussed. Formulas
are given for the time required for a cascade to reach equilibri-
um and for the amount of power required to operate the gas
diffusion cascade. The gas diffusion method of separating
uranium isotopes uses uranium fluoride (UF6), which subli-
mates at 56 C. Only one isotope of fluorine occurs naturally,
so that the UF6 molecule will have a weight of either 352 or
349, if one neglects the 0.005% content of U-234 that occurs
naturally in uranium ore. When the K25 type of diffusion plant
is used, the pressure of the entire system has to be kept below
atmospheric pressure for the following reasons: the smaller the
pressure, the larger the enrichment factor, due to the longer
free path of the molecules; there is less possibility of an im-
pact between the UF6 and the tubing; and if a leak were to
develop in the equipment, the UF6 would not escape. Uranium
fluoride is in itself a poisonous compound, and when diluted
by the atmosphere, it is prone to react with the moisture in the
air to form hydrogen fluoride gas.
18323
Farkas, M. D. and R. R. Dukes
MULTIPLE ROUTES TO SULFURIC ACID. Chem. Eng.
Progr., 64(11): 54-58, Nov. 1968. 5 refs.
Designs show that sulfuric acid plants can be built to utilize
SO2 bearing gases from various sources. The high price of sul-
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
21
fur and more stringent legislation preventing the discharge of
gases containing sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere has
generated interest in the utilization of gases from various
sources as an alternate raw material. The important charac-
teristics of gases relative to sulfuric acid production are par-
ticulate matter, volatile impurities, temperature, SO3 content,
acid mist content, and SO2 content. Desirability of the possi-
ble sources depends on the relative economy with which each
can be handled. Particulate matter and volatile impurities must
be removed from the gases before entering the acid plant to
prevent corrosion and deactivation of the catalysts. Acid mist
also poses a corrosion problem. Chlorides and fluorides
present a problem with stainless steel equipment. It is desira-
ble to keep the SO3 content in the gases to a minimum
because it represents a yield loss. The SO2 content is the most
important economic factor. It should be between 3.5 and 7.5%.
Below 3.5% heat must be added to keep the plant in operation.
Air must be added if the concentration is above the upper
limit.
18449
Webster, Stewart H.
VOLATILE HYDRIDES OF TOXICOLOGICAL IM-
PORTANCE. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxical., 28(5): 167-182, Sept. 1947.
63 refs. (Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 9th, Chicago, 111., April 9-11, 1946.)
Among the hydrides of the twenty elements forming volatile
hydrogen compounds are some of the most toxic gases, having
few uses and generally occurring accidently. The tendency to
form complex hydrides is greatest with carbon but is shown
also in the neighboring elements (boron, nitrogen, silicon,
phosphorus, germanium, and arsenic). Some of the most im-
portant physical and chemical properties of the hydrides are
summarized, together with useful data, such as formula,
molecular weight, and conversion factors. Stability, solubility,
odor characteristics, and reducing action are mentioned. With
the exception of methane, ammonia, and water, all of the sim-
ple volatile hydrides give precipitates with silver nitrate, all ex-
cept silver chloride being colored. Filter paper can also be
used for determinations. Toxicity of the volatile hydrides is
discussed. Effects are cited of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
fluoride, sodium fluoride, ammonia, ethylene, acetylene, phos-
phine, arsine, boron, silicon, hydrogen sulfide, stibine (an-
timony hydride), hydrogen selenide, and tin hydride.
18656
Henry, Jack L.
A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING FLUORIDE EMISSION
FROM 10,000 AMPERE EXPERIMENTAL ALUMINUM
REDUCTION CELLS. In: Extractive Metallurgy of Aluminum.
(Gary Gerard, ed.), Vol. 2, New York, Intel-science, 1962. p. 67-
81. 5 refs.
Results are described of experiments aimed at obtaining a
better understanding of factors affecting fluoride emission
from aluminum reduction cells. The general nature of fume
generation is considered with the emphasis placed on the ef-
fect of cell operating variables on fluoride emission rate. The
study, carried out with 10,000 amp experimental reduction
cells with prebaked anodes, showed that cell temperature, bath
ratio, and alumina concentration are the most important fac-
tors affecting fluoride emission rate. Gaseous hydrogen
fluoride generation results principally from the reaction of
molten or vaporized bath materials with moisture in the air
and hydrocarbons in the carbon anodes. Relatively little
hydrogen fluoride is formed from the reaction with moisture in
the alumina fed to the cells. The large number of variables in-
volved in aluminum reduction cell operation make it difficult
to establish with a high degree of certainty the correlation of
operating factors with fluoride emission. This difficulty exists
even with small-scale experimental reduction cells operated by
research personnel. (Author abstract modified)
19400
Wiener, Howard A., Robert P. Bartell, Thomas L. Hess, and
Kenneth N. Ports
ATMOSPHERIC SAMPLING STUDY OF NF ROCKET
PROPELLANT, REDSTONE ARSENAL, HUNTSVILLE,
ALABAMA, 26 MAY-16 JUNE 1969. Army Environmental Hy-
giene Agency, Kdgewood Arsenal, Md., Rept. 99-003-69/70,
32p., Nov. 14, 1969. 2 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 699360
A field study was conducted at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville,
Alabama to measure the concentration of and determine areas
of exposure to total fluorides in the exhaust cloud of statically
fired six pound motors utilizing a developmental NF propel-
lant. Results of the study gave strong indications that only
areas exposed to the visible exhaust would be contaminated by
fluorides. The study results also indicated that all fluorides in
the exhaust were predominantly in the gaseous state. Areas of
greatest exhaust cloud total fluoride concentration were found
to be at the approximate location where the cloud was initially
formed. In the firing tests conducted, exposure to the cloud at
any point within its path was determined to be less than one
minute in all cases observed. It was estimated that areas at
distances greater than 150 meters from the firing point of the
six-pound motors would not be significantly exposed to
fluorides from the exhaust. (Author abstract)
20134
Sullivan, J. L.
AIR POLLUTION-CAUSES AND CONTROL. Occupational
Health Rev. (Ottawa), 20(3-4):9-23, 1968-69.
Pollution due to the burning of liquid and gaseous fuels, and
industrial emissions is discussed; methods for measuring solid
particles and gases are described, and their prevention or
elimination is considered. Gasoline internal combustion en-
gines seldom burn fuel completely, resulting in discharges of
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, while nitrogen oxides
occur as the combination of nitrogen and oxygen in air under
the influence of high temperatures inside the cylinders of the
engine. These compounds are significant as components of
sunlight-induced or photo-chemical pollution, causing eye ir-
ritation, and damage to vegetation and materials. Diesel ex-
hausts discharge greater quantities of carbon particulates and
odorous materials, partly attributable to aldehydes and other
fuel decomposition products, than the emissions of the
gasoline engine. Lead, zinc, copper and nickel smelting release
large quantities of sulfur dioxide, while the manufacture of
iron and steel causes visible fine particulate plumes. Gaseous
and solid fluoride compounds are evolved by the electrolysis
of aluminum oxide, and paper manufacturing results in the
escape of odorous sulfide and mercaptan compounds. Soot or
dust-fall can be collected very simply in open-top gauges,
separated from the water by filtration, then dried and weighed;
dust can be measured by means of a device similar to a
vacuum cleaner, in which a sample of air is drawn through a
filter, composed usually of paper or fibre-glass, and the quan-
tity of dust is determined by subtracting the previously-deter-
mined weight of the filter. Gases are often measured continu-
ously by absorption of infrared or ultra violet electromagnetic
rays. Legislation for the reduction of emissions has two main
objectives: to extablish standards and to enforce them. It is
preferable to employ methods which do not create pollution,
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22
but filters are mentioned for the many processes which cannot
avoid generating dust. Pollution control has been a provincial
responsibility in Canada, and specific acts of legislation are
cited.
21380
Crane, G. B., D. R. Goodwin, and J. F. Rook
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM WET-PROCESS
PHOSPHORIC ACID MANUFACTURING. Preprint, National
Air Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C., I9p.,
1969.
The raw materials, chemical reactions, and plant design for the
manufacture of wet-process phosphoric acid are described,
and a flow diagram is given. All such plants emit SiF4 and
probably to a lesser extent HF. The digester where phosphate
rock is decomposed by sulfuric acid is the main source of
fluoride emissions; the evaporator where the phosphoric acid
is concentrated is a second source; and the filter for the reac-
tion slurry, a third. Other sources are vacuum and flash
evaporator hot wells, acid splitter boxes, sumps, and
phosphoric acid tanks. Modern designs for emissions control
include provisions for sending the various streams to scrub-
bers adapted to handle each stream. Spray-crossflow packed
scrubbers, venturi scrubbers, and others are suitable for these
applications. Summaries of the results of a stack testing pro-
gram carried out at 10 plants are given. It is concluded that it
should be possible to operate these plants within acceptable
emission ranges at the least if the plants are designed,
operated, and maintained to prevent or collect emissions.
22547
Hendnckson, E. R.
THE FLUORIDE PROBLEM. Preprint, Ontario Dept. of Ener-
gy and Resources Management, Toronto, Air Management
Branch; Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., TR-7
Agricultural Committee; and Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Toronto, Ontario, Ontario Section, I3p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented
at the Proceedings on the Impact of Air Pollution on Vegetation,
Toronto, Ontario, April 7-9, 1970, Paper 12856.)
Fluorine is discussed in terms of kinds of compounds,
sources, control procedures, and regulations in various parts
of the United States. The majority of problems relating to
fluorides in the atmosphere involve vegetation, animals
through ingestion of vegetation, and materials. Fluorides may
be discharged into the atmosphere by combustion of coal, the
production of phosphate chemicals and fertilizers, and by
several other metallurgical manufacturing processes. The
processing of phosphate rock contributes a substantial portion
of the total fluoride contamination. Most of the reactive
fluorides are readily absorbed in conventional scrubbing
systems. Regulations and air quality standards relating to
fluoride gases and particulates are discussed.
22875
Spencer, John D.
REVIEW OF BUREAU OF MINES COAL PROGRAM, 1967.
Bureau of Mines Information Circ., no. 8385, 99p., June 1968.
72 refs.
Details of environmental studies featured in research and
technological work on coal, and other research relating to the
mining and utilization of coal are presented. Fly ash is evalu-
ated for use in land reclamation and agriculture. Investigations
of desulfurization methods include lime additives, centrifuga-
tion, wet tabling, and others. Programs to locate low-sulfur
coal have been initiated. Sulfur dioxide recovery from stack
gases is accomplished by absorption by alkalized aluminum,
chromatographic sorption, manganese oxide absorption,
limestone addition, catalytic oxidation, and the Reinluft
process. The effectiveness of various methods for decompos-
ing nitric oxide are tested. Costs for cleaning stack gases are
estimated. Chlorine removal from gases and stack sampling
methods are mentioned. The use of coal as a purification
method for sewage is investigated. Studies to determine parti-
cle size ranges in mining operations are discussed. Occupa-
tional health as it relates to mining is studied. The relationship
between coal dust and pneumoconiosis is studied, as well as
methane-coal dust explosions. Gas chromatographic methods
and ventilating systems used in mines are described. Coal
processing and storing methods are discussed. Combustion
research on coal as a fuel for power generation is reviewed,
and catalysts for hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells are tested. Coke
production represents a large market for coal. Gasification
research and hydrogenation methods are disclosed. New uses
for coal include the production of hydrogen cyanide, carbon
black, lignite, and synthetic food for microbes. Composition
and properties of coal and coal products are analyzed, and ar-
senic and fluorine content of coal are determined analytically.
22973
Jensen, Robert M.
INTRODUCTION TO AIR QUALITY CONTROL. Pacer,
1(5): 1-14, 1970.
The hazard of and the harm caused by air pollution depend
upon concentration and exposure. As can be demonstrated
statistically, the incidence of health hazards due to air pollu-
tion is about 100 times greater in a city than in a rural area.
Transportation contributes nearly 60% of the total atmospheric
pollution and yields 74,800,000 tons of pollutants per year;
manufacturing is the next biggest producer at 23,400,000 tons
per year. The biggest single pollutant is the 65,000,000 tons of
deadly carbon monoxide which we pump into our atmosphere
each year. There is a large and rapidly increasing amount of
evidence which relates air pollution to chronic bronchitis and
respiratory cancer. Air pollution damages crops, livestock,
shrubbery, and trees. Fluorine compounds in forage will cause
cattle to lose teeth and to have an overgrowth of leg bones
and ribs. Odor from a rendering plant or from some chemical
plants can depress the value of land for both commercial and
residential use. New York City estimates that corrosion costs
the city about $6 million per year. Alternatives in sulfur diox-
ide control include the use of fuels with no sulfur, removal of
the sulfur from the fuel, and removal from the gaseous
products of combustion.
23022
Solntsev, S. S.
COMPUTATIONAL METHOD OF DETERMINING
FLUORINE BALANCE DURING ALUMINUM ELECTROLY-
SIS. (Raschetnyy metod opredeleniya balansa ftora pri elek-
trolize alyuminiya). Text in Russian. Tesvetn. Metal., 40(2):59-
62, 1967. 8 refs.
The following quasiempirical formulas for fluorine loss during
electrolytic production of aluminum are presented: 1) loss with
exhaust gases as a function of cryolite content of the elec-
trolyte and electrolyte temperature; 2) loss with fettlings as a
function of service interval; 3) loss in the form of CF4 as a
function of the number of anode effects, duration of anode ef-
fect, and % yield in terms of current; 4) mechanical loss as a
function of the fluoride content of the raw material; and 5)
loss with the coal ash. Fluorine loss through exhaust gases is
reported for three installations and ranges from 18.97 to 25.63
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
23
kg/t. It is estimated that cooling the process by 5 degrees C
will reduce fluorine consumption by 0.2 kg/t, while increasing
the cryolite ratio by 0.1 will affect approximately a 3 kg/t
savings.
23561
Morgan, George B. and Guntis Ozolins
THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT. Preprint, National Air Pollution Control Administra-
tion, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Quality and Emission Data,
Up., 1970.
The population of a large part of the world has been exposed
to polluted air for many decades and, in some cases, centuries.
Significant increases are forecast for the future. If control ac-
tions are not intensified, air pollution may increase by a factor
of six to ten by the year 2000. Before any meaningful control
efforts can be carried out, we must know what the ambient
levels of pollution are and how they relate to levels established
as causing health or economic effects. Many pollutants have
always been a part of the natural atmosphere. They are now
called pollutants because, with man's help, they are now ex-
cessive in quantity. Particulate pollution is the most recognized
and pervasive. Its health effects are functions of both particle
size and composition. Another significant effect is that,
suspended in the atmosphere, particulates reflect away part of
the sun's energy and could result in an over-all lowering of the
earth's temperature. Gases, 90% of all pollutants, are the
second class of pollutant. Examples are sulfur dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen
fluoride. A third major pollutant class is the family of
hydrocarbons. These participate in photochemical reactions
which result in the formation of secondary pollutants such as
peroxyacyl nitrates, ozone, formaldehyde, other aldehydes,
and ketones. It is from these secondary pollutants that the pri-
mary danger to both animal (including the human animal) and
vegetable life arises. Numerous industrial processes and the
ubiquitous automobile emit these assorted products that are a
serious problem in the environment surrounding their source.
Almost all human activity results in some form of air pollu-
tion, direct or indirect, particulate or gaseous. High-tempera-
ture combustion, automotive, industrial, and domestic, is the
principal offender. Parameters that must be considered when
evaluating effects of pollution include quantity, distribution,
and environmental tolerance for pollutants, individually and in
concert. Locally, micrometeorology and topography also
require consideration. Of all identified pollutants, suspended
particulates and sulfur dioxide have been the most extensively
measured and studied. As analytical techniques become availa-
ble, other pollutants will come under programmed surveillance.
Among these are asbestos, mercury, lead, pesticides,
fluorides, and biologically active metals. International assess-
ment of these problems is necessary for the preservation of
the biosphere.
23865
Mammarella, Luigi
EVALUATION OF POLLUTION EMISSIONS IN ITALY.
(Valutazione delle effluenze inquinanti in Italia). Text in Italian.
In: L'inquinamento atmosferico in Italia. Rept. 27, p. 70-95,
1970. 110 rets.
An attempt is made to estimate the development of the pollu-
tion problem in the near future on the basis of current
statistics. Figures are given on the responsibility of the main
sources of pollution for the various types of pollutants found
in the atmosphere. The emission of materials related to air pol-
lution is given for six of the main industrial sources and for 4
types of fuel used. Meteorological conditions are summarized
for 7 important areas of Italy: Turin, Milan, Venice, Bologna,
Rome, Naples and Taranto. This is correlated with the con-
sumption of fuel oil and gasoline, and a hypothesis is worked
out for predicting possible pollution levels up to the year 1980.
It is estimated that in the period 1970-1980, one could expect
an average annual increase for all types of pollutants of 6.7%.
24039
Drinker, Philip
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE UNITED STATES.
World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark), Regional
Office for Europe, Proc. Conf. Public Health Aspects Air Pollu-
tion Europe, Milan, Italy, 1957, p. 21-36. 11 refs. (Nov. 6-14.)
As in other countries, the demand for power in the U. S. is in-
creasing steadily, at an estimated 3% annually. Bituminous
coal is still the most used fuel, followed in order by oil and
gas. Some of the coals used in the mid- and far-west have a
sulfur content as high as 5%; thus some very large power sta-
tions emit sulfur dioxide in amounts comparable to those from
smelters roasting sulfide ores. There is a general rule in the U.
S. requiring power stations that burn coal in powdered form to
clean their stack effluents of grit and ash before discharge. It
is also common practice to make an extensive meteorological
survey before building a tall chimney, to insure an adequate
height for dispersion of smoke plumes. Pollution from ore
smelters, by fluorides, and from vehicle exhausts, with empha-
sis on smog effects is discussed. Attention has not been paid
to date to nitrogen oxides in chimney gases; these concentra-
tions increase with furnace temperatures, so that the better the
plant is run the more oxides of nitorgen are given off.
Although the technology for control of the more well known
pollutants has made considerable progress, no practical
method has yet been devised for control of nitrogen oxides.
24370
Stuewe, A. Howard
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE: WHERE IT GOES, HOW IT'S
MADE, WHY IT'S GROWING. Chem. Eng. News., vol. 36:34-
38, 57, Dec. 22, 1958.
Consumption of hydrogen fluoride is expected to reach
215,000 tons in 1963. Grouped under four major categories, the
principal market for HF are primary aluminum production,
fluorocarbons (refrigerants aerosols), uranium production, and
petroleum alkylation (in the production of high octane blending
components for gasoline). All HF production is dependent on
the reaction of sulfuric acid with fluorspar, domestic reserves
of which could become exhausted by the end of the century.
Fractional distillation is employed to remove high-boiling im-
purities (sulfuric acid and water) and lower-boiling impurities
(silicon tetrafluoride, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) from
HF.
25305
Graaf, H. de and J. W. Tesch
AIR POLLUTION IN AN AREA OF RAPID INDUSTRIALIZA-
TION. World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark), Re-
gional Office (or Europe Proc. Public Health Aspects Air Pollu-
tion Europe, Milan, Italy, 1957, p. 208-218. 3 refs. (Nov. 6-14.)
Complaints about air pollution in Rotterdam led to the
establishmen of the Rotterdam Soil, Water and Air Committee
with special subgroups to investigate emissions from fluoride-
producing industries, incinerator plants, oil refineries, smoke-
producing installations, and small industries and restaurants.
Each group advises management about the possible hazards
-------
24
posed by emissions and suggests appropriate control measures.
Other activities of the Committee include regular pollutant
measurements, rainwater analyses, twice weekly air sampling,
hourly smoke sampling, mortality studies, clinical studies of
patients with chronic bronchitis, and examinations of diseased
cattle and damaged vegetation. Despite measures of eliminate
fluorides from stack gases, their presence in even small con-
centrations is harmful to plants. Since rain-gauge samples near
two phosphate plants contained less fluorides than samples
collected in the center of Rotterdam, the presence of another
source of fluoride pollution is suspected. Investigations are
under way to determine if it is the coal used by power plants
and several industries.
26136
Tauda, F.
PRESENT SITUATION AND OUTLOOK OF FLUORIDES
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY-TACK-
LING WITH ALUMINUM SMELTING POLLUTION. (Fuk-
kabutsu ni yoru taiki osen boshi gijutsu no genjo to tenbo -
arumi seiren kogai ni torikumu). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku
(Metals) (Tokyo), 41(1): 122-125, Jan. 1 and 15, 1971. 9 refs.
Sources of fluoride pollution and the effects of fluorides on
man and plants are reviewed. Aluminum electrolysis uses
cryolite which is 54% fluoride. Raw materials containing
fluorides are also used in the production of phosphate fertil-
izers and iron and steel. Raw materials containing smaller
amounts of fluorides are required for the production of glass
fibers, bricks, tiles, cement, and porcelain. Coal burned by
thermal power stations can be a problem since coals contain
20-295 ppm of fluorides, averaging 120 ppm. Fluorides affect
plants more than any other atmospheric pollutant, accumulat-
ing in a large number of species in polluted areas. Fluorides
affect man in two ways, directly through air pollution or in-
directly through contaminated vegetation. They are present in
considerable amounts in both green vegetables and rice. Symp-
toms of chronic fluoride poisoning in man are abnormal
hardening of bones and spots on teeth. Cases of chronic
poisoning have appeared among workers exposed to cryolite
dust and among individuals whose drinking water contains
more than 6 ppm fluorides Existing technology, the use of
scrubbers for controlling fluoride emissions from aluminum
electrolysis or electric furnaces, is effective only with concen-
trations up to 1 ppm. New production technologies should be
developed which dispense with the use of raw materials con-
taining fluorides.
26254
Perrine, Richard L. and Limin Hsueh
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS. In: Project
Clean Air. California, Univ., Berkeley, Task Force 5, Vol. 1,
Section 14, 5p., Sept. 1, 1970. 3 refs.
Five broad categories of industrial polluters are briefly con-
sidered, as well as their kinds of emissions and control
problems. The inorganic chemical industry has problems with
hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid,
calcium oxide, chlorine, soaps and detergents. Steel produc-
tion is a major industry, but the open hearth furnaces are
gradually being replaced by the basic oxygen furnace.
Although this also produces fumes, the new plants can be con-
structed with proper control equipment. Foundries may change
the work they do from day to day so that control problems are
at their worst, but methods to trap particles and fumes are
available. The handling of large volumes of minerals normally
involves problems with dust, while the special biological ef-
fects of asbestos must be noted. Glass fibers can also be a
problem, as well as fluoride-containing ores. Copper lead, and
zinc mining and milling operations involve dust problems,
while sulfur oxides may be released during smelting. Hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, sulfide and polysulfides which have very
bad odors, and other noxious gases are emitted during wood
pulp processing. Typical gaseous emissions from Kraft pulping
are presented tabularly. Coffee roasting plants, slaughter-
houses, and pickel plants emit strong odors. An areas of con-
cern is new processes to break down waste and return it to a
state useful in natural processes without problems of storage.
A particularly important point which needs to be considered is
site location.
26258
Williams, Charles R.
AIR POLLUTION FROM FLUORIDES. J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 6(2):100-102, Aug. 1956. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, 49th Annual Meeting, Buffalo, May
20-24, 1956.)
There has been a long history in the country of severe crop
and cattle damage in several areas caused by air pollution
from fluorides. Rock phosphate and fluorspar and other ores
of fluorine compounds are the major sources responsible for
this pollution problem. A brief review of production figures
for these materials defines the extent of the problem.
Phosphate rock is utilized primarily for the production of su-
perphosphates (fertilizers), food and medicinal phosphates,
elemental phosphorus, phosphoric acid, ferro-phosphorus, and
stock and poultry feed. The important sources are in Florida,
Tennessee, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. Utilization
of fluorides, particularly in production of aluminum and steel,
provides another large-scale source of fluoride pollution. The
use of fluorides in the production of aluminum is discussed, as
well as the release of fluoride in the production of elemental
phosphorus and superphosphates.
26329
Khnygin, V. L. and R. A. Shamsudinova
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN A SUPERPHOSPHATE
PLANT. (Zagryazneniye atmosfernogo vozdukha superfosfatnym
zavodom). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 10:85-87, 1970.
2 refs.
Air pollution from a fertilizer plant with a total daily emission
of 0.36-1.08 tons of phosphorus compounds, 1.85-2.59 tons of
ammonia, 10-17 tons of sulfur oxides, and 20-34 tons of
nitrogen oxides was studied. The sulfuric acid plant has a 100-
meter stack and the superphosphate plant, a 40-meter stack;
both are equipped with electrofliters. A 1967 survey revealed
that school children living in the vicinity of this plant showed
increased incidence of fluorosis as a result of exposure to
hydrogen fluroide emissions which reached levels as high as 3
mg/cu m. Reduced yields from fruit trees, grape vines, and
other plantings within a 500-meter radius were also reported.
27314
Steel, J.
RESPIRATORY HAZARDS IN SHIPBUILDING AND
SHIPREPAIRING. Ann. Occupational Hyg. (London), vol.
11:115-121, 1968. (Presented at the 22nd Conference of the
British Occupational Hygiene Society, Newcastle upon Tyne,
Sept. 1967.)
The potential respiratory hazards associated with welding and
flame-cutting processes carried out in shipyards are listed. To
differentiate between real and apparent hazards, the mean
concentrations of toxic substances measured in 40 investiga-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
25
tions are compared with the corresponding Threshold Limit
Value. The results make it clear that zinc and iron fumes are
general hazards; nitrogen dioxide is a severe hazard in en-
closed flame-cutting processes; copper, vanadium, and
fluoride fumes are likely hazards in welding; and sulfur diox-
ide and ozone are hazards in specific processes. Workers
should be protected against these substances by both general
and local exhaust ventilation. Where local exhaust ventilation
is not possible, operators should be equipped with positive
pressure-air line respirators.
27595
Carroll, Robert E.
TRACE ELEMENT POLLUTION OF AIR. Missouri Univ.,
Columbia, Environmental Health Center and Missouri Univ.,
Columbia, Extension Div., Proc. Missouri Univ. Third Annu.
Conf. Trace Substances Environ. Health, Columbia, Mo., 1969,
p. 227-231. 6 rets. (June 24-26.)
Trace elements constituting a present or potential community
health hazard include lead, cadmium, beryllium, barium,
nickel, and fluorides. As a contaminant from motor vehicle
fuel, lead is known to be present in amounts sufficient to raise
the body burden. Cadmium has been linked to hypertensive
diseases, and high air levels seem to be correlated with in-
creased mortality. Beryllium is recognized as a serious indus-
trial hazard that can produce disease at very low concentra-
tions. Because of its use in rocket and missile fuels, communi-
ty beryllium levels must also be carefully monitored. Barium
has become a community concern because of its increasing
use as a motor vehicle and diesel fuel additive. No health ef-
fects have been demonstrated from current nickel levels, but
further research is needed. Excess fluoride in air may pose re-
gional problems involving contamination of animal forage or
plant damage. A major problem in evaluating trace elements is
that very little is known about the ecological cycles from air-
to-food chains and water supplies. (Author abstract modified)
27617
Stockham, John D.
THE COMPOSITION OF GLASS FURNACE EMISSIONS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p.,
1970. 4 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper
70-72.J
The concentrations of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, fluorine,
chlorine, and carbon monoxide from two furnaces, one melt-
ing flint glass and the other melting amber glass, were deter-
mined either by adsorption on silica gel impregnations or by
scrubbing the gases in liquid impingers, while grain loading of
particulate matter was determined by filtering a sample of the
effluent and weighing the collected material. The volume of ef-
fluent discharged was determined from velocity data obtained
by a pilot tube traverse across a stack diameter. Solids
loadings averaged 2.1 and 5.4 Ibs/hr or 0.029 and 0.041
grains/scfm of exhaust gas for the flint and amber glass emis-
sions, respectively. SO3 averaged 17 and 15 ppm, by volume,
while the SO2 concentrations averaged 250 and 315 ppm. F
and Cl concentrations were about 2 and 4 ppm, respectively.
Nitrogen oxides concentration averaged 340 and 640 ppm. CO
content in the flint glass effluent was 375 ppm and in the
amber glass effluent, 40 ppm. Particle size, shape, and com-
position were determined using electron microscopic and spec-
troscopic techniques. The geometric median particle diameter,
based on a size-frequency distribution by number, was about
0.12 micron. Three forms of sodium sulfate were identified;
other elements identified as being present in major proportions
were calcium, magnesium, silicon, barium, and chromium.
(Author abstract modified)
27930
Roe, J. W.
GASES AND FUMES PRODUCED IN FUSION WELDING
AND CUTTING. Ann. Occupational Hyg., vol. 2:75-84, 1959. 16
refs.
What is known about the nature and amount of fumes and
gases evolved from oxyacetylene welding, arc welding, oxygas
cutting, and arc cutting is summarized. Arc welding presents
the greatest range of possible toxic by-products, with the na-
ture of the fumes and gases evolved depending to a large ex-
tent upon the means adopte to protect the molten weld from
the atmosphere. Thus, when the electrode consists of a bare
steel rod, the fume consists of iron oxide with more or less
manganese oxide; nitrogen oxides are also formed from the air
as a result of the high temperature and the ultraviolet radiation
from the arc. For a given type and size of electrode, the total
weight of fume evolved depends upon the rate at which it is
melted down (i.e. upon the current). The quantity o nitrogen
oxides and ozone produced depend upon the energy dissipated
in the arc and upon the degree of its exposure; thus deep
penetration welding and welding with a bare electrode produce
larger quantities while the so-called 'dead soft' electrodes, in
which the end of the rod is in a cup formed by the unmelted
coating produce less than average. Types of electrodes, con-
stituents of the coating, and notes on the fumes evolved are
presented tabularly Small quantities of gaseous fluorine com-
pounds are evolved during the normal use of low hydrogen
electrodes and these quantities become appreciable if abnor-
mally high welding currents are employed. The rate of produc-
tion of nitrogen oxides is mentioned, including their toxicity.
Submerged arc welding and the fumes which may be evolved
are also indicated. Fumes formed from inert gas shielded weld-
ing are cited. The vapor of trichlorethylene yields phosgene
both directly as a result of photochemical decomposition and
indirectly by reaction with ozone. Maximum allowable concen-
trations and the control of nitrogen oxides, fumes, and ozone
are discussed. Good ventilation is indicated.
28038
Johnstone, H. F.
PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR OF AIR CONTAMINANTS.
Ind. Med. Surg., 19(3):107-115, March 1950. 19 refs.
Some of the obnoxious gases known to be present in industrial
atmospheres and their physiogogical effects observed at low
concentrations are described, and their threshold values in-
dicated. Chief sources of sulfur dioxide in industrial cities are
the combustion of fuels, smelting operations, refineries, and
chemical plants. SO2 in the air is known to be injurious to
vegetation above 0.5 ppm, to contribute extensively to the cor-
rosion of buildings and metal objects, and to cause irritation of
the throat at 10 ppm. Hydrogen sulfide is one of the con-
stituents of the waste gases from pulp mills, and is prevalent
around sewage disposa plants, gas plants, and mine seepages.
It rapidly discolors lead paints. Sources and effects of sulfur
trioxide or sulfuric acid mist and other sulfur compounds are
also indicated. The principal methods for treating gases con-
taining SO2 are absorption in a liquid absorbent followed by
regeneration by heating, neutralization with ammonia and
recovery of ammonium sulfate, neutralization by lime slurry,
absorption in water or aqueous solutions, and recovery of
hydrogen sulfide. Formation of the oxides of nitrogen and its
control are mentioned; as well as ammonia. Hydrogen fluoride
may be produced from aluminum plants and phosphate fertil-
-------
26
izer plants, and causes irritation of the throat, coughing,
fluorosis in cattle, and mottled teeth in man. Sources and ef-
fects are included for hydrogen chloride, organic chlorides,
carbon dioxide and monoxide, exhaust gases, peroxides, and
zone. Optical properties of aerosols and their effect on visibili-
ty are discussed, as well as their deposition, coagulation, sta-
bility, diffusion in the atmosphere, electrostatic properties,
and physiological effects. In many ways the physical proper-
ties of aerosols are more important in atmospheric pollution
than the chemical nature of their constituents.
28282
Schuursma, M. J. N.
FLUORINE POISONING RESULTING FROM THE AIR POL-
LUTION CREATED BY A SUPERPHOSPHATE PLANT.
(Fluoorvergiftiging tengevolge van luchtverontreiniging door een
superphosphaatfabriek). Text in Dutch. Chem. Weekblad,
38:583-584, 1941. 4 refs.
A complaint made to the public health agency that window
panes in buildings located near a superphosphate plant were
strongly etched indicated the presence of hydrogen fluoride in
the atmosphere, which was traceable to the high content (3%)
of fluorine compounds in the raw phosphate used at the plant.
For a number of years there had been technical knowledge of
wet processes by which the HF gas could be recovered and
used in the manufacture of sodium fluorosilicate, a highly mar-
ketable byproduct. It was found that while the phosphate used
as raw material contained 3% fluorine, the superphosphate
product contained only 1%. Two rainwater sampling stations
were set up, on 100 m from the plant, the other 300 m, and the
chemical composition of the samples from these two locations
were compared with that of a study made elsewhere. This
comparison revealed a relatively high concentration of
chloride, nitrate, calcium, and phosphate ions, as well as a
2.0% content of fluoride ions at the 100 m station, and 1.3% at
300 m. The study further demonstrated that milk poisoning,
traceable to dairy animals who were pastured in the vicinity of
the plant, could be derived from this excessive concentration
of fluorine in the atmosphere. Earlier complaints of milk
poisoning had been attributed to pollution from sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen compounds, and to a fine dust that was emitted
from the plant.
28652
Takada, N., Shozo Matsuda, Masamichi Hara, Daihachiro
Koyama, and Yoshihiro Nakagawa
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM ROOF-TILE-
KILN ON PLANTS. (Uwagusurigawara seizo kojo haigasuchu
fusso kagobutsu ni yoru shokubutsu haigai ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):226, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Two ceramic plants which manufacture glazed shingles were
investigated for fluoride emissions that were suspected of
causing damages to agricultural products in the neighborhood.
The items investigated were the original shingle material be-
fore glazing and firing and the exhaust gas from the kiln. In
one plant, 1.7 to 4.1 ppm of fluorides were determined in the
exhaust gas, and 3.0 to 4.4 ppm were found for the emissions
from the other plant. Fluorides in air were measured by the
JIS K 0105 method; from one plant, 20 ppb were recorded 210
m downwind. For the other plant, 43 ppb were discovered 73
m downwind. Further measurements were taken at six loca-
tions in a fan-shaped area downwind from the plant in the
main wind direction, and 258 micrograms F(-)/100 sq cu/30
days were found 140 m southwest of the plants. The concen-
trations decreased with the distance from the source. When
plants were analyzed, significantly larger amounts of fluorine
were seen compared to those plants that were not damaged.
29519
Schwarz, Karl
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ON
PLANNING, OPERATION AND ECONOMY OF STEAM
POWER PLANTS. I. MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN AIR. (Ein-
fluss des Nachbarschutzes auf Pluming, Betrieb und Wirtschaft-
lichkeit von Dampfkraftwerken. Teil 1: Reinhaltung der Luft).
Text in German. Tech. Ueberwach. (Duesseldorf), 12(4):106-112,
April 1971. 29 refs.
Steam power plants emit solid matter such as fly ash and soot,
and gases such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons,
and fluorine compounds. The VDI guideline 2091 limits dust
emissions of powr plants with a capacity of 70,000 cu m/hr to
150 mg/cu m dry flue gas volume. Only electrostatic precipita-
tors achieve this value in the cleaned gas. For heavy fuel oil,
soot emissions are limited to a smoke shade 3, which is to be
measured by the Bacharach filter paper method. The VDI
commission has worked out a limit value for soot according to
which not more than 70 mg soot may be emitted/cu m solid
matter (oil, coke, etc.). During soot blowing, not more than
200 mg/cu m may be emitted. Over the entire operating period,
not more than 1.5 g soot/kg oil may be emitted on the average.
For soot collection, centrifugal separators are widely used. Of
the gaseous pollutants from steam plants, sulfur dioxide is the
most important. Since no efficient flue in gas desulfurization
process is yet available, efforts are under way to obtain low-
sulfur fuel oils. No measurements have yet been taken of the
gaseous fluorine compounds emitted by steam boiler plants. It
is assumed that most of the fluorine is bound to alkaline ash
components. The nitrogen dioxide emission has been limited to
a long-term maximum allowable concentration of 1 mg/cu m.
Cooling towers 100 m high and more are emitters of droplets
which contaminate the environment. In some power plants,
droplet separators have been installed with great success.
29532
Koizumi, Mutsuo
AIR POLLUTANTS GENERATED IN INTRA-FURNACE
COMBUSTION. (Ronai nensh ni okeru taikiosen hus.shit.su no
hassei). Text in Japanese. Japan Society of Mechanical Engineer-
ing, Tokyo, Proc. Special Symp. Air Pollution, 27th, 1971, p.
23-42. (April.)
The generation mechanism of air pollutants formed during the
intra-furnace combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels
was discussed with respect to the type of combustion equip-
ment and othe conditions. Dust containing unburned carbon is
emitted as a result of solid fuel combustion, when combustion
gas is used for heating, and by the combustion of liquid and
gaseous fuels. Most of the sulfur content in fuel becomes sul-
fur dioxide during combustion. Part of the sulfur contained in
the fuel is oxidized to form sulfur trioxide which, combined
with water, often becomes sulfuric acid mist. The SO2 in the
emission gas sometimes changes to form SO3 through at-
mospheric oxidation. When the combustion gas allows the for-
mation of sulfuric acid, it causes the soot in the gas to con-
dense into masses. These masses of soot fall onto neighboring
areas. The nitrogen oxides discharged from an intra-fumace
combustion device are usually nitric oxide and nitrogen diox-
ide. The NO is first generated during combustion and is par-
tially transformed to NO2 as it goes through the furnace and
heating device. In some combustion devices such as a cupola
or diffusion flame annealing furnace which require a reducing
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
27
atmosphere, the exhaust gas contains carbon monoxide and
hydrogen. An incinerator discharges aluminum, aldehyde, and
organic acid if the combustion temperature is not high enough.
Hydrogen chloride is generated from the incineration of vinyl
chloride, hydrogen fluoride from the incineration of fluorine
resins or from tank furnaces of special glass, and metal com-
pounds from the combustion accompanying metal processing
or from incineration of plastics-containing additives.
29786
Becker, Karl H.
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION.
(Physikalisch- chemische probleme der Luftverunreinigung).
Text in German. Chem. Unserer Zeit., 5(1):9-18, Feb. 1971. 46
refs.
Principal air pollutants are reviewed. Carbon monoxide is
generated by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, for in-
stance in an automobile engine which emits 0.5 to one ton of
carbon monoxide per automobile per year. Since CO is con-
verted to the harmless carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures
only, it can stay in the atmosphere for two to three years. Sul-
fur dioxide is produced when heavy fuel oils and coal, con-
taining sulfur in various concentrations are burned. When in
the air, sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide, which can
combine with water vapor to form sulfuric acid and can cause
the formation of smog which disappears from the atmosphere
with rain. Hydrocarbons are emitted by petrochemical industri-
al plants and are also components of automobile exhausts. Au-
tomobile exhausts also emit nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Halides as pollutants usually occur in small concentrations, ex-
cept in some areas of steel and aluminum producing plants
where greater concentrations of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric
acids may occur. The incineration of scrap synthetic materials,
such as polyvinyl chloride and teflon also cause pollution from
the chlorine and fluorine compounds. Other pollutants men-
tioned are carcinogens such as benzpyrene and other poly-
cyclic hydrocarbons contained in the soot emitted by diesel
engines and lead compounds present in automobile exhaust
gases, if gasoline containing tetraethyl lead as antiknock agent
is used.
30218
Tichatschke, J.
STUDIES OF THE EMISSIONS FROM REFUSE INCINERA-
TORS. (Untersuchungen ueber Emissionen aus Muellver-
brennungsanlagen). Text in German. Mitt. Ver. Grosskessel-
besitzer, 51(3)219-223, June 1971. (Presented at the VGB -
Fachtagung Muellverbrenmmg 1970, Salzburg, Austria Aug. 28,
1970, Hamburg, West Germany, Sept. 11, 1970, and Koln, West
Germany, Sept. 25, 1970.)
In an experimental refuse combustion furnace, with a
throughput of 20 t/hr at a heating value of 1600 kcal/kg, mea-
surements of the gaseous emissions were taken over a three
year period with an electrically heated quartz probe and a sub-
sequent electrically heated quartz wool filter. The sampling
point was at the boiler end after the economizer. The waste
gas temperature at this point was 220 C. For determination of
sulfur trioxide, absorption in 80% isopropanol and photometric
methods were used. Sulfur dioxide was absorbed in an iodine
solution. Prior to this method, the gravimetric method was
used. The chloride content of the flue gases was determined
with the mercury(II)-oxide-cyanide method. For this purpose,
50 to 100 liters of flue gas were drawn through a scrubber. For
hydrogen fluoride measurements 500 liters of flue gas were
drawn through a fritted gas scrubber. Diluted sodium lye was
used as absorption solution. The volatile organic acids and al-
dehydes were also determined. The hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen fluoride, and sulfur dioxide concentrations rose
gradually over the years. For HC1, a maximum concentration
of 18 mg/cu m was measured. For SO2, the frequency max-
imum ranged from 0.8 to one g/cu m. The most frequently
measured SO3 concentration was 0.03 g/cu m. For
CH3COOH, a maximum concentratio of 120 mg was mea-
sured, and for HCHO, of 200 mg/cu m. The ammonia content,
which was measured over a period of two years, ranged from
0.5 to 4.5 mg/cu m. No hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, or
phosgene could be detected. The odor of the gases became
more pronounced as the temperatures dropped to below 650 C.
Rain water samples taken just beneath the smoke plume from
an incinerator revealed that the rain is influenced by the waste
gas, but is not a concentrated acid.
30296
Teworte, W.
THE USE OF FLUORINE-BEARING MATERIALS IN THE
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC. (Einsatz von fluorhaltigen
Materialien in der BRD). Text in German. VIM (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:11-18, 1971. 13 refs.
Before World War II, Germany was the world s largest suppli-
er of fluorine. In 1938, it produced 30% or 140,000 tons out of
a total world production of 462,000 tons. Since then, the situa-
tion has changed completely. In 1969, the world consumption
amounted to about 3.6 million tons, out of which Mexico as
the largest producer provided one million tons; Germany s par-
ticipation was only 90,000 tons which placed it eighth after
Mexico. This latter production was practically used up
completely by the domestic industry; in addition, some 160,000
tons were imported to cover the overall demand of 250,000
tons. Of the world s consumption of fluorine in 1969, 45%
were used for steel manufacturing, 15% for aluminum, 33%
for producing chemicals, and 7% for glass and ceramics. The
chemical industry requires fluorite, CaF2, primarily for
producing hydrofluoric acid, HF. Two tons of CaF2 are
needed for producing one ton of HF. Hydrofluoric acid in turn
is used as an intermediate product for the manufacture of nu-
merous inorganic and organic fluorine compounds. Among the
inorganic compounds are aluminum fluorides, used as flux
material in the production of primary aluminum. The organic
fluorine compounds include the aliphatic chlorine-fluorine-
hydrocarbons, such as freon, which are used as spraying and
cooling substances. Other important fluorine- bearing products
are synthetic materials, such as teflon. Direct applications for
fluorspar can be found in the manufacture of steel, of welding
electrodes, enamel, glass wool, and other industrial products.
30447
Nelson, Kenneth W.
NONFERROUS METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS. In: Air
Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 37, p. 171-190. 16 refs.
While sulfur dioxide from the smelting of copper, lead, and
zinc has been the principal pollutant of interest in nonferrous
metallurgy, gaseous and participate fluorides from aluminum
smelting are also of concern. Fluoride problems first came to
attention because of adverse effects on grazing animals rather
than effects on vegetation, as with SO2. The mining, milling,
and concentrating of copper, lead, and zinc are discussed, as
well as their refining and smelting, emissions, and controls.
The mining and ore treatment of aluminum is considered, its
electrolysis, and emissions and controls. Copper, lead, zinc,
and aluminum produced from scrap are also discussed. The
production of nonferrous alloys is noted.
-------
28
30517
Baiulescu, G. and P. Marcuja
ASPECTS REGARDING THE STUDIES ON AIR POLLU-
TION. (Aspecte referitoare la studiile asupra poluarii at-
mosferei). Text in Rumanian. Rev. Chim., 22(l):51-55, Jan.
1971. 19 rets.
A general review is given of the subject of air pollution. A list
of 10 major pollution sources is given, figures on the emission
of specific substances by the various sources, a general review
of inorganic and organic pollutants, methods of determining
the major pollutants (including automated systems), and ef-
forts to set standards and establish legislative controls. The
following are some of the data given on emissions from
specific sources. Ammonia plants emit about 90.7 grams of
ammonia and 90 kg of carbon monoxide per ton of ammonia
produced. Chlorine plants give off 45.3-544 kg of chlorine gas
per 100 tons of liquid chlorine produced. Hydrochloric acid
plants emit organic chlorine compounds at the rate of 0.5 vol%
of exhaust gases. The manufacture of nitric acid is responsible
for about 27 kg of nitrogen dioxide per ton of acid, with an ef-
fective recovery of 36-99.8%, depending on the process used.
Phosphoric acid plants emit 9-27 kg of silicon tetrafluoride and
hydrofluoric acid per ton of phosphorus pentoxide produced,
and emits 0.09-4.5 kg of pentoxide aerosol for each ton of acid
produced. The manufacture of sulphuric acid results in emis-
sions of 9-31.5 kg SO2 and 0.09-0.9 kg SO3 per ton, depending
on the type of control equipment used. This type of data is
given for a large number of pollution sources.
31134
Luxon, S. G.
FLUORIDE EMISSION DURING FIRING OF POTTERY IN
CONTINUOUS KILNS. Fluoride, 3(2):61-65, April 1971.
In the manufacture of pottery with continuous kilns, the win-
dows of the building and of some adjoining buildings were
noticed to have become etched and no longer transparent due
to the formation of ammoinumsilicofluoride. The calcium
fluoride which is in china-stone was converted in the presence
of organic matter into ammonium fluosilicate. Acid gases, aris-
ing from products of combustion used to heat the kiln,
liberated hydrofluoric acid which accounts for the etching of
glass Air samples in the kiln workroom showed fluoride con-
centrations up to 3.5 mg/cu m. (Author abstract modified)
31144
Hasegawa, Toshio
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS OF A GLASSWORKS. (Garasu
kojo no kogai mondai). Text in Japanese. Kagaku to Kogyo
(Tokyo) (Chem. Chem. Ind.), 45(2):28-35, 1971.
The main air pollutant discharged from glassworks is smoke
dust, the main source of which is the cubicle furnace. The
results of surveys made at two glass factories for dust emis-
sion and at another glass factory suspected of emitting noxious
gas damaging to crops are discussed. The two factories sur-
veyed for dust emission were a physical and chemical glass-
wares manufacturing firm and a vacuum bottle manufacturing
firm. In the former, four 500 Ib. cubicle furnaces with a max-
imum fuel consumption of 35 1/hr and a normal consumption
of 26 1/hr, a 1.7 cu m combustion chamber, and rotary-type
burners using B heavy oil were inspected. The dust density
was 1.21 g/N cu m at maximum, 0.13 g/N cu m at minimum,
and 0.46 g/N cu m on the average. In the second factory, eight
750 Ib cubicle furnaces were surveyed. The ratings included
the fuel consumption, 62.6 1/hr of B heavy oil, and the 1.94 cu
m combustion chamber. The dust density was 1.24 g/N cu m at
maximum, 0.12 g/N cu m at minimum, and 0.66 g/N cu m on
the average. Crop damage had been reported in the vicinity of
a glassworks manufacturing fancy bottles. An investigation
was conducted to determine the cause. It was a fluorine com-
pound, such as hydrogen fluoride, generated during the
processing of fluorite. The damage to the crops included foliar
burns or dead leaves in rice plants on a long, narrow strip of
land in the 20-300 m range west of the factory. Soybeans in
the area were most seriously damaged, suffering from chloro-
sis. The total acreage of damage amounted to 20 acres of rice
plants and 15 acres of soybean. Sampling and measurement of
the noxious gas at the source in the atmosphere, and in nun-
falls, and chemical analysis of the damaged crops were con-
ducted. The results of the measurement and analysis are
shown in tables and charts. Fluorine, detected from the crust
of soy bean, amounted to 299.2 ppm at the nearest point from
the factory, while that detected from the rice-bran was 26.4
ppm at the point farther than the first point and 6.0 ppm at the
farthest point.
31283
Birse, E. A. B.
PROBLEMS IN ALUMINIUM REFINING. Smokeless Air (Lon-
don), 40(151): 19-22, Autumn 1969. (Presented at the Scottish
Division, Annual Conference, Largs, Great Britain, May 22,
1969.)
Aluminum is smelted by dissolving alumina in molten cryolite
(sodium aluminum fluoride) and passing an electric current
from a carbon electrode (anode), which is suspended in the
molten solution, to the carbon lining of the containing pot
(cathode). The process itself does not evolve fluorides; but
when fluoride additions are made to the molten cryolite,
fluoride vapors escape to the ambient air above the pot. Total
fluoride losses from a large pot are only 23-35 lb/24 hr, but in
a modern smelter with 340 pots the overall emission is signifi-
cant. New smelters are achieving 95% fume collection by en-
closing pots within hoods and by using electrolytic pots with
prebaked instead of self-baking anodes.
31315
Strunz, W.
CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE. (Chemie
mid Umwelthygiene). Text in German. Allgem. Prak. Chem.
(Vienna), 22(2):25-31, Feb. 1971. (Presented at the Bundesin-
nungstagung des chemischen Gewerbes, Wien, West Germany,
Oct. 23, 1970.)
There are 300 chemical substances which are termed air pollu-
tants. Some of the most common air pollutants are sulfur diox-
ide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, chlorine,
nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, ketones, lead, hydrogen chloride,
carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide and tetraethyl lead.
Among the heaviest polluters are power plants. In a thermal
power plant with a capacity of 300,000 kW/hr, 70 tons of oil
are burned and one million cu m flue gases are produced. The
rain water in industrial centers has, at times, a pH of five. Au-
tomobiles are also heavy polluters. In Vienna, 90,000 tons of
CO are emitted into the air/day. The emissions of hydrocar-
bons, lead, and SO2 are 9000, 0.55, and 180 tons respectively.
The maximum allowable concentration for nitrogen oxides is
one mg/cu m air, for C12 0.3 mg/cu m air, for hydrogen sulfide
0.15 mg/cu m, for SO2 0.40 mg/cu m, for lead 0.004 mg/cu m,
for 0.1 mg lead/day. The atmospheric pollution affects hu-
mans, animals, and plants.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
29
31333
Dreyhaupt, F. J.
CONCLUDING REMARKS. (Schlussbemerkungen). Text in
German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.), Ber., no. 164:110-112, 1971.
No limit values on permissible fluorine concentration have
been decided upon and released by the German Authorities.
This is a matter of urgency, considenng the fact that the
phytotoxicity of fluorine is approximately 100 times greater
than that of sulfur dioxide, and that fluorine emissions are
steadily on the increase because new sources of emission con-
tinue to arise, for instance in ore sintering plants and alu-
minum works. Sufficient information is by now available to
determine maximum permissible concentrations. Doubts have
been expressed concerning whether the results of induced
plant intoxication by fluorine gas in test enclosures are directly
comparable with field conditions. More preliminary experimen-
tation is not needed. Very conservative emission limits based
on the results of the enclosure tests and on the various infor-
mation available from international research are needed. Any
regulations eventually issued should not be applicable on days
of weather inversions.
31529
Carotti, Arrigo A. and Elmer R. Kaiser
CONCENTRATIONS OF 20 GASEOUS CHEMICAL SPECIES
IN THE FLUE GAS OF A MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 25p.,
1971. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2,
1971, Paper 71-67.)
Tests were undertaken at the incinerator plant of the Town of
Babylon, Long Island, to determine the physical composition
of the emitted pollutants. Nitrogen dioxide was collected in
evacuated flasks of known volume and measured spec-
trophotometrically via the reaction with the Griess-Saltzman
reagent. Acid gases and mists were collected in appropriate
impingers containing aqueous alkali, and each species conven-
tionally quantitated according to accepted methods of ap-
propriate sensitivity. Aldehydes and ketones were quantitative-
ly absorbed in sodium bisulfite and quantitated iodimetrically.
Sulfur dioxide was collected in hydrogen peroxide and deter-
mined as the sulfate. Hydrocarbons and phosgene were quan-
titated gas chromatographically. On the basis of the data
recorded, hydrochloric acid is a major constituent of municipal
incinerator gaseous emissions. The variations in the concentra-
tions of the most predominant chemical species (HC1, NOx,
SO2, organic acids) normally found in municipal incinerator
emissions are significant and are probably the result of varia-
tions in the composition of the fuel charge. Hydrocarbons (Cl-
C5), cyanide, fluoride, phosphate, aldehydes, and chlorine are
relatively minor constituents of municipal incinerator gaseous
emissions. Water scrubbing appears to be effective in remov-
ing chlorides from flue gas. (Author abstract modified)
31581
Sholtes, R. S. and B. S. Tatera
PARAMETERS WHICH INFLUENCE FLUORIDE EMIS-
SIONS FROM GYPSUM PONDS. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 43p., 1971. 19 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th,
Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-19.)
The suspicion that gypsum ponds used in mineral mining and
processing may be a major source of fluoride emissions is in-
vestigated. A laboratory based study examined the vapor pres-
sure of gaseous fluoride in equilibrium with dilute solutions of
hydrofluoric acid, fluosih'cic acid, and mixtures of these and
commercially obtained gypsum water. A modified gas satura-
tion method produced samples that were analyzed for fluoride
concentration by ion and reference electrodes. The effect of
temperature, air velocity, and fluoride concentration on gase-
ous fluoride emissions from gypsum ponds were evaluated
using a laboratory scale gypsum pond. Both gypsum slurry
water and process water were examined. Measurements of air
velocity were provided by a velometer and to types of
anemometers. The relative humidity of the intake and exhaust
air were measured by a sling psychrometer. The analysis gave
a series of predictive equations for fluoride emission as a
function of fluoride concentration, wind speed, water tempera-
ture, relative humidity, and evaporation rate. The vapor pres-
sure studies predicted that for all solutions studied, HF gas
would be the source of highest percentage fluoride in the satu-
rated gas. They also showed that the fluorides present in gyp-
sum water can act as if they were in equilibrium with fluosil-
icic acid. Laboratory gypsum pond studies revealed a buildup
of fluorides in the gypsum water, which is not true for actual
gypsum ponds, thus discounting fluoride emissions from the
surface as the only means of releasing fluorides from gypsum
ponds. Piocesses not occurring in the laboratory, i.e., percola-
tion, rainfall dilution, and photochemical reaction, may there-
fore have a major part in preventing the buildup of fluorides in
field gypsum ponds. Air velocity and temperature strongly in-
fluence fluoride emissions from gypsum slurry and process
waters; the effects of concentration were relatively less.
Charts and figures demonstrating the relationships are in-
cluded.
31935
Nakamura, Keigo
ON AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.
(Fukka suiso ni yoru taiki osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Kogai To Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(4):50-58, July 1971.
9 refs.
When the atmosphere contains as little as 10 ppb of hydrogen
fluoride, crops can be damaged, because the HF is accumu-
lated in the leaves. Teeth and bones are also affected when
cattle eat feed containing 30-50 ppm HF over an extended
period of time. Fluoride emissions are issued from plants
which process ores containing fluoride compounds. Steel mills
in Japan are using about four kg fluorspar/ton steel. Various
types of scrubbers are utilized to recover fluoride from alu-
minum smelter and phosphorus fertilizer exhaust gases. Col-
lectors are then used to trap fluoride and sulfuric acid mists.
32060
Chambers, Leslie A.
CLASSIFICATION AND EXTENT OF AIR POLLUTION
PROBLEMS. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1,
2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 1, p. 1-21.
This history of air pollution is discussed, including natural
causes, decaying refuse, and wood smoke. The use of coal
from the beginning of the 14th century to the early part of the
20th led to air pollution by coal smoke and gases. Various En-
glish kings, legislation, and committees attempted to regulate
its use. In 1952, the death of 4000 persons in London led to
strict controls. Smog also caused deaths in England. In Amer-
ica, the incident at Donora, Pennsylvania spurred pollution
control efforts. In Poza Rica, near Mexico City, hydrogen sul-
fide caused deaths and illness. Other pollutants, such as metal-
lic fumes, acid mists, fluorides, and odors, have also caused
health problems. While oil and gas have replaced coal, they
have caused further pollution. Evidently, photochemical reac-
-------
30
lions in automobile engine exhausts have caused Los Angeles
smog. Air pollution is directly related to energy sources; a
major change in energy sources could change the quality of air
pollution. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased with
the use of fossil fuels. Pollutants can be emitted directly from
identifiable sources or can be produced in the air by an in-
teraction between two or more primary pollutants, or by a
reaction with normal atmospheric constituents. The first group
includes aerosols, coarse particles, and sulfur, organic,
nitrogen, carbon, halogen, and radioactive compounds. Secon-
dary pollutants include hahde salts, sulfuric acid mist,
photochemical reactions, and the absorption of gases by sur-
faces of liquid and solid particles. Nucleation, condensation,
sedimentation, and meteorological processes also effect the
formation and impact of primai-y and secondary pollutants. Air
pollution can cause a reduction in visibility, material damage,
agricultural damage, physiological effects on man and
domestic animals, and psychological effects. Air pollution will
be a larger problem in the future. Its emergence as a global
phenomenon will effect many governmental and administrative
procedures.
32139
Gartrell, F. E.
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL DEVICES. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.),
Vol 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 49, p.
535-549. 22 rets.
Devices for air pollution control which reduce the amount of
waste material discharged to the atmosphere usually increase
the quantities of such materials that must be disposed of by
other means. Wet collectors of many types are used for air
cleaning and all types contribute to the total quantity of liquid
wastes which may be discharged to waterways, with or
without treatment. With industrial development, urban popula-
tion growth, and rapidly expanding use of water for all pur-
poses, the accompanying need for stream pollution control has
led to the establishment of agencies with the authority to regu-
late the discharge of waste materials to surface waters. From a
review of water quality standards, it is obvious that many
waste materials considered as air pollutants of major concern
are likewise objectionable for many water uses, when present
in even fairly low concentrations. This is particularly true of
wastes involving fluorides, sulfur compounds, and radioactive
materials. The control of fluorine wastes from uranium ore
processing, phosphate fertilizer production, and steel mills, is
discussed. Radioactive waste disposal practices at the Oak
Ridge National, the Argonne National Laboratory, and at the
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory are described. The control
of sulfurous wastes is indicated for copper smelters and elec-
tric power plants. The control of fly ash, dust, and other par-
ticulate wastes from calcium carbide plants, blast furnace
operations, power plants, and chemical plants is reviewed.
32519
Hartkopf, Guenter
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND POWER PRODUC-
TION. (Umweltschutz und ElektrizHaetswirtschaft). Text in Ger-
man. Elektrizitaetswirtschaft, 70(17):507-511, 1971. (Presented
at the VDEW Jahrestagung, Mainz, West Germany, May 27,
1971.)
The conversion to electricity as a source of energy in
households, trade, industry, and transportation (railroads)
transferred the burden of the air pollution problem from
several sources to one large-scale source. Power plants emit
dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, fluorine, and chlorine. Processes for S02
removal from waste gases, desulfurization of fuels, and siting
of power plants are investigated as air pollution control
methods.
32576
Vitaliano, Dorothy B.
FLUORINE-BEARING ASH FROM THE HEKLA ERUPTION,
1970: DISTRIBUTION, EFFECT ON ENVIORNMENT, AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDITERRANEAN ARCHEOLOGY
AND GEOMYTHOLOGY. In: Boston College Environmental
Center Summer Institute on Surtsey and Iceland. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, Calif.,
Ames Research Center, NASA TM X-62,009, p. 65-68, Feb.
1971. 3 refs. NTIS: N71-17982
In addition to its effect on the environment in Iceland, the oc-
currence of fluorine-bearing ash in the 1970 eruption of Hekla,
as in the 1947 eruption of that volcano, has interesting implica-
tions in connection with Mediterranean archeology and geo-
mythology. It seems likely that the 1970 eruption of Hekla
may furnish a clue as to how the Santorin eruption of 1450
B.C. could have been responsible for the adverse effects
caused to the plants, cattle, horses, asses, camels, oxen, and
sheep of the Egyptians who were downwind of the eruption.
32702
CONTAMINANTS IN THE AIR. WHAT THEY ARE: Ind.
Power, 62(1):68-70, Jan. 1952.
Smoke, dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, and gases are defined in
terms set forth by the American Standards Association. Com-
mon sources of contaminants are discussed and shown on a
chart, and common airborne particles are listed according to
size in micron. Pollutants include pollens, bacteria, viruses,
metal dusts and fumes, magnesium oxide fumes, cement dust,
foundry dust, pulverized coal fly ash, zinc oxide fume, sulfur
trioxide, carbon black, sulfuric acid mist, particles of coal and
ash from furnaces, organic matter, and industrial wastes. In
addition, the particle sizes of various contaminants are com-
pared according to both micron diameter and Tyyler scales.
The effects of, or atmospheric reactions involving, sulfur diox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, and fluorine com-
pounds are briefly reviewed. The physical properties of parti-
cles are contrasted with the chemical nature of their con-
stituents and are noted to be even more important in at-
mospheric pollution. Inversions and wind can effect the dis-
tribution of pollutants.
32855
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi, Kazuo Hishida, and Tsunehiro Yajima
PRESENT STATE OF PUBLIC NUSIANCE CAUSED BY OF-
FENSIVE ODORS IN TOKYO. (Tokyo ni okeru akushu kogai
no genjo). Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
13(8):972-978, Aug. 1971.
Control criteria were designated for emissions of smoke,
gases, and offensive odors in Tokyo. The harmful gases in-
cluded ammonia, fluorine and its compounds, hydrogen cya-
nide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol, isoamyl
alchohol, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen
chloride, acrolein, acetone, sulfur dioxide, benzene, nitrogen
oxides, toluene, phenol, sulfuric acid, and chromic acid. The
public Nuisance Bureau received 2751 complaints about offen-
sive odors and 416 complaints about deleterious gases during
1970. The major sources of the offensive odors were plants
processing fish guts and bones, animal bones and fat, and
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
31
feathers, stock yards, poultry farms, urban waste disposal
plants, sewage treatment plants, fish oil processing plants,
varnish manufacturing plants, lubricant oil regenerating facto-
ries, soy sauce lees and other vegetable protein processing
plants, organic fertilizer manufacturing plants, and food manu-
facturing plants. Deodorization experiments were conducted
with respect to the analysis of the components of odors,
deodorizing devices, sensory tests, interrelation of odor con-
stituents, and process improvements.
33735
Hellwig, A. and D. Hempel
STUDIES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EMIS-
SION OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR CONCEN-
TRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND WATER. (Unter-
suchungen ueber den Zusammenhang zwischen der Emission von
Fluorverbindungen und ihrem Gehalt in der atmosphaerischen
Luft und im Wasser). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenz-
gebiete (Berlin), 17(9):651-655, Sept. 1971. 20 refs.
Fluoride compounds are frequently components of industrial
emissions. Hydrogen fluoride is emitted in the manufacturing
of bncks and clay. The most important source for fluorine-
containing emissions is the chemical industry. Fluorine is a
natural component of human and animal tissue. Man needs a
daily dose of 1.5 to 1.8 mg fluorine which is supplied by the
water (0.1 mg) and by food (0.4 mg). In the vicinity of a su-
perphosphate plant, the fluorine content of the atmosphere
was determined at eight measuring stations. More measuring
stations were set-up in the main direction, i.e., east and north-
east of the emission source. All stations were arranged in
distances of 200 to 3000 m from the emission source. The mea-
surements were taken every two weeks with the aid of an au-
tomobile. At each station, 40 individual measurements were
taken between July 1968 and June 1970. The air was drawn
through two subsequent absorption vessels at a speed of 5
1/min each of which was filled with 15 ml 0.05 N NaOH. The
fluorine concentration was determined by measurement of the
extinction at a wave length of 530 nm. The highest concentra-
tions were measured at a distance of 300 and 1000 m from the
stack in a south-eastern direction. The maximum allowable
emission concentration for fluorine (0.03 mg/cu m short-term
value, 0.1 mg/cu m long-term value) has not been exceeded at
any one time or at any point.
33853
Ryder, R. J. and J J. McMackm
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING STACK EMISSIONS FROM A
GLASS CONTAINER FURNACE. PART I. Glass Ind.,
50(6):307-310, June 1969. (Presented at the Conference on Glass
Problems, 29th, Nov. 21, 22, 1968.) PART II. Ibid., S0(7):346,
348-350, July 1969. 4 refs.
A glass melting furnace can give off emissions from the flame
and from volatilization. Sulfates, fluorides, and borates are
major constituents that contribute to volatilization. A small
percentage of these materials becomes stack gas and can cause
air pollution. A glass furnace was tested to determine the
amounts of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in the
stack gas. Also, the plume s opacity was determined. Variation
in the furnace load, temperature, fuel-air ratio, and make-up
of minor ingredients could effect stack emission. The particu-
late emission (primarily sodium sulfite), SO2, SO3, and
nitrogen oxides increased as the furnace load (and thus tem-
perature) increased. An increase in excess air from 20-25% to
30-35% produced decreases in the level of particulate emis-
sion. The addition of carbon to the minor-ingredient mix
eliminated this. Also, the addition of carbon was the most ef-
fective single factor in decreasing particulate emission. The ap-
parent opacity was influenced by the fuel-air ratio but was not
affected by the minor-ingredient mix. Furthermore, increases
in excess air in the 20-40% range caused significant opacity
decreases. As expected, the opacity increased as the furnace
load increased. Because of Los Angeles regulations, the max-
imum load is dictated by the level of particulate emission and
stack plume opacity.
34018
Bernhart, A. P.
NOTES ON AIR POLLUTION: THE INGREDIENTS
DEFINED. PART I. Water Pollution Control (Toronto),
109(10):41-42, Oct. 1971. 19 refs.
The problem of air pollution in Canada is reviewed with
respect to effects on human health (respiratory diseases),
animals, plants, buildings (soiling and deterioration), traffic
(visibility), and economy; breakdown by individual pollutant;
and major sources. The major pollutants and their sources in-
cluded suspended particulates and dust fall from furnaces, in-
cineration, and cement plants; pollen from grasses and trees;
sulfur oxides from coal furnaces, carbon monoxide from cars;
hydrocarbons from engine exhausts and gasoline evaporation;
aldehydes from diesel exhausts and dry cleaners; nitrogen ox-
ides from power plants; oxidants; odors from slaughterhouses,
garment factories, glue factories, and diesel buses; fluorides
from aluminum and fertilizer plants; lead from car exhausts;
benzopyrene; carbon dioxide; and other minor pollutants, i.e.,
organic acids, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, chlorine, and
bromine.
34096
Schmidt, E.
FORMATION AND EMISSION OF AIR-POLLUTING SUB-
STANCES IN BRICKWORKS KILNS. (Auswurf und Ent-
stehung luftverunreinigender Stoffe bei Ziegeloefen). Text in
German. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), no. 24:560-571, 1968. 14 refs.
Emission measurements for 60 brick ovens revealed that soot
emission levels from old ovens with simple combustion instal-
lations often exceed maximum permissible levels while modem
kilns easily conform to prescribed standards. The median sul-
fur dioxide emission was 0.5 g/N cu m, but emission levels
varied rather widely. Sulfur oxides from brick kilns contained
a considerably higher share of SO3 than emissions from other
types of furnaces. Fluorine concentrations ranged from 1 to
184 mg/N cu m (median level, 48 mg/N cu m). The emission of
sulfur oxides and fluorine is governed by the composition of
the materials used in brick manufacture, especially the lime
content, and by the firing temperature. Emissions increase
with higher finng temperature and decrease with lime content.
A higher emission of sulfur oxides is usually accompanied by
higher fluorine emissions. To comply with prescribed emission
standards for sulfur oxides, stack heights of 20 to 40 m are
necessary; for fluorine, from 20 to 50 m. In special cases high
stacks will not suffice and the blowing of powdered magnesite
or of dolomite into the furnace may be necessary.
34334
Porteous, A.
SOME ASPECTS OF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS AND THEIR
EFFECTS ON LIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS. Public Cleansing
(London), 61(10):485-492, Oct. 1971. 4 refs.
Increases in population and affluence have combined to
produce wastes and environmental tampering on an un-
-------
32
preceder.ted scale. The decompositon of these wastes through
incineration produces air pollutants that are potentially damag-
ing to life support systems. Domestic refuse, for example, has
a composition of roughly 30% ash clinkers and coal dust,
which is a potential source of sulfur dioxide when incinerated.
Sulfur dioxide and fluorides can affect life and even small
concentrations cause selective damage to vegetation. The
decomposition of plastics under high-temperature condition
gives rise to the possibility of acid mists and the emission of
polychlorinated biphenyls. Low concentrations of PCBs can be
concentrated biologically until they affect living systems. At-
mospheric dust from combustion and other industrial
processes is linked to the decrease in atmospheric temperature
which has shortened the average growing season since 1950 by
about two weeks. There are three SO2-removal processes
which may be feasible on a large scale: Remluft, Cat-ox, and
alkalized alumina.
35592
National Materials Advisory Board, Washington, I). C., Panel
on Fluorspar
TRENDS IN THE USAGE OF FLUORSPAR. National Acade-
my of Sciences - National Academy of Engineering, Washington,
D. C., Pub. NMAB-269, 54p., Dec. 1970. 21 refs. NTIS: PB
198339
Three major segments of American industry (steel, aluminum,
and fluorocarbon producers) use approximately 939? of the
fluorspar consumed in the United States and will probably
continue to require large and assured supplies well beyond the
next decade. The fluorspar demand of the aluminum industiy
may decrease because of fluorine recovered from waste
products and phosphate production. However, the overall
fluorspar demand should contiue to grow as the result of in-
creasing requirements for the product of steel and fluorcai-
bons. The total fluorspar demand was 1.24 million tons in 1968
and is projected to increase to 1.8 million in 1975 and to 2.2
million in 1980. Due to environmental concern, secondary
sources of fluroine are beginning to be exploited in greater
volume. The principal source is a by-rooduct from the produc-
tion of phosphates. (Author abstract modified)
35985
Cooke, N. E., R. M. Cooper, and R. H. Andres
POLLUTION CONTROL AT A LARGER FERTILIZER COM-
PLEX. Safety Air Ammonia Plants, vol. 13:23-28, 1971.
Although the pollution abatement facilities at a fertilizer com-
plex of Canadian Industries Ltd. were expected to enable air
quality regulations to be met, CIL decided that it would be
desirable to monitor its operations to ensure that this was
being accomplished, to indicate the malfunction of pollution
control equipment, and to enable repair of such equipment be-
fore environmental damage could occur. A survey sampling
grid was set up to measure fluorides, sulfur dioxide, and par-
ticulate matter. The major source of fluoride emission to the
atmosphere is the diammonium phosphate plant, where
phosporic acid is reacted with ammonia. Ground level concen-
tration data are indicated, and a model to simulate any com-
bination of circumstances by mathematical means is presented.
A venturi scrubber was installed between the ammonia
scrubber and the dust scrubber stack, using gypsum pound
water as the scrubbing medium, thus lowenng the fluoride
emissions. Water quality monitoring, particulate emissions,
ammonia plant condensate, and solid waste disposal are also
discussed.
36045
Dams R., R. Hemdryckx, and K. van Cauwenberghe
CHEMISTRY AND DETERMINATION OF AIR POLLU-
TANTS. (Scheikunde en analyse van luchtpollutie). Text in
Dutch. Ind. Chim. Beige, 36(7):S89-626, 1971. 231 refs.
Gaseous pollutants include sulfur compounds, hydrocarbons,
nitrogen compounds, ozone, fluoride compounds and chlorine
compounds. Sampling methods are explained. The term Re-
sidence Time is defined Sources of sulfur containing gases are
tabulated, and chemical reactions of sulfur dioxide formation
are given. Methods of analysis of sulfur dioxide are described.
Biological and toxicological effects of hydrogen sulfide are
described The sources, measurement, formation, and possible
effects of carbon dioxide, fluorine and chlorine compounds,
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides are discussed. The
natural cycle of ozone in atmosphere and polluting effects of
ozone are described. The phenomenon of photochemical mist
formation in London and Los Angeles is described. Also men-
tioned are: Reduction of visibility through smoke, aerosols and
photochemical generation of mists; effects on materials; ef-
fects on agricultural products through sulfur dioxide, fluorides,
or ozone; and physiological and psychological effects
36212
Schmidt, E
THE FORMATION AND EMISSION OF AIR POLLUTING
SUBSTANCES BY BRICK KILNS. (Auswurf und Entstehung
luftverunreinigender Stoffe bei Ziegeloefen). Text in German.
Bcr. Deut. Keram. Ges., 45(11):S79, Nov. 1968.
Measurements of emissions from 60 brick factories revealed
closed that the emission of particulates from old kilns of sim-
ple construction often exceeded maximum permissible levels
while modern easily conformed to prescribed limits. Sulfur
dioxide emissions fluctuated widely within 0.1 and 1.8 g/N cu
in. SO3 comprised 5-50% of the total sulfur oxides emitted;
thus, the emission of SO3 from brick ovens is higher than
from other types of furnaces. All brick clays contained small
amounts of fluorine compounds with 0.02 to 0.1% F. Fluorine
emission levels fluctuated from 1 to 125 mg/N cu m. Disper-
sion of SO2 requires stacks 20 to 40 m high stacks; for F, 20
to 50 m stacks are necessary. Emissions increased with in-
creasing combustion temperature and decreased with increas-
ing lime content in the brick clay. High SO2 emission is
usually coupled with high emission of F
36377
Taga, Tahakide
CONTINENTAL REPORT: ASIA. International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, Intern. Clean Air Congr.,
Proc. London, England, 1966, p. 22-24. (Oct. 4-7 Paper II/4.)
The problem of air pollution in Formosa, the Korean
Republic, the Philippines, Thailand, India, and Japan is
reviewed with respect to pollutants, emission sources, control
agencies, air quality measurements, and legislation. Cities with
the greatest pollution problem are listed. Standards were
established for dust fall from fuel combustion and incinera-
tors, oxidants, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, and sulfides
from commerical and industrial activities (Formosa); smoke,
fumes, and dusts (including cyanides, fluorides, phosphorus
compounds (Korea); soot, dust particles, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride,
nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide,
and ammonia (Japan). The major sources of pollution in Asia
include automobiles, power plants, unpaved roads, lumber
mills, chemical processing, cement factories, domestic ovens,
and pulping.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
33
37190
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND CULTIVATION OF
THE ENVIRONMENT IN LOWER SAXONY. (Umweltschutz
und Umweltpflege in Niedersachsen). Text in German. Staed-
tehygiene (Uel7.cn/Hamburg). 22(lI):266-267, Nov. 1971.
The emission limit values for sulfur dioxide and dust are ex-
ceeded in Lower Saxony during normal weather conditions
only in individual critical areas. In the Nordenham area the
soil and the vegetation are heavily enriched with lead and zinc
dust, sulfur dioxide, and fluorine. The lead content of the soil
has reached 120 times and zinc has reached 150 times the nor-
mal values. The milk of animals grazing in this area has to be
heavily mixed with other milk in order to make it drinkable. In
Delmhorst, the natural composition of the air is changed by
the emissions of a linoleum plant and a lacquer-resin plant.
During the oxidation of linseed oil and the melting of resins,
acrolein, formic acid, acetic acid, and phenols are liberated. In
Osterwald, the fluorine emissions of a ceramic plant has
destroyed a large forest. Injuries in forests were also observed
in Bad Salzdetfurth from the emissions of a potassium plant
and near Munich by a cellulose plant. Animal mass breeding
stations cause unbearable odor emissions in Suedoldenburg,
Bersenbrueck, Diepholz, Bassum, and Nienburg.
37562
Reimer, Hans
REMOVAL OF PLASTIC WASTE BY MEANS OF IN-
CINERATION. (Beseitigen von Kunststoffhaitigem Muell durch
Verbrennen). Text in German. Muell Abfall, 4(1):19-21, Jan.
1972. 7 refs. (Presented at the Muelltechnischen Kolloquium des
Forschungsund Entwicklungs-Instituts fuer Industrie- und
Siedlungswasser wirtschaft der Technischen Universitaet, Stutt-
gart, West Germany, Oct. 15, 1971.)
The incineration of plastic waste causes problems deriving
from the fact that plastic material develops gases. Since the
combustion temperature in the incineration plant has to exceed
850 C in order to avoid bad odors and the temperature level
must not exceed 350 C for dedusting the flue gas, the flue
cases have to be cooled down by water or air. In this case,
however, the flue gases get into direct contact with metallic
material causing corrosion because of the content of chloride
in the plastic waste, forming ferrochloride in a reducing at-
mosphere, and peeling the material. Methods against corrosion
are adding of secondary air which prevents the formation of
inhomogeneous flue gas concentrations and avoiding the use
of metallic material up to a grate height of 2m. Tests are given
to bind the developing chloride by physical or chemical means
like dolomite. Concerning the emissions of hydrochloric acid,
the concentration in the flue gases rarely exceeds 1000 mg/N
cu m, and is expected to raise to 2000 mg/cu m in 1980. The
emission concentration of hydrofluoric acid amounts to 8 - 10
mg/cu m.
37721
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan) Dept. of
Environmental Pollution Control
ABOUT THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES (POISONOUS AND DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES
CONTROL LAW. Article 2, Item 1, No. 3. (Yugai busshitsu (Ho
dai 2 no, Dai 1 ko, Dai 3 go) no seijo oyobi eikyo ni (suite). Text
in Japanese. 44p., May 1971.
The nature, permissible concentration, and measurement
methods of cadmium, chlorine, fluorine, lead, nitrogen, and
their compounds. Cadmium and its compounds include metal-
lic cadmium, cadmium oxides, and cadmium salts. Oral and in-
haled toxicities are mentioned. The dithizone method is used
to measure cadmium. The rhodanic mercury method is used to
measure hydrogen chloride and the detecting tube method and
the orthotolizine method is used to measure chlorine. Acute
and chronic effects of chlorine compounds are discussed.
Fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, difluoric oxides, and fluorides are
measured by the alizarin complexon method. Lead, inorganic
lead compounds, metallic lead, lead oxide, lead chloride, and
organic lead each have unique toxic properties. The dithizone
method is used to measure lead. Nitric oxide, nitric anhydride,
nitrous oxide and nitrogen dioxide are discussed. The detecting
tube and naphthylethylene-diamine methods are explained.
37752
Locher, F. W., S. Sprung, and D. Opitz
REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE KILN GASES.
CYCLIC PROCESSES OF VOLATILE SUBSTANCES,
COATINGS, REMOVAL OF RINGS. (Zement-Kalk-Gips
(Wiesbaden), 2S(1):1-12, Jan. 1972. 46 refs. (Presented at the
Verein Deutscher Zementwerke Congress, Duesseldorf, West
Germany, Sept. 28-Oct. 1, 1971.)
In addition to dust from the process material the gas stream in
a cement kiln contains mainly alkali sulfates, alkali chlorides,
and calcium fluoride formed by reaction in the kiln gas after
vaporization from the material. If these compounds react with
or are precipitated on the material in the colder parts of the
kiln, they will form an internal cycle. If they are precipitated
in the gas cleaning installation and are then returned to the
process, they will form a closed external cycle which will be
broken if the substances in question are discarded with the
dust collected in the precipitator. Material balance investiga-
tions on 11 kilns with suspension preheaters and 10 kilns with
grate-type preheaters determined that the internal alkali and
sulfur cycles are approximately equal. Approximately equal
amounts of alkali and sulfate are also precipitated with the
dust; dust quantities for the suspension preheater are 50-117
g/kg of clinker as compared with up to 20 g/kg for the grate-
type preheater. The reaction with the alkalies is of decisive im-
portant with regard to sulfur dioxide emissions. The internal
chloride cycle increase? steadily if the chloride content of the
raw meal exceeds 0.01-0.015% by weight. The fluoride is com-
bined mainly in the clinker. Objectional coatings and meal,
sinter, and clinker rings can be obviated by appropriate reduc-
tion of the cycles in question (coatings and meal rings) or by
reduction of the proportion of fusible matter in the clinker
(sinter and clinker rings). A further condition to minimize the
formation of objectionable coatings is proper routine operation
of the kiln. Effective methods for the removal of coatings and
rings include cutting with high- or low-pressure water jets,
dislodging with a gun, or destroying by explosive action with
the Cardox process.
37996
Escourrou, R.
THE SCOURGE OF POLLUTION. (Le fleau de la pollution).
Text in French. Papeterie, 93(11):102S-1026, 1029-1032, 1035-
1038, 1041-1045, Nov. 1971.
Air, water, and noise pollution are discussed. Dust generation
is discussed, with particular emphasis on cement works. Gase-
ous pollutants include sulfur dioxide, fluorine derivatives, car-
bon monoxide, and odors (from spray painting shops, animal
food production, and motor vehicle exhausts). The sampling of
air is briefly described, as well as methods of determining con-
centrations of sulfur dioxide, fluorine, and dust. Water pollu-
tion, effects on fish, and sources of water pollution are
discussed. Pollution of the sea by atomic fallout, residual oil,
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34
effluents from coastal industries, and the discharge from
sewers is discussed. A suggested permissible noise limit for
city conditions would be 80 to 85 decibels. A motor vehicle
traveling at 50 mi/hr exceeds this noise level.
38657
Fuhrmann, N.
PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN
BASIC-INDUSTRY PROCESSING PLANTS. (Probleme des
Umweltschutzes bei verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen der Grund-
stoffindustrie unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung gesetzlicher
Vorschriften zur Luftreinhaltung und Laermbekaempfung). Text
in German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, 12(12):757-763, Dec. 1971.
25 refs.
Branches of industries such as cement plants, soft and hard
coal briquetting plants, cokeries, and iron ore sintering plants
are large air polluters. Great efforts have been undertaken to
reduce emission. In the cement industry, for instance, the
average dust emission dropped from about 3.5% in the year
1950 to 0.15% of the clinker production in 1967. Over the same
period the clinker production rose from 11 million tons to 33
million tons. The technical directives limit the dust emissions
by cement grinding stations to 150 mg/cu m. The gaseous
emissions from cement plants are negligible. The soft coal
briquetting plants of the German Democratic Republic emitted
about 260,000 tons of dust in 1967. In hard coal briquetting
plants the emission of benzo-3,4-pyrene must be mentioned in
addition to the dust emission. Cokeries emit dusts, tar
aerosols, and gases, particularly hydrogen sulfide and sulfur
dioxide. In 1956 the SO2 emission by these plants amounted to
56,000 tons. Through scavenging of the gases, the SO2 emis-
sions can be greatly reduced. In iron ore sintering plants, dust
and SO2 are emitted. The SO2 concentration in the uncleaned
gas may reach 10 g/cu m. At an annual production of 20 mil-
lion tons of sinter, about 210,000 tons of SO2 are emitted.
These plants also emit fluorine. The federal government
drafted a law expanding its constitutional rights to include the
fields of water pollution, maintenance of clean air, and noise
abatement. Emission limits for basic industry processing plants
are included in the technical directives pertaining to air.
39460
PARTICIPATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME I -
MASS EMISSIONS. Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.,
Air Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI
Proj. 3326-C, 372p., May 1, 1971. 198 refs.
A program to assess paniculate air pollution from stationary
sources in the continental United States and to advance the
capability of control equipment for particulates was con-
ducted. All significant sources of particulate pollutants are
identified, and the most important sources are evaluated. Fu-
ture problem particulate emission sources, determined by pro
jecting production trends, control efficiency, and control
equipment application trends, were identified. Research and
development plans were formulated to fill in the knowledge
gaps pinpointed during the study. From the list of significant
sources, a ranking of the most important sources by total ton-
nage emitted was developed by calculating total emissions
using emission factor techniques and other calculation
methods. Important sources by tonnage are fuel combustion in
stationary sources; crushed stone, sand, and gravel; operations
related to agriculture; iron and steel manufacturing; cement
plants; forest products; lime; clay products; primary nonfer-
rous rnetals; fertilizer manufacturing; asphalt; ferroalloys; iron
foundries; secondary nonferrous metals; coal preparation
plants; carbon black; petroleum refining; and acid manufactur-
ing. Sources and air pollutants were ranked by objectionable
properties. In order they were: carcinogens, beryllium and
mercury, toxic metals, mercaptans, isocyanates, asbestos and
silicates, very toxic metals, fluorides, alkyl amines, hydrogen
sulfide, calcium oxide, mineral acids (hydrochloric, nitric, sul-
furic, and phosphoric acids), sulfates, nitrates, sulfur oxides,
organic sulfides, pyridines, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, soot,
smoke, carbon black, less toxic metals, fly ash, inert particu-
lates, oxidants such as ozone, olefins, aldehydes, phenols,
aniline, aromatics, chlorocarbons, mixed organics, ammonia,
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
39587
Marier, J. R.
THE ECOLOGICAL ASPECT OF FLUORIDE. Fluoride,
5(2):92-97, April 28, 1972. 21 refs. (Presented at the Interna-
tional Society for Fluoride Research, Annual Conference, 4th,
the Hague, Netherlands, Oct. 24-27, 1971.)
Research results have shown that fluorides tend to be the
major atmospheric pollutant involved in a situation that also
involves sulfur dioxide. The possible synergism involving more
than one pollutant must be thoroughly investigated since a
simple additive effect would underestimate the condition if a
synergism magnifies the combined effect of the two pollutants.
Another example of synergism involves the magnitude of
fluoride uptake in vegetation, arising from the use of fluoride-
containing phosphate fertilizers. The presence of only 0.11
mg/1 of available boron doubles the uptake of fluoride via the
root-system of vegetation. A study determined that exposure
of aquatic vegetation to 100 ppm of water-borne fluoride for 5
days increased the vegetation fluoride content 50-fold,
whereas exposure to 20 ppm for 14 days increased it 38-fold.
No information ia available concerning exposure to lower level
of water-borne fluoride for longer periods of time. The possi-
bility that vegetation exposed to fluoric air-pollution are able
to convert inorganic fluoride to the much more toxic
fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate forms is considered. Recycling
of the emitted fluorides for use in syntheses of useful com-
pounds would benefit the industries and the ecosystem.
39635
Routschka, G., Ch. Buttgereit, and U. Berger
FLUORINE CONTENT OF REFRACTORY CLAYS AND
FLUORINE EMISSION DURING FIRING OF FIRE-CLAY
PRODUCTS. (Der Gehalt an Fluor in feuerfesten Tonen und
Schamotte und die Beeinflussung der Fluorabgabe beim Brand
der Schamottecrzeiignis.se). Text in German. Sprcchsaal Keram.
Glas Email Silikate, 103(20):901-906, Oct. 2, 1970. 10 refs.
The influence of different factors on the final fluorine content
in refractory clays was studied. During firing, 40% of the total
(0.03-0.06%) fluorine content is volatilized. Fluorine removal
starts at 400-500 C and is intensified with increased tempera-
ture until sintering processes start. High sulfur dioxide concen-
trations and mainly water vapor in the atmosphere have
enhancing effects. The volatilization during firing is influenced
by the sintering of the raw material and the porosity. Fluorine
removal is additionally influenced by both shape and wall
thickness of the products. The removal from the near-surface
layer, at a temperature of 900-1000 C, is more intense than
from the core, where it occurs at 1200 C. The fluorine removal
is considerably less intense in production than in experimental
firing.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
35
39862
Shipley, J. W.
SOME CHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE VOLCAN1.
EMANATIONS AND INCRUSTATIONS IN THE VALLEY O:7
10,000 SMOKES, KATMAI, ALASKA. Amer. J. Sci.,
50(296):14M53, 1920. 12 refs.
Volcanic gases have been pouring out continuously from vents
distributed over a 50-square-mile area since the eruption of the
Katmai crater in southwestern Alaska in 1912; in the course of
time they have built up large masses of incrustants around the
vents. Examination of the incrustants revealed the presence of
the following compounds: sulfur, arsenic, fluorides, corun-
dum, silica, boron, gypsum and apatite, potassium alum, iron,
vivianite, pyrite, manganese, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Water vapor was the major component of the issuing gases,
but hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, volatile ammonium com-
pounds, and hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids were also de-
tected. While the majority of incrustants were secondary
products arising from decomposition of ash by volcanic gases,
the great volume of escaping vapors had a magmatic origin.
The mineralization going on in the area may be due to water
liberated by contact of the crystallized crust of earth with
heated magma.
40159
Brandt, A. D. and D. M. Anderson
MEASURES AGAINST AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY IN-
DUSTRIAL SOURCES. (De strijd tegen de luchtvervuiling af-
komstig van industriele bronnen). Text in Dutch. Polytech.
Tijdschr., Ed. Procestechniek (The Hague), 27(7):231-237, 1972.
26 refs. (Presented at the Environmental Control Seminar, Rot-
terdam, Netherlands, May 25-26, 1971).
A general survey is given of air pollution from industrial
sources in the United States, with special regard to paniculate,
gaseous, and fluorine pollution. The contribution of industry to
air pollution was 14% with 30 million tons in 1968. Particulate
pollutants are most important, followed by sulfur dioxide,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and gaseous and particulate
fluorine compounds. To effectively control air pollution, im-
proved source localization techniques are required. General
principles and uses of pollution control equipment such as
cyclones, tissue filters, scurbbers, and electrostatic filters are
reviewed. Contributions of several industries to particulate and
gaseous pollution in 1967 are reviewed. Quarrying, gravel, and
sand processing was the major source of particulate emissions
with 4.6 million tons, followed by grain mills with 2.952 million
tons. Compared to other industries, a high proportion of the
emission sources is localized in the iron and steel industry,
(1.490 million tons). Cokeries are a major source of HC emis-
sions. The respective contributions by the paper and asphalt
industries were 633,000 and 522,000 tons. The joint share of
the cement and lime industries is 744,000 tons, followed by
foundries with 217,000 tons. Brick manufacturing was respon-
sible for the bulk of fluorine emissions. The chief sources of
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions
were primary nonferrous smelting (2,940,000 tons from the
copper industry alone), petroleum refining (6.2 million tons),
and petroleum products processing (1.1 million tons), respec-
tively.
40180
Kearney (A. T.) and Co., Inc., Chicago, 111.
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE IRON FOUNDRY IN-
DUSTRY. Office of Air Programs Contract CPA 22-69-106,
Rept. APTD-0806, 260p., Feb. 1971. 18 refs.
A str'J" --"'reeled at the iron foundry industry, with particular
einphasia on the melting area, was undertaken in order to ex-
amine those aspects pertinent to air pollution. Pollutants com-
monly discharged by such industries include smoke, metallic
oxides, oil vapors, carbon monoxide, sand fines, metal dust,
and coke dust, odors, fluoride fumes, vapors, and facing
fumes. Particulate emissions have been a point of focus for
concentrated efforts in air pollution; however, gaseous emis-
sions and odors from the foundries have not been given much
attention, and the foundry industry now has to take steps to
suppress these discharges into the atmosphere. The physical
difficulties of satisfactory collection of pollutants are not easi-
ly solved and, in most cases, costs of satisfactory collection
are quite high. A lack of correlation between standard furnace
design factors and emission levels indicates a variance in
operating factors. One group of variables is related directly to
cupola operation, including specific blast rate, blast tempera-
ture, type of lining, and operating variables of the afterburner.
A second group of variables concerns the quantity and quality
of charge materials. Reproducibility of test results is difficult
with any given technique, even for a stable emissions produc-
ing system. Compounded further by the use of different
techniques, equipment, and testing companies to obtain data
for comparison and analysis, the confidence level of the data
must suffer, despite the high degree of professionalism of the
laboratories performing the tests. Control methods include
centrifuges, scrubbers, filters, afterburners, preheaters, hoods,
and electrostatic precipitators.
40182
Takahashi, Noboru
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY METAL INDUSTRIES.
(Kinzoku sangyo ni yoru kankyo osen). Text in Japanese.
Kagaku (Science), 41(10):5Sl-556, Oct. 1971.
Iron works produce mineral powder and coke powder as par-
ticulates and sulfur dioxide. More than 50% of the SO2 is from
the sintering process. By an approximate calculation, a plant
with a capacity of annual production of 1000 tons crude steel
produces 7,000,000 cu m SO2 every year. The SO2 gas from
an iron works also contains extremely poisonous arsenic triox-
ide. The same plant discharges about 2400 tons of waste water
yearly. Casting industries generate approximately 6000 tons of
particulates yearly, of which about 50% are silicon dioxide. In
zinc production industries, cadmium is generated since its con-
tamination in zinc mineral is approximately 0.25%. It is
discharged as dust into air and as waste in waste water. In alu-
minum refining, fluorides are generated, and for a production
of 1 ton aluminum about 20 to 30 kg of fluorine are also
produced as fluorides. Cyanides are largely used in metal gild-
ing and thermal treatment, approximately 50% for the former
and 309f for the latter. These cyanides, accompanied with cad-
mium, have been the major pollutants in the rivers in large ci-
ties.
40344
Engineering Science, Inc., Washington, D. C.
EXHAUST GASES FROM COMBUSTION AND INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES. Engineering Science, Inc., Washington, D. C. Of-
fice of Air Programs Contract EHSD 71-36, 431p., Oct. 2, 1971.
163 refs. NTIS: PB 204861
Combustion and industrial processes were investigated to
determine the extent to which operating variables and process
throughput rates affect exhaust gas conditions and emission
rates and to recommend exhaust gas conversion factors to be
used in the development of implementation plans for air quali-
ty control development of implementation plans for air quality
-------
36
control regions. For each source category, gas flow rate, tem-
perature, and velocity and stack height were evaluated and the
operation of the industry, process description, and input-out-
put relation were reviewed. Collection efficiencies were calcu-
lated for baghouses, electrostatic precipitators, high- and low-
energy scrubbers, mechanical collectors, afterburners, adsorp-
tion methods, and scrubbers. Complete data are presented for
exhaust gases from combustion of coal, fuel oils, natural gas,
and wood wastes within power plants, and industrial
processes; domestic heating; incineration; open burning; solid
waste disposal; chemical processes; paint and varnish manu-
facturing; soap and detergent manufacturing; synthetic rubber
and fiber plants; food and feed operations; primary and secon-
dary metallurgical processes; sintering; mineral processing;
petroleum refining; pulp mills; dry cleaning; surface coating
operations; and gasoline marketing. Pollutants emitted by the
various processes include solvents, alumina, copper oxides,
metal fumes, chlorides, lead oxides silica, fly ash, particulates,
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, soot, chlorine
gas, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen fluoride,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, organic vapors, fluorides,
phosphoric acid mist, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride, hydrocar-
bons, zinc oxides, dusts, and odors.
40401
Brocke, Werner
FORECASTING OF POWER PLANT-, INDUSTRY- AND
DOMESTIC HEATING-CAUSED AIR POLLUTION. (Prognose
der Luftbelastung dutch Emissionen stationaerer Feuereungsan-
lagen in Kraftwerken, Industrie und Haushalt). Text in German.
Luftverunreinigung, 1971:20-25, Dec. 1971. 12 refs.
Forecasts are given for the air pollution caused by fossil fuel-
based stationary firings in power plants, industry, and
domestic heating in the German Federal Republic in the period
from 1969 to 1980. While the primary energy consumption will
rise by about 60%, the demand for fossil fuels will increase by
about 44%. The pit coal consumption shows a drastic
downward trend, while the demand for brown coal will be
practically unchanged, and brown coal will be consumed by
power plants only in 1980. Great increase in fuel oil and gas
consumption will continue. Fuel specific emissions are secured
for paniculate pollutants and sulfur dioxide only, and the
forecasts do not consider anti-pollution measures to be taken
in the meantime. Particulate emissions, 50% of which are
caused by stationary firings, will decrease by 25% by 1980.
The respective shares of power plants, industry, and domestic
heating will be 26%, 10% and 15%. Sulfur dioxide emissions
from stationary firings, now 88% of the total, will increase by
50%. Against 70% in 1970, 83% of the total fluorine emissions
will be caused by stationary firings in 1980, while the cor-
responding percentage for nitrogen oxides will be 42%. The
carbon monoxide emissions from stationary firings will
decrease from 2.5 million tons in 1970 to 1 million tons in
1980. Domestic heating and especially the chemical industry
will be primarily responsible for organic pollutants. Communal
incinerators, now emitting 1000 tons of particulate pollutants
and 10,000 tons of sulfur dioxide yearly, will possibly cause
local or regional pollution problems. As a result of fuel and
waste gas desulfurization, SO2 emissions will drop three mil-
lion tons below the 1969 level. Due to dust separation
techniques, and the use of adequate fuels, a total particulate
emission of 230,000 tons, instead of 800,000 tons, is expected.
40471
Baum, F., J. Giebel, and H. Brell
THE ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS AT HARD
COAL FIRED INDIVIDUAL HEATERS. (Ueber die Erfassung
gasfoermiger Schadstoffe bei steinkohlegefeuerten Einzeloefen).
Text in German. Gesundh. Ingr. 93(4):102-108, April 1972. 27
refs.
Emissions of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine and ox-
ides of nitrogen from individual hard coal-fired heaters were
measured. For determination of the total sulfur and fluorine
emission the gas samples (1.67 cu dm/min) were passed
through a quartz impinger for soot and tar separation and
through two quartz-fritted scrubbers. The impinger and scrub-
bers contained 75 cu com IN NaOH, 10 cu cm 3% H2O2 solu-
tion, and 5 drops of n-butanol. The same sampling set-up was
used for determination of the other pollutants. As absorption
fluids, however, 20 cu cm cadmium acetate solution (consist-
ing of 50 g Cd(CH3COO)2.2H2O and 100 cu cm CH3COOH in
850 cu cm H2O) was used for the H2S determination and 120
cu cm Saltzmann solution (25 g sulfanilic acid, 250 mg alpha-
naphthalamine, and 250 cu cm CH3COOH in 4 cu dm H2O)
was used for determination of NOx. The ash and unburned
residues from the combustion were also analyzed. Two types
of heaters were examined. In the first one the combustion air
enters at the bottom. The waste gases pass the entire fuel
charge from bottom to the top. In the second one the com-
bustion air is supplied at various points of the heater.
Anthracite briquettes were used for firing. Each combustion
test lasted 2, to 3-2/3 hr. The average CO2 concentrations
measured in the waste gas during one combustion period of
the bottom-fed heater ranged from 4.96% by volume to a max-
imum of 7.73 vol %. In the second heater they ranged from
6.83 to 7.88 vol %. The concentration of SO2 emissions ranged
from 270 to 848 mg/cu m in the first heater and from 495 to
677 mg/cu m in the second. The H2S emission of the bottom
heater was considerably higher than that of the multi-point
type. The opposite was true for the fluorine and the NOx
emission. Based on the number of such heaters in the Ruhr
area, their contribution to the total fluorine emission was esti-
mated. Over the half-year of winter, 0.1 to 0.2 microgram
fluorine/cu m air comes from domestic heaters.
40600
Gautier, Armand
FLUORINE IS AN ELEMENT ALWAYS PRESENT IN EMIS-
SIONS FROM THE EARTH CORE. (Le fluor est un element
constant de emanations du noyau terrestre). Text in French.
Compt. Rend., vol. 157:820-825, Nov. 10, 1913. 5 refs.
On-site collection of samples of the gases issuing from the vol-
cano Mt Vesuvius shortly after its eruptions, was started in
1906 in order to establish their fluorine content. In 1913 a sam-
pling method was successfully applied using a 1-liter bottle
containing lime, in which a small tube was inserted. The tube
was sealed into the bottle neck and protruded well beyond it,
so that the bottle could be placed into a suitable fumarole with
the tube reaching inside. The fluorine reacted with the lime,
and subsequent laboratory tests of this sample showed a
fluorine content of 0.110 mg/1 gas, corresponding to 0.116 mg
hydrofluoric acid or 0.150 mg silicon fluoride. Hydrofluoric
acid is estimated to form about 1/8000 part of the total gaseous
emission of volcanic fumaroles. Another set of tests was made
at a location in Italy where burning gases emerge perpetually
through surface cracks. A surface-cooled lead spiral was used
on which the water vapor of the emission condensed, per-
mitting collection of the non-condensable gases. These con-
tained carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane,
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
37
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and traces of argon and helium
The fluorine content of these gases was 0.255 mg, correspond-
ing to 0.268 mg hydrofluoric acid/1 gas. Most natural mineral
waters contain fluorine. For example, the fluor content of
Vichy water is 3.72 mg/1 indicating a volcanic origin.
41650
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Ha. and PEDCo
Environmental Specialists, Inc , Cincinnati, Ohio
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
NATIONAL STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
SOURCES. GRAY IRON FOUNDRIES. Air Pollution Control
Office Contract CPA eO-142, Task 2, 63p., March 15, 1971. 31
refs.
Gray iron foundries produce metal castings by mixing gray
iron, pig iron, scrap, and trace additives. The need for particu-
late controls is great, but average profits of approximately
6 9% do not provide much margin for elaborate controls. New
plants seem to be able to economically justify air pollution
control; old plants cannot All devices now in use are designed
to control particulate matter. No attempt is made to control
nitiogen oxides, and in many cases emission levels have not
been determined The only sulfur dioxide removal is that
which takes place dunng particulate scrubbing. The concentra-
tions of SO2 m top gases from cupola furnaces tange from 300
to 470 ppm Quantitative analyses of fluoride emissions are not
reported Reduced S compounds are not generated in any gray
iron processes Odors originating from the oil, wax, and resins
used in molding have not been measured. Uncontrolled cupola
melting results in variable opacity which approaches 100%
Electric arc melting also produces a visible plume Other
processes have plumes duung charging and when fluxes are
added. Four foundries are either planned or in production
within stringent particulate emission regulations; eleven foun-
dries operate with 99'/r efficient controls. Emission limits
recommended for new or modified sources are: sulfur oxides-
500 ppm, NO.X--325 ppm, particulates--0.03g/sct, and visible
emissions-less than I0r^ equivalent opacity. Control methods
include ventun scrubbers, fabric fillers, baghouses, afterbur-
ners, and electrostatic precipitators.
41877
Hcrnck. R. A
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
NATIONAL STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
SOURCES: IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. Environmental
Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla., and Herrick Associates,
Reston, Va., Environmental Protection Agencj, Division of
Abatement Contract CPA-70-142. 107p., March 8, 1971. 40 refs.
Process conditions common m iron and steelmaking aie out-
lined Emissions of particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
fluorides, polycychc organic matter, total reduced sulfur.
odors, carbon monoxide, and visible emissions aie discussed
for the processes and the optimum control devices are
identified where possible The basic oxygen furnace and the
electric furnace are expected to become the only significant
factors in steel production over the next 20 years. There are
no BOF installations in the U S that do not have air pollution
control devices Control in electric furnace steelmaking is
usually handled by canopy heads and sometimes by roof
evacuation. The gases from both processes are usually con-
ducted to gas cleaning systems Recommended standards of
performance for the BOF can be written in terms of particu-
late emissions A concentration no greater than 0.020 gis/scf
should be the maximum Gas cleaning installations cannot in
most cases maintain acceptance specifications. Electric fur-
nace steelmaking should be restricted to a standard of one Ib/t
of steel produced
42054
Yahagisawa, Saburo
PUBLIC NUISANCE AND THE PROBLEMS OF EVALUA-
TION. (Kogai to sono keisoku ni okeru mondaiten). Text in
Japanese. Hyouunka to Hishitsu Kanri (Stand. Qual. Control),
25(5):14-17, p. 14-17. May 1972.
Fluorine causes injury to humans. Rice and vegetables should
not contain fluorine. Lead also enters the human body through
food In the city of Tokyo, 460,000 tons of sulfur oxides per
year (1967) are discharged. About 99% is from industry and
1% from automobiles and aircraft. Nitrogen oxides are
discharged at the rate of 180,000 tons/yr. About 63.5% is from
industry, 35.9% from automobiles, and 0.6% from aircraft.
Carbon monoxide is discharged at the rate of 880,000 tons/yr
About 997% arc from automobiles, 0.1% from industry, and
0 2% from aircraft. The transport and diffusion of pollution
are mentioned.
42675
Mmistenum fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Dusscldorf (West Germany)
CLEAN AIR FOR TOMORROW. UTOPIA OR REALITY?
(Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit)? Text in
German. 81p., 1972.
Trends in difterent branches of industry, domestic heating,
and transportation and related problems involved in air-pollu-
tion control in North Rhine-Westphalia for the period ending
1985 are detailed. Air pollution control as now applied in the
chemical industry is not satisfactory. While processes as-
sociated with odorous and toxic emissions will increasingly
prevail, multi-stage cleaning and systematic measurements by
means of recording instruments will be required. Air-pollution
control at a late of 80% will be required for new and existing
plants as of 1973 and 1978, respectively. Hydrocarbon and sul-
fur dioxide emissions should be contioiled by the petrochemi-
cal industry The chief pollutants to be controlled in iron and
steel works aie carbon monoxide, dust, and fluorine com-
pounds, and the specific dust emissions from melting furnaces*
should be lowered from 1.5 kg to 1.0 kg/ton of iron Dust
emissions in nonferrous metallurgy should be reduced to one
thud the piesent limit Solids, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
and flaoime emissions from power plants should be reduced.
Techniques for desulfurizmg fuels and waste gases are availa-
ble FliiDime, chlorine, and sulfur compounds are the basic
components of emissions from waste incinerator plants Long-
distance heating offers an ideal solution to pollution from
domestic healing The growth of transportation-generated
emissions is outlined Diesel exhaust, though containing no
lead and less CO than Otto engine emissions, is nearly as
harmful as the latter. Strict new standards for CO, hydrocar-
bon, and nitrogen oxide emissions should be implemented in
1976 (3 g of C'O. 0.3 g of hydrocarbons and 0.25 g of nitrogen
oxides per km)
42676
Mmistenum fuei Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrheim-Westfalen. Duesseldorf (West Germany)
NONFKRROUS METALLURGY. (NE-Metallerzeugung). Text
in German. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wir-
klichkeit. Moehnesee- Wamt'I, Wrst Germany, K. ron Saint
George, 1972, p. 60-65.
-------
38
The present situation and futme trends in the output and emis-
sions in the nonferrous metallurgy of North Rhine-Westphalia
are described. The aluminum industriy, which accounts for
more than 50% of the total output of West Germany, will ex-
perience rapid growth. The basic pollutants are gaseous
fluorine compounds (0.8-1.5 kg/I), aluminum- and fluorine-
bearing dust (9-20 kg/t), sulfur dioxide (3-15 kg/t), and carbon
monoxide. Aluminum remelting is expected to increase 100%
by 1980. Chloride aerosols, metal oxides, and gaseous fluorine
compounds are the chief pollutants. Dust separation at a rate
of 15% was applied to rotary furnaces in 1970. Dust emissions
will decrease from 1320 tons in 1970 to 680 tons in 1980 by
lowering the dust concentration to 150 mg/N cu m and 100
mg/N cu m for rotary furnaces and thermal chips treatment
facilities, respectively. Gaseous fluorine emissions, 90 tons in
1970, will be reduced to 50 tons in 1980 by applying wet-type
gas cleaning. Sulfur dioxide emissions from lead manufactur-
ing will be reduced 90% due to waste-gas desulfurization. The
efficiency of SO2 separation at sulfuric acid production facili-
ties is 98%. Lead and zinc emissions, amounting to 350 and
180 tons in 1970, will decrease to 50 tons each in 1975. Sulfur
dioxide emissions from copper manufacturing, for which a 2%
yearly rate of growth is predicted, will rise from 900 tons in
1970 to 1100 tons in 1980, the waste-gas SO2 concentration
being 0.2 g/N cu m. Hydrochloric acid emissions, now 500
tons, will decrease by 50%. While total dust emission will be
reduced from 600 to 300 tons, no further reduction in lead,
zinc, and copper emissions is possible. The dust emissions
from copper alloy manufacturing will be 10% of the 1970 level
by 1980, as an upper limit of 50 mg/N cu m will be set in 1973.
Sulfur dioxide emissions from zinc manufacturing, for which
electrolytic processes are increasingly used, will decrease from
1800 tons in 1970 to about 1500 tons in 1980. The imposition of
a maximum allowable dust emission of 50 mg/N cu m in 1973
will result in zinc and lead emissions, now 160 and 40 tons,
decreasing to 80 and 20 tons, respectively, despite a growth
rate of 40%.
42677
Mimsterium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales der Landes
Nordrheim-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
STONE AND EARTH. (Steine und Erden). Text in German. In:
Reine Luft fuer morgen Utopie oder Wirklichkeit. Moehnesee-
Wamel, West Germany, K. von Saint-George, 1972, p. 65-66
The present situation and future trends in the stone and earth
industry of North Rhine-Westphalia are described The general
growth in production, as anticipated through 1980, is charac-
terized by a trend toward centralization and large-capacity
units with resulting increased specific emissions. The basic
pollutants are dust (cement and lime works), fluorine com-
pounds (brickworks and enamel industry) as well as fluorine,
chlorine, and metal oxides (glass manufacturing). No changes
in the amount and composition of refractory plant emissions
are expected, but the proportion of volatile and toxic com-
ponents (lead, zinc, barium, fluorine, cadmium, boron, seleni-
um, strontium, and chromium) in brickwork emissions will in-
crease. Dust emissions from cement manufacturing plants will
decrease slightly over the next few years. Strict supervision of
dust separators and recording instruments for automatic dust
measurements providing automatic shutoff of rotary kilns in
case of emergency, should be required for cement works.
High-efficiency separation of dust, fluorine, lead, zinc, and
other volatile and toxic substances at brickworks, enamel
processing, and wall and floor covering manufacturing plants
is necessary The need for the separation of toxic substances
in glass manufacturing is emphasized.
42680
Mimsterium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrheim-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
THE EMISSION SOURCE INDUSTRY GROUP CHEMISTRY.
(Die Emittentengruppe Industrie). Text in German. In: Reine
Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit. Moehnesee-Wamel,
West Germany, K. von Saint-George, 1972, p. 14-26.
The problem of chemical plant emissions and the necessary
measures to be taken during the period ending 1985 are out-
lined. The chief pollutants emitted by the plants are organic
vapors and gases (hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives,
aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, amines, mercaptans, and
disulfides), inorganic vapors and gases such as hydrogen sul-
fide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, fluorine compounds as
well as toxic dusts of carbides, fluorides, ferroalloys, arsenic,
and asbestos. The pollution-control techniques presently ap-
plied in the chemical industry may be inadequate to control
emissions from new processes. In addition, the rate of growth
in production is highest for products involving high emissions,
partly of odorous substances. An 80% reduction in emissions
from new and old facilities as of 1973 and 1978, respectively,
will be required in plastic and synthetic fiber processing, and
will apply to old and new pesticides manufacturing plants alike
as of 1973. Adoption of the double-contact process in sulfuric
acid production reduced SO2 emissions by about 85% decrease
in sulfur dioxide emissions, while the nitrogen oxide emission
abatement in nitnc acid manufacturing due to catalytic
hydrogen reduction was 88%. Guidelines regarding emission
abatement in chemistry are presented. Odorous and toxic
discharges should undergo multistage treatment.
42682
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
IRON AND STEEL. (Eisen und Stahl). Text in German. In:
Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit. Moehnesee-
Wamel, West Germany, K. von Saint-George, 1972, p. 32-37.
Future trends, air pollution problems, and related measures
envisaged for the period ending 1985 in iron and steel manu-
facturing in North Rhine-Westphalia are outlined. North
Rhine- Westphalia is responsible for 70% of the total steel out-
put of West Germany, and further growth is expected. Thomas
steel will be fully and Siemens-Martin steel largely replaced by
oxygen converter steel by 1980. Dust emissions from ore yards
should be controlled. Sintering plants, emitting toxic metal ox-
ides and fluorine and chlorine compounds, should be equipped
with proper pollution- control equipment While blast furnaces,
discharging dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur
dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, will prevail during the rest of
the decade, processes for direct reduction have been
developed. The toxic oxides emitted by oxygen converters call
for wet dust separators, electrostatic, and continuously operat-
ing tissue filters The present emission standards should be
replaced by stricter ones, and excess-air coefficients of 0.3-0.1
should be applied to abate CO emissions. Electric arc furnaces
using the ultra-high-power technique should be covered by
total dust separation. A limit value of 50 mg/N cu m and the
use of tissue filters should be required. Open-hearth furnaces
still in use after 1976 should be equipped with dust separators.
The recycling of nontreated dust, containing iron and toxic or
volatile compounds of lead, cadmium, zinc, arsenic, man-
ganese, copper, antimony, chromium, and fluorine, should be
abandoned. The shutdown of obsolete facilities and improve-
ments in pollution-control techniques are further necessary
measures. Special attention should be paid to controlling emis-
sions from ore yards, sintering plants (where combined desul-
funzation and defluorination techniques should be adopted),
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
39
oxygen converters, and blast furnaces. Total dust separation in
steel mills should be applied.
42683
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
IRON AND TEMPERING FOUNDRIES. (Eisen- und Temper-
giessereien). Text in German. In: Reine Luft fuer norgen. Utopie
oder Wirklichkeit, Moehnesee-Wamel, West Germany, Vcrlag
K. von Saint- George, 1972, p. 38-40.
The present situation and future trends for a penod ending in
1980 in the output and emissions of iron and tempering foun-
dries in North Rhine-Westphalia are described. The iron and
tempering foundries in North Rhine-Westphalia now account
for 44% of the total production volume in West Germany,
their growth is expected to slow down during the next decade.
The basic pollutants emitted by foundries are dust, sulfur
dioxide, and gaseous fluorine compounds, and melting fur-
naces as well as mold preparation represent the chief emission
sources. The maximum allowable specific dust emission from
melting furnaces will be lowered from 1.5 to 1.0 kg/I of iron by
1980. New furnaces can be now provided with total dust
separation, and the proportion of such furnaces is expected to
rise to 20% by 1980. Cupola furnace throat gases contain, on
an average, 700 ppm of SO2, corresponding to a specific emis-
sion of 1.6 kg/t. A decrease of about 33%, in SO2 emission by
1980 can be expected, as coke will be increasingly replaced by
natural gas and electricity. The gaseous fluorine emissions are
due to fluorine contents in coke (20 ppm) and in dolomite and
lime (about 100 ppm). While the fluorine emissions (less than
10 t/year are relatively low), separation techniques with a
minimum efficiency of 90% are available. A further decrease
in fluorine emissions due to the decreasing proportion of basic
hot-blast cupola furnaces is predicted
42685
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West German^)
POWER PRODUCTION. (Energieerzeugung). Text in German.
In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopic oder Wirklichkeit, Moeh-
nesee-Wamel, West Germany, K. von Saint-George, 1972, p. 40-
51.
Trends in fuel use by thermal power plants and industry in
North Rhine-Westphalia and resulting changes in emissions
(solids, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and gaseous fluorine
compounds) are described. Assuming no further improvements
in air-pollution control techniques, emissions of solids will in-
crease by 12.5% by 1985, the share of power plants rising from
65% to 72%-. Fuel oil will account for 23% of all energy
sources. 60-73% increase in nitrogen oxides emissions from
1969 to 1985 is expected, but the contribution of power plants
and industry will remain about the same. Sulfur dioxide emis-
sions will increase by 75% from 1.2 million tons in 1969 to 2.1
million tons in 1985. While the proportion of brown coal will
be unchanged, it will be consumed almost exclusively by
power plants, and the increase in fuel-oil consumption will be
most important in industry. Fluorine emissions will be up 179;
from 7500 tons in 1969 to 8800 tons in 1985. The contribution
of powpr plants to total fluorine emissions will rise from 84%
to 93% as a result of increased brown coal consumption. Op-
tional emission-control measures with regard to solids, SO2,
and fluorine emissions are suggested As dust emission stan-
dards are violated as a consequence of continuous operation,
the installation of automatic measuring instruments may be
necessary A specific emission of 0.6 kg/ton of heavy oil
should be reached by applying centrifugal dust separators,
while the dust emission standards for coal firings should be
lowered to 50-100 mg/N cu m. In 1969, 64% of the heavy oil
consumed contained less than 1% sulfur; in 1985, the propor-
tion of heavy oil with 0 46% S will be 40% Waste gas desul-
furization, resulting in an 80% decrease, will be applied as of
1974, and appropriate means for desulfurizing fuels are availa-
ble. The total reduction in SO2 emissions by 1985 will be some
30%. Fluorine emissions are expected to decrease from 7500 to
4600 tons in 1985 by 25%. The efficiency of wet separation
techniques and alkaline absorbents is 80%>.
42731
Safonov, V. N., V. A. Limanskii, V. P. Klyushkin, E. G.
Levkov, N. G. Bulgakova, G. I. II inskaya, N. A. Borisenko,
and A. S I.evkova
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSI-
TION OF DUST FORMED DURING THE PRODUCTION OF
ALUMINUM AND SILUMIN. Tsvetn. Metal., 44(4):42-44, 1971.
12 rets. Translated from Russian. Trans-Chem, Inc., Knoxville,
Tcnn., 6p.
The physical properties and chemical composition of dust have
a significant effect on the basic operating character of dust
removal devices, and these determine the expediency of using
a specific type of dust removal system. Hence, methods for
the determination of physical properties and chemical com-
position of dusts are reviewed. The dispersion of dust particles
by particle size at four different plant locations was deter-
mined by methods of three dust extractors and an impactor (a
multistage jet precipitator) Both methods measure the disper-
sion of dust particles directly in a gas conduit; the latter, how-
ever, gives more reliable results. For measuring the specific
electrical resistance of electrolyzer and silumm dust, a device
was used in which a dust layer is formed between two filtering
surfaces under conditions found in a gas conduit. An ad-
vantage of this method for forming the dust layer lies in the
fact that it is not necessary to measure the thickness of the
dust layer, since it is always constant and equal to the distance
between the discs Regarding chemical composition, fluorine
components are of special interest since they are harmful to
the attendant personnel as well as being valuable components.
Fluorine which is tied up in the form of complex fluorides was
determined by a gravimetric method on lead fluorochloride
and also by a mcreurous and mercuric method using diphenyl
carba/one as an indicator Results are also given for the
fluorine determination by a thorium method using alizarin red
S as an indicator. Aluminum, calcium, and magnesium were
determined by complexometnc methods. Silicon was deter-
mined photometrically by the dark blue silicomolybdenum
complex with elimination of the interference of fluoride ion by
boric acid. The basic method for determining the resinous
matenal requires the extraction of polynuclear aromatics with
non-fluorescing benzene and then measuring the fluorescence
of the extracts Iron was determined by an
orthophenanthtoline method after the fluorine was extracted
by fusing with potassium pyrosulfate.
42751
Kearney (A. T ) and Co., Inc., Chicago, 111.
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE IRON FOUNDRY IN-
DUSTRY-FEBRUARY, 1971. Air Pollution Control Office Con-
tract CPA 22-69-106, 156p., Feb. 1971. 18 refs. NTIS: PB
204712
Despite recent advancements in the technology of making iron
castings, the cupola is still the predominant melting unit em-
ployed in the iron foundry industry F.missions from the indus-
try include metallic oxides, oil vapors, and carbon monoxide
-------
40
from melting furnace operations; from other dust-producing
operations come sand fines, metal dust, and coke dust. Odors
and gaseous compounds such as fluoride fumes, vapors, and
facing fumes come from both sources. The lack of correlation
between standard furnace design factors and emissions levels
requires that the explanation for the wide variance in type and
quantity of emissions lie with cupola operating factors, rather
than cupola design. Operating factors are broken down into
two distinct groups: methods of operations, such as blast rate
and lemperature, type of lining, and operating variables of the
afterburner; and the quality of charge materials, including
metal to coke ratio, use of oxygen or natural gas, and the use
of briquettes. Recommended practices for testing paniculate
emissions from cupolas are also included. Control devices in-
clude centrifuges, scrubbers, fabric filters, afterburners, pre-
heaters, electrostatic precipitators, furnace hoods, and ventila-
tion.
43014
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
NATIONAL STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
SOURCES. PRIMARY SMELTING OF COPPER, LEAD, AND
ZINC. Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla. and
PEDCo Enviromental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, Air
Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 70-142, Task 2, 82p.,
March 15, 1971. 33 rets.
The primary nonferrous smelting industry consists of smelting
copper, zinc, and lead bearing ores. Because of the high sulfur
content, sulfur dioxide emissions are copious. In 1966, nonfer-
rous smelters emitted approximately 3.8 million tons of SO2,
or 12% of the total SO2 emissions in the nation. The main
processes in the extraction of copper, lead, and zinc from
their ores are dressing or concentrating, roasting, sintering,
^melting and refining earned out in different types of equip-
ment, depending upon the nature of the ore and the particular
plant design. Emissions from primary smelters include, in ad-
dition to SO2, nitrogen oxides, solid particulates including
toxic metals, and minor amounts of fluorides. Primary control
emphasis is placed upon sulfur dioxide and paniculate emis-
sion. Control technology, including electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, SO2 removal processes (contact, alkaline addi-
tive, absorption, Claus, and scrubber methods), and mist
eliminators, is examined. Most of the SO2 source streams are
of sufficient concentration to justify sulfur value recovery.
Smelting operations which control SO2 emissions to a high
degree, both those presently in use and projected designs for
the future, are descnbed. Specific regulations currently per-
taining to emissions from primary nonferrous smelters are
summarized, and the growth of the industry is projected to the
year 1980
43270
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY. In: Compilation of
Air Pollutant Emission Factors. OAP Pub-AP-42, p. 6-1 to 6-15,
Feb. 1972. 40 refs. NTIS: PB 209559
Food and agricultural product processing, including refining,
preservation, product improvement, storage and handling,
packaging, and shipping are reviewed. Paniculate emission
factors are given for: alfalfa dehydrating, coffee roasting, cot-
ton ginning, grain handling and processing, fermentation, fish
processing, meat smokehouses, nitrate fertilizers, phosphate
fertilizers, starch manufacturing, and sugar cane processing.
Control methods include the use of: baghouses, afterburners,
cyclones, activated-carbon adsorbers, scrubbers, and electro-
static precipitators. Particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocar-
bons, nitrogen oxides, fluorides, ammonia, aldehydes,
hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and amines are some of the
pollutants emitted from food and agriculture industries.
43272
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY. In: Compilation of Air
Pollutant Emission Factors. OAP Pub-AP-42, p. 8-1 to 8-24,
Feb. 1972. 72 refs. NTIS: PB 209559
Processing and production of vanous minerals are discussed.
Paniculate emission factors are given for: asphalt batching,
asphalt roofing, bnck and clay product manufactunng, calcium
carbide manufacturing, castable refractories manufacturing,
cement manufacturing, ceramic clay manufacturing, clay and
fly-ash sintering, coal cleaning, concrete batching, fiberglass
manufacturing, frit manufacturing, glass melting, gypsum
processing, lime manufacturing, mineral wool processing, per-
lite manufacturing, phosphate rock processing, and stone quar-
rying and processing. Emissions occur during processing and
throughout handling and storage. Control equipment used in-
cludes cyclones, scrubbers, and fabric filters. Particulates, car-
bon monoxide, hydiocarbons, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
and fluorides are the major pollutants
43403
Stoiber, Richard L.. and William I. Rose, Jr.
THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF CENTRAL AMERICAN VOL-
CANIC GAS CONDENSATES. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
81(10):2891-2912, Oct. 1970. 49 refs.
Chemical data on fumarolic exhalation from high-temperature
fumaroles were obtained from 132 gas condensates sampled at
six Central Amencan volcanoes. The data are from sufficiently
varied locations and cover a long enough time span to permit
generalizations regarding the variations in quantity of the
seven components for which analyses were made, namely,
chlorine, fluorine, sulfate radical, calcium, magnesium, sodi-
um, and potassium. Fumaroles on lava flows have chloride-
rich emanations, and fumaroles at active central vents have
high SO4. Quantitative data suggest decrease of C1/SO4 ratio
at fumaroles at or near active vents before an eruptive period
and a rise in the ratio afterward. Regular observations of
trends of C1/SO4 in condensates from high-temperature fu-
maroes near central vents appear to allow prediction of the
onset of a new eruptive period. The seasonal rains in Central
America aid in confirming the effect of groundwater dilution
on concentration. Cl and F concentrations and Cl/F, unlike
SO4 or C1/SO4, are time and temperature dependent. Changes
in concentration with time or temperature appear due to in-
creased ground-water dilution, reduction in the volume of
chlorine from the magmatic source with time and, for F, ex-
traction by reaction with the wallrock. Alkalis and alkaline
earths appear to be the products of reaction with the wallrock.
Part of the K and Na, whose chlorides, unlike those of Ca and
Mg, are volatile, appears to have a magmatic source. Esti-
mates of the Na/K ratios in emanations from basaltic to
dacitic magma cover a range of 0.5 to 3.0. Suggestions are
made for improved data collection when an appropriate oppor-
tunity is offered. (Author summary modified)
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
41
43816
Hazumi, Kunihiko
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY SULFUR PROCESSING
FACTORY WASTE GAS AND ITS CONTROL TREATMENT.
(Seirin kojo haigasu ni yoru kankyo osen to jogai taisaku). Text
in Japanese. Fukushima-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku
(Fukishima Prefect. Inst. Public Health, Rept.), 19(2):39-41,
June 1971. 9 refs.
The hydrogen fluoride and phosphorus content in flue gases
from a yellow phosphorus manufacturer are determined by the
JIS method and the molybdenum blue method, respectively.
An air sampler is used for the gas sampling by placing 10 ml
of N/100 potassium permanganate in a gas impinger and sam-
pling at a rate of 2 1/min. Results show that the HF content in
flue gas from a melt phosphorus fertilizer plant is 10.2 ppm,
and that from a yellow phosphorus plant is 6.29 to 12.72 ppm.
The phosphorus content in flue gas from the melt phosphorus
fertilizer plant is 0.22 to 0.35 mg/cu m, that from a phosphoric
acid fertilizer plant is 10.4 to 37.2 mg/cu m, and that from the
yellow phosphorus plant is 0.54 mg/cu m as an average of two
stacks. Methods that have been used for the control of the two
pollutants are described.
44490
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
NATIONAL STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
SOURCES: PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Div. of Abatement Contract CPA-70-142,
Task Order 2, 55p., March IS, 1971. 25 refs.
Aluminum processes are reviewed, and emissions from prima-
ry aluminum smelters are listed. Sulfur oxides are generally
considered to be an insignificant air pollution problem in the
smelting process. Nitrogen oxides are also insignificant, except
as developed in ancillary activities. No information is available
on the emission of alumina dust. Fluorides are the emissions
of greatest concern. Total fluoride emission increases with
temperature. Total fluoride emissions from the best run plants
are reported at 2.3 to 6 Ib/t of aluminum with 16 to 48% in the
gaseous form. Particulates from these same sources range
from 9 to 50 Ib/t of aluminum. Some gaseous hydrogen
fluoride is evolved. Reduced sulfur compounds have not been
found. Odors are not thought to present a problem. The
recommended standard for gaseous and paniculate fluorides is
2.4 Ib/t Al; total particulates, 5 Ib/t Al; and visible emissions,
Ringelmann No. 1.
44566
American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science,
Washington, D. C., Air Conservation Commission
SUMMARY OF THE FACTS. In: Air Conservation. AAAS Pub.
80, p. 23-46, 1965.
Sources, atmospheric behavior and health effects are reviewed
for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric
acid, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen fluoride,
ethylene, olefins, aldehydes, mercaptans, solvents, dust, soot,
insecticides and herbicides, and radioactive materials. Factors
affecting Lie transport of pollutants are particle size, gravity,
turbulent c'ffusion, aggregation and condensation, lapse rate,
and temperatur inversion. Pollutants are removed from the at-
mosphere by rain, snow, oxidation, and washout. Pollutant
control is achieved by elevated stacks, removal of pollutants
from effluent streams, and modification of industrial
processes, raw materials, and fuels. The importance of scien-
tific investigation, dissemination of information, public opinion
leadership, and effective legislation are discussed.
44605
Less, L. N. and J. Waddington
THE CHARACTERISATION OF ALUMINUM REDUCTION
CELL FUME. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgi-
cal, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., 10p.,
1971. (Presented at the American Institute of Mining, Metallur-
gical, and Petroleum Engineers, Annual Meeting, New York,
Feb. 26-March 4, 1971.)
The nature of the fume emitted by aluminum reduction cells
with prebaked anodes was investigated. The gaseous and par-
ticulate contributions under different conditions of cell opera-
tion were assessed, and the constitution and particle size dis-
tribution of the dust determined by chemical and X-ray ex-
amination, together with optical and scanning electron
microscopy. Approximately 50% of the fluorine emission is in
the form of hydrogen fluoride. The particulate material ex-
hibits a double size distribution with one fraction consisting
substantially of dust greater than 5 micron diameter and the
other of fine material considerably less than 1 micron diame-
ter. The principal components of the coarse fraction are alu-
mina, carbon, and frozen droplets of cryolite; the fine fraction
appears to consist mainly of condensed fluoride vapor approx-
imating in composition to chiolite (5Naf.3AlF3). This fine par-
ticulate material accounts for about 35% of the total fluorine
emission from the cells. Some parallel observations on the
character of the fume evolved from vertical stub Soderberg
cells are also discussed. The principal differences are that ap-
proximately 90% of the fluorine is present as HF, and that the
dust, and particularly the alumina content, is lower than from
a prebake cell. (Author abstract)
44681
Jacob, K. D., H. L. Marshall, D. S. Reynolds, and T. H.
Tremearne
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SUPERPHOSPHATE-
VOLATILIZATION OF FLUORINE IN SUPERPHOSPHATE
MANUFACTURE. (Ind. Eng. Chem., 34(6): 722-727, June 1942.
Production of ordinary superphosphate results in the volatiza-
tion of fluorine which is allowed to escape to the atmosphere
or is absorbed in water. At some plants that manufacture ordi-
nary superphosphate, as well as at some that manufacture
double superphosphate, the volatilized fluorine is recovered as
hydrofluosilicic acid and is marketed chiefly as sodium fluosil-
icates. In the production of ordinary superphosphate, 11 to
42% of the fluorine in the phosphate rock is volatilized during
the mixing and denning operations. The percentage volatiliza-
tion of the fluorine tends to decrease with an increase in the
phosphorous content of the rock. With rocks of the same
phosphorous content, the fluorine volatilization is somewhat
higher from Tennessee brown rock than from Florida land
pebble. Studies of the distribution of fluorine among the calci-
um sulfate waste and the intermediate and final products of
the manufacture of double superphosphates by the wet method
showed cumulative volatilizations of fluorine ranging from 36
to 54% of the total fluorine in all the phosphate rock used
throughout the process. (Author abstract modified)
45145
American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science,
Washington, D. C., Air Conservation Commission
POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS. In: Air Conservation.
AAAS Pub. 80, p. 60-194, 1965. 267 refs.
The sources, reactions, atmospheric concentrations, plant,
animal, and property damage effects, measurement, control,
and global implications are reviewed for sulfur and its com-
-------
42
pounds (sulfur oxides, mercaptans, and hydrogen sulfide), car-
bon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide
and nitrogen dioxide), photochemicals (hydrocarbons, aro-
matics, and aldehydes), paniculate matter, lead and other
metals, fluorides, radioactive pollutants, and economic poisons
such as pesticides and fungicides. The epidemiological rela-
tionship between lung cancer and exposure to air pollutants is
discussed. Incomplete combustion of organic materials is a pri-
mary source of airborne carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Agricultural uses, including ground and aerial application and
nonagricultural uses of economic poisons are described.
Radioactive contamination of the atmosphere results from the
reactor fuel cycle; the use of nuclear energy as a source of
propulsive power,; the use of radioisotopes in industry,
agriculture, medicine, and scientific research; and from
nuclear weapons testing. The radionuclides that are present in
the radioactive debris from fallout and that have the greatest
significance in terms of their effects on man are strontium-90
and strontium-89, which are beta emitters and principally ir-
radiate the skeleton; cesium-137, which is a beta-gamma
emitter and concentrates in soft tissues, resulting in internal
whole-body irradiation; carbon-14, a beta-gamma emitter,
which accumulates in the body and delivers whole-body ir-
radiation; iodine-131, a beta-gamma emitter, which concen-
trates in the thyroid gland; and a number of short-lived fission
products that produce extermal whole-body irradiation when
deposited on the ground. The behavior of these materials in
the food chain is examined Monitoring systems and counter-
measures for radiation pollution are described.
45858
Lukey, Michael E. and M. Dean High
EXHAUST GAS CONVERSION FACTORS. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1972. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Assiciation, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-20, 1972, Paper 72-88.)
The exhaust gas parameters from 76 combustion and industrial
sources are given including fuel combustion processes, refuse
incineration, mineral industries, chemical industries, metallur-
gical processes, pulp mills, and refineries. The main objective
of the study was to define a relationship of the exhaust gases
being emitted, to the process weights. Each of the 76 industrial
source factors includes a process description, the potential air
contaminants, operating time, abatement equipment, an input-
output relationship, and the exhaust gas parameters: gas flow
rate, gas temperature, gas velocity, and stack height. An at-
tempt was made to relate the exhaust gas parameters to an
input or output quantity. Thus by knowing the production rate
of a plant, one can use these exhaust gas source factors and
pollutant emission factors to obtain engineering estimates of
specific plant emission and its community inpact through
modeling. Sources include coal, oil, natural gas, and wood
combustion, incineration; burners; chemical processes such as
ammonia, carbon black, chlorine, hydrofluoric acid, paint,
phosphoric acid, plastics, ink, soap, sulfuric acid, synthetic
fibers, and rubber production; food and agricultural processes;
primary metallurgy; steel, lead, zinc, and aluminum production
including sintering, blast furnaces, electric furnaces, and open
hearth furnaces; petroleum refining, pulp mills; dry cleaning;
and surface coating.
46119
Bourbon, P., J. Alary, and F. Alengrin
STUDYING FLUORINE EMISSIONS FROM PHOSPHORIC
ACID AND FERTIL'ZER MANUFACTURING SOURCES.
(Etude des emissions Eluorees lors de la fabrication de 1 acide
phosphorique et d engrais). Text in French. Tribune
CEBEDEAU (Centre Beige Etude Doc. Eaux), 25(343-344): 321-
324, June-July 1972.
Emission measurements were carried out around a phosphoric
acid and fertilizer manufacturing plant. The waste gases from
the phosphoric acid manufacturing plant, containing 3.8%
fluorine, were cleaned by scrubbers at an efficiency of 99%.
The daily F discharge was 1.4 kg. The fluorine to silicon ratios
ranged from 2.7 to 3.2. The phosphorus pentoxide concentra-
tions were below 3 mg/cu m. The fluorine emissions from the
ammonium phosphate production were in a range of 2-50
mg/cu m with an average of 16.4 mg/cu m corresponding to a
daily output of 50 kg. Ammonia and its derivatives bound in
phosphate, fluoride, and fluosilicate were discharged at a rate
of 2 t/day corresponding to a concentration of 550 mg/cu m
(50 to 2000 mg/cu m). The superphosphate manufacturing
plant, of a capacity of 400 t/day, discharged 150,000 cu m of
waste gas with an F concentration of 22.5 mg/cu m daily, cor-
responding to a daily emission of 80 kg. The superphosphate
granulation plant discharged F mostly in the form of
hydrofluoric acid, at a rate of 80 kg/day; it was served by
three cyclones to reduce the discharge rate to 15 kg/day. The
fluorine concentrations measured within a 2-kilometer-radius
around the plant ranged from zero to 30 micrograms/cu m.
Necrotic manifestations in the vegetation were observed.
Fluorine, along with sulfur dioxide and ammonia emissions,
may be responsible for the elevated fog frequency in the
neighborhood.
46558
Hoshino, Yoshiro
THE MAIN SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
IN THE INLAND SEA AREA. (Seto Naikai chiiki ni okeru
shuyo na kankyo osengen). Text in Japanese. In: The Inland Sea
- Report on General Investigations of Pollution. (Seto Naikai -
osen sogo chosa hokoku). General Investigation Committee on
the Inland Sea Pollution, Tokyo (Japan), p. 390-414, 1972.
The main pollutant sources in the coastal areas of the Inland
Sea are discussed by type of industry. Storage by the Fu-
kuyama Plant of Japan Steel Pipe of approximately 23 million
tons of iron ore, coal, and lime creates a tremendous amount
of dust. The Mizushima Plant of Kawasaki Ironworks stores
15 million tons of material, and the nearby village of
Takashima has a serious problem of dust pollution. The Fu-
kuyama Plant produces approximately 24,000 tons of sulfur
dioxide annually at its sintering plant from the iron ore alone.
In addition, at least 650,000 tons of SO2 from coal and at least
40,000-50,000 tons from fuel pollute the area. A copper
refinery plant that annually produces 100,000 tons requires
500,000 tons of copper and emits 20,000-30,000 tons of SO2.
The principal air pollutant produced at an aluminum plant is
hydrogen fluoride created during aluminum electrolysis. The
Sumitomo Chemical Toyama Plant reportedly pollutes an area
of 3-kilometer radius around the factory. The Mizushima Plant
of Japan Mining produces approximately 21,000 tons of SO2
annually, and the Mitsubishi Petroleum Mizushima Plant
produces 19,000 tons. Together with the thermal electric plants
of the Chugoku Electric and Kawasaki Iron in the Mizushima
area, the total SO2 emitted from the thermal electric plants in
the Mizushima area is approximately 92,000 tons annually. The
total sum of SO2 from the thermal electric plants and iron
refineries is approximately 240,000 tons in the area.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
43
46925
Gasiorowski, Kurt
WASTE GAS COMPOSITION AND MAINTENANCE OF
CLEAN AIR WITH OIL AND GAS HEATING. (Abgasfragen
und Luftreinhaltung bei Oel- und Gasfeuerungen). Text in Ger-
man. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z. (Duesseldorf), 114(14):1043-
1047, Oct. 1972. 16 refs.
The majority of substances composing fuel oils are formed by
carbon and hydrogen. They also contain organic compounds
such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and various metals. The com-
bustion gases contain sulfur in organic or inorganic form such
as mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide, or carbonyl sulfide. The
problem of sulfur dioxide emission is discussed. The most
widely used method of avoiding these emissions is the desul-
furization of fuels. In the German Federal Republic this
method is practiced with natural gases and with light fuel oils.
The sulfur production from these two sources will exceed
500,000 tons/yr by the mid-seventies. The desulfurization of
heavy fuel oils has been tested since 1967 in experimental
plants on a commercial scale. The results so far have not been
very encouraging but give hope. The emission of ash plays a
negligible role with light and heavy fuel oils and fuel gas. Also,
the fluorine emissions by these fuels are low; light fuel oil and
natural gas contain no fluorine; heavy fuel oil is assumed to
contain 1 to 10 mg/kg. There are also process-dependent emis-
sions such as carbon monoxide, soot, fly ash, hydrocarbons,
polynuclear aromatics, and the oxides of nitrogen. The most
important cause for such emissions is the lack of air or ox-
ygen. Another cause is an air surplus. Measures for reducing
these emissions are reviewed, e.g., the proper fuel oil for the
size of the heating system, good adjustment of fuel oil
atomization, good agreement between the shape of the flame
and the shape of the combustion chamber, proper supply of
combustion air, and avoidance of temperature drops below the
dew point.
47048
Moll, Walter
PROBLEM: REFUSE INCINERATION. (Problem: Muellver-
brennung). Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg),
no. 10:236-237, Oct. 1972. 8 refs.
According to recent investigations, the incineration of refuse
can endanger human health. The incineration plant at Ham-
burg, for example, emits 6 million cu m of flue gases daily
containing about 900 kg of very fine-grained dust. The dust
particle surface absorbs metal chlorides and organic com-
pounds causing cancer if the dust penetrates into the lungs.
Besides the dust, great quantities of harnJul gases like carbon
monoxide, hydrochloric acid, heavy metal chlorides, and many
organic compounds are emitted from incineration plants. These
gases are only completely destroyed if burned at temperatures
exceeding 1400 C, which, however, are not reached in in-
cineration plants, since the linings of the furnaces would be
seriously damaged. Polychlorinated biphenyls which are
frequently used in hydraulics, constructional engineering, and
as softener in lacquers raise a new problem since they are not
decomposed by burning and have a dangerous biological effect
when being emitted. Another great problem arises by the in-
creasing production of substances containing fluorine, such as
teflon, which forms highly toxic gases when being burned.
Considering the problems connected with refuse incineration,
emphasis should be laid on research work in the recycling and
sanitary landfill field.
47061
Dobbs, C. G.
FLUORINE, THE FAVOURED POLLUTANT. Protectio Vitae,
no. 3:105-109, 1972. 37 refs.
The annual average fluorine content in rainwater of 0.16 mg/1
was raised to a range varying from 0.28 mg/1 to 10 mg/1 in the
neighborhood of industries using fluorine. Test plants with a
normal F-ion content of 7-15 mg/kg dry weight could have had
as much as 500 to 1850 mg/kg in the polluted areas. Also, a
direct correlation between the F-ion level in the rainwater and
in the test plants was found. A much higher F-ion content in
food plants such as lettuce, leeks, parsley, and various fruits
grown in industrial areas was found. The hazards of pollution
are of two main types - intensive and extensive. The intensive
type usually causes acute and visible damage which result,
eventually, in some sort of action to eliminate it. Unfortunate-
ly, the action often consists in the transformation of intensive
into extensive pollution, as with the high stack policy. All it
did was to spread the pollutant over a wider area where its ef-
fects will be more difficult or impossible to distinguish from
those of other factors. A case in point is the large aluminum
plant near Holyhead in North Wales. At the Public Enquiry in
1968 the estimated total emission was 928 Ibs/day of fluoride.
By 1970 this amount had risen to 1436 Ibs. The stack was
raised from 300 ft to 400 ft and provided with an additional
rise from an internal hot pipe from the anode plant.
47143
Stanford Univ., Calif., Stanford Workshop on Air Pollution
AIR POLLUTION IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA.
(FINAL REPORT). 385p., 1970. 72 refs.
The state of the air pollution problem in the San Francisco
Bay area, with respect to the chemical nature, potential ef-
fects, sources, and occurrence of air contaminants, administra-
tive aspects, public affairs, air pollution control devices, and
research projects, is examined. The major pollutants include
particulate matter; sulfur oxides; carbon monoxide; nitrogen
oxides; organics (hydrocarbons); photochemical reaction
products, e.g., smog, ozone, and peroxyacyl nitrates; and
other pollutants such as lead particles, hydrogen sulfide,
fluorides, and various metals. The sources considered included
automobiles, petroleum operations, chemical plants, metallur-
gical and mineral industries, combustion operations, electric
power production, and organic solvent users. Complete air
quality and emission data are included. Other sources of pollu-
tion, collectively significant, consist of automobile service sta-
tions, incineration, domestic heating, agricultural burning, and
non-highway transportation. The administration of the control
district and citizens groups were examined and rated; sug-
gested plans for future activities are presented.
47188
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
BUREAU OF MINES RESEARCH 1971. A SUMMARY OF
SIGNIFICANT RESULTS IN MINING METALLURGY AND
ENERGY. 61p., 1971. GPO
Significant results of the Bureau of Mines research programs
in mining, metallurgy, and energy are presented. The contents
include coal mine health and safety, explosives research, mine
reclamation and restoration, rock properties and behavior,
mine planning and stabilization, strip mining operations,
drilling equipment and techniques, mineral processing,
hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, recycling, adaptive metallur-
gy, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and oil shale research, and
environmental and solid waste research. With specific applica-
-------
44
tion to the field of air pollution, data are presented on respira-
ble dust concentration control in mines; fluorine recovery dur-
ing phosphate processing; sulfur dioxide removal and sulfur
recovery from smelter operations; smokeless automobile in-
cineration; development of non-polluting fuel; and modified or
improved methods for fuel combustion and solid waste
disposal.
47410
Jansen, Peter, Siegfried Jordan, and Wolfgang Schikarski
COMPARATIVE MODEL THEORY OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION BY POWER PLANTS. (Vergleichende
Modelltheorie der atmosphaerischen Schadstoffbelastung durch
Kraftwerke). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
32(ll):454-458, 1972. 33 rets. (Presented at the Colloque IRCHA
sur les Atmospheres polluees, 10th, Paris, France, May 3-5,
1972.)
On the basis of maximum permissible concentrations, sim-
plified box models were developed to compare air pollution
from nuclear- and fossil-fueled power plants. Assuming ex-
ponential decay of the pollutants, body burden functions for
the main pollutants from different types of power plants were
calculated and compared. These pollutants include dust, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, fluorine compounds, xenon(133), and
krypton(85). The pollutant body burden of nuclear power
plants was found to be much smaller than that of fossil fueled
plants. Power stations fueled with natural gas gave relative
body burdens which are smaller than those from power plants
fueled with hard coal, brown coal, and oil, but larger than
those from nuclear power plants. Krypton(85) released from
reprocessing plants was the main pollutant of nuclear power
systems.
47945
Niigata Prefectural Health Research Inst. (Japan) and Niigata
Prefectural Research Inst. for Public Nuisances (Japan)
INVESTIGATIONS OF FLUE DUST AND FLUORINE, AU-
TOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS AND OTHERS. (End nado no
baijin, fusso chosa, hoka). Text in Japanese. In: 1971 Annual
Report. No. 6. p. 40-44, Aug. 1972.
The dust and fluorine content of flue gases were investigated
at 30 spots in four companies operating in Niigata Prefecture
to find that they were all below the regulatory criteria. At-
mospheric concentration of sulfur oxides in the Yahiko-mura
area was measured at seven selected spots for total of 70
times. The values obtained were generally very low. At the
Aoumi-cho and Niigata Higashi-ko districts, suspended dust
was measured by hi-volume samplers three times a month for
total of 108 times. Analysis of automotive exhaust gas was
conducted at Joetsu City, Kameda Town, and Kashiwazaki
City where automotive traffic is generally congested. In a few
selected districts of Niigata City, sulfur dioxide in the at-
mosphere was measured by the pararosaniline method,
fluoride by the alkaline filter paper method, and suspended
dust by the hi-volume sampler method, for 4 days from July 5
to July 8. An air pollution survey for the old Naoetsu district
was also conducted. Other investigations performed during the
year include surveys on effects of air pollution on plants, sur-
veys on emission sources of harmful substances, and radioac-
tivity in rain, suspended dusts, soils, and water. The results
obtained from these investigations are tabulated.
47954
Just, Jan
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION AS AN ECONOMIC,
NATURAL SCIENCE, AND HEALTH PROBLEM. (Zaniec-
zyszczenie powietrza atmosferycznego jako problem gospodarc-
zy, przyrodniczy i zdrowotny). Text in Polish. Gaz, Woda Tech.
Sani. (Warsaw), 46(6): 195-198, 1972. 1 ret.
Air pollution sources include exhaust gases and particulates
generated by technological processes during combustion; gases
and dust from industrial installations; gases and dusts drawn
from production areas and storage places; and pollutants
produced by open-air sources, such as dumps, storage sites,
heaps, and vehicles. The pollutants exist as gases, fog, or par-
ticulates in the atmospheric air. They are aerosols (0.1 micron)
or suspended particles (larger than 0.1 micron). They can
represent a hazard to human health. The speed of dust deposi-
tion depends on the grain diameter. It varies between 54,900
cm/sec for dust with a 100-micron diameter to 0.000059 cm/sec
for 0.1 micron. The pollutants most frequently found are sulfur
dioxide and its compounds (in Poland 2,500,000 ton/yr in con-
centrations ranging from 0.01 to over 1 mg/cu m). Sulfur diox-
ide and its derivatives are highly corrosive, so at 0.5 mg/cu m
in England they cause great economic losses. Nitrogen oxides
are generated by electrical discharges and high temperature
combustion processes (combustion motors). Their concentra-
tion in air should not exceed 0.2 mg/cu m. Fluoride and its
compounds are generated by facilities producing phosphates,
aluminum works, the glass industry, and the ceramic industry.
They are highly poisonous, and Iheir concentration should not
exceed 0.01 mg/cu m/day. Carbon monoxide is generated by
incomplete burning of combustibles containing carbon. Its con-
centration should not exceed 10 mg/cu m. Carbon dioxide is
generated by the natural processes of rotating, breathing, and
combustion. Its concentration is 620 mg/cu m A constant in-
crease by 1.37 mg/cu m/yr has been observed. The permanent
danger of polluting the troposphere is imminent. The methods
of atmospheric air protection are planning, technological,
technical, and administrative-educational.
47959
Bundesministerium des Inneren, Bonn (West Germany),
Projekt gruppe Umweltchemikalien und biozide
CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS
AND PESTICIDES PROJECT GROUP. (Beitrag der Projekt-
gruppe Umweltchemikalien und Biozide). Text in German. In:
Materialien zum Umweltprogramm der Bundesregierung 1971.
Umweltplanung. Lower House of Parliament, 6th Session, Docu-
ment 6/2710, p. 65-107, Oct. 1971.
Environmental aspects of the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and
other environmental chemicals, and of exhaust lead emissions
are reviewed. The amount of automobile-generated lead emis-
sions in West Germany is estimated at 7000 t/yr in 1970. The
lead concentrations in the air in places with high traffic densi-
ty ranges from 0.5 to 15 micrograms/cu m, against a
background concentration of 0.03-0.1 micrograms/cu m. The
sedimentation rate of lead ranged from 0.18 to 4.8 mg/sq
m/day in the 1967-1968 period. Correlation between the lead
concentrations in plants and their distance from highways was
determined. The maximum allowable workplace lead concen-
trations are 0.200 mg/cu m for metallic lead, 0.015 mg/cu m for
lead arsenate, and 0.75 mg/cu m for both lead tetraethyl and
lead tetramethyl. Emissions of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur diox-
ide, fluorine, pesticides, mercury, cadmium, fuel additives,
and other pollutants are discussed.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
45
47962
Bundesministerium dcs Inneren, Bonn (West Germany),
Arheitsgruppe Montanindustrie
CONTRIBUTION OF THE MINING INDUSTRY PROJECT
GROUP. (Beitrag der Arbeitsgruppe Montanindustrie). Text in
German. In: Materialien zinii Umweltprogramm der Bun-
desregierung 1971. Umweltplanung. Lower House of Parliament,
6th Session, Document 6-2710, p. 357-394, Oct. 1971. 17 refs.
Environmental protection-related problems and objectives in
the mining industry are outlined. The potassium salt industry'
has invested 6 million dollars for the control of sulfur dioxide
and dust emissions over the last 10 years. Coke gases from
brown coal col :ng are partly desulfurized to a residual
hydrogen sulfide content of 2 g/cu m and to an organic sulfur
content of 0.5 g/cu m. The afterburning of carbon monoxide
by auxiliary air, and the partial replacement of coke by natural
gas or oil in cupola furnaces are among the emission control
possibilities of practical interest. The decreasing proportion of
open-hearth furnaces in the iron and steel industry is of a
beneficial effect regarding emissions. A three-stage steel
manufacturing process now under study, which consists of ag-
glomeration, direct reduction, and electric smelting, will also
reduce emissions. Dry absorbents are best for binding fluorine
emissions from nonferrous metallurgical plants where the SO2
emitted should be converted into marketable sulfur instead of
into sultunc acid. Electrostatic dust precipitators, tissue fil-
ters, and ventun scrubbers are used for dust separation in the
ferroalloy industry.
47963
Bundesministerium des Inneren. Bonn (West Germany),
Aibeitsgruppe Chemische Industrie
CONTRIBUTION OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PRO-
JECT GROUP. (Beitrag der Arbeitsgruppe Chemische Indus-
trie). Text in German. In: Materialien zum Umweltprogramm
der Bimdesregieruiig 1971. Umweltplanung. Lower House of
Parliament, 6th Session, Document 6/2710, p. 395-461, Oct.
1971.
Hnvironmenlal protection-related problems and objectives in
the chemical industry of West Germany are reviewed. The
total sulfui dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide,
chlorine, hydiochkmc acid, fluorine compound, hydrocarbon,
and dust emission concentiations in 1969 were 60,000, 25,000,
50,000, less lhan 100, 1000. 200. 100,000, and 10,000 tons,
respectively Qualitative and quantitative determination
method', and emission standards for various pollutants, and
means of pollution control (such as cyclones, electrostatic dust
picupitdtors, tissue fillers, scrubbers, fiber filters, and ther-
mal, catalytic, and wet inuneiators) arc reviewed. Problems
anil piojcUs in pollution control area in various branches of
the chemical industiy (inorganic raw materials, petroleum and
natmal gas, oigamc intermediaries, organic paints, monomers,
pesticides, pharmaceutical products, detergents, pulp and
papei, leather, textiles, starch, sugar, and beer) are outlined
47965
Bundesnnnistenum des Inneren, Bonn (West Germany),
Arbeitsgruppe Glas, Keramik, Steine und Erden
CONTRIBUTION OF THE GLASS, CERAMICS, STONE AND
EARTH WORKING GROUP. (Beitrag der Arbeitsgruppe Glas,
Keramik, Steine und Erden). Text in German. In: Materialien
zum Umweltprogramm der Bundesregierung 1971. Umwelt-
planung. Lower House of Parliament, 6th Session, Document
6/2710, p. 509-520, Oct. 1971. 5 refs.
Problems and efforts in the glass, ceramics, stone, and earth
industries in the environmental protection area are outlined.
The contribution by this branch of industry to pollutant emis-
sions in 1969 was 70,000 tons of paniculate matter, 50,000 tons
of sulfur dioxide, and 200 tons of gaseous fluorine compounds.
The specific dust emission from cement works is about 0.11%
of the cement output, compared to 3.5% in 1950. While it is
possible to limit dust emission concentrations to 150 mg/N cu
m by means of electrostatic and mechanical dust separators,
there are no economically acceptable solutions to the SO2 and
F emission problems. The extensive use of low-sulfur fuel for
glass smelting has a positive effect regarding SO2 emissions.
47966
Bundesministerium des Inneren, Bonn (West Germany),
Arbeitsgruppe Energie
CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENERGY WORKING GROUP.
(Beitrag der Arbeitsgruppe Energie). Text in German. In:
Materialien zum Umweltschutzprogranun der Bundesregierung
1971. Umweltplanung. Lower House of Parliament, 6th Session,
Document 6/2710, p. 521-547, Oct. 1971.
General environmental problems of energy production are
reviewed. Thermal power plants emit varying amounts of dust,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocar-
bons, fluorine, and chlorine compounds which, unlike nuclear
power plant emissions, will continue to create acute environ-
mental problems. The efficiency of electrostatic dust precipita-
tors has increased from 90 to 99.89? during the last 10 years.
Flue gas desulfunzation, with an efficiency of 809r, entails
specific investments in the range of 5-13 dollars/KWh, and an
increase of 1 cent/kWh in the cost of electricity. Future
research and development will focus on diffusion mechanisms,
the effects of various pollutant concentrations, heat, and
vapor on living organisms and on the atmosphere, waste heat
utilization, fine dust separation techniques, fuel and flue gas
desulfunzation processes, wet and dry cooling towers, and
possibilities to reduce radioactive emissions.
48048
Public Health Service, National Center for Air Pollution
Control
POWELL COUNTY, MONTANA AIR POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT ACTIVITY. Sip., July 1967. 12 refs.
The air pollution problem in Powell County, Montana, emis-
sion sources, and control measures enacted are examined The
major emission sources in the area is a phosphate rock
defluorination plant which emits participates, hydrogen
fluoride, and silicon tetrafluoride. Design, operation, and
maintenance deficiencies of the plant are reviewed. To deter-
mine the severity of air pollution due to plant operations,
topography, climatology, and fluoride distribution in grasses,
foliage, water, and soil were examined. Data on temperature,
precipitation, atmospheric stability, and wind speed and
direction are included. Fluoride emission contiol activity is
also reviewed.
48116
Crowley, D. P., M P Brash, B W. Burrell, F I., Tempesta,
and F. Niehaus
TEST METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TOXIC
PRODUCTS FROM BURNING MATERIALS - PHENOLIC
FOAM. Fire Technol., 8(3):22S-236, Aug. 1972. 4 refs.
(Presented at the National Fire Protection Association, Annual
Meeting, 76th, Philadelphia, Pa., May 17, 1972.)
-------
46
The toxic products given off by organic materials exposed to a
large fire cannot be realistically assessed by conventional
laboratory techniques such as pyrolizing small or powdered
samples in an oven pyrolysis chamber and analyzing the gases
given off, because the high surface temperatures and large in-
ternal temperature gradients that these materials experience
when exposed to a fire are not properly simulated in such a
chamber. Toxic products evolved from burning phenolic foam
were determined in an experimental fire simulation facility.
The experimental set-up, specimen preparation, and test
procedure are described. Analysis of the gases by infrared
spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry,
and colorimetry revealed that carbon monoxide, hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, and phenol
were evolved in small amounts. A method of extending these
results to actual field situations, based on mass loss rates of
the foam measured in the fire simulation facility is presented.
48231
Dotreppe-Grisard, N.
PLASTICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT. DISPOSAL OF
DOMESTIC REFUSE. (Matieres plastiques et environnement. L
elimination des ordures menageres). Text in French. Tribune
CEBEDEAU (Centre Beige Etude Doc. Eaux), 25(341): 190-197,
April 1972. 18 refs.
Problems of solid waste disposal and waste incineration-re-
lated air pollution are described with regard to Belgium. Air
pollution, including odorous emissions, and corrosion are the
basic problems of waste incineration. Some 2% of the
domestic waste in Belgium consists of plastics, including
1.75% of polyethylene, 0.30% of polystyrene, and 0.20% of
polyvmyl chloride (PVC). While PVC is the only plastic
material to give rise to hydrochloric acid emissions, such emis-
sions are generated by other components of the domestic
waste, such as paper and wood. Since a considerable part of
the HC1 formed during incineration is adsorbed by alkaline
buildups and fly ash, the gaseous HC1 emission is much less
than the theoretical amount liberated. The formation of HC1
may be due to mineral chlorides and silicates forming highly
volatile iron and aluminum chlorides, and to reactions of al-
kaline chlorides with acid sulfates Incinerator waste gas
analyses performed in the U.S.A revealed the following pollu-
tant concentrations- 1-330 ppm of HC1, 0.6-1 1 ppm of
hydrofluoric acid, up to 106 ppm of sulfur dioxide, 57-138 ppm
of nitrogen oxides, up to 45 ppm of carbon monoxide, 25-58
ppm of aldehydes, and other hydrocarbon contents below 10
ppm. The dust concentrations in the flue gases may range
from 300 to 1000 mg/N cu m, and can be effectively reduced
by electrostatic precipitators to as low a value as 120 mg/N cu
in. Gaseous pollutants require scrubbers for their removal.
Odorous components can be removed best by afterburning,
while methods such as adsorption on graphite and masking by
other compounds are prohibitively expensive or unacceptable.
The best method, however, is to maintain the combustion
chamber temperature above 750 C. Corrosion hazards in in-
cinerators can be lessened by maintaining the gas temperature
in a range of 900-1000 C, flow rates of 6-8 m/sec, applying
secondary air, and by minimizing changes in the flow
direction.
48429
Weisburd, Melvin I.
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY. In: Field Operations and Enforce-
ment Manual for Air Pollution Control. Volume III: Inspection
Procedures for Specific Industries. Pacific Environmental Ser-
vices, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif., Office of Air Programs Con-
tract CPA 70-122, Rept. APTD-1102, p. 7.14.1-7.14.17, Aug.
1972. 8 refs.
Two major sub-groupings of the chemical fertilizer industry
are of particular importance as air pollutant sources and are
considered in detail: the phosphatic compounds produced from
phosphate rock, and ammonium nitrate produced by the reac-
tion of ammonia with nitric acid. Processes, control methods,
and inspection points are considered. Fluorine compounds are
usually removed by scrubbers; particulate matter is removed
by cyclones, cloth filters, and scrubbers; proper control and
ventilation can reduce dust; baghouses and electrostatic
precipitators can also be used to reduce pollutants.
48572
Schmitt, C. R.
THERMAL DEGRADATION CHARACTERISTICS OF VARI-
OUS POLYMERIC MATERIALS. J. Fire Flammability, vol.
3:303-315, Oct. 1972. 8 refs.
The toxic gaseous products evolved from the thermal degrada-
tion of various polymeric packaging materials were studied by
mass spectrographic analyses. Vapors liberated from a flexible
urethane foam at the temperature of melting and just prior to
ignition contained toxic hydrogen cyanide gases; after ignition,
the hydrogen cyanide content increased significantly. Analyti-
cal data were also compiled on the pyrolysis products of
polyethylene, pigmented polystyrene, and fluorohalocarbon
material. Thermal degradation products from the
fluorohalocarbon at 250 C showed the presence of atomic
mass units 20 and 36, indicative of hydrogen fluoride and
hydrogen chloride, respectively. At 305 C, atomic mass units
47 and 66, corresponding to decomposition fragments Cl-C and
C-C1-F, respectively, were very prevalent (Author abstract
modified)
48849
Hettche, Hans Otto
AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - A PROGRAM OF 1960.
(Luftreinhaltung und Gesundheit - ein Programni von 1960).
Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 23(12):273-
275, 1972.
The European Committee for Diagnostics of Health Damages
(Eurotox) and for the Protection of the Population met in Paris
in 1960 to investigate the air pollution problem. A resolution
was passed calling for the improvement of domestic heating
systems by promotion of central heating, for the reduction of
toxic components in automobile exhausts, for the separation
of industrial and residential areas by green belts, and for
reducing the railroad emissions by turning to electric and
diesel drives. Twelve years after this conference, it can be
said that much has been done since 1960 for the reduction of
air pollution. In the Ruhr area, the sulfur dioxide and dust
emissions have been continuously monitored since 1964. The
dust emission was reduced considerably, and the SO2 emission
also went down markedly due to better electrostatic precipita-
tors and the use of low-sulfur fuels. Gas and electricity are in-
creasingly used for heat production. Oil central heating
systems are being annually inspected in North Rhine
Westphalia. The emission of hydrogen fluoride has received
great attention, aluminum plants are now required to clean
their waste gasen satisfactorily. For decontamination of au-
tomobile exhausts, the lead concentration in gasolines is being
reduced. The afterburning of carbon monoxide and hydrocar-
bons will become indispensable soon. Much has been done for
electrification of the railroads.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
47
48946
Ussar, Max Bons and Karl Bergmann
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ON THE INDUSTRY. (Die
Umweltprobleme der Industrie). Text in German. Perg-Huetten-
maenn. Monatsh., 117(8):275-280, Aug. 1972. (Presented at the
Oesterriche Bergbautag, Baden, Austria, April 25-28, 1972.)
General problems of industrial air pollution as encountered in
industrialized countries are reviewed. The sulfur dioxide emis-
sions show a downward trend in most industrialized countries,
which is primarily attibutable to the increasing use of low-sul-
fur fuels. Dry and wet processes for the separation and con-
version of SO2 in waste gases are expected to reach the stage
of technological maturity before long. Nitrogen oxide emis-
sions, determined by flame temperature and air excess,
originate primarily in industrial and internal combustion en-
gines processes. While industry generates practically no car-
bon monoxide due to near-complete combustion, automotive
exhaust and domestic heating emit sizable proportions of this
pollutant. A survey of the recent trends in the development of
industrial and other emissions shows that coarse dust and SO2
as pollutants will be replaced, along with the associated
problems, by such industrial pollutants as fluorine, chlorine,
hydrocarbons, toxic and malodorous gases, vapors, and
aerosols.
49617
Hata, Akio, Yutaka Kawano, Akio Yamaguchi, and Teruo
Tanabe
AIR POLLUTION BY IRON AND STEEL PLANTS (TECHNI-
CAL CONSIDERATION OF SOURCES). (Seitetsusho no taiki
osen ni tsuite gijutsu men kara mita mondaiten (bo seitetsusho
no gutairei yori)). Text in Japanese. Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Proc. Symp. Japan Soc. Air Pollut., 13th, 1972, p. 161.
(Nov. 7-9, Paper 116.)
Pollutants emitted by various types of furnaces of iron and
steel works are discussed from the example of one plant. The
dusts from the blast furnace generally contain 5-30 g/cu m
dusts of iron oxide, sulfides and carbon. The emission concen-
tration is 0.1 g/cu m and the total of more than 40 tons of dust
are emitted monthly. At this plant, if the dust collectors are
not operating for any reason, all of the dusts are discharged in
the environment From the blast furnace, 16.2% of the carbon
monoxide content leaks into the atmosphere, and this is about
13 million cu m/mo CO This is equivalent to exhaust emis-
sions from 240,000 automobiles. A converter produces 10-15
kg/ton of dusts. Most dusts are feTous oxide in the size of
0.3-1 micron. From three 60-ton furnaces, about 7 tons/mo of
dusts are emitted. The soot leakage incidents are numerous,
sometimes as often 184 incidents/mo. Six open hearth furnaces
were operating until March 1971. The operation was discon-
tinued, but after the dust collection, the emission concentra-
tion was as high as 0.5 g/cu m. Also, because of the addition
of 300 kg fluoride per charge, 187 cu m/charge of hydrogen
fluoride used to be created. One electric furnace of a 60-ton
capacity produces 120-240 kg/ton/charge of dusts. The dusts
contain chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, and
vanadium. The sintering pellet plant dusts contain a great
quantity of sulfide and sulfur oxides. The amount of sulfur
contained in the fuel at this plant is relatively low, but the
total consumption is very large, and therefore, SOx emission
is also large.
49738
Stoiber, Richard E., Daniel C. Leggett, Thomas F. Jenkins,
Richard P. Murrmann, and William I. Rose
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN VOLCANIC GAS FROM SAN-
TIAGUITO VOLCANO, GUATEMALA. Geol. Soc. Amer.
Bull., vol. 82:2299-2302, Aug. 1971. 7 refs.
Gas samples collected at Sapper fumarole of the Santiaguito,
Guatemala, volcano on Dec. 5, 1969, were analyzed by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. The samples were com-
posed of 95% air, presumably of atmospheric origin, water
vapor, and both organic and inorganic gases. The total organic
content was about 100 ppm, and the methane content was
fairly high (14 ppm). The compounds identified in the gas sam-
ples were methane, xenon, nitrogen dioxide, ethylene,
tetrafluoroethylene, ethane, carbonyl sulfide, hex-
afluoropropene, propene, propane, chlorodifluoromcthane.
chlorotrifluoroethylene, chloromethane, methanol, acetal-
dehyde, methanol, isobutene, butene, dichlorofluoromethane.
ethanol, carbon disulfide, isopentene, propanol, acetone,
trichlorofluoromethane, pentane, isopropanol, methyl acrolein,
n-propanol, methylethyl ketone, hexenes, hexanes, ben/.ene,
cyclohexane, trichloroethylene, heptenes, methyl cyclohexane,
toluene, octenes, octanes, l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2-tnfluoroethanc,
hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid. The compounds are
probably produced by heating of fossil soil or sedimentary
layers by the magma.
49852
Kudrna, Jan
EXHALATION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES FROM
BRICKWORK KILNS. (Exhalace skodlivin z cihlarskych peci).
Text in Czech. Stavivo, 50(3): 69-70, 1972. 3 refs.
Measurements of paniculate emissions from brickwork kilns
disclosed that they do not as a rule exceed prescribed norms,
but excessive emission does occur in the case of old oil-fired
kilns where the injection of oil into areas below 900 C or defi-
ciency of air causes excessive soot formation. This defect can
be removed by the injection of secondary air into the burners
Similar excessive emissions of soot by coal-fired kilns cannot
be remedied. Hydrogen sulfide is rarely emitted as a pollutant,
the real problem is sulfur dioxide. Measurements of SO2 emis-
sions from 59 brickwork kilns were earned out in the German
Democratic Republic. Maximal sulfur oxide concentrations
were below 3 g/N cu m; the mean value of emissions from all
kilns was 0.49 g/N cu m with an average stack height of 30-50
m. Sulfur trioxide is more harmful than SO2 and its noxious
effect cannot be underrated because the bricks inside the kilns
act as catalysts; consequently brickwork kilns emit a greater
share of SO3 than other furnaces The sulfuric acid formed is
absorbed by the soot flakes. The share of SO3 of total sulfur
oxides emission is on the average 25% but can reach 50% Sul-
fur oxides can originate occasionally from brick clay; on the
other hand, calcium carbonate dispersed in bricks in the
course of firing combines with sulfur and prevents part of it
from forming oxides. Many clays contain calcium fluoride, the
mean content is 0.063%. In the firing 16% is emitted. 80% of
the fluorine remains in the material. Fluorine emission fluctu-
ates between 1 and 180 mg/N cu m with an average of 48
mg/N cu m. The sulfur oxides emission problem could be
solved by using oil with a low sulfur content
49886
Grjotheim, K., H. Kvande, K. Motzfeldt, and B J Welch
THE FORMATION AND COMPOSITION OF THE
FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM ALUMINUM CELLS.
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48
Preprint, Norwegian Society of Professional Engineers, Oslo,
44p., 1972. 42 refs. (Paper presented at the International Sym-
posium on the Fluoride Problem in the Aluminum Industry,
Trondheim, Norway, May 24-26, 1972.)
Data available on the fluoride consumption per ton of alu-
minum produced, the amount of fluorides retrieved from the
anode gas, possible causes of the fluoride emissions, and
possible reactions between the moisture content of the feed
and the molten fluorides are surveyed. Quantitative calculation
is presented for the emissions generated by vaporization from
the melt, based on data for vapor pressures of sodium fluoride
- aluminum fluoride melts. While vaporization is a significant
source of fluoride emissions, other and equally important
mechanisms must also contribute to the emission rates. The
water introduced with the feed may in part lead to hydrolysis
reactions in the fluoride melt, while it may also in part be
reduced to hydrogen. Another source of hydrogen is the
materials of the anode. Part of the hydrogen may be anodically
oxidized to hydrogen fluoride which gives a significant con-
tribution to the total fluoride emission rate. The reactions of
water vapor with the fluoride- containing vapor from the melt,
on the other hand, will alter the chemical composition of the
emissions but will not contribute to the emission rate. The ob-
served fluoride emission rates may be ascribed to three prin-
cipal mechanisms, i.e., vaporization from the molten elec-
trolyte, primary generation of hydrogen fluoride in the cell,
and the entramment of liquid droplets and solid dust. The
available evidence indicates that these three mechanisms are
of about equal significance.
49924
Teske, Wolfgang
AIR POLLUTION. PART I. Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argen-
tina), Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas, Reunion Probl.
Kfluentes Ind. Contain. Ambiental, La Plata, Argentina, 1971,
p. 1-18. (July 12-17.)
A general survey of the main problems developing because of
air pollution is presented. The important emission sources
discussed include industrial combustion and production
processes in coking plants, the iron and steel industry, metal
fabricating, copper melting plants, cement works, zinc produc-
tion, sulfunc and nitric acid production, chemical plants,
metallurgical production, mineral oil industries, viscose facto-
ries, power plants, domestic healing, and traffic with emis-
sions from petrol and diesel engines. Emissions from each of
these processes are reviewed, including aerosols, dusts, soot,
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen ox-
ides, fluorine compounds, hydrogen sulfide. carbon disulfide,
and lead. Fffects of these pollutants on the skin, eyes, lungs,
respiratory system, heart, circulation system, liver, nerves,
bones, stomach, and the intestinal system are listed Harmful
effects on plants, animals, and material objects are also con-
sidered.
50013
Kirsch H., K. Kautz, and R. Singh Dev
STUDY OF FINE DUSTS WITH AN ANALYTICAL ELEC-
TRON MICROSCOPE. (Die Untersuchung von Feinstaeuben
durch ein analytisches Elektronenmikroskop). Text in German.
VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(3): 195-199, March 1973.
Dust samples from electrostatic precipitators of four incinera-
tors burning industrial refuse were examined as to their con-
centration of fluorine compounds. An analytical electron
microscope which combined the properties of electron
microscope with those of an electron microprobe was used for
the examinations. The electron beam passed a double con-
denser system and electromagnetic detectors. A mini lens be-
hind the detector focused the electron beam on the sample
producing an X-ray fluorescence radiation emitted in all
directions. But only the radiation leaving at an angle of 45 deg
was recorded by the non-dispersive detector and the two spec-
trometers. Each spectrometer had four analyzing crystals. The
chemical and fine structure micro-analyses were carried out at
80 kV. In more than 20 individual samples from each incinera-
tor, sodium fluoride was the most frequent fluorine compound.
In the fly dust from incinerators for domestic refuse, calcium
and lithium fluoride were most frequently identified.
50018
Sutler, Ernst
FLUORIDE MEASUREMENTS IN ALUMINUM PLANTS.
(Fluoridmessungen in Aluminiumhuetten). Text in German.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 33(3): 114-117, March 1973.
Fluorides were measured in Swiss aluminium smelting plants
to assess the fluorosis hazard. Atmospheric conditions af-
fected the efficiency of artificial ventilation. Ion selective elec-
trodes were used to determine fluorides in personal samplers
attached to workers. Measurements were taken during various
seasons. The average values fluctuated between 0.2 and 1.5
mgF/cu m. No statistically proved dependence on the weather
could be detected, but the wind around the furnace workshop
did exert a considerable influence. By cutting out the influence
of the wind on the ventilation system of the workshop, the
fluoride concentration could be reduced. Adequate conduction
of the air inflow into the electrolysis workshop is of great im-
portance for a low fluoride concentration.
50242
Wolfson, M. R., M. S. Pakulak, C. E. Arthur, T. E. Doyel,
and R. J. Morey
TOXICITY STUDY OF MK 50 MOD O ROCKET MOTOR
EXHAUST. Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, Calif., Propul-
sion Development Dept., 14p., Aug. 1968. 4 refs. ORD Task 008-
084-001/200-1/127-00-01, Rept. NWC-TP-4638. NTIS, DDC: AD
842118
A fluorocarbon base propellant, N-34, is used in the Mk 50
Mod O rocket Toxic gases, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen
fluoride are exhausted during combustion Exhaust clouds
were sampled during rocket firings and to determine HC1 and
HE concentrations in the atmosphere in the vicinity of the
launcher dunng firing. Topside HC1 concentration was above
the threshold limit value but below the tolerable limit for short
duration exposures. Topside HF concentration at the launcher
was above both the threshold and short duration limits; and 60
ft from the launcher, was above the threshold but below the
tolerable limit for short exposures. Both the HC1 and HF con-
centrations in the magazine were below their respective
threshold limit values for extended and repeated exposures.
(Author abstract modified)
50381
Rasch, Rudolf
EVERYTHING RETURNS TO DUST. (Alles wird wieder zu
Staub). Text in German. Umwelt Duesseldorf, 3(l):49-53, 1973.
11 refs.
A comparison of all available solid waste disposal methods
(sanitary landfill, composting, and incineration) shows that a
controlled volume reduction within 1-2 hr is only feasible with
incineration. With the sanitary landfill the decomposition
processes are most difficult to control. It is granted that a
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
49
complete combustion is difficult to achieve in small incinera-
tors. Therefore, they should not be allowed in residential
areas. In large incinerators complete combustion is achieved
by uniform charging, continuous operation, and high com-
bustion chamber temperature. Analyses in the large incinerator
in Duesseldorf revealed that the amount of volatile organic
acids in the waste gases were on the lower detection limit. Of
the 4,000,000 t/yr sulfur dioxide emitted in West Germany,
12,000 tons come from incinerators. The latter emit 5000 t/yr
nitrogen oxides, 8000 t/yr hydrogen chloride, 50,000 t/yr
hydrogen fluoride and 4,000,000 t/a dust. Nothing is known
about the emission of heavy metals. An examination in power
plants and incinerators has shown that toxic heavy metals such
as lead, zinc, arsenic, and others are deposited in various sec-
tions of the heat exchanger which means that a considerable
portion is not emitted into the environment with fly dust.
50938
Davids, P.
AIR POLLUTION THROUGH POLLUTANT EMISSION
FROM INCINERATORS. (Die Luftbelastung durch die Schad-
stoffeniission aus Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text in German.
Muell Abfall, 5(3):61-68, 1973. 17 refs. (Presented at the Mut-ll-
technische KoIIoquium, Stuttgart, West Germany, March 8,
1973.)
The incinerators in operation in the Federal Republic of Ger-
many today are all similar in their design with the exception of
individual components. For dust cleaning of the effluents,
electrostatic precipitators are mostly used. A removal of gase-
ous pollutants is generally not pursued. In six incinerators a 1-
week measurement program was launched to determine the
type and quantity of the components of trash and their dis-
tribution in the gaseous and solid combustion residues which
are important for air pollution. The dust measurements were
taken behind the electrostatic precipitator to determine the
dust composition in the cleaned gas. Main components were
silicon aluminum, and iron compounds. The measured lead
concentrations were below 1%, the zinc concentrations below
5.3%. In two samples none of these two components could be
determined. Concentrations of chlorine, phosgene, hydrogen
cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia were about 1 mg/cu
m (detection limit) or they were not detectable at all. For C12
and COC12 this was also true in cases were 6% polyvinyl
chloride had been added to the trash. Correlation of the mea-
surement results yielded a significant relationship between
hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride emissions. Five hun-
dred values for HC1 and sulfur dioxide were available taken in
one incinerator since 1966. For the period 1966 to 1972 a
steady decline of the SO2 emission by about 1/3 was discerni-
ble. The HC1 emission rose between 1967 and the beginning of
1970 by about 100%. Since then it remained constant.
50% 1
Gerhards, Kurt
SYNTHETIC WASTE IN TRASH AND ITS EMISSIONS
FROM INCINERATORS. STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT
TRENDS. (Kunstoffabfaelle im Muell und ihre Emissionen aus
Muellverbrennungsanlagen. Untersuchungen und Entwicklung-
stendenzen). Text in German. Muell Abfall, 5(3).-68-71, 1973. 4
refs. (Presented at the Muelltechnische KoIIoquium, Stuttgart,
West Germany, March 8, 1973.)
In the year 1971 six 1-week measurement series were con-
ducted with the aim of determining weight, type, and amount
of synthetics in domestic refuse. Each resident throws away
4.1 kg of synthetic wastes/yr. A number of synthetics, primari-
ly polyamides and polyurethanes, contain up to 19% nitrogen.
Of the synthetic wastes in domestic refuse, polyamid con-
tained 4.9%. Between 0.1 and 0.2 kg nitrogen/ton refuse are
disposed of. The contribution of synthetics to the emission of
nitrogen oxides is rather insignificant. None of the more im-
portant synthetics contain sulfur. The most important fluorine
containing synthetic is polytetrafluorethylene, but its fraction
among the synthetics is so small that no fluorine could be de-
tected. Chlorine is an essential component of chlorinated
polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, and polyvinylidenechloride. In
domestic refuse from Bochum a chlorine fraction of 5.0% was
found. The total chlorine fraction in the Bochum domestic
refuse amounted to 3.45 kg/ton refuse, the fraction constituted
by the synthetics alone 0.95 kg/ton refuse. Based on this data,
the synthetic s share to hydrogen chloride emission for
domestic refuse is 32%. Based on an estimated specific
domestic refuse accumulation of 256 kg/resident/yr by 1980,
an industrial refuse quantity of 116 kg/resident/yr, a bulky and
communal refuse quantity of 34 kg/resident/yr synthetic quan-
tity of 5.9%, the average chlorine emission will be 5.7 kg/ton
waste. This is 50% more than in 1971.
51100
Davids, P.
AIR POLLUTION DUE TO THE EMISSION OF NOXIOUS
SUBSTANCES FROM REFUSE INCINERATION PLANTS.
(Die Luftbelastung durch die Schadstoff Emission aus Muellver-
brennungsanlagen). Preprint, 1973. 38 refs. (Presented at the
Refuse Meetioug, 24th, Stuttgart, West Germany, March 8,
1973.) Translated from German, 36p.
The quantity and quality of emissions from refuse incineration
plants are examined. Gaseous emissions include hydrocarbons,
e.g., aldehydes and organic acids, chlorine and fluorine com-
pounds, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide.
The dusts contain various metal compounds, including silver,
aluminum, boron, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron,
potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, lead, sil-
icon, tin, strontium, titanium, and zinc. Waste composition
and controls to prevent emissions were examined.
51102
Gerhards, K.
PLASTIC SCRAP IN TRASH AND ITS EMISSIONS FROM
TRASH INCINERATORS. INVESTIGATIONS AND TEN-
DENCIES IN DEVELOPMENT. (Kunststoffabfaelle im Muell
und ihre Emissionen aus Muellverbrennungsanlagen. Unter-
suchungen und Entwicklungstendenzen). Preprint, 1973. 4 refs.
(Presented at the Refuse Meeting, 24th, Stuttgart, West Ger-
many, March 8, 1973.) Translated from German, 14p.
The weight, type, and proportion of plastics in house trash are
determined to study the contribution of plastics in refuse to
emissions from incinerators. Based on 1971 data, plastics con-
tents of trash and subsequent emissions are predicted for 1980.
The major plastic components are polyolefins, polyvi-
nylchlorides, and polystyrenes. Plastics combustion contribu-
tion to nitrogen oxide, sulfur, and fluorine compound emis-
sions is negligible. The major pollutant related to plastics in-
cineration is hydrogen chloride.
51137
Schulze, Ernst
THE GLASS CONTAINER INDUSTRY IN THE FUTURE:
MARKETING, TECHNICAL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
ASPECTS. (Die Hohlglasindustrie der Zukunft unter markt-
maessigen, technischen und gesellschaftspolitischen Aspekten).
Text in German. Glastech. Ber., 46(5):71-83, May 1973.
-------
50
(Presented at the Glastechnischen Tagung, Wiesbaden, West
Germany, July 5, 1972.)
The development of the container industry is considered, and
market trends, structural changes in wares, packaging, produc-
tion methods, and economics are discussed. Each industry has
to cope with the problems of environmental pollution. The
glass industry has eliminated, to a large extent, the fluorine
components from its emissions. Further reductions of the
emission were achieved through improved trough construction,
reduced flow speeds, reduced use of fuels, and increased use
of electricity, use of pelletted and granulated raw products,
and addition of sodium lye for the maintenance of a residual
moisture for transport. About 75% of the produced glass con-
tainers are no return bottles. They pose no problems with any
of the waste disposal methods from the sanitary landfill and
incineration to composting.
51282
Wood, R.
FLUORINE AS A POLLUTANT. 8. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc.,
72(1):35- 37, Jan. 1973. 11 refs.
Fluorine as a contaminant in the environment, as well as the
beneficial effects of this element to man, are described.
Sources of fluorine contamination such as steelniaking, metal
alloy production, brick, tile, and ceramic industries, aluminum
production, phosphate fertilizer industry, phosphoric acid
production, cement industry, and burning coal are discussed.
A variety of other minor possible sources of airborne fluorine
contaminants are described. A panel of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science placed fluorine as the
third in a list of five pollutants. Gaseous hydrofluoric acid and
silicon tetrafluoride are the main fluorine compounds in pol-
luted atmospheres which damage plants. Fluorosis in animal
and humans is discussed. Legislation and standards in the
United Kingdom are mentioned. The threshold limit values for
hydrofluoric acid and inorganic fluoride are 2 and 2.5 milli-
gram/cu m, respectively. A sampling procedure has been
developed, based on the use of a membrane filter to collect
paniculate, and an alkali-impregnated paper to trap gaseous,
fluoride.
52277
Gotsu, Isamu, Hiroshi Kagawa, Kunihiko Hasumi, Yasuo
Abe, Toshimasa Maniwa, Kojiro Shimanuki, Masaaki Suzuki,
Satoshi Itohara, Hiroyasu Watanabe, Kenji Anzai, Ichiro
Iwahashi, Fumio Sato, Sobei Tanji, Ryoji Ochiai, Wasaburo
Kawakami, Yokio Abe, and Takao Michiyama
INVESTIGATION OF LOCAL AIR POLLUTION IN CON-
CENTRATED AREA OF TILE MAKING INDUSTRY IN FU-
KUYAMA DISTRICT, KORIYAMA CITY. (Koriyama-shi Fu-
kuyama chiku ni okeru kawara kojo chitai no taiki osen (SOx
oyobi HF) chosa ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Fukushima-ken
Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Fukushima Prefect. Inst.
Public Health, Rept.), 20(4):91-98, Oct. 1972. 14 refs.
The efficiency of an exhaust gas treatment method in the tile
making industry was investigated as well as the concentration
of hydrogen fluoride in the atmosphere around tile making
plants. Four plants were investigated. The rate of treatment ef-
ficiency of exhaust gas (sulfur oxides) from the tile making in-
dustries was 87% (A), 77.8% (F), 75% (C), 74.7% (D), and
69.4% (B). The rate of treatment efficiency for hydrogen
fluoride was 96.2%, 91.3%, 90%, and 89.7% respectively. The
average concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the atmosphere
around the plants was determined to be 0.025 ppm (C and F),
0.005 ppm (D), and 0.00 ppm (E). Atmospheric hydrogen
fluoride concentrations were measured continuously by auto-
matic apparatuses for five days and nights. The average HF
concentration in homes near the industries was 0.05 ppm near
D, 0.04 ppm near A, 0.03 ppm near B, and 0.01 ppm near C.
52508
Schneider, Werner
CORROSION AND INJURIES FROM EMISSIONS CAUSED
BY THE WASTE GASES OF INCINERATORS. (Korrosionen
und Immissionsschaeden durch Muellrauchgase). Text in Ger-
man. Energietechnik, 23(6):277-280, June 1973. 31 refs.
In the German Democratic Republic at present about five mil-
lion tons of waste accumulate annually which are dumped.
Since this amount will increase, incineration will gain increas-
ing importance. Dusts and odors from incinerators can be
satisfactorily treated. Great problems are still posed by gase-
ous pollutants and by corrosion. Since the waste gases from
incinerators contain only about 0.03% of sulfur dioxide and the
developing sulfur trioxide is bound by the high amount of fly
dust (10 to 40 g/cu m), high temperature corrosion by alkali
iron sulfate melts can be ruled out. Studies revealed that high-
temperature corrosion in incinerators is mainly caused by
hydrogen chloride in a reducing atmosphere. Low-temperature
corrosion may be caused in incinerators by hygroscopic and
easily melting zinc chloride and iron chloride hydrates. The
emission of HC1 at present amounts to between 0.5 and 1 g/cu
m. The maximum allowable emission concentration for HC1 is
0.015 or 0.05 mg/standard cu m. Efforts concerning the reduc-
tion of the emission of this pollutant are aimed at the replace-
ment of polyvinyl chloride by other chlorine-free synthetics.
The binding of HC1 to calcium oxide or the removal by
scavenging processes are also methods under consideration.
Apart from this pollutant, the incineration waste gases also
contain hydrogen fluoride in quantities up to 10 mg/cu m. This
pollutant deserves special attention in future at the planning of
new incinerators.
52664
Kanamaru, Go, Hirohisa Shima, Takaetsu Matsui, and Tamaki
Hashizume
AN EXAMPLE OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY
FLUORIDES. (Hukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen no ichirei ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Mie-ken Kogai Senta Nenpo (Mie Pre-
fect. Pub. Nuisance Center Annu. Rep.), no. 1:134-137, March
1973. 6 refs.
A ceramic plant emitted hydrogen fluoride gas which caused
silkworms raised nearby to die, show poor growth, or stop
preparing cocoons. Hydrogen fluoride from another ceramics
plant in another city caused damage to cedars and pines.
Hydrogen fluoride in these areas was collected on a filter
paper, extracted with distilled water, and determined
colorimetrically. Sulfur dioxide and phenol were simultane-
ously determined by the rosaniline- formalin method and 4-
aminoantipyrin method, respectively. The highest HF value in
the first city in 1970 was 78 micrograms/day/100 sq cm. After
the detection of this high concentration, a jet scrubber
replaced a water spray as the air treatment method. In the
second city, the highest HF value was 58.3 micrograms/cu m;
the highest SO2 concentration was 0.70 ppm; the highest
phenol concentration was 0.156 ppm.
52741
Singh, R., K. Kautz, and H. Kirsch
THE PRESENCE OF TRACE ELEMENTS, PARTICULARLY
OF FLUORINE IN ASH AND DUSTS OF INCINERATORS.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
51
(Die Einbindung von Spurenelementen, insbesondere des Fluors,
in Aschen und Staeuben von Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text
in German. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(6):408-414, June 1973.
9refs.
Seven samples from domestic and communal refuse incinera-
tors and eight samples from industrial incinerators were ob-
tained. From each incinerator several ash samples from the
combustion chamber and from the flue gas ducts through the
boiler to the electrostatic precipitator were taken. The fluorine
concentration in the ash samples was determined by water
vapor distillation and subsequent determination of the formed
hexafluoride (H2SiF6) silicic acid in the distillate by a specific
electrode. The elements aluminum, barium, calcium, cobalt,
chromium, copper, potassium, lithium, magnesium, man-
ganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadi-
um, and zinc, were determined by atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Phosphorus and iron were determined by
photometry, silicion and sulfur by gravimetry, and chlorine by
titration. The analyses indicated that both chlorine and fluorine
enrich in depositions and the dust at a drop of the flue gas
temperature to below 600 C. The fluorine enrichment is
highest in the dusts from the electrostatic precipitator. This in-
dicates that the hydrogen fluoride of the flue gas is bound to
the dust particles. Of the fluorine compounds, most frequently
calcium fluoride was found, whose low solubility is 0.16 g/1
water at 20 C. The sodium fluoride was found only in samples
from industrial incinerators. In the incinerators equipped with
travelling grates, the binding of fluorine in the form of CaF2 is
low because the ash remains in the combustion zone for a long
time at high temperature. Most of the fluorine is bound in the
electrostatic precipitator.
52912
Etterich, O.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN HIGH-
CAPACITY ARC FURNACES. (Umweltprobleme moderner
Hochleistungs-Lichtbogenoefen). Text in German. Rade
Rundschau (Austria), no. 3:556-557, 1973. (Presented at the
Electric Steel Industry Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, Oct.
25-28, 1973.)
The decrease of environmental pollution by the steel industry
despite the production increase by 16% between 1960 and 1971
is mainly due to the replacement of the Thomas process by
electric melting and by the oxygen lancing process. With both
processes, dust collectors reduce the dust emission to less
than 150 mg/cu m waste gas. With the electric arc furnace a
problem remains, that of the emission of carbon monoxide and
fluorides. The CO can be removed by afterburning and the cal-
cium fluoride can be replaced by other fluxing agents such as
clay.
53295
Singh Dev, R., K. Kautz, and H. Kirsch
THE BINDING OF TRACE ELEMENTS, ESPECIALLY
FLUORINE, BY ASHES AND DUSTS RESULTING FROM
REFUSE INCINERATING PLANTS. (Die Einbindung von
Spurenelementen, insbesondere des Fluors, in Aschen und
Staeuben von Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text in German.
VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(6):408-414, June 1973. 9 refs.
The incorporation of fluorine and other trace elements in the
ashes and flue gases which result from the incineration of
refuse is described. Analyses of samples of house and city
refuse and of industrial sweepings are presented. Samples
were obtained from various areas in the combustion chamber
of the incinerators and from the flue pipes and were subjected
to the following analyses: ashes were analyzed chemically for
trace elements; all samples were subjected to a roentgeno-
graphic phase analysis; and samples with high fluorine con-
tent, usually fine particulate matter which filtered through the
electrofilter, were analyzed by means of the electron
microscope and with the aid of electron rays. The chemical
analysis revealed that the ashes and other products of in-
cineration differed considerably from the raw refuse and that
the products of combustion interacted among themselves. Both
chlorine and fluorine were found in sediments of dust when
the temperature of the smoke was below 600 C. Fluorine was
particularly concentrated in the particles in the electrofilter,
most frequently occurring as calcium fluoride. Sodium fluoride
was relatively rare, occurring only in industrial incinerator
sediments.
53751
Daessler, H.-G., S. Boertitz and E. Auermann
STUDIES OF THE FLUORINE EMISSIONS FROM SOFT
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS. (Untersuchungen ueber
Fluor-Immissionen ans Braunkohlen-Kraftwerken). Text in Ger-
man. Z. Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenzebiete (Berlin), 19(8):568-570,
1973. 19 refs.
Because of reports of massive bee-kills in the vicinity of soft-
coal operated power plants, the fluorine concentration in soft
coal samples as well as in filter ash from these power plants
was determined. From 10 strip mines in East Germany, 68 soft
coal samples were taken according to geological aspects. After
drying and grinding of the samples, the fluorine was separated
by distillation and determined by colorimetry. The filter ash
samples were distilled without ashing. In all examined soft
coal samples, fluorine was found. The fluorine concentration
was between 6 and 50 g/ton in East Elbe soft coal and
between 2 and 178 g/ton in West-Elbe soft coal. At the com-
bustion only part of the fluorine remains in the ash, the rest
leaves in gaseous form. The filter ashes contained fluoride up
to more than 400 ppm fluoride, chloride, and high quantities of
sulfide.
53874
Tsunoda, Humio
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL BY FLUORIDES FROM PRI-
MARY ALUMINUM SMELTING. (Aruminyumu seiren kogyo
ni okeru fukkabutsu ni yoru taikiosen boshitaisaku). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 9(4):376-381,
April 1973. 12 refs.
A prebake aluminum smelter gives easier air pollution control
than the Soderberg automatic continuous burning anode
system. The fluoride emitted from the electrolytic bath is
removed by the double system of a bath-hood cleaner and
chamber-ceiling cleaner. Hydrogen fluoride and tetrafluorosil-
icon are mostly emitted. Removal for the Soderberg and
Prebake systems are 92-99% and 80-97% of the fluoride,
respectively. A wind tunnel study was used to estimate the
ground level concentration of gaseous fluoride dispersed by a
line emission source. There is a close relationship between
ground level and wind velocity and direction. The effects of
fluorides on plants and animals and the composition of
fluoride compounds emitted by aluminum smelters are
reviewed.
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52
53955
Pokhodnya, I. K., V. I. Shvachko, V. G. Ustinov, and S. A.
Suprun
MASS-SPECTROMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF GASEOUS
FLUORIDES FORMED DURING ARC-WELDING. (Mass-
spektrometricheskoye issledovaniye gazoobraznykh ftoridov,
dydelyayushchikhsya pri dugovoy svarke). Text in Russian. Av-
tomat. Svarka, 24(6):10-12, 1972. 9 refs.
Ion fragments of silicon tetrafluoride, SiF3 + , S1F2+, HF+,
and F+ ions were identified mass-spectrometrically in the
mass spectrum of the gases formed during arc-welding by
means of carbonate- fluorite type welding wires. Other mass-
spectrometric investigations of titanium tetrafluoride and zir-
conium tetrafluoride revealed that the mass spectrum of TiF4
is composed of T1F2+, TiF3+ and TiF+ ions, and that of
ZrF4 of ZrF4+, ZrF+ and ZrF3+ ions.
54622
Schneider, Werner
REFUSE INCINERATOR FLUE GAS-INFLICTED CORRO-
SION AND EMISSION DAMAGES. (Korrosionen und Immis-
sionsschaeden durch Mnellrauchgase). Text in German. Ener-
gietechnik, 23(6):277-280, June 1973. 31 refs.
General problems of corrosion and plant (flora) damage due to
refuse incinerator-generated flue gases are described. Corro-
sion occurring at temperatures above 400 C is due to a com-
bination of hydrochloric acid as formed during the incineration
of polyvinyl chloride and common salt with reducing at-
mosphere in overheater and steam generator zones of refuse
incinerators. Quantitative volatilization of the iron chloride
formed on metal surfaces above 400 C was observed. High-
temperature corrosion can be avoided or reduced by feeding
homogenized batches, the use of secondary air, and by limit-
ing the steam temperature to 250-300 C. Corrosion at tempera-
tures around 200 C is due to the formation of low-melting,
hygroscopic hydrates of zone and iron chlorides which
predominantly precipitate in electrostatic dust separators.
Watery condensates, containing HC1, sulfur dioxide, and sul-
fur trioxide, can cause low-temperature corrosion in small-
capacity incinerators with wet type dust separation. Odorous
emissions from incinerators can be avoided by the application
of temperatures above 800 C, and combustion air intake from
refuse bunkers. The SO2 emission concentrations from refuse
incineration plants range from 0.5 to 1.0 g/N cu m. The HC1
concentrations, being in the same range, are much more criti-
cal, and can easily cause plant damages around waste incinera-
tion plants. The HC1 concentrations can be reduced by proper
siting of the incinerators, and proper choice of the stack
height. No phosgene is formed during waste incineration
processes, while the hydrofluoric acid concentrations may
reach up to 10 mg/N cu m.
55212
Burchard, John K.
SURVEY OF THE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS ARISING
IN THE NON-FERROUS METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES.
Preprint, 10p., 1973. (Presented at the Seminar Control of Emis-
sions from the Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Industries, Dubrov-
nik, Yugoslavia, Nov. 19-24, 1973.)
A survey of the air pollution problems arising in the non-fer-
rous metallurgical industries in 11 countries is summarized.
The nonferrous metallurgical industry is a prime contributor to
air pollution in all the countries. Sulfur oxides, particulates,
fluorides, and hazardous metals are the main pollutants from
the aluminum, zinc, copper, and lead industries. There are
many significant differences which affect the capability of
controlling smelter pollutants. Factors such as type of metal-
lurgical process used, degree of use of existing control
technology, age of facilities, ability of smelter to bear cost of
control, physical layout of smelter, market for byproducts of
control process, and many others have resulted in control effi-
ciency in countries ranging from no control to over 90% con-
trol for some pollutants. Even within a single country, there
are significant differences in control efficiencies from smelter
to smelter. The primary SOx control technique is the contact
sulfuric acid plant, although its use varies from country to
country. All types of conventional equipment, precipitators,
scrubbers, and bag filters are used for particulate control.
Several countries report use of both wet and dry adsorption
systems for control of fluorides from aluminum smelting. Sul-
fur oxide emissions from nonferrous smelting ranged from 1-
13% of total country SOx emissions, ranking behind electric
utilities in all cases. Particulates were a smaller percentage at
1-5%. Continuous research refforts in three areas are being
conducted: problem identification, process modification, and
gas cleaning equipment improvement.
55407
Grjotheim, K., H. Kvande, K. Motzfeldt, and B. J. Welch
THE FORMATION AND COMPOSITION OF THE
FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM ALUMINUM CELLS. Can.
Met. Quart., ll(4):585-599, 1972. 42 refs.
A survey of information in the literature regarding the total
fluoride consumption per ton of aluminum produced in many
plants and the amount of fluorides retrieved from the anode
gas is presented, and a quantitative calculation is given for the
fluoride emissions generated by vaporization from the melt
based on data for vapor pressures of sodium fluoride-alu-
minum fluoride melts with relevant additions. The observed
fluoride emission rates are ascribed to three principal
mechanisms: vaporization from the molten electrolyte; primary
generation of hydrogen fluoride in the cell; and the entrain-
ment of liquid droplets and solid dust. Available evidence in-
dicates that each mechanism is of about equal significance.
Possible reactions between the moisture content of the feed
and the molten fluorides include hydrolysis reactions in the
fluoride melt and partial reduction to hydrogen as a result of
introduction of water with the feed. Another source of
hydrogen may be the materials of the anode. Part of the
hydrogen may be anodically oxidized to hydrogen fluoride
which significantly contributes to the total fluoride emission
rate. The reactions of water vapor with the fluoride- contain-
ing melt vapor alter the chemical composition of the emissions
but will not contribute to the emission rate. (Author abstract
modified)
55601
Fumarola, Giuseppe and Rosanna Gardi
CURRENT TECHNICAL AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
OF SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS. (Attuali problem! tec-
nici ed ecologici connessi con gli inquinamenti atmosferici secon-
dari). Text in Italian. Inquinamento, 15(5): 16-21, June 1973. 24
refs.
Sources of emission, abatement and control, and maximal per-
missible secondary pollutant emission levels in force in dif-
ferent countries are reviewed. Included are chlorine, fluorine,
hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and silicon tetrafluoride,
pollutants created primarily localized pollution of relatively
short duration. Damage caused to vegetation is primarily
chlorosis or loss of chlorophyll; fluorine causes in domestic
animals fluorosis or abnormal bone growth. The primary emis-
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
53
sion sources are chlorine and soda producing plants;
hydrochloric acid producing plants; combustion of coal and
oil; refuse incinerators; plants producing hydrofluoric acid,
phosphoric acid, and phosphate fertilizers; and incinerators
burning plastic refuse. Control includes dilution by high
stacks, removal of chlorine and fluorine compounds from flue
gases by absorption, adsorption, chemical reactions or conden-
sation, or change of process. Most frequently employed is
scrubbing with water in venturi towers and absorption by al-
kaline solutions. Maximal permissible concentrations in dif-
ferent countries differ widely which is not only a reflection of
different technological control methods, but also of uncertain-
ty about the toxic effects of the pollutants in question. Many
standards are based on maximal allowable concentrations
adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Indus-
trial Hygiemsts.
55922
Zuendorf, Uwe
THE UMWELT PORTRAIT OF A CITY VI: DUESSELDORF.
A COMBAT AGAINST THE WINGS OF A WINDMILL. (Um-
welt-Staedteportraet (VI): Duesseldorf. Ein Kampf gegen Wind-
muehlenfluegel). Text in German. Umwelt (Duesseldorf),
3(5):39-45, 1973.
Duesseldorf is the least polluted city of the Rhine-Ruhr area.
Forty percent of its air pollution stems from the 800 industrial
complexes, and 40% comes from the 200,000 automobiles.
Domestic heaters contribute only 20% to air pollution. Many
domestic heaters in Duesseldorf are operated by electric cur-
rent and natural gas. A large network supplied with remote
heat further helps to keep air pollution by domestic heating
low. Duesseldorf is included in the measurement program of
North Rhine Westphalia. The dust fall is measured at 38 points
of the city, the sulfur dioxide concentration is measured at one
stationary measuring station, and on 156 further points random
samples are taken. The high concentrations of fluorine com-
pounds which exceed the recommended maximum allowable
emission concentration of 5 microgram/cu m air causes con-
siderable concern. In the district of Wersten, up to 14.8 micro-
gram were measured. The fluorine concentration later
dropped. The sources for the high fluorine emissions are still
being sought.
56192
Hohmann, Ernst, Klaus Gottlieb, and Ursula Mueller
STUDIES OF MINERAL OIL AND MINERAL OIL
PRODUCTS CONCERNING FLUORINE. RESULTS OF A
JOINT TEST. (Untersuchungen von Mineraloel und Mineraloel-
produkten hinsichtlich Fluor). Text in German. Erdoel Kohle
(Hamburg), 26(ll):647-649, Nov. 1973. 3 refs.
Six laboratories in West Germany agreed to employ the same
test for determination of the fluorine concentration in crude
oil. The crude oil was burned in an oxyhydrogen flame. The
electrometric determination of the fluoride concentration in
the condensate was carried out with a fluorine sensitive elec-
trode. The detection limit of the method is 0.034 ppm F. The
crude oils which were tested are listed in a table. These tests
and the analysis of 42 further native crude oils representing
more than 90% of the crude oil processed in West Germany
yielded that if there is any fluorine present its concentration is
lower than the detection limit. Therefore extra light and heavy
fuel oil which is produced by simple distillation from the
analyzed crude oils provide no source for the emission of
fluorine.
57231
Schultz, Hyman, E. A. Hattman, and W. B. Booher
THE FATE OF SOME TRACE ELEMENTS DURING COAL
PRETREATMENT AND COMBUSTION. Am. Chem. Soc., Div.
Fuel Chem., Preprints, 18(4):108-113, 1973. (Presented at the
American Chemical Society, National Meeting, 166th, Chicago,
111., Aug. 26-31, 1973.)
In one study, selected coals were crushed and separated in or-
ganic fluids of known specific gravity. The starting coal and
each specific gravity fraction were analyzed for the trace ele-
ments mercury, copper, chromium, manganese, nickel, and
fluorine. In the second study, coal was combusted in a 100
g/hr combustor, and the ash and flue gases were collected and
analyzed for mercury, cadmium, and lead. Then coal and ash
were obtained from a 500 Ibs/hr furnace and from commercial
power plants. Analytical methods and results are described. As
much as 40% of the mercury in the coal was associated with
the high specific gravity fraction of the coal. Thus, if the
pynte is removed from coal to lower sulfur emissions, a sub-
stantial part of the mercury is also removed at no extra cost
About 10-15% of the mercury from the coal may remain in the
fly ash in coal-burning power plants. Taking both factors into
consideration could reduce the maximum emission of mercury
to about 50% of that present in the coal. Cadmium and lead
are less volatile than mercury, and thus they are retained in
the fly ash to a greater extent than Hg. It is expected that
even less volatile elements would be retained in the fly ash to
an even greater extent than Pb and Cd. Determinations of
fluorine, copper, manganese, chromium, and nickel were only
preliminary and emphasized the difficulties inherent in trace
analyses of matrices as complex as coal. Trace analysis
require extreme vigilance. Coal handling procedures them-
selves may add trace elements to the coal. (Author summary
modified)
58334
Gotsu, Isamu, Hiroshi Kagawa, and Kojiro Shimanuki
INVESTIGATION OF LOCAL AIR POLLUTION IN CON-
CENTRATED AREA OF TILE MAKING INDUSTRY IN FU-
KUYAMA DISTRICT, KORIYAMA CITY. (Koriyama-shi, Fu-
kuyama chiku ni okeru kawara kojo chitai no taiki osen (SOx
oyobi HF) chosa ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu
(J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 8(3):498, Oct. 1973. (Presented at
the Japan. Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 14th, Fu-
kushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1973, Paper 228.)
In 1970, unknown causes damaged the rice plants in the vicini-
ty of tile factories in Koriyama. Similar damage in other areas
suggested damages by hydrogen fluoride in the stack gas, and
in August 1971, stack gas content was measured; 150 ppm of
sulfur oxides and 20 ppm of hydrogen fluoride were detected.
Seven of 14 tile plants installed stack gas treatment systems
under the guidance of Koriyama city, and the systems began
operation in January 1972. In April, stack gases were analyzed
by the arsenazo III method and spectrophotometry; SOx con-
centration at the flue exit was 31-40 ppm and showed about
69.4-87% elimination rate; HF measurements were 12-17 ppm
and elimination ranged between 98.7 and 96.2%. The SOx max-
imum was 3.68 ppm and was rather low, but the HF figures
were relatively high compared with the figures of similar
plants in other prefectures. The daily 8-hour average of en-
vironmental HF in the vicinity was 0.02-0.03 ppm and was
higher than that of the entire prefecture. The causes may be
the low smoke stack, low temperature of the stack gas, and
the hilly topography, and poor dispersion. Also, combined pol-
lution with the stack gases from the nearby brick and ceramic
factories is suspected.
-------
54
58370
Fujiyoshi, Kaichi, Takashi Niwa, Masakatsu Kajikawa, and
Tomokuni Hayakawa
FLUORIDE EXHAUSTED FROM SEVEN TYPES OF
CERAMIC INDUSTRY. (Tojiki kankei kojo no gyoshu betsu ni
yoru fusso kagobutsu no haishutsu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 8(3):360,
1973. (Presented at the Japan. Society of Air Pollution, Annual,
Meeting, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1973, Paper 104.)
Emission gases from ceramic factors were investigated by
seven classifications of refractory bricks, mosaic tiles, exterior
tiles, interior tiles, dishes, glazed roof tiles, and unglazed roof
tiles. The JIS method of measurement and analysis wery used.
The hydrogen fluoride emission from refractory brick kilns
were especially high, at 48 ppm. Mosaic tile plants emitted less
than 5 ppm of HP. All tiles using glaze (exterior, interior,
dishes, glazed tiles) emitted relatively high concentrations of
HP (around 10 ppm). The causes were probably the chemical
agents used for lowering the melting point. Unglazed tiles are
baked in a single- process kiln, and the temperature seemed to
affect HP emissions very much. At one kiln, when the kiln top
temperature was 500- 600 C, HP emisison began to increase
from 0.66 order to 6.4 ppm order, and reached the highest con-
centration of 110-320 ppm at 800-900 C. However, at another
kiln of the similar type, HP began to decrease at 600 C, and at
800 C, 85% of the total emission was diminished.
58402
Kawasaki, Gunji, Masao Yamasakj, Yasutaka Hosono, Hisao
Arakawa, Sachio Yumoto, and Masami Imai
ON FLUORIDES IN EXHAUST GAS (1). (Fusso kagobutsu has-
scigen chosa ni tsuite - sono 1 - chitsugyo kankei kojo hasseigen
chosa). Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
8(3):361, 1973. (Presented at the Japan. Society Air Pollution,
Annual Meeting, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1973,
Paper 105.)
The emission gases from nine ceramic plants producing tiles
and bricks in Toyama prefecture were analyzed. Much
fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and other chlorine gases were
found in the flue gas from the bittern additive, glaze, and the
tile materials. Fluoride emissions ranged from 9 to 174 mg/N
cu m, and CI gas from 7 to 516 ppm. At one of the plants, an
elimination system was installed for flue gas, and the F con-
tent in the flue gas decreased from 131 to 0-1.1 mg, Cl gas
from 90 to zero. The environmental concentration of F at 70 m
from the plant reduced from 320-410 micrograms F/1000 sq
m/month to 0.32, and at 200 m, from 45-56 micrograms to 0-32.
Fluorides and HC1 gas began to form at 600 C, and reached
peaks at 900 for HC1 and at 950 C for F.
58939
Baribault, R. P.
PRESENT PROBLEMS IN ALUMINUM MELTING PLANTS.
(Aktuelle Probleme der Aluminium-Schmelzhuetten). Text in
German. Metall, 27(12): 1228-1231, 1973. (Presented at the Or-
ganization of European Aluminum Melting Plants, Annual
Meeting. Munich, Sept. 21, 1973.)
The quantity of coated aluminum products for canning and
food wrapping purposes such as weather resistant coatings in
the construction industry, and coating of kitchen apparatuses
of trailers has more than quadrupled between 1962 and 1972 in
the U. S. In Europe the increase was even higher. It rose from
57,000 tons in 1970 to 71,000 tons in 1971 to 100,000 tons in
1972. Two types of coated aluminum are of special importance
to air pollution, because of fluoride and chloride pollution.
Although their fraction is presently still low (about 1%) it is
expected to increase. Presently the air pollution problem can
be solved with wet collectors. Because of the corroding effect
of the waste gases, the construction and material of the
scrubber must be carefully selected. All waste water must be
cleaned. A closed cycle would be the best solution, but
presently no satisfactory method is yet in operation. Another
problem is the high magnesium concentration of the alloys
used for the manufacture of cans. A comparison of the capital
investment costs for a new secondary coated aluminum melt-
ing plant with 20,000 tons annual production with and without
facilities for cleaning the waste gases shows that $3 million are
required for a plant with air pollutant cleaning devices and
roughly $2.4 million without such devices.
59257
Magee, E. M., H. J. Hall, and G. M. Varga, Jr.
POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS IN FOSSIL FUELS. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Esso Research and Engineering Co., Linden, N. J., U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0629, Pro-
gram Element 1A2013, EPA-R2-73-249, GRU. 2DJ.73., 300p.,
June 1973. 110 refs.
Data obtained from the literature on sulfur, nitrogen, and
other potential pollutants in fossil fuels in the United States
are presented. The data are categorized according to the loca-
tion of the raw fuels, and are analyzed for geographic effects
on composition. Good data and useful correlations with source
locations are available for petroleum sulfur, nitrogen, and
nickel/vanadium, but not for other potential pollutants. A large
amount of data is presented for trace elements in coal and
nearly complete data are available for sulfur. Additional data
include: spectrochemical analyses of coal ash for trace ele-
ments, rare elements in coal, mercury in coal, determination
of arsenic in coal, colorimetric determination of beryllium,
chemical analysis for germanium and gallium in head samples
of fly ash and flue dust, spectrochemical analysis of coal ash,
and method for determination of fluorine in coal.
59494
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS SOURCES. (Die Luftverun-
reinigung und ihre Quellen). Text in German. Bull. Eidgenoess.
Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 6:311-318, Dec. 1973.
The sources of air pollution in Switzerland are surveyed. In
Switzerland, regional and local air pollution is due to domestic
heating and traffic, as well as to industry and trade. Domestic
heating, for which fuel oil is mainly used, is responsible for
sulfur dioxide and soot emissions. The SO2 levels measured in
urban areas in winter are 5 to 10 times larger than those mea-
sured in summer. Unless adequate measures are taken, the
domestic heating-generated air pollution will increase parallel
to fuel consumption. Exhaust gases and gasoline vapors con-
stitute the basic pollutants generated by automobiles. While
evaporation losses have been minimized by positive crankcase
ventilation, exhaust emissions, containing such pollutants as
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons,
and lead compounds, continue to be a problem. Industrial fir-
ing equipment generates less soot but more SO2 than domestic
heating equipment. Various gases, vapors, dusts, smoke, soot,
and fluorides are the major specific industrial emissions. The
respective shares of domestic heating, industries, and traffic in
the generation of waste gases in Switzerland are 50%, 19%,
and 23.5%.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
55
59775
Ministry of Labor, Health, and Welfare of North Rhine-
Westphalia (West Germany)
IRON AND MALLEABLE-IRON FOUNDRIES. (Eisen- und
Tempergiessereien). Text in German. In: Reine Luft fuer mor-
gen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit? Ein Konzept fuer das Nordrhein-
Westfalen bis 1980. p. 38-40, 1972.
The state of the art and the expected evolution until 1980 of
the dust, sulfur dioxide, and gaseous fluoride emissions from
iron and malleable-iron foundries in North Rhine-Westphalia
are outlined. By reducing the specific dust emission from melt-
ing furnaces from 1.5 kg to 1.0 kg/ton of Fe, and by the in-
troduction of total dust separation, covering the entire melting
process, the yearly dust emission is expected to decline from
8400 tons to 5000 tons. The SO2 emission, now 4800 tons/yr at
a specific emission of 1.6 kg/ton of Fe, is expected to decline
by 33% due to the reduction in the coke consumption, and to
the anticipated increase in the use of natural gas, and electric
melting furnaces. The gaseous F emission from basic and non-
basic furnaces, 100 tons in 1969, is expected to fall to 10 tons
in 1980 due to the abandonment of furnaces with basic linings.
59921
Goodyear Atomic Corp.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION
AND OPERATION OF A GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT.
(FINAL REPORT). Atomic Energy Commission, 33p., July 26,
1973. 8 refs. NTIS: ORO-725
A study was performed to assess the environmental effects of
the construction and operation of a gaseous diffusion plant for
separation of uranium isotopes. Radioactive contamination,
both alpha and beta-gamma, was judged possible only as a
result of accidental release or from cleaning of equipment that
is removed from the cascade. Alpha radioactivity in air sam-
ples from four locations averaged from 0.4-0.5 times 10 to the
minus 13 micro Ci/ml, while beta-gamma averaged from 4.0-4.4
times 10 to the minus 13 micro Ci/ml. Small quantities of
hydrogen fluoride were present in both the hydrogen and
fluorine streams; average concentrations of fluorine found in
the ambient environment at the plant examined were less than
1 ppb Average sulfur dioxide air samples taken at four loca-
tions ranged from 28-42 micrograms/cu M, while particulate
matter emissions were about 0.17 Ib/rmllion Btu input. Emis-
sion rates for SO2 were slightly under 6 Ibs/million Btu input
and were in excess of the state (Ohio) standards. The use of
lower than 3% sulfur fuel is expected to correct the situation
60281
Mitra, S. K.
SOURCES CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID AND GASEOUS
EFFLUENTS FROM FERTILISER PLANT. Indian J. Environ.
Health, 15(4):322-328, Oct. 1973.
Air pollutants, liquid effluents, and solid wastes generated
from operations in the fertilizer industry are reviewed in terms
of their sources; physical and human health effects, and possi-
ble control measures. Air pollutants considered include: fall
out particulates, suspended particulates, hydrocarbons, oxides
of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide,
and hydrogen fluoride. Appropriate control strategies outlined
include: the use of collectors, vapor recovery systems, by-
product recovery, combustion techniques, and stack gas
scrubbing. Effects range from soiling of property and visibility
reduction for particulates to plant damage and adverse human
health effects for oxides of nitrogen.
60283
Raman, V., P. K. Yennawar, S. K. Maira, N. S.
Manthapurwar, and G. Ramkumar
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS FROM FERTILISER MANU-
FACTURE. Indian J. Environ. Health, 15(4):283-288, Oct. 1973.
A review of the common pollutants generated by fertilizer
manufacturing and their sources of emission is presented along
with some emission data collected from field studies. Pollu-
tants considered are: sulfur dioxide generated from sulfuric
acid manufacture, steam generation, and process heaters and
furnaces, nitrogen oxides generated from nitric acid produc-
tion and acidulation (nitrophosphate); dusts generated from
grinding and transport of raw materials, raw material storage,
escape from drier outlet points, and prilling towers; ammonia
generated from its synthesis by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen
and in urea production; fluorides generated from phosphoric
acid plants and complex fertilizer plants; and sulfur trioxide
and acid mists generated from the manufacture of sulfuric
acid. Results are presente/ from source sampling during a field
visit to a fertilizer plant.
60421
Hishida, Kazuo
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR AIR POLLUTION-RE-
LATED HARMFUL SUBSTANCES. (Taiki osen kankei yugai
busshitsu shori gijutsu). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 5(5):68-
93, May 1974.
Chemical and physical information on the formation of pollu-
tants, control methods, and maintenance and inspection of
control equipment are reviewed. Cadmium and its compounds,
chlorine and hydrogen chloride, fluoride and hydrogen
fluoride, and lead and its compounds are described Various
industries and processes creating these substances are. Cd
refining; Cd paint drying processes; various soda industries;
manufacturing of chlorine, polyvinyl chloride, ferrous
chloride, activiated carbon, bleach, and chloroform, aluminum
refining electric furnaces; and manufacturing of glass,
phosphoric acid, calcium superphosphate, phosphate fertil-
izers, hydrogen fluoride, frosted glass and opaque glass; refin-
ing of lead, copper, and zinc; secondary refining of lead;
manufacturing of lead paint, glass, nitrogen oxides; ammonia
oxidation, and combustion. The forms, properties, toxicity of
these substances, and the symptoms of health damages ard
described.
60727
Ministry of Labor, Health, and Welfare of North Rhine-
Westphalia (West Germany)
WASTE INCINERATION. (Muellverbrennung). Text in Ger-
man. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit? Ein
Konzept fuer das Nordrhein-Westfalen bis 1980. p. 55-60, 1972.
The state of the art and the expected evolution of the dust,
sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and fluorine emissions from
municipal waste incinerator plants in North Rhine-Westphalia
are outlined. Dust emissions are expected to play a minor role
in the total incinerator-generated emission in 1980 since the
total dust emission presently amounts to some 500 tons/yr, and
all waste incinerator plants are equipped with dust separators
with a minimum efficiency of 95%. The emission of organic
compounds can be effectively controlled by optimized com-
bustion conditions. The PVC (polyvinyl chloride) content of
domestic refuse, now well under 1%, expected to increase
four-fold by 1980, would result in an enormous increase in the
HC1 emissions because fly ash and slag have reduced adsorp-
tion ability for HC1. The HO emissions can be controlled by
-------
56
wet scrubbing processes, while dry adsorption is both ineffi-
cient and costly. The SO2 emission would also increase
rapidly. Slowdown of the increase in the SO2, HC1, and F
emissions is expected from the use of flue gas cleaning
devices with a minimum efficiency of 80% for new plants
from 1976 on. The introduction of such flue gas cleaning
devices also for existing incinerators in 5 more years will
result in a net decrease in the pollutant emissions.
60728
Ministry of Labor, Health, and Welfare of North Rhine-
Westphalia (West Germany)
NONFERROUS METALLURGY. (NE-Metallerzeugung). Text
in German. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder \\ir-
klichkeit? Kin Konzept fuer das Nordrhein-Westfalen bis 1980.
p. 60-65, 1972.
State of the art and the expected evolution of the pollutant
emissions from nonferrous metallurgical plants in North
Rhine- Westphalia are outlined. Aluminum works cause local
air pollution by the emission of gaseous fluorine, dust (alumina
and fluorides), sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The
specific fluorine, dust, and SO2 emissions are 1.5-0.8 kg/ton,
20-9 kg/ton, and 15-3 kg/ton, respectively. Aluminum re-melt-
ing plauts emit chloride aerosols, metal oxides, gaseous
fluorine, and dust. The particulate emission is expected to fall
from 1320 tons to 680 tons yearly in 1980, while the re-melting
capacity will double. Lead melting plants emit mostly SO2 and
dusts containing zinc, cadmium, arsenic, bismuth, copper, and
tin. The Pb and Zn emission will be drastically reduced by
1975. The Pb, Zn, and Cu emissions from Cu melting plants,
already below 50 mg/cu m, are not expected to decline further,
while the hydrochloric acid emission will be reduced by 50%
by 1980. The SO2 emission will increase from 900 tons in 1970
to 1100 tons in 1980. The SO2 emission from Zn smelting
plants will rise considerably until 1975, and further reduction
in the SO2 emission is expected from the introduction of the
double-contact sulfuric acid production process and from flue
gas desulfurization. The maximum allowable concentration of
dusts containing toxic components in nonferrous metallurgical
plants will be reduced from 150 mg/cu m to 50 mg/cu m.
60729
Ministry of Labor, Health, and Welfare of North Rhine-
Westphalia (West Germany)
STONE AND EARTH INDUSTRY. (Stein und Erden). Text in
German. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit?
Ein Konzept fuer das Nordhein-Westfalen bis 1980. p. 65-66,
1972.
The state of the art and the expected evolution of emission in
the stone and earth industry in North Rhine-Westphalia, as
well as measures to be taken for pollution abatment in these
industries are outlined. Dust, fluorine compounds, lead, zinc,
barium, selenium, cadmium, boron, strontium and hexavaleent
chromium compounds, as well as combustion process-
generated sulfur dioxide are the chief pollutants in the stone
and earth industry. While measures taken a few years ago
have resulted in a decrease in the dust emissions in cement
works, the results achieved cannot be regarded as satisfactory.
Step-up of cement production, and the trend toward larger
production units will most probably result in a dispropor-
tionately great increase in the dust emissions due to labile
operating conditions. Permanent control of the efficiency of
dust-separating equipment, and automatic shutdown of clinker
mills during periods of high emission rates in the cement in-
dustry, as well as the use of adequate apparatuses for the
separation of F2, Zn, Pb, and other volatile toxic compounds
in the brick and glass industries, will be required for emission
abatement.
60827
Trefois, M. A.
METALLURGY AS A POLLUTING INDUSTRY. (La Siderur-
gie en tant qu Industrie polluante). Text in French. Rev. Serv.
Publ., 32(l):3-7, 9-16, 1970. 2 refs.
Problems of air pollution and techniques and equipment availa-
ble for its abatement m metallurgy are surveyed. Sulfur diox-
ide, arsine, nitrogen oxides, fluorine and chlorine compounds,
ozone, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, dust, aerosols, and
smoke are the principal pollutants emitted by metallurgical
plants. Dust chambers, settling chambers, cyclones, mul-
ticyclones, scrubbers, venturi scrubbers, and electrostatic
precipitators are among the principal dust emission control
equipment used in metallurgical plants. The dispersion of the
pollutants can b_ essentially improved by high stacks. Modern
metallurgical plants designed with respect to air pollution con-
trol include such emission control equipment as Pratt-Daniel
dust separators for coke charging and for agglomerate trans-
port equipment, wet methods of coke quenching, Multivortex
dust separators for agglomeration lines, Centicell dust separa-
tors for agglomerate discharge, cyclone groups for coke han-
dling at the blast-furnaces, and bag filters for the steel melting
furnace.
60866
Ministry of Labor, Health, and Welfare of North Rhine-
Westphalia (West Germany)
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. (Eisen und Stahl). Text in Ger-
man. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit? Ein
Konzept fuer das Nordrhein-Westfalen bis 1980. p. 32-37, 1972.
State of the art and the expected evolution of the particulate,
sulfur dioxide, fluoride, and metal oxide emissions from the
different processes in the iron and steel industry in North
Rhine-Westphalia are outlined. While the electric-arc furnace
process, and especially the oxygen converter process, will
acquire increased shares in total steel output, the share of the
open- hearth furnace process will decrease, and Thomas steel
will fade out completely by 1980. Ore dressing operations are
responsible for considerable emissions of sulfur dioxide,
fluorides, chlorides, and dusts containing lead, manganese,
copper, antimony, and other metals. Blast-furnaces are respon-
sible for dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur diox-
ide, and hydrogen sulfide emissions. Dust separation at oxygen
converters is done primarily by means of wet type dust
separators and electrostatic precipitators. The dust concentra-
tion in the cleaned waste gases from tissue filters and electro-
static precipitators should be limited to 30-40 mg/N cu m and
to 50 mg/N cu m, respectively. The considerable CO emissions
could be modestly decreased by limiting the air-excess coeffi-
cient to 0.1. Electric-arc furnaces should be equipped with suc-
tion hoods and tissue filters. Also, fluorine-containing fluxes
should be abandoned. The emissions from iron and steel works
can be abated by the shutdown of obsolete works, by the use
of improved techniques of gas collection and purification for
new plants, by the combined removal of sulfur and F2 from
agglomeration plant-generated waste gases, and by the in-
troduction of total dedusting for steel works, including elec-
tric-arc furnaces. The maximum allowable dust concentrations
should be determined as a function of their content of toxic
components.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
57
61007
Brocke, W.
AIR POLLUTION BY EMISSIONS FRC1.. COiWENTIONAL
POWER PLANTS. (Die Luftbelastung durch Emissionen kon-
ventionneler Kraftwerke). Preprint, Society of German Radia-
tion Protection Physicians and Society for Radiation and En-
vironmental Research, 1971. 9 refs. (Presented at the Society of
German Radiation Protection Physicians/Society for Radiation
and Environmental Research Joint Meeting, 12th, Environmen-
tal Protection in Nuclear and Conventional Power Production,
Oct. 8-9, 1971.) Translated from German, 13p.
Conventional power plants produce dusts, sulfur oxides,
fluorine compounds, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and
gaseous hydrocarbons. These emissions in the Federal
Republic of Germany are estimated for 1970, 1975, and 1980
for bituminous coal, lignite, heating oil, and gas. From 1970 to
1980, particles are expected to increase by 13%, SOx by 22%,
F compounds by 18%, NOx by 34%, CO by 35%, and HC by
13%. Emissions of sulfur dioxide from stationary sources in
power plants, industrial plants, and home heating make up
88% of the total emission of SO2 in the German Federal
Republic. Power plants will produce 41%, 40%, and 36% of
the total SO2 emissions in 1970, 1975, and 1980, respectively.
Power plants will produce 70% and 83% of the F emissions in
1970 and 1980, respectively. Power plants in Germany produce
18 to 23% of the NOx emissions. Half of all particle emissions
come from stationary emissions, and 18% came from power
plants in 1970. This will rise to 26% by 1980. Different fuels
and operating conditions can cause different amounts of emis-
sions. Operating and emission data are given for a 600 MW
power plant run on bituminous coal, lignite, heating oil, and
gas.
61154
Kremer, Hans
EMISSION FROM FIRING SYSTEMS. (Emission von Feuerun-
gen). Text in German. Umwelt Aktuel., no. 4:29-44, 1973. 38
refs. (Presented at the Congress Umwelt 72, Stuttgart, Ger-
many, June 30-July 9, 1972.)
The particulate and gaseous emissions from firing systems and
their causes are reviewed. In the Federal Republic of Germany
annually 1 million tons of particulates, 3 million tons of sulfur
dioxide, 600,000 tons of carbon monoxide, 600,000 tons of
nitrogen oxides, 130,000 tons of hydrocarbons, and about 10
tons of fluorine compounds are emitted by firing systems. Sul-
fur control measures include the removal of pyrite from coal
and the hydration of heavy oil. The costs of these measures
are estimated. Dusts can be satisfactorily removed in dust col-
lectors. Nitrogen oxides can be reduced by near stoichiometric
combustion, two- or more stage combustion, waste gas recir-
culation, and water injection.
61183
Schmidt, E.
BALANCE OF AIR POLLUTING FLUORINE FRACTIONS.
(Bilanz luftverunreinigender Fluoranteile). Text in German.
Bundesverband der Dent. Ziegelind. Forsch., vol. 80:21-24,
1973.
On a brick kiln with a capacity of 3800 kg/hr and a fuel con-
sumption of about 152 kg/hr, measurements of the sulfur diox-
ide and trioxide and of the fluorine emission were taken. The
gas was sampled with a heated quartz tube which was fol-
lowed by a filter filled with quartz wool for separation of
those fractions bound to dust. For analysis of the fluorine con-
centration, the gas sample was led through a scrubber filled
with 2n caustic soda. The samples thus obtained were filled
into synthetic bottles for later analysis in the laboratory. The
fluorine was determined by water vapor distillation and follow-
ing colorimetry by the Belcher-West method. The emission of
SO2 and SOS was determined separately in an apparatus by
Corbett where SO3 is first absorbed in isopropanol and SO2
next in iodine solution. The concentrations were determined
by simple titration. The main measurements were taken over a
period of 8 days. They were followed by measurements over 1
day after the furnace operation had been halted. The average
concentration of the fluorine emission was 138 mg/cu m. The
highest concentration measured was 201 mg F/cu m, the
lowest 75 mg/cu m. The sum of SO2 plus SO3 was 328 mg/cu
m, with SO3 constituting 71%. On the average, 59% of the
fluorine entered with the crude material were driven off. The
values fluctuated in dependence of the kiln operation.
61564
Nakagawa, Yoshihiro, Isho Mitsuki, and Takei Takada
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
IN A DISTRICT AROUND A CERTAIN IRON MAKING FAC-
TORY. (Bo-seitetsu kojo shuhen chiku ni okeru fusso kagobutsu
ni yoru taiki osen). Text in Japanese. Hyogo-ken Kogai Ken-
kyusho Hokoku (Rep. Environ. Sci. Inst., Hyogo Prefect.), no.
5:47-51, Dec. 1973. 6 refs.
Although it is not known popularly, steel making factories
usually discharge considerable amounts of fluorine compounds
as silicon tetrafluoride or hydrogen fluoride because the facto-
ries use calcium fluoride as an extension or slag forming agent.
The atmospheric pollution in the neighborhood of a steel plant
was examined through the analysis of water soluble hydrogen
compound contained in suspended particulates as well as
through the determination of fluorine in plant leaves. The
method used for the determination was that proposed by
Thompson et al. (JAPCA,21(8) 484-487(1971)). The content in
air was 0.211-1.012 micrograms/cu m and the origin of this
fluorine was the factory wastes. The correlation between
fluorine and various heavy metals such as iron, manganese,
and zinc was meaningful. The fluorine content in the leaves of
sultan s parasol, Firmiana platanifolia, was 2.30-39.62 micro-
grams/g leaves. The concentration increases as the location of
a tree neared the factory. The values obtained by the
colorimetric method and by the ionic electrode method agreed
well with each other. Therefore, the ionic electrode method is
superior to the other because this method is simpler. Com-
parison was also made of the Smith method and the Jacobson
method.
61570
Kubota, Torahide
DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMER CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
AND ITS ASSESSMENT FROM THE STANDPOINT OF POL-
LUTION. (Kobunshi kagaku kogyo no hattan to kogai kara no
asesumento ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo (Environ.
Creation), 4(4):27-36, April 1974.
Air pollution control plans required of plastic industries in-
clude inspections of monomer synthetic process by-products
and their toxicity, toxicity of refining low-boiling point gas,
photochemically reactive gas, polymer process separation gas,
plastic waste incineration combustion gas, and treatment of all
these harmful gases. Industries are responsible for producing
potentially toxic material by utilizing materials including
hydrogen chloride, heavy metals, nitrogen oxide, sulfur ox-
ides, and dusts. Plastic products and potential pollutants,
plastic coloring materials and pollution factors, and various
polymer compound additives and pollutants are presented in
-------
58
tables. Even with photodegradable plastics and radio-degrada-
ble materials, food, air, water, i'nd human health are
threatened, especially if degradation occurs while the products
are still in use. Degraded materials still produce HC1, hydrogen
fluoride, ammonia, COC12, carbon monoxide, and formal-
dehyde. The better the product, the harder the treatment and
the more chances for pollution; therefore, the future of
polymer products must be based on the environmental safety
even it it means inferior products. The distribution-sales flow
must include recovery and reuse, and the manufacturing
process must include material recovery and recirculation
systems.
61800
Beising, R. and H. Kirsch
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE TRACE ELEMENT FLUORINE
FROM FOSSIL FUELS AT THE COMBUSTION. (Das Verhal-
ten des Spurenelementes Fluor aus fossilen Brennstoffen bei der
Verbrennung). Text in German. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik,
54(4):268-286, April 1974. 61 rets.
Fluorine is in coal largely bound to the mineral fraction. In the
Ruhr coal, the fluorine concentration amounts to between 15
and 210 ppm, soft coal from the lower Rhine contains only 3
to 28 ppm fluorine. Solubility experiments with coal showed a
mobility of the F-ions in the water-containing coals. Only a
small fraction of the fluorine in the coal stems from the
original plant material, the main fraction is found in the illites.
In the cyclone melting furnace fired by hard coal which was
examined, the fluorine evaporates entirely from the liquid slag.
The fluorine concentration in the fly ash collected in the dust
collectors may reach as much as 1100 ppm. In soft coal-fired
furnaces with dry ash tap-off, about one fourth of the fluorine
is retained in the fly ash in the electrostatic precipitator. The
largest local fluorine concentration (2200 ppm) was found in
the thin deposits on the combustion chamber walls. In the ex-
amined furnaces, with the exception of the soft coal fired
boilers, the fluorine concentration in the ash increases with
decreasing flue gas temperature from zero to 2700 ppm. At a
flue gas temperature above 900 C, no fluorine is bound in the
deposits. The fluorine ions in the fly ash from soft coal- and
hard coal-fired boilers showed a relatively low water solubility.
In the literature it is generally assumed that from power
plants, the fluorine escapes largely in gaseous form as
hydrogen fluoride and silicon fluoride. The formation of HF is
promoted by the high water concentration of the flue gases.
The present examinations revealed that fluorine is largely
bound to the octahedron layer of the clay mineral as a replace-
ment of hydroxyl ions. Under the conditions of the com-
bustion chamber they leave the disintegrating structure and
form HF.
63661
Zhukov, V. I., T. N. Livke, P. K. Zaika, I. I. Voldayeva, and
M. V. Gavrilyuk
WAYS OF ABATING GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE POL-
LUTANT CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AIR IN THE CHEMI-
CAL INDUSTRY. (Puri snizheniya zagazovannosti i zapylennosti
vozdukha na predpriyatiyakh khimicheskoy promyshlennosti).
Text in Russian. Khirn. Prom. (Moscow), no. 5:371-372, 1974.
Results of workplace pollutant concentration measurements in
chemical plants, and measures planned or taken for emission
abatement in such plants are described. The sulfur dioxide,
dust, and nitrogen dioxide concentrations measured in a sul-
furic acid production plant were in excess of the maximum al-
lowable concentrations in 8.5%, 7.2%, and 37.7% of all cases,
respectively. The hydrogen phosphide, dust, hydrofluoric acid
concentrations in a phosphate fertilizer plant exceeded the
limit values in up to 70% of all cases. An epidemiological sur-
vey conducted among the workers revealed that pneumonia
was responsible for 30% of all diseases, while the respective
shares of the diseases of the upper respiratory tract, of
bronchitis, and gastrointestinal affections were 27%, 2%, and
5%, figures that are indicative of the predominant influence of
dust. Wet method and closed cycle operation in a phosphate
processing plant, the use of centrifugal scrubbers in a su-
perphosphate manufacturing plant, and alkaline adsorption of
phosphates for the reduction of the fluoride emissions, as well
as ozone-catalytic purification and the use of fibrous filters for
the reduction of the SO2, sulfur trioxide, and sulfuric acid
production plant are among the principal measures taken so
far for pollution abatement.
64926
Schoenmaker, Oswald Dirk and Jacobus Philippus
Guldenmundt
USE OF PUROFER SPONGE IRON IN A 35-TON ELECTRIC
ARC FURNACE. (Einsatz von Purofer-Eisenschwamm in einem
35-t-Elektroofen.) Text in German. Stahl Eisen (Duesseldort),
94(16):711-728, Aug. 1974. 3 refs.
The emissions from the charging of sponge iron in an electric
furnace were examined. Dust emission measurements were
taken in the suction tube 26m from the furnace. The furnace
waste gases are afterburned and cooled by surplus air. The
first portions of the suction tube are water cooled. At the mea-
suring point the temperature was 500 to 700 C. During scrap
melting a maximum of 10 to 14 g of dust/cu m and an average
of 6 g/cu m were measured. The continuous addition of sponge
iron increased the maximum values to 20 to 21 g dust/cu m
and the average to 9.0 g/cu m at a sponge iron fraction of 72
to 80%. Of the measured dust during sponge iron melts 60%
had a grain size of less than 5 micron, while this fraction was
only 30% during scrap melts. Understandably the fractions of
silica, alumina, and titanium dioxide, as well as calcium oxide
and magnesium oxide were higher during the treatment of
sponge iron while the fractions of tin, zinc, lead, manganese,
sodium oxide, fluorine, and water soluble chlorine were low.
65064
Gerstle, Richard W. and Robert S. Amick
STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY, MT. PLEASANT, TEN-
NESSEE. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0237,
Test 72-MM-04, Task 4, 99p., 1972 (?).
Atmospheric emissions of fluorides and phosphorus pentoxide
from Stauffer Chemical Company s elemental phosphorus
plant in Mt. Pleasant, Tenn., were sampled to form a data base
for New Source Performance Standards as authorized by
Celan Air Act of 1970. Tests were made to determine fluoride
and P2O5 concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the venturi
scrubber serving the furnace slag tapping operations. Fluoride
concentrations before the venturi scrubber were generally in
the range of 0.026 to 0.029 gr/SCF. Phosphorus pentoxide con-
centrations ranged from about 0.055 to 0.066, gr/SCF. After
the scrubber, fluorides ranged from 0.00103 to 0.00131 gr/SCF
and P2O5 concentrations were in the 0.012 and 0.016 gr/SCF
range. Stack gas velocities, temperatures, moisture, carbon
dioxide, oxygen, and carbon monoxide content were also mea-
sured.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
59
66955
Ministry of International Trade and Industry and Hokkaido-
Tomakomai Municipal Government
A REPORT ON THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION FOR
THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOMAKOMAI
AREA (AIR POLLUTION). (Tomakomai chiku sangyo kogai
sogo jizen chosa (taiki kankei) hokokusho). Text in Japanese.
Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 10(8):59- 69, Aug. 1974.
Tomakomai city which has been the center of paper pulp,
wooden products, and lumber industries is changing into a
heavy and chemical industrial area. With the development of
industrial conglomerates of aluminum-electric power-oil
refinery-petrochemicals, the pollution problems are increasing.
The sulfur oxides concentration measured by the lead dioxide
method showed a localized pollution in the vicinity of paper
mills, and the yearly average SOx concentration measured by
the conductimetric method was relatively low and below the
environmental standard. The settling particulate concentrations
measured in 1971 and 1972 did not show much increase com-
pared to those in preceding years. The high hydrogen fluoride
concentration was localized in the vicinity of an aluminum
refinery. The relationships between meteorological factors and
pollution were analyzed in regard to the wind direction
frequency (wind rose) and distribution of wind velocity. The
estimation of atmospheric pollutant concentration was based
on data on future operations submitted by each industry by
means of wind tunnel dispersion tests and theoretical equa-
tions of dispersion. The maximum SOx concentrations calcu-
lated based on the original industrial development plan were
0.389 ppm at E wind and 0.293 at S wind, exceeding the en-
vironmental standard. Recommendations for SOx pollution
control by means of conversion to low sulfur content fuel,
desulfurization processes, and increase in stack height were is-
sued. With the cooperation of industry, it is now certain that
the SOx concentration can be maintained below the environ-
mental standard.
66977
Deysing, Guenter
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN THE
DISTRICT COTTBUS AND THE TASKS RESULTING FROM
IT FOR THE SOCIALIST SOCIETY IN THE COUNTRY. (Die
Entwicklung der Volkswirtschaft im Bezirk Cottbus und die sich
daraus ergebenden Aufgaben fuer die sozialistische I.andeskul-
tur). Text in German. In: Technick und Umweltschutz Luft -
Wasser - Boden - Laerm, Luftverunreinigung bestimmter
Gebiete und technologische Verfahren zur Emissionsvermin-
derung. Vol. 5, Leipzig, VEB Deutscher Verlag fuer Grundstof-
findustrie, 1974, p. 11-18.
The district Cottbus supplied in 1970 35% of East Germany s
electric power which by 1975 will have risen to 44%, 51% of
the demand for soft coal which will rise to 58% by 1975, and
53% of the city gas which will rise to 65%. The further indus-
trialization and the increasing population density in the cities,
primarily in the Eastern part of the district of Cottbus, lead to
enormous air pollution problems. Power generation and coal
refining cause emission of dust, sulfur dioxide, oxides of
nitrogen, phenols, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, organic sulfur
compounds, and other odorous substances. The sizable glass
and ceramic industry emits dust, sulfur dioxide, oxides of
nitrogen, fluorine compounds, lead, and sulfur trioxide. Other
industrial branches operating in the district Cottbus and
emitting a broad spectrum of pollutants are the chemical, tex-
tile and food industries, and metal working plants. The availa-
bility of waste gas cleaning facilities is presently at 75% and
great efforts have been made to raise it to 95%. Industry
operates 170 measuring stations in the areas Luebbenau,
Vetschau, Boxberg, Knappenrode, and Laubusch and the In-
stitute for Hygiene operates 90 measuring stations. The results
from these measurements aid the selection of air cleaning
systems.
67748
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY.
VOLUME 2: TEST DATA SUMMARY (FINAL REPORT).
Rept. EPA 4SO/2-74-019b, 62p., Oct. 1974. 33 rets. NTIS: PB
237607/AS
Background information on the derivation of performance
standards for the phosphate fertilizer industry is presented in
connection with a first volume which provided a general
description of the facilities for which standards were
proposed. Summaries of emission testing data cited in Volume
I are presented and are concerned principally with tests for
fluorides and visible emissions. The facilities, characteristics
of the exhaust gas streams, and conditions of operation are
also described. Types of facilities covered in the document in-
clude: wet-process phosphoric acid plants, superphosphoric
acid plants, diammonium phosphate plants, run-of-pile triple
superphosphate plants, granular triple superphosphate plants,
and storage of granular triple superphosphate. Many of the
tests summarized were conducted using the Environmental
Protection Agency Method 13 which will be proposed in the
Federal Register at or before the time of proposal of the per-
formance standards.
67806
California Air Resources Board
A FINAL REPORT ON AN EMISSION INVENTORY AT
KAISER STEEL. Rept. 73-20-5, 15p., Sept. 18, 1973.
An emission inventory of sources at Kaiser Steel and a
schedule for compliance for each source not now in com-
pliance with San Bernardino County Air Pollution Control Dis-
trict regulations were developed. The total emissions from the
Kaiser Steel plant in tons/day and tons/yr of the various air
pollutants, and the percentage of contribution of most of these
emissions to the total emission inventory for San Bernardino
County are tabulated. The District has no countrywide infor-
mation on the emissions of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, or
gaseous fluoride. The total emissions are these: particulate
matter 11.4 tons/day, 4161 tons/yr; sulfur dioxide 27.9
tons/day, 10,184 tons/yr; oxides of nitrogen as nitrogen diox-
ide 13.5 tons/day, 4928 tons/yr; carbon monoxide 98.7
tons/day, 36,026 tons/yr; organic compounds as methane 7.7
tons/day, 2811 tons/yr; H2S 0.2 tons/day, 73 tons/yr; NH3 0.5
tons/day, 183 tons/yr; and gaseous fluoride 1.0 tons/day, 365
tons yr. Most of the emissions of particulate matter, organic
compounds, H2S, and NH3 are from published emission fac-
tors or engineering estimates and most of the emissions of
SO2, NOx, CO, and gaseous fluorides aie from source test
data.
67834
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. VOLUME
2: TEST DATA SUMMARY (FINAL REPORT). Rept. EPA-
4SO-2-74-020b, Sip., Oct. 1974. 17 refs. NTIS: PB 237613/AS
-------
60
A summary is presented of source tests and visible emission
measurements which were cited in Technical Report: An in-
vestigation of the Best Systems of Emission Reduction for the
Primary Aluminum Industry. The summary is concerned prin-
cipally with tests for fluorides and visible emissions but also
describes the facilities, their operating conditions, and charac-
teristics of exhaust gas streams. Average primary outlet emis-
sions (fluorides) for 11 primary aluminum facilities tested
were: 0.0122, 0.016, 0.28, 0.405, 0.50, 0.139, 0.448, 0.51, 0.04,
0.74, and 0.31 Ibs/ton of product. Roof emissions (fluorides),
secondary outlet fluorides, and visible emissions are also tabu-
lated. Many of the tests were conducted using the Environ-
mental Protection Agency Method 13 which will be proposed
in the Federal Register at the time of proposal of the per-
formance standards for new or substantially modified primary
aluminum plants.
67940
Galantai, Pal
STATE OF ART, AND CURRENT TASKS AND PROBLEMS
OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN KOMAROM
COUNTY (HUNGARY). (A kornyezetvedelem helyzete, idoszeru
kerdesei, feladatai, Komarom megyeben). Text in Hungarian.
Tatabanyai Szenbanyak Muzaki-Kozgazdasagi Kozl., no. 2-3:55-
60, April-Sept. 1974.
The state of the art of environmental pollution, as well as cur-
rent achievements and tasks in environmental protection in
Komarom county, the most industrialized area in Hungary, are
presented. While being one of the most polluted counties in
Hungary, Komarom county is in an advanced position in en-
vironmental protection, and the measures currently taken are
preventive rather than reparative in nature. Dust, sulfur diox-
ide, fluorine, and malodorous emissions are principally respon-
sible for air pollution. Thermal power plants, cement works,
alumina factories, mines, and a vitamin B12 fermenting plant
are the chief sources of pollution. A large-capacity cement
work is being equipped with electrostatic precipitators for dust
emission control. The malodorous substances generated in the
vitamin B12 fermenting plant will be destroyed by incineration.
68703
Balogh, Erno
AIR POLLUTION IN TATABANYA AND METHOD OF AIR
POLLUTION STUDY FOR INDUSTRIAL AREAS. (Tatabanya
levegoszennyezodese es az iparvidekek levegoszennyezettsegenek
vizsgalati modszere). Text in Hungarian. Tatabanyai Szenbanyak
Muszaki-Kozgazdasagi Kozl., no. 2-3:69-73, April-Sept. 1974. 15
refs.
An inventory is presented of the air pollutant emissions in the
Tatabanya region, Hungary, and a general method for the
study of air pollution in industrial areas is outlined. Fly ash,
dust, sulfur dioxide, and fluorides are the chief pollutants
emitted in this industrial area that consumes 1,160,000 tons of
coal yearly. A thermal power plant, equipped with electrostatic
precipitators for fly ash separation, emits fly ash and SO2, a
gaseous pollutant for whose removal there is currently no
economically acceptable method available. It will be possible
to abate the dust emission from a large-capacity cement works
by the use of electrostatic precipitators. It was possible to
reduce the SO2 concentration peak from 5 mg/cu m to 0.3
mg/cu m by increasing the stack height from 50 m to 160 m at
a power plant. This change also resulted in a shift of the site
of the peak concentration to a greater distance from the emis-
sion source. The automotive exhaust-generated air pollution,
though increasing, is well below the allowable level. The ex-
pansion of residential areas with long-distance heating systems
is a valuable contribution to air pollution abatement. The ex-
pectable ground-level concentrations can be estimated from
the pollutant discharge on the basis of wind speed and wind
direction distribution.
68807
Kaurov, P. I., U. K. Bakirov, and O. A. Bogayevskiy
VENTILATION OF ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS SHOPS.
(Provetrivaniye tsekhov elektroliza alyuminiya). Text in Russian.
Bezop. Tr. Prom., no. 11:37-38, 1972.
Problems of ventilation and air pollution control in aluminum
electrolysis shops are described. In one electrolysis shop, the
air discharged contains 2.1 mg fluorides, including 0.7 mg
hydrofluoric acid per cu m. Ventilation due to the heat
released by the electrolyzers is insufficient as it is controlled
mostly by the wind with the aeration pressure not exceeding
0.5 mm of water column. Therefore, mechanical ventilation,
especially exhaust ventilation, must be provided for along with
conditioning of the incoming air and purification of the ex-
haust.
68823
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. VOLUME
1: PROPOSED STANDARDS. Rept. EPA-450/2-74-020a, 122p.,
Oct. 1974. 13 refs. NTIS: PB 237612/AS
The proposed standards of performance for primary aluminum
plants and the rationale for the degree of control selected are
described. Analytical methods for sampling emissions and the
environmental and economic impact of the standards are
discussed. During initial plant surveys, source measurements,
and a later visit to Norway, seven primary aluminum reduction
plants were observed to have visible emissions of about 10%
opacity or less; four with dry control systems had no visible
emissions. One domestic carbon anode bake plant had visible
emissions of less than 20% opacity; another domestic plant
had 10%. The Norwegian anode bake plant had about 10%.
The primary standard was based on primary emissions which
averaged less than 0.5 Ibs TF/TAP (total fluoride/ton of alu-
minum produced) which were achieved on four plants; one
foreign plant reported primary emissions of less than 0.5 Ib
TF/TAP. Three of the six tests of secondary systems showed
average emissions of less than 1.25 TF/TAP, including two
plants with elaborate sampling and flow measurement devices.
Based on an assumed fluoride control efficiency of only 90%,
emissions from carbon bake plants can be controlled to below
0.20 Ib TF/TCAP. Data were obtained from plants in which the
collection systems were upgraded and control systems
retrofitted to an existing plant. New plants should easily be
able to achieve the recommended standard of performance.
The economic impact upon the domestic primary aluminum in-
dustry of the standards is not considered to be adverse. The
economic impact would be adverse if more stringent standards
were to be imposed upon the industry. The proposed standard
of 2.0 Ib/TF/TAP is supported by measurement of emissions
from potrooms. Control technology for anode bake plants is
available to achieve 0.20 Ib TF/TCAP. The standard will
require installation and proper maintenance of equipment
representative of the best technology which has been demon-
strated for the industry. (Author summary modified)
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
61
68912
Shacklette, Hansford T., Josephine G. Boerngen, and John
Keith
SELENIUM, FLUORINE, AND ARSENIC IN SURFICIAL
MATERIALS OF THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Circ., no. 692: 1-14, 1974. 33 refs.
Concentrations of selenium, fluorine, and arsenic in 912, 911,
and 910 samples, respectively, of soils and other regoliths
from sites approximately 50 miles apart throughout the U. S.
are represented on maps by symbols showing five ranges of
values. Histograms of the concentrations of these elements are
also given. The geometric mean concentrations in the samples
are 0.31, 0.25, and 0.39 ppm selenium for the entire U. S., the
western U. S., and the eastern U. S., respectively; 180, 250,
and 115 ppm fluorine, respectively; and 5.8, 6.1, and 5.4 ppm
arsenic, respectively. Selenium in soils may be derived from
parent material weathered from the underlying rock, from
wind- or water-deposited seleniferous materials, from ground
or surface water by precipitation, from volcanic emanations
brought down by rain, and from sediments derived from min-
ing operations. Fluorine is added to soils from atmospheric fal-
lout from industrial activity, by volcanic ejecta, or by the ap-
plication of phosphate fertilizers and other fertilizers contain-
ing slag. Arsenic in soils can result from agricultural practices,
industrial operations, burning of coal ash containing As, smel-
ters, and arsenic insecticides. The analytical methods used to
determine selenium, fluorine, and arsenic were X-ray
fluorescence, fluoride specific-ion electrode, and spec-
trophotometric-isotope dilution methods, respectively. (Author
abstract modified)
69039
Waldbott, G. L. and W. Oelschlager
FLUORIDE IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Fluoride Quart. Repts.,
7(4):220-222, Oct. 1974. 3 refs. (Presented at the Sth I.S.F.R.
Conference, April 8-11, 1973.)
Preliminary data on determinations of fluoride in tobacco, de-
tergents and other cleaning materials, certain kinds of dusts
(wood, steel, fiberglass, and asbestos), pollen grains, and fer-
tilizers are presented. The data concern mainly items to which
one is exposed occupationally. Relatively large amounts of
fluoride are found in fiberglass and its presence could be a
factor in the irritating action of fiberglass on the mucous lining
of the upper respiratory tract. Fluoride contained in steel dust
is not likely to induce symptoms in humans, though fluoride
might conceivably influence the production of red lung which
is primarily caused by airborne iron oxide. Similarly, the
presence of fluoride in asbestos might be a factor in the action
of asbestos bodies in the lungs. Fluoride is present in minute
quantities in pollen grains (approximately 3 ppm); not much
pollen is likely to reach the lower air ways due to the size of
the pollen (20-60 microns). Fluorides in detergents can reach
certain food products when food-handling containers are not
sufficiently rinsed. A person who smokes 50 cigarettes per day
is estimated to inhale approximately 0.8 mg fluoride as com-
pared to the 8-hour maximum allowable concentration values
of 2.5 mg/cu m. Most occupational diseases are aggravated by
smoking and even relatively minute amounts of tobacco smoke
may, under certain conditions, contribute to respiratory illness.
69309
Vogl, J.
THE EMISSION INVENTORY AND THE NECESSITY OF
DETERMINING THE EMISSIONS SPECIFIC TO VARIOUS
INDUSTRIAL BRANCHES AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES.
(Das Emissionskataster und die Notwendigkeit der Ermittlung
branchen- und produktionsspezifischer Emissionen). Text in
German. Gesundh.-Ingr., 95(9):251-253, 1974. (Paper presented
at the second Symposium on Branch-specific Emissions, Fluorine
Emissions by Brick Kilns, Munich, Germany, Feb. 1, 1974.)
In order to gain information on the air quality of a certain area
a detailed emission inventory is required for which extensive
data on the spatial distribution as well as size and type of sin-
gle emission sources must be gathered. Although collection of
these data has begun in Bavaria it is reckoned, that it will take
several years to complete the emission inventory. For this
reason, available sources of information as well as model cal-
culations and approximations have to be used for working out
the planned emission protection program. The emission inven-
tory must include the emission sources such as industries, fos-
sil and nuclear fuel-operated power production plants,
domestic heaters, and automobiles. For determining the emis-
sions by industrial production facilities existing statistical data
such as density of industries in the area and throughput must
be used, which is risky with regard to accuracy. The inaccura-
cy can be reduced somewhat if a differentiation of the various
production processes is introduced. The the creation of the
emission protection program in Bavaria only sulfur dioxide,
oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
fluoride, and dusts are taken into account. For better com-
parison of the pollution in various regions an evaluating
scheme on the basis of an emission matrix was used which
groups the various emission sources according to type and
quantity of emitted pollutants into four categories and with
which the emissions by each individual industrial branch can
be determined.
69353
Wilson, H. H. and L. D. Johnson
CHARACTERIZATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED
FROM BRICK PLANT KILNS. Preprint, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Particulatc and
Chemical Processes Branch, 15p., 1973 (?). 15 refs.
Stack gases analyses and emission factors were obtained for
four brick plants selected as extreme cases of pollutant emit-
ters. Each of the four plants used tunnel kilns fired with natu-
ral gas. Average stack gas concentrations for the four plants
ranged from 32.0-359 mg/cu m for nitrogen oxides, 121-2690
mg/cu m for sulfur dioxide, 17.9-71.8 mg/cu m for sulfur triox-
ide, 31.7-162 mg/cu m for fluorides, 2.1-13 mg/cu m for
chlorine, and 8-56 mg/cu m for particulates. Chemical analyses
of plume particulates presenting visible emissions (opacities as
high as 15%) identified the particulate emissions as mixtures of
ammonium bisulfate and ammonium sulfate. Emission factors
for the four plants ranged from 157-2668 mg/kg brick for sul-
fur dioxide, 22.5-99.4 mg/kg for sulfur trioxide, 79.9-549 mg/kg
for fluorides, and 113-501 mg/kg for chlorine. These factors
were computed from chemical analyses of raw and fired
materials rather than from the stack analyses and production
rates.
69422
Brocke, W.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY CONVENTIONAL
POWER PLANTS. AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY CONVEN-
TIONAL POWER PLANT EMISSIONS. (Umweltbelastung
durch konventionelle Kraftwerke. Die Luftbelastung durch
Emissionen konventioneller Kraftwerke). Text in German.
Strahlenschutz Forsch. Prax., vol. 12:67-76, 1973. (Presented at
the Association of German Radiation Protection Physicians and
-------
62
the Association for Radiation and Environmental Research, 12th
Conference, Munich and Neuherberg, West Germany, Oct. 8-9,
1971.)
Data on the contribution of conventional thermal power plants
to air pollution is presented. Paniculate matter, sulfur dioxide,
sulfur trioxide, gaseous fluorine compounds, carbon monox-
ide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and gaseous organic com-
pounds are the chief pollutants emitted by combustion equip-
ment firing fossil fuel. Assuming that no improved emission
control measures relative to the current practice will be imple-
mented, the particulate emission is expected to increase by
13% in the 1970- 1980 period in West Germany, and increase
by 22% for sulfur oxides, 18% for fluorine compounds, 34%
for nitrogen oxides, 35% for CO, and 13% for organic com-
pounds. Stationary combustion equipment is responsible for
some 88% of the total SO2 emission in West Germany and
power plants are responsible for 70% of all fluorine emissions.
The CO and organic emissions by power plants are not signifi-
cant relative to those generated by automobiles and other in-
dustries. The specific pollutant emission is highest for soft
coal-fired power plants.
70069
Engineering-Science, Inc., McLean, Va.
AIR POLLUTION EMISSION TEST. U.S.S. AGRI-CHEMI-
CALS. NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE. Office of Air Programs
Contract 68-02-0225, Task 15, Rept. 73-FRT-7, 26p., Nov. 1974.
Source emission tests were conducted at the U.S.S. Agri-
Chemical phosphate fertilizer plant in Nashville, Tennessee
during the week of May 21, 1973 to provide data for establish-
ing Federal emission standards for new sources in the
phosphate fertilizer industry under Section 111 of the Clean
Air Act of 1970. The methods used and results obtained in the
test series are described. Twelve samples were obtained for
each of the following emissions: particulates, ammonia, and
total fluorides. Samples were obtained from the dryer
kiln/cooler baghouse and from the ammoniator scrubber.
Simultaneous sampling of both the inlet and outlet gas streams
of each control device was conducted. In addition to these gas
stream samples, grab samples of scrubber liquid, phosphate
rock, and granulated fertilizer product were periodically taken.
The sampling and analytical procedures, process operation, lo-
cation of sampling ports, and test results are described.
70727
Truhaut, R., P. Bourbon, and J. Alary
FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM TREATMENT OF NATURAL
PHOSPHATES IN THE PRODUCTION OF FERTILIZER.
Fluoride Quart. Repts., 8(l):25-33, Jan. 1975. 6 rets.
Emissions from a fertilizer plant manufacturing super, triple,
binary MAP and DAP and NPK fertilizer are discussed. The
total fluoride emission corresponds to a mean of 100 kg of
fluoride/day. The levels of fluoride in the environment were
determined during a period of 2 yr at four sampling points
situated within a radius of about 1 km from the facility. The
values obtained varied between 0 and 10 micron fluoride/cu m.
The mean value was close to 2 micron/cu m in total fluoride.
Dust analysis in the immediate vicinity showed that about 40%
of the collected dust contained apatite derived essentially from
the unloading of the minerals. This much fluoride pollution
caused necrosis in plants. Fluoride ion ranging from 10 to 200
ppm was found in 50 specimens of sensitive plants. Fluoride
ion emission limits are proposed for agricultural areas 1,2,3,
5, and 4.5 ppb for periods of 1 mo, 1 wk, 24 hr, and 12 hr,
respectively.
71262
Bethea, Robert M.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND
AIR POLLUTION. Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., Southern Section and Technical Council, Control Technol.
Agric. Air Pollut., Memphis, Tenn., 1974, p. 1-15. 31 refs.
(March 18-19.)
An overview of the interrelationships between agriculture and
air pollution is presented. Agricultural sources of particulate
and gaseous air pollutants include: rendering operations
(odors), confined feeding areas (odorous animal wastes), cot-
ton ginning (particulates), and feed production (particulates).
The odor- causing pollutants consist of such compounds as
sulfides, mercaptans, ammonia, ketones, and organic acids.
Potential control routes for agricultural emissions include:
scrubbing processes, incineration, particulate collection with
devices such as cyclones or fabric filters, and proper main-
tenance of agricultural operations. Air pollutants affecting
agricultural operations (plants, animals, and agricultural wor-
kers) include: sulfur oxides, sulfates, sulfuric acid (acid rains),
nitrogen oxides, fluorides, various trace metal compounds,
halogens, hydrocarbons, sulfides, mercaptans, cyanides,
ozone, ammonia, and halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., pesti-
cides).
71273
Heggestad, H. E.
AIR POLLUTANTS FROM, AND EFFECTS ON, AGRICUL-
TURE. Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., Southern
Section and Technical Council, Control Technol., Agric. Air
Pollut., Memphis, Teiin., 1974, p. 170-177. 8 refs. (March 18-
19.)
An overview of the problem of air pollution generation from
agriculture and the effects of air pollutants on agricultural ac-
tivities is presented. The most important air pollutants
generated from agricultural operations include: pesticides,
dust, smoke from open burning, allergens, odors, and volatil-
ized nitrogen products. Volatilization is a major pathway for
the escape of many gaseous pollutants from farm areas. Com-
pared to the effects of air pollutants from transportation, sta-
tionary sources, and industry, air pollutants from agricultural
processes has relatively little impact on the crops. Over 80%
of agricultural losses due to air pollution are caused by
photochemical oxidants. Sulfur dioxide is the most important
air pollutant affecting vegetation from a point source. Fluoride
injury to vegetation is important in localized areas and is
responsible for fluorosis in sheep and cattle.
71477
Hoelsken, H.
HAZARDS DUE TO GASES, VAPORS, AND SMOKES.
(Gefahren durch Gase, Daempfe, Rauche). Text in German.
Schweisstechnik (Vienna), 28(11):228-230, 1974.
Harmful emissions generated during welding operations and
appropriate protective measures are described. Arc-welding
operations are accompanied by iron oxide, manganese oxide,
silica, calcia, and fluoride emissions, depending on the type of
the wire used. Smoke generated during arc-welding contains
30-40% iron oxides, 24-26% silica, 7-25% manganese oxides,
15% calcia, and 22% fluorides. In addition, lead and zinc emis-
sions can be generated when welding is performed on surfaces
with lead- and zinc-containing finishes. Inhaled iron oxides
may cause siderosis and hernosiderosis, while manganese ox-
ides may cause pneumonia and lesions of the nervous system.
No free crystalline silica is generated by arc-welding. Shielded
arc welding operations generate metal vapors, ozone, nitrous
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
63
gases, and fluorides. Carbon dioxide used as a protective gas
may form carbon monoxide at high temperature. While CO2,
either as a protective gas or as a combustion product is harm-
less, it may be hazardous especially in limited spaces by dis-
placing air. Periodic ventilation is necessary during welding
operations, and local exhaust systems are required for welding
in limited spaces, such as in tanks, to prevent the accumula-
tion of poisonous gases such as CO, nitrogen oxides, and
ozone.
71615
Davids, Peter and Kurt Gerhards
REFUSE COMPOST PLANTS: REFUSE COMPOSITION AND
EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATORS FOR RESIDUAL
MATTER. (Ergebnisse von Muelluntersuchungen und Emission-
smessungen a Resteverbrennungsanlagen in Muellkompostwer-
ken). Text in German. Umwelthygiene, 25(12):273-277, 1974. 5
refs.
Trash composting plants yield residual matter which may
reach up to 20% of the composted trash. This residual matter
must be either tipped or incinerated. It contains a high amount
of plastics which raises the hydrogen chloride emission in in-
cinerators. However, in most cases the residues from trash
composting are incinerated together with bulky refuse and in-
dustrial waste products so that about the same HC1 content
has been measured in these special incinerators as in large
trash incinerators. The hydrogen fluoride emission was higher
in incinerators for composting residues than in normal trash in-
cinerators, which was due to the higher heating value of this
matter. The dust removal problem of incinerators for compost-
ing residues is identical with that of large trash incinerators.
Through installation of electrostatic precipitators the emission
limit of 100 mg/cu m (referred to an oxygen content of the
waste gas of 11%) can be met. Venturi scrubbers are usually
installed for the reduction of HC1 and HF emissions. The
cleaned gases contained on the average less than 2 mg HF/cu
m and less than 100 mg HCl/cu m.
72079
Csinady, Laszlo
RELATIONSHIPS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AND PUBLIC HYGIENE. (A kornyezetvedelem es kozegesz-
segugy osszefuggesei). Text in Hungarian. Tatabanyai Szen-
banyak Muszaki-Kozgazdasagi Kozl., 14(2-3):89-92, April-Sept.
1974. 11 refs.
General environmental and hygienic problems of the highly ur-
banized and industrialized Komarom County in Hungary are
described. Industries, mining, power plants, and domestic
heating are responsible for very high pollution levels, making
this county the most polluted one in the entire country. Air
pollution due to settling dust, sulfur dioxide, and fluorides is
most problematic, and the situation is aggravated by the
promiscuously intertwined industrial and residential areas. The
incidence of respiratory tract diseases is highest in this county.
72125
Shimoda, M. and T. Oono
INVESTIGATION OF NOX AND OTHER POLLUTANTS
EMITTED FROM STATIONARY SOURCES, IV: ELECTRIC
ORE FURNACE. (Kotei hasseigen kara hassei suru chisso
sanka-butsu nado osen bushitsu chosa. (IV) Denkiro). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
9(2):409, Nov. 1974. (Presented at the National Air Pollution
Research Conference, 15th, Chiba, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1974, Paper
260.)
The emission of nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, dust, and
hydrogen fluoride from electric ore furnaces was measured. In
the case of small scale electric ore furnaces (less than 10
tons/ch), the NOx concentration was less than 2-10 ppm, total
emission quantity was less than 0.1 N cu m/hr, and eF was
about 0.096 kg/ton. As for the medium scale furnace (10-30
tons/ch), the NOX concentration increased to 200-300 ppm in-
stantaneously at arcing; however, the average concentration
was several ppm, total emission quanity was 0.2-0.3 N cu
m/hr, and eF was about 0.033 kg/ton. In the case of large scale
furnaces (over 30 tons/ch), the occurrence frequency of in-
stantaneous high NOx concentration (400 ppm) was increased.
The average concentration was less than 20 ppm, total emis-
sion quantity was 0.7-1.7 N cu m/hr, and eF was about 0.016
kg/ton. The inlet dust concentration was as high as 14-0.4 kg/N
cu m, but can be treated effectively by the use of a local hood
or direct suction dust collector. The eF was about 2.1-56.9
kg/ton. The total HC emission increased instantaneously at ig-
nition. The averate concentration was 2-3 ppm, and eF was
about 0.004 kg/ton. The HF measured after the addition of
fluorspar showed no sign of HF emission. The variation in
NOx dust concentration in one cycle of operation was also
measured.
72133
Grimbergen, M. van, G. Reybrouck, and H. van de Voorde
AIR POLLUTION DUE TO THE BURNING OF THER-
MOPLASTICS II. (Luftverunreinigung, verursacht durch die
Verbrennung von Kunststoffen II). Text in German. Zentralbl.
Bakteriol. Hyg., Infektionskr. Abt. Orig. B, 160(2):139-147,
1975. 14 refs.
Thirteen chemically pure polymers were burnt in an electric
oven to determine the level of solid and gaseous air pollution
caused by their stack gases. All 13 polymers are highly com-
bustible but require different burning temperatures (300-900 C)
in order to be burnt completely. With the exception of
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE), all plastics leave a very heavy tar and soot deposit
after burning. Burning at low temperature (300 C) gives rise to
high concentrations of aliphatic aledhydes. The pH of the ex-
haust gases, dissolved in water, is neutral to strong acid
(PTFE) and will cause severe corrosion. The nitrogen-contain-
ing polymers pollute by forming cyanides, nitrogen oxides, and
ammonia. High concentrations of fluoride are given off by
PTFE, PMMA decomposes in its monomer methylmethacry-
late and forms large amounts of aliphatic aldehydes, while
ABS (acrylom'trile-butadiene-styrene) and SBR (styrene-bu-
tadiene- rubber) cause styrene pollution.
73078
Hall, H. J., G. M. Varga, and E. M. Magee
TRACE ELEMENTS AND POTENTIAL POLLUTANT EF-
FECTS IN FOSSIL FUELS. In: Symposium Proceedings: En-
vironmental Aspects of Fuel Conversion Technology (May 1974,
St. Louis, Missouri). Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle
Park, N. C., Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-
1325, Task 6, Program Element 1AB013, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-
118, ROAP 21 ADD, 21AFJ, p. 35-47, Oct. 1974.
Trace elements in coal and their potential pollutant effects are
discussed. Many elements are present at about 1-100 ppm in
all regions, and vary by a factor of 3 or less in the averages
for different basins or areas. The usual amount of some 20
trace elements measured is about 5-10 ppm. Boron and
fluorine are higher, at about 50 to 200 ppm; mercury is lower,
about 0.01 to 0.5 ppm. The volatile hazardous elements show
the most need for more data. Some or all of these may be re-
lated to mineral deposits (beryllium, fluorine, arsenic, seleni-
-------
64
urn, cadmium, mercury, and lead). The hazard of Hg in power
plant emissions, in particular, has been grossly exaggerated.
Most elements in coal are very close to their crustal
abundance, and are not considered toxic at this level. The
question of toxicity must be evaluated in relation to actual
amounts. The selection of a completely nonpolluting coal is
not possible. For a given amount of ash, coals which are low
in any one group of elements must be correspondingly high in
others. The definition of nonpolluting depends directly on the
decision as to which elements are of concern, and which are
not. (Author conclusions modified)
74154
Descroix, P.
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON WATER POLLUTION IN
FRANCE. (L influence de la pollution atmsopherique sur la pol-
lution de 1 eau en France). Text in French. Tech. Sci. Mimic.
Rev. Eau, 70(3):127-129, March 1975. 4 rets.
Studies and measurements on water pollution caused by air
pollution in France are reviewed. Systematic precipitation pH
measurements in and around Paris show an increasing acidifi-
cation of the precipitation during the last years. However, the
acid precipitation is readily neutralized in the sewer system
and in the rivers. Vanadium, present in coal and petroleum
products, is emitted into the air in detectable quantities, but it
is readily and rapidly eliminated from water by spontaneous
precipitation and flocculation. Wastewater from flue gas scrub-
bers in phosphoric acid and superphosphate production plants
can be contaminated by large concentrations of fluorine,
which represents water contamination hazards.
74262
Heimler, Bo
WASTE INCINERATION. ASSESSMENT OF SAVENAS IN-
CINERATOR PLANT WITH RESPECT TO WASTES, FLUE
GASES, ASHES, AND SLAG DURING THE JUNE 1973 -
MAY 1974 PERIOD. (Avfallsforbranning. En kartering av
Savenas Forbranningsanlaggning med avseende pa avfall, rok-
gas, aska och slagg under tiden Juni 1973 - Maj 1974). Text in
Swedish. IVL Swedish Water and Air Pollution Research
Laboratory, Stockholm (Sweden), Goteborg Municipal Public
Health Board and State Environmental Protection Administra-
tion Contract 7-172/72, 46p., Sept. 1974.
Complex assessment of the Savenas waste incinerator plant,
Sweden, is presented with respect to the composition of the
wastes, flue gas, dust emissions, slag, and water pollution dur-
ing the June 1973 - May 1974 period. The incinerator tempera-
ture ranges from 900 to 1000 C. The flue gases are cooled to
about 300 C during heat generation, and pass through an elec-
trostatic precipitator and multicyclone for dust separation,
after which they are discharged through a 120-meter high
stack. The residual dust concentration in the cleaned gas, stan-
dardized for dry gas and 10% carbon dioxide, averages 250
mg/cu m. The specific dust emission amounts to 14 kg/hr per
furnace, and to 1.2 kg per ton of waste. The residual dust con-
tains 0.17 mg/kg mercury, 0.82 mg/kg cadmium, 22.2 mg/kg
lead, 96.1 mg/kg zinc, 1.6 mg/kg manganese, 1.1 mg/kg copper,
0.8 mg/kg chromium, and 0.42 mg/kg nickel. Some 45-55% of
the residual dust was larger than 10 micron, and about 10-15
wt% were in the over 40-micron fraction. The sulfur dioxide
plus sulfur trioxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, ox-
ides of nitrogen, and mercury vapor concentrations in the flue
gases averaged 223 mg/cu m, 890 mg/cu m, 7.7 mg/cu m, 29
mg/cu m, 76 mg/cu m, and 383 mg/cu m, respectively.
74512
Suketa, Yasunobu, Shoichi Shimokawa, and Takeo Yamamoto
STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY
FLUORIDE. II. DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN SOIL.
(Fukka butsu ni yoru kankyo osen ni kansuru kenkyu. Dai 2-ho.
Dojo chu fusso no teiryo ho no kento). Text in Japanese. Eisei
Kagaku (J. Hyg. Chem.), 21(2):89-92, 1975. 20 refs.
The determination of fluorine in soil by a fusion and distilla-
tion technique is described along with measurements near an
aluminum smelting plant. The final determination of fluoride
ion in the distillate was made the Alizarin-Lanthanum com-
plexation or the Thorium Neothorium Method. Sodium car-
bonate and zinc oxide were used for the fusion of the soil
sample, and nearly 100% fluorine recovery was obtained by
the fusion of 1:2:3 (weight/weight) mixture of soil sample,
sodium carbonate, and zinc oxide, respectively, at a fusion
temperature between 600 and 1000 C. The recovery showed
good repeatability. The fused material was then suspended
with sulfuric acid solution and distilled. If the distillation was
made a temperature between 135 and 145 C which gave a
sulfate ion concentration less than 100 ppm in the distillate
both the Alizarin-Lanthanum Complexation and the Thorium
Neotheorium method could be used to determine the fluoride
ion in the distillate without interference. Soil samples collected
around an aluminum smelting plant showed decreasing fluorine
levels at increasing distances from the plant. The fluorine
levels were 435 ppm, 322 ppm, and 146 ppm for soil samples
collected that 1.5 km, 3.5 km, and 5.0 km, respectively, from
the plant.
74586
Danchick, R. S. and J. R. Ryan
CAPTURE AND ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS FLUORTOE
EMITTED FROM ALUMINUM REDUCTION CELLS. Alu-
minium, 51(4):284-288, 1975. 4 refs.
The development of an experimental instrument to monitor
both low concentrations of fluoride in effluent gases from the
Alcoa 398 fume recovery system and higher concentrations at
the inlet of the Alcoa 398 process is described. Gaseous
fluoride was removed from the effluent gas sample stream
with a unique, continuous aerosol gas scrubber. A fluoride-
selective electrode continuously measured the fluoride concen-
tration in the scrubber solution with a permanent record ob-
tained with a strip chart recorder. While testing the efficiency
of the Alcoa 398 process, it was found that the gaseous
fluoride content of the fluidized alumina bed varied over a
large concentration range with time, increasing during crust
breaking, anode setting, and metal tapping. The reserve
capacity of the Alcoa 398 fume recovery system was able to
accommodate large changes in load. Scrubbing efficiencies,
the magnitude and duration of the concentration excursions, at
the inlet of the Alcoa process, and specific implications for
various dry scrubbing fume recovery systems are described.
75077
Greifer, Bernard and John K. Taylor (eds.)
SURVEY OF VARIOUS APPROACHES TO THE CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY IMPORTANT
MATERIALS (FINAL REPORT). National Bureau of Stan-
dards, Washington, D. C., Analytical Chemistry Div., Environ-
mental Protection Agency Contract NBS-EPA-IAG 0215(D),
Proj. 3105440, Rept. NBSIR 73-209, 237p., July 1973. 587 refs.
NTIS: COM-74-10469
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
65
Methods for the elemental trace analysis (less than 100 ppm)
of mercury, beryllium, cadmium, arsenic, vanadium, man-
ganese, nickel, antimony, chromium, zinc, copper, lead,
selenium, boron, fluorine, lithium, silver, tin, iron, strontium,
sodium, potassium, calcium, silicon, magnesium, uranium, and
thorium in such matrices as fly ash, coal, oil, ores, minerals,
metals, alloys, organometallics, incinerator particulates, slurry
streams, and feeds to and from sedimentation processes are
summarized in terms of capabilities and costs. The methods in-
clude: various nuclear techm'ques such as neutron activation
analysis, spark source mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence,
electron microprobe spectrometry, atomic absorption spec-
trometry, absorption spectropho tome try, atomic emission
spectrometry, voltammetry (polarography), and potentiometry
(ion-selective electrodes).
75089
Katari, Vishnu, Gerald Isaacs, and Timothy W. Devitt
TRACE POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE
PROCESSING OF NON-METALLIC ORES (FINAL REPORT).
PEDCo Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, En-
vironmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1321, Program
Element 1AB01S, Task 4, ROAP 21AUZ-02a, Rept. EPA-650/2-
74-122, 277p., Nov. 1974. 99 refs. NTIS: PB 240117/AS
Significant sources of emissions of potentially hazardous trace
pollutants from the mining and processing of non-metallic
minerals are identified. Process flow diagrams identifying
major processes and material flow as well as pollutant emis-
sion sources are provided for operations dealing with cement,
clay (including porcelain, refractory, and brick), gypsum, lime,
phosphate rock (including fertilizer), potash, boron, mica, and
fluorspar. The following processes are recommended for
further evaluation because of their potential for emissions of
hazardous pollutants or fugitive dust: cement and lime kilns,
phosphate rock mining and washing, clay mining, and wet-
process as well as thermal phosphoric acid production. Pollu-
tants identified included: fluorides, phosphoric acid mist, car-
bon dioxide, various metal compounds, fly ash, sulfur dioxide,
sulfur trioxide, sulfates, and alkali chlorides.
75146
King, W. R. and J. K. Ferrell
FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM PHOSPHORIC ACID PLANT
GYPSUM PONDS (FINAL REPORT). North Carolina State
Univ., Raleigh, Environmental Protection Agency Grant R-
800950, Program Element 1AB01S, ROAP 21AFA-07S, Rept.
EPA-650/2-74-095, 323p., Oct. 1974. 29 refs. NTIS: PB
241144/AS
Fluoride emissions from gypsum ponds receiving process
water from wet-process phosphoric acid plants were mea-
sured, and computer simulations of pond emissions and am-
bient air concentrations were developed. Measured ambient air
fluorine concentrations for 95 usable samples obtained at two
pond sites ranged from 00000015 to 00000415 moles/cu m.
Emission estimates developed from the pond-to-air mass
transfer coefficient and the vapor pressure of fluorine over
pond water were used along with a standard atmospheric pol-
lutant dispersion model to predict ambient fluorine concentra-
tions. A comparison of the predicted fluorine values with mea-
sured fluorine values demonstrated the validity of the emission
estimates.
75206
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Measurement Branch
AIR POLLUTION EMISSION TEST. COLORADO FUEL AND
IRON. Rept. 75-SEV-5, 71p., Feb. 1976. 4 refs.
Emissions tests were performed at the outlet of an electro-
static precipitator serving the Colorado Fuel and Iron Steel
Corporation sintering process in Pueblo, Colorado to obtain
data for the development of New Source Performance Stan-
dards. The paniculate emission rate averaged 174.2 kg/hr, and
the process basis emission rate was 0.481 kg/million tons of
feed. The average fluoride emission rate was 3.85 kg/hr. Very
few of the 6-minute average opacity readings were greater
than 20%. High readings at the precipitator outlet were noted,
however, following periodic rapping of the collecting plates.
76122
Loch, Thomas A.
AIR POLLUTION EMISSION TEST. SINTER PLANT
GRANITE CITY STEEL DIVISION NATIONAL STEEL COR-
PORATION GRANITE CITY, ILLINOIS (VOLUMES I AND
II). Clayton Environmental Consultants, Inc., Southfield, Mich.
and York Research Corp., Stamford, Conn., Environmental
Protection Agency Contracts 68-02-1408 and 68-02-1401, Tasks
16 and 19, Rept. 75SIN4, Y-8479-19, ISlp., 1975. 2 refs.
The emissions from the Granite City Steel sintering facility at
Granite City, Illinois were documented. The efficiency of the
high energy venturi scrubber used to control emissions was
tested. Paniculate, fluoride, hydrocarbon, sulfur oxides, and
carbon monoxide were sampled. A trend in opacity decrease
occurs as measured total paniculate concentrations decrease.
Particle size tests were also performed at the inlet and outlet
of the scrubber. A majority of the incoming particles, 52.9%,
are less than 1.0 micron in size and of the total paniculate en-
tering the scrubber, 30.6% is above 6.7 micron in size. At the
outlet, 93.7% of the particles are below 1.0 micron in size and
1.8% of the particles art above 6.8 micron in size. The average
inlet and outlet paniculate concentrations were 0.1599 g/SCFD
and 0.01673 g/SCFD, respectively. The inlet concentration
ranged from 0.1065 g/SCFD to 0.1887 g/SCFD, while the outlet
varied from 0.01673 to 0.01720. (Author abstract modified)
76152
Baladi, Emile
AIR POLLUTION EMISSION TEST. BEKER INDUSTRIES,
INC. Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo., Office of Air
and Waste Management Contract 68-02-1403, Proj. 3927-C(13),
Rept. 75-PRP-4, 83p., Nov. 19, 1975. 3 refs.
Paniculate emissions tests were performed at the baghouse of
a ball mill and the venturi scrubber of a calciner serving the
Beker Industries, Incorporated phosphate rock processing
operation at Conda, Idaho to obtain data for the development
of New Source Performance Standards. The average panicu-
late load value at the outlet of the baghouse was 0.00218
grains/dry standard cu ft, and the average paniculate removal
efficiency of the baghouse was 99.%%. The average panicu-
late load value at the outlet of the scrubber was 0.04651
grains/dry standard cu ft. Fluoride emissions from the facility
averaged 0.058 kg/hr. The average percent opacity was 0.0 at
both the calciner s scrubber and the ball mill s baghouse out-
let. Particle size distribution data were also obtained.
-------
66
76190
Bryan, Robert J.
AIR POLLUTION EMISSION TEST. KAISER STEEL COR-
PORATION. Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Santa
Monica, Calif., Office of Air and Waste Management Contract
68-02-1405, Task 6, Rept. 75-SIN-3, 33p., Nov. 19, 1975. 2 refs.
Paniculate and fluoride emissions tests were performed on the
outlet of a baghouse serving the iron ore sintering operation of
the Kaiser Steel Corporation located in Fontana, California to
obtain data for the development of New Source Performance
Standards. The sintering plant agglomerates ore fines and flue
dust to a product acceptable for charging into a blast furnace.
The average paniculate grain loading was 0.0578 grains/stan-
dard cu ft, and the average fluoride grain loading was 0.00015
grains/standard cu ft.
76274
Kumamoto Prefectural Government (Japan)
AUTOMOBILE EMISSION GAS. (Jidosha haishul.su gasu).
Text in Japanese. In: Environmental White Paper in 1974, p.
34-54, June 1975.
Data on automotive exhaust emissions, concentrations of car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxidant, and
particulates, traffic volume, meteorological factors and the
results of paniculate composition measured at eight busy inter-
sections in three cities in Kumamoto during 1973 were com-
piled and analyzed. A comparison to 1972 data indicates that
pollutant concentrations have generally increased; however,
the air pollution problems due to automotive exhaust emis-
sions were not greatly aggravated. Data concerning the regis-
tration of flue gas emission sources in compliance with the
regulation are compiled and classified by the type of facilities.
Air pollution control measures taken in Kumamoto are
discussed, and a description of the monitoring system for sedi-
mented dust, sulfur oxides, suspended particulates, and
fluorine, and the air pollution emergency procedures are given,
with maps of measurement points.
76411
Bekturov, A. B., G. N. Breusova, and V. K. Esik
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF DUST
GENERATED IN DEFLUORINATED PHOSPHATE PRODUC-
TION FROM KARATAU PHOSPHORITES. (Fiziko-
khimicheskie issledovaniya pyley, obrazuyushchikhsya pri proiz-
vodstve obesftorennogo fosfata iz fosforitov (Karatu). Text in
Russian. Izv. Akad. Nauk Kaz. SSR, Ser. Khim., no. 3:1-5,
May-June 1975. 6 refs.
The behavior of dusts separated in electrostatic precipitators
in the defluorinated phosphate production from Karatau
phosphorites during heating in the 100-1300 C temperature
range was studied under laboratory conditions. Heating in the
100-700 C temperature interval caused weight losses ranging
from 1 to 13%, depending on the chemical composition of the
dust. About 30 to 70% of the fluorine was liberated at tem-
peratures of up to 600 C due to the decomposition of the
fluorosilicates. A further increase of the temperature to 1300 C
led to an increase in the defluorination rate to 70-95% only in
the presence of water vapor. At temperatures over 900 C,
potassium compounds volatilized at a rate of 40-60%, while
other alkali metal compounds were not affected.
76459
King, William R. and James K. Ferrell
WET PROCESS ACID PLANT WASTEWATER PONDS, AN
ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE POLLUTION PROBLEM?
Preprint, FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa., and North State Univ.,
Raleigh, N. C., 18p., July 1975. 7 refs.
A method for estimating the volatile fluorine emissions from
phosphoric acid plant waste water ponds was developed and
verified by actual downwind measurements. Fluorine emission
rates for two actual ponds were estimated from a knowledge
of the fluorine concentration and water temperature of the
ponds and atmospheric conditions at the ponds. These emis-
sion estimates were then entered into a standard atmospheric
dispersion model which predicted ambient air fluorine concen-
trations downwind of the two ponds. None of the estimates
were significantly different from the measured values at the
95% confidence level.
76638
Kautz, K., H. Kirsch, and D. W. Laufhuette
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT IN SOFT COALS AND IN
THEIR DUSTS. (Ueber SpureneJementgehalte in Steinkohlen
und den daraus entstehenden Reingasstaeuben). Text in German.
VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 55(10):672-676, Oct. 1975.
Twenty-six different coals and dust samples emitted during
their combustion were analyzed for 26 elements. The silver,
beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, iodine, tin, selenium,
tellurium, tantalum, and tungsten contents in anhydrous coal
were below 10 ppm, while the contents of another 7 elements
(arsenic, boron, cobalt, chromium, copper, molybdenum, and
nickel) were below 100 ppm, averaging below 50 ppm. The
barium, fluorine, phosphorus, lead, strontium, vanadium, and
zinc contents were between 50 ppm and 400 ppm. The silver,
beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, mercury, iodine, thallium, tan-
talum, uranium and tungsten contents in the emitted dust were
below 50 ppm, and the arsenic, boron, cobalt, copper, molyb-
denum, tin, and selenium contents averaged between 100 and
500 ppm. The barium, chromium, fluorine, nickel, phosphorus,
lead, strontium, vanadium, and zinc contents were between
500 and 3000 ppm. Phosphorus contents of up to 14,000 ppm
were measured.
76644
Gratz, Reinhard
FLUORIDE IN CERAMIC MATERIALS AND FUELS--
MATERIAL MEASURES FOR PREVENTION OF FLUORIDE
EMISSIONS (FINAL REPORT). (Fluor in keramischen Materi-
alien und in Brennstoffen. Stoffliche Massnahmen zur Vcr-
meidung von Fluor-Emissionen). (Schluss). Text in German.
Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), (5):210-216, 1974.
Fluoride emissions from the big ceramics industry are
described, and prevention methods of fluoride emissions are
discussed. After describing the properties of fluoride and its
compounds, the effect of fluoride emissions is analyzed. After
presenting measurement methods for fluoride emissions, the
emissions in the earthenware industry are described. Fluoride
appears in ceramics raw materials in various quantities, de-
pending upon the quality of the minerals and the properties of
the compounds. The alloys used and the quality of the fuel
also significantly influence the fluoride emissions. The type of
ovens and chimneys also play an important role, including
oven atmosphere, duration of combustion, and combustion
temperature. Recommendations are made based on literature
and the research results of the Institute for Bricks Research
for decrease of fluoride emissions. They concern fuel quantity,
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
67
oven atmosphere, and chimney gas atmosphere. Some mea-
sures are opposed to requirements of optimal combustion.
Measurement methods for fluoride emissions are described.
77367
Smidt, H.
GAS AND DUST EMISSIONS FROM SUGAR FACTORIES -
TECHNICAL POSSIBILITIES OF REDUCING EMISSIONS
WITH REFERENCE TO LOCAL AUTHORITY REGULA-
TIONS. (Ges-und Staubemissionen von Zuckerfabriken -
Technische Moeglichkeiten zur Emissionsmidnerung unter
Beruecksichtigung der behoerdlichen Vorschriften). Text in Ger-
man. Zucker, 28(9):491-498, Sept. 1975.
Emissions from sugar factories are grouped under gaseous and
dust-type emissions. Main emission sources are the boiler
plant and pulp dryer. The various levels and causes of dust
emissions from solid fuel and oil firing are described. Gaseous
emissions include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, fluorine, and
to a certain extent, hydrocarbons (odor emissions). Noxious
gaseous emissions are indicated for a model factory with a
beet-slicing capacity of 5000 tons/day. The effect of fuel, type
of firing and operation is demonstrated. The technical possi-
bilities of reducing emissions are tied up with legal require-
ments. Gaseous emissions cannot in practice be reduced by
technical processes. Suitably high stacks must be erected for
the distribution of emissions. With regard to sulfur dioxide,
improvements can be made by fuel desulfurization. Dust emis-
sions from pulp drying can be kept within reasonable limits by
multi-cyclones.
77522
Tochigi Research Inst. for Environmental Pollution (Japan),
Dept. of Air Quality and Noise
FLUE GAS INVESTIGATION. (Endo haishutsu gasu no chosa
ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tochigi-ken Kogai Kenkyusho
Nenpo (Annu. Rep. Tochigi Prefect. Res. Inst. Environ. Pollut.),
no. 1:91, Jan. 1975.
The flue gas pollution by 109 facilities at 100 factories were in-
vestigated and three years of measurement results from 1971
through 1973 summarized for the flue gas emission rate,
amount of soot, sulfur oxides, fluoride, chloride, hydrogen
chloride, and nitrogen oxides pollutions. The facilities included
were 36 boilers, 3 heating furnaces, 20 dissolution furnaces, 16
driers, 26 sintering furnaces, and 8 others. Of the facilities in-
vestigated 35.8% (29 facilities) violated the air pollution stan-
dards either on the amount of soot or SOx. In the facilities for
driers, only one was within the standards and 15 were in viola-
tion. Of 36 boilers, 5 boilers exceeded the standards and 31
boilers were within the standards.
77993
King, William R. and James K. Ferrell
FLUORINE EMISSIONS FROM WET PROCESS PHOSPHOR-
IC ACID PLANT PROCESS WATER PONDS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1975. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-25.7.)
Emission estimates for the release of volatile fluorine com-
pounds from process water ponds at phosphate fertilizer plants
were developed from the pond-to-air mass transfer coefficient
and the vapor pressure of fluorine over pond water. The esti-
mates were compared with measurements of ambient fluorine
compound concentrations downwind of process water ponds
and the estimates were found to be valid. Emissions from the
ponds ranged from 0.7 to 10 Ib/acre/day. The emission rate de-
pended on pond temperature, fluorine content of the pond
water, and wind speed. (Author abstract modified)
79043
Kalmon, B. and F. A. Koehler
PORTSMOUTH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT ENVIRON-
MENTAL MONITORING REPORT-1973. Goodyear Atomic
Corp., Piketon, Ohio, Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT-
(33-2)-l, 27p., May 3, 1974. 5 refs. NTIS: GAT-781
Emissions measurements and ambient air monitoring data for
the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant are presented. The
average environmental concentrations of alpha and beta activi-
ty at those locations where the averages were the highest were
0.63% and 0.08%, respectively, of the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion s Radioactivity Concentration Guides. The highest single
ambient sulfur dioxide concentration was 15% of the Federal
standard. Sulfur dioxide emissions from a steam plant burning
low and high sulfur coal were 1 Ib/million Btu input and 3
Ib/million Btu input, respectively. Particulate matter emissions
for low and high sulfur coal were 0.4 and 0.2 Ib/million Btu in-
put, respectively. Ambient fluoride concentrations in the
vicinity of the plant reached a maximum of 5.1 ppb. The
overall yearly average of fluoride concentrations in vegetation
around the plant boundaries was 6.5 micrograms/g. With the
exception of particulate matter, none of the emission levels or
ambient concentrations exceeded applicable standards during
1973.
79280
Polhemus, John
RUBBER, PLASTICS AND GLASS INDUSTRIES ODORS. In:
Industrial Odor Technology Assessment. Paul N. Cheremisinoff
and Richard A. Young (eds.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor
Science Publishers, Inc., 1974 (?), Chapt. 8, p. 101-115. 41 refs.
Odor problems associated with rubber, plastics, and glass in-
dustries are reviewed. Odors from the rubber and p'astics in-
dustry commonly fall into the following groups: nitro com-
pounds (amines and oxides), sulfur oxides, plasticizers, sol-
vents, and phenols, and other alcohols). Operations in the
rubber and plastics industry which generate odors include:
compounding and formulation, material handling, banbury,
mills, curing and vulcanizing, and forming (extruders and
presses). Glass industry odors are usually associated with fur-
nace products, mold lubrication maintenance, and coating
operations. The odorous emissions include: sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, and halide gases. Odors generated by support
operations in the glass industry include hydrofluoric acid
which is used for glass etching and aromatics which are used
as carriers in Teflon coating.
79511
Fraszczak, Krystyna and Krzysztof Wojcik
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN A SULFUR-PRODUCING IN-
DUSTRIAL REGION. (Zwiazki fluoru w powietrzu atmosferycz-
nym w rejonie zaglebia siarkowego). Text in Polish. Ochrona
Powietrza (Warsaw), no. 3:91-92, 1975.
Volatile fluorine compounds have a toxic effect on live organ-
isms and constitute a serious problem in sulfur-producing re-
gions because they frequently exceed permissible concentra-
tions. They are emitted by plants manufacturing powderized
and granular superphosphates. These fluorine gases are
hydrogen fluoride (HF) and silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4), which
cause a serious irritation of the upper respiratory tract.
Chronic intoxication at low concentrations is probably due to
the highly toxic fluorine ion (F-). Fluorine and its compounds
-------
68
emitted with industrial waste gases can lead to fogs resulting
in mass poisoning in an industrial area during adverse at-
mospheric conditions. Systematic investigations of atmospher-
ic volatile fluorine compounds are therefore necessary. A
method is described by which, based on collected annual data,
the frequency of excessive permissible 20-min and average
daily concentrations over an area of 280 sq km was statisti-
cally calculated. The former, higher than permissible concen-
tration (0.03 mg/F/cu m) should not occur more than once a
day, the latter (standard 0.01 mg F/cu m) concentration once
every 10 days over a period of one year, which corresponds to
1.4% and 10%, respectively. Determination of the fluorine ion
content was performed colorimetrically with alizarin and Ian-
tan nitrate. The intensity of the color change in the solution
from red to blue is proportionate to the fluorine concentration.
The status of air pollution with fluorine compounds for 1972
and 1973 was established and the role of wind direction in the
spread of pollution was taken into consideration for the hours
of the sample taking. Evaluation of the environmental danger
level led to a successful program of limiting fluorine com-
pound emissions.
79567
Naughton, J. J. V. Lewis, D. Thomas, and J. B. Finlayson
FUME COMPOSITIONS FOUND AT VARIOUS STAGES OF
ACTIVITY AT KILAUEA VOLCANO, HAWAII. J. Geophys.
Res., 80(21):2963-2%6, July 20, 1975. 22 refs.
The paniculate and gaseous composition of the fume cloud as
it issued from an erupting volcanic vent at Mauna Ulu on the
east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii was investigated.
Similar measurements were made at Halemaumau, the summit
crater of Kilauea, during non-eruptive periods from nearby fis-
sures erupting on the floor of Kilauea caldera. Fume was col-
lected at Kilauea Volcano with equipment patterned after that
used in industrial pollution studies. The chief components are
sulfur dioxide, sulfur tetraoxide, chlorine, sodium, calcium,
potassium, fluorine, magnesium, and iron in that order of
decreasing concentration. Content and order of abundance
vary depending on the state of activity of the volcanic sources
of the fume. Sulfur compounds are preponderant. (Author ab-
stract modified)
79774
Wilson, Hugh H. and Larry D. Johnson
CHARACTERIZATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED
FROM BRICK PLANT KILNS. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull.,
54(11):990-991, 994, Nov. 1975. 10 refs.
The characterization of air pollutants emitted from four brick
plant kilns was determined. The emissions vary considerably
from plant to plant. The chemical and mineral composition of
brick clays and the firing temperatures are widely different
from one plant to another. The pollutant concentrations vary
because of the different combustion conditions that exist
among the plants. Fine particulates, fluorine, and sulfur gases
are the pollutants that are most likely to require control in
brick manufacturing. In the four plants studied, only sulfur
dioxide values at one plant are high enough to cause possible
concern as a pollution source.
80238
Gnyp, A. W., S. J. W. Price, C. C. St. Pierre, and B.
Chongpison
AN INFORMATION SEARCH AND EVALUATION OF PRO-
PERTIES, POTENTIAL SOURCES, LEVELS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC EMISSIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EF-
FECTS OF EXOTIC AIR POLLUTANTS. Preprint, Windsor
Univ., Windsor (Canada), Industrial Research Inst., 383p.,
1973. 26 refs.
The properties, potential sources, levels of atmospheric emis-
sions, and environmental effects of major exotic air pollutants
are summarized. Environmental air standards, detection and
measurement, and abatement methods are also discussed. Data
are provided on ammonia, arsenic, asbestos, barium, berylli-
um, boron, cadmium, chlorine, chromium, copper, fluorine,
hydrocarbons, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, iron, lead,
manganese, mercury, nickel, phosphorus, selenium, vanadium,
and zinc. (Author abstract modified)
80334
ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS FOR THE PROVINCE OF
EMIGLIA ROMAGNA. (Diagnosi ecologiea per 1 Emilia
Romagna). Text in Italian. Notizie, no. 175:30-39, April 1974.
The main sources of pollution in Emiglia Romagna were di-
vided into 5 broad categories: population, animal rearing,
agriculture, industry, and motor vehicles. The distribution of
the pollutants particular to each group were analyzed for 341
municipalities. Organic pollution was principally a problem in
the area of rivers: the Po, the Po of Volano, and the Rhine.
Control procedures for industrial and municipal water pollu-
tion are discussed. Sulfur dioxide was the most widespread air
pollutant; 57% due to industrial emissions; 28% due to
hydroelectric power plants; and 13.5% due to heating. Other
emission sources are reviewed: industry is responsible for 81%
of dust emissions and 100% of fluoride emissions; motor vehi-
cles account for 92% of carbon monoxide, 80% of lead, and
60% of hydrocarbon emissions. Recovery of materials from
solid wastes may be practical, because of the large volume of
such wastes.
80507
Berge, Helmut, Erwin King, and Dieter Lorenz
WATER VAPOR IMMISSIONS IN THE AREA OF A CON-
VENTIONAL THERMAL POWER PLANT. (Wasserdampfim-
missionen im Bereich eines koventionellen thermischen Kraft-
works). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z. (Duessel-
dorf), 117(15/16):721, 1975. (Full text available from VDI-Ver-
lag GmbH, 4 Duesseldorf 1, Posttach 11 39, West Germany.)
Meteorological, agrochemical, and air pollution studies around
a conventional thermal power plant with cooling towers in the
July 1972 through June 1974 period in the Koeln area in West
Germany are summarized. The solar radiation losses due to
the cooling towers ranged from 5 to 25% within a 500 m
radius, and between 1% and 5% at distances between 500 m
and 1000 m. The haze emitted by the cooling towers appears
to cause a slight increase in the precipitation in the immediate
vicinity, while the waste heat emission caused a slight tem-
perature increase and a reduction of the relative humidity on
the lee side. Systematic measurements of fluorine concentra-
tions revealed frequently high concentrations in 1973, some-
times in excess of the 4 nucrogram/cu m limit, and substan-
tially lower concentrations in 1974. The findings indicate a
relatively high background concentration rather than a rela-
tionship between the power plant and the fluorine levels.
80994
Kirsch, H.
COMPOSITION OF DUST IN THE WASTE GASES OF IN-
CINERATION PLANTS. VGB Technische Vereinigung der
Grosskraftwerksbetreiber e. V., Essen (West Germany), Con-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
69
vers. Refuse Energy Int. Conf. Tech. Exhib., 1st, Montreux,
Switzerland, 1975, p. 185-189, (Nov. 3-5.)
The composition of dust in the waste gases of seven incinera-
tion plants was analyzed. Thirty-five chemical elements were
analyzed quantitatively. Apart from the normal elements, sil-
icon, aluminum, calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, and sulfur,
the samples contained lead, zinc, and chlorine with concentra-
tions above 2% by weight. The average content of barium,
copper, fluorine, and tin was above 500 ppm. There were huge
differences in chemical composition from one plant to another.
The concentration of mercury varied within the samples from
1-800 ppm.
81169
Brakhnova, I. T. and S. A. Mosendz
COMPARATIVE HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF POWDER-
FILLED WIRES EMPLOYED FOR SURFACING. Weld. Prod.,
22(2):78-80, 1975. 5 refs.
The gross emissions of dust and gases formed during surfacing
with the powder filled wires used in the welding industry were
determined for PP-AN-124, PP-AN-125, PP-AN-G13N4, and
PP-AN-170. Fluorides, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen,
and ozone form during surfacing with all wires. Dust emission
is greatest when surfacing with PP-AN-124. The highest emis-
sion of fluoride occurs in surfacing with PP-AN-G13N4. Large
quantities of CO form especially with PP-AN-124 and PP-AN-
G13N4. Up to 60% of the aerosol component is in the form of
carbides of manganese, iron, silicon, and chromium. Changes
in the choline esterase activity in the liver and kidney are most
pronounced in animals under the action of aerosols from sur-
facing wires PP-AN-G13N4 and PP-AN-124. Wire grades PP-
AN-125 and PN-AN-170 have the least health hazards.
81343
Kautz, K., H. Kirsch, and D. W. Laufhuette
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN HARD COAL
AND CLEANED GAS DUSTS DEVELOPING FROM IT.
(Ueber Spurenelementgehalte in Steinkohlen und den daraus
entstehenden Reingasstaeuben). Text in German. VGB Kraft-
werkstechnik, 55(10):672-676, 1975.
Twenty-seven hard coal samples of different origin, and 20
dust samples collected after electrostatic precipitators in
power plants firing these coal were analyzed for their trace
element contents. A comparison of the trace element concen-
trations in coal ashes, coal, and dust revealed that correlations
between the concentrations in the coal or ashes and in the dust
do not exist necessarily. The mercury and iodine concentra-
tions in the dust samples were usually lower than in the coal
as a result of volatilization during the combustion process. The
boron, barium, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, copper, molyb-
denum, nickel, titanium, vanadium and tungsten concentra-
tions were about the same in the coal, ashes, and dust sam-
ples, while the arsenic, beryllium, chromium, fluorine,
phosphorus, and tellurium concentrations were higher in dust
than in ashes or coal by 2 to 3 times. The silver, lead, tin,
selenium, strontium, uranium, and zinc concentrations were
usually up to 10 times higher in dust than in ashes.
81745
Saito, Koichi and Tatsuya Saijo
ON THE TOXIC GAS INVESTIGATION AT THE STATIONA-
RY SOURCE. (Hasseigen ni okeru yudoku gasu no chosa). Text
in Japanese. Ibaragi-ken Kogaigijutsu Senta Nenpo (Annu. Rept.
Environ. Pollut. Res. Center Ibaragi Pref.), no. 7:44-48, Oct.
1975.
A survey on hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid, chlorine,
and sulfur oxides emissions from 8 facilities, and nitrogen ox-
ides emissions from 29 facilities in Ibaragi Prefecture is re-
ported. All determinations were based on the Japan Industrial
Standard Method. High HF emissions were expected from
glass manufacturers; however, their emissions were below the
standard (at about 1.59 ppm). More than 90% desulfurization
was achieved for the flue gases from cement calculation fur-
naces. Chlorine gas emissions were very small, reflecting the
control effort made by the facilities; the highest level found
was 1.8 ppm from a copper dissolution furnace. The HC1 emis-
sions depended on the type of facilities; municipal refuse in-
cinerators had poor HC1 control, and one such facility in-
dicated 13.0 ppm HC1. The NOx emission tended to be higher
for larger scale facilities. Those facilities having large boilers
showed high levels of NOx emission, which suggested the
necessity for thermal NOx control. The NOx level from these
facilities was up to 326 ppm.
81861
Boldt, Karl R.
AIR POLLUTION EMISSION TEST. BETHLEHEM STEEL
CORP (FINAL REPORT). York Research Corp., Stamford,
Conn., Office of Air and Waste Management Contract 68-02-
1401, Task 18, Rept. 75-SIN-l, Y-8479-18, 116p., Dec. 22, 1975.
2 refs.
Emissions tests were performed at the inlet and outlet of an
electrostatic precipitator and the outlet of a baghouse located
at Bethlehem Steel Corporation s sintering plant in Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania. The tests were performed as part of an Environ-
mental Protection Agency effort to develop performance stan-
dards for new sintering operations. Average particulate
loadings at the precipitator inlet and outlet were 0.2865
grains/standard cu ft and 0.0301 grains/standard cu ft, respec-
tively. Particulate emissions at the baghouse outlet averaged
0.0153 grains/standard cu ft. Average opacities at the precipita-
tor and baghouse stacks were 4% and 1%, respectively. Emis-
sion rates at the precipitator outlet for condensible hydrocar-
bons, non-condensible hydrocarbons, fluoride, carbon monox-
ide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and nitrogen oxides were
0.778, 609, 2.46, 6837, 1791.3, 28.5, and 102.2 Ib/hr, respective-
ly. (Author summary modified)
81916
Kalmon, B.
PORTSMOUTH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT ENVIRON-
MENTAL MONITORING REPORT - 1974. In: Environmental
Monitoring at Major U. S. Energy Research and Development
Administration Contractor Sites. Vol. 2, Energy Research and
Development Administration, Washington, D. C., Rept. GAT-
824, p. 1035-1064, 1975. 3 refs. NTIS: ERDA-54
Environmental monitoring data for the Portsmouth Gaseous
Diffusion Plant are presented. The principal process in the
plant is the separation of uranium isotopes through gaseous
diffusion. The highest single ambient sulfur dioxide concentra-
tion measured in the plant s vicinity was 12% of the most
recent federal standard, and the average values were less than
3% of the standard. The highest fluoride concentration mea-
sured near the plant was 2.65 micrograms/cu m. Sulfur dioxide
emissions during the burning of low sulfur coal were slightly
less than 1 Ib/million Btu, and SO2 emissions during the burn-
ing of high sulfur coal amounted to slightly over 3 Ib/million
Btu. Particulate matter emissions amounted to 0.4 and 0.2
Ib/million Btu for low and high sulfur coal, respectively.
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70
81917
Union Carbide Corp., Oak Ridge, Tenn., Office of Safety and
Environmental Protection
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT. UNITED
STATES ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AD-
MINISTRATION. PADUCAH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT.
CALENDAR YEAR 1974. In: Environmental Monitoring at
Major U. S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Contractor Sites. Vol. 2, Energy Research and Development Ad-
ministration, Washington, D. C., Rept. UCC-ND-303, p. 1003-
1033, 1975. 5 refs. NTIS: ERDA-54
Environmental monitoring data obtained in the vicinity of the
Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant are presented. The plant
operations are involved with uranium enrichment and with
uranium hexafluoride manufacturing. A steam plant on the
grounds burned gas and oil during 1974 and was in compliance
with the Kentucky air pollution control regulations for particu-
lates and sulfur oxides. An indicator was taken out of opera-
tion during the third quarter of 1974 because visible emissions
appeared to violate Kentucky regulations. The incinerator is
schedule for return to service when repairs to its off gas
scrubber are complete. Ambient fluoride concentrations in the
vicinity of the Paducah installation ranged from less than 0.11
to 4.56 ppm (as hydrogen fluoride) during 1974.
81931
ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT 1974. DUQUESNE
LIGHT COMPANY. BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION
AND SHIPPINGPORT ATOMIC POWER STATION. In: En-
vironmental Monitoring at Major U. S. Energy Research and
Development Administration Contractor Sites. Vol. 1, Energy
Research and Development Administration, Washington, D. C.,
p. 685-790, 1975. 3 refs. NTIS: ERDA-54
Environmental monitoring operations involving the sampling of
airborne emissions and the measurement of ambient air pollu-
tion levels at the Duquesne Light Company s Beaver Valley
power station and Shippingport atomic power station are
reviewed. A total of 26,530 cu ft of gas was released from the
Shippingport station s vent gas system with a total radioactive
activity of less than 0.001 curies. There were no other forms
of airborne releases at the Shippingport station during 1974.
The Beaver Valley power station was not in operation during
1974, and no airborne releases were made during the reporting
period. Dust fall measurements made in 1972 at a distance of
about 1.5 mi upstream of the Beaver Valley and Shippingport
sites indicated that the yearly total dust fall averaged 12
tons/sq mi. The annual arithmetic mean sulfur dioxide level
during this period was 0.013 ppm. Other pollutants identified at
this upwind site included: fluorides, nitrates, sulfates, man-
ganese, nickel, calcium, zinc, chromium, iron, lead, arsenic,
cadmium, vanadium, and beryllium.
81935
Union Carbide Corp., Oak Ridge, Tenn., Office of Safety and
Environmental Protection
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT. UNITED
STATES ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AD-
MINISTRATION OAK RIDGE FACILITIES. CALENDAR
YEAR 1974. In: Environmental Monitoring at Major U. S.
Energy Research and Development Administration Contractor
Sites. Vol. 2, Energy Research and Development Administration,
Washington, D. C., Rept. UCC-ND-302, p. 945-1001, 1975. 34
refs. NTIS: ERDA-54
Environmental monitoring data obtained at the Energy
Research and Development Administrations Oak Ridge facili-
ties are reported. The average airborne concentrations of par-
ticulates and sulfur dioxide were in compliance with applicable
standards during 1974, although fluoride concentrations ex-
ceeded the standards on several occasions. Annual average
fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.9-1.3 ppm. The average
particulate concentrations ranged from 40.9-47.8 microgram/cu
m, and the annual arithmetic mean sulfur dioxide concentra-
tion was 0.013 ppm. Steam plant operations were in com-
pliance with state emission limits except for the steam plant at
the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant. Between 0.8 and 1.0
Ib/million Btu of particulate emissions were released when
coal was burned, and the gaseous effluent from this facility
exceeded the 1.60 Ib SO2/million Btu by 0.04 Ib when 1.1%
sulfur coal was burned.
82192
WASTE WATER INCINERATION. (Abwasserverbrennung).
Text in German. Chem. Ind. (Duesseldorf), 27(6):319-320, 1975.
General technical and environmental aspects of wastewater in-
cineration are described. Wastewaters with a minimum
calorific value of 450-700 kcal/kg or with a minimum organic
matter content of 10% are primarily suitable for incineration.
The construction of incinerators without emission control
devices can be authorized if the organic carbon, carbon
monoxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides and dust emissions are expected to be below
the maximum allowable values envisaged in the Technical
Guidelines on Clean Air Maintenance. Otherwise, dust, CHI,
and SO2 emissions can be controlled relatively easily, while
the removal of aerosols, formed at temperatures of 850 C and
over, is problematic. Electrostatic precipitation, cyclone
separation, wet scrubbing, and dry gas cleaning can be con-
sidered. Wetted tissue filters operating at 95-99% at pressure
losses of 200-400 mm water column are best for this purpose.
However, they require flue gas cooling to 100-130 C.
82269
Fukuzaki, Norio and Ryuichi Sugai
MEASUREMENTS OF PARTICULATE FLUORIDES IN
NIIGATA PREFECTURE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
(Niigata-kenka ni okeru ryushijo fukkabutsu chosa, funjin no
soseibunseki). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan.
Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4):339, 1975. (Presented at the National
Air Pollution Research Conference, 16th, Niigata, Nov. 5-7,
1975, Paper 83.)
The chemical composition analysis of airborne dust collected
at aluminum refining plants, phosphatic fertilizer plants, and
stainless steel plants was done by the X-ray diffraction
technique. The sample dust was collected on a millipore filter,
or the adsorbed dust within chimneys was collected for analy-
sis. Most of the particle fluorides emitted from aluminum
refining factories were sodium aluminum fluoride. Aluminum
hexafluorosilicate was not removed by a cleaning tower at the
phosphatic fertilizer manufacturer and emitted as the main
component of its dust. No particle fluoride could be detected
from the stainless steel manufacturer, and ammonium chloride
was the major component of its dust.
82279
Wellard, H. J.
WELDING FUME - ITS CAUSE, EVALUATION AND CON-
TROL. Welder, 40(199):5-7, 1974. 4 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
71
The protection of workers from fumes likely to be injurious to
health is required by law. Welding fumes can be caused by the
heating of rods and fluxes or from the effect of the flame, arc,
or radiation on the surrounding air or shielding gas or from
coatings on the base metal. The present limit is 10 mg/cu m for
iron oxide and for inert particles. It is possible from measure-
ments of the rate of fume emission to estimate the volume of
fresh air which must be introduced in order that the concentra-
tion of fume will not exceed 10 mg/cu m or any lower value
required for a particular operation. Various types of welding
can also produce ozone, nitric oxide, or nitrogen dioxide.
Fume usually contains iron, manganese, oxides, and silicates,
and may contain fluorides, chromium, and nickel. Paniculate
fume from welding of copper base alloys contains typically 40
to 60% copper. Welding accessories for the removal of fumes
or protection against their effects are discussed.
82353
Yanaka, Takaaki
INVESTIGATION ON EMISSION GAS AND ATMOSPHERIC
FLUORIDE IN NIIGATA PREFECTURE. (Niigata kenka ni
okeru haigasu oyobi taikichu no fukkabutsu chosa). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
10(4):235, 1975. (Presented at the National Air Pollution
Research Conference, 16th, Niigata, Nov. 5-7, 1975.)
The fluoride iii the waste gases from aluminum refineries and
phosphatic fertilizer manufacturers was analyzed. The analysis
was made for both gaseous fluorides and paniculate fluorides
by trapping with an alkaline filter paper and millipore filter
respectively. Detection was by the ion electrode method, after
the dissolution of the trapped fluorides. The total fluoride
emission ranged from 43 to 568 kg F/cu m, and the paniculate
fluorides were represented more than the gaseous fluorides,
ranging from 41 to 540 kg F/cu m. Fifty to 90% of the panicu-
late fluorides were less than 1 micron in diameter. The particle
size distribution curve did not follow the logarithmic normal
distribution curve.
82944
Itai, Kazuyoshi
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE COM-
POUNDS IN VARIOUS PLACES. (Honpo kakuchi no taikichu
fukkabutsu nodo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4):233, 1975. (Presented at
the National Air Pollution Research Conference, 16th, Niigata,
Nov. 5-7, 1975.)
Atmospheric fluoride was analyzed at an active volcano and at
various industries such as aluminum refining, ceramics, iron-
steel manufacture, and phosphatic fertilizer manufacture. The
air sample was collected both by Millipore AA filter and a
filter paper with 1% sodium carbonate solution in order to
have differentiated collection of fluoride particulates and gase-
ous fluorides. Of the residential areas without a specific
P icride pollution source, 84% showed less than 0.1 microgram
F/cu m air. The fluoride level near the volcano was 1 micro-
gram F/cu m, of which 72.2% was gaseous fluoride. Of the
fluorides at areas with ceramics industries, 70% were gaseous,
while 10% of the fluorides at an area with aluminum refining
were gaseous.
83543
Fukui Prefectural Government
SURVEY REPORT ON FLUORIDES IN THE NATURAL EN-
VIRONMENT OF FUKUI AND SAKAI REGIONS. (Fukui,
Sakai chiku ni okeru shizen kankyo chu no fukkabutsu chosa
hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 86p., March 1975. 49 refs.
Fluoride concentrations in the environment of the Fukui and
Sakai regions were surveyed from April 1972 to March 1975,
prior to the establishment of an aluminum refinery in the
Fukui Coastal Industrial Area in 1977. Fluoride (F) concentra-
tions in all cases were in the range of normal natural concen-
trations. Values were as follows - Farm produce: leaves below
20 ppm; rice, about 8 ppm. Soil: 110-530 ppm (average 313
ppm). Ocean water (not at a river mouth): 1.0-1.2 ppm. Marine
produce: Sea urchins and marine algae showed higher concen-
trations in comparison to fish, shellfish, and crustaceans.
Pines: 1-3 ppm, for both first-year and second-year needles;
ponderosa pines, highly susceptible to fluoride pollution, were
suggested as possible pollutant indicators. Weeds (primrose,
clover, mugwort): about 10 ppm. Drinking water: 0.02-0.37
ppm (average 0.12 ppm). Atmosphere: average relative concen-
trations, 6.3 microgram F/sq dm)/month (absolute concentra-
tions, less than 0.018 microgram/cu m. Rain water: average
soluble F concentration 0.013 ppm. Water-soluble F precipi-
tants: 1.21 kg F/sq km/month. River water: average 0.10 mg/1.
Environmental guidance standards for fluorides in Fukui pre-
fecture were suggested as follows: continuous 24-hour value,
below 1.0 microgram/cu m; continuous one-week value, below
0.5 microgram/cu m.
83637
Huber, G. L.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION
IN THE CANTON VALAIS AND ITS SPECIFIC PROBLEMS.
(Etat de 1 assainissement dans le canton du Valais et ses
problemes specifiques). Text in French. Gas Wasser Abwasser,
55(ll):725-727, 1975.
While the canton Valais has made significant progress over the
past 10 years to control water pollution and treat waste water,
tolerable emission concentrations have not been achieved for
the most part. Fluorine remains the major air pollutant since
the area encompasses all Swiss aluminum industry installa-
tions. These are equipped with scrubbers to treat waste gases
from electrolytic processes. Although such measures are effi-
cient, emission concentrations are still too high. In the Martig-
ny region, a mathematical model has been established to deter-
mine concentration rates of pollutants emitted from specific
sources. Chimney heights of a number of incinerator and refin-
ing installations have been adjusted on the basis of similar
procedures. Natural phenomena such as irregular wind pat-
terns and air currents from lateral valleys must also be con-
tended with.
84479
Kowalski, Witold
EFFECT OF SURFACTANTS ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF
PHOSPHATE ROCKS AND EVALUATION OF FLUORINE
GAS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SUPERPHOSHATE. (Wplyw
Zwiazkow Powierzchniowo-Czynnych Na Rozklad Surowcow
Fosforowych I Wydzielanie Gazow Fluorowych W Procesie Otr-
zymywania Superfosfatu). Text in Polish. Chem. Stoso. Ser. A,
14(1): 81-89, 1970. 7 refs.
The effect of surfactant compounds on the extent of
phosphorus- containing ore decomposition and fluorine release
during the latter was studied. The phosphorus-holding material
under investigation was Marocco I, Marocco II, apatite and a
mixture of 2 pt of apatite and 1 pt of Marocco II decomposed
by sulfuric acid. The disintegration tests for any ore type were
performed with and without surfactants at the same concentra-
tion and quantity of H2SO4, temperature, length of time and
mixing speed. The amount of surfactant added was 0.02% of
the total weight of the ground material used and H2SO4. The
surfactants were of the non-ionic, anionic and cationic types.
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72
Analysis for water-soluble P2O5 and total P2O5 was carried
out 3 hr, 3 and 7 days after the reagents were mixed and the
decomposition level was calculated by gravimetry. Simultane-
ously, the degree of defluorination was determined by the
balance of the fluorine content in the ore and in the end
product. Its superphosphate content was evaluated 7 days
after the reagents were mixed. Cationic compounds of the
fatty amine group did not affect the decomposition process.
The greatest effect among the non-ionic surfactants was
shown by stenol, a condensation product of ethylene oxide
and saturated fatty acid. In the anionic group, the strongest ef-
fect was demonstrated by sodium tetradecyclobenzene sul-
fonate. The surfactant activity was comparatively more inten-
sive in the decomposition of apatite than that of phosphate
rock. With regard to defluorination, an addition of 0.04%
stenol was the most effective raising the level by 8%. The stu-
dies indicated approaches to achieve higher efficiency in su-
perphosphate production.
84542
Tanaka, F. and M. Nakao
ON THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF FLUORIDES IN THE
AIR OF THE WESTERN PART OF SHIMANE PREFECTURE
BY METHODS LTP AND DJ. (Shimaneken Seibu chiku ni
okeru LTP ho oyobi DJ ho niyoru taikichu fukkabutsu no kan-
kyochosa kekka ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Shimane Ken Eisei
Kenkyusho Nenpo (Annu. Rep. Shimane Prefect. Public Health
Inst.), no. 16:61-66, 1975.
In the western part of Shimane Prefecture, ther are many
glazed-roof tile manufacturing factories. Around them, damage
to silkworms, agricultural crops, and plants sometimes occurs.
The fluorine concentration of air was determined by the LTP
and DJ methods. A high concentration was found (more than
100 microgram/sq dm/month (LTP)) near a single factory and
in the area of tile manufacturers. There was a correlation
between values obtained by the LTP and DJ methods.
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73
B. CONTROL METHODS
02541
(SCIENTIFIC METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO
DECREASE THE POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT,
THROUGH INHALATION OR INGESTION, AND OF
ACOUSTICAL 'NUISANCES.') Moyens scientifiques et
techniques de diminuer la pollution des milieux inhales ou in-
geres et des 'nuisances' acoust'ques. (Chapter 3: Les pollutions
et 'nuisances' d'origine industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1. Leur
prevention et les problems scientifiques et techniques qu'elle
pose en France.) Premier Ministre, Delegation generate a la
recherche scientifique et technique. June 1966. pp. 47-59.
The functioning of chlorophyll in the course of photosynthesis
in leaves of plants serves as a method of air purification of
sufficient importance to consider its use in control. Vegeta-
tion, like men and animals, can sustain a considerable amount
of damage to the point where the threshold limit of absorption
of toxic substances is exceeded. The three gases causing the
most damage to vegetation are carbon monoxide, the sulfur
oxides, and those containing fluorine. Also to be considered
are acid 'smog', toxic 'smog', ozone, and nitrogen oxides.
Other industrial pollutants which have a toxic influence, but
less sever and localized, are dusts, hydrogen sulfides,
hydrochloric acid, etc. Ethylene and carbon monoxide cause
great damage to the growth hormones, particularly auxin. The
effects of SO2, SO3, and H2S04 are related to the quanity of
gas emitted, the degree of resistance of the species, their state
of development, and the various environmental conditions.
The sensitivity of vegetation to the action of sulfur gases va-
ries essentially as a function of the speed of absorption of the
gas by the leaves. Through experimentation it has been found
that the plant species which are most sensitive to SO2 are
chickweed, alfalfa, barley, oats, wheat, rhubarb, lettuce, en-
dive, spinich, cabbage, and tobacco. Apples, apricots,
peaches, grapes, corn, and beans are less sensitive, whereas
the floral species such as gladiolus, rose, and lilac offer con-
siderable resistance. Aquatic vegetation is often used as puri-
fying means for polluted streams. Subsoils purify themselves
of pollutant materials in various ways, including uptake by
vegetation and dispersion in the soil with rain water, etc. In a
section on means of decreasing the inhaled pollutants the fol-
lowing are mentioned: dust collectors, normal methods of
dispersion in the atmosphere, fumes from domestic fires, auto
exhaust fumes, fuel additives, improvement of combustion in
engines, recycling of crankcase gases, post-combustion ap-
pliances, and redesigning of motors. Also given in this section
(Chapter 3) is some similar information on ingested pollutants
and on problems of noise.
02962
J. P. Jewell
CONTROL OF FLUORIDE EMISSIONS. Proc. Ann. Sanitary
Water Resources Eng. Conf., Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville,
Tenn., 1965. pp. 226-32.
The chemistry of fluorine and the fluoride problem encoun-
tered in certain industries, namely the phosphate industry,
both elemental and fertilizer, part of the steel industry, alu-
minum reduction, and other industries engaged in processing
ores containing fluoride are described. In detail, and more
specifically, the control of of fluoride emissions from an ele-
mental phosphorus plant is discussed.
04368
H. Schnitt and E. Moser
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE FLUORINE
PROBLEM IN THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. Weitere Ent-
wicklungen zum Fluorproblem in der Aluminium-Industrie. Z.
Erzbergbau Metallhuettenwesen 18, (3) 111-5, Mar. 1965. Ger.
This paper reports on the state of the arts concerning control
and scrubbing equipment for fluoride inside working premises
as well as directly from electrolytic furnaces. Far reaching
research has improved the already very effective methods and
installations. An optimal aerodynamic air ventilation is used
very effectively. Control of dust and gaseous components,
measurements of fluorine from the air inside of working
premises and from the exhaust are done separately. Measure-
ment and control is accomplished according to VDI-Richtlinien
(guides) No. 2093 and 2452. The success of reduction in
fluorine content with the installation of control equipment can
be measured by the reduction of the fluoride content in grass,
in the vicinity of the plant, which is used as cattle feed.
04794
W. Von Jordan
VENTURI AND RADIAL FLOW SCRUBBERS FOR COOL-
ING AND CLEANING OF UTILITY AND WASTE GASES.
Venturi- und Radialstrom-wascher zur Kuhlung und Reinigung
von Nutz- und Abgasen. Stahl Eisen (Dusseldorf) 86, (8) 399-
406, Apr. 8, 1966. Ger.
Two scrubbers are discussed in this paper: The venturi
scrubber with central jet and the radial flow scrubber. Operat-
ing experiences and results of measurement are given. Venturi
scrubbers are used in a variety of industries for gas cooling
and dust cleaning. They are used for scrubbing of gaseous
components, for instance fluorine washing. The versatile use
of the venturi scrubber, it can be operated according to need
without or with high pressure losses, has opened a wide field
of application. The operation and application by low and high
pressure losses are explained. The radial flow scrubber is an
adjustable high performance scrubber, developed for cooling
and cleaning of large gas masses, for example such from blast
furnaces. Design and construction is explained and the effect
discussed.
04853
C. R. Thompson, and O. C, Taylor
PLSTIC-COVERED GREENHOUSES SUPPLY CON-
TROLLED ATMOSPHERES TO CITRUS TREES. Trans.
ASAE (Am. Soc. Agr. Engrs.), 9(3):338-339, 342, 1966. 5 refs.
Details of a greenhouse for studies of air pollution (smog) on
individual fruitbearing citrus trees are described. A structure
was needed for this purpose that would endure for a minimum
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74
of five years, would admit the entire solar spectrum, and
would not become excessively overheated when outside tern-.
peratures rose to 115 F. After three years of operation, the du-
rability and convenience of the structures described are very
satisfactory. No discoloration, crazing or cracking of the
plastic glazing material is apparent. Paint on the aluminum is
holding well. Repainting on some steel surfaces was necessary
after two years. Activated carbon and limestone for removing
photochemical smog and fluorides, respectively, from the air
streams must be renewed about every 12 hours. Some minor
damage was done by windstorms of 80 mph, which was easily
taken care of.
05567
L. Silverman
HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS AND AEROSOL REMOVAL
WITH FIBROUS FILTERS. Proc. Air Water Pollution Abate-
ment Conf., 1957. pp. 10-23m.
The use of a slag wool fiber filter as an inexpensive cleaner of
high temperature gases and fumes produced in open hearth
steel furnaces was described and evaluated. These fibers are
small (4 microns mean diameter) and are refractory, thus able
to withstand temperatures of 1100 F. ;or high efficiency
separation of fine aerosols, fine targets in large number are
necessary which packed slag fiber layers can provide.
Theoretical, laboratory and field studies show that slag wool
filters show efficiencies ranging from 90 to 99%, depending
upon fiber layer compositions, density, and thickness. The
chief separating mechanisms appear to be diffusion and impac-
tion. Results are presented of the air flow resistance charac-
teristics of a rotary screw agglomerator, used to provide
dynamic gas treatment to increase particle size of the efficien-
cy of the screw as an inertia! collector for iron oxide fume.
The collection efficiency and resistance characteristics of slag
wool fiber filters was extended to other aerosols and gases
such as fly ash, sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric
acid mist. The filter (one inch thickness, five pounds per cubic
foot density) at velocities used for collecting iron fume (50 to
150 feet per minute) showed efficiencies for SO2 of approxi-
mately 30% when moist and zero when dry. For hydrogen
fluoride (dry and wet), efficiencies range from 70 to 90%. For
fly ash resuspended from Cottrell ash, efficiencies ranged
from 60 to 90%, whereas when feeshly formed fly ash was
created by burning powdered fuel, efficiencies ranged from 93
to 99%. A revised pilot model slag wool filter was constructed
for 750 to 1000 cfm gas flow based on results of the first field
unit.
06587
R. C. Specht and R. R. Calaceto
GASEOUS FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY
SOURCES. Chem. Eng. Progr. 63, (5) 78-84, May 1967.
Methods of controlling the emission of fluorides from the
brick and tile, steel, aluminum, and phosphate fertilizer indus-
tries are examined. The brick and tile industry receives brief
treatment and a concluding statement mentions that a venturi
type scrubber was used in bottle manufacture with 92% effi-
ciency. In the steel industry, the emission of fluorides from
sintering plants exceeds those from open hearth furnaces and
different control measures are required. The addition of 6%
weight of ground limestone to the sintering mix reduced
fluoride emission by nearly one half. The final treatment con-
sists of the means for supplying and injecting pulverized
limestone and the final dust separation equipment. Reduction
of fluorides is estimated at 96%. The basic difference between
the treating systems of the sintering and open hearth processes
is the pressure under which they operate and the material used
as a reactant; CA (OH) 2 is used in the open hearth process.
Among the methods discussed in regard to the aluminum in-
dustry are the wetting by sprays of the hot gases escaping
through roof monitors, the use of a sieve-plate gas absorber
column, and a floating bed type of scrubber which overcomes
the tar-fouling problem and is reported to remove 95% of
fluorides. Fluoride control is achieved with cyclones and
packed towers. The effects of fluorides on vegetation, cattle,
and man are briefly discussed including the effects of inhala-
tion of HF at various concentrations.
07190
R. C. Timberlake
FLUORINE SCRUBBER. Southern Eng. 85(6):62-64, June 1967.
The control of gaseous fluorides from the superphosphate cur-
ing area of the American Cyanamid's Brewster, Florida plant
is described. The problem involved handling large volumes of
air containing widely varying concentrations of fluorine. Four
blowers, each with a capacity of 87,500 cfm, were used to
deliver the exhausted air to rubber-lined scrubbers. The 9-ft
impeller is made of stainless steel and the housing is rubber
lined. The ducts are made of Cyanamid's Laminae polyester
resin. Each of the four scrubbers has 50 spray nozzles and
uses 500 gallons of water per minute to capture the fluorine as
dilute fluosolicic acid. The scrubber project eliminates 98% of
the total fluorides liberated by all sources of the operations.
07549
N. Yamate
AIR POLLUTION BY TOXIC GAS AND ITS COUNTER
MEASURE. Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air, J. Japan
Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 3(2):19-25, 1965. 5 reis.
The present status of air pollution in Japan and its counter
measures are described according to the chemical composition
of the pollutlants: sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, halogen com-
pounds, organic compounds, and solid particles (dusts). The
hourly variation of SO2 concentration is graphed. In Tokyo,
there is a peak around noon of about 15 pphm; NO2 ranges
from 1 to 1.5 pphm with little variation. Concentrations of
SO2, NO, NO2, H2S, and CO were measured in Yokkaichi,
Osaka and Ube as well as in Tokyo. Graphs relating amount of
traffic to CO concentration show almost the same pattern.
Concentrations of HC1 and HF in the air are quite small (0.35
ppm and 0.3-0.4 micrograms/cu m., respectively) near chemical
plants producing these gases. Counter measures used against
the various pollutant emissions are: the dry method, wet
method, activated carbon method for sulfur oxides; alkali or
oxidation method for nitrogen oxide; dry iron oxide and dry
absorption methods for H2S; and water washing method for
HC1 and HF. Afterburner methods by sparking and heat con-
centration are described for control of automobile exhausts.
However, problems encountered with the afterburner methods
are the high temperature required and nitrogen oxide increase.
The equipment required is also rather large. Another method
employing catalysts is described in which loam, molybdenum,
white gold, nickel or vanadium are used effectively.
07552
Billings, Charles E., Charles Kurker, Jr., and Leslie Silverman
SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF ACID GASES, MISTS, AND
FUMES WITH MINERAL WOOL FILTERS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 8(3): 195-202, Nov. 1958. 20 refs. (Presented at
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
75
the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 26-29, 1958.)
Investigations have indicated that two in. thick filters at four
Ib/cu. ft. packing density will remove up to 80% of acid mist
and up to 99% of acid gases and fumes. Total filter life de-
pends upon concentration of contaminant in the entering air. A
summary of filter performance is given. Estimated operating
life based upon one use of the filter material can be obtained
from the data given. With particulates such as iron oxide and
fly ash, it has been found possible to wash and reuse filters
about ten times. When iron oxide was collected simultaneously
with SO2, filters were reused about eight times. Acid gas col-
lection is significantly improved by the presence of moisture
on slag wool filters. Mineral wool filters have several features
such as, low cost (about 1 cents/lg.), small fiber diameter (4
micron and ability to withstand high temperatures (1000 deg
F.). Slag wool will simultaneously remove sub-micron particu-
late materials with 90 to 99% efficiency. Resistance to flow
through two in. slag wool filters (with an HF efficiency of
95%) is on the order of one or two in. of water, or if continu-
ously moistened, at most 6 in. of water.
07664
Holland, M. and K. B. Whitman
DIRECT FUME EXTRACTION FOR LARGE ARC FUR-
NACES. In: Fume Arrestment, Special Rept. 83, London, Wil-
liam Lea and Co., Ltd., 1964, p. 150-159. (Report of the
Proceedings of the Autumn General Meeting, Iron and Steel
Inst., London, England, Nov. 26-27, 1963.)
The development of a suitable fume extraction and cleaning
system for large electrical arc furnaces using tonnage oxygen
is taken in logical sequence through pilot plant trials to the
final design stage. The choice of a wet cleaning plant is in-
fluenced by the ease of hot gas conditioning and fluorine
removal, the economies due to reduced volumes at the outlet,
and an improved effluent treatment and disposal system. The
steps taken to ensure complete combustion of the gases
evolved during the furnace cycle by the use of an adjustable
sealed connection to the furnace, combined with a controlled
combustion air and ignition source, are described in detail.
Control of furnace pressure is achieved by control of speed of
the fan and a water-cooled damper in the furnace offtake.
Operational experience and plant reliability are discussed,
together with reasons for modifications found to be necessary.
07815
Borenstein, Murray
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NON-FERROUS METAL-
LURGICAL INDSUTRY. (THE USE OF WET SCRUBBERS).
Ind. Heating, 34(10):1866, 1868, 1870, Oct. 1967.
Fumes emitted from the processes involved in the non-ferrous
metallurgical indsutry consist of extremely fine particulate
matter of submicron size. These fumes result from the heating
operations, from the use of fluxes and from reduction
processes, all of which produce highly corrosive emissions.
Types of controls include wet-scrubbers and bag filters. A typ-
ical Airetron installation for capturing fluoride emissions dur-
ing electrolysis of aluminum ore is described; it employs 20
cyclonic air scrubbers operating at a low pressure drop of 3 in.
w.g. which neutralizes gaseous fluorides at the rate of 90,000
cfm at 200-250 deg F. for a total of 1.8 million cfm of gas pu-
rified. Recovery of the metal is accomplished, in this case, by
permitting it to settle out of the resulting liquid and recharging
it into the furnace. In this system all solids are recovered
through the recycling. In the wet-scrubbers, the fumes become
highly corrosive when wetted and linings such as rubber or
polyester-fiberglass must be used in their construction. Bag fil-
ters provide high cleaning efficiency and operate at relatively
low power costs. However, the replacement of the filter bags
themselves is a high maintenance item. The non-ferrous indus-
try thus requires some of the most sophisticated air pollution
control equipment for production of an essentially low-cost
product.
08344
Sheppard, Stanton V.
CONTROL OF NOXIOUS GASEOUS EMISSIONS. Proc.
MECAR Synip., New Developments in Air Pollution Control,
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air Resources, New York
City, p. 21-28, Oct. 23, 1967. 3 refs.
Several new developments have taken place which have
helped improve scrubber designs for controlling emission of
noxious gases. Some major new technical developments have
been: Greater use of the crossflow scrubber design principle,
availability of light weight plastic tower packings, and wider
acceptance of corrosion resistant glass reinforced polyester
plastics. Some noxious gases commonly encountered are ox-
ides of nitrogen, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, silicon
tetrafluoride, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. In industrial applications,
the removal of noxious gases from exhaust air streams is most
often accomplished by bringing the air stream into contact
with a liquid stream for a certain period of time. The amount
of time required to transfer the noxious gas to the liquid is a
function of several factors. These are: Gas rate, liquid rate,
solubility of gas, mechanism of contact, and scrubber type.
The packed scrubber is used most often today for controlling
emission of noxious gases to the atmosphere. It is available in
three basic operating designs: Counter current, cocurrent and
crossflow. In the counter current packed design, the air stream
containing the noxious gases is passed vertically upward in op-
posite direction to the flow of the down coming scrubbing
liquid. The cocurrent packed scrubber allows the air stream
and the scrubbing liquid stream to pass through the packed
bed in the same direction. In the cross-flow scrubber the air
stream moves horizontally through the packed bed while the
scrubbing liquid moves vertically downward through the
packed bed and perpendicular to the air streams. Three rela-
tively new tower packing shapes are being used more
frequently by engineers in designing scrubber equipment for
removing gases. These packing materials are constructed of
high density polyethylene or polypropylene. This gives them
good resistance to corrosion and light weight compared to
ceramic ring and saddle packing. Fiber reinforced plastics
(commonly designated as FRP) are being used more and more
to replace stainless steel, rubber and PVC lined steel and other
metallic alloys for scrubber bodies. FRP is a material that uses
a combination of polyester or epoxy thermosetting resins and
glass fiber reinforcements to give a finished laminate that has
excellent corrosion resistance, a high strength to weight ratio,
and light weight.
09664
Thomas D. Crocker
SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL WITH SPECIAL RE- FERENCE TO POLK COUNTY,
FLORIDA. 337p., Jan. 1968. 178 refs.
A report is given which studies the economic analysis and
modifi- cation of air pollution problems. By determining the
pattern of apparent air pollution damage to the citrus and cat-
-------
76
tie industries of Polk County, Florida; and by drawing in-
ferences from the pattern, an attempt is made to analyze what
might be some of the more important impediments to efficient
management of the atmos- pheric resources and to identify the
conditions under which insti- tutional innovations might have
to be made to improve management of this resource. The fol-
lowing procedure is used to accomplish this: The economic na-
ture of air pollution is discussed. Infor- mation is given on the
economic backgrounds of Polk County's cattle, citrus, and
phosphate fertilizer industries. A short des- cription of the
evolution of potentially toxic fluorides during the phosphate
fertilizing process is given. A comprehensive dis- cussion is
given on the effects of airborne fluorides upon the citrus and
cattle. The results of a study between the intensity of air pol-
lution and Polk county land values are presented and in-
terpreted. Proposals for control of air pollution are reviewed.
Finally, an attempt is made to present the writer's views about
implications of the results of the land value analysis for the
con- trol proposals and their applicability.
09773
FAN SCRUBBER HALTS CORROSION ENDING NEED FOR
ROOF REPAIRS. Chem. Process., 31(4):67, April 1968.
The manner in which escaping acid fumes were controlled at a
particular plant is described. An existing system of water
scrubbers was supplanted by a separator based on a centrifu-
gal fan. Flow through the separator is 14,000 cfm of an ex-
haust containing 750 ppm of nitric acid and nitrogen oxides
and 350 ppm of hydrofluoric acid. Most of the fumes are
separated by centrifugal force in the fan, into which 6 gpm of
water is sprayed. The partially cleaned exhaust then passes
through a 48 x 80 x 6 in- thick polypropylene filter which
removes nearly all of the remaining wetted fumes. Fumes leav-
ing the separator were reduced to trace amcunts. Scrubbing
water requirements were reduced by 34 gpm. The complete
system was installed at a cost of $8100, less thatn $.70 cfm.
09902
Wett, Theodore W.
COMPETITORS COLLABORATE TO CHOKE OFF AIR
POLLUTION. Chem. Process., 31 (1):27, 34-35, Jan. 1968.
Some 289 air-pollution control devices have been installed by
13 phosphate-producing companies operating 18 plants and a
dozen large curing sheds. This equipment includes electrostatic
precipitators, cyclonic and venturi scrubbers, bag-type dust
collectors and absorption towers. Although all companies do
not disclose capital investment in air-pollution control, a rough
'rule of thumb' indicates that it will run $3.25/cfm of effluent
air treated. Yearly operating cost for pollution-control equip-
ment averages 15 percent of installed cost, sometimes more,
not including depreciation. Fluorine from the phosphate indus-
try consists mostly of SiF and insoluble particulate fluorapa-
ties generated in clashing the phosphate rock. Presented sam-
pling techniques, involving considerable agitation and very
finely divided particulate matter, can indicate a higher concen-
tration of soluble fluoride in ambient air than is actually in the
case. In addition, there is no method of distinguishing between
SiF4 and HF. Since most of the work in fluoride pollution stu-
dies has been done with HF, much more toxic than SiF4, the
effect of phosphate industry fluoride emissions on plants,
animals and man has not been adequately determined.
10372
Erga. Olav, Kare Ryan and Adolf K. Syrdal
GAS CLEANING PRACTICES AT MOSJOEN ALUMINUM
WORKS. ((Gassrenseanlegg ved Mosjoen Aluminiumverk.))
Text in Norwegian. Tek. Ukeblad (Oslo), 114(12):232-237,
March 30, 1967. 3 refs.
Mosjoen Aluminum Works' solution to cleaning the oven
gases given off by the electrolytic aluminum production
processes is outlined, with emphasis on the fluoride com-
pounds which have adverse effects on the environment.
Mosjoen has developed the construction of a practical model
(by Erga et. al.) which uses selective absorption of fluorine
from the gases from aluminum reduction cells with vertical
spike Soderberg anodes. Economic and efficiency statistics are
given to justify the method in the Norwegian industrial en-
vironment. Diagrams showing the components of the equip-
ment are given illustrating the fluoride recovery technique.
10618
George Graue, and Helmut Nagul
DETECTION AND REMOVAL OF FLUORINE IN THE
WASTE GASES OF A STEELWORKS AND MEASURING
AIR QUALITY IN ITS SURROUNDINGS. Staub (English
translation), 28(1):9-17, Jan. 1968. 5 refs. CFSTI: XT 68-50448/1
Air-quality measurements of fluorides were taken near a large
steelworks for a period of three years. They revealed that the
positioning of the measuring devices is of decisive importance.
For example, gross errors are liable to occur if ore dust en-
trained near ground level is included. After eliminating such
errors the total precipitation of fluoride in the course of 3
years was established as between 2 and 6 mg/sq.m./day. No
free fluorine is emitted by steelworks, although gaseous
fluoride compounds can occur. Downstream of metallurigcal
furnaces, particularly where 'brown smoke' is emitted, this
fluorine is partically completely adsorbed on the dust. Con-
sequently, even when using excessive quantities of fluorite, it
is retained by the dust collectors just like the dust itself. It is
irrelevant whether wet or dry collectors are used. Accordingly,
there is no reason to avoid the use of fluorite in steel making,
provided efficient collecting units are used. Emission of coal-
fired boiler plants is less governed by the fluoride content of
coal than by the more or less basic character of the ash. Emis-
sion of this origin can be largely prevented by dust collection.
(Authors' conclusions, modified)
11686
H.R. Hickey
CONTROLLING ALUMINUM EFFLUENT REDUCTION. Air
Eng., 10(10):20- 22, Oct. 1968.
In the manufacture of aluminum from alumina by electrolytic
reduction, fluorides and hydrocarbons are the principal ef-
fluents. Fluoride removal from collected gases poses no
problem with conventional scrubbing equipment. However, the
hydrocarbons condense as submicron tar particles which plug
multiple cyclones and baghouses thereby limiting the options
available in selecting control devices. Research to overcome
the hydrocarbon problem is needed.
12127
Pedigo, W. R., C. R. King, L. A. Dean, J. E. Owens, and S.
Bernstei
FLUTOIZED BED RECOVERY OF FLUORINE IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF UF6. Preprint, American Institute of
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
77
Chemical Engineers, New York, N. Y., 22p., 1964. 3 rets.
(Presented at the Symposium on Nuclear Plant Experience with
Fluidized Beds, Part I, American Institute of Chemical En-
gineers, 53rd National Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pa., May 17-20,
1964.)
Recovery of dilute fluorine at the Atomic Energy Commis-
sion's Gaseous Diffusion Plant at Paducah, Kentucky, is based
on a fluidized bed process. The all Monel reactor is 27-in. in
diameter and employes a bed of UF4 at a depth of 4.5 ft.
Operation of the reactor depends on the reaction of fluorine
with UF4 to produce gaseous UF6 and several solid com-
pounds with fluoride-to-uranium ratios between UF4 and UF6.
The reactor operates at approximately 750 F. The process gas
steam for the reactor is the primary UF6 process vent gas
stream containing 20-40% fluorine. Initial development of the
fluidized bed recovery process was conducted in an existing
plant reactor. Because of the similarity of operation, the facili-
ties of the fluidized bed UF6 absorber were temporarily
modified for a pilot-p'ant investigation. A total of eight runs
were made during the investigation with fluorine concentra-
tions of 5-30% and at 600 to 900 F. Based on the results of this
study, a prototype reactor was built and operated for one year.
With the current unit, fluorine recovery efficiencies are
greater than 95% while reactor-on-stream efficiencies average
about 99%. Equipment maintenance is negligible.
12288
Navratil, James D.
DISPOSAL OF FLUORINE. Dow Chemical Co., Golden, Colo.,
Rocky Flats Div., AEC. Contract AT(29-1)-1106, Aug. 29, 1968.
44 refs.
A literature review of fluorine disposal systems utilizing
liquids, solids, and gases is given. The literature makes
frequent mention of caustic solutions and water. Sodium
hydroxide solution is the most desirable liquid agent, espe-
cially when CaO is added to regenerate NaOH. A review of
media used for solid disposal includes charcoal, alumina, soda
lime, and several other less efficent agents. Static beds of
coconut charcoal and fluid beds of activated alumina were re-
ported to be highly effective fluorine disposal systems. No ex-
plosions were encounterd with the use of charcoal. Apart from
the literature review, experiments were static-bed disposal
traps to evaluate activated alumina, soda lime, and charcoal as
fluorine disposal agents are described. Exhaust line plugging
occurred when alumina was used as the disposal medium.
Plugging problems were less severe with soda lime. Water
evolved during the fluorine-soda lime reaction, but it presented
no problem. The use of wood charcoal eliminated plugging
problems, but pressure surges were noted during the reaction.
A check valve upstream from the disposal trap prevented in-
terference on the upstream system from the trap. Charcoal
was selected as the most desirable disposal medium because of
its high disposal capacity, gaseous reaction product (CF4), and
freedom from trap plugging.
12465
Gully, A. J., R. M. Bethea, R. R. Graham, and M. C. Meador
REMOVAL OF ACID GASES AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN
FROM SPACECABIN ATMOSPHERES. Texas Technical
Univ., Lubbock, Contract NAS 1-7584, 139p., July 1969. 122
refs. CFSTI: NASA CR-1388
Investigations were made on methods of removal of oxides of
nitroge and of the acid gases sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride and chlorine in low concentrations
from air as part of the effort to develop an effective at-
mospheric purification subsystem for long-term manned space
missions. Methods investigated were: reaction with basic solid
materials, adsorption, and for oxides of nitrogen, catalytic
reduction of nontoxic to less toxic gases. Adsorption at am-
bient temperature of both chlorine and nitrogen dioxide on ac-
tivated carbon was found to be rapid with sulfur dioxide being
adsorbed to a lesser extent. In exploratory work, nickel oxide
and copper oxide were found to exhibit appreciable activity in
the catalytic decomposition of nitrogen dioxide. Maximum
decomposition of nitrogen dioxide observed (nickel oxide
catalyst at 482 C) was 53%. Nitric oxide was the major decom-
position product. Solid-gas reaction was found to be the most
generally effective method of contaminant removal. The solid
reactants tested included sodium carbonate, sodium bicar-
bonate, barium carbonate, calcium carbonate, lithium car-
bonate, and manganese dioxide. Of these, lithium carbonate
and manganese dioxide were the most effective by a large
margin for acid gas removal. Manganese dioxide reacts faster
with sulfur dioxide and chlorine, and lithium carbonate faster
with the hydrogen halides at the temperature of interest (340-
380 C). Reaction rates increase rapidly with temperature. The
reaction between nitrogen dioxide and any solid tested was too
slow for effective removal. A mathematical model of the solid-
gas reaction system, based on the shrinking core concept, was
developed. This model served both as a basis for experimental
data interpretation and as a design tool. The model, which
requires only two experimentally determined constants for
each gas-solid pair, adequately fits the breakthrough data on
all solid-gas reaction systems investigated. On the basis of in-
formation developed in this study, it is confidently estimated
that by using a 11 cm reaction bed containing both manganese
dioxide and lithium carbonate, over 88% of the sulfur dioxide
and over 99% of the chlorine and hydrogen halides in the en-
tering stream can be removed on a once-through basis for up
to 750 hours of operation. (Author summary)
13676
Erga, Olav, Rare Ryan, and Adolf Syrdal
RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF FLUORINE PRODUCTS
FROM ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS WASTE GASES. In:
Abwasser, Abgas Schwebstofftechnik, Dechema-Monograph.,
59(1045-1069), Frankfurt am Main, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur
chemisches Apparatewesen E.V., 1968, p. 191-198. 4 refs.
Gases released during aluminum electrolysis contain HF, SO2,
and CO2 which are all absorbed with the alkaline solution used
in present recovery procedures. A method and apparatus are
presented for the selective recovery of HF for hydrofluoric
acid production. A sieve plate scrubber utilizing water as the
absorption agent was developed by Elektrokemisk. The device
features a tower consisting of sieve plates and funnels and a
circulation pump for gas distribution. One unit is sufficient for
HF recovery. Pilot plant tests showed more than 99% of the
HF was absorbed, producing an acid of 3% HF by weight. The
co-absorption of SO2 was negligible. Use of the tower for
cryolite production also results in an economically feasible by-
product.
13771
Varlamov, M. L., E. L. Krichevskaya, A. A. Ennan, L M.
Zampol'skaya, G. A. Manakin, and R. A. Georgalin
ACOUSTIC COAGULATION OF MIST CONTAINING
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. J. Appl. Chem. USSR (English
Transl.), 41(12):2494-2499, Dec. 1968. 4 refs.
Investigations of the particle-number concentrations and size
distributions in mist containing fluorine compounds were con-
ducted with a flow ultramicroscope and photomicrography
-------
78
under laboratory and plant conditions before and after
acoustic treatment. The results of these studies showed that
the number of particles decreases by a factor of 100-1000 as a
result of acoustic treatment for 3 to 5 sec. Examination of the
experimental data obtained in studies of the particle-size dis-
tribution of aqueous mist showed that the minimum size of the
drops was 0.9 micron and the greatest frequency was in the 5
to 6 micron range. In the case of industrial mist, the number
of particles deposited per unit area is decreased by a factor of
125 after acoustic treatment for 1.5 sec, while the average
diameter increases from 2.5 to 18.7 microns. Before treatment,
88% of the particles were in the 1 to 4 micron range. Acoustic
treatment shifts the distribution to the right and increases the
variance. (Author conclusions modified)
14444
Tsujimura, Shigeo, Akira Takahashi, and Ginji Fujisawa
CONSTRUCTION OF DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE GAGE
FOR FLUORINE AND ITS APPLICATION TO AUTOMATIC
DISPOSAL OF FLUORINE. J. Nucl. Sci. Tech., 5(l):30-34. Jan.
1968. 9 rets.
A differential pressure gage for fluorine, consisting of two
metal bellows connected end to end was constructed. This
device can be applied in measurement of pressure drop across
fluid bed reactors, pack bed reactors, filters, orifices of flow-
meters, and other similar uses. The gage has been shown to
possess excellent stability against corrosion by fluorine. The
output voltage obtained was 1.7 mV/mm H2O, and drift was
less than 0.5 mm H2O. The gage can be used for control of
fluorine disposal by absorption in a wide range of mean flow
rates, and dispenses with the use of fluorine-resistant control
valves.
14692
Tuerkoelmez, S.
NEW METHOD FOR WASTE GAS CLEANING. ELIMINA-
TION OF ODORS BY EXCHANGE ADSORPTION WITH AR-
TIFICIAL RESIN ION EXCHANGERS. PART I. (Neues Ver-
fahren der Abgasreinigung. Beseitigung der Geruchbelaestigun-
gen durch Austausch-Adsorption mittels Kunstharz-
lonenaustauschern. Teil I). Text in German. Wasser Luft
Betrieb, no. 11:737-743, 1965.
For the removal of odors from industrial waste gases, the use
of artificial ion exchanger resins is suggested. The reaction
takes place in the gas phase in the case of inorganic waste
gases and in the liquid phase for organic compounds. Four
types of exchangers, IR-45(OH), IRA-410(OH), IRC-50(H),
and IR-120(H), were successfully tested with phenols, mercap-
tans, bromides, fluorides, cyanides, nitriles, chlorides, SO2,
and a number of organic compounds. Fluorides, cyanides,
chlorides, and SO2 could be completely removed. Pre-adsorp-
tion with alkaline earth hydroxides in scrubbers was used only
in the case of phenols.
15322
Teske, Wolfgang
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY. (Luftreinhaltung in der chemischen Industrie). Text in
German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 19(10):289-294,
1969. 11 refs.
Emissions developing from chemical production processes can
be reduced either by modification of the process itself or by
cleaning the stack gas. As an example of the first approach,
the so-called double contact process is described. Sulfur diox-
ide from pyrite roasting is converted by catalytic oxidation
with atmospheric oxygen to SOS. By addition of water, the
latter is converted into sulfuric acid. The reaction is not
complete; in the first stage of the process, 90% of the SO2 is
converted to SO3, which is removed from the reaction gas
mixture by absorption. The remaining 10% SO2 is converted to
SOS in the second stage. The residual SO2 concentration in
the cleaned gas lies between 0.5 and 0.7 g/std cu m. The emis-
sion of NO and NO2 can be reduced by the use of higher
pressures either during combustion or prior to absorption. The
dust emissions from acetylene production can be reduced
through the construction of a completely closed furnace from
which no waste gas can escape without having first been
cleaned. For cleaning of waste gases, there are several wet
and dry methods. Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide from
the manufacture of synthetics are removed from the waste gas
by adsorption on two layers of activated charcoal. Silicon
tetrafluoride and hydrogen fluoride can be removed by venturi
scrubbers, by Doyle scrubbers, where the gas is accelerated in
an annular nozzle so that it hits the scrubbing liquid at high
speed, by cyclone scrubbers, or by spray chambers.
15372
MAINTENANCE OF AIR PURITY AND DETERMINATIONS
OF IMMISSION BY THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY:
FLUORINE POLLUTION, ESPECIALLY HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE GAS, IN WASTE GASES CAUSES DAMAGE TO
VEGETATION. (Luftvard och immissionskontroll i aluminiu-
niindustrin: fluorforeningarna, sarskilt det gasformiga fluor-
vatet, i avgaserna). Text in Swedish. Tek. Tidskr., 99(12):251-
253, May 27, 1969.
The Sundsvall aluminum plant, the only alumina-electrolysis
plant in Sweden, operates 300 cells currently producing 65,000
tons of Al per year, representing a fivefold increase of produc-
tion since 1962. To date the company has spent 20 million
kroner (about $4,000,000 in 1969) on air pollution control
equipment, but there is still some damage to vegetation from
hydrogen fluoride gas. Comfort of workers requires 20 to 30
changes of air per hour (12 million cu m/hr) in pot-line area,
which complicates air pollution control. Most recent of several
air-washing devices used in a 'spin bath' in which plastic balls
are sprayed with water from jets. Exhaust gases escape
through four 70-m concrete chimneys, 10-11 m in diameter and
lined internally with plastic. The equipment removes 90% of
water- soluble fluorides from exhaust. The company also
maintains 160 inspection stations in the area, which by means
of pollutant- sensitive plants record the immission of toxic
material, which is the basis of a map of Sundsvall region with
'isofluoride' lines to indicate pollution zones.
15813
Lunde, K. E.
PERFORMANCE OF EQUIPMENT FOR CONTROL OF
FLUORIDE EMISSIONS. Ind. Eng. Chem., 50(3):293-298,
March 1958. 12 refs. (Presented at American Chemical Society,
Division of Analytical Chemistry, Symposium on Air Pollution,
Joint with Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry and
American Chemical Society Committee on Air Pollution, 130th
Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J., 1956.)
Metallurgical, heavy chemical, fertilizer, and ceramic
processes discharge fluorides to the atmosphere as hydrogen
fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, or solid fluorides of varying
composition and particle size. The efficiency of various equip-
ment for controlling these emissions is evaluated for purposes
of minimizing capital investment and operating costs. Absorp-
tion data are reported in terms of the number of transfer units
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
79
and related to liquid and gas flow rates, which are expressed
in terms of theoretical power consumed per unit of gas flow
rate. The absorption of gaseous fluorides is analogous to the
absorption of sulfur dioxide and the relative performance of
equipment should be similar. It is shown that the number of
transfer units obtainable on grid towers is controlled prin-
cipally by tower height and is only slightly affected by power
expended on the liquid and gas phases. The performance of
cyclone spray scrubbers is primarily a function of power ex-
pended in the liquid phase, while the performance of venturi
scrubbers depends on the power expended in the gas phase.
These factors dominate the performance of equipment used in
the absorption of gaseous fluorides. Various spray towers ex-
hibit significant differences in performance. Wet-cell washers
require a higher power consumption than simple spray towers.
In designing spray towers, the removal of silicon tetrafluoride
by scrubbing with water should not be considered a case of
simple gas absorption. In the case of silicon tetrafluoride,
mists formed in the tower are collected primarily in entrain-
ment separators just prior to emergence from the tower. The
mist is presumably rather coarse because jet scrubbers do not
exhibit substantially better performance than the low-power-
consuming spray towers. To be efficiently collected by separa-
tion, the mist should be 10 microns or larger. Adequate data
are not available to evaluate the performance of equipment for
collecting paniculate fluorides. However, the performance is
probably controlled largely by the total power consumption of
the device and design of equipment is of relatively unimpor-
tant. (Author summary modified)
16555
Fukui, Syozo
EXAMPLES OF GAS INJURY BY HYDROFLUROIC ACID
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE, AND REMOVAL OF THE
GASES FROM WASTE GAS. (Fukka suiso oyobi nisanka chisso
ni yoru kogai to sono jogai jisshirei). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku, (J. Pollution Control), 2(7):481-486, Aug. 15, 1966. 3
refs.
Among the methods of nitrogen-dioxide removal, washing by
water or alkaline solutions are only 50% effective. The author
investigated a method based on ammonia gas. For the sake of
comparison, an experiment using water alone was conducted.
Nitrogen dioxide concentration was about 200 to 300 ppm; gas
velocity, 0.6 1/min; and water volume, 20 ml. Removal effi-
ciency was only 30 to 40%. Next, washing by a caustic soda
solution was examined. The caustic soda concentration was
10% under identical experimental conditions. The rate of
removal was 40 to 50%. The rate of nitrogen dioxide removal
by ammonia was 85 to 95%. The drawback of this method,
however, is that it generates white smoke of ammonium nitrite
or nitrate. In the experiments conducted at a plant site, wash-
ing by water removed only 12 to 55% nitrogen dioxide while
ammonia removed 70 to 93%. Hydrofluoric acid is harmful to
silkworms. Mulberry leaves containing 1 mg of fluorine per
100 g of leaves completely killed silkworms. Elimination of
hydrofluoric acid was comparatively easy. Satisfactory results
were achieved by alkaline washing. The removal rate of this
method was higher than 99% and the acid concentration of tail
gas was lower than 1 ppm. The mortality rate of silkworms fed
untreated mulberry leaves was 3.0 percent; that of controls
was 2.0.
16962
Kielback, A. W.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOATING-BED SCRUBBERS.
Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser., 57(35):51-54, 1961. 6 refs.
Aluminum is produced by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved
in an electrolyte consisting of cryolite and other fluoride salts.
The reduction process is carried out in cells called pots. Dur-
ing operation of the pots, fluoride-bearing fume, gaseous
hydrogen fluoride, carbon oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particu-
late matter such as alumina, carbon, and tar are released from
the pots. Containment of these materials has been a problem
in wet scrubbers with grids or other fixed packing and
impingement surfaces because the surfaces requiring the most
wash receive the least. Cleaning problems are severe when the
gas contains either tar particles or tar-coared solids. Floating-
bed scrubbers eliminate these problems by virtue of a self-
cleaning device. Gas is passed upward through a bed of light
spheres, increasing liquid hold-up and sphere buoyancy. As a
result, the spheres are free for rotational movement and for
movement in relation to each other. High gas turbulence is set
up in the bed when the upward flowing gas contacts the
descending liquor. The effect is intimate mixing of gas and
liquor to promote a hard scrubbing action. About 95% removal
of fluorides at pressure drops of 3 1/2 to 4 in. water gauge was
obtained in pilot studies of scrubbers containing polyethylene
spheres. Other proven application of the floating-bed scrubber
are treatment of aluminum-fluoride converter tail gas to
remove silicon tetrafluoride and treatment of magnesium
chlorinator tail gas to remove silicon tetrachloride.
17463
Hoeke, Bert and Horst Arnim Wittbold
WASH SOLUTION FOR PURIFYING FLUORINE-CONTAIN-
ING WASTE GASES IN ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY.
(Waschloesung zur Reinigung fluorhaltiger Abgase in der Alu-
miniumindustrie). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(l):24-29, Jan. 1970. 7 refs.
The separation of fluorine compounds and dust from waste
gases of aluminum plants was studied in the laboratory. A
suitable scrubbing liquid was determined for the waste gas; the
developing compounds had to be soluble to avoid crystalliza-
tion in the dust collectors and on pipes. Four test series were
carried out with a rotating wet collector. The fluorine com-
pounds could be removed to a large extent with an alkaline
scrubbing liquid. A slight dependence of the degree of efficien-
cy on the pH value of the scrubbing liquid was observed. At
pH 8 to 12, the gaseous fluorine compounds could be removed
to a residual concentration of less than 0.5 mg/standard cu m
The salt content of the circulating scrubbing liquid increased in
the course of the experiments to a maximum of 64 g salt/liter
water. The fluoride content of the scrubbing water reached 7 g
F/l. Maintenance of a pH of more than 10.5 and a salt content
of less than 70 g/1 helped to prevent any incrustations. This
necessitated periodic replenishment of the spent scrubbing
liquid by fresh water. The spent liquid was treated with alu-
minum salts to precipitate the fluoride in the form of kryolith.
The dry precipitant contained between 48 and 51% F which
could be reused. The sludge collecting in the circulating
scrubbing liquid had a settling time of 2 hours. Flocculants did
not reduce this settling time. The water content of the sludge
was 98%.
17485
Molyneux, F.
CRYOLITE FROM FERTILISER WASTE GASES. (PART 1).
Australian Chem. Process. Eng. (Sydney), 23(2):32-36, Feb.
1970. 23 refs.
Processes for recovering fluorine from the stack gases of
plants making superphosphate fertilizers and phosphoric acid
from rock phosphate are discussed. Rock phosphate is the
-------
80
only important alternsource of fluorine to scarce feldspar; the
fluorine is required for the manufacture of cryolite, which oc-
curs naturally and in limited quantities only in Greenland and
which is required for the manufacture of aluminum from baux-
ite. The gases evolved in these fertilizer manufacturing
processes present a serious air pollution hazard; since they are
corrosive, their control without recovery of valuable fluorine
compounds presents a difficult maintenance problem. One
recovery process now in use at a demonstration scale plant
consists in absorbing the fluorine which is present as hydrogen
fluoride in a bed of lump limestone at temperatures above the
dew-point of the stack gas. The Moritz process for cryolite
from superphosphate plants utilizes the hydrofluorosilicic acid
obtained from the scrubber gases in the superphosphate manu-
facture. A method of making aluminum fluoride, with which
the industrial manufacture of synthetic cryolite is normally in-
tegrated, uses fluorine values from the waste gases from
phosphate rock acidulation. A new and more general process
recently developed for production of (A1F3)(3H2O) and
synthetic cryolite from phosphate waste gas depends on mak-
ing treble superphosphate by the acidulation of phosphate rock
with phosphoric instead of sulfuric acid; this is described in
some detail. Fluorine recovery can be made to materially
assist the economics of a phosphate or phosphoric acid plant.
A general evaluation of all processes, including wet phosphor-
ic acid manufacture, provides a figure of 0.15-0.2 Ib fluorine
per 1000 cu ft of gas, of which up to 50% could occur in the
process effluent as H2SiF6.
18144
DUST CONTROL: SOLVING THE AIR POLLUTION
PROBLEM. Agr. Chem., 24(6):15-17, June 1969. 7 refs.
When an air quality control region has been designated, the
state involved must set standards for that region. States are
beginning to take action against factories suspected of con-
tributing to air pollution. Suspected violations in Montana led
to an abatement conference at which the emission of fluorides
by phosphate plants was investigated following complaints
from local residents concerning nose, throat, and respiratory
irritation and property damage to metal and glass. It was noted
that fluoride emissions are an adjunct to the process used but
that they could be reduced with a high degree of efficiency.
Land configurations and prevailing winds added to the
problem at one plant. The TVA has developed methods for de-
tecting, measuring, and recovering process materials. In one
system, dust is recovered from dry cyclones and slurried in
dilute process liquor for return to the process. Other suggested
systems recovered carryover from a nitric phosphate pre-
neutralizer and dust in a granular fertilizer plant.
18536
Coufalik, F. and M. Odehnal
CONTRIBUTION TO POSSIBILITIES OF OBTAINING
BYPRODUCTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FERTILISER
PHOSPHATES BY DECOMPOSITION OF PHOSPHATE
ROCKS. (K moznostem ziskavani vedlejsich produktu pri
vyrobe fosforecnych hnojiv rozkladem fosfatu). Text in Czech.
Chem. Prumysl (Prague), 7(9):465-469, 1957. 20 refs.
The possibility of obtaining fluorine and rare earth elements
from the production of citrate-soluble phosphate, and the de-
pendence of the fluosilicate yield on the amount of sodium
nitrate used in precipitation were studied. Results indicated
that the best method of obtaining fluorine during production of
citrate-soluble phosphate fertilizer is by the precipitation of
sodium fluosilicate with sodium nitrate. Fluosilicate prepared
in this way is as pure as the byproducts of superphosphate
production. The addition of 12-20 parts of a so':d precipitating
agent per hundred parts of apatite yields 58 to 76% fluorine.
However, the precipitation of fluosilicate during the produc-
tion of mixed fertilizers is not advisable. Evidence is presented
for the possibility of obtaining a concentrate of fluorine and
rare earth elements by the preliminary precipitation of a solu-
tion of decomposed phosphate rock, followed by partial
acidification of the precipitate with diluted nitric acid.
18641
Rapko, Anton, Ondrej Sabo, and Pavel Gubric
SELECTIVE TRAPPING AND RECOVERY OF FLUORINE
FROM WASTE GASES. (Spusob selektivneho zachytavania a
regeneracie fluoru z odpadnych plynov). Text in Slovak. (As-
signee not given.) Czech. Pat. 121,428. 3p., Dec. 15, 1966. (Appl.
May 17, 1965, 2 claims).
A method is described for the selective trapping and recovery
of fluorine from waste gases emitted in the electrolytic process
of the manufacture of aluminum. The waste gases are drawn
off and washed in water to which aluminum hydroxide or
metallic aluminum has been added, so that aluminum fluoride
is gradually formed. When a concentration of 7-70 g fluorine
per liter and 1-15 g aluminum per liter has been reached,
cryolite is precipitated by the addition of sodium-aluminum
solutions. In the example given, the waste gases are drawn off
in such a way that the fluorine content is kept at a level above
200 mg/cu m. The gas flows through a pipe line where its tem-
perature drops and then into absorption columns containing
water to which an excess quantity of aluminum hydroxide or
metallic aluminum scrap has been added. During absorption
the concentration of the aluminum fluoride gradually rises.
The untrapped sulfur dioxide can be retained in a second stage
of washing, for instance, by washing in a lime solution.
Cryolite is precipitated by the gradual addition of a sodium-
aluminum solution to the absorbing acid, with intense stirring,
until complete neutralization, i.e., a pH value of 6.5 to 7.0, is
reached. The cryolite is then separated (by sedimentation), fil-
tered, and annealed at 500-600 C.
18698
Erga, Olav, Sven G. Terjesen, and Adne O. Utvik
SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF FLUORINE FROM THE
GASES FROM ALUMINUM REDUCTION CELLS WITH
VERTICAL SPIKE SODERBERG ANODES. In: Extractive
Metallurgy of Aluminum. G. Gerard (ed.), Vol. 2, New York,
Wiley, 1962, p. 83-96. 13 refs.
The principle of selective absorption of hydrogen fluoride
from the burned anode gases as a control method for alu-
minum plants is examined. The device uses pure water as an
absorbent and produces HF solutions in concentrations higher
than 20 g/1 (0.17 Ib/gal) combined with absorption efficiencies
up to above 99% and negligible absorption of sulfur dioxide.
The efficiency of the device, which also serves as a dust
separator and is essentially a sieve plate column modified to
be self-cleaning within a continuous process, was tested in
full-scale operation. (Author abstract modified)
18699
Schmitt, H.
THE FLUORINE PROBLEM IN ALUMINUM PLANTS. PART
I. In: Extractive Metallurgy of Aluminum. G. Gerard (ed.), Vol.
2, New York, Wiley, 1962, p. 97-102. 11 refs.
Problems concerning the emission of waste gases containing
fluorine in the operation of aluminum smelters and some con-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
81
trol methods adapted to the plants are reviewed. Waste gases
escaping from reduction cells contain fluorine as a gaseous
compound, especially in the form of hydrofluoric acid, dusts,
and aerosols. Based on tests of gases emitted from anodes,
hydrocarbons emitted before the burner, i.e., methane, ethane,
propane, and butane, were all combusted. Thus, there is no
evidence of an emission of organic fluorine compounds either
in the form of gases or condensates. Control equipment for an
aluminum plant would consist of dust cyclones, an electro-
static precipitator, and scrubbers. Spray chambers to clean the
air escaping from cell rooms are also considered. With this
equipment, the absorption efficiency for fluorine in gas form
amounts to 90%.
18826
Donovan, J. R. and P. J. Stuber
SULFURIC ACID PRODUCTION FROM ORE ROASTER
GASES. J. Metals, 19(11):45-50, Nov. 1967. 15 refs. (Presented
at the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petrole-
um Engineers, Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., 1967.)
Feed gas requirements for the contact acid process and availa-
ble roaster gases and their purification for acid plant use are
examined. The contact process using a vanadium catalyst is
the accepted technique for making sulfuric acid from sulfur
dioxide gases. Major features of this process are outlined. Op-
timum SO2 concentration in a conventional metallurgical type
contact plant is approximately 7.0-7.5% by volume. As SO2
concentration decreases, smaller fractions of the reaction heat
are available to preheat incoming cold gases. At approximately
3.5-4.0% SO2, the acid plant is thermally balanced; any lower
concentrations require the addition of external heat. At low
SO2 concentrations, the amount of water vapor brought in
may exceed stoichiometric requirements for acid formation
and consequently reduce product acid concentrations below
desired limits. To minimize this problem, the gas stream is
cooled to condense excess water. If all product is wanted as
25% oleum, refrigerated gas cooling will be needed at concen-
trations below 7%. At the other extreme, if product wanted is
93% acid, one can operate at SO2 concentrations in the range
of 3.5-4.0% without refrigeration. Maximum limits for objec-
tionable impurities, such as chlorides, fluorides, arsenic, lead,
mercury, selenium, dust, and sulfuric acid mist, at the acid
plant are reviewed. The composition of gas coming from any
roaster depends on the amount of excess air used and the
roaster temperature. The magnitude of sulfur trioxide forma-
tion is largely determined by the roaster system, with excess
oxygen, temperature, and presence of finely divided catalytic
oxides as the critical variables. Gas cleaning and conditioning
equipment, including the Peabody scrubber and a two-tower
scrubbing system, are discussed.
18830
Homes, John T., Lowell B. Koppel, and Albert A. Jonke
FLUIDIZED BED DISPOSAL OF FLUORINE. Ind. Eng. Chem.
Process Design Develop., 6(4):408-413, Oct. 1967. 16 refs.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society, National Meeting,
152nd, New York, Sept. 1966.)
A fluidized bed process developed for the disposal of fluorine,
using activated alumina as the reactive solid and a potassium
iodide scrubber, was over 99.9% effective in the removal of
fluorine from a gas stream and utilized the activated alumina
to near the theoretical conversion. It has capability for high
fluorine disposal rates and produces a free-flowing solid
product for waste disposal. A factorial experiment was used to
determine that increasing temperature (300-400 C), increasing
ratio of bed depth to diameter (3:6), and decreasing particle
size (399-183 micron) significantly increased the capacity of
activated alumina for fluorine removal. Changing the fluorine
concentration from 5 to 75 volume % or the velocity from 1.25
to 1.65 times the minimum fluidizing velocity had no signifi-
cant effect. A higher velocity (3.0) decreased the capacity
slightly. Other solids reactants, less expensive than activated
alumina, were given preliminary evaluation. Soda ash was
especially promising. (Author abstract modified)
19177
Tripler, Arch B. Jr. and G. Ray Smithson, Jr.
A REVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND CON-
TROL IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRIES. Preprint, American
Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 25p., May 5, 1970. 19 refs.
(Presented at the American Ceramic Society Annual Meeting,
72nd, Philadelphia, Pa., May 5, 1970.)
Air pollution in the ceramic industry stems from the large
amounts of dust and fumes which form at various processing
stages. Five segments of the industry (glass, cement, mineral
wool, asbestos, and brick) are considered. Prior to the analysis
of the problems of each of these, eight basic control methods
are listed along with comment on the application and approxi-
mate cost of each. The control methods listed are cyclones,
scrubbers, fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, adsorption,
burning, stacks, and process modification. In the manufacture
of glass three chief sources of air contaminants are batch dry-
ing of finely divided raw material prior to melting, gas or oil
fired melting furnaces, and glass forming. The first of these
presents only a dust problem. The furnaces, on the other
hand, emit particulates and a gas combination representing
both fuel products and the melt composition. Glass forming
machines generate heavy smoke from vaporization of
hydrocarbon lubricants. Both process modification and electro-
static precipitation are recommended. In the cement industry,
dust is the major problem; dust reclamation is an an economic
necessity. In spite of highly efficient collection, some of the
dust escapes. Dustfall rates of 35 tons per square mile were
recorded in areas adjacent to efficiently controlled kilns. A
secondary problem is the effluent from the kilns which contain
gaseous pollutants from the fuel and from the heating of the
components. In the mineral wood industry, stack emissions
containing condensed fumes from the molten material, sulfur
dioxide, and fluorides as well as blow chamber and curing
oven emissions consisting of fumes, oil vapors, binding agent
materials, and up to 90% wool fibers must be contended with.
The asbestos industry is faced with the twin threats of
asbestosis and lung cancer as a result of asbestos dust in
which a fiber thickness of 0.01 micron is fairly common. The
current threshold limit value of 5 million particles per cu ft of
air for a daily 8-hr exposure, 40 hrs per week is thought by
some to be too high. The importance of controlling dust in the
manufacture of silica brick was pinpointed in a Pennsylvania
Dept. of Health report in 1939 revealing that 51.9% of 1035
workers examined had silicosis. The threshold limit value of
airborne dust as set by the American Conference of Govern-
mental Industrial Hygienists is a function of the silica content.
In a dust containing 5% free SiO2, the TLV is 25 mppcf, but
in a dust containing 45% free SiO2, the TLV is only 5 mppcf.
For amorphous silica, the TLV is 20 mppcf.
19210
Matsuda, Norikazu
ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY
FLUORIDE. (Fukkasuiso oyobi kakushu fukkabutsu niyoru
taikiosen no taisaku). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 6(7):509-514, July 15, 1970.
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82
Sources of fluoride pollutants include aluminum refining and
phosphate fertilizer, brick, glass, glass-fiber, steel, and cement
manufacturing. Fluorides emissions from an aluminum refinery
and a phosphate fertilizer plant, both subject to large numbers
of damage claims, are shown in a block diagram. Examples of
fluoride pollution by the Showa Denko plants in Fukushima
and Chiba and Sumitomo Chemicals in Ehime are presented.
Regulations applicable to pollutant sources in Osaka and Fu-
kushima Prefectures are noted. A common method of
processing fluorine compounds is the use of caustic soda.
Fluorine becomes sodium fluoride, which is subsequently con-
verted to calcium fluoride by lime. In aluminum refineries, the
recovery rate of fluorine by the method is over 99%. Exhaust
gas, however, shows a recovery rate of only 60-70%, even in
factories equipped with a recovery device. If the density at the
source is lowered to several ppm, the use of chimnneys
around 200-m high will reduce the ground concentration to .1
ppb. At present, the recovery of fluorides is accomplished by
wet methods, which give rise to mists such as hydrofluoric
acid. The efficient processing of the mist is a future problem.
Since the demand for aluminum is predicted to be 2,000,000
tons in 1975, an increase in aluminum refineries is expected. In
the process of construction, future refineries must be
thoroughly evaluated for fluoride pollution.
19212
Hishida, Kazuo
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR FLUORIDE
AND FLUORIDE PROPERTIES. (Fusso kagobutsu no seijo to
sono jogai shisetsu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pol-
lution Control), 6(7):S21-530, July IS, 1970.
Guidelines issued by a local government recommend that
processing plants choose economical and practical installations
for purifying exhaust gas. A guideline for plants processing
fluorides is described. A jet scrubber or a spray tower is
recommended for cleaning by water. The standards for
fluoride concentration in plants are 15 ppm at the maximum
and 10 ppm on the average. After a detailed description of the
general properties of fluorides including hydrogen fluoride,
hydrofluoric acid, silicon fluoride, and hexafluoro silicic acid,
their effects on health are reviewed, together with the max-
imum permissible concentration of threshold values. A 3-stage
floating-bed type of wet scrubber, which is employed by a
hydrogen fluoride manufacturing plant in Tokyo, is schemati-
cally illustrated. Also described are principles of removing or
recovering fluorides, apparatus for absorbing fluorides, anti-
corrosive materials for the apparatus, processing of the water
used to remove fluorides, re-use of the cleaning water, and the
use of alkaline solutions for cleaning. Unit operations in the
plant, which give rise to fluoride pollution, are tabulated. In
addition, various local government standards for harmful gases
and particulates are noted.
19487
Knapp, Lester L. and Clayton C. Cook
TREATMENT OF GASES EVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION
OF ALUMINUM. (Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa.)
U. S. Pat. 3,503,184. 3p., March 3, 1970. 5 refs. (Appl. March
7, 1968, 5 claims).
A process for removing hydrogen fluoride and finely divided
solids from gas evolved in the electrolytic production of alu-
minum entails passing the gas stream upward for 0.25 to 1.5
sec through a 2- to 12-in. bed of finely divided alumina parti-
cles. The hydrogen fluoride is sorbed by the alumina particles
and the finely divided solids are entrapped in the fluidized
bed, which contains 50 to 150 pounds of alumina per pound of
hydrogen fluoride. The alumina particles containing hydrogen
fluoride are removed from the bed and fed to the fluoride
baths of electrolytic cells. The gas stream leaving the bed is
passed through bag filters on the surfaces of which any
remaining finely divided solids and alumina particles small
enough to be carried upward are deposited. The average re-
sidence time of alumina particles in the bed is 2 to 14 hrs.
19571
Berindan, Cornelia
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION INTERRELATION AND
GREEN SPACES AS A PROTECTIVE PRINCIPLE OF IN-
DUSTRIAL TOWNS. (Interrelation pollution atmospherique et
espaces verts en tant que principe protecteur des villes indus-
trielles). Tribune CEBEDEAU (Centre Beige Etude Doc. Eaux),
no. 301:143-153, July-Sept. 1969. 59 refs. Translated from
French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colorado.
The protection of residential areas from air pollution due to in-
dustrial sources, by means of green plantings, is discussed.
Plants intended for such protective zones should be resistant
species and they should act on the atmosphere. The pollutants
known for their phytotoxic properties are presented in tabular
form. The action of plants on air polluted by dusts consists of
decreasing the wind speed, collecting the dust on the leaves,
and acting on the local air movement. The plants found to be
resistant to pollutants are also listed in tabular form. The re-
tention of sulfurous gas, fluorine, hydrogen sulfide, and
nitrogen oxides has been established. A correlation between
the type and concentration of the pollutant and the degree of
plant resistance is needed when managing green spaces for
sanitary protection. For each situation, the degree of toxicity
of the pollutants should be known in order to choose species
with a specific resistance. Plantings with an aerated structure,
obtained by grouping wind breaks or rows of trees, retain
dusts and gaseous pollutants better than compact areas.
Methods which are recommended for determining the form of
future protective zones include zoning the values of pollutants
obtained by ground studies, mathematical processes based on
the laws of pollutant dispersion, and graphic processes.
20436
Vaillant, G.
THE BATTLE AGAINST AIR POLLUTION IN THE FERTIL-
IZER INDUSTRY. (La lutte contre la pollution atmospherique
dans ('Industrie des engrais). Text in French. Inform. Chim. Nu-
mero Spec., 69(43): 63-66, 69, Dec. 1966. 10 refs.
Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of ammonium
sulfate, superphosphates, phosphoric acid, potassium sulfate,
and other fertilizers. The oxidation reaction is never complete
and sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide are present in concentra-
tions of 0.1 to 0.2% in the waste gases. Dry methods of their
purification are briefly described; the wet methods involve
scrubbing with an alkaline aqueous solution and utilize dif-
ferent reactions to recover either pure S or definite S com-
pounds, such as sulfates or mixtures of sulfites and bisulfites.
A wet method for recovery of ammonium sulfate utilizes the
overall reaction: 2SO3H(NH4) + SO3(NH4)2 + 2H2SO4
yields 2SO4(NH4)2 + 3SO2 + 3H2O. The nitrogen- bearing
fertilizers are produced by neutralization of nitric acid by the
corresponding base. This acid is obtained by oxidation of am-
monia. The air-pollution is due to incomplete oxidation of the
intermediately formed nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide and to
incomplete dissolution of NO2 in water, so that the waste gas
contains 0.2 or more % NO. Present day methods of their pu-
rification are not efficient and uneconomical. Natural
phosphates used in the production of phosphor-bearing fertil-
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B. CONTROL METHODS
83
izers contain 3 to 4% fluorine in the form of CaF2, which is
liberated as HF or as SiF6H2 when the phosphates are treated
by an acid. A method of removal of F compounds from the
waste gases developed in France is described in some detail.
20857
Crocker, Burton B.
PREVENTING HAZARDOUS POLLUTION DURING PLANT
CATASTROPES. Chem. Eng., 77(10):97-102, May 4, 1970. 5
rets.
A plant handling toxic materials must plan to prevent
hazardous pollution during sudden and unexpected occur-
rences such as equipment malfunction, power failure, failure
of cooling water, fire, flooding, and thick fogs which can lead
to high ground-level concentrations. The necessary provisions,
which will vary from one plant to another, are illustrated by
the example of a plant in which hydrocarbon liquids are
reacted in the presence of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. To
prevent high ground concentrations in the absence of thermal
lift, provisions were made to keep the flare stack ignited by in-
stalling flare tips and pilots suitable for operation in hurricane
winds. A flare-ignition system remotely operated in conjunc-
tion with a flare-flame-monitoring system warns the operator
of flame failure. Reliability of the watercooling system on the
HF recovery column is insured by the presence of three
water-cooling pumps with suitable automatic controls, and a
device to cut off the flow of process heat to the reboiler
whenever there is no cooling-water flow. An oversize fluoride
scrubber handles larger then normal flows of HF through the
vent line. Fire hazards are reduced by insulating all vessels
containing HF. To protect against excess pressure in the
storage tank, it is equipped with a pressure relief valve venting
into the common HF manifold leading to the drowning towers
and flare stack.
21034
Molyneux, F.
CRYOLITE FROM FERTILISER WASTE GASES. Australian
Chem. Process. Eng. (Sydney), 23(3):29,31,33,3S,37,39, March
1970. 27 refs.
The performance of the venturi jet scrubber as used in the
treatment of effluent gas from phosphate rock acidulation is
analyzed. Due to the corrosive nature of the gas, the simple
construction of this unit enables it to be fabricated out of
plastic or other non-corrosive materials. Theoretical and ex-
perimental performance characteristics are determined for
fluorine recovery. Average fluorine recovery was 97%. This
type of control device may be applicable to the recovery of
aluminum trifluoride and synthetic cryolite from phosphate
fertiliser and aluminum refining industry.
21795
Teworte, W.
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS IN METAL FOUNDRIES AND
REFINISHING PLANTS. (Emissionsverminderung in Metall-
huetten und Umschmelzwerken). Text in German. VDI (Ver.
Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:260-273, 1970. 12 refs.
Although the non-ferrous metal industry is not a primary pol-
luter of our environment, it is nevertheless confronted with
the problem of reducing the sulfur dioxide, fluorine and dust
emissions. The SO2-containing gases are used for the produc-
tion of sulfuric acid; the so-called Bayer Contact Process with
intermediate absorption is used for this conversion. A large-
scale plant has gone into operation and the price of the sul-
furic acid obtained with this method is up 1 to 2%. Fluorine
emissions are usually drawn off by an exhaust system at the
point of origin and scrubbed out of the waste gases. Dust with
a high salt content (two thirds NaCl and KC1) as well as ex-
tremely fine particles containing grease and soot, is produced
in aluminum plants. It is separated by cooling the 550 C flue
gases in 4 cooling chambers to 150 C. A bag-type cloth filter
consisting of 7 chambers and made of felt is used for dust col-
lection. The filter is cleaned by a reverse air jet. Zinc alloy is
increasingly processed by the imperial-smelting method plants
which leaves a waste gas free of SO2. In copper and lead
smelting plants electrostatic precipitators or bag filters are
primarily used for waste gas cleaning. They are usually
preceded by cyclones. Emissions due to metal recovery from
old cables have not yet been satisfactorily reduced. Of the 70
plants of this kind existing in England and Wales, 60 use after-
burners, while 9 operate with wet scrubbers.
22040
Teller, Aaron J. and Edward S. Wyatt
GAS SCRUBBER APPARATUS AND PROCESS. (Wellman-
Lord, Inc., Lakeland, Fla.) U. S. Pat. 3,505,788. 4p., April 14,
1970. 2 refs. (Appl. May 23, 1968, 9 claims).
A gas scrubbing apparatus for recovering foreign materials,
particularly fluoride gas and particulates, from a carrier gas is
described. The carrier gas and foreign material are introduced
tangentially into a vertical cylindrical recovery zone into which
a washing liquid is radially sprayed. The foreign material is
captured in a slurry and discharged. The gas then passes into a
packed bed and second washing liquid to further remove con-
taminants. The bed is packed with a material having a nonad-
hering surface and a high free volume. The carrier gas then
passes through another packed bed to remove entrained liquid.
The advantages of this system over previous ones include low
cost, fewer pieces of equipment, and no deposition of solid
buildup. (Author abstract modified)
22484
Jewell, John P. and Burton B. Crocker
CONTROL OF FLUORIDE EMISSIONS. Vanderbilt Univ.,
Nashville, Tenn., School of Engineering, Tennessee Stream Pol-
lution Control Board, and Tennessee Dept. of Public Health,
Proc. Conf. Environ. Water Resources Eng., 8th Ann., Nash-
ville, Tenn., 1969, p. 211- 228. 21 refs. (June 5-6.)
Fluoride compounds released to the atmosphere may be par-
ticulate, gaseous, or a mixture of the two. Solic particulate
fluorides are usually released from handling operations which
generate dust. Hoods or enclosures to contain or collect the
particles and bag filters are desireable recovery devices. There
are several methods for controlling gaseous fluorides including
injection of ground limestone dust into the gas stream and wet
scrubbing. Most installations for controlling gaseous fluoride
emissions have involved absorption in water. Packed towers
and spray towers are generally used for this purpose. One
method of sizing water scrubbers is to obtain an idea of the
number of transfer units needed to get from the maximum
fluoride concentration in the inlet gas to the desired concentra-
tion in the outlet gas. Venturi scrubbers waste power when
only gaseous fluorides are to be collected, but they may be the
most economical multi-purpose scrubbers when a mixture of
gaseous and particulate fluorides must be collected. It is
recommended that the effluents be sampled and monitored to
determine the operating efficiency of control equipment.
Several sampling techniques are discussed.
-------
84
22598
Karbe, K.
FLUORIDE EMISSION FROM FERTILISER PRODUCTION.
Chem. Engr. (London) 46(7):CE268, Sept. 1968.
In general, the crude phosphates that are used as starting
material for the production of fertilizers and phosphates con-
tain 3-4% fluorine compounds. In the preparation of the fertil-
izers and phosphoric acid, the natural phosphates are decom-
posed by treatment with acids or by thermal decomposition
processes. All methods of decomposition produce fluorine
compounds as air contaminants, the thermal processes
emitting the compounds as both gases and paniculate aerosols.
Dry and wet methods are available for purifying exhaust gases
from fertilizer production. In the dry methods, hydrogen
fluoride is absorbed by chalk or limestone with formation of
calcium fluoride. Efficiency is 95%. In the wet methods, the
gases are washed with water to convert hydrogen fluoride and
silicon tetrafluoride to hydrofluoric and hydrofluosilicic acids,
respectively. Removal efficiency of the wet methods is
generally better than 90% and can be greater than 98%. Dif-
ficulties arise due to the conversion of silicon tetrafluoride to
silicon dioxide, which can cause plant blockage. In Germany,
exhaust gas emissions from new fertilizer plants cannot exceed
50 mg Fl/cu m.
22853
Cochran, C. N., W. C. Sleppy, and W. B. Frank
FUMES IN ALUMINUM SMELTING: CHEMISTRY OF
EVOLUTION AND RECOVERY. J. Metals, 22(9):S4-57, Sept.
1970. 7 rets. (Presented at the TMS-AIME Annual Meeting,
1970.)
Traces of gaseous and particulate fluoride must be removed
from the effluent of aluminum smelting cells. Fluoride emis-
sion, both particulate and gaseous, increases with increase of
temperature and decrease of bath ratio and aluminum oxide
content. Hydrogen fluoride from reaction of moisture with alu-
minum fluoride- containing bath species increases with in-
creasing partial pressure of H2O. The water vapor originates
from the atmosphere, from constitutional water or water ad-
sorbed on the aluminum oxide or from burning of hydrogen or
hydrocarbons from the anodes. The particulate is removed by
electrostatic precipitators, mechanical precipitators, scrubbers
or bag filters. Gas scrubbers or adsorption on aluminum oxide
are used for removal of HF. Adsorbing HF on aluminum oxide
as a chemisorbed monomolecular layer permits recovery of the
sorbed fluoride and the direct return of the fluoride to the pot.
The chemisorbed fluoride is initially amorphous but forms alu-
minum fluoride upon heating. Physically adsorbed HF (in con-
trast to the chemisorbed layer) is re-evolved as HF on adding
the recovery product to the pot. Thus, the fume removal
process should be limited to the chemisorption reaction. Effi-
ciency of HF recovery with aluminum oxide increases as fume
concentration increases and the ratio of recovery product to
pot feed increases. (Author abstract)
22913
Public Health Service, Raleigh, N. C., National Air Pollution
Control Administration and Manufacturing Chemists
Association, Washington, D. C.
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM WET-PROCESS
PHOSPHORIC ACID MANUFACTURE. NAPCA Pub. AP-S7,
86p., April 1970. 39 refs. CFSTI: PB 192222
In 1966, the production of wet-process phosphoric acid, ex-
pressed as P2O5, was approximately 3.5 million tons. Much of
this was produced as 54% P2O5, and virtually all of it was
used to produce various phosphate fertilizers. Fertilizers are
produced by treatin phosphate rock with wet-process
phosphoric acid to form triple super-phosphate, TSP, or by
reacting phosphoric acid with anhydrous ammonia to form am-
monium phosphates, especially diammonium phosphate, DAP.
The emissions of most concern are fluoride compounds
liberated from the phosphate rock by sulfuric acid: hydrogen
fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, and some products of reaction
and decomposition of the latter. Vapor scrubbing is universally
employed to control emissions, while specific devices used for
control include venturi scrubbers, impingement scrubbers, and
various kinds of spray towers. The major source of gaseous
fluoride emissions in wet-process phosphoric acid plants is the
digester. Emissions and methods of emission control are
discussed in detail, and sampling and analytical techniques are
summarized. Wet-process phosphoric acid manufacture is
described, as well as growth of the industry.
22923
Hufhes, Everett C.
VOLATILE FLUORTOE RECOVERY. (Standard Oil Co.,
Cleveland, Ohio) U. S. Pat. 2,440,542. 3p., April 27, 1948. 7
refs. (Appl. July 17, 1942, 18 claims).
Volatile fluorides, such as boron fluoride and hydrogen
fluoride, used in catalytic operations are discharged in admix-
ture with themselves or with hydrocarbons. While the
fluorides can be separated by fractional distillation and con-
densation, this method is expensive and in many cases not
profitable. In contrast, the fluorides can be conveniently
recovered with relatively little expense by exposing gas con-
taining them, in countercurrent flow in a tower, to dihydrox-
yfluoboric acid. Part of the fluoride is absorbed at about 27-55
C while the remainder is liberated by raising the temperature
of the acid to 120 C or above. As an example, gas containing
hydrogen fluoride at 1 atm was subjected to absorption at 35.2
C, and 91% by weight of HF was absorbed. By raising the
temperature to 170 C, 95.7% by weight of HF was recovered.
The acid is recycled to contact fresh incoming gas.
22943
Hammond, Roll
ELIMINATING DUST IN CHEMICAL PLANT. Chem. Age,
(New York), vol. 77:431-433, March 9, 1957.
Among new equipment for eliminating dust from chemical
plant flue gases is a multi-wash collector that removes sub-
micron particles with maximum efficiency. The collector com-
prises a cylindrical stainless steel tower with six and one-half
vaned impingement stages. An entrainment separator placed
above the units forms a seventh tier. Air enters the tower just
below its conical base, which acts as a wet cyclone to collect
the heavier particles upon entry. A water curtain descending
from the top of the tower combines with spray and impinge-
ment to envelop the particles rising with the air, carrying them
down into the cone and out of the collector. When most of the
dust is above the submicron range, collectors with fewer
stages are employed. These collectors are equally effective on
both soluble and insoluble dusts and on soluble gases. For the
removal of gaseous contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid vapors, al-
kaline solutions are added to the recirculated liquid. For the 0.1
to 5 micron particles found in pharmaceutical and bacteriologi-
cal work, an esparto grass-based paper filter with asbestos
fibers has an efficiency of 99.95%. This filter can be accom-
modated in a very small place. A reverse-jet type filter has
proved very efficient for vaporized silica of 0.6 micron and
less. Electrostatic precipitators are used to remove dust and
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
85
fumes from pyrite roasters, sulfuric acid mist from wet
catalyst sulfuric acid plants, and sulfuric acid mist from coal
roaster gases. Static rectifiers for the precipitators are availa-
ble that dispense with the high-tension connections formerly
required. Alternating current is rectified and used without
high-frequency effect on the wave-form, as in the case of
mechanical rectifiers.
23182
Purvance, W. T.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CONTROL. Chem. Eng. Progr.,
55(7):49-53, July 1959. (Presented at the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 1958.)
The development of measures to control fluoride emissions
from a Utah steel plant which had caused damage to local
animals is described in detail. The open hearth shop and sin-
tering plant were the major sources of emission, while the lo-
cally-mined iron ore was the raw material responsible for the
greatest quantity of fluorine. On the basis of extensive pilot
plant testing, limestone was added to the sintering mix, and
equipment for cleaning sintering waste gases were installed, in-
cluding facilities for injecting pulverized limestone into the gas
stream, a battery of mechanical cyclones, and an electrostatic
precipitator. A reduction of 96% in fluoride emissions from
this source was thus achieved, with important savings from
recycling the waste gas. For the open hearth operations, it was
decided to collect and blend the waste gas effluent from all the
furnaces in a collector main flue, from where it is passed to
individual precipitator units. Clean gases are discharged into
existing stacks; hydrated lime is the reactant in the process.
The major problems encountered were handling of the col-
lected dust, control of gas moisture, and furnace pressure con-
trol. The $9 million cost of the entire control program from
research through operation is viewed as part of the cost of
using Utah iron ore. The equipment is considered unique in
that extremely large volumes of gas are continuously undergo-
ing chemical treatment and final cleaning while the final col-
lected product is disposed of.
23310
Varlamov, M. L., Ye. L. Krichevskaya, A. A. Ennan, L. M.
Kozakova, and G. A. Manakin
ACOUSTIC COAGULATION OF MIST CONTAINING
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. I. (Akusticheskaya koagulyatsiya
tumana, soderzhashchego soyedineniya ftora. I). Text in Russian.
Zh. Prikl. Khim., 34(l):78-84, 1961. 28 refs.
Removal of fluorine compounds from mist was increased from
42-69% to 80-95% by inducing acoustic coagulation through ap-
plication of 16.5-kHz sound at 153-155 dB. Degree of removal
was significantly affected by the concentration of the mist; in-
creasing moisture content from 15 to 120 g/cu m upgraded
removal from 73 to as high as 95%. With constant moisture
content, the degree of removal increased with initial fluorine
concentration and with the duration of the sonic treatment.
Tests at a granulated superphosphate plant showed precipita-
tion of 87% of the fluorine in exhaust gases after 3 seconds of
sonic treatment; fluorine content was reduced from 0.18 to
0.025 g/cu m directly within the sonic-treatment tube without
auxiliary mechanical precipitation.
23370
Boehlen, B.
FLUORINE EMISSION AT ALUMINIUM WORKS. Chem.
Engr. (London), 46(7):266-268, Sept. 1968.
The electrolysis of fused alumina, with cryolite as the fluxing
agent and electrolyte, gives rise to waste gases with a fluorine
content. The method by which the electrolysis furnaces
operate requires two separate waste-gas purification systems,
one for interception and conveyance of waste furnace gases to
a purification plant, and one for cleaning fluorine-con-
taminated air used for ventilation of furnace room premises.
The purification processes for both systems are described
briefly, and the problems are reviewed. Because of the large
quantities of waste air involved, considerable costs are in-
curred to provide the power required for ventilation, the large
quantities of scrubbing water, and the pumps to convey the
water; the presence of corrosive hydrogen fluoride creates
added difficulties. The possibility of replacing cryolite by elec-
trolytes which do not contain fluorine is recommended for fu-
ture research.
24033
Damon, W. A.
THE CONTROL OF NOXIOUS GASES AND FUMES
DISCHARGED FROM INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS.
World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark), Regional
Office for Europe, Proc. Conf. Public Health Aspects Air Pollu-
tion Europe, Milan, Italy, 1957, p. 103-130. 26 refs. (Nov. 6-14.)
The greatest contribution to air pollution arises from the com-
bustion of fuel for domestic and industrial purposes and from
motor traffic. Its damaging effects include injury to plants,
deterioration of property, and possible or proven hazards to
the health of humans and animals. British air pollution legisla-
tion is embodied mainly in three Acts of Parliament: the Alkali
etc. Works Regulation Acts, first enacted in 1863; the Public
Health Acts, 1936; and the Clean Air Act, 1956. Evolution of
the chemical industry has caused a variety of changed and
new pollutants. Fluorine compounds can be washed in alkaline
solutions, followed by electrical precipitation. The escape of
SO2 from the exits of sulfuric acid plants depend on the effi-
ciency with which the the process is conducted. In four stage
contact plants burning brimstone, recourse to scrubbing the
exit gas with either soda or ammonia may be necessary. Power
stations remove SO2 from waste- fuel gases by scrubbing with
slightly alkaline water. Sulfur dioxide arising from the roasting
of copper as in the production of iron oxides is normally ab-
sorbed by passage through towers packed with limestone.
Hydrogen chloride may be recovered at a useful strength by
arranging a counter current series of absorbers. Hydrogen sul-
fide may be scrubbed with caustic soda to produce sodium sul-
fide; it may be absorbed by passage through hydrated iron
oxide which can be regenerated to produce spent oxide con-
taining up to 50% sulfur; or it can be stripped out by means of
a solvent and regenerated in concentrated form for treatment
in a Claus Kiln. Gases containing chlorine may be scrubbed
with an alkaline solution or by contact with milk of lime;
passage through a tower packed with scrap iron is also effec-
tive. Nitrogen peroxide may be recovered in the form of nitric
acid by water washing; but for every three molecules of
nitrogen peroxide thus absorbed there is evolution of one
molecule of nitric oxide which must be reoxidized to nitrogen
peroxide.
24110
Berly, Edward M., Melvin W. First, and Leslie Silverman
RECOVERY OF SOLUBLE GAS AND AEROSOLS FROM
AIR STREAMS. Ind. Eng. Chem., 46(9):1769-1777, Sept. 1954.
18 refs.
-------
86
High efficiency absorption of soluble or reactive gases was ob-
tained with wetted fiber beds. Wetted fibers were five to 10
times more efficient than Raschig rings or Berl saddles, com-
pared on the basis of equal volumes. When compared on the
basis of weight of packing, 1 pound of 78-micron-diameter
saran fibers was 75 times more effective for the absorption of
hydrogen fluoride gas than 1 pound of 1/2 inch Berl saddles.
In addition to hydrogen fluoride gas, cleaning efficiency for
sulfuric acid and ammonium bifluoride mists, ammonium
bifluoride and aluminum chloride fumes, and silica, tale, and
atmospheric dusts was investigated. High efficiency collection
(greather than 99.9%) generally required the addition of a
droplet eliminator composed of a 1- to 2-inch depth of dry
fibers less than 5 microns in diameter. Although absorption of
the gas was complete, a significant quantity of fluorides
passed the scrubber in the form of fine (less than 10 micron)
mist droplets formed from condensation of hydrogen fluoride
gas in the humid atmosphere of the scrubber or from fine
droplets formed by the sprays. When gas streams containing
inert particles were treated, the absorbing stages were pro-
tected from fouling and plugging by the use of an impingment
device such as a Neva-Clog screen as a prefilter. Over-all re-
sistance of the scrubber was proportional to the flow rate. For
gas flows of 200 cu ft/min, sq ft of scrubber face area, high
efficiency scrubbing of gas and submicron paniculate matter
was obtained with resistances not exceeding 6 inches of water
gauge For atmospheric pollution control of stack gas, emis-
sions resistances less than half this may be adequate. (Author
summary)
24116
McCabe, Louis C.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Ind. Eng. Chem., 47(8):95A-
96A, Aug. 1955. 1 ref.
In the electrolytic reduction of alumina, oxygen libertated in
the cryolite bath combines with the carbon of the node to
produce carbon dioxide. As the CO2 rises through the blanket
of alumina covering the electrolytic cells, small amounts of
alumina dust and fluorides are entrained. On striking the air
the fluorides are hydrolyzed, in part, to hydrogen fluoride gas.
Heat generated in the reduction process requires that effective
ventilation be maintained to provide satisfactory working con-
ditions m the potrooms, but the high velocities of an induced
draft pack up some of the fine dust from the top of the pots.
The collecting systems consist basically of a dry type dust
separator, an induced draft fan, and a wet scrubber. A typical
system of this type uses a dry dynamic precipitator exhauster
that is so designed that the dust is separated from the main gas
stream within the fan by means of specially shaped blades and
a separate outlet in the scroll. The main gas stream, containing
some fine dust, is discharged directly to an open tower type
scrubber of redwood construction with suitable spray headers.
At one large plant, the basic system has been supplemented by
an electrostatic precipitator. Fumes generally can be controlled
by accurate regulation of the temperature of the bath, the rate
of firing, and the amount, method, and type of flux used.
24117
Tarbutton, Grady, Thad. D. Fair, Thomas M. Jones, and
Harry T. Lewis, Jr.
RECOVERY OF BY-PRODUCT FLOUORINE. Ind. Eng.
Chem., 50(10): 1525- 1528, Oct. 1958. 14 refs. (Presented at the
American Chemical Society, 132nd Meeting, Symposium on
Fluorine Chemistry, New York, Sept. 1957.)
Basic information was obtained for developing practical
methods for recovering fluorine compounds from effluent
gases from phosphate processes and converting this fluorine
into useful end products. The study included experiments with
gases discharged from kilns for nodulizing rock phosphate and
from a demonstration furnace for the manufacture of calcium
metaphosphate fertilizer. On the assumption that the fluorine
in nodulizing kiln gas was present only as hydrogen fluoride,
initial work on recovery of fluorine from dilute gases was
directed toward a solid-bed system for absorbing the fluorine.
In a quantitative test, two absorption beds of porous sodium
fluoride were connected in series -the first, in a copper tube
at 300 C, for absorption of sulfur trioxide, and the second, in
a silver tube at 100 C, for absorption of the hydrogen fluoride
liberated from the first. Later it was found that much of the
fluorine was present as silicon tetrafluoride, and emphasis was
shifted to other methods of recovery. A method partially
developed by TVA for preparing aluminum fluoride from am-
monium fluoride solutions containing phosphoric acid involves
precipitation of ammonium hexafluoroaluminate, which is then
decomposed by heat to leave a residue of aluminum fluoride;
the volatilized ammonia and ammonium bifluoride are recy-
cled. An alkaline and an acid method for preparing cryolite
were also evaluated. In the alkaline method, solutions of the
reactants are heated to boiling and mixed, and the hot basic
solution is acidified to the phenolphthalein end point by slowly
adding carbon dioxide. In the acid method, a slightly acidic
solution of ammonium fluoride is mixed with a solution of
sodium and aluminum salts without heating.
24333
McCabe, Louis C.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Ind. Eng. Chem., 43(8):83A-
84A, 86A, Aug. 1951. 2 refs.
At Trail, British Columbia, essentially 100% gas is recovered
from 1% sulfur dioxide zinc roaster gas through the use of
30% ammonia as the absorbent. The sulfur shortage is causing
more than one large consumer of coal to look into the possi-
bility of recovering sulfur from stack gases. A process
patented by Simon-Carves entails control of the composition
of the liquor in the scrubber by an electrical vapor pressure
recorder. In the first pilot plant, the concentration of SO2 in
the exit gas was found regularly to be as low as 0.0005%
which corresponded to the removal of 99% of the SO2 in the
flue gas. The flue gas at the Battersea power station in Lon-
don is washed with large volumes of river water to which
chalk has been added, so that the calcium sulfate formed
remains in solution and can be discharged into the river.
Another paper to be presented at the XII International Con-
gress of Pure and Applied Chemistry (September 1951) per-
tains to atmospheric pollution by fluorine compounds in Rot-
terdam and its environs.
24355
Hignett, T. P. and M. R. Siegel
RECOVERY OF FLUORINE FROM STACK GASES. Ind.
Eng. Chem., 41(11): 2493-2498, Nov. 1949. 5 refs.
More than 90% of the fluorine present in the stack gases from
thermal processing of rock phosphate was recovered by ab-
sorption in a 4-ft bed of lump limestone. The calcium fluoride
product contained 80-95% CaF2, which is in the range of
comercial grades of fluorspar. In the pilot plant studies, the
fluorine absorption coefficient was dependent on the rate of
removal of the reaction product from the bed of limestone by
screening. Temperatures in the range of 200-900 F were suita-
ble for the process. Increasing the gas velocity in the range of
0.6 to 1.5 ft per sec increased the absorption coefficient but
did not appreciably affect the percentage of fluorine absorbed.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
87
Substantially complete recovery can be obtained by increasing
the depth of packing to about 9 feet. (Author conclusions)
24683
INITIATIVE FOR WATER AND AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (Initiative fuer Wasser-und Luftreinhaltung). Text in
German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(9):375-378, Sept. 1970.
The Nordrhein-Westfalen Program 1975 contains an outline of
water conservation, air pollution, and refuse disposal perspec-
tives for the next 5 years. Discussed are water conservation,
river pollutio control, natural water pollution 1970 and 1975,
waste disposal, air pollution control, new sources of pollution,
current control of air quality, and noise control. Drinking
water supply will be increase by increasing the capacity of
water clearing installations, the water quality of the Rhine
river and of its tributaries will be controlled by a number of
automatic measuring stations; about 300 new biological clear-
ing installations will be built. Controlled refuse dumps will be
established for each 20,000 inhabitants; composting of refuse
and incineration will serve larger population units. New air
pollution measures are planned for Thomas steel converters,
ore sintering plants, coke ovens, foundries, and steam power
plants. New sources of pollution to be dealt with include the
increasing number of atomic power plants being built and the
tremendous growth rate of the chemical industry. Supervision
of air quality will extend to fluorine, hydrocarbons, offensive
sulfur and nitrogen compounds, dust concentration,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, and oxidants. Noise pollution con-
trol will be concerned with the design and building of silent
machines, motors and equipment, with improving insulation
against noise, with a registration of sources of noise, and with
noise control research
24834
Barber, J. C. and T. D. Farr
FLUORIDE RECOVERY FROM PHOSPHORUS PRODUC-
TION. Chem. Eng. Progr., 66(ll):56-62, Nov. 1970. 9 refs.
When phosphate rock is processed to make various phosphate
chemicals, fluorine in the rock is evolved as gaseous hydrogen
fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, or a mixture of these gases. Sub-
stantially all the fluorine must be removed to comply with
Federal, state, and local pollution abatement regulations. TVA
studies of fluorine recovery revealed that fluorine compounds
can be readily removed by scrubbing the gases with slightly
acidic aqueous ammonium fluoride. The hydrogen fluoride dis-
solves and reacts with ammonia in the aqueous solution to
form ammonium fluoride. The silicon tetrafluoride dissolves in
aqueous ammonium fluoride to form a solution of ammonium
fluosilicate. Silicon and iron compounds are removed from the
ammonium fluoride-ammonium fluoscilicate scrubber liquors
by adding ammonia to raise the pH to 8-9; the fluosilicate
decomposes, and precipitates of hydrated silica and iron
hydroxide are separated from the ammonium fluoride solution.
The silicon and iron contents of the filtrate will correspond to
weight ratios F:Si02 and F:Fe203 well above the minimum
values specified by the aluminum industry for cryolite and alu-
minum fluoride.
25038
Gartrell, Francis E. and James C. Barber
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION-TVA EXPERIENCE. J.
Sanit. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engrs. Div., 96(6): 1321-1334, Dec.
1970. 7 refs. (Presented at the American Society Civil Engineers,
Water Resources Engineering Meeting, Memphis, Jan. 26-30,
1970.)
Establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority created a
unified program that saw in the Tennessee Valley's water,
land, minerals, and forests one interrelated set of opportunities
for improving the living standards of the people in the region.
Research on soil-fertilizer relationships, fertilizers, and fertil-
izer processes is conducted at the National Fertilizer Develop-
ment Center. One water resource study which was undertaken
at the Center involved determination of the conditions that
give rise to excessive growth of nuisance weeds in a TVA
reservoir, while another project involved determination of the
amount of plant nutrients lost from land into both surface and
ground waters. Two approaches may be followed in the
development of fertilizers for the control of nutrient losses in
streams; slow-release chemica compounds may be used as fer-
tilizers, or the highly soluble fertilizer granules may be coated
to retard their solubility in the soil. Various fertilizers are
produced at the Center, and environmental control during their
production is discussed. Electric furnace phosphoric acid
production presents some particularly difficult pollution abate-
ment problems. Production of fluoride by-products may be
economical in some large electric furnace phosphoric acid
plants or in plants where large amounts of fluorine are driven
off during the phosphate ore heat hardening step. A modern
ammonia plant is being constructed. Two of the 11 coal-fired
power plants in the TVA system have cyclone furnaces, eight
have dry bottom pulverized fuel furnaces, and one has a wet
bottom pulverized fuel furnace. They all have essentially the
same system for ash disposal. Research is being conducted on
the remova of sulfur dioxide from power plant stack gases, in-
cluding an ammoni scrubbing process, sorption by dry
limestone, and limestone wet scrubbing. Waste heat for
disposal has required a study of the effects of cooling tower
discharge. Also, composting research is being conducted ad-
jacent to the city's sewage treatment plant.
25135
Rossano, August T., Jr. and Michael J. Pilat
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF AIR
POLLUTION FROM PRIMARY ALUMINUM SMELTERS IN
THE UNITED STATES. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, 19p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented
at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D.
C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-16F.)
The alternative processes and equipment employed in the
production of aluminum are described. Details of the types
and relative magnitudes of pollutants emitted from both the
prebaked and continuous anode type of electrolytic refining
processes are briefly reviewed and illustrated. Air pollution
regulations recently adopted by the Department of Ecology of
the State of Washington are presented. These regulations
stipulate the maximum permissible concentrations of fluorides
in the ambient air surrounding an aluminum smelter and the
maximum fluoride content of forage, both expressed on a time
average basis. In addition, the regulations restrict the amount
of particulate matter emitted. A brief resume of current efforts
by industries to meet these new regulations is given. Engineer-
ing control measures being developed and tested include wet
scrubbers, wet electrostatic precipitators and a new chemis-
orption technique involving a fluidized bed followed by bag fil-
ters. It is concluded that rapidly growing emphasis on the
maintenance and improvement of air quality throughout the
United States will serve to stimulate new and better technolo-
gy for the control of emissions from primary aluminum smel-
ters. (Author abstract)
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88
25178
Teworte, W. M.
SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS
AT NONtFERROUS METAL WORKS. Preprint, International
Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 41p., 1970. 20
rets. (Presented at the Internationa Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, Paper EN-28B.)
Information on the cost problem and on the necessity for air
pollution control technology in the field of non-ferrous metals
production is presented. Their price, high in comparison with
that of steel, is an incentive to developing any means of in-
creasing the yield and, thus, to recovering the metals from flue
dusts. Therefore, the center of air pollution control arrange-
ments shifts to the side of extracting accompanying elements
in the ores, auxiliary materials, and highly volatile compounds.
The negative biological effects of a large number of metals
require particularly effective arrangements for waste gas pu-
rification. More recent specific methods of air pollution con-
trol are illustrated by several examples. Fluorine emissions
from the flux are fought in aluminum works by means of ef-
fective wet purification processes; dry absorption methods are
also being tried. Fluorine levels of 0.5-1.5 ppb were detected
even in industrial areas where there was no aluminum produc-
tion al all. Waste gas purification at aluminum re-melting
works presents a particularly difficult problem with regard to
the extraction of very fine salt fumes. The utilization of the
sulfur content in the non-ferrous metal ores is discussed in
detail. Here, the solution to the economic problem of market-
ing a sulfuric acid, aptly called 'acide fatal' by Belgian smelt-
ing works, is as important as the solution to the process-
technical problem. The latter was dealt with very successfully
by means of the development of a double-contact process with
intermediate absorption for roasting gases poor in sulfur diox-
ide. The final gases contain less than 0.5% of the SO2 charge.
More and more processes favorable to air hygiene are being
used by zinc metallurgy. Methods of recovery that cannot be
controlled by waste gas technology, will be discarded. General
and particular information is given on the cost problem of air
pollution control. Frequently, the wrong conclusions are drawn
from the fact that only 0.2% of the value of industrial produc-
tion are required for direct steps, with secondary injurious ef-
fects, amounting to 1-2%, being prevented in this manner.
Production at some works is hard hit by specific costs of 1-5%
of the proceeds from sales. (Author abstract)
25195
Lindberg, Gosta
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE SWEDISH ALUMINI-
UM INDUSTRY. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 18p., 1970. (Presented at the Interna-
tional Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11,
1970, Paper SU-24C.)
Aluminum metal is produced from aluminum oxide through an
electrolytic reduction process at an elevated temperature (950-
970 C) thereby generating atmospheric impurities containing
gaseous and particulate fluorides. The polytoxic effect of even
small amounts of fluorides on vegetation is well known and
emitted gases from the process have therefore been carefully
collected and cleaned in efficient scrubbing equipment. The
smelter plant of AB Svenska Aluminiumkompaniet is located
close to the town of Sundsval with 65,000 inhabitants. For the
latest production stages it has been necessary, not only to
clean the primary process gases, but also the huge volumes of
ventilation air—at present amounting to 10 million cu ft/hr (6
mill cfm). The collection and cleaning system applied has an
overall cleaning efficiency of fluorides exceeding 90%.
Damage caused partly by fluoride emission from the older
smelter plant on vegetation in adjacent regions has neces-
sitated further dilution of released fluoride impurities. As a
result of a combined meteorological and topographical study,
70-m (210 ft) high discharge stacks have been erected. As an
instrument for vegetation contrrol in the smelter environment,
a botanical study is recommended. Fluorine content determina-
tion of pine needles from a number of stations in the sur-
rounding area has proved to be a method of considerable value
in this respect. Sampling and analyses are made toward the
end of the growing season. Isopleths for fluorides are obtained
by combining testing stations with the same amount of fluoride
content. The position of the curves yield information about the
actual emission situation an the cleaning system efficiency.
The isopleth positions have, however, changed somewhat from
year to year- even without changes being carried out at the
plant installations. Meteorological conditions such as amount
of rainfall, prevailing wind directions, and rate of inversion ap-
pear to be confusing factors when judging the effects of plant
extensions or other changes affecting the fluoride emission.
Amount of rainfall and wind direction has been measured for
years. To study the rate of inversion a mast of 40 m (130 ft)
has been erected and equipped with temperature recording in-
struments at different heights above the ground. Comprehen-
sive meteorological and ecological investigations should be a
significant part of the preparatory work when examining the
possibilities for further extension of existing plants or the loca-
tion of new plants. (Author abstract modified)
25433
GIANT FUME CATCHER STOPS FLUORIDE EMISSION.
Chem. Eng., 65(4):66, 68, Feb. 24, 1958.
Measures taken to control fluorine-fluoride emissions from a
steel mill's stacks are described. The emissions had been con-
taminating nearby grazing lands, and through ingestion and
subsequent concentration in the bones and teeth of grazing
cattle, had threatened the health of the herds and milk produc-
tion. Major emission sources in the plant, which processes a
relatively high-fluorine iron ore, where the sintering plant and
open hearth section. The control method, suggested by the af-
finity of fluorine for calcium in animal bones, is based on the
rapid gas-solid reaction between fluorine and calcium com-
pounds (carbonate and hydroxide), to give calcium fluoride.
Fluorine-containing gases are collected, calcium hydroxide
dust injected into ducts, and fluoride particles removed in a 1-
million cfm capacity cyclone-precipitator section. Powdered
limestone injections in the sinter charge and effluent gases,
and in the effluent gases from the open hearth furnaces, assist
the process. The method removes about 96% of fluorine and
fluorides in effluent, and represents a $9 million investment.
25523
Crocker, Burton B.
MINIMIZING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS IN AN
OLD PLANT. Pollut. Eng., 1(1):30-31, Oct.-Nov. 1969.
One of the first steps in controlling air pollution is to deter-
mine the sources of contaminant emission, quantity, size,
physical state and carrying medium of the pollutants. When
contaminants are a by-product of a production operation,
generation can be minimized by changes in operating condi-
tions. Fluroine compounds released when some ores are
heated frequently can be decreased if water vapor is
eliminated from the atmosphere. If contaminant gases are han-
dled by an exhaust fan, it may be possible to obtain some col-
lection in the fan by adding a water spray to the inlet. In many
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
89
direct drying processes where the product is dried by direct
contact with hot combustion gases on a one-pass basis, ef-
fluent can be reduced by recycling some of the flue gas to
temper the incoming combustion gases. Cooling by radiation
panels, finned surfaces, waste heat boilers, forced convection
heat interchange, and direct spray cooling with water are all
possible solutions. Questions concerning whether to use dry or
wet collection are also cited.
25590
Larson, Gordon P.
A PROGRESS REPORT ON CONTROLLING ATMOSPHER-
IC POLLUTANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 7(4):302-
307, Feb. 1958. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, 50th Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Mo., June 2-6, 1957.)
A review of the air pollution control activities in 1957 shows
an impressive record of 6 million dollars expended in research,
over 200 governmental agencies assigned some measure of
responsibility for clean air in their communities, and annual
sales in control equipment and engineering services in excess
of 100 million dollars This article discusses the state of the art
of controlling sulfur dioxide emissions from smelters and
refineries; dust and fumes, particularly those produced by
metallurgical processes; organic vapors and gases, including
hydrocarbons; fluorides from aluminum and phosphate fertil-
izer plants; and the three basic engineering methods that can
be applied to reduce aerosols, vapors, and gaseous contami-
nants. Tables are presented which classify various types of
collectors and control devices in relation to the processes and
emissions. They also show the great number of systems to be
considered and some of the advantages and disadvantages of
each device. To a large extent, most of these installations are
custom engineered and built on the site. The costs cover a
broad range. As indicated by recent health studies, there is
need for maximum controls on all forms of pollution for which
solutions are known. These studies also point up the need to
develop control measures for hydrocarbon emissions from in-
dustry and motor vehicles.
25638
PROTECTION AGAINST IMMISSION. (Immissionsschutz).
Text in German. Rheinisch-Westfaelischer Technischer
Uberwach.- Verein E.V., Jahresbericht, 1969:38-41, 1969.
The five principles promulgated in the framework of an inten-
sified air pollution control campaign by the state of Nordrhein-
Westfalen and adopted also by the other West German states
postulate that all polluters be identified and included in the
pollution control program, that the atmosphere be kept as
clean as possible and not as dirty as just about tolerable; that
the costs of the program be born equally by all polluters so
that no competitive advantages arise; that the polluters bear
the cost of their pollution control measures and public funds
be used only in special situations; and that air pollution control
as a community responsibility requires the cooperation of all
concerned. Thus, all polluters are subject to certification and
must meet all prescribed maximal emission regulations pertain-
ing to dust emission, SO2 emission, and other applicable regu-
lations. Fluorine is emitted by brick factories in quantities
between 30 and 300 mg/N cu m, by cupola furnaces in quanti-
ties between 4 and 280 mg N/cu m, by Siemens-Martin fur-
naces in quantities between 7 and 70 mg N/cu m, by fertilizer
plants in quantities between 6 and 80 mg N/cu m and by plants
manufacturing insulating wool in quantities between 0.4 to 3
mg N/cu m. Guidelines regarding the required height of smoke
stacks, emissions by refuse incineration plants, supervision of
pollutant concentration and emission of pollutants, control of
emission by boiler plants, control of olfactory pollutants and
of noise pollution are outlined.
25658
METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF FLUORINE FROM IN-
DUSTRIAL GASES. (Research Corp., New York, N. Y.) Brit.
Pat. 752,803. 6p., July 18, 1956. 1 ref. (Appl. Feb. 8, 1954, 7
claims).
A method is described for the removal of fluorine from indus-
trial gases, which comprises adding comminuted lime to a
stream of gases, subjecting the lime-containing stream to vorti-
cal action, skimming off a portion of the gas containing an in-
creased concentration of particulate matter, and returning this
portion to the stream to be subjected to vortical action. The
separation of solid matter from the remaining portion of the
gases may be effected by electrostatic precipitation. In its par-
ticular application ot the removal of fluorine from gases in a
sintering machine, the method may comprise recirculating a
portion of the gases from which coarser suspended particles
have been separated through the sintering machine and sub-
jecting the other portion of the gases to the vortical action.
26244
Zabel, Herman W.
NEW PENNSALT HF PLANT. Chem. Ind., vol. 66:508-509,
1950.
Use of reduced pressure in process equipment and thorough
scrubbing with water has resulted in the successful control of
fumes at a plant where hydrogen fluoride is formed in rotary
kilns by the reaction of fluorspar with sulfuric acid. As a first
step in HF purification, gas from the kilns is passed to coke-
packed towers. These catch spar dust, entrained sulfuric acid,
and some moisture condensates. The gas then goes to a sur-
face cooler, after which it is liquefied in a two-stage steel con-
densor, the first water cooled and the second brine cooled.
The gas from this condensor is scrubbed with water to absorb
the last traces of hydrofluroic and hydrofluosilic acids. Before
the exit gas is vented to the atmosphere, additional scrubbbing
takes place in a water injector, which also serves to maintain a
small negative pressure on the system. Thus all leakage is in-
ward and no HF or hydrofluosilic fumes can escape to the at-
mosphere.
26279
Kozlov, V. A. and N. A. Tyurin
GAS SCRUBBING IN THE HYDRODYNAMIC DUST
SEPARATOR DURING ELECTROLYSIS OF ALUMINUM.
Soviet J. Non Ferrous Metals (English translation from Russian
of: Tsvetn. Metal.), 9(12):68-70, Dec. 1968. 3 refs.
Design and operating data are given for a pilot hydrodynamic
dust separator for treating fluorine compounds, dust, and
resinous matter produced during aluminum electrolysis. The
dust separator is a vertical chamber 3.1 m high and provided
with two symmetrically located air scrubbing channels. The
hydraulic resistance of the separator is 115 mm H2O with an
optimum flow velocity of 19 m/sec. Gaseous fluorine is col-
lected with 98% efficiency, dust with 73.2-77.7% efficiency,
and resinous matter with 35-73% efficiency.
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90
26317
Gelperin, N. I., V. M. Tarasov, and A. Yu. Valdberg
REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FROM GASEOUS
MIXTURES WITH THE AID OF FLUIDIZED BED SCRUB-
BERS WITH SPHERICAL PACKING. (Ochistka gazov ot
ftoristogo vodoroda v scrubberakh s psevdoozhizhennoy
sharovoy nasadkoy). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. (Moscow),
no. 10:62-64, 1970. 4 refs.
A fluidized-bed scrubber designed to remove hydrogen
fluoride from exhaust gases generated during electrolytic
production of aluminum is described. A 40-50 g/1 sodium car-
bonate solution was used at an irrigation density of 2.2-31 cu
m/sq m/hr, a linear gas flow rate of 2.2-5.6 m/sec, and an ini-
tial HF concentrations of 15-150 mg/cu m. The static column
packing height was variable from 35 to 175 mm. Operating
characteristics in terms of the unit transfer number, defined as
the logarithm of the ratio of HF concentrations before and
after scrubbing, are presented.
26401
Stris, John
CONTROL OF FLUORINE AND HF DISCHARGES. A.P.C.A.
News, 5(3): 3, April 1957. (Presented at the Semi-Annual
Technical Meeting of APCA, Houston, Tex., Dec. 3-5, 1956.)
A method to control atmospheric fluoride emissions, success-
fully used at a plant which manufactures hydrofluoric acid
from fluorspar, is described. The emissions are liberated from
equipment used to purify the final hydrofluoric acid product.
Polyethylene spray tower chambers were built which permit
cocurrent and countercurrent flow of gas to water spray; the
bottom of each chamber is open but submerged in water to
form a seal. The water also allows waste discharge in a liquid
state and permits redissolving of the silica gel that forms in the
tower which would fall by gravity into the liquid. The
technique involves almost no maintenance, and analytical sam-
ples of vent gases indicate no fluorine lost to the atmosphere.
26674
Rushton William E. and George Kleinman
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF
FLUORINE. (Whiting Corp., 111.) U. S. Pat. 3,415,039. 6p., Dec.
10, 1968. 6 refs. (Appl. Nov. 3, 1965, 13 claims).
A method is described by which fluorine compounds evolved
in equilibrium concentrations from an evaporator can be
recovered by scrubbing the vapor product in a tower operated
at a reduced pressure with respect to the pressure in the
evaporator. In the manufacture of phosphoric acid by the wet
process phosphoric acid technique, fluorine is evolved in vary-
ing amounts in the various stages of the process. In an
evaporator for concentrating a dilute phosphoric acid feed
wherein the evaporator is operated at an absolute pressure of
about 8 1/2 inches Hg, the scrubbing tower could be operated
at an absolute pressure of 2 inches Hg. These increased
recovery efficiencies become particularly significant in those
situations wherein the scrubbing solution has a fluosilicic acid
concentration of 20% or more. Suitable pressure reducing
devices include, for example, throttle valves and entrainment
separators having high flow restriction properties. (Author ab-
stract modified)
26745
First, M. W. and R. P. Warren
FIELD EVALUATION OF WET FIBER FILTERS FOR
TREATMENT OF AIR CONTAMINANTS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 6(l):32-34, May 1956. 5 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, 48th Annual Meeting,
Detroit, Mich., May 23-26, 1955.)
Laboratory studies of the absorption efficiency of wet fiber
cells and fiber droplet eliminators show recoveries of approxi-
mately 99.9% for hydrogen fluoride and greater than 90%
recovery of submicron size chemical fumes and mists. Fibers
are superior to the more usual types of packings in relation to
the amount of surface available for absorption per unit
volume, while high porosity of the fiber beds favors low-re-
sistance gas flow. The porosity and relative efficiency of
several packing materials are presented tabularly. Plastic fibers
have excellent resistance to erosion and breakage; because of
their specific gravity; they provide a large surface area per
pound of packing. A minimum number of stages are required
when the scrubbing liquid rapidly neutralizes or reacts with the
gas or vapor tc be removed from the gas stream. A wetted
impingement type collector called a Neva-clog screen is capa-
ble of removing up to 85% of mineral particles (such as silica
or talc dusts), and has considerable value as a gas absorption
stage. An illustration is provided of a typical arrangement of
wet and dry elements. Satisfactory air and gas flow rates are
mentioned, as well as collector resistance. Results of field
tests and a description of industrial gas scrubbers which were
installed to control the discharge to the atmosphere of
hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid, and acetic acid-acetic
anhydride are summarized. Operating conditions, manufactur-
ing processes, design criteria, and an analysis of test results
are also discussed.
26908
Benger, Michael
REDUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION ARISING FROM
REFINERIES. In: Pollution Prevention. Inst. of Petroleum,
London (England), Proc. Inst. Petroleum, Summer Meeting,
Brighton (England), 1968, p. 28-38.
When a new refinery project is under consideration, consulta-
tions are held to ensure that the anti-pollution proposals are
acceptable. Statuatory limits which are laid down by act of
Parliament are well-established ones in which the technical
possibilities by way of controlling emissions are well known.
With the great majority of emissions, presumptive standards
are laid down at the discretion of the Chief Alkali Inspector,
and these can be altered as circumstances change. Technical
feasibility, the effect on human and animal health, damage to
vegetation, and odor thresholds are all taken into account.
Potential nuisances include sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide
and mercaptans, fluorine, smoke, fuel ash, acid smuts, and
noise. A major breakthrough in petroleum processing has been
the replacement of the old liquid refining processes by cata-
lytic desulfurization. Various methods used to control these
pollutants are discussed, including cost factors. The Reinluft
process is mentioned, as well as the Monsanto/Penelec
process. The former utilizes activated carbon while the latter
employs vanadium pentoxide. A dry absorption process util-
ized by the U. S. Bureau of Mines employs alkalized alumina
to control SO2. The offensive odor of mercaptans may be con-
trolled by stripping the condensate with steam or flue gas or
both. Recently it has become common practice to use the sour
condensates as wash water to crude oil desalters.
26911
Perrine, Richard L.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. In: Project Clean Air.
California Univ., Berkeley, Task Force 5, Vol. 1, Section 1, 9p.,
Sept. 1, 1970.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
91
Agriculture and forestry both are affected by and contribute to
air pollution. Project Clean Air will establish a centrally
located information center to collect and disseminate technical
information on air pollution and provide educational materials
and services. Use of power has grown at an alarming rate, and
Project Clean Air will participate in the development of both
selection criteria and basic data needed to facilitate energy
management in California. More accurate methods will be
developed by which to assess the economic losses to agricul-
ture and forestry resulting from air pollution. A comprehensive
program of research will be developed to determine: the
growth depression effects on plants due to long-term low-level
exposure to ethylene, sulfur dioxide, fluoride, and oxides of
nitrogen; the extent of synergistic effects of combined
sublethal concentrations of air pollutants on plants; the effects
of air pollutants on the biochemistry, metabolism, and anato-
my of plants; and the quality of the forest air environment
where new damage is suspected. Ways and means to alleviate
or modify agricultural, forest, and wood processing residue
burning so as to minimize its contribution to air pollution are
also indicated. A major program of research will be developed
to make the expected transition to primarily nuclear power
generation a safe one. Research will be developed to reduce
nitrogen oxide emissions by means of combustion control, and
several parallel projects will be developed to determine the
potential usefulness of post-combustion removal of nitrogen
oxides. Other recommendations include a program relating
animal health to pollutants transported by air, ways to reduce
dust resulting from livestock and poultry operations, and
means to eliminate objectionable odors. The hazard from
pesticide drift needs to be reduced, as well as sulfur dioxide
emissions; industrial hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emis-
sions also need to be controlled. Project Clean Air will support
research in which process engineering, meteorology, and
economics are brought together to develop methods and
criteria to optimally site the industrial emission sources which
are currently most costly and hazardous.
27282
Ellison, William
WET SCRUBBERS POPULAR FOR AIR CLEANING. Power,
115(2):62-63, Feb. 1971.
While collection of gas-borne particles is the primary function
of wet scrubbers, they also embody a number of additional
process steps such as gas conditioning, liquid separation, and
mist elimination. The principal mechanism involved in wet col-
lection of particulate matter is impingement of individual parti-
cles upon scrubbing liquid droplets. Advantages of wet scrub-
bers include the following: compact equipment, a generally
smaller capital expenditure than for fabric filters or electro-
static precipitators, ability to collect particles from 0.2 to over
10 micron, selection of collection efficiency by varying input,
elimination of dust disposal, no limitation on temperature or
humidity, and low maintenance costs. Requirements for
minimizing emissions of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and
fluoride are mentioned. Operating costs, capital cost, dust col-
lection efficiency, and gas pressure drop are compared for
various types of wet scrubbers.
27569
Tomson, N. M.
GASEOUS EMISSION OF SUPERPHOSPHATE PRODUC-
TION AND RECOVERY EFFICIENCY. (Gazoobraznyye
vybrosy superfosfatnogo proizvodstva i effectivnost' ikh
ulavlivaniya). Text in Russian. Eesti NSV Tead. Akad. Toim,
4(1):134-136, 1955.
Installation of an electrofilter, and an increase in stack height
from 60 to 100 meters reduced sulfur dioxide concentration in
the vicinity of a superphosphate plant as follows: 49.5-fold at
500 meters distance, 37.8-fold at 1000 meters, and 9.7-fold at
2000 meters (actual concentrations at these distances: 0.42,
0.14, and 0.45 mg/cu m, respectively, with an emission concen-
tration of 5000 mg/cu m). Nitrogen oxides emitted at a concen-
tration of 5500 mg/cu m were reduced to 0.860, 0.042, and
0.100 mg/cu m at these same distances; hydrogen fluoride
emitted at 900 mg/cu m, 0.23, 0.30, and 0.18 mg/cu m, respec-
tively.
27835
Russell, W. E.
THE RECOVERY OF FLUORIDE FROM SU-
PERPHOSPHATE MANUFACTURE. Chem. Ind. New Zealand,
4(11):10-11, 13, Nov. 1968. 11 refs.
In the manufacture of superphosphate, finely ground
phosphate rock is mixed with sulfuric acid in a continuous
manufacturing process. Much heat is generated and gases are
evolved containing mainly silicon tetrafluoride, carbon diox-
ide, and steam. A small water scrubbing system is described
that permits a substantial part of the evolved fluoride to be
recovered as 15% strength hydrofluosilic acid. This by-product
is used for the fluoridation of public water supplies.
28034
UNIQUE GAS CLEANING JOB TRAPS FLUORIDES AT TSP
PLANT. Air Eng., 4(3):46-48, 59, March 1962.
At the same time that design of a 600-ton per day triple su-
perphosphate fertilizer plant was begun in 1956, an extensive
program of air and stream sampling was initiated by the
chemical firm. The program continued for five years, both to
establish area pollution levels before plant operation, and to
evaluate effectiveness of abatement procedures during opera-
tion. Once the monitoring program was set up, an on-the-spot
tour of the sampling stations was arranged. In addition to com-
prehensive news releases and photographs, company personnel
openly discussed the problems and the steps taken to solve
them. Control measures include scrubbing, filtering, and vari-
ous reactions to recover by-products. After three years of
research, a solution to the problem of gaseous fluoride emis-
sion from the curing building was found. Instead of taking the
pre-cured material from the settling belt and conveying it
directly to the curing building, the product now drops from the
settling belt into a chain mill, which breaks up the particles to
a size of 1/2-in. or less. Control techniques at the chain mill
and curing building are indicated, as well as the installation of
electrostatic precipitators in the vicinity of the rock dust
dryers. Precipitator operation is described.
28320
FILTER PROGRAM. (Filterprogramm). Text in German.
Wasser Lutt Betrieb, 15(l):36-39, Jan. 1971.
Various types of filters for cleaning waste gases are described.
Gases escaping from electrolytic cells used in the melting of
aluminum are cleaned by passing them through an aluminum
oxide layer where the gaseous fluorides are absorbed. Next
the gases are passed through envelope-type cloth filters which
retain the aluminum oxide particles. The aluminum oxide is
returned to the reduction cells, the fluorides to the melting
zone. The process is a dry one which has the advantage of not
converting an air-pollution problem to a water pollution
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92
problem. A new wet dust collector consists of a high-capacity
precipitator, 1200 mm high and 3000 mm long packed with
synthetic material. Collection efficiency is about 99.4%. Water
consumption is to 0.1 to 0.2 liters/cu m waste air. A filter for
radioactive, pathogenic, and toxic substances consists of a rim
board with O- grooves and a plastic sack that allows con-
tamination-free replacement of the air filter. In a metallurgical
plant, the dust-laden waste gases are conducted through water-
cooled pipes to a scrubber, where the gases are washed with
water. The scrubbing water circulates in a closed system to
avoid water pollution.
28502
Prime Minister, Delegation for Scientific and Technical
Research
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MEANS OF DIMINISHING
POLLUTION, INHALED OR ASSIMILATED FROM THE EN-
VIRONMENT-AND OF DIMINISHING ACOUSTICAL IN-
TERFERENCE. (Moyens scientifiques et techniques de diminuer
la pollution des milieux inhales ou ingeres et des 'nuisances'
acoustiques). In: Pollution and Acoustical Interference of Indus-
trial and Urban Origin. (Les pollution et 'nuisances' d'origine
industrielle et urbaine). Vol. I, Paris, France, June 1966, Chapt.
3, p. 47-59. Translated from French. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 49p., Oct. 13, 1970.
Aspects of natural and technological control methods for air,
water, and noise pollution are discussed, with suggested topics
of research given for each. Plants have an ability to function
as air purifiers, within the limits of their toleration to various
individual pollutants. The effects of such pollutants as
ethylene, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and fluorides on
plants are described. The purifying action of water plants and
bacterial beds has application to water purification in treat-
ment facilities as well as in natural fresh water bodies. Purifi-
cation processes within the bed of a lake are also considered.
Control methods for suspended particulates from industrial
and domestic sources including separators, filters, and electro-
static precipitators, are briefly noted, while the various design,
operational, and control device techniques now under study
for control of motor vehicle emissions, particularly storage
batteries for electric propulsion, design modifications and cata-
lytic afterburners, are considered at length. Also discussed are
pretreatment of industrially polluted waters, potential uses of
water treatment sludge, and means for preventing and/or ab-
sorbing noise in residential, business, and industrial areas.
28709
Husrnann, Klauss and Gernot Haenig
THE GRILLO-AGS-METHOD FOR DESULFURIZATION OF
WASTE GASES. (Das Grillo-AGS-Verfahren zur
Entschwefelung von Abgasen). Text in German. (Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft, 23(3):85-91, March 1971.
The Grillo-AGS-method for desulfurizing waste gases is based
on wet absorption of sulfur dioxide on an absorbent composed
of magnesium and manganese oxides. This level combination
of an alkaline component and a heavy metal has the advantage
that the alkaline fraction acts as the absorbent and the heavy
metals as the oxygen donator. A high activity is obtained by
this interaction. More than 90% of the SO2 and the SO3 of the
waste gases are bound by the absorbent in the form of sulfate
and sulfite The efficiency of this method was tested on an oil-
fired boiler furnace. For intense contact between the flue gas
and the absorbent, a ratio of 0.7 1/cu m suspension flue gas
was needed. The contact time ranged from 0.46 to 1.4 sec. A
desulfurization efficiency of 85 and 90%, sometimes 95%, was
obtained. Experiments to determine the efficiency of the
method fo selective removal of SO3 and fluorine yielded 100%
removal of SO3 and removal of fluorine 70%. The Grillo-AGS-
method is one of the most economical desulfurization methods
available. It creates no secondary problems, such as waste-
water treatment or disposal of the absorbent.
28783
Hayashi, Hideo, Masahiro Yoshida, Masaaki Takahashi,
Toshio Hasegawa, and Yoshiaki Yamasaki
REMOVAL OF FLUORIDES BY PACKED TOWER. (Juten to
ni yoru fukkabutsu no jokyo). Text in Japanese. (Proceedings of
the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
The emission of fluorides from a hydrofluoric acid and alu-
minum fluoride manufacturing plant was investigated. The
measurement was based on JIS-KO105-67, according to which
gas is passed through three glass filter plates and through two
serially arranged absorption bottles containing 0.1 N sodium
hydroxide solution. For the emission from the reaction tank in
the aluminum fluoride process, which generates a large
amount of water vapor, the gas was separated from the mist
before going to the filters by means of a trap. The samples
were analyzed by alizarin complexion method. The gas emis-
sion from the absorption tower for hydrofluoric acid was 6.6-
32.8 F mg/N cu m; that for gas leak was 115.6 - 215.4 F mg/N
cu m. Since the absorption tower recycles the used water, the
amount of fluorides tended to increase with the increase in the
hydrofluoric acid concentration. For aluminum fluoride, when
the synthesis began, the temperature inside the reaction tank
rose and the amount of water vapor increased. The concenta-
tion of F in the mist was as high as 27.4 mg/N cu m; in the gas
it was 17.9 mg/N cu m. The treatment efficiecy of the absorp-
tion tower was 78-99%.
28786
Hayashi, Hideo, H. Yoshikawa, Tamotsu Teratani, Toshio
Hasegawa, Yasumasa Yamada, and Ko Narita
DUSTS TREATMENT IN NONFERROUS METAL MELTING
FURNACES. (Hitetsu kinzoku yokoro no baijin shori). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):185, 1970. (Proceedings ot the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
So that control measures could be established for metallic
fumes, such as copper, zinc, and aluminum, several small non-
ferrous production plants were investigated. Emissions from a
fused-zinc plating factory included ammonium chloride in ad-
dition to zinc chloride and zinc oxide. The particulates were
very minute, and relatively little zinc was removed although
scrubbers and absorption towers were provided. In an alu-
minum recycling plant, the treatment method was spray
scrubbing. The waste gas whose temperature was quite high,
consisted fo fumes of salts containing fluorine and chlorine.
About two percent of the dust was aluminum; one percent was
removed by treatment. Chlorine removal efficiency was about
46% and fluorine was not traceable. In a copper-wire manufac-
turing plant, the white smoke produced at the time the raw
material is fed to the electric furnace and when the bath is
taken out was collected by a hood and treated by bag filters.
Dust collection efficiency was bout 99%. The amount of
copper in the dust was 1 mg/N cu m while that of zinc was
200-300 mg/N cu m.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
93
28889
Allmendinger, D. F., V. L. Miller, and Folke Johnson
THE CONTROL OF FLUORINE SCORCH OF GLADIOLUS
WITH FOLIAR DUSTS AND SPRAYS. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort.
Sci., vol. 56:427-432, 1950. 6 rets.
Data are presented from experiments conducted to control the
scorch of galdiolus with foliar dusts and sprays. In 1948 the
treatments consisted of a weekly spray of lime, dusts of lime
at one-, two-, and three-week intervals, lime dust at one-week
intervals with re-application after rains, and an untreated
check. In addition to an unsprayed control, the 1949 treat-
ments included the following materials applied at two-week in-
tervals: lime spray, sugar-lime spray, magnesium silicate spray
and dust, calcium silicate spray and dust, and dusts of lime,
talc, and soil. Lime and sugar-lime sprays were applied at
four-week intervals. Of the materials used, lime was the most
effective in controlling scorch. Sprays were more effective in
controlling the scorch than were dusts. Chemical analyses
showed that the lime absorbed considerable quantities of
fluorine, and the amount of fluorine in the plant tissue was
markedly less as the effectiveness of the sprays and dusts in
controlling scorch increased. (Author summary modified)
28945
Donaldson, Harry M.
PROBLEMS IN THE CONTROL OF OPERATIONS IN A
BERYLLIUM-PROCESSING PLANT. A.M.A. Arch. Ind.
Health, 19(2):221-224, Feb. 1959.
Problems of control of a beryllium processing plant are exten-
sive and begin with the conception of the idea that the plant
must be built. First of all, the plant must be located on a
stream capable of carrying away any liquid wastes generated
in the process and, like any chemical plant, it should
preferably be built in a locatio where accidental contamination
of the environment will not be a health hazard or cause pro-
perty damage. Though many processes and many types of
process equipment are available for the recovery of beryllium,
the problem in choosing that process and that equipment
which are capable of being controlled down to 2 micrograms
per cubi meter is a major one. The next problem of im-
portance after choosin the process and equipment that can be
ventilated is to apply the principles of local exhaust ventilation
to the equipment in such a way that contamination in the plant
is limited to the stringent requirement of 2 micrograms Be/cu
m. An extensive air cleaning system is necessary to keep out-
plant air at less than 0.01 microgra Be/cu m. All employees
working in the plant are supplied with a complete change of
clothing and are required to take a shower in order to keep
beryllium from going home with the worker. Sometimes there
are dermal problems which result from working with beryllium
fluoride or ammonium beryllium fluoride. Other problems in-
clude the indoctrination of new employees as well as working
with veteran employees. Both in-plant and out-plant sampling
programs are never ending.
29114
Teller, Aaron J.
NEW CONCEPTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL. Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., 32(7):837-842, Nov. 1970.
Pollution control has been looked on as a 'nonprofit necessity'
rather than as a source of material for recycle or sale. Because
of this, engineers have incorrectly applied the technology of
product separation to highly concentrated streams. What is
needed for engineering solutions to air pollution problems is
acceptance of the fact that boundary conditions are distinctly
different from product-oriented separations. These conditions
are discussed and four successful approaches to abatement
based on their consideration are presented. A cross-flow
scrubber permits 99.7% recovery of hydrogen fluoride and sil-
icon tetrafluoride. A Brownian separator is capable of remov-
ing submicron liquid particles at pressure drops of 5-30 in. wg,
while a nucleation scrubber collects both liquid and solid sub-
micron particulates at a pressure drop of 2 in. wg. A new cool-
ing tower provides cooling of 25,000,000 BTU/hr in a ground
space of 120 sq ft. The surface-renewal capability of the
packing internals constantly creates new surface for rapid
mass heat transfer. A 'looped system' recycles hydrogen
fluoride and submicron boron oxides back to the process,
while dissipating the thermal energy in the exhaust in a cooling
tower.
29403
Strauss, W.
THE REMOVAL OF A GASEOUS CONSTITUENT: ABSORP-
TION, ADSORPTION AND COMBUSTION. FLUID RE-
SISTANCE TO PARTICLE MOTION. GRAVITY AND MO-
MENTUM SEPARATION EQUIPMENT. In: Industrial Gas
Cleaning. The Principles and Practice of the Control of Gaseous
and Particulate Emissions. New York, Pergamon Press, 1966,
Chapt. 3, p. 62-121; Chapt. 4, p. 122-143; and Chapt. 5, p. 144-
159. (For references, see 29405.)
The three methods of removing gaseous constituents from flue
gases are absorption in a liquid, adsorption on a solid surface,
or a chemical change into a harmless gas, usually by com-
bustion. The molecular diffusivity is calculated, and a film
theory of absorption and the design of absorption systems in
presented. Gas absorption processes are described for sulfur
dioxide, fluorine and fluorine compounds, chlorine and
chlorides, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen compounds. The ad-
sorption of gases on solids and the combustion process of
flame combustion and catalytic combustion are explained. The
calculation of the fluid resistance to the cross-stream move-
ment of the particle is essential in determining the effective-
ness of a particular mechanism in removing the particle from
the gas stream. The calculation of the resistance of a fluid to
the movement of particles when these are acted on by forces
outside the fluid are discussed. The simplest method for
removing particles from a moving gas stream is to allow them
to settle out under the force of gravity. Momentum separators
rely essentially on producing a sudden change of direction in
the gas stream. The theory of settling chamber design and ap-
plications of simple settling chambers are described. Momen-
tum separators are more complex but take up less room and
are able to collect particle down to about 20 microns with
reasonable efficiency.
29680
Bender, Rene J.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: WHERE DO WE STAND?
WHERE MUST WE GO? ... AND HOW DO WE GET
THERE? Power, 115(6):S.4-S.ll, June 1971.
While adequate monitoring equipment is available, research is
underway to improve the instruments. Fuel oil burning
produces carbon monoxide; by monitoring the oxygen with a
Polarographic method, combustion can be held at an ideal
fuel-oil firing condition. The atomic absorption spec-
trophotometer and thin-layer chromatography followed by a
fluorescence analysis are other measurement methods. Some
improvement in air quality has occurred. The Federal Clean
Air Act of 1970 has established air quality standards for sulfur
dioxide, particulates, nitrogen oxides, CO, hydrocarbons, and
-------
94
oxidants. A compact monitoring system for SO2, NOx,
hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, aldehydes, and oxidants uses ab-
sorption columns and colorimetry. An electrochemical trans-
ducer can monitor nitrogen oxides and SO2. Paniculate mass
can be measured with a beta-ray beam passing through a filter.
Firing conditions can effect stack gas composition. Also, gas-
cleaning equipment can include water sprays, mechanical dust
collectors, separators, dry scrubbers, fabric filters, electro-
static precipitators, cyclone dust collectors, bag filters, venturi
scrubbers, impingement trays, wet scrubbers, or afterburners.
Sulfur dioxide can be eliminated by the use of low sulfur fuels
or the treatment of flue gases. Many pilot plants are attempt-
ing to recover the sulfur product. The most promising and
economical SO2 removal method depends on the scrubbing of
gases with soda ash followed by the conversion of the product
to calcium sulfite under the action of lime. The Tennessee Val-
ley Authority is trying out several SO2 removal processes.
Nitrogen oxides are found in automotive exhaust and flue gas;
they can be reduced by control of the combustion process.
Fuel additives may also help stop atmospheric pollution. Tall
chimneys are not the final answer to air pollution, but are an
excellent stopgap. Pollution controls in incinerators, and the
metallurgical industry (ferrous, bronze, and brass) are also
discussed. The amount of emissions for multiple and single
chamber incinerators, blast furnaces, sintering machines open
hearths, electric arc furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, cruci-
bles, reverberatory furnaces, and rotary furnaces are given be-
fore and after the use of control equipment.
29725
Ussar, Max
TECHNOLOGY RENDERS ITS SERVICES TO AIR PURIFI-
CATION AND NOISE SUPPRESSION AS PART OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL HYGIENE. (Die Technik im Dienste der Luf-
treinhaltung und Laermminderung als Teil der Umwelthygiene).
Text in German. Gas Wasser Waerme, 25(4):62-65, April 1971.
In order to successfully combat air pollution caused by dust
and gases, it is necessary to know the chemical and physical
properties of these substances, and the concentrations in
which they occur in the free atmosphere and at the source
from which they originate. Devices for air sampling as well as
for analysis of the dust and gases have been developed, but
more standardization of methods would be desirable on a na-
tional and international basis. In air pollution by dust particles
and gases, one differentiates between emission from sources,
such as industrial plant, and emission which is the actual con-
tent of pollutants in the surrounding air, derived from all
origins, such as dust from emissions and dust which is whirled
up from the soil by moving air. Principal methods and equip-
ment respectively for large scale dust removal are sedimenta-
tion, filtering, cyclones, high capacity washers of venturi type,
and electrostatic separators. With regard to gases, the main in-
dustrial problem is the removal of troublesome and toxic gases
such as sulfur dioxide, chlorine, fluorine, and nitric oxides
which can be damaging to forestry and agriculture, and a
health hazard to the human organism. One of the most applied
methods in industries which generate waste gases containing
any of the aforementioned gaseous pollutants is washing. In
more recent years noise has become a very damaging occur-
rence in our environment. Future planning of residential
buildings and industrial installations will have to take into ac-
count the need for acoustic insulation and noise suppression.
30276
Lux, Herbert and Hardi Stange
RESULTS OF FIVE-YEAR EFFORTS FOR REDUCTION OF
FLUORINE EMISSIONS. (Ueber Ergebnisse fuenfjaehriger
Bemuehungen mi die Verminderung von Kluoremissionen). Text
in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin), 23(4/5):264-266, April/May
1971. 2 refs.
When various methods were investigated for the removal of
hydrogen fluoride from waste gases, such as packed columns
and absorption on activated charcoal or limestone, it was
found that absorption was not efficient. The use of packed
towers requires that the flow rate not exceed one m/sec. Each
packed tower must be operated with an alkaline solution; a
five to 10% sodium or potassium lye solution can be em-
ployed. While packed columns are easy to maintain, some
production processes have waste gases which carry dust that
may form insoluble products with the scrubbing fluid. Dust
collectors should precede the packed tower in such cases. It is
also advantageous to force the gases through the tower, to
avoid some of the problems which its moveable parts may
present.
30519
Ball, D. F. and P. R. Dawson
AIR POLLUTION FROM ALUMINIUM SMELTERS. Chem
Process Eng., 52(6): 49-54, June 1971. 16 refs.
Control methods for a number of the pollutants emitted during
aluminum production are discussed. The production process is
briefly described. The main pollutants which arise in electroly-
sis are alumina, tar-pitch distillation products, inorganic
fluorine, compounds including hydrogen fluoride, sulfur diox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, sil-
icon tetrafluoride, and water vapor. The gases from the fur-
nace contain fluorine compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon
dust and tar, and hydrocarbons. These gases are sent to an af-
terburner, a cyclone, and an electrostatic precipitator. The
gases may still contain HF and SO2, which can be removed by
scrubbing with an alkaline solution. Ventilation is important in
the potrooms to keep temperatures low and to remove fluorine
compounds and dust from the room air. The large volumes of
air withdrawn through the roof are usually cleaned with sprays
or wet scrubbers. One new development is to clean the gases
by absorption of fluoride on alumina followed by the removal
of solid from the gas stream using bag filters. The costs and
operating charges associated with the gas cleaning will vary
with the design and location of the installation. The effects of
fluorides on man and air quality standards are briefly
discussed.
30814
Kitano, T., Z. Kawase, S. Ito, and S. Yuge
AIR POLLUTION AROUND THE ROOF-TILE-KILN. (Yuga
kojo shuhen no taiki osen chosa). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 162, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
Many roof-tile kilns in northern Saitama Prefecture changed
into manufacturing glazed tiles in recent years and caused con-
siderable fluoride damage in the mulberry fields in the area for
the last three years. Approximately a 400 m radius of these
factories, especially the leeward areas, were completely un-
suitable for sericulture; damage to rice, corn, and cucumber
was also noted. The Saitama Prefecture! Institute of Public
Health ordered an installation of detoxification devices to the
twelve glazed tile factories in 1970. The device is designed to
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
95
clean fluoride and other fumes from the tunnel kiln by a 10%
solution of sodium hydroxide and to turn the waste liquid into
calcium fluoride and sodium sulfite. A cooling tower prevents
the rise of the absorbent and white smoke. The fluoride con-
tent in the air permitted by the Saitama prefecture law is 3
ppm. As a result of the detoxification device, sulfur oxides in
the smoke decreased from 29.1 to less than 1.0 ppm; hydrogen
fluoride, from 6.4 to 1.2 ppm; and dusts, from 18.8 to 1.5
mg/cu m. The fluoride content in mulberry leaves decreased
from 6.4 to 2.0 mg/100 g in 80 m west of the factory; from 1.5
to 1.4 in 140 m east of the factory; and from 3.1 to 1.6 in 200
m north of the factory.
31567
Cook, C. C, G. R. Swany, and J. W. Colpitts
OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH THE ALCOA 398
PROCESS FOR FLUORIDE RECOVERY. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc. J., 21(8):479-483, Aug. 1971. 1 ref.
Following the application of water scrubbers, cyclones, and
electrostatic precipitators, Alcoa Research Laboratories at
New Kensington, Pennsylvania, discovered that small quanti-
ties of hydrogen fluoride would react at low temperature with
alumina. The Alcoa 398 Process was developed, incorporating
a fluidized bed reactor to contact pot gases with incoming feed
alumina. Bag filters are used to separate entrained solid
materials from pot gases. Ninety-five percent interception of
pot gases is reported with 99% recovery of fluorides from
gases treated. Installation costs are in the range of $18-37 per
annual ton for new installations and about 50% more for con-
version of old plants. Direct operating costs range from $2.90
to $4.70/ton of aluminum and recover eight dollars worth of
fluorine, giving a net credit. A general description of the Alcoa
398 Process is included, and applicability and limitations are
discussed. Performance efficiency, effect on metal purity, and
maintenance are mentioned.
(Heat Management: Energy and Pollution Control), 23(7): 12-20,
July 1971.
Turbulent Contact Absorber (TCA) equipment has been popu-
lar for its performance, easy handling, and no need for main-
tenance. The equipment comprises two grids in the lower and
upper part of a tower and, in between the grids, a small quan-
tity of light, plastic balls which are filled and act as a catalyst
between the gas and liquid. By allowing the gas and liquid to
flow at high speed, the balls are given a turbulent motion, so
that the gas and liquid are brought into intimate contact. There
is no clogging of the equipment due to dust, while a considera-
ble volume of gas can be handled with stable operation even if
there is a change in gas volume. TCA equipment has been
used for processing sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, and other sulfur-containing gases.
Alkaline calcium salt compounds may be used as the absor-
bent.
32190
Faith, W. L.
GASES. In: Air Pollution Control. New York, John Wiley,
1959, Chapt. 5, p. 142-178. 84 refs.
Gaseous contaminants in the atmosphere arise from two
general sources: combustion of fuels and the handling and
processing of chemicals. The latter category includes not only
chemical manufacture but related activities, such as petroleum
refining, smelting of ores, and various solvent-handling activi-
ties. Almost every gaseous material known escapes to the air
at one time or another, but the most common by far are sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen
fluoride, chlorine and its compounds, nitrogen oxides, and
hydrocarbons, These gases are reviewed with respect to their
specific sources, analysis, and abatement.
32231
31708
Hartig, Rufus G.
PROCESS FOR RECOVERY OF HF AND H2SIF6 FROM
GASES CONTAINING HF AND SD74. (Assignee not given.) U.
S. Pat. 3,574,542. 5p., April 13, 1971. 9 refs. (Appl. March 5,
1969, 2 claims).
Waste gases from phosphoric acid plants usually contain sil-
icon fluoride. When absorbed in water, the SiF4 reacts with
hydrogen fluoride to form H2SiF6, which in turn reacts with
sodium fluoride to form Na2SiFe6. This material contaminates
the NaF and also the ultimately produced HF with SiF4. The
invention provides for the removal of SiF4 prior to HF
recovery, and thus for recovery of HF of high purity. Gases
leaving an electrostatic precipitator are contacted with an
aqueous suspension of NaF and NaHF2 or KF and KHF2, the
suspensions being maintained in excess to suppress absorption
of HF. The contact with the aqueous suspension causes the
SiF4 to precipitate from the gas as a fluosilicate salt, which is
heated and decomposed to evolve SiF4. The evolved SIF4 is
then absorbed in water to form an aqueous solution of H2SiF6
from which silicon dioxide is separated. Hydrogen fluoride is
then separately recovered from the SiF4-free gas obtained
early by contacting the waste gases with the aqueous suspen-
sion.
31889
Yamaguchi, Fumihiko
DESULFURIZATION OF STACK GAS BY TCA METHOD.
(TCA ho ni yoru haien datsuryu). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kami
AIR POLLITTION CONTROL, NATIONAL FERTILIZER
DEVELOPMENT CENTER, WILSON DAM, ALABAMA.
Tenn. Ind. Hyg. News., 22(l):l-5, Winter 1965.
In the fertilizer development center, dusts are evolved from
the agitation of solid dry materials. The phosphatic dusts are
relatively easy to collect, being noncorrosive and fairly heavy.
Coke and coal dusts are non-corrosive but less dense. Simple
dry cyclones with collecting efficiencies of 80-90% are useful
as precleaners. These must be followed by a wet scrubber. At
the noduh'zing kilns, an electrostatic precipitator is employed
for dust removal, and a scrubber is used for fluorine removal.
Resolution of industrial hygiene-air pollution problems is based
primarily on exhaust ventilation, modernization of air-cleaning
equipment, and confinement of process materials to the
process. Pollution control activities between 1950 and 1968 are
described. During 1960 to 1968, a new stainless steel phosphor-
ic acid unit was added where fluorine and phosphoric an-
hydride losses are reduced to a negligible amount. A
phosphorus centrifuge for treating phosphorus sludge was also
added. Improved oxides of nitrogen removal was accomplished
with small pressure nitric acid units. Wet, dynamic scrubbers
were installed. A 165 ton/day high-efficiency nitric acid unit
was also added. Ammonia, dusts, fluorine, nitrogen oxides,
P205, and sulfur dioxide have been reduced since the initiation
of the control system.
32232
Gartrell, F. E. and J. C. Barber
POLLUTION CONTROL INTERRELATIONSHIPS. Chem.
Eng. Prog., 62(10):44-47, Oct. 1966. 3 refs.
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96
Air pollution and water pollution control in industrial applica-
tions are closely related. Waste products are discharged for
dilution and transport from their source into the atmosphere or
a watercourse. They are discharged to open waste lagoons,
storage areas, or, as in the case of high level, long-lived
radioactive fission products, to permanent storage in closed
containers. Devices for air pollution control which reduce the
amount of waste material discharged to the atmosphere usually
increase the quantities of such materials that must be disposed
of by other means. Waste gas control in an ammonia plant,
fluorine control in a phosphate plant, and fly ash control in
coal-fired power plants were discussed. A scrubbing system
was developed for the removal of ammonia from the gases
given off when the copper solution was regenerated. Ammoni-
um carbonate, the liquid waste, replaced about 36% of the am-
monia previously supplied as ammonium hydroxide. Fluorine
is controlled by a jet-venturi fume scrubber. Accumulated fly
ash is pulled from collector hoppers by an induced vacuum.
The vacuum is produced by a vertical venturi ringed internally
with downward directed water nozzles. The water and ash are
discharged into an air-separator tank which removes air from
the mixture. The ash sluice water then flows by gravity or is
pumped to the ash ponds. The ash settles in the pond; the
overflow is discharged to the nearest watercourse.
32384
Arkhipova, L. N., V. M. Ramm, and I. M. Maltseva
METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND FURTHER
PROCESSING OF FLUORINE CONTAINING GASES IN THE
PRODUCTION OF PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS. (Melody
ochistki i pererabotki ftorcoderzhashchikh gazov ot proizvodstv
fosfornykh udobreniy). Text in Russian. Zh. Vses. Khim.
Obshchestva im. D. I, Mendeleeva, vol. 14:415-420, 1969. 70
refs.
The choice of the gas purification method for fluorine-contain-
ing stack gases produced during phosphate fertilizer produc-
tion depends on the character of the purified gases (the
fluorine and dust content). In gases free of dust, silicon
tetrafluoride can be recovered by absorption in water or am-
monia solution. Dust containing gases have to be dedusted in
cyclones and then SiF4 can be obtained by absorption in sul-
furic acid. Gases of low fluorine content containing dust can
be purified directly by wet methods. Some industrial designs
of the above methods are discussed. Further processing of ab-
sorbed fluorine leads, according to the method used, to one of
the following products: sodium fluorosilicate, sodium fluoride,
aluminium fluoride, sodium aluminium fluoride, potassium
fluoride, hydrogen fluoride. If both technologic and economic
aspects of the problem are considered, only a limited number
of the above methods is suitable for practical realization.
32461
Kangas, J., E. Nyholm, and J. Rastas
SMELTER GASES YIELD MERCURY. Chem. Eng., 78(20):55-
57, Sept. 6, 1971.
A technique was developed which scrubs the sulfur dioxide-
rich gases from smelter or roasting operations of mercury be-
fore the gas is processed for sulfuric acid production. At the
Kokkola plant of Outokumpu Oy (Finland), zinc concentrates
are roasted in a fluidized-bed furnace at at temperature of 950
C. Mercury sulfide contained in the concentrate decomposes
completely and mercury vaporizes. The heat contained in the
gases is recovered in a waste heat boiler, and dust is separated
from the gas by means of cyclones and electrostatic precipita-
tors. Mercury-containing gases coming from the electrostatic
precipitators at a temperature of 350 C go to the sulfatizing
unit. The mercury sulfatizer is a brick-lined tower containing
ceramic packing, in which mercury-bearing gases contact a
countercurrent flow of strong sulfuric acid. Mercury and
selenium are scrubbed from the gas by the acid. Sulfuric acid
flows from the bottom of the tower to an intermediate storage
tank, it is then pumped through a heat exchanger and recycled
to the tower. Zinc and iron salts, as well as chlorides and
fluorides, can also be removed in this process. Washing the
precipitate, and the production of metallic mercury are men-
tioned.
32627
Dagan, B. N.
CLEANING OF OPEN HEARTH WASTE GASES BY KAISER
STEEL CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA. Proc. Nat. Open
Hearth Basic Oxygen Steel Conf., vol. 37:72-78, 1954. 2 refs.
A precipitator installed on an open hearth furnace and dust
and gas problems inherent to the open hearth process are
described. The precipitator was directly connected between
the induced-draft fan outlet and the stack. The precipitator
was energized by two 25-kva full-wave mechanical rectifiers
with a stand-by rectifier and an integrated high-voltage switch
gear, so that the spare rectifier could be used with either
transformer. Automatically controlled impulse-type rappers
were used for cleaning the collecting electrodes. The collected
dust, averaging approximately 3000 Ib/day, was intermittently
removed from the hoppers. The precipitator consistently per-
formed at an efficiency between 90 and 96% with a loss of ap-
proximately 0.03 grain/standard cu ft. The precipitator col-
lected between 105 and 140 Ib of open hearth dust/hr. About
90% of the partiuclate matter was under five micron in size.
Chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction indicate that the dust
was composed primarily of iron oxides and is wholly magnetic.
The two major problem areas were sulfur trioxide and
fluorine. Thermodynamic data are discussed.
32712
Calvez, Claude and Andre Pailhiez
COMPARED TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE COLLECTION OF
GASES AND FUMES AND THE VENTILATION OF ALU-
MINUM POTLDVES. Metallurgical Society of AIME, New
York, Design Metal Prod. Processes Conf. Proc., Chicago, 111.,
1967, p. 158-171. (Dec. 11-13.)
Aluminum producers are increasingly concerned about
problems raised by the collection of gas and solids and the
ventilation of the lines of aluminum cells. Engineering solu-
tions to these problems have been achieved at two plants em-
ploying Soderberg cells, one having a lengthwise arrangement
of raised shells and the other a crosswise arrangement of cells
with bedded shells and prebaked anodes. Since the cells alone
were insufficient to prevent air pollution, the first plant now
aspirates gases collected in the cells to the roof where they are
first cleaned in electrofilters, then washed with sodic solution
and water in two-stage spray scrubbers. Subsequent precipita-
tion with sodium aluminate yields a substantial amount of
fluor in the form of cryolite. Total cleaning efficiency for both
roof and floor installations is close to 93%. At the other plant,
there is one scrubber for every four cells, which insures al-
most continuous aspiration and washing. Washing is carried
out with pure water. Gases are almost completely trapped, and
washing efficiency reaches 90-92%.
32963
McClain, R. S., G. V. Sullivan, and W. A. Stickney
RECOVERING ALUMINUM AND FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
FROM ALUMINUM PLANT RESIDUES. U. S. Bureau of
Mines, Rept. 5777, 16p., 1961. 1 ref.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
97
Residues from aluminum plants were investigated to determine
if carbon could be removed by flotation while recovering
fluorine and aluminum compounds for recycling to the reduc-
tion process. Samples of flue dust, pot skimmings, and pot
linings all responded to a simple turpentine flotation scheme to
reject 90-97% of the carbon. Aluminum compound recoveries
were 42-94% on the flue dust, about 95% on the pot
skimmings, and 75-89% on the pot linings. Fluorine recoveries
from the same samples were 35-63, 92-95, and 77-86%, respec-
tively. The pot linings contained soluble aluminum and fluorine
salts that were recovered by precipitation with sodium alu-
minate and carbon dioxide gas. Composites of residues
responsed to flotation much the same as the individual sam-
ples. (Author summary modified)
33191
Ruch, J. B.
VPP-DESIGN CRITERIA FOR AN INSTALLATION TO
REMOVE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND FLUORINE FROM
THE CELLS 1 AND 2 VENTILATION GASES PRIOR TO
FILTRATION. Preprint, Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., 19p.,
April 11, 1960. 18 refs.
Criteria are presented for a horizontal spray nozzle scrubbing
system designed to remove fluorine and hydrogen fluoride
from the 3000 cfm of ventilation air passing through the
Volatility Pilot Plant, built for uranium recovery studies of ir-
radiated zirconium-uranium nuclear submarine fuels. A reduc-
tion of fluorine concentrations from 1520 to less than 2 ppm
during a total release of 68 Ibs, and a reduction of hydrogen
fluoride concentrations from 4090 to less than 1 ppm during a
total release of 200 Ibs, will adequately protect the ventilation
system fiberglas filters. Six scrubbing stages each containing
four nozzle-throat spray units are needed with a 5-10% aque-
ous caustic potash recycle system pumping at a maximum rate
of approximately 180 gal/min, with a range per nozzle from 3-7
gal/min. The scrubber will be 4 ft by 4 ft by approximately 25
ft, containing a deentrainment section of baffles and a
demister. The associated ventilation system hardware, ser-
vices, and instrumentation requirements are given. (Author ab-
stract modified)
33554
McCann, C. R., J. J. Demeter, A. A. Orning, and D. Bienstock
NOX EMISSIONS AT LOW EXCESS-AIR LEVELS IN PUL-
VERIZED-COAL COMBUSTION. Preprint, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Air Pollution Controls
Div., 8p., 1970. 21 refs. (Presented at the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting, New York, Nov.
29-Dec. 3, 1970, Paper 70-WA/APC-3.)
Emissions of air pollutants are reported in the combustion of
500 Ib/hr of pulverized coal at various excess air levels in a
dry-bottom furnace with water-cooled walls. Nitrogen oxides
decreased 70% (from 575 ppm to 175 ppm) as excess air was
lowered from 25 to 1.4%. Retention of coal sulfur by the ash
was 2.4%, the balance appearing as sulfur oxides in the fur-
nace gas. Sulfur dioxide ranged from 1415 at 21.4% excess air
to 1785 ppm at 3.8%. Sulfur trioxide values were one to seven
ppm. Retention of coal chlorine by the ash was 4.6%, the
balance appearing as 8.0 to 14 ppm hydrogen chloride in the
combustion gas. Retention of coal fluorine by the ash was
11.2%, the balance emitted as 8.0 to 14 ppm hydrogen fluoride
in the gas. At lower excess air levels, carbon combustion effi-
ciencies could be maintained at 99% by increasing the air pre-
heat from 600-650 F to 700 F and maintaining a stable air-fuel
ratio. (Author conclusions modified)
33620
Teworte, W.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FROM THE VIEWPOINT
OF THE NON-FERROUS METAL INDUSTRY. (Umweltschutz
aus der Sicht der NE-Metallindustrie). Text in German. Z. Erz-
bergbau Metallhuettenwesen, 24(10):505-506, Oct. 1971.
(Presented at the Gemeinsotnen analytikertagung, Duesseldorf,
Germany, June 3, 1971.)
The non-ferrous metallurgical industry has solved the problem
of sulfur dioxide emission: no sulfide-containing ore is
processed without the subsequent production of sulfuric acid.
In 1970, the equivalent of 550,000 tons of SO2 went into the
sulfuric acid production process. Dust collectors are employed
at pyrometallurgical processes. In one method, furnace gases
are drawn off to be cleaned and, in another method, the entire
air in the workshop is cleaned. Fluorine emissions still present
problems, and more research is required here.
33918
Okumura, Eijiro and Hiroyasu Matsumoto
DESIGN OF FLOATING SCRUBBER AND TURBULENT AB-
SORBER. (Shisshiki sbujin oyobi gasu kyushu sochi no Sfkkei -
Furotingu sukurabba, taburento abusoba ni (.suite). Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Sochi (Plant and Process), 9(10):ll-22, Oct.
1967. 4 refs.
The Floating Scrubber (FBWS), wet type dust collection
device, and the Turbulent Absorber (TCA), a gas absorption
device, were discussed including their basic mechanisms, con-
struction, and design theories. Practical applications include
dust removal in iron manufacturing plants; dust removal, sul-
fur dioxide recovery, and gas absorption in pulp factories;
dust removal in steel manufacturing dust removal in sulfuric
acid manufacturing plants; absorption of SO2 from waste gas
in H2SO4 manufacturing plants; recovery of fluoride com-
pounds from waste gas phosphoric acid manufacturing indus-
try and from waste gas in aluminum manufacturing industry.
Both the FBWS and TCA are scrubber columns filled with
lightweight plastic balls between two grids. The washing liquid
is sprayed through a nozzle from above and the gas to be
treated is fed in from beiow; the gas causes a violent turbulent
motion as it ascends to contact the wash liquid. Since the gas-
liquid contact system occurs in the space between the two
grids, the balls contact the media, float with the gas and liquid.
Since the gas-liquid contact system occurs in the space
between the two grids, the balls contact the media, float with
the gas and liquid, revolve, and hit each other, thus causing
stirring. This keeps the surface of the balls clean so that a new
liquid film can form. Also, the area of contact between the gas
and the liquid is enlarged for effective dust collection and gas
absorption. The constant stirring keeps the grid meshes free
from viscous or other substances formed by the absorption
reaction. This is known as self-cleaning. Both FBWS and TAC
are patented to UPO of the U.S.A. and feature no clogging,
even with viscous substances; low pressure loss compared
with its high gas velocity; higher contact effect resulting in
higher efficiency; and stable and long-life performance.
33971
Mashita, Takashi
WET-TYPE DUST COLLECTOR UTILIZING CONDENSA-
TION. (Gyoshuku o riyo shita shisshiki shujinki soriboru). Text
in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 7(10):573-
574, Oct. 1971.
A new, wet-type dust collector consists of a casing, and many
venturi pipes arranged in parallel in the casing, and water jet
nozzles at the both ends of the pipe bundle. Dust-containing
-------
98
gas flows into the casing and into the narrow part of the ven-
turi pipes where the speed and pressure drop. Vapor conden-
sation occurs and dust particles are covered by a thin liquid
film. The turbulent air current created at the narrow throat and
the difference in sizes and weight of the particles cause colli-
sion of dust particles and water drops, enlargine each particle.
As they leave the venturi pipes, they are sprayed by the water
jet and large dust particles drop down as sludge. Clean gas
goes through a vapor separation apparatus and is discharged.
This apparatus is particularly effective for collection of large
quantities of small particles (down to 0.04 micron). The con-
tact of the gas and jet liquid is great and uniform, and toxic
gases such as sulfur dioxide and fluoride can be absorbed easi-
ly. The decrease in flow speed or quantity has no effect on the
collection efficiency. The circulation of the jet water is easy,
and the maintenance of the spray nozzle is easy because of
the large opening. Wearing from friction is limited because of
the slow speed of the gas.
35106
Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan), Dept. of
Environmental Pollution
AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen). Text in Japanese. In: A Survey
of Industrial Pollutant Disposal Machines - 1971. p. 68-122, Dec.
1970.
A general discussion of control techniques methods of select-
ing a dust collector, calculation of collection rate, power
requirement for a dust collector, and principles of various col-
lectors such as settling chambers, inertial collectors, centrifu-
gal separators, scrubbers, filters and electrostatic precipitators,
are explained with illustrations. Methods of toxic gas treat-
ment by absorption and adsorption are explained with illustra-
tions. Representative toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, fluorides, and
ammonia are discussed. For sulfur dioxide, importation of low
sulfur oils and desulfurization methods are discussed.
Hydrogenation of heavy oil, wet absorption, and active carbon
adsorption of stack gases are discussed with flow sheets.
Cleansing of automobile exhaust gas, combustion improve-
ment, smoke dispersion, and coal and oil additives are
discussed. Various types of dust collectors and desulfurization
systems available on the market are listed with illustrations
and photographs.
35111
Givaudon, Jean
ACTION IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. (Action dans 1 in-
dustrie chimiques). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), vol.
13:44-47, Oct. 1971.
One of the plants of the Solvay Society installed dust arresters
on top of furnaces and cyclones to control fine dust emanating
from polyvinyl chloride manufacture, converted some boilers
from coal to natural gas, eliminated all leaks of chlorine in its
electrolytic installations, and disposed of several liquid
chlorinated pollutants by combustion. In general the French
chemical industry disposes of pollutants by absorption
(recovery of fluorine in aluminum plants, control of effluents
from sutfuric acid plants where residual gases containing 0.20
to 0.25% sulfur dioxide are purified by washing with a diluted
ammonia solution down to 0.02%, absorption of maleic and
citraconic anhydride from effluents of the phtalic anhydride
manufacture) by combustion and catalytic oxidation (a special
incinerator completely disposes of most undesirable liquid
waste), or by other processes (pilot plant desulfurization of
waste gases from coal-fired power plants catalytic afterburners
for internal combustion engines).
35448
Berly, Edward M., Melvin W. First, and Leslie Silverman
REMOVAL OF SOLUBLE GASES AND PARTICULATES
FROM AIR STREAMS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
FLUORIDES. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C.,
Contract AT(30-1)-841, Rept. NYO-1585, 49p., April 18, 1952.
16 refs.
High efficiency absorption of soluble or reactive gases can be
obtained with available equipment using wetted fiber beds.
Wetted fibers are many times more efficient than Raschig
rings or Berl Saddles when compared on the basis of equal
volumes. When compared on the basis of weight of packing,
one pound of 78-micron diameter Saran fibers are about 150
times more efficient for the absorption of hydrogen fluoride
gas than one pound of 1/2-inch Raschig rings. This reduction
in weight and bulk can be utilized to realize important savings
in construction and maintenance of gas absorbing systems. A
five-stage system of concurrently-wetted fiber beds and coun-
tercurrent stages can produce 75% hydrofluoric acid from
19.8% HF gas and give a gaseous effluent which is hygieni-
cally safe. High efficiency collection generally requires the ad-
dition of a droplet eliminator composed of a 1-inch to 2-inch
depth of dry fibers less than 5 microns in diameter. For par-
ticulate collection, best results are obtained when particles and
the surfaces on which they are to be deposited are of the same
size. When treating gas streams containing inert particles, the
absorbing stages can be protected from fouling and plugging
by the use of an impingement device as a prefilter. (Author
summary modified)
35513
Tearle, Keith A.
POLLUTION CONTROL AT ANGLESEY ALUMINIUM. Pol-
lut. Control, 1971:14-15, Sept. 1971.
Control methods for the reduction of emissions of carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, fluorides, sulfur dioxide, and dust
particles (alumina and carbon) from aluminum smelters are
reviewed. Fume control was effected by exhaust ventilation
hoods, cyclone dust collectors, wet scrubbers, and special
precoated fabric filters. The filter plant, dust disposal
techniques, safety controls, maintenance, post-filtration ex-
haust, and liquid effluent plant are discussed.
36405
Nelson, L. B. and J. C. Barber
WILL EAGERNESS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AFFECT
FERTILIZER MARKET? Croplife, 1970:25-28, Jan. 1970.
Depending on the kind of plant or complex, atmospheric emis-
sions from fertilizer plants and ancillary facilities include
fluorides (essentially as silicon fluoride), sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, free ammonia, ammonium chloride, and vari-
ous dusts. Such emissions can be controlled adequately by
using electrical precipitators, condensers, mechanical dust col-
lectors, and scrubbers. Recovery and reuse of plant nutrients
and salable by-products from emissions and liquid wastes add
measurably toward improving efficiency and reducing the cost
of pollution abatement. Fluoride can be economically
recovered as fluosilicic acid or fluosilicate salts at many loca-
tions.
36475
Minakami, M., S. Oote, A. Matsuura, and I. Ogawa
EXHAUST AMMONIA TREATMENT IN A FERTILIZER
PLANT. (Bohiryo kojo no haishutsu ammonia ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kcnkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
99
6(1): 181, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Among pollutants identified in the exhaust (ammonia, sulfur
dioxide, chlorides, fluorides, sulfates, and phosphates), NH3
showed extremely high concentration. The source of such high
ammonia concentration was traced to a small amount of by-
product, ammonium orthophosphate which readily decomposes
at 100 C, giving ammonia. A substantial reduction in ammonia
concentration was achieved by lowering the pH value of
scrubber liquid. By this treatment, the ammonia concentration
was reduced from 660 ppm to 6.60 ppm; however, the concen-
tration of other oxidative gases was slightly increased.
36532
Paulus, Harold J. and Cort Platt
AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS IN THE SMALL ELEC-
TROPLATING SHOP. Plating, 59(1):12-14, Jan. 1972. 5 refs.
Methods of controlling solvent losses, acid gases, acid
aerosols, and alkaline aerosols from electroplating are out-
lined. The simplest solvent control method is to substitute al-
kaline or emulsion cleaning for vapor degreasing with
trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene solvents. Where the
solvents are used, losses are reduced by proper design, loca-
tion, and operation of the vapor degreaser and by an activated
carbon adsorption system. The acid gases are produced during
the pickling or descaling of metal before plating, they include
nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
fluoride, and hydrogen sulfide. For the small plating shop, the
best control method is the packed tower. Chromic acid and
sulfuric acid mists and alkaline aerosols are controlled at the
tank surface by foam blankets of floating plastic shapes, while
mist and aerosols are removed from the ventilation system by
spray scrubbers. If the acid and alkaline ventilation systems
are combined, one scrubber can remove both materials.
36552
Smith, Peter V.
ADVANCEMENT IN THE CONTROL OF PARTICULATES.
Tennessee Univ., Knoxville, Proc. Ind. Air Pollut. Control
Conf., A mm., 1st, Knoxville, Tenn., 1971, p. 56-71. 6 rets.
(April 22-23.)
In addition to particulate control, the familiar collectors such
as the precipitator, scrubber, mechanical collector, and fabric
filterhouse can also remove gaseous emissions such as sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, and fluorine. The precipita-
tor can remove enough particulate matter to enable the gas
removal device to operate effectively, independently of the en-
trained particulate matter which could be detrimental to its
operation. In many instances where upgrading fly ash removal
of an existing boiler is necessary to meet new regulations, the
use of scrubbers is preferred because their compact size is
compatible with the amount of available land area. The most
recent innovation in the use of electrostatic precipitators is the
application of the hot precipitator to utility boilers firing low
sulfur coal. In the aluminum industry, electrostatic precipita-
tors have been used on prebake poth'nes. Packaged, low ener-
gy, venturi-slotted type scrubbers have been successfully ap-
plied to remove particulate emissions from apartment house
incinerators.
36716
Sherwin, K. A.
EFFLUENTS FROM THE MANUFACTURE OF SU-
PERPHOSPHATE AND COMPOUND FERTILIZERS. Chem.
Ind. (London), vol. 41:1274-1281, Oct. 8, 19SS. 6 rets.
(Presented at the Society of Chemical Industry, Symposium on
the Prevention of Atmospheric and Water Pollution in the
Chemical Industry, London, England, April 4-5, 1955.)
Current control practices for treating waste gases, solids, and
liquids from processes involved in manufacturing su-
perphosphate fertilizers are described and evaluated. In sul-
furic acid production by the chamber process, correct loading
of nitric oxides in the initial stages is the most effective con-
trol against excess sulfur oxides or nitrogen oxides in tail
gases. Scrubbers are used to control exit gas acidity in acid
production by the contact process. Gaseous fluorine effluents
from superphosphate production are also controlled by various
scrubbing systems. Most dust from the exit gases of granular
fertilizer manufacture, particularly from drying and cooling
operations, is removed by high-duty cyclones, sometimes sup-
plemented by scrubbers. Emissions from phosphoric acid and
triple superphosphate production are adequately controlled by
methods similar to those used in ordinary superphosphate
plants, allowing for a greater dilution of the gases. Disposal of
solid gypsum is of increasing concern.
36755
Cook, C. C. and G. R. Swany
EVOLUTION OF FLUORIDE RECOVERY PROCESSES.
ALCOA SMELTERS. Tennessee Univ., Knoxville, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, Proc. Ind. Air Pollut. Control Conf., Annu., 1st,
Knoxville, Tenn., 1971, p. 145-157. (April 22-23.)
Fluoride recovery processes developed by Alcoa and various
techniques of pollution control instituted in their aluminum
plants are reviewed with respect to early history, development
of gas cell technique and treatment facilities, dry process
development, and the Alcoa-398 process. Wet scrubbers to
capture gaseous fluorides, fume collection equipment, electro-
static precipitators, and filter bags comprise most of the con-
trol systems. The Alcoa-398 process consists of a fluidized bed
of alumina, dust collector, conveyors for alumina transport,
and storage space. Typical investment and operating costs are
discussed.
37080
Tomany, James P.
VALUABLE BY-PRODUCTS RECLAIMED THROUGH AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL. Aerotec Ind. Rev., 5(4):9-12, 1965.
A serious difficulty in preventing fertilizer industry emissions
of hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, particulate matter,
and ammonia with a conventional-type wet scrubber is the for-
mation of gelatinous material during operation, causing
plugging of the scrubber. Types of apparatus used in this in-
dustry include a turbulent-contact absorber and an aeromix
scrubber. The absorber consists of a tower containing one or
more stages of low-density spheres. When gas and liquids are
introduced, the spheres are thrown into random, turbulent mo-
tion through the reaction zone, and this buffeting action
promotes intimate contact between the gas and liquor phase.
The scrubber is an improved version of the standard venturi-
type wet scrubber. Design features of the absorber and
aeromix scrubber are discussed with particular reference to
the production of phosphoric acid, triple-superphosphate, and
ammonium phosphate.
37115
Kholin, B. G., L. M. Chernyak, and S. A. Kolesnikov
TEST OF FAN ATOMIZER FOR ABSORPTION OF
FLUORINE-CONTAINING GASES IN THE PRODUCTION
OF SUPERPHOSPHATE. Sov. Chem. Ind. (English translation
-------
100
from Russian of: Khun. Prom.), no. 4:286-287, April 1971. 13
refs.
Fine-dispersion atomization of the liquid is one of the most
powerful means of intensifying mass-transfer processes
between a liquid and gas. The intensity of the absorption
process with fine atomization can be increased by using rotat-
ing perforated cans, particularly with outflow openings of rela-
tively large diameter. This makes it possible to create a relia-
ble, highly productive, and economic design for a fan liquid
atomizer which then can be used to absorb fluorine-containing
gases in the production of superphosphate.
37164
Oote, S., Y. Nakagawa, M. Minakami, and I. Ogawa
EXHAUST FLUORIDES FROM GYPSUM PLANTS. (Sekko
kojo no haishutsu fukkabutsu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):187, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution Stu-
dies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The hydrogen fluoride emission from a rotary kiln used in the
manufacture of plaster of Paris was greatly reduced by a sim-
ple modification of the procedure. The colorimetric measure-
ments indicated the variation in HF concentration during the
processing, and that HF concentration was greatly reduced by
the addition of neutralizing agents. By the addition of up to
0.50% of neutralizing agent, the HF concentration was mar-
kedly reduced from 81.8 ppm to 0.95 ppm. The relationship
between HF concentration and pH was also investigated, so
that the effect of pH on the product could be controlled.
37293
THE INAUGURATION OF THE NEW ALUMINUM PLANT
PECHINEY IN VLISSINGEN BY PRINCE BERNHARD OF
THE NETHERLANDS. (Einweihung der neuen Pechiney Huette
Vlissingen durch Prinz Bernhard der Niederlande). Text in Ger-
man. Aluminium, 47(12):782-784, Dec. 1971.
The new aluminum plant with 256 furnaces in Vlissingen (The
Netherlands) has not been equipped with a central waste air
cleaning system. After extensive experiments in the wind tun-
nel, it was decided to install individual groups of ventilators
and gas scrubbers. The 34 ventilators with which the plant has
been equipped have a throughput of 30 million cu m/hr, each
ventilator has a throughput of 63 cu m/sec. In the gas scrub-
bers, 30,000 cu m water are atomized/hr for binding the
fluorine gases. The fluorine is precipitated and recovered and
returned to the production process. Air monitoring stations
both of the stationary and mobile type are in operation to a
distance of 18 km from the plant. The costs for installation of
this system amounted to 1.68 million dollars, the power con-
sumption amounts to 90 million kWh/yr.
37402
Hachmann, H.
THE MERITS OF SYNTHETICS. (Die Verdienste der Kunst-
stoffe). Text in German. Technica, 21(4):247-248, Feb. 1972.
In order to obtain the lowest possible quantity of harmful ex-
haust gases, modern vehicles preheat the combustion air.
Synthetics such as glass fiber reinforced Ultramid are used as
the material for the casings. Another example of the use of
synthetics in the field of environmental protection is the
scrubbing towers for the purification of waste gases from an
aluminum plant. The walls and interior installations of the
scrubbers are of glass fiber reinforced Palatal. The 38 m high
towers have a gas throughput of 200,000 cu m/hr. The gas en-
trance temperature lies between 90 C and 120 C. In each
scrubbing tower 300 kg fluorine and 600 kg sulfur dioxide are
retained each day. The fluorine content causes the scrubbing
fluid to become 2% hydrofluoric acid. The dust concentration
in the gas causes the solid concentration in the scrubbing
water to rise to 5%. The synthetic material is able to resist the
aggressiveness of the scrubbing water. Experiments are
presently under way to test the protective influence of Lu-
polen foils spread out over vegetable crops to shield them
from the emissions by airplanes.
37509
Predikant, Hans H., Hermann Betz, and Johann Schaeffer
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CLEANING INDUSTRIAL
WASTE GASES. (Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Reinigung
von Industrieabgasen). Text in German. (UOP-Kavag,
Gesellschaft fuer Luftreinhaltung m.b.H., Gondsroth bei Frank-
furt am Main (West German})) W. Ger. Pat. 1,905,080. 15p.,
Aug. 13, 1970. (Appl. Feb. 1, 1969, 7 claims).
A new method and equipment for cleaning industrial waste
gases containing fluorine and/or hydrofluoric acid are
described. The waste gases are scrubbed with aeqeous
hydrofluoric acid in a first scrubbing zone and with sodium lye
in a second scrubbing zone. The run-off from the first
scrubbing zone is recirculated to the first scrubbing zone until
the hydrogen fluoride concentration has risen to between 3
and 5% by weight. The run off from the second scrubbing
zone is recirculated to the second zone for enrichment of the
sodium fluoride. The two run-offs from both scrubbing zones
are combined in a neutralization zone; the precipitated sodium
fluoride is separated, and the base lye is returned from the
neutralization zone to the first scrubbing zone. The two
scrubbing zones are arranged above each other in a column.
Water is injected into the firsl scrubbing zone in proportion to
the volume reduction of the scrubbing fluid. Each scrubbing
zone has its own entrance and exit. The run-off from the two
zones is collected in containers with return connections to the
respective scrubbing zones.
37536
LOW COST REMOVAL OF ORGANIC VAPOUR POLLU-
TANTS. Chem. Process. (London), 17(12):9, 11, Dec. 1971.
An economical control system for low concentrations of or-
ganic vapors combines adsorption on one of two activated car-
bon beds with air incineration (thermal or catalytic). The car-
bon beds operate on alternate adsorption/regeneration cycles:
when one bed becomes saturated, it is removed and
regenerated with heat provided by the incinerated gases. Since
steam is not required for regeneration, the corrosive conden-
sate is absent from the system. The estimated annual average
cost of the system is $27,900 versus $46,100 for carbon ad-
sorption with steam regeneration, and $77,400 for air incinera-
tion alone (with heat exchange). A modification of the process,
using cascade adsorption, allows the solvent vapors to be
recovered rather than incinerated. This alternative may also be
preferred if combustion products from the process contain
hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide.
37544
Burkat, V. S., E. Ya. Tarat, V. A. Baevshii, E. M. Voronin,
and M. T. Tsurenko
PURIFICATION OF ALUMINUM-INDUSTRY GASES IN A
HOLLOW HIGH-SPEED SCRUBBER. Soviet J. Non-Ferrous
Metals (English translation from Russian of: Tsvetn. Metal.),
10(9):61-63, Sept. 1969. 3 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
101
A pilot gas purifier consisting of an electric separator and a
hollow scrubber with spray nozzles was tested for its ability to
remove gaseous and solid fluoride compounds from exhaust
gases at an aluminum plant. The efficiency of gas purification
in the scrubber was determined at gas linear velocities of 3-7
m/sec, gas inlet temperatures of 40-50 C, and spraying densi-
ties of 20 and 30 cu m/sq m/hr. Spray density had a greater in-
fluence on the degree of hydrogen fluoride entrainment than a
change in gas velocity. The degree of purification remained
constant within the gas-velocity range tested, but increased
with an increase in spraying density. An equation is given that
predicts the performance of the hollow, high-speed scrubber
under various operating conditions.
37603
Huenlich, Hans-Werner
HOW IMPORTANT ARE THE PROBLEMS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL PROTECTION FOR THE BRICK AND EARTH EN-
GINEER. (Welche Bedeutung haben Probleme des Um-
weltschutzes fuer Steine und Erden-Ingenieure). Text in Ger-
man. Tonind. Ztg, 96(l):21-23, Jan. 1972.
The environmental problems with which brick and earch en-
gineers are confronted include the cleaning of waste gases and
the reduction of dust emissions. The removal of sulfur dioxide
closely followed by that of fluorine from the industrial waste
gases have top priority. Applicable waste gas desulfurization
methods seem to be available now after several setbacks. They
are mostly based on the binding of the gaseous SO2 on fine-
grained bases such as magnesium oxide, dolomite, caustic
lime, lime hydrate or limestone present in suspended form or
in the fluid-bed. No method for the removal of fluorine from
the waste gases of fertilizer plants is available yet. The
elimination of the fluorine emissions by aluminum plants has
not been entirely solved yet either. The dust collection
methods have reached a high level of achievement, so that
dust elimination nowadays is mainly a problem of costs and of
the disposal of the collected dust.
37745
Volfkovich, S. I., I. M. Boguslavskiy, S. B. Kazakova, N. S.
Bogdanova, I. P. Khudoley, V. G. Voytsekhovskiy, T. V.
Vovk, and Ye. A. Malysheva
PRODUCTION OF BIFLUORIDE-AMMONIUM FLUORIDE
AND WHITE SOOT FROM OUTGOLNG FLUORINE-CON-
TAINING GASES IN THE PRODUCTION OF SU-
PERPHOSPHATES. (Polucheniye biftorida-ftorida anunoniya i
beloy sazhy iz ftorsoderzhashchikh gazov superfosfatnykh proiz-
vodstv). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. (Moscow), no 12:22-24,
1971. 5 refs.
Laboratory and pilot-plant experiments were carried out to
elaborate methods for the complex utilization of waste gases
containing fluorine. Waste gases were absorbed by recycled
ammonium fluoride solution containing 6-10% NH4F and 1-2%
NH3. The solution thus obtained contained 15-20% ammonium
silicon fluoride and 0.5-2% of H2SiF6. Excess ammonium
hydroxide was used for neutralization which produced am-
monium fluoride and SiO2. The pulp contained ammonium
fluoride in concentrations of 15-20%. After agitation and cool-
ing to 40 C, the liquid and solid phases were separated in four
filters. The filtrate obtained on one of these filters was recy-
cled to the absorption process. Three subsequent washing cy-
cles were applied for SiO2, followed by the drying of the
sprayed powder using high-temperature waste gases. The SiO2
thus obtained was used as additive to rubber products. The fil-
trate from the first filter, containing 15-20% ammonium
fluoride, was subjected to two-stage condensation. A concen-
tration of 60% was reached in the first stage, using atmospher-
ic pressure, while the condensation was increased to 90% in
the second stage, in applying a pressure of 380-420 Hg mm.
After cooling and centrifugation to a residual humidity of 1.5-
1.8%, a standard quality product was obtained.
37809
Kajitani, Eiji and Shoji Niida
EQUIPMENT FOR COOLING AND SCRUBBING CORRO-
SIVE HOT GASES. (Einrichtung /.urn Kuehlen und Waschen
korrodierender heisser Gase). Text in German. (Sumitomo Metal
mining Co., Ltd., Tokyo (Japan)) W. Ger. Pat. 1,671,404. 4p.,
Oct. 14, 1971. 2 refs. (Appi. May 31, 1967, 3 claims).
The equipment includes a cylinder with outlets for gas and
liquid in the lower part, and a top cover lined with an organic
acid-proof material, which contains the gas inlet and the
sprayers for the cooling and washing liquid. The cylindric part
made of glass fiber reinforced thermoset is lined on the inside
with a tissue resistent to solutions containing fluorine, and has
a circular channel on its top edge for the cooling liquid. The
top cover is separated from the cylindric part by a corrosion-
resistant flexible foil to prevent stresses. The admission tem-
peratures range from 100 to 300 C, and the gas to be cleaned
may contain sulfur dioxide, fluorine, and chlorine.
37914
Achorn, Frank P. and J. S. Lewis, Jr.
EQUIPMENT TO CONTROL POLLUTION FROM FERTIL-
IZER PLANTS. Ag Chem Commer. Fert., 27(2):10-14, Feb.
1972. 5 refs. (Presented at the Fertilizer Roundtable, Memphis,
Tenn., 1971.)
The efficiency and applicability of various control methods for
use in fertilizer plants are reviewed. The use of impingement-
type scrubbers, wet cyclones, venturi scrubbers, packed bed
scrubbers, and some process modifications to control emis-
sions of ammonia, chlorine, fluorine, phosphoric acid, and
dusts from specified processes is examined.
38082
Schwegmann, J. C. and L. Leder
PURIFICATION OF ELECTROLYSIS-FURNACE FLUE GAS
FROM ALUMINUM FOUNDRIES. (Abgasreuiigung der Elek-
troIyseofen-Abgase von Aluminum-Huetten). Text in German.
Luftverunreinigung, 1969:17-20, Oct. 1969.
A technique for the purification of waste gases emitted from
the electrolytic cells of aluminum manufacturing plants is
presented. The problems of withdrawing the gases from each
cell individually or from the building housing the cells are
reviewed. The best method of removing the gases from each
cell is individual encapsulation. The exhauster must be
designed to leave sufficient access to the cells but simultane-
ously prevent any emission of the waste gases into the work
shop. A negative pressure must be maintained in the exhauster
spanning the surface of the cell; removable sheet steel plates
are installed on the sides. In cases where individual withdrawal
is not feasible, centralized cleaning, using ventilators and
scrubbers, is possible. Due to the great volumes of air to be
drawn off in centralized cleaning, the cleaning efficiency of
the diluted gases withdrawn centrally is much lower than that
of the concentrated gases withdrawn individually. The process
for individual withdrawal is reviewed. The control equipment
consists of an exhaust system for waste gas drawing, cyclones
for dust removal, scrubbers for removal of gaseous fluorine,
and high stack discharge.
-------
102
38115
Hisatsune, Takeo
DUST COLLECTION OF HIGH TEMPERATURE GASES BY
WET-TYPE AND BAG FILTER COLLECTORS. (Shisshiki
oyobi baggu firuta ni yoru koon gasu no shujin). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel and Combustion),
39(l):40-46, Jan. 1972.
The collection of dusts from high temperature exhaust gases is
problematical due to the corrosive nature of gases, high tem-
perature, and the high cost of operation and maintenance of
the systems. The previously, widely used wet dust collectors
had only 70 to 80% collection efficiency, and damages to fans,
caused by accumulation of dust, were quite frequent. More
recently, the wet dust collector has been exclusively used for
high temperature gas fume collection in foundry cupolas. The
principle, mechanism, and effect of the venturi scrubber are
explained. A venturi rod hydrofilter is discussed with illustra-
tions. This is a relatively simple structure consisting of a
number of wet pipes over which the high temperature gas
fume is passed. Vapor is created on the surface of the pipes
and mingles with the high speed gas current, colliding into dust
particles and collecting them. Bag filters are most frequently
used for dust collection of high temperature gases. Different
filters are used according to the type of gas; problem gases are
steam, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, chlorine gas, and
fluoride gas. Various types of corrosion and cooling methods
are discussed. One type of dust tube collector is discussed
with illustrations. The gas enters from the hopper and coarse
dusts collide into a baffling board and settles. The gas current
enters the filter bag and the cleaned air goes out from the top.
The dust accumulation on the filter fabric is periodically
shaken off by the horizontal movement of shaker pipes and
the vertical movement of the bags. Excellent results are
achieved. Various types of bag filters are compared in a table.
38188
Zhulin, N. V. and A. A. Komlev
USE OF FLOCCULANTS FOR PRECIPITATING PARTICLES
IN GAS PURIFICATION SOLUTIONS. (Primeneniye floku-
lyantov diva osazdeniya chastuts v rastvorakh gazoochistki).
Text in Russian. Tsvetny. Metal., 8(44):36-37, 1971. 3 refs.
The effect of flocculants on the settling of suspended solids
from sodium bicarbonate scrubber solutions used after the
electrostatic precipitation of noxious gases from aluminum
cells was examined. The solution contained approximately 25
g/1 sodium fluoride, 53 g/1 sodium carbonate and sodium bicar-
bonate, 47 g/1 sodium sulfate, and 30 g/1 suspended solids con-
sisting of about 80% cryolite, aluminum fluoride, magnesium
fluoride, and calcium fluoride and about 15% of calcination
loss products, i.e., unburned coke and pitch. Decreasing the
solution sodium sulfate concentration from 52 to 32 g/1 and in-
creasing the temperature from 20 to 50 deg increased the set-
tling rate by 50 and 100%, respectively. Soap chips, sodium
oleate, oleic acid, tall oil and its hydrolysis products, and
hydrolyzed polyacrylamide accelerated the settling; of these,
30 mg/1 of the hydrolyzed polyacrylamide was the best addi-
tive.
38299
Bridge, Alan C., Joseph Jaffe, and David S. Mitchell
DESULFURIZATION PROCESS EMPLOYING UPFLOW OIL
AND HYDROGEN. (Chevron Research Co., San Francisco,
Calif.) U. S. Pat. 3,620,968. 4p., Nov. 16, 1971. 6 rets. (Appl.
Oct. 31, 1968, 1 claim).
A process for the catalytic hydrodesulfurization of hydrocar-
bon oils, particularly those containing a substantial proportion
of material boiling above 500 F and containing 0.5-10% by
weight of organic sulfur, is presented. The major advantages
of the process over prior hydrodesulfurization processes he in
improvements of the activity and stability of the catalyst and
of flow arrangements. The hydrocarbon feedstock, a major
portion of which is in liquid phase during contact with the
catalyst, is desulfurized by passing the oil and hydrogen up-
ward in a cocurrent flow through at least one fixed bed of
catalyst contained in a desulfurization reactor. The catalyst
comprises pellets or other particles of alumina cogelled with a
group VI hydrogenating component, a group VII hydrogenat-
ing component, group IV metal phosphate particles dispersed
in the catalyst, and fluorine. The upflow oil and hydrogen
operation with a cogel catalyst provide for higher activities
and low initial fouling rates. (Author abstract modified)
38439
Zizka, Jaroslav, Stanislav Servus, and Zdenek Cvrk
EQUIPMENT FOR REDUCING THE QUANTITY OF HARM-
FUL GASEOUS, LIQUID AND SOLID EXHALATIONS.
Czech. Heavy Ind. (Prague), no. 11:2-10, 1971.
Performance data are given for several types of apparatus for
removing harmful gases, liquids, and solids from industrial
waste gases. Included are a foam-type separator for noncorro-
sive gases with a dust content up to 400 g/cu m; a current-type
separator for highly dispersed liquid or solid aerosols; a
separator for relatively coarse fibrous particles in a mixture
with particles about 1 micron; and a two-stage Trition separa-
tor for solid or liquid aerosols with a particle size less than 1
micron. Also described are foam-type absorbers for soluble
gaseous compounds such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen
fluoride or for aerosols of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and sodi-
um hydroxide; an overflow- type absorber for more demand-
ing absorption processes; a fibrous filter for oil mists; a
separator and retainer of minute liquid aerosols; and a com-
bustion device that totally oxidizes combustible substances in
waste gases to carbon dioxide and water. The rated gas capaci-
ties of different models of each item are given together with
the application possibilities of some of the equipment.
38445
Kraft, Guenther and Heinz Beck
PROCEDURE FOR THE REMOVAL OF FLUORINE FROM
WASTE GASES OCCURRING IN ALUMINUM FUSION
ELECTROLYSIS SHOPS. (Verfahren zur Entfernung von Fluor
aus Abgasen, insbesondere solchen der Schmelzflusselektrolyse
des Aluminiums) Text in German. (Metallgesellschaft A. G.,
Frankfurt, (West Germany)) W. Ger. Pat. 1,567,660. 3p., Dec.
23, 1971. (Appl. March 29, 1963, 2 claims).
Removal of fluorine from gases developed in the process of
fusion electrolysis in aluminum plants is achieved by treatment
with lithium containing washing solutions. The washing solu-
tions should include lithium (hydroxide), sodium, and alu-
minum in proportions so that the fluorine will be precipitated
as an insoluble Li-Na-Al-F-complex. Optimum pH of the
washing solution for this reaction is 3, but satisfactory results
are achieved as long as the pH is kept below 6.
38476
Dreyhaupt, Franz Josef
COMBATING THE SO2 EMISSION ACCORDING TO THE
STATE OF THE ART. (Kampf der SO2-Emission nach dem
Stand der Technik). Text in German. Umwelt (Duesseldorf),
2(l):36-39, Feb./March 1972. 15 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
103
Sulfur dioxide contained in the atmosphere has a toxic affect
on man, plants, and materials. Pines die in the Ruhr Valley
because of the sulfur dioxide; its effect on these trees was
probably enhanced by fluorine also present in the atmosphere.
Plants begin to show signs of injuries at an annual average
concentration of 85 micrograms SO2/cu m air. Materials begin
to show serious signs of deterioration at an average annual
SO2 concentration of 345 micrograms/cu m. Considerable
physical effects on man have been observed at SO2 concentra-
tions of more than 300 micrograms/cu m lasting for 3 or 4 days
and of more than 115 micrograms/cu m air over the year. The
existing maximum allowable emission concentration for SO2
(0.4 mg SO2/cu m air) in the Federal Republic of Germany is
too high. Considerable plant injury at this concentration is not
impossible. Unfortunately, the SO2 emission will continue to
rise in future - at least in the state of North Rhine Westphalia.
Measures for reduction of the SO2 emission include the use of
low-sulfur fuel oil (1% sulfur) and the desulfurization of the
waste gases. Of the various desulfurization methods the Grillo-
process is ready for practical use. It is estimated that this
process used in oil-fired power plants will raise the power
costs by 0.1 cents/kWh.
38504
Waki, Koichi, Tadashi Suzuki, and Toshinobu Mitsui
PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NOXIOUS CONTAMINANTS FROM GASES. (Verfahren und
Vorrichtung zum Entfernen von in einem Gas enthaltenen
schaedlichen Verunreinigungssubstanzen). Text in German.
(Showa Denko K. K., Tokyo (Japan)) W. Ger. Pat. Appl.
2,116,996. 29p., April 7, 1971. (9 claims).
The procedure and equipment for removing contaminants, e.g.,
fluorine, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide, from
waste gases by passing them over a packed bed sprayed with
an absorbing solution of sodium carbonate or sodium hydrox-
ide are described. Thin plastic plates were arranged in a
horizontal line across an absorption tower and sprayed with
the Na2CO3 solution to an average deposition thickness of
0.015 mm. The wast gas was cooled and scrubbed, and the
gas, containing 0.01% sulfur, 2-3% oxygen, 5-10% carbon diox-
ide, 0.005% nitric oxide, 20-25% moisture, and nitrogen, was
passed through the tower with an entrance temperature of 20-
25 C. The cleaned gas left with an SOx concentration of
0.0005%. After 20 hr of continuous operation, SOx concentra-
tion increased to 0.001%; the waste gases were then passed
through another tower, while the first tower was regenerated
by cleaning the packed bed with water or a solution of the ab-
sorbing agent. Waste gases containing 40 mg/cu m of chlorine
gas were passed through the tower at 200 cu m/min and were
cleaned to a residual hydrogen chloride concentration of 3
mg/cu m.
38587
Wolfram, Walter
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW FLUORINE ABSORPTION
PROCEDURE FOR THE REMOVAL OF SILICON
TETRAFLUORIDE FROM SUPERPHOSPHATE PLANT
WASTE GASES. (Die Entwicklung einer neuartigen Fluorab-
sorption fuer di" Abscheidung des Siliziumtetrafluorids aus den
Abgasen von Superphosphatanlagen). Text in German. In:
Technik und Uruweltschut/ Luft-Wasser-Boden-Laerm. Kanuner
der Technik, Brennstofftechnische Gesellschaft in der Deutschen
Demokratischen Republik (ed.), Leipzig, VEB Deutscher Verlag
fuer Grundstoffindustrie, 1972, p. 75-89. 18 refs.
Maximum separation of silicon tetrafluoride from the waste
gases of superphosphate plants is required. The actually used
fluorine absorption equipment such as spray towers, spray
chambers, or combinations fail to comply with the require-
ments of modern air hygiene. To obtain commercially utiliza-
ble waste products with efficiencies above 99.5%, a fully con-
tinuous and automatic fluorine absorber with a modified lattice
bottom was developed and tested at the Coswig plant of VEB
Stickstoffwerk Piesteritz (East Germany). Here, silica and sil-
icofluoric acid are discharged continuously, and large phase
contact area is provided. Thermodynamic and kinetic problems
of silicon tetrafluoride absorption were studied, and single-
stage absorption was sufficient for a silicofluoric acid concen-
tration of 17%. The absorber consists of a round, rubber-lined
steel tower with bottom inlet for the waste gases with fluorine
concentrations of 8-12 g/cu m. The gas passes through four
consecutive lattice bottoms made of brass, at a rate of 25,000
cu m/hr. The silicofluoric acid formed drops down through the
bottoms at a rate of 800 1/min and sq m of tower cross-section
area. A stable dynamic layer of 120 mm thickness is formed
upon the bottoms, providing a large contact area. The water
consumption is 1-1.5 cu m/hr. The silicofluoric acid is obtained
in a concentration of 15.17% hydrogen while the purified gas
contains fluorine in a concentration of 20-30 mg/cu m. The
pressure drop within the absorber lies at 70-80 mm of water
column. An automatic concentration control is planned. The
pilot equipment has been operating successfully for 2 yrs.
38593
Massonne Joachim
STATE OF THE ART AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRI-
AL FLUORINE CHEMISTRY. (Stand und Entwicklung der in-
dustriellen Fluorochemie). Text in German. Chemiker Z.
(Heidelberg), 96(2):65-75, Feb. 1972. 79 refs.
Electrolytic aluminum production is by far the largest con-
sumer of inorganic fluorine compounds. In 1970, the Federal
Rupublic of Germany produced 309,000 t of aluminum for
which 9000 t of A1F3 and 8000 t of Na3AlF6 were used.
Despite the present stagnation of aluminum consumption, con-
siderable capacity increases are expected for Europe and
Japan. For reducing fluorine emissions by these plants, expen-
sive waste cleaning facilities are installed. An aluminum plant
producing 100,000 tons of aluminum/annum, 5 to 6 t of HF are
emitted daily in addition to considerable quantities of dust; at
the Soederberg anodes, tar vapors, soot particles, and sulfur
dioxide are emitted. In the so-called open furnaces (e.g., Al-
suisse), type the waste gases are passed through rooftop
scrubbers prior to discharge; 50% of the dust and 90% of the
F are removed. The uncleaned gas usually arrives at the
scrubber with 5 mg F/cu m. In furnaces with Soederberg
anodes, the waste gases are collected and burned to eliminate
tar vapors. They are then passed to cyclones or electrostatic
precipitators for dust separation and to the scrubber for wash-
ing out the gaseous fluorine compounds. A dry method for
cleaning such gases has recently been introduced wherein the
waste gas is treated with A1203. Dust and HF are retained. The
HF and dust-laden clay then goes to an electrolytic bath. The
method is disadvantageous in that the solid residues must be
dumped.
38775
Ryaguzov, V. N. and I. V. Kaydalov
EFFECT OF THE METHOD OF STOPPING THE ANODE EF-
FECT ON THE POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE WITH
FLUORINE. (Vliyaniye sposoba grsheniya anodnogo effekta na
stepen zagryazneniya atmosferj ftorom). Text in Russian.
Tsvetn. Metal., 44(8):26-28, Dec. 27, 1971. 6 refs.
Fluorine salt losses and abatement of air pollution with
fluorine from aluminum producing plants can be achieved by
-------
104
substituting the use of wood pulp or other hydrogen containing
compounds with compressed air in the extinguishing of the
anodic effects. However, the wide use of this procedure was
prevented because of the explosion hazards involved, if the air
included humidity drops. An air drying device should be ap-
plied before its use for this purpose. Since each hydrogen
atom introduced into the electrolyte system produces an emis-
sion of one fluorine atom, and the carbon constituent of the
wood pulp produces contamination of the electrolyte and thus
increases its electrical resistance, the advantage of the com-
pressed air use is emphasized.
38874
Fialkov, Yu. G., M. L. Cherkasskiy, V. S. Malts, and B. P.
Gromov
INDUSTRIAL HIGH-SPEED HOLLOW SCRUBBER FOR
ALUMINUM MANUFACTURING-GENERATED GAS
CLEANING. (Promyshlennyy polyy skorostnoy skrubber dlya
ochitski gazov alyuminiyevogo proizvodstva). Text in Russian.
Tsvetn. Metall., no. 12:28-31, Dec. 1971. 4 refs.
Scrubbers with diameters exceeding 5 m used in electrolysis
shops were investigated. Before scrubber treatment the gas to
be cleaned contained, per N cu m, 10-30 mg hydrogen
fluoride, 30-100 mg dust, and 10-60 mg tar. The scrubber was
sprayed with soda solution as an absorbing agent. Hydrogen
fluoride absorption was dependent on the linear gas velocity
and the spray density. The efficiency could be influenced by
the site and direction of the spray. Spraying from the topside
gave the best result up to a gas speed of 5 m/sec. The effects
of the spray density were studied under various spraying con-
ditions. Efficiencies of 97.5-98.0% were reached with a density
of 37 cu m/sq m.hour. Single-stage dust separation and
scrubbing were applied in the hollow scrubber. Increased gas
speed and spray density resulted in increased efficiency, while
the nozzle placement had only a slight influence. The residual
dust concentration was 30-60 mg/N cu m. Efficiency for total
dust was 73% with a gas speed of 3.3 m/sec and a spray of 30
cu m/sq m.hour. Efficiencies above 90% can be reached with
appropriate gas velocities and spray density. The drop separa-
tor had a hydraulic resistance of 15-20 kg/sq m.
39104
CLEANUP PAYS OFF FERTILIZER PLANT. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 6(5):400-401, May 1972.
Farmland Industries of Bartow, Florida, spent nearly a million
dollars a couple of years ago to install a fluorine recovery
system in its 22 million dollar phosphate fertilizer plant. Dur-
ing the first full year of the system s operation, Farmland
recovered more than 5000 tons of fluosilicic acid-a by-product
it had previously been wasting-and sold every ounce of it.
The fluorine recovery equipment is not complicated and works
well. The tops of the evaporators were simply unbolted at a
flange and a water recirculation system was installed in the
exit gas stream. As the phosphoric acid is successively con-
centrated in the evaporator units, fluorine-containing off-gases
are concentrated in an aqueous solution. With the recirculation
system, a fluosilicic acid concentration of about 20% is ob-
tained.
40251
Hartig, Rufus G.
METHODS FOR PREVENTION OF SURFACE WATER CON-
TAMINATION AND AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORINE COM-
POUNDS FROM PHOSPHATE PLANTS. (Assignee not given.)
U. S. Pat. 3,642,438. 12p., Feb. 15, 1972. 9 refs. (Appl. April 15,
1969, 5 claims).
A process is described for the elimination of the fluorine con-
tamination of surface waters and other pollution by fluorine
compounds from phosphate plants, and for recovery of
fluorine as hydrofluosilicic acid. The processes involve the
separation of fluorine compounds from waste gases by absorp-
tion-desorption with sodium fluoride, barium difluoride, or
potassium fluoride, and absorption of silicon tetrafluoride in
water. Hydrofluoric acid may also be recovered in the process.
A principle object of the invention is the control of fluorine
content of gypsum pond waters. Scrubbers, filters, and settling
tanks are part of the process.
40381
Haenig, Gernot and Klaus Husmann
THE GRILLO-AGS PROCESS FOR DESULFURIZATION OF
WASTE GASES. (Das Grillo-AGS-Verfahren zur
Entschwefelung von Abgasen). Text in German. Z. Erzbergbau
Metallhuettenwesen, 25(4): 175-181, April 1972. 13 refs.
The Grillo-AGS desulfurization method, which is in its eighth
year of development, is based on wet absorption using mix-
tures or compounds of magnesia and manganese oxides as ab-
sorbents. The efficiency of the method was tested under the
operating conditions of an oil-fired steam boiler. At the same
plant (8000 cu m/hr capacity), tests were conducted to deter-
mine whether, apart from sulfur dioxide a selective removal of
sulfur trioxide at temperatures between 300 and 500 C is feasi-
ble. While in earlier experiments the absorption was carried
out in spacious containers with diameters of 3 to 4 m and with
gas residence times of several seconds in two stages, it later
became feasible to desulfurize a waste gas flow of 27,500 cu
m/hr in a single absorption tube 5 m long 0.8 m in diameter
with an efficiency of more than 90%. At a pressure loss of
only 50 mm water the gas residence times were below 0.5 sec.
This is due to the extraordinary effectiveness of the magnesia-
manganese oxide mixture which requires much shorter re-
sidence times than a pure magnesia oxide suspension. The
coke filter of earlier experiments was replaced by a lamellar
droplet separator. The original throughput of fresh absorption
mass of 1.6 to 1.8 g/g SO2 could be reduced to less than 1.5 g
mass/g SO2. The absorption of SO3 at temperatures of about
350 C is almost total and that of fluorine is 70%.
40414
Gelperin, N. I. and V. M. Tarasov
EQUIPMENT FOR CLEANING OF ALUMINUM ELECTROL-
YSIS SHOP-EMITTED GASES: EFFICIENCY AND INTENSI-
TY OF OPERATION. (Ob intensivnosti i ettektivnosti apparatov
dlya ochistki otkhodyashchikh gazov alyuminiyevykh elek-
trolizerov). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khim., 45(l):70-75, 1972.
9 refs.
Results of a comparative study of equipment for the removal
of gaseous hydrofluoric acid, dust, and tar from aluminum
electrolysis shop gases are described. Soda solution was used
as absorbent in all cases. The relative characteristics of the
different equipment were determined on the basis of efficien-
cy, mass transfer, and energetic parameters, separately for
electrolysis shops with lateral and top power supply. The effi-
ciency for gaseous hydrofluoric acid was fairly high (90-98%),
while the gas flow rates varied within a wide range of 0.9-6
m/sec. The rate of mass transfer, determining both the relative
productivity and the efficiency, was highest in fluidized-bed
scrubbers (18-23.4 m/sec), and lowest in scrubbing chambers
(1.2 m/sec). The energetic parameters were lowest for
-------
B. CONTROL ME'. HODS
105
fluidized-bed and high-speed scrubbers, and highest for
cyclones. The rate of mass transfer for dust was best in
fluidized-bed scrubbers and worse in foaming equipment (0.36
m/sec, energetic parameter 500 kg/sq m) which were hardly
suitable for highly dispersed dust. The rate of mass transfer
for tar products was best in fluidized-bed scrubbers and
hydrodynamic dust collectors. Fluidized-bed scrubbers,
satisfying sanitary standards in single-stage operation, were
best regarding both intensity and efficiency for gases from
electrolysis shops with lateral power supply, while none of the
designs investigated was capable of meeting such standards in
single-stage operation for electrolysis shops with top power
supply.
40712
Haenig, Gernot and Klaus Husmann
THE GRILLO-AGS PROCEDURE APPLIED FOR WASTE
GAS DESULFURIZATION. (Das Grillo-AGS-Verfahren zur
Entschwefelung von Abgasen). Text in German. Erzmetall,
25(4):175-181, 1972. 13 refs.
The Grillo-AGS wet absorption procedure, developed for the
removal of sulfur oxides from waste gases in 1969, as well as
related pilot plant experiments, realized equipments, and
possible uses are described. The absorbent, formed by mix-
tures or compounds of magnesium and manganese oxides, is
sprayed into the path of the waste gas flow in a reactor, and
after being recirculated several times, the spent suspension is
removed for drying. The dried matter, containing 17 to 21% of
sulfur in the form of magnesium sulfate or sulfite, is then sub-
jected to thermal regeneration in a separate, central roasting
furnace, by adding a reducing agent such as oil, natural gas,
sulfur, or coal. The roasting gas formed contains 5-7% of the
sulfur dioxide by volume, and can be reprocessed to sulfuric
acid in conventional equipment. A pilot plant, designed for an
oil-fired steam boiler, was composed of a 5 m long tube of 0.8
m diameter. It had an efficiency of above 90% at a capacity of
27,500 cu m/hr, while the sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide
concentrations in the waste gas were 1.3-2.5 g/cu m and 50-300
mg/cu m, respectively. The separation of the suspension from
the waste gas was made in a tower, followed by a lamellar
droplet separator with an over-all efficiency of 99.5%. The
contact time was less than 0.5 sec, and the specific expendi-
ture lay at 1.5 g/g of SO2. Rapid hydratation of the absorbent
below pH 7 was observed. The SO3 removal at 350 C was
nearly quantitative, and the efficiency for fluorine was 70%.
Full-size industrial equipment have efficiencies of 30-95%, and
several units are preferably connected to a central, separate
regenerator. The total costs of the SO2 absorption at an oil-
fired power plant lie in a range of .04-.07 cents/kWh (1.9 mil-
lion cu m/hr, 3.5 g of SO2 per cu m). The Grillo-AGS
procedure can be applied to thermal power plants, remote
heating plants, and metallurgic plants. Large regenerator plants
with a capacity of 200,000 tons of sulfunc acid should be
designed.
40892
Weineck, Hans and Robert Goergen
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND STEEL INDUSTRY -
PROBLEMS AND SUCCESSES. (Umweltschutz und Stahlindus-
trie - Probleme und Erfolge). Text in German. Stahl Eisen
(Duesseldorf), 92(6):232- 237, March 16, 1972. 13 refs.
Problems and achievements within the field of environmental
pollution controls in the steel industry are reviewed. New
technologies for steel production are viewed no longer solely
from a point of economy but also from a point of how harmful
they are to the environment. The share of the total emission of
gaseous and particulate matter from steelmaking processes is
14% as compared with that of traffic at 42%. At the first stage
of steel production, the preparation of the raw material, dusts
are emitted. The waste gases from sintering plants contain sul-
fur dioxide and fluorine compounds. The blast furnace waste
gases no longer pose problems since they can be cleaned to
residual dust concentrations of 3-5 mg/cu m. Emission from
steel plants have decreased to 10% in 1969-1970. Despite enor-
mous production increases, the dust sedimentation decreased
from 313,000 to about 245,000 tons. The SO2 emission concen-
tration has also decreased between 1963 and 1969 from 0.24 to
0.15 mg/cum. The major cause of pollution reductions is
process and design modifications of furnaces.
41378
Klimecek, Rostislav
THE PROBLEM OF REMOVAL OF INDUSTRIAL EXHALA-
TIONS. (Problem odstranovani prumyslovych exhalaci). Text in
Czech. Chem. Prumysl (Prague), 21(12):615-618, 1971. 6 refs.
Current concentrations of gaseous effluents emitted by the
Czechoslovak chemical industry, control methods used, and
desulfurization processes of gaseous effluents from thermal
power plants were investigated. Total emission from chemical
factories was 20,000 tons of sulfur dioxide and 3500 tons of
sulfur trioxide; thermal power plants contributed approximate-
ly two million tons, with an additional 220,000 tons from the
transportation industry, 150,000 tons from metallurgical plants
and 400,000 tons SO2 from home heating installations. Control
measures instituted by plants of the chemical industry included
washing of end gases variously with sodium hydroxide solu-
tions, ammoniacal solutions, sodium Decarbonate, and by cata-
lytic oxidation to SO3 and its subsequent absorption. While
these various technologies have been satisfactory for the
chemical industry, they are not adequate for the thermal
power plants due to the nature of the end gases and because
of the problem of final disposition of the desulfurization by-
products. Washing towers which could process several million
cu m waste gases/hour containing fly-ash and having a tem-
perature of 180 C and which could purify them so that they
are hot enough to disperse fast enough in the atmosphere have
not yet been developed. Foreign technologies cannot be ap-
plied because combustion gases in Czechoslovakia are of dif-
ferent composition. Under generally prevailing conditions,
recovery of sulfur is more economical than desulfurization
with gas purification as an end. Other pollutants emitted
amount to 9500 tons carbon disulfide, 13,500 tons hydrogen
sulfide, 10,500 tons nitrogen oxides, 2500 tons chlorine, 500
tons hydrochloric acid, and 500 tons fluorine. In the case of
some large plants, recovery of pollutants and their recycling is
more advantageous than liquidation (catalytic reduction of
nitrogen oxides in nitric acid plants).
41418
McLeod, J., L. Ferrari, and H. Scheltema
CONTROL OF ACID FUME FROM DROSS REPROCESSING.
Australian Chem. Process. Eng. (Sydney), 2S(2):13-16, Feb.
1972. 6 refs. (Presented at the Royal Australian Chemical In-
stitute and Institution of Engineers, Joint Symposium on Chemi-
cal Process Waste Disposal, Sydney, Australia, Oct. 12, 1971.)
The process of aluminum melting for casting into billets or
castings usually involves the use of fluxes to aid in the
removal of gases, oxides, or other impurities. The dross
formed during this operation is continually removed by
skimming from the surface of the melt. Since the dross so
formed may contain appreciable quantities of entrained alu-
minum metal, it is the usual practice to further process the
-------
106
dross to recover the metal. The performance of a venturi type
scrubber in controlling acidic fume from dross reprocessing
operations was examined by determining the collection effi-
ciency for various compounds in the vapor and solid phase.
Acid gases were completely removed provided the scrubbing
liquor was maintained with an alkalinity above pH 10. Reduc-
tion in total chlorides ranging from 67-70% was achieved and a
corresponding reduction in fluoride emissions was obtained;
the collection efficiency was 70-87%. It was not practicable to
sample the inlet gases isokinetically and only the emissions
rate for total solids was determined. The unit has been in
operation for almost two years and severe corrosion has oc-
curred which no doubt has contributed to reduced overall effi-
ciency. Construction materials evidently play an important part
in the design of liquid scrubbers to control this type of fume.
(Author conclusions modified)
41569
Ussar, Max B.
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT: PROBLEMS AND
TENTATIVE SOLUTIONS. (Umweltschutz-Probleme und
Loesungsversuche). Text in German. Glueckauf (Essen), 1971-
1972: 4-6.
General problems of environmental protection in Austria are
outlined with special regard to air and water pollution. Traffic
and industry account for 40% and 35% of the total emissions,
respectively. The separation techniques developed for solid as
well as toxic and irritant pollutants such as sulfur dioxide,
chlorine, fluorine and their compounds, as well as nitrogen ox-
ides require further improvements technically and economi-
cally. The complex nature of ecologic problems calls for the
cooperation of experts and institutions in many areas. En-
vironmental aspects of industrial processes should be made
part of the curriculum of institutions of higher education. In-
dustry should be allowed time to adopt air pollution standards.
41839
Pulley, H. and R. L. Harris
DISPOSAL OF FLUORINE AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS.
Union Carbide Corp., Paducah, Ky., Paducah Gaseous Diffusion
plant, Atomic Energy Commission contract W-7405-eng-26,
Rept. KY-638, 12p., April 15, 1972. 3 refs. NTIS: KY-638
Experimental work has been conducted to verify the safety of
fluonne disposal by means of reaction with carbon and to in-
vestigate the efficiency of the process at low fluorine concen-
trations. The explosive reaction occasionally observed by
other workers could be eliminated by the use of low surface
area amorphous charcoal. Fluorine concentrations from 0.1 to
10% could be readily reduced to less than 50 ppm by reaction
with heated charcoal to produce primarily gaseous nontoxic
fluorocarbons. The process appears to provide a safe, effi-
cient, and economical method for the disposal of waste
fluorine.
41932
Ennan, A. A., V. A. Anikeyev, L. P. Berezina, A. G. Firsov,
A. N. Chobotarev, and V. M. Kats
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE EXTRACTION BY MEANS OF AN
ALPHA-NAPHTHYLAMINE BENZENE SOLUTION. (Extrakt-
siya ftoristogo vodoroda benzolnym rastvorom alpha-naf-
tilamina). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khun., 45(4):854-857,
1972. 14 refs.
In search for new means of hydrogen fluoride emission con-
trol, interactions between concentrated or diluted HF water
solutions and alpha-naphthylamine benzene solutions as af-
fected by the concentration of the amine were studied. In-
cluded are HF partition data between water and the organic
phase utilizing 0.1 and 0.5 mole/1 alpha-naphthylamine in
benzene. Increasing HF concentrations in water enhanced its
extraction by the organic phase. Higher concentrations of the
amine increased the extraction power of the organic phase
with the formation of an alpha- naphthylamine
monofluorohydrate. Utilization of 0.5 mole alpha-
naphthylamine/1 benzene solutions led to the formation of a
solid difluorohydrate derivative reaching 93.4% HF extraction
yields for a 36.3% HF water solution concentration. Recovery
of the extracted HF was made by treatment of the
fluorohydrate with saturated sodium fluoride solutions. Utiliza-
tion of alpha-naphthylamine for the extraction of HF from
water solutions was feasible for the above purpose.
42078
Fischer, Friedrich and Karl-Heinz Pfefferle
WASTE GAS CLEANING PROCEDURES. (Verfahren zur
Abluftreinigung). Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin),
1(5):215-219, 1972. 6 refs.
Pollutants from industrial gaseous effluents can be removed by
adsorption, thermal combustion, catalytic combustion, absorp-
tion, or by a combination of two of these methods. Adsorption
with activated carbon is applied when the recovery of organic
vapors is desired which would otherwise create a malodorous
and harmful work environment. The contaminated effluents
are drawn by suction produced by blowers through a layer of
the adsorbent which is, after saturation, regenerated by steam.
The recovered solvent- steam mix is condensed and distilled.
Fully automatic equipment in a number of modifications is
now available. Per ton of recovered solvent, 0.5 kg activated
carbon, 100 kWh energy, 2.5 tons steam, and 30-50 cu m cool-
ing water is required. Where recovery is not feasible because
of low concentration or a multicomponent mix, thermal or
catalytic combustion is more economical. Combustion of
halogen, sulfur, or nitrogen compounds, which would make
catalytic combustion impossible, is accomplished between 650
and 850 C. The heat required is supplied by combustion of
consumer gas; the cost of operation of such an installation is
approximately $18/hr. Catalytic combustion can be applied
when nothing but carbon dioxide and water result. The process
works with temperatures between 250 and 500 C, depending
on the catalyst used; the hourly operational cost of such an in-
stallation is approximately $8.00. In the case of water-soluble
solvents, recovery can be achieved by absorption such as in
the recovery of acetone and dimethylformamide which are
scrubbed with water and subsequently distilled, or in the
recovery of hydrogen fluoride which is scrubbed by a solution
of potassium hydroxide and converted to calcium fluoride.
Sometimes, two or more processes must be combined, such as
in the recovery of carbon disulfide and the simultaneous
elimination of hydrogen sulfide from gaseous effluents in the
manufacture of viscose, where the first step is accomplished
by adsorption, the second by scrubbing with an alkaline solu-
tion, and subsequent oxidation to elementary sulfur.
42083
Daiichi Industries, Ltd. (Japan)
CLEAN AHt. THE PRESENT DAMAGES BY SULFUR DIOX-
IDE GAS AND MR PURD7ICATION DEVICE BY ALKALINE
FILTER MATERIAL. (Ea kurin. Aryusan gasu ni yoru shogai
no jittai to arukari rozai ni yoru kuki seijo sochi). Text in
Japanese. 19p., Sept. 1, 1970.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
107
The development of a new air-purification device (Air Clean)
is described together with the results of experimental field
tests. Preliminary experiment was carried out using unwoven
cloth, 10 mm thick and treated with alkali, for the adsorption
of eight JIS test particulates at concentrations of 20 ppm and
at surface wind velocity of 0.2 m/s. Conductivity measure-
ments showed that sulfur dioxide collection efficiency was al-
most constant at gas concentrations from near zero to 100
ppm. At higher wind velocity, the efficiency decreased. At
45% relative humidity (RH) or higher, the efficiency remained
constant; it decreased significantly at RH 30%. The filtering
material had a germicidal effect on bacillus coli and
staphylococcus. Device Air Clean P was tested for adsorption
of SO2 and other harmful gases. The SO2 collection efficiency
was plotted against the filter life and the curve was used to
estimate the life of the filter. The collection efficiency reached
99% over a certain period of time, then started to decline. Col-
lection efficiencies for other gases were 56% for nitrogen diox-
ide at wind velocity 0.3 m/s and RH 80%; 52% for carbon
dioxide at wind velocity 0.5 m/s; 40% for carbon monoxide at
wind velocity 0.2 m/s; and 85% for hydrogen fluoride at 0.5
m/s. Paniculate collection efficiency was 45 to 67%. Extended
field tests in Nagasaki confirmed the efficiency of the filter.
Air Clean models A and F are graphically illustrated.
42104
Schmid, Otto
A NEW TYPE OF SCRUBBER AND WET DUST COLLEC-
TOR DESIGNED FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. (Bin
neuartiger Gaswaescher und Nassentstauber fuer die chemische
Industrie). Text in German. Chem. Technik. (Berlin), 1(5):227-
229, 1972.
The high efficiency scrubber and wet dust collector designed
for the separation of solid and liquid particles and of noxious
gases and vapors atomizes the washing liquid without the use
of jets so that water and viscous liquids can be used for
scrubbing. The equipment consists of a compact cylinder en-
closing a preliminary filter for coarse particles, a washing zone
for fine dust, a drip catcher for dust-laden droplets, and an ex-
haust fan; a detached settling tank is advantageous. The gas
enters the cylinder tangentially above the conical bottom
where coarse particles are separated by centrifugal force on
the inside wall which is washed continuously by the washing
liquid. Atomization of the washing liquid is accomplished by
an electrically propelled, rotating, vertical atomizing wheel.
The special construction of the wheel disperses the fog formed
all the way to the cylinder walls, leaving no gaps. The gas
passes through the fog zone at a moderate speed to achieve in-
timate contact with the washing liquid. The dust- laden
droplets are thrust by centrifugal force against the cylinder
wall, flow down, and leave the cylinder through a discharge
neck in its conical bottom. The purified gas is drawn through a
suction tube by suction produced by a fan situated in the
upper part of the cylinder and discharged. A pump provides
for the circulation of the washing liquid between the settling
tank and the scrubber. The contact-time between gas and
washing liquid is 20 times longer than in the venturi scrubber
and hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfur dioxide, and
odors can, therefore, be removed simultaneously from waste
gases. To increase the effectiveness of the scrubber, several
atomizing wheels can be installed coaxially within the cylinder
without substantial loss of gas pressure due to its flow
velocity. The danger of dust explosion within the open
scrubber is lessened in comparison with closed system scrub-
bers, but a safety valve is provided. Pressure loss is 85 to 100
mm H2O.
42172
Eickelpasch, Dieter, Helmut Kahnwald, and Herbert Tichy
EFFECT OF THE OPERATION PRACTICE ON THE EMIS-
SION OF POLLUTING AGENTS AND CONCLUSIONS FOR
THE REDUCTION. (Der Einfluss des Prozessgeschehens auf
Emissionen und Folgerungen zu deren Verminderung). Text in
German. Stahl Eisen (Duesseldort), 92(12):575-S81, June 1972. 8
refs. (Presented at the Eisenhuettentag, Duesseldorf, West Ger-
many, Nov. 4, 1971.)
The close relationship between the raw material, the process
conduction, and emission problems is shown by means of
three examples. The gaseous fluorine compounds liberated at
the sintering process can be converted to harmless calcium
fluoride by the calcium oxide present in the sinter burden or
that which is added to the process gas. A collection of the
gaseous fluorine compounds emitted by the sintering stations
with high quantities of waste gas is not yet technically feasi-
ble. The method of conversion of gaseous fluorine compounds
with calcium oxide will not work if acid sinter must be
produced. The quantity of brown smoke produced by steel
production depends on the type of oxygen supply and on the
decarbonizalion speed. It can be influenced to some extent at
bottom-blown converters by division of the oxygen flow. The
major part of brown smoke, however, can only be removed by
high-efficiency dust collectors with a collection efficiency of
more than 98.5% at arc furnaces and of more than 99.8% at
converters. The development of nitric oxide in industrial fur-
naces depends on the amount of nitrogen chemically bound in
the fuel, on the heating and cooling speed of the flue gases,
the absolute height of the temperature, and the amount of ex-
cess air at the combustion. A reduction of the air surplus
reduces the NO development. However, the combustion is not
complete, which leads to the emission of carbon monoxide,
smoke, and unburned matter. Through a return of 20% of the
flue gas to the combustion chamber, a 60% reduction of the
NO development was achieved. Injection of water or water
vapor also reduces NO formation, but the capacity may be im-
paired and corrosive processes triggered. The NO formation
can be entirely avoided by a two-step combustion or by the ar-
rangement of several burners in the combustion chamber.
42287
Bamag Verfahrenstechnik G.m.b.H. Butzbach (West Germany)
REMOVAL OF FLUORINE FROM WASTE GASES. (Entfer-
nen von Fluor aus Abgasen). Text in German. Umwelt (Duessel-
dorf), 2(3):62-64, June-July 1972. 4 refs.
Aluminum plants emit waste gases containing at times
150/mg/cu m elemental fluorine or fluorine compounds. For
each ton of crude aluminum produced, the plants emit 4 kg or
more of fluorine. The waste gases of superphosphate plants
contain volumetric concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0% sil-
icon tetrafluoride according to some sources even up to 3%
gaseous fluorine components. The design and operation of a
waste air cleaning plant for a test stand for rocket engines is
described. The waste air enters the cleaning system below the
packed layer of a scrubber and passes countercurrent to the
scrubbing fluid, an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide.
For removal of the droplets of scrubbing fluid which are car-
ried along by the air another packed layer is arranged ahead of
the exit to the stack. The scrubbing fluid enriched with
fluorine is recovered, the sludge which accumulates at the
recovery is subjected to special treatment for conversion of
the fluorine compounds into harmless calcium fluoride. After
this treatment it can be dumped.
-------
108
42458
Lobos, J. S., J. P. McGeer, and D. P. Sanderson
REACTIVITY OF ALUMINA TOWARDS HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical,
and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., 10p., 1971.
2 rets. (Presented at the American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical
and Petroleum Engineers, Annual Meeting, New York, Feb. 26-
March 4, 1971.)
A simple method was developed to measure reactivity of alu-
mina toward hydrogen fluoride. The apparatus consisted of a
heated alumina desiccator. A platinum dish containing a
known volume of HF solution was placed in the lower com-
partment and the desiccator was allowed to heat to a desired
temperature. Weighed samples of the alumina in 40 ml
platinum crucibles were then placed in the upper compartment.
After a known length of time the samples were removed, put
in an ordinary desiccator and after cooling analyzed for
fluoride. Alpha-type alumina was about 10 times less reactive
than the gamma-type. In plant tests using various dry
scrubbing systems for pot gases, the gamma-type alumina ab-
sorbed over 2% fluorine in a fraction of a second. Other rela-
tionships between absorption of fluorine and alumina proper-
ties such as degree of calcination and reactivity towards water
were investigated. Preliminary operation of a two-stage cell
gas scrubbing system with a cyclone incorporated demon-
strated flexibility and a number of other benefits, including
segregation of impurities such as iron and phosphorus and
economic tar fume handling.
42991
Reiter, N. F. and A. J. Saraceno
EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF SELECTED AIR POLLU-
TANTS -- A LITERATURE SURVEY. Goodyear Atomic Corp.,
Piketon, Ohio, Chemistry Dept., Atomic Energy Commission
Contract AT-(33-2)-l, 13p., Dec. 30, 1971. 102 refs. NTIS: GAT-
672
The current literature pertaining to the evaluation and control
of fluorine and fluorides, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and
particulates is surveyed. The majority of the 102 references
cited have been published in the last 5 years. Recovery,
removal, sampling, and analytical techniques for the various
air pollutants are pertinent topics discussed in the cited
references. (Author abstract modified)
43108
Goergen, Robert
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN IRON METALLURGY - FU-
TURE TRENDS. (Kontrolle der Luftverschmutzung in der
Eisen- und Stahlindustrie - Entwicklungstendenzen). Text in
German. Int. Air Pollut. Control Noise Abatement Exhib. Conf.
(Proc.), Jonkoping, Sweden, 1971, p. 6:1-6:11. 6 refs. (Sept. 1-6.)
Air pollution control and related future trends in the iron
metallurgy of West Germany are described. Emissions (dust,
sulfur dioxide, fluorine, and other pollutants) from metallurgi-
cal plants cause nuisances of a temporary and local nature.
Fine dust, SO2, and fluorine are emitted by agglomerating
plants, very fine dust of 0.01-0.1 micron (brown smoke) by
steel mills, and SO2 by rolling mills. The heavy fuel oil used
contains 1.6% sulfur and a maximum of 10 ppm fluorine. Dust
emissions from blast furnaces are controlled by electrostatic
filters or wet dust separators, securing a maximum dust con-
centration of 3-5 mg/N cu m. Electrostatic filters and wet-type
separators provide satisfactory dust separation for brown
smoke. Electrostatic filters, wet processes, and particularly tis-
sue filters are used for electric-arc and ultra-high-power fur-
naces. The SO2 emissions from open-hearth furnaces have
decreased considerably due to the increased use of low-sulfur
fuel oil or natural gas. As a result of the insta'Jation of modern
pollution control devices, the shutdown of obsolete plants, and
other control measures, the 1969-1970 pollution level was one
tenth the 1956-level. The volume of dust sedimented over the
Ruhr area decreased from 312,000 tons in 1963-1964 to 250,000
tons in 1967-1968, while the SO2 concentration decreased by
40% from 1963-1969. Authorization is required for the altera-
tion of existing plants and the construction on new ones.
While both the Thomas and Siemens-Martin processes show a
downward trend, the proportion of converter steel increases.
A three-stage steel manufacturing process, including ag-
glomeration, direct reduction with sulfur-free gas, and electric
melting without overheating, is being developed.
43299
Iversen, Reid E.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: ENGINEERING AND COST
STUDY OF THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY.
Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petrole-
um Engineers, New York, Metallurgical Society, 22p., 1972. 3
refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgi-
cal and Petroleum Engineers, Metallurgical Society, San Fran-
cisco, Calif., Feb. 22, 1972.)
Gaseous and particulate Fluorides are the most serious pollu-
tants emitted from aluminum reduction plants. Other pollutants
such as cryolite, aluminum fluoride, calcium fluoride, chiolite,
hydrocarbons, and carbon have been identified. The gaseous
emissions, in addition to the fluorides, have been identified as
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen ox-
ides, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, sil-
icon tetrafluoride, and hydrogen fluoride. The greatest source
of pollutants of all types is normally at the individual electric
cells or pot lines. The anode bake plant is potentially the
second greatest source. Emissions from an uncontrolled pre-
bake potline have been measured at 92 Ib/t Al, total solids, 60
Ib/t SO2, and 46 Ib/t total F as well as volatilized hydrocar-
bons. Primary controls collect emissions at the pot head;
secondary controls are located in the roof monitor area. About
75% of the plants in the U. S. have primary controls only, 7%
have primary and secondary, 15% have secondary controls
only, and 3% have no controls. The industry as a whole
showed an emission control factor for total F of 73%. This
amounts to 12 Ib gaseous/t of Al and 19 Ib/t for solids. A well
designed pre-bake plant with primary and secondary controls
could reduce emissions to 1.6 Ib/t gaseous and 5 Ib/t solids.
Annual costs to the industry for control devices are now S58/T
for capital and $16/T for operating expenses. Control systems
include baffles, spray towers, wet cyclones, packed towers,
bubbler towers, venturi scrubbers, mechanical collectors, mul-
ticyclones, electrostatic precipitators, bag filters, absorption,
and fluidized beds.
43481
Chapman, Frank E., Jr.
ATTAINMENTS IN REDUCING AIR POLLUTION. Preprint,
9p., 1971. 5 refs. (Presented at the National Plant Engineering
and Maintenance Conference, 23rd, Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 24-
27, 1972.)
The Pemco plant manufactures frits (special glasses used in
porcelain enamels and ceramic glazes) and produces from 600
to 700 different formulation each year. To meet emissions
requirements, the plant was requested to eliminate an opaque
white plume issuing from one of the smelters and to eliminate
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
109
fluoride-bearing compounds emitted from the stack. Because
fluorine was present in the stack emissions, a wet control
system was necessitated. Letters were sent to 21 companies
requesting a firm quote on venturi-type scrubbers, each
system to consist of five separate gas-cleaning systems. Only
one gas- scrubbing device consisting of a quench unit, a ventu-
ri scrubber, and a separator unit is to be initially installed in
order to determine the following: the need for debugging of
the air pollution control equipment; the effect on visible
plume; the effect on particulate emissions; the effect on lead,
fluoride, and nitrogen oxide emission; the effect on water pol-
lution; the effect on water economics; the proper sizing of the
pressure drop in the venturi throat; and possible methods of
increasing the number of smelters per system. A synopsis of a
computer model study of the plant pollution run by the Bal-
timore Systems Department is presented.
43533
Pettit, A. B.
CONTROLLING FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM ACIDULA-
TION OF PHOSPHATE ROCK. Air pollution and Smoke
Prevention Assoc. of America, Proc. Air Pollution Smoke
Prevention Assoc., Annu. Conv., 44th, Roanoke, Va., 1951, p.
98-104.
Superphosphate, used to fertilize soils which are deficient in
phosphorus, is produced from phosphate rock treated with sul-
furic acid in an operation known as acidulation. Analysis of
72.0-72.5% B.P.L. Florida pebble phosphate rock shows a
fluoride content of 3.6%. When the rock is acidulated, in nor-
mal practice, approximately 32% of the fluorine is released.
Construction specifications, operating and maintenance
problems, water requirements, and apparent efficiency are
described for three emission control techniques: water-spray
scrubbing towers, the Schutte and Koerting fume scrubber,
and a water-spray horizontal scrubber. The apparent efficien-
cies are 95%, 98+%, and 99+%, respectively. The efficiency
data were obtained by analyzing the rock going to the mixer
and the superphosphate as it left the elevator and then calcu-
lating the fluorine evolved. Stack exit gases were sampled and
analyzed for fluorides, and the total emissions to the at-
mosphere were calculated. The efficiency was based upon the
relative amounts evolved and emitted.
43840
Hemming, Charles
WHAT INDUSTRY IS DOING ABOUT POLLUTION CON-
TROL. Civil Eng. (N. Y.), 41(9):59-62, Sept. 1971.
Developments in air and water pollution control by five major
industries are reviewed. Hercules, Inc. is constructing an ad-
vanced solid-waste reclamation plant in Delaware that will
convert 500 tons of refuse and 70 tons of sewage sludge/day
into marketable products. Dow Chemical Company has a
number of projects underway at its Midland, Michigan, Divi-
sion, including brine purification, the installation of detection
devices on sewers, and environmental monitoring in the form
of a specially designed van which tours potential trouble areas
around the plant. Alcoa has perfected a system for recycling
fluoride effluents in smelting operations. The fumes given off
in a aluminum smelting, heavy with particulate and gaseous
fluorides, are ducted through a bed of alumina which chemis-
orbs the gaseous fluoride. Particulate fluoride is captured in
filter bags. Recovered fluorides are recycled to potline cells
where they contribute to the continuous smelting process. The
Alcoa 398 Process is more than 99% efficient in recovering
potential pollutants. General Motors is active in planning aban-
doned-car cleanup campaigns. Allied Chemical Corporation
has developed a pipeline-charging system that controls air pol-
lution resulting from coke ovens by reducing smoke and gases
from by-products by as much as 70%.
43863
Jackson, Jesse, Jr.
TOTAL UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH. Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D. C. and IIT Research Inst., Chicago, 111., Proc.
Mineral Waste Utilization Symp., 3rd, Chicago, 111., 1972, p.
85-93. 9 refs. (March 14-16.)
Progress was made in demonstrating the feasibility of a
proposed flowsheet for the total utilization of a powerplant-
generated fly ash. The flowsheet takes advantage of the exist-
ing commercial Enercon-Stirling process for production of
low-cost iron oxide, carbon, pozzolan, and lightweight ag-
gregate, and expands it by diverting beneficiated nonmagnetic
fly ash or pozzolan streams into alumina, regulated-set, and
Portland cement production. Greater than 90% alumina was
recovered from fly ash by either the lime- soda-sinter-leach
technique or the lime-sinter-leach technique. Good quality
regulated-set and portland cements were made by clinkering a
mixture of recovered alumina, limestone, beneficiated fly ash,
and the calcium silicate residues from the lime-sinter alumina
recovery process. Preliminary results are also presented from
studies directed toward expanding the proposed flowsheet to
encompass waste silico-fluorides from superphosphate fertil-
izer production. Recommendations for future research are
made. (Author conclusions modified)
43972
Blake, Henry E. and W. A. Stickney
UTILIZATION OF BY-PRODUCT FLUOSILICIC ACD3. Bu-
reau of Mines, Washington, D. C., and HT Research Inst.,
Chicago, 111., Proc. Miner. Waste Util Symp., 3rd, Chicago, 111.,
1972, p. 179-183. (Ma 14-16.)
Two processes are described for utilizing the waste fluosilicic
acid (H2SiF6) generated by the processing of phosphate-rock
into fertilizers. The first process involves conversion of
fluosilicic acid to a synthetic acid-grade fluorspar (CaF2) by
first precipitating the silica with ammonia and filtering, and
then reacting the ammonium fluoride (NH4F) filtrate with
hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2). By this method over 95% of the
fluoride is converted to calcium fluoride (CaF2). The second
process involves neutralizing the H2SiF6 with Ca(OH)2 and
silica and filtering and then volatilizing hydrofluoric acid (HF)
from the dry precipitate by pyrohydrolysis at 1050 C. The HF-
H2O vapors are condensed and the fluoride precipitated as
sodium bifluoride (NaHF2) by addition of sodium fluoride
(NaF) to saturation. Anhydrous HF is recovered from the
dried NaHF2 by pyrolysis at 400 C. By this method, over 80%
of the fluoride in H2SiF6 is recovered as anhydrous HF.
(Author abstract)
44121
Schmidt, Ernst
REDUCTION OF AIR-POLLUTANT FLUORIDE EMISSIONS
BY MEANS OF PULVERIZED HYDRATE OF LIME. (Ver-
minderung luftveruntreinigender Fluor-Emissionen durch Kalk-
hydrat-Pulver). Text in German. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden),
25(3): 1-16, 1972. 16 refs.
A study was conducted with the aim of reducing the emission
of gaseous air pollutants, mainly fluoride compounds, from the
raw material in the course of brick firing. The method tested is
based on the dry injection of pulverized lime hydrate. The pri-
mary objective was to reduce the sulfur oxides concentration,
-------
110
since this had been shown to influence the fluoride emission
during firing. The pulverized lime hydrate was injected directly
into the kiln. It was found that with a suitable feed, propor-
tioning, and distribution a considerable linkage of the sulfur
components may be achieved and also an indirect reduction of
the fluoride emissions. The disadvantage of direct feeding into
the kiln is that the powder comes in contact with the brick
setting. Therefore, the process cannot be used for sintering
goods. Considerable drawbacks also arise where large quanti-
ties of powder are required. The injection of powder into the
smoke flue was tested. Observations of performance showed
that, in addition to almost complete chemical linkage of sul-
furic acid, favorable results were obtained with fluoride under
certain specific conditions. The essential preconditions for this
were reaction areas of adequate size, i.e., smoke flues of suffi-
cient length and correct proportions. In the first plant installa-
tion with powder feed of one-third into the kiln and two-thirds
into the smoke flue, a fluoride emission was down from about
70 mg/cu m to 2.3 mg/cu m. With feed into the smoke flue
alone, a reduction of 90% was obtained. These results indicate
that the process may be applicable to many brickworks as a
means of avoiding damage or of enabling lower chimney
stacks to be used.
44343
Waki, Koichi
ALUMINUM REFINERIES. (Aruminyumu seirenjo). Text in
Japanese. (Kinzoku Zairyo (Metals in Engineering), 12(5):45-51,
May 1972. 19 refs.
Pollution at aluminum refineries and its control is discussed.
The major material for the production of aluminum by the
electrolytic method is cryolite to which aluminum triflucride is
usually added to increase the current efficiency, decrease the
melting point, and protect the electrolyzer. The addition
results in the formation of sodium aluminum tetrafluoride,
which is volatile and reacts readily with water vapor to form
hydrogen fluoride. The amount of fluoride discharged depends
largely on the residue hydrocarbon on the anode, the alumina
in electrolyzer, and the temperature and bath ratio. A com-
bination of dust collector, such as a cyclone or an electrostatic
precipitator, for the removel of particulates, and a washing
tower for the removal of HF gas is used for the purification of
flue gas from Al refineries.
44638
Francis, Fred J.
SECONDARY ALUMINUM SMELTER AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL USING A CHROMATOGRAPfflC COATED
BAGHOUSE -- A TECHNICALLY NEW AND ECONOMIC
SOLUTION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 25p., 1972. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972,
Paper 72-79.)
The sources of air pollution for secondary aluminum smelters
and chromatographic coated baghouses to control that pollu-
tion are described. The secondary aluminum smelting industry
consumes aluminum scrap generated by wastage from new
factory production or from obsolescence and scrapping of old
products. This industry represents approximately 25% of total
production of aluminum in the United States. The raw material
is scrap, and it comes with pollutants, such as: oil, paint, and
plastics, and because of its volume it has to be melted under a
flux cover containing salt, potash, cryolite, or fluorspar, which
gives off fumes containing chlorides and fluorides. In addition,
most of the scrap intake into a smelter consists of wrought al-
loys containing magnesium (e.g., beer cans). The pollutants in
aluminum industry are: carbonaceous particles both combusti-
ble and noncombustible, oil particulates, magnesium and alu-
minum chlorides, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen
fluoride. Control methods attempted throughout the world,
namely scrubbers, afterburners, and baghouses are reviewed
briefly. The reasons for choosing the novel chromatographic
coated baghouses are explained. Results of tests from a total
of four runs completed utilizing chromatographic coated
baghouses are discussed. Samples taken for dust analysis
reveal that in all four runs, the amount of emitted dust was
down to the minimum (an average of 0.0005 grain). The results
of runs show it is possible to reduce particulate emission and
noxious emissions to virtually zero by means of chromato-
graphic coated baghouses. An analysis is made of operating
costs, which are 1/3 to 1/2 of other potential systems, such as
scrubbers and afterburners. (Author abstract modified)
44716
Kauffmann, Heinz and Dieter Kreuch
WASTE INCINERATOR AT THE HEIDENHEIM COMPOST-
ING PLANT. (Die Resteverbrennungsanlage des Kompostwerkes
Heidenheim). Text in German. Muell Abfall, 2(3):76-83, 1970.
The waste incinerator of the composting plant at Heidenheim,
West Germany is described. The incinerator, designed to han-
dle a total of 12,000 tons of domestic and industrial wastes
yearly, has a throughput of 500-2000 kg/hr at an average
calorific value of 3000 kcal/kg. The wastes contain relatively
large proportions of polystyrol and polyurethane with
hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the waste gas as a
result. A high combustion chamber was built to provide op-
timum thermodynamic conditions. The waste gases, discharged
at a rate of 25,000 N cu m/hr at 140 C, are purified after
passing through a two-stage heat exchanger in a venturi
scrubber using water with a lime milk additive. Effective dust
separation is reached, and some 44% of the sulfur dioxide and
HC1 and HF are absorbed. The pressure loss lies at 260 mm
water column. The purified gases are heated before discharge
to avoid fog formation. Oil residues are burnt by means of
gasification burners, and an auxiliary combustion chamber,
equipped with oil burners, is provided for the incineration of
slaughterhouse wastes.
44793
O Connor, G. V.
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY S ASSISTANCE TO ANOTHER
INDUSTRY IN ABATING POLLUTION. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., Proc. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Annu. Meet., 49th, Buffalo, N. Y., 1956, p. 32/1-32/6. (May 20-
24.)
A number of successful air pollution abatement programs
established by the chemical industry are discussed. One of
these is the recovery of sulfur dioxide from the waste gases of
sulfide ore refineries. Sulfuric acid is manufactured from this
by-product SO2 and is used in the manufacture of fertilizer
from low grade phosphate rock. Thus, the threat of SO2 as a
hazard to vegetation, animals, and humans is removed and at
the same time a useful and economically profitable product is
made. The chemical industry has also developed a process for
converting the hydrogen sulfide in natural gas to elemental sul-
fur. The problem of carbon black waste has been solved by in-
stalling triplicate and quadruplicate collection systems, which
insure 100% carbon black recovery. Fluorine is one of the pol-
lutants emitted by the fertilizer industry. A process was
devised where additional silica is added to the phosphate rock
digestion system, producing hydrofluosilicic acid. This is
scrubbed with a dilute caustic soda solution forming soldium
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
111
fluosilicate, which is used for the fluoridation of municipal
water supplies. In the coking of coal, the gas produced has
traditionally been scrubbed with H2SO4 to remove ammonia
and produce ammonium sulfate. However, the value of am-
monium sulfate has fallen so that it is no longer economical to
recover it. If ammonia is not removed from coke oven gases,
it will be released to the atmosphere. A process in which
phosphoric acid is substituted for H2SO4 is described in detail.
The economic advantages of this process are also discussed.
44838
Rush, Dumont, John C. Russell, and Reid E. Iversen
EFFECTIVENESS AND COST OF AIR POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT ON PRIMARY ALUMINUM POTLINES. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1972. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-78.)
Effluent data from aluminum potlines permits the construction
of models of smelter effluents, representative of present prac-
tice in the United States, which may be acted upon in ac-
cordance with various demonstrated collection and removal ef-
ficiencies of control systems and their costs in order to evalu-
ate the cost-effectiveness of various control schemes and to
estimate the costs involved in upgrading pollution abatement in
the industry. Representative capital and operating costs and
removal efficiencies for a number of kinds of applicable con-
trol equipment have been developed and organized in a way
which permits approximate evaluations among alternative ap-
proaches to pollution abatement. The application of the best
demonstrated pollution abatement technology to the collected
primary effluents from aluminum potlines would result in
representative total fluoride emissions of from 1.2 to 4.7
lbs/1000 Ibs of aluminum produced depending on the type of
potline. The addition of scrubbing equipment on the secondary
or building ventilation streams would reduce total fluoride
emissions to the range of 0.8 to 2 lbs/1000 Ibs aluminum, at
considerably increased costs. A systems analysis was applied
to the entire United States aluminum production industry
showing the expected costs and performance parameters as-
sociated with upgrading the industry control from the present
74% to four higher levels of control. This analysis indicates
that the application of best demonstrated control technology to
the entire industry would raise overall control efficiency from
74 to 92%; it would increase invested industry capital for pol-
lution control from $51 to $175/ton capacity, and would raise
the industry operating cost of pollution abatement from $13 to
$43/ton of aluminum produced at capacity. Pollutants from
aluminum smelters include fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, alu-
mima, particulates, and sulfur oxides. Control equipment in-
cludes scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, cyclones, venturi
scrubbers, and lime desulfurization.
44979
Brandt, Alleu D. and David M. Anderson
THE CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION
SOURCES. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Bureau of
International Commerce, Environ. Control Sem. Proc., Rotter-
dam, Warsaw, Bucharest, 1971, p. 199-212. 26 rets. (May 25-
June 4.) NTIS: PB COM-72-50078; GPO
Efforts to control air pollution have increased in the past 2
years, a period during which profits have fallen. The total in-
vestment required to control air pollution from the major
process industries between 1970 and 1976 is approximately
$3,900,000. Paniculate matter is the major pollutant released
from most industrial processes, and includes fumes, mists, and
smoke. Gaseous pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrocar-
bons, fluorides, and carbon monoxide are problems for a few
specific industries. Controlling a point source is purely a
problem in gas or air treatment, while control of a mobile
source is much more evasive because technology is frequently
not available. Control of particulate emissions may be
achieved through process changes and operational changes, or
through particulate removal equipment. Treatment facilities in-
clude centrifugal separators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and elec-
trostatic precipitators. It is expected that by 1980 the emission
rate from industrial air pollution sources in the United States
will be reduced by at least 90% from 1967 levels. Industrial
sources include mineral processing, kraft pulping petroleum
refineries, metallurgy, fertilizer manufacturing, and rubber
manufacturing. Other sources are transportation, electric
generation, forest fires, and solid waste disposal.
45004
Richter, Frank
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT PAYS OFF IN TWO
YEARS. Air Eng., vol. 2:27-29, 53, July 1960.
New pollution control equipment installed at the Virginia-
Carolina Chemical Corporation plant, Memphis, Tennessee, is
described. Two plant processes caused air pollution: the acidu-
lation of ground phosphate rock dust with sulfuric acid, and
the chemical mixing of dry phosphates and potash with liquid
nitrogen. To solve the first problem, an injector-type gas
scrubber (80% efficiency), which allowed the discharge of
noxious substances to the atmosphere, was replaced with a
low-velocity cell-type wet scrubber designed to absorb the
fluorine and precipitate the solid silica fluoride flakes with
99% efficiency. The unit consists of five stave tubes in series,
with two 12-in. baffles in each tube, and with a 6000 cub ft/m
induced draft paddle impeller fan at the discharge end, 30-ft
stack, and a 15-ft by 21-ft by 12-in. deep concrete pan, lined
with acid-proof brick. There are 13 sprays in the five tubes
using 190 g/hr each. Fluorine in the discharged gas stream is
reduced to 8 ppm. Silica fluoride as a solid is precipitated
100% to condenser pan. The installation will not pay for itself,
but it is a necessity to continue operating in Memphis. The
second problem was solved by installing multiple tube collec-
tors on the exhaust side of the fans. A 177 tube collector on
the dryer has a 18,000 cu ft/m capacity at 5.1 in. water-gage
pressure drop and 125 F. A 120 tube collector has a 12,000 cu
ft/m in capacity at 5.1 in water-gage pressure drop and 125 F.
The breeching, flues, cyclone and collectors were insulated.
The 25 hp fan motors were replaced by 40 hp motors, and the
speeds of fans were increased. The installed collectors collect
100% of all 14-micron dust and larger. It is estimated that this
installation will repay the capital cost in 2 years from the value
of materials recovered. Total cost of the air pollution control
equipment was $62,000. Intangible savings were improved for-
mulation; greater production efficiency; improved working
conditions; and better public relations due to elimination of an-
noying dust in the neighborhood.
45078
Robinson, J. M., G. I. Gruber, W. D. Lusk, and M. J. Santy
ENGINEERING AND COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF
FLUORIDE EMISSIONS CONTROL. (FINAL REPORT).
VOLUME II. Resources Research, Inc., McLean. Va. and TRW
Systems Group, McLean, Va., Office of Air Programs Contract
EHSD 71-14, APTD 0944, 171p., Jan. 1972. 1026 refs. NTIS: PB
209647
The appendix and bibliography of a report on the costs of
fluoride emissions control are presented. Two general types of
pollution control equipment are currently used for fluoride
-------
112
emissions, wet collection equipment and dry collection equip-
ment. The majority of capture devices used for fluoride
removal are of the wet type. Wet collection systems simultane-
ously remove gaseous and paniculate pollutants. The types of
wet collection equipment described include: spray towers,
packed bed scrubbers, wet cyclones, self-induced spray scrub-
bers, orifice plate bubblers, venturi scrubbers, jet scrubbers,
and dynamic wet scrubbers. Under certain conditions, dry col-
lection systems have been applied to fluoride emissions con-
trol. Three main classes are available: mechanical collection
equipment, such as settling chambers, baffle chambers,
skimming chambers, louver type collectors, dry cyclones,
impingement collectors, and dry dynamic collectors; electro-
static precipitation; and fabric filtration. Inventories of indus-
trial plant locations and capacities were prepared for the in-
dustries which are known or potential sources for fluoride
emissions. The industries covered include: phosphate rock
processing, iron and steel production, primary aluminum
smelting, coal burning, steam electric power generation,
hydrogen fluoride production; clay products, glass products,
enamel frits, and non-ferrous metal smelters. A bibliography
containing more than 1000 references is included.
45254
WASTE GAS CLEANING SYSTEM FOR FERTILIZER
PLANT. (Abgasbeseitigung bei einer Vollduengeranlage). Text
in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 16(8):274, 1972.
Results obtained with a wet-type electrostatic separator at a
fertilizer plant are described. After paniculate pollutants have
been separated by a preliminary stage scrubber, the waste
gases, discharged at a rate of 8000 N cu m/hr at 60 C, contain
4320 mg/N cu m of ammonium nitrate, 5000 mg/N cu m of am-
monia, 140 mg/N cu m of silicon tetrafluoride, and 270 mg/N
cu m of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (maximum values).
The wet-type electrostatic filter has efficiencies of 94.2-98.9%
for ammonium nitrate, 80-100% for nitric add, and practically
100% for ammonia; and the purified waste gas is invisible. The
matter separated by the electrostatic separator is recovered
from the circulated water.
45380
Partsef, D. P. and I. V. Prozorovskaya
ON THE DETERMINATION OF SANITARY PROTECTION
ZONES AROUND NONFERROUS METALLURGICAL
PLANTS. (K vopro.su ob opredelenii sanitarno-sashchitnykh zon
vokrug predpriyatiy tsvetnoy metallurgii). Text in Russian. Gi-
giena i Sanit., 37(16):94-96, 1972.
Emissions from an electrolyte copper and an aluminum alloy
manufacturing plant were measured. The three-stage process
at the electrolyte copper manufacturing plant includes a shaft
furnace, a converter, and an anode furnace. The shaft furnace
and converter processes, at temperatures up to 1400 C, emit
zinc, lead, tin, and other nonferrous oxides; carbon monoxide;
and sulfur dioxide. The maximum zinc and lead contents in
dust samples were 70 to 10%, respectively. Two-stage dust
separation using a cyclone-bag filter combination with an over-
all efficiency of 99.8% was used as a control. The aluminum
alloy manufacturing plant releases generally small amounts of
such pollutants as chlorine and fluorine compounds, CO, and
SO2. Two- stage gas cleaning using scrubbers and venturi
tubes effected an over-all efficiency of 98%. Replacing the
shaft furnace with an electric-arc furnace and abandoning
fluorine-base fluxes also considerably reduced the pollution.
45468
Bernatzky, Aloys
GREEN AREAS AND URBAN CLIMATE. (Gruenflaechen und
Stadtklima). Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Ham-
burg), 21(6):131-135, June 1970.
Facts showing the major changes in urban climate due to air
pollution and the positive effects of green areas and trees are
reviewed. Dust, sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid, and carbon
monoxide are the most dangerous air pollutants in urban at-
mospheres. Some 10-20% of the total solar radiation and al-
most the total ultraviolet radiation are absorbed by the pol-
luted atmosphere over cities. Increased carbon dioxide levels,
causing the well-known greenhouse effect, result in elevated
temperatures in cities compared to their suburbs. The tempera-
ture differences may be 0.5-1.5 C on a yearly average, and
more than 10 C in absolute values. Green areas and trees,
though unable to eliminate the effects of pollution, have many
advantages. Dust, including radioactive substances, are filtered
out by trees in considerable proportions, and decreased wind
speeds, by a minimum of 10%, can be observed. Radioactivity,
measured on the lee side of trees, accounted for only 25% of
that measured on the weather side. Trees absorb very high
amounts of CO2 and produce oxygen. Decreased temperatures
in green areas are a fact. Temperatures up to 3.5 C lower over
green areas, compared to adjacent areas, were measured. In
addition, green areas are of great value from a psychic point
of view.
45544
Descolas, Jean
THE ACTION TAKEN BY DUST SEPARATORS MANUFAC-
TURERS. (Action des constructeurs de separateurs et epu-
rateurs). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), vol. 13:48-49,
May 1971.
Developments in dust separating techniques and dust separator
production in France are reviewed. Economic and reliability
factors should be considered when choosing between optional
dust separating techniques. Dry dust collectors, venturi scrub-
bers for blast furnaces, bag filters, electrostatic precipitators,
and gas scrubbers underwent spectacular development during
the past years. Glass-fiber bag filters are able to treat gases
with a maximum temperature of 315 C, with dust removal
from bag filters by knocking and air counter-flow. Discharge
electrodes with increased strength, electronic controls, and sil-
icon rectifiers have been developed for electrostatic precipita-
tors. Scrubbers are used for the removal of sulfur dioxide,
fluorine, and odorous gases in the aluminum, pulp, and chemi-
cal industries. The market of dust separators projects a yearly
growth of 15-20% in the near future. Exports accounted for
some 20% of the total sales. The respective shares of dry
cyclones, wet type dust separators, electrostatic precipitators,
and bag filters are 15, 20, 35, and 25%, respectively.
45707
Mazumdar, A. H.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION HI - PETROLEUM AND
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. Chem. Process. Eng., 5(13):30-3S,
March 1971. 5 refs.
Pollutant emissions and methods for pollution control in the
petroleum and chemical industries are examined. Besides
general problems caused by smoke, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, and fly ash, the specific pollutants emitted from
processes within the fertilizer industry, acid plants, rayon
manufacturing plants, carbon black manufacturing, refineries,
petrochemical industry, solvent production, pesticide manufac-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
113
luring, and pulp and paper mills include hydrogen fluoride,
ammonia, fluorides, sulfuric acid mist, hydrogen chlorides,
hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, carbon disulfide, chlorinated
and oxygenated hydrocarbons, polynuclear hydrocarbons, car-
bon soot, mercury vapors, lead burning fumes, and caustic
mists. Some methods of control or counteraction include in-
cineration or ozonation of foul fermentation odors, filters, wet
scrubbing, catalytic oxidation, flares, fiber glass filter bags,
absorption towers, alkaline solutions, removal techniques with
by-product recovery, furnace design modifications, venturi
fume scrubbers, and various process modifications.
45757
Teller, Aaron J.
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM GLASS MANUFACTURE.
Ceram. Bull., 51(8):637-640, Aug. 1972. 5 refs. (Presented at the
American Ceramic Society, Ceramic-Metal Systems Division,
Fall Meeting, St Louis, Mo., Sept. 13, 1971, Paper 3-C-71F.)
Emissions from glass furnaces, ranging from noxious gases to
submicron particulates, are unique in that they consist to a
high degree of raw materials or degraded raw materials. Typi-
cal emissions from glass furnaces include particulates contain-
ing sodium fluoride, calcium fluoride, silica, calcium oxides,
lead oxides, sodium sulfate, and boron oxides and gases of
fluorides, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides. Two systems
were tested as prototypes for the control of emissions and to
establish the potential for the recycle of the recovered con-
taminants. The wet system comprises a quench section,
nucleation scrubber, and a water system consisting of a reac-
tor-precipitator, solids separator, and cooling tower. The dry
recovery system is based on simultaneous filtration and chro-
matographic absorption with pipeline solids injection and
baghouse recovery. Both systems are characterized by low
energy consumption and control emissions of particulates to
the range of 0.01-0.03 grain/scf and noxious gases to the range
of 1 ppm. System design, operation, efficiency, operating vari-
ables, and capital and operating costs are examined.
45846
Givaudon, Jean
ACTION IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. (Action dans Indus-
trie chimique). Text in French. Pollut. Alums. (Paris), vol.
13:44-47, May 1971.
The efforts by the French chemical industry in the field of
pollution control are outlined. Pollution control is very often
combined with, or motivated by, the recovery of certain
products. Scrubbing, absorption, adsorption, and oxidation are
the basic means of controlling air pollution in the chemical in-
dustry. Scrubbers are used for the removal of fluorine com-
pounds. Sulfur dioxide formed during sulfuric acid production
is recovered at 90% efficiency by diluted ammonia solution.
Nitrous vapors can be reduced by means of hydrocarbon in
the presence of a high- temperature catalyst or by increasing
the nitric acid absorption rate to 99.5-99.7%. Maleic and
citraconic anhydrides formed during phthalic anhydride
production are removed by means of catalyst and scrubbers,
and maleic anhydride is recovered. Waste gases from the pu-
rification of natrual gas, containing small amounts of SO2 and
hydrogen sulfide, but high concentration, of water vapor, are
burned to form sulfur trioxide which is then converted into
sulfuric acid at a rate of 90-95%. The desulfurization of waste
gases from oil-fired power plants and catalysts for the after-
burning of automotive exhaust are also considered.
46050
Konopka, A. P. and N. W. Frisch
THE CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM GLASS
PRODUCTION - A STATE OF THE ART REVIEW. Preprint,
American Ceramics Society, Columbus, Ohio, 58p., 1971. 24
refs. (Presented at the American Ceramics Society, Annual
Meeting, 73rd, Chicago, 111., April 27, 1971.)
Techniques for the control of emissions from glass production
are not well developed. On a weight basis, uncontrolled emis-
sions from glass production are lower than uncontrolled emis-
sions from typical major sources. Nevertheless, the trend in
emissions code requirements and plume opacity criteria is to
continue to heighten restrictions. Increasing concern over fine
particles and hazardous pollutants also concerns the glass in-
dustry. Major sources of atmospheric emissions from glass
production are glass melting and fiberglass forming. During
glass melting, gases are liberated via decomposition and by the
volatility phenomena. The potential gaseous emissions from
soda lime glass melting include sulfur dioxide, nitric oxides,
carbon monoxide, and fluorides. Particulates and opacity are
considered. U.S. air pollution laws, particulate codes, and
opacity and odor regulations are discussed. The impact on
glass production is discussed. The uncontrolled glass furnace
emissions are generally within code compliance. Except for
marginal violation situations, the process modification route
does not offer much promise for compliance. The nature of
the submicron particulates requires sophisticated control
techniques. A first-approximation estimate of 80% minumum
collection efficiency, or an 0.01 gr/std cu ft stack discharge,
appears reasonable to satisfy opacity criteria. In addition,
fluorides and sulfur trioxide will need to be controlled or
eliminated in the near future. Techniques such as high-energy
scrubbing, fabric filtration, and electrostatic precipitation are
far from immediate solutions to the problems. A great deal of
additional study is required, and much of this is already un-
derway.
46086
Menin, Giannantonio and Gian Berto Guarise
REMOVAL OF SILICON TETRAFLUORIDE IN
PERPHOSPHATE MANUFACTURING PLANTS. (Depura/jone
da SiF4 in impianti per perfosfata). Text in Italian. Atti 1st.
Veneto Sci. Lett. Arti Cl. Sci. Mat. Natur., vol. 128:1-14, 1969-
1970. 8 refs.
The control and removal of silicon tetrafluoride from gases
evolved in the manufacture of superphosphate when ground
phosphate rock reacts with sulfuric acid are examined.
Physico-chemical aspects of SiF4 absorption in water, the ef-
fect of silicon hydroxide on the superficial properties of the
water drops, and the mist formation are considered. Silicon
tetrafluoride is evolved from calcium fluoride impurities of the
phosphate mineral in the presence of silicon dioxide. The for-
mation of Si(OH)4 by absorption and reaction of SiF4 in water
produces fog through change of the surface properties of
water droplets. The scrubbing efficiency of industrial plants
are compared. The rotating disk tower appears to be the most
convenient SiF4 scrubber.
47054
Kawai, Misao
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR TOXIC GASES. (Yugai
gasu shori gijutsu). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo (Environ.
Creation), 2(10):6-20, Oct. 1972. 19 refs.
Installations that emit toxic gases and emission standards are
reviewed in a table. The principle of gas absorption is
-------
114
reviewed and the gas-liquid double film (interface) theory is
mathematically explained. Representative absorption towers
such as a turbulent contact absorber, packed tower, spray
tower, cyclone scrubber, venturi scrubber, and jet scrubber
are briefly mentioned. Methods for absorbing toxic gases such
as fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, silica fluoride, chlorine, and
hydrogen chloride are discussed. Various methods of hydrogen
sulfide elimination techniques such as the phenolate process,
tripotassium phosphate method, the alkazid process, the
amines, the iron oxide-dry-box process, the ferrox process,
the Seaboard and vacuum carbonate process, the thylox
process, the Fumaks process, the Takahax process, the al-
kaline liquors process, and the catalytic conversion to sulfur
process are explained with chemical formulas and diagrams.
47086
Shapiro, J. L. and W. L. Kuo
THE MOHAVE/NAVAJO PILOT FACILITY FOR SULFUR
DIOXIDE REMOVAL. Preprint, Office of Air Programs,
Research Triangle Park, N. C., Div. of Control Systems, p. 507-
526, 1971. (Presented at the International Lime/Limestone Wet
Scrubbing Symposium, 2nd, New Orleans, La., Nov. 8-12,
1971.)
The Mohave/Navajo Sulfur Dioxide Removal Research Pro-
gram is a project for testing alkali absorption processes on a
pilot-size basis. The major thrust of the work is to determine
the characteristics of these processes as applied to boilers
fired with low-sulfur coal. The pilot plant facility is described,
including the four types of absorbers to be tested, the analysis
procedures, and the test plan. Turbulent contact, venturi,
polygrid packed, and Lurgi impingement absorbers are in-
dicated. Sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, dust loading, trace
metals, sulfur trioxide, and fluorine concentrations are to be
tested, as well as pH, density, and liquor stream concentra-
tions.
47095
Schmidt, Alfred
THE INDUSTRIAL USE OF THE FLUORINE CONCENTRA-
TION OF THE RAW PHOSPHATE. (Die industrielle Nutzung
des Fluor-Gehaltes der Rohphosphate). Text in German. Chem.
Ing.-Tech., 44(19):1093- 1099, Oct. 1972. 10 refs.
The rapidly increasing demand of fluorine as a raw material
has made the utilization of a hexafluoro-silicic acid, which is
obtained at the production of phosphate fertilizer, necessary.
The recovery of the hexafluoro-silicic acid from the waste
gases or vapors is simple. The waste gas, cleaned by various
types of scrubbers, must contain silicium tetrafluoride which
liberates part of the silicic acid upon absorption in water. The
separated silicic acid tends to incrustate the scrubber. For best
results therefore centrifugal or venturi scrubbers are used. The
recovery of the fluorine from the vapors of the phosphoric
acid concentration is somewhat more difficult, since the
evaporators operate with a vacuum. In this case empty scrub-
bers are used into which the scrubbing fluid is injected by
several nozzles. In both cases a 20 to 25% hexafluoro- silicic
acid solution can be obtained. The methods of production of
calcium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, and cryolite, as well as
hydrogen fluoride, from hexafluoro-silicic acid are described.
47125
Yoshihara, Tadashi, Toshiaki Sakurai, and Takeshi Imura
FOUNDRY OF CAST IRON, SAYAMA FACTORY, HONDA
MOTOR CO. - REMARKABLE FEATURE REGARDING TO
THE COUNTERMEASURES FOR PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Hon-
da giken kogyo (kabu) sayama seisaku-sho chuzo kojo - kogai
taisaku ni tokushoku). Text in Japanese. I mono (Foundry),
44(7):593-597, July 1972.
A new melting process at a cast iron foundry uses a cupola of
the heating-water-cooling type with a 5 ton/hr capacity. The
entire exhaust gas is treated in a recombustion furnace, then
the exhaust gas goes through a heat exchanger, and is cooled
again by a gas cooler to 400 C. Microparticle dusts go through
a wet chamber and then are sent to an electrostatic precipita-
tor. The final gas emission contains less than 0.05 g/cu cm of
dust. The radical operation system previously used fluorite and
created the problem of fluoride gas. It was replaced by an alu-
mina base solvent specially developed by this plant. Good
results are obtained.
47186
Panesko, J. Vincent
HYDROFLUORIC ACID SCRUBBER SYSTEMS. Atlantic
Richfield Hanford Co., Richland, Wash., Chemical Processing
Div., Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT(45-1)2130, Rept.
ARH2343, UC-4, TID-4500, lip., June 1972. 4 refs. NTIS:
ARH-2343
Caustic or aluminum scrubber solutions were tested to remove
hydrogen fluoride vapors from waste off-gas streams. The effi-
ciency of the tested solutions was greater than 99%. Two
potential problem areas were observed: rapid HF addition
rates could increase the temperature of potassium hydroxide
to near boiling; and solids appeared in aluminum scrubber
solutions when the fluoride: aluminum molar ratio exceeded
1.6. When the aluminum scrubber solutions were heated, a
fluoride:aluminum molar ratio of 5.8 could be achieved with
no solids formation. (Author summary modified)
47256
Tsugawa, Hiroji
TOXIC GAS TREATMENT IN ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES.
(Aluniiniurnu sangyo ni okeru yugai gasu no shori gijutsu). Text
in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo (Environ. Creation), 2(10):33-37, Oct.
1972.
A hydrogen fluoride elimination system for aluminum refining
industries and treatment of toxic matter in the exhausts from
the primary and secondary aluminum processing are discussed.
Exhaust gas from these processes contains hydrogen chloride,
chlorine, aluminum chloride, and sometimes sulfur oxides. The
A1C13 is contained in an extremely minute fume form, and the
quantity depends on the temperature and force of chlorine gas
blown into the aluminum solution. The exhaust gas from the
chlorine treatment is sucked by a fan and is sent to the
cleansing system, where, the gas is first cooled in a heat
exchanger. The temperature is dropped to the degree where
the use of bag filters becomes possible. The wall temperature
of the heat exchanger must be kept above the dew point. The
air used for cooling the gas will be used for warming the stack
gas to eliminate white smoke. The flue gas is then sent to bag
filters, which eliminate solid particles of A1C13 and magnesium
chloride at a temperature above dew point. The gas then is
sent to a scrubber, where it is washed in 10% caustic soda.
47341
Hitachi Plant Construction Co., Ltd. (Japan)
NEW DUST COLLECTOR FOR CUPOLA FURNACE. (Kyu-
pora-yo shingata shujin sochi). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo
(Environ. Creation), 2(10):72-73, Oct. 1972.
A new and unique dust collector utilizing a static electric mat
filter especially designed for a cupola is introduced. It com-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
115
bines static electricity, a mat filter, and a scrubber. Since cu-
pola flue gas contains minute particles of fume, static electrici-
ty helps form larger particles instantly and adsorbs particles
onto electrodes. The dusts are washed down by sprays. There
are two layers of mat filters above the electrode sprays. The
mat filters are packages of mesh filters, through which the al-
ready cleaned gas is sucked. Clogging of mesh is prevented by
two more levels of sprays. Sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ammonia,
and fluorine are also absorbed, and caustic soda solution in
the spray water helps desulfurization action. The mist created
by these sprays is eliminated by a demister layer above the
mat filters. Clean air goes out from the stack at the top. A
pilot plant was tested for 6 months; the first plant was con-
structed in August. The gas containing 0.2 g/N cu m of dusts
at the exit of the cupola is cleaned to 0.08 - 0.12 g/N cu m.
The construction and operation costs are also extremely
favorable compared to other types of dust collectors for cu-
pola.
47463
Hoeke, Engelbert
WET REMOVAL OF DUST FROM FLUORINE-CONTAIN-
ING EXHAUST GASES IN ALUMINUM MANUFACTURE.
(Verfahren zur Nassentstaubung fluorhaltiger Abgase bei der
Herstellung von Aluminium). Text in German. Fried Krupp
G.m.b.H., Essen (West Germany)) W. Ger. Pat. Appl.
2,039,588. Aug. 8, 1970. (3 claims).
Dust in fluorine-containing exhaust gases from aluminum
manufacture can be removed by a wash solution with a pH
equal to or greater than 10,5 and a salt content of less than
6%. The salt concentration can be maintained by replenishing
the washing solution with fresh water.
47466
Fritsch, Peter
RECOVERY OR REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
FROM GASEOUS MIXTURFvS. (Verfahren zur Gewinnung
bzw. Entfernung von Fluorwasserstoff aus Gasmischungen). Text
in German. (Farbwerke Hoechst AG, Frankfurt am Main (West
Germany)) W. Ger. Pat. Appl. 1,567,494. 4p., Aug. 16, 1962. 5
refs. (2 claims).
In a bubble-cap column or an other cascade arrangement, a
mixture containing hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and
perhaps organic compounds, can be scrubbed at minus 20 to
50 C with 2-30 g water or aqueous HC1 solution for each mole
HF to be absorbed. A polyethylene column having 30 bubble-
cap trays was filled with approximately 4 1 of concentrated
HC1. A gas mixture consisting of 2 cu m/hr HC1, 1.2 cu m/hr
nitrogen, and 80 g/hr HF was introduced at the bottom. At the
top of the column, 160 ml of concentrated HC1 was in-
troduced. The lowest two trays were maintained at minus 3 C
by circulating the scrubbing liquid contained therein through
an outside cooler. The gaseous mixture leaving the top of the
column contained 0.0007 wt% HF based on HC1.
47677
Kemmer, Frank N.
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY. In: In-
dustrial Pollution Control Handbook. Herbert F. Lund (ed.),
New York, McGraw-Hill, 1971, Chapt. 10, p. 10-3 to 10-20.
Water requirements and typical contaminants, air requirements
and contaminants, and solids handling are discussed for the
steel industry. Particulates, sulfur compounds, carbon monox-
ide, cyanides, fluorides, and benzene compounds are the most
frequently encountered air contaminants. Waste water
problems are considered for blast furnaces, casting operations,
foundries, open hearth furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, elec-
tric furnaces, rolling mills, sinter plants, heat treatment, acid
pickling, vacuum degassing, coke plants, slag plants, utilities,
and maintenance shops. The basic cleaning devices for waste
gases are simple gravity separators, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, and baghouse filters. Control device selec-
tion is considered.
47680
Spencer, Emmet F., Jr.
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY.
In: Industrial Pollution Control Handbook. Herbert F. Lund
(ed.), New York, McGraw-Hill, 1971, Chapt. 14, p. 14-1 to 14-
31.
The air pollution control measures applied in chemical manu-
facturing are for the most part the everyday application of
chemical engineering unit operations using mechanical collec-
tors, bag filters, electrostatic precipitators, wet collectors, ab-
sorption, catalytic oxidation, reduction, direct flame incinera-
tors, or adsorbers, alone or in combination. The selection of
the control device for the particular process is a function of
the degree of control necessary, the nature of the effluent, the
capital and operating costs of the control equipment, the effect
of the control system on the process itself, reliability, and the
ultimate disposal of the collected waste material. In addition,
process or equipment modifications may be specifically incor-
porated to eliminate or minimize the emission of air pollutants.
Emission and control methods are discussed for the manufac-
ture of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric
acid, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, oxides of nitrogen,
gaseous fluorides, and chlorine. Problems associated with par-
ticulate matter, solids and tars, liquids, gases and vapors,
odors, and water pollution are also considered. Odor threshold
values for a number of compounds are presented.
47731
Central Council for Pollution Countermeasures (Japan)
Planning Committee
A PROGRESS REPORT ON A LONG-TERM VIEW OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. (DRAFT). (Kankyo hozen
choki bijon chukan hokoku (an)). Text in Japanese. 94p., 1972
(?).
The direction of environmental science technology in the fu-
ture is examined. All the technical aspects of pollution control
should be almost completely developed (excepting the areas of
life sciences) by 1985. Treatment technology for air and water
pollution is expected to be developed relatively early. But
those pollutions that offend sensitivity more or less, such as
noise, vibration, and bad odor, may not be controlled until
later. An effective carbon monoxide elimination device is ex-
pected to be developed by 1977, and so is an economical
elimination system for hydrogen fluoride; an economical
catalyst for nitrogen oxides from fixed sources is expected to
be realized by 1978; and pollutionless community cars (small
and safe individual transportation means) will be developed by
1978. The development of process conversion methods and
recycling systems will be relatively slow. Protection technolo-
gy for the natural environment and analyses of pollutant in-
fluences on human bodies will be even slower. Selecting sulfur
dioxide and paper pulp BOD pollution as study cases, the fu-
tures of control techniques and economic feasibility were ex-
amined. It was concluded that these problems will be solved
by 1985.
-------
116
47821
Levin, G. M., G. S. Pantelyat, M. A. Kutsyshin, R. B.
Goncharova, and T. M. Bublay
WATER SUPPLY FOR ELECTRIC STEEL MELTING FUR-
NACE-EMITTED GAS SCRUBBERS. (Vodosnabzheniye
gazoochistok elektrostaleplavilnykh pechey). Text in Russian.
Stal, no. 9:866-868, Sept. 1972. 3 refs.
Problems of the water treatment for electric-arc steel smelting
furnace scrubbers are described. Such scrubbers retain 90-92%
of the fine dust, 84-98% of the hydrofluoric acid, and up to
94% of the sulfur dioxide present in the furnace gas, which
along with the retention of other components results in in-
creased mineral salt and suspended matter content in the
scrubber water. Various treatments and neutralization of the
waste water are required for the recycling of the water within
the scrubbing process. The water to be recycled should not
contain more than 100-200 mg/1 of suspended matter. Analyses
of the recycled water a revealed sharp decline in the rate of
increase of the salt content in the water by the sixth day of
recycling, which is due mainly to the precipitation of calcium
silicate and fluoride. It is possible to increase the specific load
of the cyclone to 3 cu m/sq m/hr by combined magnetic and
chemical coagulation by means of 1 mg/1 of polyacrylamide.
48143
Wondraezek, W.
PLANT FOR THE ABSORPTION OF FLUORINE-CONTAIN-
ING GASES. (Anlage zur Absorption fluorhaltiger Case). Text
in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin), 24(8):522-S23, Aug. 1972.
A slotted bottom absorber was developed for the absorption of
fluorine-containing gases from the fertilizer industry. For
satisfactory silicon tetra-fluoride absorption, the slotted bot-
tom has a relatively large slot area with very specific flow
velocities in the slots. At a certain spray density, the deposi-
tion of fluosilicic acid is avoided. A stable dynamic bubble
zone of 1200 mm height is produced which provides the
required contact areas for the phases. Single-stage absorbers
are used for maximum fluosilicic acid concentration of 15 to
17 mass % and for fluorine concentrations in the scrubbed
waste gas of 30 to 50 mg F/cu m; for higher H2SiF6 concen-
trations two-stage systems are used. The absorbers presently
available are designed for gas throughputs of up to 50,000 cu
m gas/hr. Absorbers with waste gas quantities of up to 150,000
cu m are being developed. The operation and construction of a
two-stage absorber is described. The waste gas is drawn off
from the reactor by a ventilator and passed into the lower sec-
tion of the first absorber where the fluorine-laden gas rises
countercurrent to the washing fluid. After passage of a droplet
precipitator, the preliminarily cleaned gas enters the second
absorber and passes through it countercurrently to the washing
fluid. A cyclone is used as second droplet precipitator where
the cleaned gas is pressed into the waste gas duct.
48480
Naoi, Yasukazu
PERFORMANCE AND PROBLEMS OF AIR FILTERS IM-
PREGNATED WITH ALKALI. (Arukari tenchaku firuta no
seino to mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-.I.
Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo, 10(6):53-58, Dec. 1972. 3
refs.
An air filter impregnated with alkali can remove harmful gases
by a chemical reaction such as neutralization of acidic gases.
Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are often used as al-
kaline agents. The alkali-impregnated filter gives a higher
removal efficiency for chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, and
hydrogen sulfide than normal filters. The efficiency is poor for
nitrogen dioxide. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide can be
removed in the early stages of use, but the removal efficiency
drops so rapidly that it is not practical. Humidity, temperature,
sulfur dioxide concentration, filter thickness, and flow rates
affect SO2 removal efficiency. The filters are greatly affected
by humidity, so they should be used at low humidities. Disper-
sal of the absorbent or substances formed as a result of the
reaction should be avoided by using a flow rate of 0.5 m/sec
or lower and an adhesive agent. Maintenance and disposal of
used filters can also be a problem.
48805
Schwartz, Werner and Werner Eisert
EXAMPLES AND LIMITS OF COMBATING AIR POLLU-
TION IN COPPER PLANTS. (Beispiele und Grenzen der Rein-
haitung von Luft in Kupferhuetten). Text in German. Z. Erz-
bergbau Metallhuettenwesen, 25(10):505-511, 1972. 6 refs.
(Presented at the Gesellschaft Deutscher Met all net ten- und
Bergleute Hauptuersammlung, Stuttgart, West Germany, April
28, 1972.)
Any dust and metal recovery in copper plants, as well as the
reduction of emissions depends on the special type of raw
copper processing plant. In preroasting plants, the waste gas
quantity amounts to only 43% of that from a greenfeed plant.
In the flash plant, the waste gas quantity is only 33% of that
of the greenfeed plant. The large waste gas quantity of the
greenfeed plant, however, contains only small sulfur dioxide
and trioxide concentrations for which no economic recovery
process is available. Nearly the entire amount of sulfur is
discharged into the atmosphere. In the case of the preroasting
plant, only 12% of the sulfur is directly emitted. Prior to any
sulfur recovery, the waste gases must be thoroughly cleaned
of dust and interfering components. The waste gases usually
carry various pollutants along which require different collec-
tion methods. Dust and fumes are retained in hot gas electro-
static precipitators which operate at temperatures between 300
and 400 C. Volatile substances (mercury) and gaseous sub-
stances (hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride) can be
removed in high-capacity scrubbers. Knowledge of the
developmental process of the system is necessary for an op-
timum solution of the gas cleaning problem. The costs depend
primarily on the gas quantity to be treated. Costs rise progres-
sively with the desired collection efficiency.
48811
Schackmann, H.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN METALLURGICAL
PLANTS. (Umweltschutz in Huettenbetrieben). Text in German.
Metall (Berlin), 27(1): 41-47, Jan. 1973.
The non-ferrous metal industry has to cope with four environ-
mental problems, the pollution of water and air, noise, and
solid waste disposal. For the production of copper, tin, and
lead, as well as other non-ferrous metals, sulfur-containing
ores are used. The sulfides are roasted and the developing sul-
fur dioxide is usually so concentrated that it can be converted
to sulfuric acid. All newer plants are equipped with Bayer dou-
ble catalyst plants which operate with an efficiency of 99.5%.
While the entire SO2 emission in the Federal Republic of Ger-
many amounts to between 3.5 and 4 million tons, the total
emission of SO2 from sulfuric acid production is only 25,000
tons, i.e., 0.6% of the total quantity. There is no metallurgical
industry today in West Germany which is not re-using the
SO2. The dust emission causes greater problems in this indus-
trial branch than does the SO2 emission. Most of the dust
cleaning problems can be solved, with the exception of the
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
117
aerosols developing at the production of ferro-alloys. The most
expensive problem is the removal of fluorine. Expensive
cleaning plants had to be installed in new aluminum electroly-
sis plants whose costs amounted to 20 and 25% the total in-
vestment costs. All air pollution problems in industry can be
solved, it is just a matter of costs.
48814
Wilde, G. and L. Reh
REMOVAL OF FLUORINE FROM THE WASTE GASES OF
THE ALUMINUM FUSION ELECTROLYSIS IN A HEAVILY
EXPANDED ALUMINUM OXIDE FLUIDIZED BED.
(Fluorentfernung aus den Abgasen der Aluminium- Schmelzflus-
selektrolyse in stark expandierten Aliiminiumoxid- Wir-
belschichten). Text in German. Aluminium, 48(11):738-740,
1972. 8 refs. (Presented at the Gesellsahaft Deutscher Metall-
huetten- und Bergleute, Stuttgart, West Germany, April 1972.)
A method is described for the binding of fluorine from waste
gases of aluminum fusion electrolysis in a heavily expanded
alumina fluidized bed. The method was first tested on a
laboratory set-up. The fluorine polluted gas was drawn on by a
fan and passed to the fluidized bed reactor. A constant quanti-
ty of oxide was also entered continuously. With gas velocities
of 1-5 m/sec, a greatly expanded fluidized bed was formed
which was maintained by returning the oxide carried off in the
cleaned gas and retained in two cyclones and a subsequent bag
filter. For an oxide throughput of 300 g/hr, a gas throughput of
108 cu m/hr, and a pressure loss of the fluidized bed of 150
mm water, the average gaseous fluorine concentration was
reduced from 23.2 mg/cu m to 0.57 mg/cu m. The good collec-
tion efficiency of more than 97.5% was due to the long contact
time between gas and solid phase and the intense mixing of
the two phases. The satisfactory laboratory results lead to the
erection of a scaled down experimental plant and eventually to
a large scale plant for an aluminum manufacturing plant with
an annual production capacity of 60,000 tons of aluminum and
an hourly waste gas volume of one million cu m/hr. The waste
gases are drawn off from the enclosed electrolysis furnaces
and passed to two fluidized bed adsorbers. The cleaned gases
are passed through a bag filter for recovery of the oxide and
discharged through a 40 m high stack. The oxide throughput
will amount to 750 kg/hr, and the pressure loss is expected to
remain below 700 mm water over the entire facility from
eletrolysis furnace to stack exit. The gaseous fluorine concen-
tration in the cleaned gas is below 1 mg/cu m.
48879
Shirasawa, Tadao, Zenichi Kawase, and Kazuko Mizukami
THE REMOVAL OF FLUORIDES BY PACKED TOWER. (Ju-
tento ni yoru fusso kagobutsu no jokyo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Japan Society of Air Pollution, Proc. Symp. Japan
Soc. Air Pollut., 13th, 1972, p. 149. (Nov. 7-9, Paper 104.)
Recently the number of tile manufacturing factories have in-
creased in northern Saitama Prefecture where mulberry trees
are grown for the silkworm industry. Damages to mulberry
leaves by fluoride emissions from these factories have been
noticed, so fluoride control systems were installed in many of
these plants. The system generally utilizes caustic soda al-
kaline scrubbers for the flue gas; due to the lack of an ideal
waste water drainage, water is recirculated. Sodium fluoride is
recovered and lime is added, producing calcium fluoride. The
two kinds of systems used in this area both employ packed
towers. System A employs terralette packing and two-stage net
shelves in the upper part of the scrubber. The gas is cooled
before entering the scrubber, which is made of plastic. System
B utilizes slate tile waste as the packing material in the tower
to lower cost, and the tower is made of mortar cement. It has
an automatic pH adjuster in order to save manpower. These
systems have eliminated most hydrogen fluoride from the flue
gases of the plants. Now the concentration is less than 1 ppm
at the exit. Sulfur dioxide in the emission gas is also almost
completely eliminated. The damages to mulberry leaves have
been successfully controlled.
49023
Stone, E. H. F.
FUME AND EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT IN THE NON-
FERROUS METALS INDUSTRY IN BRITAIN. Int. Met. Rev.,
vol. 17:227-239, Dec. 1972. 116 refs.
Control technology for gaseous and liquid effluents from the
non-ferrous metals industry in England is reviewed with
respect to pollution legislation, emission sources within the in-
dustry, control equipment design and operation, overall costs,
comparative efficiency, and liquid effluent treatment. Gaseous
effluents include dark smokes, sulfur dioxide, carbon, metal
oxides, sulfates, chlorides, dust, and grit generated from
smelting operations or furnaces; nitrogen oxides, hydrochloric
acid, cyanogens, hydrocyanic acid, solvents, fluorides, and
chlorides from welding and fluxes; and fumes from grinding
operations. The basic mechanisms for dust and fume control
include inertial collectors (cyclones, baffles, and settling cham-
bers), electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers (jet-impingement,
spray towers, and venturi), and filters (bag and fabric).
49031
Ross, W. K.
DESIGNING A CANADIAN REFINERY S EXPANSION TO
COMPLY WITH PRESENT AND IMMEDIATELY FORESEE-
ABLE ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS. Preprint, lip.,
1972. (Presented at the International Pollution Engineering Con-
gress, Cleveland, Ohio, Dec. 4-6, 1972, Paper 21.)
Plans for new pollution control measures at a refinery which
will be expanded are discussed. Air pollutant emission stan-
dards for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide,
particulate matter, hydrogen fluoride, and smoke are listed.
Planned control measures include scrubbing raw fuel gas with
amine to remove H2S and converting 92% of the H2S to ele-
mental sulfur for sale. The rest, as sulfur dioxide, plus the flue
gas from oil burning will go to a 300-foot stack. Crude oil
storage tanks will be fitted with roofs to prevent the loss of
hydrocarbon and H2S vapors. All H2S-bearing waters will be
stored in a closed system and disposed of in a disposal well.
Hydrofluoric acid transfer lines will be purged to clear them of
HF vapors. The purged gas will flow to the flare through a gas
scrubber to remove remaining HF vapors. After use as a
catalyst, the HF will be recovered by distillation. The catalytic
cracking unit is the major source of carbon monoxide and par-
ticulates. The CO will be directed to a boiler, where it will be
burned to carbon dioxide. The regenerator will also be
equipped with primary and secondary cyclones to remove
99.99% of the circulated catalyst particulates. Three possibili-
ties were considered to reduce smoke when burning flared
gases and oil sludges, including the installation of spare steam-
driven river water and circulating water pumps, the provision
of duplicate incoming electrical power lines, and the provision
of a compressor on crude gas. The flares will be equipped with
automatic steam injection to minimize smoke. Oily sludges will
be centrifuged to remove the bulk of oil and water; and the
centrifuge cake will go to a multi-hearth furnace, where it will
be reduced to dry ash. The gases will pass through a chamber
in which burners actuated by a smoke detector will burn the
carbon in the smoke. Processes to minimize the loss of
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118
hydrocarbons are also described. Continuous monitoring is
discussed, and environmental monitors of air pollutants are
listed.
49420
Hattori, Shinji
DESIGN OF GAS RECOVERY EQUIPMENT (I). (Yugai gasu
kaishu sochi no sekkei (I)). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Sochi
(Plant and Process), 15(2):32-41, Feb. 1973.
A method of recovering high purity hydrogen fluoride from
flue gases containing a lot of HF uses a combination of ordi-
nary gas absorption and dispersion. The waste gas from the
absorption tower is led to a cleaning tower where it is washed
with water. By going through the lime layer at the top of the
tower, the HF in the waste gas from the recovery system is
kept at less than 1 ppm. The gas led into the absorption tower
is 36 mol%, the temperature at the tower inlet is 23 C. The
composition of waste gases from the absorption tower is to be
1.0 vol% HF, 11.11 vol% water, and 87.89 vol% air. The waste
gas volume is 3.112 kmol/hr; its composition is 0.031 kmol/hr
HF, 0.346 kmol/hr water, and 2.735 kmol/hr air. Almost 99.8%
of the HF is recovered. Absorption of HF in the absorption
tower is 15.469 kmol/hr and absorption in the packed tower is
15.305 kmol/hr.
49477
Wesenberg, H.
GAS COLLECTION AND CLEANING IN CLOSED
PREBAKED SYSTEMS. Preprint, Norwegian Society of Profes-
sional Engineers, Oslo, lip., 1972. 2 rets. (Presented at the In-
ternational Symposium on the Fluoride Problem in the Alu-
minum Industry, May 24-26, 1972.)
A combination of wet scrubbing with dry cleaning (bag filters)
as adopted at an aluminum smelting plant in Norway for the
removal of fluorides and sulfur dioxide from potline emissions
is described. Neither wet scrubbing nor electrostatic precipita-
tion proved to be sufficient to meet the requirement for a
maximum external emission of 1 kg of fluorine per ton of
metal in new potlines. A minimum collecting efficiency was
achieved by introducing a forced inlet of the necessary ventila-
tion air through the basement with the aid of fans so that the
amount of air could be maintained at a predetermined level in-
stead of using roof ventilation. The potroom vents are thus
working with the collecting system from the pots instead of
against it. The results from the first year of operation indicate
that under normal conditions the cleaning efficiency will be
well over 98%. The dry cleaning system seems to be relatively
unaffected by variations in the fluorine content in the raw
gases. The combined system of dry scrubbing and wet washing
made it possible to remove at least 80% of the sulfur emission
in addition to the fluorides. Maintenance of the bag filtering
system is mentioned.
49929
Ross, Richard D.
INCINERATION OF PROCESS WASTES. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., Proc. Air Pollut. Control Assoc.
Mid-Atlantic States Sect., Semi-Annu. Tech. Conl., Edison, N.
]., 1972, p. 79-85. (May 12.)
Incineration of liquid process wastes is discussed. Combustible
liquid wastes generally have caloric values of 8000 Btu/lb to
10,000 Btu/lb or higher; partially combustible wastes have a
heating value below 8000 Btu/lb. The characteristics of each
are described and the incinerating procedure used for each is
reviewed. Incinerator design criteria for each combustion
process is presented. Pollutants produced in the process, in-
cluding metal oxides, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride,
and sulfur dioxide are reviewed. Control methods used to
reduce emissions include the use of venturi and packed scrub-
bers and by-product recovery. New incinerating processes,
their development and operation are discussed. A number of
processes have been developed for the incineration of
chlorinated hydrocarbons and recovery of HC1.
49979
Kantner, A. and W. Kersting
INCINERATION, A CONTRIBUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION. (Muellverbrennung, ein Beitrag zum Um-
weltschutz). Text in German. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(1):62-
68, Jan. 1973.
Great progress has been made in modern incinerators with
respect to flue gas cleaning. High-capacity filters with a collec-
tion efficiency of 99% and more have been developed. They
permit a reduction of the dust concentration to 150 mg/cu m
flue gas. Apart from dust the waste gases from incinerators
contain carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and
hydrogen fluoride. Depending on the type of waste material,
the emitted concentrations of HC1 fluctuate between 0.2 and
0.8 g/cu m, of SO2 between 0.2 and 1.2 g/cu m, HF up to 3
mg/cu m, and 7% CO2. The most efficient means of reducing
local, as well as temporal, peaks of toxic flue gas components,
is the construction of high stacks. The Frankfurt and Kassel
incinerators have a stack height of 110 m, the Munich in-
cinerators of 80, 130 and 145 m, the Mannheim incinerator of
146 m, the Nuremberg incinerator of 100 m, the Stuttgart in-
cinerator of 180 m and the Berlin-Ruhleben incinerator of 76
m. Flue gas scrubbing is technically feasible, but has the dis-
advantage of creating a water pollution problem. Moreover,
the cooled waste gases lack thermal buoyancy. The costs for
flue gas cleaning systems, extra high stacks, and other mea-
sures necessary for the operation of an incinerator without an-
noying the environment are estimated to amount to 12% of the
investment costs of a large incinerator.
50154
Sieth, Joachim
INCINERATION: AN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM? WAYS
OF REDUCING HYDROGEN CHLORIDE EMISSIONS.
(Muellverbrennung: Ein Luftreinhalteproblem? Wege zur Min-
derung der Chlorwasserstoff-Emissionen). Text in German. Luft-
verunreinigung, 1972:43-51, Dec. 1972. 11 refs.
In incinerators of West Germany, no measures are generally
taken against the gaseous emissions. The incinerators are
equipped with electrostatic precipitators which remove the
dust from the off-gases. Measurements of the gaseous emis-
sions from incinerators yielded a hydrogen chloride concentra-
tion of 1 g/cu m, sulfur dioxide 0.6 g/cu m, and hydrogen
fluoride 10 mg/cu m. The concentration of HC1 is so high that
a stack incrementation is necessary. In order to give an idea of
the required stack incrementation at an increase of the
presently valid maximum allowable average emission value
from 2 g to 2.5 g/cu m, diagrams are given in which the stack
height isohypses are plotted in dependence of the waste gas
volume flow, temperature, and maximum emission concentra-
tion. The needed stack height is 177 m with a waste gas flow
of 300,000 cu m/hr, a maximum hourly average concentration
of 2 g HCl/cu m, and a waste gas temperature of 200 C. Inde-
pendent of increasing the stack height of incinerators, other
measures must be taken to reduce the gaseous pollutants.
They comprise the actual reduction of the pollutant, the
processing of the obtained reaction products, and the disposal
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
119
of the obtained waste product by dumping, discharge into the
sewer, or chemical-technical recycling. A cost calculation for
the installation of an electrostatic precipitator for dust removal
with HC1 absorption and neutralization and evaporation of the
scrubbing water yielded operating costs of $.54/ton of waste.
Scrubbers are very suitable for the removal of the gaseous
pollutants in incinerator off-gases.
50435
Miyazaki, Yoshitaka
PUBLIC NUISANCE PREVENTION EQUIPMENT AND RE-
LATED WELDING TECHNOLOGY. (Kogaiboshikiki to yosetsu
kanren gijutsu). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Welding As-
soc., Tokyo, 14p., 1973. 8 rcfs. (Presented at the Seminar on
Plastics Used in Public Nuisance Prevention Devices and Their
Processing Techniques, Osaka, Japan, Feb. 19-20, 1973.)
The construction of pollution control equipment and factors
such as corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength are
discussed. Corrosion resistance of plastics are generally su-
perior to other construction materials such as stainless steel.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), fiber glass reinforced plastic (FRP)
and PVC/FRP, are used as anti-corrosion materials. Industrial
sources of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, and other harmful gases are listed with
their disposal devices and processes. Plastic welding technolo-
gy is discussed, and a non-plasticizing welding rod is recom-
mended over an ordinary welding rod.
50652
Netzer, W. D.
FLUORINE DISPOSAL METHODS. Atomic Energy Commis-
sion, Div. of Operational Safety, Proc. AEC Pollut. Contr.
Conf., Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1972, CONF-721030, p. 62-86. 27 refs.
(Oct. 25-27.)
Safe and economical methods of disposing fluorine presently
vented from a uranium oxide conversion facility were in-
vestigated. The facility produces uranium hexafluoride by
reacting high assay uranium oxides with fluorine. The disposal
processes under consideration included caustic scrubbing,
fixed bed reactors, and a fluidized bed reactor. A 5 in. coun-
tercurrent spray tower was built which can absorb 90% of a
standard 3 cu ft/min fluorine flow using a 3 gal/min flow of 5
wt% potassium hydroxide. But the toxic gases oxygen
difluoride and nitroxy fluoride are also produced in the
scrubber. Fixed bed charcoal and iron reactors were operated,
but the charcoal reaction produced large quantities of carbon
monoxide, carbonyl fluoride, and silicon tetrafluoride; and the
iron reaction produced molten iron which plugged the reactor.
Fixed bed reactor systems are hampered by high maintenance
costs, and studies utilizing fluidized bed reactors are now
being considered. (Author abstract modified)
50868
Hishida, Kazuo
CONTROL TECHNIQUES OF SPECIFIC TOXICANTS RE-
LATED TO AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen kankei yugai
busshitsu shori gijutsu). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 4(4):58-
79, April 1973.
Control techniques for cadmium, cadmium compounds,
chlorine, hydrogen chloride, fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, sil-
icon textrafluoride, lead, and lead compounds are outlined.
Sources and characteristics of these compounds are men-
tioned. Particulates containing cadmium, lead, and their com-
pounds can be easily removed by dust collectors. Efficiency,
application, and selection of dust collectors are discussed.
Gaseous toxicants are usually removed by liquid scrubbing or
gas-solid adsorption. Characteristics of packed columns, spray
towers, cyclone scrubbers, venturi scrubbers, jet scrubbers,
and other scrubbers are summarized. Maintenance of control
equipment and safety practices are described.
50937
Davids, P. and W. Brocke
TECHNICAL POSSIBILITIES FOR REDUCTION OF THE
POLLUTANT EMISSION FROM INCINERATORS.
(Technische Moeglichkeiten zur Verminderung der Schadstof-
femission aus Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text in German.
Muell Abfall, 5(3):72-75, 1973. 10 rets. (Presented at the Muell-
technische Kolloquium, Stuttgart, West Germany, March 8,
1973.)
Incinerators emit hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur
dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Since hydrogen chloride is
water soluble its separation is relatively easy compared to
SO2. Through scrubbing with water, cleaned gas concentra-
tions of less then 10 mg HCl/cu m can be reached. Hydrogen
fluoride, too, is water soluble. In aluminum plants, scrubbers
for HF for several million cu m/hr are in operation. The
cleaned gas concentrations are around 1 mg HF/cu m. For sul-
fur dioxide, alkaline absorbents must be used. For desulfuriza-
tion, a number of processes exist, some are in operation be-
hind steam generators. In incinerators of the Federal Republic
of Germany, scrubbers for waste gas cleaning are hardly used.
Extensive measurements were carried out with a scrubber in
an incinerator with a throughput of 2.5 tons/hr and an off-gas
quantity of 18,000 cu m/hr. The off-gas was first cooled to 70
C. In several parallel venturi nozzles the dust was separated
and the water soluble gaseous components absorbed. After
passage of a droplet separator, the off-gas was heated again
and blown out through the stack. An average collection effi-
ciency for HC1 of 95% and for HF of 96% was obtained. The
average concentrations in the cleaned gas were 27 mg HCl/cu
m and 0.3 mg HF/cu m. The collection efficiency for SO2 was
7% and for NOx was 12%. Thermogravimetric and laboratory
experiments concerning the sorption properties of comminuted
slag from incinerators for HC1 and SO2 under simulated condi-
tions revealed that at between 500 and 700 C the slag has a
large binding potential for these substances.
51101
Davids, P. and W. Brocke
TECHNICAL POSSffllLITIES FOR A REDUCTION IN THE
EMISSION OF NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES FROM REFUSE IN-
CINERATION PLANTS. (Technische Moeglichkeiten zur Ver-
minderung der Schadstoffemission aus Muellverbrennungsan-
lagen). Preprint, 1973, 21p., 10 refs. (Presented at the Refuse
Meeting, 24th, Stuttgart, West Germany, March 8, 1973.)
Translated from German, 16p.
Control methods to reduce emissions of hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from
refuse incineration plants are reviewed. The design, operation,
and specific application of wet scrubbing, alkaline absorbers,
Venturis, electrostatic precipitation, sorption, and dry stack
gas purification are examined.
51720
Bakr, M. Y. and M. Hussein
PRODUCTION OF FLUOSILICATES FROM WASTE GASES
OF EGYPTIAN SUPERPHOSPHATE INDUSTRY. Indian
Ceram., 16(6): 111-114, Sept. 1972. 4 refs.
-------
120
The chemical analysis of Egyptian phosphate rock shows the
fluorine content to be 3.3%. About 30% of the fluorine present
in the rock is evolved during acidulation with 70% sulfuric
acid. Silicon tetrafluoride is evolved as a gas during acidula-
tion of phosphate rock with H2SO4, which reacts with water
to produce an aqueous solution of fluosilicic acid. This solu-
tion is the starting material for preparation of the different
metal fluosilicates. Experiments were made on the preparation
of sodium and calcium fluosilicate by neutralizing fluosilicic
acid with various sodium and calcium salts. Sodium and calci-
um chlorides are the preferred salt solutions. (Author abstract
modified)
51755
Koethe, Klaus and Ludwig Mueller
DETERMINATION OF THE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE PAR-
TIAL PRESSURES. (Beitrag zur Ermittlung von Flurowas-
serstoff-Partialdruecken). Text in German. Neue Huette,
'.8(6):332-336, June 1973. 9 refs.
The thermal treatment of zinc concentrates by a blasting
process is connected with a volatilization of fluorine and ar-
senic. These pollutants can be removed from the waste gases
by absorption in an aqueous solution. For calculation of the
absorber, the vapor pressure equilibria of fluorine-containing
systems and the interference by sulfur and arsenic-containing
components must be known. A literature survey on the
fluoride partial vapor pressures of aqueous fluorine containing
systems turned out data for the systems hydrogen fluoride
water, HF-fluosilicic acid-sulfuric acid, and H2SiF6-H2. No
data concerning the partial pressures for concentrations below
10 g F/l and temperatures between 20 and 60 C, whose
knowledge is essential for the absorber calculation, were
found. Therefore, the HF partial pressures of binary and ter-
nary systems for concentrations between 0.1 and lOg F/l and
temperatures between 20 and 60 C were determined. For the
system HF-H2O, a vapor pressure equation is given. The
fluorine concentration in the absorption solution depends sole-
ly on the HF partial pressure of the system HF-H2O. The in-
fluence of the compounds H2SiF6, H2SO4, sulfur dioxide, ar-
senic trioxide, and arsenic pentoxide is negligible. The fluoride
concentrations in the gas cleaned by a wet process are deter-
mined by the HF concentration in the absorption solution and
by the temperature on the last absorption stage.
51845
Behrens, D.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: A CHALLENGE FOR
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. Chem. Engr. (London),
9(271): 143-150, March 1973. 4 refs. (Presented at Europe - The
Differences, Symposium of the Midlands Branch, Birmingham,
England, April 18-19, 1972.)
The amounts of major air and water pollutants and solid waste
generated by the main sectors of West German Industry in
1969/1970 are shown. Specific tasks for the chemical engineer
in the field of air pollution include large-scale testing of flue
gas and fuel oil desulfurization problems and the development
of processes, such as sorption, ozonization, and ultraviolet ir-
radiation for control of malodorous substances. Other effluent
gas problems are thermal catalytic combustion of large ef-
fluent gas flows, purification of gases containing hydrogen
fluoride from aluminum smelters and ceramic works, as well
as the disposal of nitrogen oxides from combustion engine ex-
hausts. Effective effluent control will require removal of
traces of heavy metals and treatment of substances resistant to
biological degradation. The chemical engineer can contribute
to treatment of municipal rubbish by systems analysis of alter-
native processing systems and by rendering plastics subject to
complete combustion or biological degradation. Protection of
the environment must also be considered in the stage of
process development. There is yet no feasible method of
producing detergents without triphosphates, but alternatives to
insecticides are under study, including the use of sterilants,
the sexual attraction mechanism, and juvenile hormones.
Blending of grafting of more readily macromolecular com-
pounds in synthetic polymers and plasticizers may speed up
the biological degradation of plastics.
52094
Wickes, H. G., Jr. and J. B. Whitchurch
FLUORINE CONSUMPTION TRENDS OF THE ALUMINUM
INDUSTRY. Preprint, American Inst of Mining, Metallurgical,
and Petroleum Engineers, New York, Society of Mining En-
gineers, 21p., 1973. 10 refs. (Presented at the American Institute
of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Annual
Meeting, Chicago, 111., Feb. 25- March 1, 1973, Paper 73-H-50.)
The factors and trends of fluorine consumption in the alu-
minum industry during the next decades are discussed. Vir-
tually all fluorine consumed by the aluminum industry is as the
electrolyte of the Hall-Heroult process for producing primary
aluminum. A small amount of fluorspar is used, but most
fluorine is consumed as either aluminum or cryolite. Some
fluorine-containing materials are used in secondary aluminum
production. Increasingly stringent restrictions on the emission
of pollutants and the continuing cost-price squeeze factors are
taken into consideration in the analysis of the future of the
primary aluminum industry. In the future, much more fluorine
will be recycled, thereby reducing the demand for new
fluorine. Hydrogen fluoride fume scrubbing and fluoride
recovery are discussed in detail. Fluoride recovery is also
economically evaluated.
52172
Muhlrad, W. and A. Chauvineau
PECHINEY/PRAT DANIEL DRY PROCESS FOR CONTROL
OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS RELEASED BY ALUMINUM
REDUCTION POTS. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New York, Metallurig-
cal Society, p. 209-222, 1973. 8 refs. (Presented at the American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers,
Metallurgical Society, 1973, Paper A73-16.)
A process for controlling fluorine emissions from aluminum
reduction pots is based on adsorption of fume by alumina. The
pot fume is brough into contact with alumina injected into a
venturi tube installed at the bottom of a vertical duct which
conveys the alumina/fume mixture to a bag filter unit. The
fluorinated alumina is collected and recycled to the venturi
tube or the reduction pots. The process configuration operates
on a small pressure drop, so energy expenditure is minimal.
Process efficiency is directly related to alumina surface area
and is 99.5% when the area is more than 20 sq m/g. Operating
experience with a commercial unit used to treat fume from 20
pots operating at 130,000 A is discussed.
52179
Rooth, R., K. O. Hagen, O. K. Beckman, and G. Walker
CONTROL OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRON-
MENT IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM SMELTING INDUS-
TRY. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petroleum Engineers, New York, Metallurgical Society, p. 341-
349, 1973. (Presented at the American Institute of Mining,
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
121
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Metallurgical Society,
1973, Paper A73-24.)
External and internal control of total fluorine and fluorides in
aluminum pot rooms is discussed. Fume collection efficiencies
of VS Soderberg pots, open pots with prebaked anodes, and
hooded pots with prebaked anodes are, respectively 70, 0, and
90-95%. Medium-pressure fluidized bed scrubbers are
frequently used to clean the primary gases from Soderberg and
hood prebaked pots. Cleaning efficiencies on total fluorine are
97% on Soderberg gas and 85% on gas from hooded prebaked
pots. High-pressure scrubbing of hooded pot gas is necessary
to obtain 95% total fluorine cleaning efficiency. Fine particu-
late fluorides are collected with 97% efficiency by bag filters.
For smelters that have based their fluorine economy on wet
systems with cryolite recovery, a bag filter installation fol-
lowed by a low-energy wet scrubber may be the optimal solu-
tion. Water tank model studies of air flow patterns are neces-
sary to optimize pot room ventilation with a minium of air.
Such studies are particularly important for rooms with open
pots and VS Soderberg pots, where 100 and 30%, respectively,
of the fumes are emitted on the pot room.
52445
Kozima, Yaichi and Yoshisuke Nakamura
DEFLUORIDIZATION AND DESULFURIZATION FROM
FLUE GAS IN A TUNNEL KILN IN FIREPROOF BRICK
FACTORY. (Taikarenga kojo ni okeru haien daffutsu datsuryu
ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 9(6):621-624, June 1973. 3 refs.
The cause of withering of grape leaves in Okayama Prefecture
was fluoride-containing flue gas emitted by a fireproof brick
factory. Several defluoridization/desulfurization processes
were tested to find one that could give 99.5% or higher
defluoridization efficiency, low water consumption, low
fluorine content in the waste water, less sludge, and cheaper
running costs. The most suitable process involved absorption
of the sulfur oxides and fluorides with sodium hydroxide. Ab-
sorbent was recirculated and fluorine and particulates were
removed from the absorbent. The process gives 99.6-99.9%
defluoridization efficiency and 94-98% desulfurization.
52838
Iversen, R. E.
AIR POLLUTION IN THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. J.
Metals, 25(1): 19-23, Jan. 1973. 3 refs.
Gaseous and paniculate fluorides are the most serious pollu-
tants from aluminum electrolytic reduction plants. The greatest
source of pollutants of all types is normally at the individual
cells or potlines, followed by the anode bake plant. In 1970
controlled emission prebaked potlines released 51% of the in-
dustry s total fluoride emissions. The greater portion of these
prebake potlines employed only primary control systems (i.e.,
floating beds, spray towers, impingement baffles, cyclonic
towers, packed towers, bubble towers, and venturi scrubbers
preceded by mechanical collectors, multicyclones, or dry elec-
trostatic precipitators for participate removal). Control effi-
ciency was 78% of cell emissions. Control efficiency of 85%
was obtained for prebake lines employing both primary and
secondary (i.e., spray screens and packed beds) systems. For
vertical stud Soderberg cell production, overall fluoride collec-
tion efficiency was 78% for lines using primary collection only
and 95% for lines using both primary and secondary control.
All horizontal stud Soderberg production occurred on lines
with primary collection only; overall collection efficiency was
70%. The use of primary and secondary control systems can
reduce prebake plant emissions to 1.60 Ib fluorides and 5.0 Ib
particulates/ton of aluminum; vertical stud Soderberg emis-
sions to 2.8 Ib fluorides and 9.1 Ib particulates; and horizontal
stud Soderberg emissions to 3.60 Ib fluorides and 12.30 Ib par-
ticulates. The estimated capital investment for installed con-
trols on potlines is $240 million; operating costs are about $65
million/yr.
52852
Ishiyama, Koichi
WASHING TOWER FOR EXHAUST EMISSIONS USING FRP
- ITS OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. (FRP o tsukatta
haigasu senjo sochi - sono unten to hoshu). Text in Japanese.
Kagaku Kojo (Chem. Factory), 17(7):82-86, July 1973, 7 refs.
A gas washing tower was designed to remove sulfuric acid,
hydrocyanic acid, hydrochloric acid, chromic acid, and
fluorine emitted in the surface finishing process. The tower is
made from fiber glass reinforced bisphenol type polyester
(FRP), a strong, corrosion-resistant material. The tower is a
liquid packed type. Inspection and maintenance are relatively
simple, since the corrosion-resistant FRP requires no protec-
tive coating and since the packing material is made from rolled
polyvinyl chloride film. The costs are less than normal. Cost
of a washing tower for H2SO4 and H2CrO4 removal is a func-
tion of the flow rate. The absorption efficiency of H2CrO4
mist is a function of the liquid/gas ratio at the constant gas
space velocity of 1.2-1.5 m/sec. An absorption efficiency of
more than 95% occurred at 1.0 and 2.0 liquid/gas ratio. The
washing tower is very effective in reducing chromic acid emis-
sion to less than the emission standard of 1 mg/N cu m.
53603
Teller, Aaron J.
PROCESS FOR RECOVERY OF ACID GASES. (Teller En-
vironmental Systems, Inc., New York) U. S. Pat. 3,721,066. 4p.,
March 20, 1973. 4 refs. (Appl. Dec. 29, 1970, 10 claims).
A process for the removal and recovery of acid gas com-
ponents such as hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, and
sulfur dioxide from waste gases produced in the manufacture
of glass, fertilizer, or aluminum during electrolysis is accom-
plished by passing the gases over a finely divided natural ore
known as nepheline syenite. The nepheline syenite is desirably
in the form of particles ranging in size from 4 to 500 mesh.
Particles are preferably 200 to 325 mesh for bag filters, 6 to 14
mesh for fixed or moving bed applications, and 200 to 500
mesh for pipeline reactions. The sorbant properties of the
nepheline syenite can be substantially improved by treating the
syenite with 10 to 50 Ibs of water per 100 Ibs of syenite at am-
bient conditions. The finely divided nepheline syenite may be
employed in the form of a fixed or a moving or a fluidized bed
through which a stream of gas containing the acid components
is passed. The gases desirably pass through the bed at a tem-
perature of 100 to 400 F and preferably from 100 to 200 F. The
space velocity of the gas should range from 100 to
10,000,000/hr and preferably from 10,000 to 1,000,000/hr. The
preferred process temperatures and space velocities depend
upon the concentration of the acid gases, the thickness of the
bed of sorbing medium, the average particle size of the sorb-
ing medium, and the amount of acid gases already sorbed.
53620
Predikant, Hans H.
PROCESS FOR PURIFYING INDUSTRIAL WASTE GASES
CONTAINING HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. (Universal Oil
Products Co., Des Plaines, III.) U. S. Pat. 3,709,978. 4p., Jan. 9,
1973. 7 refs. (Appl. Nov. 9, 1970, 6 claims).
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122
A multi-stage, continuous process for scrubbing a waste gas
stream containing such components as hydrogen fluoride,
fluorine, sulfur dioxide, and aluminum dust generated during
the production of aluminum from alumina has been developed
for obtaining improved purities of the treated waste gases. The
present method is capable of purification to a maximum con-
tent of hydrogen fluoride not exceeding 1 mg/N cu m. The
waste gases are subjected to a first washing zone by means of
a recycled aqueous hydrogen fluoride-containing solution and
to a second washing zone by means of a recycled aqueous
solution. Aqueous HF is transferred from the first washing
zone to a neutralization zone where it is neutralized by means
of aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. The sodi-
um fluoride formed is separated, and the mother liquor is
recycled as the first washing liquid. The aqueous HF for the
first washing zone is enriched by recycling to a content of
from 1.0 to 2.9% by weight, while the aqueous solution of the
second washing zone is adjusted to maintain a content of from
0.01 to 0.5% by weight of free HF. The purpose of controlling
the wash streams is to prevent too much HF from reaching the
second stage where sodium fluoride would precipitate and
block valves and piping. Treatment of the combined effluent
from each wash stage in a neutralization zone accomplishes
precipitation of sodium fluoride, sodium sulfate, and entrained
dust or aluminum particulates.
53867
Kayama, Takao
REMOVAL AND RECOVERY OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS.
(Fusso kagobutsu no jogai to kaisyu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 9(4):395-402, April
1973. 7 refs.
The emission, removal, and recovery of fluorine compounds
such as hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride from glass
fiber industries are discussed. The emission standards of
fluorine and HF are tabulated. The dry and wet removal
systems can be used to remove fluorides. Emitted HF concen-
trations are 540 ppm without a control system and 1.4 ppm
after the stack gas goes through a dry removal system. The
latter is less than the 11.2 ppm emission standard.
53868
Kawase, Zenichi
REMOVAL OF FLUORIDES IN ROOF-TILE-KILN. (Kawara
seizokojo ni okeru fussokagobutsu no jogairei). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 9(4):389-393, April
1973.
On roof-tile-kiln company uses a washing tower and settling
tanks to remove fluorides from waste gases. The temperature
of the gas is lowered to 80 C near the inlet of the washing
tower by a long cooling path. The pH of the absorbing solution
is controlled to more than 8 by adding sodium hydroxide.
Thus, the concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the gas can be
decreased from 5.8-11.2 ppm to 0.3-0.9 ppm, and 100 ppm of
sulfur dioxide can be removed. Another company uses a wash-
ing tower, two circulating tanks, and a settling tank to remove
HF. The gas temperature is lowered to 100 C by a shower, and
the pH of the absorbing solution is controlled to higher than 7
with HaOH. When a solution of sodium fluoride occurs in the
circulating tanks, one tank is stopped, and {he solution is
transferred to the settling tank where fluoride is settled in the
form of calcium fluoride by adding slaked lime. The concen-
tration of emitted fluoride can be decreased from 6.8 ppm M
0.8 ppm, and SO2 is decreased to less than 1 ppm.
53875
Shirasawa, Tadao
ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY FLUORIDE
AND PROBLEMS. (Fussokagobutsu no jokyo to sono mon-
daiten). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 9(4):367-373, April 1973.
Emission standards, removal and recovery methods, and mea-
surement methods for fluorides emitted from an aluminum
smelter are discussed. In Japan there are two emission stan-
dards for fluorides: the weight concentration standard (mg/cu
m) and the total amount standard. Since the weight concentra-
tion can be easily lowered by diluting the air, the total amount
is a more elective standard. A dust collector and a scrubber
are usually used for collection of participate and gaseous
fluoride, respectively. A combination of these methods gives
more effectiveness. Corrosion of collection equipment must be
avoided during removal of hydrogen fluoride. Calcium hydrox-
ide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, and limestone can be
used to absorb HF.
54310
Predikant, Hans H., Hermann Betz, and Johann Schaeffer
PROCESS FOR PURIFYING INDUSTRIAL WASTE GASES
CONTAINING FLUORINE VALUES. (Universal Oil Products
Co., Des Plaines, 111.) U. S. Pat. 3,660,019. Sp., May 2, 1972. 6
refs. (Appl. Jan. 29, 1970, 6 claims).
A continuous process for removing fluorine and hydrogen
fluoride from industrial waste gases evolved in the manufac-
ture of aluminum through electrolysis of alumina in the
presence of cryolite has been developed to avoid precipitation
of sodium fluoride within the washing zone by the neutraliza-
tion of the main amount of hydrogen fluoride in a separate
neutralization zone. The waste gases are scrubbed within a
first washing zone with aqueous hydrogen fluoride and within
a second washing zone with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The
effluent of the first washing zone is then recycled to the first
washing zone until the concentration of hydrogen fluoride is as
least about 3% by weight, while the effluent of the second
washing zone is recycled to the second washing zone to enrich
sodium fluoride as long as the concentration of sodium
fluoride within the aqueous sodium hydroxide is still below the
solubility product. The concentrated effluents from both wash-
ing zones are then combined within a neutralization zone, and
the precipitated sodium fluoride is separated from the mother
liquor which is recycled to the first washing zone.
54799
Connor, J. M., G. J. Dell, and D. J. Newman
POLLUTION CONTROL IN ACID PLANTS. Chem. Age India,
23(2): 103- 116, Feb. 1972.
Pollution control problems and processes are reviewed for
plants engaged in the production of sulfuric acid, phosphoric
acid, and nitric acid. Incomplete conversion of sulfur dioxide
to sulfur trioxide is the fundamental difficulty for sulfuric
acid-producing plants. The most successful approach to this
problem on a commercial scale has thus far proven to be the
Double Absorption process in which an intermediate absorp-
tion stage is incorporated between two of the catalyst stages.
Fluorides released during rock digestion and acid concentra-
tion are the main problems in phosphoric acid production.
These emissions can be minimized by use of properly designed
scrubbers, and recovery can provide a valuable by-product.
Most nitric acid plants discharge tail gas containing 1500 to
3000 ppm by volume of nitrogen oxides if no treatment is pro-
vided. Catalytic combustion is the only abatement method now
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
123
in operation at nitric acid plants, and the difficulty ex-
perienced with combustor catalysts, as well as the still uncer-
tain life of new ones offered, has led to renewed interest in
other methods of minimizing nitrogen oxide emissions.
55046
Schoeck, Vincent E.
FILTER FABRIC-THE HEART OF THE SYSTEM. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., Proc. Spec. Conf. Des.
Oper. Maint. High Effic. Contr. Equip., St. Louis, Mo., 1973, p.
103-117. (March 29-30.)
The development, application, and problems of filter fabrics
are described. The growth in the use of fabric filters, and the
evolution of various equipment types (cleaning methods) can
be tied directly to the development of new fibers and their
conversion to various fabrics, woven and felted, suitable for
use in fabric filters. Prior to 1946 there were two basic fibers
used in dust collectors. Both fibers were natural fibers, cotton
and wool, both had low recommended operating temperatures.
Polyamides were introduced prior to the war, but began to
have filter fabric significance with their availability after
World War II. In 1955 polyester fibers became commercially
available. This fiber type is today the most widely used of all
synthetic types available. In 1964 Teflon and Nomex came into
existence and initial filtration usage began. Tables are
presented to rate the various fibers relative to each other
based on heat, abrasion, and chemistry. Temperature capabili-
ty ranges from 180 F for polypropylene to 525 F for fiberglass.
The real problem most often experienced is acid attack.
Nomex is attacked by sulfur trioxide in a high oxygen content
atmosphere even when moisture is low. Sulfuric acid is detri-
mental to most of the high temperature fibers, as polyester
and Nomex, but not to fiberglass. Hydrofluoric acid is detri-
mental to polyester, Nomex, and glass. Periodic precoating
with lime will absorb sulfur dioxide and SOS providing some
protection to the filter fabric. Proper construction and selec-
tion of the filter fabric assures quality performance. The type
and size of the pollutant determines the type of fabric. The
wrong fabric can severely reduce effectiveness.
55180
Rhodes, D. W.
CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT WORK IN SUPPORT OF
FLUIDIZED-BED CALCINATION OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES AT THE IDAHO CHEMICAL PROCESSING
PLANT. Allied Chemical Corp., Idaho Falls, Idaho, National
Reactor Testing Station, Atomic Energy Commission Contract
AT (10-1)-1375 S-72-1, 23p., Aug. 1973. 23 refs. NTIS: ICP-102S
Chemical development work in support of fluidized bed cal-
cination of radioactive wastes at the Idaho chemical
processing plant is reported. Aqueous radioactive wastes are
routinely converted to granular solids by calcining in a
fluidized bed calciner at 400-500 C. Wastes calcined to date in-
clude acid aluminum nitrate, acid zirconium fluoride, acid defi-
cient ammonium nitrate, and acid stainless steel sulfate. Sig-
nificant chemistry development work was performed to make
possible the calcination of these wastes. The formation of
alpha instead of amorphous alumina is possible by the addition
of boric acid to the feed solution. Volatilization of fluoride,
sulfate, and ruthenium was prevented by adding calcium
nitrate to the waste prior to calcination. Complete decomposi-
tion of ammonium nitrate was obtained by blending it with
acid aluminum nitrate waste. Potential volatilization of mercu-
ry was removed in the wet scrubbing system. Acid sulfate
waste was blended with aluminum nitrate solution to form alu-
minum sulfate which is stable during calcination. If the sulfate
volatilized, it could concentrate in the scrubbing solution and
corrode the stainless steel equipment. Other problems as-
sociated with the calcination process that currently are being
studied include agglomeration in the bed during calcination of
sodium nitrate containing wastes, and possible volatility and
concentration of chloride in the scrubbing solution during cal-
cination of wastes containing low concentration (greater than 2
g/1) of chloride. (Author abstract modified)
55524
Bug, Walter
PURIFICATION OF WASTE GASES FROM ALUMINUM
MANUFACTURE BY FUSED SALT ELECTROLYSIS. (Ver-
fahren und Vorrichtung zum Auswaschen von Abgasen aus der
Aluminiumgewinnung durch Schmelzflusselektroylse). Text in
German. (Gebrueder Giulini GmbH, Ludwigshafen (West Ger-
many)) W. Ger. Pat. Appl. 2,140,032. 9p., Aug. 10, 1971. (4
claims).
The purification of waste gases from aluminum manufacture
by fused salt electrolysis is described. The gases are scrubbed
in an absorption apparatus containing filters with rotating
sprayers. They are driven by the pressure of the scrubbing
water to effectively remove gaseous fluorine compounds and
dust 98.5 and 85%, respectively.
55678
Schmidt, Ernst
EXPERIENCES WITH MEASURES TAKEN TO ABATE AIR
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS. (Erfahrungen mit Massnahmen zur
Verminderung der Emission luftverunreinigender Stoffe). Text
in German. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), no. 9:325-334, Sept. 1973.
11 refs.
Effectiveness and cost of various devices and installations
used to abate air pollutant emissions at brick factories are
discussed in detail. The differentiation is made between emis-
sion and immission, illustrated by showing the diffusion of
flue gases using a long time exposure. Sulfur dioxide, fluorine,
and aluminum emissions are described. The sulfur content
found in emissions varied between 0.1 and 2 g/cu m in the
form of SO2. The legal apsects of standards, rules, and regula-
tions concerning the maximum allowable pollutant emissions
are discussed. The maximum emission standards in Germany
are 0.750 mg/cu m SO2 for short emissions and 0.4 mg/cu m
for long ones, they are 0.005 mg/cu m and 0.002 mg/cu m for
fluorine respectively. The normal allowed pollutant concentra-
tion limit is 0.350 mg/cu m SO2 and 0.003 mg/cu m fluorine.
Decomposition of lime leads to generation of calcium oxide
and carbon dioxide. Lime disintegration depends on the tem-
perature. The mean values of fluoride and SO2 at kilns fired
with coal, heavy oil, light oil, and gas are 48 mg/N cu m
fluoride, and 0.49 g/N cu m SO2. Various types of dry absorp-
tion and wet scrubber installations are described.
56057
Quarles, John
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT
SOURCE CATEGORY. PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMITA-
TIONS GUIDELINES. Federal Register, 38(230):33170- 33183,
part 2, Nov. 30, 1973.
The control of pollutants which develop during the manufac-
ture of nonferrous metals are discussed in a notice on effluent
limitation guidelines. Most of the waste waters from primary
aluminum smelting result from air pollution control devices
which employ wet scrubbers to control air emissions. The sig-
-------
124
nificant pollutants are fluorides, suspended solids, oil and
grease, cyanide, and pH. The significant pollutants in the
waste water from bauxite refining include alkalinity, pH, total
dissolved solids, and suspended solids. Secondary aluminum
smelting pollutants include suspended solids, lead, manganese,
and oil and grease. In the primary aluminum industry the most
significant reduction in discharge volume is obtained by con-
verting wet fume scrubbers to dry fume scrubbers or by treat-
ing and recycling the water from wet scrubbers. The dry
scrubbing of pot gas is effective for removal of pollutants
from the gases evolved from the electrolytic cell by contacting
the gases with dry alumina to effect the adsorption of pollu-
tants and subsequent collecting particulates by fabric filtration.
The fumes formed during chemical magnesium removal can be
controlled by either wet or dry methods. Three most popular
methods which use little water are the Derham process, Alcoa
process, and Teller process.
56064
Otey, M. G. and H. Pulley
DETERMINATION OF GASEOUS FLUORINE IN AIR. Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 34(9):418-420, Sept. 1973. 2 refs.
The efficiency of a caustic scrubbing technique for determin-
ing trace quantities of elemental fluorine in air was in-
vestigated. A recovery of 98% was obtained with a single
scrubber for concentrations studied in the range of 3-4480 ppb.
Depletion of the sodium hydroxide in the scrubber by other
acid gases in the air was not a factor as long as excess caustic
was present. Conversion of the sodium hydroxide to sodium
carbonate through reaction was atmospheric carbon dioxide
reduced the efficiency only slightly. (Author abstract modified)
56078
Reimer, H.
FLUE GAS SCRUBBING AFTER INCINERATORS.
(Rauchgaswaesche nach Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text in
German. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, 53(ll):735-742, Nov. 1973. 6
refs.
The extent and effect of the major pollutants emitted by in-
cinerators are reviewed. A reduction of the pollutant emission
particularly with regard to hydrogen chloride and hydrogen
fluoride is important. Design and operation of some scrubbers,
e.g., radial flow, countercurrent flow with and without installa-
tions, Stroeder scrubbers, and venturi scrubbers, are
discussed. As a consequence of the high solubility of HC1 in
water, no major problems are encountered with scrubbers.
With reaction times of less than one second, most familiar
scrubbers are capable of reducing the HC1 concentration to the
demanded 100 mg/cu m (new version of the VDI guideline
2114). The calculatory design of the scrubber poses difficul-
ties. Countercurrent scrubbers with water atomization are
most suitable with regard to investment and operating costs.
Venturi scrubbers and packed towers don t seem to be neces-
sary, at least not for HC1 absorption. Since the scrubbing
process takes place at temperatures below 100 C, a cooling of
the gases is necessary. Heat utilization is advisable for reasons
of economy and environmental protection. Design and testing
program of a flue gas scrubbing facility in the incinerator
Hamburg I are described. First results of measurements of the
plant which has been in operation since May 1972 are given.
Apart from the physical absorption of HC1 by water, the
chemical adsorption by dust (dolomite, quicklime, and mag-
nesium oxide) was studied. The results permit the conclusion
that considerable amounts of HC1 can be bound this way. The
investment costs for scrubbers are proportional to the entering
flue gas volume. They increase relatively little with increasing
capacity so that there is little impetus for a combined treat-
ment of the flue gases from several units. It seems to be better
not to exceed the capacity of one scrubber of 50,000 cu m in
major proportions. For larger volumes, several scrubbers
should be operated in parallel, this increases the availability of
each unit. The operating costs cannot yet be given in exact
terms, estimates run over $l/ton of refuse.
56528
Sparwald, Volker
STUDY OF THE VOLATILIZATION OF ACCOMPANYING
ELEMENTS AT ALUMINUM FUSION ELECTROLYSIS.
(Beitrag zur Verfluechtigung der Begleitelemente bei der Alu-
miniuin-SchmelzflusselektroIyse). Text in German. Erzmetall,
26(ll):529-533, Nov. 1973. 12 refs.
Total encapsulation of the furnaces for experimental fusion
analysis by a pilot plant for adsorption of fluorine compounds
on aluminum oxide permitted the study of the volatilization of
important elements such as silicon, iron, titanium, phosphorus,
vanadium, zinc, and gallium. The adsorption process for
fluorine has been extensively described earlier. It is based on
the formation of a fluidized bed between aluminum oxide and
waste gas. The process reduces the gaseous fluorine to a
residual concentration of 1 mg/cu m. The major disadvantage
of the method is that together with the retained fluorine
volatile fractions of the above elements are returned to the
furnace where they reduce the quality of the metal by 0.05 to
0.06%. The dry waste gas cleaning method developed by Lurgi
requires only 10% of the oxide consumed by the furnaces for
the fluorine adsorption. This has the advantage that the
volatile pollutants are concentrated in a relatively small oxide
quantity which limits the reduction of the metal quality to only
part of the production.
56531
Nissan Engineering Co., Ltd. (Japan)
WET TYPE NITROGEN OXIDES REMOVAL METHOD.
(Chissosankabutsu no shisshiki jokyoho). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Petroleum Inst., Tokyo, 14p., 1973. 1 ref.
(Presented at the Japan Petroleum Institute, Meeting on NOx
Reduction, Tokyo, Japan, Aug. 29-30, 1973.)
The NE wet denitration process uses a solution of perman-
ganate as an oxidation/absorption agent for removal of
nitrogen oxides in waste gas. It removes both nitrogen dioxide
and nitric oxide, as well as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen
fluoride. A waste gas of 2000 cu m/hr with an NOx concentra-
tion of 4000 ppm or less gives only 100 ppm or less NOx after
denitration. It is not difficult to reduce the NOx content
further to only 20 ppm. No secondary pollution occurs.
56591
Schmidt, Ernst
IS A SOLUTION OF THE FLUORINE EMISSION PROBLEM
IN THE BRICK INDUSTRY IN SIGHT? (1st eine Loesung des
Fluor-Immissionsproblems in der Ziegelindustrie in Sicht)? Text
in German. Luftverunreinigung, 1973:38-46, 1973. 6 refs.
The dry injection of calcium hydrate (calcium hydroxide) in
brick kilns was tested. The method aims at the reduction of
the oxides of sulfur and particularly of the aggressive fluorine
compounds. First the injection of the pulverized substance
directly into the kiln was tested to see whether a reduction of
the SOx present in high concentrations in the flue gas in-
directly also reduces the fluorine emission. Earlier studies had
shown that the driving off of fluorine compounds from brick
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
125
parts was greatly influenced by the concentration of sulfur
dioxide. The fluorine emission could be considerably reduced.
The direct contact of the brick material with the pulverized
calcium hydrate permitted the application of this method only
for products which require no pure color. Very favorable
results were achieved with the injection of only 1/3 of the cal-
cium hydrate into the furnace and 2/3 (of a total of 5 kg/hr)
into the smoke collector leading to the stack. The fluorine
emission could be reduced from the long-term average if 70
mg/cu m waste gas to less than 3.5 mg/cu m, which is a reduc-
tion of more than 95%. Similar favorable results were achieved
with the sole injection of the calcium hydrate into smoke flue
outside the furnace provided the reaction path was sufficiently
long. Through this the dust emission may be increased to
beyond the existing limit concentrations. The problem of a
suitable dust collector in this ease remains to be solved.
57706
Cochran, C. Norman
RECOVERY OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FUMES ON ALU-
MINA IN ALUMINUM SMELTING. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
8(l):63-66, Jan. 1974. 17 refs.
The adsorption of hydrogen fluoride fumes from aluminum
smelting on alumina was studied. Calcined aluminas with wide-
ly ranging surface areas rapidly chemisorbed a monolayer of
HF at partial pressures of a few micron in Al smelting fumes
at 120 C. The chemisorbed layer contained two HF
molecules/surface A12O3 molecule and converted aluminum
fluoride to a crystal above 300 C. Additional HF physisorbed
at higher partial pressures was mostly desorbed on heating
above 120 C. Adsorption isotherms were derived from data for
processes in which the fumes were contacted with calcined
A12O3 for recovery of fluorides. The fluoride- containing
A12O3 was fed to the Al smelting cell for electrolysis to close
the fluoride fume generation and recovery loop. This lowered
the A1F3 requirements of Al smelting to essentially that for
converting the sodium oxide impurity (introduced with the
A12O3) to a fluoride bath of the desired composition. The HF
was generated near the 975 C smelting temperature by reaction
of AlFS-containing species with moisture. The reverse reaction
favored at lower temperatures was the basis for the recovery
process. (Author abstract modified)
58380
Kawasaki, Gunji, Masao Yamasaki, Yasutaka Hosono, Hisao
Arakawa, Yukio Aburamoto, and Masami Imai
ON FLUORIDES IN EXHAUST GAS (2). (Fusso kagobutsu has-
seigen chosa ni tsuite -sono 2-tekko kanren kojo hasseigen
chosa). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air
Pollution), 8(3):362, 1973. (Presented at the Japan. Society of
Air Pollution, Annual, Meeting, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov.
6-8, 1973, Paper 106.)
Six iron and steel factories were investigated for fluoride emis-
sions. Four factories had traceable amount of F in stack gases;
one factory with a 25-ton electric furnace utilizing 1-2 kg/ton
of steel, had 1.6 mg/N cu m of F, and another factory with
one furnace of 40 ton utilizing 10 kg/ton of steel and another
furnace of 10 ton capacity utilizing 8 kg/t produced stack gas
containing 41.9 mg/N cu m of F. In both factories, the flue
gases are treated by bag filters. The highest amount of F was
emitted immediately after fluorite is thrown into the furnace,
and that reduction of the amount of CaF2 and eliminating gas
at the initial stage of CaF2 melting together with slug will
decrease F emission considerably. When the treatment was
adopted the CaF2 consumption was decreased from 18 kg/ton
to 1.4 kg; F emission decreased from 41.9 to 1.3 mg/N cu m.
58466
Gopalachari, A. S.
RECOVERY OF FLUORINE FROM THE WASTE GASES OF
PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER PLANTS. Chem. Age India,
22(10):677-683, Oct. 1973. 4 refs.
When raw rock phosphate is treated for fertilizer production,
fluorine escapes in the form of waste gases. Since this is nor-
mally the loss of a valuable by-product, particularly in the
context of ever increasing demand for cryolite, aluminum
fluoride, and a wide range of fluorine chemicals, a process
was developed to recover the fluorine from the above source.
The by-product recovery of fluorine also improves the en-
vironment by reducing fluorine pollution. The availability, con-
sumption, and demand for fluoride compounds, the composi-
tion of commercial raw phosphates, the distribution of
phosphate fertilizer plants in India according to rock
phosphate consumption, the principal phosphatic fertil-
izer/phosphoric acid plants in India during 1972, the process
for recovering fluorine from waste gases, and licensed and in-
stalled capacity for synthetic cryolite production and for sodi-
um silico fluoride based on fluorine gases from phosphatic fer-
tilizer plants are described.
58632
Zaytsev, V. A., V. I. Rodin, B. V. Gromov, L. N. Arkhipova,
V. N. Senin, A. A. Novikov, and T. G. Repenkova
WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE PRODUCTION OF
PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AS POSSIBLE RAW MATERI-
AL FOR FLUORINE PRODUCTION. Soviet Chem. Ind. (En-
glish translation from Russian of: Khim. Prom.), no. 547-550,
Aug. 1971. 22 refs.
The main mineral from which fluorine compounds are ob-
tained is fluorspar. Fluorspar ores are categorized as chemical,
metallurgical, and ceramic. The ever-increasing demand for
fluorine compounds has increased the mining of fluorspar and
decreased the fluorspar reserves. Thus new sources of fluorine
are being studied, including apatite, a raw material for produc-
ing phosphate fertilizers. The fluorine content of apatite varies
from 1.3-3.9%. If only 50% of the fluorine released during
production of phosphate fertilizers were recovered, it would
equal 700 thousand tons/yr. Reserves of fluorine contained in
phosphorites and apatites in different countries are listed; they
equal 25,867,000 and 776,000 tons of phosphorite and fluorine,
respectively. The waste gases of simple superphosphate
production contain 15-30 g/cu m silicon tetrafluoride on the
basis of fluorine. The parameters of the technological system
of wet-process phosphoric acid production by the dihydrate
method and the amount of of alkaline metals in the initial
stock have a considerable effect on the distribution of fluorine
in the production of superphosphate. The various phosphate
and superphosphate producing processes are reviewed with
respect to their production of fluorine. Possible means of in-
creasing the degree of isolation of fluorine in the production of
phosphate fertilizers include decreasing the losses in the
production of fluorine salts from fluorine-containing solutions;
development of effective methods of isolating fluorine from
wet-process phosphoric acid; and intensifying the processes of
absorption of fluorine-containing gases.
58879
Opie, W. R.
PROBLEMS IN SMELTING COPPER SCRAP. National Assoc.
of Secondary Material Industries, Inc., New York, and Bureau
of Mines, Washington, D. C., Eff. Technol. Res. Scrap Met.
Recycling, Proc. Workshop, Washington, D. C., 1971, p. 52-54.
(Jan. 7.)
-------
126
In copper reclamation there are two grades of consumer-
generated secondaries that are real metallurgical challenges-in-
sulated wire and iron bearing material. With the first, the basic
problem is how to handle the organic insulation. Burning it off
is the preferred solution but this creates pollution problems. A
universal solution is to design and operate a smelting unit
which will use as much of the heat of combustion as possible
to melt the copper, slag off some impurities, burn the resulting
gases to completion in an afterburner, and scrub the products
of combustion with a basic solution to neutralize the
hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. A feasible approach to
handling iron-bearing secondaries is to smelt them in a unit
with suitable fume collection afterburning and gas scrubbing
equipment. The fumes which come off blast furnaces and con-
verters treating the smelter-grade copper scraps are essentially
zinc oxides contaminated with large quantities of lead, tin,
iron, chlorides, and fluorides. These products are caught in
baghouses which are essentially for operating without polluting
the atmosphere.
58993
Nix, Thomas B.
REMOVAL OF FLUORIDES FROM GASES. (Fuller Co.,
Catasauqua, Pa.) U. S. Pat. 3,790,143. 5p., Feb. 5, 1974. 1 ref.
(Appl. July 31, 1972, 4 claims).
Methods and apparatus for removing gaseous fluorides from
gases evolved from an aluminum smelting furnace are
described. Basically, the fluorides are removed by achieving
intimate contact between finely divided particles of alumina
and the fluoride-containing gases. This is achieved by feeding
the particles of alumina into a stream of gases collected from
the aluminum smelting furnaces countercurrent to the flow of
gases. The particles of alumina adsorb the fluorides. The parti-
cles of alumina and adsorbed fluorides are then separated in a
gas-solids separator, such as a cyclone, and the alumina may
then be fed to the smelting furnaces. Prefereably, two stages
are used. The gases supplied to the second or last cyclone in
the direction of gas flow are supplied with new alumina coun-
tercurrent to the flow of gases. The alumina particles removed
in this second cyclone are conveyed to the gas stream supplied
to the first cyclone in the direction of gas flow. In a two-stage
apparatus, these gases will be those evolved from the smelting
furnace or recirculated or a portion may be recirculated and a
portion conveyed to the smelting furnace. The gases separated
in the first cyclone are conveyed to the second cyclone. This
method eliminates the necessity to cool the effluents as with a
baghouse.
59230
Frasca, Ralph L.
HANDLING OF INSULATED COPPER WIRE SCRAP. Na-
tional Assoc. of Secondary Material Industries, Inc., New York,
Air Pollut. Control Technol., Proc. Workshop, Chicago, 111.,
1970, p. 107-116. (Oct. 22.)
Some of the basic problems encountered in the removal of in-
sulation during the recovery of the conducting materials and
the type of auxiliary equipment necessary to operate within air
pollution control regulations are discussed. The most
frequently used method is burning off. The insulations con-
sidered are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride,
teflon, nylon, neoprene, rubber and paper. Once ignited,
polyethylene generates hydrocarbon gases which burn intense-
ly. Burning under controlled conditions, only carbon dioxide
and water vapor will be emitted. The necessary controls con-
sist of a primary combustion chamber in which the burning
rate is limited, and a secondary combustion chamber which is
fired by auxiliary fuel and provided with overtired air. A high
temperature secondary combustion chamber with sufficient air
supply will completely burn the volatilized hydrocarbons giv-
ing a clean or steamy plume. The removal of polypropylene is
like that of polyethylene. Facilities to handle polyvinyl
chloride insulated wire should include a primary distillation
chamber provided with a means of supplying the heat and tem-
peratures necessary to start and continue at a reasonable rate
the combustion of this flame retarding material, a secondary
combustion chamber with an auxiliary fuel fire plus overtired
air to complete the combustion of the carbonaceous materials,
and a scrubbing unit to remove the hydrogen chloride fumes
and metallic salts. Paper insulation on burns with too many
problems of an air pollution nature. Fly ash is the biggest
problem and this can be removed by a cyclone, electrostatic
precipitator, or a wet scrubber. Processing of nylon insulation
with primary and secondary combustion chambers will emit a
gas containing mostly carbon dioxide and water. Since
hydrogen chloride will be generated by burning neoprene, the
gases must be passed through a scrubber. The burning of
teflon releases hydrogen fluoride, and great care should be ex-
ercised.
59459
Singmaster and Breyer, New York
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PRIMARY ALU-
MINUM INDUSTRY. VOLUME II OF II APPENDICES. Na-
tional Air Pollution Control Administration Contract CPA 70-
21, EPA-450/3-73-004b, 243p., July 23, 1973. 21 refs. NTIS: PB
224283/AS
The appendices of a detailed report on air pollution control in
the primary aluminum industry are presented. They include:
data acquisition questionnaire, particle size/weight distribution,
fractional removal efficiency curves, sampling and analytical
techniques, method 13-determination of total fluoride emis-
sions, Environmental Protection Agency source sampling,
emission flow diagrams, removal equipment purchase costs,
and sample calculation of industry control improvement costs.
59679
Kobayashi, Hiroshi
DISPOSAL METHOD OF WASTE GAS CONTAINING
HYDROFLUORIC ACID. (HF ganyu haigasu no shoriho). Text
in Japanese. (Otomi Sangyo Co., Ltd., Osaka (Japan)) Japan.
Pat. Sho 48-37662. 3p., Nov. 13, 1973. 4 refs. (Appl. June 3,
1966, 1 claim).
A method for the disposal of waste gas containing hydrofluor-
ic acid produced during the manufacture of phosphate fertil-
izer and electrolytic manufacture of aluminum is presented.
The waste gas containing HF is treated with an acidic solution
containing alkaline salt to recover HF as acidic fluorides of al-
kali, which is neutralized by ammonia to produce both am-
monium fluoride and alkali fluoride. The alkali fluoride so ob-
tained is used for neutralizing the free acid formed in the
process. The neutralization reproduces the alkaline salt which
is recirculated for repeated use in the disposal process.
59845
Davids, P.
THE AIK POLLUTION PROBLEM HAS A SOLUTION. (Das
Luftreinhalteproblem ist loesbar). Text in German. Umwelt
(Duesseldorf), 4(l):26-27, 1974. 4 refs.
Measurements of the emissions from communal incinerators in
the Federal Republic of Germany show that 3.9 kg hydrogen
chloride kg trash, 0.033 hydrogen fluoride, 3.3 kg sulfur diox-
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B. CONTROL METHODS
127
ide and 1.3 kg nitrogen oxides per ton of trash are emitted on
the average. The contribution of incinerators to the total pollu-
tion is relatively low. Incinerators pose mainly a local pollution
problem which can be rather easily solved because of the rela-
tively high concentration of the pollutants in the waste gas.
High collection efficiencies can be achieved with simple
technical facilities. The removal of HC1 and HF from waste
gases is successfully applied in a number of processes. Even
behind incinerators, scrubbers have been successfully used.
Although these scrubbers have been primarily used for dust
collection, every expert knows that simultaneously a high col-
lection efficiency for HO and HF is achieved. Calculations of
the investment and operating costs of scrubbers are given.
59861
West, Norman Eugene
REMOVAL OF HF FROM AN HF-CONTAINING GAS. (du
Pont de Nemours (E. I.) and Co., Wilmington, Del.) U. S. Pat.
3,743,704. 2p., July 3, 1973. 4 rets. (Appl. May 12, 1971, 4
claims).
A process for removing hydrogen fluoride from an HF-con-
taining gas by scrubbing is described. The gas is scrubbed with
water so that the HF enters the aqueous phase to form
hydrofluoric acid, and the gas phase is vented as virtually HF-
free gas. Precipitation of the fluoride ion in the aqueous solu-
tion as calcium fluoride is carried out by adding calcium
hydroxide, calcium carbonate, or a mixture to the solution.
Settling of the precipitate is improved by adding calcium
sulfate to the aqueous solution during the reaction forming the
precipitate. The precipitate is readily filterable. The aqueous
phase which remains is virtually free of HF and can be used
for scrubbing the HF-containing gas. The neutralization reac-
tion which accompanies addition of Ca(OH)2 or CaCO3 to the
aqueous solution can be earned out in two steps, first to par-
tially neutralize the solution, e.g., pH up to six so that the
solution is still able to be pumped to a settling tank, and
second to complete neutralization in the settling tank. The
CaSO4 addition can be postponed until the addition of
Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, or their mixture to the settling tank.
(Author abstract modified)
60075
Kawaraya, Toshiya
THE TECHNIQUES OF TREATING THE AIR POLLUTING
POISONOUS SUBSTANCES. (Taiki osen kankei yugai busshitsu
shori gijutsu). Text in Japanese. Seikatsu Eisei (J. Urban Living
Health Assoc.), 17(4):133-143, April 1973. S refs.
Poisonous gases are eliminated by a wet gas absorption
process. The main role of the equipment used for this is to in-
crease the contact area between the gas and liquid as much as
possible by dispersing the gas through the liquid. This can be
done by a packed tower (PT), spray tower (ST), cyclone
scrubber (CS), venturi scrubber (VS), jet scrubber (JS), wetted
wall tower (WWT), and gas bubble column. Hydrogen fluoride
and silicon fluoride can be eliminated by dissolving them in
water using ST, PT, VS, or JT. The HF is collected by treat-
ing the solution with calcium hydroxide or sodium nitrate, or
by absorption on calcium oxide. Fluorine should be dissolved
in 5 to 10% sodium hydroxide. Chlorine can be eliminated by
washing with water or alkaline solution, or by adsorption. The
WWT is used when the concentration of poisonous gas is high,
and PT or ST when it is low.
60206
Fish, William M.
ANTI-POLLUTION METHOD. (Aluminum Co. of America,
Pittsburgh, Pa.) U. S. Pat. 3,760,565. 4p., Sept. 25, 1973. 4 refs.
(Appl. July 19, 1971, 7 claims).
Removal of fluoride from a stream of gas contaminated with
fluoride is described. Fluoride is adsorbed on alumina moving
in the same direction and in contact therewith for not exceed-
ing 20 sec. This method can be used to remove fluorides such
as hydrogen fluoride from various off gases such as off gas
from electrolytic cells used in production of aluminum by elec-
trolysis of alumina. This invention is less costly and more effi-
cient than previous methods using static and fluidized beds of
alumina, since it requires a shorter contact time between alu-
mina and fluoride. Alumina used in removal of fluoride from
off gas from electrolytic production of aluminum can be used
as alumina to be electrolyzed in one or more cells, resulting in
a highly economical use of alumina. (Author abstract modified)
60255
Horikoshi, Takehisa
FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION FACILITIES FOR SMALL
BOILERS AND A GAS WASHING EQUIPMENT. (Kogata
boirayo haien datsuryu sochi to mezarato gasu senjo sochi). Text
in Japanese. Boira Gishi (Boilermen), 29(1):10-15, Jan. 1974.
The stack gas desulfurization facilities for small boilers,
developed by Ebara Manufacturing Co., are described. Sulfur
dioxide produced by the burning of heavy oil is dissolved in
caustic soda to form sodium sulfite, which is, in turn, con-
verted into sodium sulfate by special oxidation equipment and
the caustic soda absorption liquid recycled. The facilities are
characterized by high efficiency, low pressure loss, low power
consumption, simplicity and compactness of design, easy
maintenance, good adaptability to variation in gas volume, and
the prevention of white smoke by a white smoke remover.
Also described is the Ebara mesh plate tower gas washing
facility designed to remove fluorine gas and dust from alu-
minum electrolysis factories.
60282
Haty, R. and K. S. Chari
POLLUTION AND ITS ABATEMENT IN FERTILISER IN-
DUSTRY. Indian J. Environ. Health, 15(4):289-303, Oct. 1973.
42 refs.
Control methods for major air pollutants generated by fertil-
izer manufacturing operations are reviewed. Pollutants of sig-
nificant concern include: dust, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
fluorides, and ammonia. Abatement methods outlined include:
collectors, wet scrubbing methods, electrostatic precipitation,
various filter devices, dry absorption and adsorption
processes, chemical and catalytic reduction, catalytic oxida-
tion, combustion techniques, and by-product recovery. Major
effects on the environment and human health are also tabu-
lated for are also tabulated for each pollutant considered.
60849
Ministry of Labor, Health, and Welfare of North Rhine-
Westphalia (West Germany)
ENERGY GENERATION. (Energieerzeugung). Text in German.
In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit? Ein Kon-
zept fuer das Nordrhein-Westfalen bis 1980. p. 40-51, 1972.
The state of the art and the evolution expected until 1985 in
paniculate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and gaseous
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128
fluoride emissions from energy generation processes in power
plants and in industries in North Rhine-Westphalia are out-
lined. Reduction of coal consumption, and increase in both
fuel oil and natural gas consumption in both power plants and
industrial power plants are expected during the period ending
1985. Accordingly, increases in the particulate matter, SO2,
NOx, and F emissions would be unavoidable without further
emission control measures. The installation of automatic
recording instruments for the control of the combustion equip-
ment alone would result in a decrease of about 50% in the dust
emissions. Limitation of the dust emissions to 150 mg/N cu m
in pit coal firings, to 100 mg/N cu m in brown coal firings, and
to 0.6 kg/ton of heavy fuel oil by means of centrifugal dust
separators would result in a decrease by 76% in the particulate
matter emissions. Further decrease would be possible by in-
creasing the efficiency of the dust separators in coal-firing
equipment, and thereby limiting the dust emissions from pit
coal firings and brown coal firings to 100 mg/N cu m and to 50
mg/N cu m, respectively. The flue gas desulfurization and coal
desulfurization efficiencies are expected to reach 80% and
30%. respectively, and desulfurization of heavy fuel oil to 1%
is anticipated. Heavy fuel oil with over 1% sulfur should be
used in power plants with flue gas desulfurization, and indus-
trial power plants should use fuel oils with less than 1% S. The
SO2 emissions could be decreased by 54% by the use of fuel
oil with a maximum S content of 1%, and of desulfurized coal
in power plants equipped with flue gas desulfurization facili-
ties. Flue gas desulfurization would also result in a decrease in
the fluoride emissions by about 48%.
60864
Ministry of Labor, Health, and Welfare of North Rhine-
Westphalia (West Germany)
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. (Chimie). Text in German. In: Reine
Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit? Ein Konzept fuer
das Nordrhein-Westfalen bis 1980. p. 14-26, 1972.
The state of the art and the expected evolution of air pollutant
emissions in different branches of the chemical industry in
North Rhine-Westphalia are outlined. The output of the chemi-
cal industry is predicted to rise by 320% by 1985, and new
products will also cause new emission problems. The increase
in the output will be highest in the most emission-intensive
branches, e.g., plastic materials, synthetic fibers, and other or-
ganic materials. Organic gases and vapors, such as aldehydes,
ketones, carbonic acids, organic sulfur and nitrogen com-
pounds, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid,
fluorine compounds, carbides, arsenic, asbestos, and dusts of
ferroalloys are the basic pollutants emitted by chemical plants.
Since the emissions from synthetic fiber manufacturing plants
would increase by 420% by 1985, all new plants to be put into
operation in 1973 or later will have to be equipped with
adequate emission control equipment for an emission abate-
ment of 80%, and a similar reduction will be required for old
plants from 1978. The same degree of emission abatement will
be required for all new and old production plants in the pesti-
cide manufacturing area from 1973. The SO2 emissions from
sulfuric acid production can be lowered by 85% by the in-
troduction of the Bayer double-contact process. The nitrous
gas emissions from nitric acid production can be abated by
88% by catalytic reduction by means of natural gas or
hydrogen. Abandonment of open-air operations, leakage con-
trol, automatic control of chemical processes, total, multi-
stage or combined purification of malodorous and toxic emis-
sions, and the use of recording analytical instruments are the
basic possibilities of emission abatement in the chemical indus-
try as a whole.
61259
Davids, Peter, Kurt Gerhards and Werner Brocke
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE AIR POLLUTION BY IN-
CINERATORS - EMISSION AND REDUCTION OF EMIS-
SIONS. (Die derzeitige und zukuenftige Luftverunreinigung
durch Muellverbrennungsanlagen - Emission und Emissionsver-
minderung). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 33(12):
483-489, 1973. 43 refs.
Measurements carried out in many refuse incineration plants
have shown that, by using high-quality dust separators (elec-
trostatic precipitators) or by optimum firing, it is possible to
reduce the emission of dust and of unburned organic gases to
relatively satisfactory values. However, the emissions of inor-
ganic gases such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sul-
fur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides present problems. About one
half of the present HC1 emission is due to the burning of
chlorinated plastics (PVC). A forecast made for 1980 shows
that this emission will increase. At present, wet separation is
used to remove HC1 and HF from waste gas. Operating ex-
perience and possibilities of optimizing the method are
discussed.
61273
Teller, Aaron J.
PROCESS FOR RECOVERING GASEOUS HF FROM GASE-
OUS EFFLUENTS. (Wellman-Lord, Inc., Lakeland, Fla.) U. S.
Pat. 3,773,633. 7p., Nov. 20, 1973. 5 refs. (Appl. March 13,
1970, 23 claims).
A process is described for recovering hydrogen fluoride from
gases by contacting the gases with alumina pretreated with
sodium hydroxide, potasssium hydroxide, or their mixture.
This process can be used to recover gaseous HF from the
waste gases produced in the manufacture of aluminum by the
electrolytic process. The recovered HF can be reused in the
electrolytic process. In a modification of this invention, the
gases can be scrubbed by inertial impaction to remove particu-
lates before they are placed in contact with the pretreated alu-
mina for HF removal. (Author abstract modified)
61741
(Inventor not given.)
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CLEANING WASTE
FLUE GASES. (Hitachi Co., Ltd., Tokyo (Japan)) Brit. Pat.
1,333,635. 6p., Oct. 10, 1973. (Appl. Nov. 16, 1971, 6 claims).
A method and apparatus for cleaning waste flue gases by
removing such toxic gases as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine
is described. The method consists of spraying a reactant solu-
tion in the form of a fine mist into a hot waste flue gas, caus-
ing the toxic components contained in the waste flue gas to be
absorbed by and react with the reactant solution. The water
present in the droplets of the reactant solution is dried by the
sensible heat of the waste flue gas and the reaction products
are collected in the form of solid particles. The entire opera-
tion is carried out within a single spray drying tower in a short
period of time in a manner to prevent a temperature lowering
and humidity increase of the waste flue gas caused by the
vaporization of the water contained in the sprayed reactant
solution. The humidity of the flue gas released into the at-
mosphere is constantly maintained above the dew point to
prevent the atmospheric pollution otherwise caused by the flue
gas.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
129
61935
Kanematsu, Sadao
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN GLASS INDUSTRY. (Garasu
kogyo ni okeru taikiosen boshi taisaku). Text in Japanese.
Seramikkusu (Ceramics), 9(l):49-55, Jan. 1974.
In the processes of glass production pollutants like sulfur ox-
ides, nitrogen oxides, poisonous compounds, and dust are
emitted. The allowable amounts of these products are regu-
lated by laws issued by the central government or by contracts
made between the local governments and the manufacturers.
Sulfur oxides produced by combustion of heavy oil and pyrol-
ysis of mirabilite are removed by wet desulfurization (Ever-
green method) or dry desulfurization methods. In either case
sulfur oxides are absorbed by sodium hydroxide solutions and
oxidized by air, and then recovered as mirabilile. The desul-
furization rate is better than 97% in the wet method and 80-
90% in the dry method. In factories of the Asahi Co., Ltd., in-
stallations handling 370, 70, and 280 kcu m/hr of SOx-contain-
ing gas are operated. Fluorine compounds exhausted during
glass production are handled by two methods. In the dry
method fluorine reacts with lime or alumina and 99.5% of the
fluorides are removed by a bag filter lowering the contents in
exhaust gas to below 1 mg/Ncu m. In the wet method fluorides
are absorbed by sodium hydroxide solutions to give a removal
rate of better than 97% and a fluoride content of below 1
mg/Ncu m. No effective process has yet been obtained to
remove nitrogen oxides, although concentrations in the ex-
haust gas from the melting furnace are from 310-1400 ppm. An
electric melting method is now being investigated to solve pol-
lution problems in the industry.
61954
Fuller, William Robert, Barrie Hill Bieler, and David Cecil
Morgan
METHOD OF REDUCING HALIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE
INCINERATION OF HALOGEN-CONTAINING PLASTICS.
(Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.) Brit. Pat. 1,325,460. 4p.,
Aug. 1, 1973. (Appl. Oct. 2, 1970, 10 claims).
A method of reducing halide emissions from the incineration
of halogen containing plastics is described. The emissions can
be substantially reduced by adding to the polymer a mineral al-
kali or alkali precursor before it is incinerated. It can be added
to the waste in the form of an aqueous dispersion or of a par-
ticulate solid or powder. The suitable alkalis include hydrox-
ides, oxides, carbonates, carboxylates, xanthates, sulfites, and
hydrosulfites of the alkali and alkaline earth metals. Particu-
larly good results can be obtained if a cellulosic waste (as
paper) is also added and mixed with the halogen containing or-
ganic polymer waste before it is incinerated. The waste is
preferably reduced to shredded or particulate form before it is
incinerated. Advantageously the alkali or alkali-percursor is
added to the shredded or particulate waste m an amount to
provide 0.4 to 1 mole of alkali for each mole of halogen emis-
sion generated by the burning of the waste.
62165
Tsuritani, Taiichi
TECHNIQUE OF DISPOSAL OF DISCHARGED GASES.
(Haigasu shori gijutsu. 1.). Text in Japanese. Seifuti Daijesuto
(Safety Dig.), 19(9):351-363, Sept. 1973.
Waste gas treatment and characteristics of poisonous gases
and steams are discussed. For the treatment of stack gases,
physical properties (such as boiling point, melting point,
specific gravity, and vapor pressure), chemical properties
(such as inflammability and explosiveness), and biological pro-
perties (such as toxicity) are important. Absorption, adsorp-
tion, combustion, and catalytic oxidation are used as control
methods. Water and solutions of alkali in water are often used
for the absorption of waste gases. Hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen sulfide, and various acidic gases are effectively
eliminated by this method. Active carbon is effective for the
adsorption of nonpolar solvent vapors. Regeneration of active
carbon is done with water vapor. Combustion is effective for
organic gases, but this method cannot be used for waste gases
containing sulfur compounds, sulfides, halogens, amines, and
various nitrogen compounds because these appear as
hazardous gases after combustion. Various data are given for
chlorine, hydrocyanic acid, mercury, hydrofluoric acid,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrochloric
acid, sulfur dioxide, ethylene cyanide, phenol, carbonyl
chloride, formaldehyde, CH2CHCH, and toluene diisocyanate
and other lesser compounds.
62786
(Inventor not given.)
REMOVAL OF HF FROM AN HF-CONTAEVING GAS. (Du
Pont (E.I.) de Nemours, Wilmington, Del.)) Brit. Pat. 1,342,703.
3p., Jan. 3, 1974. (Appl. May 12, 1972, 10 claims).
A process for the removal of hydrogen fluoride from an HF-
containing gas is described. The HF-containing gas is con-
tacted with water to form an aqueous HF solution. The solu-
tion is neutralized with calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate,
or mixtures of them in the presence of calcium sulfate. The
presence of CaSO4 is an improvement over other systems
using Ca(OH)2 because the sulfate alters the gelatinous nature
of the precipitate to a form which settles more rapidly and
which is more readily filterable from the aqueous solution.
63474
Mohanrao, C. J.
POLLUTION IN FERTILISER INDUSTRY. Fertiliser News.,
18(11): 7-13,16, Nov. 1973. 10 refs.
The control of air pollutants from the fertilizer industry in
India is discussed. The Indian Standards Institution is in the
process of setting up air quality standards. The major pollu-
tants are dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, fluorides, hydrogen
sulfide, and ammonia. Commonly used dust control units in-
clude cyclone separator, wet scrubbers, bag filters, and elec-
trostatic precipitators. The reduction of SOx in stack gas is ac-
complished by dry processes, wet processes, catalytic oxida-
tion, and reduction. The NOx from the nitric acid and
nitrophosphate plants are treated by absorption, adsorption,
and catalytic reduction through the double combustion process
or selective reaction process. The fluorine compounds are nor-
mally removed by wet scrubbing.
63540
Gottler, Hans
PURIFICATION OF WASTE GAS FROM GLASS POLISH-
ING. (Verfahren zum Reinigen Abgesaugter Daempfe aus einer
Saeurepolieranlage fuer Glasgegenstaende). Text in German.
(Achthal-Maschinenbau-GmbH, Neukirchen (Germany)) W.
Ger. Pat. Appl. 2,160,313. 4p., June 7, 1973. (2 claims).
Silicon tetrafluoride-containing vapors from an acid polishing
plant for glass objects were purified by scrubbing with sulfuric
acid which was subsequently recycled to the polishing bath.
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130
63775
Huenlich, Hans-Werner
STATEMENT ON CURRENT PRACTICE FOR THE REDUC-
TION OF FLUORIDE EMISSION IN THE BRICK AND TILE
INDUSTRIES BY SCRUBBING OF THE FLUE GASES. (Fest-
slellung des Standcs der Technik zur Verminderung der
Fluoremission in der Ziegelindustrie durch Reinigung der Ab-
gase). Text in German. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), no. 4:155-162,
1974.
A state-of-the-art report on the separation of fluorine and sul-
fur oxides in the brick and tile industry is presented. The sul-
fur oxides and fluorides generated in firing processes in the
ceramic industry are due to the inherent sulfur and fluorine
contents of the fuels and raw materials, respectively, which
make neutralization and separation of the pollutants the only
possible solution. Sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and gaseous
fluorides present in the flue gases in firing processes can be
adsorbed and neutralized to form solid particles by dry and
wet methods, especially by the injection of lime with sub-
sequent dust separation by means of bag filters or electrostatic
precipitators. While the dry processes have increasingly
replaced the wet ones, scrubbing with lye solution is especially
suitable for the joint removal of sulfur oxides and fluorine.
63784
Muhlrad, Wolf
ADSORPTION OF FLUORINE AND FLUORINE COM-
POUNDS ON ALUMINA. (Air Industrie, Courbevoie (France))
U. S. Pat. 3,780,497. 7p., Dec. 25, 1973. 3 refs. (Appl. Aug. 20,
1971, 10 claims).
A method is provided for adsorbing fluorine on particles of
alumina, the fluorine being in the elemental state or in the
form of gasous fluorine compounds, and for collecting any
ultra-fine dust resulting for example from sublimation. The
fumes charge with fluorine compounds are one of the most un-
pleasant sources of atmospheric pollution, and their removal
upon leaving electrolytic baths is necessary. The adsorption of
the fluorine compounds on powdered alumina mitigates at-
mospheric pollution. The alumina particles are introduced at
the base of an adsorption column through which the stream of
gas to be scrubbed flows, the column terminating in a separa-
tor where the particles charged with fluorine are recovered.
The path of the exhaust gas is cyclone separator to cloth-filter
separator to scrubber. The method is particularly suitable for
scrubbing of gas from electrolytic baths in an aluminum-
producing plant.
64070
Teller, Aaron Joseph
FILTER AND METHOD FOR LOWERING ACIDIC GAS
DISCHARGE IN EXHAUST PROCESS GAS. (Verfahren und
Filtervorrichtung zum Senken von Saeuregasausstroemungen in
einem ausstroemenden Prozessgas). Text in German. (Teller En-
vironmental Systems, Inc., New York) W. Ger. Pat. Appl.
2,251,031. 15p., May 10, 1973. (30 claims).
Hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and chloride are
removed from industrial spent gases from glass making and
aluminum producing processes by passage through sieves of
finely divided nephelite syenite ore or alumina activated with
sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. The adsorbents are
blown as a finely dispersed powder or sprayed in aqueous
suspension onto a sacking cloth filter 11.15 sq m to a depth of
1.27 mm. The acidic gases may be passed through a similar
bed of adsorbent. The process may be continuous or carried
out batch-wise.
64092
Walthall, J. H.
COMPACT SCRUBBER LESSENS DUCTWORK. Chem.
Process. (Chicago), vol. 28:93, Aug. 1965.
A fume control system was designed to draw air from a su-
perphosphate-curing den and to scrub out varying amounts of
fluoride which would minimize costly ductwork use in con-
trolling the corrosive fluorides. The fluoride concentration
ranged from 0 to 0.001 Ibs/cu ft during a 24-hour cycle of
operation. The volume handled was 12,500 cu ft/min of gas. A
jet-venturi flame scrubber operating on a principle similar to a
steam-jet ejector was selected as the control method. It used a
water or aqueous solution and a spray nozzle. With a concen-
tration of 0.001 Ibs/cu ft fluoride, when the fluorine content of
the scrubber liquor is limited to about 3000 ppm, removal effi-
ciency was approximately 98%.
64428
Graetz, Reinhard
FLUORIDE IN CERAMIC MATERIALS AND FUELS -
PROVISION OF MATERIALS FOR THE PREVENTION OF
FLUORIDE EMISSION. PART I. (Fluor in keramischen
Materialien und in Brennstoffen. Stoffliche Massnahmen zur
Vermeidung von Fluor-Emissionen (Teil I)). Text in German.
Ziegelind. (Wiesbaden), no. 4:164-168, 1974. 27 refs. BSTRACT
The general problem of fluoride emissions, and the possibility
of reduction of fluoride emissions in the stone and earth indus-
try by the use of clays and fuels with low fluorine contents,
and by stabilizing fluorine during the burning process, are
described Flue gas scrubbing for fluorine removal is not prac-
tical in the stone and earth industry due to the prohibitively
high costs involved. During the burning process, gaseous
fluorine emission should be prevented. Clays contain 0.01-0.1
weight percent fluorine, of which less than 20% are emitted in
the flue gases
64506
Bohm, Eberhard, Lothar Reh, Ernst Weckesser, Gunter
Wilde, and Gunter Winkhaus
PROCESS FOR REMOVING HYDROGEN FLUORTOE FROM
GASES CONTAINING IT. (Metallgesellschaft Aktien-
gesellschaft, Reuterweg (Germany) and Vereinigte Aluminium-
werke Aktien-Gesellschaft, Gerichtsweg (Germany)) Brit. Pat.
1,341,313. 8p., Dec. 19, 1973. (Appl. Nov. 12, 1971, 7 claims).
An adsorption process for removing hydrogen fluoride from
gases in electrolytic aluminum recovery plants is described
which allows good absorption at relatively high gas
throughputs as compared to prior art adsorption processes.
The gases which contain HF are injected as a fluidizing gas
into a fluidized bed reactor containing a solid adsorbent for
the HF at such velocity that they cause the solids to form an
expanded fluidized bed in which the solids concentration
decreases upwardly and from which solids containing adsorbed
HF are discharged in an upward direction due to the velocity
of the gases. The solids are thereafter separated from the
gases. A preferred embodiment of the process involves supply-
ing fresh solid adsorbent continuously to the fluidized bed,
with HF-containing solid adsorbent being continuously
removed from the bed.
64696
Kisters, Th. and H. H. Hebbel
LIMITING EMISSION IN CONNECTION WITH WASTE IN-
CINERATING PLANTS: EXPERIENCE GAINED WITH A
PILOT PLANT FOR THE DISPOSAL OF NOXIOUS GASES.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
131
(Emissionsbegrenzung an Abfallverbrennungsanlagen - Er-
fahrungen mit einer Pilotanlage fuer die Schadgasbeseitigung).
Text in German. Aufbereitungs Technik, 15(5):229-233, 1974.
A gas scrubber pilot plant was installed in the incinerator
operated by the city of Duesseldorf. The plant should help to
determine the efficiency of the scrubbing method concerning
elimination of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and sulfur
dioxide. Of these pollutants, the following weight fractions per
cubic meter are measured in the flue gases from incinerators.
up to 2000 mg hydrochloric acid, up to 1000 mg sulfur dioxide,
20 mg hydrogen fluoride and 400 to 500 mg nitrogen oxides.
The flue gases which come from the electrostatic precipitator
with a temperature of 280 C are cooled to 75 to 80 C and
passed through a venturi scrubber and a droplet separator. The
results indicate an increase of the HC1 collection efficiency
with increasing water quantity. At a stepwise artificial increase
of the HC1 concentration in the uncleaned gas to 5 g/cu m the
HC1 concentration in the cleaned gas rose as anticipated but
the collection efficiency improved too. The collection efficien-
cy for SO2 too depended on the water quantity and on the pH
value of the scrubbing water. The residence time in the
scrubber was too short to obtain any higher collection efficien-
cy than 60 percent. Through installation of a second scrubbing
stage an essential improvement of the SO2 collection efficien-
cy was achieved. Experiments are still in progress so that no
final results can be given.
64898
Nerihaya, Fumio and Tsugita Yukitake
EXHAUST GAS CLEANSING METHOD AND DEVICE. (Hai
gasu joka hobo oyobi shochi). Text in Japanese. (Hitachi Co.
(Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 49-24342. 5p., June 21, 1974. (Appl.
Dec. 4, 1970, 2 claims).
A cleansing method and device for exhaust gas containing sul-
fur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine based on the chemical
reaction with substances such as sodium hydroxide are
described. In the vaporization tower, the exhaust gas is mixed
with a spray mist of reaction solution, the toxic gases ab-
sorbed into the reaction solution undergo reactions, and the
reaction products are solidified by the evaporation of water
with heat retained in exhaust gas and recovered as solid parti-
cles. In the device of this invention, the vaporization tower
with exhaust gas inlet located at the top and outlet located on
the lower side wall is equipped with spray nozzles foi supply-
ing reaction solution mist located at the upper part of the
tower. The detector device for measuring the toxic gas con-
centrations at the inlet of the tower and the supply system of
reaction solution, in which the ratio of water and reactant is
adjusted depending on the toxic gas concentration by means of
the electrical signal from the detector, are connected to the
vaporization tower. The supply of reaction solution is regu-
lated so that the temperature in the vaporization tower would
be maintained above the dew point by monitoring the tempera-
ture and humidity at the exhaust gas outlet of the tower. The
exhaust gas containing solidified reaction products is led into a
cyclone, separated, and recovered. A part of the solidified
reaction product is led out of the tower through the outlet pipe
with rotary valve or double air lock damper located at the bot-
tom of the tower.
64977
Tatsumi Toshio and Ren Yasuda
RECOVERY OF FLUORIDES AND THEIR REUSE IN THE
ALUMINUM REFINING INDUSTRY-CONSTRUCTION OF
AN ALCOA DRY SCRUBBER. (Aruminium seiren kogyo ni
okeru fukkabutsu no kaishu to sono sairiyo—Arukoashiki dorai
sukuraba no keiLset.su). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kojo (Cheni.
Factory), 18(8):81-84, Aug. 1974.
A dry scrubber for hydrogen fluoride recovery was discussed.
Gases containing fluorides from an electrolytic furnace are in-
troduced to the reactor where a flow bed is formed and HF is
absorbed on alumina. Particles and dusts in the gas are col-
lected with a bag filter above the flow bed and removed
periodically. Clean gas which passes through the bag filter is
released from the top of the reactor. Distribution of gas in the
reactor is homogeneous and the area efficiencies which deter-
mine the reactor efficiency are high. The depth of the flow
bed can be adjusted between 50 and 300 mm. The bag
chamber above the flow bed comprises a row of bag filters
and shaking rods. The total height of the bag chamber is 8 ft.
Flue gases to the reactor were introduced from the main duct
through a number of branch ducts designed to give an op-
timum operation cost.
65638
Droscha, Hellmut
HEAT AND ELECTRIC POWER FROM PRESSURE
GASIFIED COAL. (Waerme und Strom aus druckvergaster Ko-
hle). Text in German. Technica, 23(17):1403-1404, 1974.
An integrated coal pressure gasification and power generating
pilot plant with a capacity of about 170 MW has been erected
in Luenen, Westphalia, Federal Republic of Germany. A full-
size plant is already under development. The main operating
materials are coal, water, and air. The hot gas produced from
coal first passes a scrubbing cooler and then drives with a
pressure at 20 atm an auxiliary turbine which is succeeded by
a compressor where preliminarily compressed air is further
compressed to the pressure required for coal gasification. The
gas, which now leaves the auxiliary turbine with a lower pres-
sure, enters the combustion chamber of the steam boiler
where it is burned together with compressed air at which
process a high amount of heat is liberated. This is used for
generation of high-pressure steam. At the same time the com-
bustion gases drive the main gas turbine. The steam with a
pressure of 130 atm and a temperature of 525 C drives the
steam turbine of the system whose generator produces the
mam quantity of electric energy. The plant works with an effi-
ciency of 43%. The pollutant emission is down to 1/4 of the
emission of conventional plants. The dust and fluorine emis-
sion has been eliminated almost entirely, the emission of ox-
ides of sulfur has been reduced by 90% and that of the oxides
of nitrogen has been cut to 1/2.
65640
Kanematsu, Sadao
COUNTERMEASURES FOR PREVENTING AIR POLLUTION
CAUSED BY GLASS INDUSTRY. (Garasu kogyo ni okeru taiki
osen boshi taiseaku). Text in Japanese. Seramikkusu (Ceramics),
9(1):15-21, 1974.
Emission standards for general glass industries are: 1.0 mg/N
cu m for cadmium and its compounds, 10 mg/N cu m for
fluorides, and 20 mg/N cu m for lead and its compounds. The
standards are much more stringent in Kaganaga prefecture,
and are 0.5, 2.5 and 10, respectively. Emission standards for
soot and dusts for glass industries are also stricter in
Kanagawa prefecture than in other prefectures. Various con-
trol measures for air pollutants emitted by glass industries are
discussed. For controlling sulfur oxides, the use of low sulfur
fuels, high stacks, stack gas desulfurization systems are suc-
cessfully employed. For dusts and soot, electrostatic precipita-
-------
132
tors and filters can keep the emission concentrations to less
than 0.05 g/N cu m. For toxic substances, more than 98% of
lead and cadmium compounds can be eliminated by specially
designed electrostatic precipitators. Fluorine, hydrogen
fluoride, and silica fluoride are absorbed by powder absor-
bents such as slake lime and alumina, and filtered by glass
fiber bag filter. The elimination rate exceeds 99.5%. The wet
method of absorption utilizes caustic soda solution as absor-
bent. The process includes gas cooling, gas scrubbing and
liquid waste treatment. The efficiency is more than 97% and
the rate of dust collection is more than 75%. Fluorides in the
stack gas are less than 1 mg/N cu m and soot is less than 0.05
g/N cu m. The emission standards for nitrogen oxides are ex-
pected to be set in 1974. Denitrization in glass industries is
problematical. Glass melting furnaces cannot adopt systems
such as flue gas recirculation or two-stage combustion. The
only method presently being studied is an improvement in
combustion methods. Unanswered questions include the ac-
celeration of denitrization reaction speed, elimination of inter-
fering substances in the gas, and the use and treatment method
for by-products.
65923
FLUORINE RECOVERY BY THE PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER
INDUSTRY PART II COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
PROCESSES FOR RECOVERING FLUORIDES ETC.
Phosphorus Potassium, no. 15:21-24, 28-29, July/Aug. 1971 4
refs.
Commercially available processes for the emission control of
fluorine compounds in phosphate processing are discussed. In
the past fluorine chemicals from phosphate plant off gases
were scrubbed and disposed of, usually as fluosilicic acid.
Today fluosilicic acid is the starting material for the produc-
tion of a large range of fluorine compounds. The almost inex-
haustible source of supply offered by recovery from
phosphate processing has provided incentive for the develop-
ment of a number of commercially feasible systems for the
manufacture of materials as fluosilicates, fluorides, synthetic
cryolite, and hydrofluoric acid from the fluorine effluent from
phosphatic fertilizer production.
66592
Reither, K.
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE IN THE METAL WORKING IN-
DUSTRY. (Luftreinhaltung in der metallverarbeitenden Indus-
trie). Text in German. Galvanotechnik, 65(7):628-630, 1974.
The principle and uses in the metalworking industry of KT
model gas scrubbers are described. The gas scrubbers, of ver-
tical or horizontal cylindrical design, have spray nozzles paral-
lel with and opposite to the waste gas flow. They are available
for throughputs of 36,000 and 280,000 cu m/hr. Higher capaci-
ty can be achieved by parallel connection of several units. The
scrubbers are characterized by small pressure losses com-
prised between 15 and 70 mm water column for single-stage,
and between 30 and 40 mm water column for two-stage
designs. The hydrochloric acid-containing waste gases from a
continuous wire pickling unit are scrubbed with water, and the
dilute hydrochloric acid solution obtained in recycled within
the pickling process. In two-stage operation, the HC1 concen-
tration is reduced from 3000 mg/cu m to 0.5 mg/cu m. In an
electroplating shop, the vent air loaded with droplets and
vapors of chromic acid from a chromium-plating bath is
treated with KT model scrubbers, and the chromic acid
recovered is recycled within the process. The chromic acid
concentration in the air is reduced from 0.21 mg/cu m to 0.003
mg/cu m. The hydrofluoric acid-containing air in an eloxadiz-
ing shop is purified by KT scrubbers, using dilute sodium
hydroxide solution as absorbent. Water is used for absorption
of cyanides from the air in a hardening shop.
66618
Akulich, S. S.
ABSORBER FOR NEUTRALIZING ACID VAPORS
GENERATED IN CHEMICAL POLISHING OF GLASS. (Ab-
sorber dlya neytralizatsii kislotnykh ispareniy pri khimicheskoy
polirovke stekla). Text in Russian. Steklo Keram. (Glass
Ceram.), no. 7:37-38, 1974.
A two-stage foam type absorber for the absorption and
neutralization of hydrofluoric acid vapors from the air in
chemical glass polishing shops is described. The air with the
acid vapors is admitted at the bottom of a vertical plate
column where a foam layer is formed over the plates for inten-
sified contact between the wash liquid (water) and the air to
be cleaned. The absorption efficiency amounts to 70-80%. If
the residual HF output in the cleaned air exceeds 0.3 kg/hr
further purification is done in a second stage at an efficiency
of 91-96%.
66624
Kanematsu, Sado
THE PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE PROBLEMS FOR
MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH TEMPERA-
TURE BAG FILTERS. (Koonyo baggu firuta no hoshu kauri no
genjo to kongo no mondai). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japanese
Society for Chemical Engineering, p. 18-25, 1974. (Presented at
the Symposium on Practical Problems in Factory Dust Collec-
tion Systems, Tokyo, Japan, July 5, 1974.)
A dry type bag filter for treatment of high temperature ex-
haust gas from a fiber glass plant is described. The exhaust
gas contains fluorides, sulfur trioxide, soot, and other com-
ponents. Exhaust gas is cooled from higher than 750 to 250
deg and powder absorbent is added. The resulting gas is then
introduced to a bag house and dust is reduced to 0.001 gr/N cu
m and fluoride to less than 2 ppm. Exhaust gas must be cooled
to a temperature below the limit applicable to the filter cloth.
An individual bag ranges from 130 mm in diameter, 3 m long,
to 300 mm by 10 m. A reverse-pressure dumper is used to
remove dusts on the filter bag. The suitable tensile strength of
the bag is 15 kg for the small size and 35 kg for the large size.
The future problems include improvement of mounting method
of the bag, development of new bag cloths using special treat-
ing agents, and increasing velocity of filtering air. By increas-
ing air velocity the scale can be reduced, thus the cost is
minimized.
66947
Winkler, H. D.
MEASURES FOR REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM BRICK
KILNS. (Massnahmen zur Emissionsminderung bei Ziegeleien).
Text in German. Gesundh.-Ingr., 95(9):267-271, 1974. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Second Symposium on Branch-Specific Emis-
sions, Fluorine Emissions by Brick Kilns, Munich, Feb. 1,
1974.)
For the reduction of fluorine emissions from brick kilns in
principle two different methods are applicable, chemisorption
and absorption. The dry chemisorption process is in general
preferred over of the wet absorption process because it avoids
the waste water problem. With the injection of pulversized cal-
cium hydroxide into the flue gas flow a direct reduction of the
gaseous fluorine compounds as well as of the oxides of sulfur
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
133
can be achieved. A schematic diagram of the process is given.
With this method clean gas concentrations of around 5 mg
F/cu m could be achieved. Essential for a sufficient binding of
the pollutants is a long residence time. Therefore the method
is applicable only if the flue gas ducts are longer than 10 m.
The particulate emission rises through the injection of pul-
verized calcium hydrate. A dust collector is therefore in-
dispensable. The costs are lowest if a cyclone is installed for
this purpose. Better results are achieved with a cloth filter,
however. In the latter case the operating costs are as high as
that of acid scrubbing. The dry system is in some plants
presently in operation, however without dust collectors. Two
plants in West Germany have been equipped with wet absor-
bers. For the collection of gaseous fluorine compounds, acid
absorption with water and subsequent neutralization with lime-
milk was found most suitable. Clean gas concentrations of less
than 5 mg F/cu m were achieved with this method.
67136
English, M.
FLUORINE RECOVERY FROM PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER
MANUFACTURE. Chem. Process Eng., vol. 48:43-47, Dec.
1967. 12 refs.
The present demand for fluorine is expanding so rapidly that
the traditional sources ~ natural cryolite and fluorspar — may
soon be exhausted. An alternative source is fluorapatite, con-
taining 3.5% fluorine, used principally for the production of
superphosphate and phosphoric acid for fertilizers by the wet
process. A process is described for using the by-product from
the process, fluorosilicic acid, which is generally discarded, in
the commercial production of fluorosilicates, cryolites, and
fluorides. The fluorosilicic acid is produced during production
of superphosphate and phosphoric acid when fluorine com-
pounds in the stack gas are absorbed in a countercurrent
scrubber. (Author abstract modified)
67137
ALUMINUM FLUORIDE FROM WET PROCESS
PHOSPHORIC ACID WASTES. Brit. Chem. Eng. Proc. Tech.,
17(7/8):609-6JO, July/Aug. 1972. 1 ref.
The wet phosphoric acid process evolves large quantities of
fluorine compounds; upwards of 40-45 fluosilic acid kg/ton
phosphoric anhydride emitted is recoverable. The present
capacity of the fertilizer industry is enough to supply virtually
the entire aluminum industry with the fluorine compounds it
requires, particularly aluminum fluoride. A process capable of
producing A1F3 from H2SiF6 solution arising from the
scrubbing of the waste gases evolved in the production of
phosphoric acid is described. Variable costs for this process
are cited. An approximate estimate of the investment for a
plant to produce 100 tons/day of A1F3 is $752,000. An analysis
is presented of investment distribution by different sections of
the process and by function.
67217
Morns, George O.
RECOVERY OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. (Imperial Chemical
Industries, Ltd., London (England)) U. S. Pat. 3,798,875. 4p.,
March 26, 1974. 2 refs. (Appl. Feb. 22, 1972, 16 claims).
A process for the recovery of hydrogen fluoride from gaseous
mixtures is presented which overcomes prior art problems as-
sociated with heat transfer and breakdown of solid absorbents
by using the absorbing solid in an inert liquid. The gaseous
mixture is passed through a suspension of an alkali-metal
fluoride, preferably sodium fluoride, in an inert liquid having a
boiling point of at least 250 C. The suspension is maintained at
a temperature below 180 C and at a temperature at which the
hydrogen fluoride is absorbed by the suspension. The suspen-
sion is heated to a temperature of greater than 180 C for
liberation of the hydrogen fluoride, with the suspension then
being regenerated. The process may be applied to the recovery
of hydrogen fluoride from mixtures in which the hydrogen
fluoride content varies as much as from 2-98% by weight.
67700
Puhr-Westerheide, H.
POWER PLANTS WITH COAL PRESSURE GASIFICATION.
(Kraftwerke mil Kohledruckvergasung). Text in German. VGB
Kraftwerkstechnik, 54(8):S32-536, Aug. 1974.
For the first time in the Federal Republic of Germany the
combined gas steam turbine process with preceding coal pres-
sure gasification has been realized in the power plant Luenen.
The gas from coal pressure gasification is burned in a steam
generator at high overpressure. A gas turbine is installed in the
flue gas path where the temperature is between 800 and 1000
C. The steam produced is used in a conventional steam turbine
set. The compressor of the gas turbine set supplies the gasifi-
cation and combustion air. The gas from coal gasification is
cleaned in a scrubber system to remove dust and tar residues.
Subsequently the sulfur content is reduced by 90% The power
plant produces 170 MW, 74 MW coming from the gas turbine
and 96 MW from the steam turbine. The entire power plant
has been in operation for 3000 hi. The operating experiences
to date are described in detail. The gas cleaning system failed
to reach the quaranteed efficiency. The tar separator is
presently being modified and enlarged. The hydrogen sulfide
from the desulfurization plant is processed in a Claus plant to
obtain elemental sulfur. Despite the present shortcomings, the
dust emission is far lower than that of fossil fuel-fired power
plants, the oxides of nitrogen emission is also far lower, and
the desulfurization plant not only removes the sulfur dioxide
content but also the fluorine content of flue grses.
67742
Statens Naturvardsverk, Stockholm (Sweden)
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION PROBLEM IN FERTILIZER
PRODUCTION. (Vatten- och luftvardsproblem vid tillverkning
a> godselmedel). Text in Swedish. Kept. 1971:6, 120p., 1971. 8
refs.
The emissions and control of air pollutants from the fertilizer
industry m Sweden are discussed. Atmospheric emissions for
1969-1970 in Landskrova totaled 100 kg/hr nitrogen com-
pounds, 12 kg/hr fluorine compounds, 100 kg/hr sulfur diox-
ide, and 30 kg/hr of dust. In Koping the N2 emissions were
170 kg/hr, phosphorus 0.2 kg/hr, F2 410 kg/hr, and dust 70
kg/hr. Pollution control measures are practiced: ammonia and
F2 are adsorbed, dust is removed with cyclones and filters,
and residual gases containing F2, nitrous gases, and dust are
removed by scrubbing. Fluorine can also be controlled by
using evaporated phosphoric acid which has a flow F2 content.
Some by-products are recovered as NH3 from a urea plant.
67846
Lihou, D. A.
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS AS BY-PRODUCTS OF
PHOSPHORIC ACID MANUFACTURE. Chem. Process Eng.,
1964:604-611, Nov. 1964. 21 refs.
Typical phosphate rock has a 3.5(/c fluorine content. During
phosphoric acid production and concentration, a significant
-------
134
amount of fluorine compounds are therefore liberated as air
pollution f- generally as silicon fluoride, hydrogen fluoride,
and fluorosilic acid. Various processes for the recovery of
these compounds and their conversion into fluorosilicates,
fluorides, cryolites, and fluoroborates are discussed. The
growing importance of these compounds in all spheres of the
economy is illustrated by a table of their applications. (Author
abstract)
67954
Dobos, Gyorgy
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN ALUMINA
PROCESSING UNITS AND ALUMINUM PLANTS. (Kor-
nyezetvedelem a timfoldgyarakban es aluminiumkohaszati
uzemekben). Text in Hungarian. Musz. Tud., 46(3-4):363-378,
1973. 33 refs.
Environmental problems in alumina processing and aluminum
melting plants are described. It is now possible to prevent dust
emission by wet milling of bauxite in ball mills. The sulfur
dioxide and alumina dust emissions generated during alumina
calcination can be abated by the use of low-sulfur fuel, espe-
cially natural gas. Fluorine emissions, found to cause damage
to forests and cattle around aluminum melting plants, can be
abated by modern processes, such as the activated alumina
process, filtration with alumina-coated bag filters, or flue gas
scrubbing. The environmental nuisances due to red mud
dumps, releasing alkaline dust steadily into the atmosphere can
be best prevented by the complex utilization of this material
for iron recovery, brick manufacture, or other purposes.
68201
Kelley, J. A.
DISPOSAL OF FLUORINE BY REACTION WITH CHAR-
COAL. Du Pont (E. I.) de Nemours and Co., Aiken, S. C.,
Savannah River Lab., Atomic Energy Commission Contract
AT(07-2)-l, 15p., Aug. 1974. 7 refs. NTIS: DP-1359
Tests were made to determine the type of charcoal and operat-
ing parameters best suited for fluorine disposal. Nonactivated
wood charcoal was safe in operation, and heating of the char-
coal to approximately 300 C was necessary for efficient reac-
tion of fluorine. At low fluorine concentrations (less than 25%
fluorine in the gas stream), the principal reaction product is a
white fluorocarbon smoke. Carbon tetrafluoride is the prin-
cipal product with 100% fluorine A small amount of con-
densable fluorocarbons is formed by the fluorine-charcoal
reaction. (Author abstract)
68633
Isahaya, Fumio and Tugihiro Yukitake
PURIFYING EXHAUST GAS. (Verfahren und Vorrichtung /ur
Reinigung von Verbrennungsabgasen). Text in German. (Hitachi
Ltd., Tokyo (Japan)) W. Ger. Pat. Appl. 2,159,186. 5p., June
15, 1972. 1 ref. (2 claims).
Toxic impurities such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric
oxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, or fluorine are
removed from combustion gases in a scrubber or washing
tower by sprayed-in reagent solution as a fine cloud according
to the temperature of the gases and the concentration of impu-
rities, such that the temperature of the gases leaving the tower
is above the dew point, all the liquid in the tower is vaporized
and the reaction products of the impurities are obtained at the
towers outlet in solid form. The apparatus is described.
68795
Baurhenne, Georg
REMOVAL OF ACID COMPONENTS FROM REFUSE IN-
CINERATOR. (Verfahren zur Reinigung von Abgasen aus
Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text in German. (BAMAG Ver-
fahrenstechnik GmbH, Butzbach (Germany)) W. Ger. Pat. Appl.
2,139,678. 2p., Feb. 15, 1973. 2 refs. (1 claim).
A method for the removal of acid gases such as sulfur dioxide,
sulfur trioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and
nitrogen dioxide from waste incinerator flue gases is
described. The gas to be purified is passed through a loose
layer of active carbon at a temperature that lies 30 C, and
preferably 15 C, above the water-vapor dew point. In one ex-
ample, when flue gas with 3000 ppm HC1, 1000 ppm SO2, 300
ppm SO3, 20 ppm H2F2, and 35 ppm NO2 was passed through
a 1.5 m thick active carbon layer at a rate of 0.45 m/sec and at
85 C, the purified gas contained 3 ppm HC1, 10 ppm SO3, 1
ppm H2F2, and 5 ppm NO2. The activated carbon is
regenerated by washing first with water, and then with dilute
ammonia solution.
69131
Connor, J. M., G. J. Dell, and D. J. Newman
POLLUTION CONTROL IN ACID PLANTS. Chem. Age India,
23(2):103-117, 1972. (Presented at the UNIDO 2nd International
Fertilizer Symposium, Viev, USSR and New Delhi, India, 1971.)
Pollution problems and emission control measures are
reviewed for plants involved in the production of sulfuric acid,
phosphoric acid, and nitric acid. Incomplete conversion of sul-
fur dioxide to the trioxide is the fundamental difficulty en-
countered in H2SO4 plants. The double absorption process ap-
pears to be the most successful on a commercial scale for
minimizing sulfur dioxide emissions. Fluorides released during
rock digestion and acid concentration are the main problems
of phosphoric acid production. These emissions can be
minimized by use of properly designed scrubbers and by
product recovery techniques. Nitric acid plants discharge
unabsorbed nitrogen oxides in the absence of control mea-
sures. These can be most economically eliminated by reaction
with fuel in a catalytic combustor. Adsorption of NOx on sil-
ica gel or on molecular sieves is also feasible, though not
economically competitive at present with catalytic combustion.
69191
Fukumori, Rokuro
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ABSORPTION TREATMENT
METHOD. (Fukka suiso no kyushu shoriho). Text in Japanese.
(Asada Chemical Industry Co., Himeji (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho
49-38440. 3p., Oct. 17, 1974. (Appl. Oct. 27, 1969, 1 claim).
When aluminum is electrolyzed a large quantity of fluoride gas
is emitted, and this gas is usually treated by aluminum sulfate
solution absorbent. But the absorption process is slow and the
high temperature tends to create hydrogen fluoride from the
by-product sulfuric acid when the aluminum fluoride settles.
This invention prevents the secondary emission of HF and
also improves the absorption rate of HF by using a solution of
basic aluminum (30-60% of basicity). The HF is reacted while
boiling to 30-60% base aluminum and is precipitated in the
form of aluminum fluoride or its hydrate. The method of cal-
culating basicity from the concentration of aluminum oxide
and chlorine ion is described along with several examples.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
135
69528
Wolfrom, Walter, Walter Schultheis, and Wolfgang Koelling
PROCESS FOR THE ABSORPTION OF SIF4-CONTAINING
OFF GASES IN WATER OR AQUEOUS HEXAFLUOSILICIC
ACID. (Verfahren zur Absorption von SiF4-haltigen Abgasen in
Wasser oder waessriger Hexafluokieselsaeure). Text in German.
(Assignee not given.) E. Ger. Pat. 88,078. 2p., Feb. 20, 1972.
(Appl. Jan. 13, 1971, 2 claims).
A method for the absorption of silicon tetrafluoride-containing
waste gases in water or aqueous hexafluosilicic acid to obtain
commercial hexafluosilicic acid of at least 20% concentration
is described. The silicon tetrafluoride is absorbed in two suc-
cessive, slotted-bottom absorbers with a maximum tempera-
ture of the absorbing suspension on the first absorption stage
of 50 to 60 C, corresponding to a desired hexafluosilicic acid
concentration of 20-30% to prevent incrustation of the ab-
sorber bottom. Cooling of the SiF4-containing waste gas is
achieved by dilution with cold air.
69965
Rinckhoff, J. B. and W. R. Parish
DOUBLE CATALYSIS SULFURIC ACID PLANTS FOR
COPPER CONVERTER GAS. Preprint, American Inst. of
Chemical Engineers, New York, lip., 1974. (Presented at the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, National Meeting,
78th, Salt Lake City, Utah, Aug. 18-21, 1974.)
A double catalysis sulfuric acid plam for the conversion of
sulfur dioxide in copper converter gas to H2SO4 is described
which achieves SO2 emissions well below the 500 ppm level.
As opposed to the conventional plant where the conversion of
SO2 to suflur tnoxide is carried out in three or four catalyst
beds in series with cooling between the beds to remove the
heat of reaction, the double contact catalysis plant removes a
major portion of the SO3 in an intermediate absorption tower
after the second stage of conversion. The balance of the gas,
which is returned to the converter for the final two stages of
conversion, is a very weak SO2 gas with a high oxygen/802
ratio. The equilibrium conditions for this gas leaving the con-
verter are very close to 100% conversion of the total SO2 en-
tering the converter. With steady state operation, which is not
realized in practice, the overall conversion of SO2 to SO3 is
greater than 99.8%. The presence of appreciable fluorine in the
gas may require two scrubbing towers in series to achieve
complete removal of the fluorine, this is primarily to protect
the catalyst in the contact section of the acid plant. Sulfuric
acid mist is removed in a purification section of the plant con-
sisting of electrostatic mist precipitators
70428
Mantle, E. C
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE NON-FERROUS
METALS INDUSTRIES. BNF Metals Technology Center, Oxon
(England), 207p., 1974. 132 refs.
Methods for the assessment, prevention, and control of air
pollution from the r. n-ferrous metals industries (primary
smelting of copper, le'd, zinc, rnd aluminum; melting and
casting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys; and secondary
metallurgical operations) are reviewed. Pollutants associated
with such operations include: sulfur dioxide and sulfur triox-
ide, fluorides, dusts containing metals, metal oxide fumes, and
solvent vapors. Prevention and control measures include:
pretreatment of materials, fume containment and ducting,
reduction of pollution by dispersal (stacks), and various collec-
tion methods. Principles of collection are discussed in terms of
settling chambers, cyclone collectors, we! scrubbers, filters,
and electrostatic precipitators. Sampling and monitoring
requirements are reviewed in terms of techniques applicable to
measurements in ducts or stacks, indoor atmospheric measure-
ments, and outdoor ambient measurements. Threshold limit
values for substances in workroom air (American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1972) are also reviewed
in an appendix.
70537
Radke, D.
DRY CLEANING PROCESSES FOR WASTE GASES FOR
SEPARATION OF DUSTS AND HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.
(Trockenreinigungsverfahren fuer Abgase zur Abscheidung von
Staeuben). Text in German. Tech. Mitt., 67(ll):484-489, 1974. 6
refs. (Presented at the Seminar on Dust Collection in Industrial
and Commercial Plants, Hans der Technik, Essen, West Ger-
many, May 15, 1974.)
A dry method for the separation of hydrogen fluoride is
described. Quicklime is agitated as separating agent in funnel-
shaped reactors, reducing the hydrogen fluoride concentration
to less than 1 mg/cu m waste gas. With the same method,
hydrogen chloride could be separated on laboratory scale if
quicklime dust was added to an oxygen lancing plant. The
equipment comprises a radial ventilator, two reactors, one
cyclone, one bag filter, and accessories such armatures, pipes
lime storage and a feeder. The waste gas is pressed by the
ventilator through two successive reactors where reaction of
the fluorine with the agitated quicklime takes place and calci-
um fluoride is formed. The solid matter carried off with the
waste gas from the second reactor is separated first in a
cyclone and then in a cloth filter.
70658
Nakaya, T., K. Yoshimura, and M. Takahashi
TREATMENT OF DUST FROM METAL MELTING FUR-
NACE (NONFERROUS METAL). (Kinzoku yokairo (hitetsu
kinzoku) no baijin shori ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 9(2):429, Nov. 1974.
(Presented at the National Air Pollution Research Conference,
15th, Chiba, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1974, Paper 280.)
Results of an investigation on 217 facilities for metal
processing in Osaka Prefecture (excluding Osaka city) are
given. The facilities included 50 reverberatory furnaces, 148
crucible furnaces, and 19 low-frequency induction furnaces.
Furnaces used to regenerate A] emitted Al metal fumes,
chlorine, and fluorine, whereas those used for alloy manufac-
turing emitted metal fumes and sulfur dioxide. For the removal
of metal fumes, bag filters were employed, and for the
removal of metal fume accompanied with gaseous substances,
a bag filter together with a scrubber was used. Results of mea-
surement at a manufacturing plant showed that the combina-
tion of a bag filter and a scrubber reduced particulates from
0.11 g/N cu m to 0.04 g/N cu m, C12 from 1896 ppm to 15
ppm, and HC1 from 2000 ppm to 50 ppm.
70659
Yamashita, Hachiro and Yasuo Kobayashi
FURNACE GAS COLLECTION METHOD IN ALUMINUM
ELECTROLYSIS BATH. (Aruminvumu denkaiso ni okeru
rogasu saishu hoho). Text in Japanese. (Mitsubishi Kasei Kogyo
Co., Ltd., Tokyo (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 49-43046. 3p., Nov.
19, 1974. 1 ret. (Appl. April 14, 1970, 1 claim).
The use of a gas curtain for collecting furnace gas containing
toxic fluorine compounds and carbon monoxide from an alu-
minum electrolytic furnace is described. Between the side cas-
-------
136
ing of the vertical anode and side insulator for the horizontal
carbon cathode, a gas curtain is created diagonally covering
the area from the side insulator of the carbon cathode, crust,
and skirt of vertical casing wall for the anode and part of the
vertical casing wall. A gas injection port may be located on the
vertical casing wall and gas suction port on the insulator, or
vice versa. The furnace gas trapped by the gas curtain is led to
a gas cleansing device by suitable means, thus preventing the
discharge of toxic furnace gas into the furnace room.
70840
Mehla, Prakash
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN AND SELECTION OF AIR POLLU-
TION CONTROL SYSTEMS. Central Labour Inst., Bombay
(India), Proc. Semin. Air Pollut. Control Tech., India, 1973, p.
111-118. (Sept. 11-12.)
Guidelines are given for the control and dispersion of gaseous
and particulate air pollutants commonly emitted by the fertil-
izer industry. Pollutants most frequently associated with
chemical operations in fertilizer manufacturing include: sulfur
oxides, carbon monoxide and dioxide, nitrogen oxides, am-
monia, fluorides, and particulates. Gaseous pollutants can be
removed from air streams by condensation, scrubbing, adsorp-
tion, or incineration. Vapors present in high concentration and
at dew-point temperatures greater than 90 F can be removed
by condensation (direct cooling or compression). Scrubbing
can be used to remove pollutants at concentrations greater
than 1% and soluble in water. Pollutants with molecular
weights greater than the normal components of air can be
removed by adsorption. Combustible vapors can be burnt in
direct or catalytic units. Mists less than 10 micron and at low
concentrations can be removed with electrostatic precipitators,
scrubbers, high-density fibrous filters, or packed beds; while
sprays greater than 10 micron in size and in concentrations
greater than 1 grain/cu ft can be removed with inertia separa-
tors, coarse fibrous filters, or packed beds. Submicron parti-
cles (fumes can be cleaned from exhausts with high-energy
wet collectors, electrostatic precipitators, or bag filters. Dusts
between 1-10 micron can be removed with wet collectors and
mechanical or inertia separators, whereas dusts greater than 10
micron can be cleaned from exhausts with settling chambers
or cyclones. Effective dispersion of the final exhaust requires
a stack height of at least two times the height of any surround-
ing obstacle. The stack should be designed to ensure that gases
will escape the turbulent wake of the stack.
71297
Stemeke, Fredrik
METHOD OF RECOVERING FLUORINE FROM WASTE
GASES. (Elkem- Spigerverket A.S., Oslo (Norway)) U. S. Pat.
3,812,852. 3p., June 4, 1974. 3 refs. (Appl. March 19, 1973, 8
claims).
A method for the economical adsorptive recovery of fluorine
components from high temperature (500 C) gas streams is
described that utilizes steam to increase the amount of fluorine
chemically bound to an aluminum oxide adsorbent. The
amount of steam added to the dry gas stream must be at least
0.5% by volume of the waste gases and is generally not more
than 25% by volume. The steam can be added directly to the
waste gases as a separate stream or it can be added to the
waste gases in a fluidized bed reactor. Alternatively, the dry
fluorine-containing gases can be mixed with gases having
moist fluorine. The contact between the gas stream and the
aluminum oxide adsorbent occurs at temperatures above the
boiling point of the water in the particular contacting environ-
ment and below temperatures at which fluorine adsorbed by
the aluminum oxide is liberated during the contact period.
71412
Shimoi, Yoichi, Masayuki Kiuchi, and Yutaka Takeda
TURRET—ACIDIC GAS ABSORPTION BY WATER.
(Teraretto—Mi/.u ni yoru sansei gasu no kyushu). Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Kojo (Chem. Factory), 18(ll):49-55, Nov.
1974. 16 refs.
The of acidic gas by water is one of the most basic forms of
gas absorption, and can be handled by physical absorption
theory. Some calculation examples made to obtain data for
designing a packed tower using S and L type turrets for the
absorption of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cya-
nide, and hydrogen fluoride by water are shown. In an SO2-
air- H2O system, the Whitney s equation constant, liquid-gas
equilibrium and turret pressure loss under a given set of condi-
tions were calculated. In the case of HCl-air-H2O system, the
calculations for tower diameter, packed tower height, and
pressure loss to attain certain absorption rates are shown. In
the case of phosphorus ore treatment as an example of the the
HF-air-H20 system, the silicon tetrafluoride partial pressure
over hydrofluosilicic acid solution, H2F2-SiF4-H2O phase
composition and HF-H2O equilibrium were calculated. Similar
calculations were also made for an HCN-air-H2O system. The
effects of fume on absorption, particularly in the case of
acidic gases such as sulfur trioxide, HC1, and chloric acid are
discussed.
71472
Tatsutani, Bunkichi, Akiharu Muranushi, and Katsuhiko
Yamamoto
TREATMENT METHOD OF GASES CONTAINING
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE. (Fukka
suiso to nisanka iou konyu gasu no short hoho). Text in
Japanese. (Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo (Japan))
Japan. Pat. Sho 49-47629. 4p., Dec. 17, 1974. (Appl. Feb. 7,
1970, 1 claim).
An invention for the selective recovery of hydrogen fluoride
and sulfur dioxide from waste gas emitted from phosphate fer-
tilizer manufacturing processes is described. Waste gas con-
taining 6.5 wt% water, 3100 ppm HF and 1600 ppm SO2 at 280
deg is introduced into a cooling tower at 670 N cu m/hr.
Hydrogen fluoride solution (9.4 wt%) at 60 deg and water at 25
deg were sprayed from the top of the cooling tower at a rate
of 700 1/hr and 63 1/hr, respectively. The resulting gas contain-
ing 15.9 wt% H2O at 60 deg is led to a gas absorbing tower to
which water is supplied at 100 1/hr. Liquid containing 1.6 wt%
HF and 0.005 wt% SO2 at 58 deg is released from the bottom
of the tower while gas is introduced to a desulfurization tower
to which sodium hydroxide solution is supplied. The resulting
gas contains no detectable HF and 11 ppm SO2.
71623
Glowiak, Bohdan and Adam Gostomczyk
STUDIES CONCERNING THE SORPTION OF FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS ON ION EXCHANGERS. (Untersuchungen
ueber die Sorption von Fluorverbindungen auf
lonenaustauschern). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
34(12):442-44S, 1974. 9 refs.
After successful laboratory experiments with anionic ion
exchangers concerning sorption of hydrogen fluoride, experi-
ments were earned out in a hydrofluoric acid production plant.
The plant emitted 600 cu m waste gas/hr containing .0002-.0006
kg HF/cu m. Through the experimental set-up 300 cu m gas/hr
were drawn. The waste gas entered the column which was
equipped with two polyethylene grids with an average mesh
width of 3mm. The grids carried two layers of anionic ion
exchanger with a granulation of 4 to 6mm. The anionic ion
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
137
exchanger was sprayed with a 4% NaOH solution. The method
is suitable for use as a third cleaning stage succeeding the
sorption of HP and silicon tetrafluoride in water and in an
aqueous Fluosilicic acid solution, cleaning the gases to a
residual HF concentration of .00001 kg/cu m.
717%
Horvath, Zoltan and Jozsef Weber
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN ALUMINUM INDUS-
TRY. (Kornyezetvedelem az aluminiumkohaszatban). Text in
Hungarian. Banyasz. Kohasz. Lapok - Kohaszat, 107(9):399-404,
1974. 7 rets.
Emission sources in the aluminum industry, and possibilities
of air pollution abatement are described. Red mud dumps,
when dried out, represent a major source of alkaline dust
emissions. Calcining plant waste gases, containing sulfur diox-
ide, carbon monoxide, and red mud particles are cleaned in a
system composed of a dust chamber, multicyclone, and elec-
trostatic precipitator. The flue gas SO2 content can be abated
by the use of natural gas or low-sulfur fuel oil and by com-
bustion air preheat. The fluorine, tar, and carbon monoxide
emissions from electrolyzers can be abated by the adoption of
closed-cycle technology, and wet or dry gas cleaning. In wet
gas cleaning, the carbon, tar, and carbon monoxide present in
the waste gases are incinerated, after which most of the soot
and dust are separated in a cyclone. Further cleaning is done
in an electrostatic precipitator and wet scrubber. Scrubbing
can be done with water, or by acid and alkaline solutions used
consecutively. Dry gas cleaning by means of alumina fluidized
beds and bag filters reaches efficiencies of 99.9%.
71841
(Inventor not given.)
POLLUTANT COLLECTION BY IRRADIATION. (Environ-
mental Master Systems, Inc., Canfield, Ohio) Brit. Pat.
1,360,402. 9p., July 17, 1974. (Appl. Oct. 26, 1971, 21 claims).
An irradiation method for the collection of paniculate and
gaseous pollutants (e.g., sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, car-
bon monoxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen fluoride, and
hydrogen chloride) from coal-burning and various industrial
processes is described that achieves such collection without
the undue cost or complexity of prior-art methods. The pollu-
tants are ionized with isotopic irradiation, thereby inducing
conglomeration for subsequent collection. The apparatus for
removing the pollutants includes a passageway with an inlet
and outlet, a means to convey the effluent gases into the
passageway inlet, an irradiation zone containing a high energy,
high intensity isotope source (cobalt 60) positioned between
the ends of the passageway, and a collecting means joined to
the outlet passageway outlet to receive the irradiated pollu-
tants. The isotope source is capable of creating a radiation
field at energy levels of at least one million electron volts and
exposing the pollutants to dosage levels of at least one kilorad.
72038
Aso
A UNIT CAPABLE OF ELIMINATION OF FLUORINE AND
SULFUR FROM EXHAUST GAS. (Haien datsu fusso datsuryu
sochi). Text in Japanese. Mitsubishi Jushi Giho (Mitsubishi
Plast. Tecb. Rev.), no. 8:78-80, Aug. 1974.
Japan Selcoat Co., Ltd. is planning to put a unit capable of
eliminating fluorine and sulfur from exhaust gas on the mar-
ket. This unit, which is a combination of a cellkit scrubber as
gas absorption unit and a pre-coat-type exhaust gas treatment
unit using the dehydration and drying method developed by
Hiratsuka Environment Research Institute, is characterized by
an excellent capacity to remove F and S, low operation costs,
simple maintenance and operation, and compactness. The unit
consists of a cooling process, absorption process, exhaust gas
treatment process, and filtration-dehydration process. Exhaust
gas is normally at such a high temperature that it must be
cooled by spraying water prior to the absorption process. If
powder dust is present in much quantity, it can be removed
with a cooling tower. If a cellkit fan is placed between the
cooling tower and the absorption tower, it helps to prevent the
smoke duct from being corroded.
72139
Japan Environmental Agency
THE FUTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION. In:
Quality of the Environment in Japan, p. 57-80, 1974.
Local air control measures in Japan are evaluated and the
scientific research and development upon which conservation
is based is discussed. Pollution control on the local level ad-
vanced through preventive regulations and pollution preven-
tion agreements with local firms. The use of automatic mea-
surement and concentrated monitoring systems is widespread.
Expenditures for anti-pollution measures increased twofold
from 1970-1972. In 1972, 432 facilities were ordered to improve
pollution control measures. The number of prefectures setting
higher standards are tabulated for soot and dust, cadmium and
its compounds, fluorine, hydrogen chlorine, and lead its com-
pounds. Problems associated with environmental administra-
tion include the prevention of pollution by high speed trans-
portation, long range planning for environmental conservation,
and strengthening of environmental controls. Scientific
technology on environmental conservation includes: pollution
prevention techniques required to minimize emissions from
human activities causing pollution; physical, chemical, and
biological studies of causes of air pollution and the mobility,
composition, and reaction phenomena occurring in these en-
vironments; and study and assessment of how pollutants affect
man, animals, and plants.
72656
Wilson, H. H.
A SURVEY OF FLUORINE EMISSION FROM CERAMIC
FIRING PROCESSES. J. Aust. Ceram, Soc., 10(3):53-55, Nov.
1974. 28 rets.
The occurrence and control of fluorine emissions during
ceramic manufacture are reviewed Fluorine in exhaust gases
is present mainly as gaseous hydrogen fluoride and silicon
tetrafluoride and paniculate calcium fluoride. Approximately
30-40% of the fluorine is evolved during normal firing, with
the amount of emission increasing as the temperature of the
process is increased. Fluorine removal efficiencies of over
99% can be achieved with wet scrubbing, though the disposal
of the resultant acidic water is a problem. Dry methods of
fluorine removal include the use of fluidized-bed reactors, the
injection of hydrated lime into the exhaust flue, and adsorp-
tion with charcoal. Process modifications involving the
removal of fluorides from raw materials or the use of electric
heating to reduce the temperature of the glass can also be em-
ployed in some sections of the ceramic industry to reduce
fluorine emissions.
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138
73031
Feige, N. G.
CORROSION SERVICE EXPERIENCE AND ECONOMICS
OF TITANIUM S USAGE IN GAS SCRUBBING EQUIPMENT
FOR REFUSE INCINERATORS. Preprint, National Assoc. of
Corrosion Engineers, Houston, Tex., 9p., 1974. 8 refs.
(Presented at the National Association of Corrosion Engineers,
Annual Meeting, Chicago, III., March 7, 1974.)
The economics of titanium usage in gas scrubbing equipment
serving refuse incinerators is considered in terms of laboratory
corrosion test results and field operation experience. Titanium
resistant to incinerator flue gas environments which contain
such corrosive materials as hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide,
sulfur trioxide, trace hydrogen fluoride, and organic acids. The
resistance of the metal to attack is adequate over the pH range
of 1.5-11 and up to temperatures of 230 F for general pitting
attach and 165 F for crevice corrosion. Trace amounts of fer-
ric ions in the system can extend the range of immunity to at-
tack. Economic considerations favor titanium at either end of
the scrubber. The inlet area is very sensitive to water flow and
temperature flares from the incinerator; and, since the amount
of surface is small in this corrosion area compared to the total
unit, titanium is a reasonable cost/performance selection.
Titanium is also economically favored for the induced-draft
fan rotor assembly.
73175
Yokota, N., N. Suzuki, and T. Mitsui
GAS ABSORPTION APPARATUS. (Gasu kyushu sochi). Text
in Japanese. (Sluma Denko Co., Ltd., Tokyo (Japan)) Japan.
Pat. Sho 49-43468. 3p., Nov. 21, 1974. 1 ref. (Appl. Dec. 22,
1970, 1 claim).
The absorbent holder device for a gas adsorption tower con-
sists of several sheets of plastic or metal nets with three or
more bends at angles of 10-45 deg to the vertical line which
are placed vertically at equal intervals. The absorbent is ap-
plied to nets by spraying absorbent solution from a spray noz-
zle located at the top of the tower. For example, 10% sodium
carbonate solution is sprayed to nets and used for the absorp-
tion of hydrogen fluoride. The absorbed substance is removed
by spraying water or Na2CO3 solution in the case of HF ab-
sorption. Advantages of this device are the simple procedure
and efficient absorption, since the pressure loss of gas flow is
slight due to its net structure.
74480
Kammholz, H. and E. Cerwenka
REDUCTION OF THE POLLUTANT EMISSION FROM IN-
CINERATORS BY DRY SCAVENGING. (Verminderung der
Schadgasemissionen von Muellverbrennungsanlagen durch
Trockenwaesche). Text in German. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik,
55(4):234-239, April 1975. 13 refs.
The additive mytrid, a caustically burned magnesite with a
porous structure to provide a large surface area (fineness: 90%
below 90 micron, at least 80% below 60 micron, and at least
70% below 40 micron; specific surface of 15 to 20 sq m/q),
was injected into the combustion chamber of an incinerator.
The emission of following pollutants from a treated and un-
treated combustion unit was measured: hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide and trioxide, and the oxides
of nitrogen. Each of the two units had a trash throughput of 19
tons/hr. The effect of the additive on the pollutant emission
was determined from the difference between the measured
pollutant concentrations in the waste gases from the two units.
The results are graphically illustrated. With regard to the emis-
sions SO2, SO3, HC1, and HF, mytrid had a reducing effect;
no effect was observed with regard to the emissions of oxides
of nitrogen. The composition of the fly ash from the two units
hardly differed. The dust concentration of the cleaned gas did
not increase. Further long-term measurements are required.
74483
Rasch, Rudolf
POLLUTANT ELIMINATION FROM FLUE GASES OF IN-
CINERATORS. (Schadstoffeliminierung aus Rauchgasen von
Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text in German. Muell Abfall,
7(4):91-96, 1975. 26 refs.
Waste gas cleaning methods applied to incinerators focus on
the removal of hydrogen chloride and fluoride. The hydrogen
chloride concentration in the cleaned gas may not exceed 100
mg/cu m air. The maximum air concentration according to new
regulations may over long periods of time not exceed 0.1
mg/cu m air. Dry binding of hydrogen chloride to alkaline fly
ash or to suitable additives such as ground quicklime, calcium
hydrate or limestone, or dolomite and magnesite presently
receives great attention but requires further development. If a
scrubbing process is selected for elimination of the hydrogen
chloride, the flue gases are first cleaned of dust to reduce the
sludge quantity at the end of the cleaning process. The benefit
of scrubbing is hotly debated primarily because of the waste
water problem it creates. A recent process using an endless
cloth filter which moves over rollers like a vertically arranged
conveyor belt achieved a good retentio efficiency for hydrogen
chloride.
75138
Miller, D. R., H. R. Null, and Q. E. Thompson
OPTIMUM WORKING FLUIDS FOR AUTOMOTIVE RAN-
KINE ENGINES. VOLUME II - TECHNICAL SECTION. Mon-
santo Research Corp., St. Louis, Mo., Environmental Protection
Agency Contract 68-04-0030, Rept. APTD-1564, 202p., June
1973. 61 refs. NTIS: PB 239248/AS
Various working fluids for automotive Rankine engines were
evaluated in terms of cycle efficiency, toxicity, flammability
and combustion products, and stability. Two final candidate
fluids were selected as being the most desirable: a 60/40 mol%
mixture of pentafluorobenzene/hexafluorobenzene, designated
as RC-1, and a 65/35 mol% mixture of water/2-methylpyridine,
designated as RC-2. Rat inhalation studies revealed 4-hour
median lethal concentrations of 16,000 ppm and 8000 ppm for
RC-1 and RC-2, respectively. Combustion tests involving the
burning of the working fluids with propane-air demonstrated
the production of relatively high concentrations of carbon
monoxide (612 + or - 66 ppm) and hydrogen fluoride (746 + or
- 80 ppm) for RC-1; unburned hydrocarbons were also high for
RC-1 (935 + or - 72 ppm). Combustion of RC-2 was more
complete and resulted in much lower concentrations of the
above components; however, nitrogen cyanide and nitrogen
oxides were emitted in amounts of 0.5 and 79 + or - 6 ppm,
respectively. Fluid RC-1 came nearest to satisfying the au-
tomotive organic working fluid requirements, with fluid RC-2
being selected as a back-up candidate for automotive use.
75204
Kalfadelis, C. D., E. M. Magee, G. E. Milliman, and T. D.
Searl
EVALUATION OF POLLUTION CONTROL IN FOSSIL
FUEL CONVERSION PROCESSES. ANALYTICAL TEST
PLAN (FINAL REPORT). Exxon Research and Engineering
Co., Linden, N. J., Environmental Protection Agency Contract
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
139
68-02-0629, Program Element 1AB013, ROAP 21ADD-023,
Kept. EPAe650/2-74-009-l, 184p., Oct. 1975. 66 refs.
Process and waste streams in the Lurgi coal gasification
process and the Char-Oil-Energy Development (COED) coal
liquefaction process are reviewed in terms of analytical
requirements for assessing their pollution potential. Descrip-
tions of each step in the above processes are presented along
with analytical procedures for obtaining data on particulates,
polynuclear compounds, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, or-
ganic sulfur compounds, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist,
nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, ammonia, phenols, cyanide, ar-
sine, mercury, beryllium, fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, nickel
and iron carbonyls, and hydrogen selenide.
75387
Vogel, G. J., W. M. Swift, J. F. Lenc, P. T. Cunningham, W.
I. Wilson, A. F. Panek, F. G. Teats, and A. A. Jonke
REDUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY THE AP-
PLICATION OF FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION AND
REGENERATION OF SULFUR-CONTAINING ADDITIVES
(ANNUAL REPORT). Argonne National Lab., 111., Environmen-
tal Protection Agency Interagency Agreement EPA-IAG-149(D)
and Office of Coal Research Interagency Agreement OCR-IAG-
14-32-0001-1543, Program Element 1AB013, ROAP 21ADB-011,
ANL/ES-CEN-1007, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-104, 136p., Sept. 1974.
26 refs.
A bench-scale, fluidized-bed combustion pilot plant capable of
operating at 10 atmospheres pressure was used to evaluate the
effects of operating variables on flue gas sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide levels, combustion efficiency, additive utiliza-
tion, and heat transfer. High retentions of sulfur (greater than
90%) and low NO levels (less than 150 ppm) were achieved
with a fluidized bed of dolomite where SO2 reacted with lime
in the dolomite to form calcium sulfate. The combustor was
successfully tested using a variety of coals: highly caking,
high-volatile bituminous, high ash subbituminous, and low-
heating value lignite. The kinetics of the reaction of half-cal-
cined dolomite with SO2 were first order with respect to SO2
concentration in the presence of water vapor and approximate-
ly three-fourths order in the absence of water vapor. Material
balances were obtained for mercury, lead, beryllium, and
fluoride; data were also obtained for sodium concentration in
the particulate matter entrained in the flue gas from the com-
bustor. (Author abstract modified)
76008
Calvert, Seymour and Samuel Stalberg
EVALUATION OF SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF EMISSION
FROM ROCKET MOTORS - PHASE I (INTERIM REPORT).
A.P.T., Inc., San Diego, Calif., Air Force Rocket Propulsion
Laboratory and Environmental Protection Agency Interagency
Agreement EPA-IAG-R5-0644, Contract 68-02-1328, Task 8,
Program Element 1AB012, ROAP 21ADL-010, Rept. EPA-
600/2-75-021-a, 57p., Aug. 1975. 5 refs. NTIS: PB 245590/AS
An engineering evaluation of methods for controlling emis-
sions from solid rocket test firings is presented. The primary
emissions requiring control are carbon monoxide, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride and aluminum oxide particles. A
pilot scale scrubber currently in operation on a 22,200 newton
(5000 Ib) motor is examined and appears to require an exces-
sive amount of water if scaled up for a rocket of larger thrust.
Scoops appear to provide one simple means of reducing the
quantity of scrubbing water required. Pilot-scale tests to deter-
mine the technical feasibility of the idea are recommended.
(Author abstract modified)
76232
Farrier, P. M. and F. I. Coates
INFLUENTIAL FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF EF-
FLUENT EMISSIONS FROM THE BLUFF ALUMINUM
SMELTER. The Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zea-
land, Clean Air Conf. 1975 Proc., Rotorua, New Zealand, 1975,
p. 511-527. 6 refs. (Feb. 17-21.)
Procedures for the control and monitoring of particulate and
fluoride emissions from an aluminum smelter are described.
The monitoring program includes measurements of control
equipment efficiency and the determination of fluoride levels
in the surrounding air as well as in flora and fauna. Fluoride
emissions from pot operation are minimized as a result of the
installation of a prebake cell. The emissions from aluminum
reduction pots are collected in a common duct and passed
through a multicyclone for the removal of particulates. The
cleansed effluent is then discharged through a 137-meter high
stack at a velocity of 1.6 m/sec. Each pot is completely
hooded, and an effluent containment in excess of 97.5% is
constantly maintained.
76512
Parekh, Rashmi
EQUIPMENT FOR CONTROLLING GASEOUS POLLU-
TANTS. Chem. Eng./Deskbook, vol. 1975:129-133, Oct. 6, 1975.
Equipment for controlling gaseous pollutants is classified ac-
cording to the function it performs. Gas liquid absorption
processes are carried out in vertical countercurrent flow
through packed, plate, or spray towers. The equipment falls
into the following categories: dispersed gas: impingement plate
scrubbers; dispersed liquid: packed towers, wetted-wall
towers; dispersed liquid: spray towers, venturi scrubbers. A
major factor in the successful operation of a scrubber is the
proper selection of materials for construction. The units are
subjected to harsh environments created by industrial gases
such as sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen fluoride, and chlorine, which form sulfurous, sul-
furic, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acids as they enter the
liquid phase. Materials selections must be based on specific
application requirements. Incineration is the simplest route
when the gas streams are combustible. Direct flame and cata-
lytic oxidation are the two methods in common use today.
77475
Gerstein, Steven M. and Mark E. Franza
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR SECONDARY ALUMINUM
SMELTERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 14p., 1975. 11 refs. (Ptesented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20,
1975, Paper 75-66.6.)
A dry absorption-filtration system for controlling particulate
and gaseous (chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen
fluoride) emissions from a secondary aluminum smelter is
described. The basic component of the system is a baghouse
coated with a chromatographic material capable of absorbing
acid gases in a gas-solid reaction. The chromatographic coating
filters submicron materials prevents submicron particle per-
meation of the bag filter cloth. Bags are shaken every 3-5
days. Outlet particulate loadings for the system are less than
0.005 grains/standard cu ft, and the opacity of the plume is
zero. The average acid gas emission is 10 ppm or less. The bag
life is conservatively estimated at 10 yr. The annual operating
cost, including amortization, for the system is about $2.00/ton
of aluminum. (Author abstract modified)
-------
140
77816
Graetz, R.
POSSIBLE METHODS FOR THE CONTROL OF FLUORIDE
EMISSIONS AND INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM CON-
TINUOUS MEASUREMENTS OF FLUORIDE IN FLUE GAS.
(Moeglichkeiten zur Beeinflussung der FIuor-Emissionen und
Erkenntnisse aus kontinuerlichen Fluor-Messungen im
Rauchgas). Text in German. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), 4:130-138,
April 1975. 11 rets.
Methods for the control of fluoride emissions from brickworks
are reviewed along with factors affecting the fluoride content
of ceramic materials. Fluoride emission control techniques in-
clude: the prevention of fluoride discharge from materials
being fired, the chemical reaction of gaseous fluoride com-
pounds with other compounds to render the former harmless,
and dilution of flue gas by the use of tall stacks. The fluoride
content ceramic materials varies in concentration and depends
on the chemical and mineralogical constitution and the geologi-
cal origin of the clays. Thus far, no conclusions on the effi-
ciency of methods for the continuous monitoring of fluorides
in flue gas can be drawn.
77838
Swift, W. M., G. J. Vogel, and A. F. Panek
POTENTIAL OF FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTION FOR
REDUCING TRACE-ELEMENT EMISSIONS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 19p., 1975. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 68th, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975, Paper 75-46.3.)
The potential of fluidized-bed combustion for reducing trace
element emissions as compared with conventional coal com-
bustion systems was evaluated using a bench scale, 6-inch
diameter, pressurized, fluidized-bed combustor. Overall mass
balances for the elements lead, cobalt, iron, potassium,
lanthanum, sodium, and scandium possessed material balances
of 100 + or - 10%, indicating essentially no losses of these ele-
ments by volatilization. Retention of the relatively volatile ele-
ments mercury, fluorine, bromine, and arsenic indicated a
definite potential for the reduction of emissions of these ele-
ments via fluidized-bed combustion. Concentrations of trace
elements in coal and fly ash samples from successive stages of
gas cleaning devices (primary cyclones, secondary cyclones,
and filters) were adjusted to a combustible-matter-free basis
and compared for significant differences in concentration
between coal and ash samples and for successively finer sam-
ples of ash. The concentrations of elements such as barium,
cobalt, lanthanum, antimony, scandium, and tantalum showed
slight tendencies to increase with decreasing particle size. The
lower combustion temperatures of fluidized-bed combustion
were apparently effective, however, in reducing the
preferential concentration of trace elements in the finer ash
particles. (Author abstract modified)
78245
Glowiak, Bohdan and Adam Gostonczyk
INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING BY ION EXCHANGERS. (Oc-
zyszczanie gazow pzremyslowych metoda jonitowa). Text in
Polish. Ochrona Pracy (Prague), (11):17-18, Nov. 1974. 5 refs.
Results of an investigation on the applicability of ion exchan-
gers to remove acidic impurities from industrial gases are
described. The device operates on the principle of sorption of
acidic gases by ionic substances with simultaneous and con-
tinuous regeneration. The concentration of gases can be ar-
bitrary. The temperature of the gases being cleaned should not
be higher than 333 K and a preliminary removal of dust parti-
cles is required. The process can use practically all industrial
anions capable of absorbing HSO3 and SO3 anions from aque-
ous solutions. The diameter of the anionic particles must be
greater than 0.004. The process can have an effectiveness of
99% when it is used for removal of such acidic impurities as
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen fluorides. The
process can therefore be used to clean industrial gases from
sulfuric acid plants, emissions from phosphate fertilizer plants
from glass- works, from aluminum smelting plants.
78814
Kisters, T.
FLUE GAS CLEANING BEHIND REFUSE INCINERATING
PLANTS - PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS.
(Rauchgasreinigung hinter abfallverbrennungsanlangen
Probleme und Loesungsmoeglichkeiten). Text in German. Aufbe-
reitungs-Technik, 16(5):231-236, May 1975.
Techniques and equipment for flue gas cleaning behind waste
incinerators are described. The incinerator flue gases usually
contain 5-15 g dust, 1000-2000 mg hydrochloric acid, and up to
20 mg hydrofluoric acid per N cu m. The maximum allowable
emission concentrations are 100 mg/N cu m for dust and
chlorine, and 5 mg/N cu m for fluorine. Suspended matter can
be separated most efficiently and economically in electrostatic
dust separators which require preliminary flue gas cooling
because they can not be operated permanently at temperatures
over 300 C. Sulfur dioxide, HC1 and HF can be separated by
wet absorption or adsorption methods, using water, aqueous
solutions of calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, or
limestone. Limestone is used most efficiently in fluidized-bed
operations. The admission of pulverized limestone into the flue
gas is less efficient. The gases require cooling before, and
heating after the wet separation of gaseous components.
78890
Westphal, Bernhard W. and Juergen Boehme
TRASH AND SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATION PLANT
KREFELD. (Muell- und Klaerschlammverbrennungsanlage
Krefeld). Text in Germa.1. Energie, 27(5):122-130, 1975.
The combined municipal waste and sewage sludge incinerator
plant constructed recently in Krefeld, West Germany, is
described. Waste incineration is done on Duesseldorf system
grates in a temperature range of 800-1200 C. The hot flue
gases are cooled and dedusted in an electrostatic precipitator,
after which they are washed for the removal of hydrochloric
acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfur dioxide. The air pollutant
emission from the waste incinerator plant is negligible.
79079
Huenlich, Hans-Werner
STATEMENT ON CURRENT PRACTICE FOR THE REDUC-
TION OF FLUORIDE EMISSION IN THE BRICK AND TILE
INDUSTRIES BY SCRUBBING OF THE FLUE GASES. (Fest-
stellung des Standes der Technik zur Verminderung der
Fluoremission in der Ziegelindustrie durch Reinigung der Ab-
gase). Test in German. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), no. 4:155-162,
1974.
Fluoride occurs as a trace element in fuels and in many raw
materials for ceramics. It is seldom possible for it to be
completely stabilized in the ceramic body during firing. An at-
tempt is therefore made to neutralize the harmful gaseous
fluoride compounds in the flue gas. A survey of the literature
on the subject presents the processes used to date, both inside
and outside the ceramic industries, for the conversion of the
gaseous fluoride compounds in the flue gas into harmless com-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
141
pounds in the form of dust particles. The further development
of the lime injection process and the necessary removal of the
dust particles thus produced are singled out for particular
emphasis. (Author abstract)
79657
Davids, Peter
EFFLUENTS FROM GAS SCRUBBERS IN INCINERATORS.
(Abswaesser der Gaswaesch von Verbrunnungsanlagan). Text in
German. Muell Abfall, 7(S):144-146, 1975.
Problems of flue gas cleaning after trash incinerators and re-
lated wastewater problems are discussed. The dust, hydrochlo-
ric acid, and hydrofluoric acid emissions from waste incinera-
tors are limited to 100 mg/cu m; 100 mg/cu m, and to 5 mg/cu
m, respectively, which requires the separation of dust and of
the gaseou_ pollutants, which can be combined in scrubbers.
Due to their high water-solubility, HC1 and HF can be
separated by means of water. If the scrubber effluents are to
be discharged into recipients, the specific water consumption
should be increased to 10-15 cm in/ton of waste to obtain a
dilute effluent. If the effluent is to be treated before discharge,
the water consumption should be minimized, which is possible
by recirculation and counterflow processes. Thus, it is possible
to obtain an acid with 10% concentration, and to achieve a
water entramment of 0.04 cu m/ton of waste. It is also possible
to use lime suspension for flue gas scrubbing without waste-
water treatment.
79711
Tabasaran, Oktay
ENVIRONMENT BALANCES AND TRASH PYROLYSIS.
(Umweltbilanzen bei der Abfallpyrolyse). Text in German.
Mucll Abfall, 7(5):127-131, 1975. (Presented at the Waste
Technology Colloquium, 28th Stuttgart, West Germany, March
14, 1975.)
The environmental and energetical balances of trash pyrolysis
according to the Destrugas and Goldshoefe processes are
drawn up on the basis of actual measurements on technical-
scale pilot plants. The waste gases generated in the Destrugas
degassing process at a pyrolytic temperature of 1000 C are
scrubbed, and a fuel gas is obtained. With trash with a
calorific value of 1900 kcal/kg, 360 kg of gas with a calorific
value of 2790 kcal/N cu m are obtained per ton of trash. This
gas contains 39.5% hydrogen, 17.6% carbon dioxide, 18.6%
water, 21.1% carbon monoxide, 9% methane, and 3.2% other
hydrocarbons by volume, as well as 404 mg sulfur oxides, 35
mg hydrochloric acid, 1 mg hydrofluoric acid, 170 micrograms
mercury per N cu m, 400 ppm hydrogen sulfide, 59 ppm
hydrocyanic acid, and 1185 ppm triethylanune. In the
Goldshoefe process, in which hydrocarbons are cracked at
1200 C in coke bed, and part of the water added is converted
into hydrogen, 100 kg of raw waste generated 106.9 kg of
cleaned gas with a calorific value of 1400 kcal/N cu m. After
scrubbing, this gas contains 51% nitrogen, 20% hydrogen, 14%
CO, 8%, CO2, 3% oxygen, 3% methane, 1% other hydrocar-
bons, as well as 120 ppm of ammonia, 30 ppm hydrocyanic
acid, 20 ppm SO2, and 10 ppm H2S. Both processes generate
gases which represent hardly any environmental hazard, and
the volume of these pyrolysis gases amounts to about 10% of
that generated by conventional incineration. The low dust con-
tent makes electrostatic precipitators unnecessary. The pyroly-
sis gas incorporated about two thirds of the energy content of
the waste, and 50% of this recovered energy is needed for the
pyrolytic process.
80213
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Paris (France), Environment Directorate
AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORINE COMPOUNDS FROM PRI-
MARY ALUMINIUM SMELTING. 44p., 1973. 18 refs.
Emission of fluorine compounds is the major air pollution
problem of the primary aluminum smelting industry. Typical
data regarding quantity and composition of fluorine air pollu-
tants released in the various processes using different types of
electrolysis pots are given. Some pots are designed with a
hood which allows a considerable fraction of the release to be
collected in a relatively concentrated form. Typical data re-
garding collection efficiencies are exhaust and ventilation
requirements for pot rooms are given. Electrostatic precipita-
tors, scrubbers, and bag filters are used for cleaning pot ex-
haust. Adsorption of hydrogen fluoride on alumina to recover
fluorine compounds is used increasingly. The most efficient
gas cleaning systems operate at above 90% efficiency. Total
emissions obtainable with combination of pots and gas clean-
ing equipment are calculated. The investment in medium or
highly efficient gas cleaning systems ranges from 5% to 10%
of the investment in the electrolysis plant. According to data
received from 12 countries representing 71% of the aluminum
production in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development area, 23% of the production takes place in plants
having highly efficient gas cleaning. About 8% is produced in
plants having no gas cleaning. (Author abstract modified)
80356
Novikov, A. I., A. N. Skvortsov, and V. A. Kishkarev
CONICAL SCRUBBERS WITH FLUIDIZED SPHERICAL
PACKING FOR GAS PURIFICATION. Intern. Chem. Eng.,
15(3):530-533, July 1975. 4 refs.
The characteristics and applications of conical scrubbers with
fluidized spherical packing (CSS) in spraying and ejection
variations are discussed. The packing is fluidized most inten-
sively near the lower base of the cone, and gradually slows
down along the height. The upper, slightly mobile layers of
spheres serve to partially recover the spray which is formed in
large amounts near the lower base of the cone. Upper grids
with a layer of spheres having a height of 150 mm are pro-
vided for more complete recovery of the spray in the cylindri-
cal part of the units. These grids do not become clogged with
residue and have practically no effect on the overall resistance
of the scrubber. For spheres of silicon tetrafluoride, hydrogen
fluoride, and dust with a diameter of 34-40 mm, the maximum
recovery capacity is achieved with a static bed height of HO
equals 500-800 mm.
80500
DUST BURNS FREELY SUSPENDED. TRASH AND SEWAGE
SLUDGE INCINERATION PLANT IN KREFELD TAKEN
INTO OPERATION. (Staub verbrennt freischwebend. Muell-
und Klaerschlamm-Verbrennungsanlage in Krefeld in Betrieb
genonunen). Text in German. VDI Nachr. (Ver. Deut. Ingr.)
(Berlin), 29(48):7, 1975.
The new combined waste incinerator and wastewater treat-
ment plant of the city of Frefeld, designed to incinerate
105,000 tons of wastes and 25,000 tons of sewage sludge, is
described. The sewage sludge, dried and ground, is admitted to
the incinerator together with the vapors generated in the dry-
ing and grinding process, and is incinerated freely suspended
over the grate. The steam produced is used for electricity
generation for the incinerator and wastewater treatment plan!,
-------
142
and the exhaust steam is used for remote heating. The flue
gases are dedusted in an electrostatic precipitator, after which
they are washed in two stages for the removal of hydrochloric
acid in the first stage, and of sulfur dioxide and hydrofluoric
acid in the second. The cleaned gases are mixed with hot air
before discharge into the atmosphere.
80863
Morgunova, E. M., V. B. Vedemikov, O. P. Subbotina, A N.
Semenov, and M. N. Gafarov
LIBERATION OF FLUORINE-BEARING GASES IN
SEMIHYDRATE PRODUCTION OF WET-PROCESS
PHOSPHORIC ACID. (Vydelenie ftoristykh gazov v proiz-
vodstve polugidratnoi ekstraktsionnoi H3PO4). Sov. Chem. Ind.
(English translation from Russian of: Khim, Prom.), 6(8):507-
508, 1974. 5 rets.
The liberation of fluorine-bearing gases during the semihydrate
production of wet-process phosphoric acid was studied. About
32% of the fluorine from the apatite concentrate was found in
the tail gas given off by the process. The fluorine:phosphorus
pentoxie ratio of the gas phase was over 200, indicating that
the tail gas can be used for synthesis of a suitable feed for the
production of aluminum fluoride. It is necessary to install a
system for removing phosphoric acid spray from the fluorine-
bearing gas exiting from the concentrators, however, to obtain
a fluosihcic acid suitable for aluminum fluoride production.
80950
Kirov, N. Y.
THE SAMPLING CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT
OF SOLID WASTES AS A FUEL. New South Wales Univ.,
Sydney (Australia), Dept. of Fuel Technology, Convers. Refuse
Energy Int. Conf. Tech. Exhib., 1st, Montreux, Switzerland,
1975, 6p. 4 rets. (Nov. 3-5.)
The characteristics of solid wastes that are necessaiy for the
successful conversion of refuse to energy are discussed. The
parameters of importance to incinerator design in relation to
handling, storage, combustion characteristics, maintenance,
plant availability, and air pollution potential include: total
weight, bulk density, moisture, calorific value, proximate and
ultimate analyses, size distribution, ash fusion characteristics,
and the presence of any undesirable elements, such as metals
(mercury, arsenic, lead, tin, aluminum, and zinc), sulfur,
chlorine, fluorine, phosphorus, nitrogeneous wastes and alkalis
which may cause fouling, slagging, corrosion, or air pollution
problems.
81040
Barber, J C.
POLLUTION CONTROL IN FERTILIZER MANUFACTURE.
J. Environ. Quality, 4(1):1-11, Jan.-March 1975. 19 refs.
(Presented at the American Society of Agronomy, Annual Meet-
ing, 65th, Las Vegas, Nev., Nov. 15, 1973.)
Regulations and standards for air pollution and industrial hy-
giene affecting fertilizer production are discussed. Technology
available for the abatement of air and water pollution and for
control of dust in the working environment is described.
Technology has not yet been developed to cope with the par-
ticulate emission problems at ammonium nitrate and urea
prilling towers. Both air and water pollution problems at new
nitrogen fertilizer production facilities can be lessened by the
selection of low energy scrubbers. Plant tests are currently
being made with a low pressure drop impingement type of
scrubber. One possible solution for new plants is to granulate
ammonium nitrate and urea in equipment which is amenable to
particulate emission abatement. Dust scrubber effluents and
plant washdown obtained at granular fertilizer plants can be
converted into liquid fertilizers; however, the dust collection
system should be designed to avoid excessive dust pickup.
Much progress has been made toward recovery of by-product
fluorine, but by-product gypsum recovery involves large
capital investment and extensive market development. Water
pollution is also discussed. (Author abstract modified)
81256
Reissmann, H.
FLUE GAS CLEANING AND FLUE GAS SCRUBBING IN IN-
CINERATION PLANTS. (Rauchgasreinigung und
Rauehgaswaesche bei Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text in Ger-
man. Preprint, VGB Technical Association of Large Power
Plant Operators E.V., Essen, 12p., 1975. 6 refs. (Presented at
the VGB Incineration Conference, Hagen and Stuttgart, West
Germany, April 4 and 18, 1975.)
Problems and possibilities of dust separation and gas scrubbing
at municipal and special waste incinerator plants are described.
Dry mechanical dust separators are unable to guarantee com-
pliance with the new dust emission standard of 100 mg/N cu
m. Therefore, they are used sometimes as a first stage before
electrostatic precipitators which reach efficiencies of up to 98-
999£. The flue gas temperature in the electrostatic precipitator
should be between 250-280 C to prevent hot-temperature cor-
rosion or temperature drops to below the dew point. The effi-
ciency of precipitators is determined not only by the
precipitating surface area but also by the spacing between the
precipitating electrodes. Wet type dust separators can use an
accelerating diaphragm immediately behind the incinerator if
the flue gas volume is fairly constant. For fluctuating flue gas
volumes, venturi scrubbers with adjustable flow cross-section
as a function of the flue gas flow is most suitable. While the
carbon monoxide emission can be abated by adequate process
control, chlorine and fluorine emissions require flue gas
scrubbing with sufficient contact time between the flue gases
and the absorbent liquid. Sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide and
carbon dioxide are also separated partially. Dry methods, i.e.,
the use of calcia, do not guarantee compliance with the emis-
sion standards (100 mg/N cu m for Cl, and 5 mg/N cu m for
F).
81645
St. Cyr, Lewis A. and Loren H. Young
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION BY USING ACTIVATED
ALUMINA SOLID ADSORBENT TO REMOVE PARTICU-
LATES OF LESS THAN 0.5 MICRONS FROM FLUE GASES.
(Vulcan Materials Co., Birmingham, Ala.) U. S. Pat. 3,900,298.
6p., Aug. 19, 1975. 5 refs. (App. July 13, 1973, 2 claims).
An air pollution control process for the prevention of white
smoke in the atmosphere caused by finely divided metal halide
solids is described. Particulates less than 05. micron in size are
removed from flue gases by passing the flue gases into inti-
mate contact with a solid adsorbent of activated alumina. The
solid adsorbent is particularly useful in removing metal halide
solids such as aluminum chloride, potassium chloride, sodium
chloride, and aluminum fluoride of less than 0.1 micron in size
from the gaseous effluent of aluminum processing operations
which utilize a gaseous chlorine treatment of molten alu-
minum. Activated alumina has not been used in any other
process because it is widely believed that solid adsorbents are
ineffective in removing submicron particulates and that liquid
adsorbents, such as caustic or alkaline solutions are needed.
(Author abstract modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
143
81772
Kurian, P. C.
POLLUTION PROBLEM AT E.I.D-PARRY LIMITED FER-
TILISER FACTORY AT RANIPET. Fertiliser News, 18(9): 17-
18, Sept. 1973.
Stack emissions generated by a superphosphate and sulfuric
acid plant associated with a fertilizer manufacturing operation
are described along with methods for their control. The main
effluent from the sulfuric acid plant is unconverted or unab-
sorbed sulfur dioxide which generally does not exceed 0.2%. A
maximum conversion of SO2 to sulfur trioxide is achieved
when the plant is operated at a SO2 input to the converter of
7-7.5%. Emissions are controlled by dispersion using a 30.5-
meter high stack. Emissions from the superphosphate plant in-
clude silicon tetrafluoride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen
chloride, and fluorine, with the latter compound being the
main pollutant. These gases are controlled by absorption in a
spray tower. The absorption efficiency of the scrubber ranges
from 65-70%. Unabsorbed gas from the scrubber is discharged
through a stack that is 21.3 m above ground level.
81773
Latey, N. G.
POLLUTION IN PHOSPHATIC FERTILISER PLANT. Fer-
tiliser News, 18(7):29-30, July 1973.
Gaseous and particulate emissions generated by su-
perphosphate and sulfuric acid plants associated with a
phosphatic fertilizer manufacturing operation are reviewed
along with methods for their control. Sulfuric acid plant emis-
sions consist mainly of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide.
These pollutants, though uncontrolled, are generally main-
tained at 0.1-0.12% and 0.01-0.14%, respectively, of the stack
gas composition. Fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon
tetrafluoride are the main gaseous emissions generated by the
superphosphate plant. These emissions are controlled by a
combination of spray scrubbing and wet cyclone treatment.
Dust emissions arising from the superphosphate plant are con-
trolled by bag filters.
81944
Achorn, Frank P., Hubert L. Balay, annd David G Salladay
FLUORINE RECOVERY FROM SUPERPHOSPHATE
PLANTS. Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.
C., 31p., 1975. 5 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society Meeting, Chicago, III., Aug. 24-29, 1975.)
Information concerning some of the commercial practices for
the recovery of fluorine from superphosphate plants is
presented. Possible uses for such recovered F are also
discussed in terms of economics and technology The gas from
normal superphosphate plants is usually scrubbed in an
impingement scrubber or the more modern ventun type. Con-
centrated superphosphate plants are also discussed. Plant tests
show that water scrubbing in either impingement or ventun
scrubbers removes F, in the form of silicon tetrafluonde, ef-
fectively from the exit gases of superphosphate plants Usually
the venturi scrubber is more efficient and can utilize weak
hexafluorosilane (H2SJF6) as a scrubbing medium to remove F
effectively from superphosphate dens. A major problem with
the recovery of F from superphosphate plants is disposal of
(he by-products from these systems.
81995
Boehm, Eberhard, Lothar Reh, Ernst Weckesser, Gunter
Wilde, and Guenter Winkhaus
METHOD OF REMOVING HF FROM GASES. (Metall-
gesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main (West Ger-
many) and Vereinigte Aluniiniumwerke Aktiengesellschaft, Bonn
(West Germany)) U. S. Pat. 3,907,971. 8p., Sept. 23, 1975. 5
refs. (Appl. Nov. 15, 1971, 3 claims).
A method for removing hydrogen fluonde from gas streams
emitted by electrolysis cells used for the production of alu-
minum is described wherein contact between the gas phase
and the solid phase is carried out in an expanded fluid bed to
achieve increased removal efficiency over piror art methods.
The waste gas is used as the fluidizing medium for an ex-
panded fluid bed of particulate solids capable of taking up
hydrogen fluonde. The solids content of the fluid bed chamber
and the gas flow parameters are adjusted to maintain a con-
tinuous solids concentration gradient throughout a vertical
chamber such that the concentration decreases from the bot-
tom to the top of the chamber. A major proportion of the
solids removed from the top of the bed and entrained in the
gases can be separated from the effluent gas and returned to
the chamber
82032
Tsukamoto, Youji and Sadao Kondo
METHOD FOR REMOVING A FLUORINE COMPOUND(S)
FROM GASEOUS MIXTURE THEREWITH. (Mitsubishi Gas
Chemical Co., Inc., Tokyo (Japan)) V. S. Pat. 3,907,522. 6p.,
Sept. 23, 1975. 4 refs. (Appl. April 26, 1974, 11 claims).
A method for the efficient removal of fluonne compounds,
particularly boron tnfluoride, from gas streams is described
which precludes the escape of the fluoride hydrate as mist.
The gas mixture is first introduced into a gas scrubber of the
gas-liquid contacting type. The gas removed from the scrubber
is then introduced into a mist-catching device which comprises
a porous filter medium (mean pore size of 60 micron of less)
and a nozzle or nozzles positioned above the surface of the
medium. Water or an aqueous alkaline solution is sprayed on
the surface of the filter medium in the same direction as that
of the gas stream.
82446
Fichtel, Konrad
TRASH PYROLYSIS: FOUR PROCESSES ARE RIPE FOR
TESTING. (Hausmuell-Pyrolyse: Vier Vcrfahren koennen er-
probt werden). Text in German. Umwelt (Duesscldorf), 5(4):42-
50, 1975. 17 refs.
Four different trash pyrolysis processes (Destrugas process,
Landguard process, Andco-Torrax process, and Purox
process) are described and compared with regard to their
technological and environmental advantages. The Destrugas
and Purox processes require purification of the pyrolysis gas
before combustion, which is not problematic because of the
small gas volumes generated, while the Landguard Andco-Tor-
rax processes offer but slight or no environmental advantages
over the waste incineration process Of the four different
methods, the Destrugas method is most promising and is ex-
pected to become a valid alternative for incineration In this
process, crushed wastes are gradually heated up to 900-1000 (,'
for cracking of the organic components. The process gas ob-
tained contains water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, caibon
monoxide, methane, and small quantities of highet hydrocai-
bons The process gases are cooled and scrubbed to obtain a
fuel gas composed essentially of hydrogen. CO, GO2, and
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144
methane, which can be stored for later. The flue gases
generated during the combustion of this gas contain 10 ppm of
sulfur dioxide plus sulfur trioxide, 0.5 ppm of hydrofluoric
acid, 10 ppm of hydrochloric acid, and 10 mg of soot/N cu m.
82918
Nix, Thomas B.
REMOVAL OF FLUORIDES FROM GASES. (Fuller Co.,
Catasauqua, Pa.) U. S. Pat. 3,876,394. 5p., April 8, 1975. 3 refs.
(Appl. Oct. 10, 1973, 5 claims).
A method and apparatus for removing gaseous fluorides from
gases evolved from an aluminum smelting furnace are
described. The fluorides are removed by achieving intimate
contact between finely divided particles of alumina and the
fluoride containing gases. Particles of alumina are fed into a
stream of gases collected from the aluminum smelting furnaces
countercurrent to the flow of gases. The particles of alumina
absorb the fluorides and are then separated in a cyclone. The
alumina is fed to the smelting furnaces. Preferably two stages
are used. In this method, cooling of the evolved gases is not as
critical as in prior methods and apparatus for removing gase-
ous fluorides. (Author abstract modified)
83134
Horvath, Zoltan
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN METALLURGY. (Kor-
nyezetvedelem a femkohaszatban). Text in Hungarian. Banyasz.
Kohasz. Lapok - Kohaszat, 108(7):321-325, July 1975. 17 refs.
Sulfur dioxide and fluorine emissions generated in copper,
zinc, and lead metallurgy, and methods for their abatement are
described. The sulfur dioxide emissions, originating from the
ore sulfur content and from sulfur-containing fuels, can be
abated by technological improvements, such as reduction of
the flue gas volume with high SO2 concentration; the Kivcet,
Worcra, Noranda, and Mitsubishi processes; and the wet
processes which totally eliminate the emission problems. The
SO2-containing flue gases are treated mostly with ammonium
hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide for SO2
removal, as exemplified by many new flue gas treatment units
at leading metallurgical companies. These measures, including
the construction of high stacks, permit at least 95% of the SO2
to be removed from the flue gases Fluorine, for which the
specific emission with respect to aluminum works is limited to
I kg/ton of aluminum in the USA, France and other countries,
can be abated by improved technological processes or flue gas
treatment, consisting of scnibbing with acid, alkaline solution
or water, or by adsorption on alumina in a dry fluidized-bed
process
83198
Aoki, Toshimitsu
MULTI-HOLE PLATE SCRUBBER. (Mezara shiki senjoto).
Text in Japanese. Ebara Jiho (Ebara Times), no. 93:68-70, 1975.
A multi-hole plate scrubber (wet-type dust collector)
developed by the Ebara Co. jointly with the Nippon Light
Metal Co. is described. This scrubber was developed originally
m 1972 for aluminum electrolysis factories, to collect waste
hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas, but is now being used in steel
refineries, stack desulfurization installations, and ceramic in-
dustries. Treatment capacities ranged from 800 cu m/min to
350,000 N cu m/hr. Temperatures ranged from 30 C to 160 C.
Sodium hydroxide solution is used to absorb HF, sulfur diox-
ide, and sulfur trioxide gases. Absorption is made effective by
thorough gas-liquid contact by the following means: droplets
falling through the multi-hole plate; liquid films, stretched over
the holes; gas passing through the f.''ms; wet-wall effect by the
honeycomb zone. Mist accompanying the treated gas is
removed by means of an eliminator, and emitted into the at-
mosphere. Calcium and dust deposition from the industrial
water used in the water supply can adversely affect the effec-
tiveness of the installation. An annual or semi-annual main-
tenance check is recommended.
83613
Ishahaya, Fumio
EXHAUST GAS CLEANING APPARATUS. (Hitachi, Ltd.,
Japan)) U. S. Pat. 3,885,918. 6p., May 27, 1975. 3 refs. (Appl.
Sept. 1, 1972, 18 claims).
An apparatus for removing acidic air pollutants from exhaust
gas is described. A liquid containing alkali material is sprayed
in a form of fine particles into exhaust gas containing acid
material such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, fluorine gas,
chlorine gas, and/or hydrogen chloride. The materials react
with each other to produce solid particles which are separated
from the exhaust gas. The solid particles are of predetermined
size for easy separation.
83667
Fattinger, V.
WASHING OUT OF METAL OXIDES AND NOXIOUS GASES
FROM WASTE INCINERATOR FLUE GASES TO ACHIEVE
THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE DEGREE OF WATER POLLU-
TION PREVENTION. (Auswaschen von Metalloxiden und
Schadgasen aus Abfallverbrennungsanlagen unter weitgehender
Vermeidung einer Abwasserverschmutzung). Text in German.
CIBA-GEIGY AG, Basel (Switzerland), Convers. Refuse Ener-
gy, Int. Conf. Tech. Exhib., 1st, Montreux, Switzerland, 1975,
6p. 7 refs. (Nov. 3-5.)
A multi-stage system for the separation of particulate matter,
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride from
waste incinerator flue gases, developed by CIBA-GEIGY A.G.
is is described. The system adopts a controlled counterflow of
flue gas and scrubbing liquid. It is composed of a coarse dust
separator which also cools the gas and conditions the
scrubbing liquid. The second stage is a scrubber for the
removal of acid gaseous components and for the wetting of
fine suspended dust. The third stage is a fine dust separator in
the form of venturi scrubber or other types. The SO2 content
of the flue gas is reduced by over 75%. No alkalies are used in
the scrubbing liquid, but it is possible to increase the efficien-
cy by the use of alkalies. The dilute sludge generated is
neutralized with the incinerator ashes
84391
Smith, William H. and Leon S. Dochinger
CAPABILITY OF METROPOLITAN TREES TO REDUCE
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS. Preprint, Yale Univ., New
Haven, Conn., School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
and Forest Service, Delaware, Ohio, Northeastern Forest Ex-
periment Station, 29p., 1975. 78 refs. (Presented at Better Trees
for Metropolitan Landscapes Symposium, Washington, D. C.,
Nov. 5, 1975.)
Evidence indicating that trees in urban environments may have
considerable potential for removing both particulate and gase-
ous pollutants from the atmosphere is reviewed. Studies of up-
take and removal mechanisms are discussed in relation to
nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
fluoride, chlorine, nitrates, ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate,
fluorine, and heavy metals. Mechanisms for gaseous removal
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B. CONTROL METHODS
145
include uptake via plant pores and surface adsorption. Particu-
late removal by trees may result from sedimentation or impac-
tion onto tree surfaces and precipitation transfer to tree sur-
faces. Sufficient potential for this sink function is indicated to
justify its consideration in tree selection and breeding pro-
grams for metropolitan trees.
84418
Rawlings, Gary D.
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT AT FERTILIZER MIXING
PLANTS. Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.
C., 37p., 1975. 11 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society Meeting, Chicago, 111., Aug. 24-29, 1975.)
Air pollution abatement at three types of fertilizer mixing
plants are described: ammoniation-granulation, bulk blend, and
liquid mix. Emissions include: ammonia vapor and ammonium
salts, chlorine vapor and inorganic salts, fluorine compounds,
phosphorus compounds, and particulates. The type of air pol-
lution control equipment used depends on plant type, produc-
tion capacity, and operating conditions and includes cyclone
and wet scrubbers, spray dedusters, spray towers, electrostatic
precipitators, and filters. The collection efficiencies for vari-
ous types of this equipment are tabulated.
-------
146
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
00126
M. R. Pack and D. F. Adams
PROBLEMS OF RELATING ATMOSPHERIC ANALYSES TO
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON AGRICULTURE. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (4) 219-24, Apr. 1966.
This presentation has emphasized the deficiencies of methods
of atmospheric analysis and the inadequacy of present un-
derstanding of the relationship of air pollution to plant and
animal injury. The purpose is to show where improved
methods and further research are needed and perhaps to
prompt more critical interpretation of atmospheric analysis
data. The deficiencies mentioned are generally recognized, but
in the desire to obtain a rapid solution to a problem they are
sometimes overlooked. This frequently adds to the confusion
rather than helping to clarify the situation. Consideration has
been limited to fluoride, photochemical air pollutants, and sul-
fur dioxide. (Author)
00260
J. M. Ross, R. H. Wade, and H. M. Benedict
A RAPID FIELD METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE IN PLANTS (FINAL REPT). Stanford Research
Inst., South Pasadena, Southern California Labs. April 1963. 5
pp.
A colorimetric reaction, involving the ceriumlll-alizarin com-
plexan reagent, is described for the simple semiquantitative
determination of excess amounts of fluoride. A method is out-
lined that may be used in the field for the determination of
fluoride in plants in excess of 40 ppm. (Authors' abstract)
00264
R. H. Wade, J. M. Ross and H. M. Benedict
A METHOD FOR THE DETECTION AND ISOLATION OF
TRACES OF ORGANIC FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN
PLANTS. (FINAL REPT.) Stanford Research Inst., South
Pasadena, Calif., Southern California Labs. Apr. 1963. 20 pp.
A method for the detection and isolation of submicrogram
quantities of organic fluorine compounds from plant materials
in the presence of much larger amounts of inorganic fluoride is
presented. The procedure consists first of a rapid screening
step for use with large numbers of vegetable samples and ex-
tracts and, second, of a chromatographic step to isolate and
characterize any fluoro-organics found. These methods are
developed in light of specific chemical characteristics of or-
ganic fluorine compounds as a general class A modification of
Soep's quantitative submicro fluoride analytical method is
presented as applicable to these isolation methods. Microgram
quantities of organic fluorine compounds were found in the
plant materials investigated but at a level too low for isolation
and identification. (Authors' abstract)
00450
E. Zawadzka, K. Pampuch-Karska
(DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC FLUORINE COM-
POUNDS IN AIR.) Oznaczanie Nieorganicznych Zwiazkow
Fluoru W Powietrzu. Chem. Anal. (Warsaw) ll(2):261-72, 1966.
Text in Polish
The thiocyanate method of determination of fluoride ion in air
and the zirconium-alizarin method based on the Bumsted re-
agent were compared. Influence of accompanying substances
has been established on the results of analyses performed by
the two methods. From the point of view of a toxicologist
analyzing a workenvironment, both methods are sufficiently
accurate when no interfering substances are present. However,
the zirconium- alizarin method is much more sensitive and
more specific than the thiocyanate method. Both methods are
equally simple. The precision of the determinations carried out
by the zirconium- alizarin method was 4% and the sensitivity
of the method allowed detection of 5 micrograms of fluorine in
a sample. In the case of dust samples containing 80 - 200
micrograms of fluorine, the precision of the determinations
was 5%.
00626
L. H. Weinstein, R. H. Mandl, D. C. McCune, J. S. Jacobson,
and A. E. Hitchcock
A SEMI-AUTOMATED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINA-
TION OF FLUORINE IN AIR AND PLANT TISSUES. Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst. Vol. 22(4):207-220, Dec. 1963.
A semi-automated procedure for the analysis of fluroine in air
and plant tissue samples has been developed, based upon the
use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. Ashed and alkali-fused
plant tissue samples are suspended in 25 ml. of water in test
tubes and are placed in a large sampler. An aliquot of the sam-
ple is automatically pumped into the heated revolving glass
helix of a Digestor unit along with 50% H2SO4. As the acid-
digest mixture passes through the helix, fluoride and water
vapor are evolved and are continuously swept from the helix
under reduced pressure, pass through a long glass funnel,
through a water jacketed condensing coil, and into an imp-
inger. The fluoride sample is continuously pumped from the
bottom of the impinger and joins with a stream of lanthanum-
alizarin complexone reagent. The mixture then passes through
4 double mixing coils where complete mixing and color
development take place. The sample stream then flows to the
colorimeter where the absorbency of the solution is measured
at 624 millimicron. The impulse is transmitted to a recorder,
and a peak is plotted. Absorbency of the peak is proportonal
to fluorine concentration in the range from 0.10 to 3.2 micro-
gram per ml. of original digest. With a slight modification, air
samples, impinged in water, may be directly between the semi-
automated and standard distillation methods. In the case of tis-
sue digests, the rate of analysis is 12 per hour, while in the
case of air samples, it is 10 samples per hour. (Author summa-
ry)
00636
R. H. Mandl, L. H. Weinstein, J. S. Jacobson, D. C. McCune,
and A. E. Hitchcock
SIMPLIFIED SEMI-AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF
FLUORIDE. Preprint. 1966.
A microdistillation device is described which replaces the
Digestor module in the Technicon AutoAnalyzer for analysis
of fluoride. The unit offers the advantages of speed, good
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
147
reproducibility, and versatility. The potential use of this
microdistillation unit in automated systems is described.
(Author summary)
00941
J. S. Jacobson, D. C. McCune, L. H. Weinstein, and A. E.
Hitchcock
STUDIES ON THE MEASUREMENT OF FLUORIDE IN AIR
AND PLANT TISSUES BY THE WILLARD-WINTER AND
SEMI-AUTOMATED METHODS. J. Air Pollu- tion Control
Assoc. 16(7):367-371, July 1966. (Presented at the 58th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada,
June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-38.)
Determinations of F in plant tissues by the Willard-Winter
(WW) and semi-automated (SA) methods have been studied
for the presence of determinate and indeterminate errors by
multiple linear regression analysis. The results have provided a
better understanding of the magnitude of differences between
tissue samples required for statistical significance and have
suggested that the errors involved are much greater both in
number and magnitude than usually assumed. The results have
also established that the SA method is a satisfactory alterna-
tive to the WW method for determining the F content of plant
tissues. Investigations of the sources of error in F determina-
tions by the semi-automated method were carried out, and the
results indicated a number of ways of reducing errors. Deter-
minations of the F content of air by three methods were com-
pared and studied to estimate the magnitude and locate the
sources of error. Here, too, the results indicated that present
estimates of the reliability of determinations of the F content
of air may be overrated, and they have suggested that im-
provement in the mean of collection of HF is the best way of
improving reproducibility. (Author summary)
01313
J.O. Ivie, L.F. Zielenski, M D. Thomas, C.R. Thompson
ATMOSPHERIC FLUOROMETRIC FLUORIDE ANALYZER.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., Vol. 15(5): 195-197, May 1965.
A fluoride analyzer originally designed by Wiggins, St. John,
Thomas and associates at Stanford Research Institute, has
been modified to improve its operational capabilities and relia-
bility so as to operate for periods in excess of six months with
virtually maintenance. It measures hydrogen fluoride in the at-
mosphere in the sub-parts per billion range. The need for the
instrument, method of measuring fluoride and the modifica-
tions made to improve the SRI instrument are presented. The
instrument has been operated in the field for two years beside
impingers which obtain daily integrated samples. The impinger
samples are subsequently titrated. Satisfactory correlation has
been found between the average daily values by the automatic
analyzer and the impinger. (Author abstract)
01349
C. R. Thompson and J. O. Ivie
METHODS FOR REDUCING OZONE AND/OR INTRODUC-
ING CONTROLLED LEVELS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
INTO AIRSTREAMS. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (London),
Vol. 9:799-805, Dec. 1965.
Methods and equipment are described for reducing ozone in
an atmosphere by the addition of metered levels of nitric ox-
ide. The NO is diluted with 50 vol of nitrogen before addition
to the ozone containing airstream to prevent premature oxi-
dant of NO to NO2 by oxygen of the air. Simple, reliable
dispensing equipment for metering hydrogen fluoride into
airstreams at the fractions of micrograms per cubic meter level
is also described. This utilizes the constant vapor pressure of
HF at O C from a relatively concentrated HF solution and
variable levels of dispensing are achieved by varying the rate
at which air is bubbled through the solution. An automatic
valve system is described for providing a 24-hr present
schedule of dispensing HF. (Author abstract)
01593
METHODS OF MEASURING AIR POLLUTION (V4REPORT
OF THE WORKING PARTY ON METHODS OF MEASUR-
ING AIR POLLUTION AND SURVEY TECHNIQUES). Or-
ganisation and Development, Paris, France, Directorate for
Scientific Affairs. 1965. 94 pp.
Methods for the measurement of the amounts of the following
pollutants in the atmosphere out of doors using relatively sim-
ple and inexpensive apparatus were examined: grit and dust -
particles coarse enough to settle out under their own weight;
suspended matter - particles or droplets fine enough to remain
suspended in the air; sulphur oxides; hydrocarbons; and
fluorine compounds.
01793
F.N. Mortenson, H.M. Benedict, L.G. Transtrum, W.S.
Winters
METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUORINE INTAKE OF
DAIRY COWS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. J. Dairy Sci. 45,
(1) 74-8, Jan. 1962.
This field method enables an investigator to determine if the
fluorine intake of a herd is within safe limits for dairy cows. It
consists of determining average weights by heart-girth mea-
surements, average milk production, and consumption of hay,
concentrates, and silage from Dairy Herd Improvement As-
sociation records, or by weighing at the farm. Pasture Con-
sumption is calculated by difference between the total digesti-
ble nutrients required and those supplied by other feeds.
Water intake is based on Morrison's standard. The fluorine
content of feeds and water is determined, and the amount of
fluorine ingested is calculated in milligrams per kilogram of
body weight. It is possible to determine fluorine ingestion for
cows within a accuracy of plus or minus 20% at the 95% con-
fidence limits. During 5 yr., 321 fluorine determinations were
made in 60 herds. (Author summary)
02042
P. Bourbon
(ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS POSED BY POLLUTION BY
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS.) Probleme Analytique du Dosage
de Plon Fluor. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London,
1966. (Paper VI/6). (Also published in J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 17, (10) 661-3, Oct. 1967.)
The author sets forth the analytical problems posed by
fluoride pollution and makes a critical study of the methods
which are being used. The results that have been discovered
over several years are reported. (Author abstract)
02565
S.N. Suvorova, A.M. Vorob'Ev, G.V. Rabovskii
EXPRESS METHOD FOR ELEMENTAL FLUORINE DETER-
MINATION IN THE AIR. (Ekspress-metod opredeleniya ele-
mentarnogo ftora v vozdukhe.) Hyg. Sank. 29, (1) 80-2, Jan.
1964. CFSTI: TT65-50023/1
For purposes of the express analysis under field conditions
particular note should be made of the reaction of fluorine with
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148
potassium bromide and the subsequent reaction of the free
bromine with fluorescein, which produces
tetrabromofluorescein (eosin). The reaction is carried out on a
solid adsorbent - silica gel - which is thereby colored red and
compared with an artificially prepared scale of standards. Data
on the fluorine determination by the express method and by
the iodometric method are shown. Ten experiments were per-
formed with all these concentrations, and in all cases the sam-
pling rate was 51/min. The sampling time was chosen in ac-
cordance with the fluorine concentration. The maximum error
in fluorine determination by the express method is 10-12.5%.
02681
E. Lahmann
METHODS FOR MEASURING GASEOUS AIR POLLU-
TIONS. Staub (English TRANSLATION) 25, (9) 17-22, SEPT.
1965. CFSTI TT 66-51040/9
As the analysis of air pollutants has become a very extensive
area of microchemistry, the statements included herein are
limited to the principles involved in the analysis of the most
important extraneous gases. Empirical, batch and continuous
methods are the basic means for investigating gaseous air pol-
lutants. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods
are presented. Subsequently, the most important methods used
at present for determination of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, oxidants, carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbons are discussed.
03119
S.R. Craxford
STANDARDISATION OF MEASURING AND CONTROL AP-
PARATUS AND OF METHODS OF MEASURING. European
Conf. on Air Pollution, Strasbourg, 1964. p. 139-146.
From its study of the methods of measurement of air pollu-
tants the OECD Working Party found that the methods
adopted on an international basis fit into 3 categories: (1) well
established methods suitable for international standardization;
(2) methods considered to be of interim nature; (3) methods of
known limited application. In general, the sampling procedures
are considered to be as important as the analytical in measur-
ing atmospheric air pollutants. The relative importance of air
pollutants as revealed from study of national reports remains,
since 1957, dusts, or deposited material, smoke, or suspended
particulate material, and SO2. Sulfuric acid and other sulfates,
oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide, compounds of
fluorine and ammonia come next in importance. Greater
emphasis in CO concentrations and the affects on health
reflects greater concern with automotive emissions. Also,
there is growing concern about the effects of polynuclear aro-
matic compounds which are present in the atmosphere, and of
which there are many known carcinogens. Various standard
analytical procedures are discussed briefly.
03478
C. W. Chang and C. R. Thompson
AN IMPROVED DIFFUSION METHOD FOR DETERMINING
SUBMICROGRAM AMOUNTS OF FLUORIDE IN BIOLOGI-
CAL SAMPLES. Microchem. J. 8, (4) 407-14, 1964.
A method for fluoride determination has been developed in
which a level of 0.0-2.5 microgram fluoride was determined
quantitatively from several milligram samples of biological
material. This technique allows the drying, ashing, and diffu-
sion of small samples without transfer. The SPADNS-zirconi-
um lake is a sensitive and convenient color reagent. Recove-
ries of 96 to 102% were obtained.
03503
L. H. Weinstein, J. S. Jacobson, and R. H. Mandl
PROPOSED METHOD FOR SEMI-AUTOMATED ANALYSIS
OF FLUORIDE IN PLANT TISSUES. Boyce Thompson Inst.
for Plant Research, Inc., Yonkers, N.Y. 1966. 37 pp.
The method described involves dried and ground plant materi-
al which is ashed, alkali-fused, and diluted with water to a
volume of 25 ml. The suspended digest and sulfuric acid are
pumped into the Teflon coil of a microdistillation device main-
tained at 170 C. A stream of air carries the acidified sample
swiftly through a coil of Teflon tubing to a fractionation
column. The fluoride and water vapor distilled from the sam-
ple are swept up the fractionation column into a condenser,
and the condensate passes into a small collector. The distillate
is pumped continuously from the sample collector. Acid and
solids are removed from the bottom of the fractionation
column and are drawn to waste. The distillate is mixed con-
tinuously with alizarin fluorine blue-lanthanum reagent, and
the colored stream passes through a 15-mm. tubular flow cell
of a colorimeter, and the absorbance is measured at 624 mil-
limicrons. The impulse is transmitted to a recorder. All major
pieces of apparatus, with the exception of the microdistillation
device, are components of the Techicon AutoAnalyzer.
03527
R. O. McCaldin
EVALUATING AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS (ACCEPTA-
BLE EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES). Arch. Environ.
Health 2, 228-33, Mar. 1961.
Some of the more common equipment used in making environ-
mental air quality determination, such as Hi-Volume Samplers,
Filter Tape Samplers, Gas Samplers, and simplified monitoring
techniques, are discussed. Hi-Volume Samplers are frequently
used to measure suspended particulate which may consist of
smoke, dust, or other solids small enough to remain air-borne
for long periods. This includes particulates under 100 microns
in diam, and, for the most part, those less than 1 micron in
diam. Fiber glass filters commonly used with this sampler col-
lect practically all particulates down to 0.3 micron in diam.
The sampler itself consists of a vacuum cleaner motor with
mounting to accomodate an 8-in by 10-in filter. Filter Tape
Samplers are commonly used in the field studies and usually
are equipped with a diaphragm pump to draw air through at a
rate of about 7 liters/min. Various automatic instruments are
used for the continous collection and recording of gaseous pol-
lutants. However, various manual or semimanually operated
bubbler collection trains have been used in the majority of
gaseous measurements. Simplified monitoring techniques are
discussed in conjunction with dustfall sulfation rates, H2S,
corrosion and fluoride sampling.
03550
D. F. Adams and R. K. Koppe.
A FIELD EVALUATION OF THE MINI-ADAK m AUTO-
MATIC, FLUORIDE AIR POLLUTANT ANALYZER. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 12, (4) 164-9, Apr. 1962 (Presented at
the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
New York City, June 11-15, 1962.)
This study has shown that short-term fluctuations in the con-
centration of fluorides in the atmosphere can be recorded by
the use of the Mini-Adak II analyzer, an automatic flow
colorimeter embodying an air-reagent contacting cell. The data
furthermore showed the comparability of the long-term
average atmospheric fluoride concentrations as determined
with automatic instrumentation and conventional manual
methods. Simultaneous sampling with two Mini-Adak II
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
149
analyzers and two sequential samplers showed that data pro-
vided by the automatic instruments varied less than similar
data from the two sequential samplers. Limed filter paper data
obtained simultaneously at one sampling site predicted a
somewhat lower, but explainable, 30-day average atmospheric
fluoride concentration than was experimentally determined by
instrumentation and sequential sampling. Selective sampling of
the gaseous or particulate fluoride in the atmosphere showed
that (a) approximately 87% of the particulate fluorides
(retained on type AA Millipore filters) were recorded by the
Mini-Adak II analyzer and (b) the average ratio of particu-
late/gaseous fluorides in the area of study was 1.5.
03908
Y. Yoshida
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON CHRONIC FLUORINE
POISONING, n. METHODS OF MICRODETERMINATION
OF FLUORINE. Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 1, (7-8) 97-105,
Nov. 1959. Text in Japanese.
A study was carried out to determine the microquantity of
fluorine in chronic fluorine poisoning. Both bleaching
colorimetry of Th-Alizann and photoelectro-colorimetric titra-
tion were improved and the conditions for increasing the accu-
racy were determined. This method was based on the reaction
of the Fluoride ion with Th-Ahzarin lake, utilizing the
phenomenon which quantitatively changed with the density of
the lake by letting F- form a colorless complexion with +4
Thorium ion. The method used was considered appropriate for
determination of microquantity of fluorine. The results ob-
tained are as follows: () Titration is suitable as a routine
method since the quantity examination line becomes straight.
2) With both methods, measurement will be possible down to
0.1 gamma/25 ml (0.004 ppm). 3) Over the range fluoride ion 0
to 20 gamma/25 ml, repeatability is possible to 95 to 105%. 4)
Measurement should be undertaken exactly five minutes after
the coloring of the lake. 5) Hydrogen ion concentration greatly
affects the accuracy and precision, and this measurement
should be taken at exactly pH 3.00. 6) In photoelectro-
colorimetric titration, the endpoint was fixed at E 0.080 for im-
proving precision. 7) The extent of the effect of interfering
ions was small in Cl, Ca and NH4 ions, medium in Mg, SO4,
and extremely high in Al and HPO4 ions.
04038
M. R. Pack, A. C. Hill, and H. M. Benedict
SAMPLING ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES WITH GLASS
FIBER FILTERS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (8) 374-7,
Aug. 1963.
Glass fiber filters with uniformly low fluoride blanks com-
pared well with impingers for sampling gaseous and particulate
fluorides in the various atmospheres. The filters offer a simple
and convenient means of collecting total atmospheric fluorides
at a minimum cost for equipment and maintenance. Although
the only limitation on the size of sample is that enough
fluoride be collected for accurate determination, the method
described is especially adapted to collecting samples covering
24 or longer. Samplers can be operated for at least a week at
most locations without attention. This is frequently adequate
for monitoring purposes. Shorter sampling intervals are neces-
sary to establish the extent of short-time fluctuations. The fil-
ters showed a tendency to give slightly lower concentrations
than impingers when sampling hydrogen fluoride and slightly
higher concentrations when particulate fluoride predominated,
but the differences were not statistically significant. Care
should be exercised in selecting glass fiber filter media for
fluoride sampling, however, because wide differences were
found in the magnitude and variability of fluoride blanks of
different media tested. The use of an aluminum tube apparatus
preceding the glass fiber filters offers a means of separating
gaseous and particulate forms of fluoride, that is the most
satisfactory of several methods previously tested by the
authors. Protection from moisture is essential for proper
operation of either the glass fiber filter samplers or the alu-
minum tube apparatus, but the protection provided must not
prevent fluoride from reaching the samplers. The shelters
tested did not affect results, and the aluminum tube apparatus
worked just as well with the open end down.
04105
S. N. Suvorova, A. M. Vorob'Ev, and G. V. Rabovskii
FLUORINE AND HYDROGEN FLUORIDE DETERMINA-
TION IN THE AIR WITH A SOLID SORBENT. Gigiena i
Sanit. 28, (10) 48-50, Oct. 1963. Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by B. S.
Levine in U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Oc-
cupational Disease, Vol. 12.) CFSTI: TT 66 61429
No simple and adequately sensitive methods have been
described for the determination of fluorine and hydrogen
fluoride. Therefore, the first step in this investigation was to
select a substance which might completely absorb both com-
ponents. After some preliminary tests the following absorber
solution was selected; Na2S203-7, KI-4, and methyl (p-
methylaminophenol sulfate) 0.1 per cent by weight. However,
successive determinations of the fluorine-ion in this absorber
mixture by highly sensitive procedures proved very com-
plicated. For this reason, the present authors decided to use
solid absorbers. The first absorber thus tested was silicagel
trademarked MSK of granule sizes ranging between 260 and
300 mg, which were impregnated with an aqueous solution of
triethanolamine. Best results were obtained with 2 g of the sil-
icagel in a Yavorov or in a U-shaped tube. Fluorine determina-
tions were made colorimetrically by the thorium-thoron
method after it had been extracted from the silicagel.
04405
O. Cucchiara, R. Rex, T. Donaghue
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE DE-
TECTION OF HAZARDOUS VAPORS. Parametrics, Inc.,
Waltham, Mass. (Technical Kept. No. AFAPL-TR-65-SO.) June
1965. 54 pp. DDC, AD 465094
A prototype model of an instrument which is capable of de-
tecting low concentrations of hydrogen, fluorine and fluorine-
containing oxidizers was developed. The instrument provides
an audible alarm within three to five seconds after exposure to
near hazardous concentrations of these gases. The alarm con-
centrations are either 0.5% or 1.0% hydrogen, and .025 ppm of
fluorine, chlorine trifluoride or oxygen difluoride. Other detec-
tion levels (both higher and lower) could be set if required.
The basis of this technique is that the loss of radioactivity of a
kryptonated homolog upon reaction with a gas is proportional
to the concentration of the reacting gas. The instrument is
portable, simple to operate, und reiable. The instrument incor-
porates the technique of radiochemical exchange using kryp-
tonates. Selectivity is achieved by the utilization of different
kryptonated sources for the various gases. Other gases can be
detected with this instrument by using appropriate kryptonate
homologs. (Author abstract)
-------
150
04458
J. L. Fergason, N. N. Goldberg, C. H. Jones, R. S. Rush, L.
C. Scala, and F. Davis
DETECTION OF LIQUID CRYSTAL GASES (REACTIVE
MATERIALS). Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Research Labs. (Technical Rept. No. RADC-TR-64-569.) Aug.
1965. 127 pp. DDC, AD 620 940
The purpose was to determine whether reactive liquid crystals
could be developed that would detect 1 to 10 ppm of certain
gases. Satisfactory materials were produced to detect
hydrazine hydrate (HH),unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
(UDMH),NO2,HN03, HF, and HCI. With the exception of
HCI and HF, all of the gases could be readily distinguished
from one another. Temperature- sensitive detectors were
developed which are capable of distinguishing between HH
and UDMH at concentrations of 8 ppm. A number of detec-
tors were developed that respond to the oxides of nitrogen,
and detection of 6 ppm of NO2 was satisfactorily achieved.
N2O, which is relatively inert, was found not to react with any
of the systems studied. When oxides of nitrogen are present in
an atmosphere that contains any water vapor, HNO3 will be
formed. Materials that detected 1 ppm of HNO3 were
prepared and tested. Two detectors were developed that will
detect HCI, and HF at concentrations below 1 ppm. However,
no simple method for distinguishing between the two was
found. The set of reactive cholesteric liquid crystals exhibit a
change in color transition temperature upon exposure to the
contaminants.
04463
D. E Harrington and R. S. Dorset!
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE BY PYROHYDROLYSIS
AND AUTOMATED COLORIMETRY. Du Pont (E.I.) De
Nemours & Co., Aiken, S. C., Savannah River Lab. (Rept. DP-
1004.) Dec. 1965. 15 pp. CFSTI, DP-1004
A pyrohydrolytic-colorimetric method was developed for the
determination of fluonde in the presence of high concentra-
tions of interfering elements. Adaption of the colorimetric
reaction of fluoride with the lanthanum chelate of alizarin
complexone to an automated system gave a minimum detecta-
ble limit of 0.050 microgram/ml of fluoride in pure solutions
and 25 microgram of total fluoride in samples that required the
pyrohydrolytic separation from interferences. The relative
standard deviation of the method is better than 1% at twenty
times the limit of detection. (Author abstract)
04540
M. R Pack and A. C. Hill
FURTHER EVALUATION OF GLASS FIBER FILTERS FOR
SAMPLING HYDROGEN FLUROIDE. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15, (4) 166-7, Apr. 1965.
Tests were conducted to determine the limitations of glass
fiber filters in sampling atmospheric hydrogen fluoride. The
tests were conducted in a plastic chamber receiving a continu-
ous supply of clean air with HF added. Sets of three two-inch
filter discs were used, one behind another in common open-
faced holder. Samples were drawn through the filters at about
1.3 cfm for periods of one, two and three days. Tests were
made at several different atmospheric fluoride concentrations
ranging from 2 to 25 microgram/cu m. Filters with and without
latex binder (MSA-CT77225 and MSA-CT77332 respectively)
were evaluated simultaneously. Filters without latex binder
were more efficient collectors than those with binder. Up to 75
microgram F/sq in. of filter area was collected by a single
filter before the loss reached 5%. Two filters, one behind the
other, collected over 250 micrograms F sq in. of filter area be-
fore loss through them reached 5%. By controlling the sam-
pling rate and time to avoid exceeding the saturation limit, it is
possible to use glass fiber filters for sampling over a wide
range of fluoride concentrations.
04685
R. Mavrodineanu J. Gwirtsman
EFFECT OF VOLTAGE VARIATION ON THE PHOTOMET-
RIC TITRATION OF FLUORIDES WITH THORIUM
NITRATE. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 19, (3) 289-90, Mar.
1958.
The photoelectric filter photometer used for the titration of
fluorides (F) with thorium nitrate (TH(NO3)4) is of the
balanced type and makes use of two photocells connected in
opposition to a sensitive galvanometer. The light bulb of this
photometer is connected directly to the 115-v. electric line
without any voltage stabilizer. In order to determine the effect
of voltage variation, a series of tests was carried out with
known amounts of F titrated with Th(NO3)4 at five different
voltages (90, 100, 110, 120, and 130 v.). The variation in volt-
age during the determinations did not exceed more than 1%. A
variation of 10% in voltage resulted in the following percent-
age decrease in the titration with O.OOOIN Th (N03)4: 2% for
90 to 100 v.; 3.6% for 100 to 110 v.; 4% for 110 to 120 v.; and
6% for 120 to 130 v. Corresponding results with O.OIN
Th(NO3)4 were: 6% for 90 to 100 v.; 11% for 100 to llOv.;
13% for 110 to 120v.; and 5% for 120 to 130v. The O.OIN
Th(NO3)4 is generally used for titrating solutions containing
more than 200 micrograms F. Titrations were carried out using
a voltage stabilizer and the results obtained showed no im-
provement when compared with the titrations carried out
without the voltage stabilizer. When the photoelectric titrator
is used with a O.OOIN Th(NO3)4 solution and the voltage of the
line varies within 5%, the instrument can be used without a
stabilizer. If the voltage varies over 5%, a voltage stabilizer is
recommended, especially if the O.OIN Th(NO3)4 solution is
used.
04686
R. Mavrodmeau and J. Gwirtsman
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR THE DISTILLATION OF
FLUORINE AS HYDROFLUOSILICIC ACID. Contrib. Boyce
Thompson Inst. 17, (8) 489-94, Sept. 1954.
A new type of steam distilling apparatus for the distillation of
fluorine as hydrofluosilic acid is described. It is composed of a
steam generator made from a 1500-ml flask provided with a
safety tube and an outlet which can be closed by a Hofman
clamp. A ground glass joint connects a steam generator with
the distilling flask A second joint connects the latter to a
Friedrich type condenser. The distilling flask is made from a
Pyrex cylinder through which a thermometer passes and dips
into the solution. An electric jacket keeps the temperature of
the distilling liquid at 135 plus or - 2 C. A multiple distilling ap-
paratus of six units is described. It takes about 75 min. for the
collection of 500 ml of distillate, low distilling blanks, good
recovery (98 to 101%), and automatic efficient washing.
04687
R. Mavrodineanu and R. R. Coe
IMPROVED APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES FOR SAM-
PLING AND ANALYZING AIR FOR FLUORIDES. Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst. 18, (3) 173-80, June 1955.
Descriptions are given of improved apparatus and procedures
for sampling and analyzinf air containing hydrofluoric acid
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
151
(HF) and silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) gases in concentrations of
less than one to several hundred parts per billion of air. A
closed type conical-shaped absorber of 500-ml. capacity con-
taining 50 ml. of absorbing solution proved efficient (95%
recovery of the fluorine (F) for absorbing fluorides from air
passed through the absorber at rates up to 70 cu. ft. per hr. A
smaller absorber (300 ml.) of similar design containing 40 ml.
of absorbing solution was equally efficient with air speeds up
to 40 cu. ft. per hr. and, when converted into a distilling unit
without transferring the sample, gave 95% recovery of F and
an average blank of 1 microgram F. Both absorbers are easy
to wash and are less subject to contamination than conven-
tional types previously used. A description is also given of an
automatic time-clock sampling unit together with details of the
back titration procedure used in fluorine analysis. Recent
results indicate that direct titration of the sample with thorium
nitrate and determination of the end point by means of a spe-
cially designed filter photometer constitute a much faster,
more sensitive, and more precise method than visual titration
with sodium fluoride (NaF). (Author summary modified)
04689
R. Mavrodineanu J. Gwirtsman
PHOTOELECTRIC END-POINT DETERMINATION IN THE
TITRATION OF FLUORIDES WITH THORIUM NITRATE.
Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 18, (3) 181-6, June 1955.
The procedure used in this laboratory for the determination of
fluorides in plant tissue and in air is based on the Willard and
Winter method. In this method the fluoride is isolated in the
form of fluosilicic acid after a perchloric acid steam distillation
at 135 C. A description is given of a photoelectric filter
photometer functioning as a comparator for the determination
of the end point in the titration of fluorides (F) with thorium
nitrate (Th(NO3)4) in the presence of sodium alizarinsulfonate.
It is a balance type instrument consisting of a nearly
monochromatic light source, two glass cells for the solutions,
and two barrier-layer photoelectric cells connected in opposi-
tion. A mirror galvanometer mounted in parallel acts as a zero
indicator. The instrument is directly supplied by the 115-volt
line and is stable and sensitive. Its use makes possible the
titration of 1 microgram F in 250 ml of solution, one deter-
mination requiring 10 minutes. When equipped with adequate
supplementary parts it can also be used for the transmission
measurements of colored solutions as well as a nephelometer
or fluorometer. (Author summary modified)
04690
R. Mavrodineanu
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF VOLATILE
FLUORIDES IN AIR. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 18, (1)
82-4, Dec. 1954.
The method commonly used for determining gaseous fluorides
at concentrations as low as one ppb or less air requires the use
of special equipment and procedures. The present method util-
izes dry sampling with a strip of blotting paper impregnated
with a suitable reagent, that reacts with hydrogen fluoride
(HF) and other volatile fluorides which are readily convertible
into HF, such as silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and fluosilicic acid
(H2SiF6). The degree of bleaching is a function of the concen-
tration of the gas and the duration of exposure. The procedure
for impregnation of the paper is as follows: strips of white
blotting paper of 0.5-mn. thickness and convenient size are im-
mersed in a solution of thorium nitrate. After draining, they
are immersed in a solution of sodium alizarinsulfonate. A rose-
colored lake will form on the paper surface. After a short
rinsing in distilled water, the paper is dried The prepared
strips, protected from rain, are hung in the desired locations
for the detection of atmospheric fluorides, Half of the surface
of the strip is covered with a thin vinyl film in order to pro-
vide a control. After the absorbing medium (strips) has been
exposed for a given time, it is developed by immersion in a
1/100 N Hcl solution and the vinyl film taken off. Any
bleaching that occurs on the exposed part, as compared with
the control, constitutes a proof of the presence of volatile
fluoride (as HF, H2SiF6, SiF4, etc.) in the area. Fluoride con-
centration in unknown atmospheres may not only be detected
but also approximately evaluated by standardizing the sensi-
tive paper exposed for a given time in atmospheres of known
fluoride concentration.
04691
P. Mavrodineanu, J. Gwirtsman, D. C. McCune, and C. A.
Porter
SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES USED IN THE CON-
TROLLED FUMIGATION OF PLANTS WITH VOLATILE
FLUORIDES AND IN THE DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDES IN AIR, WATER, AND PLANT TISSUES. Con-
trib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 21, (8) 453-64, Sept. 1962.
Investigations at Boyce Thompson Institute on the effects of
atmospheric fluorides on vegetation necessitated the develop-
ment of procedures for the controlled fumigation of plants and
for the analytical determination of fluorides in plant material,
water, and air. These procedures were published as they were
developed and modified over a period of several years. This
paper summarizes the procedures currently employed and
gathers in one place the references to the detailed technical
papers necessary to reproduce them.
04692
R. Mavrodineanu and J. Gwirtsman
USE OF SODIUM PEROXIDE FUSION FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF FLUORIDES IN VEGETATION. Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst. 18, (9) 419-20, Dec. 1956.
The procedure for analyzing fluorine in vegetation has been
improved in recent years by the development of a new steam-
distilling apparatus with electric heating and the use of
photoelectric end-point determination in the titration of
fluorides with thorium nitrate. In an effort to shorten the time
required for the conversion of insoluble fluorine compounds
into a soluble ionizable form, a direct fusion of the plant
material with sodium peroxide (Na2O2) was carried out in a
Parr bomb. The results showed that the average time required
to complete a direct Na2O2 fusion is 30 minutes as compared
with 6 hours necessary for the ashing with CaO used in the
standard procedure. Both potassium nitrate and potassium
perchlorate are recommened for the accelerator, the latter
being preferable, particularly if the nitrate content of the sam-
ple is high.
04757
J. Gwirtsman, R. Mavrodineanu, R. R. Coe
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDES IN PLANT TISSUES,
AIR, AND WATER. Anal. Chem. 29, (6) 887-92, June 1957.
Special equipment was developed and analytical procedures
were adapted for determination of fluorides in vegetation, air,
and water, in order to study the effect of volatile fluorides on
vegetation. The equipment includes a steam-distilling apparatus
with a complete electric heating system, two types of absor-
bers for air analyses, one of which also functions as a steam-
distilling flask, and a photoelectric filter photometer for titra-
tion of fluorides with thorium nitrate. The main advantages are
-------
152
low blanks, fast distillation, quantitative recovery, safe opera-
tion, and convenient and efficient washing. Consideration was
given to sampling of plant material and effect of silica on the
determination of fluorides in vegetation. Results of a coopera-
tive analytical project involving 15 different laboratoroes are
included.
05078
E. R. Kuczynski
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE
RESPONSE OF THE THOMAS SO 2 AUTOMETER. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 1, (1) 68-73, Jan. 1967.
A study was made of the quantitative response of the Thomas
SO2 autometer to gases that might coexist with SO2 as air pol-
lutants. These gases included NO2, NO, HC1, CL2, NH3 ,
and HF. The gas mixtures were prepared dynamically at the
ppm level by a flow mexing method to a high degree of accu-
racy. Syringe pumps were used to add small quantities of pure
gases to a large vol. air stream. The effects of NO2, NO, and
HF on the SO2 reading were small, but HC1, NH3, and CL2
gave significant response. (Author abstract)
05317
Dorsey, James A. and Douglas A. Kemnitz
A SOURCE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR PARTICULATE
AND GASEOUS FLUORIDES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
18(1):12-14, Jan. 1968. 7 rets. (Presented at the 60th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967.)
Sampling of effluents that contain fluorides is often hampered
by the reactivity of hydrogen fluoride. Although techniques
have been developed for sampling ambient air, they are not
applicable to stack effluents, which contain higher concentra-
tions of fluoride, water, and particulates. A sampling system
for the separation and collection of gaseous and paniculate
fluoride was devised and tested. In this system a heated glass
probe serves as a reactor for converting hydrogen fluoride to
silicon tetrafluoride before the paniculate is filtered. Laborato-
ry tests have demonstrated quantitative recoveries of hydrogen
fluoride after the test mixtures pass through the probe and
through filter papers impregnated with sodium bicarbonate.
The equipment has performed satisfactorily in field sampling.
05439
METHODS OF MEASURING AIR POLLUTION (PART 6).
Metodi di Misura dell' inquinamento Atmosferico (Sesta Parte.
Fumi Polveri (Milan) 1(7): 18-24, Jan. 1967. It.
Two methods for measuring minute quantities of fluorine in
the atmosphere are described. 1) Two methods are given for
measuring a sample with an impinger. In the photometric
method air is introduced in the appratus containing a normal-
ized solution of 0.1 N NaOH which absorbs the fluorine ions.
The ions are then separated in the vapor state and the amount
of fluorine determined photometrically. The sensitivity of this
method is 3 micrograms F/cu m of air when measured directly,
and 0.6 microgram F/cu m when preliminary concentration
measurements are made. The metric titration method, less sen-
sitive than the photometric (10 micrograms F/cu m, is used for
high fluorine concentrations. Equations are given for both
photometric and titration methods from which the concentra-
tion of fluorine can be calculated. 2) In micro-diffusion
methods, air is passed across a bottle containing gas and
pieces of plexiglass on which compounds containing fluorine
are absorbed in 0.1 N NaOH. Extraneous substances are
eliminated by micro-diffusion and the amount of fluorine is
determined photometrically.
05586
H. M. Benedict and W. H. Breen
THE USE OF WEEDS AS A MEANS OF EVALUATING
VEGETATION DAMAGE CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION.
Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 3rd, Pasadena, Calif., 177-90
(1955)
This paper presents the results of fumigations of ten species of
weeds which occur more or less commonly throughout the
United States, by ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride,
hydrogen sulfide, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide. Plants
of two different ages and growing under two conditions of
available soil moisture were fumigated at two concentrations
of each compound. The results are recorded as (1) descriptions
and photographs of the markings which were produced on
each weed by each fumigant; (2) relative resistance of the vari-
ous weeds to each fumigant. By using these two types of in-
formation it is believed that, in an area where air pollution
may be causing markings on vegetation, observation of the
markings on some of these weeds will lead to identification of
the pollutant and consequently determination of the area over
which it is spreading in concentrations sufficiently high to
mark vegetation. (Author summary)
05620
A. Zoerner
THE DETERMINATION OF LOW CONTENTS OF
FLUORINE. (Die Ermittlung geringer Fluorgehalte.) Stahl
Eisen (Duesseldorf) 87, (2) 95-7, Jan. 26, 1967. Ger.
Determination of small amounts of fluorine in air was investi-
gated, in connection with control of air pollution, by coopera-
tive testing of methods described in literature; method
adopted, by which amounts to 1 microgram of fluorine are ac-
curately determined, is described in detail.
05892
J. O. Ivie, M. D. Thomas, O. C. Taylor, C. R. Thompson, , W.
M. Dugger, Jr., B. L. Richards
RECORDING THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO VARIOUS
AIR POLLUTANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13 (8),
355-9 (Aug. 1963). (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
This paper is an outline of experimental procedures and instru-
ment methods employed to measure effects of the air pollu-
tants, fluorides, ozone, and peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN), on
citrus trees. The plan calls for the operation of at least three
experimental test sites on which 24 citrus trees in plastic en-
closures are given six treatments as follows: A - 'Clean air,' B
- 'Ambient air,' C - 'Fluoride-free' air, D - 'Ozone- free' air, E
- 'Clean air' with fluoride added, and F - 'Fluoride and ozone
free' air. Two test sites on lemon trees are in operation at
Upland and Cucamonga, California. A third site on Naval
orange trees is under construction at Upland, California.
Photosynthesis and transpiration measurements are used to
supplement long-term growth and yield observations. Inlet and
outlet air samples are accumulated in bags for one-half hour
periods. The difference in humidity and carbon dioxide is then
measured sequentially from the air in the bags. Automatic
punchcard recording is provided for plot samples and for the
ambient air pollutants which consist of: dioxide, nitric oxide,
ozone, total oxidants, and fluorides. These are recorded
together with the date, time, temperature, and an integrated
value for sunlight. Four IBM cards are punched each hour
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
153
with positive identification of the data sources both from the
punch position and card reference number. Activated charcoal
and limestone filters are used to remove oxidant and fluoride
phytotoxicants, respectively, from the air entering the plots.
The average concentration of fluoride occurring on one day is
used to set the hydrogen fluoride concentration metered into
the four plots receiving this treatment on the following day.
Nitric oxide is diluted 1 to 50 with nidant level increases to
react with and inactivate ozone as a phytotoxicant. Twice the
stoichiometric amount of NO is used as the level of total oxi-
dants, i.e., for 0.1 ppm total oxidant 0.2 ppm NO is added.
05914
Altshuller, Aubrey P. and Israel R. Cohen
WINDOW MATERIALS FOR USE IN INFRARED ANALYSES
INVOLVING NITROGEN DIOXIDE. Anal. Chem., 31(4):628-
629, April 1959. 11 rets.
Calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, and arsenic trisulfide
crystals were tested as alternatives to sodium chloride crystals
for use as infrared-transmitting materials in spectrophotomet-
ric devices designed for nitrogen dioxide determinations. The
presence of 0.1% or more NO2 damages sodium chloride win-
dows in gas cells on a single exposure. Each crystal was sub-
jected to 0.17% NO2 in carbon tetrachloride for 4 days. Both
barium fluoride and calcium fluoride crystals showed no
change in surface appearance, whereas the arsenic trisulfide
crystal became coated in an hour or less with a greenish yel-
low deposit at NO2 concentrations of 0.17% or 0.06%. Barium
fluoride showed an additional 4 micron of transmittance range
in comparison to calcium fluoride, making it more attractive as
a window material in infrared spectrophotometers designed for
NO2 measurements.
06112
Tada, O.
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS.Bunseki Kagaku
(Japan Analyst) (Tokyo) pp. 110R-7R. 1966, Jap.
Important papers published in Japan Analyst in 1964 and 1965
are summarized. The subject is limited to measurement
methods of air pollutants known to be toxic to health. Pollu-
tants from stacks and automobile exhausts are covered, in-
cluding many cyclic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
fluorine compounds, hydrogen sulfide, lead compounds, and
offensive odors. Various sampling methods are described,
especially using filtering with glass wool filters, electric dust
collectors, gas absorbers, and portable samplers containing sil-
ica gel. The pollutants can be measured by electroconductivity
methods, colorimetric measurement recorder, gas chromato-
graphic analysis, electron capturing detector, and hydrogen ion
detector. The papers summarized do not include those dealing
with industrial or occupational environment or mining.
06279
K. E. Ball
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING
SYSTEM (FINAL REPT. JUNE 12, 1958-JUNE 30, 1961).
(Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Research and En-
gineering Division.) (1961). 45 pp. (Kept. No. MSA 301825.)
Atmospheric monitoring devices sensitized to continuously de-
tect and record toxic and higher concentrations of HF, F2,
B5H9, N2H4, NO2 and C1F3 (missile fuels and oxidizers)
have been developed and engineered. An ionization type
analyzer sensitive to finely divided aerosols is used as the de-
tecting instrument. Various amine and acid reagents are used
to convert the oxidizers and fuels respectively to aerosols.
Response times are in the order of seconds and a high degree
of specificity has been attained. (Author's abstract)
06338
Magna Corp., Anaheim, Calif., Research and Development
Div. (Kept. RED-TDR-63-1136.) (May 1963). 48 pp.
TOXIC VAPOR INDICATORS. CFSTI, DDC: AD 607046
Results are presented of work performed in the development
of thin film sensors for the detection of low concentrations of
nitrogen tetroxide and fluorine. The effect of temperature and
humidity on the response rates of the films is presented.
Responses, in terms of increase in sensor resistance, of
several percent per minute have been below 1 pmm. Based
upon the results, a laboratory model of a personnel dosimeter
for nitrogen tetroxide and fluorine was built and submitted for
field tests. (Author abstract)
06352
R. P. DeGrazio and R. G. Auge
GAS CHROMATOGRAPmC INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE AND OXYGEN IN MIX-
TURES. Dow Chemical Co., Golden, Colo., Rocky Flats Div.
(Rept. REP-880) (Apr. 12, 1967). 10 pp. CFSTI: RFP-880
This report describes various methods investigated for the
determination of fluorine and oxygen in gas mixtures by gas
chromatographic techniques. The technique found to be suc-
cessful involves the quantitative conversion of fluorine to
chlorine by the reaction with sodium chloride and the sub-
sequent separation and detection of chlorine and oxygen.
(Author abstract)
06397
Ivie, J. O., D. P. Barnes, and R. Allen
CONTINUOUS ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS FLUORIDES IN
AMBDZNT AIR AND ON INDUSTRIAL STACKS. Preprint.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 60th, Cleve-
land, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-75.)
Two sampling methods are discussed for full-range hydrogen
fluoride sampling. For ambient use, the SRI fluorescent-
quenching method is explained as the one that would reach a
low sensitivity of 0.1 ppb. For the high-stack sampling range,
an internal electrolysis instrument developed by Baker and
Morrison for continuously monitoring fluoride emissions from
industrial stacks is described. The tests indicate that the inter-
nal electrolysis method can be used effectively for stack
fluoride emissions.
06398
Jacobson, J. S. and D. C. McCune
AN INTERLABORATORY STUDY OF FLUORINE IN
VEGETATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting, 60th, Cleveland, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-
76.)
An interlaboratory study of fluorine analyses on plant tissues
was performed to determine the current levels of within- and
between- laboratory precision. Homogeneous, ground,
fluorine-containing leaf tissues of alfalfa, citrus, gladiolus,
pine, and orchard grass were analyzed by routine methods cur-
rently in use in 31 different laboratories. The study indicated
that there are wide differences in results from laboratory to
laboratory. The wide variations in procedures, techniques, and
-------
154
operating conditions probably account for the relatively large
standard deviations between laboratories which ranged from
12.7 to 38%. The results of duplicate determinations indicated
that some laboratories have difficulty in obtaining reproducible
results. Greater attention to detail, more careful performance
of operations, increased use of check procedures, standardiza-
tion of techniques, and development and use of referee sam-
ples would lead to increased agreement in results. (Author ab-
stract)
06494
Nakamura, J. T. and K. E. Ball
ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING OF TOXIC LEVEL OF MIS-
SILE PROPELLANTS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 2S(1):77-80,
Feb. 1964.
The problem of toxicity in the over-all missile industry
represents both the materials involved and the amassed quanti-
ties of these materials. Although most missile fuels and ox-
idizers are predictable in their behavior, the handling of these
relatively common compounds in tonnage lots presents
problems which have not been explored and therefore cause
due concern. Spill tests, conducted at the Edwards Rocket
Research Laboratories, releasing up to half-ton quantities of
such propellants as fluorine, nitrogen tetroxide, hydrazine,
UDMH, chlorine trifluoride, and pentaborane have been con-
ducted. In some tests, fuels and oxidizers were spilled
together. The purpose being to determine the magnitude of the
hazard; that is, the aspects of explosion and fire as well as
toxicity and pollution. The following are felt to be reasonable
requirements for a tentative atmospheric monitoring arrange-
ment: (1) accuracy plus or minus 25%, (2) range capable of at
least two orders of magnitude, preferably more, (3) speed of
Response 90% of final reading or more in less than 10
seconds, (4) specificity - the instrument need not be 100%
specific for a particular fuel or oxidizer since in many cases
there is little chance of any other material being in the vicinity.
Common solvents, degreasing fluids, oil, gasoline and materi-
als of this nature should not cause an interfering signal. A fuel
concentration should not inhibit the response of incorporated
into a detection system. These 'extras' might in- elude explo-
sion-proof design, malfunction-indicating devices and elaborate
centralized readout systems. For many application, a may pro-
vide adequate information. The choice specifications for a de-
tection system should be governed by the specific problem in-
volved and the type of information required, choice specifica-
tions for a detection system should be governed by detectors
and spot-check devices. In a few applications, required.
06962
W. Leithe and G. Petschl
COMPARATIVE ABSORPTION TESTS FOR DETERMINA-
TION OF GASEOUS AIR CONTAMINANTS IN WASH BOT-
TLES. (Vergleichende Absorption-sversuche zur Bestimmung
gasformiger Luftverunreinigungen in Waschflaschen.) Z. Anal.
Chem. 226 (4), 352-61 (1967). Ger.
Comparative gas-absorption tests are described using air con-
taminated with CO2, HC1, NH3% SO2, and air samples from
production plants containing fluorides. The concentrations
were in the range of the Maximum Allowable Concentrations
and below. Three kinds of gas washing bottles have been em-
ployed: 1) Impinger washing bottles, recently recommended
for air analyses; 2) ordinary Drechsel washing bottles; 3)
washing bottles with porous glass discs containing a foam for-
mation agent. The effect of the Impinger equalled that of the
Drechsel type. With HC1, NH3, and SO2 there was no dif-
ference between Impinger and foam absorption bottle, but
with CO2 and air samples containing fluorides foam absorption
showed up to ten times higher absorption efficiencies. Cor-
responding analyses of open-air samples containing fluorides
are being conducted. (Author summary)
06983
N. A. Poulos
AMPEROMETRIC PROPELLANT-COMPONENT DETEC-
TOR. Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp., New Haven, Conn.,
Contract No. AF 33(600)-39311, Project No. 7165, Task No.
71386, ASD Technical Rept. No. 61-154, 39p., May 1961. 19
refs. CFSTI/DDC: AD 265614
The data obtained in production of an improved multipurpose
detector capable of measuring low airborne concentrations of
nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), ozone (O3), hydrazine (N2H4),
unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), and hydrogen
fluoride (HE) is presented. The concept of 'forward and
reverse polarization' was applied and considerable specificity
was obtained of 100 microamperes per part per million of
nitrogen tetroxide, 52 microamperes per part per million of
ozone, 40 microamperes per part per million of hydrazine, and
20 microamperes per part per million of unsymmetrical
dimethylhydrazine. (Author's abstract)
07710
Wilson, W.L.,M.W. Campbell,L.D. Eddy, and W.H. Poppe
CALIBRATION OF LIMED FILTER PAPER FOR MEASUR-
ING SHORT-TERM HYDRO- GEN FLUORIDE DOSAGES.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, WIND
SPEED, AND DOSE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 28(3):254-249,
May-June 1967. 5 refs.
Limed filter papers were exposed to analyzed concentrations
of hydrogen fluoride under controlled conditions of tempera-
ture, dew point, concentration, windspeed and time. The ex-
posed papers were analyzed for their fluoride content. Wintin
the limits of accuracy of the test setup, the following conclu-
sions are made: Temperature, dew point, concentration, and
time have little or no effect on absorption. Dose has little or
no effect on absorption until dosages in excess of 400 to 600
ppm min, dependent on windspeed, are reached. Within the
limits of 3 to 18 mph, absorption varies with dosage according
to a given equation. (Authors' abstract)
07719
Keplinger, M. L.
REPORT OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF FLUORINE FOLLOWING
SHORT- TERMINHALATION. Miami Univ. School of
Medicine, Coral Gables, Fla., Dept. of Pharmacology, Contract
NGR10-007-012, Rept. CR- 76741, 73p., May 31, 1966. NASA:
N66-32296
In order to broaden the knowledge of the hazards of short-
term exposures to fluorine from rocket propellants, experi-
mental animals were exposed to fluorine for short periods of
time. The concentrations in the exposure chamber were ex-
tremely important. Since suitable analytical methods were not
available, they were developed. Special equipment, including a
chamber for exposures, was designed and built to handle
fluorine safely. Colorimetric methods were used for the mea-
surement of the concentrations of fluorine and fluorides in the
air of the exposure chamber. Analytical methods for fluorine
in air, using gas-liquid chromatography, were pursued. A ther-
mal conductivity detector measured the fluorine, but was not
sensitivw enough for these purposes. Indirect measurement of
fluorine, by conversion to chlorine, with a thermionic flame
detector appeared to be satisfactory. Signs of intoxication
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
155
from high concentrations of fluorine in air were marked irrita-
tion of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory
tract. The skin of the animals showed some irritation at the
concentrations used. The LC50 (concentration calculated to
kill 50% of the animals) was determined for 5, 15, 30, and 60
minutes of exposure in both rats and mice, for 15 and 60
minutes in guinea pigs, and for 5 and 30 minutes in rabbits.
There were no significant differences between the LC50's for
the different species. Following sublethal exposures, effects in
the lung were observed immediately. Effects in the kidney
(and in the liver) were observed first on the seventh to four-
teenth day following exposure. Pathology in the lung or kidney
occurred from exposure to almost the same concentration. Ex-
posure to higher concentrations was necessary before patholo-
gy was observed in the liver. Concentrations at or below 100
ppm for 5 minutes, 70 ppm for 15 minutes, 55 ppm for 30
minutes, or 45 ppm for 60 minutes caused no apparent effects
in the animals.
07763
Thompson, C. Ray, L. F. Zielenski, and J. O. Ivie
A SIMPLIFIED FLUOROMETRIC FLUORIDE ANALYZER.
Atmos. Environ., l(3):253-259, May 1967. 12 refs.
A fluorometric fluoride analyzer previously described has been
redesigned and simplified to provide a more usable instrument.
A single photomultiplier tube is used to receive alternate light
pulses rather than the two tubes used formerly. Illumination of
the sensitized tape is accomplished by two ultraviolet lamps.
The electronic circuitry for tape illumination and carrying of
signals to the recorder has been simplified. A light OpipingO
system improves light transmission and the bulk and weight of
the overall equipment has been reduced to about one-half.
(Authors' abstract)
07860
V. L. Eggebraaten, L. E. Miller
DETECTION OF FREE FLUORINE IN THE ATMOSPHERE
BY 1131 RADIOTRACER ANALYSIS. Intern. J. Appl. Radia-
tion Isotopes, Vol. 18, p.183-191, March 1967. 6 refs.
The chemical displacement reaction, in which combined
fluorine combines with free iodine to yield combined iodine
and free fluorine, has been evaluated as a means of detecting
and measuring free fluorine in the atmosphere. The objectives
of this program have been to determine the chemical proper-
ties of this reaction at micro-concentration levels, to develop
the calibration techniques which will produce a working
analytical procedure, and to predict the potential service of
this system as a compact, portable type instrument for per-
forming atmospheric determinations on field locations. The
basic experimentation involves passing atmospheric gases
through alkali iodide columns tagged with radioactive 1131,
which is released and captured in a sodium thiosulfate solution
upon exposure to calibrated quantities fo fluorine contamina-
tion. Determining quantitative amounts of fluorine in ppb
quantities, instantaneous recording of the atmospheric con-
tamination, discriminating between elemental and combined
fluorine, and instrument portability are the favorable features
sought with this radio release technique. (Authors' abstract)
07871
Farrah, George H.
MANUAL PROCEDURES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF AT-
MOSPHERIC FLUORIDES.J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
17(11):738-741, Nov. 1967. 18 refs.
Manual methods for the determination of air-borne fluorides,
including the discrimination of gaseous and particulate forms,
are reviewed. Published methods are re-examined and com-
parative sampling data presented, to point out advantages of
some newer techniques in sampling, separation, and quantita-
tion. There are several alternatives to the classical methods of
sampling and determination of air-borne fluorides. The bulky,
fragile, liquid- filled scrubbers can be replaced with simple,
rugged, dry collectors. When separation of interfering ions is
necessary, ion exchange can generally affect it for a fraction
of the cost in time and equipment required for Willard-Winter
distillation. And finally, the wide range of sensitivities af-
forded by instrumental methods, either spectrophotometric or
electrometric, can eliminate the need for developing a career
man to titrate fluoride. Unfortunately, there seems to be no al-
ternative to vigilance in reducing the errors in measuring air
sample volumes and avoiding contamination from equipment
and reagents.
08077
Johnson, F. A.
DETECTION OF LOW LEVELS OF
TETRAFLUOROHYDRAZINE IN AIR.Rohm and Haas Co.,
Huntsville, Ala., Redstone Research Labs., Contract DAAHOI-
67-C-0655, S-137, 19p., June 1967. DDC: AD 815940
Tetrafluorohydrazine was converted to fluoride ion by
nitrogen dioxide and water. The fluoride ion was detected con-
tinuously by a commercial fluoride ion electrode. A 30-mV
change in electrode potential was obtained for one part per
million of N2F4 in the air. Various factors affecting sensitivi-
ty, stability, and speed of the detection system were con-
sidered. (AuthorOs abstract)
09560
Bond, A. M., and T. A. O'Donnell
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE BY ATOMIC ABSORP-
TION SPECTROMETRY. Anal. Chem., 40(3):560-563, March
1968. 14 refs.
Fluoride ion depresses the absorption of magnesium in the air-
coal gas flame, the change in absorbance of the magnesium
resonance line at 2852 A being proportional to the fluoride
concentration over the range 0.2-20 microgram/ml. In the
absence of interfering ions, principally sulfate and phosphate,
the effect can be used to determine fluoride ion in this concen-
tration range. An alternative, though somewhat less sensitive,
technique is based on the enhancement of zirconium absorp-
tion by fluoride ion in the nitrous oxideacetylene flame; this
allows the determination, with a high degree of freedom from
interference, of fluoride ion over the range 5-200 micro-
gram/ml. In the presence of phosphate, which interferes with
the zirconium method, a similar enhancement of titanium ab-
sorption can be used for fluoride determinations in the range
40 400 microgram/ml. These atomic absorption methods for
fluoride determinations have been found to be considerably
more rapid than more classical methods and in many cases can
be used directly without prior separation of fluoride. Their ap-
plication has been demonstrated in the analysis of a wide
range of inorganic fluorides. (Author 's abstract, modified)
09770
Townsend, C. R., G. A. Giarrusso, and H. P. Silverman
THIN FILM PERSONAL DOSTIMETERS FOR DETECTING
TOXIC PROPELLANTS. Magna Corp., Redonodo Beach,
Calif., Research and Develop- ment Div., Contract AF-33(615)-
1751, Proj. 6302, Task 630203, AMRL-TR-66-231, 59p., Feb.
-------
156
1967. 1 ref. 1967. 1 ref. CFSTI, DDC: AD 652849 CFSTI, DDC:
AD 652849
The subject of this report is the development of a portable
system for the detection of low concentrations of nitrogen
tetroxide (N2)4), fluorine (F2), and unsymmetrical dimethyl-
hydrazine (UDMH) in air. The detection system is based upon
the change of electrical resistivity of thin metal films when ex-
posed to these gases. Silver metal films coated with ap-
propriate salts proved to be applicable to the detection of all
three gases; however, the following sensitized metal films
were found to be optimum: for N2O4, silver; for F2, copper;
and for UDMH, gold. Using the best film and salt combina-
tions found to date, N2O4 could be monitored over the range
of 0.1 to 50 ppm, F2 over the range 1.0 to 50 ppm, and UDMH
over the range 10 to 100 ppm, with a standard deviation of
about 20 percent. The effects of temperature over the range 50
deg. to 90 deg. C and of humidity from 10 to 90 percent on the
response characteristics of the thin film sensors were found to
be significant but within the tolerance limits. Means for reduc-
ing these effects were suggested which, if successful, would,
in effect, make this detection system practically independent
of changes in the environment. A portable breadboard readout
instrument was designed and fabricated for use with the sen-
sors to form an integrated detection system for personal pro-
tection. (Authors' abstract)
09983
Ubl, Z.
UNIFIED METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POLLU-
TANTS IN THE FREE ATMOS- PHERE. Acta Hygienica, No.
1, Suppl, 1966. 84p. 24 refs.
Methods for the analysis of pollutants in the air are presented
with precise and complete notes dealing with procedure, ap-
paratus, reagents, and possible problems. Procedures are given
for determining the following compounds in the air: SO2, CO,
NO2, NOx, sulfuric acid aerosols, C12, H2S, Pb compounds,
CS2, phenol, As, F2, NH3, soot, Mn compounds, SiO2, and
formaldehyde. Also discussed are methods of air sampling,
calibration methods, calculations, sensitivity and error in the
determinations interferences from other compounds, and the
principle involved in the method.
10632
Finkel'shtein, D. N., N. A. Polykovskaya, and N. M.
Morozova
SEPARATE DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE AND ALU-
MINUM COMPOUNDS IN AHt IN AND AROUND FACTO-
RIES. ((Razdel'noe opredelenie ftoristykh i alyuminievykh
soedinenii v vozdukhe proizvodstvennykh pomeshchenii i okruz-
hayuschikh territorii.)) Hyg. & Sanit. (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(1-3):212-216, Jan.-March 1968. 5 refs. CF-
STI: TT 68-50449/1
A method for the separate determination of hydrogen fluoride
(gaseous and mist) fluorides (NaF, A1F3, NaAlF6) and alu-
minum oxide when they are simultaneously in the air was stu-
died. Two methods, one desorptional and one chemical, were
elaborated for separate determinations of HF, fluorides nd
A12O3 from a single air sample. Conditions were determined
for combined sampling of air with minimum adsorption of HF
on the filter. The solubility of aluminum fluorides in water was
demonstrated to be drastically reduced by roasting, so that the
aerogel must be extracted from the filters with 0.2 N alkali
solution.
10966
L.A. Elfers, C.E. Decker
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN AIR AND STACK GAS
SAMPLES BY USE OF AN ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE.
Anal. Chem., 40(11):1658-1661, Sept. 1968.
An analytical procedure for the determination of water-soluble
fluoride in air and stack gas samples using a specific-ion elec-
trode is described. Gaseous and particulate fluoride in ambient
air are collected by filtration and chemisorption on membrane
filters impregnated with sodium formate. Data pertaining to
the collection efficiency and the dissolution of collected
fluorides from ambient air samples are presented. As little as
0.25 part per billion fluoride in air can be measured with this
procedure. Gaseous fluorides in stack gas are collected by
reaction with a hot glass probe to form gaseous silicon
tetrafluoride, which hydrolyzes in water to form soluble
fluosilicic acid. Results obtained with the electrode and the
Spadns-Zirconium Lake Method for fluoride in stack gas were
compared, and at the 0.05 significance level, no difference ex-
isted in the two methods. This relatively new analytical tool,
as applied to the analysis of air pollutants, has been shown to
be rapid and convenient, and appears to be less susceptible to
interferences than other methods presently available for the
measurement of fluoride. (Authors' abstract)
11041
Jacobson, J. S., L. H. Weinstein, and R. Mandl
A NEW CONTINUOUS AIR MONITOR FOR FLUORIDES.
Preprint, Royce Thompson Inst. for Plant Research, Inc., Yon-
kers, N. Y., ((15)) p., 1968. 9 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-86.)
An efficient scrubber for removing water-soluble fluorides
from air on a continuous basis has been developed. More than
95 per cent of hydrogen fluoride in the microgram to milligram
per cubic meter range is transferred to aqueous solution at air
flow rates up to 25 liter per minute. An Orion fluoride com-
bination electrode was used to obtain continuous measurement
of the fluoride content of aqueous solution present in the
scrubber. Response to atmosphere containing as little as 0.5
micrograms fluoride per cubic meter can be obtained. Use of
an Orion meter and proper adjustment of air and liquid flow
rates can provide a direct readout in micrograms fluoride per
cubic meter over a 100-fold range in concentration. Evapora-
tion of solution during scrubbing is, however, a major source
of error. Efforts are currently being made to overcome this
difficulty. (Authors' abstract)
11404
K. Habel
THE SEPARATION OF GASEOUS AND SOLID FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS DURING AIR-QUALITY MEASUREMENTS.
Staub (English translation), 28(7):26-31, July 1968. 4 refs. CF-
STI: TT 68-50448/7
A method for the separation of gaseous and solid fluorine
compounds is described in the case of immission measure-
ments. Solid fluorine compounds are separated from gaseous
compounds with the help of a quartz filter head by using
diaphragm filters. This filter is installed before the absorption
arrangement for gaseous fluorine compounds. Dust deposited
on the filter is prepared, together with the filter, for fluoride
determination. By weighing the filter it is also possible to carry
out a dust content determination. The separation method per-
mits the amounts of gaseous and solid fluorine compounds to
be expressed with sufficient accuracy in the case of immission
measurements. (Author's summary, modified)
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
157
11574
Lahmann, Erdwin
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTANTS. I. ANALYTICAL
METHODS. ((Die Untersuchung von Luftverunreinigungen. I.
Analysenmethoden.)) Text in German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt,
(10):145-1SO, May 12, 1967. 71 rets.
This detailed review of the apparatus and techniques used for
air pollution measurements deals with both sampling and
analytical methods. A distinction is made between empirical or
discontinuous and continuous methods of sampling and it is
pointed out that only the latter can yield readily interpretable
results. In connection with gas sampling techniques, the value
of an impinger for increasing the rate of dissolution of gaseous
pollutants is discussed. Methods are then described for the
quantitative determination of SO2, SO3, NO2, NO, CO, H2S,
HP, and NH3, and brief mention is made of the techniques of
gas chromatography and flame ionization detection for traces
of organic compounds. The two principal techniques for esti-
mating the total particulate content of the air are dust-fall and
dust-concentration determinations. The latter which depends
on photoelectric measurement of the particle density after fil-
tration is more difficult to perform, but more interesting from
the health point of view.
11626
Brune, D., S. Mattsson, and K. Liden
APPLICATION OF A BETATRON IN PHOTONUCLEAR AC-
TIVATION ANALYSIS. Aktiebolaget Atomenergi (Stockholm),
AE-333, 1968. 19 refs.
Determinations of iodine in Pharmaceuticals and of fluorine,
lead, and mercury in pure compounds were made by
photonuclear activation analysis, with a betatron accelerator
used as the irradiation facility. The accelerator yields a lower
photon flux density than a linear accelerator but has great
flexibility with regard to beam direction. Uniform irradiation
of the samples was achieved by inserting a rotating sample
holder device in the brehmstrahlung beam of the betatron. The
detection limits obtained for iodine, fluorine, lead, and mercu-
ry were 50, 3, 400, and 15 micrograms, respectively. It is con-
cluded that the betatron has practical applications in the field
of pharmacy but is unsuited for lead analyses in pollution stu-
dies of air, water, and food. It could be used for the deter-
mination of mercury in various biological materials, though
better results are expected to be obtained by conventional
neutron activation techniques.
11678
Kennedy, E. D. and E. E. Pennell
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF THE SEMI-AUTOMATED
FLUORINE ANALYZER. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Water, Air,
Waste Chem. Preprints, 7(l):235-236, 1967.
A semi-automated method of fluoride analysis is based on
flashing an acidified sample to a fractionating column, sweep-
ing the distilled fluoride and water to a microcondensor, and
mixing the condensate with alizarin fluorine blue-lanthanum
reagent. The mixture is then passed to a colorimeter which
measures absorbance at 624 millimicrons. The impluse
received is recorded on a chart indicating optical density. Sam-
ples of air and liquid plant effluents are analyzed directly or
after proper dilution to the concentration range of 0.40-4.0
micrograms F/ml. Good results are also obtained when the
method is used to monitor phosphate products requiring strict
control of fluoride levels.
11691
Jacobson, Jay S.
PERMEATION TUBES AS GASEOUS HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE SOURCES. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Water, Air,
Waste Chem., 7(l):232-234, 1967.
The permeation tube technique offers a simple means of ob-
taining standards for trace gas analyses, since the tubes are
calibrated gravimetrically. The constructions of permeation
tubes for delivering known amounts of gaseous fluoride at a
constant rate is described. Sources of gaseous fluoride, the re-
sistance of tubing to chemical attack by fluorides, and various
techniques of sealing tubes are evaluated. Developmental work
indicated that permeation tubes can be constructed containing
pure, liquid hydrogen fluoride in polyethylene or
polypropylene tubing under specified sealing techniques; at
present, however no foolproof sealing method is known. The
best combination of materials and techniques was used to
calibrate tubes gravimetrically under controlled temperatures
to determine whether losses in weight were occurring and
whether weight losses were relatively constant with time. Re-
peated weighing of different tubes gave weight losses of 80 to
210 micrograms/hr per tube or 10-14 micrograms/hr per sq cm
of diffusing surface for polypropylene tubes and 3-5 micro-
grams/hr per sq cm of diffusing surface for polypropylene
tubes. A third phase of the work still in progress, involves
determining whether the reductions in weight are a direct and
exact measure of permeation of gaseous fluoride. The future
value of permeation tubes as standards for atmospheric
fluoride measurements appears to depend on the reduction of
variability and on establishing the constancy of permeation
over long time intervals.
11779
J. O. Ivie, E. R. Hendrickson
PERFORMANCE OF FLUORESCENT TYPE FLUORIDE
RECORDERS FOR AMBffiNT USE. Preprint, Instrument
Development Co., Reston, Va. and Resources Research,Inc.,
Gainesville, FIa.,((20»p., ((1967)) 8 refs (Presented at the 153rd
meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, Fla.,
April 10-14, 1967.)
A brief review is given of the original fluorescent tape fluoride
sample for ambient air as developed by Thomas, 1958, and of
changes that were made to improve the instrument. Double
and single photomultiplier tube units are illustrated. Per-
formances in field tests are given, and the need and use of
simultaneous impinger samples for correcting peak values
given by the samplers are explained. (Author's abstract)
11915
W. Schneider, and E. Schoeffmann
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF FLUORINE-CONTAINING
EMISSIONS. ((Vergleichende Untersuchungen uber Fluorhaltige
Immissionen.)) Text in German. Stadtehygiene, 19(6):114-11S,
June 1968.
Three methods determining the presence of fluorine com-
pounds as phytotoxic air pollutants are under consideration:
(1) air analysis, (2) precipitate analysis, and (3) plant studies.
In the past, proof of damage was accepted if fluorine concen-
trations in the leaves of damaged plants were higher than
those in plants in unpolluted areas. Recently air measurements
were made at 7 stations in a recreation area containing large
forests and several water surfaces, at the same time as dust
studies of precipitates from washed and unwashed birch,
popular, and plantain leaves. The differences found in the
fluorine values (0.5-1.0 microgram F/N cu m in the air and 25.8
-------
158
mg F/sq.m. in the percipitate) may be partially attributed to
the filtration effect of forests (particularly with aerosols)
which results in reduced emissions (the authors' belief). An in-
creased concentration of fluorine in plants is neither proof of
increased fluorine in the air nor the cause of plant damage.
Leaves from plants both with and without damage showed an
increased fluorine content with little difference between
values. The most common fluorine compound, calcium
fluoride, does not cause plant damage and occurs only as a
dust which is trapped by dense forests. Because of this, the
point of collection is important when measuring for fluorides.
Fluoride emissions in industrial concentrations are difficult to
determine because of small fluoride emissions coming from
many directions.
12100
Anon.
FLUORIDE DETECTOR DEVELOPED IN CANADA. Can.
Chem. Process., 52(10):86-88, Oct. 1968.
Trace amounts of fluorides in the atmosphere can be detected
by means of an automatic analyzer developed by the Ontario
Research Foundation and now being built commercially by
Leigh Instruments of Ottawa. The analyzer uses a Na2CO3-
coated absorber tube to collect the gaseous fluorides. These
are then flushed from the tube with a modified Megregian
solution (a zirconium-eriochrome cyanine complex), and the
amount of the fluoride ion is determined photometrically. The
analyzer operates unattended continuously, except for weekly
recharging of reagents, and can detect gaseous fluorides in am-
bient air when concentrations are as low as 0.1 microgram of
fluoride ion per cu m or approximately 1 part per billion.
12334
Morgan, George B., Jack C. Fensterstock, and Thomas B.
McMullen
THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES
USING THE FLUORIDE ION ELECTRODE. Preprint, Amer-
ican Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 23p.,
1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the Conference on Air Quality, Plain-
field, Vt., 1968.)
The application of a fluoride-selective electrode as a new
analytical tool for measuring the concentration of fluorides in
ambient air is described. This electrode consists of a laser-
type, single-crystal membrane of europium-doped lathanum
fluoride, which is highly specific for the fluoride ion. When
used in conjunction with a calomel reference electrode, it
gives a Nernstian response over a concentration range of more
than four orders of magnitude. The electrode is very useful in
easily and rapidly measuring atmospheric fluorides collected
on glass fiber filters. This is of extreme importance, as this in-
strument can then be applied to the samples routinely col-
lected by the National Air Surveillance Networks (NASN) or
similar surveillance agencies. Virtually all of the fluoride that
is collected on both glass fiber filters and membrane filters is
water soluble, indicating that this method can replace the slow
and tedious colorimetric procedures. Another important factor
is that all the fluoride collected on glass fiber filters is biologi-
cally active. The electrode is stable and quite reproducible.
Sensitivity of the electrode is comparable to that of SPDNS
method. The fluoride ion activity measured in aqueous ex-
tracts of atmospheric particulates was directly related to the
total fluoride concentration in the atmosphere. Using the elec-
trode technique, the fluoride concentration at NASN sites
(both urban and nonurban) during the 1966 sampling year were
surveyed. Data are presented for samples collected at 150 sta-
tions over a 12-month period. A cursory examination of the
data shows a possible relationship between certain sources and
observed fluoride levels. (Author abstract modified)
12451
Takeuchi, Juji, Eiichi Ito, Kiyoshi Kubo, Masako Kusumoto,
Toshio Toyama, Takeo Arakawa, Itsuro Chida, Samon Maeda,
Masami Arai, Koichi Murakami, Gunji Kawasaki, Toshiro
Matsumura, Yukio Kubo, Yuki Morishita, Kunihiko Asagino,
Kikuji Kimura, Noboru Yamate, Mitsuru Udagawa, Kazuo
Shimizu, Kentaro Yagome, Masanobu Nagata, Kimiko Fujie,
and Toshiichi Okita
MEASURING METHODS. (2). Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan.
Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):80-87, 1967. Translated from Japanese.
32p.
Experimental procedures employed in atmospheric contami-
nant studies are briefly reviewed and evaluated. They concern
the following: measurement of atmospheric acrolein; measure-
ment of aerosol weight distribution with a cascade centripeter;
determination of NO3-N in water collected in deposit gauges;
continuous colorimetric measurement of atmospheric formal-
dehyde; measurement of SF6 employed as a tracer of exhaust
gas; simple determination of trace quantities of atmospheric
fluoride with alkalized filter paper; and determinations of the
correlation between concentrations of aerosols and radon.
Also reported are measurements of air particle pollutants with
a self-recording impactor; a survey of air pollution based on
automatic recorders; the use of a telemeter system to transmit
data from the automatic recorders; the development of a stabl-
ized high voltage power source for the measurement of size
distribution and concentration of particles in the atmosphere
and in flue gas; measurements of atmospheric trace metals by
emission spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry; measurements of particles with high volume
samplers; studies of the efficiencies of shelters used in the
Pb02 candle method for sulfation rate measurements; and a
procedure for measuring aldehyde concentrations in the at-
mosphere.
12593
Wallar, Margaret A. and Normal A. Huey
EVALUATION OF A STATIC MONITOR OF THE AT-
MOSPHERIC ACTIVITY OF SULFUR OXIDES, NITROGEN
DIOXIDE, AND CHLORIDE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 13p., 1969. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 62nd, New
York, June 22-26, 1969, Paper 69-90.)
A static, multipurpose monitor for acidic gases was developed
and tested under field conditions. The collection device is a 4.8
centimeter inside diameter plastic petri dish containing a filter
impregnated with 1 ml 30% potassium carbonate solution. The
dish is placed in the open air in an inverted position. After ex-
posure, the filter is removed for analysis and placed in a 50-
millihter test tube, covered with distilled water and heated in a
boiling water bath for 15 min. The sample is then diluted to a
known volume and filtered. The filtrate is analyzed for oxides
of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, chloride and/or fluoride by the
barium sulfate turbidimetric method, the diazoting method, the
mercuric thiocyanate method, and the use of a specific ion
electrode respectively. The carbonate plate was exposed in
parallel with the lead plate in the Cincinnati metropolitan area,
at selected sites in the Port Huron, Michigan-Sarnia, Ontario
Saturation Study, in the Philadelphia-Trenton area, and on the
Interstate Surveillance Network. The oxides of sulfur results
compare favorably with existing sulfation data. The carbonate
plate seems to be a satisfactory indicator of the activity of ox-
ides of nitrogen, chloride, and fluoride in the atmosphere.
(Author abstract modified)
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
159
12760
Levaggi, D. A., W. Oyung, and M. Feldstein
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE ON LIME PAPER BY A COLORIMETRIC
METHOD AND THE SPECIFIC ION ELECTRODE METHOD.
Preprint, California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley and
California Air Resources Board, 8p., 1969. 13 refs. (Presented at
the Conference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hy-
giene Studies, 10th, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 19-21, 1969.)
Comparison of a colorimetnc and a specific ion electrode
method for the determination of fluoride on lime paper in-
dicates that the static lime paper technique is greatly simplified
by the use of the specific fluoride electrode. Lime papers can
now be analyzed quickly and easily by simple extraction and
direct meter reading. One hundred samples can be analyzed
easily in an 8-hour day with great accuracy and specificity.
The extreme sensitivity of the Orion Meter allows for ambient
air area studies as well as source effluent tracer studies. Stan-
dardization of the Orion Meter is described. (Author summary
modified)
13056
Bourbon, P. and J. Alary
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE POLLUTION BY A
RAPID TECHNIQUE UTILIZING PAPER IMPREGNATED
WITH SODA. (Evaluation de la pollution fluoree par une
technique rapide utilisant des papiers impregnes de soude). Text
in French. Bull. INSERM, 24(1):23-30, Jan.-Feb. 1969.
Previously, Whatman paper impregnated with lime had been
used to determine fluoride pollution in an aluminum factory.
The same technique using paper impregnated with a 1 N solu-
tion of soda gave better recovery of fluoride than lime paper
in tests made in six locations over a period of six months.
After exposure, the papers were lacertated and extracted with
water. Fluoride was determined colorimetrically either directly
on an aliquot of the washings, or after distillation to minimize
interfering impurities. Although the distillation method gave
slightly better results, the direct method was simpler and more
applicable to industrial usage.
14288
Guerrant, Gordon O.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUS MONI-
TORING OF FLUORIDE EFFLUENT. (USS Agri-Chemicals,
Inc., Pittsburgh) U. S. Pat. 3,461,043. 3p., Aug. 12, 1969. 5 refs.
(Appl. May 3, 1965, 7 claims).
The invention relates to a process and apparatus for the con-
tinuous monitoring of fluoride effluent by internal electrolysis.
It is particularly suited to the remote monitoring of fluoride
evolution in phosphate fertilizer manufacturing processes or to
the determination, either in the field or on plant premises, of
fluorides in waste gases. Monitoring is accomplished by con-
tacting fluoride-containing gas with a dilute acid electrolyte,
which forms a film on the tubing walls on which the fluoride is
absorbed, and then passing the electrolyte from which gas has
been removed through an electrolysis cell provided with elec-
trodes for spontaneously generating current flow, withdrawing
the electrolyte, and measuring the current flow. Since the elec-
trolyte flows by gravity into the tubing, minimum electrolyte
volume is required for absorption of gaseous fluorides to pro-
vide maximum response.
15171
Yamate, Noburu
MANUAL METHODS AND AUTOMATIC CONTINUOUS IN-
STRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS AIR
POLLUTANTS. (Gasujo taiki osenshitsu no sokutei to sono
sokuteikiki). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 5(10):785-796, Oct. 1969. 36 refs.
In order to prevent air pollution, measurement of pollutant
concentrations must be continuously performed. In this report,
both continuous monitoring and manual analyses of typical air
pollutants are reviewed. Numerous methods are tabulated and
most of them are explained, with particular attention to con-
tinuous methods and apparatus. Sulfides are measured
manually by colorimetric analysis with rosaniline or barium
molybdate, by the lead per oxide method, or by test paper
methods. Sulfides are also measured continuously by means of
solution conductance (Thomas autometer) or by optical ab-
sorption with rosaniline or with iodine-starch. Carbon monox-
ide is measured manually with palladium sulfate and ammoni-
um molybdate, by gas chromatography, or by the hopcalite
method. It is measured continuously by infrared or ultraviolet
absorption of reduced mercuric oxide. Nitrides are measured
manually by the Saltzman or the Jacobs method, or with
ortho-tolidine sulfate. Hydrogen sulfide is measured manually
by methylene blue and continuously by a colorimetric filter
paper method. Hydrocarbons are measured manually by gas
chromatography and continuously by flame ionization detec-
tors. Formaldehyde is measured manually by colorimetric anal-
ysis with a chromotropic acid or with acetylacetone, or by the
MBTH method. Ozone is measured manually by the
phenolphthalein or the potassium iodide method and continu-
ously by coulometric titration or by optical absorption with
potassium iodide. Fluorides are measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with thorium neothron(?) or lanthanum
alizarin complex and continuously by filter paper fluorescence.
Actual Tokyo data on changes in the concentrations of carbon
monoxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide are tabulated.
15355
Luis, P., C. N. Carducci, and A. Sa
DETECTION OF FLUORINE ON THE NANOGRAM SCALE;
INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUORINE COMPOUNDS.
Mikrochim. Acta (Vienna), no. 4:870-881, 1969. 6 refs.
Simple techniques are described for detecting fluorine on the
nanogram scale. They are based on the evolution of
hydrofluoric acid as revealed by an alizarin-3-methylamine-
N,N'-diacetic acid-cerium(IH) complex reagent and the use of
a Pyrex capillary siliconized to prevent the glass from retain-
ing hydrofluoric acid at ordinary temperatures. The methods
are suitable for the detection of fluoride in waters, minerals,
salts, and organic compounds including complex pharmaceuti-
cal preparations and plastics. Even 150 pg of fluorine can be
revealed in a 1:500,000 solution of the reagent.
16109
Vertes, Michael A. and Harry G. Oswin
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING GAS.
(Leesona Corp., Warwick, R. I.) U. S. Pat. 3,470,071. Sp., Sept.
30, 1969. S refs. (Appl. July 11, 1966, 15 claims).
The increasing industrial use of hydrogen cyanide derivatives,
which emit only a faint odor, and the increasing military use
of organophosphorous compounds require a rapid and portable
gas detection system. Previously suggested electrolysis
systems need a great deal of ancillary equipment for circulat-
ing the electrolyte and for scrubbing and circulating air. They
-------
160
are not conveniently manufactured. A detector for sensing
these and other noxious gases is described that operates by
spontaneous electrolysis and has a spontaneous alarm unit and
a high electrode-electrolyte-gas contact area. It is easily manu-
factured in compact form. The detector comprises an anode, a
cathode, an electrolyte, and an external circuit in which the
warning signal connects the anode and cathode. The anode and
cathode contain liquid impermeable and gas permeable
polymer membranes coated at one surface with a catalytic
layer. The catalytic layer of the cathode is electrochemically
active with respect to the oxygen of its environment and in-
variant to the gas being detected, while the catalytic layer of
the anode includes a material reactive to the gas to be de-
tected. Each catalytic layer is in contact with the electrolyte
and each membrane, with the atmosphere. The electrolyte is
an oxine; the polymer membranes, polytetrafluoroethylene;
the catalytic layer of the anode, a mixture of hydrophobic
polymer particles, silver or gold; and the catalytic layer of the
cathode, a mixture of hydrophobic polymer particles and
platinum black. The system is also capable for detecting
hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen fluoride gases.
16801
Marshall, B. S. and R. Wood
THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FLUORIDE IN AIR BY
USING A MICRODIFFUSION TECHNIQUE. Analyst,
94(1119):493-499, June 1969. 14 refs.
A method is described for the determination of total fluoride,
in the form of dust, fume or vapor, in industrial atmospheres;
it is applicable over a wide range of fluoride concentrations.
After collection on an alkali-impregnated filter-paper, the
fluoride is released specifically in a micro-diffusion vessel and
trapped by an alkaline coating on the inside of the lid of the
vessel. The alkali is quantitatively transferred to a standard
flask and the fluoride determined spectrophotometrically or
visually with the lanthanum - alizarin fluorine blue reagent.
The apparatus used is simple and the manipulation time
required is less than 30 min per sample, although the microdif-
fusion stage requires a minimum of 16 hr (overnight) for
completion. (Author's Abstract)
16969
Brandt, C. Stafford
FLUORIDE ANALYSIS. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (Lon-
don), vol. 7:1061-1065, 1963. 49 refs.
Methods and procedures for the detection and estimation of
fluoride are reviewed. Difficulties associated with separating
the particulate fluoride from gaseous fluoride are considered.
The most satisfactory method developed to date is to collect
the fluoride in a bubbler, fix it with alkali, and analyze the
sample by water techniques. The need to fix fluoride samples
with lime during drying and ashing has been established for
plant materials but not for animal tissues. For analyzing plant
and animal tissues and aqueous acidified solutions from air
samples, isolation based on ion exchange resins has found in-
creasing applications. For estimation of low levels of fluoride,
after isolation from the sample, various colorimetric and spec-
trophotometric methods are replacing titration procedures.
There is still no adequate automatic air monitoring instrument
for fluorides, though field tests of a recorder based on the
quenching of fluorescence on an impregnated tape appear
promising. The detection limit is expected to be less than 0.1
micron F/cu m. Recently developed automatic systems for
high level concentrations are subject to a wide variety of inter-
ferences.
17082
Buck, M. and H. Stratmann
A METHOD TO DETERMINE VERY SMALL CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF FLUORINE IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Bin
Verfahren zur Bestimmung sehr geringer Konzentrationen von
Fluor-Ionen in der Atmosphaere). Brennstoff- Chem. (Essen),
46(8):231-235, Aug. 1965. 13 refs. Translated from German.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 19p., Sept. 18, 1969.
A method was described by which fluorine ions are collected
and absorbed in prepared silver tubes to determine very small
F(-) concentrations in the air. After separation of the fluorine
ions from interfering substances by water vapor distillation,
the F(-) concentration is determined photometrically by the
alizarine complex method. The distilled amounts of F(-) are
absorbed in a small amount of diluted sodium lye. No water
vapor condensation occurs at this process. The relative detec-
tion threshold of this method under standard conditions is 0.7
micrograms F(-)/cu m. The standard deviations were found to
be + or - 0.4 micrograms F(-)/cu m in a concentration range
from 2-10 micrograms F(-)/cu m. The sampling equipment can
be easily installed in a truck so that the method is particularly
suited for emission measurements which require sampling at
different locations. As compared to the impinger method, this
method has the advantage of having greater sensitivity and ac-
curacy and is simple to handle. (Author summary modified)
17092
Nichols, P. N. R.
THE SIMPLE MODIFICATION OF A COMMERCIAL
SULPHUR DIOXIDE METER FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF OTHER ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS. Chem. Ind.
(London), 1654-1655, Sept. 26, 1964. 12 refs.
A modified commercial sulphur dioxide meter used for routine
determination of contaminants in the atmosphere is described
and illustrated. The design of the instrument suggests that, by
a suitable choice of reagent and optical filter, it could be readi-
ly adapted for the measurement of other atmospheric pollu-
tants. Among the pollutants of interest were hydrogen sulfide,
nitrous fumes, fluoride, chloride, free chlorine, and organic
chloro-compounds. Conditions under which all these pollutants
were successfully determined, with an estimate of the sen-
sitivity attained, are given in a table. Air suspected of con-
tamination with sulfur dioxide is passed up a counter-current
absorption column down which is flowing a starch-iodine re-
agent. The reagent is partially decolorized by the sulfur diox-
ide; the change in color is measured photometrically and re-
lated directly to the concentration of sulfur dioxide. The out-
of-balance current produced from the two photocells is mea-
sured on a galvanometer.
17098
Radczewski, O. E.
FINE POWDERS (DUSTS) IN NATURE AND IN INDUSTRY,
THEIR DETERMINATION AS CONTAMINANTS AND
DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN THE
AIR. (Feine Teilchen (Staeube) in Natur und Technik, ihre
Bestimmung als Verunreinigungen und der Nachweis von Fluor-
verbindungen in der Luft). Text in German. Ber. Deut. Keram.
Ges., 45(ll):551-556, Nov. 1968. 9 refs.
The morphological significance of particles for their properties
and the demonstration of industrial powders in the form of
photographs and samples was presented. Electron diffraction
is an important method because it allows a clear identification
of extremely fine particles. Kaolinite and illite can be distin-
guished from each other or amorphous silica can be detected
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
161
in Kaerlich clay. Contaminants in the air surrounding an alu-
minum factory were collected and electron-optically studied.
Crystalline impurities in the atmosphere and the type and
bonding of fluorine compounds in the exhausts of furnaces
and kilns was also investigated with an electron-optical device.
An unequivocal determination was made possible by examin-
ing cell sizes in the selected area of diffraction and by measur-
ing the angles between the different lattice directions. The
results showed that chlorides, sulfates, and fluorine com-
pounds were present in the air above the North Sea and in the
exhaust gases of an aluminum smelting furnace. (Author sum-
mary modified)
17117
Bewers, J. M. and F. C. Flack
DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE BY PROMPT (GAMMA)-
RADIATION FROM PROTON BOMBARDMENT. PART I.
THEORY AND EXPERIMENTAL METHOD. Analyst (Cam-
bridge), 94(1114):l-6, Jan. 1969. 19 refs. PART II. RESULTS.
94(1114):7-14, Jan. 1969. 5 refs.
The general principles governing the quantitative measurement
of fluorine by proton bombardment are described. An expres-
sion for the limit of detection is derived; the importance of the
stopping cross-section is discussed, and experimental arrange-
ments are described. Part II presents the experimental results.
The practical application of the nuclear reaction F(19) (p,
alpha gamma) O(16) to fluorine determination is outlined.
Analysis in liquid and gaseous phases suffers from the need to
use a proton transmission foil; in principle, solids can be
analyzed inside the accelerator vacuum, but powder targets
are handled more easily by using a foil. Sulfur hexafluoride
diluted with xenon was used in gas mixture studies. Fluorine
in gases can be determined at relatively high levels (5-100%)
by a simple system that could easily be adapted, by the use of
thicker foils and higher bombarding energies, to reach much
lower levels. Determinations in liquids were carried out in the
range 20 ppm to 10% of fluorine in aqueous solutions. Inter-
ferences are not important, except for aluminum and possibly
lithium. The theoretical limits of detection are in good agree-
ment with those observed in practice, being about 20 ppm for
the particular background and experimental arrangement used.
(Author abstract modified)
17128
Saltzman, Bernard E.
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF CALIBRATED LOW
CONCENTRATIONS OF SIXTEEN TOXIC GASES. Anal.
Chem., 33(8):1100-1112, 1961. 20 refs.
The development and testing of analytical methods for the ac-
curate determination of low concentrations of various toxic
gases are described. All-glass flow systems were preferred for
the dilution of gases with purified air, since such systems
avoid serious errors from surface adsorption or reaction with
impurities. Several practical flow dilution systems are
described and diagrammed, as well as an asbestos plug flow-
meter which was found useful for metering flows varying from
a few hundredths of a milliliter to a few milliliters per minute;
motor-driven glass syringes can also be used for metering gas
(and liquid) flows in these ranges, but have the disadvantage
of intermittent operation. Rotameters are convenient for me-
tering gas flows greater than 10 ml/min, but becuase of
calibration difficulties are considered secondary rather than
primary measuring devices. In an evaluation of chemical
analytical methods, it was found that many of the methods
available were based on assumptions derived from studies con-
ducted either at high gas concentrations or in liquid solutions;
various difficulties are encountered when such methods are
critically tested at low concentrations. The methods finally
selected were first tested for sensitivity for samples of
reasonable size- results consistent with both sample volume
and test gas concentration; adequate absorption efficienty with
the available sampling equipment; and adequate stability of re-
agents and final solutions. The role of sampling absorption ef-
ficiency is developed mathematically, and midget sampling
equipment described. Finally, methods are given for each of
the following gases: ammonia, arsine, bromine, carbon diox-
ide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ethylene ox-
ide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride,
monoethanolamine, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosgene,
and stibine.
18016
Thomas, M. D. and R. E. Amtower
THE MICRODETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN VEGETA-
TION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19(6):439-442, June
1969. 16 refs.
This paper describes a micro method for the determination of
the fluoride content of plant materials, particularly the leaves.
The samples are dried and ground to a fine powder. 50 mg.
samples are burned in oxygen in 250, ml separatory funnels or
in 300, ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The gaseous products of the
combustion are absorbed in 0.1N NaOH in the closed funnel
or flask and transferred to a small covered plastic dish in
which the fluoride is diffused to tiny droplets of 3N NaOH
solution distributed over the lower side of a tight fitting cover.
The diffused fluodide is dissolved in water and determined
colorimetrically by the SPADNS reagent. (Author's Abstract)
18230
Bredemann, G., and H. Radeloff
PERTAINING TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF DAMAGE INDUCED
BY FLUORINE-FUMES. (Zur Diagnose von Fluor-
Rauchschaden.) Translated from German. Phytopathol. /.,
5(2):195-206, (1932). 15 refs.
An analytical method of analysis to verify fluorine (F) damage
to plants is needed because F action shows neither unique nor
consistent symptoms. Fluorine compounds attack fruits or
enter plants through leaf stomates and decompose into
hydrofluoric acid, which then acts on the mesophyll or spongy
parenchyma. Several microchemical methods are used for F
determination, two of which are particularly suitable for
qualitative detection in plants. In the color method of Feigl
and Krumholz, F is indirectly identified by the analysis of a
process distillate for volatile silicon fluoride. Here, silicon is
identified by an analytical method imparting a blue color to the
solution. The second method crystallizes F as Na2 Si F6. Both
techniques are shown to be sensitive to small amounts of F,
0.005 mg and 0.05 mg per lOOg of dry leaves, respectively, but
the latter is simpler and more direct. Experiments with various
plants show that in nearly every case neither method gives
deceptive, false positive results from naturally present F. It
appears possible, however, to get negative results for F
presence from plants previously damaged by F in earlier
stages of development and from fruits damaged by extremely
small amounts of F. Experiments also show that plants ex-
posed to soils with unusually large amounts of apatite or
phosphate fertilizer containing fluorides do not pick up de-
tectable amounts of A and show no F damage. Seed germina-
tion is inhibited when the concentration of a soluble fluoride
(e.g. NaF) is between 0.1 and 0.5 percent. Conveniently, solu-
ble F components from soil can only be detected in the few
cases when toxic effects are present. Thus, the simpler
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162
Na2SiF6 crystallization test is recommended for standard ex-
aminations, and the color test for cases where damage from a
minute quantity of F is suspected and a negative crystalliza-
tion test results.
18264
Oelschlaeger, W., and W. Woehlbier
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
WITH PLANTS AND ANIMALS. (Bestinunung von Fluor in
pflanzlichen, tierischen und anorganischen Substanzen, sowie in
Waessern und Luft.) Translated from German. Franklin last.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, Con-
tract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 31p., 1968. 41 refs.
In the method for determining fluorine which like most others
is based on distillation according to Willard and Winter, all
error sources have been eliminated which may exist during
sampling, grinding, ashing, treatment of the ash, distillation,
and concentration of the distillate. Furthermore, almost F-free
calcium oxide has been prepared which must be added prior to
ashing to a number of samples of animal origin. For the deter-
mination of fluorine, distilling equipment was used which
operates automatically to a large extent, is easy to handle, and
was developed in cooperation with the aluminum plant Rhein-
felden. The apparatus for concentrating distillates with very
low fluorine contents works almost automatically. The method
was tested with various synthetic solutions as well as with a
number of internationally conducted ring analyses over several
years. Today the method together with the equipment is used
in many laboratories both in this country and abroad for the
determination of fluorine in organic, inorganic and other
materials.
18283
Kahlert, Ernst and Willi Schneider
SYNERGISM BETWEEN FLUORINE EMISSION AND
OTHER AIR POLLUTANTS. (Ueber den Synergismus von
Fluorimmissionen mit anderen Verunreinigungen der Luft.) Text
in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 20(4):82-85,
April 1969. 11 refs.
Previous measurements of fluorine emissions in various loca-
tions at Duisberg had indicated that there was little correlation
between fluorine concentrations and extent of plant damage. A
new series of measurements at three locations conducted over
a series of four years indicated that while the total fluorine
emissions were at no time excessively high, the amount of
plant damage varied with the percentage of soluble fluorine
salts. The relative proportion of soluble salts in turn was a
function of the pH, the lower the pH the higher the percentage
of soluble salts. It is concluded that only the soluble fluorides
are phytotoxic and hence that the total fluorine level is not a
proper basis for forecasting potential plant damage.
18344
Harriss, Robert C., and Harold H. Williams
SPECIFIC-ION ELECTRODE MEASUREMENTS ON BR, Cl
AND F IN ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION. J. Appl.
Meteorol., 8(2):299-301, April 1969. 10 refs.
Electrodes have been used to investigate sources of and varia-
tions in the halogen content of atmospheric precipitation from
Hamilton, Ontario, an industrial city. A series of sampling sta-
tions was established in the area extending from the industrial
center of the city to the agricultural area approximately 10
miles west. Samples of major snow accumulations and rain
were collected in January, March, and June 1968. In March
1968, multiple samples were collected at individual sites to in-
vestigate time dependent variations in snow chemistry. Bro-
mide and fluoride were determined using specific ion elec-
trodes. Chloride determinations were made with a silver billet
electrode and by mercuric nitrate titration with diphenyl-car-
bazone indicator-buffer. The reference electrode used was a
dual-glass junction saturated calomel. A vibrating reed elec-
trometer was used to measure changes in potential develope
by the electrode pairs. There is a large variation in concen-
tratio ranges of all the halogens analyzed. In two of the Janua-
ry storms the fluoride concentration is more than an order of
magnitude higher in precipitation from the industrial area than
in the surrounding agricultural areas, indicating a local source
of pollution. One sample which represents the last precipita-
tion of the storm, has a high Br/Cl ratio indicating the Cl is
removed in the early precipitation. The range in halogen con-
centration for rain samples was very similar to the data
presented for snow. From these preliminary studies, it can be
concluded that specific ion electrodes provide a rapid, precise,
and relatively inexpensive method for the analysis of bromide,
chloride, and fluoride in atmospheric precipitation.
18696
Zolty, Seymoui and Manfred J. Prager
DETECTION OF SUB-PPM QUANTITIES OF CHLORINE
TRIFLUORIDE IN AIR BY ELECTRON CAPTURE GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY. J. Gas. Chromatog., 5(10):533-535,
Oct. 1967. 9 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society,
National Meeting, 152nd, Division of Water, Air and Waste
Chemistry, New York, Sept. 1966.)
The Storage in naval vessel magazines of missiles supplied
with liquid propellants requires the development of rapid auto-
matic detection systems to provide adequate warning of the
presence in shipboard spaces of hazardous concentrations of
toxic vapors from such propellants. The applicability of gas
chromatography to the detection of the propellant oxidizer
chlorine trifluoride in air was studied. Sub-ppm concentrations
in a 1-cubic centrimeter air sample introduced directly into the
chromatograph without requiring time-consuming concentra-
tion procedures could be detected rapidly with an electron
capture detector A linear response was obtained in the range
of 0.05 to 1.0 ppm volume and detectability of less than 0.01
ppm was indicated. A sample introduced into the chromato-
graph by an automatic gas sampling valve was detected by
monitoring a peak with a retention time of 0.95 min. Details of
apparatus and operating procedures are given. The method is
suitable for automatic, continuous monitoring of hazardous en-
vironments such as laboratory, plant, and shipboard storage
areas. (Author abstract modified)
19076
Bohlander, R. F.
AUTOMATIC STEAM DISTILLATIONS OF FLUORIDE
INTO SMALL VOLUMES. Preprint, National Lead Co. of
Ohio, Cincinnati, 15p., Feb. 7, 1969. 4 refs. (Presented at the
Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied
Spectroscopy, Cleveland, Ohio, March 2-7, 1969, Paper NL-
CO1039.)
A rapid method is described for separating fluorides from in-
terfering ions without excessive dilution, in which a con-
trolled-temperature Willard-Winter type still is combined with
a new distillate recycler. Fluorides are trapped out of the
distillate with thorium, after which the distillate is boiled and
the steam reintroduced into the still. In this manner, the
fluorides are removed from the samples in 20 minutes and iso-
lated in a form that requires no further preparation prior to the
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
163
color development. The apparatus developed for this distilla-
tion is relatively simple and inexpensive, and the fluorides are
separated into less than 20 ml of distillate. Fluoride concentra-
tions of less than 1 microgram/ml can be determined accurate-
ly. The recycling still is especially well suited for the deter-
mination of micro quantities of fluoride in samples containing
large amounts of interfering materials. The small volume of
distillate produced makes the apparatus several times more
sensitive than ordinary Willard-Winter type stills. It has no
boiler to fill and no receiver cup to overflow if forgotten.
Because of automatic temperature control, automatic timing,
and automatic shutdown features, very little of any analyst's
time is required for operation. (Author abstract modified)
19500
Onichi, S., S. Ito, and M. Zuzuki
STUDIES ON HYGIENIC CHEMISTRY OF AIR POLLUTION
(I). MEASUREMENT OF FLUORIDE IN THE AMBIENT AIR.
(Taikioseri booshitsoo no eiseikagakoo ni kansooloo kenkyu (1)
Taiki chu no fookkabootsoo no sokootei ni tsooite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1):112, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
To give a basis for measuring fluorides in air, which may be
discharged from aluminum, fertilizer, glass, and soda indus-
tries and influence especially plants, the following experiments
were performed, using the lanthanum -ALC method for quan-
titative analysis. For gaseous fluorides, first the effect of con-
centrations of dilute sodium hydroxide solution (the absor-
bent), its absorbing velocity, and absorbed amount on the col-
lection efficiency were examined. Secondly, to know the ex-
tent of the interference by other ions coexisting in samples,
separation by distillation with several kinds of reagents, like
phosphoric acid-perchloric acid, silica-perchloric acid or
sulphuric acid-silver sulphate, was tested. The temperature
determined the amount of separated fluorides and the remova-
ble interfering ions. The sampling of particle fluorides usually
involves filters, some of which, include fluorides in a con-
siderable amount, which require to be eliminated before quan-
titative analysis.
20030
Wyszynska, Halina, Konrad Kosinski, Stefan Maziarka,
Zbigniew Misiakiewicz, and Artur Strusinski
METHODS OF STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR FROM THE
HYGIENIC POINT OF VIEW. (Metody sanitarnego badania
powietrza atmosferycznego). Text in Polish. Wydawnictwa
Metodyczne Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny (Methodologic Study
Govt. Dept. Hyg.). no. 10, 141p., 1968. 82 refs.
Methods of determining pollutants, the admissible concentra-
tion of which was limited by Polish legislation, and determin-
ing a number of other atmospheric pollutants which in exces-
sive amounts are either hazardous to health or cause damage
by corrosion are reviewed. Determination of air dustiness,
chemical analysis of dust, and determination of sulfur dioxide,
sulfur trioxide, carbon disulfide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide,
fluorine, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ozone, phenol, benzene,
chlorbenzene, and aniline are presented. A description of each
method includes principles of the method, its limitations, a
description of the apparatus, procedure of sample collection,
and data evaluation. The apparatus required usually are not
expensive and complicated, but they have to be precise and
well calibrated because of the extremely low concentrations
measured. The reagents used have to be of high purity. Most
of the methods described were verified and tested on the
laboratory scale and in routine determination of pollution.
Thus no difficulty should be encountered in their application.
20540
Ivie, James O., D. Thomas, Moyer, and Leonard F, Zielenski
AUTOMATIC SENSING AND RECORDING OF AIR POLLU-
TANTS ON CITRUS TREES. Biomed. Sci. lustrum., vol. 1:45-
52, 1964. 6 refs. (Presented at the First National Biomedical
Sciences Instrumentation Symposium, Los Angeles, Calif., June
14-17, 1963.)
Various instrument techniques used for measuring and for
controlling air pollutants with respect to experiments with
citrus trees in Southern California are described. The auto-
matic punch card recording system is used to record date, time
of day, plant transpiration, apparent photosynthesis by carbon
dioxide exchange, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, ozone, total
oxidants, hydrogen fluoride, temperature, and integrated light
recording. The punch card recording permits automatic han-
dling of data on the IBM 1620. The master timer and valve
control unit controls operation of the CO2 and moisture
analyzers. It collects 30 min inlet and outlet air samples from
12 plots. These samples are stored in plastic bags and in the
succeeding 30 min are fed into the CO2 infrared analyzer and
a humidity analyzer. Oxides of nitrogen are recorded continu-
ously by a colorimetric method based on a diazotization reac-
tion with the Griess-Saltzman reagent. Ozone as well as other
oxidants are also measured colorimetrically by the potassium
iodide reaction. Hydrogen fluoride is determined by observing
the quenching of the fluorescence on magnesium oxinate im-
pregnanted filter paper tape. An Eppley pyrheliometer is used
to measure the light received on a horizontal surface. Twelve
temperatures are recorded by the logger directly by ther-
mocouples connected to the input of the scanner.
20595
Wyszynska, Halina, Konrad Kosinksi, Stefan Maziarka, Z.
Misiakiewicz, and Artur Strusinsky
METHODS FOR THE SANITARY INVESTIGATION OF AT-
MOSPHERIC AIR DEVELOPED BY THE SECTION OF
SANITATION LABORATORIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Metody sanitarnego badania powietrza
atmosferycznego opracowanie zespolu Pracowni Sanitarnej
Ochrony Powietrza Atmosferycznego). Wydawnictwa
Metodyczne Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny (Methodologic Study
Govt. Dept. Hyg.), no. 4(26); issue no. 10, 149p., 1968. 78 refs.
Translated from Polish. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, Oct. 14, 1969.
Methods are presented for determing atmospheric pollutants,
with the exception of carbon monoxide and gasoline, the con-
centrations of which are defined by Polish law. In addition,
methods are given for the determination of pollutants present
in the atmosphere in quantities sufficient to create sanitation
problems or to cause plant damage and corrosion to buildings.
Some of the methods have been checked and tested extensive-
ly in the laboratory and in the field. Others have not yet been
widely tested but are included for their potential usefulness in
laboratory studies. The methods include the measurement of
dust collected by the deposition method with respect to tars,
sulfates, free silica, heavy metals, calcium, and fluorine. The
other methods are the aspiration and contact methods for sul-
fur dioxide; the method employing thorium nitrate and
eriochromecyanin R for sulfur trioxide-sulfuric acid; the para-
aminodimethylaniline method for hydrogen sulfide; methylene
blue and diethylamine and copper methods for carbon disul-
fide; the Saltzman method for nitrogen oxides; titration with
thorium nitrate and colorimetric determination with
eriochromecyanin and zirconium oxychloride for fluorine; o-
tolidine for chlorine; titration for hydrogen chloride; buffered
potassium iodide and the Heigal method for ozone; the
Schryver method for formaldehyde; para-aminodimethylaniline
-------
164
and diazo-p-nitroaniline for phenol; nitration for benzene and
chlorobenzene; and the indophenol method for aniline.
20650
Kimoto, T. and M. Sakauchi
ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION FOR SO2 STACK MONITOR.
(Shigaisen kyushuho ni yoru aryusan gasu sokuteiho ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 4(1):25, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of
the Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
An exposition is presented of a high-concentration sulfur diox-
ide monitoring device that can also be applied toward environ-
mental air quality measurements. The apparatus essentially de-
pends on the absorption of ultraviolet light by sulfur dioxide at
the wavelengths in the range of 280 to 305 millimicrons where
there is a large depression in the absorption spectra. The
specification of the device as well as the diagram of the elec-
trical connections of various components are presented. By
changing the wavelength specification of the device, other
gases such as nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, acetone,
benzen, ammonia, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and methylfor-
maldehyde can be measured. The test run showed that there
was little interference from substances such as nitrogen diox-
ide, steam, and carbon dioxide; the linearity of the concentra-
tion versus the meter swing was good. The zero-span drift was
minimal and the response speed was around 90% in a minute
interval, depending on the flow rate.
20701
Yu, Ming-Ho and Gene W. Miller
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF
FLUOROORGANIC ACIDS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(6):492-
495, June 1970. 9 refs.
Gas chromatographic techniques are described for the separa-
tion and identification of fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate from
fluoride injured plant tissue and organs of animals suffering
from severe fluorosis. Methylfluoroacetate was prepared from
monofluoroacetate, and trimethylfuorocitrate was prepared
from monofluorocitrate. Samples of crested wheat grass were
collected within 2 miles of an industrial phosphate plant, air-
dried, and ground in a mill. Plants grown in a greenhouse in
the absence of fluoride were used as controls. Kidneys and
hearts were obtained from horses and cattle showing severe
fluorosis. Tissue was extracted with 95% ethanol in a Soxhlet
apparatus. The methyl esters of organic acids were separated
in columns packed with 10% polyethylene glycol 6000 or 10%
Reoplex 400 on Chromosorb W solid phase using a flame
ionization detector. The results indicate the presence of
fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate in forage crops collected near
the phosphate plant. This suggests that atmospheric fluoride
may be incorporated by plants into the organic form with the
formation of toxic fluoroacetic and fluorocitric acids.
20778
West, Philip W., George R. Lyles, and Jimmy L. Miller
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF AT-
MOSPHERIC FLUORIDES. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4(6):487-
491, June 1970. 11 refs.
The lanthanide-alizarin complexan-fluoride reaction was in-
vestigated and an improved procedure for the spec-
trophotometric determination of atmospheric fluorides was
derived. The suggested sampling procedure eliminates the in-
terference of diverse ions and molecules commonly present in
the atmosphere. The method involves adding standard
fluoride, 10.0 ml of alizarin complexan, 10.0 ml of Ce(III), 25.0
ml of acetone, then diluting to 100 ml. The test solution is al-
lowed to stand for 90 min, after which absorbance is deter-
mined at 618 micrometers, using 1-cm curvettes. The method
has a sensitivity of 0.0019 microgram fluoride per sq cm and is
reproducible within plus or minus 0.003 microgram per ml at
the 95% confidence level for known fluoride concentrations of
0.400 microgram per ml. The procedure is uniquely suitable for
the determination of actual fluoride concentrations in ambient
atmospheres at ppb levels. (Author abstract modified)
20892
Durst, R. A.
ANALYSIS OF MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS. 1. DETER-
MINATION OF FLUORIDE IN DUST SAMPLES. National Bu-
reau of Standards, Washington, D. C, Microchemical Analysis
Section, TN-505 p. 83-84, Oct. 1969.
The versatility of the fluoride ion-selective electrode was
demonstrated by its application to the determination of
fluoride in a sample dust. The analysis of fluoride in the sam-
ple was performed using combustion in an oxygen flask. Three
determinations were made on 0.2 to 0.3 g samples. The mean
sensitivity of the method was 88 ppm. The oxygen flask em-
ployed was a polycarbonate flask. Diethylene glycol was
added to the sample to aid combustion. The absorbant was a
potassium nitrate solution. A fluoride ion-se'ective electrode
and a plastic silver-silver chloride reference electrode were
used for the direct potentiometric determination of the
fluoride. The electrode system was calibrated with standard
fluoride solutions from 0.001 to 0.00001 M.
20895
Durst, R. A
CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A
FLUORIDE ION-SELECTIVE MICROELECTRODE. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Microchemical Analy-
sis Section, TN-505, p. 79-82, Oct. 1969.
The feasibility of constructing a fluoride microelectrode suita-
ble for studies of microliter volumes of sample solutions was
demonstrated. Although still about two orders of magnitude
larger than the smallest glass electrode, further miniaturization
of the electrode is possible along lines that could lead to in-
tracellular fluoride determinations. The microelectrode is con-
structed from a polyethylene tubing drawn out to a 2-mm neck
at the lower end. In its final form, the microelectrode tip is an
exposed conical portion of lanthanum fluoride crystals of ap-
proximately 1.5 microliter volume. The crystal is insulated
with polystyrene coil dope. The electrode employs a silver-
silver chloride internal reference electrode and a NaF-KCl
(each 0.1M) reference solution. The response of the electrode
to fluoride activity deviated from Nernstian response in the
micromolar range, but was 59.5 mV/pF in the more concen-
trated solutions. All measurements were made on macro
volumes of stirred solutions (approximately 25 ml) against a
normal-size saturated calomel electrode. By using the
microfluoride electrode in conjunction with a microcapillary
reference electrode, measurements could be made on 2-
microliter volumes.
21156
Reusmann, Guenther and Juergen Westphalen
AN ELECTROMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE
FLUORINE CONTENT IN PLANT MATERIAL. Staub (En-
glish translation from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft),
29(10):18-20, Oct. 1969. 17 refs.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
165
A method for determining fluoride concentrations in plant
materials is described. The sample is ashed and fused with
sodium hydroxide. After the addition of a citrate buffer, the
solution is pumped through the cells of four fluoride crystal-
membrane measuring electrodes. The liquid flow recombines
in the cell of a calomel reference electrode filled with sodium
citrate-sodium chloride. This reference electrode exhibits a
more steady potential than those filled with potassium
chloride. The fluoride potential is then recorded on a digital
pH meter. In order to determine the influence of interferring
ions, different salt additives were added to 50 ml of a calibra-
tion solution with a concentration of 1.10 to the minus fourth
power N/F(-) and the change of the potential measured.
21730
Marshall, B. S. and R. Wood
A SIMPLE FIELD TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IN AIR. Analyst, vol. 93:821-826,
Dec. 1968. 6 refs.
A field method is described for determining hydrogen fluoride
vapor in air at concentrations up to 20 micrograms of
hydrogen fluoride per liter. The gas is collected in an acidic
solution of zirconium-Solochrome cyanine R reagant and the
observed bleaching of the color is compared with standards.
The apparatus used is simple to operate and the time required
for a determination is less than 5 min. However, in view of the
interfering effects of aluminum and phosphate, the field test is
not recommended for the testing of industrial atmospheres pol-
luted with fluoride-containing dusts. (Author abstract
modified)
21806
Okita, T., R. Sugaoi, and K. Kaneda
MEASUREMENT METHOD OF ATMOSPHERE HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE BY FILTER PAPER IMPREGNATED WITH AL-
KALI. (Alkali loshihoh ni yo oo taiki chu hookkasooiso no
sokooteihoh). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kcnkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):111, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution Annual Meeting, 10th 1969.)
Atmospheric hydrogen fluoride (HF) determination with sam-
pling by alkalized filter paper was examined. Alkalized filter
papers are prepared by soaking filter papers of about 5 cm in
diameter in 10.5 and 1% of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 solution and
drying them in a dryer for 2 hours. Their collection efficien-
cies are obtained using a setup, which consists of an HF
generator (HF permeation tube and diluted hydrofluoric acid),
thermometers, two pieces of filters prepared in the above
manner, a flowrator, and a pump, in this order. Concentrations
of HF are varied from 0.005 to 1.00 ppm with a flow rate of 5,
10, 15, and 20 1/min. These filter papers undergo extraction by
water to produce sample solutions, to which are added 10%
Alfusson and acetone; their light absorption rates are mea-
sured. The collection efficiencies of filter papers do not show
significant differences between done impregnated with
Na2CO3 and one with K2CO3, within the concentration ranges
of HF tested, and also with the flowrates used. However, al-
kali of higher concentration tends to decrease the light absorp-
tion rate. HF of more than 0.005 ppm can be determined by
this method with the following conditions: 1% Na2CO3 or
K2CO3 for alkali, 20 1/min for flowrate, and 120 minutes for
sampling time. This method shortens the sampling time
required by the impinger method by one-tenth.
21855
Mori, M., S. Ito, and H. Ogino
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
IN AIR BY COLORIMETRIC METHOD. (Taiki chu fookka
sooiso no ienzokoo sokootei). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 113, 1969. (Proceedings
of the Japan Society of Air Pollution Annual Meeting, 10th,
1969.)
The automatic measuring method of a small amount of
fluorides developed by Adams et al (1959), which uses a zir-
conium- eriochrome cyanine-R method modified by Megregian
is modified to reduce sampling volume through an increase in
sensitivity of the colorimetry. To do this, a little lower dosage
of reagent is used than the original method, a concentration of
hydrochloric acid which gives a relatively small variation in
the absorption spectrum of the agent, and 556 millimicron of
the measuring wave length for the instrument. The time-varia-
tion of the indicated color is stable enough to permit intermit-
tent measurements in an hour. As far as interferring sub-
stances are concerned, Al(3)(+) and CO4(2)(-) do not give any
significant influence for the measurement in air.
21881
Chapron, Yves, Genevieve Faltot, Henri Francois, and Anne-
Marie Grand-Clement
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE ATMOSPHERIC
CONTENT OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS, AND A MEASUR-
ING CELL FOR THE APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD.
(Precede pour determiner la concentration d'une atmosphere en
gaz polluants et cellule de mesure pour la mist' en oeuvre du
precede). Text in French. (Commissariat a 1'Energie Atomique,
Paris (France).) Swiss Pat. 450,763. 4p., Jan. 31, 1968. (Appl.
June 9, 1965, 6 claims).
A procedure is described for continuous determination of the
atmospheric content of halogens, halogen acids, hydrocyanic
acid, and gaseous cyanide derivatives. Measurement is via an
electric current proportional to the concentration, which is
generated in an electrolyte previously exposed to the air to be
measured and contained in an electric cell. The device has a
wide range of measurement. It can detect quantities of fluorine
dissolved in the electrolyte in the range 0.2-150 micrograms
per milliliter. This corresponds to an atmospheric concentra-
tion of hydrogen fluoride between 0.05 micrograms per liter
and 35 micrograms per liter. Further refinement could increase
the sensitivity to 0.025 micrograms per liter of HF in the at-
mosphere. One electrode of the detecting cell is made of alu-
minum, silver, or platinum, while the second electrode is made
of stainless steel and is internally coated with platinum or
nickel. The cell is designed with a concave structure of the
electrodes, permitting a large surface of exposure to the elec-
trolyte.
22458
Hertzog, D.
AUTOMATIZATION OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE
POLLUTION CONTROL LABORATORY. (Automatisation des
analyses chimiques du laboratoire de controle de pollution).
Text in French. Technicon (France), Services Industriels, p. 3,
1970 (?).
An automatic analyzer, 'Auto Analyzer' is described. The
'Auto Analyzer' can operate on a succession of samples or
continuously and incorporates a peristaltic proportioning pump
which allows the introduction of samples at a constant rate
and their continuous mixing with the specific reagents required
for the analysis. The samples are conveyed to different
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166
modules in which specific chemical operations are performed.
Such as mixing of the reagents, continous filtration incubation,
heat conditioning distillation, extraction, and phase separation.
The result of each reaction is measured by a differential
colorimeter the readings of which are continuously recorded.
In the laboratory, 10 to 40 samples per hour can be analyzed.
In continuous operation, the different fluids to be analyzed are
introduced successively into the Auto Analyzer by a set of
electrically operated valves controlled by a programmer. One
to twelve channels can be controlled during a one-hour cycle.
At intervals, a calibrating sample is introduced and measure-
ments obtained on it are used to correct automatically the rou-
tine measurements. An analysis program can be changed to
another within less than 30 minutes. The used methods of
determination of ammonia, cyanides and oxygen are briefly
outlined. Among the automated analyses, the following are
cited: hardness, alkalinity, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia,
chlorides, iodides, cyanides, fluorides, phosphates (alkaline
and alkaline-earth), metabolic substances, phenols, aldehydes,
DCO, and detergents.
22517
McCaldin, Roy O.
ACCEPTABLE EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES-FOR
EVALUATING AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. Preprint, In-
dustrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
lip., 1960. 17 refs. (Presented at the Industrial Hygiene Founda-
tion, Engineering Conference, Oct. 27, 1960.)
When choosing equipment to make air quality measurements,
it is necessary to estimate the possible pollutants as well as the
degree of accuracy and thoroughness with which they must be
measured. Availability and reliability of equipment, cost of
operation, and skill required for satisfactory results are also
factors to be considered in equipment choice. The hi-volume
sampler, which consists of a vacuum cleaner motor with suita-
ble mounting to accommodate an 8 by 12-in. filter, is
frequently used to measure suspended particulates which may
consist of smoke, dust, or other solids sufficiently small to
remain airborne for long periods of time. Fiber glass filters
commonly used with this sampler collect practically all par-
ticulates down to 0.3 micron in diameter, while the simplest
analysis is that for total weight of material collected on the
filter. Results of analysis of suspended particulate samples col-
lected from 1953 to 1957 by the National An- Sampling Net-
work are presented tabularly. Automatic strip filter paper sam-
plers commonly use a diaphragm pump to draw air through a
portion of the filter tape at a sampling rate of about seven
liters per minute. The amount of smoke or other suspended
particulate collected with this type equipment shows up as
various shades of gray; light transmission, sampling time, and
flow rate are used to compute results. A major modification in
this type of sampler employs a membrane filter tape instead of
Whatman filter paper. Laboratory gas washing bottles, bub-
blers, impingers, and midget impingers are used with a wide
variety of both commercial and home-made equipment for col-
lecting gas samples. The Thomas Autometer and Titrilog are
designed for determination of sulfur compounds; the MSA
Lira uses infrared absorption measurements to determine car-
bon monoxide concentrations in air; and the Kruger apparatus
has been used to measure nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Dustfall samplers are designed to collect the coarse particu-
lates and droplets which settle out more or less rapidly near
sources of emission. The lead peroxide candle sampler pro-
vides a simple, economical method of estimating sulfation
rates of the ambient atmosphere. Hydrogen sulfide will
blacken lead bearing materials, and this principle has been em-
ployed to estimate its presence in the atmosphere. Some of the
corrosive effects of pollutants may be evaluated by a test
based on weight gain that occurs when a thin iron disc is ex-
posed to the atmosphere. Lime-treated filter papers have been
used to determine comparative fluoride levels in the environ-
ment.
22812
Wohlers, H. C. and G. B. Bell
LITERATURE REVIEW OF METROPOLITAN AIR POLLU-
TANT CONCENTRATIONS- PREPARATION, SAMPLING
AND ASSAY OF SYNTHETIC ATMOSPHERES. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Stanford Research lust., Menlo Park, Calif., Contract
DA 18-064-404-CML-123, S.R.I. Proj. SU-1816, 193p., Nov. 30,
1956. 82 refs.
A literature review of metropolitan air pollutant concentrations
and of the preparation, sampling, and assay of synthetic at-
mospheres is presented. Measured concentrations of gaseous
and particulate pollutants in the atmosphere, including sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, formal-
dehyde, hydrocarbons, chloride, carbon monoxide, ozone,
fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, carbon dioxide, gross particulates,
and dust fall are tabulated. Calculated emissions from centers
of population are presented for industrial and public
processes, including combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas,
incinerators, automobile exhausts, power plants, and metallur-
gical operations. Data on measured and calculated air pollution
concentrations throughout the world are given. Methods for in-
jecting pollution simulants into a test chamber, such as ozone
generators and aerosol despensers, are mentioned. Sampling
and analytical procedures are described for the particular
problem of testing static atmospheres for bacteria. Sampling
equipment consists primarily of an impinger preceded by a
millipore filter Analytical procedures include ultraviolet ab-
sorption, high volume sampling, glass fiber filters, and
colorimetric, gravimetric, iodimetric, spectrophotometric,
Saltzman, and electrochemical methods.
22877
Stuttgart Univ. (West Germany), Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik
und Dampfkesselwesen
KEEPING THE AIR PURE. (Reinhaltung der Luft). 58p., 1968.
25 refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 80p., Feb. 5, 1970.
A review of technical articles relating to air pollution is
presented. Sampling techniques and statistical evaluation of
results are discussed. The effects of gaseous impurities on hu-
mans and plants are briefly mentioned. Maximum emission
values for nitric oxide, nitric acid, chlorine, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide are tabulated. Measure-
ment methods, including filters, absorption bottles, and vari-
ous continuous methods are described. SO2 is generally mea-
sured by the silica gel method, the West Gaeke method, the
'Ultragas 3' method, the Pico-flex instrument, or by infrared
spectrophotometry. Isopropanol is a good absorption medium
for sulfur trioxide. Dewpoint measurement and detectors are
mentioned. NO2 can be measured by the Saltzman method,
and by photometric or colorimetric means. Measurement of
H2S and fluorine emissions may be done by the sodium
hydroxide method. Methods for carbon monoxide and dioxide
are mentioned. Organic compounds are measured by gas chro-
matography. Methods for measuring and counting dust con-
taminants, and stack sampling are discussed. Optical and elec-
trostatic methods of determining smoke shade are described.
The Konimeter, impinger, and dust fall methods are con-
sidered. A disucssion of plume behavior, including stack
height, turbulence, diffusion, and winds, is presented. Several
laws regarding emissions are mentioned.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
167
22879
Adams, D. F., H. J. Dana, and R. K. Koppe
REPORT ON THE 'UNIVERSAL' AIR POLLUTANT
ANALYZER. Washington State Univ., Pullman, Inst. of
Technology, P.H.S Contract 66512, 37p., Sept. 4, 1957. 26 refs.
The development, design, and construction is described of a
basically versatile automatic instrument system potentially ap-
plicable to the sampling, analysis, and recording of levels of
any atmospheric pollutant for which colorimetric methods are
available or can be devised. Conditions which may be easily
varied include air sampling rate, reagent, light wave band from
short ultraviolet through the visible range, reagent flow rate,
temperature of the air-reagent contactor system, and optical
system. The design is suitable for producing dosimeter or con-
tinuously integrated records; a prototype analyzer was con-
structed for each recording method, although the instrument is
basically intended as a dosimeter, based on the varying time
span necessary to accumulate equivalent pollutant concentra-
tions. The Zirconium-Eriochrome Cyanine R reagent for
fluoride and the Starch-Iodine Blue reagent for sulfur dioxide
were modified for use in the analyzers. The reduced stability
of these reagents under continuous air aeration for periods ex-
ceeding 4-12 hrs limits the pollutant concentration which may
be accumulated by a single reagent charge. This appears, how-
ever, to be desirable from the viewpoint of field application.
In field testing, simultaneous comparisons were made with
commercially available instruments for sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide. The dosimeter showed greater sensitivity of
these two pollutants than the other instrumental methods.
Recommendations are included for further research/study in
seven areas to improve the accuracy, versatility, and reliability
of the system and to reduce its cost.
23096
Vittori, Ottavio
RESEARCH IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME
FORMS OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES. Chicago Univ., 111.,
Dept. of Meteorology, NIH Grants RG-4521 and S-12(C), TN-5,
54p., Dec. 15, 1956. 16 refs.
Procedures are described for identifying the chemical composi-
tion and size of airborne particles. The basic technique in-
volves the capture of the particles in a specially treated gel.
Reagents in the gel produce a physico-chemical reaction
known as the Liesegang reaction. The products of the reaction
precipitate in the form of rings. Identification of the particles
is made by one or more of three factors: the character of the
pattern of the precipitate, the color of the precipitate, or its
change of color. Tests were developed for particles containing
the following substances: chlorides, soluble iodide, soluble sul-
fide, soluble ferrocyanide, soluble sulfates, nitrates, potassium
ion, soluble silver, fluorides, lead and all heavy metals. Details
are given for the preparation of the gels to be used for specific
tests, and techniques for the capture of particles are discussed.
(Electrostatic precipitation, impactor, and millipore filter). Ex-
periments conducted to study the production of sulfate parti-
cles by the burning of wood or coal are discussed briefly, and
a technique for the capture of small water droplets and analy-
sis of the salt which may be dissolved in them is described.
(Author abstract modified)
23162
Meador, Marston C. and Robert M. Bethea
SYRINGE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR INDIVIDUAL
COLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF REACTIVE GASES. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 4(10):853-855, Oct. 1970. 11 refs.
A flow apparatus for continuously producing small quantities
(up to 280 1 /hr) of humidified air containing known amounts of
atmospheric contaminants is described. Contaminant levels up
to 400 ppm nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and chloride are
reproducibly maintained for periods in excess of eight days by
use of Teflon permeation tubes filled with the desired material.
A comparison of the standard bubbler technique and glass and
polyprophylene syringe gas sampling showed the
polypropylene syringe technique to be superior for NO2 analy-
sis (0.07-60 ppm) by the Lyshkow-modified Saltzman method.
The improved syringe technique was extended to th colorimet-
ric analysis of SO2, C12, and hydrochloric and hydrofluori
acids in dynamically polluted air. The Lyshkow method for
SO2 is applicable in the range 0.17-50 ppm. The orthotolidine
method for free chlorine is applicable in the range 0.12-50
ppm. The modified method of lawaskai, Utsumu, et al, for
HC1 is satisfactory for 0.5-50 ppm HC1. The bleaching reaction
of Andrew and Nichols is marginally acceptable for 5-50 ppm
HF. (Author abstract modified)
23286
Zwenig, Eugene A.
PRELIMINARY ASPECTS OF AN AIR POLLUTION
PROBLEM. Florida Univ., Gainesville, Coll. of Engineering,
Thesis (M.S.), June 1954, 96p. 106 refs.
A project intended to determine a practicable method of
fluoride appraisal in micrograms/cu 1 of air is reported. The
meteorologica considerations involved are discussed, and
definitions and assumptions are established pertaining to the
interrelationship of the atmospheric transport mechanism and
field sampling results. A sampling plan and sampling method
are described. Laboratory techniques for the analysis of sam-
ples and the elimination of interferences are detailed. Two
analytical methods, thorium- alizarin titration and spec-
trophotometry, are concluded to be useful as potential stan-
dard techniques, but neither is established as adequate. The
principal conclusion offered is that more work is required in
all areas. Fluoride measurements obtained in the vicinity of an
unidentified potential pollution source and from control sta-
tions in areas presumed to be free of fluoride pollution are
presented tabularly. Control station readings are uniformly
zero while the test station readings range from 0 to 2.6 micro-
grams/cu 1.
23517
Bailey, J J. and D. G. Gehring
DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF SULFUR, FLUORINE,
AND BORON IN ORGANIC MATERIALS BY OXYGEN
BOMB COMBUSTION. Anal. Chem., 33(12):1760- 1762, Nov.
1961. 12 refs. (Presented at the conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Pittsburgh, Pa., Feb.
1961.)
A platinum-lined Parr oxygen calorimeter bomb was success-
fully employed for quantitative decomposition of organic sam-
ples. Water is introduced into the bomb prior to combustion
and the resulting combustion products are absorbed in the
water. This aqueous liquid may then be analyzed for trace
quantities of the desired cation of anion by standard
microanalytical methods. The technique permits the com-
bustion of a much larger sample (one gram) than the oxygen
flask method. Results of trace analyses of synthetic fluoride,
boron, and sulfur samples are presented in tabular form. Ex-
ceptionally good results were obtained for sulfur.
-------
168
23518
Kelso, Foymae S., John M. Matthews, and Harry P. Kramer
ION-EXCHANGE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE IN POTABLE WATERS. Anal. Chem., 36(3):577-
579, March 1964. 6 refs.
A simple, accurate, and rapid ion-exchange method is
described for removing interferences from waters containing
low concentrations of fluorides. The method is based on the
adsorption of fluoride in an acetate resin slurry, formation of a
beryllium-fluoride complex, and removal of the adsorbed
fluoride by a beryllium- eluting solution. With this technique,
20-30 water analyses a day can be performed with a precision
and accuracy of plus or minus 0.1 mg/1. Thus the results ob-
tained by the method are comparable to those for standard
distillation procedures. The saving in time and equipment is
considerable.
23546
Cralley, L. V., L. V. Haff, A. W. Hook, E. J. Schneider, J. D.
Strauther, C. R. Thompson, and L. H. Weinstein
TENTATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR FLUORIDE
CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND PLANT TISSUES
(MANUAL METHODS). 12204-01-68T. Health Lab. Sei.,
6(2):64-83, April 1969. 22 refs.
General precautions are given when analyzing for fluoride to
prevent contamination by extraneous fluoride from such
sources as sampling and laboratory apparatus, reagents, and
from exposure to laboratory dust and fume. Directions are
outlined in detail for sample preparation of particulate
fluorides, gaseous fluorides (dry and wet collectors), and
vegetation. Five analytical methods are described: isolation of
fluoride by Willard-Winter distillation, ion exchange, and dif-
fusion, and fluoride determination by titrimetric and spec-
trophotometric techniques. For each of these, the principle of
the method, range and sensitivity, interferences, precision and
accuracy, apparatus, reagents, and laboratory procedure are
given, as well as calibration and standards, calculation, and ef-
fects of storage. The method is termed tentative until it is
adopted as standard.
23547
Cralley, L. V., L. V. Haff, A. W. Hook, E. J. Schneider, J. D.
Strauther, C. R. Thompson, and L. H. Weinstein
TENTATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR FLUORIDE
CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND PLANT TISSUES
(SEMIAUTOMATED METHOD). 12204-02-68T. Health Lab.
Sci., 6(2):84-101, April 1969. 23 refs.
A method described for the analysis of fluorides wherein the
suspended digest and sulfuric acid are pumped into a Teflon
coil of a microdistillation device maintained at 170 C. A stream
of air carries the acidified sample rapidly through a coil of
Teflon tubing to a fractionation column. The fluoride and
water vapor distilled from the sample are swept up the column
into a condenser, and the condensate passes into a small col-
lector. The distillate is pumped continuously from the sample
collector and is mixed continuously with alizarin fluorine
bluelanthanum reagent. The colored stream passes through a
15-mm tubular flow cell of a colorimeter, and the absorbance
is measured at 624 millimicrons. The impulse is transmitted to
a recorder. The colorimetric and distillation systems of the
method are discussed. The normal range of analysis is from
0.1-4.0 micrograms F/ml, although the upper limit can be ex-
tended with modified procedures. The standard error or a sin-
gle determination is between 2 and 8 micrograms, depending
on the kind of plant tissue and the level of fluoride. Indirect
accuracy determinations show no significant deviations from
linearity. Frequent checks for precision and accuracy of the
method are required. Details are given of interferences, ap-
paratus, reagents, procedure (including tissue preparation, ash-
ing and alkali fusion, automated analysis, maintenance, and
problem detection), calibration and standards, calculation, and
effect of storage. The method is termed tentative until it is
adopted as standard.
23569
Wade, Marven A. and Stanley S. Yamamura
MICRODETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE USING AN IM-
PROVED DISTILLATION PROCEDURE. Anal. Chem.,
37(10):1276-1278, Sept. 1965. 7 refs.
A versatile microdistillation procedure was developed for
separating microgram levels of fluoride from anions and ca-
tions that interfere in colorimetric fluoride procedures. The
distillation is carried out from a phosphoric acid medium with
a microdistillation flask modified to minimize the carryover of
phosphate and sulfate. The fluoride in the distillate is deter-
minable by a number of colorimetric methods. In the study re-
ported, the improved distillation-separation procedure was
coupled with an Alizarin Complexone spectrophotometric mea-
surement of fluoride. This resulted in a reliable method that
appears to be suitable for a wide variety of samples. Of the 42
diverse ions tested (most of them at the 500 to 1 diverse ion-
to-fluoride molar ratio), only borate and silicate interfered seri-
ously. Based on 22 determinations at the 20-microgram
fluoride level, the standard deviation of the combined distilla-
tion-spectrophotometric procedure is 3.0%.
23573
Wharton, H. Whitney
ISOLATION AND DETERMINATION OF MICROGRAM
AMOUNTS OF FLUORIDE IN MATERIALS CONTAINING
CALCIUM AND ORTHOPHOSPHATE. Anal. Chem.,
34(10):1296-1298, Sept. 1962. 13 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Chemical Society, Division of Analytical Chemistry, 141st
Meeting, Washington, D. C., March 1962.)
Up to 4 micrograms of fluoride can be separated from dental
enamel by gaseous diffusion of hydrogen fluoride from a
perchloric acid solution of the sample in a polypropylene Con-
way diffusion dish. The HF is trapped in sodium hydroxide,
while the resulting fluoride is determined spectrophotometri-
cally by an improved zirconium- SPADNS (4,5-dihydroxy-3-(p-
sulfophenylazo)-2,7-naphthalenedisulfoni acid, trisodium salt)
bleaching method. Accuracy and reproducibility of the entire
method are to plus or minus 0.05 microgram of fluoride at the
1 microgram level and plus or minus 0.07 microgram at the 3
microgram level. (Author abstract)
23575
Sieth, J.
REPORT ABOUT MEASUREMENTS OF WASTE GAS AT
THE GRILLO DE- SULFURIZATION INSTALLATION AT
UNION RHEINISCHE BRAUNKOHLEN- KRAFTSTOFF AG.
FIRM IN WESSELING. Bericht uber Abggasmessungen an der
Grillo-Entschwefelungsanlage bei der Firma Union Rheinische
Braunkohlen-Kraftstoff AG. in Wesseling). Landesanstalt flier
Imissions-und Bodennutzunsschutz des Landes Nordhein-West-
falen, 46p., 1970. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 31p., Sept. 9, 1970.
Research involving a stack gas cleaning operation for particu-
lates, fluorine, and desulfurization is described. Sulfur trioxide
and sulfur dioxide quantitites remaining in the treated gas are
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
169
measured. Treatment consists of dry alkaline additives, fol-
lowed by cyclones and scrubbers. Stack samples are taken at
four points; the methods and equipment are described. Ac-
cording to fluorine measurements, the optimum fluorine reduc-
tion is achieved in the desulfurization installation. No amounts
of sulfur trioxide are detectable in the treated gas when the
proper amount of desulfurizer is used.
23654
Brownley, Floyd I., Jr. and Charles W. Howie, Jr.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE IN WATER. Anal. Chem. 32(10):1330-1332, Sept.
1960. 8 refs.
A spectrophotometric method for the determination of
fluorides in water is described which is based upon the colored
complex formed between thorium and phenylfluorone. Experi-
ments were designed to establish the optimum pH, optimum
development time, and best ratio of color-producing reagents,
and to ascertain the interferences from ions normally found in
surface water. A pH of 3.6 was selected as best, since the ab-
sorbance was more nearly a linear function of the fluoride
concentration at this pH. Color development appears to be al-
most instantaneous and absorbance is constant for at least an
hour. However, necessary manipulation time for 10 or more
samples would preclude the use of periods shorter than 25
min. A ratio of 2 ml of thorium nitrate solution to 2 ml of
phenylfluorone solution was selected to produce a colored
solution which would not be so optically dense as to be insen-
sitive to small amounts of fluoride. When it became apparent
that iron would interfere seriously, it was decided to eliminate
completely all cations through the use of an ion exchange
resin.
23657
Tufts, Barbara J.
A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING PARTICULATE FLUORIDE
COMPOUNDS. Anal. Chim. Acta, vol. 23:209-214, 1960. 13
refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society, Air Pollution
Symposium, Sept. 1959.)
A method is described for identifying particulates containing
fluorides and other complex fluorine compounds such as
fluosilicate in samples collected on membrane filters The filter
is treated with lead chloride to precipitate lead chlorofluoride
at each fluoride-containing spot, and this microspot is
identified by examination in a light microscope. Sulfate and
phosphate, which also precipitate if present, can be distin-
guished and do not interfere. The fluoride precipitates are best
seen as anisotropic white crystals in the optical microscope
with crossed polars. They show polarization colors, which are
especially distinctive in precipitates greater than 10 micron in
diameter. Calibrations are given for the fluorides and the more
insoluble salts, relating the original particle size to the reaction
site size. Thus the mass of the particles can be calculated.
Results of some field tests in an area of fluoride pollution are
given, and compared with standard testing procedures. Sam-
ples containing hydrogen fluoride cannot be shipped or stored
but must be reacted immediately after collection. (Author sum-
mary modified)
23683
Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif.
ACTIVITIES OF THE NASA-SPONSORED SRI TECHNOLO-
GY APPLICATIONS TEAM IN TRANSFER OF AEROSPACE
TECHNOLOGY TO THE PUBLIC SECTOR. Contract NASw-
1992, NASA Rept. CR110238, SRI Quarterly Progress Rept. 2,
61p., 1970. CFSTI: N70 30531
In reporting a continuing program of aerospace technology
transfer to the public sector, problems are reported in three
principal categories; air pollution, criminalistics, and transpor-
tation. In the air pollution category, problem statements no.
10-16 are presented. These include the need for a rapid inspec-
tion technique to test compliance of motor vehicles with emis-
sion standards; a monitor for atmospheric fluorides; a method
for disposal of waste wood; stabilization of mine and smelter
waste piles; an instrument to measure atmospheric ozone; a
monitor for atmospheric beryllium; and a sulfuric acid mist
collector. The results of computer searches for relevant
material for these and nine previously submitted air pollution
problems are included. Reports of contact with user organiza-
tions include five reports of visits to west coast air pollution
control organizations for the purpose of explaining the ser-
vices offered and obtaining preliminary statement of problems.
Two program problems are discussed, the variation among
reference reviewers' opinions of the relevancy of specific
references to a given problem, and the failure of the computer
searches to find relevant references.
23767
Brown, Harry
A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF
GASEOUS FLUORIDES TO LESS THAN ONE PART PER
BILLION. Preprint, Leigh Instruments Ltd., Carleton Place
(Ontario), lip., 1969. (APCA Paper 69-119.)
An automated fluoride analyzer is described that will collect
continuous air samples for a week and permit gaseous
fluorides to be determined in the low ppb range, for which
some states have already issued regulations. The method used
by the instrument is an extension of the coated-tube method,
where a tube coated with sodium carbonate collects the gase-
ous fluoride for subsequent detection by colorimetric analysis.
A sodium carbonate solution is automatically pumped to one
pipette and modified megregian colorimetric solutions to two
other pipettes. After the pipettes are filled, a valve releases
the sodium carbonate through the absorber tube and an air
pump draws in air through a heated intake tube. Measurements
are derived by washing the absorber tube with the colorimetric
solution and then, to obtain a reading, comparing this tube
with a duel cell photometer supplied with colorimetric solu-
tions that have not been exposed to fluorides. Concentrations
are measured in microgram F/cu m as a function of time, and
two hour sampling periods are recommended for levels in the
very low ppb range.
23907
West, Philip W.
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF AIR POL-
LUTION. Pure Appl. Chem., 21(4):439-447, 1970. 21 refs.
A general discussion of the requirements of air pollution
analytica techniques is presented, followed by descriptions of
specific techniques for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone,
and hydrogen fluoride. Other inorganic gases and the category
of organic gases are mentioned as being within the realm of air
pollutants. The subject of paniculate measurement is touched
upon with some degree of emphasis on both organic and inor-
ganic carcinogens. The applications of microscopy, mass spec-
troscopy, and several other instrumental techniques are briefly
mentioned. The principal thesis is that a need exists for in-
creasingly sensitive and specific methods of analysis for con-
tinuous monitoring, field test, and critical or definitive studies.
-------
170
23947
Adams, Donald F.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE LIMED FILTER PAPER
TECHNIQUE FOR FLUORINE AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (London), 4(3/4):247-255, 1961.
12 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society, 136th
Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J., Sept. 1959.)
Some statistical relationships are presented between lime
paper fluoride levels and experimental hydrogen fluoride at-
mospheric concentrations at constant air flow rates. The lime-
impregnated papers were prepared by dipping Whatman No. 2,
11.0 cm filter paper in 10 g/liter of Fisher 'low in fluorine'
lime. They were then dried to 50-60 C, hung in a phytotron
plant growth chamber, and exposed to hydrogen fluoride in a
chamber with a light source. At the end of each lime paper ex-
posure period, the papers were removed from the fumigation
chamber, dried for 24 hours at 70 C, weighed, ashed, distilled,
and analyzed using a thorium nitrate titration. Correlation
between the fluoride accumulated by the lime papers and the
exposure indexes is quite high as indicated by the linear and
curvilinear r values of 0.946 and 0.069. The data show an
average fluoride collection rate of 7.6 micrograms F(-)/d sq
m/day/micrograms F(-)/cu m. Results are discussed in relation
to previously published literature relating fluoride accumula-
tion in lime paper exposed to industrial air pollution under
field and greenhouse conditions. Additional data are presented
which show that the fluoride concentration in a greenhous at-
mosphere is significantly decreased over relatively short
distances through processes of surface adsorption and foliar
pickup (Author abstract modified)
24008
Nardozzi, M. J. and L. L. Lewis
PYROLYTIC SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE IN RAW MATERIALS. Anal. Chem., 33(9):1261-
1264, Aug. 1961. 11 refs.
Because fluoride separations from raw materials by distillation
are difficult as well as lengthy, another separation technique
was evaluated which consists of passing moist oxygen over the
sample in a heated tube, sweeping the fluoride released
through the tube, and collecting the fluoride in a suitable medi-
um for determination. A quartz combustion tube is employed
and heated to 1000 C. The sampl is mixed with tungstic oxide
as a reaction accelerator, while oxygen is passed through the
system at a rate of about 1200 ml per min. When the samples
contain less than 0.1% fluoride or also contain acidic sub-
stances, then the slower spectrophotometric method must be
used in place of titration. Thorium chloranilate is a very useful
reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of fluoride
because acetate, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, bro-
mide, iodide, and thiosulfate ions do not interfere, and
phosphate and molybdate interfere only when present in
amounts equal to or in excess of the fluoride concentrations.
To overcome the interference of iron and aluminum in samples
of slag, the samples should be treated prior to pyrolysis to
cause hydrolysis or the fluoride should be determined titrimet-
rically. However, errors arise when sulfur is present in
titrimetric determinations.
24018
Harris, W. E.
AMPEROMETRIC TITRATION OF FLUORIDE WITH
THORIUM USING A ROTATING PALLADIUM ELEC-
TRODE. Anal. Chem., 30(5): 1000-1003, May 1958. 14 refs.
The amperometric titration method for determining traces of
fluoride is performed in a solution containing potassium bro-
mide, potassium sulfate, and aerosol, and buffered with
monochloroacetic acid and sodium monochloroacetate. Best
results are obtained with about 100 to 200 gamma of fluoride
per 100 ml of solution, although as little as 20 gamma in 100
ml can be determined. Moderate amounts of chloride, nitrate,
sulfate, perchlorate, borate, calcium, or magnesium cause no
interference but large amounts slightly decrease the sensitivity.
Aluminum and more than 1 mg/1 of phosphate interfere. Re-
agents, apparatus, and the recommended procedure are in-
dicated. (Author abstract)
24022
Crocket, David S. and Robert A. Grossman
INTERACTION OF AMMONIUM FLUORIDE MULLS AND
DEPOSITED FILMS WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE PLATES.
Anal. Chem., 34(11): 1505-1506, Oct. 1962. 7 refs.
Anomalous absorption peaks were found when ammonium
fluoride was run as a mull, as well as when it was deposited as
a film from anhydrous methanol. All spectra were run using a
Beckman I-R5 spectrophotometer, while the x-ray powder
photograph of the surface scrapings from sodium chloride
plates was taken using CuK-alpha radiation. The ammonium
fluoride run, both as a mull and as a film deposited from
methanol, gives only a spectrum comparable to ammonium
chloride. In order to get any indication at all of the presence
of ammonium fluoride, it was necessary either to precipitate
the ammonium fluoride from anhydrous methanol solution
with dry ether, or to dry the ammonium fluoride for extended
periods of time at a temperature just below the sublimation
temperature, and then to prepare the mulls in a dry box.
24050
Sarma, P. L.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE BY ZIRCONIUM- ERIOCHROME CYANINE R.
Anal. Chem., 36(8): 1684-1685, July 1964. 11 refs.
The fluoride concentration range which is most suitable for
spectrophotometric determination using original and modified
Megregian zirconium-Eriochrome Cyanine R reagents was
determined. A standard solution containing 100 ppm of
fluoride was prepared by dissolving 0.2221 gram of 99.5% pure
sodium fluoride in water and diluting it to 1 liter, while other
standard solutions were prepared by diluting aliquots of this
solution ot proper volumes. Per cent transmittance readings of
reagent A (Eriochrome Cyanine R) and reagent B (Zirconium
Chloride) were obtained at 528 millimicrons, maintaining the
temperature within 25 plus or minus 1 C. Considering both the
minimum relative concentration error and the linear ab-
sorbance-concentration range, Megregian's original reagent ap-
pears suitable for use in the determination of about 1.0 to 1.4
ppm of fluoride. However, from the same considerations, a
modified reagent containing 1 volume of reagent A and 2
volumes of reagent B will be suitable for determining about 2.0
to 3.0 ppm.
24114
Fox, E. J. and W. A. Jackson
STEAM DISTILLATION OF FLUORINE FROM PERCHLO-
RIC ACID SOLUTIONS OF ALUMTNIFEROUS ORES. Anal.
Chem., 31(10):1657-1662, Oct. 1959. 25 refs.
An all-glass multiple-unit fluorine distilling apparatus equipped
with automatic temperature controls was developed in a study
of factors affecting the volatilization of fluorine during the
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
171
acidulation of phosphate rock. An improved apparatus and the
analytical procedure are discussed. Sodium and calcium
fluorides, or even the slightly more complex calcium fluosil-
icate dihydrate, show little difference in the rate of fluorine
distillation from perchloric acid at 125 C. A rate of about 15%
per minute for each of these salts is indicated by the slope of
the main branches of the curves. While phosphate rock may
not be regarded as a simple compound, the fluorine in the
rock, for the most part, behaves as calcium fluosilicate while a
relatively small proporation of it behaves like fluorine in Pem-
broke clay. The initial rate for the first and second fluoride
ions of aluminum fluoride trihydrate is about one third the rate
for fluorine in sodium fluoride, or approximately 5% per
minute. Results obtained with this equipment indicate that the
interference of aluminum in the steam distillatio of fluorine
from perchloric acid solutions of aluminum-bearing rocks is
caused by the formation of acid-soluble complex ions of alu-
minum, fluorine, and oossibly other elements that greatly
reduce the partial pressure of fluorine compounds in the gas
phase above the distilling acid solution. A procedure for simul-
taneous double distillation to speed up the operation is
described. (Autho abstract modified)
24118
McCabe, Louis C.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Ind. Eng. Chem., 45(8):105A-
108A, Aug. 1953. 6 refs.
Various filter media were evaluated with respect to certain air
sampling requirements by the dioctyl pthalate smoke penetra-
tion meter. Several properties and applications are presented
tabularly for chemical filter papers, membrane filters, feltlike
and mineral fiber papers, and all-glass papers. At the same
meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials (July
1953), another paper described some instrumentation and
analytical techniques which had proved useful in the study of
air pollution with particular reference to the Windsor-Detroit
area. A continuous recording analyzer for trace quantities of
hydrogen fluoride in the atmosphere is based on a test in
which a metal oxinate fluoresces under ultraviolet light, and
the fluorescence is quenched by exposure to hydrogen
fluoride. In order to study the relationship between smog oc-
currence and oxidant concentration, a continuous recorder was
constructed which produces a record in terms of ozone
equivalents. The oxidant recorder consists essentially of a
countercurrent absorption tower of glass beads as the air-
liquid contacting device. Air containing ozone, nitrogen ox-
ides, or other oxidants liberates iodine from a buffered,
neutral potassium iodide solution. The light transmission of the
resulting yellow solution is measured by a double-cell
colorimeter at 3600 A.
24124
Powell, W. Allan and J. H. Saylor
FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SMALL
AMOUNTS OF FLUORIDE. Anal. Chem., 25(6):960-964, June
1953. 15 refs.
Methods are described for the fluorometric determination of
traces of fluoride with a precision equal to or better than
previous methods and which are less subject to anion inter-
ference. Experimental equipment comprised a Lumetron
fluorometer and a Beckman pH meter. A Corning 5860 prima-
ry filter was used for the isolation of the desired excitation
band and a Corning 3389 secondary filter for the fluorescence
band. Most of the methods previously described for the
fluorometric detection or determinatio of aluminum were stu-
died: those using morin, quercetin, 8-quinolinoI, Eriochrome
Blue Black B, which is an isomer of Pontachrome Blue Black
R, and Eriochrome Red B. Superchrome Garnet Y was also
studied. The methods finally developed depend upon the fact
that the intensity of fluorescence of the compounds formed on
reaction of aluminum chloride with the dihydroxyazo dyes,
Eriochrom Red B and Superchrome Garnet Y, is decreased on
addition of fluoride. Plots of intensity of fluorescence versus
pH show a maximum at pH 4.8, while the intensity decreases
slightly with increase in the buffer concentration. Effects of
concentration and purity of dyes were also determined. The in-
tensity of fluorescence increases linearly with increase in con-
centration of ethyl alcohol and decrease in temperature. The
methods were tested by analyzing solutions of pure sodium
fluonde both before and after a Willard- Winter distillation.
24222
Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate. (Great Britain) Dept. of
Employment and Productivity
METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF TOXIC SUB-
STANCES IN AIR. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND OTHER
INORGANIC FLUORIDES. Booklet 19, 15p., 1970. 5 refs.
Apparatus, procedures, reagents, and where applicable, inter-
ferences are given for two tests for determining fluoride con-
centrations in factory atmospheres. The primary object is not
to obtain an extreme degree of accuracy but to give a rapid in-
dication of whether or not the atmosphere is dangerous, as
determined by comparison with government-established
threshold limit and ceiling values. The occurrence and toxic ef-
fects of fluorides are briefly described. The first method
described is a field test in which hydrogen fluoride is collected
in an acid solution of zirconium-solochrome cyanine R com-
plex and the observed bleaching in color is compared with
glass color standards. The second is a simple laboratory
method to determine total inorganic fluoride in air, in which
hydrogen fluoride and fluoride-containing dust and fume are
collected on an alkali- impregnated paper which is placed in a
micro diffusion vessel. Acid is added and the released
hydrogen fluoride is trapped by an alkaline coating on the in-
side lid of the vessel. The alkali is quantitatively transferred to
a volumetric flask, lanthanum- alizarin fluorine blue reagent
added and the fluoride determined either spectrophotometri-
cally or visually by comparison with a set of glass color stan-
dards.
24279
Adams, Donald F., Robert K. Koppe, and Norman E. Matzek
COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS RECORD-
ING ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE. TEST
CHAMBER AND INTERFERENCE STUDD2S WITH THE
MINI-ADAK ANALYZER. Anal. Chem., 33(1):117-119, Jan.
1961. 19 refs. (Presented at Meeting of the American Chemical
Society, 138th, Division of Water and Waste Chemistry, New
York, Sept. 1960.)
The tolerance of a low fluoride (micrograms/cu m or ppb at-
mospheric concentration range) reagent to other pollutants is
delimited; the reagent is incorporated in a recently reported
automatic continuous measurement and recording method
using the Mini-Adak Analyzer for atmospheric fluorides. The
reagent consists of a zirconium-Eriochrome Cyanine R com-
plex. Statistical comparison was made between the continuous
Mini-Adak record and manual air sampling and analysis data
of controlled test chamber atmospheres. Instrumental analysis
of chamber atmospheres revealed a fine structure of changing
diurnal concentrations not previously possible with the long-
term averaging-type sampling. The minimum sensitivity of the
fluoride reagent is stated as any combination of micrograms of
-------
172
F per cu and minutes of exposure time, yielding a value of 30.
Recent improvements in the photometric circuitry have
reduced the sensitivity factor to 7.5. Los Angeles smog-type
gases appear to be compatible with the reagent. The reagent
may be subject to interference from phosphate, sulfate, and
aluminum. However, phosphate appears to offer the only sig-
nificant source of error under typical field sampling condi-
tions. The Mini-Adak analyzer with the low fluoride reagent
has an approximate 18% analysis efficiency for submicron
cryolite.
24310
Senkowski, B. Z., E. G. Wollish, and E. G. E. Shafer
RAPID DETERMINATION OF ORGANICALLY BOUND
FLUORINE. Anal. Chem., 31(9):1S74-1576, Sept. 1959. II rets.
A rapid and simple procedure is described for the determina-
tion of organically bound fluorine. In a Schoeniger borosilicate
glass flask, the sample is burned in the presence of a small
quantity of sodium peroxide. This is directly followed by
colorimetry using zirconyl-Eriochrome Cyanine R complex;
absorbance is determined photometrically by Megregian's
procedure. Small quantities of phosphates do not interfere, but
larger proportions require a Willard-Winter distillation. Less
than 1 hour per determination is required, unlike previous
methods which required a separation procedure following
decomposition of the sample. The experimental procedure is
described in detail. (Author abstract modified)
24315
NEW FLUORIDE RECORDER. Res. Ind. (Stanford Res. Inst.),
11(3): 10, May 1959.
A recorder is mentioned which measures concentrations of
fluorides as low as one or two parts per ten billion. It works
on the principle of a differential photometer-that is,
photoelectric cells measure the difference in reactions on ad-
jacent areas of a fluorescent tape. One of these areas is
reacted on by a air sample containing hydrogen fluoride, and
the other by a sample from which the hydrogen fluoride has
been removed.
24331
Bartlett, John C., Doris Kavanagh, and Ross A. Chapman
THE DETERMINATION OF THE FLUORIDE CONTENT OF
EDIBLE BONE MEAL. Can. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 33:348-355,
1955. 17 refs.
Fluoride is determined in edible bone meal by igniting a sam-
ple at a temperature between 550 and 750 C. A Willard and
Winter distillation from perchloric acid is used to separate
fluoride from interferences, and the amount of fluoride in the
distillate is measured by the amount of bleaching of a ferric
salicylate solution at a pH of 3.1. The optimum conditions of
acidity and reagent concentration were investigated and the ef-
fects of interfering substances were determined. An optimum
weight ratio of ferric iron and salicylic acid is 0.404, which
corresponds to 1.00 on a molar basis. Calibration and details of
the procedure are discussed; the standard error of the method
as applied to bone meal is plus or minus 2.3%. (Author ab-
stract modified)
24359
Deutsch, Samuel
OVERCOMING THE EFFECT OF MANGANESE DIOXTOE
IN FLUORIDE DETERMINATIONS. Anal. Chem., 27(7):1154-
1155, July 1955. 3 refs.
Both manganese dioxide and chlorides in vegetation samples
interfere with the modified Willard-Winter method for the
microdetermination of fluoride. Liberation of chlorine during
distillation hampers the titration of fluorides by a partial or
complete bleaching of the alizarin red indicator. The addition
of 3% hydrogen peroxide in the fluoride distillation flask be-
fore the start of distillation eliminates this interference. Tests
of the reproducibility of fluoride recovery in the presence of
3% hydrogen perioxide as a reductant showed that addition of
3% hydrogen peroxide did not interfere with fluoride recovery
or subsequent titration. (Author abstract)
24372
ANALYSIS OF HE GAS. Instr. Automation, vol. 27:350-353,
March 1954.
A new method of detecting and continuously measuring ppb
quantities of hydrogen fluoride gas, a potentially injurious air
pollutant, entails impregnating a roll of filter paper with a
fluorescent metal salt. Contact with the slight trace of HF gas
diminishes the fluorescence, which is measured photoelectri-
cally. Results are graphed on a continuous recorder.
24399
Adams, Donald F., Robert K. Koppe, and Homer J. Dana
AN AUTOMATIC ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ANALYZER
WITH POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS TO OTHER POLLU-
TANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 9(3): 160-168, Nov.
1959. 23 refs.
Two separate prototype analyzer units were constructed and
assemble within a single metal enclosure to permit convenient,
simultaneous development and field testing of reagents for the
determination of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride in the
atmosphere. Each versatile analyzer consists of two funda-
mental components: a colorimeter capable of either triggering
a time stamp upon development of a pre-selected photocell
output equivalent to some concentration of the pollutant which
has been absorbed in the reagent (dosimeter model) or driving
a recorder (the continuous recording model); and an air-re-
agent contacting system in which a continuously circulating
volume of reagent contacts a sampled air stream until a pre-
selected concentration of the desired pollutant has been ab-
sorbed by the reagent. Fluoride reagent is prepared by adding
200 ml of acidified zirconium solution to 500 ml of of distilled
water, followed by 200 ml of a dye solution. Then 3.00 g Sur-
fynol 82 are added, and the mixture is diluted to 1 liter Two
drops of Dow-Corning Anti-foam A Emulsion are then added.
Successful field and laboratory tests have been earned out
with this analyzer and fluoride reagent.
24456
Yamamura, S. S., M. A. Wade, and J. H. Sikes
DIRECT SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC FLUORIDE DETER-
MINATION. Anal. Chem., 34(10):1308-1312, Sept. 1962. 11 refs.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society, Division of
Analytical Chemistry, 141st Meeting, Washington, D. C., March
1962.)
Fluoride reacts with the wine-red cenum(III)-alizarin complex-
one (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinon-3-ylmethylamine-N,N-diacetic
acid) complex to produce a lilac-blue color. As the basis for a
colorimetric method for microgram levels of fluoride, two
ratios of cerium(III) to alizarin complexone are used. A 1:1
mole ratio gives high tolerance for common anions that do not
complex cerium (III) as well as for many cations. A 1:2.5 ratio
gives increased tolerance for complexing anions such as
sulfate and phosphate. These effects are explained by a con-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
173
sideration of various equilibri involved. Use of a 20%
acetonitrile or acetone medium rather than water alone in-
creases both the sensitivity of the reaction and the stability of
the complexes. The sensitivity, with a 1:1 mole ratio reagent in
the acetonitrile medium, is .0014 microgram of fluoride per sq
cm. Data are presented showing the usefulness of the method
for the direct determination of fluoride in natural waters and
for the analysis of complex inorganic samples following a
pyrolysis separation. (Author abstract)
24546
Yamamura, Stanley S., Maxine Elliott Kussy, and James E.
Rein
COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE
WITH CERIUM(III). Anal. Chem., 33(12): 1655-1657, Nov.
I%1. 6 refs. (Presented at the Analytical Chemistry Conference
in Nuclear Reactor Technology, 4th, Gatlinburg, Tenn., Oct.
12-14, 1960.)
A method is presented, involving a pyrolysis separation and a
cerium precipitation-EDTA titration measurement, which is
applicable to a variety of samples containing fluoride complex-
ing metals such as zirconium, uranium, aluminum, and berylli-
um, and high concentrations of nitrate and chloride. Quantita-
tive recovery of 5 to 40 mg portions of fluoride was obtained
by pyrolyzing at 950 C for 10 min using a moist air flow of 2.5
liters/min. Addition of aluminum nitrate to the sample controls
the release of fluoride from volatile samples and also serves as
an accelerator for others. Cerous fluoride is precipitated
stoichiometrically at pH 1.75 with a measured excess of ceri-
um(III), and the excess cerium is back-titrated with EDTA
((ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid) to an arseneazo-cresol red
end point. Sulfate and phosphate interfere seriously in the
precipitation. The computed standard deviation for a single
determination based on 6 replicate determinations at the 24
and 36 mg levels of fluoride was 0.42 mg.
24603
Greenburg, Leonard and Morris B. Jacobs
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: HEALTH ASPECTS AND
MICROTECHNIQUES. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2,
18(4):289-297, Feb. 1956. 28 refs.
The greatest source of air pollution in New York City is burn-
ing fuels. The relationship of air pollution to health is dramati-
cally indicated by the episodes in the Meuse Valley, in
Donora, Pa., in Poza Rica, Mexico, and in London, England.
The principal category of microanalysis in air pollution studies
is the determination of very small amounts of a substance in a
large volume of air. The principle of deposition is used for
sootfall or dustfall sampling. Absorption methods for air sam-
pling are of two types: impingers an absorbers. Filtration
methods include the high-volume sampler, the automatic paper
tape samplers, and millipore filters. Condensation and adsorp-
tion are also employed in collecting work. The peroxide
method is preferred over the alkaline iodide or colorimetric
method in analyzing sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide can be
measure by direct titration and gravimetrically. Infrared spec-
trometry is the method of choice for determining carbon
monoxide; however, the CO tube colorimetry method has been
adopted by some investigators. The method commonly used
for nitrogen oxides involves estimating by the phenodisulfonic
acid method. Ammonia and ammonia compounds are trapped
in a bubbler containing sulfuric acid and are estimating by
nesslerization. Methods of analysis are described for al-
dehydes, cyanides, fluorides, ozone, hydrogen sulfide, lead,
hydrocarbons, and other components.
24886
McCarty, Charles P. and Elmer Robinson
EFFECT OF COLD STORAGE ON THE FLUORIDE CON-
TENT OF ALFALFA. J. Agri. Food Chem., 5(5):377-379, May
1957. 4 refs.
The tediousness of determinations of fluoride in vegetation
samples, coupled with a frequent need to gather a large
number of samples in a short time, usually require? storage of
samples prior to analysis. Tests using alfalfa samples were
conducted to determine the effect of storage at O F for four to
six weeks on fluoride content. Stored samples showed more
variation than unstored samples but no consistent change in
fluoride content. The variation can be reduced by adding lime
to stored samples. Samples stored in a tight container do not
gain or lose moisture consistently. (Author abstract)
24966
Thomas, M. D. and R. E. Amtower
THE MICRODETERMTNATION OF FLUORIDE IN VEGETA-
TION. Air Pollution Control Assoc. J., 19(6):439-442, June
1969. 16 refs.
The determination of fluorine in vegetation is generally carried
out by a modification of the Willard-Winter method. This
method gives satisfactory results, but it is rather laborious and
time- consuming and requires considerable equipment. For
microchemical work on very small vegetation samples or frac-
tions such as chloroplasts, in which the total fluorine available
is usually of the order of a few micrograms, other techniques
are required. A micro method for the determination of the
fluoride content of plant materials, particularly the leaves, is
described. The samples are dried and ground to a fine powder.
Fifty mg samples are burned in oxygen in 250-ml separatory
funnels or in 300-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The gaseous products
of the combustion are absorbed in 0.1N sodium hydroxide in
the closed funnel or flask and transferred to a small covered
plastic dish in which the fluoride is diffused to tiny droplets of
3N sodium hydroxide solution distributed over the lower side
of a tight fitting cover. The diffused fluoride is dissolved in
water and determined colorimetrically by the SPADNS re-
agent. The sensitivity of the method is directly proportional to
that of the SPADNS dye used to measure the fluoride.
24970
Heilingoetter, R.
ANALYTICAL METHODS USED TO DETERMINE DAMAGE
BY ACIDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Die chemische Unter-
suchungsmethoden des Luftsaeureschaedenexperten). Text in
German. Chemiker-Zeitung, 51(45):429-433, June 8, 1927.
The three methods available for the assessment of damage
caused by atmospheric acids are the so called leaf and needle
ash analysis which directly measures damage caused to plants,
atmospheric acid analysis by which the harmful content of
acids can be measured on the spot and the qualitative deter-
mination of small quantities of acid in the atmosphere. The
first method is based on the accumulation of acid in the ex-
posed plants. In the ash of such exposed plant material (nee-
dles of conifers for example) water- soluble sulfuric acid,
chlorine, fluorine, and nitrogen are determined and the excess
over normal levels is calculated. The second method, analyz-
ing air acidity directly, uses a series of absorption bottles filled
with different absorbent liquids designed to retain carbon diox-
ide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia,
chlorides and hydrochloric acid which are then measured by
appropriate analytical methods and the respective acidity is
calculated. Toxicity limits are for SO2 3 mg/cu m, for N2O4
50 mg/cu m, for NH3 30 mg/cu m, for HC1 110 mg/cu m, for
-------
174
C12 64 mg/cu m and for HF 0.00033 vol %. The qualitative
method uses cotton cloth dipped in a barium hydroxide solu-
tion and in lime water to determine the presence in the at-
mosphere of SO2 and of F respectively.
25180
Mandl, Richard H., Leonard H. Weinstein, Gilbert J.
Weiskopf, and Judy L. Major
THE SEPARATION AND COLLECTION OF GASEOUS AND
PARTICIPATE FLUORIDES. Preprint, International Union of
Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 37p., 1970. 19 rets.
(Presented at the Internationa Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper CP-25A.)
The separation of gaseous from paniculate fluorides in am-
bient air is essential for the enforcement of air quality stan-
dards by governmental agencies and may also be important in
monitoring experimental fumigations under laboratory of field
conditions. Two methods were selected for extensive study.
The bicarbonate- coated tube coupled with a membrane filter
for collection of particulate fluoride proved successful. The
most useful combinatio was a 7-rnm I.D. by 122 cm Pyrex
glass tube with an Acropore AN-800 filter and a sampling rate
of 14.1 liters per minute (0.5 cfm). An automatic paper tape
sampler was developed also in which the air sampler is drawn
first through a citric acid-treated Whatman No. 52 prefilter to
remove particulate fluorides and then through a sodium
hydroxide-treated Whatman No. 4 paper for collection of gase-
ous fluoride. Both methods have been tested in the laboratory
and in field plot experiments. (Author abstract modified)
25210
Jacobson, Jay S. and Laurence I. Heller
SELECTIVE ION ELECTRODE ANALYSIS OF FLUORIDE
IN VEGETATION. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollu-
tion Prevention Associations, 17p., 1970. 38 refs. (Presented at
the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,
Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper CP-25B.)
Many laboratories carry out fluoride analyses of vegetation to
determine the sources, distribution, and effects of atmospheric
fluorides. The techniques and procedures used vary widely
from laboratory to laboratory, but all are laborious and pro-
vide many sources of error. The fluoride ion electrode offers
the possibilit of circumventing conventional ashing, fusion,
and distillation techniques. Therefore, methods of extracting
vegetation and performing potentiometric analyses were evalu-
ated. A procedure was developed which employs sequential
extraction of dried, pulverized vegetation with 0.05 N sulfuric
acid followed by 0.05 N ammonium hydroxide. After
neutralization, pH 7 acetate buffer and sodium citrate are
added to the slurry to control pH and ionic strength and to
mask potential interfering agents. Analyses were performed
with continuous stirring on the suspension of vegetation with
an Orion combination fluoride-reference electrode and an ap-
propriate electrometer. Standard fluoride solutions containing
all reagents were also analyzed to provide a calibration curve
from 0.05 to 10.0 ppm w/v fluoride. In this manner, vegetation
samples containing 20 to 2000 ppm w/w fluoride could be
analyzed. The accuracy of the extraction-potentiometric
method was verified by several techniques. The amount of
fluoride found by analysis was directly related to amount of
sample taken, and recovery of known amounts of added
fluoride was better than 95%. A correlation coefficient of
0.9994 was obtained when measurements by this method were
compared with those by conventional methods. The relative
standard deviation of replicate analyses in the 20-370 ppm
range was 5.7%. However, the absolute accuracy of the
method is not known because primary standards are not
available. Collaborative studies are planned to determine
whether this rapid and simple technique can be recommended
as a suitable substitute for conventional techniques. (Author
abstract modified)
25223
Liberti, Arnaldo and Marco Mascini
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POL-
LUTANTS BY MEANS OF SPECIFIC ION MEMBRANE
ELECTRODES. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 23p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented at the In-
ternational Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington D. C., Dec. 6-
11, 1970, Paper CP-31G.)
Information is presented which is directed to the utilization of
specific ion membrane electrodes to measure atmospheric pol-
lutants. As these electrodes measure the activity of an ion in
solution, they can be used either to follow the variation of
concentration of an ion which is directly absorbed from the air
or of an ion of a solution reacting with a certain pollutant.
Various experimental devices are presented to perform either
a continuous or an intermittent determination by a direct mea-
surement or by a coulometric titration. Typical examples are
the continuous measurement of fluoride in stack gases and the
ozone and total oxidants determination in the air. The use of a
fluoride selective electrode permits continuous recording of
the fluoride content of stacks; gases are adsorbed into a cell
containing a buffered solution where a fluoride selective mem-
brane electrode and a saturated calomel electrode are set. The
potential difference is continuously measured. Lower fluoride
concentration may be determined by passing the adsorbing
solution into a titration cell. The neutral potassium iodide
procedure for total oxidants determination can be carried out
electrometrically with various apparatus. Air is drawn into a
cell where an iodide membrane electrode records the iodide
concentration; other examples of analyses where membrane
electrodes may be used include the monitoring of sulfur diox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide. (Author abstract)
25441
Miller, Gene W., Ming-Ho Yu, and Esther Chen
GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANALYSIS OF FLUOROOR-
GANIC ACIDS IN PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES. Preprint,
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations,
12p., 1970. 15 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air
Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper MB-
4E.)
Studies were initiated to develop gas chromatographic
techniques for determining fluoroorganic acids in tissues, but
the extraction and methylation procedures separated only
ether soluble methyl esters of organic acids. To date, the
presence of both fluoroacetic and fluorocitric acids has been
tentatively identified in both plant and animal tissues.
25474
Prinz, Bernd
THE APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS TO SAM-
PLING DESIGN IN THE PLANNING OF AIR-QUALITY
MEASURING PROJECTS. Staub (English translation from
German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 30(5):23-31, May 1970. 15
refs.
For purposes of air quality measurements, the applicability of
two methods of sampling design were investigated: the method
of the stratified sample and the method of the regression esti-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
175
mate. The concept of parent population denotes the maximum
possible number of observations which pertain to one definite
property or to a group of properties and which can be distin-
guished by some kind of description or definition from other
correlated observations. Applying the method of the stratified
sample to air quality measurement projects, one has to
proceed by first dividing into strata the parent population of
all measurements of a given area and in a given time interval,
in such a way that within the individual strata the quantities
observed are as homogeneous as possible, with the mean
values between the strata differing as much as possible. A
fluorine measurement program is used to illustrate this
method. Often, a certain sample variable cannot be determined
and its mean value calculated, except with considerable ex-
perimenta expenditure, while an auxiliary variable which
shows a high correlation to the sample variable proper can be
investigated without difficulty. Frequently, it is inconvenient
or impossible to encompass the parent population of an aux-
iliary variable in orde to derive its mean value. Nevertheless,
it may be useful to introduce an auxiliary variable, to in-
vestigate it using a large sample size and, by means of the
regression estimate, to infer from its own mean value on the
mean value of the mam variable having a smaller sample size.
25487
Pack, M. R., A. C. Hill, and H. M. Benedict
SAMPLING ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES WITH GLASS
FIBER FILTERS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 13(8):374-
377, Aug. 1963. 8 refs.
The use of glass fiber filters for collecting atmospheric
fluorides and separating particulate and gaseous fractions was
investigated. Because of their low fluoride blanks, MSA type
1106-B filters were selected for study. These filters are placed
in open-faced metal holders coated with polyvinyl plastic and
air is drawn through them with a rotary, pressure-vacuum,
vane-type pump. A second filter used as backing between the
filter and filter support reduces the possibility of sample con-
tamination by the holder. The fluoride is isolated from the
sampling filter by distillation from perchloric acid: no ashing
or fusion is necessary unless the fluoride being determined is
very nonreactive. If less than 30 micrograms of finnn'Hp nrc
anticipated, the fluoride is concentrated from the
the anion exchange resin method and measure spec-
trophotomefncally. Larger amounts are titrated with thorium
nitrate; alizarin is used as indicator. The glass fiber filters
were compared with impingers in tests conducted in three dif-
ferent types of atmospheres: (1) in a controlled atmosphere
with hydrogen fluoride; (2) on an industrial plant property
where both gaseous an particulate fluorides were present; and
(3) in an urban residential commercial district. There was no
statistically significant difference between the average fluoride
concentrations obtained by the two sampling methods. Of the
separation method studied, the most effective was the use of
an aluminum tube apparatus preceding the glass fiber filters.
When both this apparatus and an impinger were placed in an
atmosphere where about 70% of the fluoride was in particulate
form, the average measured particulate concentrations f each
method were almost identical. The results indicate that the fil-
ters offer a reliable, simple, and convenient method of collect!
total atmospheric fluorides at a minimum cost for equipment
and maintenance.
25615
McKenna, F. E.
METHODS OF FLUORINE AND FLUORIDE ANALYSIS - I.
Nucleonics, 8(6): 24-33, June 1951. 146 refs. Part II. Ibid.,
9(l):40-49, July 1951. 153 refs. Part III. Ibid., 9(2):51-58, Aug.
1951. 217 refs.
A review of the literature on methods of analysis for fluorine
compounds is presented, covering the period from 1816 to
1950. This first of three parts discusses the following methods:
determination as lead chlorofluonde, as calcium fluoride, by
reaction with aluminum, by reaction with iron (III), as
lanthanum fluoride, as yttrium flouride, as cerium (III)
fluoride, and by formation of thorium fluoride. The discussion
of the latter is completed in Part II
25616
McKenna, F. E.
METHODS OF FLUORINE AND FLUORIDE ANALYSIS - II.
Nucleonics, 9(l):40-49, July 1951. 153 refs. Part I. Ibid., 8(6):24-
33, June 1951. 146 refs. Part III. Ibid., 9(2):51-58, Aug. 1951.
217 refs.
A review of the literature on methods of analysis for fluorine
compounds is presented, covering the period from 1816 to
1950. This second of three parts discusses the following
methods: determination by formation of thorium fluoride (con-
tinued from Part I), by zirconium fluoride, lakes of zirconium,
and by fluosilic acid. The isolation of fluoride as the volatile
fluosilicic acid is also considered at length, including alkimet-
nc titration of fluosilicic acid.
25617
McKenna, F. E.
METHODS OF FLUORINE AND FLUORIDE ANALYSIS - III.
Nucleonics, 9(2):51-58, Aug. 1951. 217 refs. Part I. Ibid.,
8(6):24-33, June 1951. 146 refs. Part II. Ibid., 9(l):40-49, July
1951. 153 refs.
A review of the literature on methods of analysis for fluorine
compounds is presented, covering the period from 1816 to
1950. This last of three parts discusses the pertitanic acid and
fluosilicic acid methods as well as analysis of fluorocarbons,
volatile fluorides, and elementary fluorine. Spectrochemical
and miscellaneous analytical methods are treated bnefly.
References are given for determination of fluorides in specific
-••u-* '0 as aerosols, beryllium compounds, foods,
strial materials, soils, and human tissues.
25631
FLUORIDE FOILERS. Chem. Eng. News, vol. 34:1506, 1509,
March 26, 1956.
It is now standard procedure for any plant facing a potential
fluoride effluent problem to main constant checks on vegeta-
tion and animals in its vicinity, not only to monitor the ef-
fluent control system but also to have a continuing factual
record available if complaints are received. To permit plant
chemists to check on the accuracy of their analytical
techniques without running replicate analyses, a series of 35
standarized fluoride samples has been developed. They are
derived from a broad range of minerals, vegetation, and
animal tissue commonly found in industrial fluoride problems-
soils, ores, slags, dusts, fertilizers, feeds, hays, pine needles,
tree barks, etc. Samples, which cost $13 each, are available
with fluoride concentrations of from 5 to 1500 ppm.
25647
Adams, Donald F.
AN AUTOMATIC HYDROGEN FLUORIDE RECORDER
PROPOSED FOR INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND STACK
-------
176
MONITORING. Anal. Chem., 32(10): 1312-1316, Sept. 1960. 12
refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society, Division of
Water Sewage, and Sanitation, 136th Meeting, Atlantic City, N.
J., Sept. 1959.)
The increasing use of fluorine and fluorides in industrial
processes requires the close surveillance of the fluoride con-
tent of the air in working areas and adjacent environs. Con-
ventional sampling and analytical techniques are time consum-
ing and not suitable for an alarm system to warn personnel of
the presence of objectionable exposure levels. A method is
needed for continuously and instantaneously recording
changes in the fluoride content of both indoor and outdoor air.
Fluoride levels from 0.1 to 200 mg per cu m are determined by
measuring the color change produced by the reaction between
the green iron-ferron (8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5- qumoline-sulfonic
acid) complex and fluoride ions. A method of automating this
technique is suggested. (Author abstract modified)
25668
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE ION. In: Manual of Standard Procedures. Atomic
Energy Commission, New York, Health and Safety Lab., Kept.,
TID-4500, 5p., Sept. 1970. 1 ref. NTIS: NYO-4700(3rd Ed.)
In the method described, the determination of fluoride ion de-
pends upon fluoride quenching of the thorium-chrome Azurol
S lake. Fluoride ion in the range of 0.1 to 90 microgram may be
determined in sodium hydroxide solutions used in air
sampling, and in air filters, water, or urine samples. A spec-
trophotometer and distillation apparatus, as diagrammed, are
required. Data are given on special reagents, sample prepara-
tion, and determination procedure. Ions such as sulfate,
phosphate, uranium (VI), iron (HI), aluminym, and beryllium
interfere but can be removed by the distillation procedure.
Only chloride interferes before and after distillation of
fluorine.
25806
Cholak, J.
CURRENT INFORMATION ON THE QUANTITIES OF
FLUORIDE FOUND IN AIR, FOOD, AND WATER. A.M.A.
Arch. Ind. Health, 21(4):312-31S, April 1960.
The significance of the result of a determination of fluoride in
the investigation of the behavior of the fluoride ion in biologi-
cal material depends partly upon the techniques and precau-
tions employed in collecting the sample and partly upon the
precision of the analytical procedure that is employed. The
general analytical technique involves three procedures: the
conversion of the fluoride into soluble, inorganic form by
means of an ashing step usually carried out at 600 C; the
separation of fluoride as hydrofluosilicic acid from interfering
ions by the Willard and Winter distillation procedure, and the
estimation of the quantity of fluoride in the distillate. This esti-
mation may be done by determining the bleaching effect of the
fluoride ion on colored metal dye complexes by a titration
procedures. Further details of fluoride determinations are
described, and concentrations are presented tabularly for
fluorides in air, food, and water.
25816
Adams, Donald F.
FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE LIMED FILTER PAPER
TECHNIQUE EV FLUORINE AIR POLLUTION STUDIES. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 7(2):88-91, Aug. 1957. 11 refs.
The exposure of lime-treated filter papers under protection of
wooden shelters has been suggested as an inexpensive
technique for detecting atmospheric fluorides and delineating
areas of fluoride pollution. In the present investigation, data
were obtained on comparative fluoride levels in different shel-
ters, on the relationship between average monthly lime paper
fluoride levels and fluoride accumulated in herbage during the
growing season, and on the reliability of the lime paper
technique in measuring the relative intensity of fluoride pollu-
tion from one year to another. Under similar conditions of ex-
posure, only small differences in fluorine content of treated
papers may exist between duplicate shelters; the correlation
between the fluoride in the lime papers and the ground cover
vegetation for a wide range of fluoride exposure levels is high
enough to predict with reasonable accuracy even the fluoride
content of heteorogenous herbage throughout the growing
season. The reliability of the lime papers in measuring relative
fluoride pollution from one year to the next was substantiated
when observed diminuations in fluoride pollution reflected by
comparative lime paper fluoride levels were found to be due to
a reduction of fluoride emissions rather than variations in wind
patterns.
25952
Silverman, Louis and Mary E. Shideler
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BERYLLI-
UM AND FLUORIDE USING CHROME AZUROL S. Anal.
Chem., 31(1):152-155, Jan. 1959. 14 refs. (Presented at the
American Chemcial Society Meeting, 132nd, New York, Sept.
1957.)
Chrome Azurol S (the sodium salt of 3'-sulfo-2',6-dichloro-
3,3'- dimethyl-4-hydroxyfuchson-5,5-dicarboxylic acid) was ap-
plied to the spectrphotometric determination of beryllium and
fluoride. The colored beryllium-Chrome Azurol S complex is
formed at pH 6.0 in the presence of a pyridine-hydrochloric
acid buffer, which enhances the sensitivity of the dye to beryl-
lium and increases the sensitivity of the metal-dye complexes
to fluoride. The procedure described can be used to determine
from 1 to 30 gamma of fluoride per 50-ml vol with a precision
of plus or minus I gamma, and from 0.2 to 10 gamma of beryl-
lium per 50 ml vol with a precision of plus or minus 2 gamma.
Studies were made on the variables of the system, inter-
ferences, and on an ion exchange method of separate uranium
form beryllium. (Author abstract modified)
26121
Nakazawa, Akira
ON HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AIR POLLUTION MONITOR-
ING DEVICE. (Fukka suisogasu taiki osen kanshi sochi ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kiki (Analysis Instr.),
8(8):546-549, Aug. 1970.
In a new device for analyzing hydrogen fluoride, air to be
tested is continuously exposed to the reagent, the chlorate
solution of zirconium eriochrome cyanine R. In proportion to
the concentration of fluoride in atmosphere, zirconyl fluoride
is produced, and the reagent loses its color. The degree of
color los is measured by a colorimeter to obtain the amount of
fluoride in th atmosphere that came in contact with the re-
agent. The analyzer, which is illustrated in a flow diagram, has
the dimension 90 by 40 by 40 cu cm and weighs 60 kg. Its
operation requires 100V AC and about 300W power. Control,
measurement, reagent tank, and power as well as pump sec-
tions are all housed in one cabinet. The measurement section
includes the colorimeter among other mechanisms The opera-
tion of the analyzer consists of setting the timer (100 min), ad-
justing the air intake to 10 1/min, and letting the machine auto-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT ME. 'TODS
177
matically record the concentration of fluoride in the at-
mosphere. The value of concentration can be obtained by
comparin the data to the calibration line. An example of a
measurement is shown; the concentration is almost zero at
night, and increases fro morning to the afternoon and
decreases in the evening. The reliability of the device is accu-
rate to 1 ppb, and can also be use for measuring trace amounts
of gases such as sulfur dioxide, chlorine, and nitrogen oxides.
26122
Yamate, Noboru
MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION. (Gasujo
taiki osenshitsu no solutei). Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kiki,
(Analysis Instr.), 8(8):536-545, Aug. 1970. 34 refs.
Manual and continuous methods of measuring the major gase-
ous pollutants are reviewed. Manual methods employed for
analyses of sulfur oxides are the rosaniline, molybdic acid-
barium, lead peroxide, and detector filter paper methods. Con-
tinuous methods ar the iodine starch-light absorption,
rosaniline light absorption, an electroconductivity methods.
The Saltzman and naphthylethylene diamine methods are em-
ployed for manual analyses of nitric oxide and nitrogen diox-
ide; and the Saltzman light absorption method is used for con-
tinuous analysis. Carbon monoxide is manually analyzed by in-
frared analysis, gas chromatography, detector tubes, and the
hopcalite method; it is continuously analyzed by infrared anal-
ysis, gas chromatography, the mercuric oxide method, and the
hopcalite method. The manual method of analyzing hydrogen
sulfide is the methylene blue method; the continuous method;
and the filter paper coloring method. Hydrocarbons are mea-
sured manually be gas chromatography and continuously by
hydrogen flame ionization. Aldehydes are measured manually
by the chromotropic acid, acetylacetone, and MBTH methods;
and continuously by the light absorption method. Ozone and
all oxides are measured manually by the iodimetric and
phenolphthalein methods and continuously by the coulometric
and light absorption methods. The thorium neotrine and
lanthanum alizarine complex methods are used for manual
measurements of fluorine compounds; fluorescent and light
absorptio methods are used for continuous measurement. The
orthotolysin and light absorption methods are used, respective-
ly, for manual and continuous analyses of chlorine Respective
manual and continuous methods of measuring hydrogen
chloride are the thiocyanic acid- mercuric salt and electrocon-
ductivity method. The manual method for hydrogen cyanide is
the pyridme-pyrazolone method. For manual measurements of
hydrogen cyanide, the Indo-phenol and Nessler methods are
employed.
26203
Heuser, Stanley G.
VOLUMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATIONS
OF SULFURYL FLUORIDE IN AIR. Anal. Chem., 35(10):1476-
1479, Sept. 1963. 4 refs.
The reaction of the fumigant sulfuryl fluoride with alkalies is
discussed, and two volumetric methods of determining its con-
centration in air are described. The first method involves titra-
tion of excess NaOH with 0.05N HC1, using thymolphthalein
as indicator. The second method involves titration of excess
barium hydroxide with 0.1N HC1, again with thymolphthalein
as indicator. In the first method, the amount of carbon dioxide
absorbed by the reagent has to be calculated by direct titration
of excess alkali in another aliquot of the sample. In the second
method, CO2 presen in the atmosphere is precipitated as bari-
um carbonate together with the fluoride. If determination of
CO2 is not required, titration with HC1 is replaced by direct
addition ot a standard amount of acid in excess to sample and
reagent blank. The amount of SO2F2 present is then obtained
directly by difference in titrations with 0.02N Ba(OH)2.
Recoveries of SO2F2 in normal air by both methods are tabu-
lated, as are results obtained by the first method when 1.5 to
2.5% by volume CO2 was present. Collectively these results
show substantially correct recoveries of the two gases by
either method, either individually or in admixture without mu-
tual interference. However, the second method is preferred for
accurate measurements of low concentrations of SO2F2, since
the calculation is made independently from that for CO2.
26209
Spindler, Donald C. and Mona Franck Smith
SPECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE IN
PORCELAIN ENAMEL FRITS. Anal. Chem., 30(9): 1130-1332,
Aug. 1958. 8 refs.
Porcelain enamel frits, which are the basic material for por-
celain enameling, are selected glasses of widely varying com-
position. These molten glasses are fritted by air or water
quenching to form brittle flakes or granules. Fluorine may be
added to a glass batch as an alkali silicofluoride or fluorspar.
Fluoride aids in smelting the raw bath and increasing the
opacity of zircon enamels. Fluorine losses occur during smelt-
ing as silicon tetrafluoride, boron trifluoride, and alkali
fluorides. Rapid comparison of porcelain enamel frits is
facilitated by spectrochemical determination of fluorine. Calci-
um carbonate and graphite are mixed with the sample to
produce calcium fluoride bands. The intensities of the band
head at 5291.00 A, corrected for background are compared
with those of chemically analyzed standards. The range of
fluorine covered is from a few tenths to 6% in frits. Som fac-
tors considered are the emulsion, amperage, time of exposure,
and band components. Various amounts and kinds of additives
are evaluated. (Author abstract modified)
26259
Yasuda, Stanley K. and Jack L. Lambert
CELLULOSE SUPPORTED THORIUM-ALIZARIN RED S
REAGENT FOR FLUORIDE ION DETERMINATION. Anal.
Chem., 30(9): 1485-1489, Sept. 1958. 14 refs.
The reagent and procedure described are the result of a study
of colorimetric methods to produce color in solution directly
proportional to fluoride ion concentration. Fluoride ion in con-
centrations to 15 ppm reacts selectively with the reagent to
release the thorium-Alizarin Red S chelate (absorption max-
imum, 520 micrograms) into solution. Concentration limits for
a number of possible common interfering ions were deter-
mined. A polymeric structure of the reagent and a mechanism
for the ion exchange reaction are proposed. The combining
ratio of thorium to dye was 1 to 2 by gravimetric and spec-
trophotometric methods. Chelation of thorium through a car-
bonyl oxygen and the 1-hydroxy group in the Alizarin Red S
was substantiated by infrared absorption data. The method
should be convenient for rapid visual or spectrophotometric
determination of fluoride ion within the conditions specified.
(Author abstract modified)
26396
Ivie, J. O., L. F. Zielenski, M. D. Thomas, and C. R.
Thompson
ATMOSPHERIC FLUOROMETRIC FLUORIDE ANALYZER.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 15(5): 195-197, May 1965. 7 refs.
-------
178
A fluoride analyzer is described which ca . be operated for
longer than six months with virtually no maintenance and
which measures atmospheric hydrogen fluoride in the sub-ppb
range. Parallel air streams are drawn into the analyzer through
glass tubes, one coated with NaHCO3 and the other clean.
The coated tube absorbs hydrogen fluoride, but the clean tube
allows it to pass. The air streams are drawn through adjacent
spots of sensitized paper tape made by dipping chromatog-
raphy paper in MgOH solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline and
magnesium acetate. The resulting magnesium salt of 8-hydrox-
yquinoline fluoresces when illuminated with ultraviolet light.
The visible fluorescence is quenched by hydrogen fluoride,
thus providing a quantitative measure of fluoride. The dif-
ferences is emitted light from the two areas of a tape is moni-
tored by reflecting the two beams of light on balanced
photomultiplier tubes. In field measurements, satifactory cor-
relation has been found between average daily values obtained
with the automatic analyzer and impingers.
26400
Nichol, A. A., H. M. Benedict, J. L. Byrne, and C. P.
McCarty
THE DETERMINATION OF THE FLUORIDE CONTENT OF
NATURAL VEGETATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
6(4):239-243, Feb. 1957. 1 ret. (Presented at the 49th Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Buffalo, N.
Y., May 20-24, 1956.)
Procedures are described for carrying out a valid sampling and
analytical program to determine how far from a source
fluorides are found in plants in concentrations sufficient to
cause injury to livestock. Subjects include selection of species
and sampling sites, portion of the plant and amount of material
to be collected, sampling errors, preparation for analysis,
moisture determination, and storage factors. The standard Wil-
lard and Winte method for analysis of fluoride in vegetation is
reviewed, as well as sources of analytical errors, and the use
of specially prepared standard samples for checking the chemi-
cal analysis results. Plotting the analytical results on a map
and drawing isofluors to connect points with the same fluoride
concentrations will produc a map which makes it possible to
ascertain at a glance how far from a source the fluoride con-
centration has been raised above the safe feeding level. The
results may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of emis-
sion controls and to indicate emission reductions necessary to
produce desired distribution limits, but interpretation must
take into effect seasonal variations, in plant concentrations
caused by periods of rapid or slow growth of the plant.
26485
Bertolacini, R. J. and J. E. Barney, II
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINA-
TION OF SULFATE, CHLORIDE, AND FLUORIDE WITH
CHLORANILIC ACID. Anal. Chem., 30(1):202-205, Feb. 1958.
9 refs. (Presented at the Conference on Analytical Chemistry
and Applied Spectroscopy, 8th, Pittsburgh, Pa., March 1957.)
Time intense absorption of solutions of chloranilic acid in the
ultraviolet region provides the basis for the spectrophotometric
determination of trace amounts of sulfate, chloride, and
fluoride. Sulfate is determined by reaction with barium
chloranilate in 50% ethyl alcohol, buffered at pH4 (absorption
measured at 332 micrograms); chloride, with mercuric
chloranilate in 50% methyl Cellosolve and .05N in nitric acid
(absorption measured at 305 micrograms); and fluoride, with
strontium chloranilate in 50% isopropyl alcohol, buffered at
pH4 (absorption measured at 332 micrograms). Limit of detec-
tion is 0.06 ppm for sulfate, 0.05 ppm for chloride, and 5 ppm
for fluoride. The procedures for sulfate and chloride provide
greater sensitivity, with fewer interferences, than currently
available methods. The procedure for fluoride is subject to in-
terference from most anions but rapid in limited routine uses.
The method can be applied to other anions. (Author abstract)
26692
Howard, O. H. and C. W. Weber
A PORTABLE CONTINUOUS ANALYZER FOR GASEOUS
FLUORIDES IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS. A.M.A.
Arch. Ind. Health, 19(3):355-364, March 1959. 1 ref.
Details are given of the development and design of an inex-
pensive portable fluoride analyzer for the continuous moni-
torin of fluorides in working atmospheres. The instrument is
based on the fact that the current from an aluminum-platinum
'internal electrolysis' cell is a function of the fluoride content
of an acetic acid electrolyte, after the sampled air has been
scrubbed with the electrolyte. Thus, controlled flows of the
fluoride- contaminated air and an electrolyte-scrubbing solu-
tion are passed concurrently through a scrubber where the
fluoride is absorbed into the solution. The air then exhausts to
the atmosphere while the solution flows through a detector cell
containing aluminum and platinum electrodes. The resulting
current is a function of the fluoride concentration of the air
and can be measured on a simple microammeter, recorded on
a strip-chart recorder, or used to actuate an alarm device. In-
plant results reveal concentration peaks not resolved by
present methods of analysis. The analyzer responds to all sub-
stances which form fluoride ion in aqueous solution and is
specific for fluoride in the presence of common air contami-
nants, including chloride below 100 microgram per liter. The
range of the instrument is 0.1 to 10 microgram of fluoride per
liter of air with a higher upper limit available through proper
selection of air and solution flows. Modification is expected to
make the instrument applicable to air pollution levels of parts
per billion.
26707
Saltzman, Bernard E.
REPORT ON INTERSOCIETY COMMITTEE FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF MANUAL OF METHODS FOR AM-
BIENT AIR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS. J. Assoc. Offic.
Anal. Chemists, 52(2):349-350, 1969.
The major activity of committee and subcommittee meetings
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists during the
past year has been concerned with a manual of methods for
ambient air sampling and analysis. After final editorial revi-
sions for format and style, methods will be available for publi-
cation as follows: arsenic, silver diethyldithiocarbamate
method; benzo(a)pyrene, thin layer chromatography, spec-
trophotofluorometric determination, and spectrophotometric
determination; benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(k)fluoranthene,
column chromatography and spectrophotofluorometric deter-
mination; chloride, mercuric nitrate titration; fluoride, au-
toanalyzer and lanthanum-alizarin; fluoride, manual and
titrimetric and spectrophotometric procedures; nitrogen diox-
ide manual spectrophotometric procedures; lead-210, beta
counting of bismuth-210 daughter; radon-222, filter paper,
alpha and beta counting, charcoal adsorption, alpha and
gamma counting. Twelve additional methods which are in the
final stage of approval by the Intersociety Committee deal
with carbon monoxide, chlorine, formaldehyde, aromatic
hydrocarbons, lead, and sulfur dioxide.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
179
26713
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria (South
Africa), Air Pollution Research Group
ANNUAL REPORT 1960-1970. APRG-2, 14p., 1970. 25 refs.
The present task of the Air Pollution Research Group is to
gather facts, to maintain a well-run monitoring and measuring
system, and finally, to observe the trends in air pollution and
understand thei causes. Information obtained in this manner
can serve as a basis upon which decisions can be made and
control measures can be taken in South Africa by the authori-
ties concerned. During the past year a study of mathematical
representations of the ways in which pollutants are dispersed
from factory stacks has been completed. A new light weight
temperature measuring radiosonde has been develope and con-
structed. The national air sampling network has been expanded
to include two additional towns so that monitoring of smok
and sulfur dioxide is now being done in seven major cities and
town in South Africa. A recent survey made in Johannesburg
has once again demonstrated that the smoke emission from
diesel vehicles in South Africa is substantially larger than that
from vehicles in Europe. Two new studies have been un-
dertaken, one which is concerned with the identification and
measurement of trace elements in urban and industrial en-
vironments, and another which is aimed at the identification of
gaseous organic pollutants in order to reveal the presence of
undesirable but thus far unidentified pollutants. Some twenty
trace elements, including lead, magnesium, vanadium, banum,
chromium, and cobalt, have been identified in the atmosphere
of Pretoria. The mobile laboratory which has been used for the
survey of traffic pollutants has been equipped also for the
measurement of nitrogen oxides. A smoke survey made in Pre-
toria revealed some of the primary smoke sources, and a study
of the effect of fluoride on sugar cane has produced novel in-
formation on the reaction of the cane plant to fluoride.
Finally, micro-meteorological surveys were carried out at vari-
ous sites proposed for industrial development.
26729
MEASUREMENT IN PLANTS. (Messungen in Werken). Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 6p.,
Nov. 10, 1970.
Earlier measurements with an infrared analyzer showed that
sulfur dioxide emissions from a cement oven increased when
the concentration of alkali oxides evaporating from the fuel
was too low to bind the SO2 formed in the gas phase of the
oven to potassium sulfate or sodium sulfate. There was a
linear relationship between the alkali/sulfur balance and the
analytically determinable composition of the oven gas phase
and the SO2 emission. These findings were confirmed by six
further balance measurements on four Lepol ovens and two
gas suspension heat exchange ovens. In related experiments,
crude powder, fuel, clinker, and dust, removed within the
limits of the alkali/sulfur balance measurements, were ex-
amined for their fluor content. Many times the percentage of
the fluors brought into the cement clinker, and the correspond-
ing 2 to 13% in the oven dusts, were determined to be bound.
As a rule, the lower the dust circulation in the oven, the
higher in the fluor binding in the clinker.
26744
Nielsen, Harold M.
THE DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN SOFT TISSUE,
BONE, AND URINE. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health, 21(4):316-317,
April 1960. 8 refs.
Although the Willard-Winter procedure is a reliable means for
isolating fluoride from ions that interfere with its estimation by
titnmetric and spectrophotometric procedures, fairly large
amounts of distillate must be collected to ensure quantitative
recovery. An ion-exchange procedure is described to concen-
trate the fluoride to a volume which can be measured accu-
rately. Resin in the chloride form is added to a column 1 cm in
internal diameter and 2.5 cm in height. The resin is converted
to the acetate form by percolation through 25 ml of a solution
(1 M) of sodium acetate, swelling to a height of about 3 cm. A
suitable column for tissue analysis is made by fusing a 3 inch
length of borosilicate glass tubing to the bottom of a 28 by 200
mm culture tube. These 200 ml columns, with reservoirs of
about 30 ml capacity, are used for the determination of
fluoride in bone and urine. Fluoride is estimated by the Megre-
gian method. Reagent A is 0.1% of eriochrome cyanine R in
distilled water, and reagent B is 0.0175% of zirconyl nitrate
dihydrate in 1:1 hydrogen chloride. Calcium and phosphate in
bone can also be determined in the same sample.
26909
Miller, V. L., D. F. Allmendmger, Folke Johnson, and
Dorothy Policy
LIME PAPERS AND INDICATOR PLANTS IN FLUORINE
AIR POLLUTION INVESTIGATIONS. Agr. Food Chem.,
l(7):526-529, June 24, 1953. 9 refs. (Presented at the American
Chemical Society Northwest Regional Meeting, Pullman,
Washington, June 12-13, 1953.)
Industrialization has increased the possibility of air contamina-
tion for effluent fluoride in a number of areas in the state of
Washington. An inexpensive method for detecting atmospheric
fluoride and delineating areas where it may be an economic
factor with respect to farming is represented by the use of
lime-treated filter paper and gladious plants, whose growing
season substantially corresponds to that for forage in western
Washington. The correlation between fluorine in forage and
that in exposed lime paper and gladiolus leaves is shown to be
above that required for statistical significance. Similarly, the
correlation between fluorine in lime paper and gladiolus and
injury index of gladiolus is such that fluorine in gladiolus or
the injury index can be predicted with a high degree of accura-
cy from the fluorine content of lime paper. This method of in-
vestigation may prove valuable in locales where uniform
coverage of an area is desired or where no vegetation is
available for sampling atmospheric fluoride on a year-round
basis.
26952
Okita, T. and M. Mori
AN ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN FLUORIDE RECORDER
EMPLOYING DRY COLLECTION AND ION ELECTRODE.
Preprint, lust, of Public Health, Tokyo (Japan) and Denki
Kagaku Keiko Co. (Japan), 7p., 1970 (?).
A new instrument for measuring concentrations of hydrogen
fluoride in air can clearly distinguish concentrations on the
order of 1 ppb and also accurately measure concentrations of
5-6 ppb. Air is drawn in through a spiral tube and the
hydrogen fluoride gas is collected on a dried alkali coating ap-
plied to the tube surface. The collected hydrogen fluoride is
then washed off by a buffered solution and carried to the mea-
suring cell, where the electromotive force is measured by
fluorine ion activity electrodes. The spiral tube and dry collec-
tion method reduce the errors associated with th bubbling
method of collection, while the fluorine ion activation elec-
trodes have a high degree of selectivity. When air was sampled
at 30 1/min for one hr, 1 ppb consistency of atmospheric
hydrogen fluoride gas was recorded at 24% and 5 ppb at 62%.
-------
180
26981
Howard, O. H. and C. W. Weber
A PORTABLE CONTINUOUS ANALYZER FOR GASEOUS
FLUORIDES IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS. A.M.A.
Arch. Ind. Health, 19(3):3S5-364, March 1959. 1 ref.
An inexpensive portable fluoride analyzer which was
developed for the continuous monitoring of environmental at-
mospheres is described The design and development of the
analyzer are discussed and inplan results which revealed
fluoride concentration peaks that are not resolved by present
methods of analysis are presented. The instrument is based on
the fact that the current from an aluminum- platinum 'internal
electrolysis' cell is a function of the fluoride content of an
acetic acid electrolyte, after the sampled air has been scrubbed
with the electrolyte. The analyzer responds to all substances
which form fluoride ion in aqueous solution and is specific for
fluoride in the presence of common air contaminants, includ-
ing chloride below 100 micrograms per liter. The range of th
instrument is 0.1 microgram to 10 micrograms of fluoride per
liter of air with a higher upper limit available through proper
selection of air and solution flows. The analysis is precise to
plus or minus 7% of the measured equilibrium value at the
95% confidence level. The lag is about 3 minutes for reaching
75% of the total signal change. The instrument, which could be
used with an alarm device, is capable of continuous operation
for indefinite periods, with attention limited to replenishment
of the scrubbing solution every 30 hours and renewal of the
recorder chart. (Author summary modified)
27044
Hendrickson, E. R.
AIR SAMPLING. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol.
I, New York, Academic Press, 1962, Chapt. 11, p. 389-433. 50
refs.
Problems encountered in sampling and common equipment
needs are reviewed, and specific methods of sampling aerosol
contaminants and gaseous contaminants are individually
discussed. The aerosol sampling methods evaluated include fil-
tration, impingement, sedimentation, electrostatic precipita-
tion, and centrifugal methods; the gaseous contaminant sam-
pling methods include adsorption, absorption, freezeout, and
grab sampling techniques. Also reported are simplified
techniques helpful in providing preliminary information on sul-
fur dioxide, gaseous fluorides, hydrogen sulfide, and ozone.
27130
Schneider, W. and E. Schoffmann
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF FLUORINE-CON-
TAINING IMMISSIONS. (Verleichende Untersuchungen uber
Fluorhaltige Inunissionen). Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg),
19(6):114-115, June 1968. 5 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 5p., Nov. 19, 1970.
In the past, fluorine determinations were assumed to be relia-
ble if damaged leaves were ascertained to have a higher
fluorine value than similar samples from unexposed areas.
However, as determined by fluorine ssampling in a wooded
recreation area, an increased fluorine content in ashed plant
leaves neither demonstrates the occurrence of fluorine com-
pounds in air nor the cause of plant damage. Since the most
frequently occurring fluorine compound, calcium fluoride
(fluorite), appears only as dust, dust precipitation measure-
ments should be carried out. Because these dusts would be
trapped in thick tree stands, the selection of measuring sta-
tions should be carefully evaluated. In heavily wooded areas,
no fluorine concentrations worth mentioning can be deter-
mined from air sampling.
27131
Blyum, I. A. and D. P. Shcherbov
ESTIMATION OF THE SENSITIVITY OF FLUORIMETRIC
DETERMINATION. J. Anal. Chem. USSR (English Translation
from Russian of: Zh. Anal. Khim.), 22(4):584-589, May 1967. 15
refs.
The sensitivity threshold of fluorimetric determinations is set
by two independent values-the 'instrumental' and 'analytical'
sensitivity thresholds. A method is suggested for computing
these values and assessing them experimentally. Based on the
application of the method to fluorimetric determination of
basic dyes, the sensitivity of a determination can be improved
by reducing the analytical threshold through improvement of
the stages involved in chemical preparation of reagents. Equa-
tions are given for choosing optimum conditions for any re-
agent or for making a comparison between reagents of the
same type. In general, the value of the analytical threshold is
approximately proportional to the ratio of the analytical
background and calibration factor. (Author abstract modified)
27248
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Paris (France), Air Management Research Group
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IN MEASUREMENT AND MONI-
TORING. Rept. EX.40131, 61p., Feb. 10, 1970. 89 refs.
Factors influencing the research policy on the measurement
and monitoring of air pollution include recognition of the inter-
nal combustion engine as a major source, routine monitoring
of specific industrial pollutants, potentially hazardous occupa-
tional conditions, atmospheric tracing and fluctuating levels,
and recent developments in technology. Emerging administra-
tive requirements of measurement are discussed, as well as
priorities in research. Continuous monitoring networks are
described, and predictive models are considered. Sampling and
analytical techniques for asbestos, carbon monoxide,
fluorides, heavy metals, fuel additives, organic compounds,
nitrogen oxides, oxidants and ozone, sulfur compounds, odors,
and pesticides are presented, including spectrometry,
fluorescence, polarography, chromatography, Saltzman
method, iodimetric methods, photometric methods, and others.
Current research on the measurement of particulates below 10
micron is described. Emission inventories are described, and
the principal areas of deficiency in technical capabilities are
disclosed.
27294
Stern, A. C., A. D. Brandt, P. M. Giever, L. Greenburg, E. R.
Hendrickson, J. V. Crable, B. E. Saltzman, G. J. Kupchik, and
M. Katz
ABSTRACTS OF TENTATIVE METHODS ADOPTED BY
THE INTERSOCIETY COMMITTEE ON MANUAL OF
METHODS FOR AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING AND ANALY-
SIS. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chemists, 54(l):223-237, Jan. 1971.
Tentative methods adopted by the Intersociety Committee for
the analysis of air samples are abstracted from the following
issues of Health Laboratory Science: vol. 6, no. 2(1969) and
vol. 7, no. 1 (1970). The methods concern the arsenic content
of atmospheric particulate matter; the chloride, fluoride, lead-
210, nitrogen dioxide, radon-222, and sulfur dioxide content of
the atmosphere; the continuous monitoring of atmospheic oxi-
dant with amperometric instruments; through C5 atmospheric
hydrocarbons; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of
atmospheric particulate matter; microanalysis for
benzo(a)pyrene in airborne particulates and source effluents;
chromatographic analysis for benzo(a)pyrene and
benzo(k)fluoranthene in atmospheric particulate matter; spec-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
181
trophotometric analysis for benzo(a)pyrene in atmospheric par-
ticulate matter; preparation of carbon monoxide standard mix-
tures; carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, antimony and seleni-
um content of the atmosphere; gross alpha radioctivity of the
atmosphere; gross beta radioactivity of the atmosphere; and
iodine-131 content of the atmosphere.
27330
Nielsen, J. P. and A. D. Dangerfield
USE OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS FOR DETERMINATION
OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health,
ll(l):61-65, Jan. 1955. 2 refs.
Methods for the determination of fluorides in the atmosphere
in the O to 10 parts per billion range are only partially satisfac-
tory because of the minimum quantity which must be present
in the sample if accurate results are to be obtained. This
requirement leads to long, expensive sampling periods and
makes it impossible to obtain information on short-time varia-
tions in the fluoride concentration. An analytical procedure is
presented which involves the absorption of fluoride ion on an
anion exchange resin, followed by elution with a small volume
of sodium hydroxide. This enables the analyst to eliminate in-
terfering cations and to concentrate all the fluoride into a
small volume of solution withou evaporation. The usual isola-
tion of fluoride for titration by distillation is eliminated, along
with the variable reagent and system blanks. The method was
used in a study of the efficiency of removal of paniculate and
gaseous fluoride from the air passing through experimental
greenhouses. (Author abstract modified)
27331
Willard, Hobart H. and Charles A. Morton
FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATIONS OF TRACES OF
FLUORIDE. Anal. Chem., 24(5):862-865, May 1952. 15 refs.
(Presented at the Southwide Chemical Conference, Atlanta, Ga.,
Oct. 16-18, 1950.)
Two fluorometric methods were developed for determining
trace amounts of fluoride with greater sensitivity than is possi-
ble with the common colorimetric methods. Both methods de-
pend on the competitive complexing of aluminum by fluoride
and organic reagents which fluoresce with aluminum. One
method is based on the fluorescence of aluminum oxinate in
chloroform extracts. Maximum fluorescence for 1 micromole
of aluminum or less in 50 ml of chloroform is obtained at pH
4.7 and with an oxinate concentration of 0.025%. The method
detects 0.5 to 20 micrograms of fluoride; but its precision is
adversely affected by the necessity of extraction and by inter-
fering ions. The second method is based on the decrease in
fluorescence of an aluminum-morin complex measured in 50%
alcohol at pH 4.9. The method will estimate down to 0.2
micrograms of fluoride with excellent precision. For low
fluoride ranges, the aluminum content of the complex should
be 27 or 25 micrograms per 100 ml. Precision of the method at
both concentrations for sodium fluoride solutions is noted.
27341
Levaggi, D. A. and M. Feldstein
MICRODETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN VEGETATION
BY OXYGEN BOMB COMBUSTION AND FLUORIDE ION
ELECTRODE ANALYSIS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc. Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis,
Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-66.)
A procedure for the microdetermination of fluoride in vegeta-
tion is proposed which utilizes the oxygen flask combustion
technique. Fluoride analysis has been performed traditionally
using the Willard-Winter method, which is lengthy and labori-
ous, involving various steps, and large quantities of equip-
ment. Sample size requirements are on the order of a gram or
more, making the procedure useless for determining low
fluoride concentrations in small samples. Thus, the fluoride
selective ion electrode was investigated in combination with
oxygen combustion. Gaseous products of combustion are ab-
sorbed in 10 ml of 0.05 N sodium hydroxide spiked with 1.00
microgram of fluoride. Analysis of the fluoride is performed
directly on the absorption solution after addition of a combina-
tion complexing buffer solution, using a specific fluoride ion
electrode. The sensitivity of the electrode is such that 0.2
microgram of fluoride can be easily detected. A complete anal-
ysis can be performed in one half hour, with a minimum
amount of equipment. Added oxidant is required in the com-
bustion step for some vegetation samples to completely free
the fluoride from its organic matrix. (Author abstract
modified)
27430
Benedict, Harris M.
FIELD SAMPLING FOR THE PRESENCE OF FLUORIDES
IN FORAGE CROPS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Toronto, Ontario Section, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., TR-7 Agricultural Committee, and Ontario Dept.
of Energy and Resources Management, Toronto, Air Manage-
ment Branch, 19p., 1970. 21 refs. (Presented at the Impact of
Air Pollution on Vegetation Conference, Toronto, Ontario,
April 7-9, 1970.)
A field sampling program that has been successfully used for
almost 20 years to obtain information on fluorides in forage
crops is described. The program uses a coordinate system for
locating and identifying the sampling sites. This system pro-
vides a uniform geographic reference for all phases of the field
surveillance programs; facilitates the transfer of investigational
data from notebook to maps; and enables quick reference
between laboratory data and geographic origin of any one sam-
ple. Methods employed to assure a representative sample and
an accurate analysis are noted together with methods of tabu-
lating analytical results into readily useable form and of in-
terpreting the assembled data. Data are presented on monthly
variation of fluoride levels in plants, the reduction of fluoride
levels by rainfall, and on the comparativ fluoride content of
different grass and alfalfa species.
27769
Waclawik, Jerzy and Stefan Waszak
METHOD FOR DETERMINING CONTINUOUSLY SMALL
CONCENTRATIONS OF GASEOUS HALOGENATED COM-
POUNDS AND OF HYDROGEN HALIDES IN AIR AND IN
OTHER GASES. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,546,079. 3p.,
Dec. 8, 1970. 6 refs. (Appl. Feb. 8, 1967, 6 claims).
A method is described for continuously determining gaseous
halogenated organic compounds such as trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, methyl bromide, or phosgene,
and hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
bromide, or hydrogen fluoride. Known methods are mostly
qualitative, laborious and time-consuming, but the present
method overcomes these disadvantages by converting the
halogen combined in the organic compound into a free
halogen. This is accomplished by passing the compound con-
tinuously through a furnace filled with a palladium catalyst at
about 800 C. Then the combustion products from the furnace
are passed through a tube filled with a bromide-bromate mix-
ture or an iodide-iodate mixture or through a washer filled
-------
182
with an aqueous solution of the respective salts. Free halogen
can be determined by known methods, preferably in the gal-
vanic cell of a gas analyzer.
27927
Nielsen, H. M.
DETERMINATION OF MICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF
FLUORIDE. Anal. Chem., 30(5):1009-1011, May 1958. 10 rets.
The determination of trace amounts of fluoride in the quanti-
ties found in some animal tissues is difficult, especially when
the sample size must be restricted. By employing an ion
exchange technique for concentrating the fluoride and freeing
the solution from interfering ions, 1- to 10-gamma quantities
can be estimated with a precision within 5% of the fluoride
present. The procedure involves suspending a portion of anion
exchange resin in chloride form in distilled water, decanting
the fines, and adding the resin slurry to borosilicate tubes to
make columns 2 cm in height. The resin is converted to
acetate form by the addition of sodium acetate to the column,
and the fluoride is removed from the resin by stepwise elution
with increasing concentrations of sodium acetate, beginning at
0.1M solution. Effluent is collected in 5-ml fractions and ab-
sorbances are read in a spectrophotometer at 527.4 micro-
grams. Fluoride values are determined from a curve prepared
by plotting absorbance readings of standard fluoride solutions
made to volume with 0.2M sodium acetate solution against the
concentration of fluoride. Fifty to 70 ml of 0.2M sodium
acetate are required to remove interfering phosphate and 25 ml
of 1M acetate to remove chloride and sulfate. Then the
method is applied to the determination of fluoride in at-
mospheric samples, the samples need only be percolated
through the resin. The fluoride is removed and estimated as
outlined above.
27933
Rowley, R. J., J. G. Grier, and R. L. Parsons
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN VEGETATION. Anal.
Chem., 25(7): 1061-1065, July 1953. 4 refs. (Presented at the Pitt-
sburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spec-
troscopy, Pittsburgh, Pa., March 2-6, 1953).
There has been a general belief that fluoride can be satisfac-
torily recovered from ashed vegetation by double distillation,
first with sulfuric acid, then with perchloric acid. Measure-
ment of the fluoride is usually based on the reaction between
fluoride and thorium nitrate in the presence of sodium alizarin-
sulfonate indicator. Recent work has shown that ashing of
vegetation containing appreciable amounts of silica may result
in unreactive combinations of fluoride, from which fluoride
cannot be separated. Two modifications of eliminating low
recoveries resulting from fixation associated with the ashing
treatment are alkali fusion of ash and collection of 500 ml of
distillate. These procedures, which are described in detail,
were applied to synthetic vegetation samples (grass hay, red
clover hay, timothy, and apple leaves) to which fluoride was
added. The percentage recoveries are listed and noted to be
satisfactory. Alkaline fusion completely liberated the combined
fluoride, while a single distillation with perchloric acid was
adequate for isolating the fluoride in a form suitable for mea-
surement. The modifications described thus offer appreciable
savings in time as well as increased accuracy.
27962
Svoboda, Karel and Hans Ixfeld
SAMPLING AND AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS
FLUORINE IMMISSIONS. (Probenahme und automatishche
Analyse gasfoermiger Fluor- Immissionen). Text in German.
Staub-Reinhalt. Luft, 31(l):l-8, Jan. 1971. 34 refs.
Gaseous fluorine compounds especially hydrofluoric acid are
phytotoxic, air sampling thus must include all molecular
disperse fluorine compounds after the removal of particulates.
The electrometric fluorine determination using an ion-selective
lanthanum electrode yields tests results in a form easily han-
dled by digital computers. The electrode yields a potential
which is equivalent to fluorine ion activity in the test solution
washing the lanthanum fluoride membrane. Calcium fluoride
or cryolite raise the potential only to the extent to which they
go into solution. Metal ions present which would form fluorine
complexes and thus reduce the fluoride ion activity are inac-
tivated by a hydrochloric acid-citrate buffer of appropriate pH
The standard potentials of individual lanthanum fluoride elec-
trodes are not uniform and each electrode must be individually
calibrated. A calomel electrode is used as a reference elec-
trode in the potential determination. The lower limit of mea-
suring range is 0.07 microg F(-)/cu m. For a fluorine content
between 1 and 50 microg F(-)/cu m the standard deviation for
the method is about 3.5%. The apparatus, the sampling and
measuring procedure and calculation of results are described.
28102
Eguchi, T.
ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS METER. (Denki
kagakushiki bunseki kei). Text in Japanese. Denshi Kagaku
(Electron. Sci.), 21(2):61-70, Feb. 1971. 6 refs.
Several electrochemical devices for measuring environmental
pollutants are described. One instrument incorporates the prin-
cipl of electrolytic conductivity to measure atmospheric sulfur
dioxide concentrations. Air sampled at a controlled constant
speed is passed through a filter to an adsorption tube into
which dilute hydrogen peroxide is continuously introduced.
When present in the sampled air, SO2 reacts to form sulfuric
acid, concentrations of which increase in proportion to the
amount of SO2 present. Since the sulfuric acid changes the
electrolytic conductivity of the solution, changes in conductivi-
ty before and after contact indicate the SO2 concentration of
the sampled air. A new method for measuring electric current
uses coulometric analysis to obtain a concentration of a sam-
ple by consumed electric charge when a titration reagent
reacts on the sample for equivalence. This method is employed
for measuring both SO2 and oxidants. A galvanic coulometric
method and a polarization current method are also used to
measure oxidant concentration. An ion selection electrode is
used to measure fluoride and hydrogen cyanide. In combina-
tion with a calomel reference electrode, this electrode picks up
the concentration of a specific ion in solution as the potential
difference. Another device utilizes a fuel cell to measure
nitrogen oxide and SO2 concentrations.
28126
Fukui, Shozo
MEASUREMENT OF DELETERIOUS GAS. (Yugai gasu no
sokuteihoho). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Society of Electro-
chemistry, Tokyo (Japan), Kanto Div., 24p., 1971. (Presented at
the Seminar on Air Pollution, Tokyo, Japan, Feb. 3-4, 1971,
Paper 5.)
The photometric determination of deleterious gases is con-
sidered, as well as the analysis of heavy metals in the at-
mosphere by an atomic absorption method, and the determina-
tion of atmospheric concentrations of organic solvents by gas
chromatography. Accordin to the type of gas to be measured,
sampling and preparation of test chemical solutions are in-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
183
dicated. Measuring procedures are presented for hydrogen sul-
fide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide plus nitric oxide, hydrogen chloride,
chlorine, oxidants and ozone. The chemical analyses of heavy
metals includes the determination of mercury, lead, cadmium,
zinc, copper, iron, and manganese. For example, mercury
vapor is absorbed in a sulfuric acid potassium permanganate
solution and heated slowly for 30 min. A hydroxilamine solu-
tion is added to decolor the potassium permanganate, and a
stannous chloride solution is added to reduce the mercury.
Vaporized by circulating air, the mercury is absorbed by an
absorption cell and measured at 253.7 millimicrons. The gas
chromatograhic method is introduced for the measurement of
acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexene,
tetrachloroethane, phenol, and other organic solvents in the at-
mosphere.
28251
Robinson, Elmer
DETERMINING FLUORIDE AIR CONCENTRATIONS--BY
EXPOSING LIMED FILTER PAPER. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
Quart., 18(2):145-148, June 1957. 5 refs.
During a recent Stanford Research Institute air sampling pro-
gram in an area where atmospheric concentrations of fluoride
existed, several experiments were carried out with the filter
paper technique and compared to fluoride air sampling using
water-filled scrubbers. The papers were lime treated by being
soaked in a saturated solution of low fluoride lime and then
oven-dried. Analyses of the filter paper for fluoride were car-
ried out using a modified ion-exchange technique. In addition
to the area which contained a large industrial fluoride source,
three greenhouses wer available which were similar except for
the fluoride concentrations which existed inside. The tests
show that the filter papers should not normally be expected to
give a quantitative picture of fluoride air concentrations com-
parable with that obtained by the usual air sampling
techniques. However, in an area in which fluoride air concen-
trations are high, filter papers will usually pick up more
fluoride than will papers similarly exposed in an area with
lower fluoride concentrations. Changes in the conditions of ex-
posure, either in air concentrations or wind and weather condi-
tions, apparently alter the rate at which the filter paper picks
up fluoride from the air. Some aspects of this technique, such
as the relatively close agreement between papers exposed side
by side over the same period, are encouraging. (Author sum-
mary modified)
28285
Pack, M. R., A. C. Hill, M. D. Thomas, and L. G. Transtrum
DETERMINATION OF GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE IN-
ORGANIC FLUORIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., Am. Soc.
Testing Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. no. 281:27-44, 1959. 25 refs.
Problems encountered in sampling and analyzing low concen-
trations of atmospheric fluorides are reviewed, and techniques
are described that gave good results in extensive sampling pro-
grams. A Greenburg-Smith type impinger efficient collection
of both gaseous and paniculate fluorides, except possibly sub-
micron particles. Good separation of gaseous and particulate
fluorides was achieved by drawing the air sample through alu-
minum tubes or sodium bicarbonate-coated glass tubes. The
gaseous fluorides were adsorbed on tube surface and the
aerosol passed on into a subsequent impinger. Molecular mem-
brane filters were also efficient for separating the different
forms of fluoride, if properly used. Filter paper and an electro-
static precipitator gave poor separation because they picked up
appreciable amounts of hydrogen fluoride along with the par-
ticulate fluoride. Hydrogen fluoride was absorbed as effi-
ciently in water as in alkaline solution. Air samples containing
only a few micrograms of fluoride can be accurately analyzed
by isolating the fluoride by distillation or by use of anion
exchange resins followed by titration or spectrophotometric
analysis. For determining certain insoluble fluorides, distilla-
tion and titration are probably preferable. The choice of
methods will depend on the concentrations of fluorides
present, the objectives of sampling, equipment available, and
the particular abilities of the personnel involved. (Author sum-
mary modified)
28374
Biheller, Johann and Werner Resch
A SAMPLING AND MEASURING METHOD FOR THE ROU-
TINE DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE NEAR THE GROUND. (Erprobung einer Sammel-
und Messmethode fuer die routinemaessige Bestimmung von
Fluor in der bodennahen Atmosphaere). Text in German. Staub,
Reinhaltung Luft, 31(1):9-11, Jan. 1971. 15 refs.
Since atmospheric fluorine concentrations are of the order of 1
micron/cu m, a large air sample is desirable. The method
proposed aspires about 28 cu m air by a polystyrol filter im-
pregnated with a 10% sodium formate solution in 50% alcohol
designed to retain gaseous hydrogen fluoride. The diameter of
the circular filter is 100 mm. Following aspiration, the filter is
dissolved in ethyl acetate with a buffer and fluorine activity is
determined by a fluorine-ion selective electrode. The measur-
ing apparatus consisting of the F-electrode, the control elec-
trode, and a pH meter must be calibrated with solutions of
known F concentrations. The zero value of an impregnated
polystyrol filter is approximately 0.3 micron F/dm sq filtenng
surface.
28441
Debiard, Raymond, Andre Fourcy, and Jean-Pierre Garrec
SOME ASPECTS OF FLUORINE DETERMINATION AC-
COMPLISHED BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION OF 14 MEV IN
POLLUTED PLANTS. (Quelques aspects ddu dosage du fluor
par activation sous neutrons de 14 MeV dans des vegetaux pol-
ities). Text in French. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. D 264(23):
2668-2671, June 5, 1967. 8 refs.
The fluorine content in polluted apple tree and grapevine
leaves was determined chemically and by radioactivation of F
and the results compared. The chemical analysis followed the
Willard and Winter method and determined fluorine colorimet-
rically (fluoride ion plus cerium-alizarine complex chelate).
The radioactivation method involves the activation of a
vegetable sample in a flux of neutrons of 14 MeV and simul-
taneous gamma spectrometric measurement of F-19. Under the
conditions described, 1 mg F induce 700 impulses in the
gamma spectrometer. The comparative quantities determined
by the two methods were in three samples, 1389 and 1471,
1343 and 1633, 1412 and 1499 mg F respectively; thus, agree-
ment was good. The radioactivation method has the advantage
of instantaneous results but cannot be used for F levels below
200 microgram per 1 g sample.
28462
Debiard, Raymond, Andre Fourcy, and Jean-Pierre Garrec
SOME ASPECTS OF FLUORINE DETERMINATION AC-
COMPLISHED BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION OF 14 MEV IN
POLLUTED PLANTS. (Quelques aspects ddu dosage du fluor
par activation sous neutrons de 14 MeV dans des vegetaux pol-
-------
184
lues). Text in French. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. D 264(23):
2668-2671, June 5, 1967. 8 refs.
The fluorine content in polluted apple tree and grapevine
leaves was determined chemically and by radioactivation of F
and the results compared. The chemical analysis followed the
Willard and Winter method and determined fluorine colorimet-
rically (fluoride ion plus cerium-alizarine complex chelate).
The radioactivation method involves the activation of a
vegetable sample in a flux of neutrons of 14 MeV and simul-
taneous gamma spectrometric measurement of F-19. Under the
conditions described, 1 mg F induce 700 impulses in the
gamma spectrometer. The comparative quantities determined
by the two methods were in three samples, 1389 and 1471,
1343 and 1633, 1412 and 1499 mg F respectively; thus, agree-
ment was good. The radioactivation method has the advantage
of instantaneous results but cannot be used for F levels below
200 microgram per 1 g sample.
28530
Okita, Toshikazu, Shuji Yamashita, Ryuichi Sugai, Hiromasa
Nakagawa, K. Kaneda, and Masaki Mori
CALIBRATION AND FIELD TEST OF THE ATMOSPHERIC
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE RECORDER. (Taikichu fukkasuiso
jidukirokukei no kakusei to yagaishiken ni (suite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):87, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
Dynamic calibration of a hydrogen fluoride recorder was per-
formed; calibration of both the collection device and the
analyzer is necessary for an automatic fluoride analyzer. An
appropriate HF concentration from an HF permeation tube
was simultaneously led to the automatic analyzer and to an
Na2CO3 filter so that measurements could be compared. The
flow rate was 30 1/min for each, and the tubes were mainly of
Teflon and Taigon. The correlation coefficient for the two sets
of data was 0.83, and the regression equation was y equals
0.97x plus 0.25, where x constitutes measurements from the
automatic analyzer and y those from the Na2CO3 filter. In a
field experiment, samples were taken from aluminum electrol-
ysis and phosphorus fertilizer plants in Naoetsu, Niigata Pre-
fecture.
28671
Gilcreas, F. W. and E. R. Hendrickson
EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR AIR SUR-
VEYS. Fla. Eng. Ind. Expt. Sta. Bull., no. 83:21-26, 1956. 8
refs.
Many of the important substances causing air pollution lend
themselves to measurement with continuous and automatic
sampling. Several instruments have been developed for con-
tinuous measurement of sulfur dioxide in the air. One of these,
the Thomas Autometer, is shown schematically; the basic prin-
ciple of measurement which this device employs is electrolytic
conductivity. Unfortunately, other gases which may be present
in the sampled air, along with sulfur dioxide, will also produce
changes in the conductivity. Operation of the Autometer is
described, and it is commercially available in either of two
versions: the 'integrating type' and the 'nonintegrating type.'
Another approach to the problem of instrumentation for sulfur
dioxide sampling is the Titrilog, which operates by titration of
the atmospheric contaminant with the titer generated elec-
trolytically. A noncommercial photometric sulfur dioxide
recorder uses a starch-iodine solution which is decolorized as
air samples containing sulfur dioxide are bubbled through. A
continuous fluoride analyzer is described. The magnesium salt
of 8-hydroxyquinoline fluoresces under ultraviolet light, and it
has been demonstrated that the fluorescence is quenched by
minute concentrations of hydrogen fluoride. Several instru-
ments have been described to monitor smokes, dusts, and
mists, which depend on the light-scattering properties of parti-
cles in suspension.
28738
Okita, Toshiichi, Ryuichi Sugai, and K. Kaneda
SEPARATION AND SUSBEQUENT DETERMINATION OF
ATMOSPHERIC PARTICIPATE AND GASEOUS
FLUORIDES. (Gasujo oyobi ryushijo fukkabutsu no hunrisoku-
teiho). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 5(1):88, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of
Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
The effects of gaseous fluorides (mainly hydrogen fluoride)
and particulate fluorides on plants are quite different, and the
separation of the two types is desirable. Separation by filters
was attempted. Millipore AA filters are the most appropriate
for capturing the participates and letting the gas through 100%.
A polypropy'ene filter allowed 50% of the particulates to
penetrate and was not appropriate. Neither was Teflon
LSWPO because it contained fluorine. Tests of tubes for gas
capture indicated that aluminum pipes have low intake velocity
and, with their length extended, can collect 100% of the gas.
Collection efficiency was the best for a glass spiral containing
1% dried Na2CO3 solution.
28843
Jacobson, Jay S. and Laurence I. Heller
A SIMPLE, RAPID POTENTIOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE
ESTIMATION OF FLUORTO IN VEGETATION. Environ. Let-
ters, l(l):43-47, 1971. 3 refs.
A new method has been developed for the estimation of
fluoride in vegetation, which employs a selective ion electrode
for measurement of fluoride obtained by acid extraction from
pulverized plant tissue. Current methods for the determination
of fluoride in vegetation usually employ high temperature ash-
ing and alkaline fusion, distillation, and analytical measure-
ment of fluoride. These techniques are complex and time-con-
suming. Leaves of apple, alfalfa, barley, sorghum, several
grasses and weed species, and pine needles were analyzed
both by potentiometric analysis after extraction and by a stan-
dard both by potentiometric analysis after extraction and by a
standard method. Statistical analyses indicate a correlation
coefficient of 0.988 between measurements obtained by the
new and old methods, but evidence of incomplete extraction
of fluoride from tissue was found. The experimental procedure
for the new technique is indicated.
29198
Serper, Allen
A LOOK AT THE METHODS FOR MEASURING AIR POL-
LUTANTS. Eng. Mining J., 172(4):124-128, April 1971.
The two types of measurement usually needed for airborne
pollutants are source testing and air quality. Gases commonly
measured by colorimetric methods include ozone, sulfur diox-
ide, nitrogen dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride. The principle of
colorimetry is based on the measurement of the iodine
released from the reaction of a particular oxidant with potassi-
um iodide in a neutral, buffered solution. Improvements in
sensitivity of coulometric titration cells have led to the
development of several commercial coulometric systems for
continuous SO2 monitoring. The improved version of the cou-
lometric cell is designed to respond to bromine oxidizable or
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
185
titratable sulfur compounds that occur in very low concentra-
tions. The iodometric system is based on the generation or
liberation of iodine by ozone, and the consumption of iodine
by sulfur dioxide in an iodide solution. New pollution monitors
for the detection of SO2, nitric oxide, and NO2, may utilize
sealed electrochemical sensors, thus requiring no handling of
chemicals. With infrared analyzers, the percent of radiation
absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the com-
ponent of interest in the sample. Operation of an electrocon-
ductivity analyzer is based upon the principle that a noxious
gas will ionize in pure water, thus decreasing the electrical re-
sistance of the water. The basic principle of ionization analysis
is the ionizatio of hydrocarbons in a hydrogen flame. Stack
sampling, isokinetic sampling for particulates, and continuous
monitoring systems are also reviewed.
29220
Kusumoto, Masako and Toshio Toyama
THE MICRO ANALYSIS OF FLUORINE BY THE LINEAR
WASH-OUT TYPE OVEN AND ITS APPLICATION. (Senjo
chushutsugata obun niyoru fusso no biryo sokutei to sono oyo).
Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health), 13(2): 120-
127, March 1971. 30 refs.
A linear wash-out oven was developed from microanalyses of
fluorides. The procedures used are similar to the ring-oven
technique but with higher sensitivity in detection and with
more convenient operations. Organic substances were ashed in
an oxygen combustion flask, and the fluoride was detected
with aluminum chromzrol S complex following recovery from
interfering substances by the diffusion method. From 0.08 to 4
times 100,000 ppm were successfully quantitated with 90%
recovery; the standard deviation relative to the expected
amount of four repetitive measurements was less than 30%.
The method was applied to fluoride determination in rice crops
harvested within 10 km of an aluminum refinery. The highest
concentation was found in bran powder (122 ppm). Full grains
contained up to 32 ppm, while cleared grains averaged 2.91
ppm. Fluoride concentrations decreased with distance from the
refinery. Fluoride in cleared grain can easily be dissolved in
water, then vaporized and removed from the grain on cooking.
The average fluoride intake would be 240 micrograms if the
daily consumption of polluted rice totaled 1500 g. Yet this
amount does not exceed the average intake of approximately
180-240 micrograms among normal adults in rural districts of
Japan, the total intake daily being estimated as approximately
1.6-2.1 micrograms.
29426
Ixfeld, H.
MEASUREMENT OF FLUORINE IMMISSION IN THE
NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN STATE. (Fluor-Immissionsines-
sung im Lande Nordrhein-Westfalen). Text in German. VDI
(Ver. Duet. Ingr.) Ber., no. 164. p. 71-75, 1971.
To determine the phytotoxic effect of fluorine concentations,
the State Institute for Emission Control and Land Conserva-
tion in Essen instituted beginning with January 1971 a fluorine
concentation measuring program involving about 1000 measur-
ing stations situated between Cologne and Duesseldorf-Neuss.
The measurements are discontinuous (spot checks) where the
stations are near to each other, continuous where the distance
between stations is considerable. The program also measures
organic substances in the atmosphere by the silica gel method
and dust concentration by the impactor method and by the
membrane filter method. A comparison of measuring results
obtained by the sorption method (sorption of gaseous fluorine
compounds by silver balls coated with layers of sodium car-
bonate) with results obtained by the Impinger method dis-
closed that the latter method yielded up to 400% higher results
because it also measured fluoride particles while the sorption
method registered only gaseous fluorine compounds. For this
reason, sampling was done with a filtering device which
eliminated coarser particles. Such a preliminary filter (Her-
pertz-Topf filter) reduced the discrepancy between the results
obtained by the two methods to 10-20%. This arrangement
thus selectively measures only gaseous fluorine compounds
with a maximum of 10% fluorine in particle form. Because
about 200 samples have to be analyzed daily, an automatic
device using lanthanum fluoride electrodes has been
developed. The potentials are measured by a digital pH meter.
29467
Konno, Nobuya, Yasuko Morikawa, and Saburo Yanagisawa
EXAMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS METHOD
OF FLUORINE IN VEGETABLE SAMPLES. (Shokubutsu
shiryo chu no fusso teiryo ho no kento). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, lp., 1971. (Presented
at the Japan Chemical Society, Annual Meeting, 24th, Tokyo,
1971, Paper 3341.)
Experiments were conducted comparing fading methods, the
zirconium eleaochromecianin R (Zr. ECR) method, the lantern
alizarin complexion (La ALC) colorimetric method, and the
potential difference measurement method, using fluoride ion
electrodes for the quantitative analysis of vegetable samples.
After pulverizing the sample, calcium oxide is added, heated
to 600 C, ashed (4-5 hours), dissolved in sodium hydroxide and
distilled from 50% sulfuric acid, at 145-150 C to obtain 600 ml
in 3-4 hours. The Zr. ECR method utilizes the fluoride ion in-
terference with the color change. It was found that 0-1 ppm
fluorine could be analyzed. Interfering ions included sulfate,
bisulfate, iron, aluminum, and biphosphate. The Zr. ECR
method is very rapidly affected by temperature, so that
reproducibility is difficult. The La-ALC method utilizes the
fact that the fluoride ion forms a complex with La-ALC, and
the color is measured. The complex of La-F-ALC was ex-
tracted with N-diethylanilineisoamylalcohol, and the degree of
light absorption was measured. Major interference were those
which form complexes with Al, and Fe. The relationship of
the logarithm of the concentration to the potential difference
are linear so that at very low concentrations, a curve is
formed making quantitative analysis difficult. Using a fluoride
ion electrode up to 0.002 ppm was analyzed. The electrode is
sensitive to Al(2+) alone, but when F(-) exists together with
Al(2+), there is a large error. Of the three methods, La-ALC
was superior with respect to precision and sensitivity. The ion
electrode method is easier to manipulate, and is sensitive.
Therefore, using both methods, sufficient sensitivity and preci-
sion can be obtained.
29737
Hermann, P.
EXPERIENCES WITH FLUORINE EMISSION MEASURE-
MENTS. (Erfahrungen bei Fluro-Emissionsinessungen). Text in
German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:101-107, 1971. 12
refs.
Measurements of emissions of gaseous fluorine compounds
made at som small and medium sized industrial plants within
the last seven year showed results between 1 g F/hr and 1000
g F/hr. The analytical determination of small fluorine concen-
trations, be it by photometry or with the fluorine specific elec-
trode, does not present any problem. No satisfactory method
has as yet been found for separating particulate from gaseous
compounds. Therefore, fine dust may have been included in
-------
186
the recorded results of the gaseous fluorine concentration. On
the other hand, it may be assumed that reactions of
hydrofluoric acid with alkaline dust substances change the true
record of the original gaseous fluorine emission. The develop-
ment of a useful method of separating the dust from the gase-
ous fluorine compounds appears to be very desirable. In
presen arrangements for sample taking of fluorine bearing ex-
haust gases in industrial plants, the gases are often being
tapped prior to entering a common chimney which serves to
collect waste gases from several shops. The set-up for sample
taking starts with a quartz tube which adjoins the gas exhaust
pipe at right angles, and can be heated up to 400 C. The gas to
be tested is then lead through a quartz wool filter, into absorp-
tion bottles made of quartz and containing a caustic soda solu-
tion. A gas circulating pump and a gas meter complete the set-
up.
29738
Moser, E.
MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE
FLUORINE EMISSIONS. (Messung von gas- und staubfoer-
migen Fluor-Emissionen). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:91-99, 1971,
The emission from manufacturing plants which produce or
process fluorine bearing products usually comprises a gaseous
part and a particulate part. The gaseous part contains predomi-
nantly hydrofluoric acid, whereas the fluorine compounds in
the dust may be composed of sodium fluoride, aluminum
fluoride, cryolite, sodium silicofluoride, and calcium fluoride.
With regard to the gaseous components, for instance in the
case of an electrolytic aluminum smelting plant, where the
emission of pollutants rises diastically at the time of metal
pouring, charging of raw materials, and changing of elec-
trodes, it is necessary to extend the sample taking at least over
one complete cycle. For determination of peak concentrations,
short time sampling is advised. In a plant with installed air pu-
rification, the air has to be sampled at points of entry and of
exit of the purification system. An automatically working
system of sample taking is described. The apparatus is divided
into two groups, one of which is mounted directly next to the
measuring point and comprises the filtering apparatus and gas
absorption bottles, including a drip separator and a heater for
the filters. The second group, connected by a hose line to the
first, and conveniently located on the floor, comprises the
pump arrangement with valves, thermometer, flow meter, and
other necessary instruments. Tubular filters are lately being
preferred to flat ones, due to their larger surface and better
adaptability to the mounting of electric heaters. Absorption of
gaseous HF in the bottles is best effected by a caustic soda
solulion.
29771
Hendrickson, E. R.
SIMPLIFIED TECHNIQUES IN AIR POLLUTION MEA-
SUREMENT. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engrs., p.
1776-1 to 1776-8, Sept. 1958. 15 refs. (Presented at the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Industrial Health Conference, Atlan-
tic City, N. J., April 1958, Paper 1776.)
Air collection techniques for aerosols include filtration, elec-
trostatic precipitation, thermal precipitation, or impingement;
for gases and vapors, absorption, adsorption, or freeze-out are
usually employed. The sample is then analyzed. Several
recording instruments have been developed for common pollu-
tants. However, practically all sampling programs are a com-
promise between what is desirable and what is economical or
convenient. Simplified techniques generally cost iess and icsult
in cumulative indications The lead peroxide candle is a simple
method for measuring sulfur dioxide. The rate of reaction va-
ries inversely with the wind velocity. Increases in temperature
and humidity also increased the reaction rate. Spanish moss
and limed filter papers can determine fluoride content. Also,
lead acetate impregnated papers or tiles can detect hydrogen
sulfide. Another simplified technique is the use of rubber
strips for the determination of ozone. The time of the rubbers
cracking or crack depth can be used to indicate the amount of
ozone exposure. An ozonometer is a more refined device.
29887
Biheller, Johann and Werner Resch
TESTS WITH A SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT
METHOD FOR ROUTINE DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE
IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE. (Erprobung einer Sammel-
und Messmethode fuer die routinemaessige Bestimmung von
Fluor in der bodennahen Atmosphaere). Text in German. Staub,
Reinhaltung Luft, 31(1):9-11, Jan. 1971. 15 refs.
A polystyrene filter impregnated with 10% sodium-formate
solution in 50% alcohol was used to sample fluorine in the
lower atmosphere. Preliminary results with this filter indicated
that it had a high resistance, particularly at high humidity. A
maximum of only 4 to 5 cu m/min air could be drawn through
the filter. At low humidity, the throughput was 200 to 400
1/min. The filter was therefore modified, after which 12 experi-
ments were carried out. For three experiments, the filter
received 7.5/mg impregnation. This quantity was then raised to
15, 150, and 300/mg per filter. The experiments showed that a
filter with a surface of 78.5 sq cm and containing 300/mg Na-
formate absorbs more than 99% of the hydrogen fluoride
present. At lower Na-formate quantities, the filter resistance
drops but the percentage of HF absorbed is reduced. The con-
tent of F ion in the samples was determined by dissolving the
filter in ethyl acetate, agitating with a buffer, and analysis with
an F-ion selective electrode. Fluorine analyses in Graz, Linz,
and Vienna show the method is highly sensitive and suitable
for routine measurements.
29966
Kawaguchi, Tameharu
AUTOMATIC MEASURING APPARATUS OF FLUORIDE
GASSES IN AIR. (Taiki chu no fusso-kagobutsu jidobun-
sekisochi ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):85, 1970. (Presented at the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Japan, 1970.)
Zirconium oxychloride - eriochrome cyanine-R was used to
form a complex; the fluoride concentration was detected by
the color fading of the complex at 556 m micron by a
photometer. For high fluoride concentration samples, iron-fer-
ron reagent was used at 640 m micron. A specially designed
cell, a high power amplifier, and an automatic cancellation
mechanism enable the detection of 0.02 to 10 mg fluoride/cu m
air.
30007
Ratcliffe, D. B., C. S. Byford, and F. T. Fabling
A METER FOR THE SITE DETERMINATION OF
HYDROLYSABLE FLUORIDES EV SULPHUR HEX-
AFLUORIDE. Chem. Ind. (London), no. 19:509-511, May 8,
1971. 2 refs.
A monitor designed so that rapid site measurements can be
made of the hydrolyzable fluoride content of sulfur hex-
afluoride gas in the concentration range of 0.1-1000 ppm w/w
F(-) is described. Sulfur hexafluoride gas containing hydrolyza-
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
187
We fluorides is passed into a solution of constant ionic
strength buffered at ph 5.5. Any hydrolyzable fluorides present
are decomposed to form a solution of fluoride ions, the con-
centration of which is measured with a fluoride activity elec-
trode. By equating the concentration of the fluoride ions in the
hydrolysis solution to the volume of sulfur hexafluoride gas
sampled, the concentration of hydrolyzable fluorides present
in the sulfur hexafluoride can be calculated. Details of design
and calibration, and comparison with other methods, are
given.
30014
Leithe, Wolfgang
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF LOW CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTANTS. (Zur
Bestimmung und Bewertung niedriger Konzentrationen indus-
trieller Luftverunreinigungen). Text in German. Chemiker. Z.
(Heidelberg), 9S(10):452-455, 1971. 17 refs.
Common methods for the determination of small concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide, fluorides, oxides of nitrogen, and
odorous substances are discussed. For SO2 the highly selec-
tive and sensitive West and Gaeke colorimetric method, em-
ploying rosaniline, is used. Fluorides are also determined by
colorimetry, using alicarine-complexone and lanthane nitrate.
Recently, fluoride-selective electrodes have also been used.
For the analysis of NO2 and NO, sensitive methods are availa-
ble which uses azo dyes. More recently the so-called Saltz-
man-reagent, N-(l-naphthyl)-ethylene diamine and sulfanilic
acid, has been preferred. Gas chromatography is used to deter-
mine odorous substances. The sensitivity of this method could
be greatly increased by the recently developed technique of
reversion gas chromatography. The substances to be analyzed
are concentrated in a tube which is filled with a suitable ad-
sorption agent. The beginning and the end of the tube filling
can be cooled and a heating sleeve can be moved across the
entire tube. The method operates periodically and a complete
chromatogram is obtained every 15 min. In the first period, the
air sample is passed through the tube with the two cold zones
in action. In the second period, the heating sleeve is moved
across the tube at a speed which is below the sampling speed.
30300
Habel, K.
EXPERIMENTS FOR SEPARATION OF GASEOUS AND
SOLID FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN EMISSION MEASURE-
MENTS. (Versuche zur Trennung von gasfoermigen und festen
Fluorverbindungen bei Emissionsmessungen). Text in German.
VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:85-89, 1971.
In the last 20 years, the main area of interest with regard to
emissions originating from iron and steel industries has been
dust and sulfur dioxide. A variety of methods of measurement
were developed and perfected. The handling of fluorine emis-
sions, however, has been dealt with only more recently. It
confronts the researchers with problems which are substan-
tially different from the SO2 testing, largely because of the
chemical properties of fluorine, the most reactive electronega-
tive element. Due to its secondary valences, it easily forms
several addition and complex compounds and combines readily
with other elements to form stable compounds. Methods are
available for the analytical determination of the overall
fluorine content in solid and liquid materials, even in smallest
concentrations. However, in view of the different behavior of
gaseous and solid fluorine compounds, it appears desirable to
separate the two. In this connection, a test set-up for waste
gases was developed which includes a filter of quartz glass
fiber material for retaining the dust particles. The size of the
filter is MF150, and it will retain particle sizes from one
micron up. For gas absorption, the waste gas stream passes
through two or more impingers. Also included in the flow
system is a heating mantle which surrounds the filter which
dries the gas mixture and keeps the filter dry, the reason being
that at increased humidity, gaseous fluorine compounds are
being partly adsorbed by the components of the test system.
This has to be counteracted to avoid greatly incorrect mea-
surement results. Since the rate and volume of gas flow is
being recorded by a gas meter, the values of fluorine concen-
trations established by analysis can be readily converted and
expressed in mg/cu m of the tested gas.
30432
Sutler, Ernst
DUST MEASUREMENT AT THE PNEUMATIC APPLICA-
TION OF CONCRETE (GUNIT TORKRET) IN UN-
DERGROUND CONSTRUCTION SITES. (Staubmessungen
beim Auftragen von Spritzbeton (Gunit, Torkret) in Un-
tertagebauten). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
31(2):56-57, Feb. 1971. 3 refs.
Dust generated by the pneumatic application of concrete was
measured because of the occurrence of several cases of silico-
sis among the workers. A microsorban filter (diameter nine
cm) and a standard impinger were used for sampling. The air
throughput was three to six cu m/hr with the microsorban
filter and 1.7 cu m/hr with the impinger. After dust was deter-
mined, the quantity the dust samples were subjected to a sedi-
mentation analysis for determination of grain size distribution.
Absolute alcohol was used as a dispersion fluid. The approxi-
mate quartz content of the samples was determined by
evaporation with hydrofluoric acid and microscopically in the
phase contrast. Measurements were taken at six different
places. An average dust concentration of 50 mg/cu m was
measured, of which 15 mg/cu m belonged to fine dusts of less
than five micron.
30793
Mascini, Marco
ION-SPECIFIC FILM ELECTRODES: A NEW ANALYTICAL
METHOD FOR MEASURING WATER AND AIR POLLU-
TANTS. PART U: DATA OBTAINED FROM ANALYSIS
WITH FILM ELECTRODES AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIP-
MENT. (Elettrodi a membrana specific! per ioni: una nuova
metadologia analitica per la misura degli inquinanti dell acqua e
dell aria. 2. Risultati analitici con elettrodi a membrana e
modelli industrial! d impiego). Text in Italian. Inquinamento,
13(2):21-29, March 1971. Part I. Ibid., 13(1), Jan.-Feb. 1971.
Ion-specific film electrodes are prepared by pulverizing insolu-
ble salts containing the ion that is of interest to the researcher,
and intimately mixing this powder with a thermoplastic
polymer which is then pressed out to form a very compact
film in a heat presser at a temperature of about 100-150 C and
a pressure of about 200-300 atm. This film is then welded to a
tube made of the same polymer as that contained in the film.
Experimental data are given for tests with electrodes specific
for halide, sulfide, silver, and cyanide ions. Practical applica-
tion is made to the determination of hydrogen fluoride gas
contained in the stack gases of an aluminum plant, using
polarographic measurements.
30840
Katz, Morris
ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC GASEOUS POLLUTANTS. In:
Air Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 2, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 17, p. 53-114. 103 refs.
-------
188
Inorganic gaseous pollutants represent an important class of
substances in analysis of samples for air pollution control pur-
poses and for the assessment of ambient air quality. Methods
for the detection of short period average and maximum con-
centrations in the ambient air must be sensitive and accurate
in the microchemical or ultramicrochemical range. Other
desirable features of a method should include a high degree of
specificity, ease of calibration, and minimum interference
from other contaminant gases present in the air sample. Of the
available methods for sulfur dioxide analysis, those commonly
employed in ambient air sampling are conductimetric, titrimet-
ric, colorimetric, turbidimetric, and iodimetric. Procedures for
the analysis of sulfuric acid mists and hydrogen sulfide are
also indicated. The most sensitive method for the determina-
tion of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is based on the
Griess-Ilosvay reaction in which a pink-colored dye complex is
formed between sulfanilic acid, nitrate ion, and alpha-
naphthylamine in an acid medium. A procedure for the deter-
mination of nitric oxide is also indicated. Two general methods
have been recommended for the determination of oxidants and
ozone: one is based on the use of a neutral, buffered potassi-
um iodide solution as absorbent, while the second method in-
volves the absorption of the sample in an alkaline solution of
potassium iodide in which the interference due to sulfur diox-
ide is eliminated by treatment with hydrogen peroxide. In
general, methods for the analysis of fluorides in air consist of
sample collection, preparation of the sample by evaporation
and by ashing to destroy organic matter, and steam distillation
with perchloric acid to separate the fluoride from interfering
substances, followed by colorimetric estimation by titration or
by spectrophotometric procedure. Procedures are also
described for the analyses of chlorine and hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen cyanide and cyanides, ammonia and ammonium
compounds, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Continu-
ous analysis is discussed.
30958
Monteriolo, S. Cerquiglini and A. Pepe
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METHODS FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF AIRBORNE FLUORIDES. Pure Appl. Chem.,
24(4):707-714, 1970. 17 rets. (Presented at the International
Symposium on the Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution, Cortina d
Ampezzo, Italy, July 9-10, 1969.)
Some methods for the determination of gaseous and particu-
late fluorine compounds present in the air as pollutants are
described and compared. Particulates were collected by means
of membrane filters; gaseous compounds were sampled by ab-
sorption in alkaline solution. The operation included air and
stack sampling, the separation of fluoride from interfering sub-
stances, and its final determination. Results obtained for the
separation of fluoride by distillation and by other microdiffu-
sion techniques are presented. The application of various
methods to the subsequent determination of fluoride are also
discussed. Spectrophotometric methods were used for the final
quantitative determination of the fluoride content. It is con-
cluded that when an aluminum smelter is involved, the mean
amounts of fluoride, collected in a five kilometer area sur-
rounding the plant, are higher than five micrograms, with
values as high as 375-500 micrograms for 24 hours of sampling.
(Author abstract modified)
31115
Kanto Regional Analysis Panel (Japan)
ANALYSIS METHODS FOR FACTORY EFFLUENTS, MINE
WASTE WATER, EXHAUST GAS, ETC. (Kojo haisui, ko
haisui. haigasu nado no bunsekiho). Text in Japanese. Ryiisan
(J. Sulphuric Acid Assoc. (Japan))., 24(3):33-43, March 1971. p.
33-43.
Analytical methods specified in existing laws and regulations
as well as those adopted by individual industrial firms were
surveyed to determine prefectural criteria for noxious gas
emissions and appropriate methods for analyzing exhaust gas.
Criteria are given for total sulfides (ground-level density), am-
monia, carbon monoxide hydrogen chloride, chlorine, cyanic
hydrogen, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, benzene,
phosgene, formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, toluene, and
phenol in Tokyo, Osaka, Kanagawa, Fukuoka, and Saitama.
The analytical methods are tabulated according to the com-
pound to be determined. Legal references and measuring
ranges are indicated. The methods include the neutralization
titration, titration, and barium chloranilide methods for analy-
sis of total sulfides; the iodine titration, electroconductivity,
infrared- absorption, and detection tube methods for SO2; the
iodine titration, methylene blue absorption photometric, and
detection tube methods for H2S; the naphthyl ethylene
diamine absorption photometric and phenol sulfonic acid ab-
sorption photometric methods for the naphtyl ethylene diamine
absorption photometric, continuous analysis (absorption
photometry), and detection tube methods for NO2; the thori-
um nitrate-neothorin titration, and lanthanum-alizarin complex-
ion absorption photometric methods for F compounds; the
ortho tolidine absorption photometric detection tube, and con-
tinuous analysis methods for C12; the thiocyanic acid mercuric
absorption photometric silver nitrate titration, neutralization
titration, and electroconductivity methods for HC1.
31712
Durst, Richard A.
ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES IN SCIENCE, MEDICINE,
AND TECHNOLOGY. Am. Scientist, 59(3):353-361, May/June
1971. 15 refs.
Ion-selective electrodes have wide utility for potentiometric
measurements in such areas as pollution monitoring, public
health, and biomedical research. About 20 different ion-selec-
tive electrodes are commercially available. These are listed ac-
cording to cations and anions detected and according to mem-
brane type: solid-state, heteorgeneous, or liquid ion exchange.
Although these electrodes can be used only for solution stu-
dies, i.e., the species of interest must be ionic, systems have
been developed for the determination of pollutants in gases. In
these systems, provision is made for scrubbing the gases with
suitable reagents. The quanity of gas and reagent are measured
with flow transmitters, and the resulting concentration of the
soluble component is measured in the flow-through cell. Such
systems have been used for monitoring sulfide and cyanide,
fluoride, and hydrogen chloride produced the pyrolytic decom-
position of chlorocarbon polymers.
31827
McLean, W. J. and R. F. Sawyer
CHEMICAL KINETICS IN FREE JET EXPANSIONS.
Preprint, Combustion Institute, Western States Section, 20p.,
1970. 8 refs. (Presented at the Combustion Institute Western
States Section, Spring Meeting, Berkeley, Calif., April 20-21,
1970, Paper WSCI-70-12.)
In molecular beam sampling systems such as mass spec-
trometry, which use a free jet expansion to expand the sample
from high source temperatures and pressures to low tempera-
tures and pressures, the chemical kinetics in the free jet deter-
mines the integrity of the sample. In the present study, Sher-
man s equations which are used to compute the temperature
and pressure profiles in the expansion of the chemical kinetic
equations for several systems, are integrated over these
profiles to determine the amount of quenching a sample will
experience. For the molecular hydrogen — atomic hydrogen
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
189
system at a source temperature of 3000 K, the degree of H
atom recombination in a free jet expansion from equilibrium
conditions was investigated for source pressures from 0.5 to
100 atmospheres and orifice diameters from 0.05 to 2.5 cm.
For the molecular hydrogen — molecular fluorine system at
100 psia source pressure and adiabatic flame temperature, the
reaction in a free jet expansion was computed for orifice
diameters from 0.05 to 2.5 cm and equivalence ratios of 1.0
and 2.0. (Author summary modified)
32450
Panin, K. P.
SEPARATE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC FLUORINE
GASEOUS COMPOUNDS AND WATER SOLUBLE
AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Razdel noye
opredeleniye neorganicheskikh gazoobraznykh soedineniy ftora i
aerozoley, rastvorennykh v vode, v atmosfernom vozdukhe).
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 36(6):58-61, 1971. 3 rets.
Analyzed air was filtered through a material (acetyl celluloid
filter AFA-KhA) on which only aerosols (solid fluorine com-
pounds) were collected. These were subsequently washed off
the filter with water of varying temperatures. The gaseous
compounds were collected in an absorber. Fluorine ions in
both the aerosol and gaseous phase were determined by the
reaction with a titanchromatrope reagent. Fluorine compounds,
poorly soluble in water, were washed off the filter with hot
water. In the testing, 96-99% of fluorine substances soluble in
water at room temperature were recovered from the filter. The
sensitivity of the method is two micrograms of fluorine ions
per five ml of solution. The effect of other ions on the deter-
mination was studied.
32476
Fukui, Shozo
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF HARMFUL MATTERS
IN AIR. (Kuki chu no yugaisei busshitsu no sokutei hoho). Text
in Japanese. Bunseki Kiki (Analysis Instr.), 9(8):43-59, Aug.
1971. 1 ref.
Various measurement methods of harmful matter in the at-
mosphere are examined. The orthotolidine method is described
for chlorine determination, but there is no reliable method for
a high incidence of pollution by chlorine gas. The neutral
iodine potassium method for ozone and oxidants; the atom
light absorption method for cadmium; the pyridine pyrazole
and palladium quinolinol methods for hydrogen cyanide; the
dithizone and atom light absorption methods for mercury; and
the diazotation and Saltzman methods for nitrogen oxides are
reviewed. The atom light absorption method is generally used
for lead and zinc, since it is simple and accurate. Sulfur diox-
ide is trapped with sodium chloride and mercuric chloride in
solution; rosaniline formaldehyde is then added, and the
mauve color is determined. Fluorides or hydrofluorine are
measured by colorimetry, i.e., the lanter-auzarin complexion
method. The 3-methyl-benzo-thiazolon- hydrazone method,
which is most sensitive, and the chromotropic method are
used to measure formaldehyde. Hydrogen sulfide is deter-
mined by the methylene blue method, the molybdenum blue
method, and the starch iodine method. The methylene blue
method gives a unique reaction and involves less obstruction.
A new method for trapping sulfides is examined.
32534
Fujinaga, Taichiro and Mutsuo Koyama
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ANALYSIS -- ESPE-
CIALLY ON THE BASIC APPROACH TOWARD IT. (Kogai
bunseki — Tokuni sono kangaekata ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Bunseki Kiki (Analysis Instr.), 9(7):3-9, July 1971. 13 refs.
The basic characteristics of an environmental pollution analy-
sis are discussed to clarify the basic approach required for an
analysis that is usually of complex nature. Often organic and
inorganic analyses must be performed simultaneously.
Moreover, an analysis is more than simply qualitative or quan-
titative. A qualitative analysis intended simply to detect a pol-
luting element in air or water is often meaningless; very often
the toxicity of a particular element depends on its chemical
state. Therefore, microanalysis or, more properly, trace analy-
sis is required to detect extremely toxic substances. If possi-
ble, pollution should be continuously monitored and analyzed.
The most dependable of current measuring devices are,
theoretically, those employing ion-selective electrodes.
Sampling, pretreatment, and measurement methods, together
with measurable range and references, are tabulated for dif-
ferent air pollutants. The methods are as follows: dust (par-
ticulates), reflection factor or transmittivity measurement;
sediment, gravimetric analysis; precipitation density, X-ray,
light-dispersion, and gravimetric. X-ray microprobe analysis,
fluorescent X-ray analysis, radiometry, emission spectrochemi-
cal analysis, atomic absorption spectrochemical analysis, ab-
sorption photometry, polarography, and gas chromatography
are used for metals and other noxious elements. For carbon
monoxide or carbon dioxide measurements, conductometry,
coulometry, visible absorption photometry, and ultraviolet ab-
sorption photometry are used. Turbidimetry, coulometry, and
conductometry are used for hydrogen sulfide measurements.
Coulometric titration and absorption photometry are used for
oxidant measurements. Nitrogen dioxide or nitric oxide mea-
surements use visible radiation absorption photometry. Or-
ganics are measured by gas chromatography. Ammonia, al-
dehydes, fluorine, phenyl acetate, mercury, tetraethyl lead and
hydrogen cyanide use visible radiation absorption photometry.
32631
Ciferri, R.
ROMELL S REACTION FOR THE RAPID DETECTION OF
TOXIC GASES IN THE AIR. (La reazione di Romell per ill
saggio rapido di gas tossici nell aria). Text in Italian. Boll. Sta.
Patol. Veg. Rome, 21(2):117-122, 1941. 1 ref.
Analysis of the air in the vicinity of two plants suspected of
emitting toxic gases revealed that Romells reaction is suitable
for the detection of minimal concentrations of hydrofluoric,
hydrochloric and sulfurous acid. Identification of these acids
can be accomplished either by means of a marginal color
change or by the discoloration of a paper filter impregnated
with a one percent Delafield hematoxylin solution. According
to experimental data, a certain relationship was established
between the appearance of the colorimetric reaction and the
distance from the emission center. However, the variations of
the marginal color changes from one determination to the next
did not allow a quantitative determination of the concentra-
tions of the gas in the air. The same was true for the qualita-
tive identification of the particular gas present.
32643
Haroutiounian, E. and H. Bryks
CONTINUOUS CONTROL OF IMPURITIES IN AT-
MOSPHERES. (Control continu d impuretes dans les at-
mospheres). Text in French. Technicon Corp., Ardsley, N. Y.,
Proc. Synip. Automation in Analytical Chemistry, 3rd, New
York, 1967, p. 365-370. (Nov. 13-15.)
-------
190
In processing semi-conductors, continuous control of the puri-
ty of the inert gases and atmospheres used is necessary to en-
sure that constant properties of materials are maintained, since
impurities such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochlo-
ric acid, and hydrofluoric acid can greatly damage production.
A technique of gas analysis which ensures rapid response, sen-
sitivity, reproducibility, and simultaneous analysis of gas
derived from several sampling locations is described that is
based on the application of colorimetry to the technique of the
Auto-Analyzer Technicon. The apparatus consists of an Auto-
Analyzer Technicon which comprises a contact column, pro-
portioning pump, colorimeter, and recorder; an air pump with
adjustable output; a multi-channel Technicon programmer; and
gas distribution control panel. Impurities are analyzed in
nitrogen, air, hydrogen, and furnace atmospheres rich in
hydrogen. An operating cycle, comprising the successive
determination of an impurity in these gases, takes one hour
and is programmed in advance. The lapse between sampling
and recording is 20 minutes, ensuring complete development
of the colorimetric reaction.
32966
Eggebraaten, V. L. and L. E. Miller
DETECTION OF FREE FLUORINE IN THE ATMOSPHERE
BY 1(131) RADIOTRACER ANALYSIS. Intern. J. Appl. Rad.
Isotop. (London), 18(3):183-191, March 1967. 6 rets.
The chemical displacement reaction, F2 + 2I(-) yields 12 +
2F(-) was evaluated as a means of detecting and measuring
free fluorine in the atmosphere. The objectives were to deter-
mine the chemical properties of this reaction at micro-concen-
tration levels, to develop the calibration techniques which will
produce a working analytical procedure, and to predict the
potential service of this system as a compact, portable type in-
strument for performing atmospheric determinations on field
locations. Atmospheric gases were passed through alkali iodide
columns tagged with radioactive iodine (131), which is released
and captured in a sodium thiosulfate solution upon exposure to
calibrated quantities of fluorine contamination. Favorable fea-
tures of this radio release technique include determination of
quantitative amounts of fluorine in ppb quantities, instantane-
ous recording of the atmospheric contamination, discrimina-
tion between elemental and combined fluorine, and instrument
portability. The disadvantages of the 1(131) system stem from
the fact that the isotope must be used in non-occupational
areas. (Author introduction modified)
33632
Kubec, Zdenek and Ema Maierova
USE OF SELECTIVE FLUORIDE ELECTRODE IN CON-
TROLLING THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE. (Pouziti selektivni fluoridove elektrody pri kontrole
vyroby kyseliny fluorovodikove). Text in Czech. Chem. Prumsyl
(Prague), 21(46):388-389, 1971. 4 refs.
A procedure is desribed for determining total fluorine in waste
calcium sulfate and in the waste gas formed in the production
of hydrogen fluoride from a fluorite concentrate. Analysis is
based on measuring the potential of a selective electrode
(Crytur 09-17) in a suitably treated sample solution. The
procedure facilitates control of hydrogen fluoride production.
(Author abstract modified)
33711
Kaneda, Kazuko
DETERMINATION BY THE SEPARATION OF GASEOUS
AND PARTICIPATE FLUORIDE. (Gasu jo oyobi ryiishi jo
fukkabutsu no bunrisokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Niigata-ken
Eisei Kenkyusho Shudankai Shoroku (Niigata Prefect. Public
Health Lab. Meet. Abstr.), 1970:14-15, 1970.
Results of fluoride determination as a particulate, using filter
paper, and in gaseous form, adsorbed by aluminium, glass
spiral, and unglazed tubes, were examined. For collecting par-
ticulate fluoride, seven filters millipore were compared; AA
had the smallest gas absorption. For the separation of gaseous
fluoride, the almost 100% HF gas was collected by the glass
spiral tubes. Separation of gaseous and particulate fluoride
was effected by passing particulate fluoride through the tube
and then collecting the fluoride on alkaline filters. On the as-
sumption that the rate of particulate to total fluorides was 50-
70%, when 4 ppb total fluorides were in the air, particulate
and gaseous fluorides were separated with millipore and al-
kaline filters at 20 ml/min and determined by the analysis of
ion electrodes.
33929
Bredemann, G. and H. Radeloff
THE DETECTION OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY FLUORINE
EXHALATIONS. (Zur Diagnose von Fluor-Rauchschaeden).
Text in German. Phytopathol Z., 5(2):195-206, 1933. 19 refs.
Industrial fluorine emission do not disperse as widely as sulfur
dioxide emissions; 1 km away from the source no noticeable
damage attributable to fluorine could be detected. Since
fluorine-induced damage to plants is not characteristic and
cannot be detected by botanical inspection, a microchemical
analysis is necessary. Two methods are suitable. The Feigl and
Krumholz method volatilizes fluorine in the form of silicon
fluoride and determines Si in the distillate. The sodium fluosil-
icate crystal method processes plant substance with silica sand
and sulfuric acid. With a sodium acetate solution easily the
escaping silicon fluoride forms discernible hexagonal crystals.
The natural fluorine content of the plant substance does not
interfere with either method or does fluorine-rich soil from
fluorine-containing phosphates. Whether fluorine damage un-
detectable by either method can occur is an unresolved
question. If the Na2SiF6 crystal method, which should be ap-
plied first in case of fluorine plant damage, does not yield con-
clusive proof then a somewhat more sensitive method (the
molybdatebenzidine color method) should be employed. If the
crystal method is negative but the molydate method positive,
fluorine damage is considered proven.
34125
Killick, C. M.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES BY
REACTION WITH SELECTED FILTER MATERIALS. War-
ren Spring Lab., Stevenage (England), Rept. LR 130(AP), 14p.,
Aug. 1970. 12 refs.
Glass fiber and silver membrane filters were used to absorb
gaseous fluoride at atmospheric concentrations. Compared
with the standard impinger method, the collection efficiency
was below 50% and the absorbed fluoride was hard to remove.
The glass fiber filter contained high intrinsic levels of fluoride
which could not be removed without destroying the filter.
(Author abstract modified)
34126
Bailey, D. L. R., C. M. Killick, and P. E. Trott
STANDARD METHOD FOR SAMPLING AIRBORNE
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. Warren Spring Lab., Stevenage
(England), Rept. LR 129(AP), 7p., Sept. 1970. 6 refs.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
191
A standard method for sampling and analyzing fluorine com-
pounds in the atmosphere is presented. The sample is collected
by an impinger. The fluoride is then distilled to remove inter-
fering matter and the distillate is analyzed by colorimetry and
read on a spectrophotometer. Equipment design and process
description are included.
35108
Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan), Dept. of
Environmental Pollution
MONITORING APPARATUS FOR AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki
osen ni kansuru sokutei kiki). Text in Japanese. In: A Survey of
Industrial Pollutant Disposal Machines - 1971. p. 178-181, Dec.
1970.
Various air pollutant measuring equipment are reviewed. In
the atmosphere, settling particles, suspended particulates, sul-
fur oxides, and toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen
oxides, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride are moni-
tored. Deposit gauges, hi-volume samplers, and the lead diox-
ide method are explained as methods of measuring suspended
particulates. For measurement of pollutants from specific
emission sources, Ringelmann s chart is used. According to
the Japanese Air Pollution Control Law, dust or soot emission
is determined by the weight of particles contained in one cu m
of air at air pressure one, and the method of measuring
designated by the Japanese Industrial Standard Law is the
filter method of collection, using a dust tube filled with glass
wool or a filter paper, suspended in flue gas, and weighing the
soot. The apparatus for this method comprises a scale, a dust
collector, a vacuum pump, and a flowmeter. Sulfur dioxide
content in stack gases is calculated from the weight of fuel,
and one kg of heavy oil with S % sulfur content is 0.7 S N cu
m. A non-dispersion infrared analyzer is used for carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and sometimes nitric
oxide from automobiles. The total bag method, the constant
volume sampler method, and Diesel smoke filters are briefly
mentioned.
35441
Chovin, P.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND ANALYTICAL CHEMIS-
TRY. (Pollution atmospherique et chimie analytique). Bull. Soc.
Chim. France, no. 5:2191-2215, 1968. 339 refs. Translated from
French. Naval Intelligence Command, Alexandria, V'a.. 64p.,
Dec. 15, 1970.
Domestic heating systems, industrial heating plants, and motor
vehicles are the three major sources of pollutants. The most
important substances emitted are sulfurous gas, hydrogen sul-
fide, dust, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, fluorine compounds,
ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
tars, and aldehydes. Methods for the determination of these
compounds are indicated and described.
35737
Hagiwara, Toshiaki
MEASURING APPARATUS FOR TOXIC GASES. (Yudoku
gasu no sokutei kiki ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi
Nensho (Fuel and Combustion), 38(12):1217-1220, Dec. 1971.
The principles, mechanism, and characteristics of various
toxic gas measurement apparatus and one flue-gas sulfur diox-
ide analyzer are briefly discussed. One apparatus is specifi-
cally for hydrocyanic acid (HCN), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and
chlorine (C12) detection. Its principle is the electrochemical
reaction between electrolyte and the specific elements in the
air. The range of detection is 0-50 ppm for H2S and HCN, and
0-5 ppm for C12. The circuit condition is excellent, the battery
does not have to be replaced for more than two years, and the
electrolyte has to be replenished only once in two weeks or 20
days; it is compact and installation is possible anywhere. The
carbon monoxide alarm is often used in a tunnel or an un-
derground parking lot. The sample air is sucked in by a pump
and is burned; then the temperature change is detected. The
range of detection is 0-500 ppm, the alarm point can be set for
less than 50 ppm. It is characterized by compact size and a
device which makes the internal installation of an automatic
timer possible. The traceable gas ionization analyzer is used
mainly for the detection of traceable leakage of such gases as
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, phosgene, ammonia,
and nitrogen dioxide. The mixture of the sample gas and a re-
agent is led into an ion chamber in an aerosol form, and the
decrease of ion current is detected. This analyzer can detect
various types of gases by changing the reagent. Depending on
the nature of the gas, traceable amounts of ppb order can be
detected. There is no danger of effects on human health, and
the analyzer may be used without permission.
35956
Cooper, Hal B. H., Jr. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
SOURCE TESTING FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Wil-
ton, Conn., Environmental Research and Applications, Inc.,
1971, 228p. 532 refs.
Source testing for air pollution control is reviewed with
respect to basic procedures, terminology, operating and
theoretical pnciples, gas flow measurements, sampling trains,
principles and methodology of particulate sampling, gaseous
sampling, continuous monitoring, and special applications of
various techniques. Measurements of stack gas parameters
prior to sampling are discussed for determinations of tempera-
ture, pressure, moisture content, and gas composition using
such instruments as thermometers, thermocouples,
thermistors, wet or dry bulbs, condensation methods, Orsat
analyzers, pilot tubes, anemometers, tracers, balloons, and
various meters. Instrumentation for particulate sampling in-
cludes sampling probes, flowmeters, wet impingers, filters,
centrifugal separators, and electrostatic and thermal precipita-
tors. Particulate sampling trains are examined with respect to
specific contaminants (polynuclear hydrocarbons, fluoride
compounds, mists, tars, and droplets); combustion sources,
e.g., boilers, incinerators, open burning, pulp and paper plants,
lime kilns, kraft recovery furnaces, chemical processing, and
metallurgical operations; and particle size analysis using impin-
gers and cascade impactors. Sampling techniques for gases
containing sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, total
sulfur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, chlorine compounds, carbon
monoxide, and organic gases and vapors include absorption
into a liquid phase, using sample probes and impingers; collec-
tion in fabric bags; adsorption on a solid; and freeze-out
techniques. Subsequent analytical methods include wet chemi-
cal analysis (turbidimetry, colorimetry, potentiometry, polarog-
raphy, iodimetric methods, and Orsat analysis) and instrumen-
tal analysis (gas chromatography, spectrophotometry, flame
ionization, and mass spectrometry). Special applications for
the techniques include determination of odor thresholds of flue
gases, measurement of acid deposition onto metal surfaces,
the presence of radioactive materials, and bacterial emissions
to the atmosphere. Pertinent source test data and sources of
equipment are included.
-------
192
36002
Torii, Kenji
AUTOMATED CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION. Preprint, Dept. of Commerce, Washington D. C.,
and Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, D. C.,
13p., 1971. (Presented at the Technical Conference on New
Technology in the Solution of Practical Problems in Air and
Water Pollution Control, Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 9, 1971.)
The contribution of automated pollution analysis of impinged
samples, continuous single channel systems, and comprehen-
sive mobile laboratories to the study of man s environment is
discussed. A typical flow diagram for fluoride in waste water
illustrates the use of basic automatic analyzer modules. Water
quality assessment and the monitoring of organic wastes in
waste water are discussed, as well as the periodic or cumula-
tive sampling of air quality. Recent technical developments in
instrumentation and application are presented. However, auto-
mated analysis in itself cannot make any contribution to the
study of the environment we live in, without the proper per-
sonnel utilizing the techniques that are available, and produc-
ing meaningful interpretation of the vast amount of data so ob-
tained. (Author conclusions modified)
36125
Bogorad, G, I., A. Ya. Bonn, A. M. Drobiz, I. A. Pushkin, and
M. K. Yarmak
IONIZATION METHODS OF MONITORING AIR POLLU-
TION. Zh. Vses. Khim. Obshchestva im. D. I. Mendeleeva,
15(5):514-519, Oct. 9, 1970. 38 refs. Translated from Russian in:
Atmospheric Studies at Chemical Enterprises - USSR, p. 68-80,
March 9, 1971. Joint Publications Research Service, Washing-
ton, D. C. NTIS: JPRS-52566
Aerosol-ionization and flame-ionization detectors for monitor-
ing microadmixtures in air are discussed. Aerosol-ionization
detectors have high sensivity, low inertia, and the possibility
of selective control of a broad class of gas components. The
essence of aerosol ionization is the fact that the controlled
component of the gas mixture is selective and converts quan-
titatively into the aerosol state. The aerosol particles formed
are detected in the ionization chamber with a radioactive
ionization source. American-made aerosol-ionization instru-
ments measure from approximately 0.01 to 10 mg/cu m of
hydrogen fluoride, prussic acid vapor, phosgene, and
tetraethyl lead present in the air of industrial facilities. Sta-
tionary and portable versions of the analyzers are available.
Soviet aerosol-ionization detectors provide for the continuous
monitoring of nitrogen oxides (0-10 mg/cu m). In contrast to
aerosol-ionization detection, flame-ionization detection is
specific only for organic substances. The detectors operate on
the principle of ionization of molecules in the organic sub-
stances in the hydrogen flame and subsequent measurement of
the magnitude of the ionization current. As gas analyzer sen-
sors, they are used without chromatographic columns. Ad-
vantages of using the detectors for analyzing organic admix-
tures on air are their simplicity, absence of sorption storage
for controlled microadmixtures, and sensitivites of 0.01 to
0.001 mg/cu m.
36693
MONITOR GRID: PHOSPHATE PLANT S POUND OF POL-
LUTION PREVENTION. Chem. Week, 1956:60-61, Dec. 1,
1956.
A five-year study of air and water pollution is being conducted
in the area where a triple superphosphate plant will be con-
structed. The purposes of the study, based on data collected
by automatic sampling equipment at a series of monitoring sta-
tions, are to determine air and water pollution levels before
the new plant begins operations and to check on performance
of the control equipment being built into the plant. A weather
station measures micrometeorologic parameters at ground level
and 300- and 600-ft altitudes. At four air sampling stations,
analyses are made for fluorides, sulfur dioxide, and sulfuric
acid mist; paniculate analyses are made monthly from samples
collected at eight dust fall stations. Plant indicators will also be
used. In-plant pollution control equipment is briefly described.
36771
Eolyan, S. L. and S. G. Eramyan
EXCITABILITY CHANGES OF THE OLFACTORY
ANALYZER DURING THE ACTION OF CERTAIN INDUS-
TRIAL TOXIC SUBSTANCES. (Ob izmenenii vozbudimosti
obonyatelnogo analizatora pri vozdeystvii nekotorykh proiz-
vodstvennykh khimicheskikh veshchestv). Text in Russian.
Vestn. Otorinolaringol (Moscow), vol. 22:40-43, Nov.-Dec. 1960.
4 refs.
The excitability of the olfactory analyzer was studied by the
Elsberg-Levi olfactometric method in workers having contact
with lead (224 persons), fluorine (414), and cyanate com-
pounds (164). Excitability decreased to a larger extent in intox-
ication with fluorine and cyanides than with lead. Olfac-
tometry may facilitate the detection of early signs of chronic
lead action and disclose the initial changes in the nasal mucosa
during the action of fluorine and cyanides.
36800
DEPARTMENT IV. Schriftenreihe Landesanstalt Immissions
und Bodennutzungsschutz Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Essen),
no. 21:27-39, 1970 (?). Translated from German. Leo Kanner
Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 26p., March 1971.
In addition to projects designed to determine and evaluate the
effects of emissions on plants, emphasis has been placed on
studies designed to derive air quality criteria as the basis for
establishing emission limits as well as experiments on the re-
sistance of plant species which are important to the economy
and to public health. Phytotoxic hydrogen fluoride concentra-
tions were determined, as well as fL.orine enrichment in plant
organs as a function of exposure height and wind speed. Using
the results of fumigation and field experiments, a detection
method of sulfur dioxide effects on plants was worked out.
Transplanted lichens, grass cultures, leaf-pigment analysis, the
inhibiting action of fluorine ions on enzymes, and other indica-
tors of air pollution are discussed. A new method which util-
izes an ion specific electrode for the quantitative determina-
tion of fluorine levels in plants is described.
37350
Buck, M. and G. Reusmann
A NEW SEMI-AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR FLUORIDE
DETERMINATION IN PLANT AND AIR SAMPLES. Fluoride,
4(1):5-15, Jan. 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the International
Society of Fluoride Research Conference, Annual, 3rd, Vienna,
Austria, March 22-25, 1970.)
A fluorine-specific electrode permits the electrometric (poten-
tiometric) determination of fluorine in plants and air. An auto-
mated system incorporating the electrode and covering all
stages of plant analysis from sample preparation to fluorine
estimation and printout is schematically illustrated and
described in detail. The standard deviation of the automated
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
193
electrometric method is approximately 3% and significantly
lower than that of the conventional photometric procedure.
The automated system permits the number of analyses to be
doubled compared with the manual electrometric procedure
and, since the distillation stage is omitted, tripled in com-
parison with the photometric precedure. Substances other than
F(-) do not interfere with the electrometric method. In the case
of air samples containing nonsoluble F(-) compounds, the
method yields lower values than photometric methods. It is,
therefore, used to analyze the phytotoxic portion of F(-) com-
pounds in air.
37463
Mori, Masaki, Shonosuke Ito, Hiroshi Ogino, and Hiroyoshi
Morita
FLUORIDE ANALYZER IN STACK GAS. (Konodo fukkabut.su
jido kirokukei). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):99, 1971. (Presented at the National
Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan,
Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
An instrument to determine hydrogen fluoride in stack gas up
to 2.0 ppm was developed. Sample gas flows at 10 1/min
through a filter into the absorption section where it contacts
with a buffer solution with a pH of approximately 5.5, which
is fed there at 1 ml/min. The buffer solution absorbs the HF
and is led into a measuring cell, where the concentration of
the gas is determined by means of a fluoride ion electrode and
a comparative electrode. The scale of a recorder is made linear
to the gas concentration through inverse logarithm amplifier.
The response time to 90% indication is approximately 2 min
for about 1.5 ppm HF.
37515
Okita, Toshiichi, Hiroshi Ogino, Masaki Mori, and Jinkichi
Miyai
AN ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN FLUORIDE RECORDER
ON THE FLUORIDE ION ELECTRODE. (Taikichu fukka suiso
jido kirokukei - Fusso ion denkyoku ni (suite). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):98, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution Stu-
dies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The characteristics of the electrode potential of the fluoride
ion electrode, which is a probe for an atmospheric hydrogen
fluoride recorder, was examined. With an increase in the con-
centration of the pH buffer solution, which is used to buffer
the effect of sodium carbonate collecting hydrogen fluoride,
the potential tends to be more stable, although its response
becomes slower. When the ion strength is increased by the ad-
dition of sodium chloride, more stable potential and more
rapid response are obtained. Carbonate ion of sodium car-
bonate does not interfere with the measurement. Ethyl alcohol
is recommended for cleaning the electrode, the performance of
which has deteriorated during its use.
37579
Liberti, A. and M. Mascini
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDES IN POLLUTED AIR BY
USE OF AN ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE. Fluoride, 4(2):49-
56, April 1971. 11 refs. (Presented at the International Society of
Fluoride Research Conference, Annual, 3rd, Vienna, Austria,
March 22-24, 1970.)
A membrane electrode specific for the fluoride ion greatly
simplifies the analytical determination of fluoride in a variety
of samples, including polluted air and stack effluents. The
main advantage of the electrode is the elimination of time-con-
suming distillation procedures for the separation of fluoride:
determination is by direct potentiometry or, preferably, by
potentiometric titration. Total fluoride, gaseous and particu-
late, in ambient air or stack gases, is sampled by drawing air
through a membrane filter impregnated with sodium formate.
The collected material is dissolved in water. Depending on the
volume of air and the extent of pollution, a fluoride concentra-
tion of 0.1-5 ppm is obtained. In this range, the electrode
yields a linear response proportional to the fluoride activity.
With respect to the total fluoride concentration, the direct
potentiometric measurement is subject to interference of other
ions affecting fluoride activity. The accuracy of determination
is greatly increased by potentiometric titration in a sodium
fluoride solution and by plotting the experimental values with
the Gran function. Stack gases can be continuously monitored
by this method.
37799
Kasparov, A. A. and V. G. Kiriy
ON THE METHODS OF DETERMINING BORON FLUORIDE
IN THE AIR. (K. voprosu o metodakh opredeleniya ftoristogo
bora v vozdukhe). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 37(l):57-59,
1972. 4 refs.
An improved method for the determination of boron fluoride
in low concentrations in the air, applied in sanitary paxis, is
described. The method is based on the hydrolysis of BF3. The
determination is made on the basis of boron ions following the
distillation of the fluorine, by means of 1,1-diantrimide indica-
tor. The necessary reagents are 98% sulfuric acid, an indicator
solution with sulfuric acid, while the standard solution of bone
acid contains boron in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The sam-
pling is made by two absorbers containing distilled water. The
flow rate applied is 60 1/hr at a sample volume of 30-60 1. The
fluorine distillation is made by means of sulfuric acid of 98%
in oil bath of 140-150 C. About half of the liquid should be
evaporated, while the fluorine forms volatile fluosilicic acid
with silicon in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The
boric acid losses are unimportant. The analysis is made by
means of 98% sulfuric acid and indicator. After heating in boil-
ing water bath and cooLng down, the determination is made by
comparison with a standard or by the colorimetric method,
using red filter. The calibration curve is plotted from standard
solutions with different concentrations. The test with distilled
water showed good accordance of the results. The sensitivity
is 0.2-0.3 micrograms of boron or 1.5-2.0 micrograms of BF3,
with a maximum error of 5-10%.
38278
Scholl, G. and H. Rudolph
AN EXPOSURE APPARATUS FOR HIGHER PLANTS FOR
BIOLOGICAL INDICATION OF AIR POLLUTION. (Bin Ex-
positionsgefaess fuer hoehere Pflanzen zur biologischen Indika-
tion von Luftverunreinigung). Text in German. Wasser Luft
Betrieb, 16(3):96-97, March 1972. 6 refs.
The exposure equipment for measuring fluorine emissions
comprises a container resting on a pole. The container is made
of plastics and is composed of a supporting container and a
plant cultivation container. In the bottom of the outer support-
ing container, two borings provide for air circulation and water
outflow. The container is screwed to the pole, an iron tube.
The supporting container has a latex coating to reflect solar
radiation. The plant cultivation container consists of a lower
chamber holding about 3000 ml water for the water supply of
the grass culture. The upper chamber holds the growth sub-
strate and a ceramic cylinder for automatic irrigation. The two
chambers are separated by a perforated palate. Excess water
-------
194
which collects in the substrate can pass through this plate into
the water supply chamber, and from there to the supporting
chamber where it runs off through the boring. The size and
shape of the exposure set-up should not be too large so that a
simple iron rod, which is driven 60 to 80 cm into the soil, is a
sufficient support.
38280
Schaefer, K.
UNITS FOR MONITORING WATER AND AIR- THE AUTO-
MATICC ANALYZER. (Geraete zur Ueberwachung von Wasser
und I,lift - die Kontinuierliche Durchflussanalyse). Text in Ger-
man. Preprint, 6p., 1972. (Presented at the Fachtagung Umwelt
(Verschmutzung, Frankfurt/Main, West Germany, March 21-24,
1972.)
An autoanalyzer is described which can be used in the field of
air pollution for determining sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
nitric oxide, aldehydes, hydrogen sulfide, fluoride, chloride,
ammonia, and hydrochloric acid. It can be used in the field of
water pollution to determine ammonia, the C.O.D., chromium,
copper, cyanide, fluoride, water hardness, nitrite and nitrate,
silicates, sulfate and total inorganic phosphate. Autoanalyzers
perform all steps of the manual method from sampling to data
recording fully automatically, including pipetting, heating-up,
and measuring. Manual analysis starts with pipetting, which is
performed by the autoanalyzer by the sampler and the pump.
If the manual analysis requires filtration, this can be carried
out by the autoanalyzer by means of a continuously-operating
filter or it can be replaced by dialysis. The entire system of
the autoanalyzer is composed of individual components which
permit rapid adjustment and provide highest flexibility. Several
components in a waste gas flow can be determined simultane-
ously by dividing the sample flow.
38670
Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama (Japan), Public Nuisance
Prevention Center
ANALYSIS METHODS APPLIED TO POLLUTANTS. (Kogai
kankei no bunsekiho to kaisetsu). Text in Japanese. I22p.. Feb.
1972.
Various methods of analyzing heavy metals in the air, stack
gases, water, and soil are reviewed. With regard to stack gas
tests, atomic absorption spectrophotometry is explained for
measuring cadmium, lead, and chromium. For measuring
chlorine, the use of orthotolidine as a reagent is discussed. For
analyses of fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, and other fluorides,
lanthanum-alizarin complex ion method is discussed. For
analyses of hydrogen and other cyanides, the pyridine-
pyrazolone method and iron electrode method are discussed.
The rosaniline test is explained for measuring sulfur dioxide
and for detecting sulfur oxides in general the neutralization
method, arsenazo III method, and chloranil acid barium test
are discussed. The naphthylethylenediamine method is ex-
plained for the analyses of nitrogen oxides and nitrogen diox-
ide. For hydrogen sulfide, the methylene blue method, and for
ammonia, the indophenol method and Nestler method are
discussed. Gas chromatography is used for analysis of
benzenes, toluenes, xylenes, trichloroethylene, phenols, mer-
captans, monosulfides, disulfides, and aliphatic acid amines.
For measuring formaldehydes, the chromotrope acid method
and acetylacetone method are used. The tetra-aminoantipyrine
method is also used for phenol measurement, and the p-
aminodimethylanilyn method is used for mercaptans. For mea-
suring aliphatic amines, picric acid may also be used.
38741
Hermann, Peter
MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
IN THE OUTDOOR AIR AND IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE
GASES. (Messung gasfoermiger Fluorverbindungen in der Aus-
senluft und in Industrieabgasen). Text in German. Tech.
Ueberwach. (Duesseldorf), 13(2):42-45, Feb. 1972. 29 refs.
For the measurement of fluorine emissions, the dual paper
tape sampler and the bicarbonate coated tube were developed
in the U. S. In West Germany, the sorption method has been
developed in which the gaseous fluorine compounds are ab-
sorbed on a thin sodium carbonate layer which covers silver
balls. These balls are in a quartz tube. For separation of the
coarse dust a synthetic cylinder is attached to the inlet. The air
is drawn on at a speed of 0.8 to 1.0 cu m/hr. For the analysis,
the alizarine-Komplexon-Method or a fluoride sensitive elec-
trode is used after distillation. For the measurement of
fluorine emissions various sampling equipment is available,
such as the Rheinfelder apparatus, the apparatus of the Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control, and the apparatus of
the Rhine-Westphalian Technical Inspection Association. The
Rheinfelder sampler can be used at relatively low waste gas
temperatures (100 C) and a sampling speed of 0.4 cu m/hr. The
sampling pipe is of stainless steel, the dust is collected on a
heated paper filter. For gas absorption special scrubbers of
plexi-glass are used For analysis the photometric detection via
the lanthane complex of the AC is mostly used in West Ger-
many. A comparison of this method with the method of thori-
um nitrate titration revealed no significant differences. In the
U. S. the circonmm-SPADNS method is frequently used. All
these methods require the prior separation of interfering com-
ponents, such as heavy metal ions, oxidizers, and various
anions. A separation of solid and gaseous fluorine compounds
can be only approximately achieved.
38905
Haneda, Mikiko and Tsunoda, Fumio
MEASUREMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE BY
MEANS OF THE LIME TREATED FILTER PAPER
METHOD. (Lime treated filter paper ho ni yoru fukkabutsu no
ta taikiosen sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Report.
(Environ. Health Rept.), no. 8:23-30, Jan. 1971. 22 refs.
Measurements were carried out for fluoride within a radius of
5 km from the aluminium factory, which was considered as a
source of pollution, using the Lime Treated Filter Paper
method reported by Miller, and Adams, and also the followup
measurements were taken to prove the usefulness of this
method Paper filter No. 51A was used in the LTP method.
The filters were treated with 1% lime suspension and when
they were dried, exposure was made. Two or three LTP were
placed in the air screen at six spots which were located in the
different distances and directions from the source of pollution.
The variation coefficient of the values obtained from within
the premises of the factory was 22.3%. The variation coeffi-
cients of values in the polluted area outside of the factory
were 3.8 - 8.9% and the average of them of 8.7%. As for the
relationship between the exposure duration of LTP and the ac-
cumulated amount of fluorine, decreased amounts were ob-
served on the eighth week. Any correlation was not seen
between the values obtained by the LTP method and the
fluorine amount in soluble components by the dust fall
method.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
195
38917
Yanagisawa, Saburo
ESTIMATION OF FLUORIDES BY MEANS OF LANTHANI-
UM-ALIZARIN COMPLEXONE METHOD. (Rantan azarin
conpurekuson ho ni yoru fukkabutsu no teiryo ho). Text in
Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Reporto (Environ. Health Kept.), no.
8:11-13, Jan. 1972.
The lanthanium-alizarin method is a highly sensitive method to
analyze fluoride compounds of exhaust gas estimating
fluorides according to colorimetric determination. The ALC-
La-F substance was extracted by a N, N-diethylaniline-
isoamylalchol solution, and the degree of extinction was mea-
sured by a photometer. Changes were observed in the degree
of extinction due to aluminum, copper, iron, and
hypophosphate among coexisting cations and anions. Studies
were made on the quantity of buffer solution which was added
upon extraction, and commotion time. It was possible to
elevate the sensitivity of measurement up to 1.4 ppb
39008
Hermann, Peter
MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT AIR AND IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE
GASES. (Messung gasfoermiger Fluorverbindungen in der Aus-
senluft mid in Industrieabgasen). Text in German. Tech.
Ueberwach. (Duesseldorf), 13(2):42-45, Feb. 1972. 29 rets.
Different techniques for the measurement of fluorine com-
pounds are reviewed. Practical emission measurements are
made by means of sorption techniques with preliminary
separation of coarse particles. The techniques using a sodium
bicarbonate-coated tube and dual paper tape sampler have
been improved by the Boyce-Thompson Institute (Yonkers, N.
Y.) to facilitate the separation of gaseous and paniculate
fluorine compounds. The analysis can be made by distillation
or fluonde-sensitive electrode. Sampling on NaCO3 coating
and analysis by the alizarin technique and fluoride-sensitive
electrode were carried out. Quartz probes with quartz filters
are useful in sampling for emission measurements. Different
types of samplers are described. In fluorine ion determination,
both the alizarin and thorium titration methods give reliable
results. The SPADNS method is preferred in the U. S. When
using a fluoride-sensitive electrode, special attention should be
given to the aluminum ion concentration The standard devia-
tion for concentrations of 15-34 nig F/cu m, from combustion
processes, lies in a range of plus or minus 0.6-2.8 mg F/cu m.
The results of emission measurements are given.
39022
Hildebrandt, P. W.
AIR POLLUTION MONITORING. Hort Science, 5(4):243-244,
Aug. 1970.
Techniques for monitoring pollutants in the ambient air and
monitoring with relation to effects on vegetation and materials
are reviewed. Limits of applicability, efficiency, operating
principles and problems reviewed for fluoride sampling using
filters and impingers; automated sulfur dioxide analyzers
based on colorimetric (West and Gaeke), coulometric, and
conductivity methods; colorimetric and coulometric
techniques, the potassium iodide method, and SO2 scrubbers
for defining oxidant and ozone concentrations; infrared spec-
trometry for carbon monoxide analysis; high volume samplers
and fiberglass filters for measuring suspended particulates; and
particle fallout measurements. In addition to measuring the
contaminants, effects monitoring using sulfation candles,
rubber cracking, indicator plants, visibility measurements, dye
and fabric deterioration, and dust fall is often used.
39136
Kanagawa Prefectural Government (Japan), Dept. of Pollution
Countermeasures
ANALYTICAL METHOD RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL
HAZARD. (Kogai kankei no bunsekiho to kaisetsu). Text in
Japanese. 122p., Feb. 1972.
Analytical methods which were adopted by the Center of
Public Nuisance in Kanagawa Prefecture were explained. The
analysis of soil, biological samples, exhaust gases, and metallic
components in air were discussed. Items for analysis differed
more or less by samples. In drainage, soil, and biological sam-
ples, the analysis of lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc,
iron, manganese, nickel, fluoride, chromium, arsenic, cyanide,
and phenol and measurements of BOD, COD, and pH were
discussed. In exhaust gases, the analysis of Cd, Pb, Cr, F,
chlorine, CN(-), sulfur dioxide, total sulfur, hydrogen chloride,
nitrogen oxides, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, benzene, toluene,
xylene, tnchloro-ethylene, phenol, mercaptans, organic sul-
fides, and amines were discussed. The analysis of metalic
components such as Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Fe in air sam-
ples by the atomic absorption method was explained. It was
emphasized that the above mentioned methods were adopted
based on the experiments. Basic theories of simple methods of
analysis were explained for beginners at the end of the report.
39239
Allen, Nelson and N. Howell Furman
DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE BY PRECIPITATION AS
TRIPHENYLTEV FLUORIDE. J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 54:4625-
4631, Dec. 1932. 16 refs.
Fluorine determination through quantitative precipitation as
triphenyltin fluoride is examined. The method is suitable for
small quantities of fluorine (below 0.04 g) but has several dis-
advantages in that the reagent is uncommon and expensive, is
insoluble in water, and is slightly soluble in alcohol. Large
amounts of foreign salts may also cause co-precipitation of the
reagent and give high results. Advantages include the crystal-
line form of the precipitate for easy filtering and quick wash-
ing, stability, and speed. Experimental procedure and treat-
ment are discussed.
39243
Allen, Nelson and N. Howell Furman
A POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION METHOD FOR
FLUORINE. J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 55:90-05, Jan. 1933. 16
refs.
A method tor fluorine determination is described involving the
precipitation of cerous fluoride through a new application of
the ferriferrocyanide electrode. The method gives good results
for fluorine concentrations within 0.1-50 mg. Small amounts of
foreign salts may be present, but too large amounts mask the
equivalence point. Ions which precipitate cerous cerium must
be absent. Experimental procedures and results of fluorspar
analysis are discussed. (Author summary modified)
39288
Williams, Charles R. and Leslie Silverman
COLLECTION OF FLUORIDE FUMES IN AIR. J. Ind. Hyg.
Toxicol., 27(4):115-117, April 1945. 3 refs.
Laboratory and field tests of fluoride fumes in air indicate that
these fumes occur as paniculate fluorides with very little gase-
ous hydrogen fluoride. Both types of studies indicate that the
filter paper method can be used for the collection of fluoride
fumes in air. Whatman No. 44 and Eaton and Dikeman No.
613-21 give efficiencies approaching 100%. The efficiencies of
-------
196
four papers tested against fluoride fumes is in proportion to
their air flow resistance. (Author summary modified)
39516
NOTIFICATION NO. 984. MEASUREMENT METHODS TO
BE DETERMINED BY THE GOVERNOR AS SPECIFIED....
(Kokuji). Kanagawa-Ken Koho (Off. Gaz. Kanagawa Prefec.),
no. 81:1-12, Nov. 10, 1971. Translated from Japanese. 57p.
Measurement methods for use under the Enforcement Regula-
tions of the Kanagawa Prefecture Environmental Pollution
Prevention Ordinance are presented. Atomic absorption
photometry is described for the measurement of cadmium and
lead compounds. The pyridine- pyrazolene method is described
for measurement of cyanogen, as well as an ion-electrode
method. A diphenylcarbazide method is outlined for the deter-
mination of chromium, and a silver diethyldithiocarbamate
method is indicated for arsenic. A reduction vaporization
method of atomic absorption photometry is cited for total mer-
cury, and gas chromatography with an electron capture-type
detector can be used for measuring mercury alkyl contents.
Phenol contents can be determined by a 4-aminoantipyrine
method; copper, zinc, iron, and manganese by atomic absorp-
tion photometry; and chromium by the diphenylcarbazide
method. Nickel can be determined by atomic absorption
photometry, and a lanthanum-alizarin method can be used to
measure fluorine content.
39719
Keinitz, H.
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF GAS ANALYSIS. Z.
Anal. Chem., vol. 192:160-189, 1963. 29 rets. Translated from
German by G. A. MacDonald, British Iron and Steel Industry
Translation Service. London (England), 36p., Dec. 1970.
The basic chemical reactions used for gas analysis are
reviewed with respect to method for detection and determina-
tion and sample preparation. Analytical methods for hydrogen,
fluorine compounds, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine compounds,
hydrogen chloride, oxygen, ozone, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
dioxide, sulfur compounds, nitrogen, ammonia, nitrous oxide,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosphorus compounds, arsenic
compounds, antimony compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, carbonyl sulfide, silicon com-
pounds, zinc compounds, lead compounds, boron compounds,
and hydrocarbons, e.g., paraffins, olefins, acetylenes, formal-
dehyde, ethers, ketones, mercaptans, methanes, nitrites, and
amines include colorimetry, volumetric techniques, iodimetric
methods, spectrophotometry, coulmetry, polarographic
methods, electrochemical methods, mass and ultraviolet spec-
trometry, flame ionization detectors, and turbidimetry.
39762
Haul, Hans van
DETECTION OF SOME AIR POLLUTANTS BY MEANS OF
KALE (BRASSICA OLERACEA ACEPHALA) AS INDICA-
TOR PLANT. (Nachweis mehrerer Luftverunreinigungskom-
ponenten mit Hilfe von Blaetterkohl (Brassica oleracea
acephala) als Indikatorpflanze). Text in German. Staub, Rein-
haltung Luft, 32(3):109-111, March 1972. 18 refs.
Air pollutants such as fluorine, chloride, sulfur, and lead were
determined by means of the kale (Brassica oleracea acephala)
used as plant indicator in nine localities in the Ruhr area. The
plants, exposed over a succession of years in the periods from
early August until mid-November, showed no visible symp-
toms of damage. Leaf tissue samples were analyzed for all
pollutants. The leaf fluorine content, determined by an elec-
trometric method, was slightly to considerably elevated with
12-10 mg/100 g of dry substance, compared with a natural con-
tent of 3 mg/100 g. Chloride content, determined by the poten-
tiometric titration method, was up to four times higher than
normal. The sulfur determination, carried out according to
Stratmann s microanalytic method, revealed a maximum of
1.83% of S, compared with the normal value of 0.97-1.33%.
This may be the result of persistent, fairly low sulfur dioxide
concentrations. The lead concentrations, determined by an in-
verse-polarographic method, were highly elevated in all but
two cases. A value of 116 ppm in a plant near a highway was
measured. Besides the above pollutants, many aromatic
hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene can be identified by
means of kale.
39871
Thomas, Moyer D. and James O. Ivie
AUTOMATIC APPARATUS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
SMALL CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND
OTHER CONTAMINANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Interde-
partmental Committee on Air Pollution, Washington, D. C., Air
Pollut., Proc. U. S. Tech. Conf., Washington, D. C., 1950. p.
567-569. 10 refs. (May 3-5, Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
Automotic and portable apparatus for the determination of
small concentrations of sulfur dioxide, other gases, and
aerosols in the atmosphere are critically reviewed. Each type
of apparatus has advantages and disadvantages for particular
purposes. The accumulation SO2 analyzers are useful when
30-minute average concentrations are adequate, though short
time fluctuations can be approximated. The instantaneous-type
sulfur dioxide analyzers show the short time fluctuations more
clearly but require an accumulating feature for ease in sum-
marizing the recording. Modifications of the apparatus for
determination of hydrogen sulfid and other sulfur compounds
of organic chlorine compounds are suggested. Hydrofluoric
acid can be measured. An automotic sulfuric acid aerosol
analyzer is described. The performance of portable apparatus
for determining sulfur dioxide and aerosols is compared with
that of the automatic analyzers. Continuous recordin is essen-
tial to a complete picture of atmospheric contamination at any
location. (Author summary modified)
40138
Tsunoda, Fumio
WET COLLECTOR DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLU-
BLE FLUORIDE IN THE AIR BY THE ALIZARIN COM-
PLEXON EXTRACTION ABSORBANCE METHOD. (Arizarin
Kompurekuson chushutsu kyukodoho ni yoru Taiki chu Suiyosei
Fukka butsu no Shishiki hoshu sokuteiho). Text in Japanese.
Kankyo Hoken Reporto (Environ. Health Rept.), no. 8:31-32,
Jan. 1972. 1 ref.
The air was sampled by a regular air collector and after a test
material absorption fluid in the sampling tube was filtrated, the
alizarin complexon mixed solution was added to it to give a
blue-purple color. Then, N, N-diethylaniline-isoamylalchol
solution was added, and it was shaken and left to separate into
two layers. The aqueous solution layer was thrown away.
Next, to remove the turbidity in the remaining organic layer,
the solution of acetic sodium trihydrate salt and glacial acetic
acid in pure water was poured, stirred, and left to separate
into two more layers. Again the aqueous solution layer was
thrown away. The remaining organic layer was taken into a 10
mm cell and the absorbance was measured by comparison with
a blank obtained through the same treatment without adding
fluorine. Based upon the fluorine standard solution, a calibra-
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
197
tion curve was made by measuring the absorbance. The
amount of fluorine was found with this curve, and the concen-
tration of fluorine was calculated in the air. The quantitative
analysis can be made on up to 0.5 millimicron of F in a test
material solution of 30 ml.
40211
Brown, Harry
A NEW INSTRUMENT TO READ GASEOUS FLUORIDE IN
AMBIENT AIR DOWN TO FRACTIONS OF A MICROGRAM
CU M. Instr. Metals. Ind., vol. 21, 4p., 1971.
A new instrument designed to measure the amount of gaseous
fluoride which may escape into the atmosphere from
phosphate fertilizer plants, aluminum smelters, and certain in-
cineration, brick, chemical, and glass works, is described. The
absorber assembly or carousel consists of three glass tubes in
a rotating assembly; these align to steer the airflow or solu-
tions through the correct tube. One tube is in the air stream,
and collects the fluoride gas from the air drawn through it by a
vacuum pump from the atmosphere. The intake tube feeding
into this sampling tube is heated to prevent condensation,
which would result in dust buildup causing erratic fluoride
readings. Once a sample has been collected, the three-tube as-
sembly rotates, bringing the next tube to the air sampling posi-
tion and placing the tube with the current sample in a position
to be washed by a measured amount of colorimetric solution,
supplied by bellows pump. This solution, containing the sam-
ple, is mixed and passed to a photometer for measurement.
The MK II design allows unattended operation for long
periods (over 1 wk) and produces a faithful record of the am-
bient air level measurements of this pollutant down to .02
microgram/cu m. A new monitoring approach is suggested
using the MK n Satellite Sensing Unit, where fluoride levels
about the perimeter of an industrial site can be measured, to
construct Isofluons on an area map.
40409
Okita, Toshikazu
MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE USING
FILTER METHOD AND SEPARATE DETERMINATION OF
GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE FLUORIDES. (Filta ho ni
yoru fukkasuiso sokuteiho oyobi gasujo oyobi ryushijo fukkabut-
su no bunri sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Repor-
to (Environ. Health Kept.) no. 8:19-22, Jan. 1972.
For efficient collecting and separating of gaseous and particu-
late hydrogen fluoride, the method using alkaline filters
prepared with sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate was
described. Filters prepared with 1% alkaline solution have little
effect on the absorbance of the alizarin complexon method
and give a good collecting yield. Hydrogen fluoride is
produced using various dilutions of hydrofluoric acid under O-
5 C and 20-30 C, and also using permeation tube of HF under
3-5 C and 20-30 C. Concentrations of HF obtained by both
ways is 0.05-1.0 ppm. As a determination of particulate
fluoride compounds, the milipore filter AA is the best for the
efficient collecting and filtering nearly 100% of hydrogen
fluoride. A milipore AA filter which is 50 mm in diameter and
an alkaline treated filter are connected setting the flow volume
at 20-30 1/min. Particulate fluoride compounds and gaseous
hydrogen fluoride are measurable by this method at the sen-
sitivity of 1 microgram/cu m and 1 ppb/2 hr. Either the
Alphson method or fluoride electrode method are applicable
for analysis. The temperature and humidity are independent of
the collecting yield. The concentrations of fluoride compounds
in the atmosphere were determined in the area of an alumini-
um refinery in Niigata City using alkaline filter method.
40422
DeMaio, Larry
CALIBRATING TRACE GAS ANALYZERS WITH PERMEA-
TION TUBES. lustrum. Technol., 19(5):37-41, May 1972. 8 refs.
The permeation tube method for preparation of reliable,
known, low concentration gas mixes has advantages over
dynamic and static gas blenders. No expensive or complicated
equipment is needed and accuracy is equal to or exceeds other
methods. It can be considered a primary standard since it is
based on weight loss per unit time. Fluorinated ethylene
propylene copolymer teflon tubing was filled with n-butane
and sealed with steel balls. Assuming a pickup air-flow rate of
1 to 2 cfm and room temperature, typical values of tubing
length are 25 cm for 3 ppm and 225 cm for 27 ppm, permea-
tion rates are invariable for a particular lot of tubing. Such
tubes have been used successfully for anhydrous ammonia,
nitrogen dioxide, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, phosgene,
hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide. Calibration takes only 4
hours. Tube life is approximately 6 mos.
40705
Desbaumes, Paul, Eric Desbaumes, and Claude Imhoff
USE OF A FLUIDIZED SILICAGEL POWDER BED AB-
SORBER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF FLUORINE EMIS-
SIONS AND IMMISSIONS. (Emploi d un absorbeur a lit
fluidise de poudre de gel de silice pour la mesure des emissions
et ininiissions de fluor). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris),
14(53):56-61, Jan.-March 1972. 6 refs.
A portable fluidized silicagel powder bed absorber, developed
for the sampling of fluorine emissions, was tested in an artifi-
cial atmosphere and in an aluminum plant area, and compared
to conventional alkaline absorbers. The silicagel powder was
impregnated with 3% alcoholic solution of triethanolamine,
and then dried at 100 C. The sampling rate applied was 2
1/min. A comparative test of three different techniques for the
extraction of the fluoride from the silicagel (maceration,
maceration with simultaneous agitation, and elution) revealed
the superiority of the latter method which had a maximum ef-
ficiency of 99%, depending on the amount of hot water used.
Tests with different hydrofluoric acid concentrations revealed
a slight decrease (below 99%) in the absorbing capacity of the
fluidized silicagel bed absorber for concentrations exceeding 5
mg of F/cu m. The fluorine determination in samples from an
aluminum plant area was made by means of the Belcher-West-
Sulzberger method, using alizarine complexion and a sodium
hydroxide solution as standard solutions.
41020
Gutsche, B. and R. Herrmann
SIMPLIFIED FLUORINE-SPECIFIC DETECTOR FOR GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY. (Vereinfachter fluorspezifischer Detek-
tor fuer die Gas- Chromatographie). Text in German. Z. Anal.
Chem., 259(2): 126-127, April 1972. 3 refs.
A fluorine-specific flame detector described earlier was sim-
plified by using an interference filter for the wavelength 529
nm. The detection limit was improved through this measure on
the average by a factor of 1.58. Experiments with chlorine
showed that the detection limit could be improved by a factor
of four. The operating principle of the detector is based on the
enrichment of an argon flow with metallic calcium vapor
which is passed to a hot flame together with the gas chromato-
graphic fraction.
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198
41063
Gutsche, B., R. Herrmann, and K. Ruediger
A FLUORINE-SPECIFIC DETECTOR FOR GAS CHRO-
MATOGRAPHY. (Ein fluorspezifischer Detektor fuer die Gas-
Chromatographie). Text in German. Z. Anal. Chem.,
258(4):273-277, 1972. 7 refs.
A detector is described in which a stream of metallic calcium
in argon is brought into a small acetylene-oxygen flame. If
fluorine compounds are added, calcium fluoride bands are ob-
served in the flame. These can be employed for qualitative and
quantitative analysis of fluorine in gas chromatographic frac-
tions. The standard deviation was plus or minus 2.7% for
flame spectrometric indication and plus or minus 2% for gas
chromatographic indication. Possibilities for further develop-
ment of this method are discussed.
41064
Boyev, I. Ya., Ye. G. Levkov, V. A. Limanskiy, V. P.
Bugayev, and A. S. Levkova
SAMPLING, SEPARATION AND FLUORINE DETERMINA-
TION TECHNIQUES IN ALUMINUM MANUFACTURING
PLANT-PRODUCED ELECTROLYSIS DUSTS. (Metodika ot-
bora prob, otdeleniya i opredeleniya ftora v elektroliznykh py-
lyakh alyuminiyevogo proizvodstva). Text in Russian. Zavodsk.
Lab. (Moscow), 38(3):278-281, 1972. 3 refs.
Various filter materials were tested and optimum conditions of
fluorine separation and determination were determined. The
dust samples were collected with a 0.074-micron filter made of
carbon fibers. The retention for finely dispersed dust was
above 99%. Preliminary extraction of hydrocarbons by
benzene or trichloroethylene was followed by high-efficiency
hydropyrolytic separation in the presence of vanadium pentox-
ide as catalyst. The optimum conditions for the above
procedure were a maximum temperature of 1100 C in the reac-
tion zone, 95 C in the steam generator, a vapor-air mixture
flow rate of 1.2 1/min, a dust sample-to-catalyst ratio of 1:1,
and a reaction time of 60 min. The hydrogen compounds of
fluorine that were obtained were absorbed in a basic solution.
A current measurement method, based on the Zirconium sub-
stitution of iron ions in their fluoride complexes, was used for
analysis. Titration with zirconium oxichlonde was made after
hydrochloric acid was added. The recording of the equivalent
points provided high accuracy. A platinum electrode and satu-
rated calomel were applied as reference electrode.
41489
Battle, E. R., S. Kaye, and E. A. Meckstroth
AN IN-SITU MONITOR FOR HCL AND HF. Preprint, Amer-
ican Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.; American Inst. of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York; Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Washington, D. C; Inst. of Electrical and Elec-
tronics Engineers, New York; Instrument Society of America,
New York, N. Y.; National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion; and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
7p., 1971. 12 refs. (Presented at the Joint Conference on Sensing
of Environmental Pollutants, Palo Alto, Calif., Nov. 8-10, 1971,
Paper AIAA 71-1049.)
A modified nondispersive infrared technique, gas filter correla-
tion (GFC) was established as a sensitive and specific means
of measuring pollutant concentrations in the presence of inter-
fering gases. The basic idea of GFC is that a pollutant gas
matching the spectral characteristics of the pollutant to be de-
tected can be used in a reference cell and thus provide high
specificity. A theoretical analysis of the GFC technique is
presented. Experimental results given demonstrate that the
technique can be used to measure hydrogen chloride and
hydrogen fluoride concentrations of less than 0.1 ppm. (Author
abstract modified)
41491
Feldstein, M. and D. A. Levaggi
THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE
WITH A SPECIFIC ION ELECTRODE. Preprint, American
Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.; American Inst. of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York; Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Washington, D. C.; Inst. of Electrical and Elec-
tronics Engineers, New York; Instrument Society of America,
New York, N. Y.; National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion; and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
4p., 1971. 13 refs. (Presented at the Joint Conference on Sensing
of Environmental Pollutants, Palo Alto, Calif., Nov. 8-10, 1971,
Paper AIAA 71-1116.)
Lime-coated filter paper can replace the use of indicator plants
and proves to be an inexpensive and reliable method for de-
tecting atmospheric fluoride. A large number of exposure sites
are necessary to assure accuracy. A fluoride electrode and an
expanded pH meter can be used for the rapid measurement of
fluoride concentrations down to 0.02 ppm. Normal background
concentrations are under 10 micrograms/mo; fluoride sources
increase values to as much as 150 micrograms/mo.
41624
Monteriolo, S. Cerquiglini and A. Pepe
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METHODS FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF AIRBORNE FLUORIDES. Pure Appl. Chem.,
24(4):707-714, 1970. 17 refs.
Gaseous and particulate fluorides from an aluminum plant
were analyzed over a 2-yr period. The sampling, separation,
and measuring procedures used in the study are described.
Particulate and gaseous emissions were collected separately
using a stack sampling technique in which samples are col-
lected on a membrane filter followed by absorption in alkaline
solution. The membrane filter was nearly 100% effective in
collecting the particulate of the aerosol. Retention of gaseous
F could be reduced to 2.4-4.9% when the stack effluent was
preheated with a heating chamber which surrounds the filter
holder. Preheating also enabled the use of high filtration
velocities (250-600 1. gas/hr). After collection, F was separated
from interfering substances by steam distillation with sulfuric
acid and by microdiffusion. The microdiffusion process was
preferred because of decreased operator time and recovery of
larger amounts of F. The F concentration was determined by a
spectrophotometric method based on decoloration of alizarin-
zirconium lake which permits determination of 0.2-20 micro-
grams with an accuracy of plus or minus 0.06 micrograms for
a 10-ml sample. The OCDE method which involves formation
of a F- chelate with lanthanumalizarin complexonate was used
for comparison. Results obtained by the two methods are in
good agreement although the OCDE method has a better sen-
sitivity for smaller concentrations while the alizarin-Zr method
has a wider range of application. Since the mean amount of F
collected in an area surrounding an Al smelter can be as high
as 375-500 micrograms for 24 hr sampling the alizarin-Zr
method was preferred for routine determination in the particu-
lar case of Al smelting pollution.
41719
Tsuda, Satoru and Akira Yokohata
ANALYSES OF POLLUTANTS AND PROBLEMS. (Osen
busshitsu no bunseki to sono mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Bun-
seki Kiki (Analysis Instr.) 10(5):371-327, May 1972. 7 refs.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
199
Analytical methods for the determination of sulfur oxides, car-
bon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, fluoride, nitrogen
oxides, cadmium, and lead are reviewed. Flame photometric
detectors for sulfur dioxide analysis were studied. The sample
was mixed with oxygen, and then burned with hydrogen
flame, and the intensity of the absorbed light of wavelength at
394 millimicron was measured. By this method, the SO2 can
be determined as low as the ppb levels. Flame ionization de-
tection for CO and carbon dioxide determination as methane is
also considered. The limits for chlorine discharge, hydrogen
chloride, and fluoride emissions are set at 30, 80, and 1-20
mg/cu m, respectively; methods for determinations of these
pollutants at or below these levels are included. Although no
regulations are established for odorous compounds, the list
will include ammonia, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfite, diethyl sulfite, hydrogen sulfite, methyl
amine, ethylamine, trimethylamine, butylene, butyric acid,
acetone, and acrolein.
41763
Tsuchihira, Kazuyoshi
MEASUREMENT METHODS IN PUBLIC NUISANCE--ESPE-
CIALLY ON MEASUREMENT METHODS PROVIDED BY
THE REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Kogai no
sokuteiho—Kogaiho kankeihoreichu no kensaho o chushin ni site)
Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseikensa Gishikai Zasshi (Jap. J.
Med. Technol.), 21(5):524-S32, May, 1972.
Measurement methods are divided into two types. One for
measuring environmental factors and the other for examining
man s health. Pollutants are classified into dust, soot,
suspended paniculate matter, dust fall, sulfur oxides in smoke,
sulfur oxides in air, harmful substances such as cadmium and
its compounds, bases, hydrogen chloride, fluorine, hydrogen
fluoride, silicon fluoride, lead and its compounds, nitrogen ox-
ides, carbon monoxide, lead compounds, nitrogen oxides con-
tained in automobile exhaust gases, oxidants, and 28 special
deleterious substances including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide.
Measurement methods for each pollutant are discussed based
on the Air Pollution Control Law. As for dust fall and special
deleterious substances, measurement methods have not been
settled. Measurement methods of noise level based on the
Noise Regulation Law are stated.
42375
X-RAYS USED IN AIR POLLUTANT DETECTION. (Roent-
genstrahlen als Detektive der Luftverschmutzung). Text in Ger-
man. Technica, 21 (10):909, May 1972.
A Diemens Sequence x-ray Spectrometer with tabulator con-
trol is used for the x-ray fluorescence analysis of air pollutants
at an air pollution monitoring station in West Germany. This
technique, suitable for the detection and quantitative deter-
mination of elements with atomic numbers ranging from 9
(fluorine) through 92 (uranium), permits comprehensive test
se. is to be performed automatically in relatively short time.
Th' aerosol samples (precipitation or filter deposits) are ir-
radiated with high- intensity X-rays, and the spectral break-
down of the secondary radiation thus generated is made by
means of an analyzer crystal to determine the composition of
the sample and the quantitative proportion of certain elements.
Automatic evaluation of nine preselected spectral lines is
possible, whereas the tabulator control can be extended to a
maximum of 36 spectral lines. The data are punched on punch
cards for central data processing. Highly sensitive detection
methods for sulfur and fluorine have been elaborated.
42926
COMMUNITY AIR SAMPLING. In: Air Pollution Manual.
Part I. Evaluation. Detroit, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc.,
1960, Chapt. 8, p. 77-94. 78 refs.
Two important factors in measuring the concentration of a pol-
lutant in the atmosphere are the specificity and the sensitivity
of the instrumentation available for measurement. Other im-
portant factors in sampling are the time period over which
each sample is taken, the number and size of samples to be
collected, location of sampling stations, and alteration of col-
lected substances during and after collection. Effects of eleva-
tion and topography, diurnal variations, and seasonal varia-
tions are considered. The choice of instruments to evaluate air
pollution levels will vary according to the condition being as-
sessed and the use to be made of the data. Dustfall sampling is
described. The sampling of air paniculate matter may be ac-
complished by filter samp! ~s, impingement apparatus,
precipitators, and photometric instruments, as well as by other
aerosol sampling devices such as the beryllium air monitor and
pollen sampling apparatus. Methods of collecting gaseous
matter are indicated, including instrumentation for the deter-
mination of sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide,
cyanides, fluorides, nitrogen oxides, ozone and total oxidants,
carbon monoxide, and trace organic gases. In any community
type sampling program for air pollution evaluation, the
meteorology and topography of the area are extremely critical.
42928
CHEMICAL PROCEDURES. In: Air Pollution Manual. Part I.
Evaluation. Detroit, American Industrial Hygiene Assoc., 1960,
Chapt. 10, p. 111-131. 234 refs.
The analysis of paniculate matter collected from the at-
mosphere involves consideration of aspects other than chemi-
cal content; for instance, one of the most important indices
followed in air pollution assessment is the atmospheric load-
ing/unit of surface area and/unit of volume. The introduction
of new techniques, such as electron microscopy, has made it
possible to carry out more searching assessment of the
morphology and other physical properties of particulates. Alu-
minum and aluminum oxide may be determined spectrographi-
cally and colorimetrically, while procedures based on the for-
mation of molybdenum blue or reactions with silver diethyl-
dithiocarbamate in pyridine can be used to determine arsenic.
Spectrographic, fluorometric, and colorimetric procedures can
be used to identify beryllium, while a spectrographic and an
electrochromatographic technique are available for boron
determinations. Analytical methods are also indicated for the
determination of calcium, cadmium, carbon monoxide,
chlorine, chromium, fluorine, iron, lead, magnesium, man-
ganese, nickel, the nitrogen oxides, ozone, peroxides, and
other oxidants, silicon dioxide and silicates, sulfur dioxide,
sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and zinc. The
identification and quantitative determination of organic sub-
stances is discussed, with particular reference made to organic
acids, aldehydes, amines, hydrocarbons, ketones, phenols,
proteins, quinones, and sulfur compounds.
43234
Nusbaum, Henry
A REAGENT FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS MICROSCOPIC
DETERMINATION OF QUARTZ AND HALIDES. White
Sands Missile Range, N. Mex., Atmospheric Sciences Lab., DA
-------
200
Task 1VO14501B53A-13, ECOM-5085, 8p., Oct. 1966. 1 ref.
NTIS: AD 644817
A reagent has been discovered whereby the techniques of
dispersion staining microscopy and spot testing may be com-
bined to distinguish halite (sodium chloride) from quartz in at-
mospheric dust samples. The reagent, referred to as the 4BR
reagent, is a solution of ethyl salicylate, phenol, 1-
bromonaphthalene, and mercurous perchlorate. The prepara-
tion of the reagent and its application are discussed. The use
of 4BR improves the accuracy and ease of counting quartz
particles in samples of atmospheric dust by excluding halite
from the count. The reagent obviates polarized light and rota-
tion of the microscope stage in distinguishing halite from
quartz. The differentiation of these two minerals by dispersion
staining microscopy is a problem with the smaller particles.
The simultaneous determination of submicron particles of
quartz, halite, other soluble chlorides, fluorides, bromides,
iodides, and sulfates may be possible by modifying the com-
position of the reagent. (Author conclusions modified)
43570
Zurlo, N.
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS IN THE WORKING AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ATMOSPHERE OF ALUMINUM REDUCTION PLANTS.
Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petrole-
um Engineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., 15p., 1971. (Presented
at the American Institute oi Mining, Metallurgical and Petrole-
um Engineers, Annual Meeting, 100th, New York, Feb. 26-
March 4, 1971.)
During electrolytic production of aluminum, gases and dusts
may escape into the atmosphere and, of these, dusts of solid
fluorine compounds and of its gaseous derivatives are of spe-
cial interest. Fluorine checks must be performed in the air
around the plants, in the area of the work departments, in the
urine of the workers, and in plants. Routine methods for ac-
complishing these analyses use both microdiffusion with sodi-
um hydroxide absorption and colorimetric analysis and an
electrode sensitive to fluorine ions. Equipment, calibration,
and analytical procedures are described.
43672
Katz, Morris
THE STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS OF SAMPLING
AND ANALYSIS. Intern. Clean Air Conf. Proc., England, 1959,
p. 147-152. 26 refs.
For purposes of sampling and measurement, air pollution can
be classified as paniculate matter, gaseous or vapor products,
and radioactive compounds. Various sampling and analytical
procedures in use and the criteria for the procedures are
discussed. Items suggested for international standardization in-
clude the definition of terms and units, dustfall, smoke and
suspended particulate impurities, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen ox-
ides, ozone or oxidants, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and fluorides. Measurement
methods for dustfall, suspended impurities, sulfur dioxide, and
fluoride are reviewed. The planning of air pollution surveys,
selection of sampling sites, choice of instruments and sampling
methods, analytical procedures, and the treatment and correla-
tion of data should receive coordinated attention and clarifica-
tion.
43979
Katz, M.
GAS ANALYSIS. In: Measurement of Air Pollutants. Guide to
the Selection of Methods. Geneva, World Health Organization,
1969, Chapt. 4, p. 42-48, 116-123. 282 refs.
Analytical methods that are highly specific for given gaseous
compounds are limited to the measurement of intrinsic proper-
ties of the molecule, to the formation of unique reaction
products or complexing agents, or to the prior removal of in-
terfering substances by precipitation, reaction, distillation, di-
alysis, or filtration. When such procedures are not available,
the analytical techniques and methods of calibration must be
rigidly standardized. The overall nature of community air pol-
lution and its sources has an important bearing on the validity
of nonspecific analytical data. The most common gaseous pol-
lutants include sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide, ozone, phosphates, chlorine, fluorides,
nitrates, and cyanides. In evaluating and selecting methods for
gas analysis the paramount parameters include the efficiency
of sample collection; the stability of the reagents and reaction
products; the ease of calibration; and the degree of simplicity,
specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of the
procedure. Automatic monitoring and sampling instruments
use three general methods: continuous sampling, batch-type
sampling, and dosimetric sampling. The methods may be based
en principles of electrolytic conductivity, electrolytic
titrimetry, measurement of electrolytic current or potential,
colorimetry, turbidimetry, photometry, fluorimetry, and in-
frared or ultraviolet absorption spectrometry. Operating
characteristics are reviewed for spectrometry, gas chromatog-
raphy, neutron activation analysis, flame ionization detectors,
clathrate compounds containing tritium, and neutron activa-
tion, have provided new methods for analyzing gases in the at-
mosphere.
43981
Katz, M.
RAPID METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND MEA-
SUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS. In: Measurement of Air
Pollutants. Guide to the Selection of Methods. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 1969, Chapt. 6, p. 54-59, 116-123. 282
refs.
Indicator tubes and test papers, ring oven methods, and
biological indicators are reviewed as rapid methods for the
identification and measurement of air pollutants. Indicator-
tube methods can detect minute amounts of gas in a short time
by means of portable and inexpensive equipment. A pollutant
gas causes a change in the color of a reagent packed in the
tube; comparison with color standards or measurement of the
length of discoloration can be used to determine the concen-
tration of the gas. To achieve quantitative results, a known
volume of air must be drawn through the tube at a constant
rate; other gases present in the air must be removed. Potential
sources of error include variations in tube diameters, tempera-
ture variations, and inaccurate estimation of stain length or
color intensity. Test-paper methods may be used for qualita-
tive or semi- quantitative measurement of gaseous pollutants;
the paper is exposed to the atmosphere for a known time, and
the degree of color change is measured by comparison with
color standards. The ring oven technique is a convenient
method for studying aerosol pollutants; the samples are col-
lected on paper tape and the analyzing steps are conducted
directly on the tape placed on the ring oven. This method will
detect inorganic ions in nanogram to microgram quantities, and
accuracies of 80-90% can be attained by simple visual
matching with a series of standard rings. Biological indicators
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
201
are useful in detecting low concentrations of toxic gases that
are difficult to detect by other simple means. Chemical
analyses of leaves or studies of symptoms can aid in assessing
the nature and magnitude of many pollutants, including sulfur
dioxide, fluorides, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, photochemical smog, ozone, hydrocarbons,
sulfuric acid aerosol, smokes, and metal compounds as par-
ticulate matter. Lichens as indicators of pollution in urban
areas are also examined.
43985
Katz, M.
NONAUTOMATIC METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF AIR POLLUTANTS. In: Measurement of Air Pollutants.
Guide to the Selection of Methods. Geneva, World Health Or-
ganization, 1969, Annex 4, p. 67- 99, 116-123. 282 refs.
The basic principles and procedures, sensitivity, apparatus,
and reagents for various nonautomatic methods for the deter-
mination of particulate and gaseous pollutants in air are
reviewed. Substances reported to cause interference are also
included. Methods for analysis include spectrophotometry, the
MBTH method, the distillation method, colorime.try, the
fluorimetric method, spectrographic methods, the indicator
tube method, iodine pentoxide method, infrared spectrometry,
a microdiffusion method, nephelometric methods, the Saltz-
man method, turbidimetry, the West and Gaeke method, the
conductimetric method, polarography, and the lead peroxide
method. The pollutants which may be determined by the
specified methods include acrolein, aliphatic aldehydes, am-
monia, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, carbon disulfide, carbon
monoxide, chlorine, chromium trioxide and salts of chromic
acid, inorganic fluorides, formaldehyde, hydrochloric acid,
chlorides, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, lead, man-
ganese, methanol, nitrates, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxi-
dants, phenols, particulate sulfates, sulfur dioxide, and sul-
furic acid mist.
43986
Katz, M.
AUTOMATIC SAMPLING AND MONITORING INSTRU-
MENTS. In: Measurement of Air Pollutants. Guide to the Selec-
tion of Methods. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1969,
Annex 5, p. 100-113, 116-123. 282 refs.
The basic principles, sensitivity, and operating procedures of
various automatic instruments for the sampling of air and the
monitoring of gaseous contaminants are reviewed. Substances
reported to cause interference are also included. The methods
include colorimetry, infrared spectrometric methods, poten-
tiometric methods, electrolytic galvammetric methods,
fluorimetry, conductrimetnc methods, the potassium iodide
method, titrimetric methods, coulometry, ultraviolet spec-
..-ometry, photometric methods, and iodimetnc methods using
•npingers pnd bubblers for sampling. The gaseous contami-
nants to which these methods are applicable include carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide,
hydrogen fluoride, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants,
ozone, and sulfur dioxide.
44083
Jahr, Jorgen
A NEW DOUBLE FILTER METHOD FOR THE SEPARATE
DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND DUST-
LIKE FLUORIDES IN THE AIR. (Eine neue Doppelfitler-
methode zur separaten Bestimmung von Fluorwasserstoff und
staubfoermigen Fluoriden in der Luft). Text in German. Staub,
Reinhaltung Luft, 32(6):248-2S2, June 1972. 2 refs.
The method was developed for personal sampling, but is also
suitable for other purposes. The air is drawn through two suc-
cessive filter? in one holder. The first filter is untreated, the
second impregnated with sodium formiate Particulate
fluorides are collected quantitatively on the first filter,
whereas hydrogen fluoride is found on both. By heating for 20
hr at 75 C in the closed filter holder, the HF collected on the
untreated filter is transferred quantitatively to the second, im-
pregnated filter. Leaching the two filters separately after the
heat treatment allows the determination of the fluoride ion on
each filter by the use of a fluoride-ion specific electrode. The
suitable range of the method is approximately from 0.4 micro-
grams F (-) and upwards for the particulate, and between 0.4
micrograms and 5 mg for HF. (Author summary modified)
44174
Fischer, G. and H. Brantner
STUDIES OF THE AIR-POLLUTANTS IN THE GRAZ AREA,
6TH REPORT: INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE CORRELA-
TIONS BETWEEN THE SULFATE CONTENT AND
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF THE LEAVES OF FAGUS SIL-
VATICA (COPPER BEECH), AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
FOR THE DEMARCATION OF EMISSION-AREAS IN
LARGE TOWNS. (Studien ueber die Luftverunreinigungen im
Raume Graz 6. Mitteilung: Untersuchungen ueber die Korrela-
tiven Beziehungen zwischen dem Sulfat- und Fluorgehalt im
Laub von Fagus silvatica L. (Rotbuche) und ihre Bedeutung fuer
die Abgrenzung von Immissionsgebieten in Grossstaedten). Text
in German. Zentralbl. Bakteriol., Parasitenk., Infektionskr.
Hyg., Abt. 1: Orig., Reihe B, 155(5-6):435-444, 1972. 22 refs.
Determinations were made of the sulfate ion content of leaf sam-
ples of Fagus silvatica L., which had grown in districts charac-
terized by different emission concentrations. The values thus ob-
tained were compared with the fluoride contents determined in
parallel thereto. The highest concentrations of ions were found
in the densely built-up regions. The fluoride ion content
gradually decreased through the less densely built-up suburbs
toward the open country, but the sulfate ion values remained
unchanged throughout the suburban region, and then fell to
normal values in the open country. If the sulfate and fluoride
values found in the urban area are compared with those found
in the open country, the difference is found to be significant.
The calculation of the correlation coefficients for the individual
groups showed a relationship that lay in the same direction but
was not very close in any instance. The lowest correlation coeffi-
cient was obtained from the comparison of the fluoride and
sulfate values in the urban area. Thus these two parameters are
completely independent of each other. The variation of the
fluoride concentration in the foliage closely corresponds to the
distribution that has been discovered on the basis of lichen,
urine, and sulfur dioxide analyses. Therefore, the determination
of fluoride in plant samples is preferred to that of sulfate, for
the qualitative determination of the extent of emission area in
large cities. (Author abstract modified
44177
Fischer, G. and H. Brantner
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION IN THE GRAZ REGION.
5TH REPORT: THE EFFECT OF EMISSION OF FLUORINE
ON THE GREEN AREAS OF A LARGE TOWN. -EXPERI-
MENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON FAGUS SILVATICA L.
(COPPER BEECH). (Studien ueber die Luftverunreinigungen im
Raume Graz 5. Mitteilung: Der Einfluss von Fluorinunissionen
auf die Gruenflaechen einer Grossstadt.- Experimentelle Unter-
suchungen an Fagus silvatica L. (Rotbuche)). Text in German.
Zentralbl. Bakteriol., Parasitenk., Infektionskr. Hyg., Abt. 1:
Orig., Reihe B, 155(5-6):42S-434, June 1972. 8 refs.
-------
202
Leave samples for fluoride determination were taken from
Nov. 1 to Dec. 1 of 1969 and 1970. In the entire period little
precipitation fell. For the chemical analysis 5 g of dried pul-
verized leaves were wetted with 20 ml of calcium hydroxide
solution, dried again, and ashed. The ash was then mixed with
60 ml of 75% sulfuric acid. After transfer to the distillation ap-
paratus, 5 ml of 5% perchloric acid were added. After distilla-
tion, bidistilled water was used for dilution; 5 ml of the diluted
substance was mixed with 5 ml buffer. The fluoride concentra-
tion was determined by means of an ion specific electrode.
The highest fluorine levels were found in the dense city area
and the directly adjoining suburban zone. Peak values between
27 and 48 ppm fluoride ions were measured in the dense
northern and northwestern sections of the city. An explanation
for this can be given by considering the meteorological condi-
tions during the summer months. Winds from south to
southeast prevail in this period. All air pollutants from the
southern city areas are transported toward the northern and
northwestern mountain barriers. In this area there are several
large industries which pollute this section of the city. The
mountain barrier prevents the dispersion of the polluted air.
Pollutants are transported only by thermal buoyancy and on
the few days with winds from the west or northwest.
44238
Fuhrmann, Hans
PROBLEMS OF MEASURING EMISSION OF GASES AND
THEIR CONCENTRATIONS IN POWER STATIONS AND
THEIR SOURROUNDINGS. (Problems der Emissions- und Im-
missionsmessung von Gaskonzentrationen in Kraftwerken und
deren Umgebung). Text in German. GIT (Glas- Instrum.-Tech.)
Fachz. Lab., 16(6):729-733, June 1972. 5 refs.
The specific problems of measuring pollutant concentrations at
and around thermal power plants and waste incinerators, as
well as suitable measuring techniques are described. Power
plant stacks of 80-100 m height have an action radius of about
3 km at wind speeds of 3-4 m/sec. Sulfur dioxide, carbon diox-
ide, and dust concentration recording is required for steam
boilers with capacities exceeding 150 tons/hr. Carbon dioxide
measurements are usually made by means of infrared absorp-
tion techniques. The measurement of the ultraviolet absorption
represents a highly selective method for determining SO2 con-
centrations in a range of 0-2000 ppm, and also conductivity
measurements and photometric procedures are suitable for
SO2 determination. Waste gases from waste incinerator plants
may contain 0.5-3 mg of SO2, 20-100 mg of sulfur trioxide,
0.2-1 g of hydrochloric acid, 0-10 mg of Hydrofluoric acid, 0-1
g of chlorine, 0-100 mg of phosgene, and 0-2 of nitrogen ox-
ides/cu m. The sampling is made at a temperature of 800-1000
C. The sampling for HC1 and HF should be made by means of
a heated tube, and for SO2, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric oxide
by means of a gas cooler and membrane filter. Ion-sensitive
electrodes are used for HF and HC1 determination, and
photometric or conductivity measurement procedures are
suitable for the selective determination of chlorine and
phosgene. Infrared and untraviolet absorption techniques are
used for SO2 and NO2, while SO3 can be determined by
means of conductivity measurement or photometry, using
isopropanol as the reagent.
44253
Ogihara, T.
MEASURING APPARATUS FOR TOXIC GASES. (Yudoku
gasu no sokutei kiki ti. tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi
Nensho (Fuel and Combustion), 38(12):1217-1220, 1971.
Several effective apparatuses for measurements of toxic gases
are introduced. The TOXGAKD is designed for the detection
of hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, and chlorine based on
the fact that electric current occurs when these components
react with an electrolyte. The measurement ranges are 0 to 50
ppm for HCN and H2S, and 0 to 5 ppm for C12, and the
response is instantaneous. The CO-ALARM, N701 is for the
continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide in air. The mea-
surement range is 0 to 500 ppm and the accuracy less than 1 %
of FS. The time of response is less than 45 seconds. The BIL-
LION-AIRE is for the detection of trace gas in air or in a
process gas flow, especially for C12 from 0 to 50 ppm,
phosgen from 0 to 50 ppm, hydrogen chloride from 0 to 10
ppm, hydrogen fluoride and ammonia from 0 to 50 ppm, and
nitrogen oxides from 0 to 300 ppm. The accuracy is about +
or -2% of FS, and time of response is 10 seconds. Detectors
for combustible gases for preventing explosions and for sulfur
dioxide are also mentioned.
44285
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING GOES AUTOMATIC.
Mod. Power Eng., 66(6):62-63, June 1972.
Automatic monitoring of air quality on municipal and national
levels and its advantages for predicting future pollutant con-
centration levels are discussed. Modern monitoring systems
can provide remote, unattended monitoring of air and water
quality, gather meteorological data, and give alarms or im-
mediate on-line transmission of data to a central point to allow
prompt corrective action to be taken. A typical installation
monitors meteorological data. Automatic sampling and moni-
toring instruments are available for parameters concerning typ-
ical air quality measurements including: sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, chlorine,
fluoride, ozone, and mercury. The city of Toronto, Canada is
duplicated in a mathematical model used by the air quality
branch of Environment Ontario to demonstrate and predict the
relationships between various air quality factors in the city.
There is also the nucleus of a central environmental monitor-
ing system operating on a national basis. The national air
quality surveillance system brings together data collected form
air monitoring stations across Canada for computer analysis
and comparison. Operations of this system are presently
limited largely to analysis and reporting of data. If emissions
of all plants could be measured on a minute-by-minute basis
by the appropriate pollution control authorities, there could be
no better protection against uninformed and biased attacks by
environmental groups and environment quality control agen-
cies.
44552
Ito, A., M. Taido, and M. Suzuki
STUDIES ON HYGIENIC CHEMISTRY OF AIR-POLLU-
TANTS (1). MEASUREMENT OF FLUORIDES IN THE AIR.
(Taiki osen busshitsu no eisei kagaku ni kansuru kenyu (1):
taikichu no fukkabutsu no sokutei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):112,
1969. (Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, 10th, Tokyo, Japan, 1969, Paper 111.)
The effects of types and concentration of absorbent for gase-
ous fluorides (usually dilute sodium hydroxide) on absorption
speeds and quantity of fluoride absorption were examined. Co-
existing ions in the atmosphere act as obstacles in measuring
fluorides. Since ions could not be separated, an estimate was
obtained from the lab measurements of ions, and limits of in-
fluences were determined. The fluoride steam distillation
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
203
separation method was examined. As a result of a recovery
rate test, the temperature of distillation was found to influence
fluoride separation and elimination of obstacles. When measur-
ing particle fluorides, the amount of fluoride contained in the
filter influences the measurement in the air. An analysis of a
sampling filter showed that a considerable amount of fluoride
was contained in the filter itself.
44596
Largent, Edward J.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF TRACE QUANTITIES OF
FLUORIDE. In: Fluorosis. The Health Aspects of Fluorine
Compounds. Columbus, Ohio State Univ. Press, 1961, Chapt.
11, p. 101-108.
In the Willard and Winter method for separating a fluoride
from interfering substances, the ashed biological sample is
boiled in a distilling flask with an acid, sulfuric or perchloric.
Water is added as drops of liquid or as a jet of steam and the
operation continues until all of the fluoride has been distilled
out of the ash. The volumes of distillate may vary between 100
and 500 ml. Once fluoride has been separated from the ashed
sample, it may be assayed by measuring its bleaching effect on
certain colors. The thorium-alizarin titration is the fastest
colorimetric procedure for measuring fluoride in distillate.
Several techniques have been used for carrying out the thori-
um-alizarin titration, including back titration, direct titration,
and titration against a permanent color standard. The entire
analytical procedure from collection of samples to titration of
distillate is described in detail. Reliability of determinations is
quite satisfactory for samples of air, water, urine, feces, and
bone.
44689
Lemoine, R
MONITORING METHODS FOR THE GASEOUS EF-
FLUENTS OF ALUMINUM PLANTS. Preprint, American Inst.
of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME),
New York, N. Y., 10p., 1972. (Presented at the American Inst.
of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Annual
Meeting, New York, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971.)
The methods used by aluminum plants to monitor gas-
scrubbing processes are still rather empirical and the rigorous
distinction between gaseous and solid fluorides is not possible
due to the lack of precise knowledge of the adsorption and
desorption properties of the solids. It is very difficult to get an
accurate measure of the gas flow, and thus to know the actual
amount of released fluorides. There is a pressing need for in-
ternational standardization, mainly in sampling methods, to
allow the aluminum producers to make process comparisons.
These same difficulties exist for ambient air measurements of
gaseous and solid fluorides. The relative toxicities of the solid
fluorides are not well understood. Two general approaches
exist for measuring the atmospheric concentration of gaseous
fluorides. Automatic apparatus give punctual short-term data,
but this data requires further data processing and the equip-
ment is expensive. The inexpensive static methods in existence
yield abundant but inaccurate data. Sampling procedures are
discussed and special precautions for avoiding the common
pitfalls of fluoride determination are outlined.
44710
Ferguson, William S.
APPENDIX 5 TO COMPLETE STATEMENT OF L. M. ALEX-
ANDER. In: Problems of Electrical Power Production in the
Southwest. Part 4. 92nd Congress (Senate), 1st Session, p. 1435-
1444, 1971. (Hearings before the Committee on Interior and In-
sular Affairs, May 27, 1971.) GPO
The results of total fluoride analysis performed on nine water,
21 soil, four coal, and one fly ash sample are presented in ta-
bles. Also reported are radioactive concentrations in water, fly
ash. and coal samples from Hayden, Colo., Craig, Colo., and
the vicinity of the South Platte River in Colorado. A location
key for the Hayden samples is provided.
44881
Jackson, Melbourne I,.
PARTICLE-MOLECULE COLLECTION BY SONIC FLOW
IMPINGERS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 31p., 1972. 20 rcfs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June
18-22, 1972, Paper 72-6.)
A convenient, inexpensive, and sufficiently accurate method
of sampling molecular and near micron and submicron parti-
cles, is described. Utilization of two sonic-flow impingers in a
series is predicted to collect 98 to 99% of a phosphoric acid
aerosol having a mass median diameter of 0.7 micron. The first
impinger simultaneously collected 90 to 98% of the aerosol and
95% of molecular fluoride compounds in a field test. On the
same aerosol, the standard Greenburg-Smith impinger had a
low collection performance, less than 65% at sonic velocity.
The utilization of a fust impinger at sonic flow greatly simpli-
fies sampling procedures by the need for a test meter and as-
sociated pressure and temperature measurements. Also, for
small particle sizes, isokinctic sampling is not necessary and
sampling line losses by deposition are less than 1%. The low
initial cost of the sampling units and the low manpower
requirements for setting up and supervising sampling make
possible the taking of a number of samples sufficient to
establish emissions ovei extended intervals of time. The equip-
ment is especially suited to locations having multiple emission
sources, or for locations requiring simultaneous sampling of
many points. (Author abstract modified)
44933
Cante, Charles J. and Henri L. Rosano
ADSORPTION INDUCED ELECTRODE POTENTIAL (AIEP)
CELLS FOR GAS AND VAPOR DETECTION. Preprint,
General Foods Corp., White Plains, N. Y. and City Coll., New
York, Dept. of Chemistry, 27p., 1969 (?). 11 rets.
Adsorption Induced Electrode Potential (AIEP) cells, can, by
the judicious choice of electrode material and cell electrolyte,
be made sensitive to cither lonizable or non-ionizable vapors.
The principal feature of the cell is a partially-exposed sensing
electrode which permits the gaseous sample to react at the ex-
posed electrode without prior dissolution of the vapor in the
bulk electrolyte. The basic designs of AIEP cells for detection
of halogen ions, acidic vapors, alcohols and aldehydes, aro-
matic compounds, pyrolytic products of halogenated solvents,
hydrogen fluoride and its salts, carbon dioxide, ketones of low
molecular weight, hydrogen sulfide, and basic vapors are
described. Operational factors, including choice of elec-
trochemical reaction, selection of detection potential, cell
calibration, consideration of cell response mode and response
time, and cell lifetime and sensitivity are discussed. The
present AIEP concept is applicable to relatively volatile com-
pounds (boiling point less than 180 C) because the cells cannot
operate at high temperatures for any significant period of time.
In addition, the vapor must be soluble in the cell electrolyte,
otherwise it will be preferentially desorbed from the gas/liquid
interface back into the vapor phase. The exception to this is
-------
204
the case where the vapor reacts chemically with the electrolyte
to produce an electroactive species.
45344
Bernard, Michel-Louis, Michel Roux, Philippe Hobbes, and
Roland Lucas
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE FLUORINE-CAR-
BON REACTION. III. DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF
ELEMENTARY FLUORINE. (Contribution a letude de la reac-
tion fluor-carbone. III. - Detection et analyse du fluor elemen-
taire). Text in French. Bull. Soc. Chim. France, no. 6:2203-2207,
June 1972. 10 refs.
An instrument and method for the detection of elementary
fluorine in air are described. The method is based on the varia-
tions in the electric conductivity of activated carbon caused by
fluorine-contaminated air. Because a single carbon-filled mea-
suring cell loses its reactivity to fluorine within a few hours,
due to humidity forming hydrofluoric acid with elementary
fluorine, a double-cell detector was developed. The air sam-
pled at a rate of 7 1/min is first cooled to -30 C and then
heated to 50 C before entering the first, non-selective measur-
ing cell. Readings induced by agents other than elementary
fluorine in the first cell are canceled by the selective second
measuring cell which is filled with fresh activated carbon. The
detection of fluorine concentrations of 0.04-8 ppm takes 1 min.
The grain size of the activated carbon ranges from 0.200 to
0.315 mm. No interference due to water vapor, hydrochloric
acid, and chlorotrifluoromethane was observed.
45760
D.P.R. APRIL 15, 1971, NO. 322: REGULATION FOR THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF LAW NO. 615 OF JULY 13, 1966
DEALING WITH AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES
APPLICABLE TO INDUSTRY. (D.P.R. 15 Aprile 1971, N. 322:
Regolamento di esecuzione della legge 13 luglio 1966, N. 615,
recante provvedhnenti contro 1 inquinamento atmosferico,
limitatamente al settore dell industria). Text in Italian. Igiene
Sanita Pubblica (Rome), 27(9-lO):429-432, Sept.-Oct. 1971.
The implementation regulation described, issued by the
Mimstero della Sanita, Direzione Generale Igiene Pubblica, is
based on emission control at ground level where it has the
strongest impact on public health. The law requires that its
provisions be taken into consideration as early as the planning
stage of the construction of an industrial enterprise, and that
the best available pollution control technology be employed.
All construction plans must be submitted to a regional com-
mitte which must render a decision within 60 days. Air sam-
ples must be drawn from around each enterprise at an altitude
between 1.5 and 3 m above ground or above each obstacle.
The regulation contains 13 supplements: supplement 1 and 2
deal with test instruments and test procedures; no. 3, with the
determination of suspended inert particulates; no. 4, with SO2
determination; no. 5 with the colorimetric determination of
chlorine; no. 6 with the determination of hydrochloric acid; no.
7 with the potentiometric and colorimetric determination of
fluorine compounds; no. 8 with the colorimetric and poten-
tiometric determination of hydrogen sulfide; no. 9 with the
colorimetric determination of nitrogen oxides; no. 10 with the
determination of suspended lead in the atmosphere; no. 11
with the spectroscopic determination of carbon monoxide; no.
12 with the determination of hydrocarbons from refineries by
flame ionization methods; and no. 13 with the determination of
free crystalline silica in paniculate emissions by an X-ray dif-
fraction method. In the choice of techniques three criteria
have been considered: sampling efficiency, analytical specifici-
ty, and sensitivity, and feasibility of performing the test in a
laboratory equipped with conventional instruments.
45802
Luiga, Peeler, Reel Liiv, and Roman Ott
INVESTIGATION OF THE LA/AC COLORIMETRIC
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AIRBORNE
FLUORIDES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 13p., 1972. 5 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June
18-22, 1972, Paper 72-1.)
The influence of various test conditions was investigated in
the lanthan-alizarin complexan (La/AC) and fluoride reaction
in order to establish optimum conditions for achieving high
sensitivity and reproducibility of measurements.
Photocolorimetric investigations were made in both the visible
and the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. Solutions of stan-
dard fluoride, alizarin-complexan, lanthan-nitrate, and acetate
buffer were prepared. Acetone, acetonitrile, methanol,
ethanol, propanol dioxane, and dimethylformamide were com-
pared for their effects on solution sensitivity. Of the tested
solvents, acetone was the most suitable; its optimum rate in
the final solution was 33%. Introduction of acetone cut down
the stabilizing time in the reaction of the La/AC solution with
the fluoride sample from 1 hr to 20 min, and sufficiently sta-
bilized the solution for 24 hrs or more. Difference in optical
density at 618 micron between the test solution and the cor-
responding blank appeared to be a maximum at pH 4.3. In the
ultraviolet region of the spectrum at 280 micron, methanol,
ethanol, propanol, and dimethylformamide were utilized
because of the high absorbance of acetone. As a result, the
sensitivity in the ultraviolet region was more than 50% higher
than the sensitivity in the visible region. Except for sulfite, all
the ions investigated had approximately the same effect on the
density of the test solution in both the visible and the ul-
ti a violet region. The diverse interference of sulfite was
eliminated by its oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. The
diverse effect of total sulfates was eliminated by their
precipitation with benzidinhydrochloride. Aluminum ion was
successfully eliminated by kationite. The ratio of lanthanum
(III) to alizarin-complexan solutions, the rate of buffer, the
type and the amount of the organic solvent and the pH value
have considerable effect on the sensitivity of the method. The
optimum values of these factors are in some cases dependent
upon each other and on the fluoride concentration. (Author ab-
stract modified)
46034
Cross, Frank, L., Jr. and Howard F. Schiff
MONITORING IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Preprint,
New Hampshire Univ., Durham and Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p. 1971. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Sampling Seminar, Windsor, Conn., Oct. 27, 1971.)
The impact of the 1970 Clean Air Act on air monitoring should
increase the demand for source and ambient air sampling
equipment by 500 to 700% in the 25-year period from 1975 to
2000. During this period, additional personnel, technicians, and
instrumentation personnel will have to be added to the staff of
governmental agencies and industrial firms. Because of the
enormity of the task and the lowering of emission and air
quality standards, more refined and less costly equipment for
monitoring particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon
oxides, mercury, hydrocarbons, chlorine, metals, hydrogen
sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, fluorides, oxidants, odors, and
other pollutants will also have to be developed. In addition,
remote units for industrial monitoring and unitized equipment,
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
205
such as portable gas chromatographs, will also be in demand
in the near future. Ambient and source sampling methods in-
clude colorimetry, coulometry, conductivity, infrared spec-
trometry, flame ionization detection, and Orsat analysis. The
development and operation of a monitoring network is out-
lined.
46303
Peregud, Ye. A., Ye. V. Gernet, and M. S. Bykhovskaya
RAPID METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NOX-
IOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE AIR. (Bystryye Melody
Opredeleniya Vrednykh Veshchestv Vozdukhe). p. 9-10, 17-41,
47-59, 62-70, 80-97, 182-186, 253-254, 1962. 22 rets. Translated
from Russian. Foreign Technology Div., Wright-Patterson AFB,
Ohio, Translation Div. 103p., April 8, 1971. NTIS, DDC: AD
726795
One of the most inportant aspects for safeguarding human
health is the monitoring of the air in the plant, shop, or work
environment. Rapid methods for determining a large number
of substances which have a toxic effect upon the human or-
ganism are described. Sampling methods, method of preparing
mixtures of toxic substances with air, calibration methods, and
analytical procedures for the determination of oxides of
nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide,
hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, and chlorine are included. Sam-
plers include aspirators, absorption devices, and diffusion bot-
tles. Colorimetry is the major analytical method discussed.
46443
Rechenberg, W.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN RAW
MATERIALS, CLINKERS AND DUST IN CEMENT MANU-
FACTURE. (Schnellbestimmung von Fluorid in Rohstoffen,
Klinkern und Staeuben der Zementherstellung). Text in Ger-
man. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 25(9):410-416, 1972. 25
refs.
At least 90% of the fluoride entering the cement kiln with the
raw material leaves the kiln with the clinker. The rest is found
in the dust in the form of solid calcium fluoride; the waste
gases contain no gaseous fluorides. For better knowledge of
the cycles of volatile matter in the cement kiln, an accurate
determination is necessary of the fluoride content in silicates,
for example in the raw material, the fuel, the cement clinker,
and the dust. A modified method was developed to decompose
and separate the fluoride in the silicates so it can be deter-
mined photometrically. During decomposition with alkalies, 0.1
to 1.0 g of the substance is treated with 4 g of lithium
tetraborate by heating at 1000 C in a gold-platinum crucible for
10 minutes. After cooling, the tablet formed as a result of this
decomposing conversion process is completely dissolved from
the crucible. The tablet is transferred to the distilling flask of a
Seel apparatus and decomposed with superheated water vapor
in the presence of 20 ml of 60% perchloric acid and 0.7 g of
silicagel. A distillation time of 20 minutes is sufficient to
liberate 40 to 240 micrograms of fluoride from its compounds
and distill it quantitatively into the receiver. The most favora-
ble pH value for the formation of the color complex in the
presence of tetraborate is 4.3 + or - 0.05. The method has no
systematic error and possesses excellent correlation of extinc-
tion and concentration with a correlation coefficient equal to
0.999. The fluoride in raw meals, clinkers, and dusts in cement
manufacture in a concentration of around 0.03% (by weight)
can be determined with a repetition scatter of .0002% (by
weight), while corresponding figures for concentrations of
around 0.07% and 0.25% are 0.0004% and 0.004% (by weight),
respectively. With this method it is possible to carry out 20
fluoride determinations in 2 days.
46784
Kuz mina, T. A. and N. Sh. Vol berg
DETERMINATION OF HYDROFLUORIC ACID IN THE AIR.
(Opredeleniye ftoristogo vodoroda v atmosfernom vozdukhe).
Text in Russian. Tr. Glav. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), no.
254:172-177, 1971. 11 refs.
A colorimetric method for the determination of hydrofluoric
acid in the air is described. Sampling is done by means of
Richter type absorber equipped with filter, containing 5 ml of
twice-distilled water, at a rate of 2-3 1/min over 20 min. The
liquid sample thus obtained is combined with zirconium nitrate
dissolved in 3.5n-hydrochloric acid. Xylene orange is added
after 30 min, and the optic density is determined by means of
photoelectric colorimeter after 3-5 min against a calibration
curve obtained fora standard series containing 0.125, 0.25, 0.5,
1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 micrograms of F per 5 ml. The
sensitivity of the method for a sampling rate of 3 1/min and a
sampling duration of 20 min is at 0.002 mg/cu m. The error is
+ or - 6%. While sulfate concentrations occurring in the air do
not interfere with the determination, aluminum ion concentra-
tions of 2 micrograms/ml or more cause interference.
47096
Ito, Shonosuke
METHODS AND TOOLS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND CHLORINE GASES. (Fukka
suiso gasu, enso gasu no sokuteiho to kiki). Text in Japanese.
PPM (Japan), 3(ll):41-47, Nov. 1972.
The basic methods of hydrogen fluoride analysis include the
weight method, the titration method, the absorption spec-
trometry method, the filter paper fluorescence method, and
the ion electrode method. Presently, colorimetry and ion elec-
trode methods are employed in domestically manufactured ap-
paratus. The alkaline filter paper collection method, alizarin
complexion method, and Zr-ECR automatic analyzer are ex-
plained. The method of concentration, sampling tips such as
care against evaporation and splash losses, tearing of filter
paper, or dust in the tube, are given. For measuring chlorine
gas, orthotolidine chlorine solution is used. Currently commer-
cially available apparatus using orthotolidine colorimetry are
discussed with a diagram.
47193
Atomic Energy Commission, New York, Health and Safety
Lab.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE ION. In: HASL Procedures Manual. Rept. TID-
4500, HASL-300, p. 01-01 to 01-05, 1972. 1 ret. NTIS: HASL-
300
The analytical procedure for the determination of fluoride ions
by spectrophotometry is outlined. The analysis depends on
fluoride quenching of the thorium-chrome Azurol S lake. The
apparatus and reagents requirement, sample preparation, and
experimental techniques are reviewed. The method is applica-
ble to air samples, air filters, water, or urine.
47218
Yanagisawa, Saburo
ON MEASURING METHODS OF AIR POLLUTION IN
JAPAN AND THEIR PROBLEMS. Union of Japanese Scientists
and Engineers, Proc. Int. Symp. Air Pollut., Tokyo, Japan 1972,
p. 63-69. 27 refs. (Oct. 17-19.)
Methods in use in Japan for the measurement of sulfur oxides,
oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and dioxide, hydrocar-
bons, oxidants, chloride, hydrogen chloride, fluoride,
-------
206
hydrogen sulfide, cyanide, ammonia, acrolein, mercaptan, bro-
mide, phenols, paniculate matter, and various other organic
compounds, are listed. Their range of sensitivity is also in-
dicated, in addition to whether they are batch or continuous
methods. These methods include titration, photometry, con-
ductivity, ultraviolet and infrared spectrometry, coulometry,
lead dioxide, colorimetry, potentiometry, fluorescence, flame
ionization, gas chromatography, gravimetry, impinger, impac-
tor, counting, and chemiluminescence.
48315
Hamamoto, H., S. Hattori, H. Kono, and A. Kanazawa
MICRO-MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORINE
BY ALKALI FILTER PAPERS. (Arukari roshiho ni yoru
taikichu fusso no biryo sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Nippon
Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 19(10):421, Oct.
1972. (Presented at the Japan Society of Public Health, General
Meeting, 31st. Sapporo, Japan, Oct. 25-27, 1972.)
The litmus paper and alkali filter paper methods can be used
to measure fluorine concentrations. However, these methods
usually require a lot of time and material. Alkali filter papers
and positive ion exchange resins were tested to enhance
knowledge of convenient testing methods. Alkali concentra-
tions of 10, 20, and 30% were set up, fluorine was added, and
the infrared-120 absorption was measured before and after
disposition. The reduction of absorption prior to disposition
was due to pH and carbonate. The mfrared-120 disposition
figure was similar to that obtained by a medium heating
disposition. The infrared-120 dispostion method is extremely
simple and can be used for a number of pollutants. Inter-
ference from strong winds and humidity was avoided by
putting alkali filter papers around a cylinder with a 10-centime-
ter circumference.
48392
Berlyand, M. Ye. and N. Sh. Volberg
TEMPORARY PRECEDURAL DIRECTIVES FOR DETER-
MINING THE CONTENT OF POLLUTANTS IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE. (Vremennyye metodicheskiye ukazaniya po
opredeleniyu soderzhaniya primesey v atmosfere).
Hydrometeorological Service of the USSR, Moscow, 1971. 6 refs.
Translated from Russian. 120p.
Systematic and efficient air pollution monitoring must include,
along with air sampling and analysis for atmospheric pollu-
tants, meteorological observations. Various techniques for air
pollution monitoring and meteorological observations are
reviewed. Sampling methods are reviewed for sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, nitrogen dioxide, phenol,
hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, dust, soot, and carbon monoxide.
Laboratory techniques, calibration, instrumentation, reagent
preparation, and sample analysis are examined for
photocolorimetric analysis (spectrophotometry and
colorimetry). Equipment and techniques for measurements of
wind speed and direction, air temperature, and humidity;
criteria for determinations of weather characteristics (sky
cover, haze, mist, rain, snow, fogs, and solar radiation); plume
characteristics; and recording methods are also reviewed.
48492
Sakai, Kaoru
ANALYTICAL APPARATUS AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES FOR TOXIC GASES. (1). (Yugai gasu no bun-
seki sochi to sokutei gijutsu (1)). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo
(Environ. Creation), 2(10):38-44, Oct. 1972.
For measuring sulfur dioxide, a sampling method using a filter
and a trap, an analytical apparatus using electroconductivity, a
flame photometric detector, a non-dispersive infrared gas
analyzer, and gas chromatography used in combination with a
flame photometric detector are explained with illustrations.
For measuring hydrogen sulfide and bad odors containing sul-
fur, gas chromatography and flame photometry are used in
combination. Fluorides and hydrogen fluoride are sampled in a
sampling tube heated to 140 C to prevent condensation of test
gas. A lanthanum-alizarin solution is used for analysis. A
newly developed two wavelength spectrometer has a sensitivi-
ty hundred of times higher than previous analyzers. For mea-
suring chlorine, orthotolidine colorimetry and a detector
method are used according to the Japanese Industrial Stan-
dard. However, using any method, low concentrations of less
than several ppm cannot be determined. For measuring
hydrogen chloride, the Japanese Industrial Standard designates
the thiocyanic acid secondary mercury method, the silver
nitrate method, the neutralization method, and the continuous
analysis method. The first is the most dependable, but is sub-
ject to the interference of halogen compounds and cyanides.
Therefore, the electroconductivity method, although it does
not give good repeatability, cannot be ignored.
48674
Okita, Toshiichi
MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE
CHLORIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki-chu gasujo oyobi
ryushijo enkabutsu sokutei). Text in Japanese. Japan Society of
Air Pollution, Proc. Symp. Japan Soc. Air Pollut., 13th, 1972,
p. 113. (Nov. 7-9, Paper 68.)
The separation measurement method of particulates and gase-
ous compounds (hydrogen chloride mainly) was somewhat im-
proved. The collection rate of gas by filter paper stays at 95%
at 26 1/min whether the paper is soaked in a sodium carbonate
solution of 5% or of 1%. Therefore, a filter paper soaked in
sodium carbonate can be used for simultaneous capturing of
hydrogen fluoride and HC1. The collection rate of a millepore
LSWP 04700 filter was examined, using polystyrene particles
of 0.365 micron diameter. The capturing rate was 99.9995% at
00 flow rate of 10 1/min. Sodium chloride was extracted from
the filter paper using nitric acid of various concentrations; ex-
traction was disrupted when the concentration was more than
IN. The improved method of collection and measurement is
the use of two filters, one a millepore SLWP filter and the
other a filter soaked in 1% sodium carbonate solution and
dried. After filtering the gas for 2-4 hr at 20 1/min, the SLWP
filter is soaked in scalding 0.5 N nitric acid, and the sodium
carbonate filter is soaked in scalding water. Extracts are mea-
sured by the thiocyanic acid mercury method.
48916
American Industrial Hygiene Assoc., Analytical Chemistry
Committee
ABSTRACTS OF INTERSOCIETY COMMITTEE METHODS
FOR AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS: REPORT
I. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 33(4):269-278, April 1972. 13 refs.
Tentative methods for air sampling and analysis of various
pollutants are presented including references, method of col-
lection, principle of analysis, interferences, sensitivity, and re-
agents and equipment needed. Particulates containing arsenic
can be collected on membrane or glass fiber filters and
analyzed by colorimetry with a specrophotometer. Gaseous
chlorides are collected by frittered glass absorbers or impin-
gers; particulate chloride is collected by filtration, impinge-
ment, or electrostatic precipitation. Chloride can then be
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
207
analyzed by titration with ir . • c nitrate solution using
diphenyl carbazoneebromphe. i >lue as the indicator.
Fluorides can be collected by dry collectors such as membrane
or fiber filters or by wet collectors such as dilute alkaline solu-
tion or distilled water. Then fluorides can be manually deter-
mined by direct titration or spectrophotometry. The semiauto-
matic method relies on colorimetry. Three collection methods
are used for nitrogen dioxide — bubbler, glass syringe, and
evacuated bottle methods; NO2 is analyzed by spec-
trophotometry or colorimetry using azo dyes. Total nitrogen
oxides can be collected in flasks or bottles and determined by
oxidation to nitrate which is reacted to phenoldisulfonic acid
and by measuring the light absorption of the product. Bags are
used to collect oxidants such as ozone which are determined
by iodimetry. Grab samples of hydrocarbons can be analyzed
by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector and a
chromatographic column. Polynuclear hydrocarbons, collected
on glass fiber filters using a high-volume air sampler, are
analyzed by benzene extraction and column chromatography
separation followed by spectrophotometry or by cyclohexane
extraction and column chromatographic separation followed by
spectrophotometric and fluorimetric analysis. Benzo(a)pyrene
analysis consists of collection on a hi-vol, micro-, or mem-
brane filter and analysis by microanalysis with a spec-
trophotofluorimeter or a filter fluorimeter, by chromatographic
analysis with chromatographic separation and fluorescence
analysis, or by spectrophotometric analysis.
49391
Gilbert, Traugott
THE MONITORING OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS. (Die
Ueberwachung industrieller Emissionen). Text in German. Tech.
Ueberwach. (Duesseldorf), 13(7/8):247-2SO, 1972.
Continuous monitoring is used for the measurement of particu-
lates and sulfur dioxide. Boiler furnaces operated with solid or
liquid fuels and with a heat production of more than 100
Gcal/hr are monitored continuously, as are cement plants. In
the near future, iron and steel plants also will have to be con-
tinuously monitored. A brief description of sampling methods
such as photometry, colorimetry, gas chromatography, and
mass spectrometry is given. Measurements of gaseous and par-
ticulate emissions were taken in various plants The hydrocar-
bon concentration from a naphthalene factory was to 1.0 to 5.0
g/cu m, and in anthracene melting plants 2.0 to 15.) g/cu m. In
the waste gas of brick kilns the gaseous fluorine compounds
reached concentrations of 180 mg/cu m. The West German
Federal Ministry of the Interior authorized two units for the
continuous measurement of SO2 in waste gases of boiler fur-
naces (100 Gcal/hr), the Uras I and II. For the continuous
measurement of dust emissions, the smoke density measuring
units RM 3 and D-R/110 have been authorized.
49476
Nestaas, I. and O. Bjorseth
SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENTS OF EMISSION. Preprint,
Norwegian Society of Professional Engineers, Oslo, 22p., 1972. 3
refs. (Presented at the International Symposium on the Fluoride
Problem in the Aluminum Industry, May 24-26, 1972.)
Equipment designed to sample hydrofluoric acid and solid
fluorides in gases at primary aluminum smelters is described,
as well as optimum selection of sampling sites, sampling dura-
tion, and sampling frequency for fluoride measurements. A
sampler was tested in a laboratory; it was composed of a
spray arrester designed to separate droplets larger than 50
micron, a cyclone to reduce the loading on the filter during
long periods of sampling uncleaned gases, membrane type
acrylonitril-polyvinyl chloride filters with a pore size of 1.2
micron, a temperature sensor, a gas drier and condensate col-
lector to be used in cold weather, and sieve-tray gas absorbers
with 5% monobasic potassium carbonate. Sampling outlay for
a plant with 168 closed prebake 150 kA pots is described.
Emissions from each of the three sections and the per-
formance of the scrubbers were checked monthly by sampling
ventilation air in one fan and uncleaned and cleaned pol ex-
haust, simultaneously. Gaseous and solid fluorides were sam-
pled separately. Uncleaned pot exhaust was sampled in the
center of horizontal ducts ahead of the scrubbers. Ventilation
air was sampled below the fans to avoid segregation of solids
due to centrifugal forces. Since emission of fluorides varies
during the day, although not significantly, duration of sampling
should be 24 hours. The annual average emission can be mea-
sured fairly accurately by sampling six sections four times a
year.
49509
Shirasawa, Tadao
HARMFUL GAS MEASURING EQUIPMENT. (Yugai gasu
sokutei kiki ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kauri to Kogai
(Heat Management Public Nuisance), 25(2):77-83, Feb. 1973.
Measurement methods as described in Japanese Industrial
Standards are discussed for sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
chlorine, hydrogen chloride, fluorine compounds, and
hydrogen fluoride. Dust concentrations and lead and cadmium
content in dust should be analyzed by polarography. Sulfur ox-
ides are measured by electroconductivity (suitable for concen-
trations up to 10,000 ppm). Ultraviolet spectrometry can also
be used to measure SO2 up to 10,000 ppm. The Saltzman
method and chemiluminescence can be used to measure
nitrogen oxides. Ultraviolet spectrometry is suitable for nitric
oxide up to 1000 ppm concentration.
49752
Japan Environmental Agency
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS. (Kan-
kyo taiki chosa sokutei hoho nado shishin). Text in Japanese.
58p., Aug. 1972.
Instructions for sampling and measuring methods of air pollu-
tants are given. Sulfur oxides in the air are collected in a
0.006% hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution having a sulfuric
acid concentration of .0001 N, and the concentration is mea-
sured by the conductivity method. Carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons are collected using a Mylar bag and are deter-
mined by infrared spectrometry and flame ionization, respec-
tively. Airborne soot, and particulates including sulfate ion,
nitrate ion, organic compounds, and metals are collected by a
high-volume or low-volume sampler. Sulfate and nitrate are
determined by the spectrophotometric method. Organic com-
pounds are determined by the gravimetric method, and metals
are determined by the atomic absorption method. Gaseous and
granular fluorides are collected and separated by two-stage fil-
ters, a millipore filter, and a milhpore filter impregnated with
1% sodium carbonate; they are determined by the fluoride ion
electrode method or colorimetric method. Nitrogen oxides are
collected in an absorbing solution prepared by dissolving 5 g
of sulfanilic acid and 140 g of glacial acetic acid in 900 ml of
water and adding to it 20 ml of 0.1% aqueous solution of N-(l-
naphthyl)-ethylenediamine hydrochlonde followed by dilution
with water to 1 1 and by determination by the colonmetnc
method.
-------
208
49879
Sira Inst., Chislehurst (""ngland), Market Research Section
POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL: THE ROLE OF INSTRU-
MENTATION TO 1980. A STUDY OF THE UK SITUATION.
Rept. SUN 9501842-2-5, 140p., 1971. 40 refs.
The form and nature of monitoring requirements with respect
to air and water pollution and present and future demand in
the field are reviewed. Pollutants and their sources, instrument
applications, and technological developments are examined.
The markets for pollution monitoring devices were calculated,
including the trends of use of smokemeters, light interference
instruments, and opacity measurement devices for smoke
monitoring; titration techniques, gauges, and lead dioxide can-
dles for sulfur dioxide determination; nondispersive infrared
methods for the determination of SO2, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbons; carbon monoxide monitors with
thermal detection; chemiluminescence techniques for nitrogen
oxides; and flame ionization detectors for hydrocarbons. The
more recent developments include an automatic continuous
recording meter based on the chemical reduction of SO2,
laser-Raman devices for CO, NOx, and SO2; correlation spec-
trophotometers for NOx; fluoride monitors; odorimeters for
atmospheric measurements; flame photometric detectors for
SO2, ozone measurement techniques based on chemilu-
minescence; and techniques for monitoring lead compounds in
car exhaust.
49992
Zurlo, Nicola
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE ANALYTICAL
METHODS INCLUDED IN THE REGULATION TO BE AP-
PLIED BY THE INDUSTRY ACCORDING TO LAW NO. 615.
(Considerazioni techniche sui metodi di analisi del regolamento
di applicazione per I industria delta legge 615). Text in Italian.
Chim. Ind. (Milan), 54(9):801-804, Sept. 1972. (Presented at the
Giornate della Chimica, 23rd Convegno, Milan, Italy, April 19-
20, 1972.)
The antismog law No. 615 stipulates maximal permissible con-
centrations for all major industrial pollutants at 2 levels, i.e.,
30-minute median concentrations for nine substances, and 24-
hour median concentrations which are 3-4 times lower than the
30-minute concentrations. The median annual concentration is
15-20 times lower than the 24-hour concentration. Only the
more precise and generally used measurement methods are
permissible and these are stipulated in the regulation. Particu-
lates are determined gravimetrically by a 5 cm membrane filter
where a major source of error is the variation in the weight of
the filter. Free silica is analyzed by the same method as inert
dusts, but it is complex and subject to errors. The colorimetric
method is prescribed for sulfur dioxide. If this method yields
equal or a little lower values than the analysis of SO2 and sul-
fur trioxide combined then the presence of sulfates can be ex-
cluded. If the difference is large then it can be due to sulfate
or to free sulfuric acid which must be determined. Nitrogen
oxides are determined by the Saltzman method; for i4-hour
median levels absorption with soda and subsequent
colorimetry is prescribed. The methods leave much to be
desired and all that can be done is to follow scrupulously the
prescribed procedure. Chlorine is determined by the
orthotoluidine method, hydrogen chloride by the sulfocyanaide
reaction, hydrofluoric acid by colorimetry with a zirconium
alizarin indicator or by a specific electrode, sulfuric acid by
the methylene blue method or by a specific electrode, lead by
colorimetry or by atomic absorption, carbon monoxide by the
infrared method or by the iodine pentoxide method.
50093
Ohno, S., M. Suzuki, M. Kadota, and M. Yatazawa
DETERMINATION OF TRACE FLUORINE IN BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS BY PHOTONUCLEAR ACTIVATION ANALY-
SIS. Mikrochim. Acta, no. 1:61-68, 1973. 9 refs.
A photonulclear activation techniques was tested for measur-
ing fluorine in air, water, and biological materials. After alkali
fusion, fluorine was absorbed on an anion exhange resin. The
irradiated resin was soaked and stirred in 5 N hydrochloric
acid solution. After filtering, fluorine-18 resulting from the
reaction was extracted with 0.2% dime thy Idichlorosilane in
xylene, and the fluorine-18 0.51 MeV annihilation peak in an
aliquot of the organic phase was measured by gamma-ray
spectrometry. The precision of this method calculated from
replicate analyses of standard specimen was + or - 11%, and
sensitivity was 0.01 micrograms for this element.
50337
Hinkley, E. D.
TUNABLE INFRA-RED LASERS AND THEIR APPLICA-
TIONS TO AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS. Opto-elec-
tron., 4(2):69-86, May 1972. 26 rets.
The application of tunable infrared lasers to the detection and
monitoring of gaseous air pollutants was examined. The princi-
ple of operation, design, and monitoring techniques are
reviewed. The various techniques include highly specific point
sampling, in situ source monitoring, ambient air monitoring,
resonance fluorescence, absorption and remote heterodyne de-
tection. The lasers can be applied to the detection of carbon
monoxide, hydrogen chloride, methane, hydrogen fluoride,
nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, sul-
fur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, ozone,
nitrous oxide, sulfur trioxide, formaldehyde, benzene,
ethylene, and ammonia. (Author abstract modified)
50470
Shirasawa, T. and Z. Kawase
HARMFUL GAS MEASURING APPARATUS (2). (Yugai gasu
sokutei kiki ni (suite. (2)). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri to
Kogai (Heat Management Public Nuisance), 25(3):51-58, March
1973.
The measurement method for chlorine consists of colorimetric
determination using an orthotolidine solution. Another method
uses ultraviolet rays for chlorine determination. Hydrogen
chloride can be determined by electroconductivity or by
colorimetry using a ferric sulfate ammonium and thiocyanate
mercuric salt and photocells. Fluorine compounds can be
determined by colorimetry and ion electrodes. These methods
are continuous, automatic methods which are easy to maintain
and control.
50876
Shirasawa, Tadao, Chotaro Ohno, and Kazuo Hishida
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN AHt POLLUTION. (Sokutei
gijutsu). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 4(4):116-136, April
1973.
Analytical techniques are described for testing sulfur in fuel,
ash in coal and petroleum, and the heat generated by com-
bustion. Instruments required for the control of combustion
such as a gas analyzer, thermometer, and flowmeter are
discussed. Paniculate sampling by a dust tube or filter and
analytical methods are mentioned. Analysis of fluorides,
chlorine, and hydrogen chloride by colorimetry and calibration
techniques are discussed. Atomic absorption spectrometry,
colorimetry, and polarography are recommended for the analy-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
209
sis of cadmium and lead. Other standard Japanese analytic^
methods are described.
50922
Giever, Paul M.
ALL ABOUT TAPE SAMPLERS. Pollut. Eng., 5(2):38-40, Feb.
1973.
Automated filter tape air samplers are sensitive, timer-con-
trolled, portable instruments that operate with a very high
degree of repeatability. They can sample or monitor all types
of paniculate matter and certain gaseous pollutants in ambient
air. Designed to collect cyclical samples of polluted at-
mosphere, and to operate unattended for extended time inter-
vals, these tape instruments perform widely varied indoor and
outdoor air sampling applications. When used outdoors, the in-
struments should be suitably enclosed for weather protection
and to discourage tampering. Tape instruments have been
adapted to sample hydrogen sulfide and fluoride gases in the
parts per billion range. Tape instruments have visually demon-
strated the performance of a dust collecting system by taking
simultaneous air samples on both sides of the collector unit.
Particle samples collected on tapes may be evaluated by two
different techniques. One uses light transmitted through the
sample spot, and the other uses light reflected from the spot.
In both techniques, the degree of soiling by paniculate matter
is determined by comparing the light reading of a sample spot
(from 0 to 100% light transmission or reflectance) with a read-
ing of 100% transmission or reflectance taken from the clean
tape sections adjacent to the sample spot. Tape instruments
are not suitable for air evaluations based on volumetric or
mass measurements, such as the measurement of a certain
weight of paniculate matter in a specific volume of air.
50936
Sugano, Saburo
AN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR POLLUTION AND ITS
PROBLEMS. (Kogai bunsekiho to sono mondaiten). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society of Analytical Chemistry,
Tokyo, 45p., 1973. (Presented at the Japan Society of Analytical
Chemistry, Symposium on Pollution and Analytical Chemistry,
7th, Tokyo, Japan, March 16, 1973, Paper 3.)
Several analytical methods have been revised to make them
simpler and more correct. The revised analytical methods are
being tested in water and air analyses. Total mercury in water
can be analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
The reductive vaporization method, alkyl mercury method,
and gas chromatography method are mentioned. Cadmium,
lead, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and nickel can be deter-
mined in water or paniculate matter by an atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. Chromium can be determined by trioc-
tylamino-MIBK extraction an atomic spectrophotometer. Ar-
senic and cyanides can be determined by the silver diethyl-
dithio-carbamate method. Fluorine and nitrogen can be deter-
mined by an ion electrode method. The 4-aminoantipyrine
method is used to determine phenol. Total nitrogen compounds
and nitrates can be determined by the nitric acid ion electrode
method. Nitric oxide in air can be determined by the Saltzman
or phenoldisulfonic acid methods.
51551
Salyamon, G. S. and M. V. Popelkovskaya
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE
IONS IN AIR AND WATER. (O metodakh opredeleniya ftor-
iona v vozdukh i vode). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sank., no.
4:65-67, 1973. 11 refs.
> /enty five different photocolorimetric methods for the deter-
n-nation of fluorine ions in air, water, and other media were
'i -ted for their specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility.
Three methods using the respective reagents zirconium
enochrome cyanine; zirconium complex of 4-sulfophenylazo-
1,8 dioxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid; and cerium alizarine
complex, were retained as the ones satisfying the above
criteria best. Wharton s method using a zirconium comp'ex of
4-sulfophenylazo-l,8-dioxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid was
modified by reduction of the chelate concentration and by ad-
dition of thiourea. The cenum alizarine complex method was
modified to improve solubility. All three reagents were specific
for fluorine even in the presence of several other ions in con-
centrations of 100 to 10,000 rmcrograms. The zirconium com-
plex method was more specific than the zirconium eriochrome
cyanine and the cerium alizarine complex methods. The zir-
conium complex and the zirconium eriochrome cyanine
methods are suitable for the determination of fluoride dusts
and aerosols in the air. An air sample volume of 15-20 1 is
taken at a rate of 2 1/min for the determination of hydrofluoric
acid concentrations. In winter, as well as for the determination
of fluorides and fluorine, the Yarovskaya absorber with sil-
icage! Js used.
51599
Warner, Theodore B. and David J. Bressan
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF LESS THAN 1 PART-PER-
BILLION FLUORIDE IN RAIN, FOG, AND AEROSOLS
WITH AN ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE. Anal. Chim. Acta,
63(1): 165-173, Jan. 1973. 21 refs.
A potentiometric method for the determination of fluoride in
rain, snow, fog, and aerosols in samples containing as little as
0.28 ppb was developed using a lanthanum fluoride electrode.
The method involves little sample handling, takes 15-22 min
for a determination, and can be extended over eight decades
of concentrations. Probable uncertainty ranges from 10-20%
near 0.28 ppb to 3-6% above 100 ppb. (Author summary
modified)
51762
Cross, Frank L., Jr. and Howard F. Schiff
MONITORING AIR POLLUTION. Plant Eng., 27(6):94-96,
March 22, 1973.
The major goals for air pollution monitoring and various
analytical and measuring techniques are reviewed. Most of the
current monitoring effort is for particulates, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and
photochemical oxidants. The recommended sampling and
analytical procedures include colorimetry, coulometry, con-
ductometry, and chemiluminescence analysis for SO2;
colorimetry and electrochemical methods for NOx; continuous
sampling, non- dispersive infrared analysis, and flame ioniza-
tion detection for CO; chemiluminescence techniques and
colorimetry for ozone; high-volume sampling for particulates;
and gas chromatography, colorimetry, and flameless atomic
absorption for hydrocarbons, fluoride, and mercury, respec-
tively. Chlorine, metal, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen sul-
fide methods are mentioned. Costs are cited.
52101
Borkowska, Maria, Artur Strusinski, and Halina Wyszynska
COLORIMETRIC METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF
FLUORINE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Kolorymetryczna
metoda oznaczania fluoru w powietrzu atmosferycznym). Text in
Polish. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higi., 34(1): 109-114,
1973. 35 refs.
-------
210
The methods of fluorine determination in atmospheric air are
described. A number of modifications of the colorimetric
methods of fluorine determination of Belcher, Leonard, and
West are mentioned. The technique of fluorine determination
in atmospheric air using alizarin and lanthanu i, salts in a
modification is described in detail. The optical censity is read
on the spectrophotometer with 620 nm wavelength. The detec-
tion threshold of this method is 0.5 micrograms in a 5 ml sam-
ple; this enables the detection of 8 micrograms/cu m using 60 1
test air. The sensibility of the method can be increased by
measuring the absorbance on the spectrophotometer using 281
nm wavelength.
52206
Rooth, R., O. K. Bockman, K. O. Hagen, and A. Tokerud
MEASUREMENT OF FLUORINE EMISSION FROM ALU-
MINUM SMELTERS--A NEW AND MORE CORRECT
METHOD. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical,
and Petroleum Engineers, New York, Metallurgical Society, p.
327-340, 1973. 1 ref. (Presented at the American Institute of
Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Metallurgical
Society, 1973, Paper A73-23.)
Most methods for sampling the fluoride content of fumes from
aluminum smelters are unsatisfactory since the sampling trains
are not equipped to collect submicron paniculate fluorides.
Improved sampling equipment has the ability to determine
separately gaseous fluorine, coarse particulate fluorides, and
fine particulate fluorides. In addition, particle size distribution
can be evaluated. The sampling train for gas and dust includes
a replaceable probe nozzle, a heating and cooling device, two
cyclones for the collection of coarse particulates, a cellulose
nitrate filter for collection of fine particulates, and absorption
bottles for hydrofluoric acid. After sampling, concentrations
are determined through weighing and analyses in the laborato-
ry. In addition to the probe nozzle, cyclones, and filter, the
equipment for particle size distribution includes a miniature
electrostatic precipitator on which submicron dust is
deposited. Collecting electrodes provide direct introduction
into scanning or electron microscopes. The equipment is valua-
ble for predicting the factors that affect wet scrubber per-
formance. A correlation between scrubber pressure loss,
cleaning efficiency for total fluorides, and raw gas composi-
tion is presented.
52629
Giang, Benjamin Yunwen
DEVELOPMENT OF A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETEC-
TOR SELECTIVE FOR FLUORINE-, CHLORINE-, AND SUL-
FUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS, USING ION SELECTIVE
ELECTRODES. California Univ., Davis., Dept. of Agricultural
Chemistry, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms,
Inc., 1972, 139p. 141 refs.
A highly selective potentiometric gas chromatographic detec-
tion system for the analysis of fluorine-, chlorine-, and sulfur-
containing compounds was developed and tested. The essential
units include a common flow-through unit equipped with an
ion selective sensing electrode and a reference electrode
located slightly downstream. The design and operation varia-
bles are examined. The system was tested with aqueous stan-
dard solutions and gas samples. The minimum detectable
amounts were about 3.4 micrograms of fluorine for each com-
pound, 135 ng of chlorine, and about 1.0 ng of sulfur. The ap-
plication of the system to the detection of pesticide residues
was investigated.
52992
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure), Duesseldorf (West
Germany), Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft
INSTRUCTION FOR EMISSION MEASUREMENTS FOR
WASTE INCINERATORS WITH THROUGHPUT CAPACI-
TIES UP TO 1500 KG/HR. (Anleitung fuer Emissionsmessungen
an Abfallverbrennungsanlagen mil Durchsatzleistungen bis zu
1500 kg/h). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinien,
no. 2301:1-2, Sept. 1971.
Instructions for emission measurements of waste incinerators
with throughput capacities of up to 1500 kg/hr are presented.
Emission measurements should be performed during normal
operation. Odor tests, as well as carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid concentra-
tion measurements should be conducted in the gas duct. At
least six measurements of a duration of 10 min, spread over 2
hr, are necessary for continuously charged incinerators. The
dust content is determined by measuring a filter inserted in a
partial flow, and by ignoring precipitated acid compounds. The
waste gas temperature and composition should be continuously
recorded. The waste gas plume is evaluated against the Ringel-
mann gray wedge. Bacharach soot indices should be deter-
mined at a point before the inlet of cooling air.
53523
Lehmden, Darryl J. von, Robert H. Jungers, and Robert E.
Lee, Jr.
THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL,
FLY ASH, FUEL OIL AND GASOLINE. PART I: A PRELIMI-
NARY COMPARISON OF SELECTED ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES. Preprint, American Chemical Society 19p.,
1973. 8 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society Meet-
ing, Symposium Analytical Methods Applied to Air Pollution
Measurements, Dallas, Tex., April 1973.)
As part of a program to monitor trace elements in fuels and
related atmospheric emissions, nine laboratories determined
the concentrations of 28 elements in the same fuel and fly ash
matrices. Among the elements studied were mercury, berylli-
um, lead, cadmium, arsenic, vanadium, manganese, chromium,
and fluorine. The analytical methods used included neutron ac-
tivation analysis, atomic absorption, spark source mass spec-
trometry, optical emission spectrometry, anodic stripping vol-
tammetry, and x-ray fluorescence. At least eight trace ele-
ments in coal, fly ash, and residual fuel oil and three trace ele-
ments in gasoline were reported in concentrations varying by
more than one order of magnitude. This wide range in reported
results indicates that different sample preparation and analyti-
cal techniques can lead to erroneous conclusions and points
out the need for developing standard reference materials cer-
tified in trace elements which can be used for analytical
methods evaluation and quality control. (Author abstract
modified)
53625
Ihida, Mutsumi and Teruaki Ishii
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN STEELMAKEVG SLAG
AND DUST BY ION-SELECTIVE-ELECTRODE METHOD.
(Ion sentaku denkyokuho ni yoru seiko suragu oyobi baijinrui no
fusso no teiryo). Text in Japanese. Nippon Kokan Giho (Tokyo),
no. 69:55-60, June 1973. 9 refs.
The determination of fluoride in steelmaking slag and dust by
the ion selective electrode method was investigated. The sam-
ple was weighed and fused with sodium peroxide in a nickel
crucible and dissolved in water. After the precipitation of
hydroxide, part of the solution was taken into a 100 ml beaker
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
211
where a buffer solution was added to regulate pH. The volume
of the portion was adjusted to 100 ml, and the electrodes were
dipped into it for the measurement of electromotive force. The
amount of fluoride is read out from a calibration curve.
53876
Ohkita, Toshiichi
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDES IN EMISSION SOURCES
AND IN THE ATMOSPHERE, AND THEIR PROBLEMES.
(Endoo haigasu-chu oyobi taiki-chu no fukkabutsu no bunseki to
niondaiten). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 9(4):359-365, April 1973.
The measurement of fluorides in emission sources and in the
atmosphere is described including sampling tube, absorbing
solution, filter, analytical methods and instruments, and
problems. The use of stainless steel and copper tubes in the
sampling of fluorides is not recommended because of the reac-
tion of hydrogen fluoride with these metals. A teflon tube is
very useful. The correct selection of a dust filter is very im-
portant in obtaining correct data. The continuous automatic
measurement of hydrogen fluoride in stack gas with a selective
electrode and colorimetry was investigated. The determination
of HF is attainable with an absorbing efficiency of almost
100%, even though the gas flow rate is 24 1/min.
53987
Ivie, James O.
GASEOUS FLUORIDE SAMPLING ON INDUSTRIAL
STACKS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 20p., 1973. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 66th, Chicago, 111., June 24-28,
1973, Paper 73-171.)
A stack sampling design that eliminates the loss of hydrogen
fluoride in sampling lines by using an absorber system in the
stack is described. The absorbing solution is pumped into the
stack where it enters with the gas sample into the line running
to the sensor. The HF is absorbed in the first few inches and
is earned to the liquid air separator in the liquid where the
sensing cell then measures the HF present. A temperature
drop on leaving the stack and high humidity in the stack do
not affect the results. The modified coulometric method pro-
vides for specific sensing of HF on five full scale ranges
between 1/2 ppm to 800 ppm. Response time is 1 min. Fifteen
mm is required for stable values after a step change while
recovery time takes 30 mm. (Author conclusions modified)
55125
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Committee D-22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
STANDARD METHOD OF TEST FOR INORGANIC
FLUORIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Book ASTM Stand.,
1971:371-380, 1971. 8 refs.
A method for analyzing various types of atmospheric samples
for total fluoride ion in the range from 0.005 to 10 mg is
presented. It is intended primarily for inorganic fluorides and
is not applicable to certain organic fluoride compounds. Too
much acid in the distillate, residual amounts of fluoride in the
distillation flasks, sulfuric acid, large amounts of aluminum or
silicon, borates, phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, peroxides, sul-
fides, and sulfites interfere with the procedure and/or results.
Reagents are calcium oxide, chloroacetate buffer solution,
hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, perchloric acid,
phenolphthalein solution, silver perchlorate solution, sodium
alizarin monosulfonate solution, sodium fluoride, sodium
hydroxide, sodium hydroxide solution, thorium nitrate, and
thorium nitrate solution. Sampling procedures are given for
gaseous inorganic fluorides, inorganic fluoride particles in the
absence of gaseous fluorides, mists containing inorganic
fluorides, and mixtures of gaseous and particulate inorganic
fluorides. Preparation of the sample for distillation is
discussed, along with distillation of the fluoride, titration of
the fluoride, and calculation of the fluoride ion content of the
total distillate.
55367
Habel, Karl
PRESENT STATE OF THE MEASURING TECHNIQUE FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF THE FLUORINE CONTENT IN
IMMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS. (Derzeitiger Stand der Meb-
technik zur Bestimniung des Fluorgehaltes in Inunissionen und
Emissionen). Text in German. Arch. Eisenhuttenw., 44(9):697-
702, Sept. 1973. 7 refs.
The difficulties encountered in the separation of gaseous and
solid fluorine compounds are described. If precise data can be
given on the concentrations, reasonable predictions will only
be possible. The same criteria must be valid for emission
ground level emission (immission) measurements because of
their close relationship. Methods which yield optimum mea-
surement results corresponding to the actual state of engineer-
ing should be examined. The experimental investigations
revealed that a reliable procedure for the exact separation of
gaseous and solid fluorine compounds is not yet available. A
solution would be possible, if binding definitions for the limita-
tion between gaseous and solid fluorine compounds are given
and accepted. A procedure could be suggested for emission
measurements enabling the determination of gaseous fluorine
compounds with an exactness of 10 to 15%. The solid fluorine
compounds can be determined on the basis of an exact deter-
mination of dust. (Author summary modified)
55789
Japanese Society of Public Health
A STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODS OF
INVESTIGATING HARMFUL SUBSTANCES - ANALYSIS
OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES. (Yugai busshitsu no ekigakuteki
chosa shulio no kairyo ni kansuru kenkyu — yugai busshitsu no
bunseki shuho ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in Japanese. 59p.,
March 1973. 9 refs.
Methods for analyzing pollutants present in samples taken
from the human body are given. Alkyl mercury is analyzed by
gas chromatography. Total mercury is analyzed by the reduc-
tive vaporization method. Cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, iron,
manganese, nickel, and chromium are analyzed by atomic ab-
sorption spectrophotometry. Arsenic, vanadium, fluorine, and
selenium are also discussed.
55858
Kassebeer, Gerd
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF FLUORIDE EMISSION.
(Kontinuierliche Messung von Fluoremissionen). Text in Ger-
man. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), 1973:356-359, Nov. 1973. 5 refs.
An instrument which records the concentration of gaseous
fluoride compounds in flue gases was developed and tested for
the monitoring of F emissions and control of the emission
reduction process. The mode of operation of the instrument is
described. Following activated carbon filtration of the flue gas
specimen, the F compounds are absorbed into a buffer solu-
tion. The F ion content of the solution is measured by means
of an ion-sensitive electrode. The F content of the flue gas is
shown on a logarithmic scale. A report is given of the operat-
-------
212
ing experience gained with the instrument at two brickworks.
In the case of the first, an examination was made of the in-
fluence of a fuel oil additive on the F emissions, and in the
second, the effectiveness of lime injection was studied.
55923
Hermann, Peter
COMPARISON OF FLUORINE CONCENTRATION MEA-
SUREMENT METHODS. (Vergleich von Messverfahren der
Fluor-Immissionsniessungen). Text in German. Proc. Int. Clean
Air Congr., 3rd, Duesseldorf, West Germany, 1973, p. C60-C62.
10 refs.
Sampling and analysis of gaseous and paniculate fluorine com-
pounds is described. Gaseous fluorine compounds were ab-
sorbed in quartz tubes filled with carbonate-coated silver balls.
The absorbed fluorine compounds were then analyzed by
means of fluorine-sensitive electrodes in semi-automatic opera-
tion. Particulate matter containing fluorine compounds was
separated in an electrostatic precipitator with 10 kV potential
that was heated at 80-100 C to prevent adsorption of gaseous
fluorine compounds. All surfaces contacting gases were gold-
plated. High separation efficiency up to 3000 1/h capacity was
determined. The fluorine concentration readings were lower
when an electrostatic precipitator was used than when Her-
pertz pot only was applied.
56244
Ciosek, Aleksandra and Irena Kesy-Dabrowska
DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN THE
AIR. (Oznaczanie zwiazkow fluoru w powietrzu). Text in Polish.
Med. Pracy, 23(6):585-594, 1972. 26 refs.
A selective absorption colorimetric method for the determina-
tion of hydrogen fluoride, inorganic fluorides, and fluorosil-
icates in the air is presented. The method consists of passing
air through a membrane filter and then through a sodium
hydroxide solution and determining the fluorides colorimetri-
cally in a reaction with zirconium oxychloride (ZrOC12) and
sodium para- sulfophenylazochromotropate. Microdiffusion is
used to eliminate cations interfering with the determination.
Routine laboratory tests of the method were performed, and
recovery of fluoride was almost 100%.
56572
Luiga, Peeler
A SYSTEM OF CUMULATIVE DETERMINATION OF AIR
POLLUTANTS IN AREA SURVEYS. Proc. Int. Clean Air
Congr., 3rd, Duesseldorf, West Germany, 1973, p. C130-C132.
10 refs.
A system for the cumulative determination of air pollutants in
area surveys is described. The purpose of the system is to ob-
tain only average and relative data about the pollutants from a
great number of sampling sites within a grid. Distances
between sampling sites is about 1 km, and the number of sam-
pling sites can reach a hundred or more. Corrections are made
after the initial period of measurements by installing additional
cumulative test devices in locations with a high gradient of
contaminant concentration and removing some devices from
places of uniform pollution level. Sulfur dioxide measurements
are made by the corrosion-weight loss method which compares
favorably with the use of potassium carbonate impregnated
filter papers. The same papers can be used for determination
of nitrogen dioxide and fluorides. Carbon monoxide is mea-
sured with 1% lead chloride impregnated filter paper strips.
Accumulation of organic contaminants is performed by gas
chromatography column packing materials.
56681
Epstein, B. D.
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF POLLUTION ANALY-
SIS. In: Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments. John O M.
Bockris (ed.), New York, Plenum Press, 1972, Chapt. 6, p. 165-
206. 162 refs.
Electrochemical analysis techniques for water and air pollution
monitoring of ozone, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur oxides, carbon
monoxide, and fluorides and fluorine are reviewed. The big-
gest shortcoming of redox electrochemical techniques, voltam-
metry, amperometry, and coulometry, is the requirement of
extensive sample pretreatment in the form of reagent addition
and deoxygenation. Sometimes this drawback can be
eliminated by continual reuse or regeneration of reagents or by
self-contained generation of hydrogen to be used for deox-
ygenation. Specificity in the case of selective ion electrodes is
not always dependable, and there are additional effects from
complexation and ionic strength that obscure the analysis.
Electrochemical techniques, though admirable under laborato-
ry conditions, appear to be a long way from on-line analysis.
56865
Kenneweg, Hartmut
THE PROBLEM OF RECOGNIZING AND DEMARCATING
FUME DAMAGE ON AERIAL PHOTOS. (Zur Frage der er-
kennung und abgrenzung von Rauchschaden aus Luftbildern).
Text in German. Mitt. Forst Bundesvers., no. 97:295-305, 1972.
(Presented at the International Symposium of Forest Fume
Damage Experts, 7th, Essen, West Germany, Sept. 7-11, 1970.)
Aerial photographic investigations of sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen fluoride polluted forests in Germany indicate that
color photos were more easily interpreted than black and
white photos, and that false color photos were usually better
than normal color photos. Damage symptoms invisible in the
field remained invisible on the photos as well, and systematic
morphological structure intensified the effects of damage such
as foliage discoloration or defoliation, while variable habit
makes interpretation more difficult. The basic element in the
interpretation of forest damage is the individual tree crown,
the size of which determines the photo scale. Photo quality,
tree species, picture scale, and type and concentration of pol-
lutant make it possible to rank individual crowns into three to
five damage classes, although direct determination of the
cause of damage is seldom possible. Particularly favorable
conditions for photography make it possible to distinguish
between old and fresh damage on Ektrachrome Infrared film.
With regard to the spruce stands under investigation, there
was a relative increase in damage towards the center of the
pollution zone, and younger stands generally exhibited less
damage than older stands. No demonstrable influence of slope
direction was found on the degree of damage, although
damage increases with increasing altitude. Pinus strobus stands
exhibited the worst damage and fewer differences due to ter-
rain.
57079
Pitak, O.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF INORGANIC FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS. Chromatographia, 2(7): 304-308, 1969. 40 refs.
Translated from German, 9p.
A gas chromatograph for the analysis of volatile fluorides
produced during the dry conversion processing of nuclear fuel
by the fluoride method is described. Materials resistant to
fluorine corrosion are used in the construction of the chro-
matograph. Removal of traces of water from the carrier gas is
accomplished by a hygrometric detector added after the sorp-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
213
tion columns. A modified electron capture detector accom-
plishes the small quantity analysis of corrosive material and
reduces insensitivity to changes in pressure, flow, and tem-
perature of the carrier gas. The detector allows the use of a
temperature-programmed procedure.
57781
Ke, Paul J. and Lloyd W. Regier
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN SOILS BY A NONFU-
SION DISTILLATION PF METHOD. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.,
28(7):1055-1056, 1971. 6 refs.
A nonfusion distillation pF method has been successfully ap-
plied to the determination of fluoride in soils. Fluoride was
distilled from the soil sample with perchloric acid and mea-
sured in the buffered distillate by an ion-specific fluoride elec-
trode without any ashing or separation operations. Soils or
mud containing fluoride in the range between 1-700 ppm were
directly analyzed with a standard error of less than 1.5%.
Direct weighing of the sample into the distillation flask with no
prior treatment eliminated all question of possible fluoride loss
before distillation. (Author abstract modified)
58278
Sunahara, H., M. Goto, and F. Korte
POSSIBILITIES AND PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATIC MEA-
SUREMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS. In: En-
vironmental Quality and Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology and
Technology. Frederick Coulston and Friedhelm Korte (eds.),
Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1972. p. 189-209. 43
refs.
The parameters for air and water quality, the establishment of
air and water quality criteria, and the efforts made in the USA
and Japan for monitoring concentrations of a number of com-
pounds in these media, are discussed. Efficient automatic
monitoring systems (including systems for sampling, treat-
ment, detection and determination, and data processing) for
important pollutants in air and water are described in detail.
The air concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, carbon monoxide, total oxidants, total hydrocarbons,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, and dust or air particu-
lates have been continuously monitored. Colorimetry, conduc-
timetry, coulometry, non-dispersive infrared spectrometry, gas
chromatography, flame ionization detectors, and ion-electrode
methods are discussed.
58842
Ihida, Mutsumi and Teruaki Ishii
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN STEELMAKING SLAG
AND DUST BY ION-SELECTIVE-ELECTRODE METHOD.
(Ion sentaku denkyokuho ni joru seiko suragu oyobi baijinrui no
fusso no teiryo). Text in Japanese. Nippon Kokan Giho (Tokyo),
no. 60:55-60, 1973. 9 refs.
Spectrophotometric methods have been used for the deter-
mination of fluoride in steelmaking slag and dust for pollution
control purposes. But these methods require sophisticated
analytical techniques and operations. Ion-selective electrodes
are therefore being tested. In spite of many applications of
these electrodes to rivers and waste water, there have been
only a few applications of them to slag and dust analyses.
Electrical conditions to be satisfied by the measuring instru-
ment, the method of dissolving the sample, the effect of pH
and ion interference, and the establishment of a favorable
analytical procedure permitting simple and rapid measurement
at high accuracy were studied. The sample was weighed and
fused with sodium peroxide in a nickle crucible. The fused
matter was dissolved in water. After the precipitation of
hydroxide, part of the solution was taken into a 100 ml beaker,
and buffer solution was added to this portion to regulated pH.
The volume of the portion was then adjusted to 100 ml, and
the electrodes were dipped into it for the measurement of elec-
tromotive force. The amount of fluoride was read out from a
calibration curve.
59049
Kaaijk, J.
POTENTIOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDES. (Une methods poten-
tiometrique pour determiner la pollution fluoree de I at-
mosphere). Text in French. Inst. Natl. Rech. Chiin. Appl., Dix-
ieme Colloq. Atmos. Polluees, Proc., Paris, France, 1972, 13p. 4
refs. (May 3-5.)
Sampling techniques and potentiometric methods for deter-
mination of fluorine compound concentrations in the air are
described. A variation of an Adams sampler with dripping
capillary, and buffer solution composed of sodium carbonate,
citric acid, and sodium CDTA at pH 5.5 are used for the ab-
sorption and concentration of the fluorine compounds. To ob-
tain good separation of gaseous from paniculate fluorine com-
pounds, particles larger than 1 micron are captured before
reaching the sampler. The fluorine concentration is determined
by means of a fluorine-specific electrode which measures
potential difference against a calomel reference electrode in
the presence of fluorine ions. By replacing the buffer solution
every 24 hr, it is possible to measure fluorine ion concentra-
tions in a range of 0.05-15 micrograms/cu m.
59513
STACK MONOTORING. New Hampshire Univ., Durham
Center for Industrial and Institutional Development, Air Pollut.
Sampling Monit. Workshop, Durham, N. H., 1971, 69p. 64 refs.
A review is presented on stack monitoring and stack effluent
analysis procedures. Both manual observation methods (Rin-
gelmann) and automatic opacity measuring techniques (light
transmittance) are covered for stack-smoke monitoring. Ab-
stracts of collection and analysis procedures (preparation for
sampling, sampling, sample processing, analysis, and calcula-
tion) as related to gaseous constituents of stack emissions are
provided for the following: ammonia and ammonium com-
pounds; organic acids; aldehydes; formaldehydes; oxides of
nitrogen; fluorides; sulfur oxides; hydrocarbons; orsat analysis
(carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and nitrogen); and
chlorine and chlorine compounds. Proposed test methods of
the Environmental Protection Agency are also presented.
59814
Taniguchi, Naozo
PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE PROBLEMS OF POLLU-
TION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. (Kogai keisokuki no
genjo to kongo no kadai). Text in Japanese. Sangyo to Kankyo
(Ind. Environ.), 3(4):24-29, April 1974.
Problems concerning automatic pollution measuring instru-
ments are discussed. Air pollution measuring instruments can
be qualitatively classified into three groups. The first group is
measuring instruments which are commercially available and
provide a high degree of accuracy but require some improve-
ments to reduce frequency of maintenance. This group in-
cludes the carbon monoxide analyzer, sulfur dioxide analyzer,
and hydrocarbon analyzer. The second group is new to the
-------
214
market and requires more improvement in both accuracy and
maintenance. It includes the nitrogen oxides analyzer, dust
meter, chlorine analyzer, hydrogen fluoride analyzer, and
hydrogen sulfide analyzer. The third group consists of those
instruments that must still be developed, and includes a dust
meter for emission sources and an odor densitometer. The CO
analyzer, the SO2 analyzer for measurement at emission
source, the sulfur oxides analyzer for measurement of en-
vironmental concentration, the NOx analyzer for measurement
at emission source, and the HC analyzer for measurement of
environmental concentration are discussed at length.
60010
Ranfft, K.
ON THE DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE BY GAS CHRO-
MATOGRAPHY. (Zur gas-chromatographischen Bestimmung
des Fluors). Text in German. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.,
269(1): 18-21, 1974. 4 refs.
A fast, simple, and accurate gas-chromatographic method for
determination of fluorine in inorganic and organic substances
is described. After dry ashing the fluorine reacts with
triethylchlorsilane to triethylfluorisilane. The latter is deter-
mined by gas chromatography. The accuracy of the method is
about + or - 2%.
60278
Israel, Gerhard W.
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF THREE AT-
MOSPHERIC FLUORIDE MONITORS UNDER FIELD CON-
DITIONS. Atmos. Environ., 8(2):159-166, Feb. 1974. 15 refs.
Atmospheric fluoride levels were monitored at up to 22 sta-
tions in the vicinity of an alumina reduction plant by bicar-
bonate coated tube samplers, by a dual paper tape sampler,
and by limed filter papers as part of a field evaluation and
comparison of the three fluoride monitors. The bicarbonate
tube sampler allowed classification of fluoride emissions by
physical state; total atmospheric fluoride in the vicinity of the
plant was 13% in gaseous form, 64% in particulate form, and
23% in gaseous form sorbed on aerosols. The dual tape sam-
pler showed the same separation characteristics for gaseous
an/ particulate fluorides but was incapable of distinguishing
between free gaseous fluoride and that sorbed on aerosols. A
significant correlation appeared to exist between fluoride accu-
mulation by limed filter papers and total gaseous fluoride con-
tent on an annual basis, confirming the fact that limed filter
papers are good indicators for free gaseous fluoride. The limed
filters were, however, rather insensitive to the particulate
component. (Author summary modified)
60339
Sholtes, Robert S., E. H. Meadows, Jr., and J. B. Koogler
EVALUATION AND MODIFICATION OF FLUORINE SAM-
PLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS. Environmental
Science and Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla., Environmental
Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0600, Program Element
JA1010, EPA-650/2-73-007, 125p., Oct. 1973. 27 refs. NTIS: PB-
230954/AS
Three fluoride sampling and analytical methods were evaluated
and modified. The sampling methods are the Arthur D. Little
method, the C. E. Decker method (EPA), and the Florida
method. With care in placement of thy probes and operation
of the train, the EPA F method can give results on compara-
tive tests that are within 5%. Data collected using the three
EPA F trains simultaneously at field sites indicated that varia-
tion between EPA trains can be as good as 5% and as poor at
24%. In the concentration range of 10-100 ppni F, the average
collection efficiency of the EPA train using water was 58%
and using 0.1 N sodium hydroxide it was 77%. However, for
two runs at about 100 ppm F, the collection efficiency of a
similar train was 90% in the range of 0-4000 ppm. Statistical
analysis of the data indicated no significant difference between
water and NaOH as absorbing reagents; nor did analysis
reveal differences in collection efficiency at different flow
rates. Statistical analysis comparing the results of the Florida
and EPA train indicated no significant difference between the
two methods at the 99% confidence level. (Author conclusions
modified)
60410
Israel, Gerhard W.
A FIELD STUDY OF THE CORRELATION OF STATIC
LIME PAPER SAMPLER WITH FORAGE ANC CATTLE
URINE. Atmos. Environ., 8(2):167-181, Feb. 1974. 30 refs.
A fluoride monitoring program was conducted by 22 monitor-
ing stations located within a 7 km radius of an alumina reduc-
tion plant in order to examine the use of limed filter papers as
a tool for estimating the accumulation of fluorides in the food
chain of foraging animals and for indicating the fluoride expo-
suree of cattle. The mean fluoride level in the excretion of cat-
tle herds was predicted from limed paper measurements with a
standard deviation of + or - 3 ppm, sufficient accuracy for
estimating the chronic exposure of cattle to subacute fluoride
levels; additional calculations showed the possibility of pre-
dicting average urinary fluoride level of single samples from
three month average lime paper concentrations with a standard
deviation of plus or minus 5 ppm. Assuming that the lime
papers and the forage both absorbed mainly free gaseous
fluorides, the correlation found between fluoride levels in
forage and limed paper values should be generally valid in
terms of a forage-lime paper conversion factor developed for
the location monitored.
60419
Miyajima, Kunio
MEASUREMENT OF TOXIC GASES. (Yagai gasu no skoutei).
Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kojo (Chem. Factory), 18(4):2«-30,
April 1974.
The toxic gases discussed here are sulfur oxides, nitrogen ox-
ides, fluorides, chlorine and hydrogen chloride. Sampling
methods, sampling equipment, and analysis methods are
described. The analysis methods include: iodimetric, arse azo,
chloranyl acid barium, electroconductivity, and infrared gas
analysis for sulfur oxides; chemical PDS (phenoldisulfonic),
nitric acid ion electrode, zinc reduction (NEDA naphthyl
ethylene diamine method), chemiluminescence, infrared ab-
sorptin and ultraviolet absorption, and constant potential elec-
trolysis for nitrogen oxides; lanthanum-alizarin complexon
method photometry for fluorides; orthotridine method for
chlorine, and thiocyanide mercury and silver nitrate methods
for hydrogen chloride.
60553
Teller, Aaron J.
GAS SEPARATION FROM MIXTURES BY CHROMATO-
GRAPHIC VAPOUR-PHASE TECHNIQUE. (Verfahren zur
chromatographischen Dampfphasenabtrennung einer oder
mehrerer Komponenten eines Gasgemisches). Text in German.
(Teller Environmental Systems, Inc., New York) W. Ger. Pat.
1,619,928. 7p., Feb. 22, 1973. (Appl. Nov. 15, 1967, 2 claims).
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
215
One or more components of a gas mixture are separate
rapidly, selectively, and efficiently without the need for dilu-
tion, by passage through a bed of carrier material such as alu-
mina, coated with a layer of 0.5-5 (1-2) molecules of a reagent
which absorbs these components. The resulting complex is
heated above the decomposition point to free the absorbed
gases. Recommended absorption layer compounds are car-
bonates of sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, cadmium, or
barium for carbon dioxide; nicotinic acid or dimethylglyoxime
for oxygen; iron(II) salts for nitric oxide; copper(II)-ammoni-
um salts for carbon dioxide; sulfates of potassium, sodium,
lithium, cadmium, or silver, or phenol, hydroquinone, or
pyrogallol for sulfur dioxide, silicon tetrafluoride, hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, or aromatic hydrocarbons.
60951
Peters, E. T., J. E. Oberholtzer, and J. R. Valentine
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR SAMPLING AND
ANALYSIS OF PARTICIPATE AND GASEOUS FLUORIDES
FROM STATIONARY SOURCES. FINAL REPORT. Little
(Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, Mass., Environmental Protection
Agency Contract 68-02-0099, Rept. EPA-R2-72-126, Rept.
73757, 133p., Nov. 1972. 54 refs. NTIS: PB 213-313
The development of tentative procedures for sampling and
analysis of fluorides emitted from various processes within the
primary aluminum, iron and steel, phosphate rock processing,
and glass manufacturing industries is reported. In most cases,
the distinction is made between gaseous, insoluble particulate,
and soluble particulate fluoride species. Stack emissions from
most of the processes that were considered can be sampled in
a manner that separates the particulate from the gaseous spe-
cies. For the tentatively recommended procedure, the particu-
late is collected by means of a filter or electrostatic precipita-
tor heated above the water dewpoint with gaseous fluorides
subsequently collected in a series of water impingers main-
tained at room temperature Some very wet process streams,
such as for the production of diammonium phosphate, include
considerable water entrainment, precluding a particulate col-
lector. In this case, the particulate is collected in the impingers
and soluble particulate fluoride cannot be distinguished from
gaseous fluorides. Chemical analysis procedures have been
developed which emphasize procedural simplicity but which
also provide reliable and reproducible results. The fluoride-
specific ion electrode has been found to be the most suitable
approach for measurement of fluoride concentration Direct
measurements on impinger solutions after appropriate buffer-
ing appears feasible in many cases Otherwise, fusion and
distillation procedures are required to assure solubility and
separation from interfering species. (Author summary)
61103
Harmsen, Hans
SEVENTY YEARS OF AIR MONITORING AND CLEAN AIR
MAINTENANCE AT BAYER AG. (70 Jahre Luftueberwachung
und Luftreinhaftung bei der Bayer AG). Text in German. Um-
welthygiene, 25(2):37-39, Feb. 1974.
The history and the current practice of air pollution monitoring
and clean air maintenance at the Bayer AG are described.
Continuous sulfur dioxide concentration measurements have
been conducted since 1954 by high-sensitivity automatic instru-
ments. An automatic air quality monitoring network with 13
sampling stations and over 40 recording instruments in the
Leverkusen area continuously measures the concentrations of
such air pollutants as SO2, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monox-
ide, nitrous gases, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and chlorine.
Routine laboratory measurements of the phenol, aldehyde,
aromatic amine, chloride, fluoride, and organic carbon are
conducted. Visible emissions are monitored by closed-circuit
television, and pollutant concentrations on the lee side of the
emission sources are measured by a laboratory van. The
switch from coal to fuel oil and natural gas, the use of filters,
and the introduction of the Bayer double-contact sulfur acid
production process have resulted in considerable reduction of
the pollutant emissions for the last few years.
61692
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Air Management Research Group
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES. In: Air
Management Problems and Related Technical Studies, p. 53-69,
93-95, 1972. 41 refs.
Present measurement capabilities are reviewed for those air
pollutants specified to be of priority interest in respect to both
effects and abatement. Gaps in measurement capabilities are
indicated and future research program recommended. The pol-
lutants discussed include: asbestos-no sampling problems
since adequate organic membrane filters are available; carbon
monoxide—no measurement problems for concentration nor-
mally found in urban atmospheres; fluorides—no continuous
method for routine measurement, not possible to distinguish
between gaseous, particulate, and organic fluorides; heavy
metals and other elements-number of methods available, but
costly and time consuming; organic lead (fuel additive)—
methods available for separating and identifying total organic
lead; non-metallic organic compounds-no routine methodology
developed; nitrogen oxides-no direct methods for nitric oxide,
Saltzman method for nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide;
oxidants and ozone- routine methods available for ozone, but
not for other oxidants; sulfur compounds—adequate measure-
ment methods available or being developed; odors-not studied
in detail; pesticides—need for a total system of sampling and
analysis.
61851
Kogai Mondai Kenkyukai
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki no sokutei). Text
in Japanese. Kankyo Joho Kagaku (Environ. Inf. Sci.), 2(4):48-
52, Dec. 1973.
Methods of measurement and analysis of such pollutants and
sulfur oxides, aerosol, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and
oxidant have been formulated since 1969, and are mostly
described by Japan Industrial Standards, such as JIS Z 8808,
which is briefly explained. For sulfur oxides, JIS K 0103, and
for its gas volume, JIS Z 8808 are applied. For sulfur content
in petroleum fuel, the radio isotope method, JIS K 2273, JIS K
2547, JIS K 2541, or JIS K 2263, are applied. For dust, JIS Z
8808, for cadmium and its compounds and lead and its com-
pounds, JIS K 0097, and for sample collection, JIS Z 8808 3
and 6 applied. For chlorine, JIS K 0106 (O-lysine method) and
JIS K 0106 (continuous analysis method) are applied. For
hydrogen chloride, JIS K 0107, and for fluorine, hydrogen
fluoride, silicon fluoride, JIS K 0105, and for nitrogen oxides,
JIS K 0104 are applied. For measurement of dust, JIS Z 8808,
for carbon monoxide, JIS D 1030, for hydrocarbon, JIS D
1030, for lead compounds, the atom light absorption method
and polarograph method, for nitrogen oxides, JIS K 0104, and
for particles, JIS D 8804 are applied. In measuring automobile
exhaust, JIS K 0099 is applied for ammonium, JIS K 0105 for
hydrogen fluoride, JIS K 0109 for hydrogen cyanide, and JIS
K 0098 for carbon monoxide. Methods of analyzing sulfur ox-
ides, such as the neutralization method, iodine titration
method, chloranil acid barium method, solution conductivity
-------
216
ratio method, infrared gas analysis method, and detector tube
method, are compared. For aerosol, JIS Z 8813 and the
volume air sampler method are applied.
61859
Gutsche, B. and R. Herrmann
FLAME SPECTROMETRIC F ANALYSES BY MEANS OF
THE SRF-BANDS. (Flamitienspektrometrische F-Analysen mil
Hilfe der SrF-Banden). Text in German. Fresenius Z. Anal.
Chem., 269(4):260-267, 1974. 10 refs.
By nebulizing strontium salts (nitrates, for example) and in-
troducing the aerosol into a flame, strontium fluoride bands
are observed if fluorine compounds are nebulized simultane-
ously. These SrF-bands are useful for F analysis. The best
flame for this purpose is the turbulent hydrogen-oxygen flame
in contrast to experience in F-sensitive flame detectors for gas
chromatography. The most suitable SrF band is the band at
580 nm. The detection limit is 9.2 micrograms F. The precision
is + or - 1.6%. The dynamic range is more than one power of
ten. Interfering influences from sodium and phosphorus are
discussed in detail along with possibilities for overcoming
them.
61896
Sekiuchi Teruo, Kaku Kikuchi, and Hikaru Sone
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN BIOLOGICAL SAM-
PLES BY NONFUSION DISTILLATION AND ION SELEC-
TIVE MEMBRANE ELECTRODE METHOD. (Shokubutsu
taichu fusso no jinsoku bunsekiho ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 8(3):266, Oct.
1973. 1 ret. (Presented at the Japan. Society of Air Pollution,
Annual Meeting, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1973,
Paper 2.)
To quickly measure the fluoride pollution from a fertilizer
plant and a tile manufacturing plant which is absorbed from
the air into plants, a nonfusion distillation method was used.
The F content in plant leaves was determined and the values
were compared with those of Association of Official Agricul-
tural Chemists method and the ion-electrode method. The test
material was ashed, perchloric acid and silver perchlorate were
added, and reflux analysis was done at 140 C. The ashes were
distilled and the extract was measured by colorimetry. The
best recovery rate was obtained with the reflux time of 3 hr.
By this method, the recovery rate was 93.8%, by the AOAC
method about 90%, and the measurements were approximately
the same. When using ion selective membrane electrode
method, the results were similar to the colorimetry values. The
nonfusion distillation method proved to be simple and accu-
rate.
61957
Tepper, L. B.
ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATION. In: Metallic Contaminants
and Human Health. D. H. K. Lee (ed.), New York, Academic,
1972, Chapt. 10, p. 229-241.
The analysis of environmental metals is discussed and some
specific techniques are presented. Airborne metals are almost
always particulate rather than gaseous. Particulates can be col-
lected on a filter medium through which air is drawn by a
pump. Particulates can also be separated from the air by
impingement in a liquid-filled collector or by precipitation of
charged particles in electrostatic fields. Organolead or mercury
compounds which exist as volatile non-particulate material
may be extracted from the air by adsorption on charcoal or by
direct reaction with a specific chemical reagent. Laboratory
procedures for analysis include wet chemical and instrumental
methods. Wet chemical methods are based upon the develop-
ment of a color, the intensity of which is measurable and re-
lated to the amount of the metal being assayed. Instrumental
methods of analysis includde spectrophotometry and spec-
troscopy. Preferred analytical techniques and standard values
are given for arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
fluoride, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and vanadium.
61993
COLORIMETRIC ANALYZERS. (Kolorimetrie). Text in Ger-
man. In: Elektrische Messgeraete fuer den Umweltschutz.
Fachverband Messtechnik und Prozessautomatisierung im Zen-
tralverband der Elektrotechnischen Industrie, Frankfurt, West
Germany, 1973, p. 9-11, 21, 37.
The principle of the colorimetric analysis of gaseous pollu-
tants, and commercially available colorimetric analyzers are
described. The gas to be analyzed is contacted with a reagent
solution for a certain time so that averaged concentration
values are obtained. Colorimetric measurement is also possible
by photoelectric comparison of color spots obtained on a re-
agent-soaked ribbon with a standard color. The Braun and
Luebbe B and L-Imcometer is suitable for the measurement of
the 30-min-concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
and oxidants by modified West-Gaeke and Saltzman methods.
The measuring ranges are 0-0.25 ppm and 0-1.4 ppm for SO2,
0-0.2 ppm and 0-0.55 ppm for nitrogen dioxide, and 0-0.15 ppm
and 0-0.3 ppm for chlorine. The MONOCOLOR colorimetric
gas trace analyzer by Maihak uses reagent-soaked paper rib-
bon for the measurement of hydrogen sulfide, hydrofluoric
acid, hydrochloric acid, phosgene and toxic gases in a concen-
tration range of 0-0.2 ppm. The concentration is determined by
measuring the difference in the brightness of the colored spot
and of a non-exposed standard.
61995
POTENTIOMETRIC ANALYZERS. (Potentiometrie). Text in
German. In: Elektrische Messgeraete fuer den Umweltschutz.
Fachverband Messtechnik und Prozessautomatisierung im Zen-
tralverband der Elektrotechnischen Industrie, Frankfurt, West
Germany, 1973, p. 9-11, 21.
The principle of the potentiometric measurement of gaseous
air pollutant concentrations, and commercially available poten-
tiometric analyzers are described. The B and L-Sensimeter by
Braun and Luebbe, developed for hydrochloric acid and
hydrofluoric acid emission concentration measurement in the
respective ranges of 20-2000 mg/N cu m and 0.2-20 mg/N cu
m, uses buffer solution for the absorption of the test gas, and
thermostatized measuring cell with ion-sensitive electrodes.
63848
Fuhrmann, Hans
RECORDING STACK MONITORING FOR THE CONTROL
OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES AND
THE ECONOMIC CONDUCTION OF COMBUSTION
PROCESSES. (Registrierende Schornsteinueberwachung zur
Kontrolle des Umweltschutzes und des wirtschaftlichen Verbal-
tens von Verbrennungsprozessen). Text in German. Wasser Luft
Betrieb, 18(4):212-217, 1974. 16 refs.
Methods for the measurements of the oxides of nitrogen,
hydrogen, chloride, and fluoride are discussed in detail and a
brief review of the methods available for the measurement of
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide emissions
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
217
is given. The discussion of the NOx measurement methods is
preceded by a review of the development of these components
in industrial combustion processes. For the measurement of
the oxides of nitrogen, the chemiluminescence method and the
absorption methods in the infrared and ultraviolet range are
described. For the measurement of HC1 and HF emissions,
samples are taken behind the electrostatic precipitator. The
analyzer for these pollutants consists of an ion sensitive elec-
trode. For the recording measurement of CO2 and SO2, a
number of primarily physically operative analyzers in the IR
and UV range are available. Also analyzers with chemical aux-
iliary reactions are used. The most difficult problem encoun-
tered at the measurement of SOS is posed by sampling. Here
the conversion of the SO2 present in the flue gas to SO3
through the material of the sampling of the sampling probe or
the reaction of SO3 with the sampling probe or with dust must
be taken into account. The sample flow is taken from the
probe at a temperature above 450 C, filtered, and passed over
heated pipes (200 C) to the analyzer. Of the familiar SO3 mea-
suring methods such as dew point determination; measurement
of the film-forming speed; scrubbing with isapropanol and sub-
sequent photometry or conductivity measurement; and SO3
reaction with condensated water vapor, the two methods men-
tioned last have been in practical use for a longer period of
time.
64090
Moser, E.
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS FOR DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE IMISSIONS. Fluoride, S(2):84-85, April 1972.
(Presented at the International Society of Fluoride Research,
The Hague, Netherlands, Oct. 24-27, 1971.)
Damage from gaseous fluorides such as hydrogen fluoride dif-
fers from that due to paniculate fluoride. In evaluating
fluoride damage to plants, the fluoride content of dust is rela-
tively insignificant. In animals, fluoride absorption depends
largely upon the solubility of the compound. An instrument is
described for separating particulates from gaseous fluoride for
use in determining the relative effects of the two types of
fluoride. The instrument consists of a heated membrane filter.
The sample is heated to avoid condensation of HF. The HF is
absorbed either by an impinger or by an absorption tube with
sodium hydroxide-loaded silver balls or bead spheres. The
tested volume of air is about 2 cu m/hr. The method gives
reproducible results. (Author abstract modified)
64779
Imagami, Kazunari
SELECTION OF MEASURING APPARATUS FOR AIR POL-
LUTANTS (2). (Taiki osen busshitsu no sokuteiki no sentei).
Text in Japanese. Kogyo Kanctsu (Ind. Heating), 11(2):82-8S,
March 1974. 1 ref.
Measuring apparatus for analyzing air pollutants such as cad-
mium, lead, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, fluorine, hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen silicofluoride, nitrogen oxides, and other
harmful substances are described. For heavy metals such as
cadmium and lead, there are three methods, atomic absorption
spectrophotometry, spectrometry, and polarography, each of
which is accepted widely; atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry has, however, been most widely used. Emission
spectrometry, X-ray fluorimetry, radiochemical analyzers,
recently have attracted attention. Chlorine present in flue gas
is mostly analyzed by the orthotolidine method in Japan, and
hydrogen chloride is determined by the mercury thiocyanate
method which is suitable for samples with a hydrogen chloride
concentration of 2 to 40 ppm in cases where 40 1 of sample gas
are available and the effect of halide and cyanide is negligible.
For fluorides in flue gas, spectrometry using a lanthanum-
alizarin complex is adopted. Determination of nitrogen oxides
in flue gas is done by the phenoldisulfonic acid method which
is suitable for concentrations of about 10 to 20 ppm. The
present general trend is toward using the PDS method, Rapid
PDS method, chemiluminescence, and electrochemical
methods.
64912
Thomas, Josephus, Jr. and Harold J. Gluskoter
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN COAL WITH THE
FLUORIDE ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE. Anal. Chem.,
46(9):1321-1323, Aug. 1974. 10 refs.
A fluoride ion-selective electrode method is described for the
determination of F in coal. Coal samples are decomposed in a
combustion bomb, the pH of the bomb contents is adjusted,
and the solution is buffered prior to the determination of the
fluoride concentration with the F ion-selective electrode. Anal-
ysis is by the addition method in which the change of potential
resulting from the addition of a known volume of standard F
solution to the initial test solution is used to determine the
fluoride concentration of the initial solution. The technique is
superior to direct potentiometry as problems resulting from in-
terferences, complexation, and ionic strength variations are
virtually eliminated. Analytical data are presented for coal
samples decomposed by the bomb combustion method and by
alkali fusion as well as for fluoride determinations of coal
samples with test solutions at different pH values.
65118
Shcherban, O. N. and A. V. Prymak
PROTECTION OF THE AIR BASIN FROM POLLUTION
AND AUTOMATION OF THE SANITARY-CHEMICAL CON-
TROL OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (Zakhyst povitrjanoho basejnu
vid zabrudnennja i avtotnatyzacija sanitarno-khimichnoho kon-
trolju atmosfery). Vestn. Akad. Nauk SSSR, no. 8:90-99, 1973.
Translated from Russian, 18p.
A review is presented on the development of automated equip-
ment in the Soviet Union for the detection and monitoring of
air pollutants and for the interpretation of air pollution and
meteorological data. Automatic gas analyzers are described for
the detection of such pollutants as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, ozone, acetone chlorine, nitrogen oxides, sulfurous an-
hydride, ammonia, amines, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
various hydrocarbon volatiles, alcohols, halogenated hydrocar-
bons, phosgene, carbon disulfide, formaldehyde, fluorine com-
pounds, and total oxidants. Equipment is also being developed
for the automatic measurement of particulates. Telemetry
systems are used to connect various measurement stations
with a center for collection and interpretation of air pollution
and meteorological data.
65846
Birkle, Michael
ERECTION OF AN AUTOMATIC EMISSION MEASURING
GRID. (Aufbau eines automatischen Immissionsmessnetzes). Text
in German. Siemens Z., 48(8):525-532, 1974. 25 refs.
The structure, hardware, and software of an automatic air
quality monitoring network is described. The smallest indepen-
dent unit of the network is constituted by the data recording
unit integrating up to four pollutant analyzers together with the
necessary sampling and calibration units and up to four instru-
ments for the recording of meteorological parameters. One or
more of such data recording units can be accommodated in
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218
one sampling station which is in turn connected to regional
subcenters via remote control units. Apart from automatic
operation, the individual data recording units can be also con-
trolled manually. Final data processing is done in a computer
center. The data recording centers are suitable for the concen-
tration measurement of such air pollutants as sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, total nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia,
hydrochloric acid, chlorine, hydrofluoric acid, ozone, oxi-
dants, and hydrocarbons.
66606
Birkle, M.
SETUP OF AN AUTOMATIC AIR POLLUTION MONITOR-
ING NETWORK. (Aufbau ernes automatischen Inmiissionsmess-
netzes). Test in German. Siemens. Z., 48(8):52S-S32, 1974. 25
refs.
The structure and functioning of automatic air pollution moni-
toring networks are described. Automatic monitoring networks
are usually composed of measuring units which constitute the
basic units of the system and which may include up to four
pollulant analyzers complete with the corresponding calibra-
tion units, as well as up to four recording units for
meteorological parameters. One or more of such measuring
units together form one sampling station, and the sampling sta-
tions in their turn are connected to, and controlled by, regional
sub-centers including process computers and remote control
units. The measurement data received and reduced by the re-
gional sub-center is transmitted to the computer center for
processing, statistical evaluation, and warning initiation. The
air pollutants to be monitoied are selected from among the
compounds sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, total nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, car-
bon dioxide, ammonia, hydrochloric acid, chlorine,
hydrofluoric acid, ozone, oxidants, total hydrocarbons, and
dust. The SO2 and ozone concentrations can be used as lead-
ing pollutants for smog alarm.
66753
Blakeslee, H. William and Louis R. Reckner
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN AIR POLLUTION. In: Air
Pollution and Industry, R. D. Ross (ed.), New York, Van Nos-
trand Reinhold Co., 1972, Chapt. 5, p. 248-280. 30 refs.
A review is presented on techniques for the sampling and anal-
ysis of air pollutants. The most common reaction for the
noninstrumental detection of gaseous air pollutants is the
colorimetric change which can be measured either visually or
with a spectrometer. Dry chemical tests using indicating
papers and tubes provide simple and rapid checks and are use-
ful when the danger of toxic gases are present. The basic unit
of the wet chemical air pollutant test is the absorption ap-
paratus which may be either of the impinger type or the fritted
glass scrubber, with the absorbed pollutants being subjected
most often to colorimetric tests. The most basic form of in-
strumental techniques is also based on absorption, though in
an automated manner, with the measuremen' often being done
by a built-in colorimeter or conductivity cell. Such instruments
are often used for monitoring sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
ozone, chlorine, oxidants, cyanides, and sometimes carbon
dioxide. Fluorides are better detected with fluorescence
techniques as are nitrogen oxides. Hydrocarbons can be de-
tected over a wide concentration range with a flame ionization
detector. Air pollution instruments based on infrared spec-
trophotometry can be used for the measurement of CO2, car-
bon monoxide, SO2, O3, acetylene, ethylene, methane, am-
monia, and peroxypcyl nitrates. Ultraviolet methods can be
used for nitrogen dioxide, SO2, O3, and hydrocarbons. The
gas chromatograph is one of the most versatile air pollution in-
struments and is able to separate complex mixtures. The mass
spectrometer is capable of identifying small amounts of
materials. Several instrumental techniques are also available
for organic and inorganic paniculate analysis. Odor threshold
determinations can only be made by using the average reaction
of a group of people.
67116
Sawicki, Ejgene
ANALYSIS FOR AEROTOXICANTS. CRC Critical Rev. Anal.
Chem., l(3):275-333, Nov. 1970. 565 refs.
Analytical methods are reviewed for a variety of aerotoxi-
cants. Toxic compounds considered include: carcinogenic
poly nuclear hydrocarbons (arenes, aza arenes, and imino
arenes); cocarcinogens such as certain alkanes and phenols;
poly nuclear anticarcinogens; respiratory irritants such as
benzene, acetyl peroxide, formic acid, 2-methylbutene-2, 2-
methylpentane, peracetic acid, and propylene oxide; allergens
of the protein and glycoprotein type, including pollens; coaller-
gens and antiallergens; mutagenic and/or carcinogenic alkylat-
ing agents; lachrymators such as formaldehyde, acrolein, and
peroxyacyl nitrates; and phytotoxicants such as ethylene, sul-
fur dioxide, ozone, oxidants, and fluorides. Analytical
methods cited include: electrochemical techniques, chromatog-
raphy, colorimetry, spectrophotometry. fluorescence
techniques, various spectrometric methods including mass
spectrometry, and histamine bioassay tecniques (for allergens).
67528
Habel, Karl
PRESENT STATE OF THE MEASURING TECHNIQUE FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF THE FLUORINE CONTENT IN
IMMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS. (Derzeitiger Stand der Mess-
technik zur Bestimmung des Fluorgehaltes in Immissionen und
Emissionen). Text in German. Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 44(9):6p.,
Sept. 1973. 7 refs.
The present state of measuring techniques for the determina-
tion of the fluorine content in immissions and emissions is
reviewed. Topics covered include: the calculation of the
characteristic immission data, comparison of different immis-
sion measuring procedures, problems in the separation of gase-
ous and solid fluorine compounds in immission and emission
measurements, and the assessment of test results. Although a
reliable procedure for the exact separation of gaseous and
solid fluorine compounds is not yet available, a solution ap-
pears possible if binding definitions for the limitation between
gaseous and solid fluorine compounds are given and accepted.
A procedure is possible for emission measurements enabling
the determination of gaseous fluorine compounds with an ex-
actness of 10-15%; solid fluorine compounds can be deter-
mined on the basis of an exact determination of dust.
68086
Thompson, C. R., G. H. Farrah, L. V. Haff, W. S. Hillman, A.
W. Hook, R. L. Saltzman, E. J. Schneider, J. D. Strauther,
and L. H. Weinstein
SOURCE SAMPLING FOR FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM
ALUMINUM, STEEL AND PHOSPHATE PRODUCTION
PLANTS: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT. Health Lab. Sci.,
ll(4):354-359, Oct. 1974. 9 refs.
The state-of-the-art of source sampling for gaseous and par-
ticulate fluoride emissions from aluminum and steel plants and
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
219
phosphate production facilities is reviewed. Participate collec-
tors employed for separation of gaseous and paniculate
fluorides in dry emission streams from primary aluminum and
steel plants include electrostatic precipitators and high- effi-
ciency filters. Some of the paniculate is generally collected on
the walls of the sampling probe. Insufficient data exist for
demonstrating the effectiveness of in-stack filters for reducing
the amount of paniculate in the probe. All sampling trains em-
ploy impingers to collect gaseous fluorides, and differences in
collection efficiency using water versus dilute caustic appear
negligible. There is no provision for conducting a separation of
gaseous and water soluble paniculate fluorides in the case of
wet streams from phosphate rock processing operations. The
apparatus generally used for sampling stack emission is the
same as for the dry stream industries, except for elimination
of the paniculate collector. The tendency of hydrogen fluoride
to react with paniculate matter on filters can be minimized in
some cases by converting the HF to silicon tetrafluoride with
a heated glass probe. The SiF4 is then collected in the impin-
gers, hydrolyzed with dilute alkali, and analyzed by an ap-
propriate method.
68229
Sekiuchi, Teruo, Kaku Kikuchi, and Mitsu Sone
RAPID QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF FLUORINE IN
PLANT. PART 2. (Shokubutsutai chu fusso no jinsoku teiryo ni
tsuite dai ni ho). Text in Japanese. Miyagiken Kogai Gijutsu
Senta Hokoku (Miyagi Prefect. Pollut. Contr. Tech. Center
Rep.), no. 2:37-40, April 1974. 4 refs.
An ion selective electrode microanalytical method of deter-
mination of fluorine contained in plants was investigated. The
sample plant was washed and dried in a vacuum dryer at 80 C
for 4 hrs, and 5 g of the crushed sample was taken into a 300
ml flask and was carbonized with 0.5 g of quartz sand, 0.4 ml
of perchloric acid, and 0.2 g of silver perchlorate at 130 C by 3
hr of reflux. By steam distillation, 200 ml of aqueous solution
was obtained, of which 10 ml was mixed with 20 ml of TISAB
(a buffer solution to adjust total ion strength). The electro-
static potential of the sample was measured 5 rain later and
fluorine concentration was determined by comparison with the
calibration curve. It was found from the comparison of the
results obtained by the present ion electrode method and the
Alfusone colorimetric method that both methods gave the
same results. Disturbance by metal ions on determination of
fluorine concentration was checked. Addition of 0.1 and 1 mol
of ferric ion to aqueous solution containing 0.5 ppm fluorine
lowered apparent fluorine concentration by 15 and 70%
respectively. Chlorine ion lowered the apparent fluorine con-
centration by 15% while other ions did not disturb the deter-
mination. The fluoride ion electrode method can be used as a
practically useful microanalytical method for fluoride ion.
68559
Rudolph, H., J. J. Kraushaar, R. A. Ristinen, and Robert R.
Meglen
DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF FLUORINE
BY NUCLEAR INELASTIC SCATTERING. Missouri Univ.,
Columbia, Trace Subst. Environ. Health, Proc. Univ. Mo. Annu.
Conf., 7th, Columbia, Mo., 1974, p. 313-321. 23 refs.
The detection of inelastic scattering of energetic protons to the
first (110 keV) and second (197 keV) excited states of fluorine
(19) is a sensitive tool for detecting trace amounts of fluorine
in a large variety of environmental and biological samples.
Gamma rays following inelastic excitation of fluorine nuclei
are observed with a lithium-drifted germanium detector of 1.8
keV resolution. With the method, the minimum detectable
amount is approximately 10 ng, assuming a 15 minute irradia-
tion of the sample with a 4.8 MeV proton beam of current
density of 0.5 microA/sq cm. Obvious improvements in experi-
mental parameters such as detector geometry and shielding
and the use of a low-volume, high resolution detector could
improve this result by a factor of 10. Results of some in-
vestigations are presented, and applications of the method are
discussed. The method is useful to determine fluorine in coal,
teeth, water, vegetation, and other environmental samples.
The advantages of the technique are that minimal sample
preparation is required and that very small amounts of materi-
al may be analyzed. (Author abstract modified)
68944
Kellner, K. H. and J. Landbrecht
THE STATE-WIDE AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
IN BAVARIA. (Das lugthygienische Lan-
desueberwachungssystem Bayern (LUEB)). Text in German.
Gesundh.-Ingr., 95(10):297-301, 1974.
The air quality monitoring grid which existed in Bavaria was
only partially automated. It comprised 27 measuring stations
taking emission measurements of sulfur dioxide and partially
also of carbon monoxide and the oxides of nitrogen. This mea-
surement grid is now being expanded to a total number of
eighty measuring stations and one data processing and evaluat-
ing station. In a first expansion phase 14 stations and a com-
puter center will be added for operation in July 1974. The total
system shall be completed by 1977. Costs are estimated to
reach $5 million. In its final version the system will measure
24 parameters, the pollutants SO2, hydrogen sulfide, CO,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride, ozone, the dust concentration and
dust fall, meteorological parameters such as wind direction
and velocity, air temperature, humidity, pressure, global radia-
tion, precipitation with pH value, noise, radioactivity, electro-
static field, and short- term pressure fluctuations.
69152
Parts, Leo, John V. Pustinger, William D. Ross, Arthur D.
Snyder, Henry H. S. Yu, Robert E. Sievers, and Joseph J.
Brooks
AN ASSESSMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND MONI-
TORING NEEDS FOR SIGNIFICANT AIR POLLUTANTS RE-
MITTED BY AIR FORCE OPERATIONS AND RECOMMEN-
DATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ON ANALYSIS OF
POLLUTANTS. Monsanto Research Corp., Dayton, Ohio, Air
Force Contract F33615-72-C-1304, Program Element 70230407,
Rept. ARL 74-0015, 184p., Feb. 1974. 372 refs. NTIS, DDC: AD
778938
Air pollution monitoring needs of the Air Force are considered
in terms of presently used instrumentation and the develop-
ment of new techniques to meet specific requirements. Recom-
mendations regarding instrument development are given for
the following areas of pollution monitoring: volatile aircraft
emissions (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons,
exhaust odors); paniculate aircraft emissions (particle size dis-
tribution, smoke number, mass emission, optical transmission);
emissions related to missile storage facilities and missile test
and launching sites (hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride,
hydrazine, nitrogen oxides); metallic element emission
sources; herbicide incineration emissions; and ambient air
measurements. General recommendations are given for areas
where fundamental research is vitally important.
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220
69174
Yanagisawa, Saburo
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS METHOD FOR AIR POLLU-
TANTS AND ITS TREND. (Taiki osen busshitsuo no kiki bun-
seki hoho to doko). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public
Nuisance), 10(9): 1-3, Sept. 1974. 8 refs.
The Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Depart-
ment of Equipment Standards has sponsored for the last 4 yr,
with an annual budget of approximately $50,000, research on
various types of continuous analysis equipment to be utilized
by the Japanese Industrial Standards. The research had been
conducted by the Industrial Pollution Control Association and
various equipment manufacturers. This equipment includes
continuous analyzers for sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, suspended particulates, stack gas SOx,
hydrocarbons in the air, chlorine, oxidant, hydrogen fluoride,
bad odors (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia), stack gas NOx, al-
dehydes, and hydrogen chloride. The first three have already
been passed as JIS equipment, and the rest are under examina-
tion. Absorption spectrophotometry is widely used in Japan
for single element measurement for its superior color selectivi-
ty. Electropotentiometry is used for NOx and CO. The ion
electrode method is under consideration for JIS for its superi-
or selectivity for specific ions. Among the dry methods, non-
dispersive infrared spectrometry is widely used; more
recently, ultraviolet absorption spectrometry has been adopted
for NOx analysis. The acidic rain that created physical effects
this year for the first time in Japan has occurred in Europe
since 1958, and acid generating substance was added as an air
pollutant at the ISO Geneva Conference in 1972. The titration
analyzer using a pH meter (developed in France) is widely
used to measure acidity.
69526
Kaaijk, J.
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
(FINAL REPORT). (De bepaling van fluoriden in de atmosteer
(eindrapport)). Text in Dutch. TNO, Haag (Netherlands),
Chemisch Lab., Rept. 1973-22, 22p., Nov. 1973. 3 refs. NTIS:
N74-256S6
The further development and the resulting prototype of an au-
tomatic fluoride analyzer for continuous monitoring of at-
mospheric fluorides are described. It was possible to reduce
the water loss due to evaporation during sampling by cooling
the air to be released by means of Peltier coolers. For the
measurement of the gaseous fluoride concentrations, panicu-
late fluorides with aerodynamic diameters over 1 micron are
separated by means of a miniature cyclone at an efficiency of
98%. The results of atmospheric fluoride measurements car-
ried out with the automatic analyzer were in good agreement
with those obtained by means of impregnated filters. Factors
influencing the calibration curves, such as temperature and
time, were studied.
69668
Jesenak, V., Magdi M. Naoum, and J. Tolgyessy
RADKJ-RELEASE DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE IN AIR USING RADIOACTIVE KRYPTONATE
OF SILICA. Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett. 13(3):199-205, 1973. 6
refs.
Radioactive kryptonate of silica is suggested for the deter-
mination of hydrogen fluoride concentration in air. Kryp-
tonated discs of silica were allowed to react with different
concentrations of HE in air. The results were linear within the
2-10 ppm concentration range, and were in fair agreement with
theoretical assumptions. (Author abstract)
69675
Kaaijk, Joke
AN ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN FLUORIDE MONITOR.
Preprint, Chemical Lab. TNO, Rijswijk (Netherlands), 8p., 1970
(?). 3 refs.
A sampling and analytical technique for measuring hydrogen
fluoride is described. Gaseous fluorides are separated from
particulate matter in a miniature cyclone. The gaseous
fluorides are collected in a buffer solution which circulates
continuously in the measuring cell. A fluoride electrode and a
reference electrode are fixed in the measuring cell. The
fluoride electrode responds to free fluoride ions. The potential
developed by the fluoride electrode against the reference elec-
trode is a logarithmic function of the fluoride ion concentra-
tion in the solution, if the measurements are carried out in a
buffer solution in order to avoid variations in the pH and the
ionic strength in the solution and to unbind fluoride of com-
plexing ions. The fluoride ion concentration is measured
potentiometrically during the sampling period of 24 hr. In this
way it is possible to determine 24-hour averages of the at-
mospheric HF concentration and within this period short-term
averages can be measured. The monitor can measure HF con-
centrations in the range 0.05-15 micrograms/cu m. The calibra-
tion and testing of the device are described. The technique can
be used to measue HF in stack gases by shortening the cycle
period and can also measure sulfide, chloride, cyanide, and
ammonia if a suitable ion selective electrode and sampling
solution is used.
69765
Lee Robert E., Jr. and Howard Crist
TRACE ANALYSIS IN SOURCE TESTING. California Air
Resources Board; California Univ., Berkeley, Dept. of Mechani-
cal Engineering; and California State Dept. of Public Health,
Air and Industrial Hygiene Lab., Conf. Methods Air Pollut. Ind.
Hyg. Studies, 13th, Berkeley, Calif., 1972, 8p. (Oct. 30-31.)
To determine the environmental impact from trace element
emissions, the trace element composition of fuels and particu-
lates collected with the Environmental Protection Agency
source sample train was determined. The simultaneous multi-
element analyses most frequently used were optical emission
spectrography, spark source mass spectrometry, and neutron
activation. These techniques were supported by other trace
analysis methods including anodic stripping voltametry, atomic
absorption, conductometric titrations, ion specific electrode
methods, and wet chemistry. The advantages and disad-
vantages of these methods, precision of data, and findings to
date are summarized. Considerable information can be gained
relatively inexpensively if the industrial feed material, such as
ore or coal, is first analyzed before a source test is initiated.
Such an analysis is helpful in determining the need or scope of
a source test. More measurements are needed of the size dis-
tribution of particles in various sources, especially as a func-
tion of the trace element composition. The validity of the
results is being tested by conducting interlaboratory com-
parisons on source emission samples. Valuable information is
also gained on analytical methodology and equivalency where
several techniques are used to analyze the samples. A recent
example of this type of activity is illustrated by the determina-
tion of fluoride by four laboratories using four different
techniques in measurement of the samples.
70638
Sato, K. and M. Hoshino
SAMPLING OF FLUORIDES IN STACK GAS WITH LIME
TREATED FILTER PAPER METHOD. (Arukari roshi o
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
221
mochiiru endo haigasu-chu no fukkabutsu no sanpuringu ni
Lsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air
Pollution), 9(2):436, Nov. 1974. (Presented at tne National Air
Pollution Research Conference, 15th, Chiba, Japan, Nov. 6-8,
1974, Paper 287.)
A filter paper holder consisting of a heating thermocouple and
two layers of filter paper, a teflon filter paper, and an alkaline
filter paper, was used for fluoride sampling. The filter paper
was pretreated with a 10% sodium carbonate solution and
dried. The sampling velocity was 10 1/min, and the filter paper
flow rate was 0.35 1/sq cm/min. The filter papers were then im-
mersed in 25 ml of sodium citrate buffer solution for 30-60
min, and the fluoride was determined by a fluoride ion elec-
trode. More than 99% of the fluoride was collected.
70686
Pollution Atmospherique par Residus Organiques et Mineraux
Grenoble (France), Study Group
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR AIR POL-
LUTANTS. (Methodes de prelevement et d analyse de polluants
atmospheriques). Text in French. Bull. Inform. Sci. Tech.
Comm. Energ. At. (Fr.), no. 191:7-29, April 1974. 6 refs.
Sampling and analytical methods for air pollutants are
described. Gaseous air pollutants are most often sampled
through bubblers with adequate absorbent liquid at efficiencies
of up to 85%. Organic vapors can be concentrated on gas
chromatographic columns under cryogenic conditions. Panicu-
late matter can be separated on filters or by the electrostatic
method. An automatic sequential sampler can separate gases
and vapors either in a bubbler or on a column. Another dust
sampler is able to sample dust quantities of up to 50 mg/day
without granulometric separation, and with granulometric
separation from 1 micron upward. Sulfur dioxide is determined
by a spectrocolorimetric method, using West-Gaeke s reagent,
while nitrogen oxides are determined by Saltzmann s reagent.
The methyl orange method used for the determination of
chlorine has a sensitivity of 1 microgram/cu m. Hydrofluoric
acid, and soluble chlorides can be determined by means of
ion-specific electrodes at a sensitivity of 0.1 microgram/cu m.
Organic vapors are determined best by a combination of a gas
chromatograph and a mass spectrometer, using molecular
sieves as an interface. Colorimeters for SO2 and NOx vapors,
chemiluminescent instruments for ozone and nitrogen oxides,
infrared analyzers for carbon monoxide, fluorescence and
potentiometric analyzers for SO2, and flame ionization detec-
tors for hydrocarbons are commercially available.
71044
Yamaki, Naoomi
TECHNIQUES OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION PREVEN-
TION MEASUREMENT. (Taiki osen keisoku gijutsu). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Kogai Boshi Gijutsu (Ind. Pollut. Control
Tech.), 1974:33-36, June 1974.
Measurement methods for gaseous pollutants and suspended
particulates are reviewed along with a discussion of the
preparation of standard gases. Automatic methods for sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides are being developed. The Elec-
trotechnical Lab is studying the electromagnetic determination
and identification of minor components of air using electron
impact ionization. The Institute of Environmental Pollution
and Resources is studying the measurement of hydrofluoric
acid, hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
and hydrogen cyanide. It was recently found that almost
complete collection of mercaptan and sulfite is possible by the
use of a large excess of silver nitrate and that with 6 N HC1
decomposition of the collected substances is possible to the
extent of 94-100% for mercaptans, 99-100% for monosulfite,
and 98% for bisulfite. These findings are being applied to
determination by combined chromatography-mass spectral
analysis. Dilution methods for standard gases are discussed.
71231
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
TENTATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR FLUORIDE
CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND PLANT TISSUES
(SEMIAUTOMATED METHOD). Book ASTM Stand., no.
26:754-767, 1974. 9 refs.
A semiautomated colorimetric procedure for the analysis of
total fluoride in the atmosphere and other media (e.g., plant
tissue) is described. The method incorporates microdistillation
of the sample and may be applied to any fluoride-containing
solution where standards of identical composition are carried
through the same sample preparation procedures and are
proven to provide quantitative recovery when analyzed by the
semiautomated system. Atmospheric samples must be brought
into solution and must fall within the calibration range of the
instrument. Samples are analyzed sequentially with standard
solution.1, which have a composition similar to the samples or
with standards which provide the same recovery of fluoride.
In either case, the method must be confirmed by a manual
procedure. The semiautomated procedure involves pumping a
sample slurry or solution and sulfuric acid into a
polytetrafluoroethylene coil of a microdistillation device main-
tained at 170 C. A stream of air carries the acidified sample
through the coil to a fractionation column. Fluoride and water
vapor are condensed and pumped continuously from a distil-
late collector. Spent acid and solids are continuously removed
as waste. Distillate is mixed continuously with a colorimetric
reagent (alizarin fluorine blue-lanthanum) and passed through
the flow cell of a recording colorimeter. The normal range of
analysis is 0.1-4.0 micrograms F/ml. normal range of analysis
is 0.1-4.0 micrograms F/ml.
71232
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
TENTATIVE METHODS FOR ANALYSIS FOR FLUORIDE
CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND PLANT TISSUES
(MANUAL PROCEDURES). Book ASTM Stand., no. 26:735-
753, 1974. 31 refs.
Titrimetric, spectrophotometric, and potentiometric methods
for the manual determination of fluorides in the atmosphere
and other media (e.g., plant tissue) are outlined. Direct titra-
tion of fluoride with standard thorium nitrate solution can ac-
commodate from 10 to 0.05 mg of fluoride in the total sample.
Back titration modifications can measure from 50 to about 5
micrograms fluoride in the total sample. Direct titration can
also be used for the lower ranges if photometric end point de-
tection is employed. For the spectrophotometric detection of
fluoride, both Zirconium-Eriochrome Cyanine R and Zirconi-
um-SPADNS reagents obey Beer s law over the range from
0.000-1.40 micrograms of fluoride/ml with a detection limit of
0.02 microgram/ml. A Lanthanum-Alizarin Complexone
procedure for the lower range covers from 0.00 to 0.5 micro-
gram of fluoride/ml with a detection limit of approximately
0.015 microgram/ml. The spectrophotometric methods are tem-
perature sensitive, and absorbances must be read within + or -
2 C of the temperature at which the respective calibration
curve is established. The potentiometric determination of
fluoride (inorganic) is achieved by diluting the alkaline sample
solution containing atmospheric fluoride 1 + or - with a com-
bined buffer (ionic strength adjuster and complexing agent) ad-
-------
222
justed to pH 5.9-6.1 prior to analysis with a fluoride ion selec-
tive electrode. The potential corresponding to the fluoride ion
concentration is measured in millivolts. The recommended
range for analysis of air samples is between 0.1 and 10 micro-
grams/ml of fluoride in solution.
71244
American Society for Testing and Materhls, Philadelphia, Pa.
TENTATIVE METHOD FOR SEPARATION AND COLLEC-
TION OF PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS FLUORIDES IN
THE ATMOSPHERE (SODIUM BICARBONATE- COATED
GLASS TUBE AND A PARTICULATE FILTER METHOD).
Book ASTM Stand., no. 26:728-734, 1974. 6 refs.
A method for the separation and collection of paniculate and
gaseous fluorides in the atmosphere is described. The method
employs a sodium bicarbonate-coated glass tube and a mem-
brane filter and is capable of collecting 2-500 micrograms of
gaseous fluoride over a 12-hour sampling period at a sampling
rate of 14.2 1/min (0.2-50 micrograms/cu m). The lower limit of
detection is considered as twice the standard deviation of the
monthly arithmetic mean blank value. The method involves
removing gaseous fluorides from the air stream by reaction
with sodium bicarbonate coated on the inside wall of a borosil-
icate glass tube. Paniculate fluorides are collected on a filter
following the tube. The fluoride collected on the tube is eluted
with water or buffer and analyzed for fluoride, and the par-
ticulates collected by the filter are eluted with acid and then
analyzed for fluoride. The results are reported as micrograms
of gaseous fluoride and micrograms of paniculate fluoride per
cubic meter of air at 21 C and 760 torr pressure. Possible inter-
ferences include acid aerosols or gases which are capable of
neutralizing or acidifying the bicarbonate coating and
phosphates or metals such as aluminum which are capable of
interfering with the subsequent analysis. Regarding the method
s precision, the root mean square difference of duplicate bicar-
bonate-coated tubes within the range from 0.5- 3.3 micrograms
fluonde/cu m is 0.051 microgram fluoride/cu m. Recovery of
hydrogen fluoride is better than 95% for amounts of fluoride
up to about 40 micrograms and for sampling periods of 15-120
min Data on particulate fluoride are insufficient to establish
recovery under field conditions.
71245
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
TENTATIVE METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS SEPARATION
AND COLLECTION OF PARTICULATE AND WATER-
SOLUBLE GASEOUS FLUORIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
(FILTER AND IMPINGER METHOD). Book ASTM Stand., no.
26:721-727, 1974. 6 refs.
A method for the continuous separation and collection of par-
ticulate and water-soluble gaseous fluorides in the atmosphere
is described. The method utilizes a chemically treated filter
and an impinger. Sampling rate may vary from 14.2 1/min for
24 hr to 28.3 1/min for 3 hr, depending on the atmospheric
fluoride concentration. The procedure involves drawing air
through an air inlet tube for passage through an acid-treated
prefilter which removes particulates. The stream is then drawn
through an impinger for the removal of water-soluble
fluorides. The prefilter and impinger solutions are sub-
sequently analyzed by potentiometric or photometric methods.
Possible interferences include particulate metallic salts,
phosphates, and metals such as aluminum. The precision and
accuracy of the method are not yet established.
72015
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
TENTATIVE METHOD FOR AUTOMATED SEPARATION
AND COLLECTION OF PARTICULATE AND ACIDIC GASE-
OUS FLUORIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE (DOUBLE PAPER
TAPE SAMPLER METHOD). Book ASTM Stand., no. 26: 715-
720, 1974. 14 refs.
A tentative method for the automated separation and collec-
tion of particulate and acidic gaseous fluoride in the at-
mosphere by means of a double paper tape sampler is
described. Air is drawn through an air inlet tube and is first
passed through an acid-treated prefilter paper tape to remove
any particulates which may contain fluoride and then through
an alkali-treated paper tape to remove acidic fluoride gases.
Exhaust air is filtered through soda lime-glass wool, and the
cleaned air is used to pressurize the front compartment to
prevent fluoride contamination of the paper tapes from the
ambient air. At the end of the preset sampling period (several
minutes to 3 hr), the vacuum pump is automatically turned off,
and the tapes are indexed. The paper tapes are removed from
the sampler and analyzed by potentiometric or photometric
methods. Possible interferences include: particulate metallic
salts, acid aerosols or gases, and phosphates or metals such as
aluminum. The relative standard deviation of hydrogen
fluoride determination is about 16% for the 1-3 micrograms/cu
m range and about 5% for the 12-45 micrograms/cu m range.
Recoveries of hydrogen fluoride are better than 95% with
amounts of fluorides of up to 40 micrograms and at sampling
periods of 15-120 min. The precision and accuracy of particu-
late fluoride determinations are not yet established.
72017
Prinz, B.
APPROACHES AND RESULTS OF AN EFFECT MONITOR-
ING-PROGRAMME IN THE STATE NORDRHEIN
WESTPHALIA. World Meteorological Organization and World
Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland), World Meteorol.
Organ./World Health Organ. Tech. Conf. Observ. Measurement
Atmos. Pollut., Helsink, Finland, 1973, p. 223-235. 1974. 10
refs. (July 30-Aug. 4, Paper 368.)
An effect monitoring program was conducted in Nordrhein
Westphalia to measure the effect of pollutants on a set of in-
dicators. Three groups of indicators were applied: effect ob-
servations by use of exposed lichens, wood, and metal pat-
terns representing the biological and technical part of the en-
vironment; uptake of pollutants by the biosphere by use of
standardized grass cultures; and uptake of pollutants by stan-
dardized materials by use of massflow proportional measuring
devices. The mortality rate of the lichen area was determined
in percent of the undamaged area at the beginning of the expo-
sure. The mortality rates range from 0 to 38% comparable with
0% at a site in nonindustrial area and 84% at a site in
Duisburg, both outside the surveyed region. Grass cultures
were exposed under standardized conditions to sulfur,
fluorine, chlorine, lead, zinc, and cadmium. All sites showed a
considerable and widespread amount of S uptake. The correla-
tion coefficients between S uptake and the uptake of the other
five compounds reflect the emission situation in the area. The
correlations and partial correlations between sulfur dioxide
concentrations, IRMA-data (mass stream proportional uptake
of a pollutant), and uptake of S by grass are more significant
for the effect-related uptake by grass than the concentration
values.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
223
73127
Dee, L. A., H. H. Martens, and J. T. Nakamura
EVALUATION OF SOLID SORBENTS FOR SAMPLING SO2,
HCL, AND HF FROM STATIONARY SOURCES (FINAL RE-
PORT). United States Air Force, Edwards, Calif., Rocket
Propulsion Lab., Environmental Protection Agency Proj. EPA
OOOCX, Rept. AFRPL-TR-74-54, FY 73, lip., Aug. 1974. 6 rets.
NTIS, DDC: AD-784813
Various solid sorbents were evaluated for the sampling of sul-
fur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon
tetrafluoride from stationary sources. Lead oxide did not ab-
sorb HF or SiF4, though it did appear to absorb HC1 and SO2
quantitatively; however, the problems associated with extrac-
tion and subsequent analysis of the corresponding amons are
insurmountable at present. Lithium carbonate is a useful sor-
bent for HCI and HF, though less complicated carbonate sor-
bents need to be first evaluated. Manganese dioxide also ab-
sorbs SO2, but further efforts are needed to develop a more
specific trace sulfate determination method
73349
Mori, M., H. Monta, and Y. Okabe
ON THE HF GAS MONITOR BY FLUORIDE ELECTRODE.
(Ion denkyoku-ho ni yoru haigasu-chu HF sokutei no tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 9(2):437, Nov. 1974. (Presented at the National Air Pollu-
tion Research Conference, Chiba, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1974, Paper
288.)
A hydrogen fluoride monitor having a glass absorption
chamber in which absorbent was sprayed into the sample gas
is described. A pH buffer for fluoride determination was sup-
plied as an absorbent at 1 ml/min, and a sample gas containing
HF was introduced at a flow rate of 4 1/min. The resulting ab-
sorbent was pumped to a detector cell, and the fluoride con-
centration was determined by the fluoride ion electrode
method. Results obtained from five samples of the same type
were compared to those obtained by chemical and lathanum-
alizarin complexone (JIS K 0105) methods, and correlation
coefficients of 0 994-0.996 were obtained The monitor was
usable in the ranges of 0-5 ppm and 0-2 ppm, and the standard
deviation was about + or - 39£.
73471
Vol berg, N. S. and T. A. Kuz mma
DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IN AT-
MOSPHERE. (Opredeleniye ftoristogo vodoroda v atmosfere s
otborom prob na tverdyy sorbent). Text in Russian. Tr, Gl.
Geofiz. Observ, no. 293:78-82, 1973. 9 refs.
A method for sampling gaseous hydrogen fluoride on solid sor-
bent for subsequent photometric determination by the attenua-
tion of the coloration of a zirconium-xylenol range complex is
described. Glass granules of 1 to 2 mm in size, treated with
0.2% alcohol solution of potassium chloride, are used as solid
sorbent either in a wet or dry state. The rate of sampling
amounts to 3 1/min for up to 20 min for hydrogen fluoride con-
centrations not greater than 0.2 mg/cu m. The adsorbed
hydrogen fluoride is quantitatively desorbed by a small amount
of water. The solid sorbent is placed in a glass tube 5 mm in
diameter.
74221
Nakamura, K.
MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY AT AN OUTBREAKING
POINT OF AIR POLLUTION. (Hasseigen ni okeru sokutei
gijutsu). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society of Civil En-
gineering, p. 31-46, 1972. (Presented at the Japan Society of
Civil Engineering, Lecture Meeting, Tokyo, May 23-24, 1972.)
Measurement methods for determining the total emission of
gaseous pollutants from fixed sources are described. Total sul-
fur oxides are determined by the neutralization method, the
Arusenazo III method, and the barium chloranilate method.
Waste gases containing nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen chloride
and chlorine cannot be analyzed for their total SOx by the
neutralization method. Sulfur dioxide can be analyzed by using
a sulfamate solution as the absorbent and titrating with iodine.
Fluoride can be analyzed using the lanthanum-alizarin com-
plexone method by measuring the absorbance of the resulting
complex near 620 nm. Chlorine can be analyzed by passing the
gas into ortho-tolidine solution which results in the formation
of a yellow solution (absorbance near 435 nm). Hydrogen
chloride can be analyzed by a spectrophotometric method
(mercuric thiocyanate method) or a volumetric method (silver
nitrate method and neutralization method). A correction is
required if chlorine coexists. Total nitrogen oxides can be
analyzed by the naphthylethylenediamine method The con-
tinuous determination of the above substances by conductivi-
ty, infrared analysis, potentiometry, ultraviolet analysis,
chemiluminescence, and gas chromatography is also briefly
discussed
74234
Weinstem, L. H. and R. H. Mandl
THE SEPARATION AND COLLECTION OF GASEOUS AND
PARTICULATE FLUORIDES. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no.
164:53-70, 1971. 20 refs.
Laboratory and field tests of three methods for the separation
and collection of gaseous and paniculate fluorides were con-
ducted. The three sampling procedures evaluated comprised:
bicarbonate-coated tubes with citric acid-treated Acropor AN-
800 membrane filters fitted to either the inlet or the outlet
ends of the tubes, a double-tape sampler with a citric acid-
treated Whatman No. 52 prefilter tape and a Whatman No. 4
alkali- treated tape, and duplicate filter holders each containing
citric acid-treated Acropor AN-800 membrane as a prefilter
and an alkali-treated Whatman No. 41 paper to collect gaseous
fluoride. The results for gaseous fluoride collected by the
three devices were reasonably close, although the tape sampler
gave results considerably higher than the others on 3 days.
The tape sampler also showed wide diurnal fluctuations in
fluoride concentration which was highest during warm periods
when fluoride desorbed from chamber surfaces. The bicar-
bonate-coated tubes were sensitive to humidity; moisture con-
densation resulted in partial or complete removal of the bicar-
bonate coating from the tubes.
74346
PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE OF ANALYTICAL IN-
STRUMENT FOR POLLUTION. (Kogai keisoku kiki no genjo
to tenbo). Text in Japanese. Puranto Enjinia (Plant Eng.),
7(l):31-34, Jan. 1975.
A general discussion of the present status of the Japanese
analytical instrument industry, measurement method policies
and conditions for standardization is presented. The total
production of air pollution instrumentation increased from
6743 units for a total cost of about $22,500 in 1971 to 54,247
units costing $60,000 in 1974. The instruments included those
for the detection of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, hydrogen
-------
224
fluoride, chlorine and chlorinated compounds, participates, au-
tomotive exhaust gases, oxidants, atmospheric metals, and
odors. The Japan Electric Instrument Industry Association
began establishing examination standard models for air pollu-
tion instruments in 1972. Standard models of polarography,
spectrophotometry and gas chromatography were scheduled
for completion in 1974.
74354
Liyv, Reel, R. Ott, P. Luyga, and Valentina Pikkov
CUMULATIVE MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
AND FLUORIDES IN AMBIENT AIR. (Kumulyativnoye
opredeleniye dvuokisi sery i ftoridov v atmosferom vozdukhe).
Text in Russian. Izv. Akad. Nauk Est. SSR, Khim. Geol.,
23(3):208-213, 1974. 17 rets.
A method for the cumulative sampling and determination of
ambient sulfur dioxide and fluorides in a given sample is
described. Sulfur dioxide and fluorides are sampled by means
of potassium carbonate-impregnated filter papers exposed at 4
m altitude. Sulfates are determined by precipitation with
benzidine hydrochloride and subsequent alkaline titration in
the presence of phenolphthalein. Fluorides in the same sample
are determined colorimetncally at 618 nm by means of a
lanthanum alizarine complex.
74471
Shizuoka Prefectural Government
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM.
(Kogai Kanshi taisei). Text in Japanese. In: Environmental
White Paper, 1974, p. 300-303, 1975.
For efficient air pollution control, the accurate and expeditious
measurement of pollution is essential. In Shizuoka Prefecture,
the concentrations of sulfur oxides, suspended particulates,
oxidant, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen sulfide have been constantly
monitored. The list of automatic measurement instruments
used as of Dec. 1973 includes 66 automatic SOx analyzers, 26
NOx analyzers, 5 HC analyzers, 7 CO analyzers, 10 HF
analyzers, and 10 H2S analyzers. Microanalyzers such as the
X-ray microanalyzer for the measurement of micro-amounts of
pollutans (such as polychlorinated biphenyls and data
processing systems were acquired in 1973. A list of measure-
ment instruments used as of Dec. 1973 for air, water, noise,
vibration, and other pollution measurement is also given.
74942
Inagaki, K.
AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENT METHODS. (Taiki node
no sokutei ho). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kojo (Chem. Factory),
19(8):24-34, Aug. 1975. 12 refs.
Sampling and measurement methods of air pollution are
discussed. The JIS methods for the analysis of air pollutants
(absorbent in parentheses) include: ammonia: titration and in-
dophenol methods (0.5 W/V% boric acid); total sulfur oxides:
neutralization (3% hydrogen peroxide) and arsenazo III
methods (ammonium sulfamate + ammonium sulfate, pH 5.4);
sulfur dioxide: iodine titration method (ammonium sulfamate
+ ammonium sulfate, pH 5.4); nitrogen oxides:
naphthylethyleneamine method (0.1 N ammonia water); total
NOx: phenolsulfonic acid method (diluted sulfuric acid +
H2O2); nitrogen dioxide: naphthylethyleneamine method (0.1
N sodium hydroxide); fluoride: lanthanide alizarin complexon
and thorium nitrate-neothorin methods (0.1 N NaOH);
chlorine: o-toluidine method (0.01 W/V% o-toluidine
hydrochloric acid solution (pH 1.6)); HC1: mercuric thio-
cyanate, silver nitrate, and neutralization methods (0.1 N
NaOH); hydrogen sulfide: iodine titration and methylene blue
methods (zinc ammonium complex salt solution); and
hydrogen cyanide: silver nitrate titration and pyridine-
pyrazolone methods (2 W/V% NaOH). Infrared spectrometry
is used for continuous analyses of SO2, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxide and NH3, while conductivity and spec-
trophotometric methods are used for continuous analyses of
SO2, chlorine gas, HC1, NH3 and NOx.
75058
Burch, D. E. and D. A. Gryvnak
INFRARED GAS FILTER CORRELATION INSTRUMENT
FOR IN-SITU MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
(FINAL REPORT). Philco-Ford Corp., Newport Beach, Calif.,
Aeronutronic Div., Environmental Protection Agency Contract
68-02-0575, Program Element 1AA010, Work Unit 14, ROAP
26AAP, Rept. EPA-650/2-74-094, Rept. U6121, 64p., Dec. 1974.
15 refs. NTIS: PB 239467/AS
An infrared gas filter correlation instrument for measuring the
concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, sulfur diox-
ide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride in the effluent
of stationary sources is described. An infrared beam is
directed across the stack to a retroreflector and back so that
the instantaneous average concentration is measured continu-
ously without disturbing the constituents of the effluent. A
small, removable, fixed-position grating monochromator acts
as a unique optical filter that passes narrow spectral intervals
that are centered at wavelengths where the gas to be detected
absorbs. One grating monochromator is used for CO and NO,
another for SO2 and HC1, and a third for HF. The useful
ranges of concentration times path length, in atm cm, over
which the gas can be measured are: 0.005-0.04 for NO; 0.0013-
0.15 for CO; 0.001-4.0 for SO2; 0.0003-0.2 for HC1; and 0.0001-
0.02 for HF. Discrimination against other gases in the effluent
is excellent. Field tests of the instrument on the smokestack of
a coal-burning power plant were satisfactory. Minor problems
encountered included: the accumulation of dirt on the win-
dows, binding of the window shutters, and difficulties in
changing the detector without exposing it to the sunlight.
(Author abstract modified)
75339
Greifer, Bernard and John K. Taylor
POLLUTANT ANALYSIS COST SURVEY (FINAL REPORT).
Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., National Bureau of
Standards, Environmental Protection Agency Interagency Agree-
ment IAG 215, Program Element 1AB013, ROAP 21ADD-BJ,
Rept. EPA-650/2-74-125, 208p., Dec. 1974. 772 refs. NTIS: PB
241991/AS
The capabilities and costs of various analytical methods for
trace element determinations in fly ash, coal, oil, ores,
minerals, metals, alloys, organometallics, incinerator particu-
lates, slurry streams, and sedimentation process feeds are
summarized. Analytical methods covered include nuclear ac-
tivation, mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, electron and
ion microprobe spectrometry, atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry, emission spectrophotometry, polarography,
and potentiometry. These methods are evaluated in terms of
their capability for determining trace amounts (less than 100
ppm) of mercury, beryllium, cadmium, arsenic, vanadium,
manganese, nickel, antimony, chromium, zinc, copper, lead,
selenium, boron, fluorides, lithium, silver, tin, iron, strontium,
sodium, potassium, calcium, silicon, magnesium, uranium, and
thorium. A selected bibliography and a review of the Standard
Reference Materials available for environmental analysis are
also presented.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
225
76030
Kuz mina, T. A.
DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE FLUORIDES EMITTED
BY ALUMINUM PLANTS. In: Atmospheric Diffusion and Air
Pollution Problems, Voprosy atmosfernoy diffuzii i zagryaz-
neniya vozdukha, Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Press, 1974,
225p. 5 refs. Translated from Russian, 5p.
The efficiency of sorption tubes that trap silicon tetrafluoride
and hydrogen fluoride for measurement was tested with a
range of known concentrations, and at different rates of draw-
ing air through the tubes. One tube containing a 1 ml layer of
solid sorbent absorbed almost all the SiF4 and HF at 10 1/min.
A Richter device was used to measure fluorides that slipped
through the tube. The influence of several atmospheric cations
that enter the absorbing solution during measurement of the
fluorides in the solution was also tested. No effect on the mea-
surement of fluorides was found for a 100-fold excess of calci-
um, cadmium, lead, zinc, or chromiun cations, or for a 10-fold
excess of iron cations. Silicon tetrafluoride is emitted in sig-
nificant quantities with HF in some industries. Its generation
for lab study is complicated because it tends to hydrolyze and
to be sorbed on glass. A device that solves this problem and is
effective for generating microconcentrations of SiF4 in air is
described.
76212
Habel, Karl
MEASURING TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINATION OF
FLUORINE CONTENT OF AIR AND STACK GASES.
(Derzeitiger Stand der Messtechnik zur Bestinunung des
Fluorogehaltes in Inunissionen und Emissionen). Text in Ger-
man. Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 44(9):697-702, 1973. 7 refs.
Recent measuring techniques for and problems involved in the
measurement of gaseous and particulate fluorine concentra-
tions in the air and in stack gases are reviewed. It is possible
to determine the total fluorine content in the air by sampling
with impinger or sorption tube filled with sodium carbonate-
coated silver spheres. These methods do not permit, however,
the separation of gaseous and particulate fluonne. Gaseous
fluorine can be sampled in such sorption tubes after the air is
passed through a dust separator. Gaseous and particulate
fluorine can be separated in a more or less satisfactory manner
by the membrane filter method using a heated filter, combined
with impinger or sorption tube. Filtration through silica wool is
suitable for the sampling of gaseous fluorine compounds in
stack gases in a concentration range of up to 200 mg/cu m.
There is no reliable procedure for the exact separation of gase-
ous and solid fluorine compounds. Gaseous fluorine com-
pounds can be determined at an accuracy of 10-15%, while
solid fluorine compounds can be determined on the basis of
the dust measurement.
77427
Hermann, Peter and Walter Rode
SEMI-AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION OF THE FLUORINE
CONCENTRATION IN SAMPLES FROM GAS IMMISSION
MEASUREMENTS AND FROM PYROHYDROLYSIS OF
SOLID MATERIALS. (Halbautomatische Bestinunung des
Fluorgehaltes in Proben aus Gasemissionsmessungen und in
Feststoffaufschluessen). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung
Luft, 35(8):298-302, Aug. 1975. 14 refs.
The fluoride contents of solutions received from emission
measurement and from pyrohydrolysis of solid materials were
determined by semiautomated analysis using three ion-specific
electrodes. The time required is 18 min for each sample. The
standard deviation is s equals 0.04 mg/1 at fluoride concentra-
tions of 1 to 2 mg/1 and s equals 0.02 mg for a sample contain-
ing 0.05 to 1 mg fluoride. Interferences by aluminum and mag-
nesium ions were not found at concentrations up to 1 mol/1.
The detectable limit of the method is 1.7 times 10 to the -6th
power mol/1 or 0.03 mg.
77492
Tsukamoto, H., M. Ohashi, and T. Sakai
SIMPLIFIED COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
FLUORINE IN URINE AND PARTICULATE FLUORIDES IN
ATMOSPHERE BY MEANS OF DIRECT DIFFUSION.
(Chokusetsu kakusan ni yoru kichi ryushi jo fiikka- butsu
narabini nyo-chu fusso no kanben hishoku sokutei ho). Text in
Japanese. Tetsudo Rodo Kagaku (Science of Railroad Labor),
no. 28:65-71, 1974. 11 refs.
A simplified colorimetric method for the determination of
fluorine in urine is described. The mean recovery of fluoride
by the proposed method is 99.1% when fluorine is added to
the urine. The standard value of fluorine content in urine by
this method is 0.83 mg/1 and 57.2 micrograms/hr. The upper
limit of the 95% region is 3.51 mg/1 and 299.5 micrograms/hr.
This method is also successfully applied to the determination
of fluorides in the atmosphere after the collection of particu-
lates on a filter made of paper or glass fiber. In this case, the
use of a glass fiber hinders the diffusion of fluorine. However,
the accuracy of determination is not lost if a correction is
made by preparing a calibration curve. Examinations of urine
from workers at a factory where welding is done indicate safe
concentrations of fluorine in the welding area.
78426
Hermann, Peter
THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SMALL FLUORIDE CON-
TENTS IN SOLIDS AND IN CASE OF EMISSION MEASURE-
MENTS. (Zur chemischen Analyse geringer Fluorgehalte in
Feststoffen und bei Emissions-messungen). Text in German. Z.
Ziegel-, Steinzeug- Ind., vol. 4:142-145, 1975. 11 refs.
Fusion processes for the determination of small fluoride con-
tents in solids are compared. Alkaline oxidizing fusion with
subsequent distillation and the pyrohydrolytic fusion process
produce the same results. The photometric determination of
fluoride ions in distillates from these solid fusions is made
using alizarin complexon with a fluoride ion sensitive electrode
fitted into a semi-automatic type of equipment. Adsorption
solutions from emission measurements are similarly deter-
mined according to the two analytical processes. The equal
validity of the two methods of analysis is demonstrated by a
random sampling of 30 solutions. Detailed instructions are
given on the pyrohydrolytic fusion of solids and also on mea-
surement with fluoride ion sensitive electrodes, including semi-
automatic operation.
79003
Greifer, B., B. C. Cadoff, J. Wing, and J. K. Taylor
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID STATE SAMPLERS FOR WORK
ATMOSPHERES (SEMIANNUAL REPORT). National Bureau
of Standards, Washington, D. C., National Institute for Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Proj. 3104150, Rept. NBSIR 74-527,
28p., June 1974. 57 refs. NTIS: COM-74-11720
Evaluations of the efficiency of solid sorbents for collecting
trace quantities of hydrogen fluoride, phosphine, hydrogen
cyanide, chlorine, and fluorine in occupational atmospheres
are presented. Sodium acetate is a very efficient sorbent for
hydrogen fluoride, and its solubility in water is highly ad-
vantageous for subsequent HF determination by ion selective
-------
226
electrode. Potassium permanganate impregnated silica gel
sorbs phosphine effectively, and Ascarite appears suitable for
sorbing HCN. Work on chlorine and fluorine systems is to be
undertaken in the future. (Author abstract modified)
79032
PAROM (Pollution Atmospherique par Residus Organiques et
Mineraux) Study Group of C.E.N., Grenoble, France
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS. (Methodes de prelevements et d
analyse de polluants atmospheriques). Text in French. Bull. In-
form. Sci. Tech. Commis. Energ. At. (Fr.), no. 191:7-29, 1974. 6
rets.
Existing air pollutant sampling and analytical methods
developed by PAROM, Grenoble, France, are described.
Gaseous pollutants are sampled most commonly by bubbling
them through a reagent or absorbent solution, while organic
vapors are adsorbed on a chromatographic adsorbent layer at a
very low temperature. Particulate matter is sampled by filtra-
tion or by electrostatic precipitation, the latter technique per-
mitting non-destructive sampling and granulometric separation
for analysis. Certain gaseous air pollutants, such as sulfur
dioxide, nitrous gases, and chlorine are determined commonly
by the spectrocolorimetric method, while hydrogen fluoride
and soluble chlorides are determined by means of ion-specific
electrodes. For the analysis of particulate matter, the organic
fraction is extracted with solvents by ultrasonic technique,
after which the organic fraction is separated by thin-layer or
liquid chromatography for determination by a combination of
gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, while the mineral
fraction is analyzed by atomic absorption or X-ray
fluorescence. Organic vapors are determined most efficiently
by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spec-
trometry. An instrument for the field measurement of gaseous
fluorine by means of a ion-specific electrode at a sensitivity of
0.1 microgram/cu m, and a similar instrument for chlorine
determination at 1 microgram/cu m sensitivity have been
developed.
79389
Pella, P. A., E. E. Hughes, and J. K. Taylor
DEVELOPMENT OF GAS-BLENDING SYSTEMS FOR
CALIBRATION: APPLICATION TO HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE, ARSINE AND PHOSGENE IN AIR. Am. Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J., 36(l):7SS-759, Oct. 1975. 9 refs.
Gas blending systems for calibrating analytical monitoring
devices were developed and applied to hydrogen fluoride, ar-
sine, and phosgene in air. A high concentration of the stan-
dardized gas mixture is dynamically diluted with air or
nitrogen to obtain the desired concentration levels. The stan-
dardized gas mixtures are measured periodically to determine
any changes with time in the concentrations. Gas mixtures
prepared by dilution were measured and compared with values
calculated from the gas blending data. Hydrogen fluoride in
the standardized mixture and in the gas mixtures prepared by
dilution was determined by potentiornetry employing a fluoride
ion specific electrode. Arsine and phosgene gas mixtures are
determined by spectrophometric methods. Phosgene in a stan-
dardized gas mixture is measured by coulometric titration at
constant current. These gas mixtures are measured in the con-
centration ranges from 1-60 ppm for HF, from 0.02-0.2 ppm
for arsine, and from 0.05-5.0 ppm for phosgene. These concen-
trations represent from 0.5 to 5 times the threshold limit value
for these gases.
79835
Gomenyuk, A. S., V. P. Zharov, D. D. Ogurok, E. A. Ryabov,
O. A. Tumanov, and V. O. Shaydurov
OPTICAL - ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF SMALL CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, NITRIC OXIDE
AND CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULES IN GASES BY IR-
RADIATION WITH HYDROGEN FLUORIDE PULSED
LASER. (Optiko- akusticheskie detektirovanie malikh kont-
centrtcy molekul ftoristogo vodoroda, okisi azota i dvuokisi
ugleroda v gasakh izlucheniem inipul snogo lazera na ftoristom
vodorode). Text in Russian. Kvantovaya Elektron., no. 8:1805-
1811, 1974. 11 refs.
Experimental results on detection of micro-concentrations of
hydrogen fluoride, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide molecules
in air and in oxides are given. These results were obtained by
an optical-acoustic method making use of a hydrogen fluoride
pulsed laser. In the pulsed regime the laser gives substantially
more energy than in the continuous regime. This property of
the pulsed laser allows detection of the minimal concentration
of impurity in the air (1 ppm). The system was absolutely
calibrated on a standard mixture. The results on detection of
HF, NO, and CO2 molecules and relationships between energy
and coefficient of absorption and between output signal and
pressure of pure CO2 are given. Continuously tunable lasers
should be used to increase sensitivity and selectivity.
79842
Ludwig, C. B. and M. Griggs
APPLICATION OF REMOTE MONITORING TECHNIQUES
IN AIR ENFORCEMENT. Preprint, Science Applications, Inc.,
La Jolla, Calif. 4p., 1975. (Presented at the Environmental
Sensing and Assessment Conference, Las Vegas, Nev., Sept. 14-
19, 1975.)
The application of remote measurement techniques to air en-
forcement monitoring is discussed. Several modes of remote
detection can be employed in enforcement monitoring: direct
observation of a plume by passive or active monitors, perime-
ter monitoring from van-based platforms or airborne plat-
forms, and horizontal active long-path monitoring. Air pollu-
tants that are amenable to remote monitoring in the immediate
or near-term time frame include particulates, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, light hydrocarbons,
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, nitrogen ox-
ides, hydrogen sulfide, nitric acid, ozone, and vinyl chloride.
Remote monitoring in the long-term time frame shows poten-
tial for the measurement of heavy hydrocarbons, sulfur ox-
ides, certain specific trace elements, and chlorinated hydrocar-
bons. The most promising laser systems for near-term opera-
tional use are differential absorption, lidar, and the laser Dop-
pler velocimeter.
79843
Barker, D. B., J. N. Brooks, A. Goldman, J. J. Kosters, D. G.
Murcray, F. H. Murcray, J. Van Allen, and W. J. Williams
REMOTE SENSING OF TRACE CONSTITUENTS FROM AT-
MOSPHERIC INFRARED EMISSIONS AND ABSORPTION
SPECTRA. Preprint, Denver Univ., Colo., Dept. of Physics and
Astronomy, 7p., 1975. 14 refs. (Presented at the Environmental
Sensing and Assessment Conference, Las Vegas, Nev., Sept. 14-
19, 1975.)
Atmospheric infrared emission and absorption spectra ob-
tained from aircraft and balloon-born spectrometers are
presented. Mixing ratio versus altitude profiles are derived for
nitric acid, difluorodichloromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,
and hydrogen fluoride for altitudes up to 25 km. Freon 12
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
227
(CF2C12) shows two sharp spectral features at 921.9/cm and at
923.2/cm in addition to broad band absorption. The CF2C12
band occurs in a stratospheric window between minor absorp-
tion by HNO3 and carbon dioxide bands. Nitric acid column
density is shown to increase from the equator to high
latitudes, with the latitudinal variation in the northern hemi-
sphere differing from that in the southern hemisphere. Calcu-
lated absorption spectra for hydrogen chloride, ammonia and
sulfur dioxide are presented and demonstrate the feasibility of
using remote sensing for the detection of these compounds
also.
80103
Egan, Harold
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
Chem. Ind. (London), no. 19:814-820, Oct. 4, 1975. 44 refs.
The chemical analysis of the atmospheric environment is
discussed. Field tests are available for specific industrial
hazards designed to indicate levels of exposure approaching
the threshold limit value. The threshold limit value in industrial
situations for sulfur dioxide is 5 ppm by volume. Total sulfate
is determined by the sensitive tetrachloromercurate method
used for short period sampling. Rugged portable electro optic
devices based on ultraviolet absorption are available for SO2
estimations. Particulate material is collected in a standard
deposit gauge. Separate measurements of combustible matter,
ash, tar, and dissolved ions are made. Smoke is assessed as
units of equivalent standard smoke using a reflectometer to
measure the darkness of a stain collected on a filter. Other
standard methods are available for the measurement of sul-
furic acid, total sulfate, ammonium salts, sodium chloride,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, trace metals, total fluoride,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, carbon monox-
ide, ozone, and methane.
80227
Yamane, Tsuneko
DETECTION OF HALOGENS AND SULFUR BY MEANS OF
LASER MICROSPECTRAL ANALYSIS. (Rezo hakko-bunko
bunseki ni yoru harogen genso oyobi iou no kenshutsu). Text in
Japanese. Bunko Kenkyu (Res. Spectroscop.), 22(S):321, 1973,
The emission spectroscopy of fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and sulfur was studied using a Nd-doped glass laser
and a ruby laser as the excitation source. The emission lines
were photographically measured using high purity potassium
fluoride, barium fluoride, lithium fluoride, potassium chloride,
sodium chloride, potassium iodide, sodium iodide, thallium
iodide, or sulfur powder; the spectral region measured was
2300 to 5000 A. No emission could be detected when the laser
was used as the only excitation method, however, with the ad-
dition of spark excitation using carbon electrodes, several
emission lines of each element could be observed. The emis-
sion intensities increased under the discharge condition,
producing a spherical spark plasma. The number of observed
emission lines was small for fluorine and chlorine, however,
many emission lines were detected for bromine, iodine, and
sulfur. The emission intensity of fluorine and chlorine tended
to be weaker than that of bromine, iodine, and sulfur. The
width of the observed spectral lines for these elements was
broader than for iron and silicon. The 0.6% thallium iodide in
graphite powder could be detected.
80259
Williams, David T. and Charles S. Palm
EVALUATION OF SECOND DERIVATIVE SPECTROSCOPY
FOR MONITORING TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS (FINAL RE-
PORT). Florida Univ., Gainesville, Aerospace Medical Div.
Contract F41609-73-C-0011, Kept. SAM-TR-74-19, 124p., Sept.
1974. 21 refs. NTIS, DDC: AD/A-000 949
The feasibility of using second derivative absorption spec-
trometry to analyze toxic gases and vapors was investigated.
Test data from scans of 28 different substances are presented
for the 2000 to 7000 A spectral region. Substances measured
included acetone, ammonia, aniline, benzaldehyde, benzene,
dimethylamine, formaldehyde, hydrazine, monomethylamine,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (nitrogen tetroxide), oxygen,
ozone, pyridine, sulfur dioxide, toluene, trimethylamine,
unsym-dimethylhydrazine, (UDMH), xylene, carbon monox-
ide, chlorine, chlorine trifluoride, dry and wet diborane, ethyl
nitrate, ethylene oxide, fluorine, and monomethylhydrazine
(MMH). All but the last eight produced signatures which are
quantified in tables of instrument sensitivity values. A special
effort was expended in the study of the hydrazines. Hydrazine
itself was found detectable in the pure form and via its air
reaction product ammonia. Monomethylhydrazine is undetecta-
ble in thee pure form, but it is readily detectable via reaction
products with air; UDMH is detectable in pure form. The
second derivative spectrometer is unlikely to be made hand
portable because of the required high detection sensitivities.
The design of a fixed base installation of somewhat higher
sensitivity is relatively simple to produce. Theory and charac-
teristics of a second derivative spectrometer are discussed.
(Author abstract modified)
80423
Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N. Mex., Environmental Health
Dept.
FLUORIDES AND HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IN AIR AND
WATER. In: Manual of Analytical Methods for the Environ-
mental Health Laboratory. Atomic Energy Commission Contract
AT (29-l)-789, p. 23-25, June 1975. 2 refs. NTIS: SAND75-0014
A colorimetric method for the determination of fluorides and
hydrogen fluoride in air and water is described. The method is
based on the reaction between fluoride and a zirconium-dye
lake. The color of the dye lake becomes progressively lighter
as the amount of fluoride increases and can be measured at
570 nm. Interfering ions include: aluminum, chloride, iron,
hexametaphosphate, phosphate, sulfate, and alkalinity as calci-
um carbonate. It is necessary to distill the water sample to
remove most interferences. Since the interferences are neither
linear nor additive, mathematical compensation can not be em-
ployed for corrections. The temperature of the samples and
standards must be the same to obtain correct results.
80495
Hoppesch, J. P. and R. C. Domingo
PICOGRAM DETECTION OF SULFUR HEXAFLUORTOE BY
HIGH PRESSURE CHARGE EXCHANGE MASS SPEC-
TROMETRY. Anal. Letters, 8(ll):839-848, 1975. 4 refs.
A method was investigated for the determination of sulfur
hexafluoride by high pressure charge exchange mass spec-
trometry at levels as low as 3 times 10 to the -12 power g. It
employs specific ion detection in combination with gas chro-
matography to insure a high degree of specificity. The method
was used to measure ten 1 ml samples of air known to contain
20 ppb SF6. The standard deviation was 4.08%.
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228
80573
Gourdon, F.
MEASUREMENT AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF Affi
POLLUTION. (Mcsure et controle automatique de la pollution
atmospherique). Text in French. Sci. Munic. Rev. Eau,
(70(6):249-258, June 1975.
Systems and apparatus for manual and automatic sampling and
analysis of air pollutants, especially within air quality monitor-
ing networks, are described. An Air Quality Sampler
developed in the U. S. uses special plastic bags made of alu-
minum-coated Mylar or Tedlar for air sampling. The stan-
dardized strong acidity method is used for the determination
of sulfur dioxide in hydrogen peroxide solution of pH 4.5. This
method is equally applicable as a manual or automatic method.
When used as an automatic method, the solution pH value is
stabilized by the addition of sodium tetraborate. According to
a new manual method, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and fluorine are absorbed
on a dry absorbent impregnated with an adequate reagent.
Nitric oxide is determined by a preliminary oxidation to NO2
in ultraviolet light. Nitrogen oxides can also be measured by
chemiluminescent method, especially by the oxidation of NO
into NO2 by means of ozone. Sulfur dioxide can be measured
by automatic flame photometry.
80935
Kubono, Ryuichi and Hiroyoshi Morita
MEASURING METHOD AND APPLIED EXAMPLES OF
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
GASES. (Fukka suiso gasu, enkasuiso gasu no sokuteiho to
oyorei). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 6(ll):67-78, 1975. 3
refs.
Analytic methods for hydrogen fluoride gas from industries
such as aluminum refineries, superphosphate manufacturers,
ceramic industries and steel industries, and for hydrogen
chloride gas from waste incineration plants, amino-acid plants,
polyvinyl chloride manufacturers, metal pickling plants, and
general chemical plants are reviewed. The prevalent Lanthani-
um-Alizarine Complexion method (ALC method) and ion elec-
trode method for hydrogen fluoride, and various chemical
analytic methods and continuous analytic methods for
hydrogen chloride are discussed. An automatic analyzer for
monitoring concentrations of hydrogen fluoride, model GNE-
21 of the Denki Keiki Co., Ltd., is introduced and its design
structure and performance are discussed. A continuous
analyzer for hydrogen chloride, model GSF-11, by the same
company is introduced, and its analytic principle, design struc-
ture, analytic conditions, and the volume measured as com-
pared to the volume measured by chemical analytic methods
are discussed.
81357
DeCormis, L.
FLUORATED ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. (La pollution at-
mospherique fluoree). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos (Paris),
17(65):10-13, Jan.-March 1975.
Analytical methods currently used to identify and measure the
rate of atmospheric pollution by the fluorated by-products are
reviewed. Statistical methods express cumulative pollution
throughout a determined period through an impregnated sup-
port. The unit adopted is arbitrary (microgram/d sq m/day).
Dynamic methods measure a mean pollution (in microgram/cu
m) throughout the sampling period which can vary from a few
hours to a few days according to the intensity of the pollution.
There is no technique to separate with certainty gaseous
fluorated by-products (hydrogen fluoride) and particle
fluorides, whose size is usually submicronic.
81439
Anderson, Paul L.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRIFUGE FOR SOURCE SAM-
PLING TO DETERMINE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 10(2):145-150, Feb. 1976. 6 refs.
A small centrifuge source-aerosol sampler with a spectral
calibration range of from 0.16-3 micron is described. The sam-
pler includes multi-orifice cascade impactor plants ahead of
the centrifuge to process coarse particulates. The centrifuge is
thermally protected and small enough to be used for some in-
stack sampling applications. The application of the sampler to
the collection of aerosols before and after a fluid bed reactor
baghouse on the experimental aluminum reduction cell is
described. The fluid alumina bed appears to be an efficient
collector of fine fume particles as well as hydrogen fluoride.
Coarse fines (1-10 micron) predominately penetrate the
baghouse as opposed to fines less than 1 micron in size.
(Author abstract modified)
82273
IMMISSION MEASUREMENT. MEASUREMENT OF
FLUORINE ION CONCENTRATION. (Messung von Inunis-
sionen. Messung der Fluor-Ionen-Konzentration). Text in Ger-
man. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2452:1-7, Dec.
1963. 8 refs.
A method is described for the measurement of fluoride ions
using a sodium hydroxide-filled impinger; fluoride is then
removed from the NaOH solution by steam distillation with
sulfuric acid. Photometric analysis of the distillate for fluoride
then follows. The solutions are described. This method detects
hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride, as well as fluoride
ions in the air. (Author abstract modified)
82552
Ottaway, J. M. and D. C. Hough
CARBON FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYSIS OF
ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATES. Proc. Anal. Div. Chem.
Soc., 12(12):319-321, Dec. 1975. 1 ref.
A carbon furnace atomic absorption technique for the analysis
of atmospheric particulates was developed and applied in a
steelworks. Fifteen elements were monitored: arsenic, berylli-
um, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, fluorine, mercury,
manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, tin, vanadium, and
zinc. The main sources of the dust emissions were the sinter
plant, the open hearth steel making furnace, and the basic ox-
ygen steel making furnaces. A high volume turbine blower
mounted on the back of a van was used to collect the at-
mospheric paniculate samples from various locations at the
works. Particulates were collected from up to 17 cu m of air in
30 min and sample masses varying between 0.6 and 0.7 mg
were collected on Whatman No. 41 filter papers. These were
dissolved in nitric and perchloric acids. Acceptable results
were obtained for Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Cu.
82650
Lancour, James B. and Victor W. Hanson
GLASS FURNACE EMISSION TESTING FOR CONDENSA-
BLE BATCH MATERIALS AND TRACE METALS. Preprint,
Toledo Univ., Toledo, Ohio and George D. Clayton and As-
sociates, Inc., Southfield, Mich., 26p., 1975. 11 rels. (Presented
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
229
at the Engineering Foundation Conference, Evaluation of Air
Pollution Emissions of Stationary Sources, Pacific Grove, Calif.,
March 31-April 4, 1975.)
Sampling and analytical methods that can be used to determine
filterable and total fractions of boron, chlorides, fluorides, sul-
fur oxides, and trace metals in emissions from glass melting
furnaces are reviewed. Considerations dealing with the selec-
tion of materials for nozzle and probe construction, the selec-
tion of filter media, probe decomposition and chemical corro-
sion, and the formation of glass deposits on the sampling noz-
zle under various environmental conditions are discussed.
Analytical methods reviewed include: atomic absorption spec-
trometry, chemical methods, spectrophotometric methods,
gravimetric procedures, emission spectrometry, flame
photometry, and X-ray methods.
83442
Bennett, Roy L., Jack Wagman, and Kenneth T. Knapp
THE APPLICATION OF A MULTICHANNEL FIXED AND
SEQUENTIAL SPECTROMETER SYSTEM TO THE ANALY-
SIS OF AIR POLLUTION PARTICULATE SAMPLES FROM
SOURCE EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR. Preprint, En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Environmental Research Center, 10p., 1975. 2 refs.
A Siemens multichannel wavelength X-ray fluorescence spec-
trometer that is specially adapted to the needs of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency for the rapid analysis of paniculate
samples is described. The system consists of 16 fixed-
wavelength spectrometers which are optimized for 16 pre-
selected elements and a computer operated scanning channel
which is used to determine additional elements that might be
desired on a given sample. A minicomputer operates the in-
strument and sample changer and also processes the data. The
fixed monochromators in the spectrometer are capable of
analyzing for chromium, lead, manganese, arsenic, mercury,
bromine, phosphorus, silicon, cadmium, aluminum, sulfur,
sodium, fluorine, magnesium, potassium, and chlorine. The de-
tection limit for most elements is 30 nanograms/sq cm or less.
The high resolution of the crystal spectrometers permits
analyses of air pollution and source emission samples which
contain several dozen elements over a wide range of concen-
trations. (Author abstract modified)
83495
Liberti, Arnaldo
MODERN METHODS FOR AIR POLLUTION MONITORING.
Pure Appl. Chem., 44(3);519-534, 1975. 16 refs.
The monitoring of basic pollutants (sulfur oxides, nitrogen ox-
ides, carbon monoxide, oxidants, hydrocarbons, and particu-
lalc matter) to determine the air quality of a certain area is
described Specific methods for monitoring sulfur oxides in-
clude: acidimetry, conductimetry, colonmetry, potentiometry
and coulometry, and flame photometry. Nitrogen oxides are
measured using colorimetry, coulometry, chemiluminescence,
and fluorescence. Oxidants are monitored using colorimetry,
electrochemistry, chemiluminescence, and ultraviolet
photometry. Methods for monitoring CO mclude: titnmetry,
colorimetry, non-dispersive infrared analysis, catalytic analy-
sis, electrolysis, and gas chromatography. Hydrocarbons are
measured by hydrogen flame lonization detector, while some
fluorides are determined by the classical colorimetric
procedure. Mass measurements of particulates are made by
weighing. The performance of air monitoring by static,
mechanized, or automatic devices in point sensors and by
remote and long path sensors is discussed. (Author abstract
modified)
83592
Baker, Bertsil B., Jr.
MEASURING TRACE IMPURITIES IN AIR BY INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPY AT 20 METERS PATH AND 10 AT-
MOSPHERES PRESSURE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 35(11):735-
740, Nov. 1974. (Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene
Conference, Minneapolis, Minn., June 1-6, 1975.)
The measurement of trace impurities in air by infrared spec-
troscopy at 20 meters path and 10 atmospheres pressure is
described. The use of a new type of drying device achieves
considerable selectivity in the removal of water from ambient
air. The sample is compressed to 10 atm, without the separa-
tion of liquid water that would otherwise occur. Use of the
higher pressure in a 20 meter gas cell permits the infrared
spectral detection of many compounds of lexicological interest
in the 0.05 to 1 ppm range. These include the air pollutants
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon
disulfide, and classes of pollutants such as chlorinated
hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, acid fluorides, esters,
aldehydes, ethers, ketones, nitriles, amines alcohols, and
acids.
84175
Aburamoto, Yukio and Kazuyasu Shimada
PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION IN SAMPLING BY THE
ATP METHOD. (ATP ho ni yoru sanpuringu no mondaiten to
sono kairyo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan.
Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4):287, 1975. (Presented at the National
Air Pollution Research Conference, 16th, Niigata, Japan, Nov.
5-7, 1975, Paper 25.)
The loss of sodium fluoride from filter paper used in the
adenosine triphosphate method was studied. Sodium fluonde
was added to a filter paper to give 300 microgram fluoride,
which was then exposed to the atmosphere for 1 month. At
the end of the exposure, the fluoride remaining on the filter
was 45 to 749? less than the initial amount When 100 micro-
gram fluoride was added to a filter paper, there was 4 to 47%
less than the initial fluoride amount after 1 month exposure
The loss of fluoride compounds from the filter paper can be
neglected during exposure. Three cylindrical filter papers were
put together, and the lower two cylinders were wrapped with a
vinyl cover, which was then exposed in the atmosphere near
an aluminum refinery. After a 1-month exposure, the fluoride
on each cylindrical filter paper was determined. The fluoride
detected from the bottom cylinder was less than 20 micro-
gram/50 sq cm paper/month. The middle cylinder had 38 to 78
microgram, and the top cylinder had 194 to 378 microgram.
Thus, wrapping the filter paper with a vinyl cover prevented
the loss of fluonde compounds.
84182
Sato, Kenji, Mitsuru Hoshino, Yoshimatsu Odate, Masayoshi
Minakami, Fusamune Suzuki, and Shuji litoyo
SAMPLING OF FLUORIDES IN STACK GAS WITH THE
LIME-TREATED FILTER PAPER METHOD, II. (Arukari
roshi o mochiiru endo haigasu chu no fukkabutsu no sanpuringu
ni tsuite, sono 2). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4):303, 1975. (Presented at the
National Air Pollution Research Conference, 16th, Niigata,
Japan, Nov. 5-7, 1975, Paper 45.)
The use of alkaline filter paper for the collection of fluoride
compounds in flue gas was studied Toyo filter paper No 51 A,
40 mn diameter, was treated with y/r sodium carbonate solu-
tion and dned. In a filter holder, two of the alkaline filter
papers prepared were placed in series after a teflon filter to
remove dust, then flue gas was sucked through the holder. The
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230
collection efficiency for fluoride compounds by two alkaline
filter papers were more than 90%. The alkaline filter paper
method was compared with the impmger method. Both
methods were used to collect fluoride compounds from the
same flue gas. The alkaline filter paper method collected more
fluoride compounds than the impinger method. With the same
flue gas flow rate of 1.7 1/min, the alkaline filter paper method
gave 0.19 mg fluoride/N cu m, while the impinger method gave
0.12 mg/N cu m.
84209
Nakao, Shozo and Ikuo Hirose
ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR SEPARATION OF
FLUORIDE FROM FLUORIDE COMPLEX IN ATMOSPHER-
IC SAMPLES USING GEL-CHROMATOGRAPHY. (Taiki chu
no fukkabutsu oyobi fusso-saku kagobutsu no gerukuromatogu-
rapfi ni yoru bunri bunsekiho to sono oyo). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4):306,
1975. (Presented at the National Air Pollution Research Con-
ference, 16th, Niigata, Nov. 5-7, 1975, Paper 48.)
A separation method for fluoride ion compounds and hex-
afluorosilicate (IV) complex compounds by gel-chromatog-
raphy was studied. The column materials examined were
Sephadex-GlO, ECTEOLA, alumina, and an ion exchange
resin. No separation could be obtained by the latter two
column materials, but separation could be achieved by the
former two. The fluoride ion compound in 0.05 N sodium
chloride solution was not absorbed with Sephadex-GIO but the
hexafluorosilicate complex compound in the same solution was
absorbed with this column material and could be eluted with
0.5 N sodium chloride solution. The fluoride ion compound in
water was not absorbed with ECTEOLA but the hexafluorosil-
icate complex in the same solution was adsorbed with this
column material and could be eluted with 0.05 N sodium
chloride solution. The method was applied to analyze at-
mospheric fluoride compounds. Of the fluoride compounds,
1290 were fluonde ion and the remaining 88% were fluoride
complex.
84213
Kobayashi, Yoshitaka, Masahiro Hori, and Akira lino
MEASUREMENT OF TRACE FLUORIDE IN ATMOSPHERE
BY THE ALKALINE FILTER PAPER METHOD. (Arukair
roshiho ni yoru taikichu fukka luitsu no sokutei ni tsuite). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
10(4):304, 1975. (Presented at the National Air Pollution
Research Conference, 16th, Niigata, Nov. 5-7, 1975, Paper 46.)
An analytical technique for gaseous fluorides by the alkali
filter method with the lanthanum alizanine complex method
was studied. A filter paper was pre-treated with 30?? potassi-
um carbonate solution, on which fluoride was collected. The
fluoride collected on the filter paper was heat-extracted with
water and the measurement was done using the lanthanum-
alizanine complex method A linear fluoride calibration curve
was obtained up to 2.0 microgram fluoride/ml from the pH 5
solution. No interference with the absorbance was observed
for potassium ion, carbonate ion, chloride ion, nitrite ion, fer-
ric oxide, 01 aluminum oxide. However, the presence of
sulfate ion produced a suspension in the solution which in-
creased the absorbance measured. This sulfate ion interference
could be eliminated if the suspending compounds were
removed by a centrifugal separation before the measurement
of the absorbance. The technique was applied to measure the
fluoride pollution m an industrial area. The filter paper was ex-
posed for I month in the atmosphere, and the fluoride level
was determined. Up to 20 microgram fluoride/day/100 sq cm
was detected from the air. This analytical result agreed with
the result obtained by a conventional method which was also
used to measure the fluoride pollution at the area.
84214
Ohmichi, Sadao and Hikotaro Ida
COLLECTION AND DETERMINATION OF GASEOUS AND
PARTICULATE FLUORIDES IN AMBIENT AIR. (Taikichu no
ryushijo, gasujo fukkabutsu no hoshu to bunsekiho). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
10(4):305, 1975. (Presented at the National Air Pollution
Research Conference, 16th, Niigata, Nov. 5-7, 1975, Paper 47.)
The collection and analysis of gaseous fluoride compounds
was studied The collection method studied was a filter paper
which was pre-treated with 1 to 10% sodium carbonate solu-
tion. The prepared filter paper was used to trap hydrogen
fluoride gas. The HE collected on the filter paper was ex-
tracted with water, and was measured by the ion electrode
method and the lanthanum-ahzanine complex method. The de-
tection limit of HE by both methods was 0.25 microliter HE.
The HE trapping efficiency of the filter papers treated with
\7t and 2% sodium carbonate solution was 89.6 to 96 8% and
90.7 to 94.9%, respectively. When the filter paper was pre-
treated with more than the concentration of 5% sodium car-
bonate solution, it affected the absorbance in the lanthanum-
alizanine complex method. When the filter paper was pre-
treated with 10% sodium formate instead of sodium carbonate,
it did not affect the absorbance; moreover, the filter paper
gave better HE trapping efficiency, ranging between 96.5 and
98.1%.
84463
Thomas, S H., E. D. Switala, and J. B. Eancour
AMBIENT MONITORING OF FLUORIDES. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 12p., 1975. 6 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association Southern
Section Annual Meeting, 6th, Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 18-19,
1975.)
The development of a program for the ambient monitoring of
fluorides at a fiberglass facility is described. The program is
required to demonstrate compliance with Tennessee regula-
tions governing gaseous fluondes. Included in the program are
economic and technical factors: cost/benefit analysis; qualifi-
cations of personnel conducting the program, number and lo-
cation of monitoring stations; design of sampling stations;
numbei size, and frequency of samples to be taken; duration
of sampling program; and sampling and analytical procedures
used during the program
84471
Nucciotti, E. and G. Simonini
AIR POLLUTANT SAMPLING BY MEANS OF POTASSIUM
CARBONATE FILTERS EXPOSED AT A SHELTERED SITE.
(Echantillonage de polluants atmospheriques par filtre au
K2CO3 exposes dans abris meteorologiques). Text in French.
World Meteorol Organ./World Health Organ., Tech. Conf. Ob-
serv. Measurement Atmos. Pollut., Helsinki, Finland, 1973, p.
363-369. 9 refs. NTIS: N75-11476-540
A simple and inexpensive method for air sampling for the sub-
sequent chemical analysis of air pollutants by means of potas-
sium carbonate filters is described Air is sampled by means of
exposed cellulose filters imbued with potassium carbonate
solution and dried The filters are exposed at a sheltered site
for up to 30 days, and substantially less in areas with low
overall pollution levels. Following exposure, the filters are
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
231
subjected to chemical analysis of air pollutants, such as oxides
of nitrogen and sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine compounds,
and practically all acid compounds. The sampling method is
especially suitable for the determination of averaged concen-
trations, and even in areas with low air pollution levels.
84499
Smith, Walter
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY STUDY OF THE PROPOSED
METHOD 13 SAMPLING TRAIN (FINAL REPORT). Entropy
Environmentalists, Inc., Research Triangle Park, N. C., En-
vironmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-1792, Program
Element 1AA010, Rept. EPA-600/2-75-052, 28p., Sept. 1975.
The collection efficiency of the proposed Method 13 sampling
train and the accuracy and precision of the two Method 13
analytical techniques for determining fluorides were in-
vestigated. A collection efficiency of 99% for gaseous
hydrogen fluoride was obtained for fluoride concentrations
ranging from 6-118 ppm and at sampling rates of 3/4 and 1 cu
ft/min. The fluoride specific ion electrode method of fluoride
analysis was more accurate and precise than the Spadns Zir-
conium Lake colorimetric method, with the latter showing a
positive bias. (Author abstract modified)
84660
Japan Environmental Agency
GUIDELINE ON MEASUREMENT METHODS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL ATMOSPHERE. (Kankyo taiki chosa soutei hohoto
shishin). Text in Japanese. Kankocho Kogai Senmon Shiryo
(Public Nuisance Gaz.), 10(4): 33-53, July 1975.
A revised edition of the Guideline on measurement methods of
environmental atmosphere was published in 1973. The 1974
edition gives improved methods based on further experience.
The committee to investigate measurement methods was
established at the Environmental Protection Agency. Efforts
have been made to unify analytical methods, but no complete-
ly satisfactory result has been reached. Therefore, at some
research institutes which have had extensive experience in
analysis, if it is not necessary to conform to the unified mea-
surement methods described here. Methods, frequency, and
period of sampling referred to are also only general standards,
to be revised in accordance with the anticipated concentration
in the atmosphere. The pollutants covered are sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, oxidant, ozone, dust, aerosol,
fluorine (gaseous and particulates), nitrogen oxides, gaseous
halogens, ammonia, mercury, cyanides, polychlonnated
biphenyls, benzopyrene, hydrogen sulfide), and soot. General
rules for measurement are also given. Reagents used must be
better than Japanese Industrial Standard special class quality.
Air volume is based upon 20 C. The error of flowmeters is
around 2%
-------
232
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
01872
W.J. Martin
A FLUORIDE AIR POLLUTION MONITORING PRO-
GRAMME. Preprint. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-
24, 1965, Paper 65-31.)
This report describes the fluoride monitoring programme that
was developed in 1962 when cyanamid of Canada Limited con-
structed a granular phosphate plant at Niagara Falls, Canada.
Article points out that an effective fluoride monitoring pro-
gramme must have the following objectives: (1) Continuous
monitoring of particulate and gaseous fluoride emitted to the
atmosphre, (2) Vegetation and soil sampling for fluoride within
a 5 mile radius of the source, (3) Observation of significant
meteorological conditions, (4) Continuous monitoring of aque-
ous fluorides discharged from the plant, and (5) Personnel
monitoring for fluoride.
06809
L. K. Smith
FUME EXPOSURES FROM WELDING WITH LOW
HYDROGEN ELECTRODES. Ann. Occupational Hyg. (Lon-
don) 10 (2), 113-21 (Apr. 1967).
Studies were made of the exposures of arc welders using low
hydrogen electrodes under a variety of welding conditions.
The welding locations are described and classified according to
the degree of confinement. Fluoride and total fume determina-
tions were made on samples of welding fume collected
beneath the welding handshield. The range of exposures was
wide for each location and the median value was selected as a
more representative value than the mean. Confined locations
produced the highest total fume and fluoride concentrations.
Total fume values in excess of 10 mg/cu.m. were found in 75
percent of samples from confined environments, 50 percent
from enclosed and 27 percent from open. Fluoride concentra-
tions in excess of 2.5 mg/cu.m. were recorded in 35 per cent of
the samples from confined spaces and 13 per cent from each
of the other environments. Time-weighted exposures ranged
from 1.05 to 7.9 mg/cu.m. for total fume and 0.17 to 0.88
mg/cu.m. for fluoride. (Author summary modified)
07579
Hluchan, E., Ya. Mayer, and E. Abel
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF AN ALUMINUM PLANT.
(Zagryaznenie atmosfery soedineniyami flora v okrestnostyakh
alyuminievogo zavoda.) Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sank.. 30(9),
Sept. 1965. Engl. Transl. by Israel Program for Scientific Trans-
lations, Hyg. Sanit., 30(9):426-428, Sept. 1965. CFSTI: TT66-
51033/3
The results of the determination of fluorine compounds in the
atmosphere around an aluminum plant over a period of 6 years
are given. The method used consisted of the titration of
distilled samples with thorium nitrate, in the presence of the
new metallochrome indicator Methylthymol Blue. Concentra-
tions of fluorine compound in the atmosphere within a large
radius of an aluminum plant varied from 0 to 1.15 mg/cu. m.
The fallout from the atmosphere of solid fluorine compounds
in the vicinity of the plant amounted to 4300 kg/cu.km. per
year, which is almost 53 times the natural fallout of this sub-
stance over small populated areas. The area around the plant
is excessively contaminated, with high fluorine concentrations
in the soil, agricultural products, plants, animal surface
waters, and other elements of the environment.
09590
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA, MARIETTA, OHIO AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY. 87p., March 1967.
((38)) refs.
An investigation of air pollution in the interstate area encom-
passing Mariette, Ohio, Parkersburg, West Virginia, and Vien-
na, West Virginia was conducted. The average concentrations
of suspended particulstes measured in the three major popula-
tion centers was in excess of 150 micrograms per cubic meter
with maximum daily values in excess of 500 micrograms per
cubic meter. The average value for 2-hour sulfur dioxide mea-
surements made at three locations was approximately 0.02 part
per million parts of air. At tht Vienna station, however, a
daily average concentration of 0.10 part of sulfur dioxide per
million parts of air was exceeded 3.4 percent of the time.
Short-term concentrations approached one part sulfur dioxide
per million parts of air at various times. Sensitive vegetation
exposed in Vienna developed injury that was attributed to the
synergistic action of ozone and sulfur dioxide in low-level
combination. Damage to indigenous vegetation from sulfur
dioxide and fluorides was also observed. Atmospheric corro-
sion of ferrous metals was not abnormally high. Tarnishing of
silver plate indicated, however, that the presence of gaseous
sulfides is consistent with reported complaints of odor
nuisance. From an inventory of emissions of sulfur oxides and
particulate pollutants it is estimated that more than 123,000,000
pounds of sulfur oxides and 25,000,000 pounds of particulate
pollutants are emitted each year from sources in the survey
area. Approximately 85 percent of the sulfur oxide and 55 per-
cent of the particulate matter are emitted from sources in
Ohio, and 15 percent of the sulfur oxides and 45 percent of
the particulate matter from sources in West Virginia. Eight
point sources account for almost 98 percent of the total sulfur
oxides and 94 percent of total particulate emissions. Mathe-
matical applications of diffusion theory were used to estimate
the relative contributions of specific sources.
09658
Harding. C. I.
SULFATION AND CORROSION MEASUREMENTS IN A
MARINE COASTAL CITY OF FLORIDA. In: Proceedings of
the International Converence on Atmospheric Emissions from
Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hen-
drickson (ed), Sponsored by: Public Health Service, National
Council for Stream Improve- nienl, and University of Florida.
DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 354-357
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
233
As part of a comprehensive survey in a Marine coastal city in
Florida, measurements were made of corrosion rates and
sulfation rates. The location of pulp mills, power plants ar*
static samp- ling stations are shown on a map. Sampling su.
tions were located throughout the entire area of 15 miles by 15
miles. At each sta- tion, sulfation, dustfall, fluoride by limed
paper, and corrosion were monitored. All stations were
changed once a month. A 1000- foot television tower was
located at the center of the grid. Sul- fation was measured by
the lead dioxide-candle method. The units which were used for
expressing sulfation rate were micrograms of SO3 per square
centimeter per day. Corrosion measurements were made using
carbon-steel plates which were cleaned, dried and weigh- ed,
and exposed for the 30-day period. Following exposure each
plate again was cleaned and reweighed. The unit of measure-
ment for corrosion rate was milligrams of metal oxidized per
square centimeter per month. In order to determine the effect
of marine environment on corrosion rate, a separate series of
sampling sta- tions was located on a line through the television
tower beginning at the beach front and running into town. At
the waterfront 15 miles from the center of town, the corrosion
rate was very high but moving back from the beach, rates
dropped off rapidly to a back- ground level. The highest corro-
sion rates were noticed north of the T. V. tower area, in the
center of the industrial area. The corrosion rate with vertical
distance was also measured at the T. V. tower. These data in-
dicate that the plumes from both the power plants and pulp
mills have a corrosive influence. The background corrosion
rate in this community is rather high as would be expected in a
coastal city.
10619
Schneider, Willi
LONG-DURATION FLUORINE STUDIES IN AN INDUSTRI-
AL CONCENTRATION AREA. Staub (English translation),
28(1): 17-24, Jan. 1968. 10 refs. CFSTI: TT 68-50448/1
Continuous measurements over large spaces were carried out
in industrial areas to determine the fluorine content of air near
Duisburg, Germany. The air samples were taken by means of
apparatus which operated continuously under any weather
conditions. Altogether 1,339 individual values were used for
the determination. The mean value of all measurements was
1.3 micrograms F/cu m air an thus by two to three powers of
ten below the Maximum Allowable Concentration value. No
indications were found as to continuous or temporary fluorine
emission sources (Author's summary, modified)
13838
Macuch, P., E. Hluchan, J. Mayer, and E. Able
AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE COMPOUNDS NEAR AN
ALUMINUM FACTORY. Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc.
Fluoride Res., 2(l):28-32, Jan. 1969.
From 1958 to 1965, contamination near an aluminum factory in
the vicinity of Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, averaged 0.14 mg
F/cu cm. This average represents a fivefold increase above the
maximurr allowable concentration of 0.03 mg F/cu cm. The
gaseous 'luorides HF and SiF4 constitute 39% of the fluid
values in the air near the plant as compared to 61% solids,
namely CaF2, NaF, and Alf3. The proportion varies with the
distance from the factory: at an area 8 to 9 km from the facto-
ry, 15% solid and 85% gaseous F compounds were present in
the atmosphere. The relative increase in gaseous compounds is
apparently due to sedimentation of the solid F compounds
near the factory. Values of the yearly F fallout in the con-
taminated area were 44 to 7337 kg sq km. F values obtained
for soil in the area of the factory were 135 mg/100 g (1350).
This is 4 to 7 times higher than the usual F content of soil.
Grass near the factory contained F values as high as 133
mg/100 g dry substances. While running surface waters
showed only slightly increased F levels, standing surface
waters contained as much as 10.9 mg/1. Determination of F
fallout and of F content in plants and biological materials is
the best means of assessing long term effects of fluoride emis-
sions. Meteorological influences appear to be less significant in
evaluating F damage. The composition of soil, the presence of
F dust on plants, and the F content of flowing and ground
waters are of little use in determining F damage to human,
plant, and animal life.
14066
Hluchan, E., J. Mayer, and E. Abel
AMBIENT POLLUTION FROM FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN
THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF AN ALUMINUM FACTORY.
(Inquinamento ambientale da compost! del fluoro nelle vicinanze
di una fabbrica di alluminio). Text in Italian. Med. Lavoro
(Milan), 59(S):370-375, 1968.
Measurements conducted from 1958 to 1965 show that fluoride
emissions from an aluminum factory near Bratislava ranged
from 3.6 to 4.2 tons per day. In the zone surrounding the fac-
tory, the total concentration of fluoride in the air averaged
0.14 mg/cu m, five times the amount of the maximum allowa-
ble concentration. The gaseous fluorides HF and SiF4 con-
stituted 39% of the total fluorides in this area, and the particu-
late fluorides CaF2, NaF, and A1F3 about 61%. At a distance
of about 8 to 9 km, the gaseous forms were 85% of the total,
and the particulates only 15%. Values up to 135 mg F/100 g
were found in the soil near the factory. Grass in this area had
a fluorine content as high as 135 mg/100 g dry weight. Drink-
ing water in the area was relatively unaffected, but the pollu-
tion of marsh and stagnant waters averaged 10.9 mg/liter. The
high environmental F concentrations were reflected in animals:
ashes from the bones of sparrows and frogs caught near the
factory contained, respectively, from 101.3 to 352.7 and 85.2 to
788 mg/100 g. The following measures are proposed to protect
the health of the inhabitants of the region: limitations on the
food products grown even in the least contaminated zones and
on the number of persons allowed to settle in the area, clinical
control of the exposed population, and a plan of development
for the entire region. These measures should be implemented
by technological steps to reduce the pollution caused by the
factory.
17102
Monk, Jozsef
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION IN HUNGARIAN IN-
DUSTRIAL CENTERS. (A levego szennyezettsegenek merteke
ipari telepuleseinken). Text in Hungarian. Magy. Tud. Akad.
Orvosi Tud. Oszt. Kozlemen., 18(3/4):417-424, 1967.
Budapest has by far the most serious air pollution problems of
any Hungarian industrial center as shown by large scale mea-
surements over a 10-15 year period. Data is presented in the
form of 7 tables, compiled both by the author and by other
Hungarian authors, based on studies of air pollution in Hun-
garian metropolitan areas. Eleven such areas, including Bu-
dapest, almost consistently show values in excess of the
legally permissible limits of dust, carbon particles, and sulfur
dioxide. In some of these communities, there are also excesses
of such dangerous substances as chromium, phenol, beryllium,
copper, silicon, and manganese. In the industrial sectors of the
big cities, in addition to soot, dust, and sulfur compounds
resulting chiefly from some type of combustion, one also finds
a noticeable content of ammonia, the nitrogen oxides, chlorine
gas, and organic chlorine compounds such as chlorphenol. The
-------
234
stench of some of these organic compounds, particularly the
chlorinated hydrocarbons, is noticeable as much as 15-20
kilometers away. Measurements of fluorine pollution in the
vicinity of the Varpalata aluminum plant gave *;~"r»s of 0.097
mg of fluorine per cu meter at 2 km distance n ihe plant,
and 0.67 mg at a distance of 20 meters. The pe-- .ussible limit is
C.01.
17642
Tomson, N. M., Z. V. Dubrovina, and E. N. Bondareva
SANITIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTED BY AN
ALUMINUM PLANT DISCHARGES. U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:136-140,
1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-11570
Air in the vicinity of a plant where aluminum oxide is elec-
trolyzed on carbon electrodes was analyzed for dust content,
fluorides, sulfur dioxide, and tars. Dust settling at 500 meters
from the plant accumulated to 63 g/sq m in 30 days; at 1000
meters, to 200 g/sq m; and at 2000 meters, to 50 g/sq m. Sulfur
dioxide concentrations of 6.0 mg/cu m in the plant's sanitary
clearance zone were 12 times in excess of the 0.03 mg/cu m al-
lowable limit and hydrogen fluorides were 68 times in excess
of the allowable 0.3 mg/cu m limit. At 2000 meters, the con-
centration of tarry substances was 100-200 mg/cu m. In
neighboring residences, sulfur dioxide concentrations were al-
most identical with those outdoors, while fluoride concentra-
tions were even greater. Forty-one percent of the patients
from the village where the plant was located had active tu-
berculosis or were carriers of tubercule bacilli. It is proposed
that the pollutant discharge be reduced by the use of tall
stacks, fluoride trapping devices, and more suitable electrodes.
17986
Yunghans, Roland S. and Thomas B. McMullen
AMBIENT AIR FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Air Pollution Control Administration, 18p., Aug.
1969. 8 refs.
The total water soluble fluoride concentration was determined
in samples of suspended particulate matter collected through
an air surveillance network in 1966 and 1967. A fluoride-selec-
tive electrode method was used which is suitable for anlayzing
a large number of samples. Results of analyzing over 5400
samples from urban stations, and over 1400 samples from
nonurban stations are summarized. Eighty-seven percent of all
measurements at urban stations showed concentrations below
0.05 micrograms/cu m, the threshold of detectability. Thirteen
measurements (0.2% of urban samples) exceeded 1.00 micro-
grams/cu m; the maximum was 1.89 micrograms/ cu m.
Ninety-seven percent of all measurements at nonurban stations
showed no detectable amounts of fluoride. Three nonurban
samples (0.2%) contained fluoride concentrations exceeding
0.10 micrograms/cu m; the maximum was 0.16 micrograms/cu
m. The maximum fluoride levels found were well below most
of the published standards for a 24-hour average concentration
of soluble fluoride, as HF (10 micrograms/cu m in the U. S. S.
R. and Czechoslovakia; 7 micrograms/-cu m in Montana; 5
micrograms/ cu m, in Pennsylvania; and 3.3, 1.61 and 0.8
micrograms/cu m in industrial, urban, and rural areas of New
York State). No geographic patterns were evident, nor did the
data cover a long enough period to reveal trends. Generally it
can be said that airborne water soluble fluoride concentrations
are not approaching the currently acknowledged thresholds
that would cause concern for human well-being. (Author ab-
stract modified)
18537
Giovanardi, Augusto and E. Grosso
INVESTIGATION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF
MILAN. PART VI. PRESENCE AND BEHAVIOR IN THE
CITY. (Indagini sull inquinamento atmosferico della citta di
Milano. Nota VI. Presenza e comportamento nell atmosfera ur-
bana). Text in Italian. Nuovi Ann. Igiene Microbiol. (Rome),
vol. 9:31-36, Jan./Feb. 1958. 13 refs.
Some results of an air quality measurement program, begun in
1956 in Milan to determine such pollutants as carbon monox-
ide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfude, chlorine, fluorine, am-
monia, nitrogen oxides, and particulates, are reported. Carbon
monoxide levels in the areas of heaviest traffic did not exceed
62 ppm. Hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, and fluorine do not occur
in the central zones of the city, although fluorine is present in
the neighborhood of an enamel-varnish factory. High concen-
trations of CO2 occurred in both residential and industrial
areas. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen oxides did not
exceed 0.72 and 0.05 ppm, respectively.
19145
TNO, Delft (The Netherlands), Research Inst. for Public
Health Engineering
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. ANNUAL REPORT, p. 15-23,
1968.
Air quality measurements conducted in The Netherland in
1968 focused on the area between Rotterdam and the North
Sea, the area between the Hook of Holland and The Hague,
The Hague, Delft, Zuid Holland, north-eastern Gronigen, the
North Sea Canal, and the Sloe area. Most of these areas are
highly urbanized and characterized by concentrations of
several industries. In addition to simple measurements made
with deposit gauges and Liege spheres, measurements were
made to determine concentrations of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
fluoride, standard smoke, and carcinogenic substances. For
SO2 and smoke measurements, many stations employed a new
fourfold, automatic absorption apparatus. Other new gas de-
tection apparatus, and new analytical methods, are reviewed.
In general, the measured concentrations were not alarming,
but in many cases it is thought desirable to continue measure-
ments.
19966
Koehler, Albert and Walter Fleck
CONCENTRATION OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS IN
POLLUTED AND 'CLEAN' ZONES. Staub (English translation
from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 29(12):21-26, Dec.
1969. 4 refs.
The concentration of gaseous air pollutants in polluted and
clean zones was measured in 1967 and 1968. Carbon dioxide
was measured by an infrared analyzer, total sulfur concentra-
tion by the water wash-bottle method, nitrogen dioxide by the
Saltzman method, and fluorine by the standard impinger and
colorimetric methods. In addition, the concentrations of
suspended matter, dust precipitation, radioactivity, and biolog-
ical objects were also determined. An analysis of the annual
and daily variations shows distinct differences between the
polluted and clean zones. The concentrations of sulfur com-
pounds and nitrogen dioxide are 10 to 15 times higher in the
polluted zones than in the clean zones. The CO2 concentra-
tion, which is largely controlled by natural phenomena, is up
to 20 ppm higher in polluted zones than in clean zones.
(Author summary modified)
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
235
21419
Perin, G., V. Gasparini, and C. Piccoli
AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF BOLZANO. PART H:
RESULTS AND REFLECTIONS ON FOUR YEARS OF STU-
DIES. (L inquinamento atmosferico della citta di Bolzano. Nota
II: Risultati e considerazioni di un quadriennio di Ricerche).
Text in Italian. Ann. Sanita Pubblica (Rome), 30(S):795-831,
1969. 110 rets.
Air pollution studies in the city of Bolzano were begun in 1963
and interrupted at the end of 1964, at which time a city or-
dinance required the installation of smoke purifiers in home
heating plants. Studies were resumed in September 1965 and
terminated in the spring of 1967. At 6 sampling stations, the
pH of rainwater was determined, as well as the resence of
dust, calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, sulfate ions, sul-
fur dioxide, chlorine gas, iron, fluorine gas, and aluminum;
dust was additionally analyzed according to size of particu-
lates. Meteorological conditions were also observed. Compar-
ing the two periods of study, insoluble tarry substances
notably decreased after the installation of smoke purifiers,
while the content of insoluble inorganic pollutants increased,
particularly at two stations. Chloride ion content was higher in
the summer. Taking account of seasonal variations, the sulfur
dioxide content was clearly reduced during the second period
of study. In comparison with other cities, the residential areas
of Bolzano showed better air quality than such areas in Mel-
bourne, Naples, Modena, and London, while the industrial
zone was about comparable to that of such large industrial
complexes as Nagoya, Muenster, Mestre-Marghera, and Pitt-
sburgh. Neither the industrial nor the residential zones gave
values that exceeded the acceptable limits.
22348
Lahmann, Erdwin and Karl-Ernst Prescher
AIR POLLUTION TEST PROGRAM IN BERLIN. (Luftunter-
suchungsprogramm in Berlin. Text in German. Schriftenreihe
Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg. (Berlin), no. 33:19-24, 1970. 19
rets.
On August 1, 1968, six automatic testing devices for sulfur
dioxide were installed in 6 different locations of West Berlin
and the readings were transmitted by telephone to a central
recording station. Subsequently the testing program was en-
larged by the continuous testing of carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, dust, and hydrocarbon levels in one location, by inter-
mittent SO2 level tests in 82 other localities, by intermittent
testing of fluorine, chlorine, and ammonia levels in one sta-
tion, and of dust in 2 stations and 2 other localities. Wind
velocity and wind direction were measured in 1 station in addi-
tion to the meteorological data available from the Meteorologi-
cal Institute of the Free University of West Berlin. The SO2
emission recorded equalled or exceeded the SO2 concentration
measured in similar programs in other West German cities
which is explained by the widespread use of sulfur-rich brown
coal from deposits in central Germany by Berliners. Under ad-
verse weather conditions, CO levels in sections with little traf-
fic were as high as in streets with heavy traffic. The highest
median half-hour levels exceeded 20 ppm CO. In remote sec-
tions of the city, emission fluctuations are influenced by
meteorological factors much stronger than in heavy traffic
areas. During the period from August to January, CO emission
exceeded by from 50-97.5% that measured during the period
February-July.
22359
Lahmann, Erdwin and Juergen Westphal
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SULFUR DIOXIDE AND
FLUORIDE EMISSION. (Untersuchungem ueber die Korrela-
tion zwischen Schwefeldioxid- und fluorid-Iminissionen). Text in
German. Schriftenreihe Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg. (Berlin),
no. 33:25-28, 1970. 11 refs.
The existence of a correlation between the emission of sulfur
dioxide and of fluorides was studied from analytical data col-
lected over 12 month periods in Berlin, in Mannheim-Lud-
wigshafen, and around Cologne. Fluorides were determined by
the impinger method; SO2, by an automatic testing device or
manually by the silica gel method. The median correlation
coefficients calculated for Berlin for periods of 1 month ex-
ceeded the value plus or minus 0.27 only once (February 1969,
r equalled 0.71). This low correlation also emerged from calcu-
lations for the other two areas under study. The exceptionally
single high coefficient must be considered accidental In none
of the three areas did the results of correlation analysis in-
dicate the existence of a linear relationship between SO2 and
fluoride emissions. No conclusions can be drawn from SO2
measurement on simultaneous fluoride emission as in the case
of CO measurements where a correlation was found to exist
with hydrocarbon and lead emissions.
23392
Paccagnella, B. and M. Dechigi
AIR POLLUTION AND RESIDENTIAL AREAS-RELATION-
SHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND TOWN PLANNING.
World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark), Regional
Office for Europe, Proc. Conf. Public Health Aspects Air Pollu-
tion Europe, Milan, Italy, 1957, p. 218-235. 6 refs. (Nov. 6-14.)
In the early stages of research on the degree of pollution and
its distribution in Padua and Venice, a method of measurement
based on instantaneous sample collections was adopted. Sam-
ples were taken in such a way that deposit meters and perox-
ide cylinders were always placed downwind. Thus, it was
possible to gather data indicating the maximum concentration
of polluting substances in the wind stream, irrespective of dif-
ficulties caused by variations in or turbulence of atmospheric
currents. A total of 803 analyses for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, and elemental fluorine have been performed to date
for Padua. The results are presented in tabular form and the
distribution of the pollutants shown on a map. The implication
of the results for town planning is noted.
23760
Adams, Donald F., Delbert J. Mayhew, Richard M. Gnagy,
Eugene P. Richey, Robert K. Koope, and Ivan W. Allen
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE PONDEROSA PINE
BLIGHT AREA. Ind. Eng. Chem., 44(6):1356-1365, May-Aug.
1952. 13 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society
Meeting, 119th, Cleveland, Ohio.)
The ponderosa pine trees in the industrialized area north of
Spokane, Wash., have exhibited a characteristic reddening of
the needles since 1943, known locally as 'ponderosa pine
blight.' The blighted area now embraces approximately 50
square miles, and the trees within a 3-square mile area near
the center are dead. As a portion of a comprehensive in-
vestigation, the concentrations of gaseous fluorine and sulfur
compounds in the air during the growing season of 1950 have
been determined through operation of twelve air-sampling sta-
tions and a mobile air-analysis laboratory. Analysis of rain-
water samples obtained during each rainy period throughout
October and November 1950 at 82 locations established the
-------
236
points of origin of the contaminants and the extent of their
dispersion. Meteorological and topographical conditions in the
ponderosa pine blight area, which control the dispersion of
pollutants and explain the damage and pollutant concentration
patterns, are discussed. Concentrations of gaseous fluorine
compounds in the atmosphere of the area will serve as a guide
in controlled fumigation of ponderosa pine. (Author abstract)
23845
Cholark, J., L. J. Schafer, and R. F. Hoffer
RESULTS OF A FIVE-YEAR INVESTIGATION OF AIR POL-
LUTION IN CINCINNATI. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational Med.,
Vol. 6:314-325, 1952. 3 rets. (Presented at the American Indus-
trial Hygiene Association, Air Pollution Division, Annual Meet-
ing, 13th, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 24, 1952.)
The results of an air quality investigation in Cincinnati, Ohio
are presented. Samples were taken at 18 sites, several times
monthly for a period of five years. At each of the stations,
samples of suspended matter were collected by an electrostatic
precipitator and were analyzed several ways to determine the
composition of the particulate matter suspended in the at-
mosphere. Compounds identified included various metals, sul-
fur dioxide, fluorides, chlorides, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, aldehydes, nitrates, and ammonia. In addition, mea-
surements of odors and dust fall are reported. Relationships
between pollutant concentration and traffic density, season,
and meteorological conditions are discussed. Plans for the con-
tinuation of the monitoring network are described.
23862
Valach, Roman
FLUORIDES AND CHLORIDES IN PRECIPITATION SAM-
PLES IN BOHEMIA. (Fluoride und Chloride in
Niederschlaegen von Boehmen). Text in German. Stud. Geophys.
Geod., vol. 11:241-251, 1967. 33 refs.
Analysis of results of fluoride and chloride content determina-
tions in precipitation samples in Bohemia disclosed that, in
samples containing ash, the halogens came mostly from the
ash while in samples that contained little or no ash the
halogens came from the atmosphere. The atmospheric levels
of F and Cl were unaffected by the intensity of coal com-
bustion and it is doubtful that industrial emission is the prin-
cipal source of Cl and of F in precipitation. These findings
seem to confirm the hypothesis that both Cl and F in the at-
mosphere are mainly of volcanic origin and originate from ex-
halations of highly hygroscopic chlorides and fluorides.
Hydrofluoric acid forms heavy fogs with humidity which can
be observed in the north Bohemian coal basin where the coal
is nch in F. The Cl/F ratio in precipitation was found to be ap-
proximately 10, the same ratio in volcanic gases in approx. 6.
24717
Maclntire, W. H., L. J. Hardin, and Winnifred Hester
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORINE.
ANALYSES OF RAIN WATERS AND SPANISH MOSS EXPO-
SURES. Ind. Eng. Chem., 44(6):1365-1370, June 1952. 6 refs.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society, Wilson Dam Sec-
tion and the Southern Association of Science and Industry, Inc.,
Southwide Meeting, Wilson Dam, Ala., Oct. 18-20, 1951.)
Rainfall collections at six points were analyzed to measure the
periodic washdowns of fluorine from the atmosphere in rela-
tion to the locations of operations that emit fluoric effluents,
and charges of Spanish moss were exposed to measure
progressive intake of fluorine from the atmosphere. Longer in-
'••rvals between rainfall caused higher concentrations of
fluorine at the several locations. Proximities of samplings to
sources of emissions were reflected by higher concentrations
of fluorine in rain waters. Exposures of Spanish moss acquired
substantial progressive enhancements in fluorine uptake at
points near those where fluoric emissions occurred. The
findings demonstrate that these two feasible and economical
procedures can be implemented in parallel to establish whether
a particular locale is subject to atmospheric pollution and the
degree of pollution. Through integration with meteorological
records, the determined occurrences of fluorine in the rain
waters might indicate the origins of the contaminative ef-
fluents. (Author abstract)
24736
Thompson, Richard J., Thomas B. McMullen, and George B.
Morgan
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AMBIENT AIR.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association, New York City,
14p., 1970. 15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18,
1970.)
Data are reported for ambient atmospheric concentrations of
water- soluble fluorides determined in samples of suspended
particulate matter collected from rural and urban sites on
glass-fiber filters by the National Air Surveillance Network.
Data for over 12,000 samples collected in 1966, 1967, and 1968
are examined to give an estimation of current air quality with
respect to fluoride content. Samples were extracted with pure
boiling water and the fluoride concentration of the extracts
measured using a fluoride-ion selective electrode. The data
were tabulated on an annual basis; a table is presented sum-
marizing the results, which show that the fluoride content in
the majority of the samples is below the minimum detectable
amount of 0.05 micrograms F/cu m. It is concluded that only
in rare instances would the fluoride concentrations at the sites
sampled be in excess of published standards, and that airborne
fluoride does not prevail in the general environment at concen-
trations anywhere approaching the currently acknowledged
thresholds endangering human safety. It is also noted, how-
ever, that the urban sites in this network represent center-city
business environments, and that the findings do not refute
results of special investigations near major sources of
fluorides that clearly document excessive levels and adverse
effects on vegetation and livestock. (Author abstract modified)
24801
McHenry, Charles R. and Hoyt Charles
MONITORING OF FLUORIDE CONTENT OF AIR, WATER,
AND VEGETATION. Air Pollution Control Assoc. J., 11(2):66-
70, Feb. 1961. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Assoc.
Annu. Meet., 53rd, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
The phosphate fertilizer industry is one of several industries
that emits gaseous fluorides from certain manufacturing
processes. Ther are nine major companies located in the Polk
County, Fla. area engaged in the manufacture of various
phosphate fertilizers. American Cyanamid Co. was one of the
last companies in the area to build a triple superphosphate
manufacturing plant. These types of plants emit gaseous
fluorides in the forms of silicon fluoride and hydrogen fluoride
as a by-product. In order to reduce emission of gaseous
fluoride to a minimum, certain control measures were incor-
porated in the blueprint specifications of the new processing
plant. A five-year air pollution study was started in 1956 to
measure the effectiveness of the built-in control devices. The
study, still in progress, includes: continuous monitoring air and
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
237
water sampling studies, vegetation surveys, and a meteorologi-
cal monitoring program. Results of the study have been used
to determine a fluoride emission rate for the plant that will be
consistent with the air pollution laws of the state of Florida
and the maintenance of desirable conditions around the plant
site. Additional control equipment is presently being installed
to accomplish this objective. To date, American Cyanamid Co.
has spen 1.4 million dollars in the study to set plant operating
standards and for pollution control equipment. The air pollu-
tion monitoring program has been an indispensable tool in
defining the extent of the problem at Brewster and in deter-
mining necessary control measures for maximum production
without air pollution. (Author summary modified)
25093
Quellmalz, Eberhard
RESULTS OF FLUORINE MEASUREMENTS. (Ergebnisse von
Fluormessungen). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
30(7):292-294, July 1970.
Fluorine emissions involving three glass works, one fluorine
minerals processing plant, one clay works, one electric metal
smelting plant, and one brick factory were measured. The
emission of one glass factory was 15 to 60 mg F/cu m, the
emission at a distance of 80 m from the source 100 microgram
F/cu m. Pine needles at a distance of 400 m turned brown as a
result. The emission levels of the plant processing fluorides
fluctuated between 2.6 and 7.8 microgram F/cu m at a
downwind distance of 100 to 300 m. A brick factory
processing fluorine-rich clay which was put into operation
recently in a wooded area severely damaged trees in the sur-
rounding woods. The emission was between 50 and 70 mg F/cu
m, the median emission level 50 m downwind was 4.5 micro-
gram F/cu m. The emission measurements undertaken at other
factories yielded comparable results. The median fluorine
emission level measured at the periphery of the city of Karl-
sruhe where no fluorine generating industry was located within
a radius of several miles was around 0.6 microgram F/cu m
which was obviously d'ie to the effect of the city.
25593
Gilbert T.
PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT. (Nachbarschutz). Text in
German. RheinLsch-Westfaelischer Technischer Ueberwachungs-
vcrein c. V. Jahresbericht, 1969:57-66. 16 refs.
Methods and results of several hundred ambient concentration
and emission determinations of sulfur dioxide, fluorine,
chlorine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide,
nitrogen oxides and of hydrocarbons emitted by a variety of
industrial enterprises and shops undertaken in 1969 in the
.Stale of Nordrhein-Westfalen are tubulated and analyzed as
are 469 expert opinions concerning pollution rendered as part
of a certification procedure of new enterprises from all indus-
trial fields Procedural and instrumental changes designed to
improve on present practices as they result from the analysis
are proposed These involve emission measurement of boiler
plants, dust emission by large boiler furnaces, the operation of
refuse incinerators, the supervision of steam and hot water
boiler plants, exhaust gases from combustion engines and er-
rors in pollution measuring instruments (Diesel-engm smoke)
Noise pollution measurements issuing from 65 different
sources undertaken during 1969 are tabulated and recommen-
dations designed to reduce the noise level are submitted.
Decrees, norms and guidelines concerning pollution promul-
gated during 1969 in the state of Nordrhein-Westfalen are
listed.
26026
Niigata Prefectural Government
REPORT ON AIR POLLUTION STUDY, NAOETSU REGION.
Naoetsu chiiki no taiki osen chosa hokokusho. Text in Japanese.
104p., March 1970.
From August 1967 through October 1969, a study on air pollu-
tion was undertaken in the Naoetsu region, Niigata Prefecture.
Sulfur oxides were measured by the PbO2 and the electrocon-
ductivity methods. At the same time, the pararosaniline
method was partly applied in order to measure merely sulfur
dioxide. Suspended particulate matters and dust fall were
respectively measured by the British standard suspended parti-
cle matter meter and the high volume air sampler The alkali
filter paper method and lime filter paper method (LTP method)
were applied in the measurement of fluorides. Sulfur oxides
recorded 0.26 mg SO3/100 sq cm PbO2 in 1967; in general, it is
increasing yearly. In reference to the seasons, in some places
the level increased in spring and summer and decreased m au-
tumn and winter; the contrary occurred in other places In two
or three places around the industrial area, a comparatively
high level of concentration was detected, but the pollution was
slight. Suspended particulate matter recorded 11.4 t/sq
km/month in 1967 and is gradually increasing; however, the
level was about that of a medium industria city. The level of
drifting dust was generally high; attention must be given to the
sectional pollution. As to fluoride sectional pollution was
recognized. The problem of the content of sulfur and fluorine
in the test plants still needs further study; however, the result
of the analysis of fluorine content briefly coincides with the
other results on air pollution studies. This report includes
preparatory study on the effect of air pollution upon plants in
Naoetsu region. As a result, suppression of growth and abnor-
mal leaves in the plants in Hinode town and Fukuhashi in
Naoetsu city were recognized as notable.
26086
Helms, Grady T., James H. Southerland, Kenneth R.
Woodward, Ibrahim J. Hindawa, Dale H. Coventry, and
Charles D. Robson
CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE - ROSSVILLE, GEORGIA
INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY STUDY 1967-1968. National Air
Pollution Control Administration, Durham, N. C., Div. of
Abatement, NAPCA Pub.-APTD-0583, 120p., Oct. 1970. 25 refs.
NTIS: PB 195145
Results are presented for an air quality survey conducted in
the Chattanooga, Tennessee - Rossville, Georgia interstate
area from October 1967 through April 1969. The survey in-
cluded air quality measurements, meteorological measure-
ments, vegetation effects measurements, material effects stu-
dies, and an emissions inventory. The climatology of the area
was found to be characterized by light average wind speeds,
topographically confined flow, and frequent inversion condi-
tions — factors associated with poor pollutant dispersion A
suspended particulate problem exists in the area, with max-
imum concentrations in the downtown Chattanooga-Rossvillc
valley and the Volunteer Army Ammunitions Plant (VAAP),
where nitrogen oxide concentrations are also extremel> high
Sulfur dioxide concentrations are lower than national stan-
dards; oxidant, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide levels are
comparable to national levels. At study sites where selected
vegetation was exposed, damage attributable to nitrogen diox-
ide, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
fluoride, and an interaction of low concentrations of these and
other pollutants developed. Vegetation at the VAAP revealed
damage characteristic of overexposure to nitrogen dioxide, sul-
fur dioxide, and acid mist. Steel and /inc corrosion rates at
one VAAP site are excessive, as aie dye-fading rates in the
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238
area of the plant. Silver tarnishing, the index of sulfide gas
pollution; occurs at all locations in the area, but values do not
exceed the National Interstate Surveillance Project upper
quartile. Quantities of pollutants emitted in Hamilton County,
Tennessee and Walker and Catoosa Counties, Georgia in 1968
are summarized, as is the percent contribution of all pollutants
by source category. Industrial process losses are probably the
most important source, followed by mobile sources and sta-
tionary fuel combustion.
26702
Bay Area Air Pollution Control District, San Francisco, Calif.
AIR POLLUTION AND THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA.
29p., Nov. 1970.
Air pollution emissions in the Bay Area are presented for 1969
by source category. The Bay Area Air Pollution Control Dis-
trict is comprised of six counties, Alameda, Contra Costa,
Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Clara It is
governed by a twelve man Board of Directors, with each
county represented by two members, which has the power to
develop and enforce regulations for the control of air pollution
in the District. To advise the Board and the staff, there is a
20-man Advisory Council, appointed by the Board. Members
of the Advisory Council represent special interest groups and
must include representatives of colleges or universities, health
agencies, agriculture, industry, community planning, transpor-
tation, professional engineers, contractors, architects and or-
ganized labor. An important feature of the District is its Hear-
ing Board, which makes findings of fact and can issue orders
of abatement. The Bay Area An Pollution Control District
operates on a performance standard basis rather than on a per-
mit system. Regulations have been adopted to control open
burning, emissions of particulates and dense plumes, hydrocar-
bons and sulfur dioxide emissions, as well as reactive organic
compounds. A Combined Pollutant Index was established in
1968 and includes oxidants, carbon monoxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, and particulates. The enforcement division comprises thir-
ty-eight inspectors, as well as an engineering section and
source testing groups. The technical division embraces the
laboratory, air monitoring, data anlysis and meteorology, and
library sections. Examples of particulate matter are indicated,
and visibility reduction is mentioned. Important gaseous emis-
sions include carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, hydrogen sul-
fide, fluoride, oxides of nitrogen, and organic compounds
Photochemical smog is mentioned, as well as meteorological
factors and topography Health effects, plant damage, and
material deterioration are also reviewed. Government agencies
and air quality standards are discussed.
27254
Kumamoto Prefectural Government (Japan), Public Nuisance
Section
REPORT OF INVESTIGATION OF THE AIR AND NOISES.
(V): JANUARY, 1969 - MARCH, 1970. (Taiki, soon chosa
hokoku sho. Dai V ho. (Showa 44 nen 1 gatsu - Showa 45 nen 3
galsu)). Text in Japanese. 212p., May 1970.
Investigations of air pollution, meteorology, and environmental
pollution were carried out at Kumamoto, Arao, Udo, Yat-
sushiro, Taura-cho, and Minamata of Kumamoto Prefecture
from January 1969 to March 1970; the results are reported.
The average annual amounts of dust fall are within a 5.15 -
12,34 t/sq km/month level (by the deposit gauge method) and it
is decreasing in all cities with every year. Among the contents
of dust fall nitrate (-) was frequent in the cities where they use
coal for fuel and sulfate (-2), chlorine (-), and calcium (+2) in
the cities where there were carbide or chemical factories. Con-
centrations of sulfur dioxide (by the PbO2 method) are in-
creasing in all cities; the highest value of the average annual
concentrations was 0.94 mg/100 sq cm/day at Arao and the
lowest was 0.23 mg/100 sq cm/day at Taura There was about
33% increase in general compared with those of the previous
year. The results of automatic measurements of SO2 and float-
ing dust at Arao and Yatsushiro revealed that the average an-
nual values were 2.60 ppm at Arao and 0.86 ppm at Yat-
sushiro; the average annual index of the degree of pollution by
floating dus was 12.5% and 4.29%, respectively. Measurement
of concentration of fluorine in falling dust and in indicator
plants has been earned out since June 1969 in order to per-
form examinations before the establishment of a factory for
electrolysis of aluminum at Arao. Carbon monoxide, nitric ox-
ide, nitrogen dioxide, and the amount of floating dust and its
contents were measured in order to investigate the effects of
automobile traffic volume and automobile exhaust gases.
28097
Schedling, J. A.
THE MEASURING AND ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION. (Ueber Messungen und Analysen von Luftverun-
reinigungen). Text in German. Arch. Hyg., 154(4):349-357, 1970.
5 rcfs.
The tendency prevails not to limit the measuring of atmospher-
ic pollution to the determination of a single pollutant like to
sulfur dioxide because the assumption that the level of an in-
dicato substance is a characteristic measure of the sum of all
pollutants is valid only to a limited extent, if at all. Five hun-
dred dust fall measurements performed over a period of two
years (1962-1963) in a center city site in Vienna and 2000 dust
fall measurements performed in 1965 and 1966 and continued
at the same site in 1969 by means of a dust collection filter
device at 1 and 9 m above ground were evaluated and the
levels of lead, of benzopyrene and of fluorine compounds
were determined. Lead compounds were determined polaro-
graphically, benzopyrene, spectrometrically; and fluorine com-
pounds, by means of an ion-sensitive electrode. The present
air pollution monitoring program in the city of Vienna will
have to be extended to include nitrogen oxides and hydrocar-
bons and later also asbestos dust and oxidants. The pollution
levels will have to be evaluated on the basis of internationally
agreed air quality criteria not only for their immediate toxicity
but for their hygienic implications in the overall pollution pic-
ture as seen by the WHO
28188
Huffstutler, K. K
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN VARIOUS RECEPTORS
NEAR PHOSPHATE INDUSTRIES. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 17p., 1970. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St.
Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-153.)
Within Polk, Hillsborough, and Manatee Counties in west cen-
tral Florida are located 17 phosphate fertilizer and related
phosphate product manufacturing plants, 13 of them enclosed
within seven and a half mile radius in Polk County. In 1965 an
emission limit regulation was adopted limiting each company
to 0.6 Ib fluoride per ton of P2O5 manufactured in any one 24-
hr period prior to May 1, 1964, allowing one year for com-
pliance. Total industry emissions dropped from 11,700 Ib per
day in 1965 to 2700 Ib in 1969. Samplin data show a related
decrease in ground level concentrations. On the basis of data
collected in a pasture grass sampling program started in 1963,
a 40 or 45 ppm 'iso-fluor' was drawn representing the average
annual at each station, in order to measure affected areas and
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
239
to define land ownership and use patterns. Measurements of
fluoride accumulation in citrus leaves did not demonstrate cor-
relation with ambient air fluoride levels; however, in a prelimi-
nary test of root uptake of fluoride, a citrus tree receiving gyp
pond water showed an increase in fluoride content double that
of a control tree.
28771
Nakagawa, Yasusuke, Isao Ogawa, Masayoshi Mizukami,
Akira Matsuura, and S. Kaji
SAMPLING AND ANALYZING OF FLUORIDES. PART I.
(Hasseigen kojo ni okeru fukkabutsu no sanpuringuho oyobi
hunsekiho ni (suite. Dai-l-po). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), S(l):89, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, 1970.)
On the assumption that the present JIS method of measuring
fluorides as gases alone is inadequate for determining total
fluorides emitted to the atmosphere in industrial areas, the fol-
lowing experiment was conducted. Fluoride gases as well as
particulates were collected inside and outside plants by dust
tubes with copper wool and polyethylene impingers. The items
sampled were gases and mists under 20 micron and those par-
ticulates over 20 micron. The hydrogen fluoride values mea-
sured are tabulated. They indicate that a substantial amount of
HF is also contained in particulates Total fluoride was 2.30 to
6.53 HF ppm in one factory and 24 80 to 30.60 HF ppm in a
second factory, B. In the area of the second factory, values
were 325 to 351 ppb.
29040
Roenicke, G.
DKSCRIFFION OF THE 'SCHAUINSLAND' STATION, GER-
MANY, AS AN EXAMPLE OF A PILOT STATION. In:
Research Facilities, Necessary to Adequately Support Mea-
suremnt of Low Levels of Pollutants and Follow Their Trends.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Paris (France), Chapt. 2, p. 9-28, Sept. 22, 1970.
Mans are being made to create a world network of background
and pollution measurement stations in which a regional or na-
tional network is associated with a central laboratory, called a
pilot station. The Schaumsland pilot station is one of a net-
work of seven supporting stations in West Germany Its tasks
are to coordinate the measurement methods, measunng equip-
ment, and workin programs of the network, to calibrate mea-
surement methods, to examine limitations of the methods in
use, and to develop and test new measurement methods 'lo
obtain samples in unpolluted air, the measurement and testing
station is located in open countryside. Methods and instru-
ments used for measuring dust fallout and concentrations of
suspended matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous ox-
ide, and fluorine compounds in the atmosphere are described
Other tasks undertaken include examination of condensation
nuclei and recording of atmospheric electrical components.
Biological materials, such as pollens and spoies, are sampled
continuously in a Burkard trap Meteorological parameters are
measured and recorded. Development work in progress in-
cludes an investigation of the use o a fluorine-specific elec-
trode under low concentration conditions, automatic recording
methods for measuring sulfur oxides and NO2 concentrations,
and testing of a calibration procedure which uses a gas mixing
pump. The personnel of the station consists of a scientific
director and five technicians Equipment for research and
development cost approximately $10,563, routine work equip-
ment cost $51,098, and basic equipment for the laboratory,
workshop, office and recreation rooms, office equipment, and
miscellaneous items totalled $30,750. Operating costs for one-
year are estimated at $140,228.
30058
Davis, K. A.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SUMMARY FOR THE
PADUCAH PLANT FOR 1970. Union Carbide Corp., Paducah,
Ky., Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, AEC Contract W-740S-
eng-26, Rept. KY-629, 9p., April 1, 2971. NITS: KY-629
Several factors are routinely checked at the Paducah Gaseous
Diffusion Plant including uranium fluorides, nitrates, hex-
avalent chromium, pH, alpha and beta activity, and
background gamma radiation. Air and water samples are taken
continuously in the vicinity of the plant, samples of the Ohio
river are collected monthly; and vegetation samples are taken
bimonthly Air samples are collected through a membrane
filter for particulatc matter and through a scrubber for
fluorides Vegetation is dried and then pulveri/ed for fluoride
analysis. In 1970, alpha activity averaged 0.04 pCi/cu m: beta
activity averaged 0.04^ of the Radioactivity Concentration
Guide; gaseous fluoride averaged 0.45 ppb, 42rf less than
1969; fluorides in grass were of a 25 ppm concentration on site
and below that off-site (a safe concentration for gra/ing
animals). The water mixed with alkaline wastes became
neutralized so that no significant difference in the concentra-
tions of fluorides, chromates, uranium, pH, or radioactivity
was found below the mouth of the drainage creeks fiom that
upstream from the Paducah plant. Ground water was also sam-
pled.
30705
MEETING OF THE COORDINATING COMMITTEE ON AIR
POLLUTION IN SOUTH HOLLAND (NETHERLANDS).
(Coordinatiecommissie meting luchtvcrontreiniging in X.uid-HoI-
land). Text in Dutch. 19p., 1968.
The coordinating committee on air pollution in South Holland
(the province of the Netherlands which includes Rotterdam
and The Hague) was activated March 15, 1967 by the Queen s
Commissioner. It has no formal membership list and is not in-
corporated. Its primary purpose is the measurement of air pol-
lution. As of September 1968, an inventory of air pollution
measunng stations in South Holland chose 57 stations for the
measurement of sulfur dioxide, 44 foi the collection of
precipitation, five for smoke sampling, three for nitiogcn diox-
ide, and two lor hydrogen fluoride. The values obtained from
SO2 measurements during the summer of 1966 are plotted on a
map of South Holland in the form of iso-nsk lines, while dust
fall data are plotted in the form of iso-dust fall lines, ex-
pressed in tons/sq km of land area. The South Holland data is
also compared with measurements in four areas of Great
Britain, and in terms of permissible limits established in vari-
ous other countries, including Russia, Germany. Poland.
Sweden, and the LISA
31371
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center. Tokyo
REPORT OF A SURVEY ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
IN THE DISTRICTS UNDER POLLUTION CONTROL PRO-
GRAM. (Kogai boshi keikaku sakutei chiiki kankyo chosa
hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 136p., March 1969.
Air pollution, water pollution, offensive odors, and noise in
the Chiba/Ichihara, Yokkaichi, and Mi/ushirna districts were
surveyed in 1968. Average daily sulfur dioxide concentrations
were 0.02 ppm in the Chiba/Ichihara district and 001-0.05 ppm
-------
240
in the Yokkaichi district. Values measured at 28 points in the
latter district varied according to directicn, wind velocity, and
geographical conditions. The mean value of suspended dusts in
the Chiba/Ichihara district was 151.6 microgram/cu m, but
values as high as 256-1649 microgram/cu m were measured in
Yokkaichi. Here iron contents of 105.8 microgram/cu m and
334.0 microgram/cu m were found. Organic sulfur compounds
such as dimethyl sulfide (1.0 ppb) and isoprophyl mercaptan
(3.5 ppb) were also detected in Yokkaichi City. Nitrogen ox-
ides and hydrogen chloride values in th Chiba/Ichihara district
were 0.003-0.025 ppm and 0.01-0.06 ppm, respectively.
Fluorine compounds were not detected. Maximum chlorine,
formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 0.07,
0.057, and 0.005 ppm, respectively, were measured in the
summer. In the Mizushima district, two methods were applied
to determine offensive odors from petroleum complexes:
odonmetry and gas chromatography With the latter measuring
0.006-0.012 ppm of ethyl acetate. The gas was irritative with a
sour and sweet odor. Biological oxygen demand measurements
and analysis of bottom soil in Yokkaichi harbor, and 0.20-1.28
milligram/dry kg of mercury in bottom soil of the drainage at a
chemical factory in the Mizushima district. Noise levels in re-
sidential areas were below or only a little higher than the stan-
dard, but noise levels along heavily travelled roads were sig-
nificantly high.
31396
Grosser, J., K. Horn, and A. Knauer
SOME RESULTS OF AIR HYGIENE RESEARCH IN THE
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND THEIR PRATI-
CAL APPLICATION. (Ueber einige Ergebnissc der Lufthy-
gienischen Forschung in der DDR und ihre Anwendung in der
Praix). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenzgebiete (Ber-
lin), 17(6):396-399, June 1971. 23 refs.
Hast Germany is gradually establishing an emissions-monitor-
ing system. Emission measurements were taken in Berlin,
Halle, Magdeburg, Schwerin, and in the Erz Mountains. Sulfur
dioxide and dust were identified as the major air pollutants;
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, HCOH,
fluorine, arsenic, lead, carbon monoxide, and polycyclic and
other hydrocarbons were present to a lesser extent. Several
measurements showed high nitrogen dioxide levels in some but
not all areas of the country In the center of East Berlin,
monthly average values were 0.007-0.032 NO2 mg/cu m. Com-
parative measurements with continuous monitors indicated a
close relationship between SO2 and dust concentrations. A
90'/ value of the sum frequency of 0.28 mg/cu m and 0.19
mg/cu m was calculated for dust and SO2, respectively. The
high dust and SO2 concentrations found in East Germany are
due lo the fact that 89.29? of power plants are still fired with
soft coal. Based on comparison of death certificates for a rural
area and an industrial area, mortality rates due to respiratory
disease and heart ailments are higher in the latter area:
478/1000 for women and 5.78/1000 for men. Eor the rural
area, the respective rates are only 3.6/1000 and 3 85/1000.
32666
Morik, Joszef, S/ilves/.ler Kelenffy, and M. Saringer
Kerteszne
AIR POLLUTION IN THE VICINITY OF THE POWER
PLANT ON NOVEMBER 7 AND OF THE ALUMINUM
WORKS AT VARPALOTA. (A levego szennyezettsege a
November 7. Hoeromu es a Varpalotai aluminiumkoho kor-
nyezeteben). Text in Hungarian. Idojaras (Budapest), no 6:344-
351, 1967. 12 refs.
Air quality measurements were made showing that emissions
from an aluminum plant at Varpolata and an adjacent power
plant are detectable at a distance of 1.5 to 2 km, and are stron-
gest in the southerly direction. In the eastern part of the re-
gion, so ith of the aluminum works, conditions are much
worse than in the western part due to the presence of sulfur
dioxide, dust, and fluorine, and to prevailing wind conditions.
The amount of bituminous matter, 3,4-benzpyrene, and
fluorine in the dust found on the vegetation in this region was
measured. The fluorine content in the dry matter of the plants
was also determined. The amount of 3,4-benzpyrene, caused
by the tar vapors emitted from the aluminum works, was sig-
nificantly higher in the dust adhering to the plants than in that
collected in housing districts. Approximately 19.4 mg benz-
pyrene/sq m of plant surface was found; fluorine content was
6.9 mg/sq m of leaf surface. The average fluorine content of
the dry matter of plants was 67.5 mg. The fluorine content is
significantly higher than the normal value of 1 mg.
32679
Hendrickson, E. R.
AIR SAMPLING AND QUANTITY MEASUREMENT. In: Air
Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 2, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 16, p. 3-52. 64 refs.
Devices and techniques for determining the concentration of
pollutants in the atmosphere are important to establish
hazardous levels in the environment, to determine the efficacy
of ameliorative measures, and to appraise contamination from
a process or source. Problems encountered in sampling may
include sample size, sampling rate, duration of sampling, col-
lection limitations, analytical limitations, alteration of con-
stituents, storage effects, accuracy and precision require-
ments, collecting versus recording samplers, units of expres-
sion, and computation of the results. Common equipment
needs are vacuum sources, metering devices, and supplemen-
tary devices such as a timer. Sampling of aerosol contaminants
may be done by filtration, impingement, sedimentation, elec-
trostatic precipitation and, centrifugal methods. Techniques for
sampling gaseous contaminants discussed are adsorption, ab-
sorption, freezeout, and grab sampling. Simplified techniques
for sulfur dioxide, gaseous fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, and
ozone are presented Types of recording instrumentation and
the principles of measurement are briefly described.
33017
Wilkniss, P. E. and R. E. Larson
USE OF ACTIVATION ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ORIGIN OF PARTICU-
LATES COLLECTED IN THE MARINE ATMOSPHERE. In-
ternational Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria), Nucl.
Tech. Environ. Pollut. Proc. Synip., Salzburg (Austria), 1970. p.
159- 168. 26 refs. (Oct. 26-30, Paper IAEA-SM-142a/6.)
Pollution of the marine atmospheie is steadily increasing, as
indicated by increased lead concentrations in polar ice samples
and ocean surface waters, by the observance of pesticides
transported with wind-blown dust over the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans, and by a general increase in ambient aerosol concen-
trations probably of man-made origin. The use of neutron ac-
tivation, photon activation, and proton activation analysis has
been investigated to determine the elements boron, fluorine,
sodium, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, manganese,
bromine, strontium, and iodine in paniculate samples from the
marine atmosphere. Methods were developed for collecting
airborne particulates on ships and aircraft and at shore sta-
tions. Appropriate sample preparation procedures were
developed for the different types of activation analysis. The
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
241
implication for pollution studies is that, by determining ele-
mental ratios such as F/C1, Na/Cl, Na/K, Ca/S, and Mn/Cl,
one can determine whether an aerosol is of natural origin or of
man-made origin. Samples taken along the Atlantic coast of
the U. S. show the influence of polluted continental air masses
in near-shore region; iaflux of African dust was found in the
middle of the Atlantic, and pure marine aerosols were
analyzed in Hawaii. (Author abstract modified)
33080
Gatz, Donald F. and James E. Carson
SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE: ATMOSPHERIC BACKGROUND
CONCENTRATIONS. PRELIMINARY RESULTS. In:
Radiological Physics Division Annual Report. Environmental
Studies. Argonne National Lab., 111., Radiological Physics Div.,
p. 110-120, 1970. 4 refs. NTIS: ANL-7760, Part III
Over 100 air samples were collected in Chicago urban and sub-
urban areas and at the Argonne National Laboratory and
analyzed for atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride backgrounds.
Sampling times were about five seconds for samples collected
in evacuated one liter cylinders and 24 hours for samples col-
lected in 12 liter plastic bags. Samples were analyzed with a
gas chromatograph and a nickel(63) electron capture detector.
Sulfur hexafluoride concentrations ranged from less than de-
tectable (two picoliters/liter) to greater than 500 picoliters/liter.
The highest values were found in five-second samples col-
lected at Argonne, which has several known sources of SF6.
However, a number of the Chicago samples also showed de-
tectable SF6 concentrations. (Author abstract modified)
33108
Fuji City Citizens Committee for Environmental Pollution
Control (Japan)
REPORT OF THE SURVEY ON PUBLIC NUISANCE IN FUJI
AREA (1). (Fuji chiiki kogai chosasho, dai 1-pen). Text in
Japanese. SSp., Sept. 1969.
Pollution in the Fuji industrial area includes detailed data on
climatic characteristics, the mechanism and the state of air
pollution in the area centered around Motoyoshihara Junior
High School, comparison with Yokkaichi city, bad odor and
noise, sources of odor emission, a survey of respiratory dis-
eases in the area, results of questionnaires, water pollution of
the sea and rivers, influence of pollution on plants and agricul*
tural produce, and the state of pollution in the neighboring Fu-
jikawa township. Fuji Municipal Motoyoshihara Junior High
School is located in the most polluted area in the entire Fuji
industrial complex; situated on a sand dune near the shore of
Suruga Bay, it is flanked by four large plants on the west and
10 on the north. The sulfur dioxide counts go up characteristi-
cally with north-northwest winds; with 5 m/sec winds, it can
go above 0.1 ppm. The average SO2 count from five months in
1968 was 0.093 ppm. The pollution sources include Kraft pulp
mills, cellophane plants, chemical factories, Tagonoura port
dredgers, aluminum electrolysis plants, fertilizer plants, and
automobile exhaust gas. In the neighboring Kanbara township,
there is also a light metal company. Pollutants are soot and
other particulates (lime, mirabillite), sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide and other sulfides, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine gas and
chlorides, nitrogen compounds, and dusts. According to the in-
vestigation in April 1968, the total heavy oil consumption in
Fuji city was 2,240 kl/day; black liquor, 2,750 kl/day; coal, 23
t/day; coke, 5 t/day; and wood, 16 t/day. The calculated total
sulfur dioxide emissions was 130 t/day from heavy oil and 49
t/day from black liquor. According to an investigation by the
Fuji Medical Association between Nov. 1967 and Oct. 1968,
bronchitis and asthma cases in the polluted areas were 2.5
times as many as those in nonpolluted areas, and cases of
asthmatic bronchitis in the former were four times as many as
those in the latter. The ratio of asthmatic children in polluted
and nonpolluted areas was 37:18; the number of absences,
131:27, and average absence per child, 3.63:1.49.
33309
Lindberg, Walter
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN NORWAY. Na-
tional Society for Clean Air, London (England), Intern. Clean
Air Conf. Proc., London, England, 1959, p. 21-22. 4 refs. (Oct.
20-23.)
In the past, air pollution in Norway was not a serious problem
and only caused rare effects on human health, such as man-
ganese pneumonias. Recently, air pollution from the aluminum
industry has led to grass pollution with fluorides and resulting
fluorosis in cattle. Public interest has led to the creation of a
committee on air pollution to investigate prevention and to
recommend abatement laws and regulations. Although air pol-
lution in Norway is not as serious as in other countries, it is a
considerable nuisance. The most serious problems are caused
by the location of industry in deep valleys on the coast. A ust
fall survey in Oslo showed 20 to 55 per cent of the average
values found in London. The amount of dust and ash
decreased in December and increased in April, when the snow
melted, leaving the sand and gravel exposed. Since 1958, air
pollution has been measured at 11 sites by smoke filters
(reflectometer readings), volumetric sulfur dioxide apparatus
(titration of total acidity following absorption in peroxide solu-
tion), and tarry matter fluorescence measurements. The pollu-
tion varied markedly in the winter due to high fuel consump-
tion for domestic heating. Also, pollutants accumulated during
the winter in calm weather and with inverse vertical tempera-
ture gradient. The use of hydroelectric power should reduce
pollution.
33425
Tebbens, Bernard D.
GASEOUS POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR. In: Air Pollution.
Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1, 2nd ed., New York, Academic
Press, 1968, Chapt. 2, p. 23-46. 45 refs.
Gaseous pollutants that may be present in the air are
described, and the expression of gas concentration, the im-
portance of averaging the time on air quality data, the com-
ponents of normal air, and the effect of water vapor from air
pollution standpoint are discussed. Carbon dioxide concentra-
tion has been suggested as an index of the total amount of
combustion and natural ventilation in an urban environment,
but the CO2 level in any area where vegetation is plentiful has
typical diurnal and seasonal variations. Carbon monoxide,
emitted by internal combustion engines, is found in the
greatest concentrations where traffic is heaviest. The lack of
information of CO concentrations stems from its lack of effect
on any of the human senses. Hydrocarbons are also present in
the atmosphere, including oxygenated hydrocarbons such as
the aldehydes. Sulfur dioxide is more prevalent in the air than
sulfur trioxide, while hydrogen sulfide is an occasional air pol-
lutant, known for its unpleasant odor. Mercaptans are among
the odorous gaseous by-products of the kraft pulping industry.
Continuous monitoring has shown that nitrogen dioxide
predominates during nighttime, while during the day NO and
nitrogen dioxide may be equally abundant. The recognition of
peroxyacetyl nitrate as a serious phytotoxicant has stimulated
intensive study, employing very sensitive chromatographic
procedures for identification and quantitation of PAN. The
presence of ozone, oxidants, and fluorides in the atmosphere
is briefly discussed.
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242
33576
Hyogo Prefecture (Japan), Dept. of Living
PUBLIC NUISANCE IN HYOGO PREFECTURE. (Hyogo-ken
no kogai). Text in Japanese. 197p., Nov. 1970.
The degree of air pollution in most cities in Hyogo Prefecture
has stayed on the same level or increased slightly in recent
years, except for Himeji and Akashi cities. Prevalent pollu-
tants in Hyogo cities are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, and oxidants created by the photochemical
reactions of these material. Standard permissible and actual
counts of sulfur oxides, CO, NO, NO2, suspended and settling
particulates, lead, and fluoride, compounds are presented in
description, tables, and graphs. Average amounts of settling
particulates in Hyogo Prefecture run between 5.30 t to 14.52
t/k sq m/month; the highest figure is for Amagasaki city. Kobe
city is the next most polluted; measurements at four locations
all indicate more than 10 t/month average. The annual average
for Kobe in 1967 was 12.78 t; in 1968, 12.54 t and in 1969,
12.87 t. At the highest point in an industrial area of Kobe, set-
tling particulate averaged as high as 17.95 t/month. The annual
average of sulfur oxides in Amagasaki in 1968 was 0.083
ppm/hr and in 1969, 0.084 ppm, representing a much higher
figure than the maximum permissible amount of 0.05 ppm.
Carbon monoxide concentration is 5.0-9.0 ppm/day in Kobe,
2.7-5.8 ppm in Himeji, and 2.3-6.8 ppm in Itami. Monthly
averages of NO concentration in Kobe are 80-142 ppb and of
NO2, 33-37 ppb. Figures in Himeji, Kakogawa, and Itami are
much lower than those of Kobe. Western Hyogo around
Akashi, Kakogawa, and Himeji are relatively unpolluted. The
Himeji area has especially shown a. marked improvement since
dust collectors were installed in electric furnaces of iron foun-
dries in 1967. The annual average of settling particulates of
11.12 t/k sq m/month in 1966 decreased to 7.92 in 1967, 6.54 in
1968, and 5.64 in 1969.
33858
Heaney, Robert J.
DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE VICINITY
OF AN INTEGRATED PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
FACILITY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 31p., 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June
27-JuIy 2, 1971.)
A comprehensive air surveillance network has been
established near an integrated primary copper production
facility to gather air quality data related to its emissions and
those of other potential sources. The results form this sam-
pling network are analyzed. Several types of air samplers were
used in the study. Fluoride concentrations were monitored
using calcium oxide or calcium formate-impregnated filter
papers. Sulfur oxides were sampled with the lead peroxide-
coated cylinder method. Dust was monitored using high
volume and low volume filter samplers for suspended dust,
and dust fall jars or adhesive papers for settling dust. Data
from these samplers were analyzed in several ways: on a 10-
year statistical basis to establish averages, ranges, and long-
term trends and annual variations; on an average monthly
basis to determine seasonal variations; and on a statistical
basis to determine the approximate lognormality of the data.
The data analysis indicates slight decreasing trends for copper
and sulfur oxides and significant decreases for fluorides.
Review of the monthly data shows the gaseous constituents,
sulfur oxides and fluorides, are more subject to seasonal
meteorological variations than the particulate constituents.
There was an inverse relationship between suspended and set-
tling dust, with the former being higher during the windier
months and the latter during the more stable inversion months.
Clear relationships were shown for concentrations of various
constituents with distance from known sources. The analysis
of statistical distributions showed that both gaseous and par-
ticulate matter-related constituents are approximately log-nor-
mally distributed. (Author abstract modified)
34008
Dimitriev, M. T.
A STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIONS AND
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES PREVAILING IN THE
ATMOSPHERE OF THE DDR. (leucheniye atmosfernykh
zagryazneniy i fizikokhimicheskikh protsessov, proiskho-
dyashchikh v attnosfernom vozdukhe GDR). Text in Russian. Gi-
giena i Sank., 36(7):84-87. 1971.
The main trends in the assessment and control of air quality in
the Deutsche Democratische Republic are reviewed. Sulfur
dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide,
nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide chlorine, hydrogen
fluoride, tetraethyl lead, benzo(3-4)pyrene, dust and soot
levels constitute the main pollutants measured during continu-
ous monitoring. The SO2 concentrations range from 0.03
mg/cu m, in the summer, to 0.32 mg/cu m in winter in the city
of Berlin; these fluctuations are due to domestic heating. Au-
tomotive exhaust gases constitute the main source for NO2
pollution which reaches 0.5 mg/cu m during the morning and
evening peak traffic hours. There are 16 stations for syste-
matic monitoring of atmospheric ozone, SO2, dust, and
radioactivity. Maximum ozone levels occur during May and
June along with other peak photooxidant concentrations re-
lated to air pollution. Photochemical generation of ozone, for-
maldehyde, and other photochemical oxidants in the polluted
air constitute an important research area. The popularity of the
two-stroke vehicle in the DDR increases the amount of pollu-
tants due to exhaust gas. Thus, benzo(3,4)pyrene and formal-
dehyde are 30 to 50 and three to five times higher, respective-
ly, than emissions from four stroke vehicles. The exhaust
gases from two-stroke vehicles contain 50 mg/cu m lead and
the air in the urban areas contains 0.3 to 0.5 microgram/cu m
Pb in the DDR. Dust levels vary from 0.1 to 3.0 g/sq m in the
cleanest rural areas to between 25 and 120 g/sq m in the indus-
trial areas, with an average of 13 g/sq m in Berlin. Interactions
between aerosols and the solubility of these carcinogens in
blood serum constitute another area of air pollution research
in the DDR. The main research institutes are indicated.
35764
PUBLIC NUISANCE WHITE PAPER, 1971. (Kogai hakusho,
Showa 46 nendo ban). Text in Japanese. 483p., July 10, 1971.
The state of air pollution in Japan is surveyed with respect to
statistical data on concentrations of sulfur oxides, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, suspended and settling particu-
lates, and specific toxic materials (hydrogen fluorides and
hydrogen cyanides). Local conditions are discussed with
emphasis on areas with complex and acute air pollution
problems, such as the Tokyo-Yokohama and Osaka-Amagasaki
areas; specific industrial developments, e.g., Fuji, South
Nagoya, Yokkaichi, North Kyushu, and Omuta; and areas
where pollution is rapidly increasing due to the development
of large-scale industrial complexes, such as Tomakomai,
Kashima, Chiba-Ichihara-Kimizu, Mizushima, and Oita.
Damages caused by air pollution and effects on human health
and agricultural and forestry produce are discussed. Govern-
mental means of control, the nation-wide network of pollutant
measuring devices, and local and regional surveillance systems
are reviewed. The policy on desulfurization and acquistion of
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
243
low-sulfur fuels is outlined. Indirect control measures included
a bufferdgreen area development plan, large-scale heating-cool-
ing systems instead of individual home or building systems,
and construction of collective high stacks. The offensive odor
control bill is summarized.
36806
Tairafune, K., A. Sato, W. Nakano, and M. Takahashi
INVESTIGATION ON THE AIR POLLUTION IN MIVAKO
DISTRICT. (Kwateken Miyako chiku no taiki osen ni (suite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 6(1): 191, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting
of .Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,
1971.)
The concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, suspended particulate matter, and
its metal components (cadmium, manganese, copper, and lead)
were measured at six locations in Miyako City for seven days
in Aug. 1970. The maximum SO2 concentration was 0.095
ppm, however, 98% of the measured value was less than 0.05
ppm. The mean NO and NO2 concentration was 0.01 ppm ex-
cept at one location, which was presumably attributable to the
effect of wind direction. The mean HF concentration was 1.6
ppb, and the mean concentrations of metallic components
were (in micrograms (cu m): Cd, 0.11-0.15; Mn, 0.11-1.11; Cu,
0.10-0.84 Pb, 0.06-0.93.
37473
Waldbott, G. L.
AIRBORNE FLUORIDE IN THE LAKE ST. CLAIR-DETROIT
RIVER AREAS. Fluoride, 4(2):93-96, April 1971. 6 refs.
A study of air pollution m the Lake St. Clair-Detroit River
area was undertaken by a special board at the request of the
International Joint Commission representing the governments
of Canada and the United States. Of the 80 sampling stations
set up, five monitored airborne fluorides - two in the Port Hu-
ron/Sarma area and three in the Detroit/Windsor area. The
maximum recorded F(-) values ranged from 1.3 ppb in Port
Huron/Sarnia samplings to 2.9 ppb at Grosse Isle, Michigan. In
comparison, the highest level obtained by the National Air
Sampling Network in 1966 and 1967 was 2.4 ppb. Gladioli
planted at five locations had F(-) levels of 25-50 ppm. Tip and
margin burns occurred within five weeks after the gladioli
were planted. Before these findings can be applied to the
evaluation of the health effects of F(-) on humans, considera-
tion should be given to such variables as duration and con-
tinuity of sampling, height of sampling stations and their
distance from emitting sources, and F(-) levels in soil and edi-
bles. (Author abstract modified)
37502
Hokkaido Prefectural Government (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
REPORT ON RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION AND ESTIMA-
TION OF AIR POLLUTION. REPORT 7. (Hokkaido no taiki
osen chosa sokutei kekka hokoku. Dai 7 ho). Text in Japanese.
25p., Feb. 1971.
The survey results of air pollution for 1969 in main cities in
Hokkaido (Muroran, Asahigawa, Kusniro, Obihiro, and
Tomakomai) are indicated, and a trend of pollution in each
city is summarized. The estimation results are shown by
monthly averages of each estimated spot in each city for
amount of falling dust and soot, concentration of sulfur oxides
by the lead dioxide and conductivity methods, concentrations
of floating dust and soot by the filter paper method and con-
centration of hydrofluoride by the alkali filter paper method; a
wind distribution chart is also given. Asahigawa, Kusniro, and
Obihiro constitute an urban pollution type and the source of
pollution was considered to be heating systems in winter; Mu-
roran and Tomakomai constitute an industrial pollution type
and the source was a factory. The extent of the pollution was
on the same level in falling dust and soot; the concentration of
sulfur dioxide has increased in Asahigawa and Kushiro.
37607
Mathe, Peter
MUCH INDUSTRY AND LITTLE AIR. (Viel Industrie und
wenig Luft). Text in German. Technische Umweltmag., no. 1:16-
19, Feb. 1972.
Because of heavy industrialization, the Duisburg area already
has a high background concentration of pollutants. Unfortu-
nately a new industrial center is planned in the recreational
area in the Northeast of Duisburg. In a residential area in the
city the following pollutant concentrations were measured dur-
ing the growing seasons of 1968 and 1969: fluorides had a diur-
nal average of more than 2 micrograms and a daily maximum
concentration of more than 12 micrograms/cu m air, the
chloride concentrations were 67 and 695 micrograms/cu m air,
the sulfur dioxide concentrations were 130 and 244 micro-
grams/cu m. During 5.3 to 15.5% of the measuring time a con-
centration of 400 micrograms SO2/cu m was exceeded, during
2 to 4% of the measuring time of a concentration of 750 micro-
grams SO2/cu m air was exceeded. Standard deciduous trees
showed clear to heavy injuries. The mortality rate was high.
The green belt used as a recreational area by city residents
shall now be destroyed by two large power plants, one alu-
minum plant, and one petrochemical plant.
37823
Voytov, V. T.
EVALUATION OF GASEOUS CONTAMINATION IN THE
ELECTROLYSIS SHOPS OF THE BRATSK ALUMINUM
PLANT. (Operativnaya otsenka zagazovannosti tsekha elek-
troliza na BrAZe). Text in Russian. Tsventn. Metal., no. 10:45-
47, Oct. 1971.
The quality of the technological equipment was studied, and
the contributions of human carelessness to air pollution were
analyzed. Based on the weekly surveys of electrolyzers, bur-
ners, and exhaust fans, contribution indices were established
for the different equipment and stages of technology. The
number of non-hermetic electrolyzers was regularly deter-
mined. As a result of the steps taken, the number on non-her-
metic electrolyzers dropped from 32.3% in Sept. 1969 to 15%
in Feb. 1970. General improvement in air quality was reached,
with concentrations below the threshold. Hydrofluoric acid
and fluoride concentrations of 0.27 mg/cu m and 0.42 mg/cu
m, respectively, were measured in Feb. 1970, against the max-
imum allowable values of 0.8 mg/cu m and 1 mg/cu m. In addi-
tion, drastic drop in the volume of atmospheric emissions was
obtained.
37994
Yamaguchi Prefecture (Japan), Research Inst. of Health;
Yamaguchi Prefecture (Japan), Section of Environmental
Hygiene; Yamaguchi Prefecture (Japan), Section of Public
Nuisance; and Kuga Health Center (Japan)
RESULT OF AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH AROUND B
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL PLANT FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. (B sangyohaikibutsu shorijo shuhen no taiki osen
chosa seiseki ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi-ken Eisei
Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Yamaguchi Prefect. Res. Inst.
Health, vol. 13:78-79, 1971.
-------
244
The industrial wastes of the B treatment and disposal plant of
Kumate-cho consist of the last disposal substances from an oil
refinery, an oil chemical factory, and other chemical factories.
The research was carried out at four spots of the area on the
llth and 12th of Dec. 1970. A sequential air sampler was used
to measure sulfur dioxide every hour. Nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ammonia, and chlorine were measured every two
hours, and fluorine and SO2 were measured every three hours.
The SO2 concentrations averaged 71.6 ppm at the outlet of
chimneys, and 2.06 ppm at the outlet of a gas and vapor
separator. Most SO2 was exhausted from the chimney
(averaged 0.005-0.006 ppm) (the highest concentration being
0.029 ppm) at the spot 40-100 m distant from the incinerator.
Among nitrogen oxides concentrations, NO averaged 0.032-
0.019 ppm, and NO2 was 0.033-0.031 ppm. As for NH3, Cl, F,
and sulfate, 0.005 ppm of chlorine was determined and others
were not found.
39054
Shimizu Municipal Office (Japan)
SURVEY REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
(CONCERNING ATMOSPHERE). (Kankyo joken chosa hokoku
(Taiki kankei)). Text in Japanese. Kept., 4-(l), 21p. March 1972.
The air pollution survey of Shimizu City, Shizuoka Prefecture
has been going on since Sept. 1967. This report primarily deals
with the survey results for Sept. 1970 through Aug. 1971 and
briefly discusses on the trend for the past 4 yrs. Air pollutants
centering around sulfur oxides are measured at 31 selected
spots in the city. Settling dusts, sulfur oxides, and fluorides
are measured. The results are broken down by the measuring
spot, method, month, and season. Heavy oil fuel consumption
as well as weather conditions during the period are also
discussed. The FY 1970 heavy oil consumption is estimated at
585,000 kl, of which about 440,000 kl (76%) was consumed in
Miho District and 100,000 kl (16%) in or about the municipal
office area. The most prevailing wind was NE (18%), followed
by NNE (14%), and ENE and SW, 6% each as in the preced-
ing year. The year had 36 rainy days with rainfall amounting to
1,730.8 mm, compared with 1,015 mm in the previous year.
The precipitating dust was 6.3 tons/sq m/mo in average at
Shimizu Municipal Office, 7.0 t at the Miho Fire Station, and
6.1 t at the Sodeshi Citizens Hall, all indicating a decrease by
10-25% from the previous year. Results obtained by lead diox-
ide method indicated that the high-concentration pollution
zones (12 mg sulfur trioxide/100 sq cm PbO2/day) observed in
the previous year disappeared this fiscal year while the medi-
um-concentration pollution (1.0 mg SO3/100 sq cm PbO2/day)
expanded to engulf more areas. The annual average for 10
spots m Shimizu municipal area was 0.82 mg SO3/100 sq cm
PbO2/day indicating a decrease from the previous year s 0.95
mg. Pollution with fluoride has been negligible with no notable
change again this year. As to the 4-year trend of the pollu-
tants, both the soluble and insoluble content of the precipitat-
ing dust decreased each year, while the pH value fluctuated
with the highest recorded early in 1970. The 0.5-1.0 mg
SO3/100 sq cm PbO2/day zone is expanding while the 1.5-2.0
mg zone remains the same or decreases.
39182
Bourbon, P.
ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS POSED BY POLLUTION BY
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. (Probleme analytique du dosage de
1 ion fluor). Text in French. National Society for Clean Air,
London (England), Intern. Clean Air Congr. Proc., London, En-
gland, 1966, p. 174-176. (Oct. 4-7, Paper VI/6.)
Analytical problems from fluoride pollution are discussed; a
critical analysis of air sampling methods is made. Discussions
are illustrated by determinations carried out at 20 sampling lo-
cations situated at a 20 km radius around an aluminum factory
of one of the Pyrenean valleys in France. Sampling methods
focus the utilization of an impinger which is a modification of
the Greenberg-Smith device and which allows accumulation of
fluorine ions 70 ml of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solutions with
no dust or hydrogen fluoride interference. Determinations of F
ion were made monthly. Fluorine containing dusts were deter-
mined at a 1.0 km radius around the factory whereby separa-
tion from hydrogen fluoride was carried out with Millipore fil-
ters (0.8 micron pores). These filters were utilized when sam-
pling was made in dry weather conditions and heated air flows
(80 C) were bubbled into NaOH- containing impingers. The
amounts of HF carried along did not exceed 5.0% of the total
amount of fluorine thus trapped. Additional information was
obtained from F ion determinations carried out on rain water
samples at the 20 pluviometer network installed at a 10 km
radius around the factory. Determinations made once monthly
according to the Spanos-Zirconium method showed only the
presence of ionisable fluorine in the rain water. Of the
thoroughly described sample preparation and analytical
methods the Lanthane-Alizarine-complexone specrophotomet-
ric procedure was the best one for below 10 micrograms F ion
in 50 ml aliquots. Average values (from 100 samples) showed
F ion from hf to be 57% and F ion from dust to constitute
47%. The dust composition included coke, tar, aluminum triox-
ide (50-60% of the dust weight), sodium carbonate and sodium
sulfate (traces), and fluorine compounds. Fluorine pollution
ranged from 0-3.0 micrograms/cu m referred to as F ion.
Amounts below the 1.0 micrograms/cu m level were the most
frequent. Extreme values of 10 - 20 micrograms/cu m were
found incidentally in the immediate vicinity of the plant under
inversions.
39737
Sadtler (Sameul P.) and Son, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.
SMOKE IN THE CUYAHOGA VALLEY OF CLEVELAND.
42p., 1950. 4 refs.
The air quality of the Cuyahoga Valley of Cleveland, Ohio
was measured to determine the general atmospheric conditions
with respect to smoke, dust, and fumes and to assess the ex-
tent of air pollution damage to health, plant life, and property.
Qualitative analyses of the air determined various proportions
of metal compounds, metal oxides, fluorides, hydrogen sul-
fide, phenols, silica, sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid, sulfur
compounds, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and heavy oils.
Smoke shade was measured using the Ringelmann chart; visi-
bility, dustfall, and haze were also monitored. The major
sources within the area include blast furnaces, steel industries,
coke works, sintering plants, open hearth furnaces, iron foun-
dries, and electric furnaces. Various control methods are sug-
gested.
408%
Renzanigo, F.
AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF MILAN. OBSERVA-
TIONS ON AN INVESTIGATION CARRIED OUT BETWEEN
OCT. 1969 AND JUNE 1970 AND OCT. 1970 AND MAY 1971.
(L inquinamento atmosferico della citta di Milano. Osservazioni
su un indagine svolta nel periodo ottobre 1969 - Giugno e Ot-
tobre 1970 - Maggio 1971). Text in Italian. Riv. Combust.
(Milan), 26(1):22-3S, Jan. 1972. 9 refs.
The contribution of heating to the air pollution in the city of
Milan was studied between Oct. and June 1969-1970 and Oct.
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
245
and May 1970-1971 and related to the local meteorology and to
the utilized fuel. Milan is a city characterized by large levels
of atmospheric humidity and very scarse winds, reaching a
maximum of six km/hr speeds. Domestic heating represents
one of the main pollution sources in Milan, utilizing fuel oils
with a 2.8% sulfur content or solid fuels such as coal, coke,
and anthracite with a level of volatile compounds below 13%.
Other pollutant sources contributing to the atmospheric quality
of the city are metallurgical industries, emitting metal oxides,
lead and zinc compounds, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine and
fluorine compounds; petroleum processing emitting sulfur
compounds, hydrocarbons, and particles; rubber processing in-
dustries, emitting sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon
monoxide. The program for air quality studies herein described
includes the installation of five monitoring stations in different
areas of the city. The facilities operate continuously for 8 days
at a time, taking samples twice a day for 6 hr periods from 6
through 12 am and from 3 through 9 pm. Analytical determina-
tions include gravimetric dust measurement, and their qualita-
tive and quantitative composition study by means of X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry, atomic absorption, and neutron ac-
tivation techniques and total acidity expressed in SO2 and
measured according to a British standard method The varia-
tion in these two parameters related to temperatures and rela-
tive humidity if represented graphically. Peak values are
usually reached during the December and January months,
which coincide with the most persistent thermal inverstion
seasons and decrease gradually from February through May.
Cessation of heating leads to decreases in atmospheric SO2
from 0.54 ppm (Dec. 1969) to 0.02 ppm (June 1970. Dust
decreases represent minor contrasts indicating the involvement
of other important sourcesjautomotive traffic, industries. The
severe air pollution conditions during the winter season are at-
tributed to the fuel factor and may be improved once the law
regarding this subject is put into practice.
41979
Ibaragi Prefecture (Japan), Environmental Pollution Research
Center
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLU-
TION RESEARCH CENTER OF IBARAKI-KEN NO. 3.
(Ibaraki-ken kogai gijutsu sent;) nenpo). Text in Japanese. 162p.,
Aug. 1970.
Air pollution, noise and water quality in Ibaragi are discussed.
Falling dust, sulfur oxides, and meteorological observation in
Hitachi and Kashima areas are given Waste gas of factories in
16 areas of Ibaragi Prefecture and odor in Kashima area are
mentioned. Automobile exhaust gases in five cities whose
street traffic is comparatively heavy was measured. Dust fall
near a cement factory was heavy and the concentration of sul-
fur dioxide in the basin of the River Miyata was as high as in
the preceding year. There was a large amount of dust fall in
the Kashima area. This was caused by the sand dune zone
around the area and the effect of various construction works
in Kashima. The amount of smoke from some factories where
several complaints were reported was over the emission stan-
dard of environmental pollution control regulations in Ibaragi
Prefecture. Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, SO2, methyl mercap-
tan, and hydrogen fluoride were the cause of odor. The con-
centration of carbon monoxide and the amount of lead in au-
tomobile exhaust was low in every area, compared with the
degree of pollution in the main cities. Water quality of dif-
ferent rivers and drainage of factory sewage were surveyed
and reported.
42760
Katz, Morris
THE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION PROBLEM IN CANADA.
Chem. Can., 4(8):2S-32, Aug. 1952. 67 refs.
In Canada, as in other countries, huge economic losses have
been sustained by the unrestricted emission of excessive
smoke, toxic gases, and particulate effluents from combustion,
metallurgical, and other industrial operations. In agricultural
and forest areas, extensive damage has been caused by the
liberation of excessive quantities of sulfur dioxide, fluorine
compounds, arsenical dust, and other effluents. In urban
areas, the economic effects are evident in accelerated corro-
sion of metals, deterioration of stonework and other building
materials, plant and household equipment, soiling and injury to
textiles and other fabrics, and excessive laundry bills. The
Trial smelter case and a current problem of urban pollution in-
volving industrial wastes and smoke from vessel traffic in the
Detroit River area are discussed. Other problems considered
involve the nickel smelting district of Sudbury and the gold
mining and smelting district of Yellowknife. Urban air pollu-
tion, sulfur dioxide pollution, and the distribution of particu-
late contaminants are considered, including the effects of air
pollution on vegetation and human health. High stacks and
meteorologic control are mentioned, as well as the removal
and recovery of effluents. Emission standards are discussed.
43170
Garber, K.
AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTION OF HAM-
BURG AND ITS EFFECT ON VEGETATION. (Die Luftverun-
reinigung im Hamburger Industriegebiet und ihre Auswiskung
auf die Vegetation). Jahresber. Staatinst. Angeu. Bot., Hamburg,
vol. 83/84:158-173, 1966. 19 refs. Translated from German, 26p.
Three-year tests were conducted in the industrial section of
Hamburg to ascertain the amount of atmospheric pollutants
and their effect on vegetation. In addition, the results from
other institutes were evaluated. The highest sulfur dioxide
average values were .4-.5 rng SO2/cu m from a SW and WSW
direction. The effect of emissions on vegetation was deter-
mined by means of plant tests in containers with uniform soil
compared to control tests in nonindustrial areas. Chemical
analyses showed test plants in industrial areas had sulfate con-
tents fO times as high as in nonindustrial areas while chloride
and fluorine contents were only twice or three times as high.
(Author abstract modified)
43317
Kagawa Prefecture (Japan)
INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN SAKAIDE
AND MARUGAME AREAS. (Sakaide, Marugame chiku kankyo
taiki chosa hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 127p., March 1972.
Measurements of meteorological conditions and atmospheric
contaminants were carried out during the period from Nov 6-
13, 1971 in order to grasp the quality, quantity, and extent of
air pollution in Sakaide and Marugame areas of Kagawa Pre-
fecture and to obtain the data necessary for preventive mea-
sures. Meteorological studies were undertaken by recording
wind vanes and anemographs at five spots. Oxides of sulfur
were measured by sequential air samplers at 12 measuring
spots around factory districts, and the collected gas was
analyzed by the P-rosanilin method. Suspended particulates
were continuously collected by high volume air samplers at 12
measuring spots for 7 days, and the quantity of suspended par-
ticulates, benzene soluble matter, water soluble matter, sul-
-------
246
func and nitric acid radicals, and metallic elements were
analy/ed. Oxides of nitrogen were measured by air samplers at
six spots around the factory district for 8 hours a day for 7
days, and analy/,ed by means of the Saltzman method.
Fluorine compounds were measured by low volume air sam-
plers and the alkali filter paper method at five spots around
the factories for 8 hours a day for 7 days. The amount and
method of fuel consumption in industries were also examined.
44267
romakomui City Government (Japan) and Tomakomai Health
Center (Japan)
ACTUAL SITUATIONS OF POLLUTION IN TOMAKOMAI
CITY. (Tomakomai-shi ni okeru kogai chosa no genkyo (Showa-
45-ncn 1-gatsu - 12-gatsu)). Text in Japanese. 44p., March 1971.
The monthly amounts of dust fall, suspended dust, sulfur ox-
ides by the lead dioxide method and by the clectroconductivity
method, fluorides by the alkaline filter method, water quality,
and noise in Tomakomai City in 1970 were investigated. The
concentrations of sulfur oxides were higher than those of the
previous year at two spots in the city. Moreover, more than
0.2 ppm occurred for 7 hours among 4385 total hours at one
spot; and 15 hours among 5412 total hours at the other. The in-
creasing tendency of high concentrations of noxious gases in
coastal industrial regions was also found. Water in Tomakomai
Harboi is of good quality. Wind and other meteorological fac-
tors were also measured Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide
values are given.
44799
Graefe, Kurt
AIR POLLUTION MONITORING METHODS ANI) DETER-
MINATION OF AIR POLLUTANT-INDUCED EFFECTS.
(Methoden der Luftueberwachung und dcr Wirkungsbestim-
mung von atmosphaerischen Schadstoffen). Text in German.
Staedtehygiene (Uclzen/Hamburg), 21(8):190-192, Aug. 1970.
Air pollution monitoring methods as applied in West Germany,
and studies on the effects of air pollutants are reviewed. Auto-
matic multi-component monitoring with regard to carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, chlorine, aerosols, wind
velocih and direction, and vertical temperature distribution
aie being carried out in Leverkusen. Measurements in the
equatorial regions of the Atlantic revealed a slight increase in
(he CO2 concentrations, and CO contents of 0.08-0.20 ppm.
Forest damages due to aerosols were determined in coastal
areas Precipitation pH values of 4-5 and DDT concentrations
of 1-3 g/cu km in air were measured in Germany. Sulfur diox-
ide measurements at different altitudes in Munich revealed a
maximum of 0.6 mg/cu m at 50 m height. Continuous measure-
ments of SO2, CO, CO2, hydrocarbons, dust, wind speed and
direction, as well as intermittent recordings of fluorides,
chlorides, and ammonia are being run in Berlin. The SO2,
CO2, and dust concentration variations showed good correla-
tion. The use of automatic program control and data
processing by means of on-line computer is being considered.
Studies of air pollutant-induced effects will center on SO2,
nitiogen dioxide, and respirable dust Grass is regarded as an
outstanding indicator plant.
47976
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan)
A REPORT ON THE SURVEY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS OF THE CHIBA INDUSTRIAL AREA. (Chiba
chiku konbinato kankyo hozen chosa hokokusho). Text in
Japanese. 60p., Dec. 1972.
The air pollution conditions are improving gradually in the
Chiba area. The averages of sulfur dioxide concentration in
1971 at 31 locations ranged from 0.035 ppm to 0.016 ppm,
which was within the environmental standard These results
were brought about by the promotion of collectivization of
stacks and high stacks, and the use of low sulfur fuels. Set-
tling particle measurements at seven locations between 1969
and 1971 decreased gradually, especially at the most heavily
polluted district in 1969, which dropped from 24.47 t/sq km/mo
to 16.18 t/sq km/mo. Suspended particulates have not shown
much improvement according to the measurements at seven
locations. The morbidity of respiratory diseases of inhabitants
were investigated in 1971 by the BMRC questionnaire, and a
high morbidity rate was reported. In May 1972, detailed health
examinations were initiated in heavily polluted areas; a city or-
dinance was issued on a relief program of health damages
caused by air pollution. As of Aug. 10, out of 183 examinees
(the total number to be examined: 753), 98 persons were diag-
nozed as patients, in the ratio of 37 chronic bronchitis, 45
bronchial asthma, seven asthmatic bronchitis, and nine
emphysema cases. As for the damages on agricultural produce,
fluoride damages on rice plants have been reported in July
1969 and 1970.
47982
Balabaeva, L. and G. Petrova
CONTAMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EXCRETION IN
URINE OF PERSONS. (Zam rsyavane na atmosferniya v zdukh
s fluorni c yedineniya i izl chyaneto im s urina pri khora). Text
in Bulgarian. Khig. Zdraveopazyane, 15(2):162-168, 1972. 27
refs.
Silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) and Hydrogen fluoride (HF) were
determined in 349 and 347 air samples, respectively, taken in
four locations of the Dimitrograd city area with a su-
perphosphate and a cement producing industry. Samples were
collected 5 days each month between March and November of
1970 Of 347 samples, 19.2% had an average of 0.011 to 0.013
mg HF/cu m exceeding by four times the maximum allowable
concentration (MAC) value of 0.02 mg/cu m. Highest HF con-
centrations reaching 0.058-0.081 mg/cu m were found at loca-
tions closest to the superphosphate plant. Of the 349 air sam-
ples. 3.4% exceeded the SiF4 MAC of 0.02 mg/cu m and max-
imum figures ranged from 0.036 to 0.053 mg SiF4/cu m, while
average values of 0.008 mg SiF4/cu m were found, generally.
Urinary excretion of fluorine compounds in highschool stu-
dents 12 to 14 years old exceeded 60 micrograms % in fluorine
levels in 32% of the Dimitrovgrad city group, compared to an
age-related group of children from Sofia with 42.8 micrograms
% fluorine excretion
48791
Hamamoto, H., H Kono, S. Hatton, and A. Kanazawa
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY FLUORINE IN THE
TOMAKOMAI DISTRICT. (Tomakoamai-chiku ni okeru fusso
no kankyo osen ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei
Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 19(10):422, Oct. 1972.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Public Health, General Meet-
ing, 31st, Sapporo, Japan, Oct. 25-27, 1972.)
In the Tomakomai region, fluorine compounds have appeared
as atmospheric pollutants since aluminum refining ankd
phosphate fertilizer manufacturing have begun. The ocean
wind, from spring through summer, causes mobile inversion
layers and occurrences of its typical smog. Fifteen measuring
spots have been set within 7 km of the source. Measurements
were made the first week of every month. Average values of
these spots for 1971 and curved lines representing their
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
247
equivalent intensities are shown. The value within 1 km of the
source is as high as 20 to 30 times the minimum value. All
measured spots located NNE from the source and their year
round averages are correlated. More than 91% of the polluted
substances fall within 3 km of the source. Sulfur tnoxide in
April and fluorine in May and June had their peak values. At
spots within 2 km from the source, where the fluorine concen-
tration was over 10 micrograms/100 sq cm, plant damage oc-
curred.
48850
Ehime Prefecture! Government (Japan), Inst of Public Health,
Ehime Prefectural Government (Japan), Bureau of Living
Environment; and Ehime Prefectural Government (Japan),
Niihama Health Center
A REPORT ON A SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE
EHIME PREFECTURE, REPORT NO. 1. (Ehime-ken taiki osen
gaikyo hokoku, daiippo). Text in Japanese. 68p., Feb. 1972.
Results of air pollution measurements in various areas are
given. The measurements of sulfur oxides, airborne particu-
late, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen oxides, and oxidants were
performed by conductivity and lead dioxide, light scattering,
fluoride ion activity, colorimstry, and spectrophotometric
methods, respectively. The condition of sulfur oxides pollution
was classified into five degrees from under 1.0 mg
SO3/day/100 sq cm PbO2 to above 4.0 mg SO3/day/100 sq cm
PbO2. All locations except the industrial areas showed first to
second degree SOx pollution. The SOx concentration in the in-
dustrial area was higher than the environmental standard
value, but there was a decreasing tendency. The HF concen-
tration in an aluminum refinery area was about 0.5 ppb/mo.
The particulate concentration from the major cities in this area
was below average compared to the major cities in other
areas.
49118
Kagawa Prefecture (Japan)
THE RESULTS OF 1972 INVESTIGATIONS OF AIR POLLU-
TION AND WATER POLLUTION IN KAGAWA PREFEC-
TURE. (Kagawa-ken) (Showa 47-nendo taiki osen, Suishitsu
odaku chosa kekka). Text in Japanese. S9p., Dec. 1972.
Measurements were conducted for sulfur oxides concentra-
tions at seven locations by the electric conductivity method
and 45 locations by the lead dioxide method, for particulate
concentrations at IS locations by deposit gauges; and for
fluorides concentrations at five locations. The sulfur oxides
concentrations measured by the PbO2 method were classified
into five degrees - from under 1.0 mg/100 cu m/day as slight
pollution to over mg/100 cu m/day as severe pollution. The
SOx concentrations measured by the conductivity method
were all below the environmental standards. Among the 45 lo-
cations at which SOx concentrations were measured by the
PbO2 method, only three locations had SOx concentrations
slightly over 1.0 mg/100 cu m/day Only one location had a
particulate concentration over 10 tons/sq km mo. The
hydrogen fluoride concentrations were also below the
threshold values which would cause damage to plants.
49260
Nakagawa, Yoshihiro and Kokei Takata
ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE POLLUTION AROUND STEEL
WORKS AND FERTILIZER PLANTS. (Seitetsu kojo oyobi
seihi kojo shuhen chiku ni okeru fusso kagobutsu ni yoru taiki
osen). Text in Japanese. Japan Society of Air Pollution, Proc.
Symp. Japan Soc. Air Pollut., 13th, 1972, p. 189. 2 refs. (Nov.
7-9, Paper 144.)
As a simple method of estimating the degree of pollution, the
water soluble fluoride content in suspended particulates were
measured. Environments of a steelworks and a fertilizer plant
were examined. The relationship between fluoride level and
other pollutants was also examined. Hi-vol and low-vol sam-
plers with glass fiber filters were used for sampling. The mea-
surements were analyzed by a comparison with a fluorine ion
calibration line An ion strength adjustment buffer solution
was used to give ion strength and to eliminate interference by
ferrous aluminum. Of the 11 measuring points at the iron-
works, the maximum concentrations were 464.5 micrograms/cu
m of suspended particulates and 1.012 micrograms/cu m of
soluble fluorides. Averages were 194.6 and 0.273 micrograms.
Coirelations among suspended particulates were: dusts 0.428,
manganese 0.686, zinc 0.586, iron 0.563, lead 0.526, and cadmi-
um 0.449. The highest amount of suspended particulates in the
environment of the fertilizer plant was 184.8 micrograms/cu m,
and fluondes 0.438 rrucrogram/cu m; averages were 112.3 and
0.118 Significant correlations (1%) were recognized between
fluorides and all other elements in the surroundings of the
ironworks: but only 1% correlation between dusts and
fluorides and y/c correlation between cadmium and calcium
were recognized near the fertilizer plant.
49860
International Joint Commission, Ottawa (Ontario), St. Clair-
Detroit Air Pollution Board
JOINT AIR POLLUTION STUDY OF ST. GLAIR-DETROIT
RIVER AREAS FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMIS-
SION. CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. APTD-1305,
266p., Jan. 1971. 43 refs. NTIS: PB 212635
An air pollution emission and air quality inventory was con-
ducted in the Port Huron-Sarnia and Detroit-Windsor areas of
the United States-Canada borders. Data were collected on par-
ticulates, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, dust fall, odors,
fluondes, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides,
and oxidants; trace metal concentrations in particulate matter;
meteorological factors; seasonal variations; emission sources;
and effects on vegetation and materials. Dispersion models
were used to calculate pollutant transboundary flow and local
pollution. Costs were calculated for implementing remedial
measures. Based on the data, a transboundary flow was deter-
mined across both the St. Clair and Detroit River international
boundaries. Transboundary and local pollution both exceeded
the level that is detrimental to the health, safety, and general
welfare of citizens and to property. An emission inventory was
conducted on fuel combustion, refuse disposal, solvent losses,
and point sources. Control methods and equipment are
described for boilers, steel mills, cement plants, lime plants,
fertilizer plants, grain handling, sugar companies, petroleum
refineries, chemical plants, automobiles, power plants, and
grey-iron foundries.
50307
Office of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Div.
of Atmospheric Surveillance
AIR QUALITY DATA FOR 1968, FROM THE NATIONAL
AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORKS AND CONTRIBUTING
STATE AND LOCAL NETWORKS. Pub-APTD-0978, 240p.,
Aug. 1972. 1 ref. NTIS: PB 213830
Air quality data for 1968 collected throughout the United
States by the National Air Surveillance Network are
presented. Data includes measurements of benzene-soluble or-
ganic fractions, including benzo(a)pyrene; inorganic nonmetal-
lic ions, including ammonium, nitrates, sulfates, and fluorides;
suspended particulate matter; metallic components of air sam-
ples including antimony, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium,
-------
248
chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, molyb-
denum, nickel, tin, titanium, vanadium, and zinc; soiling in-
dex; and gaseous pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, total hydrocarbons,
and total oxidants. Data are tabulated for urban and nonurban
sites. Laboratory methodology and instrumentation are
reviewed.
50550
Kitagawa, Y., T. Maeda, A. Furukawa, H. Ryomi, and M. Ito
ENVIRONMENTAL ATMOSPHERE SURVEY RESULT OF
UBE-ONODA AREA. (Ube-Onoda chiku kankyo taiki chosa
seiseki ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi-ken Eisei Ken-
kyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Yamaguchi Prefect. Res. Inst.
Health), no. 14:65-71, Aug. 1972.
Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, nitric oxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, and aerosols were measured in Aug. 1971 at two industrial
areas of Ube and Onoda. Sulfur dioxide in Ube averaged 0.034
ppm downwind of industrial plants. The maximum concentra-
tion was 0.161 ppm. In Onoda, the area affected by cement
and sulfuric acid factories had a 0.040 ppm SO2 concentration.
The maximum concentration was 0.164 ppm. The NO and NO2
concentrations were higher downwind of factories, but not as
conspicuously as in the case of SO2, perhaps due to automo-
biles. No correlation between SO2 and the nitrogen oxides was
found. The NOx concentrations were higher in the afternoon
than morning; NO2 reached 0.03 ppm between 1 and 4 pm.
Hydrogen fluoride was higher when the measured area was
downwind of industries; the daily average was 0.006 ppm.
Average aerosol concentration at Ube, which has large-scale
cement, iron, and fertilizer plants, was 88 micrograms/cu m,
ranging from 51 to 126 micrograms. Onoda had an average of
187 micrograms/cu m, ranging from 103-266 micrograms. There
was no significant correlation between SO2 and aerosol.
Sulfatc and nitrate were also measured.
50690
Lahmann, E.
RESULTS OF SPECIAL CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF
THE AIR IN THE UNTERMAIN REGION. In: Lufthygienisch-
meteorologische Modelluntersuchung in der Region Untermain.
4. Arbeitsbericht. Regionale Planungsgemeinschatt Untermain
Frankfurt am Main (West Germany), p. 61-75, Oct. 1972.
The average and maximum sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
phenol, fluoride, dust, lead, chloride, and formaldehyde con-
centrations for April 1971 to March 1972 are listed in a table
for the untermain region around Frankfurt. The measurements
were taken at 43 sites. The average concentrations Of pollu-
tants at the sampling sites are represented graphically on
maps. Eight tables contain the frequency distribution of all
measured values of the individual substances for various con-
centration categories. Another table shows the average values
of pollutant concentrations for each day. The following peak
average values per day were found: sulfur dioxide 222 micro-
grams/cu m, nitrogen dioxide 122 micrograms/cu m, phenols
13 micrograms/cu m, fluoride 2.23, formaldehyde 25, chlorides
57, dust 620, and lead 5.18 micrograms/cu m. In the winter
months October the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, phenol,
dust, and lead were higher than the concentrations of sulfur
dioxide, phenol, dust, and lead were higher than the concen-
trations in the summer months. For nitrogen dioxide and for-
maldehyde it was the other way around. No points of espe-
cially high concentration could be found for phenols,
fluorides, or formaldehyde. For chlorides, nitrogen dioxide,
and sulfur dioxide the highest concentrations occurred in the
city of Frankfurt.
50744
Saito, Kazuo and Tokihiko Mizobuchi
INVESTIGATION OF DUST FALL. (Koba baijin chosa ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nara-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (An-
nu. Rep. Nara Prefect. Inst. Pub. Health), no. 6:136-141, Feb.
1973. 5 refs.
Dust fall was measured at five spots in Nara Prefecture for a
month. Dust averaged 5.42 t/sq km/mo at one slightly con-
taminated spot. Dust fall was 4 t/sq km/mo at the other four
spots, which is light contamination. Dust was generally acidic.
Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and nitric
acid, occurred in rainwater.
51929
Mizutani, Hiroo, Akio Kamiya, and Toyomasa Kato
SOME CONSTITUENTS OF AIR BORNE PARTICULATES IN
NAGOYA SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL AREA. (Nagoya-shi
nanbu kogyo chiiki ni okeru taikichu fuyu funjin-chu no kagaku-
teki seibun ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nagoya-shi Kogai Ken-
kyushoho (Rep. Environ. Pollut. Res. Inst., City Nagoya), no.
1:15-18, Nov. 1972. 4 refs.
Suspended dust, heavy metals, tars, and water-soluble dust
content were measured in Nagoya city from March 11 to 22,
1972 at two locations in the center of the industrial area and
one location in Minami Ward. Dust was collected with a hi-vol
air sampler; heavy metals in the dust were extracted and
analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Tar was ex-
tracted with acetone; water-soluble constituents were ex-
tracted with distilled water to analyze sulfates, nitrates,
fluorides, and chlorides. The highest dust concentration was
1078.3 micrograms/cu m in the industrial area. Heavy metals
included iron, manganese, copper, lead, and cadmium. The
nitrate concentration was about half the sulfate concentration
at both measuring stations in the industrial area.
52575
Yunghans, R. S. and T. B. McMullen
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS FOUND IN NASN SAM-
PLES OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES. Fluoride, 3(3): 143-152,
July 1970. 8 refs.
Samples of suspended particles collected at various urban sites
in the National Air Sampling Network were analyzed for con-
tents of the fluoride ion. Of the over 7700 measurements, 87%
were at fluoride concentrations below 0.05 micrograms/cu m,
i.e., the threshold of detectability; 0.2% exceeded 1.00 micro-
grams/cu m, with 1.89 micrograms/cu m as the maximum; and
0.2% exceeded 0.10 micrograms/cu m. Ninety-seven percent
showed no detectable amounts of the fluoride ion. The max-
imum levels were well below most of the published standards
for a 24-hour average concentration. (Author summary
modified)
52578
Blosser, E. R. and W. M. Henry
IDENTIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF IONS,
MOLECULES, AND COMPOUNDS IN PARTICULATE
MATTER COLLECTED FROM AMBIENT AIR. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, Columbus
Labs., Air Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 70-159, Rept.
APTD-0705, 77p., July 23, 1971. NTIS: PB 201738
The inorganic components of particulates in ambient urban air
were qualitatively and quantitatively determined from samples
collected on millipore and glass filters in Cincinnati, Denver,
St. Louis, Washington D. C., Chicago, and Philadelphia.
Analytical techniques included chemical analysis, including
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
249
atomic absorption spectrophotometry, colorimetry, and com-
bustion analysis; optical emission spectrography; spark-source
mass spectrometry; X-ray fluorescence; combination mass
spectrometry- vacuum fusion; and direct vacuum fusion ex-
traction. The samples were analyzed for contents of all the
metal compounds, arsenic, bromine, chlorine, fluorine,
hydrogen, iodine, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, sil-
icon, carbon, and sulfur.
52811
Davison, A. W., A. W. Rand, and W. E. Belts
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE CONCEN-
TRATIONS IN URBAN AREAS. Environ. Pollut., S(l):23-33,
1973. 14 refs.
Coal and shale are recognized sources of fluoride pollution in
Great Britain, but little is known about ground level concentra-
tions in coal-burning areas. A high-volume sampler powered
by a portable generator was tested and used to measure
fluorides in local mining villages. Modal concentrations were
less than 0.05 and about 0.3 micrograms/fluorine/cu m at rural
and urban sites, respectively. Concentrations were locally very
high near burning pit heaps. Partition of the fluoride using a
citric acid impregnated pre-filter showed that most was in a
gaseous and therefore phytotoxic form. It is suggested that
fluoride concentrations from burning coal could be sufficiently
high to damage sensitive plants and could contribute to fluoro-
sis. (Author abstract modified)
53889
Hirosawa, lichiro
REGIONAL POLLUTION BY EMITTED GASES OF ALU-
MINUM REFINERY. (Aruminyumu seiren kojo haigasu ni yoru
chiiki osen). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 9(4):347-351, April 1973. 6 refs.
An aluminum refinery in Japan yields 1,900,000 tons of
products a year and emits fluoride compounds. It is located in
a long narrow valley with largely southerly winds. Fluorides
were measured in red pine leaves and in the ambient air. The
leaves were dried, ashed, and analyzed by spectrophotometry.
The area to the east of the refinery had an air fluoride content
of 20-30 micrograms; the area to the north had 70-80 micro-
grams of fluoride in the air. The winter had values three or
four times larger than the summer. The fluoride content in
pine leaves 1 km from the refinery was 150-300 ppm The
northern area had slightly larger values than the southern
areas. Plants growing in the northern area had greater damage
than those in the southern area.
54881
Fukushima Prefecture (Japan), Office for Environmental
Pollution Regulation
PRESENT SITUATION AND CONTERPLAN FOR AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE.
(Fukushima-ken no taiki osen no genjo to taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Nyusu (Air Pollution News), no. 78:2-8,
Sept. 1973.
The Iwaki district, comprised of factories, chemical plants,
fish processing plants, and power plants, was examined.
Falling smoke dust, sulfur oxides, and acidic substances were
monitored. Sulfur oxides decreased in 1965-1967, increased to
peak in 1969, and are decreasing again. Higher pollution ap-
peared near the plants, during spring to autumn, and on windy
days. During 1972, seven out of 21 sites were above the max-
imum allowable concentrations. In the Onahama district, faulty
land developments cause problems for living and industry. In
the Aizu district, a smelting plant is the only emission source.
Cadmium pollution and SO2 emissions are high, but are being
improved. Dust and fluoride pollution exist in the Koriyama
and Kitagawa districts. A power plant is under construction in
the Soso distnct.
55187
Office of Air and Water Programs, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
AIR QUALITY DATA FOR NONMETALLIC INORGANIC
IONS 1969 AND 1970 FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEIL-
LANCE NETWORKS. APTD-1466, 79p., June 1973. 3 refs.
NTIS: PB 223630
Paniculate pollutant data gathered during 1969 and 1970 by the
cooperating stations of the National Air Surveillance Networks
provide the basis for listing the urban and nonurban concentra-
tions of four nonmetallic inorganic ions: ammonium, fluoride,
nitrate, and sulfate. Laboratory methodology for each non-
metallic inorganic constituent is described. The data for am-
monium, nitrate, and sulfate are presented as cumulative
freauency distributions. Because there were no nonurban
fluoride measurements above the detectable concentration, the
table showing nonurban concentrations of fluoride is ab-
breviated. (Author abstract modified)
56463
Emler, V. S. and S. H. Hullett
PORTSMOUTH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT: ENVIRON-
MENTAL MONITORING REPORT - 1972. In: Environmental
Monitoring At Major U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Contrac-
tor Sites Calendar Year 1972. Goodyear Atomic Corp., Piketon,
Ohio, Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT-(33-2)-l, Rept.
GAT-740, TR-021973-SAJ, p. 957-974, Feb. 28, 1973. 4 refs.
NTIS: WASH 1259
Environmental monitoring data of both radioactive and non-
radioactive pollutants are presented for the Portsmouth Gase-
ous Diffusion Plant located in Pike County, Ohio for the year
1972. The principal process in the plant is the separation of
uranium isotopes through gaseous diffusion. Maximum con-
centrations of alpha and beta-gamma activity in the air were
only 10.1 and 0.5%, respectively, of the applicable radioactivi-
ty concentration guides. Average ambient air concentrations
for fluorides were no higher than 2.6 ppb. Annual average sul-
fur dioxide concentrations were all below the national secon-
dary air quality standard, 60 micrograms/cu m. Concentrations
for paniculate matter ranged from 6.7-733 micrograms/cu m,
and the annual geometric mean for the year was 145 micro-
grams/cu m. The paniculate samples were collected only
directly downwind from the steam plant; thus, the exceeding
of the 60 micrograms/cu m standard was not surprising since it
did not truly represent an average.
56464
Union Carbide Corp., Oak Ridge, Term., Nuclear Div.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT: UNITED
STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION OAK RIDGE
FACILITIES, CALENDAR YEAR 1972. In: Environmental
Monitoring At Major V. S. Atomic Energy Commission Contrac-
tor Sites, Calendar Year 1972. Rept. UCC-ND-244, p. 889-929,
March 26, 1973. 9 refs. NTIS: WASH 1259
Environmental monitoring data are presented for the Atomic
Energy Commission s Oak Ridge Reservation which includes
facilities involved in nuclear research, the enrichment of urani-
um hexafluoride in the uranium-235 isotope, and weapon
production and support activities consisting of the production
-------
250
and recovery of compounds and the fabrication of metal
materials. Data on the concentrations of radioactive materials
in air of the surrounding areas indicated an average gross beta
radioactivity from particulates in the air of 0.08% of the ap-
plicable concentration guide specified in the AEC Manual, Ap-
pendix 0524. The average gross alpha concentrations were
0.13% or less than the concentration guide for natural urani-
um, and the average concentration of (131)iodine measured by
a perimeter air monitoring system was less than 0.01% of the
inhalation concentration guide for individuals in uncontrolled
areas. Average concentrations for fluorides, reactive sulfur,
dust fall, and suspended particulates did not exceed the ap-
plicable standards.
56465
Union Carbide Corp., Oak Ridge, Tenn., Nuclear Div.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT: UNITED
STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION PADUCAH
GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT, CALENDAR YEAR 1972. In:
Environmental Monitoring At Major U. S. Atomic Energy Com-
mission Contractor Sites, Calendar Year 1972. Rept. UCC-ND-
245, UC11, p. 931-955, 1973. 6 refs. NTIS: WASH 1259
Environmental monitoring data are presented for the Paducah
Gaseous Diffusion Plant located in McCracken County, Ken-
tucky for the year 1972. The plant is engaged in operations in-
volving uranium enrichment cascade with associated uranium
hexafluoride manufacturing. Air analyses for alpha and beta
radioactivity averaged less than 1% of the applicable Radioac-
tivity Concentration Guide for all off-site sampling stations.
Air and grass off-site analyses for fluorides met the Kentucky
air quality requirements. Data was also collected for water and
soil samples.
56792
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Air Pollution Control Office
MOUNT STORM, WEST VIRGINIA-GORMAN, MARYLAND,
AND LUKE, MARYLAND-KEYSER, WEST VIRGINIA, AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY. (PRE-CONFERENCE
INVESTIGATIONS). APTD-0656, 133p., April 1971. 63 refs.
An air pollution investigation was conducted in the Mt. Storm,
W. Va.-Gorman, Md., and Luke, Md.-Keyser, W. Va. areas in
1969 and 1970. The major problem in the Mt. Storm-Gorman
area is air pollution related damage to commercial Christmas
tree growing operations. Air quality measurements were made
for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxides, oxidants, particulate
matter, and fluorides. A review of the vegetation damage
(discoloration, browning of needles, tip burns, poor foliage)
suggest that SO2, ozone, and settling particulates are of prima-
ry concern. The major sources of SO2 and particulate matter
are the Mt. Storm Power Plant and the Westvaco pulp mill.
There are three power plants outside the area that could have
an appreciable affect on air quality. The relatively high O3
source is not established. The air pollution problems in the
Luke and Keyser area are caused by particulate matter and
noxious sulfur gases released from industrial plants. A pulp
and paper mill operated by the Westvaco Corp. is the primary
source of air pollutants. A control program will not be
achieved until 1975 or 1976. A number of smaller sources in-
clude a coal washing plant, a charcoal plant, and a gob pile.
Additional information for both areas include: history of
problem, Federal abatement activity, geography, climatology,
and air pollution meteorology.
58218
Lee, Robert E., Jr., Jim Caldwell, Gerald G. Akland, and
Robert Fankhauser
THE DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT OF AIRBORNE
PARTICULATE MATTER AND INORGANIC COMPONENTS
IN GREAT BRITAIN. Preprint, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., National Environmental
Research Center, 30p., 1973 (?). 14 refs.
Daily measurements of total suspended particulate matter,
sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and fluoride components were
made during the heating and nonheating season at six primary
and five secondary sites in Great Britain. Samples were col-
lected with high volume air samplers operating for 24-hour
periods. The degree of association between the inorganic com-
ponents were markedly influenced by the total suspended par-
ticulate concentration, and a strong relationship was found
between sulfate and ammonium concentrations at the primary
sites. Wind direction was the most important factor in the par-
ticulate concentration levels in Great Britain; and during stag-
nation conditions or when the wind was predominantly from
an easterly or southern direction, i.e., from the northern Eu-
ropean continent, particulate levels were highest. Particulate
levels were the lowest when the wind was predominantly from
a westerly direction, i.e., the Atlantic Ocean. The particle sizes
of the total suspended particulates and aerosol components ap-
peared to be sufficiently small to account for their long-
distance transport from sources outside of Great Britain.
(Author abstract modified)
58339
Tsunoda, Fumio, Ikuko Aizawa, and Shiro Sakurai
CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE IN THE AIR OF VARI-
OUS COMMUNITDES IN JAPAN. (Honpo kakuchi ni okeru
taikichu fukkabutsu nodo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 8(3):496, Oct. 1973.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meet-
ing, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1973, Paper 226.)
The gaseous fluoride, and water soluble and nonsoluble
fluoride particle concentrations in the atmosphere were mea-
sured separately at 30 locations including Osaka, Kawasaki,
Yokohama, aluminum refining industry areas, ceramic industry
areas, ceramic industry areas, ironwork areas, regional indus-
try areas, and commercial areas. Millipore filters and sodium
carbonate soaked filters were used for sampling the at-
mosphere. Gaseous fluoride was extracted by warm water
from the treated filter; particles were extracted by warm
water; nonsoluble particles were measured by burning the
filter after the solubles were extracted and distillating it by sul-
furic acid steam. Fluorine ion electrodes were used for quan-
titation. The measurements in the neighborhoods of aluminum
refining industries ranged from 0.03 to 4.02 micrograms F/cu m
in total amount, with rather high ratios of soluble particles. In
ceramic industrial areas, the total fluorides ranged from 0.05 to
2.16 micrograms/ F/cu m, and the ratio of gaseous fluoride
was overwhelmingly high.
58427
Ando, Asahiro, Kenichiro Terai, and Yoshikazu Nasu
AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE IN HOKKAIDO
TOMAKOMI DISTRICT. (Hokkaido Tomakomai chiku ni
okeru fukkabutsu osen ni tsuite (Daiippo)). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 8(3):495, Oct.
1973. (Presented at the Japan. Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1973, Paper 225.)
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
251
As a preliminary study for an estimation for the proposed in-
dustrial site east of the present Tomakomai industrial belt,
where annual production of one million tons of aluminum is
expected, the extent of the present fluoridy pollution was in-
vestigated. The F content in the air was measured by the Hok-
kaido Government using alkaline filter paper, and the F con-
tent in plants was studied in red clover collected in July, Au-
gust, and September of 1971 and 1972. The fluoride content in
clover and the distance and direction from the emission
sources showed direct linear relationships. The measurements
by alkaline filter paper and the fluoride content in clovers
agreed well, and the correlation was 0.981. Southeastern and
southwestern winds dominate in summer in the area and
fluorides disperse inland; seasonally it coincides with the
period of plant growth. High F contents in plants extended 6
km to north and 2 km to east and west from the emission
source.
60574
Lahmann, E.
SPECIAL STUDIES IN AIR CHEMISTRY. (Bericht ueber
spezielle luftchemische Untersuchungen im Raum Untermain in
der Zeit von April bis Juni 1971). Text in German. Regionale
Planungsgemeinschaft Untermain, 4th Frankfurt am Main (West
Germany), Lufthyg.-Meteorol. Modelluntersuch. Reg. Unter-
main, Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, 1971, p. 36-39. (Nov.
4-5.)
The layout and preliminary results of air pollutant concentra-
tion measurements performed in the Lower Main region from
April until June 1971 within an air hygienic and meteorologic
model study of that region are presented. Three test stations
with automatic air sampling for 1 hr each at 15-hour intervals
by means of impingers for chloride, fluoride, and phenol con-
centration measurements, and three laboratory vans for one
random sampling per month at each of the 43 sampling sites
were used for the air pollutant measurements. Dust and lead
concentration measurements were done in samples collected at
3 to 5 sampling sites for one sample within 3 to 5 hr. The sam-
pling sites were arranged radially with Frankfurt am Main as a
center, at increasing distances from the center city to the
periphery of the investigation area. The average concentrations
of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, phenol, fluoride, formal-
dehyde, chloride, dust, and lead concentrations, obtained at
the different sampling sites, were in the respective ranges of
30-126, 14-80, 2-5, 0.7-3.6, 4-33 and 4-93 micrograms/cu m,
0.18-0.23 mg/cu m, and 1.19-1.47 micrograms/cu m, respective-
61140
Tsunoda, Fumio
STUDIES ON FLUOP \E. (Fusso ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Reporto (Environ. Health Rept.), no.
26:77-81, Nov. 1973.
The procedure and results of an analysis of airborne fluorine
compounds are reported. These are caught with two different
kinds of filters and are classified into gaseous fluorine com-
pounds, soluble paniculate fluorine compounds, and insoluble
paniculate fluorine compounds. These are dissolved in suitable
solvents and the eluted solutions are analyzed by the ion elec-
trode method. The limit of this analysis is 0.02 microgram/cu
m for gaseous fluorine and 0.01 microgram/cu m for panicu-
late fluorine. Analyses have been made in Kawasaki City,
Yokohama City, Niigata Prefecture, Gifu Prefecture, Osaka
Prefecture, Matsuyama City, Sakaide City, Yatsudo City, and
Kamaishi City.
62438
Bressan, D. J., R. A. Carr, P. J. Hannan, and P. E. Wilkniss
THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS AND
FLUORIDE IN MINERALOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAM-
PLES FROM THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT. J. Radioanal.
Chem., 19(2):373-381, 1974. 10 refs.
Neutron activation analysis was used to measure trace metals
in dust collected over the Atlantic Ocean, and photon activa-
tion analysis was used to measure fluoride in the dust. Mercu-
ry WPS also analyzed by neutron activation, but in a slightly
different way. The results are presented for samples from the
Atlantic, the Carribean, the Greenland Sea, the Pacific, and
near the east coast of the U. S. Results agreed well with those
done by other methods. The composition of the dust was close
to the composition of average crustal rocks, thus agreeing with
the contention that most dusts were from the continents or
from volcanic eruptions. Instrumental neutron activation anal-
ysis of mercury presented some difficult problems. Despite the
uncertainty of a 30% error, it was apparent that mercury con-
centrations in atmospheric dust exceeded those found in
average crustal rocks (0.08 ppm) by about two orders of mag-
nitude. The levels of fluoride lent additional support to the
dust s continental origin, since fluoride content exceeded that
of sea salt in air by a factor of more than 10. Mercury uptake
by marine algae was also studied. In the radiotracer experi-
ments, neutron activation analysis was used to determine the
mercury content of the algae. The research methodology,
results, and problems of the study are described. The amounts
of mercury determined ranged from 10 to 40 micrograms.
63186
Lahmann, E.
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR
WATER-, SOIL-AND AIRHYGIENE. In: Air Hygienic
Meteorological Model Studies of the Lower Main Region. Re-
port 5. Regional Planning Assoc., Lower Main Region, Frank-
furt am Main (West Germany), p. 100-115, June 1974.
At three measurement stations in the center of Frankfurt, in
the east of Frankfurt, and in Hattersheim air was drawn for
one hour through an impinger and the concentration of
chloride, fluorides and phenols determined. For measurements
of the dust concentration high volume samplers were used.
The lead analyses of the dust were carried out by atomic ab-
sorption spectrometry. In addition the sulfur dioxide and ox-
ides of nitrogen concentrations were determined in random
samples. In the year 1972/73 the maximum daily average of
SO2 was 201, of nitrogen dioxide 81, of phenol 13, of fluoride
0.98, of formaldehyde 23 of chloride 30, of dust 730, and of
lead 7.51 micrograms/cu m. The annual average concentration
of SO2 was 71, of NO2 48, of phenol 6, of fluoride 0.45, of
formaldehyde 5, of chloride 16, of dust 220, and of lead 7.51
micrograms/cu m. The emissions measured in 1972/73 were in
most cases lower than during the previous year. This is true
for both the annual averages and the maximum daily averages.
Of the pollutants, only SO2 was clearly higher in the center of
Frankfurt than at the other stations. Formaldehyde exceeded,
in two instances, the existing long-term maximum allowable
emission concentration of 30 micrograms/cu m.
63526
Dyktor, H. G. and L. N. Goldston
THE EFFECTS OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY ON AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE CLEVELAND AREA.
Ind. Hyg. Newsl., ll(2):22-23, Feb. 1951.
Dust and gaseous pollutants in the air over Cleveland were
measured during a steel strike in 1949 when the plants were
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252
closed and after the plants reopened to determine the effects
of the steel industry on pollution. The monitoring program is
reviewed including sampling methods, sampling procedures,
and results. Sulfur dioxide concentrations during the steel
strike ranged from 0 to 0.389, but one sample was 0.290-0.389
ppm in the southern area of the valley. After the strike, the
range was 0-0.489, and only one sample was in the range of
0.390-0.489 ppm in the northern area of the valley. Mean SO2
concentrations during the strike and poststrike periods were,
respectively 0.034 and 0.050 ppm. Fluorides during the strike
were 0-50 micrograms; after the strike the range was the same.
The mean fluoride concentrations, respectively, were 11.59
and 11.12 micrograms/cu m. While these contaminants did not
seem to have been affected much by the absence or the
presence of steel-making activities, there was an appreciable
effect on soiling caused by dust. The overall soiling range dur-
ing the poststrike period was roughly 50% greater than during
the strike.
66083
Okita, Toshiichi, Kazuko Kaneda, Takaaki Yanaka, and
Ryuichi Sugai
DETERMINATION OF GASEOUS AND PARTICIPATE
CHLORIDE AND FLUORIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. At-
mos. Environ., 8(9):927-936, Sept. 1974. 22 refs.
The measurement of gaseous and paniculate chloride and
fluoride in the atmosphere was accomplished using a combina-
tion of a Millipore filter and a sodium carbonate impregnated
filter. The sampling flow rate was about 20 I/mm, and the Mil-
lipore pre-filter was heated during the sampling. Hydrogen
chloride and hydrogen fluoride were collected by a filter im-
pregnated with 1% sodium carbonate and particulate and gase-
ous components of chlorides and fluorides were separated by
aerosol filters in laboratory tests. The impregnated filter was
also tested in a field study of gaseous and particulate chlorides
and fluorides in Japan and Manila. The gaseous chloride con-
centration was high at the coast and on mountains, but the
sources of the gaseous chloride concentration was obscure.
The significance of sea salts, volcanoes, and man-made
sources varied from place to place. Samplings of fluoride
revealed that near and in an aluminum refining plant, the per-
centage of particulate component was higher than that of the
gaseous component. (Author abstract modified)
67690
Hokkaido Government (Japan), Dept. of Health
REPORT ON THE AIR POLLUTION INVESTIGATION AND
MEASUREMENT IN HOKKAIDO, REPORT NO. 10. (Hok-
kaido no taiki osen chosa sokutei kekka hokoku). Text in
Japanese. 385p., Nov. 1973.
The air pollution measurements in five cities in Hokkaido are
presented in tables. The measurements in Sapporo are not in-
cluded in this report, but the reason is not given. Settling parti-
cles by deposit gauges were monitored at eight locations in
Muroran, nine in Tomakomai, six in Asahigawa, three in
Obihiro, and five in Kushiro. Fluoride was measured by al-
kaline filter paper at 13 locations in Tomakomai. Sulfur oxides
are measured by lead dioxide at eight locations in Muroran, 25
in Tomakomai, 11 in Asahigawa, three in Obihiro, and five in
Kushiro; sulfur dioxide is measured also by electroconductivi-
ty at four locations in Muroran, five in Tomakomai, one each
in Asahigawa and Obihiro, and two in Kushiro. The measure-
ments for 1972 are presented in tables and pnntouts. The
PbO2 monthly averages of SOx in Muroran ranged from 0.3 to
I mg/day/100 sq cm. The highest measurements were 1.4 mg in
April and December at two different locations. The
Tomakomai averages were from 0.11 to 58 mg/day/100 sq cm;
the three other cities ran about the same figures. The fluoride
pollution in Tomakomai was 0.11 microgram to 8.72 micro-
gram/day/100 sq cm. The highest single average was 25.76
microgram/day 100 sq cm in August at one location, which
also had a high figure of 23.91 micrograms in July, but as low
as 0.61 micrograms in November. The reason is not clear. The
most polluted city by settling particulates was Muroran, where
in winter months, the dust accumulations were 99.8 tons or
100.8 jns/sq km/month.
69144
Heaney, Robert J.
DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE VICINITY
OF AN INTEGRATED PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
FACILITY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 31p., 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June
27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-135.)
Sulfur oxide and particulate composition data are presented
from air quality monitoring activities in the vicinity of an in-
tegrated primary copper production facility during the period
1959-1970. The average long term sulfur oxide concentrations
ranged from 0.30-0.58 mg sulfur trioxide/day/sq dm.
Suspended particulate levels of lead and copper ranged from
0.2-3.2 and from 0.3-0.8 micrograms/cu m, respectively. Settle-
able particulates ranged from 5-26 tons/sq mi/month and con-
tained zinc, molybdenum, and selenium. Fluorides were also
measured and showed significant decreases as compared to
slight decreases for copper and sulfur oxides. Sulfur oxides
and fluorides were much more subject to seasonal meteorolog-
ical variations than particulate material constituents. An in-
verse relationship was observed between suspended particu-
lates and settleable dust, with the former being higher during
the windier months and the latter during the more stable inver-
sion months. Concentrations were clearly related to distance
from the source, and analysis of statistical distributions
showed that both gaseous and particulate matter-related con-
stituents were approximately log-normally distributed.
69744
Itai, Kazuyoshi, Fumio Tsunoda, Shiro Sakurai, and Ekuko
Aizawa
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORINATED COM-
POUNDS (13): ON ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF
FLUORIDES IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE COUNTRY. (Fuk-
kabutsu ni yoru taiki osen ni kansuru kenkyu (dai-13-ho):
Honpo kakuchi ni okeru taikichu fukkabutsu nodo ni (suite).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japanese Society of Public Health,
Fukushima, p. 416, 1974. (Presented at the Japanese Society of
Public Health Annual Meeting, 33rd, Fukushima, Japan, Oct.
16-18, 1974, Paper 546.)
Fluoride concentrations were measured at a total of 52 sites,
including residential areas and industrial areas. Near aluminum
and steel factories and phosphate fertilizer plants, fluorides
were mostly present as water-soluble particles. Near ceramic
industries, gaseous fluorides were predominantly present. In
metropolitan residential areas, fluorides were generally present
in concentrations not exceeding 0.2 micrograms F/cu m. With
some pollution sources it becomes necessary to measure
water-soluble fluoride particulate concentrations in addition to
atmospheric fluoride particulate determination as hydrogen
fluoride in order to obtain the precise total fluoride pollution
concentrations.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
253
70500
Sapporo District Meteorological Observatory (Japan),
Tomakomai Weather Station
THE STATE OF AIR POLLUTION IN TOMAKOMAI.
(Tomakomai ni okeru taiki osen no genjo). Text in Japanese.
Sapporo Kanki Kishodai Gijutsu Jiho (Sapporo Dist. Meteorol.
Observ. Tech. Bull.), no. 82:27-40, March 1974.
The paper and lumber industries in Tomakomai city developed
rapidly as a new industrial area after the completion of new
harbor in 1963. The air pollution measurements initiated in
1963 are now monitored at the Pollution Control Center
established in 1973. The data obtained at 26 measuring points
in the city were compiled and analyzed. The yearly average
settling particulate was 11.2 tons/k sq m/mo in 1972, and the
data compiled since 1963 showed a decreasing trend. Within a
1.5 km radius of Ohji Paper Mill, the sulfur dioxide concentra-
tion was as high as 0.5 mg/100 cu cm/day. The relationships
between the SO2 concentration and meteorological factors
were analyzed. The average fluorine gas concentration was
81.2 micrograms/100 cu cm/mo, however, the concentration
reached as high as 150-270 micrograms/100 cu cm/mo in the
vicinity of an aluminum refinery and fertilizer plant.
71272
Cross, Frank L., Jr.
FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM PHOSPHATE PROCESSING
PLANTS. Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Southern Section and Technical Council, Control Technol.,
Agric. Air Pollut., Memphis, Tenn., 1974, p. 159-165. 4 refs.
(March 18-19.)
Results from field monitoring activities in the vicinity of a
phosphate fertilizer plant are reported. Plant dumps some 2000
tons/day of gypsum waste into a settling pond from which
fluorides are released into the atmosphere. Maximum fluoride
concentrations of 32,000 micrograms were observed at a
distance of 1500 ft from the pond, with the concentration
dropping sharply to 3000 micrograms at a distance of 2700 ft.
Analyses of citrus leaves within 0.2 mi of the plant revealed
levels up to 550 ppm in old leaves and up to 150 ppm in young
leaves. Levels of 75 ppm were found in young leaves 0.5 mi
from the phosphate plant; this concentration appears useful as
an indicator of air pollution capable of reducing citrus yield.
Measurements at the surface of the pond demonstrated
fluoride emissions of up to 0.16 Ib/acre/day. At least 26 Ib of
fluoride/day were emitted from the 160-acre gypsum pond.
71348
Nakazawa, Y., I. Hirosawa, and M. Maruyama
AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE OF OMACffl DISTRICT,
REPORT 2. (Nagano-ken Omachi chiiki no ikeru fukkabutsu ni
yoru taiki osen ni tsuite, dai 2-ho). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 9(2):542, Nov. 1974.
(Presented at the National Air Pollution Research Conference,
15th, Chiba, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1974, Paper 390.)
The content of fluorine in rainfall and soil was measured in
the Omachi area, Nagano Prefecture, where a fluorine pollu-
tion source exists. The fluorine concentration in soil increased
linearly with the increase in soil particle size. The monthly
transition of fluorine level was also studied, and the fluorine
level in the winter was higher than that in the summer.
71362
Ando, Asahiro, Kenichiro Terai, and Yoshikazu Nasu
AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE IN TOMAKOMAI, HOK-
KAIDO PART 2. (Hokkaido Tomakomai chiku ni okeru fuk-
kabutsu osen ni tsuite, dai 2-ho). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 9(2):543, Nov. 1974.
(Presented at the National Air Pollution Research Conference,
15th, Chiba, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1974, Paper 391.)
The atmospheric fluorine level in the Tomakomai area was
analyzed for contents of gaseous fluoride compounds, and
water soluble and water insoluble fluorine particulates using a
dry separatory collection technique. The sample was collected
at two locations near a fluorine pollution source. The average
composition of atmospheric fluorine compounds was 10%
gaseous fluoride compounds, 60-70% water soluble, and 20-
30% water insoluble fluorine particulates. The average total
fluorine concentration in the atmosphere was about 0.8 micro-
grams/cu m. The conventional fluorine autoanalyzer detected
only 10% of total fluorine in air, because the teflon filter in-
side the analyzer excluded fluorine particulate.
73286
Schaetzle, P.
AIR POLLUTION IN SWITZERLAND. (Die Luttverun-
reinigung in der Schweiz). Text in German. Gesundheitstech.,
8(11):278-281, 1974.
Results of air quality measurements taken in various parts of
Switzerland since 1967 are reported. In the Swiss Kanton Bas-
selland the sulfur dioxide concentration of the atmosphere has
been measured since 1967 at 15 points according to the method
by Liesegang. For the first time since 1967, the atmospheric
SO2 pollution dropped significantly in 1973. It rose from 4.2
mg SO2/100 hr in 1967 tc 6.3 mg SO2/100 hr in 1972 and
dropped to 5.4 mg SO2/100 hr in 1973. The highest monthly
average was measured in Muttenz (0.04 mg/cu m in July and
0.18 mg/cu m in January). Dust measurements according to
Bergerhoff were likewise taken at 15 measuring points. The
lead content was determined in the collected dust. The highest
lead concentrations were found near busy streets and in the
vicinity of the lead working industry. In 1973 fluoride mea-
surements in the vicinity of brick kilns were taken for the first
time. The annual average dust concentrations ranged from 91.7
mg dust/sq m/day to 165.6 mg dust/sq m/day. The dense traffic
through Brugg in Switzerland has lead to intolerable carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbon, dust, and oxides of nitrogen concen-
trations. The 12-hour maximum allowable immission value of 9
ppm is exceeded most of the time from 6 am to 10 pm.
73835
Ehime Prefectural Government (Japan), Div. of Life and
Environment, Section of Environmental Pollution
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN EHIME PREFECTURE
IN 1974: PRESENT SITUATION OF AIR POLLUTION.
(Ehime no kogai: Taiki osen no genkyo). Text in Japanese, p. 5-
40, 1974.
The present status of air pollution in Ehime Prefecture is
reviewed. Data on emission quantity (5759.2 cu m/h), max-
imum one-hour value (0.08-0.45 ppm), and daily average
(0.033-0.13 ppm) of sulfur oxides concentrations are compiled
and analyzed in reference to regional characteristics. Data on
falling particulates (2-23 ton/sq km/mo) and suspended particu-
late (yearly average 0.02-0.07 mg/cu m) concentrations and
hydrogen fluoride concentration (maximum daily average 0.6-
7.1 ppb) are also given. Meteorological conditions associated
with high oxidant concentration are described. The oxidant
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254
concentration on days when smog forecasts or warnings were
issued and diurnal variation in oxidant concentration are given
and analyzed in relation to meteorological conditions. The pol-
lution caused by automobile traffic was investigated by mea-
suring carbon monoxide and suspended paniculate concentra-
tion and analyzed in relation to wind direction, wind velocity,
and traffic volume. Regional characteristics of SOx and
suspended particulate pollution are also analyzed.
74121
Shizuoka Prefectural Government (Japan)
AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen). Text in Japanese. In: Shizuoka
Prefectural Environmental White Paper, 1974. p. 15-68, 1975.
Sulfur dioxide concentrations measured at 20 locations in the
Fuji area during 1973 ranged from 0.008 ppm at Shibakawa-
cho to 0.047 ppm at Imaizumi. The concentrations measured at
16 locations in the Shizuoka-Shimizu area ranged from 0.013
ppm at Ryunan to 0.034 ppm at Shimizu. The concentrations
measured at 12 locations in the Numazu-Mishima area ranged
from 0.017 ppm at Tokukura to 0.029 ppm at Nagaizumi. The
concentrations measured at eight locations in the Hamamatsu
area ranged from 0.019 ppm to 0.51 ppm. The yearly average
nitrogen dioxide concentrations measured at 10 locations
ranged from 0.018 ppm at Banda and Hakoue to 0.043 ppm at
Shizuoka. The yearly average airborne particulate concentra-
tions measured at 33 locations ranged from 0.010 mg/cu m to
0.104 mg/cu m. The average hydrogen fluoride concentrations
measured at 10 locations ranged from 0.1 ppb to 0.4 ppb.
76890
Kanagawa Prefectural Environmental Center (Japan)
VARIATION OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAVY METAL CONCEN-
TRATION IN KANAGAWA PREFECTURE. (Kanagawa-ken ni
okeru taikichi jukinzoku nodonada no henka). Text in Japanese.
Kanagawa-ken Taiki Osen Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku (Tech. Rept.
Air Pollution Yokohama-Kawasaki Ind. Area), no. 17:29-48,
Feb. 1975.
In Kanagawa Prefecture, the atmospheric concentrations of
heavy metals were measured at 15 locations once a month for
3 yr from 1971 to 1973. The data compiled were analyzed in
terms of the regional average of the entire period and the
average of the entire region on each measurement date. The
average atmospheric concentrations (microgram/cu m) of the
entire period were 0.005-0.042 for cadmium, 0.20-0.89 for lead,
0.060-0.36 for manganese, 0.016-0.526 for nickel, 2.7-7.7 for
iron, 0.001-0.018 for chromium, 0.001-0.017 for cyan, 0.07-0.42
for fluorine, and 141-259 for suspended particulates. The con-
centrations at ground level and building tops were compared,
and correlation coefficients obtained were 0.90 for Cd, 0.77 for
Pb, 0.87 for Mn, 0.82 for Ni, 0.73 for Fe, 0.80 for Cr, 0.73 for
cyan, 0.66 for F, and 0.81 for suspended particulates. The cor-
relation coefficients between Mn and Fe concentrations were
in the range of 0.35-0.95.
77485
Takahashi, R. and T. Watanabe
ON THE RESULT OF MONITORING OF BIFLUORIDE IN
KANABARA AREA IN 1972. (Showa 47 nendo Kanbara chiku
fussoka suiso kanshi kekka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Shizuoka-Ken Kogai Boshi Senta Nenpo (Bull. Environ. Pollut.
Contr. Res. Center Shizuoka Prefect.), no. 2:92-95, 1972.
Hydrogen fluoride gas emitted from the Kanbara Plant, Nip-
pon Light Metal Company is damaging agricultural products
such as tangerines. Monitoring of the HF concentration in the
atmosphere was conducted at nine locations, and accumulated
HF was measured at 38 locations. The rain water pH soluble
fluorine, and dust were measured at five locations. The accu-
mulation of fluorine in tangerine leaves was measured at 14 lo-
cations. Wind direction and velocity were measured at two
spots. During 1972, HF pollution decreased by 22%, and the
fluorine concentration in tangerine leaves decreased by about
14%. More than 1.5 km from the pollution source the HF con-
centration in the area was 5 micrograms/100 sq cm/day. The
fluorine content of tangerine leaves (new leaves, collected in
October) was approximately 100 ppm. The correlation between
the amount of fluorine contained in tangerine leaves collected
in October and the results of HF measurements indicated that
the fluorine in the leaves was mostly due to HF in the at-
mosphere. Although fluorine ion dissolved in rain water, it did
not affect the pH. About thirteen times as much fluorine ion
was detected at areas near the pollution source as compared to
those more distant from the source.
77512
Hosokawa, Y., S. Izumi, M. Chinda, T. Seki, T. Nanta, and
H. Ohno
ON THE FLUORIDE CONTAMINATION AT HACHINOHE
AREA. (Hachinohe chiku ni okeru fukkabutsu osen ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Aomori-ken Kogai Senta Shoho (Rept. En-
viron. Pollut. Control Cent., Aomori Prefect.), no. 1:60-64, Feb.
1975.
Toyo number 526 filter papers treated with 30% sodium car-
bonate solution were used to collect fluorides in the air at 22
locations throughout the city and number 51A papers treated
with 1% Na2CO3 were fixed in a multi-stage low-volume sam-
pler to collect fluorides in the flue gas from polluting sources.
The average fluoride concentration in August 1974 ranged
from non-detectable at the Musu primary school to 60 micro
g/100 sq cm/month at Miyazaki-taku. The average concentra-
tion in September ranged from non-detectable at 6 locations to
183 micro g/100 sq cm/month at Miyazaki-taku, that in Oc-
tober from non-detectable at 5 locations to 98 micro g/100 sq
cm/month at the second fish market and that in November
from non-detectable at 6 locations to 1974 micro g/100 sq
cm/month at the Second Fish Market. The fluoride concentra-
tion at the polluting sources ranged from non-detectable in the
flue gas of the electric furnace at Hachinohe Steel Works to
5.9 mg/N cu m in the flue gas of an electric furnace at the
Taiheyo Metal Company.
78193
Tochigi Research Inst. for Environmental Pollution, Dept. of
Air Quality and Noise
SURVEY RESULTS FOR ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS.
(Taikichi ni okeru osen busshitsu no chosa kekka ni tsuite). Text
in Japanese. Tochigi-ken Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo, (Annu. Rep.
Tochigi Prefect. Res. Inst. Environ. Pollut., no. 1:78-90, Jan.
1975.
Atmospheric pollutants (sulfur oxides; automotive emissions;
hydrogen fluoride) were measured during 1971-1973, at various
locations in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Concentrations of sul-
fur oxides were highest (0.033-0.087 ppm, 24-hr average
values) in Ashio City, where copper mines are located. El-
sewhere in the prefecture, SOx concentrations ranged from
0.002-0.014 ppm, at 20 locations. Automotive emissions (car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen oxides) were measured at 11 major in-
tersections in the prefecture. From 1971 to 1973, some
decrease was seen in the 8-hr average values of CO (4.4-10.7
ppm, 1971; 2.3-7.4 ppm, 1973). Average 24-hr values of
nitrogen dioxide increased yearly from 1971 to 1973 (0.025-
0.040 ppm, 1971; 0.033-0.076 ppm, 1973). Average 24-hr values
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
255
of nitrogen monoxide ranged from 0.040-0.138 ppm in 1973.
Traffic volume concentrations of airborne dust, lead, vanadi-
um, and aldehyde were measured at 6 urban intersections in
1973. Types of vehicles were not differentiated. For an 8-hr
sampling time, the number of vehicles ranged from 1154 to
3166. Ranges of pollutant concentrations were: dust, 0.26-0.96
mg/cu m; lead, 0.76-1.59 micrograms/cu m; vanadium, 0.09-
0.14 micrograms/cu m; aldehyde, 0.01-0.05 ppm. In 1973, at 6
locations, 24-hr average values of HF ranged from 0.22-2.73
ppb, with measured values ranging from 0.14-7.15 ppb. There
was no clear correlation between HF and plant damage.
78442
Risto Ajo
THE MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION. (Ilman saaste-
analyysi- mittauksia). Text in Finnish. Kemia-Kemi, no. 6:340-
341, 1974. 2 refs.
In those areas where industrial and urban development is
greatest, pollution is usually heaviest. In West Germany the
quantities of the following impurities emitted into the air in
1969 were as follows: carbon monoxide, 8/Mton; dusts, 4
Mton; Sulfur dioxide, 4 Mton; nitrogen oxides, 2 Mton;
hydrocarbons, 2 Mton. There were 2 Mton of fluorides,
hydrogen chloride, and strong-smelling substances combined.
Fifty-six percent of this was caused by traffic, 18% by energy
production, 17% by industry and 9% by households. Measure-
ment stations are generally situated near large industrial and
urban centers. When the information from a large area is col-
lected for further analysis there are several advantages.
Planning of new industrial sites and traffic routes is improved,
smog warnings can be issued when critical levels are reached
and polluting industries can be located. The state of Baden-
Wurttenberg in West Germany is installing a network of mea-
suring stations. Siemens, Inc. is supplying the analyzers, infor-
mation transfer machinery and process computers. The indus-
trial and urban density is light in Finland and a network of this
kind is not yet a timely issue.
78954
Hokkaido Prefectural Government Office, Dept. of Life
Environment
PRESENT SITUATION OF AIR POLLUTION IN HOK-
KAIDO. (Hokkaido no Taiki osen jokyo). Text in Japanese.
548p., Jan. 1975.
Results of air pollution measurements m 1973 at more than 20
locations in Hokkaido are tabulated. Sulfur dioxide and sulfur
oxides were analyzed by conductivity and lead dioxide
methods, respectively; airborne aparticulates by a light scatter-
ing method; nitrogen oxides and oxidants by a spec-
trophotometric method, hydrogen fluoride by specific ion elec-
trode, and dust was by deposit gauge. The average SO2 con-
centrations ranged from 0.008 ppm at Utonai to 0.025 ppm at
Shinnittetsu Gymnasium at Muroran. The average airborne
particulates concentrations ranged from 0.02 mg/cu m at 9 lo-
cations (out of 14) to 0.08 mg/cu m at Tokura store at Obihiro.
The average NOx concentrations ranged from 0.017 ppm at
Akino, a semi-industrial area, to 0.11 ppm at Living Yasu-
moto, a commercial area. The average oxidants and HF con-
centrations at Akino were 0.028 ppm and 0.1 ppb, respectively.
The highest average dust concentration was 52.3 t/sq km/mo at
Shinittetsu Gymnasium. The highest average SOx concentra-
tion was 0.85 SO3 mg/day/100 sq cm at Yusaicho in Muroran
city.
79343
Kumamoto Prefectural Government (Japan)
PRESENT SITUATION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLU-
TION. (Taiki osen no genjo to taisaku). Text in Japanese. In:
Environmental White Paper in 1974, p. 11-32, June 1975.
In Kumamoto prefecture, sulfur oxides and suspended particu-
lates are two major air pollutants, and pollution problems by
hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride are observed locally.
The SOx concentration and suspended particulates measured
since 1964 showed a generally decreasing trend after 1970.
Data on SOx concentration measured in Arao, Yashiro, Mina-
mata, Kumamoto and Uto cities are compiled and analyzed.
The yearly average SOx concentrations(ppm) for 1972 and
1973 were 0.020-0.027 in Arao, 0.017-0.019 in Yashiro, 0.014-
0.021 in Minamata and 0.021-0.026 in Kumamoto. Suspended
particulate concentrations (yearly average of 1972 and 1973)
were 0.025-0.059 in Arao, 0.025-0.056 in Kumamoto, 0.046-
0.081 m Yashiro and 0.047-0.081 in Minamata. Amounts of
sedimented dust (ton/sq km/month) measured in 1973 were
5.55 in Arao, 4.8 in Kumamoto, 5.62 in Yashiro and 5.84 in
Minamata. In Arao city, the HF concentration was measured
by the ion electrode method, and the yearly average HF con-
centration was 0.18-0.24 ppb.
83399
Fukuoka Prefectural Environmental Pollution Center
INVESTIGATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki Osen Kan-
kei). Text in Japanese. In: Annual Report of Fukuoka Environ-
mental Research Center (1973), p. 30-34, 1975.
The following studies were made in 1973: the effect of com-
bined pollutants on humans; gaseous air pollution in Fukuoka;
the distribution of air pollutants; air pollution of underground
arcades; air pollution in Karita, Ikuhashi, and Mizumaki; dust
pollution in the Tagawa area and in Omuta city; the effects of
fluorine in the Omuta and Orano area; and damage to vegeta-
tion by fluorine. Fukuoka Prefecture had higher concentrations
of sulfur oxides, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and dust com-
pared to the national average, but lower cadmium, manganese,
lead, and iron. The investigation of dust pollution in the
Tagawa area was conducted to prove that the source of en-
vironmental pollution in this area is a cement plant. The in-
vestigation found large amounts of heavy metals such as cad-
mium, copper, zinc, and manganese in airborne dust and dust
deposits in the Tagawa area.
84625
Ebisawa, E.
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTION SURVEY. (Taiki osen chosa
no gaiyo). Text in Japanese. Ibaraki-ken Kogai Gijutsu Senta
Nenpo (Annu. Rept. Environ. Pollut. Res. Center, Ibaraki
Pref.), no. 7:17-19, Oct. 1975.
An air pollution survey in Ibaraki Prefecture is summarized.
There were 22 monitoring stations for sulfur dioxide and air-
borne particulates, and 16 stations for nitrogen oxides and oxi-
dant measurements. Photochemical smog emergency warnings
were issued 34 times, while forecasts of photochemical smog
emergency were issued 71 times. Seventeen complaints claim-
ing oxidant damage were filed. The damage to morning glory
by photochemical smogs and the damage to plant leaves by
fluorides were investigated. Visible damage to plant leaves was
observed at some places near an aluminum treatment factory,
and 95 ppm to 48 ppm fluoride was detected. Damage to the
morning glory was observed at Kashima City and Mito City
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256
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
02325
K. D. Hage, N. E. Bowne, and G. R. Hilst.
PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPO-
SURE FOR FUEL AND EXHAUST PRODUCTS. VOLUME I.
Travelers Research Center, Inc., Hartford, Conn. (Rept. CR-
61056). Jan. 1965. 158 pp. NASA: CR-61056
A preliminary mathematical model that attempts to describe
the transport and growth of a gas or vapor cloud released from
a quasi-instantaneous volume source in low-level shearing
wind flow was formulated and programmed for use on a digital
computer. Computations of smoothed peak concentrations and
total dosages were performed for plane polar grid points
within a 90 degree sector at ground level from the source to
distances of about 15 km. The computations were performed
for specified initial conditions believed to be representative of
lest firing exhaust releases of hydrogen fluoride and pipeline
spill releases of liquid fluorine at Marshall Space Flight
Center, Huntsville, Alabama. An experimental program has
been presented for MSEC with three alternatives of complexi-
ty and cost which lead to different solutions for the problem
of atmospheric diffusion in the Huntsville area. The basic ex-
perimental design is the same for all programs, i.e., use of an
aerosol tracer to measure diffusion of material and resultant
surface concentrations. As the complexity and costs increase
so does the understanding of the diffusion processes. The
design anticipates a curvature in the trajectory of material
released from the static test area in a wind flow that would
result in material reaching Huntsville. A thorough mathemati-
cal analysis of the statistical diffusion model was prepared to
ensure the sampling density would be satisfactory but not ex-
cessive. Provisions were made for determining peak concentra-
tion.
04987
M. D. Thomas
THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF IN-
STRUMENTATION FOR THE STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION.
Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952.
pp. 16-23.
Numerous instruments are discussed for the study of sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, other sulfur- containing
gases, hydrogen fluoride, smog gases, paniculate matter,
wind, and other meteorological parameters.
05054
R. K. Siler
METEROLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE HANDLING
OF A MIXTURE OF LIQUID FLUORINE AND LIQUID OX-
YGEN. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C., Spaceflight
Meteorology Group. Oct. 15, 1964. 47 pp.
Fluorine is a highly toxic and corrosive gas, the safe handling
of which requires the utmost care. HE is considerably less
toxic than F, but is very corrosive. Optimum weather condi-
tions for the diffusion of FLOX are difficult to define. If it is
assumed that the cloud will conform to the characteristics of a
ground level release, then the following weather conditions
would provide optimum release conditions: (1) Unstable at-
mosphere; (2) Variable winds blowing away from populated
areas and preferably offshore; (3) Rain. If a catastrophic spill
occurs, it is likely that the resulting cloud, or fireball, would
assume the characteristics of an elevated, instantaneous
release. This would occur because the high temperatures of
reaction with H2 and the buoyancy of HE would displace the
cloud upwards at a rapid rate, penetrating and temporarily
destroying any low-level inversion. Under these circumstances
optimum weather conditions would be: (1) Stability in the
lower levels; (2) Offshore winds; (3) High moisture content
from surface to pollutant level. In the mean these conditions
are more likely during the nighttime hours in the months of
December through March. From April through November low-
level winds are predominantly onshore and during the summer
months atmospheric instability is strongest and is of longest
duration. The climatology presented here suggests a location
for FLOX storage facilities that is isolated from populated
areas, orchards or costly structures, particularly in the
northwest and southeast quadrants. In general, these are the
directions of the prevailing winds and the strongest winds. Fog
and low ceilings occur most frequently with winds from the
northwest quadrant.
14897
Centre Departemental d'Etude des Pollutions Atmospheriques,
Paris, Section Sante et Meteo.
A DAY OF POLLUTION IN THE LACQ REGION. (Journee de
pollutin vecue dans la region de Lacq). Text in French. Pollut.
Atmos. (Paris), ll(Special):36-40, Feb. 1969.
Observations and measurements of pollution are reported for
the period from Oct. 4 to 5, 1968, in the 15 km-wide valley of
the Gave de Pau. On the night of Oct. 4, a 4-day old descend-
ing inversion reached an 11-degree amplitude with a 700-m
thickness. Early morning pollution was near zero, but as the
fog cleared and wind conditions of less than 1 knot prevailed,
pollution indices rose greatly. Later in the day the wind rose,
and in the absence of any inversion, pollution dropped by a
factor of 10. A gas desulfurization plant in the valley emits 500
to 1000 tons of sulfur dioxide daily. Measurements made by
absorption of acid gases in glycerinated 0.5 NaOH, in
hydrogen peroxide solution, or in glycerinated zinc acetate
gave qualitatively similar results. Emissions were from a 104-m
high chimney, but maximum ground level pollution was found
5 km from the chimney, a distance about 40 times the theoreti-
cal chimney height, i.e., the plume height above the chimney.
Another source of pollution in the valley is an aluminum ex-
traction plant which employs the Soderberg process and emits
150 kg per day of fluoride ions. Measurement by exposure of
lime-impregnated papers, with colorimetric estimating
techniques, correlated in 70% of the cases with direct absorp-
tion on fiberglass, and was reproducible to better than 10%.
Decrease of pollution with distance was found to be exponen-
tial, with the worst pollution occurring within 2 km of the
plant.
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
257
29023
Lovelock, J. E.
ATMOSPHERIC FLUORINE COMPOUNDS AS INDICATORS
OF AIR MOVEMENTS. Nature (London), 230(5293):379, April
9, 1971. 2 refs.
Preliminary measurements are reported for atmospheric con-
centration of sulfur hexafluoride and trichlorofluormethane
and atmospheric turbidity in southwest Ireland during July and
August 1970. The contaminants were measured with a gas
chromatograph with an electron capture detector, the turbidity
with a sun photometer. High concentrations of CC13F and SF6
and appreciably increased turbidity are noted to be associated
with easterly winds from continental Europe. These observa-
tions lend support to the proposal that CC13F and SF6 can be
used as indicators of air masses recently polluted by industrial
pollutants.
29315
Cooke, N. E.
AIR SURVEYS LINKED WITH MATHEMATICAL MODEL
TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENT. Water Pollution Control
(Toronto), 109(5):S9-61, May 1971. 4 refs.
Data from long-term air measurements were used to develop
atmospheric dispersion equations describing ground-level con-
centrations of fluorides from the gypsum ponds and the diam-
monium phosphate stack of fertilizer complex and fluoride
plus sulfur dioxide concentrations from a neighboring power
plant stack. With the equations it was possible to simulate
mathematically any combination of circumstances affecting the
fertilizer plant emissions and to determine appropriate pollu-
tion control measures. On the basis of the study, it was de-
cided to install a venturi scrubber in the diammonium
phosphate stack and to create a buffer zone around the gyp-
sum plant.
29774
Haagen-Smit, A. J. and Lowell G. Wayne
ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS AND SCAVENGING
PROCESSES. In: Air Pollution Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1,
2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 6, p. 149-186.
77 refs.
Atmospheric influences can change air pollutants. Through tur-
bulence and diffusion, substances released at ground level will
eventually be exposed to conditions in the upper atmosphere
and become accessible to high energy photons which break up
even the most stable molecules. Ozone reacts with nitrogen to
form several oxides. The energy requirements, light source,
reactions, free radical formation, and chain reactions in
photochemical and photosensitized reactions are discussed.
Heterogeneous reactions may also take place on the surfaces
of various solid and liquid particles. Again, light can play an
important role. Mathematical simulations of atmospheric
dispersion of stack gases can be used to predict atmospheric
concentrations. Inorganic pollutants include sulfur oxides and
nitrogen oxides. Organic pollutants are formed in photochemi-
cal smog. The process and symptoms of photochemical smog
are given including data for downtown Los Angeles Spectro-
grams have been used to determine the chemical nature of
smog. Eye irritation is a function of hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides. Photochemical reactions can also cause
rubber cracking. The chain reactions in photochemical smog
are quite complex. Suggested photooxidation mechanisms in-
volving branching chains and the reaction of oxygen atoms
with olefins are also given. Scavenging foreign material from
the atmosphere consists of deposition and conversion to nor-
mal atmospheric constituents. Most of the sulfur contaminants
are emitted in the form of gaseous sulfur dioxide, some of
which oxidizes to sulfur trioxide which then reacts with water
vapor to form sulfuric acid. Hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sul-
fide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen ox-
ide, fly ash, and particulates are also pollutants. The washout
mechanism is effective in removing some particles.
29910
Konovalov, G. S. and T. Kh. Kolesnikova
TRACE ELEMENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION
AROUND THE OTKAZNOE RESERVOIR. (Mikroelementy v
atmosfernykh osakdakh rayona Otkaznenskogo vodok-
hranilishcha). Text in Russian. Gidrokhim. Materialy, vol.
49:74-79, 1969. 15 refs.
The amounts of 17 trace elements introduced into Otkaznoe
water reservoir with atmospheric precipitation were analyzed
in a one year study. Boron, fluorine, bromine, and iodine in
atmospheric precipitation were determined by chemical analy-
sis; those of vanadium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper,
molybdenum, silver, tin, lead, iron, aluminum, bismuth, and
titanium were determined spectroscopically. The elements Co,
Mo, Ag, Sn, Pb, and Bi were not found in atmospheric
precipitation. The content of other elements was higher in
comparison with other areas. This is explained as depending
on the character of climatic conditions of the area, i.e., dry
and windy climate and poor coverage by plants, which cause
increased dustiness of the atmosphere.
30126
Wilkniss, P. E. and D. J. Bressan
CHEMICAL PROCESSES AT THE AIR-SEA INTERFACE:
THE BEHAVIOR OF FLUORINE. J. Geophys. Res., 76(3):736-
741, Jan. 20, 1971. 14 refs.
Ion fractionation between fluorine and chlorine at the air-sea
interface was investigated. Radiochemical experiments showed
a decrease in the F/C1 ratio for laboratory aerosols produced
from sea water. Marine aerosols showed an increase in the
F/C1 ratio with a possible contribution from airborne dust con-
tamination. Jet drops in the laboratory and naturally occurring
marine jet drops showed little to no change. Radiochemical
tracers also showed that drying of sea water droplets some-
times increased the F/C1 ratio of the salt residue, whereas
acidification of the sea water always caused the residue to
have a decreased ratio. The observed complex chemical
behavior of fluoride in air-sea interactions suggests the necess-
ity of taking new approaches in the laboratory and in field ex-
periments. (Author abstract modified)
33092
Hollinden, A. B.
METEOROLOGICAL SITING FOR TOXIC FUEL TESTING.
Preprint, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., and
American Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, p.
458-461, 1970. (Presented at the National Conference on
Aerospace Meteorology, 4th, Las Vegas, Nev., May 4-7, 1970.)
Different sites in the Gypsum Canyon, Calif., were considered
as storing and testing grounds for such toxic propellants as
nitrogen dioxide, uns-dimethylhydrazine, hydrazine, pen-
taborane, and fluorine. The distribution downward of the toxic
material depends on the mean wind flow pattern and the diffu-
sive action caused by atmospheric turbulence. Tests were car-
ried out to obtain details of flow in the canyon. Gypsum
Canyon is a north-south canyon located in a desert region.
Prevailing synoptic situation throughout the year involved
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258
weak pressure gradients, and local circulation predominated.
On a typical sunny day the wind in the main canyon blew up
the canyon at speeds from 3 knots at 9:30 am to 6-7 knots at
12:30 pm, at which time it became variable. A sudden surge of
down-canyon wind then occurred and the winds gradually
weakened but remained southerly 6-7 knots until 4 or 5 pm.
This wind reversal had little or no effect on the circulations in
the side canyons. Five of the sites considered were located,
respectively, on the small center ridge, the north slope of side-
valley, the east side of side-valley entrance, a side-canyon,
and a sharp ridge 75 feet higher than the main canyon floor.
Classifications of each with respect to meteorological condi-
tions are included.
33579
Kobayashi, Masatoshi
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND THE USE OF RI
(RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE). (Kankyo osen to RI riyo no gen-
jo). Text in Japanese. Genshiroyoku Kogyo, 17(8):5-8, Aug.
1971. 6 refs.
Tracer studies of gas dispersion patterns and chemical reac-
tions using isotope ratios are discussed. Isotope ratios in sulfur
are extremely different according to the conditions of accumu-
lation and compaction of natural resources. Using this fact, a
method of tracing dispersions of flue gases by identification of
the S isotope ratio which is different from S in the air was
developed. Sampling of sulfur dioxide is taken by a glass fiber
preliminary filter and a cellulose filter with SO2 absorbent.
The preliminary filter collects soot and SO3, and the second
filter recovers SO2. After a chemical treatment, a quantitative
analyzer measures the S isotope ratio; SF(6), emitted artifi-
cially from the flue with SO2, is measured by gas chromatog-
raphy. Both data are compared, and the dispersion pattern and
SO2 oxidation and reduction are determined. The method of
tracing in a more difficult, complex environment is also given.
Other radiation applied apparatus such as Sr (90) ozone
counter and an Egg shell thickness gage are described. Appli-
cation of radio-release and chemical substitution using kryp-
tonate, developed by Schleck, and quantitative determinations
of SO2 gas, fluoride, oxygen residue, chromium oxide ion, and
vanadium hydroxide by various isotopes are briefly diss-
cussed.
37013
Ivos, J., Hania Ciszek, A. Rezek, and Lj. Marjanovic
FLUORINE WASTE GASES IN THE SURROUNDING AT-
MOSPHERE OF YUGOSLAV FACTORIES. (Otpadni plinovi
fluora u okolisnoj atmosferi nasih tvornica). Text in Serbo-Croa-
tian. Vet. Arh., 40(3/4):61-77, 1970. 20 refs.
The transport of fluorines in Yugoslav areas threatened with
outbreaks of fluorosis and the concentrations of fluorine in the
electrolysis rooms and the atmospheres of aluminum factories
were investigated with respect to direction, range, and speed
of dispersion and relation to the hydrometeorologic charac-
teristics of the area. In the electrolysis rooms, monitored in
three factories, average annual fluoride concentrations were
4.6, 5.6, and 3.6 mg/cu m. The concentration in the surround-
ing atmosphere, determined by analysis of the precipitation,
was 0.4 mg/1 annually. Fluorides moved in the direction of the
prevailing winds to a defined distance and then decreased
again. The annual average concentrations for all six measure-
ment locations ranged from 1.04 to 0.14 mg/1.
37037
Hendrickson, E. R.
DISPERSION AND EFFECTS OF AIR BORNE FLUORIDES
IN CENTRAL FLORIDA. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
ll(5):220-225, 232. May 1961. 14 refs. (Presented at the Air Pol-
lution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 53rd, Cincinnati,
Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
Citrus groves, winter truck crops, and commercial gladioli in a
100-sq-mile area of central Florida all show evidence of
damage by airborne gaseous fluorides. Sources of the fluorides
are phosphate rock drying and grinding plants, superphosphate
and elemental phosphorus plants, and a defluorinating plant.
The dispersion of the gaseous fluorides is tracked by a net-
work of static sampling stations using filter papers treated with
calcium formate solution (sulfur dioxide is also measured, by
the lead peroxide candle method). During the sampling period,
records are also obtained of wind direction and velocity and
vertical temperatures in the area. When analysis is complete,
concentrations are plotted on maps for each month at each
sampling station. From this information isopleths are drawn in
the light of wind roses for that particular month. With this
technique, it is possible to determine the extent of pollution
from several sources, to compare one area with another, and
to evaluate monthly changes in exposure at single stations.
37639
Ivos, J., Hania Ciszek, A. Rezek, and Lj. Marjanovic
FLUORINE WASTE GASES IN THE SURROUNDING AT-
MOSPHERE OF YUGOSLAV FACTORIES. (Otpadni plinovi
fluora u okolisnoj atmosferi nasih tvornica). Text in Serbo-Croa-
tian. Vet. Arh., 40(3-4):61-77, 1970. 20 refs.
The dispersion of fluorides was investigated in three areas of
Yugoslavia jeopardized by fluorosis: Kidricevo, Lozovac, and
Razine. Fluorides were measured in both aluminum electroly-
sis rooms and the open atmosphere to determine the direction
and extent of their dispersion. The annual average levels in the
electrolysis rooms were 4.6 mg/cu m at Kidricevo; 5.6 mg/cu
m at Lozovac; and 3.6 mg/cu m at Razine. In the Ptuj field
(Kidricevo), the average annual amount of fluoride in
precipitation was 0.4 mg/1 at six locations representing various
directions and distances from the source of contamination.
The annual average amount of fluorides for all six locations
was 1.04-0.14 mg/1. The fluoride-containing waste gases moved
in the direction of prevailing winds to a definite distance, after
which the concentrations decreased.
40271
Bartels, Otto G.
AN ESTIMATE OF VOLCANIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
ATMOSPHERE AND VOLCANIC GASES AND SUBLIMATES
AS THE SOURCE OF THE RADIOISOTOPES BE(10), S(35),
P(32) AND NA(22). Health Phys., 22(4):387-392, April 1972. 30
refs.
Utilizing new data on the presence of a sulfate aerosol layer in
the stratosphere, an analysis is made of the source of excess
sulfate in precipitation. Data are presented against the
hypothesis of appreciable escape to the atmosphere of
hydrogen sulfide produced on the continental shelves. Calcu-
lated volcanic contributions to the atmosphere in metric
tons/yr are chlorine-7.6 million, sulfur-17 million, fluorine-7.3
million, boron-73,000, sodium-6 million, potassium-2.3 million,
and calcium-7.2 million. The calculations support Conway s
hypothesis of volcanic water and the volcanic chloride origin
of the ocean. The points of weakness in the spallation
hypothesis of atmospheric radioisotopes are presented. A table
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
259
with the probable nuclear particle abundance at 16 km altitude
is given. Calculations are made of the relative concentrations
of boron, chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine in the upper at-
mosphere. The results almost parallel the abundance values in
igneous rocks. Data on the probable altitudes where the
nuclear ractions occur are presented including a new source
for the sodium lines in the upper atmosphere air glow. (Author
abstract)
43424
Wilkniss, Peter E. and David J. Bressan
GEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF INORGANIC AEROSOLS
NEAR THE OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERFACE. Am. Chem.
Soc., Div. Water, Air Waste Chem. Gen. Paper, n(2):156-158,
Sept. 1971. 14 refs.
Aerosol samples collected over the oceans near the air-sea in-
terface were analyzed. Efforts were directed toward the deter-
mination of metals such as sodium, magnesium, aluminum,
titanium, vanadium, manganese, scandium, iron, cobalt, an-
timony, cerium, and europium by neutron activation analysis,
and of fluorine and chlorine by photon activation. Atomic ab-
sorption spectroscopy was used to determine sodium, potassi-
um, iron, and manganese The fluoride ion-specific electrode
was used to determine fluoride in seawater, sea spray, and
rainwater. Comparison of the elemental ratios for Ce/Fe,
Sc/Fe, Co/Fe, and Eu/Fe with those of other investigators
showed good agreement. Comparison of results obtained from
the Indian Ocean for Al/Fe and Mn/Fe with the present results
for same elemental ratios over the Atlantic agree satisfactorily.
Comparison of these results with average elemental ratios
found in seawater and in crustal rocks shows that the source
of the trace metals is the continents rather than the ocean. The
elemental ratios for Sc/F, Fe/F, Na/F, and Ti/F differ by
several orders of magnitude for seawater and average crustal
rocks. These ratios were determined in Atlantic aerosols and
indicate that the continents are the source of these trace
metals. Fluoride concentrations are an excellent indicator of a
marine aerosol. The results for inland rain compare well with
the same elemental ratios determined over land in aerosols
near the east coast of the U. S. In coastal areas aerosols
rapidly change to continental characteristics.
43855
Malte, P. C. and J. A. Nicholls
INFRARED DETECTION OF HF TRACER GAS IN INERT
AND COMBUSTING FLOWS. Preprint, American Inst. of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, 17p., 1972. 26 refs.
(Presented at the American Institute of Aeronautics and As-
tronautics, Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 10th, San Diego, Calif.,
Jan. 17-19, 1972, Paper 72-70.)
A nonmterfering diagnostic technique that employs monomenc
hydrogen fluoride as a passive tracer gas was developed. In-
frared absorption by HF is used to infer turbulent mixing rates
in inert and combusting flows. Data are presented on the tur-
bulent diffusion of HF seeded streams of air, heated air,
hydrogen, and carbon dioxide into an outer coaxial air stream.
Combustion of acetylene and air in a free jet configuration
was also investigated with the HF tracer. In most of these
flow situations, the HF exhibited apparent rotational
nonequilibrium. Development of the experimental technique
and methods for data acquisition and analysis are discussed.
(Author abstract modified)
44030
Constance, John D.
SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR DETERMINING INHALABLE
CONTAMINANTS. Pollut. Eng., 4(4)30-31, July 1972.
An easy method is presented for estimating transient at-
mospheric contaminant concentration in in-plant atmospheres
and processing enclosures. In an actual in-plant operation, the
number of air changes needed to render an enclosure suitable
for entry by plant personnel may be estimated using this
method and graph. Threshold limit values for a number of
vapors are listed, and two examples of the method are in-
cluded. One pertains to sulfuryl fluoride and the other to
methyl chloride concentrations. (Author abstract modified)
44277
Auermann, E., W. Fojt, and J. Janetzky
COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED
FLUORINE EMISSION CONCENTRATIONS. (Vergleich
gemessener und berechneter Fluor-Inunissionswerte). Text in
German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenzgebiete (Berlin), 18(6):414-418,
June 1972. 5 refs.
The fluorine emissions of a source were measured at the stack
and six measuring stations erected in all directions at distances
of 200 to 650 m. For the emission measurements, samples
were taken with a platinum probe. For the determination of
the fluorine the method by Megregian was slightly modified
and applied. The measuring accuracy was + or - 15%. For
determination of the emission concentrations, the air samples
were drawn with a speed of 6 1/min through a heavily diluted
sodium hydroxide solution (n/500). The concentration was
determined by colorimetry. The temperatures at the measuring
sites were between 6 and 8 C and 4 and 5 C. The winds from
southwest to west had an average velocity of 4 m/sec 2 m
above the ground. With the aid of the formulas by Bosanquet
and Pearson, the fluorine concentrations were calculated and
compared with the measured results. A good agreement
between the two results was achieved. The background con-
centration was between 2 and 9 micrograms/cu m. Maximum
concentrations (4.0, 9.0 and 5.3 micrograms/cu m) were mea-
sured in a distance of 290 m at an average wind speed of 6
m/sec. The emission concentrations were 45, 62, and 103
mg/cu m.
49185
Sueda, Shintaro, Kenichi Shimohara, Yukio Eguchi, Nobuyasu
Shigemori, and Takashi Akiyama
FLUORIDE AND SULFATE CONCENTRATION IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE OF KITA-KYUSHU CITY. (Kita-Kyushu shi ni
okeru taiki-chu fusso oyobi ryusankon no bunpu). Text in
Japanese. Japan Society of Air Pollution, Proc. Symp. Japan
Soc. Air Pollut., 13th, 1972, p. 187. (Nov. 7-9, Paper 142.)
Thirty-two monitoring stations were installed in Kita-Kyushu
in June 1971, and the measurements of fluorides and sulfates,
and the distribution changes were observed. Settling particles
and rain water collected in deposit gauges were filtered, and
the solution was distilled. The lanthanum-alizarin-complexion
method was used for fluorides and nephelometry was used for
sulfate determinations. Sulfur dioxide measurements were
taken by the lead dioxide method. The sulfate distribution was
high along the Dokai Bay and agreed with the distribution pat-
tern of SO2 gas. Fluorides showed a similar distribution pat-
tern, but the concentration was especially high in the Kokura
industrial area. In northern Moji, sulfate was low but fluoride
concentration was high. Sulfate concentration was high in June
and February and low in July, August, and Oct. The SO2 fluc-
tuations were similar. Fluoride count was low only in Oct.
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260
49433
Hirosawa, lichiro, Yuhei Nakazawa, and Masato Maruyama
AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE IN THE OMACffl DIS-
TRICT. (Nagano-ken Omachi chiku ni okeru fukkabutsu ni yoru
taiki osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Japan Society of Air Pol-
lution, Proc. Symp. Japan Soc. Air Pollut., 13th 1972, p. 188.
(Nov. 7-9, Paper 143.)
Fluoride near an aluminum refining factory was measured by
the LTP method, and the fluoride accumulation in red pine
needles was used as an index for pollution. The monitoring
stations were installed at 15 locations covering 5 km east to
west and 10 km south to north surrounding the aluminum
plant. The fluoride accumulation was checked monthly from
May 1971 to April 1972. One-year-old red pine needles were
collected, and F content was determined by the photometric
method. In the north-south directions, approximately 750
micrograms/100 sq m/mo was accumulated at 400 m from the
plant and 250 micrograms at 800 m. The accumulations were
only 20-30 micrograms in the east-west directions. In the
south, seasonal fluctuations were great; they were 80-100
micrograms/mo in the summer, but the amount was four or
five times greater in the winter. Near the plant, the F accumu-
lation in pine needles was 200-300 ppm. In the leeward side,
even at distances of 15,000 to 20,000 m, 20 to 30 ppm F were
found. In this area, the wind was predominantly northerly and
pollution extended to the south. There was a high correlation
(0.977) between yearly accumulation of F and the F content in
pine needles.
59075
Kuelske, S.
TESTING AN AREA SOURCE MODEL THROUGH APPLI-
CATION TO AN ISOLATED AREA SOURCE AND SIMUL-
TANEOUS CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS.
(Ueberpruefung eines Vielquellenmodells durch Anwendung aiif
einen isolierten Flaechenemittenten und parallele Imniission-
smessungen). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no.
200:189-198, 1973. 6 refs.
A multi-source model was used to analyze the fluoride concen-
tration in the vicinity of an aluminum plant. The set of emit-
ters consisted of two furnace halls, each 560 m long and 16 m
high, and a chimney 130 in high. Concentrations were calcu-
lated for selected meteorological conditions and for a 5 by 5 sq
km grid with a spacing of 200 m. The calculated results were
compared with measured concentrations. Using mobile mea-
suring devices, measurements were taken in the plume from
the set of emitters. Up to 20 instrument mobile stations were
used simultaneously. Comparisons between calculated and
measured results were obtained at 30-minute intervals and for
86 sets of conditions. The results are explained and in-
terpreted.
59234
Jansen, P., S. Jordan, and W. Schikarski
COMPARATIVE MODEL THEORY OF THE ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTANT LOAD CAUSED BY POWER PLANTS. (Ver-
gleichende Model Itheorie der atmosphaerischen Schadstoff-
belastungen durch Kraftwerke). Text in German. Inst. Natl.
Rech. Chim. Appl., Dixieme Colloq. Atmos. Polluees, Proc.,
Paris, France, 1972, lOp. 32 refs. (May 3-5.)
A model theory of the air pollutant loads caused by conven-
tional and nuclear power plants, and future development of
the pollutant loads on the basis of the expected energy produc-
tion and of the maximum allowable ground level concentra-
tions is presented. The pollutants concerned are sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, dust, and fluorine compounds as well as
xenon-113 and krypton-85. The specific SO2, dust, nitrogen
oxide, and fluorine emissions from coal are 6.0-7.7; 1.4-2.7;
1.4-4.6, and 0.05-0.11 g/per kWh. The corresponding values for
oil are 7.4 g of SO2, 0.7 g of dust, 1.5-3.4 g of nitrogen oxides,
and 0.004 g of fluorine per kWh. Natural gas produces 0.002 g
of SO2, and 07-3.1 g of nitrogen oxides per kWh. The hold
time of air pollutants in the atmosphere is dependent of their
concentrations, high concentrations corresponding to short
decay times. The hold time of SO2, dust, nitrogen oxides, and
fluorine in the atmosphere is 1-6 days, 3-7 days, 1-3 days, and
3-7 days, respectively. The average yearly ground level con-
centration of SO2 and nitrogen dioxide in polluted areas is 150
micrograms/cu m and 50 micrograms/cu m. Nuclear energy is
about 1000 times less polluting than either coal or fuel oil,
while natural gas is about 100 times better than the fossil fuels.
The energy generation facilities operating currently are
susceptible to creating considerable pollution even under nor-
mal meteorological conditions, while concentrations exceeding
the maximum allowable levels by two orders of magnitude
occur during inversions.
62869
Kovygin, G. F
CERTAIN PROBLEMS OF SUBSTANTIATING THE PER-
MISSIBLE DENSITIES OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION
WITH BERYLLIUM. (Nekotoryye voprosy obosnovaniya dopus-
timykh plotnostey zagryazneniya noverkhnostey berilliyem).
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 2:43-45, 1974. 1 ref.
The permissible density of surface contamination by beryllium
was studied with respect to the redispersion of the surface
contaminant and to the resulting in-the-air concentration of
beryllium. Ammonium fluoroberyllate and metallic beryllium
dust with a particle size of 50 micron, a fan providing for an
air velocity of 1.8 m/sec were used for the experiments. In-
verse correlation between the redispersion index; i.e., the ratio
of the in-thc-air aerosol concentration to the surface density of
contamination, and the surface density of contamination was
established. The correlation coefficient decreased with increas-
ing air velocity. The maximum allowable surface contamina-
tions that cause no aerosol contamination exceeding the max-
imum allowable beryllium concentration were 0.9 and 0.7
mg/sq m for ammonium fluoroberyllate and metallic beryllium
without air movement, and 04 and 0.2 mg/sq m at 1.8 m/sec
air velocity.
64013
Goddard, A. J. H., R. E. Holmes, and H. Apsimon
COMPUTATION AND MAPPING OF THE DISPERSION AND
HERBAGE UPTAKE OF GASEOUS EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
DUSTRIAL PLANTS. Society of Engineering Science, Pollut.
Eng. Sci. Solutions, Proc. Int. Meet. Soc. Eng. Sci., 1st, Tel
Aviv, Israel, 1972, p. 548-563, 1973. 16 refs. (June 12-17.)
Computer routines which enable rapid computation of air con-
tamination downwind from complex release patterns are
described. Routines exist whereby isopleths of ground level air
concentration averaged over varying time intervals are auto-
matically plotted for rapid appraisal. In addition, integrated air
concentrations can be predicled for specified locations, such
as air sampling stations, and these results printed out. Further
routines compute the levels of contamination within plant and
animal species as a function of time during the exposure. As
an example of the application of some of the routines, the
release of fluorides from aluminum smelting is discussed. The
significance of aluminum smelting in the United Kingdom and
emissions from the notional smelter are described. The relative
significance of air and pasture contamination with fluorides,
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
261
human and animal toxicity, and plant toxicity are reviewed.
Calculation of dispersion, computer mapping of concentrations
of fluoride at ground level, and calculation of time-dependent
herbage levels are discussed for the example of fluorides
released from an aluminum notional smelter. The numerical
results illustrate the application of this ecosystem pollution
program to the initial analytical stages of this type of environ-
mental study. The program provides rapid and readily com-
prehensible predictions of air and herbage contamination. By
virtue of the low cost of operation, computations can be made
to relate herbage monitoring and district air sampling results to
specific vanables such as significant changes in weather,
seasonal changes in herbage growth rates, and changes in the
release pattern of fluorides from the plant.
70747
Israel, G. W.
DEPOSITION VELOCITY OF GASEOUS FLUORIDES ON
ALFALFA. Atmos. Environ., 8(12): 1329-1330, Dec. 1974. 6 refs.
Fumigation of alfalfa and orchard grass with constant
hydrogen fluoride levels for more than 16 days yielded a
deposition velocity of 16 mm/sec as compared with an esti-
mated deposition velocity for field crops of alfalfa and orchard
grass of 31 + or - 16 mm/sec. The estimated average fluoride
accumulation coefficient for field crops was about twice that
derived from the fumigation studies, though the reason for the
discrepancy was not established. The deposition velocity
values for alfalfa were about 3-6 times higher than published
deposition velocity values for sulfur dioxide on grass. This dif-
ference may be partially due to the relatively large leaf surface
area of alfalfa per unit area of ground and the vertical spacing
of the leaves. Assuming that atmospheric fluorides are ad-
mitted by ghe plant mainly through the leaves and that the ef-
fective fluoride absorption area is 5 sq in of leaf surface per
sq m of ground surface, the alfalfa deposition velocity is
similar to SO2 deposition velocities reported for grassland
72995
I.andsberg, H H.
THK DEFINITION AND DETERMINATION OF CLIMATIC
CHANGES, FLUCTUA'i.JNS AND OUTLOOKS. Preprint,
Maryland Univ., College Park, 19p., 1975. 36 refs. (Presented at
the Atmospheric Quality and Climatic Change Symposium.
Chapel Hill, N. C., March 21, 1975.)
The nature and nomenclature of various types of climatic
change are discussed, with particular reference to
anthropogenic climatic alterations. Urbanization with its as-
sociated heat island effect is responsible for alterations in tem-
perature, humidity, and rainfall on a local scale, while industri-
alization produces regional changes in climate. An increase in
carbon dioxide production on a global scale as well as an at-
tendant increase in temperature result from the burning of fos-
sil fuels as well as from urbanization and industrialization.
Global effects involving ozone reduction and increased ul-
traviolet radiation result from aircraft flying in the strato-
sphere and from the release of man-made chemical compounds
containing chlorine and fluorine. The possibility exists that
certain elements of air pollution, if continued beyond a
presently as yet unknown critical limit, might induce inrrever-
sible processes such as polar ice melting or ice extension.
76047
Schneider, T , N. D. van Egmond, H. J. van de Wiel, A. C.
Posthumus, M. van Leeuwen, P. Steenbergen, J. van Straaten
AIR POLLUTION CASE STUDY OF THE SOUTH HOLLAND
REGION - FIRST PHASE (1973). National Institute of Public
Health, Bilthoven (Holland), 105p., 1973 (?).
Air quality and meteorological parameters were measured in
South Holland during 1973, with special emphasis on the com-
ponents of photochemical smog. At Vlaardigen, the highest
concentrations of most pollutants, especially acetylene, were
found during the morning on days when atmospheric condi-
tions were unstable. Winds from the north caused higher con-
centrations of the acetylene from traffic emissions. Winds
from the southwest were accompanied by maximal concentra-
tions of nitrogen dioxide, isobutane, butane, and propane, in-
dicating that these pollutants originate at some distance from
the measuring point. Higher concentrations of nitric oxide and
ethene were found at very low wind velocities. The NO:NO2
ratio diminished with higher wind velocity for winds from all
directions except the south-southeast. For higher wind veloci-
ties from this direction, a relatively high NO concentration
was found, which might have come from a nitrogen oxides
source at some distance from the station. Highest NO concen-
trations were found near highways. Data from mobile mea-
surement units indicate that ground level concentrations of NO
and NO2 in Vlaardingen originated from the Rijnmond indus-
trial region 50% of the time; these pollutants can be traced to
that source only 25-30% of the time in the Rotterdam-
Schiedam region. Measured sulfuric acid concentrations were
low. The small stinging nettle proves more sensitive than let-
tuce or grass to the effects of peroxyacetyl nitrate in the Wes-
tland region, and is a suitable plant indicator; tobacco was
especially sensitive to ozone; and gladiolus and freesia were
damage-sensitive to hydrogen fluoride. Hourly pollution mea-
surements arranged in score diagrams facilitated the analysis
of the interaction of pollutants with meteorological variables.
77970
Krey, P. W. and R. J. Lagomarsino
STRATOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF SF6 AND CCL3F.
In: Health and Safety Laboratory Environmental Quarterly.
Energy Research and Development Administration, New York,
Health and Safety Lab., p. I-97-I-123, July J975. 18 refs. NTIS:
HASL-294
Because of the chemical inertness of freon-11 and sulfur hex-
afluoride in the environment, their concentrations in the
stratosphere were measured as part of a study of global at-
mospheric diffusion Compressed air samples were recovered
from the stratosphere by aircraft. The SF6 and freon were
concentrated and determined by gas chromatography. The
stratospheric concentrations of freon and SF"6 are given. The
two trace gases behave similarly in the stratosphere. Although
the Northern Hemisphere is the primary source of these gases,
the similarity of their hemispheric distributions suggests a
rapid interhemisphenc exchange. The SF6 results are impor-
tant because they demonstrate that halocarbons other than the
freons have penetrated the stratosphere. The trace gas concen-
trations decrease with increasing altitude above the
tropopause. Freon and SF6 concentrations in the stratosphere
have spatial and seasonal distnbutions which are similar to
lead 210 distributions from radon emanation at the earth s sur-
face An atmospheric box model is developed which indicates
from the observed inventories that the photolytic half life of a
freon 11 molecule in the stratosphere is 2 to 4 yr and the total
atmospheric half life is 12 to 24 yr. (Author abstract modified)
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262
78793
Brown, R. M., R. N. Dietz, and E. A. Cote
THE USE OF SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC
TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION STUDIES. J. Geophys. Res.,
80(24):3393-3398, Aug. 20, 1975. 9 refs.
The use of sulfur hexafluoride as a tracer in atmospheric
transport and diffusion studies is discussed. Airborne and
ground level concentration measurements using specially
designed chromatographs were made. They illustrate the
potential use of the method in tracking plumes from short or
tall stacks and its ability to isolate and detect concentrations
from a particular site. Meteorological input and other pertinent
input information are used in a computer programmed model
to compare measured versus calculated diffusion parameters.
A measure of the standard deviation of the wind direction at
plume height produces the best fit to the measured concentra-
tions. The model is being developed to predict diffusion pat-
terns and the concentrations from single and multiple source
stacks. (Author conclusions modified)
78933
Bewers, J. M and H. H. Haysom
THE TERRIGENOUS DUST CONTRIBUTION TO FLUORIDE
AND IODIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION. J. Rech.
Atmospheriques, 8(3-4): 689-697, July-Dec. 1974. 31 refs.
(Presented at the International Symposium on the Chemistry of
Sea/Air Particulate Exchange Processes, Nice, France, Oct. 4-10,
1973.)
The terrigenous dust contribution to levels of fluoride and
iodide in atmospheric precipitation is discussed. Fluoride and
iodide have higher ratios to chloride in atmospheric precipita-
tion than in seawater. While experimental evidence exists to
propose a marine origin for the excess iodide, recent analyses
indicate that fluoride is depleted in marine aerosols. This sug-
gests a non-marine origin for the excess fluoride and airborne
terrigenous dust is proposed as an alternative source It is cal-
culated that terrigenous dust, transported through the tropo-
sphere, does not account for more than 2% of the iodide and
4% of the fluoride in atmospheric precipitation. Unless injec-
tions from anthropogenic and volcanic activities are underesti-
mated or other major sources exist, the oceans are the primary
source of atmospheric iodide and fluoride and large positive
enrichment occurs in the sea to air transport of these ele-
ments. (Author abstract modified)
78943
Duuren, H. van, G. D. Knjt, and A. J Elshout
SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE AS A TRACER FOR THE STUDY
OF THE DISPERSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED
FROM PUNCTIFORM SOURCES. (Zwavelhexafluoride als
tracer voor de verspreiding van luchverontreinigende componen-
ten vanuit puntbronnen). Text in Dutch. Elektrotechniek,
53(3): 135-143, March 1975. 20 refs.
The use of sulfur hexafluoride as a tracer in the study of the
dispersion and conversion of air pollutants from point sources
was investigated. The accuracy, defined as the variation coef-
ficient v 1 00%, of the determination of SF6 concentrations in
the atmosphere is 209? This is better than the accuracy that is
obtained when the concentrations are calculated as in the case
of dispersion from high sources. The degree of conversion of
components such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen
dioxide in stack plumes is investigated.
79132
Galbally, Ian E.
GAS TRANSFER NEAR THE EARTH S SURFACE. Advan.
Geophys., vol. 188:329-339, 1974. 20 refs.
A mathematical method for relating gas uptake and adsorption
at the earth s surface to the gas concentration in the air above
the surface and the wind speed is derived. The resistance to
gas transfer of the viscous layer at the surface-air interface
and gas transfer in the turbulent constant flux layer are also
examined. Gas uptake parameters are tabulated for hydrogen
fluoride, iodine, chlon e, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide. Guidelines for esti-
mating gas uptake at land surfaces are also presented.
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263
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
01677
S.W. Benson G. Haugen
THE ELIMINATION OF HF FROM 'HOT' FLUORINATED
ETHANES. AN ESTIMATION OF THE ACTIVATION ENER-
GIES AND RATE PARAMETERS. J. Phys. Chem. 69, (11)
3898-3905, Nov. 1965
The classical Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel theory of unimolecular
reactions is shown to give a quantitative description of the
decomposition of a 'hot' molecule of CH2FCH2F. The analy-
sis also makes possible an estimate of the activation energy
for the elimination of HF from this molecule within narrow
limits: CH2FCH2F yields CH2 equal CFH plus HF; Fact
equal 62 plus or minus 3 kcal./mole; delta E298K. equal 8
kcal./ mole. From the theory one predicts the observed reduc-
tions in the rate of the elimination reactions for the series of
'hot' molecules C2H6-xFx as x is increased. A similar analysis
gives a theoretical explanation of the observed pressure depen-
dence of the rates of stabilization of the 'hot' molecules
(CH2C1. CH2C1), (CH2C1.CHC12), and (CHC12.CHC12). A
quantum modicication of the classical Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel
theory was found necessary when the magnitude of the un-
fixed internal energy approaches the size of a quantum of
vibrational energy. This approximation of the classical theory
predicted the correct rate of elimination of a Cl atom from the
hot radical (CHC1CHC12) which at the transition state had only
2 kcal./mole of unfixed energy. In these calculations the car-
bon-carbon bond energy in ethane was assumed to be invariant
upon the replacement of hydrogen by halogen atoms (Author
abstract)
02337
D. Phillips.
PHOTOLYTIC PROCESSES IN PERFLUOROCYCLOBU-
TANONE VAPOR. J. PHYS. CHEM. 70, (4) 1235-43, APR.
1966. CFSTI, DDC AD 635437
The photolysis of perfluorocyclobutanone in the vapor phase
at 3130, 3340, 3660, and 4047 A has been investigated.
Fluorescence and decomposition yields have been determined
at the four wavelengths and the effects of pressure and tem-
perature upon them studied Two modes of decomposition
occur at the shortest wavelengths and at high temperatures,
one producing carbon monoxide and perfluorocyclopropane,
the other pioducing tetrafluoroethylene A mechanism is
proposed which explains the results, and rate constants for
reactions aie determined. Results indicate that about 7
kail/mole excess vibrational energy can be removed from the
excited ketonc by each collision with an unexcited ketone
molecule (Author abstract)
02517
D. Marsh and J. Heicklen
PHOTOOXIDATION OF PERFLUOROETHYL IODIDE AND
PERFLUORO-N-PROPYL IODIDE. Aerospace Corp., El
Segundo, Calif., Lab. Operations. Apr. 1966. 11 pp. DDC: AD
483914
Perfluoroethyl iodide and perfluoro-n-propyl iodide were
photolyzed in the presence of oxygen. In both cases, the
major product is CF20. In the C2F51 system, it is produced
with a quantum yield of about 2.0. CF3CFO is also produced,
but is 100 times less important. With HI present, the oxidation
is drastically modified, and the RO2 intermediate must live at
least 10 to the 7th sec. (Author abstract)
03062
S. W. Benson and G. R. Haugen.
ESTIMATED ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOR THE FOUR-
CENTER ADDITION REACTION OF H2, HX, AND X2 TO
ACETYLENES. J. Phys. Chem. 70, (10) 3336-8, Oct. 1966
The application of an electrostatic model to predict the activa-
tion energy of the four-center addition reactions of acetylene
is discussed. The transition state is considered an intimate
semi-ion pair with an equivalent charge separation of plus or
minus formal charge. The energy of activation can be equated
to the electrostatic energy of interaction of point dipoles.
Values obtained for the reacting substances (acetylene, methyl
acetylenes, hydrogen halides, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine) are tabulated The activation energy for the
molecular addition to acetylenes is about 1.5 kcal/mole smaller
than that for the corresponding olefin.
04468
OPTICAL SPECTRA OF SOME LOW-MOLECULAR
WEIGHT COMPOUNDS USING THE MATRIX ISOLATION
TECHNIQUE. IIT Research Inst., Chicago, III., Technology
Center. (Rept. No. IITRI-U6001-11 - Quarterly Technical Sum-
mary Rept.) Feb. 13, 1966. 8 pp. DDC, AD 478 935
The object was the determination of thermodynamic functions
of lowmolecular-weight compounds formed in the exhaust
gases of rocket motors. Experiments were made to investigate
the infrared spectra of, Li6BeF3 Li7BeF3 and Be2F4, EOF,
Na2F2, NaAlF4, and CaAlF4.
04674
D. L Bernitt, R H. Miller, I. C. Hisatsune
INFRARED SPECTRA OF ISOTOPIC NITRYL HALIDES.
Spectrochim. Acta 23A, 237-48, 1967.
The infrared spectra of mtrogen-14 Ond 15 isotopic species of
nitryl chloride and fluoride were examined in the vapor and
solid states. Assigments of two fundamentals in both halides
were changed from those proposed by earlier investigators. A
band at 1/460 cm reported earlier for the fluoride was shown
to originate from an impurity. Thermodynmaic functions and
new sets of force constants from both the valence and the
drey-Bradley force fields were calculated. (Author abstract)
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264
04768
Mavrodineanu, R. and R. R. Coe
METHOD OF DISPENSING VOLATILE FLUORIDES IN
PORTABLE GREENHOUSES. Agr. Food Chem., 5(11):852-8S4,
Nov. 1957. (Presented at American Chemical Society, National
Meeting, 130th, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Atlantic City,
N. J., Sept. 1956.)
Equipment and procedures are described for producing nearly
constant concentrations of fluosilicic or hydrofluoric acid in
fumigating greenhouses ranging from less than one to several
hundred parts per billion. The method makes use of diluted
solutions (0.01 to 4%) of these acids which are atomized by an
air pressure of 10 to 20 pounds per square inch through a
platinum nozzle. The atomized droplets are than passed
through an electrically heated tube (150 C) where they are
changed to the gaseous state before delivery to the air stream
entering the fumigating greenhouses. Given concentrations of
volatile fluorides can be maintained nearly constant in the
greenhouses for as long as 5 weeks. The functioning of the ap-
paratus is not affected by changes in temperature, and 3 liters
of solution are sufficient for 12 days of uninterrupted fumiga-
tion. (Author abstract)
07714
Derner, Harold A.
SEMIAUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN
URINE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 28(4):357-362, July-Aug. 1967.
10 refs.
A procedure was developed, using the Technicon Au-
toAnalyzer, for the determination of fluoride in urine, which
does not require ashing or fusion of the sample. The only in-
terference encountered was chloride ion, which was easily
removed by the addition of silver perchlorate to the acidified
sample. Samples ranging down to 0.01 ppm F can be accurate-
ly analyzed at a rate of 10 to 15 per hour. Twenty milliliters of
unne are made slightly acidic with perchloric acid in a 25-ml
volumetric flask, chloride is precipitated by the addition of ex-
cess silver perchlorate solution, a portion of the sample is fil-
tered, and the filtrate is analyzed by the AutoAnalyzer. The
acuracy and precision of the procedure are reported, and the
results obtained on the semiautomated method are compared
with results obtained by using the manual Willard- Winter
distillation (Author's summary)
13565
Sanderson, R. T.
MULTIPLE AND SINGLE BOND ENERGIES IN INORGANIC
MOLECULES. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30(2):375-393, Feb. 1968.
7 refs.
The new method of calculating bond energies recently re-
ported (R. T. Sanderson, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., vol. 28:1553,
1966) has now been extended to include multiple bonds For
carbon-carbon double and triple bonds the energy is 1.50 and
1.75 times the single bond energy when corrected for the mul-
tiple bond length. These multiplicity factors are used to calcu-
late the single bond energies for nitrogen and oxygen that
would correspond to the experimental bond lengths and dis-
sociation energies of N2 and O2. Three different single bond
energy contributions each for nitrogen and oxygen are thus
determined, and estimates are made for similar values for
fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
The possible significance of such values is discussed in terms
of bond energy calculations for 141 gaseous molecules, based
on a consideration of the effect of lone pair electrons in bond
weakening. Calculated bond energies for CO, CO2, NO, NO2,
and other compounds are in excellent agreement with the ex-
perimental values. (Author's abstract modified)
13998
Shaffer, J. H., W. R. Grimes, and G. M. Watson
SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IN MOLTEN
FLUORIDES. I. IN MIXTURES OF NAF-ZRF4. J. Phys.
Chem., 63(12):1999-2002, Dec. 1959. 25 refs.
Because of their value in nuclear fuel element reprocessing
and their use as fuel for experimental nuclear reactors, mix-
tures of NaF and ZrF4 were chosen to investigate the solubili-
ties of hydrogen fluoride at pressures from 0.5 to 3 atm and
from 550 to 800 deg. The solubility of HF in all mixtures stu-
died follows Henry's law and, in contrast to the behavior of
noble gases in similar solvents, decreases with increasing tem-
perature. As the mole percent of NaF in the solvent is in-
creased from 45 to 80.5, solubility increases approximately
tenfold. The enthalpy of solution, like the solubility, is depen-
dent on the solvent composition. The values of entropies of
solution are all negative and change only 1 e. u. over the range
of solvent compositions investigated. The observed strong de-
pendence of HF solubility on solvent composition may be re-
lated to the relatively high stability of NaF-HF compounds.
14907
Oelschlaeger, V/alter
INFLUENCE OF THE ASHING METHOD ON THE RESULTS
OF FLUORINE DETERMINATIONS. Staub (English transla-
tion from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 28(12):25-27,
Dec. 1968. 6 refs.
Errors in fluorine determinations of biological samples occur
when ashing of samples is carried out in a muffle furnace. The
analytic results are distorted because the furnace always con-
tains relative high quantities of fluorine. At 450 C up to 40% F
is simulated; at 550 C up 10 390 F is simulated. For the in-
vestigation of samples which only contain a small amount of
fluorine and to which CaO must be added before incineration,
it is absolutely necessary to use a gas-tight muffle furnace
lined with platinum plates. A furnace with nickel plate lining
may be used in most cases for other vegetable samples and for
hard tissues.
14970
Field, Paul E. and James H. Shaffer
THE SOLUBILITIES OF HF AND DF IN MOLTEN
FLUORIDES. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tenn., CONF-660907-1, Rept. ORNL-P-2202, 17p., June 27,
1966. 7 refs.
The solubilities of HF and DF in molten LiF-BeF2 (66-34 mole
9c) were determined over the temperature range 500-700 C and
at solute gas pressures between 1 and 2 atm. Using previously
established experimental methods, the solubilities of both
gases were found to obey Henry's Law. The Henry's Law
constants, K(H) (0 0001 moles HF/mole melt-atm) for HF and
DF respectively at 500, 600 and 700 C were approximately
3.37, 2.96, 2.16, 1 83, 1.51, and 1.25. The values given were ob-
tained by a linear least squares fit of the experimental data as
in K(H) vs. 1/T and the uncertainties are at the 95% con-
fidence interval. The heat of solution, obtained from the least
squares evaluation were approximately 5.98 and -6.43
kcal/mole for HF and DF respectively. The comparison of
heat of solution for HF in this melt composition with those ob-
tained previously in melts ranging from 54 to 89 mole % LiF in
BeF2 reveals linear dependence of heat of solution on the
mole fraction of LiF above and below 679? with a maximum at
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
265
67% LiF. Interpretation of the isotope effect is made by com-
parison of the difference in the entropies of solution between
DF and HF with the difference in the calculated values of the
entropies of the two gases at 600 C. (Author abstract modified)
15927
Varlamov, M. L., E. L. Krichevskaya, A. A. Ennan, L. M.
7-ampol'skaya, G. A. Manakin, and R. A. Georgalin
ACCOUSTIC COAGULATION OF MIST CONTAINING
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. J. Appl. Chem. USSR (English
translation from Russian oi: Zh. Prikl. Khini.), 41(111:2494-
2499, Dec. 1968. 4 refs.
The efficiency of acoustic coagulation of aerosols containing
fluorine compounds has been previously studied by chemical
determinations of fluride contents before and after coagula-
tion. In the present study, efficiency of sonic treatment was
assessed by ultramicroscopic determinations of particle num-
bers per unit aerosol volume (number concentration) and both
ultramicrosopic and photomicrographic determinations of par-
ticle size distribution. Determinations of particle number con-
centrations was made before and after acoustic coagulation of
waste gas aerosols from a superphosphate granulation plant.
The results show that the number of particles decreases by a
factor of 100-1000 as the result of acoustic treatment for 3-5
sec. The results of determinations of particle size distribution
before and after acoustic treatment are presented in the form
of histograms and distribution curves. The form of the histo-
grams suggest a Gamma-distribution. With the industrial mist,
the number of particles deposited per unit area decreased by a
factor of 125 after acoustic treatment for 1.5 sec, while the
average diameter increased from 2.5 to 18.7 micron. Before
treatment, 88% of the particles were in the 1-4 micron size
range. Accoustic treatment shifts the distribution center to the
right and increases the vanance Similar results were obtained
from photomicrographs of mists deposited on greased glasses.
16218
Buff, H and A. W. Hofmann
DISSOCIATION OF GASEOUS COMPOUNDS BY ELECTRI-
CALLY INDUCED GLOWING. (Zerlegung gasfoermiger Ver-
bindungen durch electrisches Gluehen). Text in German. Ann.
Chem. Pharm., 113(2):129-150, 1860. 4 refs.
Gases and vapors of liquids with low boiling points were ex-
posed to powerful sparking as produced by the Ruhmkoff in-
duction coil, to glowing platinum and iron wires, and to the
high temperature of the flame arc, and the dissociation was
observed. The induction coil is best suited for dissociation of
ammonia; all the other methods take too long. Dissociation of
C2H5N begins immediately, but it is never complete. Dissocia-
ticr, of C6H9N and of C4H7N is slow and incomplete Iron
wires dissociated C2N completely but slowly, the flame arc is
much faster. The induction coil is least suitable. Nitric oxide is
dissociated rapidly by a glowing iron spiral and by the flame
arc, and slowly by the induction coil. The dissociation is not
complete. Similar results are obtained with NO2. None of the
methods work with dry CO. Reduction of CO2 is slow with
both the flame arc and the induction coil. The dissociation of
CS2, C2H4, C4H4, SO2, HS, PH3, C1H and SiF12 was ob-
served in like manner, and the efficiency of each method was
stated.
16370
Gatti, R. and H. J. Schumacher
THE KINETICS OF THERMAL REACTION BETWEEN
F2SO3 AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE. (Die Kinetik der ther-
mischen Reaktion zwischen Fluorfluorsulfonat (F2SO3) und
Stickstoffdioxid). Text in German. Z Physik. Chem. Neue Folge
(Frankfurt), 62(1-4): 159-167, 1968. 4 refs. AD 686588
The reverse of the kinetics of thermal reaction between
fluorosulfonate and 2 nitrogen dioxide yields nitrogen tetrox-
ide; was studied between -10 C and +10 C in an aluminum
vessel. The reaction is homogeneous and is influenced by
neither the total pressure nor by the added oxygen. FSO3 NO2
and NO2F develop as sole products. The former occurs in the
form of a white precipitation. The reaction speed is propor-
tional to the concentrations of NO2 and F2SO3. A bimolecular
reaction between NO2 and F2SO3 determines the reaction
speed which follows the equations N2O4 yields 2NO2 and the
reverse: NO2 + F2SO3 yields FSO3 + NO2F, and NO2 +
FSO3 yields FSO3 NO2. The activation energy of the first
reaction is 9.970 plus or minus 200 cal; its probability factor is
0.0036.
18427
Benesi, H. A. and C. P. Smyth
MOLECULAR ASSOCIATION IN HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
VAPOR. J. Chem. Phys., vol. 15:337, May 1947. 8 refs.
Ring structure in molecular association in hydrogen fluoride
vapor was studied by measuring the dielectric constant of the
vapor and calculating its polarization. Two curves were run for
polarization as a function of pressure, one at 26.0 and the
other at 38 C, temperatures at which association has been
established. For pressures above 120 mm at 26.0 amd 160 mm
at 38.0, the polarization rose rapidly with increasing pressure.
The large increase in polarization brought about by molecular
association shows that ring structures, which would decrease
the polarization, cannot predominate; the presence of more or
less extended chains, which increase polarization due to their
large dipole moments, is clearly indicated.
18863
Bryant, G. W.
THERMOELECTRIC POWER OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF
ICE CONTAINING HF OR HN3. Phil. Mag., 16(141):495-504,
Sept. 1967. 12 refs.
The homogeneous thermoelectric power of single-crystalline
ice containing hydrogen fluoride or ammonia was measured
over a wide range of concentrations. The experimental values
were of the order of a few millivolts per degree centigrade and
varied in sign and magnitude with the type and concentration
of impurity in agreement with the theory developed by Jac-
card. A quantitative comparison with the theory enabled the
calculation of several physical parameters relating to the elec-
trical properties of ice. (Author abstract modified)
19175
Ashton, J. T., R. A. Dawe, K. W. Miller, E. B. Smith, and B.
J. Stickings
THE SOLUBILITY OF CERTAIN GASEOUS FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS IN WATER. J. Chem. Soc., no. 8:1793-1796,
1968. 22 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 678233
An apparatus designed for especially low solubilities was used
to determine the solubilities of tetrafluoromethane, sulfur hex-
afluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride in water from 0 to 50 deg,
while the changes in heat content and entropy were estimated
-------
266
from the temperature-dependence of the solubilities. The ap-
paratus, sensitive to gas solubilities on the order of 10 to the
minus 6th power mole fraction, differs from its predecessors
in that it allows the bulk of gas measurement to be performed
under 'dry' conditions, or in other words unsaturated with sol-
vent vapor. An additional arm of the solubility vessel acts as a
manometer, allowing the pressure to fall as the gas is dis-
solved, permitting equilibrium to be reached more rapidly. On
the basis of observations and a review of the literature, it was
concluded that the low solubilities of fluorinated gases are not
due to specific anomalous factors that cause large negative en-
tropies of solution, but the entropies appear to be related to
the relatively larger size of the fluoride molecules in com-
parison with the inert gases, which are most frequently used
as comparison standards.
20932
Mueller, Robert F.
ENERGETICS OF HCL AND HF IN VOLCANIC EMANA-
TIONS. Preprint, National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion, Greenbelt, Md., Goddard Space Flight Center, 32p., June
1969. 37 refs. (Paper NASA-TM-X-63608.) CFSTI: N69-32034
Thermochemical data were used to calculate the fugacities of
HC1 and HF in equilibrium with halogen salts and crystalline
silicates. The calculated fugacities were compared with the
abundances of HC1 and HF in fumarolic gases. Good agree-
ment between the calculated values and the results of
hydrothermal experiments were obtained. In the case of fu-
maroles, the abundances of HC1 and HF molecules can be ex-
plained by assuming some undersaturation of the systems in
such crystalline components as NaCl, CaSiOS, and A12SiO5.
Also, the fumarolic gases gave evidence that high temperature
abundances of HC1 and HF are quenched to much lower tem-
peratures recorded at the fumarolic vents. Numerous deter-
minations of Cl and F in igneous and crystalline rocks showed
that on the whole, F is more abundant than Cl. Igneous rocks
and minerals are quite distinct from volcanic emanations in
terms of the F/C1 ratios. The relations between HC1 and HF
and the structure of the silicate melt were also discussed.
Although heterogeneous equilibria may be established at high
temperatures between the the halogen gases and crystalline
phases of the wall rock, the ultimate source of most of the
halogens is the silicate melt. Although the structure of such
melts is not well known, it is reasonable that both the decrease
in liquidus temperatures and viscosity are attributable to reac-
tions in which the Si-O-Si bndges are destroyed by the reac-
tion with water. (Author abstract modified)
21389
Grahame, David C. and Barbara A. Soderberg
IONIC COMPONENTS OF CHARGE IN THE ELECTRICAL
DOUBLE LAYER. J. Chem. Phys., 22(3):449-460, March, 1954.
17 refs.
The rate of change with concentration of the capacity of the
electrical double layer on mercury has been measured. From
this the excess of cations in the double layer and the excess of
anions have been calculated. The latter has been subdivided
into the excess of anions in the diffuse double layer, and the
excess of anions in the inner part of the double layer. From
these data it has also been possible to evaluate the potential of
the outer Helmholtz plane. It is found that fluoride ion
remains unadsorbed on mercury at all potentials investigated,
including potentials anodic to the e.c.max. Other anions are
strongly adsorbed (chemisorbed) when the mercury is positive-
ly charged, and sometimes even when it is negatively charged.
The 'hump' in the capacity curves of salts of such anions as
chloride, bromide, acetate, and nitrate, are found to be present
in curves of the capacity attributable to anions alone. No
chemisorption of monatomic cations could be detected. The
kinetic theory of the diffuse double layer with constant dielec-
tric constant is found to fit the experimental results within the
expected accuracy. This fit extends to electrolytes of the 1:2
and 2:1 types also. A new method of evaluating salt adsorption
at the potential of the electrocapillary maximum (e.c.max.) is
described and results are given. Likewise a new method of
determining the capacity attributable to cations at the e.c.max.
is described and used. (Author abstract)
21632
Kessel'man, P. M., M. M. Afanas'yev, A. S. Bestuzhev, Yu. I.
Blank, S. F. Gorykin, P. A. Kotlyarevskiy, S. K. Chernyshev,
and S. A. Shchekatolina
HEAT CAPACITY OF GASES AT ELEVATED TEMPERA-
TURES WITH ACCOUNT OF THEIR NONIDEALITY AND
THERMAL DISSOCIATION (H2O, CO2, F2, AIR, LITHIUM
AND FUEL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS). Teplo- Mas-
soperenos, vol. 7, 1968. 6 refs. Translated from Russian. Foreign
Technology Div., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation
Div., p. 152-157, Aug. 20, 1969.
A method of calculating the heat capacities Cp and Cv of
chemically reacting gases is considered which takes into ac-
count their nonideality. Deviation from nonideality, when cal-
culations are made of properties of pure components,
equilibrium compositions, and compositions of mixtures, is al-
lowed for by the second and third virial coefficients, which
ensures adequate precision of results for the entire range of
parameters investigated. Calculations of equilibrium composi-
tions are carried out by solving a system of nonlinear algebraic
equations, a specific form of which is determined in the in-
dividual case by the equations of the corresponding chemical
reactions, equations of material valance of atoms, and the con-
dition (Sigma) xi equals 1. Since in the general form, solution
of this system does not appear possible, equilibrium composi-
tions were determined by the iterative method on an electronic
digital computer at specified values of T and p. This method is
applicable to the calculation of detailed tables of isobaric and
isochoric heat capacities for water vapor, carbon dioxide,
fluorine, air, lithium, and the combustion products of 13 or-
ganic fuels throughout the entire range of temperatures and
pressures of practical importance (up to 6000 K and 0.1-1000
bar). An example is given for the isobars of the specific heat
capacity Cp for one of the most complex systems of the
groups under study (combustion products of a stoichiometnc
mixture of Saratov gas and air).
22219
Warburg, Otto and Walter Christian
CHEMICAL MECHANISM OF THE FLUORIDE-INHIBITION
OF FERMENTATION. (Chemischer Mechanismus der Fluorid-
Hemmung der Garung). Kurze Originalmitteilungen, vol.
39:194, 1941. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo, 2p.
The chemical mechanism of inhibition of the ferment enolase
by fluoride was investigated. Fluoride inhibition of three com-
pounds was being determined: fluoride, magnesium salt, and
phosphate. When the magnesium concentration was constant
and the fluoride and phosphate varied, the equation phosphate
times fluoride times remainder of effect/inhibition of effect
equal constant was found. When the phosphate concentration
was constant and the fluoride and magnesium salt varied, the
equation magnesium salt times fluoride times remainder of ef-
fect/inhibition of effect equal constant was found. Since it is
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
267
difficult to determine such a small phosphate concentration,
the equation was not tested for large fluoride concentrations.
However, both equations were tested and found to be valid
for fluoride concentrations of 1/20,000 to 1/100. It was con-
cluded that the effective compound for fluoride inhibition is a
complex magnesium-fluoro-phosphate. This compound com-
bines in proportion to its concentration with the ferment
protein in a dissociating manner. The specific reversible inhibi-
tion is believed to be based on the displacement of the effec-
tive magnesium salt from the protein by the complex.
25636
Kistiakowsky, G. B.
TERMINAL PROGRESS REPORT ON PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICE RESEARCH GRANT AP00349, 1/1/64 TO 12/31/68.
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass., 3p., May 15, 1969. 3 refs.
Research for the period 1/1/64 to 12/31/68, financed by Public
Health Service Grant AP00349, is summarized. Some of the
research is described in papers published by scientific jour-
nals. Some unpublished work described in a Ph.D. thesis is
presented. The photolysis of 2,2,2-trifluorodiazoethane was
carried out over a variety of conditions using standard
photochemical techniques. Runs were also made with mixtures
of carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and octafluorocyclobutane, and
the reaction products were studied. Reactions mechanisms
were postulated to explain butene/ethylene curves. Data on the
reaction of methylene(generated photochemically from ketone)
with iso-butane is discussed.
26990
Posner, A. S. and E. D. Eanes
FLUORIDE IN BONE AND TEETH. Norelco Rep., 10(2):71-74,
80, April- June 1963. 27 refs.
Experiments are reported to investigate the inverse propor-
tionality of fluoride concentration in human bones with bone
citrate content and to determine whether fluoride in some way
alters the specific surface of the bone crystal surfaces on
which citrate is found. Post-mortem bone samples were ob-
tained from 20 long-time residents of different areas with
watei supplies of 0.1-4.0 ppm fluoride content. In X-ray dif-
fraction studies of the ashed samples, the degree of resolution
of the four principal X-ray reflections of the bone apatite pat-
tern was used as a measure of 'crystalJmity' of each sample,
when matched with one of a series of templates constructed to
represent the apatite X-ray pattern with different broadening
functions. An infrared study was also conducted on samples of
human and rat dental enamel to investigate the possible ex-
istence of a calcium-deficient apatite as the major phase in
hard tissue. It was found that, in general, the crystallinity of
the bone apatite increases as the fluoride content of the bone
ash increases. The data indicate that fluoride stabilizes bone
(1) by increasing the crystal size ana/or decreasing the crystal
strain, and (2) by changing the stoichiometry to that of a more
stable form of apatite. An effect of fluoride on the diminution
of the crystal surface was not conclusively demonstrated, and
both the role of citrate in bone and the mechanism which
causes ingested fluoride to alter the crystal structure of bone
apatite remain to be elucidated.
28428
Chaix, Paulette and Claude Fromageot
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE AND OF
MONOIODACETIC ACID ON THE ANAEROBIC AND
AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF SOME SUBSTRATES BY
PROPIONIBACTERIUM PENTOSACEUM. (Influence du
fluorure de sodium et de 1'acide monoiodacetique sur les
degradations anaerobic et aerobie de quelques substrats par
Propionibacterium pentosaceum). Text in French. Enzymologia,
7(5-6):353-361, 1939. 21 refs.
The effect of different concentrations of sodium fluoride and
monoiodacetic acid on the anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
of glucose, lactic, and pyruvic acid by Propionibacterium pen-
tosaceum in a non-proliferating state was studied. At a concen-
tration of 0.02 M, sodium fluoride completely inhibits the
anaerobic decomposition of glucose and lactic acid but has
only a weak effect on the anaerobic decomposition of pyruvic
acid. At the same concentration the fluoride has practically no
effect on the aerobic metabolism of the three substances other
than to raise to one the respiratory quotient of glucose which
in a phosphate medium is somewhat lower (0.85). Mo-
noidacetic acid at a 0.0004 M concentration was found to
completely inhibit glucose fermentation while its effect on the
oxidation of the same substrate was relatively weak. The ef-
fect on the aerobic decomposition of lactic acid was practi-
cally nil even at a lactic acid concentration of 0.01 M.
32952
Colussi, A. J. and H. J. Schumacher
THE THERMAL REACTION BETWEEN SF5OF AND NO2. J.
Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 33(8):2680-2682, Aug. 1971. 3 refs.
The reaction between SF5OF and nitrogen dioxide was studied
in nickel and aluminum vessels which were conditioned to
fluorine and its compounds. In the nickel vessel, the reaction
took place readily at room temperature, but in the aluminum
vessel, the temperature had to be raised to about 80 C. The
reaction was heterogeneous and was completed without
change in the number of moles of gas. The products contained
the expected quantity of SOF4 and nitrosyl hypofluorite in
place of nitrylfluoride. The ONOF had characteristic bands in
the infrared at 1713, 1302, and 885/cm and could be isomerized
to FNO2.
34948
NEW DIRECTIONS IN ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES.
Chem. Eng. News, 48(27):40-41, June 29, 1970.
Ion-selective membrane electrodes measure the activities of
unassociated ions in solution with a sensitivity often less than
one part/billion. The selectivity of the electrodes is such that
they can be used in electrolyte solutions containing other spe-
cies either present naturally or added to control the ionic
strength and pH of the solution. There are now more than 20
electrodes available for more than 20 ions, including alkali and
alkaline earth ions, heavy metal ions, and a wide variety of
anions such as fluoride, nitrate, sulfide, and perchlorate. In
recent work, ion-selective electrodes were used to measure
formation constant in adenosine triphosphate complexes, com-
plex formation of calcium, magnesium, and beryllium ions
with biologically important ligands, and lead in urine samples.
39861
Seligman, Richard
ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION BY ELECTROLYSIS: A NOTE
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE REACTION. J. Inst. Metals,
17(1): 141-144, 1917. 3 refs. (Presented at the Institute of Metals,
Annual Meeting, London, England, March 21, 1917.)
The conventional formula for the production of aluminum by
electrolysis of a fused mixture of cryolite and alumina is A1203
+ 3C equals 3CO + A12. Experiments in an electric furnace
indicate that this formula, which assumes a carbon consump-
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268
tion very near to theoretical, is not correct. A carbon con-
sumption well below the theoretical was attained and the fact
that carbon monoxide is not necessarily the sole gaseous
product of the reaction was demonstrated. Whether oxygen,
carbon dioxide, or carbon monoxide result from the reaction
depends on such factors as temperature, current density,
physical properties of the anode, and the rapidity with which
the gases are removed from contact with the anode.
41543
Badoz-Lambling, J., M. Herlem, A. Thiebault, and G. Adhami
THE REACTIONS OF SO3 AND SBF5 WITH FLUOROSUL-
FURIC ACID. Anal. Letters, 5(5):305-307, 1972. 5 refs.
Fluorosulfuric acid is a good donor of sulfur trioxide, and as a
result it reacts with antimony pentafluoride to give hydrogen
antimony hexafluoride and SOS. Solutions of SO3 and SBF5 in
HSO3F exhibit the same cathodic waves at platinum and
platinized platinum electrodes. Electrochemical reductions at a
potential corresponding to the plateau of these waves produces
S sulfur dioxide and not hydrogen gas. This work confirms
previous experimental evidence for the formation of SBF6-
and SB2F11- ions on the basis of 19F nonmagnetic radiation
spectra of SbF5-HSO3F solutions. (Author abstract modified)
44721
Shapiro, J. L.
TESTIMONY OF DR. J. L. SHAPIRO. CURRENT POWER
GENERATION TECHNOLOGY. In: Problems of Electrical
Power Production in the Southwest. Part 1. 92nd Congress
(Senate), 1st Session, p. 531-605, 1971. 59 refs. (Hearings before
the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, May 24, 1971.)
GPO
Current power generation technology is reviewed. Many new
schemes have been proposed for central station power genera-
tion, including coal gasification or liquefaction, fluidized bed
combustion, fusion reactors, geothermal, solar energy, tidal
energy, and the use of magnetohydrodynamic generators. Con-
denser cooling technology, developed and employed within the
U. S. for steam-electric generating plants during the past seven
decades, includes once-through cooling systems and evapora-
tive cooling tower systems. Cooling technology currently being
developed includes once-through cooling systems with con-
denser by-pass dilution and once-through systems combined
with evaporative cooling towers Pollution control processes
for the following pollutants are described: fly ash, sulfur diox-
ide, nitrogen oxides, and trace elements, especially fluorine
and mercury. Cyclone, electrostatic precipitator, and wet
scrubber collection systems and their efficiencies are
described.
46162
Hancock, J. K. and W. H. Green
LASER-EXCITED VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION STUDIES
OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. J. Chem. Phys., 56(5):2474-2475,
March 1, 1972. 9 refs.
Room temperature rates of vibrational deactivation of
hydrogen fluoride by HF, argon, nitrogen, deuterium,
hydrogen, and carbon dioxide are reported. Laser-induced
fluorescence experiments were carried out using a transverse
electrode HF chemical laser as a pumping source. The
fluorescence signals were monitored with goldrgermamum and
indium.-antimony detectors, which, with the associated elec-
tronics, had time responses of 0.25 and 1.0 microsecond,
respectively. The energy transfer properties of HF are of great
importance in HF and HF-CO2 (transfer) chemical lasers.
52013
McCaldin, Roy O.
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES FOR AIR POLLUTION
STUDIES. Florida Univ., Gainesville, Coll., of Engineering,
Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., June
1958, 162p. 79 refs.
Design and operation of a static chamber to contain at-
mospheric pollutants are described. A specific method of
achieving known gas concentrations and the various means by
which these concentrations become reduced within the cham-
bers are described. The static chamber affords a simpler
device because less instrumentation is required to achieve a
test atmosphere, and once the atmosphere is achieved, it af-
fords a uniform aand relatively stable atmosphere with which
to work. The hypodermic syringe with a needle was used to in-
ject measured quantities of study gas into the chamber. The
hypodermic syringe feed method was reasonbaly accurate for
volumetric measurements. The adsorption of gas on the
chamber walls was studied for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sul-
fide, and hydrogen fluoride. Toxicological, bacteriological,
physiological, and odor studies are reported. Calibration
methods are mentioned.
53153
Spicer, Chester William, Jr.
KINETIC STUDIES OF SOME REACTIONS OF SO2, NO,
AND NO2. Pennsylvania State University, Dept. of Chemistry,
Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., Dec.
1971, 126p. 71 refs.
Reaction schemes, kinetic considerations, and mechanistic
hypotheses are presented for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide
with tetrafluoioethylene, the photolysis of sulfur dioxide in the
presence of C2F4, and the reactions of methylperoxy radicals
with nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. A low value cor-
responding to the Arrhenius preexponential factor for the
acetyl fluoride (O2NCF2CFO) in the first set of experiments
runs contrary to other indications of homogeneity, and no
definitive explanation for such a preexponential factor can be
offered. The electronic states involved in chemical reaction
when SO2 is irradiated at 3130 A in the second series of ex-
periments are clearly different from the emitting states The
fact that addition of NO could not completly quench the
chemical reaction indicates two such non-emitting states, one a
singlet and one a triplet. The crucial feature of the last study is
that the methylperoxy radical does not react with NO to
produce a methoxy radical and NO2 nor with NO2 to produce
the CH3O radical
55415
Haul, H. van
TEST CHAMBER METHOD FOR DETECTION OF
PHYTOTOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS. (Testkammerverfahren
zum Nachweis phytotoxischer Inunissionskomponenten). Text in
German. Environ. Pollut., 3(2):123-132, 1972. 12 refs.
Portable exposure chambers have been developed in which
plants are exposed to filtered and unfiltered air for the pur-
pose of identifying the presence of phytotoxicants m the air.
The chambers consist of a plexiglass cap covering the plants
to be exposed and a box below containing an air filter, blower,
and watering system; an experimental unit includes at least
two such chambers. Ambient air is passed directly through the
test chamber and is filtered before entering the control
chamber in order to remove any phytotoxicants present. The
effects of pollutants can be accurately identified by com-
parison of the plant reactions in both chambers. Individual pol-
lutants can be identified by using special filtering systems and
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
269
with combinations of indicator plants with differing resistance.
A filter material coated with silver and silver oxide is used to
remove the most important pollutants, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen chloride. The filter material
is also very effective in preventing leaf injuries to the tobacco
variety BEL W3 which is very sensitive to oxidants. The ex-
posure chambers may be used to conduct fumigation experi-
ments both in the field and in climatic chambers as well as to
test pesticides.
57580
Crawford, V. A. and F. C. Tompkins
THE ADSORPTION OF GASES ON CALCIUM FLUORIDE.
Trans. Faraday Soc., vol. 46:504-514, 1950. 13 refs.
The adsorption of sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, and carbon
dioxide on calcium fluoride crystals was measured at -28.8,
0.0, 19.4, and 35.5 C. Measurements were considered in terms
of the nonuniformity of the adsorbent surfaces. Net heat of
adsorption and distribution of adsorption sites were described
by the Brunauer-Temkin, Freundlich, and De Boer-Bradley-
Palmer isotherms Analysis showed that SO2 on CaF2 will
obey the De Boer-Bradley-Palmer equation over a wide range
of pressures. The Freundlich equation is more satisfactory for
the non-polar gases. Distribution of sites is affected by the na-
ture of adsorbate-adsorbent forces, not by the nature of the
non-uniformity of the solid adsorbent alone. Electrostatic
forces predominate in the adsorption of a highly polar adsor-
bate. The edges and corners of the crystal will be low energy
sites. Dispersion forces are important in (he adsorption on
non-polar gases. The edges and corners will be high energy
sites.
57581
Crawford, V. A. and F. C. Tompkins
THE ADSORPTION OF GASES SO2, NH3, CO2 AND N2O
ON BAF2 CRYSTALS. Trans. Faraday Soc., vol. 44:698-708,
1948. 15 refs.
The adsorption of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia,
nitrous oxide on barium fluoride crystals was measured over
the temperature range -78 to 119 C. The values obtained were
corrected for adsorption on the glass walls of the apparatus
used. The adsorption of the four gases was reversible and
complete within 5 min at all temperatures No correction was
necessary for deviations from the perfect gas equation in the
pressure range used Heats of adsorption were calculated from
the isotherms using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the
H E T equation There was no constant variation in heats of
adsorption with temperature, but the variation decreased with
increased adsoiption for all the gases The decrease of heats
with coverage that was found experimentally was discussed
and compared with those expected theoretically. Variation in
adsorption potential over the crystal surfaces were calculated
in an approximate manner, and the significance of these were
discussed from the viewpoint of the applicability of the B.E.T.
multilayer theory
59528
Homann, K. H. and D. I. MacLean
STRUCTURE OF FLUORINE SUPPORTED FLAMES. II.
CONCENTRATION PROFILES FOR FLAME OF THE
SYSTEMS: H2-F2, H2-F2-NH3, NH3-F2, C2H2-F2 AND C2H4-
F2. Boston Coll., Chestnut Hill, Mass., Dept. of Chemistry, Of-
fice of Naval Research Contract NOOO14-69-A-0453, Task NR-
92-536/4-25-69(473), FRK-117, 30p., May 1972. 13 refs. NTIS,
DDC: AD 743501
Concentration profiles of reactants, stable products, and reac-
tive intermediates were measured in low pressure flames of
the following systems burning on a multi-diffusion burner:
hydrogen- fluorine, hydrogen-fluorine-ammonia, acetylene-F2,
and ethylene-F2. In the first system, preliminary results for
the H2 and F-atom profiles were in good agreement with inde-
pendent measurements of the elementary reaction F + H2
yields hydrofluoric acid + H. In the H2-F2-NH3 system, am-
monia acts as an inhibitor in the H2-F2 flames due to the for-
mation of solid ammonium fluoride. The main products of the
C2H2-F2 flame are HF and carbon fluoride (CF2). The CF2
recombines to C2F4 when the burned gas is cooled. The na-
ture of the intermediates indicates that addition reactions of F
and F2 to unsaturated hydrocarbons and their radicals, respec-
tively, are important. The formation of soot in this flame is
compared to that in an acetlyene-oxygen flame. Since a large
amount of C2H4 is decomposed to C2H2 in primary reactions
of the C2H4-F2 system, the concentration profiles in this
flame are very similar to those in a C2H2-F2 flame. (Author
abstract modified)
62189
Ludwig, C. B., W. Malkmus, J. E. Reardon, and J. A. L.
Thomson
HANDBOOK OF INFRARED RADIATION FROM COM-
BUSTION GASES. National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion, Washington, D. C., Marshall Space Flight Center, 497p.,
1973. 215 refs. NTIS: NASA SP-3080
Data is presented on radiative transfer in masses of com-
bustion gases and flames. Radiant emission and absorption by
combustion gases is reviewed. Typical applications include
rocket combustion chambers and exhausts, turbojet engines
and exhausts, and industrial furnaces. Some mention is made
of radiant heat transfer problems in planetary atmospheres, in
stellar atmospheres, and in reentry plasmas. Particular con-
sideration is given to the temperature range from 500 to 3000
K and to the pressure range from 0.001 to 30 atmospheres.
Strong emphasis is given to the combustion products of
hydrocarbon fuels with oxygen, specifically to carbon dioxide,
water vapor, and carbon monoxide. Species such as hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen chloride, cyanide, hydroxide, and nitric
oxide are also discussed. A qualitative discussion is given of
molecular radiators, molecular spectra, and radiative heat
transfer in nongrey gases The procedure for evaluating heat
transfer from a given flow system is outlined, and guidelines
for practical application of the handbook are given. Detailed
discussions are presented on the properties of gaseous radia-
tors and theoretical models for spectral emission from
homogeneous and nonhomogeneous gases. Properties of the
most commonly occurnng molecules are tabulated, and
specific computational models for these molecules are
discussed. Emission from particle clouds and scattering effects
in such clouds are discussed. (Author introduction modified)
68048
Vyakhirev, D. A., L. Y. Reshetnikova, I. I. Slyusareva, N. V.
Stankova, and T N. Shuvalova
COMPOSITION OF THE VOLATILE PRODUCTS OF THE
THERMOOXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION AND COM-
BUSTION OF POLYMERS. (Sostav letuchikh produktov ter-
mookislitelnogo razlozheniya i goreniya polimernykh materi-
alov). Text in Russian. Plast. Massy, no. 9:59-61, 1974. 3 refs.
The volatile products of the oxidation of different polymers,
such as polycarbonate, polymethylmetacrylate, polymer-coated
glass fabric, capron, polyvinyl chloride, fluorine-containing
and other rubbers, adhesive tape, and divinylstyrenecarboxy-
-------
270
late latext at 300, 600, and 850 C were studied by gas-liquid
chromatography with flame-ionization detector. Carbon diox-
ide, carbon monoxide, as well as saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons were consistently present in the reaction
products. Both the CO and CO2 contents increased with the
temperature. Nitrogen oxides and ammonia were found in the
oxidation products of synthetic rubber and nitrocellulose. The
hydrochloric acid content of the combustion products of PVC
was 54.7% at 300 C, 50% at 600 C, and 49.2% at 850 C. Per-
fluoroisobutylene and carbonyl fluoride were the most toxic
products of fluorine- containing rubber. Aliphatic amines,
benzene, toluene, n-xylene, divinyl methylmetacrylate,
hydrofluoric acid, hydrogen sulfide, vinyl chloride, bu-
tylamine, formaldehyde, and phosphine were detected during
the combustion of various polymers.
69599
Chu, Chao-kang and Edgar Heckel
RADIATION INDUCED HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FORMA-
TION IN FLUORINE CONTAINING ETHANES AND
ETHENE. Preprint, East Carolina Univ., Greenville, N. C.,
Dept. of Chemistry, 18p., 1974. 32 refs.
Several fluorine containing ethanes and trifluorethane formed
hydrogen fluoride when irradiated with gamma rays in the gas
phase at 25 C. Identical hydrogen fluoride yields were ob-
served both in the absence and presence of molecular oxygen
(except for monofluoroethane), indicating that hydrogen
fluoride is formed by molecular eliminaton. A reduction in the
radiation chemical yield (number of hydrogen fluoride
molecules formed per 100 electron volts of energy absorbed by
the sample gas) with increasing sample pressure indicated that
collisional stabilization of excited fluorethane molecules
completes with the process of molecular hydrogen fluoride
elimination High radiation chemical yields for hydrogen
fluoride and carbon dioxide in mixtures of trifluoroethane and
oxygen indicated the occurrence of a chain reaction (Author
abstract modified)
78035
Clyne, M. A A. and L. W. Townsend
RATE CONSTANT MEASUREMENTS FOR RAPID REAC-
TIONS OF GROUND STATE SULPHUR 3P4(3PJ) ATOMS. In-
tern. J. Chem. Kind., vol. 1975:73-84, 1975. 39 refs. (Presented
at the Symposium on Chemical Kinetics Data for the Upper and
Lower Atmosphere, 1st, Warrenton, Va., Sept. 15-18, 1974.)
Atomic resonance fluorescence was used to directly detect
ground-state atomic sulfur (S(3Pj)) for the first time in a
discharge flow system Concentrations of S(3Pj) atoms
between 1.0 times 10 to the 10/cu cm and 1.4 times 10 to the
12/cu cm were measured The rate constants at 298 K for the
bimolccular reactions of S(3Pj) with molecular oxygen,
nitrogen dioxide, o/onc, molecular fluorine, molecular
chlorine, and molecular bromine were 1.5 + or - 0.3 times 10
to the -12, 6.2 + or - 1.4 times 10 to the -11. 1.2 + or - 0.3
times 10 to the -11, 2.9 + or - 0.8 times 10 to the -13, 1 I 4 or
- 0 1 times 10 to the -11, and 9.5 + or - I 7 times 10 to the -11
cu cm/molecule/sec, respectively. The ground state sulfur
atom appeared to be more reactive than the analagous ground
stale oxygen atom. (Author abstract modified)
80516
McDowell, C. A., F. G. Herring, and J. C Tail
ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF
HYDROGEN AND FLUORINE ATOM ADDITION TO SO2. J.
Chem. Phys., 63(8):3278-3283, Oct. 15, 1975. 25 refs.
The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the species
formed in the near ultraviolet photolysis of mixtures of argon
or krypton containing 1% hydrogen iodide and sulfur dioxide,
1% CF3OF and SO2, or F2SO2 was investigated at 4.2 K. The
species formed when an HI/SO2 mixture is photolyzed was
the symmetric sigma radical HSO2. The assignment of the
principal components of the g and hyperfine tensors is aided
by observation of preferential orientation of the trapped radi-
cal. The species formed when a CH3OF/SO2 mixture was
photolyzed in the far ultraviolet was the symmetric sigma radi-
cal FSO2. The g and A tensors were determined from an exact
solution of the spin Hamiltonian assuming a noncollinear ten-
sor axis system. (Author abstract modified)
81069
Skolnik, Edward G., Stephen W. Veysey, Mahmooda G.
Ahmed, and William E. Jones
RATE CONSTANTS FOR THE REACTION OF FLUORINE
ATOMS WITH NITRIC OXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF
VARIOUS THIRD BODIES. Can. J. Chem., 53(21):3188-3193,
Nov. 1, 1975. 20 refs.
The absolute rate constants for the reaction of fluorine atoms
with nitric oxide in the presence of argon, helium, neon,
nitrogen, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon tetrafluoride,
and hexafluoroethane are reported. The reaction of F2 atoms
with NO in the presence of a third body produces nitrosyl
fluoride in both ground and excited electronic states. The elec-
tronically excited FNO molecules decay to ground state FNO
by both radiative and nonradiative processes. In addition to
reaction with NO, F2 atoms may be lost by a wall reaction.
The values are compared to those found for reactions of
chlorine, hydrogen, and oxygen with NO. (Author abstract
modified)
81496
Byler, D. M and D F. Shriver
THE VIBRATIONAL SPF.CTRA OF ANTIMONY PEN-
TAFLUORIDE-SULFUR DIOXIDE (1/1). Inorg. Chem.,
15(l):32-35, Jan. 1976. 20 refs.
Complete solid state Raman and infrared spectra are reported
for the antimony pentafluoride-sulfur dioxide (1:1) complex,
and assignments are made for the fundamental vibrations.
Depolarization data are reported for the liquid-phase Raman
spectra The antimony-oxygen stretch in the complex is as-
signed to a band at 266/cm, this falls at a lower energy than
does antimony-nitrogen for the analogous acetonitnle complex
of antimony pentafluonde. The three fundamental vibrations
ascribed to the sulfur dioxide moiety of the antimony pen-
tafluoride-sulfur dioxide complex are assigned to Raman bands
at around 1320, 1100, and 539/em, these are shifted approxi-
mately -15, -45, and +15/cm from the values found for the
equivalent modes in free sulfur dioxide. Qualitatively, other
sulfur dioxide complexes show the same kind of shift, re-
gardless of their mode of bonding. The difference between the
two high frequency bands, however, appears to be sympto-
matic, if the difference is greater than 190/cm, the complex is
oxygen bonded, whereas, if the difference is less than 190/cm,
the complex is bonded through the sulfur (free sulfur dioxide
liquid displays a difference between the two high frequency
bands of approximately 190/cm) Author abstract modified)
-------
271
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
00165
M. Klemfeld
ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA OF CHEMICAL ORIGIN.
Ind. Hyg. Rev. 7, (2) 1-10, Dec. 1965. (Reprinted from the Arch.
Environ. Health 10, 942-6, June 1965.)
Six instances of pulmonary edema due to toxic exposure to
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, cadmium oxide fumes, dimethyl
sulfate. hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen fluoride are presented
The problems of diagnosis are discussed. In view of the
unusual severity of these cases, the following points were
stressed: (1) the need of the physician to he aware of the
possible industrial origin in all instances where the cause of
the pulmonary edema is obscure; (2) the importance of careful
observation of the patient known to be exposed to an agent
capable of producing a delayed pulmonary edema, even in the
initial absence of any symptoms; (3) since certain of these
agents, such as ozone and hydrogen sulfide, can act on the
central nervous system to produce respiratory depression, it is
contraindicated to administer morphine in these instances.
Digitalis likewise has no place in the management of pulmona-
ry edema caused by exposure to the chemicals mentioned. The
effective treatment is primarily preventive, which calls for
proper ventilation of the work environment and an adequate
knowledge of the operational processes and procedures. The
immediate treatment should include the following: (1) oxygen
under controlled positive pressure to the inspiratory cycle, (2)
nebulized bronchial dilators for the bronchial spasm, (3) ste-
roids in the more severe cases, (4) broad-spectrum antibiotics
for superimposed bacterial infection, (5) nebulized nonirntant
bronchial detergents for incieasing mucous secretion, and (6)
tracheostomy as indicated. (Author)
01047
D. Lester and W R Adams
THE INHALATIONAL TOXICITY OE OXYGEN
DIFLUORIDE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. .1. 26(6):562-7, Dec. 1965.
(Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Houston, lex., May 6, 1965.)
The acute inhalational toxicity of oxygen difluoride in the al-
bino nil has been determined at concentrations of 5 to 40 ppm
for 5 to 15 minutes A CT product (ppm-mmutes) of about 100
results in 50'g. Assoc. J., Vol. 27:234-
238, June 1966.
Dogs, uits, mice, and rabbits were exposed to an atmosphere
of \(Yi chloropentafluoroethane for 90 exposures of six houis
each. Body weight and clinical condition of rodents were unaf-
fected Rat and dog blood, urine analyses, and urinary fluoride
analyses revealed no significant changes. Dog weight gain,
temperature, respiration, and pulse were normal, dross ex-
amination, histology, and organ weights of all species revealed
no effects attributable to chloropentafluoroethane An industri-
al hygiene standard of 1000 ppm as an eight-houi time-
weighted average is suggested (Author abstract)
01674
S S Woltz CD Leonard
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES UPON CERT UN
METABOLIC PROCESSES IN VALENCIA ORANGE
LEAVES. Proc. Florida State Hort. Sue. 77, 9-15, 1964.
(Presented at the Florida State Horticultural Society. Miami,
Nov. 3-6, 1964.)
The removal of fluoride from the atmosphere around Valencia
orange trees resulted in greater rates of photosynthesis.
enhanced chlorophyll contents and lower rates of respiration
-------
272
The degree of removal of fluoride was estimated by leaf analy-
sis and by the degree of development of fluoride leaf scorch
of gladiolus indicator plants. Preliminary procedures were
tested for the removal and measurement of leaf-surface
reacted fluorides Time course measurements were made of
the resistance of leaf- surface fluorides to removal by weather-
ing outdoors. It was found that surface reacted fluoride from
hydrofluoric acid solution dips remained on the leaves out-
doors for nine days. Brief immersion (15 seconds) in dilute
hydrofluoric acid solutions resulted in a depression in
photosynthesis activity and in a significant closure of stomata.
Needs for further research are discussed. (Author summary)
01728
L. Ordin and A. Altman
INHIBITION OF PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE ACTIVITY IN
OAT COLEOPTILES BY AIR POLLUTANTS. Physiol. Plan-
tarum 18, 790-7, 1965.
A marked inhibition of cellulose and of glucan biosynthesis in-
duced by the air pollutants fluoride, ozone and peroxyacetyl
nitrate (PAN) was found in oat coleoptile sections. It was sug-
gested that a common point of attack by these inhibitors might
be phosphoglucomutase which catalyzes the interconversion of
glucose-6-phosphate and glucose- 1 -phosphate. Glucose- 1-
phosphate is a probable precursor for glucan and cellulose
biosynthesis Fluoride is known to inhibit plant phosphoglu-
comutase in vitro more than the other enzymes involved in
sucrose biosynthesis. Photooxidation producing mactivation
has been carried out with pure phosphoglucomutase of animal
origin. The influence of the air pollutant oxidants both in vivo
and in vitro on this enzyme is unknown The purpose of this
report is to present results concerning the effect of these in-
hibitors on phosphoglucomutase activity in oat coleoptile tis-
sue and the effects on enzyme prepared from this tissue.
01794
V. Pinla. L. Noro, A. Laamanen
AIR POLLUTION AND ALLERGY. Acta Allergol.
(Copenhagen) 18, 113-30, 1963
After describing some examples of acute air pollution
episodes, the authors give a brief review of natural air pollu-
tion from the allergological point of view. Cultural air pollution
is considered under two headings: indoor or local, and outdoor
or general The capacity of some chemical present in outdoor
air-SO2, H2S, NH3, Be and F-to provoke allergic diseases is
discussed on the basis of the literature and personal investiga-
tions Finally some figures and examples are given regarding
the quality and degree of air pollution in the USA and in Fin-
land. The authors stress the difficulty which aneses in fixing
the maximum allowable concentrations for general air pollu-
tion. owing to the wide variations in physiological response in
general and in allergic reactivity in particular (Author summa-
IV modified)
(INHALED NOXIOUS POLLUTANTS.) Pollutants nocifs in-
hales. (Part of Chapter 1: Les pollutions et 'nuisances d'origine
industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1. Leur prevention et les
probleines scientifiques et techniques qu'elle pose en France.)
Premier Ministre, Delegation generale a la recherche scien-
tifique ct technique. 13-7, June 1966.
This information on inhaled noxious pollutants, which is
presented in brief semi-outline form, deals with, chronic and
acute effects, influence of dusts on the lungs, influence of
non-carcinogenic pollutants, influence of bacteria and viruses,
and principal areas of concern in research. Pollutants must be
considered both for their independent effect and for that
which is conditioned by the state of health of the person such
as that of persons with cardiovascular impairment or chronic
bronchitis. Reactions from a number of pollutants, including
ozone, nitrous vapors, and carbon monoxide, are of great con-
cern. Research studies are being pursued with synthetic at-
mospheres in relation to synergistic actions, with studies of
the atmosphere in certain areas of Pans during a normal
period and during a period of smog; with toxicological studies
of certain chemical agents, particularly sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and various fluonne compounds, with a view of
fixing their limits of tolerance; with the carcinogenic potential
of chemical agents as pollutants; and with consideration of the
respiratory tree as influenced by inhaled chemical agents and
studies of respiratory insufficiencies. This information is given
in a section of Chapter 1 of this monograph.
03246
Y. Yoshida
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON CHRONIC FLUORINE
POISONING. Effects of a Small Amount of Fluorine on a Liv-
ing Body. Japan. J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 1, (7-8) 683-90, Nov.
1959. Text in Japanese.
The following experiment is described: in 4 groups of rabbits,
sodium fluoride (0.017, and 1.67 mg (kg body weight) was ad-
ministered orally for 20 months. There were no striking
changes in body weight, the blood picture, or the ECG. Mot-
tled teeth and abrasion of the incisors were noted after 7
months. Symptoms of bone hardening such as swelling of the
epithelium, increase of diameter, and increase in bending were
observed. Swelling, turbidity, and vacuolation in liver and kid-
ney, cells and slight myocardial fiber atrophy were observed,
depending on the amount of fluorine administered.
Pathohistological degeneration of the liver, kidney, heart, and
spleen could be noted in the offspring of treated rabbits.
03394
R.J. Catcott
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON ANIMALS. World Health
Organ. Monograph Ser. 46 (Air Pollution), 1961. pp. 221-31.
The report of animal morbidity and mortality which followed
major air pollution episodes would be regarded critically. The
investigations of these acute and intense exposures to air pol-
lution have been done retrospectively. It is significant that the
owners' reports of injury to animals could not be corroborated
by professional observers at the Donora disaster. The high rate
of animal mortality which allegedly occurred at Poza Rica is
generally in contradiction to the information concerning the
relative susceptibility to air pollutants of animal species which
have been studied experimentally. The synergistic roles of
physiological and of external environmental influences on
reactions to air pollution indicate that the interactions of many
factors may be necessary to produce critical situations. In con-
trast to the paucity of information concerning natural exposure
to most air- borne pollutants, the effects of fluorides on
animals have been defined well. Laboratory research has pro-
vided important information concerning the effects of specific
pollutants on animals. Mice, rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and
monkeys have been utilized to demonstrate the toxic proper-
ties of such air pollutants as sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid,
hydrogen sulfide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, organic compounds,
and some dusts Information which has been obtained by ar-
tifiicial exposure of animals is providing some indices of both
human and animal effects to be expected from natural expo-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
273
sures. A well-integrated attack, in the field and in the laborato-
ry, will be necessary to divulge the true details of the biologi-
cal effects of polluted air. (Author summary modified)
04145
S. Akashi
THE MECHANISM PRODUCING METAL FEVER IN THE
PROCESS OF WELDING WITH LOW HYDROGEN-TYPE
ELECTRODES. Japan J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 3, (4) 237-48,
Apr. 1967. Jap.
The causes of metal fume fever might be attributed to the high
emission of MgO particles in the dusts from the low-hydrogen
type electrodes during the welding process. Using 4 types of
electrodes including low-hydrogen type electrodes, the
mineralogical composition of coating materials was determined
by microscopical examinations. CaF2, ferrosilicon, a large
amount of CaCO3, MgCO3 (in the form of dolomite), and
water glass were found. After experimental welding was per-
formed with different electrodes, one evidence of melting was
found at the end of low-hydrogen type electrodes, while the
end of another type showed the evidence of melting by the
heat of the arc. By the thermobalance method the author mea-
sured the change in weight during continuous heating and ex-
amined the time-weight loss curve at different firing tempera-
tures. The heating curves of the low-hydrogen type electrodes
show a maximum decrease of weight at 600 C (as a result of
the decomposition of carbonates), a marked increase of weight
(as a result of oxidation) by heating above 600 C, the definite
loss of weight as a result of a high porosity above 800 C, and
a high sensitivity to the sudden change of temperature.
Definite heat absorption at 500 C and 750 C and heat evolution
at 600 C were observed in the differential thermal analysis of
the low-hydrogen type electrodes, properties which are impor-
tant as a cause of rapid destruction of the material. It was
found that the porosity of the fired material after heating
above 800 C shows a marked decrease in the number of
MgCO3 particles, signs of dehydration of the water glass, and
production of new round crystalline formations from the fer-
rosilicon particles which had originally irregular contours.
(Author summary modified)
04734
K Koshi, H. Hayashi, A. Hamada, and H. Sakabe
THE TOXIC EFFECT OF THE VARIOUS DUSTS ON THE
INTRAPERITONEAL MONOCYTE IN RAT. Bull. Natl. Inst.
Ind. Health (Kawasaki, Japan) 6, 10-27, 1961.
The toxic effect of various mineral dusts on the monocyte of
the rat is described. In a study of the effect of particle size on
cell toxicity, it was assumed that the toxicity was indicated by
the inhibition of the dehydrogenase activity of the cultured
monocytes. The cell toxicity increased with the decrease of
particle size in leached quartz, but it did not correlate in such
a manner in particle sizes under 2 microns in original quartz or
sericite. In a study of toxic doses to the monocytes of various
mineral dusts based on the tetrazolium reducing capacity, the
doxicities of the dusts decreased in the following order: (1)
Tridymite; (2) NaOH leached quartz, quartz ground by hand
for 2 min, fused silica, and cristobalite; (3) Serecite (Hitachi);
(4) Opal, pyrophyllite, talc, sericite (Yoji), and Kibushi-clay,
(5) Topaz, fluorite, tourmaline, cyanite, diatomaceous earth,
serecite (Nasu), halloysite and sphalerite; (6) Olivine and
asbestos; and (7) Microcline chlorite, diposide, obsidian, albite
beryl, pyrite, muscovite, and anthracite.
04849
R. A. Call, D. A. Greenwood, W. H. LeCheminant, J. L.
Shupe, H. M. Nielsen, L. E. Olson, R. E. Lamborn, F. L.
Mangelson, and R. V. Davis
HISTOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES IN MAN ON
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE. Public Health Rept. 80, (6) 529-38,
June 1965.
In this investigation, 127 human bodies were autopsied and
studied for gross, histological, and chemical evidence of
fluoride intoxication. Eighty-eight of these deceased persons
came from geographic areas known to have had a elevated
fluoride levels in the atmosphere and forage. Analyses for
fluoride, calcium, phosphorus, and ash were made on the cal-
vanum, sternum, rib, iliac crest, and lumbar vertebrae. Deter-
minations for fluoride and dry matter were made on the brain,
heart, lungs, thyroid, aorta, liver spleen, pancreas, and kidney.
The highest fluoride levels were observed in older adults
showing the end-stage kidney of bilateral pyelonephritis and
polycystic disease. Average levels were found in subjects with
unilateral pyelonephritis and in subjects with pyelonephritis
with only slight to moderate disease. The highest fluoride
levels found, in subjects with the most severe kidney disease,
were within the normal range, and no disease associated with
fluorides was evident. Because the number of cases of chronic
renal disease in this series was limited, further studies seem
advisable. (Author summary)
04927
R. A. Abbanat and R. P. Smith
THE INFLUENCE OF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA ON THE
LETHALITY OF SOME TOXIC ANIONS. I. Azide. Toxicol.
Appl. Pharmacol. 6, (5) 576-83, Sept. 1964.
The time course and extent of the methemoglobinemia induced
by intrapentoneal sodium nitrite and p-aminopropiophenone
(PAPP) have been characterized in female mice. The peak
methemoglobin formation (34%) from sodium nitrite (75
mg/kg) is achieved in about 40 minutes. Comparable levels
from PAPP (15 mg/kg) are achieved more quickly (between 5
and 10 minutes) but decline more rapidly to normal. Both
nitrite- and PAPP-induced methemoglobinemia afford a signifi-
cant degree of protection against poisoning by sodium azide
when administered in an appropriate time sequence. It was not
possible under the same circumstances to protect mice against
death from fluoride, cyanate, thiocyanate, selenate, or borate,
although some prolongation of survival time was seen after
fluoride. The formation of the azidemethemoglobin complex
has been demonstrated within intact mouse red blood cells,
and small amounts of the complex were identified in vivo in
an antidotal situation. It is considered important that the pro-
tective action of methemoglobinemia has been demonstrated to
date only against established inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase
(Author summary)
04983
E. J. Largent
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON MAN AND ANIMALS. Proc.
Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 1st, Pasadena, Calif., 1949. pp. 129-
34.
Chronic fluorosis in livestock is the effect most frequently as-
sociated with the release of fluorides into the general at-
mosphere. A herd of cows, ranging in age from five to thirteen
years, was examined on a farm adjacent to a factory in which
rock phosphate was being processed. The length of time dur-
ing which the cows had been pastured near this factory ranged
from five to nine years. Most of the animals displayed symp-
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274
toms of chronic fluorosis. Analysis of tissues obtained from
three of the affected cows indicates that the animals had con-
siderable exposure to fluorides. Samples of elm leaves con-
tained fluoride to the extent of nearly 7,000 ppm and samples
of grass approximately 300 ppm. In a few instances samples of
air collected on the farm had remarkably high fluoride concen-
trations. The gaseous portions of the samples always contained
far less than 1 ppm, while the concentrations of particulate
fluorides were sometimes much higher than the gaseous com-
ponent, a factor which was important in the production of
fluorosis. Information as the effects of human exposure to
fluorides is separated on the basis of its relationship to the
acute effects, and the chronic effects. The metabolic fluoride
balance of an experimental subject during periods of normal
and elevated intake are tabulated. It is concluded that the pol-
lution of the atmosphere with fluorides, as the result of indus-
trial operations, may contaminate near-by vegetation and in-
duce chronic fluorosis among cattle grazing thereon. However,
it seems unlikely that any human discomfort or impairment of
human health will occur from present normal industnal opera-
tions.
05504
R. J. Conroy
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON VEGETATION.
Proc. Clean Air Conf., Univ. New South Wales, Vol. 1, 22p.,
1962, Paper 8.
Solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants are present in the at-
mosphere. Ash, grit and tars in smoke form mechanical bar-
riers to the maximum use of solar energy by the plant. Dusts
from chemical manufacture interfere with the plant's
physiological processes and acid aerosols cause leaf spotting.
Coal combustion releases sulphur dioxide and various industri-
al processes release gaseous fluorides. Extensive injury has
resulted from the continuous emission of these gases in
agricul- turan and pine forest areas. Other gaseous pollutants
have beenof less importance on a large scale. Sulphur dioxide
is toxic to sensitive plants in parts per million of air and flou-
rides are toxic in part per thousand million. Plants vary widely
in their sensitivity to either sulphur dioxide or fluorides and in
their relative sensitivity to both gases. Environmental factors
have a marked effect on sensitivity. Studies of meteorological
data, air analyses, plant analysis and of the reaction of indica-
tor plants have been of value in the determination of gaseous
pollutant damage. A mathematical formula for the objective
assessment of sulphur dioxide damage has been denved and
losses in some crops have been calculated. Mathematical as-
sessment of fluoride damage has not yet been possible. Any
assessment of crop damage by air pollutants must call for a
parallel evaluation of the reductions in yield which would
result from unfavourable environmental influences, e.g.
weather damage, from toxic materials in the soil, from nutrient
deficiencies and from the depredations of insect pests or plant
damage diseases. (Author abstract)
05833
Goldsmith, John R.
AIR CONSERVATION - THE BIOLOGIST S VIEW. Preprint,
American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 13p., 1963.
(Presented at the American Association for the Advancement of
Science Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, Dec. 29, 1963.)
The effects of air pollution on the biosphere are reviewed in
terms of the necessity for establishing a strategy of air conser-
vation. Topics covered include: air pollution episodes as-
sociated with increased morbidity and mortality rates;
epidemiologic studies investigating the association between air
pollution and increased rates of respiratory disease and
cancer; physiologic tests designed to determine the effects of
sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide on experimental animals
and human volunteers; the irritating effects of irradiated motor
vehicle exhaust on the respiratory tract and eye; the action of
ozone as an irritant and phytotoxicant; the effects of
photochemical oxidants and fluorides on vegetation and
animals feeding off of such vegetation; and the necessity for
air conservation plans which take into account the air shed
and dilution capacity of the environment.
06288
T. R. Carson and F. T. Wilinski
ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF
TETRAFLUOROHYDRAZINE. (Army Chemical Research and
Development Labs., Edge wood Arsenal, Md., Toxicology Divi-
sion.) (May 1963). 15 pp. (Rept. No. CRDLR 3174.)
Experiments were designed to study the effects of
tetrafluorohydrazine resulting from single, short-exposure
periods. Rats were exposed to various concentrations of N2F4
for single 15-,60-, and 240-min periods, and the LC50'S were
calculated. A 60-min LC50 for guinea pigs was also deter-
mined. In addition, rats and dogs were exposed to several con-
centrations below the 15- and 60-min rat LC50's. The criteria
used to evaluate the toxicity of N2F4 were eye and nasal ir-
ritation, cyanosis, and hematologic and pathologic changes.
Pathologic changes were the least effective measure for deter-
mining the toxicity of N2F4 in the short exposures. The other
signs decreased in severity as the concentration was lowered.
Rats showed signs of eye and nasal irritation at concentrations
causing no such effects in dogs. At these concentrations, how-
ever, dogs had a greater increase in methemoglobin than did
the rats. Based on the responses of rats and dogs, the
threshold concentrations for the production of toxic effects
were about 500 and 100 ppm of N2F4 for 15 and 60 mm,
respectively. (Author abstract)
06485
FLUORIDE-BEARING DUSTS AND FUMES (INORGANIC).
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 26 (4), 426-30 (Aug. 1965).
Guidelines for industrial health considerations and procedures
for those exposed to fluoride-bearing dusts and fumes (inor-
ganic) are set forth. In general, these compounds are more
neutral in comparison to gaseous and liquid fluoride com-
pounds and all are soluble in inorganic acids. They may
decompose and react with other compounds to give off HF
and other irritating compounds. Hygienic Standards: (1)
Recommended Maximal Atmospheric Concentrations (8 hrs):
2.5 mg (F ion)/cu m of air; (2) Short exposures may vary wide-
ly, the more soluble fluoride forms being the more toxic.
Toxic Properties: (1) Inhalation - repeated exposures to exces-
sive concentrations of fluorides in the air over a long period of
time result in increased radiographic density of the bones and
may be responsible for anatomical abnormalities; (2) Skin Con-
tact - this may cause rash; Eye Contact - exposures to neutral
dusts and fumes have not been considered serious; Ingestion:
acute fluoride intoxication may result from ingestion of soluble
fluorides, like NaF" in amounts as low as 500 mg; chronic
fluoride intoxication or fluorosis may result from daily intake
of excessive amounts of fluoride over long periods of time.
Evaluation of exposures: (1) Air sampling and analysis: A
systematic air sampling program should be carried on to ascer-
tain that the average concentration of fluorides in the air does
not exceed recommended levels. (2) Biological sampling and
analysis: A systematic program of urine analysis should be
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
275
conducted for personnel exposed to fluorides; (3) Water
sampling: The standard method of the American Society for
Testing and Materials and the method listed in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater In-
cluding Bottom Sediments and Sludges are recommended. (4)
Hazards and their Recommended Control: The principal
problem from industrial exposures to the fluorides other than
the highly corrosive forms is fluorosis caused by inhalation or
ingestion.
06497
O. M. Derryberry, M. D. Bartholomew, and R. B. L. Fleming
FLUORIDE EXPOSURE AND WORKER HEALTH (THE
HEALTH STATUS OF WORKERS IN A FERTILIZER
MANUFACTURING PLANT IN RELATION TO FLUORIDE
EXPOSURK). Arch. Environ. Health 6(4), 503-11 (Apr. 1963).
Clinical and laboratory studies were conducted to assess the
health of a group of workers exposed to fluorides as compared
with a group of workers equivalent in age, race, and living
standards without industrial exposure to fluorides. No disabili-
ty attributed to fluoride exposure was encountered in any of
the individuals in this study. Minimal or questionable degrees
of increased bone density were found in 23% of the fluoride-
exposed group. Abnormal findings related to the gastroin-
testinal and cardiovascular systems occurred in the two groups
with approximately equal frequency. The distribution of
findings suggestive of not-normal genitourinary conditions was
approximately the same for the fluoride-exposed group and the
control group except for the incidence of albuminuria which
was found to be higher in the exposed group. This finding and
its distribution in the sub-groups suggest the possibility of a
relationship between fluoride exposure and increased excretion
of albumin in the urine. The fluoride excretion level of 4 mg.
of fluoride per bter in urine samples collected at the end of the
work shift has been found to serve as a useful reference level
for evaluating atmospheric fluoride exposure where industrial
environmental concentrations vary widely and in determining
the probability of incurring increased bone density. (Author
summary modified)
06675
Z. Ya. Lmdberg
EFFECT OF SUPERPHOSPHATE PRODUCTION
DISCHARGES ON CHILDREN'S HEALTH . U.S.S.R. Litera-
ture on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol.
7, 284-8, 1962. (Gigiena i Sanit.,) 25 (5), 89-96 (1960). Russ.
(Tr.) CFSTI: 62-11103
In order to assess the possible health effects of emissions
from a superphosphate plant, the frequency of upper respira-
tory illness was studied in 2053 children. Of this total, 1375
children lived in the vicinity of the plant and 678 were con-
trols. Air samples were taken in the inhabited zones around
the plant at distances of 500 and 3000 meters. The concentra-
tions in excess of allowable limits are given for SO2, H2SO4,
F, and NOx. Most of the children involved in the study were
given either x-ray or fluoroscopic chest examinations. The
results of these examinations were correlated with tuberculin
skin tests. The data indicated that children residing in the area
of the superphosphate plant had a higher frequency of both
upper respiratory ailments and tuberculosis.
07013
DeVilliers, A. J., and P. Gross
THE PULMONARY RESPONSE OF RATS TO FLUORSPAR
DUST AND RADIATION. Proc. Intern. Symp. Inhaled Particles
Vapours, II, Cambridge, England, 1965. p. 135-140, 1967.
An attempt was made to study separately the biological effects
of fluorspar and radiation and the possible effect of radiation
per se on the clearance of dust from the pulmonary tissues.
Dust was, injected six weeks after irradiation (external radia-
tion). This time interval was determined by a pilot study and
coincided with a maximum early recovery from acute radiation
injury. In these experiments, calcium fluoride (fluorspar) in-
jected mtratracheally in adequate dosage caused no significant
pulmonary fibrosis and behaved as a so-called inert dust. X-ir-
radiation of the chest in rats at the dosages used in this in-
vestigation produced relatively slight collagenization of al-
veolar walls, several mouse-type adenomata and an adenocar-
cinoma within one year following irradiation. No inhibition of
alveolar clearance was observed when lung dust burden was
imposed six weeks following the irradiation. The failure of the
X-irradiation to affect the alveolar clearance mechanism is at-
tributed to the timing of the dust-burden imposition, a time
when the alveolar lining had recovered from the radiation ef-
fects. A greater degree of alveolar fibrosis in the radiation-
plus-dust animals than in the other groups was observed. Addi-
tive or adjuvant factors require further study. A high incidence
of endemic chronic broncho-pulmonary disease was observed
among dusted animals whereas none was found in stock con-
trols or in animals exposed to radiation only.
07098
Noro, L., V. Pirila, and A. Laamanen
AIR POLLUTION AND ALLERGY. (Work Environ. Health
(Helsinki),) Vol. 1, p. 2-15, Oct. 1962.
The authors current knowledge regarding the problem of air
pollution and allergy is reviewed and observations made in
Finland are presented. Air pollution is divided into natural and
cultural the former deriving from wind pollinated plants and
the latter from industrial sources. Emphasis is on cultural pol-
lution and major pollutants such as SO2, beryllium, and
fluorine are treated individually. It is pointed out that there is
a disparity between maximum allowable concentrations, as
commonly set, and concentrations tolerated by allergic in-
dividuals.
07344
J Migueres, M. Layssol, G. Moreau, A. Jover J. Tricoire
PULMONARY SCLERODERMA AND ASSOCIATED FLUOR
SPAR SILICOSIS- RELATION BETWEEN SCLERODERMA
AND SILICOSIS. ((Sclerodermie Pulmonaire et Silicose du
Spath Fluor Associee Rapports Entre Sclerodermie et Silicose.))
Text in French. J. Franc. Med. Chir. Thorac. (Paris), 20(6):603-
618, Sept.-Oct. 1966. 43 refs.
A case is reported of a fluor spar miner in whom was found
scleroderma of the sclerodactylic type with subacute myositis,
complex endocrine disorders, gynecomastia, and dysoric
retmopathy. A pulmonary biopsy showed Sclerodermie diffuse
interstitial fibrosis and nodular silicotic lesions. Photomicro-
graphs are shown of muscular, skin, and pulmonary biopsy
specimens as well as chest plates. There are anumber of
problems associated with this case such as the effects of the
fluor spar on the lung, the pulmonary effects of schleroderma,
and the association of scleroderma and silicosis. Recent
statistics show that the association is not unvommon, but as
yet no specific anatomic or radiological characteristics have
been determined. The incidence of scleroderma in miners s
high and the question of pathogenic relation between
scleroderma and pneumoconiosis has not been answered.
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276
07917
Keplinger, M. L.
FLUORINE TOXICITY STUDIES. Miami Univ., Fla., School of
Medicine, Grant NASA-NGR-10-007-012, Up., bSdec. 1, 1966.
(Status Progress Report.) NASA: N67-28013
Studies to determine the toxic effects of fluorine are being
continued. The results summarized in this report generally are
preliminary. The concentrations which cause irritation in man
were determined. When rats and mice survive for six months
after exposures which damage the kidneys, regeneration of the
tissue is essentially complete. Repeated, intermittent exposures
to fluorine appeared to cause lesser effects than a single expo-
sure at the same concentration. Animals exposed to low con-
centrations of fluorine appear to be less susceptible to the ef-
fects caused by exposure to high concentrations of fluorine
than animals which have not been exposed previously. The
formation of edema following exposure to fluorine was shown.
Succinic dehydrogenase may be increased in the lung after in-
halation of fluorine. Very young and rather old mice ap-
parently are no more susceptible to fluorine than the young
adult animal. (Author's summary)
07961
DeVilliers, A. J.
CANCER OF THE LUNG IN A GROUP OF FLUORSPAR
MINERS. Can. Cancer Conf. (Ontario), Vol. 6, p. 460-474,
1964. 13 refs.
A study of the community of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland in-
cluding the entire physical environment of the people was un-
dertaken because of the statistically significant number of
deaths due to lung cancer and tuberculosis. All of the deaths
duo to lung cancer involved individuals who were born in St.
Lawrence and who had worked in the fluorspar mining indus-
try at some period. An analysis of underground dust samples
from the mines showed concentrations of SiO2 and CaF2
which, though high, were not considered alarming. The
unusual factor proved to be radon daughters in the at-
mosphere, from the mine ground water. Ventilation was in-
stalled in the mines. Ratios of actual fatalities to statistically
expectable mortalities for the area gave figures in a range of
12.56-146 34. The increasing incidence with increasing duration
of underground exposure indicated an occupational hazard.
Smoking was also mentioned as a contributing factor but
heredity was inconclusive Tuberculosis and malignancies of
the buccal system and digestive system were also found with
increased exposure. Full statistics on atmospheric findings and
tables of death statistics for the population of the mines are in-
cluded.
08030
Reed, Donald J., Frank N. Dost, and Chih H. Wang
EXPOSURES OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO INORGANIC
FLUORIDE OXIDIZING AGENTS. VOLUME II. FLUORIDE
ANALYSIS BY CHEMICAL METHODS. Oregon State Univ.,
Corvallis, Radiation Center, Contract AF 33 (615) - 1799, Proj.
6302, Task 630202, AMRL-TR-65223-VoI II, 20p., Dec. 1965. 19
refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 630593
Methods are described for assaying the fluoride content of
ashed samples of plant and animal tissues. Using the Hall
method, submicrogram quantities of fluoride were measured
and a new procedure was devised to measure fluoride in a 1 to
8 microgram range. Modification of the Weinstein procedure,
in which an AutoAnalyzer is used, permitted rapid and
semiautomated analysis samples containing 2.5 to 100 micro-
grams of fluoride. (Authors' abstract)
08031
M. L. Keplinger
FLUORINE TOXICITY STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
MIAMI. (SEMI-ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT.) Miami Iniv.,
Fla., Research and Teaching Center of Toxicology, Grant NGR-
10-008-012, CR-69992, 6p., Nov. 308 1965. CFSTI: N68-18861
Animals were exposed to fluorine in a specially developed ex-
posure chamber. Signs of intoxication from high concentra-
tions of fluorine in air were marked irritation of the mucous
membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. The skin of the
animals showed very little irritation at the concentrations used.
The LC50 (concentration calculated to kill 50% of the animals)
was determined for 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes of exposure in
both rats and mice. The LC50 for guinea pigs was determined
for 15 and 60 minutes of exposure, while the LC50 in rabbits
was determined after 5 and 30 minutes of exposure. There ap-
peared to be very little difference between the LC50's of the
different species. At lower concentrations there were fewer
signs of intoxication. Dyspnea, lethargy, red nose and swollen
eyes were observed at concentrations equivalent to 50% of the
LCSO's. At concentrations which were 25% of the LC50's
there were only mild signs of intoxication, manifested by slight
dyspnea and closed eyes. At lower concentrations there were
no gross signs of intoxication. Complete blood counts of these
animals showed no significant changes, however it is interest-
ing that the clotting time appeared to be affected. Although
this phenomenon was not tested (but probably should be) the
blood did not seem to clot as rapidly as normal. Gross patholo-
gy found in animals, which succumbed from exposure or were
sacrificed following exposure near the LC50's, was con-
gestion, hemorrhage and atelectasis in the lungs and some con-
gestion and/or mottling in the liver. Survivors which were
sacrificed up to 45 days after such exposures had congestion
in the lungs and occasional congestion in the liver. There was
some discoloration of the kidneys in animals which were sacri-
ficed 8 to 14 days after exposure. This appeared to be more
prevalent in mice than in other animals. Gross changes in the
lungs were found after sacrifice of animals which showed no
signs of intoxication. The information ot date indicates that
concentrations of about 10 to 15% of the LCSO's cause little or
no gross pathology in the lungs.
08201
Derradenko, N. M.
THE EFFECT OF MIXED INDUSTRIAL DUST ON THE OR-
GANISM-Gigiena i Sanit., No. 11:26-29, 1954. 13 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 4, p. 243-
247, Aug. 1960. CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Knowledge of the combined action of mixed dust is essential
for the determination of hygienic limits of allowable dust con-
centration in the air, and for the rational selection of means
for the protection of sanitary working conditions in mixed dust
generating industries. Mixed dust containing quartz and he-
matite (ferric oxide), quartz and fluorite, quartz and coal, and
quartz and chalk were investigated. Chalk dust used as bulk
material in the preparation of mixed dust samples of uniform
compnent ratios. Each dust mixture consisted of 50 percent
quartz and 50 percent admixture. The dust mixtures were in-
troduced intratracheally in 4 series of tests using white rats.
Animals were kept under observation 6 - 8 months then sacri-
ficed and their internal organs were fixed in 10 percent for-
malin. It was shown that: a) dust mixtures containing 50 per-
cent silicon dioxide and 50 percent coal or hematite had a less
pronounced pathogenic effect than the same percentage of sil-
icon dioxide alone; b) fluorite admixture did not lower the ef-
fect of silicon dioxide but changed its character; this may be
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
277
regarded as due to an added increase in pathogenic effect of
such a mixture of dusts. Differences in the chemical nature of
the dust components may necessitate a change in the limit of
allowable dust concentration arrived at on the basis of the pri-
mary component alone.
08702
Lewis, Charles E., and G. R. Kerby
AN EPIDEMIC OF POLYMER-FUME FEVER. J. Am. Med.
Assoc., 191(5): 103-106, Feb. 1, 1965. 18 refs.
An 'epidemic' of Polymer-fume fever involved 36 of 61 em-
ployees in one industry over a 90-day period. All of those in-
volved demon strated the classic history of an influenza-like
syndrome, with fever and chills occuring several hours after
exposure to the pro- ducts of pyrolysis of
polytetrafluoreoethylene (Teflon). The majority of cases
resulted from this material. A study of pulmon- ary function of
all workers involved demonstrated changes that could be ac-
counted for only on the basis of smoking habits. Three per-
sons experienced changes in pulmonary function sonsistant
with mild obstruction of airways, in association with the onset
of symptoms. While no serious consequneces were observed,
the effect of these illnesses upon the health and productivity
of the group could have been prevented. (Author Abstract)
09575
Singer, Leon and W. D. Armstrong
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN BONE WITH THE
FLUORIDE ELECTRODE. Anal. Chem. (U.S.), 40(3):613-614,
March 1968. 8 rets.
Electrodes made from single-crystal sections of rare earth
fluoride have been developed to measure fluoride ion activity
in solution A simple direct method for determination of
fluoride in bone with the use of a fluoride ion electrode and a
conventional potassium chloride electrode is rapid and accu-
rate. Factors such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, and
some other ions must be rigorously controlled in both standard
and unknown solutions to obtain meaningful results. The
method is applicable also to fluoride in the ash of other normal
and pathological calcifications.
10203
Balazova, G., L. Balazovjechova, and V. Kirilcukova
DEFIH ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN LIV-
ING IN THE VICINITY OF ALUMINUM WORKS. (Hlbkovy
rozbor zdravotneho stavu deti v sidlis- kac z okolia zavodu na
vyrobu hlinika.) Translated from Slovak. Cesk. Hyg., 5(10):573-
579, 1960. 20 refs.
Children living in a village in the vicinity of an aluminum plant
and in a control village were examined for hemoglobin per-
centage, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, differentiation of
the blood coun amount of fluorides eliminated in urine, and
general state of healt In the case of the children of the af-
fected village radiogiaphs we also taken of the bones, and the
children's teeth were examined I the affected village the
average percentage of hemoglobin was 62.85 in the 6-8-year-
old group and 69.55 in the 9-11-year-old group as compared to
70.95 and 72.25 respectively in the control village. T average
erythrocyte count in children of the affected village was
3,958,000 in the 6-8-year- old group and 4,208,000 in the 9-11-
year old group as compared to 3,741,000 and 3,783,000 respec-
tively in th control village. No substantial differences were
found in the valu of segmented and unsegmented neutrophiles,
eosinophiles, basophiles and the lymphocyte and monocyte
counts between children of the affected village and the control
village. The average level of fluorides eliminated in urine was
0.91 mg/1 in children of the affected village as compared to
0.48 mg/1 in those of the control village Evaluation of subjec-
tive complaints and objective symptom shows no perceptible
differences between children of the affected village and those
of the control village. Radiographs of bones for children of the
affected village showed no changes which could be suggestive
of pathological and significant fluorosis. The teeth of the chil-
dren from the affected village also showed no traces of fluori-
sis as yet. (Authors' summary)
10247
Ivanov, A. E. and K. I. Gorel'chik
BEHAVIOUR OF RADIOACTIVE CERIUM FLOURIDE (144
Ce F3) IN THE LUNGS INTRODUCED INTRATRACHEALLY
((Povedenie v legkikh radioaktivnogo ftoristogo tserija (144 Ce
F3) pri vrutritrakheal'nom vvedemi.)) Text in Russian. Med.
Radiol. (Moscow), 5(7):65-69, 1965. 10 refs.
A colloidal solution of cerium fluoride (144 Ce F3) was in-
troduced into the trachea of 60 chinchilla rabbits. Each rabbit,
weighing about 3 kg, was administered 0.5 ml of solution
trascutaneously. The solution had a radioactivity of 25 me
(specific radioactivity 50 me/ml). Scanograms of the lungs
were taken 15 minutes after the introduction of cerium and 4,
8, 16, 32, 60, 120 and 420 days later. Autopsies were per-
formed at intervals and pathological and radiometric tests were
made. Scanograms show that the substance gradually concen-
trates in the periradical zone of the lungs, with two phases of
redistribution and elimination. During the 30-day, initial phase,
biological lung clearing processes prevailed, while during the
second phase, a certain balance between the elimination of
Cel44 from the lungs and its radioactive decay was
established.
10333
M. C. Sadilova, K. P. Seliankina O. K. Shturkina
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF CONCENTRATIONS
OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE DETECTED IN THE AMBIENT
AIR. ((Zksperimentalnaya otsenka kontsentratsii ftorictogo
vodoroda, obnaruzhivaemkh v atmosfernom vozdukhe.)) Text in
Russian. Vrachebnoe Delo No. 1:89-91, Jan. 1967. 4 refs.
The aluminum, cryolite, superphosphate and other industries
which use fluorine compounds all emit NF, NaF, AIF3, and
Na3AIF6 into the air. Air containing fluroine levels of 0.20,
0.10 or even 0.03 mg/cu m has a noxious effect, particularly on
children, and raises their general susceptibility to illnesses, at-
tacks their breathing system, and destroys tooth enamel. White
male mice, two months old, were exposed to different levels
of hydrogen fluoride around the clock for five months, except
for a four-week recess. Concentrations of the 0.10, 0.03 and
0.01 mg/cu m level were administered to three groups of
animals. The 0.10 concentration was found to produce a
profound, generally toxic, effect Less intense but still clearly
defined, were damages caused by the 0.03 concentration. The
0.01 concentration had no detrimental effect. Data from these
experiments are thought to be conclusive as to the dangers to
children who reside within industrial pollution zones.
10362
Tuma, J.
ELIMINATION OF SILICA DUST FROM THE LUNGS OF
RATS AND THE EFFECT OF AEROSOL INHALATION.
(Eliminace kremenneho prachu z plic krys a jeji ovlivneni
aerosolovymi inhalacemi.) Text in Czechoslovakian. Pracovni
Lekar. (Prague), 15(8):334-338, Oct. 1963. 11 refs.
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278
While male rats were exposed in rotating drums to dust con-
taining 96.14% Si()2 and 1.05% A1203 (particle size: 82%,
under 1.25 micron. Two groups were then exposed six times a
week for 30 mm. to aerosol inhalations containing either 10 ml
CaC12 and 10 ml mineral water ('Vmcentka'), or 8 ml solution
containing 1 g NaF 6g A12(SO4)3.6H20 and 1 ml concentrated
acetic acid. The natural elimination of dust within one month
amounted to 63-68% by weight of the dust. The inhalation of
the CaC12 mineral water solution had no noticeable effect.
The inhalation of the solution containing NaF, however, ag-
gravated the condition and reduced elimination by about 50%,.
10842
Griesei, N.
FLUORINE INTAKE INCREASED IN MAN BY FOOD
PRODUCTS OK ANIMAL ORIGIN. Med. Ernaehr., 6(2):30-3S,
1965. 29 rcfs. Translated from German by H. Warfield. Na-
tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Translating Unit,
16p., 1965.
The metabolism of fluorine is reviewed, including the
tolerance of the human organism for this element. Resorption,
tissue accumulation, elimination, and the pathogenetic
mmechanism of fluorine are included Since fluorine-contain-
ing mineral phosphates are added to the feed given farm
animals, consideration is given to whether its long-range ad-
ministration can increase the fluorine concentrations of such
foods as meat, milk, and eggs. Even when the fluorine doses
given the animals are chronically toxic, fluorine supplements
are found to be harmless to man. Toxic tolerances are men-
tioned
11000
Robinson, Fanel R , Fenton Schaffner, and Esther
Trachtenberg
INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE LUNGS OF DOGS EXPOSED
TO BERYLLIUM-CONTAINING DUSTS. Arch. Environ.
Health, 17(2): 193-203, Aug. 1968.
I wo beagle dogs were exposed by the natural respiratory
route to rocket exhaust fumes containing beryllium oxide,
bciyllium fluoride, and beryllium chloride. The lung tissue was
examined electron microscopically after a three-year post-ex-
posuie period Beryllium particles and small agglomerates less
than I micron in size were deposited in lysosomes in the
cytoplasm of histiocytes in the mterstitium of the septa. They
v\eic closely associated with collagen bundles several microns
uidc and with increases in numbers of septal capillaries. The
lesions were more typical of the classical reaction to a foreign-
body than immunologic in character and represented an early
form of chronic beryllium disease. (Aughors' abstract)
11444
Antonelli. G.
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE IN THE REGIONS CLOSE TO
THE INDUSTRIES THAT PRODUCE IT AND ITS TOXICITY
IN PROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC USES. ((Effetti del
lluoro nelle regioni prossime ad Industrie die sua produzione e
(ossiVila di esso anche negli usi profilattici e terapeutici.)) Trans-
lated from Italian. Rass. Trimestrale di Odoontoiatria, 35(2):05-
122, April-June 1954. 7 refs.
The effects of fluorine compounds on vegetation, cattle, work-
men, and students in the vicinity of a fluorine processing plant
were investigated. The techniques and methods used at the
plant are described indicating the sources of emission. The en-
ure vegetation found in the surrounding territory-plants and
trees-were struck and damaged by the toxic gases. Varying
degrees of serious effects and certain evidence of pathological
disorders were observed - ranging from types of chlorosis to
complete dryness due to a third degree scorching. The crop
most affected was Indian corn, Cattle showed signs of organic
decline with symptoms of anemia of a chronic character and
irritation of the bronchial mucosae and of the main respiratory
tracts. None of the workers examined displayed signs of
fluorosis. The front teeth of the workers and part of the
premolars display, dark yellow-green stains. In approximately
one-half of the cases the gingival mucosae showed whitish,
opaque aspects with some spots slightly reddened, a moderate
tumefaction and readily bleeding gums Caries is absent in
most of the subjects with eight years of exposure, and ex-
tremely rare in others. The percentage of caries was substan-
tially lower in children in the vicinity of the plant than those
of the same age group outside the district. The properties of
fluorine, its pharmacology, toxicology, water toxicity, therapy,
and prophyaxlis are reviewed.
11467
Miessner, H.
DAMAGE TO ANIMALS CAUSED BY INDUSTRY AND
TECHNOLOGY. ((Schadigung der Tierwelt durch Industrie und
Technik.)) Translated from German. Deut. Tieraerztl.
Wochschr., 39, p. 340-345, 1931. 26 refs.
Pollution of the air and damage to feed plants, and the result-
ing diseases of humans and animals, are extremely frequent in
regions where ore-processing metallurgical plants are located.
The fumes being produced during roasting and melting of the
ore are usually bonded to sulfur and arsenic; consequently the
smoke contains considerable quantities of SO2 and As2O3.
This smoke most affects cattle. Acute arsenic intoxication
becomes manifest in the form of vomiting and diarrhea,
caustic injuries to the gastric mucosa, and fatty degeneration
of the liver. In chronic cases, increasing cachexia, eczema and
weakening resembling paralysis are observed. The metallic ele-
ments in the fly dust, moreover, can lead to harmful in-
digestion. During acute lead poisoning, stomach distress is ob-
served, as well as spastic movements. Chronic lead intoxica-
tion leads to a general malaise combined with abortion, lead
colic, muscular pain, epilepsy, and paralysis. The red blood
corpuscles show a partial basophilic granulation. Hydrofluoric
acid fumes from foundries and plants producing artificial fer-
tilizers dissolve the calcium in the bones, and chronic calcium
degradation and softening of the bones are the consequences.
As a result of an air pollution episode in Luttich, damage by
foundry smoke in fog caused hundreds of persons to fall ill
and 63 to die, mostly within 1 to 2 days Hardest hit were
asthmatic and heart patients, and persons suffering from
bronchitis. Copper intoxication was observed in sheep and cat-
tle as a result of spraying orchards with lime and copper.
11942
Babayants, R. A.
INFLUENCE OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION ON THE
HEALTH OF INHABITANTS. Vestn. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
14(12):3-12, 1959. 15 refs. Translated from Russian. 15p.
A survey of the influence of air pollution in general and of
several air pollutants (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
fluorides, aerosols) on the health of humans in the U.S.S.R , is
given. The first study dates back to 1933 and has become im-
portant primarily for the method used. The first broad study
was conducted in 1948- 1949 where relationship between the in-
cidence of lung, throat and tonsil pathology and air pollution
was established as 1.5 to 8.1 times higher in the polluted area
than in the control area. Subsequently, a clear relationship
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
279
between eye disease and air pollution could be established. A
study of school children in polluted and non-polluted areas
revealed that changes of the lung image were five times as
common among the children in the polluted area. In later stu-
dies, catarrhs, tonsilities, influenza and bronchitis were related
to air pollution. A regional investigation conducted in Baku in
1955 revealed a correlation between bronchitis and laryn-
gotracheitis and air pollution by aerosols. Similar results were
obtained in a study in 1954-1955 in the Ukraine. A study of the
influence of CO on traffic officers revealed that 68% of the
officers exposed to concentrations of 25 mg CO/cu m had a
carboxyhemoglobin of 11%. Tests in gas-heated apartments
revealed a similar high incidence of CO intoxication An in-
vestigation of the effects of SO2 on animals revealed that
respiratory disturbances began to develop at 2 mg/cu m. The
increase of lung cancer is attributed to carcinogenic pollutants
such as 3,4-benzpyrene. A higher number of persons with mot-
tled teeth from the effects of fluorine emissions were found
close to the source than at more remote distances from the
source.
11945
Demole, V., T von Fellenberg, A. J. Held, and H. Schmid
FLUORINE, DENTAL CARIES, AND THE THYROID
GLAND. Bull. Schweiz. Akad. Med. Wiss. vol. 7:440-462, 1951.
8 rets. Translated from French. 31p.
Analyses of the soil, water, and plants and examinations of
several groups of children between the ages of 7 and 15 with
the same ethnological background in different parts of Wallis
(Switzerland) showed a relationship between the environmen-
tal fluorine content and the fluorization of the hard dental tis-
sues and their resistance to caries. In the Sembrancher area,
where the drinking water contains 1.4 mg of fluorine/1, the re-
sistance to dental canes is much higher than in children living
in the vicinity of Le Chable where the fluorine content of the
water is only 0.05 mg/1. Some white stains on the enamel of
the children's teeth were observed in Sembrancher, but no
definite relationship could be established between the high
fluorine content of the water in this village. The development
of the thyroid gland in children was about the same, whether
they came from areas with fluorine-rich or fluorine-poor
water. In the area richest in fluorine (Sembrancher), no goiters
were observed in 15-year-old boys and girls who were native
to the area and had drunk the water since birth. These facts
permit confirmation of the existence of a biological jodine-
fluonne antagonism.
12282
Sadilova, M S.
STUDIES IN THE STANDARDIZATION OF MAXIMUM AL-
LOWABLE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN
THE AIR OF INHABITED AREAS. In: The Biological Effects
and Hygienic Importance of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 10.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 17, pp.
118-128, 1968. CFSTI: PB 180522T
An investigation of the levels of atmospheric fluorine found
near aluminum and cryolite plants, accompanied by a survey
of the health of children who live in these areas has shown
that the establishmen of the maximum allowable concentration
of fluorine is imperative, series of tests made on human sub-
jects and animals exposed to hydrogen fluoride yielded the fol-
lowing information: The odor perception threshold and the
threshold of reflex action of HF in th human organism are
both 0.03 mg/cu m. Five-month experimental inhalation of HF
in concentrations of 0.10 and 0.03 mg/cu m produce many
changes in warm-blooded animals: (a) inhibition in the centra
nervous system, the higher concentration leading to irreversi-
ble destructive changes in the nerve cells; (b) a change in cal-
cium phosphate metabolism; (c) F accumulation m the bones;
and (d) histomorphological changes in teeth, bones, and inter-
nal organs. I was found that the extent of the changes varied
with the HF concentration in the inhaled air. An HF' concen-
tration of 0.01 mg/cu m produced no changes in the experi-
mental animals. Finally, the investigation showed that: (a) an
HF concentration of 0.15 mg/cu m cannot be regarded as
threshold of odor perceptive concentrations; (b) an HF con-
centration of 0.03 mg/cu m cannot be taken for the maximum
allowable single-exposure concentration; (c) the maximum sin-
gle-exposure concentration of HF must not exceed 0.02 mg/cu
m.
12403
Dost, Frank N., Donald J. Reed, Arthur Finch, and Chih H.
Wang
METABOLISM AND PHARMACOLOGY OF INORGANIC
AND FLUORINE CONTAINING COMPOUNDS. Oregon State
Univ., Corvallis, Radiation Center, Contract AF 33(615)-1799,
Proj. 6302, Task 630202, AMRL-TR-67-224, 91p., Aug. 1968. 47
refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 681161
Studies were made on rats of the toxicology and chemistry of
several compounds considered for deployment as oxidizers in
missile propulsion: nitrogen trifluoride, tetrafluorohydrazine,
chlorine trifluoride, bromine pentafluoride, and oxygen
difluonde. The lethality of each agent by inhalation was deter-
mined, using an exposure chamber, as well as estimates of
lethality after intraperitoneal administration. Experimental
evidence suggests that the lethal effect of interhalogens is by
corrosive local destruction of pulmonary surfaces, resulting in
failure of gas exchange. Oxygen difluonde is thought to pass
intact into the pulmonary cells where it reacts with biochemi-
cal reducing systems to ultimately cause cell death and struc-
tural failure. This agent is considered one of the most lethal of
all chemicals and the development of an antidote is considered
of critical importance. The nitrogen fluorides both cause intrin-
sically lethal levels of methemoglobin formation, but other
pharmacologic activity by these compounds or their deriva-
tives may also contribute to their toxic activity. (Author ab-
stract modified)
12532
Gudjonsson, S. V.
((CRYOLITE POISONING.)) Kryolitherkrankung. Text in Ger-
man. Arztliche Sachverstandigen Zeitung, 41(12):15S-1S7, Jun.
1935.
A new disease was discovered in Copenhagen, Denmark,
through X-ray examinations of the workers in the cryolite
plant. Cryolite is a fluorine containing mineral which is
presently only mined in Greenland. Only two factories in the
entire world (in Canada and Denmark) process this mineral. It
is used in the production of enamel and opal glass. In alu-
minum fabrication it serves as catalytic agent. In an examina-
tion of 80 workers occupied with the grinding of the material it
turned out that they all felt pains in their limbs and com-
plained about lack of appetite, nausea and fatigue. They all
walked with a stiff back. The X-rays showed serious deforma-
tions of the skelton. The lungs had the appearance of those of
silicosis patients. But silicic acid, the cause for silicosis, is
hardly a major component of cryolite. The cause for the dis-
ease was found in the fluorine contents of the cryolite. This
assumption can be verified by laboratory experiments con-
ducted with rats, dogs, calves, pigs, and sheep. Another in-
-------
280
tcresting observation has been made. During a volcanic errup-
tion h about 150 years ago - numerous animals and humans
died. Examinations of the bones of animals which died at that
time showed that they suffered from serious fluorosis. Thus
not only cryolite plants but also volcanic areas can be
hazardous in this respect, not to speak of aluminum and other
plants.
12547
Craste, C.
FLUORIC POISONING. (CONTINUED.) (L'intoxication
fluoree.) Text in French. Rev Med Veterinaire, 103:214-221.
1952.
The toxicity of milk produced by animals struck with fluorosis
or fluoridosis is difficult ot ascertain. This was shown in the
experiments on rats by the Wisconsin (U.S.A.) Agricultural
Station (1934). Work by Thieberox on young French children
in the vicinity of aluminum factories fails to determine
whether their absorption of fluorine is due to their drinking of
milk from affected cows or their inhalation of polluted air.
Radical prophylaxy of fluorisis and fluoridosis could be
achieved by suppressing the toxic emanations from the alu-
minum factories. These emanations pollute the neighboring
agricultural establishments. Cattle struck by 'factory disease'
were found as far as 25 km from five factories in the Mau-
rienne and Gard areas. Public authorities and electrometallurgi-
cal companies are involved in the solution of the problem.
Their reluctance to act may lead the public to resignation,
were it not for the fact that one factory in the Alps has suc-
cessfully prevented the disease in its area. But it keeps its
method secret, and only the public authorities may, some day,
force its disclosure. Fluoric poisoning can be cured only when
caught early. The best treatment is to eliminate all toxic fodder
from the animals' diet, since the origin of the 'factory disease'
is exclusively of a digestive nature. To do this, the flock is
moved to some unpolluted area. This treatment will result in
permanent cure. Medical treatment can be considered only as
complementary.
12549
Craste, C.
FLUORIDE POISONING. ((L'intoxication fluoree.)) Text in
French. Rev Med Veterinaire, 103:142-148, 1952. 9 rets.
Subacute and chronic forms of poisoning are, clinically and
anatomopathologically, closer to each other than has been
claimed. Bone lesions (marmoration, narrowing of marrow
channels) cause brittleness and fractures. Dental lesions (mot-
tled enamel of permanent teeth) are found in North America,
Brazil, Argentina, North Africa. Tooth decay and gengivitis
made chewing difficult, the animal wastes away and loses its
value in the rural economy. Fluoridosis (sodium fluoride
poisoning through water intake and calcium fluoride poisoning
through vegetable intake) appears slowly in factory workers
handling natural phosphates. Fluorosis, caused by hydrofluoric
acid, appears suddenly in plants and animals downwind from
the factory. In cryolite factories, lombar ankylosis and muscu-
lar calcification may appear, and even kidney and liver le-
sions, emaciation, and cachexy. All farm animals may be sub-
ject to fluorosis. Goats and cattle are highly sensitive, horses
quite resistant; poultry may also be affected. Speed of evolu-
tion depends on food toxicity, the richness and variety of the
diet, and on the activity of the infection generating centers and
factories. Pathology: Fluorine acts on the parenchyma, the
general metabolism, and calcium metabolism. Depending on
the dose of the compound, the action may be acute (toxic ac-
tion with sudden decalcificatioQ or subacute (on the
parenchyma and general metabolism) or chronic (on phospho-
calcium metabolism). Fluorosilicates are highly toxic. Sodium
fluoride decalcifies and marmorizes the bones.
12550
Cristiani, H. and R. Gautier
FLUORINE FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF INDUSTRIAL HY-
GIENE: ACTION OF FLUORINE ON ANIMALS. ((Le f luor au
point de vue de ('hygiene industrielle: action du fluor sur les
animaux.)) Text in French. Ann. Hygiene Publ. (n.s.), 3:210-233,
1925. 50 ret
Acute poisoning by sodium fluoride may be produced by in-
testinal absorption of 0.5 gr per kg of animal or by veinous ab-
sorption of 0.1 to 0.15 gr per kg of animal. Chronic cases by
absorption of smaller doses also set forth. The toxicity of
fluorsilicic acid seems due to its low dissociation power and
high content of HF molecules. The relation between emana-
tions from aluminum factories and the endemic sickness
prevailing in the surrounding area, as described in the litera-
ture, is confirmed by the authors' experiments on a particular
installation: (1) plants were damaged soon after the factory
began operating; characteristic foliage lesions appeared on
vine and fruit trees, and reduction of the crops coincided with
the factory activity. (2) Cattle showed stiffening of the legs,
loss of weight, bone fracture, cachexy, and death. Tabulated
data and maps support these observations. (3) On humans, no
positive conclusions are yet available. They are less affected
than animals, since the latter are poisoned by feeding on
damaged plants, whereas the former clean and prepare these
plants before consuming them; and poisoning of humans
through toxic gases is minimized by the conditions (tempera-
ture, distributioQ existing within the factory.
12555
Firket, J.
COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION.
((Pathologic comparee et pollutions atmospheriques.)) Text in
French. Congr. Intern Pathol. Com., 7th Lausanne, 26-31st May
1955. 7(2):57-80.
Air pollution factors include the chemical action of gases and
vapors, the physical action of particle suspensions (aerosols),
and the reaction of certain pollutants turning harmless gases
into toxic ones. This report stresses the pathological aspects of
air-pollution poisoning as evidenced by the fatal accidents in
Belgium (1932), Donora, Pa. (1948), and London (1952), where
geographical and meteorological factors helped in the forma-
tion of a fog umbrella and critical pollutant concentrations
over the area. Physiological effects of certain gases and vapors
in industrial atmospheres are shown in Table I. The penetra-
tion of dusts into the lungs depends upon their sizes (micronic,
submicronic, submicroscopic) and on the presence of fog. The
pathogenic action begins with an irritation of the respiratory
mucous membranes, slow paroxystic expiration, followed by
vascular collapsus, low blood pressure. Postmortem toxicologi-
cal tests were negative. Fog induced asthma and emphysema
have affected Belgian cattle since 1911. Goats, sheep and cat-
tle have contracted fluorosis from fluorine and fluorine dusts
discharged into the air by industry. Sheep in the vicinity of a
fluorine processing plant developed dental and osseous lesions.
Other aspects of 'civilization sicknesses' arise from our chang-
ing environment, the use of insecticides on vegetation, the
presence of smokes, gases, fluorine in the air. The relation of
air pollution to primary lung cancers is considered for certain
trades and professions. Statistics seem to indicate tobacco
smoke (in cigarettes) to predispose to lung cancer, without,
however, determining it.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
281
12987
Moese, J. R., H. Brantner, and G. Fischer
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES IN THE GRAZ AREA. 3. IN-
VESTIGATIONS OF THE CORRELATION AND MEANING
OF FLUORIDE EMISSION AND FLUORIDE EXCRETION IN
THE KIDNEY. (Studien uber die Luftverunreinigung im Raum
Graz. 3. Mitt.: Untersuchungen uber Zusammenhang und Be-
deutung von Fluorimmissionen und Fluorausscheidung in Harn).
Text in German. Arch. Hyg., I53(2):ll4-118, April 1969. 7 refs.
Fluoride excretion in the urine was determined in population
groups living in various industrial areas of the city of Graz,
Austria. A total of five groups was selected. The first group
consisted of workers in a brickyard outside the residential area
of Graz. The workers resided in the immediate vicinity of the
brickyard. The second group included workers in this
brickyard who lived in the country. The third group (control
group) lived and worked outside the region of the bnckyard.
The fourth group included members of a shoe factory in the
industrial center of Graz. The last group consisted of persons
living in a nearby resort remote from any industries. The
highest amount of fluoride was found in the first group, the
lowest in the group from the resort town of St. Radegund.
Thus, a marked correlation between fluoride excretion and the
degree of air pollution could be found. The concentrations
found in the fourth group were markedly higher than those in
the third group, due to industrial emissions and domestic heat-
ing. In none of the groups did the concentration reach the
level of acute intoxication. Nevertheless, such groups should
receive special attention in such programs as caries prevention
by distribution of fluorine-containing tablets.
13215
Colombini, M., C. Mauri, R. Olivo, and G. Vivoli
EXPERIMENTS ON RABBITS FED FORAGE GROWN NEAR
AN ALUMINUM FACTORY. Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern.
Soc. Fluoride Res., 2(l):49-54, Jan. 1969. 2 refs.
Skin lesions resembling bruises were exhibited by individuals
living near an aluminum factory in Chizzola, Italy. To study
the etiology and pathogenesis of this phenomenon, male albino
rabbits were fed forage grown near the factory and forage ar-
tificially contaminated by substances collected from the facto-
ry's purification system. At regular intervals, serum alkaline
phosphatase, serum calcium, serum phosphate, leucocyte al-
kaline phosphatase, and nonspecific esterases were deter-
mined. After about five months, (he animals were killed and
fragments of their tibia were analyzed for fluoride. The serum
alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorous levels did not
show any significant changes in the treated animals. A
decrease m the leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity of posi-
tive cells was observed. Nonspecific esterases were present in
very small quantities in pseudo-eosinophils, in traces in
lymphocytes, and in slightly greater amounts in monocytes
The fluoride content of the bones of treated rabbits was al-
most twice as high as that of control rabbits, who received
forage from uncontammated areas. (Author summary
modified)
13700
Balazova, G., P. Macuch, and A. Rippel
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE EMISSIONS ON THE LIVING OR-
GANISM. Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride Res.,
2(l):33-36, Jan. 1969.
Health parameters were measured in children living in an area
near an aluminum factory. In the area near the factory, exces-
sively high F levels were found in the air and in dust. This fact
was reflected in high F levels of agricultural products. High F
levels were noted in urine, hair, nails, and teeth in the child
population residing in the immediate vicinity of the factory. In
children living in the exposed area since birth, hemoglobin
values were lower and erythrocyte values were higher than in
a control area. The average daily total F intake was calculated
at 2.15 mg for the exposed children as compared with about 1
mg in the controls. (Author summary modified)
14112
Balazova, G. and A. Rippel
A STUDY OF THE HEALTH CONDITIONS OF THE PEOPLE
LIVING AROUND AN ALUMINUM FACTORY. (Studio sulle
condizioni di salute della popolazione abitante nelle vicinanze di
una fabrica di alluininio). Text in Italian. Med. Lavoro (Milan),
59(5):376-380, 1968. 4 refs.
The physical condition of children living in the area of an alu-
minum factory was studied. Ambient air around the factory
was heavily polluted by fluorine and high concentrations of
fluorine were present in the agricultural products of the region.
In the children examined, absorption of fluorine by digestive
and respiratory systems was approximately 2.15 mg/day. In
contrast to children living considerable distances from the fac-
tory, these children showed marked increases in the fluorine
content of their teeth, nails, hair, and urine. Clinical and
laboratory studies indicated a moderate decrease of
hemoglobin values and a slight increase of red blood cells
among the affected children
14126
Macuch, P., J. Kortus, G. Balazova, and J. Mayer
EFFECTS OF SODIUM AND HYDROGEN FLUORIDES ON
THE METABOLISM OF FLUORINE, CALCIUM, AND
PHOSPHORUS IN RATS. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London),
2S(2):131-135, April 1968. 23 refs.
The effects of oral sodium fluoride and inhaled hydrogen
fluoride on calcium and phosphorus retention are presented.
Rats given 4 mg fluonde/kg/day for eight days excreted more
calcium and phosphorus and retained less than the control
group. In bone ash from rats given different fluoride doses for
40 days, the calcium and phosphorus were maximal after a
total dose of about 250 micrograms of fluoride/rat but fell to
subnormal levels after higher doses. The calcium and
phosphorus levels in bone ash from rats given 750 micrograms
of fluoride/day fell with the duration of treatment. Rats ex-
posed to 9.4 to 11.7 micrograms of hydrogen fluoride/liter air
absorbed fluoride rapidly, as shown by increased urinary
excretion, by changes in the tooth enamel, and by rising
fluoride levels in the teeth and bones. Radiological examina-
tion, however, showed no gross changes. It was evident that
fluoride under different conditions affected the metabolism of
calcium and phosphorus differently and also that some calcium
compounds reduce the toxicity of a high fluoride intake.
Fluoride caused the same changes whether given by inhalation
or in the diet. The analyses for fluorides in the first samples of
unne after an exposure of only three days showed raised
levels. Although in the experiment, the concentration of
fluoride in the urine in different specimens were variable, the
mean concentrations from the series of tests showed as in-
creased excretion with the increased duration of exposure.
14319
Cavagna, G., G. Locati, and L. Ambrosi
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN NEWBORN RATS AND MICE
ON THE SUPPOSED CAPILLARY-DAMAGING EFFECTS OF
FLUORINE AND FLUORINE-CONTAINING INDUSTRIAL
-------
282
POLLUTANTS. Med. Lavoro (Milan), 60(4):267-273, 1969. 12
refs.
Bluish skin-spots occurring in women and children living in the
vicinity of a fluorine-emitting aluminum factory have been at-
tributed to a poorly understood capillary-damaging effect of
fluorine. To clarify this phenomenon, a study was carried out
on rats born of mothers which were injected subcutaneously
for the whole pregnancy period with NaF and an extract of
dust emitted from the aluminum factory at a dose of 2 mg
fluorine per day. The total dose of fluorine given was 40-52
mg. No cutaneous lesions, or even an increased capillary
fragility of the skin, as proved with the suction cup test were
observed. In a second experiment, newborn rats were injected
subcutaneously with NaF and the dust extract at a dose of 0.2
mg fluorine per day in the first 10 days of life. Again no cu-
taneous lesions or increased capillary fragility of the skin were
observed. Studies on subacute toxicity were carried out in
female mice injected subcutaneously with NaF and with the
dust extract in a dose of 0.2 mg fluorine per day for 24 days.
No cutaneous lesions or capillary alterations as studied in
histologic preparations of the mesentery were observed.
(Author summary modified)
14477
Moese, J. R., G. Fischer, and H. Brantner
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION IN THE GRAZ AREA. IV.
ON THE MEANING OF INCREASED FLUORINE EXCRE-
TION IN THE KIDNEY AS A MEASURE OF THE
FLUORINE BURDEN OF A LARGE CITY POPULATION.
(Studien ueber die Luftverunreinigung im Raume Graz. IV.
Mitt.: Ueber die Bedeutung der erhoehten Fluorausscheidung im
Ham als Massstah fuer die Belastung der Grosstadtbevoel-
kerung durch Fluorimmissionen). Text in German. Arch. Hyg.
Bakteriol. (Munich), 153(3):234-238, 1969. 4 refs.
Since fluorine discharge in the urine has been found to be a
good relative measure of the fluorine concentration in the at-
mosphere, various selected groups of the population in and
around Graz were used for continuation of earlier studies. Of
the four groups, one was made up of residents of the
moderately populated suburbs, one of residents of an industri-
al section of the city, and one of residents of a densely popu-
lated residential area. The fourth group was used as control
group with its members coming from a resort town located 400
to 500 m above sea level in a forested area. The highest
fluorine concentrations in the urine were found in the groups
from the industrial and densely populated residential areas.
Average concentrations of 0.85 plus or minus 0.015, 0.91 plus
or minus 0.007 and 0.63 plus or minus 0.014 mg F ions per
1000 ml urine were found in the former group and 0.85, 0.86
and 0.81 mg F ions per 1000 ml urine in the latter group. It is
striking that the values of the two groups are almost the same.
This can be explained by the fact that mostly coal-fired
domestic heaters were used in the residential area under study.
The normal value for fluorine discharge in the urine of 1 mg
per 1500 ml urine per day was exceeded slightly by the majori-
ty of persons in these two groups. Although there is no danger
of acute or chronic fluorine intoxication among the population
in these two areas, there is clearly a higher fluorine intake
from the air. This fact should be considered in the distribution
of fluorine tablets or fluorine-containing toothpaste.
15040
Agate, John N., G. H. Bell, G. F. Boddie, R. G. Bowler,
Monamy Buckell, E. A. Cheeseman, T. H. J. Douglas, H. A.
Druett, Jessie Garrad, Donald Hunter, K. M. A. Perry, J. D.
Richardson, and J. B. de V. Weir
INDUSTRIAL FLUOROSIS: A STUDY OF THE HAZARD TO
MAN AND ANIMALS NEAR FORT WILLIAM, SCOTLAND.
Med. Res. Council Memo. 22(1949), 131p. 192 refs.
The effects on health of fluorine escaping from an aluminum
factory were studied. Fluorine concentrations in the factory
room were as high as 3.60 mg/cu m and outside the factory
varied from 3-15% of the average factory room concentration,
depending on the distance from the factory. It was established
that chronic endemic dental fluorosis affecting both cattle and
sheep occurs in the area near the aluminum factory. A sub-
stantial measure of osteodystrophia occurs in cattle grazing in
this vicinity, and dental lesions are confined to animals reared
on contaminated pastures. Cases of osteomalacia due to
chronic fluorine intoxication was also found. Loss of milk in
affected animals was severe. Volunteers from factory workers
and from adults and schoolchildren living in the neighborhood
were examined. The factory workers were divided into two
groups; those working in the furnace room and those from
other departments. The examinations covered full occupational
and medical histories, complete physical examination, X-rays,
and for selected individuals, a full blood count and an estima-
tion of blood fluorine and urinary fluorine concentrations. The
excretion of fluorine in the furnace-room workers ran parallel
to the intensity of exposure. Some of the older workers, ex-
posed for a number of years, showed bone changes recognized
as fluorosis. Despite the bone changes, none of the workers
were found to suffer clinical disability. Some degree of mot-
tling was found in the teeth of schoolchildren, but mottling
was also found in schoolchildren in an area which was far
removed from the aluminum factory. Clinical examination of a
number of resident in the neighborhood of the factory showed
no injury to health. It was concluded that while direct expo-
sure to fluorine does not impair the health of man and
animals, fluorine emissions from the factory should be
reduced. (Author summary modified)
15555
Waldbott, G. L. and V. A. Cecilioni
'NEIGHBORHOOD' FLUOROSIS. Fluoride Quarterly, J. In-
tern. Soc. Fluoride Res., 2(4):206-213, Oct. 1969. 9 refs.
Data obtained from medical examinations or medical histories
established the presence of the nonskeletal phase of fluorosis
32 individuals living in areas near fertilizer factories and an
iron foundry and where fluoride damage to vegetation,
livestock, and to materials had been determined. The symp-
tomology of the disease is identical with that of the non-
skeletal phase of fluorosis recorded by others in industrial
fluorosis, neighborhood fluorosis, hydro fluorosis, and fluoride
intoxication from long-term administration of fluoride tablets.
The musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems
were principally involved. Fluoride assays of hay, flydust,
human tissue, and urine are presented. Ten individuals ex-
hibited the skin lesions designated as Chozzola Maculae which
were recently described in population exposed to fluoride
emanations near aluminum factories in Italy. It was concluded
that fluoride emissions from the factories were the source of
the illness. (Author summary modified)
16047
Chaneles, J.
ACTION OF IODINE ON CHRONIC FLUOROSIS. (Action de
1'iode sur la fluorose chronique). Compt. Rend., vol. 102:863,
1929. Translated from French. Public Health Service, Air Pollu-
tion Technical Information Center, 2p., Sept. IS, 1969.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
283
Four groups of five rats each were subjected to a diet of bread
and milk for 6 months. The rats in the first group were fed 50
mg/kg sodium fluoride per day; the second group, 2 mg sodi-
um iodide per animal; the third group, fluoride and iodide at
the same time; and the fourth group received neither of these
substances. The growth of rats receiving fluorine was better
than that of the control group for 3 months, then slackened,
and on the sixth month was less. The hair was less silky and
blood marks appeared at the nostrils and on the vagina. The
rats that were iodized and fluoridized had the same symptoms,
but more accentuated. Iodide given alone favored growth. The
teeth of fluoridized rats had uniform whiteness and marked
elongation of superior incisors. The enamel presented undu-
lated prisms and numerous Retzius brown streaks; superficial
pigmentation was completely lacking. In the group receiving
fluoride and iodide, the alterations were less marked; the teeth
were more compact. Bones and organs were also studied, but
noted modifications were not substantial.
16345
Biersteker, K.
POLLUTED AIR. ORIGIN, MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND
COMBATING OF POLLUTED OUTSIDE AIR. (Verontreinigde
Lucht. Ontstaan, medische betekenis en bestrijding van veron-
treinigde buitenlucht). Assen, Van Gorcum, 1966, 214p., 339
refs. Translated from Dutch. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 27Sp., July 29, 1969.
Factors affecting emissions are considered, together with
trends in emissions in the Netherlands and Rotterdam. The
qualitative and quantitative significance of air pollutants as
potential disease agents in Rotterdam is evaluated. The max-
imum sulfur dioxide concentration so far recorded in Rotter-
dam is 1600 micron cu m; the maximum smoke concentration,
500 micron/cu m. No epidemiological significance is attributed
to measured concentrations of fluorides, nitrogen dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, or lead. Concern is shown for the role of benz-
pyrene and other carcinogens in the etiology of lung cancer.
Distinctions are made between acute, sub-acute, and chronic
air pollution. During acute air pollution, SO2 and smoke con-
centrations in Rotterdam show five- fold increases. Sub-acute
pollution occurs when wind speeds drop below 2 m/sec.
Chronic air pollution is present on all other days, especially in
winter. Though the effects of pollution can also be categorized
as chronic, acute, and sub-acute, the level of air pollution is
still too weak to cause illness. Methodologies employed in
determining the relationship between air pollution and human
mortality and morbidity are reviewed, and hypotheses
developed to describe the effects of pollution on illness and
death in Rotterdam. Refinements in analytical methods are
urged so that the factors influencing increased chronic non-
specific lung disease mortality and lung cancer mortality can
be identified. It is also suggested that emission standards be
supplemented by regulations making it possible to restrict
emissions when meteorological data and monitoring station
readings point to certain dangers.
16874
Waldbott, G. L. and V. A. Cecilioni
'NEIGHBORHOOD' FLUOROSIS. Fluoride Quart. Repts.,
2(4):206-213, Oct. 1969. 9 refs.
In 32 individuals residing near fluoride-emitting fertilizer facto-
ries and an iron foundry where fluoride damage to vegetation,
livestock and to materials was established, evidence of the
non-skeletal phase of fluorosis is presented. The sympto-
matology is identical with that of the non-skeletal phase of
fluorosis recorded by others in industrial fluorosis, in
'neighborhood' fluorosis, in hydrofluorosis and in fluoride in-
toxication from long-term administration of fluoride tablets.
Principally involved are musculoskeletal, gastro-intestinal and
respiratory systems. Fluoride assays of hay, flydust, food,
human tissue and urine are presented. Ten individuals ex-
hibited the skin lesions designated as 'Chizzola Maculae'
which have been described recently in populations exposed to
fluoride emanations near aluminum factories in Italy.
(Author's Summary)
16916
Alpaugh, E. L., K. A. Phillippo, and H. C. Pulsifer
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GAS-METAL-ARC
WELDING VERSUS COVERED-ELECTRODE WELDING.
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 29(6):5Sl-557, Nov.-Dec. 1968. 6 refs.
Comparative tests were undertaken of the amounts of particu-
late and gaseous byproducts generated by gas-metal-arc weld-
ing and covered-electrode welding processes to determine if
the same ventilation requirements apply to both processes.
Solenoid values set for inhalation and exhalation times ob-
served in the normal adult male were used to stimulate
breathing by a plaster dummy head mounted on a movable
welding head carriage. Air samples were taken concurrently in-
side and outside the welding helmet worn by the dummy. Sam-
ples were analyzed for iron oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone,
fluorides, and carbon monoxide. The gas-metal-arc welding
process was represented by five wire electrodes, three of
which were flux-cored, and five shielding gases. A standard
covered electrode was used for comparison purposes. Con-
taminant levels generated by the two processes were compara-
ble, and it is concluded that more stringent regulations for
either process would be unreasonable. In addition, the study
offers evidence that the welding helmet is an effective barrier
against the particulate and gaseous byproducts. Consequently,
air samples taken adjacent to the helmet yield exaggerated ex-
posure results in welding surveys. Contaminant concentrations
are tabulated.
18785
Schrenk, H. H.
CAUSES, CONSTITUENTS AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF
SMOG INVOLVED IN SPECIFIC DRAMATIC EPISODES.
Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational Med., 1950:189-194, 1950.
(Presented at the American Medical Association, Annual Meet-
ing, 98th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 8, 1949.)
The Meuse Valley and Donora, Pa. air pollution episodes are
discussed. A primary factor in both incidents was the unique
weather conditions. In the Meuse Valley a temperature inver-
sion and anticyclonic conditions lasted from Dec. 1 to 5, 1930,
and in Donora, from Oct. 27 to 31, 1948. These prolonged
periods of static air conditions allowed the accumulation of at-
mospheric pollutants. About 30 atmospheric constituents in the
Meuse Valley were identified indirectly by visiting the plants
in the area and obtaining information concerning raw materi-
als, intermediates, gases, and fumes. The investigations
showed that those particularly affected by the fog were elderly
persons and asthmatic or cardiac patients. Sulfur dioxide and
its oxidation products produced the injurious effects. In
Donora, physicians, nurses, dentists, veterinarians, statisti-
cians, engineers, chemists, sanitary engineers, housing ex-
perts, and meteorologists collected data pertaining to the in-
cident. Stack gases and the general atmosphere were sampled
for sulfur dioxide, chlorides, fluorides, nitrogen oxides, arsine,
stibine, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Par-
ticulate matter and soot-fall were also collected. The analysis
of the information and data obtained and the correlation of
clinical, environmental, and meteorologic findings are in
progress.
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284
18809
Hoschek, R.
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF RARE EARTHS. (Die
biologische Wirkung von Seltenen Erden). Text in German.
Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz, 16(6): 168-172, 1966. 11 refs.
Photo-reproduction workers were tested with x-rays. They had
been exposed to the fumes of electric arc light carbons in their
jobs. Changes were found on their lungs resembling the silico-
sis pattern, but mostly without any clinical symptoms. Since
the deposits on the lungs were essentially cerite fluorides, ex-
periments were made with guinea pigs, who were given in-
tratracheal injections of rare earth preparations containing
cerite fluorides and alternatively cerite oxides. The animals
lungs showed either nests of dust accumulation, or more dif-
fused dust deposits, causing structural changes in the fibers lo-
cally surrounding the dust material. The type of change also
depended on the duration of the experiments, some of which
extended over nine months or longer. The overall conclusion
was that, compared with the effects of silica dust, this rare
earth dust is practically inert.
18987
Laidlaw, S. I. A.
THE EFFECTS OF SMOKE POLLUTION ON HEALTH. J.
Inst. Fuel, vol. 36:96-99, Feb. 1954. (Presented at the Institute of
Fuel, Scottish Section, Glasgow, Scotland, Oct. 15, 1953.)
The health effects of several air pollutants are discussed. One
effect of a polluted atmosphere is a dimunition of sunlight.
This may lead to lowered vitality and lowered resistance to in-
fection. A lack of sunlight can also cause a reduction in
vitamin D production, and thus lead to rickets and carious
teeth. The paniculate pollutants discussed include dust, soot,
and fog. Dust has an aggravating effect on respiratory tract in-
fections and causes certain forms of dermatitis and inflamma-
tory conditions of the eyes and ears. It can also cause fibrosis,
silicosis, and anthracosis. The long-term accumulation of soot
deposit in the respiratory tract is a contributory factor to cer-
tain diseases, such as catarrh, sinusitis, and bronchitis. It may
also contain traces of carcinogens such as arsenic and benz-
pyrene. Dust and soot are more harmful when they form
nuclei for droplets of moisture and form fog. In the London
fog of 1952, the death rates from bronchitis, pulmonary tu-
berculosis, and heart and circulatory disorders rose markedly.
Several gaseous pollutants are discussed, including sulfur diox-
ide, fluorine, carbon monoxide, and beryllium compounds.
Sulfur dioxide affects humans, animals, vegetation, and
materials. Fluorine causes changes in bone structure, known
as fluorosis. The effect of CO on the body is to cause anoxia.
Acute and chronic lung disease and skin lesions have resulted
from exposure to beryllium compounds. The possibility that
air pollution may be one cause of bronchial carcinomas is also
discussed.
18988
Wallace, A. S.
MORTALITY FROM ASTHMA AND BRONCHITIS IN THE
AUCKLAND FUMES AREA. New Zealand Med. J.,
56(313):242-249, June 1957. 1 ret.
Onehunga and Otahuhu lie in a part of Auckland, New Zea-
land, where there is heavy industry, adjacent to the heavily
polluted Mangere Inlet. Residents have complained of choking
or malodorous fumes. In late summer and autumn paint-stain-
ing episodes have occurred during temperature inversions, sug-
gestive of hydrogen sulfide concentrations of about 1 ppm.
The atmosphere may also contain detectable concentrations of
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfuric acid mists, fluorine-
containing acid mists, lead fume, and various organic com-
pounds at any season of the year. The death rates from
asthma and bronchitis for the years 1951-1955 inclusive in
Onehunga and Otahuhu are compared with those from Mt. Al-
bert, a predominantly residential area. There were more deaths
from asthma and bronchitis per 100,000 population in Onehun-
ga and Otahuhu than in Mt Albert. The actural deaths in the
fumes area exceeded those of the control area in each year
separately except 1953. However, the actual numbers involved
are too small for the application of tests of significance or to
warrant drawing any firm conclusions. The acute paint-staining
fume attacks were not associated with any apparent immediate
increase in mortality from asthma or bronchitis. (Author sum-
mary modified)
19055
Marier, J. R.
FLUORIDE RESEARCH. Science, vol. 159:1494-1495, March
29, 1968.
At the first meeting of the International Society for Fluoride
Research, 32 papers dealing with dental, skeletal, cytological,
diagnostic, analytical, and related factors in fluoride research
were presented. Various mechanisms that may explain the an-
ticarcinogenic effect of fluoride were discussed. It was con-
cluded that this is due to a fluoride-induced reduction in the
solubility of surface enamel apatite. Fluoride can inhibit
streptococcus-induced osteolysis of alveolar bone in dental in-
fections of pulpal origin. Chronic ingestion of alcohol may ag-
gravate skeletal fluorosis. Crippling fluorosis has been related
to the fluoride content of drinking water. The effects of alu-
minum lactate and aluminum sulfate in alleviating symptoms
of fluorosis were studied A daily dose of 24 mg/kg aluminum
lactate reduced skeletal fluoride storage by 50%. Fluoride also
caused skin lesions in the extremities and lumbosacral region.
These lesions may serve as diagnostic criteria in subjects ex-
posed to industrial fluoride emissions. Discoloration and
disfiguring of vegetables were also caused by fluoride. Chil-
dren in an industrial area where fluoride is emitted had
decreased hemoglobin and increased erythrocyte level, with
two to three times more fluoride in their teeth, fingernails,
hair, and urine than childten in a control area. It is recom-
mended that research in this area continue.
19148
Feldstein, Milton
TOXICITY OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Bay Area Air Pollution
Control District, San Francisco, Calif., 20p., 1963. 70 refs.
'Oxidizing' air pollution, resulting from photochemical
processes which occur in the atmosphere, is distinguished
from 'classical' air pollution, the predominating features of
which are the presence of sulfur dioxide, industrial dusts, and
soot. The processes leading to the formation of photochemical
smog are summarized, as are the meteorological, topographic,
and solar energy factors influencing the intensity of
photochemical smog episodes. Classical and photochemical air
pollution may coexist. The principle effects of photochemical
air pollution are eye irritation, vegetation damage, and visibili-
ty reduction. Other possible effects are also pointed out on
health of acute or chronic exposure to photochemical smog
and one or more of its specific components. The components
include carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, lead, sulfur
oxides, fluoride, beryllium, hydrogen sulfide, polynuclear
hydrocarbons, and particulates.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
285
19215
Tsunoda, Humio
THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE ON
THE HUMAN HEALTH. (PART 1). (Fukkabutsu nlyoru
taikiosen to ningen no kenko (sono 1)). Text in Japanese. Kogai
To Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(7):504-508, July 15, 1970.
Air pollution by fluorides has two main aspects: the fluorides
are extremely toxic for plants, parts per billion being critical
for most plants, and the fluorides are accumulated in plants.
Livestock feeding on them develop chronic fluorosis. To sur-
vey the air and environmental pollution caused by fluorides
around the large aluminum plant in Fukushima Prefecture, a
high volume air sampler was used. Within 1 km from the fac-
tory, 5.2-14.0 mg of fluorine per 1 cu m air was observed.
Secondly, a relative measurement by lime treated filter paper
technique was employed. The fluorine concentration in the
factory was 100 times that of the adjacent villages. A method
of airborne particulates was used to monitor the fluorine con-
centration. In the factory premises, the particulate concentra-
tion was 20 times as dense as that in villages. The fluoride pol-
lution of the soil and subterranean water was also monitored.
Among vegetables and cereals cropped in the area, some of
the green vegetables showed 10 times more fluoride content
than in plants from other areas. The inhabitants of the area
take in 4.2 mg fluorine daily, which is above the daily limit of
3.5 mg of an average Japanese. After the physical check-up of
the inhabitants, dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and crip-
pling fluorosis were found.
19880
Balazova, G. and A. Rippel
A STUDY OF HEALTH CONDITIONS OF THE POPULA-
TION LIVING IN THE VICINITY OF AN ALUMINUM FAC-
TORY. (Studio sulle condizioni di salute del la popolazione abi-
tante nelle vicinanze di una fabbrica di alluminio). Med. Lavoro
(Milan), 59(S):376-380, 1968. 4 refs. Translated from Italian.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 6p., Jan. 27, 1970.
The health conditions of children living near an aluminum fac-
tory were studied. The ambient pollution from fluorine emitted
by the factory was very high. High fluorine values were found
in the agricultural products of the areas near the factory. In
the children examined, the absorption of fluorine by the
digestive and respiratory systems was approximately 2.15
mg/day. The children showed a marked increase in the fluorine
content in their teeth, hair, nails, and urine when compared
with children living in a non-polluted area. Clinical and labora-
tory studies revealed a moderate decrease in hemoglobin
values and an increase in the red blood cell count in children
exposed to a high absorption of fluorine. When some of the
children were transferred to a non-polluted zone, the urinary
excretion of fluorine decreased by 40% after one month. It
may, therefore, be assumed that the accumulation of fluorine
is reversible. (Author summary modified)
21455
Keplinger, M. L.
EFFECTS FROM REPEATED SHORT-TERM INHALATION
OF FLUORINE. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., vol. 14:192-200,
1969. 10 refs. (Presented at the Soc. of Toxicology, 7th Annu.
Meet., Washington, D. C., 1968.)
Mice, rats, and rabbits were exposed to fluorine for 5, 15, 30,
or 60 minutes at intervals ranging from 24 hours to one week;
animals were sacrified immediately after the last exposure, or
at 7, 14, 21, or 45 days after the last exposure. A single expo-
sure caused marked changes in the lungs and some changes in
the liver and kidneys. After four exposures to the same con-
centration, the lungs had slight changes; livers were normal.
Kidneys showed sligh changes at 7 and 14 days, but were nor-
mal at 21 and 45 days. Therefore, four exposures to fluorine
caused no more damage than a single exposure to the same
concentration. Repeated exposures were made with different
concentrations during each exposure. A low, apparently harm-
less level was used first; then 4, 24, and 96 hours later, the
LC50 of fluorine was determined. The LC50's of pre-exposed
animals were higher and there was less lung damage than in
control animals. Exposures to a low concentration were also
repeated every third day. At 1, 3, and 7 days after the last ex-
posure the LC50's were determined. Even at 7 days the pre-
exposed animals had higher LC50's and showed less lung
edema than animals that were not pretreated by previous
fluorine exposure. There may be some type of tolerance or
protection developed by exposures to low fluorine concentra-
tions. (Author abstract modified)
22551
Hodge, Harold C.
EFFECT OF FLUORIDES ON MAN. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 20(9):615-616, Sept. 1970. 3 refs.
The transcript of a court case involving ingestion and inhala-
tion of fluorine compounds from an aluminum factory is
quoted to illustrate symptoms of subacute fluorosis. The
symptoms reported include dyspepsia and thyroid enlargement.
Subacute fluorisis, as described in the transcript, has recently
been equated with the nonskeletal phase of fluorisis, which is
characterized by symptoms relating to muskuloskeletal,
respiratory, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Typical of the dis-
ease is increasing general malaise and exhaustion leading to
complete disability. As determined by other investigators, a
relation appears to exist between the disease and fluoride ex-
posure in patients living near a fertilizer factory and an iron
foundry.
22628
Cecilioni, Victor A.
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON MAN. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 20(9):614-61S, Sept. 1970.
Issue is taken with a recent report indicating the relative im-
munit of man to even high levels of fluoride air pollution.
Among the misleading conclusions of the articles are the con-
tention that, wit few exceptions, the health of persons living
near installations emitting fluoride dusts and fumes is not ad-
versely affected and that 10 ppm of airborne fluorides will not
damage vegetation. The fact is that some persons, like some
species of vegetation, are more susceptible than others to
elevate atmospheric fluoride levels Considering that many spe-
cies of plants are even more susceptible than man to the ef-
fects of fluorides, other countries have suggested that the
maximum allowable fluoride air level be 1 ppb or less. There
can be no doubt about the cumulative nature of fluoride ef-
fects in man or animals. While true osteosclerotic changes and
even crippling fluorosis require many years exposure,
'neighborhood' fluorosis is known to produce early symptoms
of fluorosis involving the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and
respiratory systems. The hazards of occupational exposure to
fluoride are well documented, as evinced by a study of a
fluorspar mine, where the average dust and fluorine concentra-
tions were about 1 ppb. Among 53 deaths over a 10-yr period,
23 were due to pulmonary cancer, 29 times the average rate.
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286
22629
Waldbott, George L.
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON MAN. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 20(9):614, Sept. 1970. 12 refs.
The validity of recent air quality criteria for fluorides is
questioned because the criteria were derived from standard
epidemiological procedures rather than a careful evaluation of
clinical data available on individual cases. It is emphasized
that the adverse effects of air pollutants on man cannot be
determined by epidemiological surveys. Disputed conclusions
of the fluoride survey are that fluoride can be stored in soft
tissue in high magnitudes and that urinary fluoride excretion is
a reliable index of fluoride intake. With respect to the former,
information is not yet available on the extent of functional
damage to organs that have stored high values. With respect to
the latter, urinary fluoride excretion varies widely from patient
to patient. Other shortcomings of the survey were its failure to
consider total fluoride intake and its exclusion of patients with
chronic diseases and diseases known to affect the bone struc-
ture. Lastly, the authors ignored the evidence that the Meuse
Valley incident was due in large part to airborne fluoride.
23003
Tsunoda, Fumio
THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE ON
HUMAN HEALTH. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen to ningen no
kenko). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 6(8):577-S82, Aug. 15, 1970. 25 refs.
The health condition of employees under the influence of at-
mospheri fluoride in an aluminum refinery and the health con-
dition of neighboring residents under the influence of con-
taminated air from the refinery were surveyed from the view-
point of epidemiology and clinical toxicology. The people liv-
ing in the fluoride-bearing atmosphere did not have clear sub-
jective symtoms as to skin and mucous troubles when the
fluoride level was between 1.0 and 1.9 ppm. This is quite con-
trary to the effects of other stimulative gaseous substances
like SO2 which is particularly irritating to olfactory organs and
skin. Fluoride concentration between 1.0 and 1.9 ppm may
cause light obstructive trouble to the pulmonary function but
not seriously. The investigation of atmospheric Ht variation
and of both tooth spot trouble and osteomalacia, which are
representative of chronic fluoride poisoning, has indicated that
daily exposure to fluoride-bearing air did not provide any con-
clusive evidence as to its effect on health as long as the con-
centration remains between 1.0 and 1.9 ppm. Some dubious
aspect in view of clinical toxiology are presented, however. As
in the case of the influence of excessive fluoride intake
through agricultural products, the direct effect of atmospheric
fluoride on respiratory organs is a subject still to be studied.
23563
Cumpston, A. G. and B. D. Dinman
A MODIFIED DIFFUSION METHOD FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF URINARY FLUORIDE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
J., 26(5):461-464, Sept.-Oct. 1965. 7 refs.
A modified diffusion method for the determination of urinary
fluoride is described. Forty-eight samples, each with a volume
of 0.5 ml, were taken from the same specimen of urine, and
increasing quantities of sodium fluoride were added. Twenty-
four distilled water blanks were also prepared. Silver
perchlorate-perchloric acid solution was added to the urine
samples and the distilled water blanks. Diffusion was com-
menced and allowed to continue for 20 hours at 50 C. After
diffusion, measured amounts of sodium fluoride were added to
the aqueous extracts of the filter papers from the sample
blanks, and absorbances were read on the Beckman DU spec-
trophotometer, using 1-cm cells. The plot of the absorbance
readings was linear for values between 1 and 6 micrograms of
added fluoride. Since these represent recoveries from 0.5 ml of
urine, they are equivalent to values of 2 to 12 micrograms/ml,
a range that would fully meet the requirements of fluoride ex-
posure screening in industry.
23711
Foster, Lloyd L.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN TRD7LUORIDE ON CAR-
DIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OF RATS. School of Aerospace
Medicine, Brooks AFB, Tex., Aerospace Medical Oiv., Proj.
7753, Task 7753 07, SAM-TR-70-8, 6p., Feb. 1970. 6 refs. CF-
STI, DDC: AD 705045
The specific toxicologic action of nitrogen trifluoride, a poten-
tial rocket propellant on the cardiovascular system was studied
by exposing rats for one minute to tracheal inhalation of the
gas. These rats had a definite decrease in diastolic pressure,
systolic pressure, and heart rate. Similarly, rats that
prebreathe oxygen for 5 minutes before exposure had the
same changes in the cardiovascular system as those breathing
only NF3. However, animals which inhaled oxygen for 5
minutes immediately after exposure to NF3 showed a tempo-
rary increase in diastolic pressure, systolic pressure, and heart
rate. It is concluded that NF3 significantly affects the blood
pressure and heart rate, and that oxygen alters some of its ef-
fects. These effects of NF3 could possibly be attributed to the
formation of methemoglobm and myocardial degeneration.
Studies by other investigators suggest that contact with NF3
may not only cause anoxemia and damage to the lungs, but
harm to the erythrocytes as well. (Author abstract modified)
23763
Call, R. A., D. A. Greenwood, and J. L. Shupe
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES ON MAN. (FINAL
REPORT). Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah Valley Hospital,
Provo, Utah State Hospita Provo, NTH, Grants S-83, S-83(C1),
and S-83(C2), 71p., 1961 (?). 23 refs.
A report is presented which represents findings from studies
designed to obtain information relating to the concentration of
fluorides and total particulate matter in the atmosphere under
known meteorological conditions in selected industrial and
non-industrial areas in Utah, and to determine whether man,
living in these areas, has been affected by the fluorides.
Average yearly values for fluoride in impinger air samples are
reported, and total particulate matter values are also given. Of
the 127 human cases studied, 90 came from geographic areas
known to have had elevated fluoride levels in the atmosphere
and forage. Long-term ingestion of the latter produced changes
characteristic of fluorosis in some animals. Analyses for
fluoride, calcium, phosphorus, ash, and dry matter were made
on various parts of the body. The studies indicate that the
levels of fluoride to which Utah residents in these areas had
been exposed are not responsible for gross or histologic
changes in soft tissue or bone. Chemical and meteorological
studies relating to the concentration of fluorides in the at-
mosphere are described. The medical studies were done on pa-
tients ranging in age from infant to 88 years old; their re-
sidence in the industrial areas ranged from 0 to 83 years.
(Author summary modified)
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
287
24126
Collings, Gilbeart H., Jr., Richard B. L. Fleming, and Roy
May
ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF INHALED
FLUORIDES. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational Med., vol. 4:585-
590, 1951. 24 refs. (Presented at the American Industrial Hy-
giene Association, Atlantic City, April 24-26, 1951.)
A study was undertaken to determine the response to inhaled
fluorides on the part of two human subjects who had had no
previous exposure to significant amounts of fluoride, and who
were shown to have normal rates of fluoride excretion in the
urine during periods in which they were not subjected to such
exposure. As determined by the analysis of serial urine
specimens, exposure to atmospheres containing either gaseous
fluorides or particulate fluorides produced the same changes in
the rate of the urinary excretion of fluorides over a period of
time. A single exposure of eight-hour duration to approximate-
ly 3.3 mg of gaseous fluorides per cu m of air resulted in an
elevation of the rate of urinary excretion of fluorides to ap-
proximately 8.1 mg per day; a similar exposure to approxi-
mately 5.0 mg of 'insoluble' fluoride dust per cu m of air
resulted in an elevation to about 8.9 mg per day. In proportion
to the respective atmospheric concentration, the total amount
of fluoride excreted after exposure to gaseous fluorides was
slightly greater than was the amount excreted after exposure
to fluoride dust, but the equal rapidity of urinary changes oc-
casioned by these two types of exposure would indicate that
the two forms of fluoride are equally well absorbed by the
lungs. Under conditions of usual industrial work in which 8
hours of exposure are followed by 16 hours of freedom from
exposure, it is to be expected that the elevation of the rate of
urinary fluoride excretion occasioned by the exposure during
one work shift will have returned to normal before th next
shift begins. (Author conclusions modified)
24153
Autian, John
TOXICOLOGIC ASPECTS OF FLAMMABILITY AND COM-
BUSTION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS. J. Fire Flanunabili-
ty, vol. 1:239-268, July 1970. 28 refs. (Presented at Polymer
Conference Series, 'Introduction to Flammability and Charac-
teristics of Polymer Materials,' University of Utah College of
Engineering, June 15-20, 1970.)
The toxicity problems which may result from the burning or
heating of manmade polymeric materials (plastics, elastomers,
and textiles) are reviewed at length After a general discussion
of the burning of manmade materials and of toxicology in real
fire situations, the effects of some of the more important ther-
mal degradation products are summarized, including carbon
monoxide; sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride,
chloride, and cyanide; aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic
hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, and epoxy compounds.
Toxic effects from polymer 'fumes' and from smoke are also
considered. The literature on laboratory experiments on the
toxicity of these products is reviewed, and the need for the
development of standardized toxicity testing procedures is
stressed. Three levels of toxicity testing are proposed: level I
deals with 'life and death' possibilities, level II with toxic ef-
fects at sub-lethal concentrations in animals, and level III with
ultimate prediction of toxicity on the basis of pertinent data
about the degradation products. It is emphasized that, besides
the prime attention traditionally accorded to acute toxicity,
toxicity consideration must be extended to include possible
health effects from lower concentratio of the gases and expo-
sures over longer time periods now that new materials are
being used for all types of items, including housing units, and
with increasing air pollution from industrial process or from
municipal trash incineration. An extensive introduction to tox-
icology is included as an appendix.
24392
Novakova, Eliska
THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ON
ANIMAL COMMUNITIES AND THE USE OF ANIMALS AS
BIO-INDICATORS. (Influence des pollutions industrielles sur
les communautes animates et utilization des animaux conune
bioindicateurs). Air Pollution. Proc. First European Congr. In-
fluence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands,
1968, p. 41-48. 9 refs. Translated from French. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., lip., Sept. 15, 1970.
Analyses made on blood samples from hares shot during the
fall hunting season confirmed the possibility of using hares as
indicators of industrial air pollution and of the presence of cer-
tain pesticides. The distribution of harmful emissions can be
estimated by analyzing some elements of the erythrocytes
(hemoglobin, hematocrit, and eventually globular saturation).
In general, the blood values decrease with increased pollution,
except in a few cases of very high SO2 emissions. The pH of
the urine varies: in cement-producing areas, it is over 7.0; in
SO2 areas, it is below 7.0. A good practical criterion is the
multiplication coefficient calculated from the number of young
and full-grown hares killed. For hares in an area of mixed ash
and sulfur dioxide pollution, the multiplication coefficient was
30% lower than for controls. In contrast, the coefficient was
higher by 35% in an area rich in cement dust. The present in-
vestigations, which covered mainly the influence of gaseous
SO2 and hydrogen fluoride, point to a decrease in the number
of insects (without an actual decrease in the number of spe-
cies) with increasing pollution. The differences in the tax-
onomic groups are not pronounced: the decrease in number is
almost uniform in all categories. However, a slight increase
was noted in the Phytophaga in the most polluted zone and in
the Zoophaga in a less polluted zone.
24494
Hagen, Arne R.
NEW VIEWPOINTS ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND TOX-
ICOLOGY OF FLUORIDES. Nor. Tannlaegeforen Tidsskr.,
vol. 77:469-486, 1967. 52 refs. Translated from Norwegian. Na-
tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda Md., Translating Unit,
20p., Oct. 9, 1969.
The change in attitude toward fluorides with respect to their
effect on human health is traced over a period of thirty years.
From a point where the maximum daily dose of fluorides was
established by law at 0.5 mg, medical knowledge concerning
the toxicity and physiological reactions of fluorides has
progressed to where therapeutic doses of up to 100 mg daily
for periods of years can be administered without fear of ad-
verse consequences. In 1963 it was reported (without confir-
mation) that fluorides in drinking water should increase the
frequency of mongoloid births. In 1960, fluorides were reputed
to have a serious effect on hormone production. In 1952 they
were responsible for loss of hair and lefthandedness. Today
they are used in the treatment of osteoporosis and osteogene-
sis imperfecta. There is mounting evidence indicating they may
inhibit calcination of the aorta. The supply of fluorides, espe-
cially in childhood years, is an established necessity. Optimum
quantities of fluorides create desirable conditions in the bone
tissue, and from that point of view, fluoride supply is in-
dicated for adults as well.
-------
288
24580
FLUORINE GASES IN ATMOSPHERE AS INDUSTRIAL
WASTE BLAMED FOR DEATH AND CHRONIC POISONING
OF DONORA AND WEBSTER, PA., INHABITANTS. Chem.
Eng. News, 26(50):3692, Dec. 1948.
Circumstantial and actual proof was found of acute fluorine
poisoning by the smog in the Monongahela River Valley to
persons who already had chronic fluorine intoxication accord-
ing to the official report of investigations of the causes of the
death of 17 people in Donora, Pa., and of 3 in Webster.
Besides being saturated with soot, the fog blanket also con-
tained sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrofluoric acid.
Analysis of blood of deceased and hopitalized victims showed
12 to 25 times the normal quantity of fluorine. Corn crops,
very sensitive to fluorine, were severely damaged, and all of
the vegetation north of the town was killed.
24720
Linde, Harry W.
ESTIMATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF FLUORIDE IN
BODY FLUIDS. Anal. Chem., 31(12):2092-2094, Dec. 1959. 10
rets.
The current use of fluorinated organic compounds in medicine
makes it desirable to have a method to determine the possible
formation of fluoride ion within the body from these com-
pounds. Submicrogram amounts of fluoride ion may be esti-
mated directly in body fluids or water by measuring their in-
hibitory effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of ethyl butyrate.
In blood or urine, the sensitivity is about 0.1 gamma per ml
and in water about 0.1 gamma per 100 ml. The reproducibility
is about 0.1 to 0.2 gamma. The procedure is useful for deter-
mining fluoride ion in the presence of compounds containing
fluorine in nonlabile organic combination, as it does not
require sample ashing, which might decompose these com-
pounds. Substances which interfere with enzyme activity or
which are excessively buffered will interfere with the method.
(Author abstract modified)
25160
Mohamed, Aly H.
INDUCED RECESSIVE LETHALS IN SECOND
CHROMOSOMES OF DROSOPfflLA MELANOGASTER BY
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, lip., 1970. 13 refs. (Presented
at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D.
C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper MB-4F.)
Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, males of the genotype
plus b/dp plus were fumigated with hydrogen fluoride in popu-
lation cages. The source of HF was a 2.5% concentration of
hydrofluoric acid. The fumigation period was for a total of 12
hr, with the first treatment being for 6 hr, followed by incre-
ments of 3 hr, giving a total of three treatment durations. Con-
trol runs were always made simultaneously with treatment
periods. Double distilled water was substituted for the
hydrofluoric acid in the control. After each treatment period,
the fumigated males, as well as the control males, were mated
singly with virgin females of the tester stock Cy/Pm dp b
(chromosome 2). The offspring from the crosses Pm dp
plus/Pm dp plus or Pm plus b/Pm plus b were classified to
determine the presence of lethal second chromosomes. The
data indicated that HF was able to reduce the viability of
homozygotes for all the treatments. The average viability was
26.16% while the expected normal should have been 33.3%.
The differences among the three treatments indicated that HF
has a cumulative effect. There was a trend toward a higher
frequency of lethal and semilethal chromosomes (drastics)
with an increase in treatment duration. It can be concluded
that HF is a mutagenic agent. (Author abstract)
25469
Waldbott, G. L.
CHRONIC FLUORIDE INTOXICATION DUE TO AIR POL-
LUTION. Preprint, International Union of Pollution Prevention
Associations, 20p., 1970. 13 refs. (Presented at the International
Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970,
Paper MB-4D.)
In view of the sparsity of data on neighborhood fluorosis,
clinical observations are presented on 32 individuals afflicted
with 'neighborhood' fluorosis in the pre-skeletal phase. Twen-
ty- eight had been residing within three miles of an Ontario
fertilizer factory, 3 near two Iowa fertilizer factories, and one
in the vicinity of a Michigan iron foundry. In all cases charac-
teristic fluoride damage to plants, livestock, and materials was
established General malaise and exhaustion leading to
complete disability characterizes the disease. All except two
boys reported pain and stiffness in the lumbar and cervical
spine, with restriction of spinal movements and arthritis in
other joints. Myalgia and paresthesia were complained of, as
well as impaired muscular power. Bilateral migraine-like
headaches were encountered in 20 of the patients, while 10 pa-
tients complained of visual disturbances. Eighteen individuals
had gastrointestinal disturbances and 10 had skin lesions.
Nasal and conjunct)val irritation was common, and 6 patients
had a history of frequent epistaxis. In the hospitalized cases,
the spinal x-rays showed changes indicative of osteoarthritis.
Hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia, polyuria, a rise in alkaline
phosphatase, and a slight impairment of liver function were
noted but were not sufficiently consistent to be attributed to
chronic fluoride intoxication. A typical case report is included.
25946
Smith, Frank A., Dwight E. Gardner, Nicholas C. Leone, and
Harold C. Hodge
THE EFFECTS OF THE ABSORPTION OF FLUORIDE. V.
THE CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE IN
HUMAN SOFT TISSUES FOLLOWING PROLONGED IN-
GESTION OF FLUORIDE AT VARIOUS LEVELS. A.M.A.
Arch. Ind. Health, 21(4):330-332, April 1960. 2 refs.
Fluoride levels were determined in human heart, liver, lung,
kidney, spleen, and aorta taken from 23 autopsies. With the
exception of the aorta, no tissue had accumulated fluoride to
any degree, and there was no indication of fluoride increasing
with increasing concentration of fluoride in water. The levels
of concentration of fluoride in the aorta correlated well with
age; the concentration increased with increasing age. The in-
crease of fluoride in the aorta with age may be associated with
the increase in calcification in this tissue with advancing age.
26274
Lohs, Karlheinz
TASKS AND PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY
FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY.
(Aufgaben und Probleme der Industrietoxikologie aus der Sicht
der technischen Cheniic). Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Ber-
lin), 17(1):38-41, Jan. 1, 1965.
Industrial toxicology faces two complexes of problems. The
first are problems arising from the manufacture and processing
of toxic raw, intermediary, and primary materials; the second
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
289
complex encompasses problems which the manufacturing
process poses for the biosphere. Hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl
lead, and some very toxic insecticides (organic derivatives of
phosphoric acid) are examples of the first category. While in-
dustrial analytical instruments working on the principle of
chemical reactions or their physical manifestations have an ac-
curacy of around 0.1 ppm, some lexicologically dangerous
chemicals require a detection accuracy of the order of 0.001
ppm which requires biochemical and biophysical detection
methods. Another problem are the periodic clinical checkups
of employees because in some cases toxic manifestations have
appeared in the form of secondary manifestation without acute
symptoms. Lack of knowledge and information complicates
the setting up and enforcement of hygienic norms. Toxic emis-
sions posing problems are industrial dusts, ash and smoke ox-
ides of sulfur and of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, acids,
ammonia, tars, ketones, peroxides, nitroolefines, and carbon
monoxide. Catastrophies caused by smog are known from Eu-
rope as well as from North America when aerosol concentra-
tions reached levels exceeding 2 mg/cu m as against the 100
microg/cu m level of normal industrial pollution. The London
smog is as a result of high humidity characterized by a high
content of sulfur trioxide m addition to sulfur dioxide, a highly
irritating combination. The most toxic component of
photochemical smog resulting from the action of ultraviolet ir-
radiation on smog is peroxyacetyl nitrate which is highly toxic
to humans and plants at very low concentrations. Other
problems are exemplified by fluoride dusts and emanations
from the manufacture of polyethylene.
26461
Largent, Edward J.
THE METABOLISM OF FLUORIDES IN MAN. A.M.A. Arch.
Ind. Health, 21(4):318-323, April 1960. 8 refs.
The balance between the intake and output of fluoride was in-
vestigated with three healthy adults. Fluoride absorption from
the alimentary tract was remarkably effective, while roughly
half of the fluoride salts were excreted in the unne. Approxi-
mate balance between the intake and output of fluoride was
achieved at levels ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 mg per day. When
the skeleton approaches saturation with fluonde at a given
level of absorption, the rate of accumulation therein
diminishes progressively as the absorption at the rate con-
tinues. Excretion of fluonde in sweat was a highly significant
feature of the fluoride metabolism in hot weather. In another
experiment, those subjects whose intake of fluoride in drink-
ing water had been high for long periods of time, had accumu-
lated abnormal quantities of fluoride in their tissues. Subjects
who were subjected to the inhalation of air containing
hydrogen fluonde experienced a slight stinging sensation in the
skin of the face and in the eyes, as well as some slight irrita-
tion of the nasal passages. A much greater excretion of
fluoride in the urine was observed, but an explanation was not
found for the unexpected increase in fecal elimination.
26743
McCann, H. G.
THE EFFECTS OF THE ABSORPTION OF FLUORIDE. VH.
COMPARISON OF THE PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS AND OF THE FLUORIDE CONTENT
OF THE SKELETAL TISSUES OF TWO PERSONS OF
SIMILAR EXPERIENCE, EXCEPT FOR EXPOSURE TO
FLUORIDE: PART 2. THE FLUORIDE CONTENT OF THE
SKELETAL TISSUES. A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health, 21(4):336-
337, April 1960.
The fluoride content was determined in selected dry, fat-free
identical specimens of bone from the bodies of two human
females. One of the two persons had been a continuous re-
sident of Washington, D. C. for 25 years, during which time
the fluoride content of the water had been 0.2 ppm; the other
had been a resident of Bartlett, Texas continuously for 34
years, during which time the fluoride content of the water was
8 ppm. The quantities of ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesi-
um, and carbon dioxide were also determined, to throw some
light on the effect of the deposition of fluoride on those con-
stituents of bone particularly concerned with calcification. The
average percentage of ash in the bones of subject B was 64.91,
as compared to 57.71 in those of Subject A. The calcium of
subject B was elevated to 24.16% as compared to 21.72%, and
the phosphorus in the same sequence was 10.55% as compared
to 9.74%. Some increased calcification evidently has occurred
in the skeletal tissues of subject B in association with her rela-
tively high intake of fluoride in water. The histological, x-ray,
historical, and clinical data obtained prior to death from the
examination of subject B failed to reveal any skeletal abnor-
malities or systemic conditions of consequence to health or
well-being that could be attributed to the absorption of
fluoride, in spite of the fact that at autopsy the skeletal tissues
showed a remarkably high fluoride content.
26846
Tsunoda, Fumio
NEW ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS: SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO FLUORIDES. (Taiki osen mondai no arata
naich: kyokumen - fukkabutsu ni yoru baai o rei ni). Text in
Japanese. Igaku No Ayumi (Progr. Med.), 70(13):621-623, Sept.
1969. 2 refs.
Fluorine in air pollution mainly originates from aluminum
refineries, phosphate fertilizer factories, and ceramic indus-
tries. Fluorides have a strong toxicity against plants and tend
to become accumulated in them. For example, in the western
mountain areas of Fukushima Prefecture, silk production has
been destroyed due to damages to mulberry trees since the
establishment of an aluminum refinery plant in the area The
process involves the use of 3NaF-AlF3. An epidemiological in-
vestigation was conducted on pollution by fluorides, and the
subjects chosen for this purpose were 35 to 54- year old farm
workers exposed for a long time to hig concentrations of
fluorides in air. The items examined were the determination of
fluorine in urine, pulmonary function, existence of effects on
teeth, and hardening of bones. Although it will take a long
time to get any results from the investigation, it is also neces-
sary to evaluate the effects of fluoride pollution in water, soil,
and food.
26873
Farrah, George H.
DIFFUSION METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF URINA-
RY FLUORIDE: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., 25(l):55-58, Jan.-Feb. 1964 13 refs. (Presented at the
American Industrial Hygiene Association Annual Meeting, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, May 9, 1963.)
The determination of urinary fluoride, as an indication of
fluoride exposure, has been greatly simplified by the microdif-
fusion-colorimetric technique. Problems that have been re-
ported in the use of this method generally involve either high
blanks or low recovery from standards and spiked samples.
Where highest accuracy is needed, cleaning of each diffusion
dish with hot acid solution, followed by a distilled water rinse
may be helpful. Random low recovery is apparently associated
with poor distribution of dried caustic on the lid of the diffu-
-------
290
sion dish, and the most satisfactory remedy has been an in-
crease in alcoholic concentration to about 80%, and doubling
of the caustic concentration to 1 N. Experience in diffusion of
several duplicate sets of urine samples with sulfuric acid and
with perchloric acid has shown slightly higher recoveries with
the latter. However, some may prefer to use sulfuric acid
because of the safety precautions generally required for the
storage and handling of perchloric acid. Where maximum ac-
curacy and precision are necessary for determinations of low
microgram or fractional microgram quantities of fluoride, the
lanthanum chelate of alizarin complexone is the reagent of
choice. For industrial hygiene work, the zirconiumeriochrome
cyanine R reagent is preferred.
27379
Stokinger, Herbert E.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON ANIMALS. In: Air Pollu-
tion. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press,
1962, Chapt. 9, p. 282-334. 122 refs.
Experimental investigations designed specifically to determine
the effects of air pollutants on animals have been undertaken
only recently, whereas field studies have been made sporadi-
cally for many years. The goal of the field studies has been to
find the etiologic agent of some local affection in domestic or
wild animals while the aim of the laboratory studies has been
to determine whether a health hazard exists for man. Air pol-
lution episodes and the acute effects on domestic animals and
animals in captivity are discussed, as well as the chronic
poisoning of livestock and wild animals. Chronic effects are
confined to arsenic, lead, molybderum and fluoride. Laborato-
ry studies are cited on the effects of engin exhausts, the bac-
tericidal action of oxidant smog, simulated oxidant smogs, and
ultraviolet irradiated gasoline-nitrogen oxide mixtures. The
acute toxicity of ozone is reviewed, including the effects of
age, intermittent exposure, disease, exercise, temperature,
reducing agents and drugs. Development of a tolerance to
ozone is indicated. Subchronic toxicity is mentioned, as well
as the characterization of ozone injury, chronic fibrosis of the
lung, and ozone as a lung tumor accelerator. The effects of
nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen pentoxide are
discussed. Information on the toxicological effects of sulfur
dioxide, ammonia, and carbon monoxide is also presented.
Sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mists are considered, as well
as oil mists. Organic vapors which are discussed include for-
maldehyde and its homologues, ketones, ketenes, organic
hydroperoxides and peroxides, organic sulfur compounds from
petroleum, and the conjugated nitro olefins. The study of tox-
icological interactions among various air pollutants has also
demonstrated important instances of both synergism and an-
tagonism. Effects of mixtures of particulate with gas or vapor
are reviewed, as well as oil mists and oxidant gases, and beryl-
lium sulfate mist and hydrogen fluoride vapor. Mixtures of
gases and vapors which are considered include ozone and
hydrogen peroxide, ozone and 100% oxygen, ozone and car-
bon dioxide, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide
and gaseous synergists, and sulfur compounds and oxidant
gases.
27753
Talvitie, N. A. and Lial W. Brewer
SEPARATION OF FLUORIDE BY ION EXCHANGE: APPLI-
CATION TO URINE ANALYSIS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc., J.,
21(4):287-295, Aug. 1960. 15 refs. (Presented at the American
Industrial Hygiene Assoc. Annual Meeting, 21st, Rochester, N.
Y., April 25-28, 1960.)
Two ion-exchange procedures are described which provide
simple, low-cost alternatives to the distillation process for the
separation of fluoride from urine. The first procedure involves
the elution of fluoride from hydroxide resin with hydroxide
ion, the second the elution of fluoride from acetate resin with
beryllium ion. The results obtained with the first procedure are
i close agreement with those obtained by distillation, while the
results obtained with the second procedure are consistently
higher than those for distillation. Both methods permit the
simultaneous processing of a large number of samples and the
attainment of an over-all rapidity of analysis. Because the
second procedure has a low level of background interference,
it is particularly suitable for evaluating control measures for
protecting industrial populations in which the fluoride excre-
tion level at times exceeds tenfold the normal.
27755
Rowley, R. J. and G. H. Farrah
DIFFUSION METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF URINA-
RY FLUORIDE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc., J., 23(4):314-318, July-
Aug. 1962. 8 refs. (Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Pittsburgh,
Pa., March 5, 1962.)
A modified diffusion procedure is presented for analyzing uri-
nary fluoride. No preliminary treatment is required and opera-
tor time i greatly reduced since samples can be conveniently
processed in larg groups. A 1 ml portion of specimen is placed
in a plastic Petri dish containing a chloride fixative. The sam-
ple is acidified and the dish closed with a cover coated on the
inner surface with sodiu hydroxide. After diffusion for 20 hrs
at 50 C, fluoride in the caustic film is colorimetrically mea-
sured by the Thorium-Alizarin Red S method or the Zirconi-
um-Eriochrome Cyanine R method. Absorbance of fluoride
against water is then determined spectrophotometrically at a
wave length of 525 micrometers. Conversion to micrograms of
fluoride is made by means of a corresponding calibration
curve. Within the range 0-25 micrograms F/ml the precision
and accuracy of this method are comparable to those of the
distillation procedure. (Author abstract modified)
27895
Boysen, John E.
HEALTH HAZARDS OF SELECTED ROCKET PROPEL-
LANTS. Arch. Environ. Health, vol. 7:71-75, July 1963. 2 refs.
Many of the present day propellants and oxidizers present
unusual problems because of their high order of toxicity and
the huge quantities used. The current 'concept of concurrency'
also creates additional problems because design and procedu-
ral decisions must be made before the development of
adequate toxicological and clinical data. Design of toxicologi-
cal experiments is discussed, including the basis for threshold
limit values. During the course of experimentation and clinical
observation, efforts are made to determine the mechanisms of
toxic stress as well as to find the early indicators of response
to toxic agents. Indicators of physiological or pathological
change are mentioned. Evaluation of the operational risk
which is involved in the transport, storage, and firing of rocket
propellants is a problem of considerable magnitude. The design
of a medical program involving the use of propellants must
also include periodic examinations and the treatment of casual-
ties. Symptoms are mentioned due to exposure to unsymmetri-
cal dimethylhydrazine, pentoborane, nitrogen tetroxide,
chlorine trifluonde, perchloryl fluoride, and n-propyl nitrate.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
291
28019
Rosenzweig, Kurt A. and I. Abkewitz
PREVALENCE OF ENDEMIC FLUOROSIS IN ISRAEL AT
MEDIUM FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION. Public Health
Rept. (U. S.), 78(1):77-80, Jan. 1963. IS refs.
Examination of 262 children in Qiryat Haiyim, a suburb of
Haifa, Israel, revealed the presence of endemic fluorosis.
Local water contains about 0.75 ppm fluoride, the optimum
level according to the formula of Galagan and Vermillion.
Fluorosis was less prevalent and caries experience slightly but
consistently higher in both sexes and at all ages in children
who had been absent from Qiryat Haiyim for a continuous
period of at least one month, but the mean decayed, missing,
and filled teeth (DMF) of all age groups was within the limits
observed in the major cities of the country. Climatic condi-
tions which increase intake of water, as well as fluorides in
seafood and tea, may be the cause of the endemic fluorosis.
The slightly increased protection against caries does not justify
the observed amount of fluorosis. (Author conclusions
modified)
28037
Maner, J. R., Dyson Rose, and M. Boulet
ACCUMULATION OF SKELETAL FLUORIDE AND ITS IM-
PLICATIONS. Arch. Environ. Health, 6(5):664-671, May 1963.
71 refs.
Absorption of fluoride and various effects of its accumulation
are discussed. When inorganic fluoride is ingested at any con-
centration, a portion of it is deposited in the skeletal structure
of animals or man. The amount deposited has been found to
be a fairly consistent function of the amount absorbed from
the digestive tract; however, the rate of fluoride deposition in
bone tends to decrease gradually with time The concomitant
ingestion of multivalent cations, especially in the presence of
phosphate, promotes formation of insoluble fluoride ag-
gregates in the digestive tract, favoring fecal excretion of in-
gested fluoride. Deposition of fluoride in bones and teeth
probably occurs by means of an exchange of fluoride for
hydroxvl and bicarbonate ions at the crystal surface of bone
mineral. Incorporation of fluonde is discussed, including sur-
face exchange. Fluoride deposition occurs most intensely in
skeletal areas of high metabolic activity or grea vascularity so
that cancellous bone tends to accumulate more fluoride than
docs cortical bone. Incorporation of even small amounts of
fluoride into bone and tooth minerals causes a substantial
reduction in solubility, the effect is proportional to the degree
of fluoride incorporation, i.e , it is dependent on the propor-
tion of hydroxyapatite converted to the less soluble
fluoroapatite. Pathological changes in bone associated with
fluoride accumulation are discussed. Fluoride is incorporated
into teeth by the same ion-exchange mechanism involved in
bone, although the rate of migration of fluoride from the
crystal surface to the intenor of the enamel is much slower.
Recommendations are presented for further research.
28041
Carpenter, Frank G.
ANESTHETIC ACTION OF INERT AND UNREACTIVE
GASES ON INTACT ANIMALS AND ISOLATED TISSUES.
Am. JPhysiol., vol. 178:505-509, Sept. 1954. 22 refs.
To measure the depressant effect of inert gases relative to one
another, the pressure required of each to protect 50% of a
group of mice from electroshock convulsions was determined.
Twenty to thirty animals were tested at five different pres-
sures of each gas and the results plotted with respect to the
percentage protection afforded on logarithmic probability
paper. The gases included cyclopropane,
dichlorodifluoromethane, ethylene, xenon, nitrous oxide, kryp-
ton, sulfur hexafluoride, methane, argon, nitrogen, and helium.
Sciatic nerves from adult albino rats weighing 300-400 grams
were dissected, and the effect of these gases was measured by
the decrease in excitability, blockade of fiber conduction, and
alteration in the polarized state of the constituent fiber mem-
brane. At consistently higher pressures six out of seven of the
gases tested diminished excitability, blocked conduction, and
produced significant depolarization of isolated rat peripheral
nerve. The depressant action of these substances is fundamen-
tally related to the facility with which they dissolve in olive oil
or a non-polar liquid to produce a critical concentration of
molecules at their site of action. The relative solubility of a
gas in olive oil or a non-polar liquid is inversely proportional
to its standard state fugacity. For two gases of very high
molecular weight, smaller amounts were dissolved than would
be predicted by this rule and the relation between the depres-
sant action of a gas and its fugacity is not so clear. (Author
summary modified)
28139
Mangold, C. A. and R. R. Beckett
COMBINED OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE OF SILVER
BRAZERS TO CADMIUM OXIDE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE
AND FLUORIDES AT A NAVAL SHIPYARD. Am. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J., 32(2):115-118, Feb. 1971. 15 refs. (Presented at the
American Industrial Hygiene Association, Annual Meeting, Bre-
merton, Wash., Oct. 2-3, 1969.)
Silver brazers at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard are chroni-
cally exposed to cadmium oxide fume, nitrogen dioxide gas,
and fluorides during the assembly of copper, or copper alloy
piping aboard ships under construction and repair, and in the
pipe shop. Physiological effects of exposures to the toxic
gases and fumes produced by silver brazing are cited. While
the intermittent peak exposures occurring during the heating
cycle often are above the current Threshold Limit Values, the
time-weighted average exposure do not exceed the combined
threshold limits calculated on the basis of additive effects. The
combined occupational exposures to CdO, NO2, and fluorides
may occur during an acute exposure, but most likely the ef-
fects are due to nitrogen dioxide, since most of the solders in
use do not contain cadmium. Since both cadmium oxide fume
and nitrogen dioxide gas produce a delayed pulmonary
response, acute inhalation cases involving silver brazers might
be attributed to cadmium oxide fume, when nitrogen dioxide is
the cause. (Author abstract modified)
28199
Stokinger, H E.
TOXICOLOGY OF CHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS. Chem.
Can., 5(l):23-26, 36, 44, Jan. 1953. 37 refs.
A brief summary of available semi-quantitative information on
the major group constituents of industrial atmospheres, con-
centration of metallic elements in urban atmospheres, and con-
centrations of elements by type of urban district is presented
in table form. Distinct seasonal variations are noted. Bodily in-
take of solid particles (and possibly of oil droplets as well) is
affected primarily by particle size, especially for insoluble par-
ticles, whereas solubility governs the amount of gases and
vapors retained in the body. The volume of air inhaled is af-
fected by type of physical activity. Once inhaled, the behavior
of inorganic substances in the body depends on whether the
metal salts remain in solution in ionic dimensions, or whether
they precipitate to colloidal forms. The former are distributed
-------
292
uniformly to all body tissues and then are uniformly deposited
in bone; the latter are entrained to certain organs (e.g., liver,
spleen) or deposited in bone in spotty distribution. The tox-
icologic effects of certain chemical air pollutants are reviewed
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and sulfuric
acid mist; arsenic and arsine; smog ingredients; beryllium; cad-
mium; and fluorine and its compounds.
28429
Stokinger, Herbert E.
AIR POLLUTION AND THE PARTICLE SIZE-TOXICITY
PROBLEM--1. Nucleonics, 5(6):50-62, Dec. 1949. 15 refs.
Industrial air pollution problems are discussed in the context
of community air pollution and in-plant pollution. Special at-
tention is given to airborne beryllium concentrations producing
clinical disease within a 1/4 mi radius of a beryllium plant, to
recent developments in identifying toxic agents in plants, and
to particle characteristics responsible for toxic hazards. Cases
of beryllium poisoning, some fatal, were caused by environ-
mental beryllium concentrations as low as 0.1-0.01 micro-
gram/cu m air. The toxicity of various grades of beryllium ox-
ides increases with increased surface area, which is associated
with increased solubility but not necessarily with particle size.
Industrial beryllium poisoning is enhanced by hydrogen
fluoride and physical exercise though, unlike silicosis, not by
tuberculosis. Two major sites of possible radiation injury from
long-term inhalation of uranium dust in very low concentra-
tions are the lungs, from accumulation of insoluble uranium
compounds, and bones, chiefly through accumulation of solu-
ble uranium compounds. Lung retention of the insoluble dusts
is greatly influenced by particle size.
28556
Adler, P., W. D. Armstrong, Muriel E. Bell, B. R. Bhussry, W.
Buettner, H. D. Cremer, V. Demole, Y. Ericson, I. Gedalia,
H. C Hodge, G. N. Jenkins, S. S. Jolly, E. J. Largent, N. C.
Leone, T. G. Ludwig, A. E. Martin, G. Minoguchi, J. C.
Muhler, E. R. Schlesinger, A. H. Siddiqui, L. Singer, A.
Singh, F. A. Smith, G. K. Stookey, D. R Taves, P.
Venkateswarlu, J. C. Weatherell, S. M. Weidmann, and I.
Zipkm
FLUORIDES AND HUMAN HEALTH. (Fluoride und
menschliche Gesundheit). Text in German. Oeffentl. Gesundheit-
swesen (Stuttgart), 33(3):173- 182, 1971. 3 refs.
Fluorides present in atmospheric dust and gases are an impor-
tant health hazard, since fluoride ions are almost completely
retained in the lung. The world consumption of calcium
fluoride (for steel production and other purposes) amounts to
more1 than 2 million tons per year. Several times 200,000 tons
of CaF2 are produced in the United States alone. Since long-
term exposure to high fluorine concentrations is harmful,
elimination by the body is of importance. Fluorides are
eliminated by the feces, urine, sweat, and in small quqntities
by skin. Most of the fluorine is discharged with the urine. A
long-term intake of more than 2 to 8 mg/day fluoride causes
abnormal density of bones.
28754
Tsuji, Yoshihito and H. Tsunoda
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY ON THE HUMAN EF-
FECTS OF FLUORIDE AIR POLLUTION IN KITAKATA,
FUKUSHIMA PREF. IN JAPAN. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki
osen no seitai ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite no ekigaku chosa.
Kitakata-shi no baai). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 145, 1970. (Proceedings of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
An epidemiological study was conducted on the relationship
between contamination of air by fluorides emitted from an alu-
minum refining factory and the health of adults permanently
residing in the area. The subjects were residents, aged 35-64
yrs, in the polluted village and of a control village. Subjective
symptoms of fluoride poisoning, bone x-rays, cardiac and pul-
monary functions, blood characteristics, and fluoride content
of urine were studied. 'Discomfort' was obviously more
frequent among men and women of the polluted area, but
there was little difference between the two villages with
respect to irritation of skin and eyes and pain in the joints.
Results of pulmonary and cardiac function tests were also
similar. Bone x-rays showed that osteosclerosis was relatively
more frequent in the polluted area only for knee joints. As far
as blood characteristics were concerned, there were no abnor-
mal findings in either village. Urine fluoride levels were higher
among men in the polluted area, but the concentrations were
ion concentrations and the measurements were made only over
a short period. Thus no conclusive statements could be made
as to the effects of fluorine on the urine of the residents.
29043
Osaka Prefecture (Japan), Suitd Public Health Center
REPORT ON THE SURVEY ON EFFECTS OF POLLUTION
OF LIVING ENVIRONMENT- SURVEY OF POLLUTION
FROM MORITA CHEMICAL CO., LTD. IN SOUTHERN
SUITA CITY. (Seikatsu kankyo osen eikyo chosa hokoku -
minami fukitu chiku ni okeru morita kagaku kogyo kabushiki
kaishi kogai ni kansuru jintai eikyo chosa). Text in Japanese.
48p, July 1970.
On Aug. 27, 1969, a newspaper reported that about 18 hectares
of paddy field rice died because of the effect of hydrogen
fluoride in the neighborhood of a chemical company. An in-
vestigation revealed that large amounts of HF were emitted
during a power failure on the night of July 3, 1969. The chemi-
cal company's major products are hydrofluoric acid and alu-
minum fluoride. Damage to farm land, agricultural products,
trees, and tin-plated iron sheet roofing from HF was repeated
yearly despite the expansion of production at the factory and
their efforts to improve the situation. Between September 1960
and October 1967 there were 15 disputed cases between the re-
sidents and the factory. The maximum fluorine concentration
detected was 0.059 mg/cu m and the average concentration
was was 0.016 mg/cu m in the plot next to the factory. A
medical survey showed symptoms such as cough, phlegm,
nausea, and throat irritation in people who stayed home. The
same sort of respiratory disturbances were observed in the
other similar areas. Fifty-nine percent of the people were over
40 years old. No clear-cut effects were observed ophthal-
mologically and otorlaryngologically. Among infants, a high
ratio of reddish pharynx and an abnormal respiratory sound
were observed. It was contended that at present concentra-
tions there are no immediate and serious effects anticipated,
but since the pollution is expected to continue in the future,
immediate steps should be taken.
29415
Fukushima Prefectural Government (Japan)
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON HUMAN
BODY. (Fukkabutsu no jintai ni oyobosu eikyochosa). Text in
Japanese. 66p., 1970.
The effect of fluorides exhausted from aluminum smelters
over a score of years was investigated on 35 to 64 year-old re-
sidents of either a polluted area (A) in Kitakata city. Fu-
kushima prefecture, or a control area (B) in the suburbs of
Kitakata city. One hundred and forty-three residents of A area
and 135 residents of B area took medical advice. Geometric
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
293
average values in the air were 1186.2 micrograms of fluoride in
A area and 39.7 in B area. Tests were carried out on the ex-
istence of subjective symptoms. The medical history of frac-
tures, mottled enamel, and swelling of the thyroid gland, bone
radioscopy, electrocardiogram, lung ventilative function, the
determinations of serum transaminase alkaline phosphatase,
calcium, inorganic phosphorus, hematocrit value and the quan-
tity of hemoglobin, urinary protein, urobirinogenen, sugar, and
the quantity of fluorine in urine. These results were studied by
area, sex, the number of years of residence, profession, and
the lexicological effects. Excess intake of fluoride was not
found to cause harm either in groups or in individuals. But the
averages of the quantity of fluorine in urine were 0.88 ppm
(male) and 0.70 ppm (female) in A area; both males and
females were 0.47 ppm, in B area; this is the only point which
differed for the two areas. X-ray investigation showed fair
numbers of osteosclerosis, but these were not certified to have
resulted from fluorine.
29807
American Industrial Hygiene Assoc., Detroit Mich.,
Biochemical Assay Committee
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING GUIDES. FLUORIDES. Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 32(4):274-279, April 1971. 26 refs.
The nature of industrial exposures to fluorides is indicated and
the metabolic fate of fluoride absorbed by the worker is
briefly reviewed. Industrial exposure to these compounds may
be assessed by measurement of the urinary excretion of
fluoride, and urinary levels encountered in personnel in
several fluoride-using industries are reported. Such data can be
of use in arriving at approximations of the magnitude of expo-
sure of a work force, and to indicate whether or not deleteri-
ous effects may be produced. The long term hazard to be pro-
tected against in the course of industrial exposure to fluorides
is the development of crippling fluorosis. If early osteosclero-
sis as evidenced by increased density to x-rays can be
avoided, crippling fluorosis will not be seen. Urinary fluoride
concentrations not exceeding 5 mg/liter in before-shift, spot
samples taken after two days off work are not associated with
osteosclerosis, and such changes are unlikely at urinary levels
of 5 to 8 mg/liter. (Author summary modified)
30145
Weigand, Walter
STUDIES OF THE INHALATION TOXICITY OF THE
FLUORINE DERIVATIVES OF THE METHANE, ETHANE
AND CYCLOBUTANE. (Untersuchungen ueber die Inhalation-
stoxizitaet von Fluorderivaten des Me than, Aethan und Cyclobu-
tan). Text in German. Zbl. Arbeitsmed., 21(5): 149-156, 1971. 10
refs.
Acute and chronic inhalation tests were performed on rats,
guinea pigs, cats, and beagles with chlorotrifluoromethane
(CC1F3), chlorodifluoromethane (CHC1F2),
bromochlorodifluoromethane (CBrCIF2), 1-chloro-l, 1-2,2,2-
pentafluoroethane (CC1F2-CF3), carbon fluoride (C4F8,), and
dichlorofluoromethane (CHC12F). The acute inhalation tests
(one exposure for two hours) on rats and guinea pigs showed
that CC1F3, CC1F2-CF3, and C4F8 caused no injuries even
when a dose of 60% by volume was inhaled.
Chlorodifluoromethane caused no injuries in rats to a concen-
tration of 2.5% by volume and in guinea pigs to five percent.
The limit concentration for CBrClF2 was five percent by
volume for rats and 10% for guinea pigs. For CHC12F, the
limit concentration was one percent by volume. In the chronic
experiments, the animals were exposed to the fluorine deriva-
tive/air mixture five days a week for three and one half hours
per day. The experiments lasted four weeks. The total inhala-
tion time was 70 hours. The concentrations ranged from 20%
by volume for CC1F3, CC1F2-CF3, and C4F8 to between 2.5
and 7.5% by volume for CBrClF2. With the exception of
CHC12F and CBrClF2, no injuries were caused by the fluorine
derivatives. None of the derivatives attacked the respiratory
tract.
30183
Tajima, Yoshio, Kyoko Shinohara, Hideo Kinebuchi, and
Tom Yamauchi
THE INFLUENCES OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIC
FLUORIDE POLLUTION UPON THE SKELETAL DEVELOP-
MENT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN. (Fukkabutsu no yoru
taikiosen ga gakudo no kotsu seijuku ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in
Japanese. Fukushima Igaku Zasshi (Fukushima Med. J.), 18(5-
6): 185-189, Dec. 1968. 16 refs.
In K city, Fukushima Prefecture, the skeletal development of
506 boys and girls in the 5th, 6th, 8th, and 9th grades was ex-
amined by x-rays of their right arms. A region within two km
from the aluminum refinery, polluted with fluoride (three to
five ppb fluoride and 100 to 230 kg/sq km/month fluorine per
atmospheric dust fall), and a town only slightly polluted by
fluoride located six km away from the refinery were studied.
The x-rays were classified according to the standard of the
skeletal development determined by Greulich and Pyle. Com-
parative studies on region, sex, and school year were also
done. Children in the polluted area were found a little behind
in the development of carpal bones in the 5th and 6th grade
and metacarpal and digital phalanx bones in the 6th grade.
Low levels of fluorine in the air promote the skeletal develop-
ment of 8 - 12 year old school children; however, in this stu-
dy, such a tendency was not found. Such a tendency was
found however, in the girls in the 8th and 9th grade in the ju-
nior high school in the polluted area. Thus, if fluorine had an
influence upon the skeletal development, the influence is
greater upon the smaller children, and varies according to the
individual child. There was only a slight difference between
the polluted area and non-polluted area. Therefore, pollution in
this area does not have a serious influence upon the skeletal
development of children.
30385
Gerdes, Raymond A., James D. Smith, and Howard G.
Applegate
THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
UPON DROSOPfflLA MEIANOGASTER - H. FECUNDITY,
HATCHABILITY, AND FERTILITY. Atmos. Environ. (Lon-
don), 5(3):117-122, March 1971. 2 refs.
Two strains of Drosophila melanogaster were treated with sub-
lethal levels of gaseous hydrogen fluoride for six weeks. Egg
samples were collected at various times for hatchability deter-
minations. Adults reared from these samples were evaluated
for fecundity and fertility. Treatment with HF caused a
marked reduction in hatchability and fecundity in the more
sensitive strain. Male fertility was depressed, but female fer-
tility remained stable over the test period. The reduction of
these parameters in the offspring of populations subjected to
low levels of atmospheric HF pollution for prolonged periods
suggests that HF causes genetic damage. (Author abstract
modified)
-------
294
30387
Gerdes, Raymond A., James D. Smith, and Howard G.
Applegate
THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
UPON DROSOPfflLA MELANOGASTER -1. DIFFERENTIAL
GENOTYPIC RESPONSE. Atmos. Environ. (London), S(3):113-
116, March 1971. 4 refs.
Four inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to
various concentrations of gaseous hydrogen fluoride for a
period of six weeks. At all treatment levels the populations
responded similarly during the first 12 hours with few deaths
occurring. However, during the second 12 hours it was ap-
parent tht the 5.5 ppm HF level was harmful. By the end of
the third day all flies subjected to this treatment were dead. At
4.2 ppm a definite difference in the response of the different
strains existed. A different mechanism is involved with the
three reduced concentrations than that displayed at 5.5 ppm.
At the higher concentration a directly deleterious effect is
noted, while at the reduced levels a genetic effect is indicated
by the different genotypic responses. The effects on viability
were predominantly linear with respect to fluoride concentra-
tion over the ranges tested. The differential responses of the
inbred lines were interpreted to mean that tolerance to fluoride
contamination is influenced by genotype. (Author abstract
modified)
30788
Fournier, P.
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS ROLE IN RESPIRATORY
PATHOLOGY. (Les pollutions atmospheriques et leur role en
pathologic respiratoire). Text in French. Sem. Then, 47(4):395-
398, April 1971.
The sources of air pollution are manifold: fumes from
domestic and industrial combustion, industrial residues, ex-
haust gases from automotive vehicles, dust generated by road
traffic, and the always present dust particles created by ero-
sion and disintegration of animal and vegetable organic matter.
It is estimated that in the city area of Paris, 50% of air pollu-
tants emanate from home heating, 25% from industrial waste,
and 25% from automobile exhaust gases. Chemically, the most
analyzed pollutants are mineral and organic dust varieties,
gases and vapors, particularly sulfurous anhydride, nitric ox-
ide, fluorine compounds, ozone, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Also mentioned should be, from the point of view of nox-
iousness, atmospheric allergens, bacteria, viruses, and fungi,
all of which can affect the human broncho-pulmonary system.
Symptoms of the effect of inhaling gaseous pollutants in sub-
stantial concentration can be, in the lung area, edemata,
hemorrhages, distention and rupture of alveoli; in the bronchi-
al area, erosion of the epithelium, edema, and hemorrhage.
Prolonged inhalation of air containing gaseous pollutants in
lesser concentrations can induce progressive sclerosis of the
alveolic walls and ensuing development of emphysema,
bronchial lesions causing dilatation or spasms, and hypersecre-
tion of mucus. The effect of the weather in the Meuse valley
in 1930, and in Donora, U.S.A., in 1948 is mentioned; both are
industrial areas located in valleys where, due to a temperature
inversion with extended absence of wind, extremely high con-
centrations of pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide, accumu-
lated. Forty-three percent of the population of Donora was af-
flicted by respiratory troubles; in the Meuse valley, the
number of deaths attributed to this occurrence was ten times
the statistical average of the preceding years.
30841
MacEwen, J. D. and E. H. Vernot
TOXIC HAZARDS RESEARCH UNIT ANNUAL TECHNICAL
REPORT: 1970. SysteMed Corp., Dayton, Ohio, AF Contract
F33615-70-C-1046, Proj. 6302, Task 01, Rept. AMRL-TR-70-77,
SysteMed Rept. W-70005, 87p., Aug. 1970. 51 refs. NTIS, DDC:
AD 714694
The activities of the Toxic Hazards Research Unit for the
period of June 1969 through May 1970 are reviewed. Modifica-
tions of the animal exposure facilities are discussed including
the installation of an automatic weighing system in each
Thomas Dome. Acute toxicity experiments were conducted on
beta cloth glass fiber dust, chlorinetrifluoride (C1F3), oxygen
difluoride, and hydrogen fluoride. There was no evidence of
irritation from the beta cloth dust; histopathologic examination
of the nasal passages and respiratory airways failed to show
any differences between the exposed and the control animals.
Lacnmation, salivation, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea were the
common symptoms seen in rats and mice exposed to C1F3.
Lethal concentrations produced massive alveolar and intersti-
tial hemorrhage. Animals exposed to near lethal concentrations
showed congestion, edema, hemorrhage, and emphysema. The
signs of HF toxicity were similar to those seen in C1F3 expo-
sures. Massive lung hemorrhage and edema were the charac-
teristic findings in those animals that died during exposure to
HF. Respiratory distress was seen in rodents exposed to OF2;
in dogs and monkeys, gagging and emesis occurred. All
animals that died had lung congestion, edema, and
hemorrhage. Subacute toxicity studies were conducted on
Freon 113 and methylisobutylketone. The changes observed in
animals exposed to Freon 113 were all minimal; there were no
signs of toxic response to methylisobutylketone. The interim
results of chronic toxicity experiments on monomethyl-
hydrazine are also discussed.
31234
Brantner, H.
THE PROBLEM OF CARIES PROPHYLAXIS IN AREAS OF
HIGHER FLUORINE EMISSIONS. (Zur Problematik der Ka-
riesprophylaxe in Gebieten mit erhoehten Fluorimmissionen).
Text in German. Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen (Stuttgart),
33(6):360-363, June, 1971. 24 refs.
The fluorine excretion with the urine of persons exposed to
higher fluorine emissions was determined and compared to a
control group living in a non-industrial section of the city of
Graz. The fluorine excretion/1000 ml urine was used as rela-
tive value. The fluorine contents were first determined by
spectrophotometry and later with an ion specific electrode.
Since fluorine is not only emitted by industrial coal-fired fur-
naces, but also by domestic heaters, the residential areas were
later included in the study. The fluorine excretion with the
urine was proportional to the fluorine concentration of the at-
mosphere In heavily polluted areas the excretion was signifi-
cantly higher than in the control group. Therefore, it seems ad-
visable for future caries prevention programs to consider the
fluoride content of the air as well as that of the water.
31319
Schlipkoeter, H. W. and R. Dolgner
HEALTH PERILS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION. (Gesundheit-
sgefaehrdung durch Verunreinigung der I,uft). Text in German.
Atomwirtschaft, 16(6):288-293, June 1971. (Presented at the
Reaktortagung Kern tech nischen Gesellschaft ini Deutschen
atomforum, Bonn, West Germany, March 30-ApriI 2, 1971.)
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
295
Health risks through air pollution are discussed by means of
specific examples. Emissions emanating from large industries
are of limited importance only, since they effect merely the
closer vicinity of the source of emission. Furthermore, the
typical composition of pollutants is known for each of these
industries, and their health risks can be evaluated and com-
batted individually. More reason for concern are emissions
originating ubiquitously from all processes of incineration.
Domestic heating, atuomobile engines, and a multiplicity of
smaller industries produce a variety of air pollutants such as
carbon monoxide, soot, polycychc hydrocarbons, sulfur diox-
ide, lead compounds, and gaseous hydrochloric acid which
arises in the incineration of polyvinyl compounds. Lead from
automobile exhausts and fluorine compounds from aluminum
works can be absorbed by food plants, and thus indirectly
cause damage to the human organism. Sulfur dioxide and some
hydrocarbons can attack the human respiratory tract and the
lung. Dust in the air absorbs part of the ultraviolet radiation
from the sun which is vital for some biological functions, for
instance, the body development of children. Rickets, and af-
fliction of the growing bone structure, and retardation in the
growth of children can be ascribed to a lack of ultraviolet
radiation. Carbon monoxide, when inhaled, combines with the
hemoglobin of the blood to which it has a 200 time greater af-
finity than oxygen, and thus impedes the function of the blood
in transporting oxygen.
32152
Antonelli, Giuseppe
EFFECTS OF THE PRESENCE OF FLUORINE IN AREAS IN
THE VICINITY OF PLANTS WHERE IT IS PRODUCED,
AND ITS TOXICITY WHEN USED FOR PROPHYLAXIS
AND MEDICAL TREATMENT. (Effetti del fluoro nelle region!
prossime ad Industrie di sua produzione e tossicita di esso anche
negli usi profilattici a terapeutici). Text in Italian. Rass. Trimes-
trale di Odontoiatria, 35(2):95-123, April-June, 1954. 7 refs.
With a view to investigating the effects of fluorine exposure
on the development of caries in teeth, a study was made of a
hydrofluoric acid plant which uses a reaction between fluor-
spar and sulfuric acid. The tests conducted consisted of mea-
suring the fluorine content and pH of watercourses in the
area, toxic action on plant and animal life, effect on caries for-
mation with plant employees and area school children, and oc-
cupational illnesses traceable to fluorine. Suggestions are given
for the treatment and prophylaxis of fluorine poisoning and
the proper pharmacological use of fluorine products, especially
in the topical application of sodium fluoride as a means of
preventing dental caries The normal fluorine content of the
teeth is 06%, as compared with 0.1% for the bones. The nor-
mal topical application of sodium fluoride, which consists of
two cc of a two percent solution of the salt, can be considered
to have negligible toxicologic effects, since even the entire
maximum dosage per treatment of 40 mg NaF, assuming it
were at diluted by saliva and mouth rinsings, would be insuf-
ficient to cause damage to the tissues.
32256
Wewer, Bernd
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE RETEN-
TION AND ELIMINATION OF CALCIUM FLUORIDE IN
THE LUNG (CONTRIBUTION TO FLUORSPAR PNEU-
MOCONIOSIS). (Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen an der
Lunge zur Frage der Retention und Elimination von Calcium-
fluorid (Beitrag zur Pneumokoniose der Flussspatarbeiter)). Text
in German. Beitr. Silikose-Forsch. (Pneumokoniose), 22(4):193-
235, 1970. 112 refs.
Experiments were conducted to give quantitative values of cal-
cium fluoride lymph transport from the lung. According to its
cytopathogenic effect in pattern experiments, CaF2 was ex-
pected to show an increased evacuation effect on the
lymphatics. The results of fluoranalysis showed no direct in-
fluence of CaF2 on the acute course of fluorspar pneu-
moconiosis. During the phase of CaF2 inhalation, analysis in-
dicated a marked decrease of retention and, histologically, an
interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenitis. When another inhala-
tion followed CaF2 inhalation, elimination of CaF2 increased
and evacuation of quartz particles in the lymphatics was
limited. The inflammation of the lung tissue caused by CaF2
increased the effect of quartz. Quartz increased the penetra-
tion of CaF2 into the pulmonary interstitium, where mixed
dust granulomas were formed. The evacuation of quartz parti-
cles by the lymphatics was diminished by CaF2. Silicon diox-
ide could then develop its damaging effects since it was only
eliminated from the lung by the bronchial tree to an insignifi-
cant degree; this was an especially decisive point in acute
fluorspar pneumoconiosis.
32596
Dorinovskaya, A. P. and V. L. Vishnevskiy
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON A LUNG TISSUE
CULTURE. (Deystviye ftoristogo vodoroda na kul turu
legochnoy tkani). Text in Russian. Scientific Research Inst. for
Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, Sverdlovsk
(USSR), Flyuoroz Ego Profil., Mater. Simp. 1966, p. 94-9.
The lung tissue culture from animals exposed to an at-
mosphere containing hydrogen fluoride was cultivated in a
medium consisting of 0.5% lactalbumin, ox serum, and an-
tibiotics. Five months of intoxication of the experimental
animals with HF of a 3.0 mg/sq m concentration resulted in in-
tense slow down of cell migration and it completely stopped
cell growth and mitotic processes in lung tissue cultures. An
0.5 mg/sq m concentration slowed down growth and mitosis of
lung cells to a much lesser degree, but even this concentration,
which is the maximum permissible HF concentration in the at-
mosphere of industrial production plants, did not prove to be
harmless for organism. Cultivation of lung tissue is considered
a sensitive test suitable for investigations of the threshold con-
centrations and mechanisms of the effect of some harmful at-
mospheric substances.
32601
Petina, A. A. and L. N. El nichnykh
TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUORINE
DURING ITS SIMULTANEOUS ENTRANCE INTO AN OR-
GANISM ALONG WITH DRINKING WATER AND INHALED
AIR. (Toksikologicheskaya kharakteristika ftora pri od-
novremennom postuplenii ego v organizm s pit evoy vodoy i
vdykhaemym vozdukhom) Text in Russian. Scientific Research
Inst. for Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, Sver-
dlovask (USSR), Flyuoroz Ego Profil., Mater. Simp., 1966, p.
157-163.
The experimental animals were exposed to an atmosphere con-
taining 0.01 mg/sq m of hydrogen fluoride and to drinking
water containing 0.2-1.5 mg/1 of fluorine. The inhalation of
fluorine in this concentration emphasized toxic effect of
fluorine in drinking water Changes in motoric chronaxie and
increase of fluorine content in urea were observed in studied
animals. Accumulation of fluorine in the skeleton, teeth, and
bone tissue were found, as well as morphological changes in
the cortex of main brain and liver. On the basis of the study,
the maximum permitted concentration of fluorine in drinking
water in inhabited areas near industrial plants emitting fluorine
-------
296
compounds was suggested not to exceed 0.5 mg/1. Since
further reduction of fluorine content in drinking water is not
biologically expedient, the harmful combined effect of fluorine
on an organisms has to be prevented by reduction of its con-
tent in the atmosphere. Thus, the study indicates the urgency
of solving the problem of purification of industrial effluents
containing fluorine.
32605
Sadilova, M. S., E. G. Plotko, L. N. El nichnykh, and N. A.
Polykovskaya
TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SODIUM
FLUORIDE DURING ITS INHALATION INTO AN ORGAN-
ISM. (Ktoksikologischeskoy kharakteristike ftoristogo natriya
pri ingahatsionnom postuplenii ego v organism). Text in Rus-
sian. Scientific Research Inst. for Occupational Health and Oc-
cupational Diseases, Sverdlovsk (USSR), Flyuoroz Ego Profit.,
Mater. Simp., 1966, p. 113-122. 4 refs.
Sodium fluoride has high solubility in biological media. During
the chronic intoxication of experimental animals by inhalation
of NaF, an 0.03-0.1 mg/sq m concentration had a toxic effect
and cause accumulation of fluorine in bone tissue of animals.
The toxic effect of a NaF concentration of 0.1 mg/sq m was
manifested in retardation of the central nervous system, inhibi-
tion of blood cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activity,
blocking of mercaptan groups in liver, and histomorphologic
changes of the large brain, lungs, and liver. In 0.03 mg/sq m of
NaF, increases in motoric chronaxie and decreases in blood
cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activity were ob-
served, but internal organs were not affected. Because of the
neulral character of NaF and because of the incomplete ab-
sorption of its dust in the course of its entry into an organism
through respiration organs, the degree of its toxic effect is
much lower than that of analogic concentrations of hydrogen
fluoride. The average daily maximum allowed concentration in
the atmosphere of easily soluble fluorides should not exceed
0.01 mg/sq m.
32606
Sadilova, M. S., E. G. Plotko, L. N. El nichnykh, and N. A.
Polykovskaya
TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POORLY
SOLUBLE FLUORIDES AND THE EFFECT OF THEIR IN-
HALATION ON AN ORGANISM. (Toksikologicheskaya
kharakteristika plokho rastvorimykh ftoristykh soley pri ingalat-
sionnom vozdeystvii na organism). Text in Russian. Scientific
Research Inst. for Occupational Health and Occupational Dis-
eases, Sverdlovsk (USSR), Flyuoroz Ego Profil., Mater. Simp.,
1966, p. 123-130.
The toxic effect of the inhalation of fluorides, which are
poorly soluble in biologic media, on an animal was in-
vestigated. The experimental animals were exposed to at-
mosphere containing finely dispersed aluminum fluoride dust
in a 0.03-0.1 mg/sq m concentration for five months. Slight
changes were observed in animals motoric chronaxie. Inhibi-
tion of blood cholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase and
changes in the liver were observed at 0.1 mg/sq m. Fluorine
content in urea was increased. The A1F3 was expelled from
the organism mainly through the intestines. The degree of
fluorine accumulation in bones was much lower than in the
case of hydrogen fluoride or sodium fluoride inhalation. Also
all changes observed during A1F3 inhalation were much
weaker than those caused by HF and NaF inhalation. A com-
parison of the toxic effect of various fluorides shows decreas-
ing toxicity from gaseous HF, to fluorides well soluble in
biological media (NaF), to fluorides poorly soluble in biologi-
cal liquids (like A1F3). The average daily maximum permissible
concentration of the last should be 0.03 mg/sq m.
32607
Florentin, D.
THE DANGER OF CHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION IN CITIES.
THE REMEDIES. (Le danger des pollutions chimiques de 1 air
des villes. Les Remedes). Text in French. Ann. Hyg. Pub., Ind.
Sociale, 29(11): 209-219, 1951. 13 refs.
The most prominent and dangerous air pollutants are
reviewed, starting with sulfur dioxide which is emitted into the
air from industrial and domestic ovens where coal, coke, or
petroleum type oil is used as fuel. Some chemical and metal-
lurgical factories also emit significant quantities of this gas. An
estimate made in 1943 indicates, as a worldwide total, an emis-
sion of 37 million tons of sulfur, equivalent to 74 million tons
of SO2. Through the effect of ultraviolet rays, SO2 is trans-
formed into SO3, and the latter then to sulfuric acid which has
a corrosive effect on masonry. The SO2 itself is damaging to
vegetation, and in greater concentrations, such as 35 to 50
ppm, to the human respiratory organs, particularly when con-
tained in fog formations. Another important pollutant is carbon
monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion of carbon. The
principal sources are exhaust gases from automotive vehicles,
and the emission through chimneys from certain industrial and
domestic types of incineration. This gas is particularly dan-
gerous for the human organism, since it combines with the
hemoglobin of the blood and thus impedes the transport of ox-
ygen by the blood stream. Carbon dioxide is far less dangerous
than CO, but can have ill effects when accumulated in con-
fined spaces due to extended exhalation without renewal of
fresh air. Nitric oxides, emanating from some chemical opera-
tions, attack metals. Hydrofluoric acid is a very toxic com-
pound. Sources for its emission can be phosphate plants, alu-
minum works, and iron foundries. Dust in its various forms
and compositions can be damaging to the human lung, if the
particle size permits penetration into the alveoli.
33276
Stokinger, H. E., N. J. Ashenburg, J. DeVoldre, J. K. Scott,
and F. A. Smith
ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM. II. THE
ENHANCING EFFECT OF THE INHALATION OF
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE VAPOR ON BERYLLIUM
SULFATE POISONING IN ANIMALS. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occu-
pational Med., 1(4):398-410, 1950. 11 refs.
In a study conducted to determine whether hydrogen fluoride
has a potentiating effect on beryllium poisoning by inhalation,
80 albino male rats were exposed for one month in groups of
10 and 20 each to beryllium sulfate mist (9 mg/cu m), to
hydrogen fluoride vapor (8 mg/cu m), or to both agents in al-
ternating daily exposures. By the 21st day of exposure, identi-
cal mortality rates of 40% had occurred in the group exposed
to the two agents alternately and in the group exposed to
beryllium sulfate alone. The same two groups were the only
groups to show weights lower than preexposure levels. Pulmo-
nary edema was noted only in these two groups and was as
marked in rats dying from inhalation of both agents as in those
dying from inhalation of beryllium alone. Alternate inhalation
of hydrogen fluoride vapors and beryllium sulfate mist led to a
1.3-fold increase in the fluoride content of all hard tissue
analyzed over that for animals exposed to hydrogen fluoride
alone. These results are a clear demonstration that hydrogen
fluoride enhances the poisonous action of beryllium.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
297
33505
Stokinger, Herbert E., Charles J. Spiegl, Robert E. Root,
Robert H. Hall, Luville T. Steadman, Catherine A. Stroud,
James K. Scott, Frank A. Smith, and Dwight E. Gardner
ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM. IV.
BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE AT EXPOSURE CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF ONE AND TEN MILLIGRAMS PER CUBIC ME-
TER. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational Med., 8(6):493-S06, Dec.
1953. 23 refs.
Pulmonary lesions were produced in animals exposed to beryl-
lium fluoride mist at concentrations of 10 and 1 mg/cu m.
These closely resemble the lung changes resulting from inhala-
tion of beryllium sulfate. Beryllium fluoride is acutely more
toxic than beryllium sulfate. Exposure to 1 mg BeF2/cu m
resulted in lung damage in cats, rabbits, and rats comparable
in extent and degree to that produced by 10 mg of beryllium
sulfate mist/cu m. Macrocytic anemia occurred in dogs and
rabbits exposed to 1 mg BeF2/cu m. The anemia was more
severe than that observed after inhalation of beryllium oxide
dust or beryllium sulfate mist. Unnary uric acid excretion can
possibly serve as an index of the degree of exposure to berylli-
um. Beryllium tended to accumulate in the lungs, pulmonary
lymph nodes, liver, skeleton, and bone marrow of dogs. The
deposition rate in the lungs and lymph nodes increased with
the duration of exposure. A greater proportion was distributed
to the skeleton, liver, spleen, and kidney after inhalation of
BeF2 than occurred with beryllium oxide dust or beryllium
sulfate mist in earlier studies. (Author summary modified)
33509
Lindberg, Z. Ya.
EFFECT OF INSTANT MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE WHEN SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. (Razovyye predel no dopustimyye kontsentrat-
sii SO2 i HF pri ikh sovmestnom prisutstvii v atmosfernom voz-
dukhe). Text in Russian. Riga Medical Inst. (USSR) Mater.
Dokl. Nauch. Sess. Rizh. Med. Inst., 15th, 1967, p. 42-43.
The biological effect of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride
when both are present in the atmosphere at their maximum
permissible concentration was studied. First the minimum per-
missible concentration of impurity sensed by olfactory organs
of 17 studied people was determined. In case of most sensitive
persons it was 1.6 and .04 mg/cu m SO2 and HF, respectively.
The indices of concentration of each mixture of HF and SO2
were expressed as sum of fractions of their maximum per-
missible concentrations when only one is present. The lowest
mixture concentration sensed by olfactory organs was a mix-
ture characterizing complete summation of the effect of both
components, its index being equal to one Some atmospheric
pollutants cause a change in light sensitivity of an eye, even if
m concentration is lower than sensed by olfactory organs.
Therefore, the reflex effect of above substances was studied
by the adaptometric method. The changes in light senstivity of
the eye were observed for mixtures with a mixture concentra-
tion index equal to one. The data obtained indicate the summa-
tion of effect of SO2 and HF when simultaneously present in
the atmosphere.
33510
Lindberg, Z. Ya.
EFFECT OF EFFLUENT FROM A SUPERPHOSPHATE
PLANT ON WHOLE-BLOOD CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY
IN ANIMALS EXPOSED UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS.
(Vliyaniye vybrosov superfosfatnogo zavoda na aktivnost tsel
noy krovi u eksperimental nykh zhivotnykh, eksponirovannykh
v natural nykh usloviyakh). Text in Russian. Aktual. Voprosy
Gig. Truda Prof. Patol., Mater. Konf., 1st, 1967, p. 236-238.
Experimental animals rabbits and white rats, were kept for
five months 1000 from a superphosphate plant at point of max-
imum atmospheric pollution with the wind blowing in that
direction from the plant. The effect of emissions inhaled by
the animals was studied; animals were fed by fodder grown in
an unpolluted area or by fodder grown in the vicinity of the
plant. During the observation, the average concentrations of
sulfur dioxide, fluorine, sulfuric acid mist, and nitrogen oxides
in the atmosphere were 2.8-6.4 times higher than the maximum
permissible concentration. The determination of the activity of
whole-blood cholinesterase was accepted as a sensitive test in
study of effect of toxic substances on animals. The average
daily concentrations of the above substances in the at-
mosphere in the vicinity of the superphosphate plant un-
favorably effect organisms specifically, they increase the ac-
tivity of cholinesterase.
33511
Lindberg, Z. Ya.
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND SULFUR DIOX-
IDE ON AN ORGANISM WHEN BOTH ARE PRESENT
SIMULTANEOUSLY. (Deystviye ftoristogo vodoroda i
sernistogo gaza na organizm pri ikh sovmestnom prisutstvii).
Text in Russian. Scientific Research Inst. for Occupational
Health and Occupational Diseases, Sverdlovsk USSR, Flyuoroz
Ego Profil., Mater. Symp., 1966, p. 131-138.
Experimental animals located 1000 m from a superphosphate
plant were exposed to emissions for five months. The emis-
sions entered the animals both orally and by inhalation. Max-
imum average fluorine concentration was .15 mg/cu m and sul-
fur dioxide concentration was .84 mg/cu m. The morphological
composition of the blood changed with a decrease in erythro-
cytes, hemoglobin, sugar, calcium, phosphorous, and
cholinesterase activity. Pathological changes in the lungs were
also observed. Thus, a safety zone of 1000 m around the
production plant is not enough. The combined effects of
hydrogen fluoride and SO2 on humans produced olfactory sen-
sations and changes in the light sensitivity of the eyes. The
maximum permissible concentration of the mixture expressed
as a sum of fractions of maximum permissible concentrations
of HF and SO2 must not be more than one. White rats were
subjected to three months chronic inhalation of HF and SO2.
Changes in motoric chronaxy, cholinesterase activity, and
hemoglobin content were observed. Coproporphynn in the
area of animals increased. Also, histologic changes in the lungs
occurred. The simultaneous presence of HF and S02 in their
maximum permissible individual concentrations is not per-
missible The permissible level should be determined from the
sum of their relative concentrations.
33561
Sadilova, M. S , E. G. Plotko, L. N. El nichnykh, and K. P.
Selyankina
TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE DURING CONTINUOUS INHALATION BY
ANIMALS. (Toksikologicheskaya kharakteristika ftoristogo
vodoroda pri kruglosutochnoy ingalatsioynoy zatravke zhivot-
nykh). Text in Russian. Scientific Research Inst. for Occupa-
tional Health and Occupational Diseases, Sverdlovsk (USSR),
Flyuoroz Ego Profil., Mater. Simp., 1966, p. 105-12.
Hydrogen fluoride a 0.03-0.1 mg/sq m concentration had a
toxic effect during a continuous five-month intoxication of ex-
-------
298
perimental animals. It caused changes in functional condition
of central nervous system of the animals and changes in their
motoric chronaxy. Along with this, the accumulation of
fluorine in teeth and bone tissue and development of specific
diseases of teeth and bone tissue were observed. Concentra-
tion of 0.01 mg/sq m caused only changes in phosphorus-calci-
um exchange, observed by isotopic indication. This concentra-
tion is therefore considered threshold. The average daily max-
imum permissible HF concentration in the atmosphere of in-
habited areas is suggested to be equal to 0.005 mg/sq m.
33766
Leloczky, Maria
STUDIES ON THE HEALTH-DAMAGING EFFECT OF THE
FLUORINE-POLLUTION OF THE AIR AROUND AN ALU-
MINUM FACTORY. (A levego fluorszennyezodesenek egesz-
seguyi hatasa az Inotai Aluminumkoho kornyeken vegzett viz-
sgalatok alapjain). Text in Hungarian. Egeszsegtudomany, vol.
15:74-80, July 1971. 21 refs.
Children in the housing estate Varpalota-Inota were examined
for the effects of fluorine pollution from a nearby aluminum
foundry. The presence of fluorine in the urine of the children
was demonstrated, in some cases at a level usually found in
the urine of the foundry workers. In a fluorine-free control
area, no fluorine could be demonstrated in urine from chil-
dren. The hemoglobin level of the children at risk was low. A
causal relationship between these findings and the fluorine pol-
lution of air cannot be established because fluorine is only one
of the air pollutions around Varpalota-Inota. Further investiga-
tions are in progress. (Author abstract modified)
33872
Hall, Robert H., L. T. Steadman, Catherine A. Stroud, James
K. Scott, F. A. Smith, and Herbert E. Stokinger
ACUTE TOXICITY OF INHALED BERYLLIUM. IV. STU-
DIES OF BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE AT CONCENTRATIONS
OF 10 AND 1 MG/CU M. Rochester Univ., N. Y., Atomic Ener-
gy Project, Atomic Energy Commission Contract W-7401-eng-
49, UR-177, 39p., July 17, 1951. 16 refs.
Pulmonary lesions were produced in animals exposed daily to
beryllium fluoride mist at concentrations of 10 and 1 mg/cu m.
These closely resembled the lung changes resulting from in-
halation of beryllium sulfate. BeF2 was more toxic than beryl-
lium sulfate. Exposure to 1 mg/cu m BeF2 resulted in lung
damage in cats, dogs, rabbits, and rats roughly comparable in
extent and degree to that produced by 10 mg/cu m of berylli-
um sulfate. Hematologic changes, suggestive of the develop-
ment of macrocytic anemia, occurred in dogs and rabbits ex-
posed to 1 mg/cu m BeF2. The proportion of mature
polymorphonuclear leukocytes decreased in the circulating
blood. Beryllium tended to accumulate in the lungs, pulmonary
lymph nodes, liver, skeleton, and bone marrow of dogs. The
rate of deposition in the lungs and lymph nodes increased with
the duration of exposure. Deposition in the skeleton was
greater in all four species studied than in any other tissue ex-
cept the lungs and lymph nodes. The evidence suggests that
there are specific differences in the rate and manner in which
inhaled BeF2 is transported from the lungs to other tissues, or
excreted in the urine or feces, in the four species studied. A
considerably greater proportion was distributed to other tis-
sues after inhalation of BeF2 than was found in studies of in-
soluble beryllium oxide and soluble beryllium sulfate mist,
possibly because BeF2 is transported in the blood in the form
of a soluble, diffusible complex containing one atom of
fluorine/mol of beryllium. (Author summary modified)
34398
Truhaut, Rene
THE PROBLEM OF PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF POTEN-
TIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN THE WORKING AND
GENERAL ENVIRONMENT OF MODERN MAN. (Le
probleme des limites admissible* pour les polluants de I air).
Text in French. Prod. Probl. Pharm., 26(8):530-548, Aug./Sept.
1971. 47 refs.
The effects of exposure to various pollutants on human health
are examined to determine maximum allowable concentrations.
Immediate and insidious toxic effects and long-range effects,
including potential carcinogenicity, are reviewed and corre-
lated with respective dosages to establish toxic tolerances and
thresholds. The methodology for evaluating risks and the
selection of adequate criteria are discussed. The concept of air
quality standards is defined, and maximum allowable concen-
trations for chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ozone, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, hydrogen arsenide, n-butyl al-
cohol, butyl amine, sulfuric acid, chromic acid, zinc oxides,
vanadium dusts and smokes, fluorides, beryllium, cadmium
oxides, various aromatic hydrocarbons, and other dusts, gases,
and vapors are listed. The complexity of urban air pollution,
frequent chemical changes of the atmosphere due to certain
environmental factors, and socio- economic considerations of
applying air standards to general community air pollution are
discussed.
34861
Truhaut, Rene
THE FLUORESES. THEIR IMPORTANCE IN INDUSTRIAL
AND ALIMENTARY HYGIENE. ANALYTICAL METHODS
APPLICABLE TO THEIR STUDY. (Les fluoreses. Lcur im-
portance en hygiene industrielle et en hygiene alimentaire. Les
methodes analytiques applicables a lew etude). Preprint. Paris
Univ. (France), Faculty of Pharmacy, Translated from French,
77p.
A lexicological study of fluorine derivatives is presented. The
principal compounds which pose an effect to health are in-
dicated, as well as their distribution in nature and their prin-
cipal industrial uses. Symptoms of exposure to the fluorine
derivations are described, including acute and chronic intoxi-
cation. Analytical reactions of the fluorine ion are presented.
Elimination of fluorosis is discussed.
35569
GUIDES FOR SHORT-TERM EXPOSURES OF THE PUBLIC
TO AIR POLLUTANTS. III. GUIDE FOR GASEOUS
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. National Academy of Sciences, Na-
tional Research Council, Washington, D. C., Committee on Tox-
icology, Air Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 70-57, 15p.,
Aug. 1971. 16 refs. NTIS: PB 203465
The primary effect of acute exposure to gaseous hydrogen
fluoride in concentrations above a few mg/cu m is irritation of
the skin, eyes, and respiratory passages. In addition, localized
tissue damage may occur as a result of the corrosive nature of
this compound at concentrations above the recommended
limits. Exposure to concentrations higher than 10 mg/cu m
may lead to pulmonary edema and respiratory distress. This
may be accompanied by gastroenteritis, with nausea, vomiting,
abdominal burning, diarrhea, and collapse. Exposure to lethal
concentrations produces muscular weakness and tremors,
clonic convulsions, a drop in blood pressure, and moderate
cyanosis; and death may result from sudden respiratory or car-
diac arrest. Toxicity studies with animals are cited, as well as
reported case of HF poisoning from accidental exposures in
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
299
industrial environments. Plants are more susceptible to damage
from gaseous HF than are animals, although among plant spe-
cies there is a wide variation in tolerance. Cattle, sheep, and
goats that feed on fluoride-contaminated forage may sicken
and die from chronic fluoride poisoning, fluorosis. Atmospher-
ic concentrations of HF are indicated, as well as the basis for
setting limits for short-term and emergency exposure of the
public to HF. Sources and physical-chemical properties of HF
are cited.
35670
Sadilova, M. S., T. S. Egorova, and V. L. Vishnevskiy
REFLEX REACTIONS OF AN ORGANISM UNDER THE EF-
FECT OF HF, NAF ANiJ ALF3. (Nekotoryye reflektornyye
reaktsii organizma pri deystvii HF, NaF i A1F3). Text in Rus-
sian. Flyuoroz Ego Protil., Mater. Simp., 1966, p. 100-104. 2
refs.
The effect of hydrogen fluoride and its salts in the atmosphere
on the sensitivity of the human eye was studied using an adap-
tometer. Participants in the experiment were placed in a
completely darkened room. After 15 minutes of adaptation to
darkness, air containing various concentrations of HF or its
salts was introduced into the room. A diaphragm over the light
spot kept open until noticed by the subject. Results are ex-
pressed in optical density. An increased sensitivity of eye to
light was observed in the presence of studied materials in fol-
lowing concentrations: .03 mg/cu m HF, .05 mg/cu m NaF,
and .3 mg/cu m A1F3. Thus, the maximum permissible concen-
trations recommended are, for HF, .02 mg/cu m; for NaF, .03
mg/cu m, and for A1F3, .2 mg/cu m.
36411
Vishnevskiy, V. L.
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON INTEGRAL IN-
DICES OF THE CONDITION OF ANIMALS. (Vliyaniye
ftoristogo vodoroda na integral nyye pokazateli sostoyaniya or-
ganizma zhivotnykh). Text in Russian. Scientific Research Inst.
for Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases, Sverdlovsk
(USSR), Flyuoroz Ego Profil., Mater. Simp., 1966, p. 81-89.
The effect of hydrogen fluoride inhalation on the organism of
white rats was studied during their exposure to HF at-
mosphere in a .1-3.0 mg/cu m concentration for five months
for six hours daily. The composition of the peripheral blood of
the animals was slightly effected by HF. In all studied cases,
the tendency towards decrease in hemoglobin content was ob-
served. The condition of central nervous system under HF in-
halation was studied by method of conditioned reflexes and by
chronaxymetry. It revealed the prevalence of inhibition of
reflexes in the cortex of the large brain and disruption of mo-
toric chronaxy.
36723
Masironi, Roberto
TRACE ELEMENTS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
Bull. World Health Organ. (Geneva), vol. 40:305-312, 1969. 82
refs. (Presented at the IAEA Panel Meeting on Activation Analy-
sis in the Study of Mineral Element Metabolism in Man,
Teheran, Iran, June 1968.)
The relationship between trace elements and cardiovascular
diseases was reviewed. The trace element that is studied most
extensively in relation to cardiovascular diseases is cadmium,
which appears to play a number of detrimental roles, particu-
larly in relation to arterial hypertension. Further investigations
are needed to ascertain whether this element really plays a
role and to establish what mechanism is involved. Zinc con-
centrations in the air are reported to correlate strongly with
death rates from hypertension and atherosclerosis, as cadmium
does. Manganese also seems to play a role in atherosclerosis:
it prevents the development of experimental atherosclerosis in
rabbits and has a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism in
atherosclerotic patients. Another trace element that appears to
exert a beneficial effect on atherosclerosis is chromium. Ex-
periments in rats show that chromium deficiency is associated
with a high prevalence of aortic plaques whereas a lifetime ad-
ministration of this metal in trace amounts prevents the forma-
tion of atheromatous lesions, decreases the blood cholesterol
level, and prolongs the life-span of the animals. The relation-
ship of cobalt is not clear. Arsenic may cause myocardial
necrosis both in animals and man. Vanadium reduces the
cholesterol level in plasma and in the aorta of rabbits and in
healthy humans. The rapid increase of nickel in the blood may
perhaps be used as a diagnostic indicator of recent myocardial
infarction. Silicon plays a functional role since it protects the
elastic state of the artery walls and maintains the intima im-
permeable to lipid infiltration. Selenium, copper, and fluorine
were also discussed.
36751
Salazar, Antonio Ruiz and Alejandro Castanedo
PATHOLOGY IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY. (Patologia de la
Industria del Petroleo). Text in Spanish. Med. Deporte Trab.,
18(128):S60-S81, 624-641, 647, 1953. 29 refs. (Presented at the
Medicina del Trabajo, Congreso Americano, llth, San Pablo,
Brazil.)
Massive hydrogen sulfide poisoning was manifested in a wor-
kers camp situated in the vicinity of a natural gas refining
plant in Poza Rica, Mexico. The raw natural gas contains
4.39% H2S. Due to unusual meteorological conditions (tem-
perature inversion), the H2S from the refinery exhaust fumes
did not dissipate in the upper atmospheric layers; accordingly,
it contaminated the area and resulted in 330 cases of H2S
poisoning. Twenty-five patients died almost immediately and
45 others required hospitalization for 2-15 days; the others
recovered following emergency treatment. The patients
presented respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, and cen-
tral nervous system disorders. Histopathological examination
(at autopsy) revealed alterations in the kidneys, liver, and
lungs. In the alkylation department of a petroleum refinery
there were 16 accidents due to contact with hydrofluoric acid
(HF), nine instances of poisoning due to inhalation of HF, and
one case of allergy to HF. Of 574 cases of lung tuberculosis in
the Mexican petroleum industry, 117 were refinery workers,
121 were office workers, while the others were auxiliary per-
sonnel and oil field workers; however, the incidence of tu-
berculosis among petroleum industry workers does not seem
to be higher tha= in the general Mexican population. Occupa-
tional pathology in the petroleum industry is reviewed exten-
sively.
36947
National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council,
Washington, D. C, Committee on Biologic Effects of
Atmospheric Pollutants
FLUORIDES. Washington, D. C., National Academy of
Sciences, 1971. 295p. 751 refs.
Severe effects of airborne fluoride on man, such as crippling
fluorosis, have so far been observed only from long-term oc-
cupational exposures. Osteosclerosis, as evidenced by in-
creased density to x-rays, may be associated with a concentra-
tion of about 6000 ppm of fluoride in bone. Analysis of urinary
fluoride is recommended as a means of monitoring populations
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300
for possible excessive exposures to fluoride. The current
threshold limit valve for fluorine gas is 0.1 ppm v/v; for
hydrogen fluoride, 3.0 ppm; and for particulate fluoride, 2.5
mg/cu m. Environmental sources and forms of fluoride are
considered, as well as the fate and transformations of fluoride,
its environmental analysis, and general aspects of its effects
on living systems. In addition to human health effects, the ef-
fects of fluoride on vegetation and animals are considered.
Recommendations for future research are made.
37139
Sadilowa, M. S. and L. N. Jelmtschnych
EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGIC VALUES FOR THE HY-
GIENIC ASSESSMENT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF IN-
ORGANIC FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN THE AIR. (Tox-
ikologische Experimentalwerte zur hygienischen Einschaetzung
geringer Konzentration anorganischer Fluorverbindungen in der
Luft). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenzgebiete (Berlin),
13(10):741-74S, 1967. 3 refs.
The toxicity of fluorine compounds was investigated to deter-
mine maximum allowable concentrations. The severity of the
toxic effects of different fluorine compounds depends on the
concentration and solubility in the biological media. For
biological aggressiveness, fluorine gases rank first, followed
closely by fluorides, and then by hardly soluble fluorine salts.
Unique and daily average maximum allowable concentrations
were, therefore, established, respectively, at 0.02 and 0.005
mg/cu m for gaseous fluorine compounds, 0.03 and 0.01 mg/cu
m for fluorides, and 0.2 and 0.03 mg/cu m for the hardly solu-
ble salts.
37240
Gerdes, R. A.
THE INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE ON THE FREQUENCY OF SEX-LINKED RECES-
SIVE LETHALS AND STERILITY IN DROSOPHILA
MELANOGASTER. Fluoride, 4(l):25-29, Jan. 1971. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Conference of the International Society of
Fluoride Research, Annual, 3rd, Vienna, Austria, March 22-25,
1970.)
The influence of hydrogen fluoride as an atmospheric contami-
nant was investigated in the Oregon-r strain of Drosophila
malanogaster. Two principle parameters of mutagenicity were
used: sex-linked recessive lethals and sterility. The flies were
exposed in fumigation chambers to 1.3, 2.9, or 4.3 ppm HF for
three or six weeks. Sex-linked recessive mutation fiequency
increased at each level of sublethal concentration. The
frequencies of sterility in both males and females increased
with increased treatment level and treatment period. Genetic
differences were observed in the response of the progeny of
treated flies. The sex-linked recessive lethals indicated an ef-
fect on a specific chromosome; the increased sterility levels
resulted from a broad effect on the genome as a whole.
(Author abstract modified)
37282
Steinegger, S.
HISTOLOGY OF CHIZZOLA MUCULAE. Fluoride, 5(1): 14-
17, Jan. 1972. 4 refs.
In recent years, skin lesions resembling traumatic suffusions
have occurred in epidemic proportion in two Italian cities
located near aluminum and other fluoride-emitting factories:
Chizzola and Bolzano. Morphologically, the lesions are round
or oval in shape. They have reddish-brown color when they
originate but change to a bluish-brown prior to their disap-
pearance. As determined by skin biopsies on three children
with characteristic maculae, pericapillar lymphocytic infiltra-
tion and proliferation of endothelial cells of capillaries are the
principle pathological features of the lesions. These features
suggest a toxic inflammatory process.
37569
Balazova, G.
LONG TERM EFFECT OF FLUORIDE EMISSION UPON
CHILDREN. Fluoride, 4(2):85-88, April 1971. 4 refs. (Presented
at the International Society of Fluoride Research Conference,
Annual, 3rd, Vienna, Austria, March 22-25, 1970.)
Five years after an aluminum smelter began operation, an 8-
year study was initiated of the health status of 6- to 14-year-
old children living in close proximity to the smelter. In the
study area, the daily fluoride intake averaged 1.4 mg from
food, 0.4-0.7 mg from air, and 0.1-31 mg/1 from water. In a
control area, the daily F(-) intake from food was 0.8 mg. and
that from air was negligible. No evidence of skeletal fluorosis
was found in the exposed children. Nevertheless, the average
hemoglobin decreased and the F(-) content of teeth, nails,
hair, and urine increased in the children. In teeth, fluoride
levels averaged 45.02 mg/100 g (450 ppm) of the original
weight compared to 15.71 mg in controls. Nail fluoride levels
were 20.9 mg/100 g (209 ppm) for the exposed children versus
14.3 mg/100 g (143 ppm) for the controls. The F(-) content of
hair in the affected area averaged 1.6 mg/100 g (16 ppm) com-
pared to 0.75 mg/100 g (7.5 ppm) in the control area. Urinary
fluoride values were 0.8 ppm and 0.4 ppm, respectively for the
exposed children and the controls. In the smelter area, the un-
nary excretion of F(-) was lowei in the 12-14 age group than in
children aged 6-11.
37684
Balazova, G.
THE EFFECTS OF A PROLONGED INDUSTRIAL AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION FROM FLUORINE ON CHIL-
DREN S ORGANISM. (Der langfristige Einfluss von Fluoremis-
sionen auf den Kinderorganismus). Text in German. Med.
Lavoro (Milan), 62(4):202-207, April, 1971. 11 refs.
The effect of fluonnye emissions from an aluminum factory
on the health of children living near the plant was investigated
after 8 yrs of plant operation The absorption of fluorine
through food and in the air was examined. The theoretical
daily intake of fluorine should be 1.4 mg food and 0.4-0.7 mg
from air; in the control zone, the absorption in food was 0.9
nig/day and was practically insignificant in air. The fluorine
content of drinkable water in both the control and exposed
areas was 0.1-0.3 mg/1. Although no signs of fluorosis de-
tected, the fluorine content of teeth, nails, hair and urine of
the children exposed to plant emissions was higher than that
of controls. The average values for the exposed and control
groups, respectively, were 45.02 and 15.7 mg/100 g in the
teeth; 20.9 and 14.3 mg/100 g in the nails; 1.6 and 0.7 mg/100 g
in the hair; and 0.8 and 0.4 mg/1 in the urine.
37791
Villiers, A. J. de, J. P. Windish, F. de N. Brent, B.
Hollywood, C. Walsh, J. W. Fisher, and W. D. Parsons
MORTALITY EXPERIENCE OF THE COMMUNTY AND OF
THE FLUORSPAR MINING EMPLOYEES AT ST.
LAWRENCE, NEWFOUNDLAND. Occupational Health Rev.
(Ottawa), 22(1/2):1-15, 1971. 6 refs.
The unusual incidence of lung cancer among the miners of St.
Lawrence, Newfoundland spurred epidemiological investiga-
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
301
tions which revealed a radiation hazard in the fluorspar mines
located in the area. Environmental surveys for determinations
of dust and radiation concentrations were conducted as well as
epidemiological studies of community and occupational mor-
tality. Although free silica content was high in certain in-
stances, the general degree of dustiness at the time of the sur-
vey was not alarming. Average dust concentrations were
above the threshold limit value at seve underground and two
surface locations. Average fluoride concentrations were well
below the limit at each of the localities sampled. High relative
concentrations of radon and radon daughters were determined
in the working places. The environmental survey data and
results of epidemiological studies are tabulated. Exposure to
radon was pinpointed as the most important site-potentiating
and cancer-inducing factor.
37795
FLUORIDE INTOXICATION IN HUMANS. Fluoride Quart.
Repts., 4(3): 102-108, July 1971. 40 rets.
Fluoride enters the human system through ingestion with food
and water, less through inhalation, and to an even more
limited extent through the skin. In a nonfluoridated area, the
estimated F(-) intake through food is 0.03-0.5 mg/day. In a
fluoridated community, the daily intake by healthly indoor
workers is 3/5 mg. Acute poisoning occurs following excessive
inhalation of ingestion of F(-) compounds. The acute phase is
of significance in evaluating health effects due to air and water
pollution, since the acute abdominal pains associated with it
are not uncommon during the chronic stage of the disease,
probably due to temporary consumption of extraordinarily
contaminated food or water. Chronic intoxication can be clas-
sified according to its major causes as follows: hydrofluorosis
due to drinking water; industrial fluorosis; neighborhood
fluorosis, which occurs in populations near F(-)-emitting indus-
tries; and alimentary fluorosis due to fluoride-containing food.
The clinical picture of F(-) poisoning varies considerably from
person to person because of wide differences in F(-) uptake,
storage, and excretion. The dental and skeletal changes on
which physicans usually depend for the diagnosis of chronic
intoxication are not obligatory features of the disease.
38106
Takizawa, Yukio, Koji Sato, Tatsuo Oshina, and Ryuichi
Sugai
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY FLUORIDES ON
HUMAN BODIES. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taikiosen no jintai iii
oyobosu eikyo ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei
Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 1S(10):428, 1971.
At the Naoetsu coastal factory area, an aluminum refinery
with an annual product of about 150,000 tons has been in
operation since May, 1963. The results of mass medical ex-
aminations conducted for the inhabitants of over 40 yrs old
who had been living in the area within 1 km from this refinery
for more than 5 yrs (Naoetsu area-708, Kubiki area-444, and
control area-93, amounting to 1245 in total) are briefly re-
ported here. For the investigation, examinations of subjective
symptoms, general medical and dental examinations, respirato-
ry function tests, and urine tests were conducted in Nov. 1970,
and in March 1971, tests for basal metabolic rate, bone ex-
aminations by X-ray, electrocardiography and functional tests
of blood and enzymes were carried out. The amount of urinal
F was 0.574 ppm on the average in 62 people of controlled
group, and with a screening standard of 1.2 ppm, the number
of high excreters became 107; and it was significantly high in
contaminated area. Proliferation or calcification of bone was
also evident, but there was no areal difference, and there was
no osteosclerosis nor spotted teeth. Findings in chest X-ray
tests revealed a high rate of pulmonary fibrosis.
38616
Barnea, Matei and Pascu Ursu
NOXIOUS EFFECTS OF Am POLLUTION. (Efectele Nocive
ale impurificarii aerului). Text in Romanian. In: Protectia at-
mosferei impotriva impurificarii cu pulberi si gaze. Bucharest,
Romania, Editura Technica, 1969, Chapt. 7-9, p. 130-183.
The mechanism of interaction between air pollutants and the
respiratory tract is analyzed. Aerosols are categorized into
toxic and nontoxic species and the indirect damaging of the
latter as carriers for toxic substances is pointed out. The ac-
tion of lead, fluorine, arsenic, beryllium, Manganese, and car-
cinogenic compounds is reviewed among the toxic aerosols.
Included are discussions on the action of carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, and
oxidant gases on the animal and plant organism. Reference is
made to air pollution dwelling in metropolitan areas such as
London, Los Angeles, or New York. Data illustrating morbidi-
ty and mortality due to chronic exposure to polluted environ-
ments are included. Discussions on economic damage from air
pollution due to construction and other material deterioration
are presented. The effect of air pollution on meteorology and
solar radiation is also discussed.
38721
Corn, Morton
DOSE TO THE RESPIRATORY TRACT FROM PERSONAL,
OCCUPATIONAL AND COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTANTS.
Environ. Letters, l(l):29-39, Jan. 1971. 8 refs. (Presented at the
Pennsylvania Tuberculosis and Health Society, Annual Meeting,
78th, Pittsburgh, Pa., April 29, 1970.)
The doses (concentration-time) to the respiratory tract by ur-
ban, occupational and personal pollutants were calculated by
assuming the pollutant concentrations in air equivalent to air
quality standards, threshold limit values, and reported
cigarette smoke concentrations, respectively. Urban pollution
includes carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead, hydrocar-
bons, smoke, ash, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, fluorine, beryl-
lium, cadmium oxides, zinc oxides, pollens, allergens, and par-
ticulate matter from automotive, domestic, industrial, and
natural sources; occupational pollution consists of dusts,
fumes, gases, organic dusts, and radioactive particles within
industries. The most severe challenge by a large margin was
that posed to the pack-a-day cigarette smoker. Assumptions
and results of calculations are presented. (Author abstract
modified)
38942
Tsunoda, Fumio, Hiroko Kunida, and Kazuo Sasaki
A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF Affi POLLUTION DUE TO
FLUORIDES ON HUMANS IN THE VICINITY OF MANU-
FACTURING FACTORY (1). (Arumi kojo shuhen ni okeru fuk-
kabutsu ni yoru taikiosen no seitai ni oyobosu eikyo ni kansuru
chosa kenkyu (1)). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Reporto
(Environ. Health Rept.), no 8:41-51 Jan. 1972.
Effects of fluorides on human and the results of epidemiologi-
cal studies carried out in Japan, were described. Schoolchil-
dren living near an aluminum factory in Japan were tested as
to subjective symptoms, mottled teeth, lung ventilation, x-ray
examination of the bones, and fluorine concentration in urine.
The incidence of malaise was remarkably higher in schoolchil-
dren from a polluted area. Many schoolchildren of the polluted
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302
area showed mottled teeth and osteosclerosis of the knee joint.
The amount of fluorine taken into body/day was investigated
in fifty 30-60-year-old residents living around the same factory.
A fanning area within 500 m under the lee of the main wind
was determined as a polluted area, and the other farming area
over 6 km from the factory was determined as the control. In-
vestigated items were staple foods intake and fluorine intake
from them, fluorine intake from subsidiary foods, fluorine in-
take from drinking water, and excretion of fluorine in urine.
Intake of fluorine from staple foods was significantly higher in
residents of the polluted area, and its mean value was 2.89
ppm, 40% higher than that of the control. Fluorine taken from
the air and the water by residents of the polluted area was
suspected to be 0.1 mg higher/day than that by residents of the
control area. Fluorine in urine was higher in residents of the
polluted area, but the relationship between the intake and
excretion of fluorine was not clarified.
39219
Roholm, Kaj
THE FOG DISASTER IN THE MEUSE VALLEY, 1930: A
FLUORINE INTOXICATION. J. Ind. Hyg. Toricol., 19(3):126-
137, March 1937. 47 refs. (Presented at the Danish Society for
Internal Medicine, Oct. 30, 1936.)
The fog disaster which occurred in the Meuse Valley near
Liege, Belgium, early in December 1930, involved several
thousand cases of sickness and 60 deaths. An analysis of the
details of the disaster gives circumstantial evidence that the
malady was acute fluorine intoxication. Of the 27 factories in
the region, fifteen are industrial branches which either use raw
products containing fluorine (superphosphate works, zinc
works) or add fluorine compounds to the raw materials (steel
works, iron foundries, glass works), involving the possibility
of passing gaseous fluorine compounds into the chimney
smoke. Special climatic and topographic conditions played an
important role in the development of the disaster. A survey of
acute and chronic fluorine intoxication is included. (Author
summary modified)
39494
Martin, A. Edmund
POLLUTION. ITS EFFECT ON HEALTH. Ind. Process Heat.,
1970:17-18, Nov. 1970.
The impact of environmental pollution on human health is
reviewed. The predominant hazard to health is tobacco smoke.
Second to this come pollution of the atmosphere by smoke,
soot, grit, ash, hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, fluorides, ammonium salts, and other trace
elements and the potential hazard of contamination of drinking
water and foods. Studies and health statistics have established
a relationship between air pollution, smoking, and various
respiratory diseases, including lung cancer and chronic
bronchitis. The need for research in these fields and for pollu-
tion control techniques is apparent.
39497
Cristiani, H.
IS THERE FLUOROSIS OR FLUORINE CACHEXIA IN HU-
MANS? (Existe-t-il chez 1 honune une fluorose ou cacherie
fluorique?). Text in French. Presse Med. (Paris), no. 53:833-834,
July 13, 1926.
Problems of possible fluorosis and fluorine cachexia in hu-
mans are discussed. The amounts of fluorine entering the
human organism under normal conditions are not capable of
producing intoxication. Acute poisonings are of an accidental
character. Fluorine- containing products are, however, mas-
sively used as pesticides and preservative agents in different
foodstufffs. Such fluorine may cause poisonings. The amount
of fluorine entering the human organism (0.13-1.3 mg/kg) is too
low to cause acute poisoning, but it can produce poisoning
after a long period of time, the length of which has not yet
been clarified. Very small doses are capable of causing lethal
cachexia, which makes investigations, into the possible dan-
gers necessary. According to an investigation, doses of about 2
eg/kg lead to lethal cachexia in animals. Due to the intense
milk consumption, infants are most affected by fluorine
hazards. Measures should be taken to prevent the abuse of
fluorine compounds as preservatives.
39799
Cristiani, H. and R. Gautier
EXPERIMENTAL FLUORINE CACHEXIA: CHRONIC AC-
TION OF SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE IN SMALL DOSES.
(La cachexic fluorique experimentale: effets chroniques de
petites doses de fluosilicate de soude). Text in French. Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 1925:946-948, 1925.
The chronic action of small doses of sodium fluorosilicate was
studied on two groups of guinea pigs. The feed was powdered
with two different doses of fine sodium fluorosilicate, in both
cases. In the first group of 13 animals, treated with doses of 2
g, deaths occured, on an average, 35 days after the experiment
started, with maximum and minimum of 64 and 9 days, respec-
tively. The same symptoms were observed in all animals (loss
of weight, cachexia, bulbous lesions). Special symptoms oc-
curred a few days before death in some cases (stiffening of
the spinal column, respiration troubles, tremors, and convul-
sions). The second group of 10 animals was exposed to 1/10 of
the above dose. Death occurred, on an average, after 149
days, the maximum and minimum being 553 and 41 days. The
cachexia was preceded by loss of weight. Similar symptoms
and results were obtained with fluorine contaminated feed col-
lected near aluminum plants.
39810
Cristiani, H. and R. Gautier
THE ACTION OF ALKALINE FLUORIDES ON ANIMALS.
(Action des fluorides alcalins sur les animaux). Text in French.
Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 1925:1276-1277, 1925. 1 ref.
Tests were carried out with sodium and ammonium fluoride
powder introduced in the feed of guinea pigs. Sodium fluoride
was applied in doses of 2 g/cage of two animals. Deaths oc-
curred, on an average, 54 days after the start of the treatment,
with maximum and minimum of 86 and 22 days, respectively.
The average weight of the animals increased at the beginning
and dropped sharply in the cachexia period. Similar results
were obtained with another group of 10 animals, treated in the
same manner with ammonium fluoride. Deaths occurred, on an
average, on the 58th day of the treatment, the maximum and
minimum being 74 and 41 days, respectively. The symptoms
observed were the same as in the case of sodium fluoride.
Treatments with sodium fluorosilicate led to similar results.
39813
Cristiani, H. and P. Chausse.
MINIMUM DAILY AMOUNTS OF SODIUM FLUORIDE
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING FLUORINE CACHEXIA.
(Quantites quotidiennes minima de fluorure de sodium capables
de produire la cachexie fluorique). Text in French. Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris), no.96:842-843, 1927.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
303
Tests were carried out to determine, separately for each
material investigated, the time required for different doses to
cause death in guinea pigs. Daily sodium fluoride doses cor-
responding approximately to 1/10 of the dose caused cachexia
which led to death after 2-3 mo, while doses of 1/50 of lethal
dose were tolerated fairly well over more than 10 mo, and
even the gain in weight was normal. Two animals treated with
1/20 of the lethal dose died after 118 and 98 days, respectively.
Feeding experiments with fluorine contaminated feed revealed
cachexia appearing during the second or third year.
39833
Dunning, James M.
EFFECTS ON ORAL STRUCTURES FROM AIR POLLU-
TION. Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution, Washing-
ton, D. C., Air Pollut., Proc. U. S. Tech. Conf., Washington, D.
C., 1950, p. 503-506. (May 3-5, Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
Forty-two etiologic agents have been recorded as producing
effects on oral structures, 18 of these agents are dusts and 12
are gases. Some of the agents cause physical damage such as
staining or abrasion of the teeth, including copper, nickel,
iron, chromium, coal dust, bone, celluloid, sawdust, flour, and
tobacco. Chemical damage usually associated with some dis-
ease process may result from the heavy metals, fluorine,
phosphorus, ionizing radiation, and sugar. Arsenic, chromium,
phosphorus, and ionizing radiation produce syndromes charac-
terized chiefly by soft tissue and alveolar necrosis. Bismuth,
lead, and mercury greatly aggravate periodontal disease and
usually produce gingival discoloration as well. Carbohydrate
dust produces adherent plaques on the surfaces of teeth lead-
ing in time to dental caries. Most of these agents produce far
greater effects upon already diseased oral structures than upon
healthy ones.
39924
Cristiani, H. and P. Chausse
LATEST OBSERVATIONS ON CHRONIC POISONINGS
WITH VERY SMALL SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE DOSES.
(Nouvelles observations sur I intoxication chronique par de tres
petites doses de fluosilicate de sodium). Text in French. Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 1927:843-844, 1927.
Experiments carried out on guinea pigs with very small doses
of sodium fluorosilicate are described. Amounts corresponding
(o about one-tenth of a lethal dose (0.50 g/kg body weight), ad-
mixed to food, caused death on the average after 18 days,
without any signs of cachexia. Weight loss was 20%. Doses
corresponding to 1/35 the lethal dose caused death after 51
days treatment, while 1/50 to 1/60 the lethal dose killed one
animal after 233 days. That animal showed symptoms of
fluorine cachexia and a weight loss of 40%. Thus, even small
doses of sodium fluorosilicate were found to be much more
toxic than sodium fluoride.
39931
Cristiani, H. and P. Chausse
LATEST OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIME REQUIRED FOR
FLUORINE CACHEXIA TO APPEAR IN GUINEA PIGS FOL-
LOWING INGESTION OF DIFFERENT FLUORINE SALTS.
(Nouvelles experiences sur le temps necessaire a 1 apparition de
la cachexie fluorique chez les cobayes a la suite d ingestion de
divers sels de fluor). Text in French. Compt Rend. Soc. Biol.
(Paris), 1926:15-16.
Tests carried out on guinea pigs with different daily doses of
various fluorine salts to determine the time required for lethal
fluorine cachexia to appear are described. Alkaline fluorine
salts in doses corresponding to 1/10 and 1/30 the lethal dose
(0.50 g/kg body weight) caused death after 18 and 44 days,
respectively. Animals treated with 1/35 the lethal dose (0.7
eg/day) of sodium fluoride died after 70 days (minimum 67,
maximum 74 days), showing symptoms of fluorine cachexia.
The same dose of sodium fluorosilicate caused death after 51
days (minimum 40, maximum 63 days). The data suggest that
the time required for fluorine cachexia to appear increases
with reduced doses. Feeding tests with very small doses (hay
slightly contaminated with fluorine-containing dust) produced
cachexia after 1 -2 yrs.
40527
Tsunoda, Fumio
FLUORIDES AS AIR POLLUTANTS. PREVENTIVE
TECHNOLOGY. POLLUTION IN ALUMINUM METALLUR-
GY. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen boshi gijuts no genjo to ten-
bo). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku (Metals) (Tokyo), 41(1):122-125,
Jan. 1971. 9 refs.
Fluorine in the air easily reacts to dust, soot, and other inor-
ganic matter. It is easily adsorbed by flue gas and reacts to
vapor in the air to form hydrogen fluoride. Even the smallest
amount of fluorides give a considerable damage to plants such
as pine, iris, and gladioli. Furthermore, fluorides are accumu-
lated in the plant leaves in polluted areas, and cause chronic
fluoride poisoning of silkworms, cattle, and other animals that
feed on such plants. The effects of fluorides in the air to
human health is not severe if the content is on the order of the
present 0.75 mg. However, fluoride can accumulate by con-
sumption of agricultural produce grown in the areas that are
polluted. There is a considerable amount of fluoride in rice
and vegetables. Accumulation of fluoride taken over along
period of time can cause chronic poisoning such as streaked
teeth or hardening of bones. In the past, mass poisoning oc-
curred in the area where natural ground water contained more
than 1 ppm of fluorine or in crystal mines. Streaked teeth ap-
pear only when a child takes in a large dosage of fluorine daily
between his infancy and 8 years old. Taking the same dosage
after maturation does not cause streaked teeth. However
hardening of bones will occur. Various methods of treating
fluoride containing gas are reviewed. Spray tower, venturi
scrubber, water jet scrubber, packed tower, and floating bed
scrubber are compared. The most efficient are venturi
scrubber and floating bed scrubber; but the operation is ex-
tremely costly.
40597
Flury, Ferdinand
DEATH CAUSE DURING THE FOG CATASTROPHY OF
THE MEUSE VALLEY. (Die Todesursache bei der Nebelkatas-
trophe im Maastal). Text in German. Archiv Gewerbepathol
Gewerbehyg., vol 7:117-125, 1936. 10 refs.
The 1930 fog catastrophy in the Meuse Valley is described and
an attempt is made to determine the cause of the massive
deaths which occurred. The meteorological conditions favored
the formation of fog. An inversion at an altitude of 70-80 m
and the vertical equilibrium led to persistent smog. The symp-
toms of irritation of respiratory organs, cough, and dyspnea,
indicated local effects. Autopsies revealed congestion and dif-
fuse reddening of mucous membranes in the trachea and
bronchus, partial loss of the epithelium, alveolar edemas, and
hemorrhagic foci. The death cause was undoubtedly severe
pollution due to industrial gases, vapors, and aerosols accumu-
lated in excessively high concentration. While the official
statement which made the combustion products of coal sulfur
chiefly responsible holds true, the massive deaths cannot be
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304
satisfactorily explained from the inhalation of sulfur dioxide
and trioxide and sulfuric acid bound in aerosols. Eye irritation
was not frequent, and even the specific odor of sulfur dioxide
was not present. Heart and circulation troubles in many cases
indicated the high probability of the presence of other, resorp-
tive toxic substances in the air. In view of the exceptionally
high death toll in villages in the area of a plant emitting
hydrofluoric acid at a daily rate of more than 2000 cu m,
poisoning due to the inhalation of fluorine compounds may be
regarded as most probable.
40635
Cavagna G, and G. Bobbio
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF EFFLUENTS FROM AN ALU-
MINUM PLANT. (Contribute allo studio delle charatteristiche
chimico-fisiche e degli effetti biologic! degli effluent! di una fab-
brica di alluminio). Text in Italian. Med. Lavoro (Milan),
61(2):69-101, Feb. 1970.
In 1932, three years after the Mori aluminum plant at Chizzola
in the Italian province of Trento went into operation, school
children observed round skin spots of a bluish color. By 1937,
786 such cases (the vast majority were children and women)
were examined at the local clinic. No symptoms of fluorosis
nor an elevated fluorine level in urine were observed. Bioptic
examination of the cutaneous lesions revealed a great variety
of different manifestations among them congestion of the deep
dermo-hypodermic blood vessels, perivasal edema, and
diapedesis of neutrophile granulocytes. After 1937, the
phenomenon disappeared only to reappear again in July 1965.
At Ziar and Hronom in Czechoslovakia another eluminum
plant emitting times the amount of fluorine did not produce
this phenomenon, even though fluorosis there was frequent.
Also the Rheinfelden aluminum plant in Germany whose
fluorine emission is 23 times that of the Mori plant did not
produce the above phenomenon. To relate the appearance of
the skin spots to fluorine emissions, dust from the Mori elec-
trofilter was fed and injected subcutaneously to rats, mice,
guinea pigs, and rabbits and the biological effects were studied
by examining their capillary fragility. None of the anatomical,
pathological, and biochemical parameters determined showed
any difference between experimental and control animals.
Thus, in the absence of any other explanation the phenomenon
must be ascribed to the toxic or toxic-allergic effect of
hydrofluoric acid and fluorides. Chemical analysis of the dust
disclosed the presence of many elements in trace quantities,
none of which could be relevant to the phenomenon.
40920
Takizawa, Yukio, Isamu Ogima, Yoshihiro Watanabe, Koji
Sato, Setsuo Kuroda, Tatsuo Oshina, Ryuichi Sugai, and Shuji
Yamashita
STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION DUE TO
FLUORIDES ON HUMAN BODIES IN NEIGHBOURING
AREA OF ALUMINIUM MANUFACTURING FACTORY. (H).
(Arumi kojo shuhen ni okeru fukkabutsu niyoru taikiosen no
jintai ni oyobosu eikyo ni kansuru kenkyu. (II)). Text in
Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Reporto (Environ. Health Rept.),
no.8:53- 64, Jan. 1972.
The effects of fluorides on human health were investigated.
Residents over 40 years old in a polluted area within 1 km
from an aluminum factory in Naoetsu City and residents in a
control area were examined on the basis of questionnaires
concerning subjective symptoms, general physico-chemical ex-
amination, and for those who required closer examination,
thyroid gland function tests, X-ray examinations of the bones,
electrocardiogram, hematological examinations, and enzymatic
function tests. The fluorine content in urine was significantly
higher at the 0.5% level in the polluted area. The incidence of
residents with 1.2 ppm of fluorine in urine tended to be high in
the polluted area, but this was not statistically significant. Sub-
jective symptoms, e.g., chronic bronchitis symptoms, exercise
limitations and pains of the joints were recognized in the pol-
luted area with high incidence. Closer examination did not
determine any significant difference between the polluted and
the control areas. Typical symptoms of chronic fluorosis, i.e.,
osteosclerosis and mottled teeth, were not established. How-
ever, proliferation or calcification of the bones was recognized
regardless of area, sex, or age, Pulmonary fibrosis was ob-
served in 65% of all subjects, with a higher incidence among
residents near the factory. Thyroid gland function, the counts
of erythrocytes and white blood cells, hemoglobin amount,
and the values of GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase did not
establish any difference according to area or age.
41036
Higgins, E. Arnold, Vincent Fiorca, A. A. Thomas, and
Harvey V. Davis
ACUTE TOXICITY OF BRIEF EXPOSURES TO HF, HCL,
NO2, AND HCN WITH AND WITHOUT CO. Fire Technol.,
8(2):120-130, May 1972. 13 refs.
Ten rats and 15 mice per group were exposed to a series of at-
mospheric concentrations of each test material to determine
LC-50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the test animals). The
animals were exposed in a dynamic flow system using a stan-
dard Rochester chamber modified to present the animals with
a precisely timed 5-minute inhalation challenge. The animals
were observed closely for 7 days following exposure in order
to include among the observations any delayed deaths due to
pulmonary edema. Hydrogen fluoride produced pulmonary
edema of varying degrees of seventy in most of the exposed
animals. Delayed deaths were routinely seen with this com-
pound in exposures below the LC-50 level of 18,200 ppm in
exposed rats, with peak mortality occurring about 24 hr after
exposure. Exposure of rats to hydrogen chloride resulted in
LC-50 values of 40,989 ppm. The 5-minute toxicity from HC1
was much less predictable than from HF. The 5-minute LC-50
value for nitrogen dioxide was 831 ppm for the rats. In
hydrogen cyanide exposures, all deaths occurred during the
exposure period or within 20 min after exposure. The LC-50
value for rats exposed to HCN was 503 ppm. Carbon monox-
ide concentrations not hazardous to life did not enhance the
toxic effect of the four substances tested.
41224
Sadilova, M. S., K. P. Selyankina, and O. K. Shturkina
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM. Hyg. Sanit. (English translation from Russian of:
Gigenia i Sanit.), vol. 30:155-160, May 1965. 1 ret.
On an experimental unit, which dosed the desired concentra-
tions of hydrogen fluoride, the threshold volume of smell was
determined and that of the reflex action of the substance on
the functional state of the cerebral cortex by means of adap-
tometry. Both of these threshold values were at level on 0.03
mg/cu m. An all day round poisoning of albino rats for a
period of 5 mo with HF at a concentration of 0.10 and 0.03
mg/cu m produced statistically significant functional changes
in the central nervous system as revealed by the method of
conditioned reflexes and chronaximetry. The neurohistological
examinations, made at the end of the poisoning period in the
area of motor and sensory analyzers, revealed lesions of the
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
305
interneural connections and nervous cells in the animals ex-
posed to the action of HF at a concentration of 0.10 mg/cu m.
The HF at a concentration of 0.01 mg/cu m produced no
changes judging by both of the test studied. Taking into ac-
count the cumulative properties of fluorine, the maximum sin-
gle and the average concentration of HF in the atmospheric air
should not exceed 0.01 mg/cu m.
41684
Lindberg, Z. Y.
COMBINED EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND
SULFUR DIOXIDE ON THE BODY OF MAN AND ANIMALS.
In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey Of USSR Air
Pollution Literature. A Second Compilation of Technical Re-
ports on the Biological Effects and the Public Health Aspects of
Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver
Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 14-
23. Translated from Russian. (Also: Izv. Akad. Med. Naiik SSR,
vol. 11:32-43, 1968.) NTIS: PB 209478
Experiments on the effects of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
fluoride alone and in combination on the olfactory threshold
and on light sensitivity of the eye under dark adaptation condi-
tions determined a complete summation of the effects of each
substance. In rats that inhaled a mixture of 0.01 mg/cu m HF
and 0.25 mg/cu m SO2 (inactive concentration of the mixture
for short-term inhalation) and in rats exposed to a mixture of
HF and SO2 at the level of maximum permissible concentra-
tions (0.01 mg/cu m for HF and 0.15 mg/cu m for SO2),
changes in the ratio of chronaxia of the antagonist muscles
were significant. A histological examination of the organs of
the animals showed significant changes in the lungs in the
form of a thickening of the alveolar septa, areas of interstitial
pneumonia, and emphysema. The combined presence of SO2
and HF in the air of populated areas at the level of the exist-
ing mean daily maximum permissible concentrations for each
substance, therefore, is inadmissible.
41685
Sadilova, M. S., E. G. Plotko, and L. N. Yelnichnykh
NEW DATA FOR THE VALIDATION OF THE MEAN DAILY
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Amer-
ican Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution
Literature. A Second Compilation of Technical Reports on the
Biological Effects and the Public Health Aspects of Atmospheric
Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md.,
American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 24-32. Translated
from Russian. (Also: Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:5-15,
1968.) NTIS: PB 209478
The effects of hydrogen fluoride on the human organism were
investigated to validate the basis for a standard maximum al-
lowable concentration. Certain problems of the mechanism of
the action of fluoride ions and the phosphorus-potassium
metabolism using isotopic tracing were also studied. Two
month old female rats were subjected to five-month continu-
ous exposures to 0.10, 0.03, and 0.01 mg/cu m HF. Concentra-
tions of 0.10 and 0.03 mg/cu m caused inhibition in the central
nervous system, decreased the activity of a number of en-
zymes, impaired the phosphorus-calcium metabolism, and
caused the accumulation of fluorine in the body and damage to
the internal organs and bone tissue. The effects of the 0.01
mg/cu m were changes in the phosphorus metabolism only (in-
hibition of alkaline blood phosphatase and a delayed inclusion
of radiophosphorus in bone tissue, liver, and blood at the end
of the five-month exposure). A reduction in the mean daily
maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen fluoride in
the air of populated areas from 0.01 to 0.005 mg/cu m is sug-
gested.
41686
Sadilova, M. S. and E. G. Plotko
SANITARY EVALUATION OF FLUORIDES READILY
SOLUBLE IN BIOLOGICAL MEDIA. In: American Institute of
Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A
Second Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Ef-
fects and the Public Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants.
M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American
Institute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 33-41. Translated from Rus-
sian. (Also: Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:16-26, 1968.)
NTIS: PB 209478
The biological effects of fluoride salts, the solubility of dif-
ferent fluorides in biological media, and toxic thresholds of
readily soluble fluorides were examined to establish a basis for
a standard maximum allowable concentration. The highest
solubility was displayed by sodium fluoride. Experimental data
permitted the assumption that the NaF retained in the body
dissolves completely in certain biological fluids. Aluminum
fluoride, cryolite, and calcium fluoride will not dissolve
completely in biological fluids and therefore may have a lesser
toxic effect than hydrogen fluoride or OaF. Light sensitivity sf
the eye among subjects exposed to concentrations of 0.07
mg/cu m increased; 0.05 mg/cu m concentration affected one
person only. Chronic continuous exposure of rats over the
course of five months to NaF concentrations of 0.10 and 0.03
jg/cu m determined a generally toxic effect and caused the ac-
cumulation of fluorine in the bone tissue. The extent of the
changes was dependent upon the NaF concentration in the air.
Because of the neutral properties of NaF dust and its in-
complete absorption in the body after penetration through the
respiratory organs, its toxic influence is less than that of
similar hydrogen fluoride concentrations. The highest single
NaF concentration in the air of populated areas should not ex-
ceed 0.03 mg/cu m, and the mean daily concentration should
not exceed 0.01 mg/cu m.
41687
Sadilova, M. S.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF POORLY POLUBLE
FLUORIDES. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of
USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compilation of
Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute sf Crop
Ecology, 1972, p. 42-47. Translated from Russian. (Also: Izv.
Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:26-32, 1968.) NTIS: PB 209478
The biological effects of poorly soluble fluorides were studied
to establish a basis for a standard maximum allowable concen-
tration. Aluminum fluoride, a typical representative of poorly
soluble fluorides, was selected for the study. The experiments
were carried out with a condensation aerosol of A1F3 at a
sublimation temperature of about 700 C. An A1F3 concentra-
tion of 0.3 mg/cu m caused a reliable increase of the light sen-
sitivity of the eye in all the subjects. Chronic continuous expo-
sure of two month old white female rats over the course of
five months to koncentrations of 0.10 and 0.03 mg/cu m
established a slight but statistically reliable prolongation of the
chronaxies of extensors. The heavier concentration inhibited
the activity of the blood cholinesterase. On the whole, expo-
sure to both concentrations had only a slight toxic effect. In
the atmosphere the highest single maximum permissible con-
centration of fluorides sparingly soluble in biological media is
recommended at the level of 0.2 mg/cu m, with the mean daily
value at 0.03 mg/cu m.
-------
306
41688
Sadilova, M. S.
MATERIAL FOR STANDARDIZATION OF THE MAXIMUM
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE IN THE AIR OF POPULATED AREAS. In: Amer-
ican Institute yf Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution
Literature. A Second Compilation of Technical Reports on the
Biological Effects and the Public Health Aspects of Atmospheric
Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md.,
American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 48-60. Translated
from Russian. (Also: Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 10:186-
201, 1961.) NTIS: PB 209478
The influence of varying concentrations of hydrogen fluoride
on human subjects and on rats was studied and threshold
levels were determined to establish a basis for a standard max-
imum allowable concentration. For the majority of subjects,
the minimum olfactory perceptible concentration was 0.03
mg/cu m. In order to determine the effect of HF on the central
nervous system via the receptors of the upper respiratory
tract, the change in light sensitivity of the eye of three persons
with normal vision was studied and determined the threshold
concentration at 0.03 mg/cu m. Chronic continuous exposure
of white female rats to 0.10 qnd 0.03 mg/cu m HF caused a
number of disturbances in the animals, including the
phenomena of inhibition in the central nervous system. A 0.10
mg/cu m concentration caused irreversible destructive changes
in the nerve cells; changes in the phosphorus-calcium metabol-
ism; accumulation of fluorine in the bone system; and
histopathological changes in the teeth, bone system, and
viscera. The 0.01 mg/cu m concentration caused no change in
the experimental animals. The highest single concentration of
HF, therefore, should not exceed 0.02 mg/cu m, and the mean
daily concentration should not exceed 0.01 mg/cu m.
41706
Truhaut, Rene
DISHARMONY IN THE ENVIRONMENT. DANGERS OF
THE CHEMICAL ERA. (Dysharmonie de 1 environnement.
Dangers de 1 Ere Chimique). Text in French. Protectio Vitae,
14(3):113-117, 1971. 10 rets.
Health aspects of food additives, household chemicals, and air
pollution as well as general principles of the prevention of
hazards, are reviewed. Various air pollutants, such as small
particles, gases, and vapors may penetrate into the alveoli,
cause local damages, and also enter the blood circulation. The
major danger involved in air pollutants is long-term toxidity.
The chief sources of carbon monoxide are firings and automo-
biles. Exhaust gas may contain 2.5-7% of CO. Sulfur dioxide
plays an important role in the formation of acid smog.
Nitrogen oxides are present in automobile exhausts, and
nitrogen dioxide is necessary for smog formation. Exhaust
gases contain unburnt hydrocarbons, and aromatic polycyclic
hydrocarbons, such as benzo(a)pyrene, were detected m soot.
Specific emissions from diffemt industries are fluorine com-
pounds, mineral dusts of vaious compositons, and odorous
substances, e.g., mercaptan and amine derivatives. High con-
centrations due to unfavorable meteorological conditions or
synergistic effects can result in acute toxic symptoms, while
chronic toxicity may manifest itself as chronic bronchitis due
to sulfur dioxide or fluorosis due to fluorine compounds. In-
creased incidence of bronchial cancer which may be caused by
soot was observed in urban areas.
43277
Goldstein, Gerald
BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POL-
LUTION. Preprint Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., Analytical
Biochemistry Group, 39p., 1972. 176 refs.
Several studies related to the concept of biochemical indica-
tors as monitors of environmental quality are reviewed.
Several kinds of tissues and organs are potentially useful as in-
dicators including plant tissues, various animal tissues, and
blood. One study done with plant tissues showed that expo-
sure to Peroxyacetyl nitrate, ozone, and fluorides inhibits the
biosynthesis of cellulose due to the inactivation of phosphoglu-
comutase and cellulose synthetase. By studying various en-
zymes in fish, it is possible to determine the effects of pesti-
cides and toxic metals. A dietary level of 5 ppm of DDT
reduced the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in
rats. Guinea pigs were exposed to 15 ppm of nitrogen dioxide
continuously for 10 weeks, and lung, liver, spleen, and kidney
tissues subsequently examined. Lactic dehydrogenase and al-
dolase levels were elevated in most tissues. This indicates that
chronic inhalation of air pollutants can cause alterations in tis-
sue enzyme activity levels which can be detected and used as
sensitive indicators The measurement of cholinesterase activi-
ty in human blood plasma and erythrocytes can be used as an
indicator of exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate
pesticides. A decrease in the gamma-aminolevulinic acid
dehydrase level may indicate exposure to lead. Nitrogen diox-
ide has been tested against mouse liver and rabbit and rat lung
cell cultures. In the first case, increased cell mortality was ob-
served and in the latter, a reduced oxygen consumption
reflecting reduced cellular metabolism. Sulfur dioxide inhibits
the growth of mouse liver cells and damages human lympho-
cytes in culture. Ozone inhibits the growth of human strain L
cells. Peroxyacetyl nitrate inactivates isocitric dehydrogenase,
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase
within a few minutes. Ozone inactivates papain and glyceral-
dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Atmospheric SO2 and 03
inactivate acetylcholinesterase.
43323
Horita, Hiroshi
POLLUTION AND TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES.
GENERAL THEORY. (Kogai to doku kikenbutsu soronhen).
Text in Japanese. Tokyo, Sankyo Shuppan, 1971, 240p. 76 refs.
Pollution, toxic and hazardous substances are discussed.
Poisons are discussed, including acute and chronic poisoning,
the effects in bodies, and the chemical structure. Air pollution
problems are described in terms of sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, chlorine and chlorides, bromine, fluorine and
fluorides, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, hydrocar-
bons, particulates, soots, and radioactive substances. Soil pol-
lution, river pollution, sea pollution, fires, and explosions are
mentioned. Tables of plant damage by air pollution, threshold
values of various polluters in drinking water, and a list of
poisonous, combustible, and explosive compounds are in-
cluded.
43636
Voisin, C.
ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND
PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. (Les facteurs etiologiques dans
la bronchite chronique et 1 emphyseme pulmonaire). Text in
French. Rev. Med. (Tirgu-Mures), 11(37):2I75-2176, 2178-2179,
Oct. 1970.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
307
Exogeneous and endogenous factors in chronic bronchitis and
pulmonary emphysema are reviewed. Several factors overlap
in their actions which makes it difficult to assess their respec-
tive contributions. Air pollution, primarily due to dust, soot,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, fluorine compounds, and oxi-
dants, as well as smoking, particularly nicotinism, are the most
important exogenous factors in chronic bronchitis and
emphysema, while air pollution in occupational environment
plays a minor role. Air pollutants cause irritation and hyper-
secretion of the mucous membranes, and reduce the resistance
against microbial attacks. These exogenous factors are all the
more dangerous when they combine with endogenous factors
having produced constitutional predisposition. Such en-
dogenous factors are age and sex, infections of the respiratory
tract, allergies, genetic factors, hereditary immunity deficien-
cy, mucoviscidosis, or alpha-1- antitrypsin deficit. The frequen-
cy of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema, higher for
males than for females, increased with age. Infections of the
respiratory tract facilitate the germination of germs in the sub-
glottic tract, and the extension of lesions to the bronchioles or
the parenchyma. Asthma is accompanied by bronchial hyper-
secretion in several cases, which may result in the combina-
tion of asthma with chronic bronchitis. Diverse genetic affec-
tions are accompanied by bronchial hypersecretion of chronic
infection of the bronchi, or, less often, by emphysema.
43896
Martin, A. E. and Christine M. Jones
SOME MEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING AT-
MOSPHERIC FLUORIDES. HSMHA (Health Serv. Ment.
Health Adm.) Health Rep., 86(8):752-758, Aug. 1971. 28 rets.
In assessing margins of safety and possible toxic hazards from
fluorides, it is necessary to consider the body s total intake of
fluoride from all sources. The total intake will be derived in
part from the diet, drinking water, and the atmosphere. The
fluoride content of some individual foods is indicated, and the
hazards to man from industrial fluorides are discussed. Air
pollution by fluorides is considered, including man s fluoride
intake from polluted air. The occurrence of fluorosis in cattle
in the vicinity of factories emitting fluorides suggests a possi-
bility of increased fluoride intakes in man arising from the
contamination of food grown in these areas. Experiments in-
dicate that man s comsumption of vegetables grown in such
areas would not present a hazard to health, but in exceptional
cases a grossly excessive consumption of heavily con-
taminated vegetables might lead to a slight increase in dental
fluorosis in children. Such fluorosis, however, is unlikely,
though experience from certain other countries indicated that
where atmospheric pollution from fluorides is higher, signs of
dental fluorosis may be found. Where necessary, a realistic as-
sessment of the margin of safety or of the existence of a
fluoride hazard may be obtained by adequate monitoring of
pollution in the vicinity of any factory. (Author conclusions
modified)
44362
Leloczky, Maria
STUDIES ON THE HEALTH-DAMAGING EFFECT OF THE
FLUORINE-POLLUTION OF THE AIR AROUND AN ALU-
MINIUM FOUNDRY. (A levego fluorszennyezodesenek egesz-
segugyi hatasa az inotai aluminiumkoho kornyeken vegzett viz-
sgalatok alapjain). Text in Hungarian. Egeszsegtudomany, vol.
15:74-80, 1971. 21 refs.
In the housing estate Varpalota-Inota, Hungary, where the air
proved to be contaminated with fluorine, 227 children were ex-
amined. Fluorine was found in the urine of the children and in
some cases at a level usually found in the urine of foundry
workers. In a control area, where the air was free from
fluorine, no fluorine was found in the children s urine. The
hemoglobin level in the children at risk was low. In spite of
these facts, a causal relationship between the fluorine pollu-
tion of the air and the levels of fluorine found in the urine was
not established because fluorine is only one of the air pollu-
tants around Varpalota-Inota. (Author abstract modified)
44589
Largent, Edward J.
INTRODUCTION. In: Fluorosis. The Health Aspects of
Fluorine Compounds. Columbus, Ohio State Univ. Press, 1961,
p. 1-2.
Fluorine is the most electronegative of all elements and one of
the most violently reactive substances known to man. Since
1931, when fluoride was identified as the unique substance
present in water that had caused mottled dental enamel in
man, researchers throughout the world have been reporting on
the osseous effects of fluorides, most frequently in cases of
occupational exposure. A number of lawsuits alleging damage
from fluorides were filed in 1944, stimulating greater interest
in the investigation of the biological effects of fluorides.
44590
Largent, Edward J.
SKELETAL FLUOROSIS IN MAN. In: Fluorosis. The Health
Aspects of Fluorine Compounds. Columbus, Ohio State Univ.
Press, 1961, Chapt. 2, p. 8-21.
The results of various investigations into the health effects of
fluorides in man, through occupational exposure and through
water supply are summarized. The investigations reported
were carried out between 1931 and 1949 in Copenhagen, North
Africa, India, Argentina, South Africa, China, Scotland, and
Texas and Oklahoma. The findings of these studies are ex-
amined concerning the establishment of a relationship between
osseous deposition of fluoride and other observed disorders,
such as hypertrophic bone changes and ligamentous calcifica-
tion. Fluoride-induced bone changes that have been clearly
demonstrated in man include increased radiopacity and
hyperostoses in the forearm and leg, principally in the interos-
seous membranes. Ankylosing spondylitis or pokerback, or
any other disabling change in the skeletal structures, have not
been shown to have been caused in part or entirely by fluoride
deposition The changes seen clinically or radiologically in
suspected cases of fluorosis are not pathogenomonic of that
condition. For example, increased osseous density is observed
in several bone diseases, and both calcification of ligaments
and ankylosing spondylitis occur in other arthritic disorders.
Moderate or advanced fluoride osteosclerosis may be
suspected on the basis of demonstrated characteristic roent-
genographic changes in the bones. Corroborative evidence as
follows should be required in any case: proven absorption of
fluoride amounting to 10 to 15 mg/day, or urine concentrations
averaging more than 8 mg/1 over a period of more than 5
years.
44593
Largent, Edward J.
CHRONIC FLUORIDE INTOXICATION IN ANIMALS. In:
Fluorosis. The Health Aspects of Fluorine Compounds. Colum-
bus, Ohio State Univ. Press, 1961, Chapt. 8, p. 74-89.
The dental effects in animals, as in man, are the first detecta-
ble response to exposure to relatively small amounts of
fluoride. In the rat, bleaching of the orange colored enamel of
-------
308
the incisors is first detected as alternate white and orange
bands. The striation of the enamel has been detected in some
incisors when fluoride was added to food in amounts as small
as 7 ppm. Fluoride may effect the enamel of most animals
only if it is fed prior to the eruption of the permanent teeth.
At levels of ingestion somewhat above that required to cause
mild dental fluorosis, the next most sensitive physiological
response appears to be a reduction in the amounts of food
eaten. At progressively higher levels, reduction in calf produc-
tion, milk production, general condition, cachexia, organ
degeneration, and death, appear in that order. Considerable
experimental work has been done on the lower animals for the
purpose of examining the mechanisms of skeletal storage of
fluoride and fluoride excretion. At the highest tolerable levels
of fluoride in food, the bones of animals will accumulate rela-
tively large amounts of fluoride. Apparently, however, there is
an upper limit of osseous deposition; fluoride in the ash of
animal bones has rarely exceeded 3%, or 30,000 ppm. The
average urinary fluoride limit, associated with earliest detecta-
ble skeletal abnormalities in cattle and sheep, is in excess of
40 ppm, the abnormalities appearing after one to two years of
exposure.
44594
Largent, Edward J.
ACUTE FLUORIDE POISONING IN ANIMALS. In: Fluorosis.
The Health Aspects of Fluorine Compounds. Columbus, Ohio
State Univ. Press, 1961, Chapt. 9, p. 90-93.
Hydrofluoric acid is very corrosive and may produce serious
local injury to the skin, cornea, and mucous membrane when-
ever it comes in contact with these tissues. Inhalation of ele-
mental fluorine and of fluorides in sufficient concentrations
has been fatal to animals. Exposures for periods of three
hours at a concentration of 200 ppm, as well as briefer expo-
sures at higher concentrations, were invariably fatal to ex-
posed rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice. At a level of 100
ppm, repeated exposure of these four species over a period of
seven hours produced an over-all mortality of 60%. Severe
damage to the respiratory tract was the only pathological
change that developed consistently as a result of these fatal in-
halations. Estimates of the minimum lethal dose for the solu-
ble salts fall in the range of 45 to 90 mg/kg, expressed as
fluoride ion when given orally to animals. The estimates for
the lethal dose for dogs has been placed as low as 23 mg/kg.
Signs of acute poisoning by ingestion are weakness, stupor,
salivation, vomiting, thirst, convulsions, spasms, diarrhea, and
increase in the frequency and depth of respiration, followed
by paralysis. Albuminuria has also been observed and high
concentrations of fluoride were found to have been excreted
in the urine and in the saliva. Damage to tissues, caused by
single massive doses or by repeated large doses of fluorides, is
especially prominent in the gastrointestinal tract. Acute inflam-
mation, hyperemia, swelling, bleeding, and epithelial degenera-
tion have been reported. Acute fluoride poisoning has been re-
ported to cause a sudden decrease in the numbers of formed
elements in the blood, an inhibition of glycolysis, and a
decrease in the concentration of calcium ions in the plasma. It
is believed that the use of sodium fluoride for elimination of
parasites in swine can be safely conducted without producing
fatal acute poisoning.
44597
Largent, Edward J.
FLUORIDES AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH. In: Fluorosis.
The Health Aspects of Fluorine Compounds. Columbus, Ohio
State Univ. Press, 1961, Chapt. 12, p. 109-123.
Industrial uses of fluorides include processing of nuclear fuels
and the manufacture of polymers, octane gasoline, plastic
materials, fluorocarbon acids, oils, greases, Pharmaceuticals,
and nerve gas. In the form of cryolite, fluorides are used in
large amounts each year in the manufacture of aluminum. The
steel making industry depends heavily on fluorspar. The indus-
trial activities in which rock phosphate is used probably
liberate the greatest total amounts of fluoride. Sizeable quanti-
ties are also encountered in the following industries: glass,
magnesium founding, cleaning of steel castings, welding, sol-
dering, ceramic products, and in the disinfection of equipment
in breweries. The responses of workmen to occupational expo-
sure to fluorides are discussed with regard to the effects of
fluorides on the skin, effects on the respiratory tract, absorp-
tion and excretion of fluorides, and osseous deposition of
fluorides and changes in radiopacity. Inside industrial plants
the level of fluoride in the air should not be allowed to exceed
3 ppm, expressed as HF, or to exceed 2.5 mg/cu m, expressed
as particulate fluoride in air. If fluoride exposures are con-
trolled so that no workman repeatedly excretes fluoride at a
level as high as 8 mg/1 of urine, there is very little likelihood
that any ill effects will result from exposure, although a slight
increase in osseous radiopacity may, in rare instances, develop
after many years of occupational exposure.
44867
Ruiz Salazar, Antonio and Alejandro Castanedo
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS CONNECTED WITH THE
OIL INDUSTRY. (Patologia de la industria del petrolic). Text
in Spanish. Med. deporte trab., 18(128):560-581, 624-641, 674,
1953. 30 refs.
Petroleum processing plant-induced pathology is reviewed.
Toxicology is analyzed in terms of effects produced by oil im-
purities (hydrogen sulfide), ingredients applied for the im-
provement of fuels (hydrofluoric acid and tetraethyl lead), and
by the petroleum hydrocarbons themselves. Petroleum distilla-
tion generates air pollutants such as ethane, propane, and bu-
tane. But most of the petroleums are considered to be non-tox-
ic. Gasoline cracking, however, produces toxic non-saturated
compounds. Reference is made to an accident which occurred
in 1922 under atmospheric inversion conditions in a settlement
close to the A.G.W.I. processing plant. Fatalities were at-
tributed to the action of carbon dioxide and/or H2S. Another
air pollution accident which occurred in 1950, due to the
deterioration of an emission control unit, is attributed to the
large amounts of H2S in the air. The accident caused 22
deaths and more than 300 poisoning episodes. Autopsies
revealed the lungs to be the most affected organ under the cir-
cumstances. Victims with tetraethyl lead poisoning were found
with brain and lung congestion, and minor inflammation of the
other internal organs. Chronic TEL poisoning is characterized
by astenia, anemia, arterial hypotension, and loss of weight.
Hydrofluoric acid is described in terms of acute effects due to
its high respiratory tract irritation activity. Dermatoses are the
most diffused diseases due to chronic exposure to petroleum.
The petroleum industry has no causal connection with tubercu-
losis. The pathology of chronic exposure to the petroleum in-
dustry requires systematic studies in order to provide the ap-
propriate control measures.
45055
Sadilova, M. S. and A. A. Petina
HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE OF LOW FLUORINE CONCEN-
TRATIONS FOR DIFFERENT ROUTES OF INTAKE. (O gi-
gienicheskom znachenii malykh kontsentratsii flora pri
razlichnykh putyakh postupleniya v organizm). Hyg. Sanit. (En-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
309
glish translation from Russian of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 35(8): 184-
187, Aug. 1970. (Includes discussion by Gabovich, R. D. in Hyg.
Sanit. (English translation from Russian of: Gigiena i Sanit.),
36(5):270-272, May 1971.) NTIS: TT 70-50048/3 and TT 71-
50122/2
To assess the various routes of entry of fluorine into the body
a series of experiments on albino rats was carried out lasting
for 5 months: using water containing fluorine at a concentra-
tion of 1.0- 1.5 mg/1; 24-hr inhalation poisoning of animals with
low concentrations (0.1, 0.03, and 0.01 mg/cu m); and simul-
taneous action of fluorine contained in water at concentrations
of 1.0-1.5 mg/1 and that inhaled at a concentration of 0.01
mg/cu m. A study of functional, biochemical and morphologi-
cal changes developed proved nonorganic fluorides, entering
the body through the respiratory organs, to be much more
toxic than the equivalent quantities of fluorine, introduced into
the body with water. In the case of long-term inhalation of air
with an admixture of small concentrations of fluorides, the pri-
mary changes developed in the body at an optimal content of
fluorine of 1.0 mg/1. This fact points to the necessity of using
highly effective means of decontamination of industrial
fluorine discharges into the atmosphere. A critique by a
scientist not involved in these particular experiments points to
several uncontrolled variables in the methods employed. It is
further suggested that on the basis of observations on three
groups of human volunteers, there is no significant difference
in the effects on man of fluorides between peroral and respira-
tory administration. (Author summary modified)
45683
Sakabe, Hiroyuki, Kiyoyuki Kawai, Ayanori Sauda, Kimiko
Oki, Katsunori Honma, and Heihachiro Arito
THE TOXICITY OF EMISSIONS FROM HEATED REFRAC-
TORY HIGH POLYMER COMPOUNDS. (NO. 3). (Tainetsusei
kobunshi kagobutsu no kanetsu ni yoru seiseibutsu no dokusei ni
(suite.) (sono 3). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind.
Health), 14(4):130-131, July 1972.
The toxicity of emissions from heated teflon was investigated.
In 10 minutes, 0.72 g of polyfluoroethylenepropylene (PFEP)
heated at over 500 C vanished; mice exposed to the emissions
all died in the same period of time. More than 150 ppm of
hydrogen fluoride gas was detected. At 350 C, only 3% of the
sample PFEP vanished; mice exposed to emissions showed
light symptoms of poisoning, e.g., difficulty of breathing and
decrease in body weights. Mice exposed to emissions from
polytetrafluoroethylene heated at 400 C died in 48 hours.
When a filter which reduced more than half of the fluorides in
the emission was used, only slight decreases of body weights
were noted.
46085
Truhaut, Rene
DANGERS OF THE CHEMICAL AGE. (Dangers de 1 ere
chimique). Text in French. Chim Ind., Genie Chun., 105(3):239-
249, Feb. 1972. 10 rets. (Presented at a Conference in the Centre
de Perfectionnement Technique.)
The necessity of understanding the dangers of the chemical
age is emphasized; examples of toxic risks in different fields
are provided; and the main principles of prevention of these
dangers are discussed. Toxicity may take the form of acute,
sub-acute, short-term, and long-term intoxication. Particular
attention should be paid to exposure to poisons possessing cu-
mulative properties. Various toxic substances such as lead,
cadmium, mercury, and fluorides have different forms of ab-
sorption and excretion. Human and environmental factors like-
ly to have a qualitative or quantitative effect on toxicity and
on the conditions under which it reveals itself are considered.
There are risks in using chemicals in medical treatment. The
presence of Pharmaceuticals in the home is not always safe,
especially in the case of unusual response of certain organisms
to medicines. Fatalities have occurred due to overdosage or er-
roneous labelling. Workers are more exposed to chemical
agents both in industry and agriculture (pesticides). Another
major risk is posed by deliberate or accidental addition of
chemical agents to foodstuffs and water. The general popula-
tion is exposed to air pollution in the form of carbon monox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons.
Other risks are related to the use of chemicals in cosmetics
and household products. These risks can be minimized by
setting purity standards for chemicals, labeling the develop-
ment of toxic pathology or poison-treatment centers, and the
establishment of concerning admissible limits for pollution in
working atmospheres or urban air.
47807
Oelschlaeger, Walter
THE EFFECT OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS ON DOMESTIC
ANIMALS. (Inunissionen und Hire Wirkung auf landwirtschaft-
liche Nutztiere). Text in German. Umweltforschung, no. 58:26-
29, 1971. (Presented at the Hohenheim University Umwelt-
forschung Seminar, 1971.)
General problems of the effects on livestock of various pollu-
tant emissions are reviewed. Livestock damage is mostly due
to the ingestion of forage contaminated with toxic substances
such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium, molybdenum, copper,
fluorine, and lead. Fluorine emission-generated livestock
damages in Germany have abated for the last years as a result
of the implementation of strict emission standards. Though
lead concentrations in plants near highways, especially within
the nearest 100-meter strip, are essentially above average, the
consumption of such forage by livestock is usually occasional,
and hence no damage should be feared. Lack of appetite,
diarrhea, loss of weight, sometimes infertility, and reduced
milk yield in cows are the nonspecific symptoms of poisoning
in livestock. The meat from such animals is usually fit for con-
sumption, while milk lead concentrations may be sometimes
too high to be acceptable.
47905
Takizawa, Y., I. Ogima, S. Kuroda, and T. Oshina
THE EFFECT ON THE HUMAN BODY BY FLUORIDE AIR
POLLUTION. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taikiosen no junta! no
oyobosu eikyo). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi
(Japan. J. Public Health), I9(10):425, Oct. 1972. (Presented at
the Japan Society of Public Health, General Meeting, 31st, Sap-
poro, Japan, Oct. 25-27, 1972.)
Subjects were 1210 children aged between 3 and 15 and 1147
subjects out of 1210 who were living in an area within 1 km of
an aluminium refinery factory; 63 were chosen for com-
parison. The average fluoride content in urine of the subjects
of the comparison group was 0.180 ppm and the subjects of
the polluted area showed a remarkably high value of fluoride.
As a result of the second examination, curvature of the ulna,
early choosing of epiphysia line were found 9.3% of subjects,
pulmonary fibrosis was found 4.1% of subjects, bronchitis was
9.7% and asthma was 3.2%. Twenty-four subjects were
hynoplastic dental enamel.
-------
310
47906
Tsuji, Y., H. Kunida, Y. Honma, I. Watanabe, and K.
Matsuura
RELATION BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION DUE TO
FLUORIDE AND SWELLING OF THE THYROID GLAND IN
KITAKATA CITY (FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE). (Fukkabut-
su niyoru kankyoosen to kojosen shucho). Text in Japanese. Nip-
pon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 19(10):426,
Oct. 1972. (Presented at the Japan Society of Public Health,
General Meeting, 31st, Sapporo, Japan, Oct. 25-27, 1972.)
There is an aluminum refinery factory in Kitakata. This city
was divided into several sections. The area nearest to the fac-
tory was the most polluted area (fluoride content in air was
173.6 + or - 24.2 kg/sq m/mo). Subjects were primary school
children of this polluted area. The result was that 193 children
out of 339 showed symptoms of swelling of the thyroid gland.
But this result doesn t mean the mutual relation between air
pollution due to fluoride and swelling of the thyroid gland
because even in an area which was not polluted by fluoride,
there sometimes were examples of swelling of the thyroid
gland More examinations on this subject are required.
48030
Borsdorf, Wolfgang
DAMAGE OF FLUORINE-INDICATOR PLANTS IN THE
WILD FLORA. Wiss. Z. Tech. Univ. Dresden, 11(3), 1962.
(Presented at the International Research Congress of Forest Ex-
perts in Smoke Damage, 3rd, Tharandt, Germany, May 24-27,
1961.) Translated from German. 2p.
In an area of central Germany which has a high concentration
of fluorine-containing exhaust gases, the wild flora and some
cultivated plants were examined in order to determine their
adequacy as indicators for fluorine damage. Three years of ob-
servations resulted in a list of 59 kinds of plants, subsequently
divided into four sensitivity groups on the basis of macroscop-
ic damage such as necrosis of the edges of the leaves. In
general, the gramineea and Polygonacea seemed to be sensi-
tive, while the Liabiates, composites papilionacea crucifers,
and Umbelifera were very resistant. The amount of damage
was also influenced by topographic and meteorological factors.
48068
Deutsches Zentralinstitut fuer Arbeitsmedizin, Berlin (East
Germany)
INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY PART II: TOXIC GASES. (In-
dustrietoxikologie II: Toxische Gase). Text in German. In: Ar-
beitswissenschaftliche Lehrbriefe. Rept. 14/15/16, p. 87-97, 1971
(?).
General lexicological description is given of the most common
induslrial toxic gases. Gases such as fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, and their compounds, as well as phosgene, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia have predominantly ir-
ritating effects, while others, such as carbon monoxide, car-
bon dioxide, acetylene, ethylene oxide, metal carbonyls,
hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen selenide in-
terfere with metabolic processes. Pulmonary edema, fibrosis,
bronchopneumonia, and ocular conjunctivitis are the symp-
toms of fluorine and hydrofluoric acid. Phosgene, decompos-
ing into hydrochloric acid and CO, damages certain organs,
the central nervous system, and interferes with enzymatic
processes. Sulfur dioxide causes irritation of the respiratory
tract, cough, vomiting, and pulmonary edema. Nitrogen ozides
irritate moist mucosa, and cause pulmonary edema, dyspnea,
vomiting, asthenia, unconsciousness, and possibly death or
pulmonary complications. Ammonia represents a strong irritant
for the mucosa, particularly of the eyes. Carbon monoxide,
blocking hemoglobin, causes headache at carboxyhemoglobin
contents above 25%, and psychic damages at contents of 30-
50%, 75-80% concentration is lethal. Damages to the car-
diovascular and vegetative nervous systems, and impaired vi-
sion and hearing due to chronic poisoning, have been ob-
served. High concentrations of carbon dioxide cause
headache, dizziness, asthenia, and damage to the central ner-
vous system. Nausea, vomiting, and narcosis are the basic
symptoms of poisonings with ethylene oxide. Hydrogen sulfide
and hydrogen selenide irritate moist mucosa, damage enzyme
systems, and may cause sudden death. Hydrocyanic acid inter-
feres with the oxygen metabolism in the cells.
48636
Takizawa, Y., I. Ogima, Y. Watanabe, S. Kuroda, and T.
Oshina
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORTOE ON
THE HUMAN BODY - THE THIRD REPORT. (Alumi kojo
shuhen ni okeru fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen no jintai ni
oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite - dai sanpo). Text in Japanese. Kankyo
Hoken Reporto (Environ. Health Rept.), no. 16:59-71, Dec.
1972.
A group of 1210 infants, children, and 1147 students aged
between 3 and 15 living within 1 km of a factory which
produced fluorides (A group) and 63 subjects for comparison
(B group) were studied. The first examination studied subjec-
tive symptoms and teeth. The fluorine content in urine was
0.181 ppm in A group and 0.391 or 0.408 ppm in B group; this
value was higher in boys than in girls. The most frequent sub-
jective symptoms which the subjects complained of were
respiratory symptoms especially cough and phlegm. Dysodon-
tiasis or insufficiency of calcification were observed 20.2% of
A group. The second examination was done on the subjects
who had fluorine in the urine over a 0.42 ppm concentration
and who showed other symptoms and on the subjects whose
fluorine content was under 0.42 ppm but who showed the
symptom of dysodontiasis. The average fluorine content in the
urine was 0.358 and 0.204 ppm, respectively; these values were
less than the content of the first examination because this ex-
amination was done before a meal.
48637
Takizawa, Y., I. Ogima, Y. Watanabe, S. Kuroda, and T.
Oshina
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORIDE ON
THE HUMAN BODY - THE FOURTH REPORT. (Alumi kojo
shuhen ni okeru fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen no jintai ni
oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite - dai yonpo). Text in Japanese. Kankyo
Hoken Reporto (Environ. Health Rept.), no. 17:69-89, Dec.
1972.
A third examination was made of 74 children and infants who
showed symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis, who were diagnosed
as bronchitis or asthma patients, or who showed dysodontia-
sis. The fluorine content in the urine of boys (38 cases) was
0.500 ppm and that of 34 girls was 0.484 ppm. The highest
value was 1.5 ppm of a girl, and four cases were over 1.0 ppm.
As a result of a dental examination, a mild insufficiency of
calcification was observed 10 cases and moderate one in six
cases. The respiratory diseases were not observed. As a result
of a heart examination, myocardosis was found in two cases
and enlargement of cardiac ventricle in one case.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
311
48693
CAN FLUORIDE CAUSE LUNG CANCER? Fluoride, 5(4):169-
171, Oct. 1972. 14 rets.
The possible carcinogenic role of the fluoride ion is discussed,
and studies on fluoride emissions in relation to lung cancer are
summarized. The results of the studies are necessarily limited,
but cannot be discounted. Even if fluorides are not solely
responsible for the development of lung cancer, in conjunction
with other carcinogens they might act as a synergist. Fluoride
is also a constituent of asbestos, a recognized carcinogenic
agent, at levels of the order of 70-579 ppm.
48697
Cecilioni, V. A.
LUNG CANCER IN A STEEL CITY. ITS POSSIBLE RELA-
TION TO FLUORIDE EMISSIONS. Fluoride, 5(4):172-181,
Oct. 1972. 21 refs. (Presented at the International Society for
Fluoride Research, Annual Conference, 4th, Hague, Nether-
lands, Oct. 24-27, 1971.)
The epidemiology of 300 deaths from primary lung cancer in
the industrial steel city of Hamiltion, Ontario was studied. A
breakdown of the city into zones revealed three different rates
directly related to the proximity to the main industrial area,
with a high of 65 per 100,000 population in the northeast end
close to the steel mills, a low of 12 in the most distant section,
and 23 in the intermediate zone. A marked rise in steel produc-
tion and a corresponding increase in the use of fluorspar flux
occurred during the same period (1966-68). Characteristic
fluoride damage to vegetation was established, especially in
the northeast section. Analyses of vegetation, dust, and human
bones determined high levels of content of fluoride, sulfur,
and silica. (Author summary modified)
49164
Takizawa, Yukio, Isamu Hagima, Yoshihiro Watanabe, Tatsuo
Oshina, and Setsuo Kuroda
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FLUORIDES EFFECTS
ON THE HUMAN BODY, 2ND REPORT. (Fukkabutsu no jin-
tai ni oyobosu eikyo no ekigaku-teki kenkyu, Dai-2-ho). Text in
Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Reporto. (Environ. Health Kept.), no.
13:69-80, Sept. 1972. 1 ref.
A complete and detailed report is presented on the findings of
the third examinations of the 15 patients who were screened
by two previous health examinations of 1152 people living 1
km from a chemical factory in Niigata Prefecture. Examina-
tions were given to find out their awareness of symptoms,
general clinical diagnoses, dental conditions, baxic metabol-
ism, cardiogram, hematological conditions, enzyme functions,
fluoride content in their urine, and the chest and bone x-ray
results. The total discovery rate of all the examinees was
7.5%. Most people had some form of complaints such as
coughing and gagging (69.2%), sputum (69.2%), rhinitis
(61.5%), wheezing (53.8%); these symptoms worsened in
southerly winds (42.2%). Other common symptoms were ex-
haustion, toothache, palpitation, and skin damage. All 15 pa-
tients originally had more than 1.2 ppm F content in their
urine, but in this third test, only three had more than 1.2 ppm,
and the average was 0.853 ppm. The chest X-ray showed that
10 persons had the shadows of lung fibrosis. Other X-ray
findings were abnormality of the hip bone on six persons and
a suspicion of the same on one person; irregularities on other
parts such as the knees, pelvic bones, elbows, and hands were
recognized on several patients. Altogether, 84.6% of the pa-
tients (11 persons) showed some form of abnormality in their
bone formation. The general clinical test showed that 10 per-
sons had high blood pressure, seven had chronic bronchitis,
and two had bronchial asthma and skin disease.
49223
Griffiths, J. E.
ACUTE INHALATION AND DERMAL APPLICATION
SCREENING STUDIES OF 2,4,6-TRIFLUORO-SYM-
TRIAZINE AND 2,4,6-TRIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)-SYM-
TRIAZINE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 33(6):382-388, June 1972.
7 refs.
Screening studies of the effects of acute inhalation of 2,4,6-
trifluoro-sym-triazine ((FCN)3 - known as cyanuric fluoride)
and of 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)-sym-triazine ((CF3CN)3) on
male albino rats are reported. Values for LC50 of 3 ppm for
cyanuric fluoride and 1400 ppm for 2,4,6-tris-
(trifluoromethyl)-sym-triazine were found. Acute dermal appli-
cation studies of the same two chemicals on rabbits are also
reported. The lethal dose 50 values of 100 micronliters/kg of
body weight for cyanuric fluoride and more than 1000
microliters/kg of body weight for (CF3CN)3 were established.
The cyanuric fluoride was particularly insidious because of its
high skin permeability. Data on human response to either
chemical it not well documented and therefore is quite subjec-
tive. Small quantities as low as about 1 to 5 ppm of cyanuric
fluoride can be detected from its pungent odor before other
body senses respond. At higher levels, burning of the eyes and
breathing discomfort are readily apparent. The properties of
cyanuric fluoride and (CF3CN)3, and data on the effects of
both chemicals on the trachea, lungs, liver, spleen, and kid-
neys of rats are given.
49271
Tsuji, Yoshito, Hiroko Kunita, Yasuo Homma, Iwao
Watanabe, and Matsuura Kiyokatsu
THE CHANGES OF THYROID OF CHILDREN EV
FLUORIDE-POLLUTED AREAS. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru kankyo
osen to kojosen shucho). Text in Japanese. Japan Society of Air
Pollution, Proc. Symp. Japan Soc. Air Pollut., 13th, 1972, p.
201. (Nov. 7-9, Paper 156.)
The pollution from an aluminum refining factory has been in-
vestigated for several years. In this report, air pollution by
fluorides between Jan. and Dec. 1971 and thyroid gland
swelling were examined. Fluoride content in the air was sam-
pled with the rain water collected in deposit gauges. Children
of two elementary schools were given health and dental ex-
aminations, and the frequency of the swelling of the thyroid
and maculosa teeth were studied. There were some occur-
rences that could suggest the effects of fluoride pollution. But
there were instances of swelling of the thyroid and maculosa
teeth in unpolluted areas also, and the examples were too few
to relate the instances with the fluoride pollution.
49448
Bittel, Robert and Bernadette Vaubert
PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE PREVENTION OF
FLUORINE AND FLUORINE COMPOUNDS-GENERATED
HAZARDS. (Analyse des problemes de protection poses par le
fluor et les composes fluores). Text in French. Centre d Etudes
Nucleaires, Fontenay-aux-Roses (France), Dept. de Protection,
54p., June 1971. 81 refs. NTIS: CEABIB200
General problems of the hazards involved in and the effects
on man, animals, and plants of fluorine and its compounds, as
well as the possible sources of fluorine emissions with special
regard to fission fuel processing and nuclear engineering are
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312
reviewed. Fluorine and its compounds, either ingested or in-
haled, are carried by the blood to different organs such as the
kidney, and are eliminated relatively rapidly in urine. Gastroin-
testinal, cardiac, and renal damages, pulmonary edema, con-
vulsions, and irritation of the respiratory tract are typical
symptoms of acute fluorine poisoning. Fluorosis due to
chronic exposure to fluorine and its compounds manifests it-
self in bone and tooth damage, gastrointestinal troubles, and
asthma. Unlike cattle, humans are relatively insensitive to
fluorine intake. Colchicum automnale, Lilium sp. cultivar, Iris
germanica and Vitis vinifera L. are among the most fluorine-
sensitive plant species. Physical and chemical properties, as
well as metabolic mechanisms of various fluorine compounds
are described.
49607
Tsunoda, Fumio, Ekuko Aizawa, Shiro Sakurai, Hiroko
Kunida, and Kazuo Sasaki
ON THE FLUORIDE BODY BURDEN OF RESIDENTS LIV-
ING IN FLUORIDE POLLUTED AREAS. (Taiki-chu fukkabut-
su ni yoru kankyo osen chiku jumin no seitai osen ni (suite).
Text in Japanese. Japan Society of Air Pollution, Proc. Syntp.
Japan Soc. Air Pollut., 13th, 1972, p. 199. (Nov. 7-9, Paper
154.)
The fluorine pollution of the living body checked by the urine
test is discussed. When a solution of fluoride is taken orally,
an increase of fluorine content in the plasma is noted in 15
min, and the index reaches a peak in 30 min, then drastically
reduces. Approximately 15% of orally taken fluorine is
excreted in the urine in 1 hour, 25% in 2 hours, 43% in 3
hours, and more than 50% of the consumed fluorine is
excreted in 12 hours. When examining the in-vivo effects of
fluorine by urine samples, spot sampling is not enough, but
continuous tests are necessary. According to the 24-hour
samplings of people living in a fluorine polluted area, in more
than 1 1 of urine averages of 2.05 plus or minus 0.30 mg/person
of F for 13 men, and 1.77 plus or minus 0.43 mg of F for 17
women were excreted. A similar test was given to people in an
unpolluted area, and averages of 0.79 plus or minus 0.07
mg/person for nine men and 0.73 plus or minus 0.07 mg for 13
women were excreted in 24 hr. The difference was conjected
to be the amount of fluorine residues in the agricultural
produce gathered from the environment. The results of an ex-
amination of teeth fluorosis in a polluted area is briefly men-
tioned.
49756
Ordonez, Blanca Raquel
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH.
(Los efectos de la contamination atmosferica en la salud del
hombre). Text in Spanish. Salud Publica Mexico, 14(2):209-216,
March-April 1972. 38 refs. (Presented at the National Security
Congress, Mexican Hygiene and Security Association, Nov.
1971.)
Effects of air pollution on human health are reviewed and il-
lustrated by the famous accidents which occurred in London,
the Meuse Valley, in the U. S., and in Japan. Meteorological
(humidity, temperature inversion, solar radiation), geographi-
cal, and biological factors enhancing the damaging effects of
air pollution on whole populations are discussed. Pollutants are
divided into irritant and absorption agents according to their
action target. Irritant pollutants can be divided into reducing
(sulfur dioxide and dust particles) and oxidizing agents such as
ozone and nitrogen oxides. Agents acting upon absorption in-
clude carbon monoxide, lead, 3,4-benzopyrene, polynuclear
hydrocarbons, and fluorides. The action of SO2 and dust parti-
cles on the respiratory tract is strongly interrelated, and the ef-
fect of the former is catalyzed by the latter. Both effects are
enhanced by atmospheric humidity since respiratory symptoms
appear to be more severe under fog conditions. Epidemiology
data indicate that chronic bronchitis patients are even more
susceptible to the above and to oxidizing agents. Carbon
monoxide effects include formation of carboxyhemoglobin in-
terfering with tissue respiration processes. Inhalation of larger
CO amounts may cause death upon failure of the central ner-
vous system. People suffering from heart disease or severe
anemia are most susceptible to CO. Lead interferes with the
hemoglobin synthesis processes and causes kidney and liver
damage, fertility impairment, and mental retardation in chil-
dren. Benzo(a)pyrene is known to be carcinogenic in laborato-
ry animals and in occupationally exposed workers; however,
no correlation between benzo(a)pyrene, emitted by automotive
vehicles and lung cancer could be established. The lack of stu-
dies relating pollution and health hazards in Mexico is
emphasized.
50161
Kuehnert, M.
EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR CATTLE
BREEDING AND HUMAN HEALTH. (Immissionen und ihre
Bedeutung fuer die Tierproduktion und die menschliche Gesund-
heit). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Ihre Grenzgebiete (Berlin),
19(2):89-98, Feb. 1973. 28 refs. (Presented at the Gemeinschaft-
stagung der Gesellschaft Allgemeine und Kommunalc Hygiene
der DDR undder Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft fuer veterinar-
medi/Jn der DDR, May 8-15, 1972.)
The effects of fluorine, carbon monoxide, metals such as lead,
mercury, and arsenic, and hydrocarbons on cattle and man are
reviewed, and data on maximum allowable emission concen-
trations for these substances in the U. S. are listed. In the Ger-
man Democratic Republic the emission regulations of June 28,
1968 include maximum allowable emission concentrations for
various pollutants, e.g., lead 0.0007 mg/cu m (24 hour value);
fluorine 0.01 mg/cu m, sulfur dioxide 0.15 mg/cu m, and ox-
ides of nitrogen 0.1 mg/cu m. Fluorine injuries of a chronic na-
ture were witnessed in East Germany. In young cattle the fol-
lowing F concentrations were measured, lower jaw bone (ash)
2700 ppm, ribs up to 3500 ppm. Retarded growth and lower
milk production were also noticed. The lead contamination of
cattle in the Mannsfeld and Freiberg areas is mainly due to au-
tomobile exhausts. In Poland the arsenic emission in the vicini-
ty of a power plant fired with coal was measured to be 1
t/day. A maximum concentration of 69 micrograms As/cu m
was repeatedly measured. Within a radius of 30 km an exten-
sive bee kill was noticed. The government gives the problem
of air pollution exposure of humans and cattle great attention.
In the centers of the chemical industry such as Bitterfeld,
Leuna, and Buna, the development of processes producing a
low amount of pollutants is given high priority in the 5 year-
plan. The SO2 and dust emission will be reduced by the
erection of a new power plant serving the chemical industry in
Bitterfeld operated with natural gas. Electrostatic precipitators
are used to reduce pollution from the Buna power plant.
50318
Niigata Prefectural Research Inst. for Public Nuisances
(Japan)
NHGATA PREFECTURAL HYGIENIC AND PUBLIC
NUISANCE LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT. (Nugata-ken
eisei kogai kenkyusho nenpo). Text in Japanese. Rept. 6, p. 40-
41, 1971.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
313
The measurements of sulfur dioxide, suspended particulates,
soot, fluoride, automotive exhaust gases, fluoride ion, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride, for Niigata
Prefecture are presented. The fluoride and sulfur content in
426 samplings of cedar leaves are compared. The leaves from
the most damaged areas showed significant differences of F
content by age; the greatest amount was found in new leaves,
followed by 1 year leaves, 2-year leaves, and dead leaves. But
in the areas with slight damages, there was no significant dif-
ference in the age of leaves and the amount; slightly higher F
content was found in dead leaves. The fluoride ion content in
urine was measured from the samplings of 958 children in pol-
luted areas and 61 children in non-polluted areas. The total
average in non-polluted areas was 0.17 ppm, and that of the
polluted area was 0.43 ppm. The average of the infants in the
polluted areas was 0.38 ppm, elementary schoolchildren 0.41
ppm, and junior high school pupils 0.38 ppm.
50371
Takizawa, Yukio
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE FROM ALUMINUM REFINING
MANUFACTURE IN MAN-NAOETSU LITTORAL INDUSTRI-
AL AREAS. (Niigata-ken Naoct.su rinkai kogyo chitai ni okeru
fusso ni yoru jintai eikyo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 9(4):339-346, April 1973. 21 refs.
The chronic effects of fluoride pollution on the human health
were examined thoroughly in the Naoetsu Coastal Industrial
Area, near Mitsubishi Chemical Plants. Examinations were
given on the general health, teeth, respiratory system, and
urine on the primary level, and on the secondary level, blood,
basic metabolism, cardiograph, and X-ray images were ex-
amined The tests were started in Nov. 1970 and completed be-
fore Aug. 1972. The adult urine in two polluted areas had
averages of 0.813 ppm and 0.759 ppm, and in control area
0.574 ppm. Among children, the averages were 0.391 and 0.408
ppm in polluted areas, and 0.180 ppm in the control area. The
significant difference was greater among children than among
adults. The frequency of incomplete or irregular enamel for-
mation of teeth among children (3-15 yr) was 198/982 in pol-
luted areas (20.2%), and 11/61 (18.0%) in he control area. For
the examination of mottled teeth, all the malformation of
enamel layers suspected of other factors than pollution were
eliminated. Ten mottled teeth of a light degree and six ad-
vanced cases were recognized among 198 children with irregu-
lar enamel formation. There were five slight cases of mottled
teeth in the control area. The ratio of cavities on permanent
teeth was 69% in polluted areas and 82% in non-polluted area.
The X-ray tests showed that 11 among 57 adults (19.3%) had
abnormal bone formation. Symptoms like chronic bronchitis
were complained of by 44 in polluted areas (5.2%) and one in
nonpolluted area (1.6%). Some ventilation function impairment
and lung infections were noted.
50414
Tsuji, Yoshito
STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF FLUORIDE UNDER SOME
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru chiiki
osen to seitai). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 9(4):324-330, April 1973. 62 refs.
The relationship between fluoride and teeth, such as cases of
mottled teeth, prevention of decay, and bone formation are
discussed. Normally, mottled teeth are formed as a result of
consumption of water containing 0.3-0.8 ppm F. However, air
pollution containing F has produced some mottled teeth cases
in the Kita area of Fukushima prefecture, where the Showa
Electric Aluminum Plant is located. When F is taken into the
body over a long period of time, the bone structure changes as
well as the teeth, and fluorosis occurs. The amount of fluoride
causing osteosclerosis or osteoporosis is about 5.9 ppm 11.78
ppm. A large quantity of F interferes with the normal growth
of children, whereas a small amount seems to enhance the
growth. Children with third degree mottled teeth were small,
but those with first degree were rather tall. In the Kita area,
the atmospheric F content is 3-5 ppm within 2 km of the
Showa Aluminum Plant, and F in the settling particles is 100-
230 kg/sq km/mo. The control area 4-7 km from the pollution
source has about l/10th the F content in both atmosphere and
settling particles. The average height of the children was
slightly greater in the polluted area, and the growth rate per
year was also greater in the same area. However, an X-ray ex-
amination of the right arm revealed that there was a slight
delay of maturity of bones in the fifth and sixth graders.
Among the junior high school pupils, the maturity of hand
bones was slightly faster among the children from polluted
areas.
50419
Fukabori, Sumie, Osamu Tada, and Kenji Nakaaki
THE NORMAL URINE EXCRETION OF LEAD, CADMIUM,
MERCURY, AND FLUORIDE. (Ippan kenkojin no nyochu-en,
kadominmu, suigin, fusso no haiset.su ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Japan Society of Industrial Hygiene, p. 188-189, 1973.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Industrial Hygiene, Annual
Meeting, 46th, April 1973, Paper 305.)
Urine from 400 healthy residents in the metropolitan Tokyo
area was analyzed for content of lead, cadmium, mercury, and
fluorine. The Pb content was compared to that in urine from
occupational workers exposed to an atmosphere containing
different concentrations of Pb. The urine of healthy persons
contained 6.94 + or - 4.18 micrograms Pb/1, 0.82 + or - 0.62
micrograms/Cd/1, 10.37 + or - 8.21 micrograms Hg/1 and 0.50
+ or - 0.29 micrograms F/l. The Pb content in urine from wor-
kers exposed to 0.01-0.03 mg/Pb/cu m was 14-17 micrograms/1,
from those exposed to 0.05-0.10 mg Pb/cu m was 30-60 micro-
grams/cu m, and from those exposed to 0.17-1.67 mg/cu m of
lead was 75-95 micrograms/cu m.
50916
Japan Environmental Agency
POLLUTION DAMAGES TO HUMAN HEALTH AND COUN-
TERMEASURES. In: Quality of the Environment in Japan.
1972, Chapt. 3, p. 105-113.
The effects of air pollution on human health are reviewed. The
most frequent diseases associated with air pollution are
chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, asthmic bronchitis, and
pulmonary edema. The occurrence of these diseases is as-
sociated with sulfuric acid mist and suspended dust particles.
Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and photochemical smog
are also associated with respiratory diseases. The toxicity of
lead, fluorides, mercury, cadmium, and polychlorinated
biphenyls was also discussed.
51473
Paluch, J. and I. Szalonek
POLLUTION ON THE AIR BY FLUORINE COMPOUNDS.
(Zanieczyszczenie powietrza zwiazkanii fluoru). Air Conserv.
(English translation from Polish of: Ochrona Powietrza), 4(5): 1-
11, 1970. 6 refs. (Presented at the French-Polish Symposium on
Air Pollution Control, Paris, France, Nov. 17-21, 1969.) NTIS:
TT 70-P55124/5
-------
314
The contribution of fluorine compounds to the general
problem of air pollution and the physiological effect of
fluorine pollutants on vegetation, man, and animals are ex-
amined. The outward symptoms of fluorine poisoning in plants
are generally a typical necrosis of the tips and edges of leaves
and eventual destruction of the assimilating apparatus, depend-
ing on intensity of exposure. The toxicology of the fluorine ion
with respect to human beings and animals is connected
primarily with changes in the body disposition of calcium and
iodine. The external disease symptoms in animals include
thickening and formation of nodes on long leg bones, ribs, and
joints, leading to lameness; lack of appetite; stiffness. The
human organism is more susceptible to fluorine poisoning than
animal organisms; the toxic effects in humans are manifested
as fluorosis. Emission sources and types of exposure are ex-
amined.
52029
Suzuki, Takeo
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. (Kankyo Hoken). Text in
Japanese. Koshu Eisei Joho (Public Health Inform.), 3(5):27-35,
May 1973. 2 refs.
The recent environmental problems, problems presently in-
creasing in importance, the effects of envirnoment on the
human being, and WHO s environmental health projects are
discussed. One of the increasing problems is the traceable
amount of heavy metal in suspended particulates its relation-
ship with cancer and high blood pressure. The metals which in
excessive quantities cause cancer include iron, copper, man-
ganese, magnesium, molybdenum, and zinc; traceable metal
carcinogens are nickel, cadmium, and chromium. Those that
are conjectured to be carcinogens but have not been proven
are cobalt and lead; the role of selenium as a carcinogen is still
unclear. The known traceable metals which have bad effects
on cardiac and vascular functions are manganese, chromium,
vanadium, cobalt, zinc, fluorine, selenium silicon, copper, cad-
mium, and arsenic. According to the recommendations of
WHO, new criteria must be set for nitrogen oxides,
polychlorinated biphenyls, nitrite, nitrate, nitrosoamine, man-
ganese, noise, ultrasonic waves, tritium, krypton, and a few
other compounds.
52147
Plotko, E. G., V. A. Kostyuchenko, and E. N. Panycheva
TOXICITY OF WEAKLY SOLUBLE FLUORIDES IN-
TRODUCED BY INHALATION ROUTE. (K voprosu o tok-
sichnosti plokho rastvorimykh ftoridov pri ingalyatsionnom voz-
deystvii). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 4:14-16, 1973. 2
refs.
The chronic toxicity of the weakly soluble fluoride cryolite
was studied in albino rats that inhaled 3.1 and 0.5 mg/cu m
concentrations of this substance for 6 hr a day over 5 months.
Concentrations of 3 and 1 mg/cu m produced both general and
specific toxic effects on the organism, with manifestations
such as disturbances in motor chronaxy, tendency of
decreased blood cholinesterase activity, reduced vitamin C
level in the adrenal glands, inhibition of carbohydrate metabol-
ism, increased fluorine concentration in the urine, accumula-
tion of fluorine in teeth and bones, edema of the mucous
membranes of the respiratory tract, eosinophilic leukocyte in-
filtration of the lung tissue with focal hemorrhages, granular
distrophy of the liver and kidney cells, inflammation of the
gastrointestinal tract, and corrugation of brain cells. Cryolite at
a concentration of 0.5 mg/cu m was ineffective, and this level
may be recommended as the maximum permissible concentra-
tion of weakly soluble fluorides in the air of industrial
premises.
52557
Byczkowski, S., J. Krechniak, and T. Gietazyn
AN ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDES
BASED UPON FLUORIDE LEVELS IN HAIR. Fluoride,
4(2):98-100, April 1971.
The relationship between fluoride exposure and fluoride levels
in hair was investigated using three groups of subjects. Group
one constituted the control group and were residents of an
area with no exposure to fluoride. Group two were residents in
an area where the drinking water contained 1.2 mg F/l. Group
three consisted of welders with occupational exposure to
fluorides. Based on tests of all three groups, a direct relation-
ship between the fluoride levels in hair and their concentration
in air and drinking water was determined.
52638
McFee, Donald Ray
ADSORPTTVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DUSTS AND FUMES
- THEIR POSSIBLE ROLES IN TISSUE REACTIONS. Cin-
cinnati Univ., Ohio, Iiist. of Industrial Health, Thesis (Ph.D.),
Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1962, 93p. 55 refs.
The role of adsorptive properties in the interactions of parti-
cles with tissues and the causation of fibrotic processes was
investigated with respect to the adsorptive characteristics of
dusts and fumes. Globulins in varying concentrations were
subjected to adsorption upon a series of dusts. The value of a
constant was determined as an index of strength of the adsorp-
tive bonds for 14 different dusts, including forms of silica
(quartz, cristobalite, and silica gel), charcoal, graphite, kaolin,
emery, Georgia clay, asbestos, beryllium oxide, ferric oxide,
calcium fluoride, and mixtures of dusts and fumes collected
from an electrometallurgical plant. The dusts known to be less
active in eliciting the production of fibrous tissue were at
either end of the spectrum, i.e., had either very weak or very
strong bonds. Those known to be active in fibrotic processes
were in the middle. The selectivity of the adsorptive sites for
certain properties was also investigated. All dusts adsorbed
selectively certain groups of proteins, but the differences were
not correlated with the biological activity. (Author summary
modified)
52686
Balazova, G.
URINARY FLUORIDE ELIMINATION AND FLUORINE
DEPOSITION IN BONES AND TEETH OF THE RATS
AFTER INHALATION. Fluoride, 6(3):151-154, July 1973.
Urinary fluoride elimination and fluoride deposition in bones
and teeth of rats after inhalation was studied. Rats in the ex-
periment inhaled fluoride in concentrations of 9.4-11.7 micro-
grams/1 of air for a period of 5 mo. The animals were divided
into four groups, three exposed and one control. The first
group was exposed 90 hr, the second 180 hr, and the third 270
hr to hydrogen fluoride in the inhalation chamber. After in-
halation, rapid absorption of fluoride in the organism took
place. This was indicated by increased elimination of fluorides
in the urine, the occurrence of characteristic changes in the
dental enamel, and elevation of fluoride in bones and teeth,
without radiographic changes. The changes following inhala-
tion are the same as those for oral administration. Fluoride ab-
sorbed by the lung was eliminated rapidly from the organism;
the amount present in the urine depended upon the duration of
the exposure. About 1/3 of the inhaled fluoride was eliminated
in the urine. Fluoride deposition in bones and teeth increased
regardless of the duration of intoxication. No increase in
fragility of the bones was noted in relation to their fluoride
content. (Author abstract)
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
315
52764
Prival, Michael J. and Farley Fisher
FLUORIDES IN THE AIR. Environment, 15(3):25-32, April
1973. 61 rets.
Fluoride is released into the air in large quantities by alu-
minum reduction plants, phosphate processors, steel mills,
coal burning operations, brick and tile manufacturers, and
various less significant sources. It can cause adverse effects
when ingested by domestic animals or absorbed by plants.
Fluoride air pollution can adversely effect human health.
Fluorides are released into air in both a gaseous state as
hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride and in solid parti-
cles. Nationwide control of airborne fluorides is needed. The
simultaneous control of levels of fluoride in the air and levels
in sensitive plants, in food, and in forage should all be in-
cluded in any set of standards. Permissible concentrations
should be determined by field studies in areas where fluoride
pollution is a problem. Improvement in occupational health
standards for hydrogen fluoride and other airborne fluorides is
needed. Any devices used to control emissions of fluoride
from polluting industries can, and should, be designed to
minimize exposure of the people who work within industry.
Monitoring of fluorides is mentioned.
54302
Hackel, R. and J. Reichert
ON THE DEMONSTRATION OF SILICOFLUORIDE
POISONINGS. (Zum Nachweis von Silicofluoride-Vergiftunj.cn).
Beitr. Gerichtl. Med., vol. 29:421-424, 1972. 4 refs. Translated
from German, 7p.
Silicofluoride poisoning was chemically demonstrated by
analyzing body organs containing lethal doses of zinc fluate
(ZnSiF6) for zinc. The Zn content was determined by mea-
surement of atomic absorption after destruction of the organic
material and this concentration was significantly higher than
normal standards. The zinc silicofluoride intoxication was easi-
ly diagnosed in connection with the positive fluoride analysis
of the stomach. Normal values for mg of Zn/100 g in blood are
0.880, in liver 5.717, and in kidneys 4.225. In the case of zinc
silicofluoride poisoning, the values were 76.659 for blood,
10.575 for liver, and 11.075 for kidneys. Fluoride and sil-
icofluoride vales were calculated from the Zn values and are
expressed in mg/100 g. In Blood, the values for Zn are 76.659,
for fluoride 133.675, and for ZnFiF6 243.270. In urine the
values are 0.375, 0.769, 1.190; in the stomach the values are
274.325, 478.359, 870.546; in liver the values are 10.575, 18.440,
33.559; in kidneys the values are 11.075, 19.312, 35.146. The
determination of the metallic cation is an effective chemical
demonstration of silicofluoride poisoning.
54968
Obe, Gunter and Renate Slacik-Erben
SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY BY FLUORIDE ON THE INDUC-
TION OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN HUMAN
CELLS WITH ALKYLATING AGENTS IN VITRO. Mutat.
Res., 19(3):369-371, Sept. 1973. 11 refs.
Sodium fluoride was investigated in combination with three al-
kalating agents in human cells in vitro to determine if fluoride
inhibits the induction of chromosome breaks. The mutagens
used were 2,5-bis-(methoxyethoxy)-3,6-bis-ethyleneimino-p-
benzoquinone (A139), 2,3,5-tris-ethyleneimino-p-benzoquinone
(trenimon), and 2,3,5,6-tetraethyleneimino-p-benzoquinone
(TEB). Sodium fluoride alone had no effect on the
chromosomes. The ethyleneimines induced typical chromatid
aberrations whose frequencies were lowered in the combina-
tion series with NaF. The suppressive effect of fluoride was
especially clearcut with the chromatid translocations (RB
prime). Considerable amounts of triradials were only seen with
TEB. This aberration type was also lessened in the combina-
tion series, showing a frequency of 0.04 per cell with TEB
alone and 0.01 with TEB and NaF. The frequencies of achro-
matic lesions were lowered or not changed at all in the com-
bination series. Fluoride had a strong antimutagenic effect on
the aberration induction with polyfunctional alkylating agents.
55517
Schorn, Gert
MANKIND THREATENED BY SLOW DEATH. (Wir leben mit
dem schleichenden Tod). Text in German. Deut. Apoth.-Z.,
lll(2):46-49, Jan. 1971.
Global problems of environmental pollution are outlined, and
criticism is given of the ignorance and one-sided profit-
mindedness displayed in environmental issues. The steady in-
crease in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, a
result of ever-increasing energy demands, high carbon monox-
ide and sulfur dioxide levels, occurring especially in urban ag-
glomerations with heavy traffic and in industrial areas, as well
as the ubiquitous presence of lead and fluorine in the at-
mosphere are among the serious environmental hazards.
Health, plant, and material damages due to CO, SO2, and
nitrogen oxides are described. The hazards of lead residue are
in its ability to accumulate in the human organism and to pass
the placental barrier. Lead is activated during pregnancy, and
it interfered with the synthesis of desoxyribonucleic acid, sex-
ual functions, and spermiogenesis. Adequate technical solu-
tions are now available for the control of vehicle exhaust CO
emissions.
56538
Waldbott, G. L. and S. Steinegger
NEW OBSERVATIONS ON CfflZZOLA MACULAE. Proc. Int.
Clean Air Congr., 3rd, Duesseldorf, West Germany, 1973, p.
A63-A67. 12 refe.
Epidemiological findings are reviewed for four groups of in-
dividuals from widely separated geographical areas where out-
breaks of skin lesions (maculae) occurred. Fluoride exposure
either by industrial air pollution or by presence in the drinking
water or vegetation was common to all outbreak areas. The
skin lesions are round or oval maculae of one to two cm in
diameter and not sharply delineated. They are painless upon
digital pressure and remain unchanged upon diascopy. Color
upon first appearance is pinkish-brown which turns to a darker
red brown after five to seven days before gradual fading.
There is no break of the skin, nor are the lesions raised above
the surface. The limbs and to a lesser extent the trunk are the
parts mainly affected. Histological specimens have shown mild
pericapillary infiltrations with lymphocytes, neutrophiles, and
mast cells involving the upper layer of the chorium. Laborato-
ry studies showed eight of 22 cases exhibiting an elevation of
alkaline phosphatase. Attempts to reproduce the lesions ex-
perimentally in mice and rats have failed thus far, and this fact
combined with a higher incidence of lesions among children
and women suggests that certain factors in addition to fluoride
intake are involved.
56931
Tsunoda, H.
EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE OF GOATS TO ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTION BY FLUORIDES IN THE AIR, PART
I: OUTLINE OF THE EXPERIMENT. (Taiki chu fukkabutsu
no kankyo osen ni yoru yagi no bakuro jikken -dai lop- jikken
-------
316
gaiyo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air
Pollution), 8(3):418, Oct. 1973. (Presented at the Japan. Society
for Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, Fukushima, Japan, 14th,
Nov. 6-8, 1973.)
Goats are bred in fluorine-polluted fields to determine the ef-
fects of air and environmental pollution. Experimental goats
were bred in fields 0.1 km and 0.5 km away from an aluminum
refinery. The average concentrations of hydrogen fluoride in
the air were 0.9-2.6 ppm and 0.5-0.6 ppb. The goats are fed
21.8-42.6 ppm F2 in dried herbs and 3-7 ppm F2 in bran and
potatoes. Control goats are pastured 4-6 km from the factory
in a non-polluted area and fed 5-9.9 ppm F2. Monthly analysis
shows F2 contents in the blood 4-6 times greater in the experi-
mental goats, and 5-7 times greater in the urine. The F2 in the
feed is more influential than the F2 in the air.
56933
Takizawa, Y.
ON THE INFLUENCES OF FLUORIDES ON HUMAN BODY.
(Fukkabutsu no jintai ni oyobosu eikyo ni (suite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
8(3):421, Oct. 1973. (Presented at the Japan. Society for Air Pol-
lution, Annual Meeting, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8,
1973.)
An epidemiological investigation was conducted on the total
population residing within 1 km of an aluminum refinery.
Fluorine content in the urine, subjective symptoms, percus-
sion, stethoscopy, dental health, respiratory function, he-
matology, alkaline phosphatase, basal metabolism, ECG, chest
and bone x-rays, and urinalysis were considered. The in-
vestigations on persons older than 40 and children between 3
and 15 show the following: fluoride ion concentration was
higher in the polluted area for both age groups, macular teeth
appeared 2 times as frequently in the polluted area, the
frequency of caries in permanent teeth was 69% in the pol-
luted areas, anomalies of bone development in children were
more frequent in the polluted areas, respiratory complaints
were more frequent in the polluted areas and chronic
bronchitis morbidity was high, diffuse shadows on the lungs
were found in the polluted areas, and deposition of Al was
less than 10 micron in all respiratory systems,
56934
Sato, Y., H. Tsunoda, and N. Konno
EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE OF GOATS TO ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTION BY FLUORIDES IN THE AIR, PART
HI: ON THE TRANSPLACENTAL PASSAGE OF
FLUORIDES. (Taikichu fukkabutsu no kankyo osen ni yoru
yagi no bakuro hikken -dau 3po- fukkabutsu no taiban tsuka ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air
Pollution), 8(3):420, Oct. 1973. (Presented at the Japan. Society
for Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 14th, Fukushima, Japan,
Nov. 6-8, 1973.)
The fluorine content of the blood of a mother goat bred in
fluoride-polluted air was determined and compared to the F2
levels in the hard and soft tissues of her kids directly after
birth. The F2 levels in the serum of one mother goat fluctu-
ated widely between 0.05-0.6 ppm in a year, but the other ex-
perimental goat had a more stable level of 0.05-0.15 ppm. The
average F2 content was higher before, rather than during,
pregnancy. The distribution of F2 in the kids concentrated in
the aorta and the spleen from the soft tissues, and in the ribs,
vertebrae, and bones (excluding teeth), from the hard tissues.
A correlation between the F2 contents of the mother s serum
and the F2 contents in the kid s body, especially in the hard
tissues, was recognized.
56959
Kimura, I., H. Shioi, T. Suda, Y. Kawarada, Y. Sato, N.
Konno, S. Sakurai, and H. Tsunoda
EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE OF GOATS TO ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTION BY FLUORIDES IN THE AIR, PART
II: RESULTS OF CLINICAL EXAMINATIONS FOR ONE
YEAR. (Taiki chu fukkabutsu no kankyo osen ni yoru yagi no
bakuro jikken -dai 2ho- ichinenkan no rinsho kensa seiseki).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 8(3):419, Oct. 1973. (Presented at the Japan. Society for
Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov.
6-8, 1973.)
A comparison of the rate of weight increase and blood chemis-
try in goats bred in fluorine-polluted and control areas is
given. No difference of the rate of body weight increase, nor
any difference in tissue appearance or palpitation is noted. He-
matocrit percentage, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, glu-
cose, bilirubin, TTT, ZTT, GOT, GTP, Alkaline-phosphatase,
LDH, LAP, cholesterol, BUN, nutrition, liver function, and
enzyme activity were similar for the experimental and control
goats for the first year.
57024
Ronzani, E.
ON THE EFFECT OF INHALATIONS OF IRRITANT INDUS-
TRIAL GASES ON THE PROTECTIVE ABILITIES OF THE
SYSTEM WITH RESPECT TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
(Ueber den Einfluss der Einatmugen von reizenden Gasen der
Industrie!! auf die Schutzkrafte des Organismus gegenueber den
infektiven Krankheiten). Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Munich), vol.
70:217-233, 1909. Translated from German, 20p.
Rabbits, guinea pigs and doves were exposed to hydrofluoric
acid gas for extended periods of time at concentrations of
0.01%, following preliminary examinations at higher levels
with other animals of the same kind, in order to examine the
overall effects of the gas as well as the effects of its inhalation
on immunological mechanisms. Autopsies, histological ex-
aminations, and serum tests were performed subsequent to ex-
posure. The extended inhalations were found to cause death in
a significant number of animals with symptoms of catarrhal
bronchopneumonitis, interstitial pneumonitis, and marasmus.
Animals which survived experienced severe lesions of the
lungs, severe anemia, and weight loss up to 23.2%. Experimen-
tal animals also produced considerably less agglutinating sub-
stances than control animals; and among animals immunized
for typhus, those exposed to inhalations showed a sharp
decrease in the production o.f specific antibodies. Bacteriocidal
studies using B. prodigiosi showed considerable weakening of
the lungs capability to destroy such microorganisms in the face
of Hf inhalation.
57299
Juerging, Peter
PICHENS AS BIOINDICATORS OF AUK POLLUTION?
(Flechten - Bioindikatoren der Luftverunreinigung)? Text in
German. Society for Ecology, Proc. Conf. Load Loadability
Ecosystems, Giessen, West Germany, 1972, p. 141-145. 2 rets.
The effects of sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric
acid, carbon monoxide, and ammonia on Hypogymnia
physodes, Parmelia sulcata, P. caperata, P. scortea, and
Xanthoria parietina were studied in open-air fumigation tests
in Munich. Gas- and species-specific color changes of all spe-
cies were observed during the fumigation tests. The species
that were not watered showed no damage. Compared with
Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata and P. scortea fea-
tured relatively high resistance against ammonia, CO, SO2,
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
317
and HF. Hydrochloric acid exerted the strongest and most
uniform effect on all species. Transplanted lichen species ex-
posed to an SO2 concentration of 0.1 mg/cu m in winter in
Munich showed partial damage, while a lower SO2 concentra-
tion of 0.05 mg/cu m in summer was harmless for all species.
57701
Nishimura, H.
TETATOGENIC SUBSTANCES. Intern. Chem. Eng., 13(4):774-
780, Oct. 1973. (Also: Iden (Heredity), 26(5):19-22, 1972.)
The toxic effects of various substances on human beings are
discussed. Fetuses are highly susceptible to toxic and mu-
tagenic effects from external causes. The origin, nature, and
detection of disturbances in fetuses are mentioned. Several ci-
ties with high air pollutant concentrations had higher infant
death rates and higher rates of deformed infants and stillbirths.
Poisonous heavy metal and inorganic compounds include mer-
cury, lead, sodium selenite, fluorine, and arsenic. Pesticides
such as DDT and PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) also have
harmful effects. Mercury and PCB have contaminated rice,
fish, and shellfish, foods which mainly constitute the diet of
Japanese. Miscellaneous organic compounds such as PCB, de-
tergents, and organic solvents have also affected infants and
fetuses. Artificial sweeteners such as cyclamates and sodium
glutamate affected laboratory animals.
59073
Shugaev, V. A. and V. A. Belyaev
SKEV-RESORPTIVE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
FUMES. (Kozhno-rezorbtivnoye deistvie parov ftoristogo
vodoroda). Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya,
no. 1:31-33, 1974. 9 refs.
The repeat action of hydrogen fluoride in concentrations of
38.6 an/ 72 mg/cu m on the respiratory organs and skin of rats
caused marked resorptive effects in both cases. Fluorine accu-
mulated in the organism, and specific biochemical changes oc-
curred in the carbohydrate, mineral metabolism, and the redox
processes. The degree and nature of pathological alterations
were similar in an isolated action of gaseous HF both via the
skin said the organs of respiration. Possible penetration of
fluorine into the organism in ionic form via the skin occurred.
60228
Tsuji, Yoshito
AIR POLLUTION AND HUMAN HEALTH. (Taiki osen to ken-
ko). Text in Japanese. Fukushima Igaku Zasshi (Fukushima
Med. J.), 22(5-6): 159- 160, Dec. 1973. (Presented at the Fu-
kushima Medical Association, Annual Meeting, 94th, Nov. 11,
1973.)
Influences of air pollution on the human body generally appear
as epidemiological increases of non-specific disturbances of
pulmonary functions resulting from interactions between the
pollutant, the environment, and the host. Initial effects are eye
and respiratory system irritations, followed by increases in air-
way resistance and mucus secretion, and they end in acute and
chronic diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema. Air pollu-
tion increases discomfort experienced in chronic diseases. The
known effects of specific pollutants are described, with special
attention given to suspended dusts and fluorine compounds.
60625
INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Die ein-
zelnen Komponenten der Luftverunreinigung). Text in German.
Bull. Eidgenoess. Gesundheitsamtes, Beilage B, no. 6:324-343,
Dec. 1973.
The individual components of air pollution, such as sulfur
dioxide, paniculate matter, 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, lead, fluorine
compounds, carbon monoxide, and smog, as well as their ef-
fects on the human and organisms and on plants are described.
The increase of the total SO2 emission between 1960 and 1970
were relatively moderate despite the strong increase in the fuel
consumption, while an increase by about 40% until 1980 is ex-
pected unless adequate measures such as (fuel and flue gas
desulfurization) are introduced. Domestic heating-generated
SO2 is especially remarkable due to the low chimneys. Particu-
late matter, especially respirable dust and soot, are hazardous
because they can penetrate to the lower respiratory tract, and
may contain other pollutants, such as SO2. Benzo(a)pyrene
concentrations of 2-15 micrograms/1000 cu m were measured
in Basel and Zurich. Carbon monoxide, emitted mostly by au-
tomobiles, causes no subjective symptoms of poisoning as
long as its concentration is below 60 cu cm/cu m, correspond-
ing to COHb values below 10%. The rate of resorption of at-
mospheric lead is estimated at 30-40%. The lead concentration
in Zurich increased from 1.5 microgram/cu m in 1949 to 1.9
micrograms/cu m in 1973. Photochemical smog and fluorine
compounds have strong irritative effect on the human organ-
ism and on plants.
60748
Grieser, N.
HYDROFLUORIC ACID. (Fluorwasserstoff). In: Medizinisches
Institut fuer Lufthygiene und Silikoseforschung Jahresbericht
1971. Text in German. Duesseldorf, Michael Triltsch Verlag,
1972, p. 69-89. 77 refs.
Studies on the mechanism of action, resorption, elimination,
and the acute, subacute and chronic effects of hydrofluoric
acid in the human and animal organisms are reviewed.
Fluorine can enter the human and animal organism enterally,
pulmonally, or percutaneously. The resorption after enteral up-
take is strongly dependent on the solubility of the fluorine
compounds. Very rapid diffusion of fluorine in tissues and
body fluids was observed. Chlorine is eliminated from the or-
ganism mainly by the kidneys, while residual fluorine is incor-
porated in bones from which it may again enter the blood. Cu-
mulation of fluorine in soft tissues was not evidenced.
Fluorides inhibit numerous enzymatic processes due to the
formation of fluorine-containing enzyme antagonists, and
through binding the metallic cofactors of the enzymes. Retar-
dation of the proliferation and destruction of bone cells, and
gelatin-like degeneration of the bone marrow due to fluorine
were observed. Pathologic changes of bones are possible at
fluorine concentrations of 3000 to 5900 ppm. Changes in the
metabolism in organs and bones, anorexia, cachexia, diarrhea,
lesions of the renal tissues, and exostoses may occur in sub-
acute poisoning by fluorine. Acute poisonings are charac-
terized by such symptoms as changes in the enzymatic
processes, especially in calcium and glucose metabolism,
muscular fibrillation, clonicotonic spasms, hyperpnea, lachry-
mation, salivation, intensified intestinal tonus, gastroenteritis,
and necrosis of the myocardium. The maximum allowable
workplace concentration of hydrofluoric acid in West Ger-
many is set at 2 mg/cu m.
61146
Kita, H.
ENVntONMENTAL POLLUTION AND HEALTH (SPECIAL
LECTURE AT THE THIRTY- SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
OF JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE,
-------
318
BALNEOLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY). (Dai 37kai Nippon
Onsen Kiko Butsuri Igakukai Sokai, Tokubetsu koen; Kankyo
osen to kenko). Text in Japanese. Nippon Onsen Kiko Butsuri
Igakkai Zasshi, (J. Japan. Assoc. Phys. Med., Balneol. Cli-
matol.), 36(1.2):34-36, Oct. 1972.
The air pollutants sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides (mainly
nitrogen dioxide), carbon monoxide, lead, hydrogen fluoride,
cadmium, vanadium, ozone oxidants, aldehyde, peroxyacetyl
nitrates, and smoke are discussed. Better indices of air pollu-
tion than SO2, CO, and dust {the currently used indices) are
needed. The effects of air pollution on humans, especially the
elderly, infants, and the sick, are reviewed. The relationships
between environmental pollution and Minamata and Itai-Itai
disease are discussed. Bathing in, drinking and inhalation of
hot-spring water is suggested as a possibly beneficial practice.
61467
Makino, S. and A. Miyamoto
AIR POLLUTION AND ALLERGY. (Taiki osen to arerugi).
Text in Japanese. Jibi Inkoka (Otolaryngol.), 45(10):701-712,
Oct. 1973, 36 refs.
The relationship between air pollution and respiratory diseases
such as allergies and asthma is reviewed. Epidemiological stu-
dies reveal that air pollution tends to induce respiratory symp-
toms in older persons with allergic dispositions and asthma.
Sulfur dioxide and photochemical oxidant levels have been im-
plicated in the onset of asthmatic fits. Other offenders, exist-
ing as gases, dusts, and aerosols, include carbon monoxide,
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, metal powders,
pesticides, fluorides, asbestos, radioactive substances, and
natural pollutants such as pollen and fungal spores. Experi-
mental animal studies are described. Airway hypersensitivity is
discussed in relation to the effect of chemical mediators, aller-
gens, and housedusts. Although air pollution is known to ag-
gravate allergies at the levels of stimulation of airway mucosa,
constriction of bronchus, accentuation of airway hypersen-
sitivity, stimulation of antibody production, and increase of
airway infection, it is still not known whether it is a causal
factor.
61646
Hodge, Harold C. and Frank A. Smith
FLUORIDES. In: Metallic Contaminants and Human Health. D.
H. K. Lee (ed.), New York, Academic, 1972, Chapt. 7, p. 163-
187. 31 refs.
In an overall review of fluorides, the health hazards and air-
borne distribution of the compounds are discussed. The litera-
ture reports the concentrations of airborne fluoride in in-
dividual samples range from traces to maximal values of ap-
proximately 8 mg/cu m, averages range from 012 to 3.4 mg/cu
m. Urinary fluoride excretions range from 1-5 mg/11. Analyses
of the ambient atmospheres normally present over a number
of Lf. S. cities show fluoride concentrations ranging between
0.01 microgram/cu m and 3.9 micrograms/cu m. Fluoride ab-
sorption has not been measured, but assuming a volume of 20
cu m is inhaled per 24 hr with 100% retention, the maximal
dose would be 0.004-0.04 mg daily. In a heavily polluted area,
the intake of the average man would be about 0.04 mg. Such
amounts constitute negligible contributions to the total daily
intake of fluoride from food and water, about 0.5-1.5 mg.
62177
Oshina, T., R. Sugai, H. Sato, and K. Kaneda
RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN-
VESTIGATION ON FLUORIDES IN THE SURROUNDING
OF AN ALUMINUM REFINERY - INVESTIGATION OF
FLUORINE POLLUTION OF DIETS. (Arumi seiren kojo shu-
hen no fukkabutsu no kankyo osen chosa - sesshu shokuhin no
osen chosa). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi
(Japan. J. Public Health), 20(10)Special Suppl.): lp., Oct. 1973.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Public Health, Annual Meet-
ing, 32nd, Hiroshima, Japan, Oct. 1973. Paper 561.)
By the investigation of daily diets of inhabitants of the area
surrounding an aluminum refinery, the intake of fluorine was
estimated to obtain the fundamental information concerning in-
direct effects of fluorine to human body. Differences of
fluorine in urine between areas, ages, and sexes in the districts
where the effects of air pollution of fluorine had been recog-
nized were considered. The aerial content of fluorine in the
neighboring zone of the refinery averaged 381 micro-
grams/LTP sq cm/mo from May 1972 to Feb. 1973. The in-
gested fluorine in the neighboring zone was 1.57-2.33 times
larger than that of the control area, in the surronding zone
1.33-2.13 times larger, and both are significantly larger in adult
females and children of both sexes. The fluorine content of
urine in the people of the neighboring zone and the surround-
ing zone of the refinery were respectively, 1.29-1.92 and 1.30-
2.13 times larger in the people in the control area. The ratio of
fluorine in urine to retained fluorine averaged 0.635 in adults
and 0.476 in children, the ratio in adults to the ratio in children
being 1:0.75. There is apparently a difference of fluorine
metabolism in age.
62596
Balazova, G. and V. Lipkova
EVALUATION OF SOME HEALTH PARAMETERS IN CHIL-
DREN IN THE VICINITY OF AN ALUMINUM FACTORY.
Fluoride, 7(2):88-93, April 1974. 4 refs.
The health status of 6-14-year old children was investigated
with special regard to the hematological indices and the con-
tent of fluorine compounds in urine and hair. The children
have been living in a settlement in the environs of the alu-
minum factory in operation for 20 yr. In the first years of the
operation of the factory, examinations of children showed
evidence of potential hazard, induced by the influence of the
factory on the environment. Certain sanitary measures were
designed and implemented: a portion of the population was
translocated; precautions were taken regarding consumption of
crops grown in the polluted area; and regular visits to clini-
cally suitable recreational areas were organized every year for
children. After 10 yr the medical examinations were repeated.
The values obtained were related to the concentration of
fluorine compounds in the air and compared with the results
obtained from a group of children of the same age during the
first years of the operation of the factory. There was a clear
and total improvement of the studied indices. Their values ap-
proach the values of the control group of children from non-
exposed areas. (Author summary modified)
64484
Sato, Y. and F. Tsunoda
EFFECTS OF AIRBORNE FLUORIDE ON GOATS, PART I:
PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF FLUORD3E. (Taiki chu fuk-
kabutsu no kankyo osen iii yoru yagi no bakuro jikken (dai
ippo) fukkabutsu no taiban tsuka ni (suite). Text in Japanese.
Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 21(5):291-
295, May 1974. 32 refs.
The placental transfer of fluoride as an environmental pollu-
tant via air was examined on goats bred in the polluted en-
vironment surrounding an aluminum refinery in Fukushima
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
319
Prefecture. The concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the air
at a point 0.5 Km from the refinery averages 0.6-1.4 ppb, and
is less than 4 ppb at the highest. The animals were fed with
weeds and vegetables grown there as well as with bran in the
winter season. The fluoride content in the blood of the mother
goats increased proportionately with the fluoride content of
the feed. An increase of the fluoride content of the mother
goat s blood increased retention of fluorides in the body of
newborns, especially in the hard tissues. Airborne fluoride can
be transferred via polluted feeds from the mother to her off-
spring.
66044
Cecilioni, V. A.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON CANCER IN A STEEL
CITY. Fluoride, 7(3):153-165, July 1974. 9 refs. (Presented at
the Conference of I.S.F.R., 5th, Annual, April 8-11, 1973.)
The incidence of cancer in the steel city of Hamilton (Ontario)
was investigated during 1969-1970. The death rate from cancer
in Hamilton was higher than in the less industrialized city of
Ottawa. The highest rate (65 per 100,000) occurred in the prox-
imity of the steel mills, compared with the death rates (23 and
12 per 100,000) farther distant. Continuous monitoring in the
industrial area disclosed that the levels of carbon monoxide,
fluoride, lead, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and suspended
particulates increased to 15 times above the average of the
province of Ontario. In 1971-1972 the atmospheric fluoride
levels were up to 20 times higher than the average value for
Ontario as a whole which is 40 mgm F/100 sq cm/30 days. Ad-
mission records at two large Hamilton Hospitals showed a
close correlation between respiratory disease and the daily pol-
lution index. (Author abstract modified)
66668
Davydova, V. I. and Y. N. Pochashev
ON THE JOINT ACTION OF COMPOUNDS OF MAN-
GANESE AND FLUORINE ON THE BODY. (K voprosu o
kombinirovannom dcystvii na organizm soyedineniy margantsa i
ftora). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 7:21-25, 1974. 6
refs.
The joint action of low concentrations of manganese dioxide
and hydrofluoric acid in the air, a combination usually occur-
ring during welding operations, was studied in albino rats and
compared with the action of the individual components. The
respective concentrations corresponded to the maximum al-
lowable values or were 50% lower, 0.28 and 0.16 mg/cu m for
MnO2, and 0.56 and 0.22 mg/cu m for HF. The animals were
exposed for 2.5 to 3 hrs daily for 16 weeks. The joint action of
MnO2 and HF on the animal organism was different from that
of the individual compounds and potentiation as well as at-
tenuation of the effects of the individual compounds were ob-
served. Statistically significant differences from groups ex-
posed to either MnO2 or HF were observed in such changes
as increase of the relative weight of the lung, increased stain
retention by spleen and adrenal tissues, reduction of the serum
alkaline phosphatase activity, increase in the serum SH group
level, and prolongation of the chronaxia. Also, premature
damage of the dental enamel was observed. The maximum al-
lowable MnO2 and HF concentrations in their joint action
should be set at a level close to their respective MAC values,
i.e., 0.15 mg/cu m for MnO2, and 0.25 mg/cu m for HF.
67325
Marier, J. R. and Dyson Rose
ENVIRONMENTAL FLUORIDE. National Research Council of
Canada, Ottawa (Canada), Pub-12,226, 1971 (?), 39p. 168 refs.
A review is presented on fluoride contamination of the en-
vironment. Topics covered include: the occurrence of fluoride
in the soil, water, air, vegetation, terrestrial mammals, wil-
dlife, ocean water, seafood, and man; sources and sinks of
fluoride pollution; fluoride contamination of vegetation; the ef-
fects of fluoride on animals; and the effects of fluoride on
man, including sources and doses, analysis and diagnosis,
toxic effects, and intaky of highly toxic organofluorides. Air-
borne fluoride is of two types, gaseous and paniculate, each
of which can contain components differing in solubility.
Fluoride released as paniculate matter tends to deposit as fal-
lout in the general downwind vicinity of fluoride emitting
source. Depending on the type of industrial operation, a facto-
ry-stack effluent is estimated to contain from 3.6-15,600 mg/Fl,
with the gaseous phase representing anywhere from 0.7-96%.
Skeletal fluorosis is the most common toxic effect of fluoride
exposure, though other disorders such as anemia and symp-
toms involving the skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and ner-
vous system are also reported.
67440
Miessner, H.
DAMAGES TO ANIMALS BY INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS.
(Schaedigung der Tierwelt durch Industrie und Technik). Text
in German. Deut. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr., 39(22):340-345, May
1931. 25 refs.
Damages and health hazards due to air pollutant emissions and
other environmental pollutants in connection with industrial
activity are surveyed. Sulfur dioxide, arsenic trioxide, and
lead, emitted by ore smelters, can cause damage to plants and
animals either directly or by ingestion of contaminated plants.
Sulfur dioxide causes reduction of the magnesium, phosphoric
acid, and calcium levels in plants, and osteomalacia due to
depletion of the calcium reserves in animals. Arsenic is
responsible for colic, emesis, fatty generation in the liver,
cachexia, eczema, and overall asthenia in cattle. Lead, accu-
mulating in the liver, bones, kidneys, spinal cord, intestines,
and muscles, causes gastric troubles and convulsions in acute
poisoning, and general depression, abortion, colic, muscular
pains, epilepsy, and pareses in chronic poisoning. Fluorine
compounds, and especially hydrofluoric acid, as emitted by
fertilizer plants, affect the bones due to the mobilization and
depletion of calcium.
68520
Sakurai, S., F. Tsunoda, S. Ishikawa, S. Nakaya, and Y.
Suzuki
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE. PART XH:
THE NORMAL VALUE OF FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION
IN SERUM. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen ni kansuru kenkyu
(dai 12 ho) kesseichu fusso nodo no tsujochi ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health),
21(10:323, Oct. 1974. (Presented at the Japanese Society of
Public Health Annual Meeting, 33rd, Fukushima, Japan, Oct.
16-18, 1974, Paper 437.)
The fluorine concentration in serum was studied as an index
for biological load of fluorides. Trace concentrations of
fluorine in the sera of the population in a non-polluted area ap-
peared in 55% of the men and 77% of the women; 99% of the
values were less than 0.02 ppm fluorine. The frequency of
people with more than 0.05 ppm of fluorine was a little higher
in the mountainous parts of the non-polluted area. There were
no cases of persons with a serum fluorine concentration of
more than 0.05 ppm near the aluminum refinery in a polluted
area which had an aerial fluorine concentration of around 1
ppb; however, 25% of the rural persons near the refinery
showed serum fluorine concentrations of more than 0.05 ppm.
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320
68551
Illinois Inst. for Environmental Quality, Chicago, 111.,
Environmental Health Resource Center
HEALTH EFFECTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AIR-
BORNE FLUORIDES (FINAL REPORT). Proj. 10.006, Rept.
IIEQ 74-23, 65p., June 1973. 99 refs. NTIS: PB 233845
Airborne fluorides are injurious to corn, sorghum, tomatoes,
soybeans, gladioli, and a variety of other plants. The human
health effects of exposure to excessive concentrations of air-
borne fluorides include acute effects such as severe eye and
nose irritation and skin injury, and chronic effects such as
osteosclerosis. Based on these two considerations, phytotoxici-
ty and human toxicity, the Environmental Health Resource
Center supports a standard for airborne fluorides of 0.7 micro-
grams/cu m based on a 24-hour average. This standard applies
to airborne fluorides in both gaseous and participate forms and
is based on one atmosphere of pressure and 25 C. The chronic
and acute effects of fluorides upon which this recommenda-
tion is based are reviewed. (Author abstract modified)
68583
Tiunov, L. A. and V. V. Kustov
COMBINED BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF CHEMICAL COM-
POUNDS AND PHYSICAL FACTORS OF THE ENVIRON-
MENT. (Kombinirovannoye biologicheskoye deystviye
khimicheskikh soyedineniy, khimicheskikh i fizicheskikh fak-
torov vneshney sredy). Text in Russian. Zh. Vses. Khim.
Obshchestva, Im DI Mendeleeva, 19(2): 164-169, 1974. 84 refs.
Studies on the combined action of chemical compounds and
physical factors of the environment on the organism are
reviewed. Summation, potentiation, antagonism, or indepen-
dent action may occur during the simultaneous action of dif-
ferent toxic and irritating substances, including air pollutants.
The simultaneous presence in the atmosphere of nitrogen diox-
ide, ozone, and unsaturated hydrocarbons results in the forma-
tion of highly irritative peroxides, epoxides, and aldehydes,
while NO2 forms practically harmless ammonium nitrate with
ammonia. Extraneous substances present in the organism may
increase or decrease the toxicity of other extraneous sub-
stances by inhibiting or activating enzymes responsible for the
metabolism of the latter. Carbon monoxide and carbon
tetrachloride inhibit the microsomal enzymes. Accelerated
development of poisoning, and increased susceptibility of the
organism to toxic substances were observed at high tempera-
tures. High humidity increases the irritative effect of nitrogen
oxides and hydrogen sulfide and the toxicity of fluorine com-
pounds and certain petroleum products while alleviating the
course of poisoning by gasoline. The effect of CO and carbon
tetrachloride is intensified by strong muscular stress. The
development of hypoxia due to CO, carbon tetrachloride,
benzene, and gasoline is facilitated by reduced barometric
pressure. Loud noise intensifies the effect of CO, boric acid
aerosol, and cracking gas, while vibration potentiated the ef-
fect of fluorine, lead, cobalt dust, and quartz dust. Hypoxia-
inducing substances, such as CO and sodium nitrite antagonize
ionizing radiation.
70519
Balabajewa, L.
THE FLUORINE IN BONES AND TEETH OF RABBITS
WHICH WERE EXPOSED UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS.
(Der Fluorgehalt in Knochen und Zaehnen von Kaninchen, die
unter natuerlichen Bedingungen exponiert wurden). Text in Ger-
man. Z. Ges. Hyg. Dire Grenzgebiete (Berlin), 20(9):591-592,
1974. 11 refs.
In Dimitroffgrad, Bulgaria 1500 m from a fluorine emitting
chemical combine, 15 rabbits were exposed to the fluorine pol-
luted air for determination of the influence on the fluorine
content in bones and teeth. For determination of fluorine in
biological material, a modified ion exchange method by Nilsen
was used. An aluminum eriochrome zyanine complex was
photometrically determined by the method of Kateswarlu. For
elimination of possible errors, the fluorine content was calcu-
lated in relation to the mineralized ash residue rather than to
the mass of dry substance. The results show a clearly higher
fluorine content in those rabbits exposed to fluorine polluted
air. The measured concentrations were 96.7 mg% F in the
bones of the exposed animals vs. 75.2 mg% F in the bones of
the control group. In teeth the measured concentrations were
242.1 and 209.2 mg% F. Since the fluorine content in drinking
water in Dimitroffgrad is negligible, the higher F concentra-
tions are clearly attributable to atmospheric pollution from the
chemical combine.
71324
Nakaya, S., S. Sakurai, Y. Suzuki, K. Itai, and F. Tsunoda
ON THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF
FLUORINE IN URINE BY ION ELECTRODE. (Ion denkyoku
ni yoru nyochu fusso teiryoho ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. San-
gyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health), 16(4):498, Sept. 1974.
(Presented at the Tohoku Lecture Meeting, 32nd, Yamagata,
Japan, July 20, 1974.)
The fluorine content of urine collected over a 24-hour period
can be used as a biological indicator of exposure to fluorine
compounds in the air. Several conditions of pre-treatment and
preservation of the urine specimen were examined. The stabili-
ty of 10 ml aliquots kept in closely stoppered vials was better
than the 2000 ml sample kept in a stoppered bottle, consider-
ing time and temperature. One hundred percent fluorine was
shown after 3 weeks. The standard deviation after keeping for
3 weeks at 0 C and 24 C was very small compared to 40 C.
Fluorine contents were quantified by the ion-electrode method.
71484
Ueda, K.
STUDIES AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR DISEASES DUE
TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. (Kogaibyo no kenkyu to
taisaku). Text in Japanese. Karada no Kagaku (Pop. Med.), no.
61:67-73, Jan. 1975.
Recent cases of health disturbances of epidemiological propor-
tions are to environmental pollution caused by an error of in-
dustry or administration are described. Health disturbance
symptoms due to air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, photochemical smog, lead,
fluorides, cadmium, vanadium, benzopyrene, asbestos, and
other carcinogenic substances were described. Countermea-
sures such as the establishment of environmental standards for
each pollutant and total air quality are described. Regulation of
sulfur oxides has good prospects, but that of nitrogen oxides
has many problems. Evaluation of the analytical value of a
pollutant must be considered in relation to other values of
materials. The new law which necessitates the evaluation of
any new substance to be introduced in commerce will greatly
contribute to environmental health.
71536
Wehrle, Paul F. and Douglas I. Hammer
SUMMARY REPORT: ILLNESSES OF CHILDREN. Preprint,
American Medical Association, Chicago, 111., 19p. 1974 (?). 25
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
321
refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Medical Research Con-
ference, 1974 (?).)
A tabulation of the health effects of specific air pollutants on
children is presented based on a literature review of more than
100 investigations prior to 1970. Clinical and laboratory
findings as well as the pollutant source are summarized for the
following substances: fluorine, lead, arsenic, asbestos, silicates
fatty acids, carbon monoxide, chloroprene, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrocarbons, sulfuric
acid, and particulate matter. A brief review of epidemiological
findings associated with major air pollution episodes is also
presented.
71617
Kettner, H. and W. Erdmann
ESTIMATE OF THE HEALTH HAZARD OF THYPOPULA-
TION BY FLUORIDE IMMISSIONS. (Die Abschaetzung des
gesundheitlichen Risikos der Bevoelkerung durch Fluorid-Im-
missionen). Text in German. Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen (Stutt-
gart), 37(l):32-36, 1975. 17 refs.
A review of foreign literature on the effects of fluorine emis-
sions on man (adults and children) and animals is given.
Mainly the effects of hydrogen fluoride, sodium fluoride, alu-
minum trifluoride, and Na3AlF6 are discussed. The Verein
Deutsche Inginieure guideline issued in Sept. 1974 has set the
following maximum allowable immission concentrations in
micrograms F/cu m: hydrogen fluoride 50, aluminum fluoride,
sodium fluoride and cryolithe 100, and calcium fluoride 200
over a period of 1 yr.
71933
Berry, Wade L. and Arthur Wallace
TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT - THEIR
ROLE AND POTENTIAL TOXICITY AS RELATED TO FOS-
SIL FUELS - A PRELIMINARY STUDY. California Univ., Los
Angeles, Lab. of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology,
Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT (04-1) GEN 12, Rept.
UCLA 12-946, 72p., Jan. 1974. 134 refs.
The nature, occurrence, and effects of trace elements in the
environment are reviewed along with the identification of
probable hazards of trace element emissions to the environ-
ment, particularly as a result of fossil fuel power generation.
The ecology of trace elements is very delicately balanced, and
small additions of some trace elements from polluting sources
can significantly alter an existing ecosystem. The pathways
and rates of movement of trace elements between each com-
ponent of any soil-water-plant- animal system are not well
defined. Generally, the lower the concentration of a trace ele-
ment in nature, the higher is its toxicity. Trace elements such
as cadmium and mercury are known to occur in fossil fuels in
somewhat higher concentrations than elsewhere, were making
the study of their emission a matter of urgency. Elements such
as zinc, copper, and cobalt which are essential for life at low
concentrations can be toxic at higher concentrations. The trace
element composition of fossil fuels is extremely variable,
resulting in a great uncertainty regarding potential toxicity
problems. The fate of volatile trace elements released from
fossil fuels upon combustion is largely unknown, adding
further to the uncertainty. This volatile group includes: an-
timony, arsenic, beryllium, bromine, cadmium, fluorine, galli-
um, mercury, and selenium; excluding antimony, bromine, and
gallium, these pose a serious hazard to man. The nonvolatile
trace elements of significant abundance in fossil fuels include:
boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, lead, lithium, man-
ganese, nickel, vanadium, and zinc. These afford a lesser, but
still significant, hazard. Boron is certain to present soil-plant
problems whenever coal ash is applied to soil.
71948
MacEwen, J. D. and E. H. Vernot
TOXIC HAZARDS RESEARCH UNIT ANNUAL TECHNICAL
REPORT: 1973 (FINAL REPORT). California Univ. at Irvine,
Dayton, Ohio, Overlook Branch, Aerospace Medical Research
Lab. Contract F33615-73-C-4059, Proj. 6302, Task 01, Work
Unit 63020113, AMRL-TR-73-83, 170p., Aug. 1973. 38 refs.
NTIS, DDC: AD-771 025
The activities of the Toxic Hazards Research Unit for the
period June 1972-May 1973 are reviewed. Acute inhalation tox-
icity experiments were conducted on rats with mixtures of car-
bon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Acute toxicity tests on
inhaled HCN for 5-minute exposures conducted in combina-
tion with CO did not show any increased toxic response at
carboxyhemoglobin levels of 25% saturation. Emergency Ex-
posure Limits (EEL) were validated for chlorine pentafluoride
and 24-hour EEL of 1 ppm is proposed for monomethyl-
hydrazine. A series of chronic inhalation toxicity studies were
conducted with hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and coal tar
aerosols. Oral percutaneous toxicity evaluations were con-
ducted (to determine LD-50 values for mixed creosols, allyl
isothiocyanate, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl isocyanate,
ortho-nitroaniline, ethyl chloracetate, and phenyl isocyanate.
(Author abstract modified)
72083
Sadilova, M. S., V. A. Kostyuchenko, E. G. Plotko, S. I.
Voroshilin, V. Y. Nikiforova, and E. N. Pochashev
THE PROBLEM OF AGE SENSITIVITY OF THE BODY TO
FLUORINE IONS IN THE AIR. (K voprosu o vozrastnoy
chuvstvitcl nosti organizma k ionu ftora v vozdukhe). Text in
Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 12:33-36, Dec. 1974. 4 refs.
The age-dependent sensitivity of the organism to inhaled
fluorine was studied in rats. The animals were most suscepti-
ble to fluorine at the age of 1.2 to 3.9 mo and again at the age
of 11.6-23.6 mo. In Jie first case, damage of the dental
enamel, and lesions of the respiratory tract were most
pronounced, while in the second age bracket animals were af-
fected by lesions of the bones, lungs, and upper respiratory
tract. Proliferation in the interalveolar septa, atrophy and focal
edema of the bronchial mucosa, and hyperplasia of the
peribronchial tissue were found on autopsy. The above age
brackets correspond to those of 1-14 yr and 26-55 yr in hu-
mans.
72961
MacEwen, J. D. and E. H. Vernot
TOXIC HAZARDS RESEARCH UNIT ANNUAL TECHNICAL
REPORT: 1974 (FINAL REPORT). California Univ. at Irvine,
Dayton, Ohio, Overlook Branch, Air Force Contract F33615-73-
C-4059, Proj. 6302, Task 01 13 62202F Work Unit 6302113,
Rept. AMRL-TR-74-78, 200p., July 1974. 55 refs. GPO
Acute and chronic inhalation toxicity studies of various com-
pounds of interest to the Air Force were performed using
several types of laboratory animals. The studies included: the
mammalian toxicity of fluomine dust (cobalt-bis (3-fluorosal-
icylaldehyde)-ethylenediimine), the chronic toxicity of JP-4 jet
fuel, the acute toxicity of cluster marker residue (burned
misch metal), coal tar aerosol studies, the acute toxicity of
various amine compounds, benzonitrile toxicity, the biological
effect of continuous inhalation exposure to 1,1,1,-
trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), the toxicity of the photo-
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322
graphic compounds triphenyl stibine and 1,1-bis (p-
dimethylaminophyenyl)-ethylene, the effects of 6-month
chronic low level inhalation exposures to hydrazine, the acute
toxicity of deuterium fluoride, and determination of a 60
minute median lethal concentration for hydrogen chloride on
rodents.
73658
French, Jean G.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF
DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO EMISSIONS
FROM COAL AND OIL SHALE UTILIZATION. Preprint,
Cincinnati Univ., Ohio, Dept. of Environmental Health, Na-
tional Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, and the National
Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, 21p., 1975. 33 refs.
(Presented at the Workshop on the Health Effects of Coal and
Oil Shale Mining, Conversion and Utilization, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Jan. 25, 1975.)
The epidemiological and clinical implications of exposure to
emissions from increased coal and oil shale utilization are
discussed. Combustion products considered include: sulfur
dioxide, sulfates, sulfuric acid aerosol, nitrogen oxides,
nitrates, polynuclear hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, al-
dehydes, and various toxic trace elements (beryllium, fluorine,
arsenic, selenium, cadmium, mercury, and lead) found in fly
ash. Epidemiological studies indicate that prolonged exposure
to nitrogen dioxide levels of 117-205 micrograms/cu m can
contribute to increased prevalence of chronic bronchitis, acute
lower respiratory disease, and diminished pulmonary function.
Associations between asthma attacks and levels of suspended
nitrates and sulfates also exist. Human chamber studies in-
dicate that ozone in the presence of SO2 is more irritating than
ozone alone. Animal studies demonstrate high toxicities for
sulfuric acid mists and various sulfate compounds which are
products of the atmospheric transformation of SO2. Purified
polycyclic compounds produce tumors of the
trachiobroncholar tree or lung parenchyma when absorbed on
particles and delivered below the larynx. The increased
processing of oil shale appears to offer even greater potential
than coal combustion for increasing levels of hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, and photochemical oxidants.
74290
Dorst, Jean
THE ACTION OF POLLUTION ON THE BIOLOGICAL
EQUILIBRIUM AND ON HUMANS. (Actions des pollutions sur
les equilibres biologiques et sur I homme). Text in French. Bull.
Tech Inf., no. 262:655-658, 1971.
The effects of environmental pollution on the equilibrium of
the ecosystem and on the human organism are discussed. Air
pollution, especially particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen ox-
ides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons, may cause chronic
bronchitis, emphysema, cardiovascular disorders, and lung
cancer. Fluorine and SO2 cause plant necrosis. Certain air pol-
lutants exert synergistic effects with other pollutants and
generate smog under the influence of solar radiation.
74369
Shizuoka Prefectural Office (Japan)
STATUS OF DAMAGES DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POL-
LUTION. SEC 1 STATUS OF HEALTH INJURD3S IN FUJI
DISTRICT AND ITS COUNTERMEASURES. SEC. 2. STATUS
OF AGRICULTURAL CROP DAMAGE. (Kogai ni yoru higai
no jokyo. Dai 1-setsu. Fuji chiiki no kenkohigai no genkyo to
taisaku. Dai 2-setsu Nosakumotsu higai no jokyo to taisaku).
Text in Japanese. In: Shizuoka Prefectural Environmental
Nuisance White Paper, p. 254-260, 1974.
The rapid expansion of paper factories in the Fuji district of
Shizuoka ftefecture resulted in increased air pollution leading
to health injuries such as chronic bronchitis. The number of
officially recognized air pollution patients was 360 by the end
of March 1973 and 469 by the end of March 1974, including
seven mortalities. The percentage of chronic bronchitis,
bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, and pulmonary
emphysema cases were, respectively, 6.4, 85.1, 5.5, and 3.0%.
The number of such patients outside the appointed jurisdiction
was 173 by the end of March 1974. Patients younger than 14
and older than 60 yr accounted for 78% of the total cases.
Countermeasures included medical compensation. Agricultural
crop damage was due to photochemical smog (covering 12,000
hectares) acidic rainfall, and hydrogen fluoride emissions from
an aluminum refinery.
74380
Nakaya, S., S. Sakurai, K. Itai, Y. Suzuki, and F. Tsunoda
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF URINARY FLUORINE CON-
CENTRATION AS AN INDICATOR OF EXPOSURE TO
FLUORIDES. (Fukka butsu bakuro shihvo to shite no nyochu
fusso nodo no igi ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 9(2):346, Nov. 1974.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution, National Meet-
ing, 15th, Paper 201.)
The behavior of urinary fluorine upon long-term urine storage
was investigated. When the pH of urine changes from 5-6 to 9
(2-3 mo storage at 30 C; 2-liter sample of 24-hour urine collec-
tion in polyethylene jar), because of ammonia fermentation,
most of the fluorine precipitates as calcium fluoride. Thus,
fluorine analysis by the direct ion electrode method would give
erroneous results for total fluorine content. Storage of the 2-
liter samples at 0 C maintained the pH at 6, and fluoride
precipitation was not marked at the end of 2-3 mo. Storage of
urine in 10-milliliter polyethylene test tubes at 0, 20, 40 C, for
a 3-week period, did not result in any significant reduction in
values of average fluorine content, upon analysis by the direct
ion electrode method. The steam distillation method for
fluorine analysis results in values 1.5 times those obtained
from direct ion electrode analysis.
74580
Tsunoda, Humio
RECENT TREND IN THE RESEARCH ON HUMAN HEALTH
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Saikin no taikiosen ni kansu-
ru igakuteki kenkyu no doko). Text in Japanese. Iwate Igaku
Zasshi (J. Iwate Med. Assoc.), 26(5):516-522, Oct. 1974. 42 refs.
The present state of air pollution in Japan is outlined with
respect to the major air pollutants; and the health effects of
sulfur dioxide reviewed in relation to the amendment of the air
quality standard from 0.06 to 0.04 ppm daily average value.
The additive health effects of SO2 and nitrogen dioxide are
also described. Long-term exposure to NO2 at low concentra-
tions causes hyperplastic foci due to the proliferation of
bronchiolar epithelial cells, suggesting a relationship between
NO2 in air and lung tumorigenesis. The effects of suspended
particulates and carbon monoxide and differences between
symptoms resulting from Japanese photochemical oxidants
versus those in Los Angeles are described along with proposed
criteria. The accumulation of airborne fluorides in agricultural
crops is compared to its minute concentration in air.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
323
74821
Tsuji, Yoshito
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE AND ITS
INFLUENCE ON THE HUMAN BODY. (Fukkabutsu ni yoni
kankyo osen to seitai eikyo). Text in Japanese. Supplement, Nip-
pon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japanese J. Public Health), 21(10):73-
74, Oct. 1974. (Presented at the Japanese Society of Public
Health, Annual Meeting, 33rd, Fukushima, Japan, Oct. 16-18,
1974.)
The cumulative effects of fluorine on the human body are dis-
closed. The incidence of fluorosis (mottled teeth) increases
sharply as a cumulative effect of fluorine concentrations
above 1.0-1.5 ppm in the drinking water. In Japan, the
threshold fluorine concentrations seem to be 0.5-0.6 ppm,
although mottled teeth have occurred at fluorine concentra-
tions of 0.3-0.4 ppm in drinking water. Prevention of tooth
decay by fluoridation (1 ppm) of drinking water is considered
safe, and is practiced in the United States. Low amounts of
fluorine cause osteosclerosis, while large amounts cause sof-
tening of the bones. Schoolchildren with 3rd degree (heavily)
mottled teeth were small in height, while those with 1st degree
mottling were somewhat taller than average. In Katakata,
schoolchildren from areas of high fluoride pollution had a
higher incidence of goiter, but an increase in growth with trace
amounts of fluorine was also observed. Fairly rapid excretion
of fluorine from the body in urine was found in studies con-
ducted on workers from Showa Denko, Kitakata. In experi-
ments conducted at this school with tadpoles and fertilized sea
urchin eggs, the presence of 5 ppm sodium fluoride resulted in
faster emergence of frog forelegs and a higher percentage of
formation of normal spines on sea urchins than in the absence
of sodium fluoride. At fluoride concentrations above 25 ppm,
deformed sea urchins with no skeletal structures were ob-
served.
74822
Kimura, I., H. Shioi, S. Suda, T. Yoshida, Y. Sato, N. Konno,
S. Sakurai, and H. Tsunoda
ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY
AIRBORNE FLUORIDES ON EXPERIMENTAL GOATS (IV).
RESULTS OF 2-YEAR CLINICAL EXAMINATIONS.
(Taikichu fukkabutsu no kankyo osen ni yoru yagi no bakuro
jikken (Dai-4-ho). 2-Nenkan no rinsho kensa seiseki). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution)
9(2):347, Nov. 1974. (Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pol-
lution, National Meeting, 15th, Paper 202.)
The biological effects of atmospheric fluoride pollution were
investigated with seven goats raised for 2 yr (1972-1974) in an
area exposed to pollution from an aluminum refinery. A con-
trol group of 4 goats was raised in a non-polluted area during
the same time. Average fluorine content of pasture grasses in
the pollution area was 30 ppm, 4 times as high as that in the
control area. The monthly average atmospheric hydrogen
fluoride concentrations during the 2 yr ranged from 0.4-1.4
micrograms/cu m. The average monthly serum fluorine con-
centrations in the exposed goats varied from 0.1 ppm to 0.4
ppm. The average monthly urinary fluorine concentrations for
exposed goats ranged from 7 ppm to about 15 ppm. Control
goats had a steady serum fluorine level of about 0.05 ppm, and
urinary fluorine concentrations between 0-4 ppm. Blood tests
were also taken for hematocrit; hemoglobin, protein,
cholesterol, BUN, ZTT, GOT, Al-P. In general, no significant
variations were found between plots for exposed and control
goats, although exposed goats had higher levels of GOT, and
the plots did not coincide well for cholesterol concentrations.
74823
Sato, Y., N. Konno, and F. Tsunoda
ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY
AIRBORNE FLUORIDES ON EXPERIMENTAL GOATS (V).
PLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF FLUORIDE (CON-
TINUED). (Taikichu fukkabutsu no kankyo osen ni yoru yagi no
bukuro jikken (Dai-5-ho). Fukkabutsu no taiban tsukasei (Zoku-
ho)). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air
Pollution), 9(2):348, Nov. 1974. (Presented at the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, National Meeting, 15th, Paper 203.)
Studies were made with goats on the correlation of fluorine
concentrations in maternal serum with fluorine concentrations
in placenta and offspring. Goats were divided into three
groups: one control, and two pollution-exposed. Offspring
were jugulated after birth, and amounts of fluorine in serum,
tissues, organs, and various skeletal structures were deter-
mined. Fluorine concentrations in maternal serum ranged from
0.043-0.065 ppm for the control groups, and 0.098-0.292 ppm
for the exposed groups. In the offspring, serum fluoride con-
centrations ranged from 0.010-0.016 ppm for the control group,
and 0.018-0.031 ppm for the exposed groups. Placental fluorine
concentrations (2.2-4.5 ppm) were higher than maternal and
offspring serum fluorine concentrations, but no significant dif-
ferences were found among the three groups. In all three
groups, highest and lowest fluorine accumulations were found
in the same types of tissues, organs, and skeletal structures. In
tissues and organs, fluorine contents were highest in the aorta
(5.1-5.5 ppm) and spleen (5.4-7.9 ppm), and lowest in the brain
(0.48-1.75 ppm) was muscle (0.72-1.15 ppm). In skeletal struc-
tures, fluorine content was lowest in molars (73.9-259 ppm),
and highest in rib (149-569 ppm) and vertebra (152-545 ppm).
76902
Tsunoda, F., E. Aizawa, S. Sakurai, H. Kunita, and K. Sasaki
ON THE BODY POLLUTION OF INHABITANTS IN EN-
VIRONMENTALLY POLLUTED AREAS BY FLUORIDES IN
AIR. (Taikichi fukkabutsu ni yoru kankyoosen chiku jimin no
seitaiosen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 7(2):199, Nov. 1972.
According to the urinalysis of 13 male and 17 female inhabi-
tants living in an area environmentally polluted by fluorine
from whom more than 1 liter of urine in a day were obtained,
the average content of fluorine was 2.02 mg (S.D. of 0.30 mg)
and 1.77 mg (S.D. of 0.43 mg), respectively. The data obtained
on the urinalysis of 9 male and 13 female inhabitants living in
an area not polluted by fluorine was 0.79 mg (S.D. of 0.07 mg)
and 0.73 mg (S.D. of 0.07 mg). The above difference of
fluorine in urea is due to the difference of the amount of
fluorine on agricultural products on which fluoride in air is
deposited. The average fluorine content of urine of peoples
who showed spotted teeth due to excessive intake of fluoride
was 1.20 (S.D. of 0.12) mg (19 males 20 - 49 yr old), 1.50 (S.D.
of 0.2 ) mg (10 males 50-69 yr old), 1.20 (S.D. of 0.12) mg (17
females 20-49 yr old) and 1.13 (S.D. of 0.08) mg (15 females
50-69 yr old). Considering the fact that orally taken fluorine
was excreted more than 50% within 12 hr, urinalysis of
fluorine was a very effective indicator of fluorine pollution.
78873
Adler, Alan D., Veronika Varadi, and Nancy Wilson
PORPHYRINS, POWER, AND POLLUTION. Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci., vol. 244:685-694, April 15, 1975. 37 refs. (Presented at the
Biological Role of Porphyrins and Related Structures Con-
ference, Oct. 23-26, 1973.)
The involvement of porphyrinic materials with pollution
processes is discussed. Many of the anion pollutants, such as
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324
cyanide and fluoride, and many of the gas pollutants, such as
carbon monoxide and the nitrogen oxides, have the central
iron of hemeproteins as their primary target. Many forms of
heavy metal poisoning arise due to interference of these
metals with the roles or biosyntheses of porphyrins. The
metalloporphyrins are sensitive simple colorimetric detectors
of pollutants as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, cyanides,
fluorides, and strong oxidants. Hemeproteins are primary tar-
gests for nitrite pollution and iron porphyrins catalyze a
number different types of nitrogen oxide interactions that are
of significance in areas of pollution and health.
79619
Takizawa, Y. and I. Nakamura
EFFECTS OF CALCIUM FLUORIDE ON RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM. (CaF no kokyuki-kei ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health),
22(10):400, Oct. 1975.
Wistar adult female rats were exposed to calcium fluoride dust
at 27(?)/cu m, 4 hr/day for 10 and 30 days. Rats were sacri-
ficed 24 hours after the last exposure of each day. The
findings were: (1) fluorine in exposed rat s urine increased to
2.3 times as high as in the control group after 15 days of expo-
sure, (2) fluorine in the rat s serum became about 2.5 times as
high as the control; however, this was not dependent on length
of exposure, suggesting a small accumulation of fluorine in
serum, (3) fluorine in the lung was notably higher, followed by
spleen, liver, heart and kidney in the order, (4) fluorine in
femurs and incisors tended to increase with exposure,
histologically, in rats exposed for 10 days (5) edema in
bronchiolar mucous epithelium and intramucosal epithelium,
infiltration of neutrocytes, appearance of plasmocytes in the
mucosal proper layer, smoothing of mucosal epithelium, lling
of the alveolar epithelium, and fall-out of alveolar epithelium
and phagocytes into the alveolar cavity were observed, in rats
exposed for 30 days, (6) disappearance of the edema and the
filtration, increase of appearance of plasmocytes and of
smoothing of the mucosal epithelium, swelling of the alveolar
epithelium, increase of fall-out of alveolar epithelium and
phagocytes into the alveolar cavity, stagnation of acidphile
substances in the alveoli, agglomeration of plasmocytes around
small vessels, and increase of cells on alveolar septa without
fibrous thickening and glassy membrane were also observed.
79623
Nakamura, I. and Y. Takizawa
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF
RAT. (Rat kokyukikei ni oyobosu fukkabutsu no eikyo). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
10(4):479, Nov. 1975.
Groups of adult female Wistar rats were exposed by inhalation
to sodium fluoride at 13 mg/cu m and to calcium fluoride at 25
mg/cu m for 4 hr/day for, respectively, 10 days and 10 and 30
days. All the rats were sacrificed for 24 hours after the last ex-
posure. The fluorine content of the urine of rats exposed to
NaF increased rapidly, and that of CaF2 rats showed slower
increase; the former at 10 days of exposure was 3.5 times
higher than the latter. The fluorine concentration in serum was
about 6 times higher in the NaF group than in the CaF2 group
after one day of exposure; however, the absolute concentra-
tion 24 hours of the last exposure was about the same as that
of the unexposed control. The fluorine concentration in the
lung of rats exposed to CaF2 was higher than those in other
organs and showed increase with exposure time, in contrast to
that of the group exposed to NaF. The fluorine content of the
femur of the rats exposed to NaF was significantly higher than
that in the control group. Pathological findings include swelling
of alveolar epithelium, reinforced omission of the al-
veovacuolar phagocyte, stagnation of acidphilic substances in
the alveoli, aggregation of plasma cells around small vessels
and proliferation of cells in the pulmonal septum, without,
however, fibrous thickening or formation of hyaline mem-
brane. These findings suggest species differences of fluorides
in metabolism in the body.
79634
Nakaya, S., K. Itaya, S. Sakurai, Y. Suzuki, and F. Tsunoda
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORIDES PART
16. ON THE FLUORINE CONTENT IN URINE AND SERUM
OF INHABITANTS AROUND PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER
FACTORIES. (Fukkabutsu ni yoni taikiosen ni kansuru kenkyu
Part 16. Rin-hiryo kojo shuhen chiku jumin no nyochu kesseichu
fusso nodo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei
Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 22(10):399, Oct. 1975.
The fluorine content in urine and blood serum of men and
women living in the area of phosphatic fertilizer plants for
more than five years, and of primary school boys in the 5th
and 6th years of classes was determined. The area studied was
within a radius of 1 km from a fused phosphatic fertilizer fac-
tory and within 2 km (to the SE), 2 km (to the NW) and 7.5
km (to the W) from a superphosphate factory. The fluorine
content of urine and serum was higher as distance from the
factory decreased; however, there were no data showing
health impairment due to fluorine.
79796
Sukeda, Y., E. Mikami, Y. Sato, and T. Yamamoto
ON THE DYNAMIC STATE OF IONS AND THE RELATING
ENZYME ACTIVITY IN FLUORINE-POISONED RATS. (Fus-
so-chudoku rat ni okeru ion-dotai to sono kanken koso kassei ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air
Pollution), 10(4):516, Nov. 1975.
The effects of airborne fluorides deposited on pastures and
taken by domesticated animals is of interest. Sodium fluoride
was p.o. administered to male Wister rats at a rate of 2.3 mg
fluorine/100 g body weight, and the effects were observed.
The concentration of fluoride ion in the blood reached its max-
imum, 2.2 ppm, after 30 min of administration, then decreased
slowly to 0.2 ppm after 15 hours. Urinary fluoride was highest
during the first day of tests, with a conspicuous increase of
urinary phosphate ion. Magnesium ion showed a small increase
and calcium ion showed a small decrease in the urine. Serum
alkaline phosphatase activity showed an increase; however,
acidic phosphatase activity and renal-alkaline and renal-acidic
phosphatase activity showed a decrease. The ATPase in renal
cortex activity increase with administration of sodium fluoride
and sodium chloride, compared to the control group. How-
ever, the activity in rats administered sodium fluoride was in-
hibited when compared to that in rats administered sodium
chloride.
79848
Napier, D. H.
ASPECTS OF POLLUTION ASSOCIATED WITH THE
PROCESS INDUSTRD2S. Preprint, Imperial College of Science
and Technology, London (England), Dept. of Chemical En-
gineering and Chemical Technology, 24p., 1974 (?).
Environmental effects associated with gaseous and paniculate
air pollutants generated by process industries are reviewed.
Specific pollutants discussed include: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane,
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
325
ethylene, hydrogen, ammonia, chlorine and fluorine, nitrogen
oxides, ozone, vinyl chloride, hydrogen sulfide, mercury, lead,
cadmium, beryllium, cyanides, chlorinated compounds,
asbestos, proteolytic enzymes, mutagens, carcinogens, and
teratogens. Topics covered include: th interactions of various
pollutants in the environment, methods for the disposal of
toxic substances, threshold limit values for the above pollu-
tants, occupational exposure to air pollutants, the introduction
of pollutants into the environment, natural sinks for environ-
mental pollutants, and the effects of pollutants on the sur-
rounding flora and fauna.
79980
Favino, A. and G. Catenacci
POLLUTION BY FLUORINE. (L inquinamento da fluoro). Text
in Italian. Med. Lavoro (Milan), 64(3-4): 132-142, March-April
1973. 36 rets.
Fluorine pollution is caused by the discharge of gas, liquid,
and solid effluents from industries using fluorine compounds
which are extremely stable, and by substances contaminated
by fluorine. Chronic intoxication of organisms is related to the
liberation of soluble ionic F, which is absorbed in the digestive
tract: insoluble compounds are significantly less harmful.
Acute intoxication centers in the respiratory tract and is ex-
pressed, in the case of inorganic compounds, by severe lesions
of the lung cells, and in the case of organic compounds, by
major pulmonary clearance with a high Ostwald coefficient. In
general, damaging effects on biological structures manifest
themselves as multiple and diffuse lesions of an abiotrophic
type and an irreversible nature. It affects the growth of
vegetation and the fertility of animals, in which it produces
considerable deformities; skeletal deformations have already
been observed in children from Japanese industrial areas.
80078
Schellmann, B. and A. Zober
NORMAL VALUES OF FLUORIDE FROM A DEFINED RE-
GION OF THE HUMAN ILIAC CREST. Int. Arch. Occup. En-
viron. Health, 35(3): 233-244, 1975. 32 rets.
Normal fluoride concentrations in the human iliac crest were
determined by analysis of bone ash from 100 cadavers of both
sexes. The bone samples were taken from exactly the same
skeletal location to allow for direct comparison with samples
derived by bioptical methods from living subjects. The analy-
sis was carried out on samples of dried bone ash with an ion
sensitive electrode. Statistical analysis of the results indicates
a positive linear relationship between fluoride content and age.
80197
Mazliak, P.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS OF THE PENETRATION
OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES. (Facteurs physico-chimiques de la
penetration des toxiqucs). Text in French. Ann. Nutr. Aliment,
28(4):277-296, 1974. 10 refs.
The physicochemical factors involved in the penetration of
toxic substances into cells were studied on a model. The
penetration of a foreign substance into the cell is determined
by such factors as the chemical nature of the cell membrane,
the cytoplasm, and the foreign substance, and by the molecu-
lar organization of the membrane and of the cytoplasm. The
central hydrophic zone of the cell membrane plays the major
role in the penetration of the toxic substance, as the passage
through the hydrophilic outer zone and the passage from the
central lipophilic zone into the aqueous medium of the
cytoplasm are fairly easy. Halogens, gaseous halogenides,
gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds, compounds of
phosphorus and arsenic, carbon oxides, carbon sulfides, gase-
ous hydrogen, cyanide, hydrocarbons, acetone, methylene
chloride, dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, toluene and its
derivatives penetrate through the cell membrane by simple dif-
fusion. The penetration of solid fluorides, fluorosilicates, mer-
cury, copper, lead, and chromium involved active transport or
a diffusion mechanism implying a bond with the membrane
proteins.
80857
Newman, James R.
ANIMAL INDICATORS OF AIR POLLUTION. Inst. of En-
vironmental Sciences, Mt. Prospect, 111., Inst. Environ. Sci.
Energy Environ., Annu. Meet., 21st, Anaheim, Calif., 1975, p.
152-154. 5 refs. (April 13-16.)
An analysis of the feasibility of using animals as biological in-
dicators of air pollution is presented. Most animals found to be
potential biological indicators are fairly common in the en-
vironment, and all are easily sampled. Some groups like
domestic animals and zoo animals are particularly easy to
monitor; game animals which represent more natural condi-
tions are also easy to monitor. The four best responses of
biological indicators used for providing specific information on
specific pollutants are: physiological changes observed at au-
topsy or during histological examination, residue accumula-
tion, changes in blood chemistry and physiology, and changes
in the morphology or appearance of the animal. Air pollutants
can be generally classified in terms of being permanent accu-
mulators, temporary accumulators, and non-accumulators. A
list of possible biological indicators of air pollution is provided
and includes the following air pollutants: carbon monoxide,
fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ar-
senic, lead, molybdenum, participates, photochemical oxi-
dants, selenium, and vanadium.
81018
Suzuki, Y., S. Sakurai, K. Itai, S. Nakaya, K. Yazaki, and F.
Tsunoda
EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS OF GOATS TO ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORINE IN AIR PART VII.
FLUORINE CONTENT OF ITS TISSUES. (Taikichu fukkabut-
su no kankyoosen ni yoru yagi no bakuro jikken Part 7. Soshiki
no fusso ganyuryo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4):481, Nov. 1975.
Goats were reared in an area where the concentration of
hydrogen fluoride in the air was 0.5-1.0 ppb, and their 7th
thoracic vertebra, the central part of the rib, the ilium, and the
muscles of the haunch were analyzed for fluorine by an ion
electrode method. The fluorine content of the thoracic ver-
tebra and rib was 545-570 ppm just after birth, four times
greater than for the control group, and it increased markedly
with time, reaching in 3 months the level which the control
group attained in 3 years. After 3 years, the fluorine content
became 8000 and 6000-7000 ppm in the thoracic vertebra and
in the rib and ilium, respectively, 3.6-4.3 times that of the con-
trol. In the muscles, on the contrary, the fluorine content
remained at about 1.0 ppm for 3 years, showing no difference
with the control. The pollution of goats by fluorine is probably
via polluted pasturage rather than inhalation.
81181
Ozaki, Kyosuki, Hiroshi Ando, Yoichi Nabeshima, Yoshiyuki
Nuno, Shigehiko Hattori, Shogo Yamamoto, Shinsaku Myojo,
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326
Tsuneyoshi Onishi, Reiko Kawabata, Kyoko Watanabe,
Kangen Jinno, Kyoko Shiraishi, Minekatsu Taniya, Hiroshi
Toyota, and Yutaka Kurokawa
THREE YEAR STUDY OF HEALTH EXAMINATION AT
IWANABE FROM 1970, MAINLY ON THE EFFECTS OF
FLUORIDE. Text in Japanese. Ehime Kenritsu Byoin Gakkai
Kaishi (Ehime J. Med.), 12(2):66-71, Nov. 1974. 6 refs.
Partial damage to rice plants probably due to fluorides from an
aluminum electrolysis factory in Niihama, followed by findings
of abnormally high amounts of fluorine in rice plants and grain
led to medical examinations and measurement of fluorides in
1970. Control measures at the factory led to a decrease in the
concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the air, from 7-8 ppb in
March 1969 to 0.4 ppb in March 1972. The plant damage was
most apparent on gladiolus and pine trees. The amount of
fluorine in daily urine varied by family and age, suggesting
that inhaled air is not the important factor. On the other hand,
the inhabitants complain of sticking in the throat and tiredness
of the legs, although these complaints are decreasing with
time. The problem of fluorine pollution has been settled by the
efforts of industry and mass migration of inhabitants from the
area.
81250
Francon, F. and P. Grellat
FLUOROSIS. A POLLUTION SOURCE YET IGNORED:
FLUOROSIS HAZARDS IN SAVOY. (La fluorose. Une source
de pollution encore meconnue: les ravages du fluor en Savoie).
Text in French. Contours Med. (Paris), 97(16):27S5-2756, 2759-
2760, 1975. 29 refs.
Effects of air pollution due to fluorine and its compounds on
plants, animals, and humans are reviewed. In high concentra-
tions, fluorine is harmful for plants, especially for fruit trees
and conifera. Fluorine is hazardous for insects, including
honey-bees, and especially for herbivorous animals. It causes
cachexia, osteomalacia, and spontaneous bone fractures in cat-
tle. Industrial emissions are hazardous for humans, causing
osteopetrosis after a long latency period, especially in the pel-
vis region. Osteopetrosis in an aluminum factory worker is re-
ported; sudden elimination of the fluorine and normalization of
the bones occurred 10 yr after cessation of the exposure.
83177
Tsunoda, F.
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON MAN, AS AIR
POLLUTANTS AND IN WORK PLACES. (Shokuba to
taikiosenbutsu to shite no fukkabutsu no ningen e no eikyo).
Text in Japanese. Rodo no Kagaku (Dig. Sci. Labor), 31(4):10-
16, April 1976. 12 refs.
Human injury by fluorine compounds in air has been ex-
perienced far more than 40 years in factories, but fluorine
compounds as air pollutants were first recognized as a toxicant
to plants and animal feed crops. Two cases of fluorine intoxi-
cation, one in a work place and the other affecting the general
population directly in air and via other environmental routes
are described. The primary health disturbance by inhalation of
fluorine compounds involves the face, nose and eyes; no inju-
ry was found by inhalation at less than 10 ppb. The accumula-
tion of fluorine from air to plants has been an important
problem. The human intake of fluorine via several routes is il-
lustrated. Chronic symptoms include macular teeth and osteos-
clerosis; dose-response relationships are known for the symp-
toms of both. Urinalysis of fluorine is described, emphasizing
the accumulation of fluorine from the air in vegetables.
83179
Yoshikawa, H.
INTOXICATION BY FLUORIDES. (Fukkabutsu chudoku).
Text in Japanese. Rodo no Kagaku (Dig. Sci. Labor), 31(4):4-9,
April 1976.
General problems of fluorides in ecological systems and of the
toxicity of fluorides are outlined. The natural background con-
centration of fluorine in air is 0.01-3.9 microgram/cu m and
that in drinking water is from trace to 10 ppm, in most cases
less than 0.1 ppm. The fluorine compounds to which workers
are exposed include molecular fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, and
several metal fluorides. The toxicity of inorganic fluorine com-
pounds is stressed, including gaseous fluorine, hydrogen
fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, boron trifluoride and oxygen
difluoride. The health hazard of fluorine compounds is
described in detail for inhalation and absorption from skin by
contact with fluoride particles in air. Chronic intoxication due
to fluorine compounds, fluorosis, is described in detail.
83798
Tanizawa, Y.
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON MAN, AS AIR
POLLUTANTS. (Taikiosen butsu to shite no fukkabutsu no nin-
gen e no eikyo). Text in Japanese. Rodo No Kagaku (Dig. Sci.
Labor), 31(4):17-21, April 1976. 1 ref.
Air pollution due to fluorine compounds has accompanied the
increase of aluminum and phosphate fertilizer production.
While plant damage due to airborne fluorine compounds has
been widely publicized, human injury has not. Refrigerants,
plastics, drugs and missile propellants are sources. In Japan
the ambient fluorine concentration is 0.1 -0.5 microgram F/cu m
in larger cities and 0.1-0.3 microgram F/cu m in smaller cities.
Epidemiological information on the effects of airborne fluorine
compounds on humans is given, including results of medical
examinations. Urinary fluorine, the frequency of macular
teeth, the frequency of complaints of cough, sputum, and
stridor, cases of osteosclerosis and of ECG findings, and thy-
roidal function disturbance, all of which indicate the degree of
human injury due to fluorine, are described. The route of
fluorine intake into the human body and the relationship of
respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, asthmatic
bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and pulmonary emphysema to
ambient fluorides around an aluminum refinery are described
in detail.
84137
Monturiol, J. M., J. Artalejo, J. Garrido, and J. Ruiz Zubero
SURVEY METHOD FOR CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. RESULTS
OF A PILOT STUDY IN THREE DIFFERENT POPULATION
GROUPS. (Metodologia de las encuestas sobre la bronquitis
cronica. Resultados de una encuesta piloto en tres grupos de
poblacion). Text in Spanish. Rev. Enf. Torax, 23(80-89):81-108,
1974. 13 refs.
The results of a survey on the incidence and causes of chronic
bronchitis (CB) carried out during 1972 and 1973 by means of
a questionnaire submitted to 7806 subjects (59% men and 1810
women) chosen from three different segments of the popula-
tion (5634 employees of Standard Electrica of Madrid; 609 per-
sons from various districts of Guadalajara; 1563 inhabitants of
six agricultural villages from the Madrid region) are reported.
The CB found in 1006 (12.86%) of the subjects was attributed
to cigarette smoking (75.15% of the men and 10% of the
women were smokers), and to socioeconomic conditions or
cold climate. Environmental pollution at the existing levels did
not influence the appearance of CB, as exemplified in the vil-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
327
lages of the Madrid region (308/1563 subjects with CBj with
clean air but a high number of smokers among the men
(76.19%), cold winters and the lowest average salaries of the
three groups sampled. Occupational air pollution, however, is
considered a high risk factor, especially when associated with
cigarette smoking. Of 860 workers at Standard Electrica (SE)
subjected to occupational exposure to air pollution for one
year or more, 207 (24%) developed CB; 402 were exposed to
dust (emery, wood, etc.), 330 to irritating chemical smoke or
gases from electrolytic baths (chromium, cyanides,
trichlorethylene, cadmium, nickel, fluorine, carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide, welding fumes, varnish naphtha and
synthetic or cellulose dyes, 128 were exposed to various types
of occupational air pollution for at least one year before being
hired by SE; 661 were cigarette smokers. Of 2656 SE workers
not exposed to air pollution risks, only 290 (10.9%) developed
CB; 2029 were smokers. A national survey using the British
Medical Council - type questionnaire is recommended by the
authors.
84233
Gylseth, Bjorn and Jorgen Jahr
SOME HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF WORKING IN ALUMINUM
REDUCTION POTROOMS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE USE OF ALUMINA FROM THE DRY- CLEANING
PROCESS OF SODERBERG POT-GASES. Staub, Reinhaltung
Luft, 35(12):43
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328
to concentrations of less than 10 ppb was not known. The
average content of fluorine in the urine of Japanese males is
0.69 plus or minus 0.58 mg/day.
84531
Suzuki, Y., S. Sakurai, and F. Tsunoda
STUDIES ON Affi POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORIDES. PART
18. ON THE NORMAL CONCENTRATION OF FLUORINE
IN JAPANESE BONES. (Fakkabutsu ni yoru taikiosen ni kansu-
ru kenkyu. Part 18. Nihonjinno kotsu-chu fusso nodo no seijo
chi ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan
J. Hyg.), 31(1):175, April 1976.
Reports that high accumulations fo fluorine have occurred in
the hard tissues of goats grown under conditions of air pollu-
tion from fluoride suggested the possibility of evaluation of
physiological pollutions and of diagnosis of osteoscleorosis
due to fluorine by analyzing the fluorine. The fluorine content
of Japanese skeletons was taken as a standard. Ruorine was
distributed relatively evenly in all bones. In persons older than
60 yr, the ash base fluorine content differed a little by posi-
tion; however, in general, it was higher in men than in women,
1250-1500 and 850-1250 ppm, respectively. With age (older
than 30), fluorine content showed a slowly increasing ten-
dency.
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329
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
00137
M. Treshow
RESPONSE OF SOME PATHOGENIC FUNGI TO SODIUM
FLUORIDE. Mycologia 57, (2) 216-21, Apr. 1965.
Growth rate of the 7 fungus isolates investigated was affected
when sodium fluoride was incorporated in the substrate.
Minimum concentrations required to inhibit growth varied
greatly among species ranging from as low as 0.0005 M for
Pythium debaryanum to as high as 0.01 M for Verticillium
albo-atrum and Helmmthosporium sativum. Growth rates of
Alternaria, Botrytis and Colletotrichum species were sup-
pressed when the fungi were grown at 0.005 M NaF and
higher. Since the rate of growth was considered far more
meaningful with regard to pathogenicity, radial growth mea-
surements comprised the bulk of the study. Stimulation of the
growth rate of some fungus species at certain concentrations
of NaF was also evidenced. Growth of both Botrytis and Col-
letotrichum species was accelerated by NaF concentrations of
0.001 M. Spore production of B. cinerea was markedly in-
hibited at higher NaF concentrations. Such an effect could be
particularly significant under field conditions if it occurred.
Sporulation of other species was not sufficient for the possible
effects of NaF to be definite. The response of fungi to NaF in
all instances was most pronounced near the optimal tempera-
ture for growth of the species in question. This relation of
temperature to growth response may be associated with the
rate of the NaF uptake. The more rapid growth at optimal
temperatures woulc cause a more rapid relative uptake of
fluorides during a shorter period of time causing a higher
fluoride buildup. It is the fluoride in the cell which is most sig-
nificant; not the concentration to which the cells are exposed.
00187
H. M. Benedict, J. M. Ross, and R. W. Wade
THE DISPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES BY
VEGETATION (FINAL REPT.). Stanford Research Inst., South
Pasadena, Southern California Labs., Apr. 1963. 28 pp.
Alfalfa, orchard grass, chard, endive, spinach, and romaine
lettuce were grown in sand culture and fumigated with
hydrogen fluoride in the atmosphere at concentrations primari-
ly undf 1.0 microgram/cu m. The fumigations were continu-
ous for periods as long as 4 months. Under the conditions of
the experiments, no significant effects of the fluorides were
found on the growth of aboveground portions of the plants as
long as the leaves did not develop any markings ascribable to
the fluorides. The results indicated that the growth of the roots
may have been suppressed slightly by the fumigations. Addi-
tional studies are needed to verify this result. Analysis of plant
organs and tissues indicated that the fluorides were taken in
by the leaves or chlorophyll-bearing tissue (stems of alfalfa)
and translocated to the leaf extremities. No evidence of
downward translocation was found. (Author)
00240
G. Dean M. Treshow
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE ON THE VIRULENCE OF TOBAC-
CO MOSAIC VIRUS IN VITRO. Utah Acad. Arts Sci. Proc.,
43, May 18, 1966. 4 pp.
This study was begun to determine if any relationship existed
between fluoride concentrations in plant foliage and the activi-
ty of viruses. Initially, it was of primary concern to develop a
technique to detect the possible influence of fluoride levels
below those causing visible symptoms on the infectivity of
tobacco mosaic virus. In vitro studies were conducted in order
to minimize the variance of results. Numerous research
modifications were investigated to increase and quantify the
number of lesions thereby increasing the reliability of the
bioassay test as well as provide a basis for evaluating possible
effects of fluoride on virus pathogenicity. Some of the
questions in developing this bioassay technique were: Could
fluoride be introduced into the leaves, the tissues kept viable,
and the virus inoculation carried out? Another important
question was: Is the fluoride contributing to the increase in le-
sion count or are other stress conditions of the technique pri-
mary contributions? Despite the many variables encountered
which affected lesion development, fluoride content of the
leaves also appeared to be a factor where tobacco mosaic
virus was concerned. At least this was the case under labora-
tory conditions where the variability could be minimized.
Under field conditions where virulence would be influenced by
so many more factors, the effect of fluoride may prove to be
negligible or not detectable. Even where close control of varia-
tion was maintained under in vitro conditions, results were not
completely consistent. On the whole though, the slight stimula-
tion of virus activity at foliar fluoride levels of 200 to 300 ppm
appeared significant. The suppression of lesion development at
higher fluoride levels was far more striking and proved to be
statistically significant. (Author)
00265
H. M. Benedict, J. M. Ross, and R. H. Wade
SOME RESPONSE OF VEGETATION TO ATMOSPHERIC
FLUORIDES (FINAL REPT.). J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
15(6):253-255, June 1965.
A study was made of the effects of environmental conditions
on fluoride uptake from the atmosphere and of internal
fluoride on cell wall permeability. The significant results ob-
tained indicated that alfalfa plants fumigated with hydrogen
fluoride at night accumulated fluoride about as rapidly as
plants fumigated during the day for the first three days. How-
ever, most of the fluoride accumulated at night could be
washed off the plants, indicating it was adsorbed on the sur-
face rather than taken into the plants. After three days, the
plants fumigated during the day showed a much more rapid ac-
cumulation of fluoride than those fumigated at night. When the
roots of plants are maintained in water cultures at 30 C, the
uptake of atmospheric fluroide by the tops was much less than
when the roots were held at 20 C even though the air tempera-
ture surrounding the tops of the plants was idential. The
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330
results suggest that additional studies on temperature effect on
fluoride uptake by vegetation would be a fruitful field of in-
vestigation. Preliminary results indicate that the cell walls of
plant tissues which have absorbed fluoride from the at-
mosphere have an increased permeability to solutes, based on
electrical resistance of water extracts. Again, further study is
needed to verify this point. (Authors' abstract)
00266
H. M. Benedict, R. H. Wade, and J. M. Ross
SOME CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF FLUORIDE COMPOUNDS AFTER CONCENTRATION
BY PLANTS IN LEAVES (FINAL REPT.). Stanford Research
Inst., South Pasadena, Southern California Labs. Apr. 1963. 16
pp.
Plants of orchard grass, alfalfa, and romaine lettuce which had
been exposed to atmospheric fluorides were dried, or frozen
and then dried, then extracted with various solvents. The sol-
vents were applied either singly, followed by water, or in suc-
cessive series, ending or beginning with water. The micro-
grams of fluoride recovered by each solvent and remaining un-
dissolved in the residue were determined and expressed as
such or expressed as parts per million of the dry weight of the
original material. The results show that: (1) Freezing the tis-
sues increases the ease with which fluorides are extracted by
the various solvents, especially water; (2) The greatest propor-
tion of the fluorides are extracted by water whether preceded
or followed by organic solvents; (3) Of the organic solvents
used, the petroleum ether extracted the most fluoride from the
plants, but the ratio of the amount thus extracted to the
amount extracted by water was similar to the ratio obtained
when pure potassium fluoride was extracted by these solvents;
(4) The actual amount of fluoride unextracted by the various
solvents is approximately the same for fumigated and control
plants; and (5) The proportion of fluorides extracted by water
is much greater from the fumigated plants than from the con-
trol plants. From all of these studies it is concluded that prac-
tically all of the fluorides absorbed as hydrogen fluoride by
plants from the atmosphere is retained in living cells in a
water-soluble, presumably inorganic form, although small
quantities of organic fluorides appear to be present. (Authors'
abstract)
00301
M. D. Thomas
GAS DAMAGE TO PLANTS. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 2, 293-
322, 1951.
A detailed review is given of gas damage to plants with
references containing important bibliographies. Investigations
on the effects on vegetation of sulfur dioxide, other sulfur-
containing gases, halogens and hydrogen halides, nitrogen ox-
ides, ammonia, mercury vapor, and carbon compounds are
cited and results discussed. Phytotoxicities of the different
gases seem to depend on (a) absorbability, which is related to
water solubility and reactivity with the tissues; (b) acidity or
alkalinity; (c) oxidation or reduction reactions; (d) hormonal
properties; and (e) toxicity of the element itself. Carbon
monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide are of com-
paratively low toxicity. Greater toxicity is evidenced by
chlorine and sulfur dioxide due to their rapid oxidizing or
reducing properties. The even greater toxicity of fluorine and
iodine compounds is due to their rapid absorption and inherent
toxicity as elements in themselves.
00600
J.S. Cass
FLUORIDES: A CRITICAL REVIEW. IV. RESPONSE OF
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY TO ABSORPTION OF INOR-
GANIC FLUORIDES. J. Occupational Med. Vol. 3(10):471-477,
Oct. 1961.
Author reviews the biological and toxic effects of fluorides on
animals. Presented are two charts depicting the response of
domestic animals to various levels of fluoride dosage, minimal
response and lethal response. A portion of the review is
directed to intoxication and poisoning by fluorides and the
conclusion by the author is there is no evidence in the litera-
ture of the development of a satisfactory or certainly benefi-
cial treatment for animals that have been poisoned by fluoride,
aside from symptomatic or supportive measures.
00631
D. C. McCune, A. E. Hitchcock, J. S. Jacobson, and L. H.
Weinstein
FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION AND GROWTH OF PLANTS
EXPOSED TO PARTICULATE CRYOLITE IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Vol. 23(1):1-12,
Mar. 1965.
The effects of air-borne particulate cryolite on the fluoride ac-
cumulation and growth of gladiolus, Milo maize, corn, tomato,
and alfalfa were studied in a series of experiments using expo-
sure periods of 9 to 49 days and atmospheric fluoride concen-
trations of 1.2 to 15 microgram cubic meter. Exposure to
cryolite resulted in 2- to 50-fold increases in the fluoride level
of foliage depending upon the duration of exposure, the at-
mospheric fluoride level, and the species or variety of plant.
Except for a small increase in tip burn over plants exposed to
ambient air in gladiolus, exposure to cryolite produced no visi-
ble injury and there was no effect of cryolite on growth or
yield. A comparison of the effects of an Alconox-EDTA wash
and position in the leaf on tissue fluoride levels in gladiolus
exposed to HF and cryolite indicates that the relative inactivi-
ty of cryolite results from an inability of the accumulated
fluoride to penetrate the leaf in a form that is physiologically
effective. (Author summary)
00633
A. E. Hitchcock, L. H. Weinstein, D. C. McCune, and J. S.
Jacobson
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON VEGETATION,
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SWEET CORN. J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc. 14, (12) 503-8, Dec. 1964. (Presented at
the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 21-25, 1964.)
Since 1951 many fumigation experiments have been carried
out with different species and varieties of plants, including
field corn and sweet corn. Results for gladiolus and Milo
maize have been summarized, but only brief mention has been
made of results obtained with corn. This report summarizes
some of the earlier results obtained with sweet corn, used
alone or in comparative tests with field corn in unreplicated
experiments and the results of replicated fumigation experi-
ments with Marcross sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and lamb's-
quarters (Chenopodium album L.) carried out in 1963. (Author
abstract)
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
331
00654
L. Ordin
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON CELL WALL
METABOLISM. Arch. Environ. Health Vol. 10(2):189-194, Feb.
1965. (Presented at the Seventh Annual Air Pollution Medical
Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 10-11, 1964.)
Pretreatment of oat coleopile sections with fluoride, ozone, or
PAN under conditions which inhibit potential growth 50% or
less results in more or less similar inhibitory responses in
metabolism of the cell wall. Metabolism of cellulose and of
glucan components of the more soluble hemicelluloses is in-
hibited more than is metabolsim of other cell wall components.
(Author summary)
00737
J.T. Middleton, L.O. Emik, O.C. Taylor
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA AND STANDARDS FOR
AGRICULTURE. J. Air Pollution Contort Assoc., 18(10):476-
480, Oct. 1965. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pol-
lution Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24,
19659)
Air pollution damage to crops is not only important for the
damage it causes agriculture but because vegetation damage is
a harbinger of air pollution problems affecting man and his
well-being. Some of the effects of varying dosages of
ethylene, fluoride, ozone, PAN, and sulfur oxides on plants
and animals are given. Knowledge of the response of certain
plants and animals to specific air pollutants permits the
establishment of air quality standards for certain of these pol-
lutants. The importance of environmental conditions on host
responses to these several toxicants is also presented to illus-
trate the need of stipulating environmental conditions as well
as toxicant dosages when establishing air quality criteria and
standards for the protection of the agricultural resource.
00788
C.-J. Lee, G.W. Miller, G.W. Welkie
THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND WOUND-
ING ON RESPIRATORY ENZYMES IN SOYBEAN LEAVES.
Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (London) Vol. 10, 169-181, 1966.
Soybeans were cultured in Hoagland's solution and fumigated
with hydrogen fluoride (ca 100 ppb). After 24, 96 and 144 hr of
fumigation, the enzyme activities of cytochrome oxidase,
peroxi- dase, catalase, polyphenol oxiddase, ascorbic acid ox-
idase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were assayed in
leaves from fumigated and control plants. The total oxygen up-
take after each time of treatment was measured. The effect of
mechanically wounding the tissue on the above enzymes was
determined by rubbing with carborundum. Glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase activity from fumigated leaves
showed an average increase of 5 to 22 times that of the con-
trol. Cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase and catalz.se activities
were markedly stimulated by fluoric.e fumigation period.
Ascorbic acid oxidase was stimulated at the initial state, then
showed a steady decrease in activity. In vitro tests revealed
that ascorbic acid oxidase and peroxidase were very sensitive
to fluoride ions. Polyphenol oxidase was only slightly inhibited
by 10 to the minus 2M KF solution. Cytochrome oxidase and
catalase were not affected by KF up to 10 to the minus 2M.
Total respiration throughout the treatment period showed an
accelerated rate. All enzymes studied were stimulated by
wounding. The effect of HF on respiration and specific en-
zymes is discussed in terms of direct effects and injury.
(Author abstract)
00920
D. C. McCune, L. H. Weinstein, J. S. Jacobson, and A. E.
Hitchcock
SOME EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON
PLANT METABOLISM. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
14(111:465-468, Nov. 1964. (Presented at the 85th Annual Meet-
ing, Air Pollution Control Association, Houston, Tex., June 21-
25, 1964.)
Leaves of Tendergreen bean plants exposed to atmospheric
fluoride concentrations in the range 1.7 to 7.6 cubic meter
showed increased levels of enolase activity and decreased
levels of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate. Phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxylase activity and oxalacetate were not affected. The
leaves of Milo maize plants exposed to 5.0 cubic F meter
showed increased levels of enolase and pyruvate kinase activi-
ty and a decreased level of pyruvate. Oxalacetate and a-
ketoglutatate levels were not affected. Catalase activity was
increased, then decreased by HF fumigation. The changes in-
duced by HF were greatest six to 10 days after the start of fu-
migation and disappeared or decreased in magnitude during the
post-fumigation period. (Author abstract)
00944
J. W. Suttie
EFFECTS OF INORGANIC FLUORIDES ON ANIMALS. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 14(ll):461-464, Nov. 1964.
(Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Houston, Tex., June 21-24, 1964.)
Fluoride toxicity in cattle can result from the ingestion of
forage contaminated by various industrial processes. The dis-
ease is recognizable through its effects on the developing
bones and teeth, by chemical analysis of urine and tissues and
in advanced stages by definite physiologic disturbances.
Definite effects on the well-being of cattle have been found to
be associated with levels of fluoride in the compact bone in
excess of 5,500 ppm, and marginal bones of from 4,500-5,500
ppm. The concentration of fluoride on forage which would be
needed to produce these concentrations in the skeleton would
depend on a large number of factors. Air quality standards
based on atmospheric fluoride levels do not seem feasible as a
means of protecting livestock from possible damage. It does
however appear that guidelines based on atmospheric fluoride
levels or urinary fluoride content might serve to protect
livestock in a community and be acceptable to fluoride
emitting industries. (Author summary)
00964
L. H. Weinstein, R. H. Mandl, D. C. McCune, J. S. Jacobson,
and A. E. Hitchcock
SEMI-AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF FLUORIDE IN BIOLOG-
ICAL MATERIALS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15(5):222-
225, May 1965.
A semi-automated method for determination of fluorine in
biological materials has been developed incorporating the
Technicon AutoAnalyzer. One-half gram of dried, ground
plant material is ashed, alkali-fused, diluted with water, and
the suspension is pumped, along with H2SO4, at controlled
rates, into the hot revolving glass helix of a digester unit. As
the acid-digest mixture passes through the heated coil, volatile
fluoride and water vapor are evolved. The volatile fluoride and
water vapor are pulled from the helix under reduced pressure
through a tube which projects into the helix. The tube, in turn,
is connected to a water-jacketed condenser and then to an
impinger where the sample is continuously mixed. An aliquot
of the impinger liquid is being constantly withdrawn. This sam-
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332
pie is then air-segmented and mixed with a reagent containing
alizarin complexone, pH 4 acetate buffer, lanthanum nitrate,
acetone, and water. The sample-reagent combination passes
through 4 full-length mixing coils where color development
takes place. Upon reacting with fluoride, the wine-red alizarin
complexone-La(III) reagent forms a lilac blue fluorine com-
plex. The solution is pumped from the mixing coils through the
tubular flow cell of the colorimeter. The absorbence of the
solution is measured at 624 millimicrons, and the signal is
transmitted to a recorder where the results are plotted on ab-
sorbency paper. The absorbence at the apex of the peak is
proportional to the amount of fluoride in the sample between
the range of 2.5-80 micrograms F. Samples are analyzed at a
rate of 12 per hour. Results compare favorably with those ob-
tained by Willard-Winter distillation. Recent studies indicate
that the F content of plant tissues can be estimated without
prior ashing and fusion. (Author abstract)
00979
D.C. McCune, A.E. Hitchcock, L.H. Weinstein
EFFECT OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE GROWTH
AND HF SENSITIVITY OF GLADIOLUS. Contrib. Boyce
Thompson Inst., Vol. 23:295-299, 1966.
The response of a given plant species to atmospheric fluorides
can be affected by many factors. Some of these factors reside
in the plant and others in the plant's environment. The availa-
bility of mineral nutrients may be one of the environmental
factors affecting the HF sensitivity of the plant. In beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exposed to acute HF fumigations,
foliar fluorosis symptoms were found only in plants grown on
a nitrate deficient medium although the tissue fluoride levels
were equal to or less than those of plants grown in other
nutrient media and exposed to the same HF concentrations.
The ocygen uptake of bean seedlings and the effect of HF fu-
migation upon it are altered by N, P, K, Ca, or Fe deficiency.
In other studies, however, nutrient excess, as well as nutrient
deficiency of N, P, or Ca, was associated with decreased
fluoride accumulation and injury in HF-fumigated tomatoes.
These apparent contradictions as to the effect of nutrient
stress may be due to apparent contradictions as to the effect
of nutrient stress may be due to the use of different fumiga-
tion regimes, different experimental procedures, and plants of
different species and ages. Experiments are reported which
were carried out to provide more information on the relation-
ship of nutrient stress to HF sensitivity and the nature of fac-
tors that may determine this relationship. (Author introduction)
01092
J. L. Shupe, M. L. Miner, and D. A. Greenwood
CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FLUORINE
TOXICOSIS IN CATTLE. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 3, 618-37, Apr.
24, 1964. Also published in J. Oral Therap. Pharmacol.
2(4):315, Jan. 1966.
Continued ingestion by cattle of forage containing fluorides at
a toxic level, coupled with the cumulative action of fluorine in
the animal body may cause chronic fluorine toxicosis. This has
become an important toxicologic problem in some areas of the
United States and other countries. Airborne contamination of
vegetation, soil, and water in feeding sections near certain
fluoride-emitting industries makes the occurrence of such ill-
ness in cattle a part of the overall air pollution problem as
well. Clinical and pathological data, developed from long-range
experiments in Utah, correlated with extensive field and
necropsy studies, are presented and analyzed in this paper.
The experiments, previously reported in detail, had four objec-
tives: (1) determination of how much fluorine could be
tolerated when fed with a normal grain mixture to dairy
animals from 3 months to 7 1/2 years in age; (2) influence on
the cow's body processes of various levels of fluorine through
a life span; (3) comparison of toxicities of various types of
fluorides; and (4) study and evaluation of the use of alleviators
in preventing fluorosis. Effects on the teeth, bones (especially
ribs), urine, milk production, hair and skin, soft tissues, blood,
placental transfer, and reproduction are discussed. The authors
concluded that: "The diagnosis, prevention, and control of
fluorosis in livestock can be achieved, but only when the com-
plexity of the disease is realized and the pathogenesis, sympto-
matology, and lesions are properly correlated, interpreted, and
evaluated.'
01250
M. Threshow
EVALUATION OF VEGETATION INJURY AS AN AIR POL-
LUTION CRITERION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (6)
266-9, June 1965.
Foliar markings on vegetation have proven a highly sensitive
criterion for the presence of many air pollutants; proper
evaluation of such effects can serve as a valuable and inex-
pensive tool for delineating an air pollution condition. Injury
symptoms from fluoride, sulfur dioxide, photochemical oxi-
dants and other pollutants have been described and can be
recognized by experienced observers. Several factors must be
considered in appraising injury. These include a knowledge of
the relative sensitivity of plant species to various pollutants,
the syndrome of injury on a number of plants and species, and
distribution and geographic relation of affected plants to the
suspected source. Background information on cultural, en-
vironmental, disease and insect conditions which might be
responsible for, or modify, foliar markings or chronic effects
in question must also be understood. For some pollutants a
chemical analysis of foliage and air may prove helpful. When
these factors are studied, the presence, distribution and mag-
nitude of an air pollution situation can be evaluated, thus
providing a sensitive criterion of air quality. (Author abstract
modified)
01398
G.H. Hepting
AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS TO SOME IMPORTANT SPE-
CIES OF PINE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 16(2):63-65,
Feb. 1966.
In the past, many species of pine have been severely damaged
by acute forms of air pollution associated with ore smelting.
More recently, damage to ponderosa pine in the State of
Washington has been associated with atmospheric fluoride,
and this species in particular has also suffered smog damage in
southern California. In the East, whie pine has been declining
in the vicinity of certain soft-coal-burning power plants, and in
one case downwind from an oil-burning power plant; also,
throughout the East, an atmospheric oxidant of unknown
source has caused a type of needle blight on white pine. Trash
burners and city dump combustion have led to the killing of
certain pine species, leaving other intermixed pine species un-
harmed. Localized damage to white pine from automobile ex-
haust has been observed. Differences in the susceptibility of
neighboring trees of the same species to a given air pollutant
have been observed repeatedly. (Author abstract)
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
333
01506
J. S. Jacobson, L. H. Weinstein, D. C. Me Cune, and A, E.
Hitchcock
THE ACCUMULATION OF FLUORINE BY PLANTS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 16 (8) 412-417, Aug. 1966.
The accumulation and distribution of fluorine in plant leaves
and the response of plants to concentrations of atmospheric
fluoride similar to those in urban or industrial areas were stu-
died. Chlorosis, necrosis, or growth suppression of leaves of
sensitive plants may be induced by extended exposure to at-
mospheric fluoride concentrations of 0.6 microgram/cubic me-
ter. In other air pollutants higher concentrations are required
for injury to occur. The results indicate that at least 3 factors
determining the response of plants to atmospheric F are the lo-
cation of F. surface Oi interior, translocation of F to tips and
margins, and the degree of interchange of F between the in-
terior and exterior of a leaf.
01557
M. J. Bossavy
CANKERS CAUSED BY FLUORINE). (LES NECROSES
DUES AU FLUOR.) Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), 8(30):176-184, June
1966.
The shape, color and evolution of cankers caused by fluorine,
according to the stage of development reached by the leaf for
a certain number of leafy and resinous plants are described.
Cankers caused by fluorine may be confused with the effects
of cold, dryness or insect attacks, and very close observation
is needed to avoid such confusion. Pen drawings showing dif-
ferences between cankered parts and healthy parts are in-
cluded. (Author summary)
01664
C.W. Chang C.R. Thompson
SITE OF FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION IN NAVEL ORANGE
LEAVES. Plant Physiol. 41, (2) 211-3, Feb. 1966
Fluoride-polluted navel orange leaves, Citrus sinensis (Linn.)
Osbeck, were fractionated into the subcellular components in
hexane carbon tetrachloride mixtures having various densities.
Fluoride was determined at each fraction. Analyses were also
made for the subcellar distribution of chlorophyll, nitrogen,
and DNA to assess the extent of cross-contamination of each
component. The fraction containing cell wall, nuclei, and
partly broken cells apparently contained a major amount of
fluoride. However, if allowance was made for the cross- con-
tamination of chloroplast and chloroplast fragments, the frac-
tion of chloroplasts was found to be the site of the highest
fluoride accumulation. When each particulate component was
washed with water after drying, the combined washings con-
tained more than 50% of the total fluoride of the isolated frac-
tions. The usual method of fluoride accumulation from the
fraction of chloroplasts to that of the supernatant. (Author
summary)
01705
S. S. Woltz
DISTINCTIVE EFFECTS OF ROOT VERSUS LEAF
ACQUIRED FLUORIDES. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 77,
516-7, 1964. (Meeting was held in Miami, Fla., Nov. 3-6, 1964.)
In connection with studies of the effects of fluoride air pollu-
tion on plant growth, the question arises as to whether soil-
borne fluorides may contribute significantly to the fluoride
content of plants and thus add to the toxicity of airborne
fluorides. After extensive research, Maclntire and others con-
cluded that with normal agricultural soils of low acidity,
fluoride uptake by the roots does not occur to any significant
degree. The experiments to be reported were carried out to
determine the applicability of these conclusions to Florida con-
ditions and to determine whether the effects of soil fluorides
could be distinguished from those of atmospheric fluorides.
01800
R.H. Daines, LA. Leone, E. Brennan
AIR POLLUTION AS IT AFFECTS AGRICULTURE IN NEW
JERSEY. Rutgers - The The State Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.,
Agricultural Experiment Station. (Bulletin 794).
Plant damage in New Jersey from sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
fluoride, herbicides, ozone, and from oxidants other than
ozone is discussed. Relevant literature is reviewed.
01809
J.T. Middleton
TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE. Arch. Environ.
Health 8, 19-23, Jan. 1964. (Presented at the Sixth Annual Air
Pollution Medical Research Conference, San Francisco, Calif.,
Jan. 28-29, 1963.)
Plant damage from particulates, oxidants, ozone, ethylene,
fluoride and sulfur dioxide are discussed. The trends in
California are emphasized. The relevant literature is reviewed.
02041
L. de Cormis
(COMPARISON OF THE ACTIONS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
AND FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON SOME PLANTS.) Action
Comparee de 1' Anhydride Sulfureux et des Derive Fluores Stir
Quelques Vegetaux. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., Lon-
don, 1966. (Paper VI/5. pp. 173-3.
Sulphur dioxide and fluorine compounds are well-known pol-
luting agents. In many industrial areas in France they are the
cause of appreciable damage to the surrounding vegetation.
The appearance and the morphology of the burns vary accord-
ing to the polluting agent involved; moreover, the climatic con-
ditions have a preponderating influence on the extent of the
damage observed. The absorption rates of the two polluting
agents have been studied and there is an important difference
between the two gaseous pollutants. After having been ab-
sorbed, sulphur dioxide and the fluorine compounds behave
differently in the plant. This may be explained by the fact that
sulphur is a normal metabolite of the plant, whereas the
fluorine ion is irrelevant to it and does not therefore take part
in any normal metabolic process. It accumulates in certain
definite parts where it could cause necroses when a certain
level has been overstepped. (Author abstract)
02049
J. Bossavy
(THE ACTION OF GASEOUS FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON
FOREST SPECIES.) Action des Fluorures Gazeux Sur les
Especes Forestieres. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., Lon-
don, 1966. (Paper VI/13). pp. 193-6.
Very close study of vegetation makes it possible to reduce a
pollution by examining only the canker or burning which this
examination shows occurs on the vegetation around the sta-
tion- herbaceous flowers, shrubs and trees. The time at which
such a programme should start must be judiciously decided.
The possibility of proceeding with sampling and analysis of
leaves or (pine) needles remains. It appears that in the USA
the tendency is to establish a single pollution by chemical anal-
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334
ysis of the air which, incidentally, does not provide informa-
tion on the damage caused to plants and animals. In the
USSR, on the contrary, Dr. Izmerov takes examination of
vegetations as the basis for determining air quality. The author
thinks that this latest type of study requires sustained atten-
tion, and sense of observation, extensive knowledge of vegeta-
ble biology, and of the kinds of attack to which various
vegetable forms are liable. It makes it possible to place diagno-
sis of pollution-by fluorine (compounds) on firm basis. (Author
abstract)
02200
M.R. Pack
RESPONSE OF TOMATO FRUITING TO HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE AS INFLUENCED BY CALCIUM NUTRITION. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (10) 541-4, Oct. 1966.
An investigation of the response of tomato fruiting to at-
mospheric HF and the influence of calcium nutrition is
described. Two varieties of tomatoes grown at 40-200 ppm.
calcium were continuously fumigated with HF throughout
flowering and fruit development. Fluoride injury to the tomato
foliage was most severe at the lowest calcium level. Treatment
with HF about 3 micrograms g.F/cu m produced some injury
to tomato foliage but had no apparent effect on fruiting. The
relationship between fluoride injury and calcium nutrition sug-
gests interference with calcium metabolism as a mechanism of
fluoride injury to plants.
02379
C. R. Thompson.
THE TOTAL EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON BEARING
CITRUS. Preprint. 1965.
The three field installations of plastic covered greenhouse
established over bearing lemon and orange trees will be con-
tinued for one, two and three years, respectively, until five
years of data are obtained at each installation on the effects of
air pollutants on fruit yield, leaf drop, fruit quality and storage
stability of fruit. More refined measurements of the more
basic responses of the trees, apparent photosynthesis, respira-
tion and transpiration will be made and correlated with the oc-
currence of specific pollutants in the air. The way in which ox-
idants cause increased leaf drop will be studied. The effects of
very low levels of fluoride on trees will be investigated to find
out whether or not there may be a significant stimulation of
the above mentioned responses, especially fruit yield. The ef-
fect of nitrogen dioxide will be examined in the fractions of
one part per million range. Interrelationships between the
presence of air pollutants and beneficial or deleterious insects
will be examined. An attempt will be made to determine
threshold levels of pollutants below which no injury occurs to
plants. A concerted effort will be made to overcome the ex-
cessive fruit abortion of navel oranges by the application of
antioxidants. Results of some of the studies in the following
categories are reported: photosynthesis; fruit yield, transpira-
tion; leaf carbohydrate levels; anthrone reducing car-
bohydrates in citrus leaves; leaf drop. (Author summary
modified)
02382
L. H. Weinstein, P. Preuss, D. C. Mccune, J. S. Jacobson, D.
C. MacLean, and A. I. Lemmens.
METABOLISM OF 2-(C-14)-FLUOROACETATE BY HIGHER
PLANTS. Preprint. 1965.
In recent years several plants have been shown to have the
capacity to biosynthesize fluoro-organic compounds from inor-
ganic fluorides. Several species of Dichapetalum have been
shown to be somewhat toxic to animals and to induce in-
creased levels of citric acid in kidney and brain tissues of
mammlas, a condition induced by fluoracetate poisoning. The
experiments described in this paper were carried out to study
the metabolism of 2-14C-fluoroacetate in seedlings of Acacia,
peanut, castor bean, and Pinto bean, the synthesis of
fluoroacetate from NaF in Acacia, and to develop analytical
methods for microgram amounts of fluoroacetate and other
fluoro-organic compounds.
02516
Lovelace, J., G. W. Miller, and G. W. Welkie
THE ACCUMULATION OF FLUOROACETATE AND
FLUOROCITRATE IN FORAGE CROPS COLLECTED NEAR
A PHOSPHATE PLANT. Atmos. Environ., Vol. 2, p. 187-190,
1968. 10 refs.
Plants were collected from an area high in atmospheric
fluoride. Animals grazing on this area showed severe fluoride
injury. Analyses of plants indicated accumulation of
fluorocitrate and fluoroacetate at concentrations of 896 micro-
grams and 179 micrograms per gram leaf dry wt. The presence
of these compounds was established by chromatographic
techniques, inhibition of aconitase and i.r. spectral analysis.
(Authors' abstract)
02537
G. Seidman
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. African Violet
Mag. 18, (3) 44-7, Mar. 1965
The first indication of an air pollution problem is often the in-
jury that appears on comparatively sensitive vegetation. Some
plants are more resistant than others to a given phytotoxicant.
Plant injury from air pollution is caused primarily by the major
gaseous pollutants (sulfur dioxide, fluoride gases, ethylene,
and the components of the photochemical smog complex) and
is produced in various ways in urban or industrial areas. These
major pollutants and several of the minor pollutants are
discussed in this paper.
03116
G. Tendron
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON ANIMALS AND
PLANTS. European Conf. on Air Pollution, Strasbourg, 1964.
pp. 25-69.
There is no doubt as to the effects of air pollution on plants
and animals, particularly in the case of a few specific and very
dangerous pollutants which are emitted in considerable quanti-
ties. In certain regions of Europe, life depends on immediate
steps being taken to protect flora and fauna. There is no doubt
that they will need to be mainly of a technical nature. It is a
matter of reducing the discharge of polluted waste and at-
tenuating, if not completely eliminating, the dangers involved.
The necessary technical research must be organised in such a
way as to cover all the different aspects of animal and plant
life, the safety of which is indissolubly bound up with that of
human life. In the Netherlands, a team of workers succeeded
in arresting the devastation of horticultural crops by fluorine
emissions thanks to the use, during the period of growth, of a
raw material which when processed did not give off toxic
fumes. In France, the Association for the Prevention of Air
Pollution has set up a study group known as the 'Committee
for studying the effects of air pollution on cultivated plants
and animals' to standardise working methods throughout the
country. Mention should also be made of the Norwegian and
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
335
British studies of the preventive effects of various fluorine al-
leviators and the research being done in the Federal Republic
of Germany on the stimulation of plant nutrition by industrial
emissions, as well as on countering the effects of such emis-
sions by the addition of fertilisers. These few achievements
show the importance of rational organisation and cooperation
in research.
03360
C. W. Chang and C. R. Thompson
EFFECT OF FLUORINE ON NUCLEIC ACIDS AND
GROWTH IN GERMINATING CORN SEEDLING ROOTS.
Physiol. Plantarum 19, 911-8, 1966.
Corn seeds were treated with 0.01 M sodium fluoride for vari-
ous time periods. The treated seeds were germinated and
grown until the seedling roots reached a standard size of 12
plus/minus 3 mm. Analyses were made for RNA and DNA
contents of 3-mm seedling root tips. Determinations also were
made for growth rate, rate of cell elongation, cell multiplica-
tion, and tissue maturity of 12-mm roots. RNA contents of 3-
mm root tips were found to be directly proportional to the
growth rates of the entire seedling root of corn seeds treated
with sodium fluoride for various periods of time. The RNA
content was reduced on a cell basis and was independent of
the root tip cell number. The amount of DNA was not related
to the growth rate of the intact seedling roots. Since fluoride
reduced the number of mitotic multiplication not more than
about 40 per cent of the control figures, it was likely that
fluoride inhibited DNA synthesis during the interphase of the
mitotic cycle. Growth by cell multiplication was inhibited more
than that by cell elongation in the sample treated with fluoride
for a shorter period. The two types of growth, however,
showed a similar level of growth reduction in the sample
treated with fluoride for a longer period. Fluoride seemed to
reduce the rates of cellular elongation and value in these tis-
sues under present experimental conditions. Fluoride also in-
duced maturity in the seedling roots in proportion to the
periods of fluoride treatment. (Author abstract)
03395
M.D. Thomas
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. World Health
Organ. Monograph Ser. 46 (Air Pollution), 1961. pp. 233-78.
The literature on the effects of air pollution on plants has been
reviewed with special reference to those pollutants that
present major problems - viz., SO2, HF, London type smog,
and Los Angeles type smog. The others, which are definitely
of minor importance, are referred to more briefly. SO2 has
long been recognized as an air pollutant because it arises from
the combustion of nearly all fuels, especially coal, and from
the roasting of sulfide ores. It is phytotoxic in concentrations
above 0.1 x 0.2 p.p.m., depending on the length of exposure.
Below about 0.4 p.p.m., the gas tends to be oxidized in the
cells as rapidly as it is absorbed, and interference with func-
tions such as photosynthesis is slight. Toxic concentrations of
sulfate are finally accumulated. Chronic rather than acute inju-
ry, if any, is generally manifested with these small concentra-
tions. Above about 0.4 p.p.m., acute injury occurs more
frequently, owing to the reducing properties of sulfate in the
cells. Temporary interference with photosynthesis or 'invisible
injury' can occur to some extent, but these concentrations
cause acute injury if maintained for more than short periods,
and recovery is rapid when the fumigation is stopped. HF
behaves somewhat similarly to SO2, except that with a few
species of plants it is effective in causing lesions and interfer-
ing with photosynthesis in concentrations 2 or 3 orders of
magnitude smaller than in the case of SO2. With most species
it is up to 10 times as effective as SO2. Fluoride accumulated
in the cells in sublethal amounts interferes with photosynthesis
as does sulfite, but whereas the latter is deactivated by simple
oxidation to sulfate, the former must be removed by transloca-
tion, volatilization, or some obscure chemical reaction, which
makes much slower the recovery of the plant functions after
HF fumigation. There appears to be a concentration of HF for
each species below which 'invisible injury' does not occur.
The Los Angeles type smog is fairly well understood as to its
mode of formation and its phytotoxic effects, but the actual
compounds that cause these effects are still unknown. The
smog causes characteristic leaf lesions which are quite dif-
ferent from those produced by other pollutants, including
ozone, which may be a constituent of the smog. It also causes
some 'invisible' injury. Visible damage to crops in Southern
and Northern California was estimated at over $5 000 000 and
$1 100 000 respectively, annually, in 1956. (Author summary
modified)
03472
C. S. Brandt
AIR POLLUTION EWECTS ON VEGETATION. Conn. Med.
27, (8) 484-6, Aug. 1963.
The effects of air pollution particularly of sulfur dioxide,
fluorides and photochemical smog on plants are briefly
reviewed. The characteristic symptoms of air pollution injury
to plants can be useful tool in field surveys. Great care must
be exercised in using plants as indicators of air pollution,
because many factors affect the symptoms, development, and
interpretation of plant indicators.
03549
D. F. Adams
AN AIR POLLUTION PHYTOTRON (A CONTROLLED EN-
VIRONMENT FACILITY FOR STUDIES INTO THE EF-
FECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON VEGETATION). J. Air
Pollution control Assoc. 11, (10) 470-6, Oct. 1961. (Presentrd at
the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
The facilities described have been used in the study of the in-
fluence of atmospheric fluoride pollution on plant response.
The design concepts and resultant equipment are equally ap-
plicable to similar plant studies using other atmospheric pollu-
tants. Only relatively minor changes in the atmosphere-
producing equipment would be required. So-called field condi-
tions cannot be produced in a phytotron chamber since the ob-
jective is one of a completely controlled plant environment.
However, numerous parameters such as (a) stem elongation
and diameter, (b) leaf size and development, (c) chlorophyll,
sugar, carbohydrate, and enzyme content, and (d) respiration
and photosynthetic rates, etc., readily respond to all phases of
the plant environment and thus introduce difficulties in
separating the response to these variables from that of the air
pollutant. Thus the availability of such an air pollution
phytotron promises to eliminate much of the present uncer-
tainty involved in relating physiological and biochemical mea-
surements with air pollution.
03570
G. G. Applegate, D. F. Adams, and R. C. Carriker.
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS FLUORTOE SOLUTIONS OF
RESPIRATION OF INTACT BUSH BEAN SEEDLINGS. I. IN-
HIBITION AND STIMULATION OF OCYGEN UPTAKE. Am.
J. Botany 47, (5) 339-45, May 1960.
-------
336
Intact bush bean seedlings were infiltrated with 1 x 10 to the
minus 1, 1 x 10 to the minus 2, 1 x 10 to the minus 3, and 1 x
10 to the minus 4 M fluoride. A linear relationship was found
to exist between the fluoride concentrations of the infiltrating
solutions and tissue fluoride. The higher fluoride concentra-
tions inhibited oxygen uptake, whereas lower fluoride concen-
trations accelerated oxygen uptake. Both inhibition and ac-
celeration of oxygen uptake by fluoride were modified by
light, CO2, and presence or absence of chlorophyll. (Author
abstract)
03571
H. G. Applegate and D. F. Adams.
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON RESPIRATION
OF BUSH BEANS. Botan. Gaz. 121, (4) 223-7, June 1960.
The oxygen uptake in bush-bean plants is accelerated when
the plants are exposed to atmospheric fluoride at concentra-
tion levels below those inducing visible foliar symptoms of
fluorosis. Under the environmental conditions used in this ex-
periment, fluoride uptake of bean plants given a 24-hour fu-
migation just prior to the day of sampling was relatively con-
stant from the eighth to the twentieth days of growth. Similar
plants fumigated continuously from planting until harvest
showed steadily increasing amounts of tissue fluoride because
of the greater duration of exposure. Under the 24-hour fumiga-
tion the daily rate of fluoride accumulation tended to increase
until after the plants had emerged and then remained relatively
constant; under continuous fumigation the rate tended to in-
crease throughout. (Author summary)
03572
H. G. Applegate and D. F. Adams.
'INVISIBLE INJURY' OF BUSH BEANS BY ATMOSPHERIC
AND AQUEOUS FLUORIDES. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution
3, (4) 231-48, 1960. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, American
Society of Plant Physiologists, San Diego, Calif., June 17, 1959.)
Bush beans, Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis, when subjected
to either gaseous fluoride or solutions containing fluoride,
have abnormal oxygen uptake when compared with similar
plants not subjected to fluoride. Plants given gaseous fluoride
for 24 hours prior to harvest consistently had greater oxygen
uptake than their control counterparts. Plants given continuous
fluoride from time of germination had, with the exception of a
short period around the fifth day, greater oxygen uptake than
their control plants. Between the fourth and sixth days, con-
tinuously fumigated plants had a lower oxygen uptake than the
unfumigated control plants. There appeared to be little dif-
ference in respiration patterns between gaseous fluoride-
mediated respiration and aqueous fluoride-mediated respira-
tion. This physiological disturbance induced by fluoride which
has been demonstrated is considered to be an example of 'in-
visible injury', by classical definition. (Author abstract)
03611
J. T. Middleton
CLEAN AIR FOR GOOD CITRUS. Western Citrus Grower
l(6):6-9, June 1958. (Found in Western Fruit Grower 12, (6),
June 1958.)
The adverse effects of polluted air on citrus crops are
reviewed. Included in the discussion are the effects of sulfur
dioxide, ozone, oxidants and fluorides. It is concluded that
abatement measures must be taken to protect agricultural
areas.
03612
J. T. Middleton, E. F. Darley, R. F. Brewer
DAMAGE TO VEGETATION FROM POLLUTED AT-
MOSPHERES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 8, 9-15, May
1958. (Presented at the 22nd Midyear Meeting, American
Petroleum Inst. Division of Refining, Philadelphia, Pa., May 14,
1957.)
Damage to vegetation from polluted atmospheres has been
recognized for more than a century. Early interest in air pollu-
tion centered largely on smoke and fumes from industrial
wastes, particularly those of chemical manufacture, smelting,
ceramic production, and coal and petroleum conbustion ef-
fluents. Vegetation damage has increased with industrialization
and urban development. Whereas the principal plant toxicants
recognized several decades ago were sulfur dioxide and
fluorine, in the last decade a new group of airborne phytotoxi-
cants has been described and identified as oxidants. The prin-
cipal source of these oxidants is believed to be photolysis
reaction products of auto exhaust. Atmospheric contaminants
responsible for damage to vegetation may be described as par-
ticulates - such as dusts and acid aerosols - and gases - such as
sulfur dioxide, halogens, oxidized organics, ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and carbon monoxide. Of
these diverse pollutants, gases generally cause more damage to
plants than do particulates.
03613
J. T. M'adleton A. O. Paulus
THE IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF AIR POL-
LUTANTS THROUGH PLANT RESPONSE. A.M.A. Arch. Ind.
Health 14, 526-32, Dec. 1956. (Taken from a paper presented at
the 17th Annual Meeting, American Industrial Hygiene Associa-
tion, Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 23-27, 1956.)
This paper presents an annual summary of monthly tabulations
showing plant damage occurring in 12 of 51 counties. Regional
tabulations show that plant damage is limited to the San Fran-
cisco Bay area and the coastal plain of southern California.
The areas reporting plant damage are those of greatest popula-
tion density. The toxicants responsible for plant damage are
recognized in decreasing order of importance as oxidized
hydrocarbons, ethylene and fluorides. Sulfur dioxide is of
unusual occurrence and its distribution usually associated with
specific industrial wastes. It is generally believed that ozone is
present in the urban areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco
and responsible for a significant part of the total atmospheric
pollution. The wide-spread distribution of ethylene and smog,
or reaction products from the oxidation of hydrocarons,
emphasizes the need for regional, research and abatement pro-
grams.
03616
J. T. Middleton, A. S. Crafts, R. F. Brewer, O. C. Taylor
PLANT DAMAGE BY AIR POLLUTION. Calif. Agr. 9-12,
June 1956.
In many of the important growing areas of California the
production and quality of vegetables and crops are adversely
affected by air-borne toxicants such as ethylene, fluorides,
herbicides, oxidized hydrocarbons, ozone and sulfur dioxide.
Injury to plants by oxidized hydrocarbons (smog) is distinctly
different from crop damage by the other above named precur-
sors. Leaves of celery, lettuce, spinach, and some other
vegetables, and of flower crops and African violets usually
show silvering and glazing on their lower surfaces, sometimes
followed by a bronze or reddish discoloration. Examples of
the plant damage are shown in color photographs. Visivle inju-
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
337
ry to all crops in the Los Angeles areas has caused losses ex-
ceeding $3,000,000 annually since 1953. This does not include
economic losses from reduced growth and lowered production
in the absence of visible injury.
03629
03629 G. W. Todd
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF PLANTS TO AIR POL-
LUTANTS. J. Appl. Nutr. 10, 456-8, 1957. (Presented at the
20th Annual National Convention, American Academy of Nutri-
tion, Los Angeles, Calif., 1956.)
The mechanisms whereby plants are damaged and the various
ways in which they may show manifestations after fumigation
by air pollutants are reviewed. The discussion is primarily con-
cerned with the effects of ozone, ozonated unsaturated
hydrocarbons, naturally-occurring air pollutants in the Los An-
geles basin, and to a small extent hydrogen fluoride.
03676
G. H. Hepting and C. R. Berry
DIFFERENTIATING NEEDLE BLIGHTS OF WHITE PINE IN
THE INTERPRETATION OF FUME DAMAGE. Intern. J. Air
Water Pollution 4(1/2): 101-105, 1961. (Presented at 3rd Na-
tional Air Pollution Seminar, New Orleans, La., Mar. 23, 1960.)
Because of chronic blighting of the foliage of white pine in
recent years in east Tennessee, the U.S. Forest Service and
TVA have renewed investigation of the white pine blight com-
plex. The eastern white pine is subject to an unusually large
assortment of maladies, which could be and have been con-
fused with fume damage. It has proven to be difficult to assess
the possible role of air pollution in such cases unless one can
clearly differentiate the symptoms of fume damage from those
of other troubles that so often occur in the same areas. White
pine eastern and western are regarded sensitive to such pollu-
tants as sulfur dioxide and fluoride. One of the primary objec-
tives has been to learn how to distinguish and separate the
needle troubles occurring on white pine in'the southeast that
can now be attributed to a pathogen. Three that can be recog-
nized as distinct entities are discussed in this paper: Emer-
gence tipburn, post-emergence acute tipburn, and post-emer-
gence chronic tipburn.
03729
A. H. Mohamed, J. D. Smith, H. G. Applegate
CYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON
TOMATO CHROMOSOMES. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 8, (3) 575-
83, Sept. 1966.
Study was undertaken to determine if hydrogen fluoride
caused any cytogenetic effects on tomato plants at a concen-
tration too low to induce visible injury. Also, preliminary stu-
dies on plants of the Cl generation showed abnormal pheno-
types indicating that hydrogen fluoride has the ability to
change directly or indirectly the normal pattern of develop-
ment. It was concluded that hydrogen fluoride may be con-
sidered to have a mutagenic action on tomato chromosomes.
03766
Merrill, Malcolm H.
RECEPTOR EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. American
Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., Committee on Air Pollu-
tion, Interdisciplinary Conf. Atmos. Pollut., Santa Barbara,
Calif., 1959, p. 1-6. W refs. (June.)
Some harmful effects of air pollutants on man and plants are
described. There is a positive relationship between air pollu-
tion and emphysema and bronchitis. The lung function of pa-
tients with emphysema improves considerably when these pa-
tients are taken out of polluted air and placed from one to two
days in a room with air passed through activated charcoal fil-
ters. Most of California plant damage is caused by a group of
airborne contaminants which include ethylene, fluorides, ox-
idized, hydrocarbons, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. All can be
identified by plant response. Ethylene is derived from chemi-
cal manufacturing processes and motor vehicle traffic. It
causes poor leaf formation in some flowers, leaf irregularities
and poor flower formation in others. Failure of carnation blos-
soms to open, flower drop in snapdragons, and withering and
drying of petals of some types of orchids are attributed to the
toxicity of ethylene. Prune, apricot, and peach trees are espe-
cially susceptible and can be damaged by hydrogen fluoride in
concentration as low as 0.02 to 0.05 ppm. This is a problem of
special concern to agriculture in the vicinity of a certain
number of operations in which fluorides are emitted to the at-
mosphere.
03860
N. R. Benson
FLUORIDE INJURY OR SOFT SUTURE AND SPLITTING
OF PEACHES. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 74, 184-98, Dec. 1959.
A serious disorder of peaches in which the fruit prematurely
develops soft red flesh along the suture toward the apex oc-
curred in an area (near Wenatchee, Washington) having
fluoride polluted air. The symptoms were reproduced experi-
mentally by spraying fluoride on the trees and also by subject-
ing the trees to an atmosphere containing water-scrubbed
fumes from heated cryolite. The condition was shown to be
recognizably different from furit symptoms resulting from 2,4-
D or 2,4,5-T. In the polluted area, trees sprayed with lime or
calcium chloride produced normal fruit. The period of retarded
growth (pit hardening) was the time when lime sprays were
most effective in preventing the damage. It is concluded that
there is a causal relationship between the soft suture disorder
and the fluoride pollution of the air. (Author summary)
03873
I. A. Leone, E. G. Brennan, R. H. Daines W. R. Robbins
SOME EFFECTS OF FLUORINE ON PEACH, TOMATO,
AND BUCKWHEAT WHEN ABSORBED THROUGH THE
ROOTS. Soil Sci., 66, 259-266, Dec. 1948.
The specific objectives of this experiment were to ascertain:
(a) amounts of fluorine required in the substrate to produce
visible injury in the plant when sodium fluoride is absorbed
through the roots; (b) the length of time required for the plant
to show external symptoms of fluorine injury; (c) charac-
teristic pattern of injury produced on plant foliage as a result
of fluorine absorption through the roots; and (d) the relation
between the amount of fluorine in the substrate and that accu-
mulated in the plant tissue. Concentrations of 200 and 400
p.p.m. of fluorine in the nutrient solution caused the death of
peach, tomato, and buckwheat plants in a short time. At a
concentration of 100 p.p.m. fluorine, peach and buckwheat
were severely injured in 3 days, whereas tomato required a
considerably longer time, 18 days, for symptoms to appear. At
concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 p.p.m. fluorine, peach and
buckwheat were moderately injured within 13 days, whereas
tomato required as long as 48 days for symptoms to appear. At
a concentration of 10 p.p.m. fluorine, peach leaves showed in-
jury, but neither tomato nor buckwheat showed any foliage
damage. Where actibely growing plants were involved, injury
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338
first appeared on the tips of the younger leaves, then extended
along the leaf margin and finally inward toward the midrib. In
each case the injury appeared as a scorching of the affected
areas; however, when injury symptoms appeared on peaches
approaching the dormant stage, the youngest fully expanded
leaves first showed injury in the form of marginal scorching.
At the highest fluorine concentrations, necrosis was preceded
by a general wilting of the plant, probably as a result of root
injury. The injury in this case progressed frommthe petioles
and veins outward through the leaf blades. Here again there
was a bleaching of the original brown color to a buff color
with time. In all three plant species, fluorine accumulation in
the tissues varied with the amount of fluorine in the nutrient
substrate, increasing as the fluorine concentration was in-
creased. In every case the amount of fluorine in the leaves
greatly exceeded that of the stems.
04403
R. F. Brewer, R. K. Creveling, F. B. Guillemet, and F. H.
Sutherland
THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE GAS ON SEVEN
CITRUS VARIETIES. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 75, 236-43,
1960.
The fumigation experiment, discussed in this paper was
designed to determine the effects of exposure to HF gas on
growth, fluoride accumulation, and development of toxicity
symptoms by 7 varieties of citrus. Trees were divided into two
duplicate groups, each containing four trees of a given variety.
One group was placed in a greenhouse fumigation chamber
receiving air containing 10-12 ppb F as HF. The other group
was placed in the duplicate control chamber which received
clean, filtered air. The method of analysis for determining
fluorine content of plant material was a modification of the
Willard-Winter distillation procedure. Accurately rating the
varieties as to their relative sensitivity is somewhat difficult,
however, because of the wide variations in type as well as
degree of response. If degree of chlorosis were the sole
criterion, the two lemon varieties would be considered the
most sensitive. On the other hand, the Valencia and navel
orange would be rated more sensitive than the lemons if gross
growth response (linear growth, truck diameters, and weight of
tops) were the criteria used. An unexpected but significant
result of these studies was the apparent evidence of so-called
'hidden injury', that is, decreased vigor and growth (growth
defined here as gain in dry weight) disproportionate to the
amount of leaf areas rendered photosynthetically inactive due
to necrosis. This type of injury is almost impossible to diag-
nose in the field because it can only be recognized when one
has a healthy, vigorous tree which has received fluoride-free
air for comparison. Actually, the injury was not entirely 'hid-
den' because it was accompanied by a considerable degree of
chlorosis. Unfortunately, as was pointed out previously, the
chlorosis patterns varied considerably with variety, and to
some extent from leaf to leaf within any given variety. This,
of course, makes visual diagnosis extremely difficult and
requires chemical analysis to establish the presence of toxic
concentrations of fluoride in the foliage.
04544
H. E. Stokinger
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON WILDLIFE. Conn. Mcd.
27, (8) 487-92, Aug. 1963.
A review of information derived from both field and laborato-
ry investigations of the effects of air pollutants on terrestrial
animals indicates that (1) of all known air pollutants, economic
poisons pose the greatest current threat to the health of wil-
dlife. (2) Inorganic substances, (certain heavy metals and
fluorides), account for limited and local irjury to wildlife
based on known effects on domestic animals. (3) The hazard
to wildlife is chiefly from ingestion of the 'fallout' of the air
pollutant. (4) Relative species susceptibility to specific air pol-
lutants is far from clear, but it would appear that the mammals
are considerably more susceptible than birds. (5) Laboratory
studies have revealed three rather general phenomena as-
sociated with exposure to air pollutants: a. Synergism, the ex-
alted or potentiated toxic effect of combination of certain air
pollutants: its converse, antagonism, in which the summated
toxicity is either far less than predicted or nonexistent, b.
Tolerance and cross tolerance to pulmonary edema-producing
agents, c. The immunochemical response.
04672
R. F. Brewer, F. H. Sutherland, F. B. Guillemet
SORPTION OF FLUORINE BY CITRUS FOLIAGE FROM
EQUIVALENT SOLUTIONS OF HF, NAF, NH4F AND
H2SIF6. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 76, 215-9, 1960.
Individual young navel orange trees were sprayed five times at
two week intervals with .0004, .001,.01 and .01 N solutions of
HF, NaF, NH4F and H2SiF6. CaF2 was also applied at the
lowest concentration. Except at the lowest concentration,
more fluoride was sorbed by citrus leaves sprayed with NaF
and HF than by those sprayed with NH4F and H2SiF6. The
average increments in foliar fluoride content per spraying were
approximately 1.5 ppm with .0004 N solutions, 5 ppm at the
.001 N level, 12 ppm at the .01 N level and 90 ppm with 0.1 N
spray solutions. Differences in ion size rather than degree of
ionization are suggested as being responsible for the observed
differences in the amounts of fluoride sorbed by citrus leaves
from equivalent solutions of the various fluoride compounds.
(Author summary)
04678
A. E. Hitchcock, P. W. Zimmerman, R.R. Coe
THE EFFECT OF FLUORIDES ON MILO MAIZE
(SORGHUM SP.). Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 22, (4) 175-
206, Dec. 1963.
Since 1951 more than 150 species and varieties of plants have
been exposed to controlled dosages of fluorides in the air or
soil. Gladiolus sp. and Milo maize (Sorghum sp.) were among
the species most sensitive to volatile, such as hydrofluoric
acid (HF) and fluosilicic acid (H2SiF6). Results for gladiolus
have been summarized for the period 1951 to 1960. Snow Prin-
cess and Elizabeth the Queen gladiolus were used as indicator
species in many of the experiment s with Milo maize in order
to compare the known differential response of the two gladio-
lus varieties to fluorides with the response of Milo maize. This
report summarizes the results of investigations carried out dur-
ing the years 1953 to 1961 relating to the effects of fluorides
on the growth and development of several varieties of
Sorghum spp.
04679
A. E. Hitchcock, P. W. Zimmerman, R. R. Coe
RESULTS OF TEN YEAR'S WORK (1951-1960) ON THE EF-
FECT OF FLUORIDES ON GLADIOLUS. Contrib. Boyce
Thompson Inst. 21, (5) 303-44, Mar. 1962.
Results of the effects of fluorine (F) compounds on the growth
and development of Gladiolus sp. are summarized for a period
covering the decade 1951 to 1960. Tip burn and accumulation
of F in control and hydrofluoric acid (HF) fumigated plants
varied considerably with the variety of gladiolus, cultural site,
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
339
age of plant, and age of leaf. Control plants in the area where
experimental fumigations with fluorides were carried out had
more tip burn and accumulated more F than plants 0.5 to 1.3
miles distant. Gladiolus in the 5-to 7- leaf stage exhibited more
tip bum and accumulated more F than plants in the 3-leaf
stage. Middle-aged leaves generally exhibited the most tip
burn, but the older leaves accumulated more F than the
younger leaves. In general, the more resistant varieties accu-
mulated the most F and susceptible varieties the least amount,
irrespective of the flower color of the variety. Tip burn and
accumulation of F were greater at higher concentrations of
HF. Increase in tip bum was correlated with dosage up to 2 to
4 times the threshold level. The dosage- response curve for
moderately resistant Elizabeth the Queen was significantly
flatter than for the susceptible Snow Princess variety. There
was a highly significant regression of tip burn on F content of
leaves in both varieties. There was no relation between
susceptibility and number and location of stomate. At levels of
HF up to about 2 parts per billion (ppb.) of air, which caused
5 to 8 cm. of tip burn, there was no significant effect on dry
weight of tops or corm yield in the varieties Snow Princess
and Elizabeth the Queen, but the production of flower spikes
was signicantly less in this series of experiments. There was
no close correlation between length of tip burn and size of
corm produced by the same plant. Within one week after ex-
posure to HF, Now Princess had lost up to 40 to 50 per cent
of the F from aboveground parts of the plant, while control
plants gained in F. Elizabeth the Queen lost little (av. 10 per
cent) or no F. (Authors' summary)
04683
M. C. Ledbetter, R. Mavrodineanu, A. J. Weiss
DISTRIBUTION STUDIES OF RADIOACTIVE FLUORINE-18
AND STABLE FLUORINE-19 IN TOMATO PLANTS. Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst. 20, (5) 331-48, Mar. 1960.
A study of distribution and site of accumulation of fluorine in
tomato plants was carried out using NaF-18, HF-18, NaF-19,
and HF-19 applied as solutions through roots and cut vascular
systems, and in gaseous form to the aerial parts. In order of
decreasing concentration, the gross distribution of fluorine ap-
plied as NaF-19 through the soil was: roots, lower leaves,
upper leaves, and stems. Regardless of the path of entrance of
the fluorine into the plant, it was possible to wash up to 68
percent of the flourine from the leaves with distilled water and
up to 83 percent with water containing a detergent. Distribu-
tion based on autoradiograms showed that most accumulation
of fluorine-18 applied as JF-18 to tomato plants was at the tips
and margins of leaflets and in the glands along the stem. Little
fluorine-18 was found in the stems and petioles. In short-term
or long-term experiments up to 80 per cent of the fluorine-18
or fluorine -19 of the leaves applied as HF was found in the
stripped epidermis of Sedum spectabile Boreau. Distribution of
fluorine-19 applied as HF-19 to tomato leaves after long- term
accumulation was, in order of decreasing concentration: cell
walls chloroplasts, soluble proteins, mitochondria, and
microsomes. With short-term accumulation of fluorine-18 ap-
plied as HF-18 the order was: soluble proteins, chloroplasts,
cell walls, and mitochondria. The fluorine in the chloroplasts
was associated mainly with the proteinaceous substances since
little or no fluorine-19 was found in the pigments and lipids.
(Author summary)
04688
R. Mavrodineanu
A METHOD OF FUMIGATING PLANTS WITH
HYDROFLUORIC OR HYDROFLUOSILICIC ACID USING
ATOMIZATION AND THERMAL ACTION. Contrib. Boyce
Thompson Inst. 18, (1) 17-20, Dec. 1954.
Equipment and procedures are described for producing nearly
constant concentrations of hydrofluosilicic acid (H2SJF6) and
hydrofluoric acid (HF) in fumigation cabinets ranging from
less than one to several hundred parts per billion. The method
makes use of diluted solutions (0.01 to 1 percent) of commer-
cial preparations of these acids which are atomized by an air
pressure of 10 to 12 Ib. per sq. in. through a modified No. 15
De Vilbiss atomizer and are then passed through a low- tem-
perature, electrically-heated tube where they are changed to
the gaseous state before delivery to the air stream entering the
fumigation cabinets. All equipment is of simple construction,
relatively inexpensive, and has no moving parts. (Author sum-
mary)
04728
L. H. Weinstein
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORD3E ON METABOLIC
CONSTITUENTS OF TOMATO AND BEAN LEAVES. Con-
trib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 21, (4) 215-31, Dec. 1961.
Time-course experiments were run in order to determine the
effect of continuous 24-hour fumigation with hydrogen
fluoride (12.4 p.p.b. v/v and 1.3 p.p.b. v/v) on the dry weight,
fluoride content, and levels of free amino acids and amides,
non-volatile organic acids, free sugars, ribo(RNA) and deox-
yribonucleic (DNA) acids, and chlorophylls a and b in leaf tis-
sues of Bonny Best tomato and Tendergreen bean plants. The
high level of hydrogen fluoride used (12.4 p.p.b. v/v) was
selected to induce maximum biochemical effects with a
minimum amount of injury. Thus, no attempt was made to
duplicate natural field conditions. During fumigation plants
were harvested at 3-day intervals for 9 days. This was fol-
lowed by a recovery period during which plants were again
harvested at the same intervals. In general, it was found that
during fumigation at 12.4 p.p.b. v/v there was a reduced
growth of tomato leaves, although this trend was reversed by
the end of the recovery period. In beans there was a small but
consistent reduction in yield of leaves.
04732
P. W. Zimmerman A. E. Hitchcock
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANTS TO HYDROFLUORIC ACID
AND SULFUR DIOXTOE GASES. Contrib. Boyce Thompson
Inst. 18, (6) 263-89, Mar. 1956.
The effects of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)
gases were determined and compared on 49 species of plants.
At given concentrations and periods of exposure some species
of plants were susceptible to HF but resistant to SO2, and
some species susceptible to SO2 were resistant to HF. A few
species were equally susceptible to both gases, and some were
equally resistant. In tests with HF alone, concentrations of the
gas ranged from less than 1 to 100 parts per billion (10 to the
9th power), by volume, and periods of exposure were usually
six to eight days. The concentration for SO2 gas ranged from
0.2 to 1.1 part per million (10 to the 6th power), and the time
periods for exposure to the gas were two to eight hours. Spe-
cial equipment and methods were developed for fumigating
plants in the field and in greenhouses. Stomatal counts for
upper and lower epidermis of leaves showed no relation
between the number of stomata per unit leaf area and relative
susceptibility to either gas. All species of plants grown in pots
or under field conditions stored fluorine. A few like dogwood
(Cornus florida L.), Deutzia sp., gifblaar (Dichapetalum
cymosum Hook.), and Camellia sp. accumulated abnormally
-------
340
large amounts of fluorine in the leaves. There was considera-
ble difference in rate of absorption by different species when
the plants were fumigated, and different parts of the plant ab-
sorbed different amounts of fluoride. These results should
serve as an aid in diagnosing symptoms of vegetation around
industrial areas. (Author summary)
04816
W. Schneider
CAN FLUORINE DAMAGE TO PLANTS BE ESTABLISHED
BY ANALYZING THEIR ASH.Staub (English Translation) 26,
(12) 29-31, Dec. 1966. Ger (Tr.)
The following precepts were obtained regarding the relation-
ship of fluorine plant damage and the correlation to the analy-
sis of their ash: No conclusions can be drawn from the
established fluorine content of the plant ash in regard to the
state of the plants, since the fluorine content of healthy and
atrophied leaves is frequently identical at the same time. The
content of total fluoride is not a specific, characteristic mag-
nitude of the vegetation, but varies with location. It is, there-
fore, not possible to establish reference magnitudes for use as
normal values. Data on fluorine content are dependent upon
the dry mass of the material being analyzed. The investigation
revealed the following: Damage to plants due to the effect of
fluorine compounds cannot be proved by analysis of plant ash.
The fluorine content determined does not give any information
as to the condition and development of the plant. The fluorine
content is independent of the age of the leaves.
04848
J. L. Shupe
DIAGNOSIS OF FLUOROSIS IN CATTLE. Publication of the
4th International Meeting, World Society for Buiatrik, Zurich,
Switzerland, Aug. 4-9, 1966, 17p. 18 refs.
Structural and physiological processes of animals that ingest
fluorine are governed by a number of factors: (1) level or
amount of fluoride ingested, (2) duration of ingestion-time, (3)
type and solubility of fluoride ingested, (4) age of animal at
time of ingestion, (5) level of nutrition, (6) stress factors, and
(8) individual biological response. Prevention and control of
fluorosis in livestock can be achieved, but only when the com-
plexity of the disease is realized and the pathogenesis, sympto-
matology, and lesions are properly correlated, interpreted, and
evaluated. By computations, the data show that by taking into
account the amount of fluorine in the rib and the tooth clas-
sification, 95 per cent (r2=0.950) of the variability can be ac-
counted for. In other words, the tooth classification and the
amount of fluorine in the ribs can be used to predict the extent
of fluorosis with a high degree of accuracy. Other examples of
multiple correlation formulas are shown. A comprehensive
guide was developed to facilitate diagnosing and evaluating
fluorosis. The data in the Table are based on short-and long-
term controlled experiments, clinical examinations of more
than 70,000 animals in endemic fluorosis areas and 519
detailed necropsy findings of animals of different ages
evidencing various degrees of fluorosis. (Author's summary)
04850
Hoogstratten, B., N. C. Leone, J. L. Shupe, D. A.
Greenwood, and J. Lieberman
EFFECT OF FLUORIDES ON HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM,
LIVER AND THYROID GLAND IN CATTLE. J. Am. Med. As-
soc., 192(l):26-32, April 5, 1965.
Thirty-two holstein-friesian heifers, divided into groups and
fed 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm sodium fluoride for approximately
71/2 years, were studied to determine the effect of fluoride on
the hematopoietic system, liver, and thyroid gland. The com-
posite and individual results of numerous detailed blood stu-
dies, identical to those used in evaluating the hematopoietic
system in man, established that fluoride, fed daily in concen-
trations up to 100 ppm for more than seven years, (1) does not
show gross, histological, or functional effects on the thyroid
gland or liver; (2) does not produce significant changes in the
serum calcium, phosphorus, or numerous other blood chemis-
tries studied; (3) had a minimal blood effect in the form of a
slightly higher total eosinophil count and a lower level of
serum folic acid activity in the 100 ppm group; (4) does not
produce anemia or detectable abnormalities of the bone mar-
row or otherwise affect the hematopoietic system. (Author ab-
stract)
04904
M. Treshow, and L. G. Transtrum
SIMILARITY BETWEEN LEAF MARKINGS CAUSED BY
AIR POLLUTANTS AND OTHER AGENTS: I-MOISTURE
STRESS AND FLUORIDE EXPRESSION. Proc. Utah Acad.
Sci., 41, (Part 1) 49-52, 1964.
The similarities and differences between the toxic effects of
fluorides and moisture stress are described. Since fluoride
generally causes a characteristic type of necrosis on certain
plant species, there is a tendency to ascribe injury of this type
to fluoride even though the species in question may be ex-
tremely resistant to fluoride. It is therefore necessary to be
familiar with the response of each species to fluoride before
making a diagnosis. Several guides are listed for distinguishing
the cause of leaf necrosis.
04917
I. Zipkin, E. D. Eanes, and J. L. Shupe
EFFECT OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO FLUORIDE ON
THE ASH, FLUORIDE, CITRATE, AND CRYSTALLINTTY
OF BOUVTNE BONE. Am. J. Vet. Res. 25, (109) 1595-7, Nov.
1964.
Heifers 3 to 4 months old were allotted to 4 groups at the
beginning of the experiment and were given rations containing
12, 27, 49, or 93 p.p.m. of fluoride for over 7 years. The
metatarsal bones were examined for ash, fluoride, and citrate,
and for crystallinity of the apatite structure. At the termination
of the experiment, the fluoride concentration of the ash of the
matatarsal bones had increased from 0.10% in group 1 to
1.04% in group 4 without any significant change in the percent-
age of the bone ash. The citrate content, expressed on an ash
basis, had decreased from 1.2% to about 0.9% with a concomi-
tant increase in crystallinity. The data obtained on bovine bone
corroborated previous findings in the rat and man on the inter-
relation of fluoride, citrate, and the crystallinity of bone
apatite.
04918
G. W. Miller and J. L. Shupe
ALKALINE BONE PHOSPHATASE ACTrVTTY AS RELATED
TO FLUORIDE INGESTION BY DAERY CATTLE. Am. J. Vet.
Res. 23, (92) 24-31, Jan. 1962.
Alkaline phosphatase prepared from bone and studied in vitro
in relation to the effect of fluoride was relatively insensitive to
fluoride. Concentrations of fluoride in excess of .01 M were
required for inhibition. Experiments with dairy heifers and
cows indicated a close correlation between fluoride ingested,
fluoride content of the bone, osseous abnormalities, and al-
kaline bone phosphatase activity. Fluorosis occurred in heifers-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
341
fed rations containing 66 and 68 p.p.m. of fluoride in con-
taminated hay and NaF, respectively, for a period of 20
months. Additions of about 69 p.p.m. of CaF2 to the rations
for 20 months caused no detrimental effect to the dairy
animals. In an experiment lasting seven years and 108 days,
dairy cattle were fed rations containing 12, 27, 49, and 93
p.p.m. of sodium fluoride. When the rations contained 49 or 93
p.p.m. of NaF, osseous abnormalities, excessively high accu-
mulation of fluoride in the bone, and significant increases in
alkaline bone phosphatase activity occurred. Results indicated
that alakaline bone phosphatase activity was related to abnor-
mal bone formation. (Author summary)
04919
L. E. Harris, R. J. Raleigh, G. E. Stoddard, D. A. Greenwood,
J. L. Shupe, and H. M. Nielsen
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE ON DAIRY CATTLE, in.
DIGESTION AND METABOLISM TRAILS. J. Animal bSsci.
23, (2) 537-46, May 1964.
Thirty-two female Holstein cattle were divided into two repli-
cations by weight and assigned to 16 treatments in a factorially
designed experiment. The four levels of fluorine used were 10,
28, 55, and 109 ppm on a moisture-free hay basis; computed
according to dry matter intakes, the fluorine levels were 12,
27, 49, and 93 ppm. bStwo quantities, 1.0 or 3.0%, of a Ca-P
mineral mixture were incorporated in a pelleted grain concen-
trate. Two or four pounds of the concentrate were fed during
the first two metabolism trials. During the last three trials the
concentrate levels were raised to 0.75 or 1.0 Ib. daily per
pound of milk fat produced weekly. Five digestion and
metabolism trials were conducted, two before and three after
the animals began to lactate. The higher quantities of concen-
trate tended to result in higher energy intakes and higher
amounts of absorbed energy as measured by digestible and
metabolizable energy. The high concentrate level did not result
in significantly less fluorine retention. Likewise, the higher
level of Ca-P mineral did not reduce body retention of
fluorine. The results of this experiment indicate that during a
7- year period of the life of a dairy animal, the tolerance level
of fluorine as sodium fluoride is between 28 and 55 ppm on a
day hay basis or between 27 and 49 ppm on a total dry feed
basis.
04923
J. L. Shupe, M. L. Miner, L. E. Harris, and D. A. Greenwood
RELATIVE EFFECTS OF FEEDING HAY ATMOSPHERI-
CALLY CONTAMINATED BY FLUORIDE RESIDUE, NOR-
MAL HAY PLUS CALCIUM FLUORIDE, AND NORMAL
HAY PLUS SODIUM FLUORIDE TO DAIRY HEIFERS. Am.
J. Vet. Res. 23, (95) 777-87, July 1962.
Sixteen dairy heifers were allotted to four groups on the basis
of weight. The 4 heifers within each group were allotted at
ramdon to the following treatments: (1) low F hay (10 p.p.m.
F), (2) high F hay (62 p.p.m. F), (3) low F hay plus CaF2 (69
p.p.m. F), and (4) low F hay plus NaF (68 p.p.m. F). In addi-
tion to the hay, each animal was fed 2 Ib. of grain daily. The
heifers were fed for 588 days. From the data the following
conclusions can be drawn: 1) The contaminated high F hay,
containing fluoride emitted from a steel plant in Utah County,
was as toxic as sodium fluoride; 2) Calcium fluoride proved
less toxic than either the fluoride residue on the contaminated
hay or the sodium fluoride; 3) Dental fluorosis can be related
to the amount and type of fluoride compound ingested and can
be correlated with total body reactive fluorotic processes; 4)
Unequivocal bone changes were present in the animals that
consumed sodium fluoride rations and hay atmospherically
contaminated with fluoride; 5) From a given animal, different
bones and different anatomical areas of a specific bone varied
in the amounts of fluorine retained; 6) Fluoride treatmetns had
no adverse effect upon the soft tissues of the body; and 7)
Fluorine apparently did not influence feed utilization as mea-
sured by digestibility and balance trials. (Author summary)
04924
J. L. Shupe, L. E. Harris,D. A. Greenwood, J. E. Butcher, and
H. M. Nielsen
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE ON DAIRY CATTLE. V.
FLUORINE IN THE URINE AS AN ESTIMATOR OF
FLUORINE INTAKE. Am. J. Vet. Res. 24, (9) 300-6, Mar.
1963.
Thirty-two Holstein-Friesian cows were fed four levels of
fluorine, two levels of calcium-phosphorus mineral, and two
levels of a concentrate mix from about 3 months to 7.5 years
of age. Two digestion and balance trials were conducted be-
fore calving and three after the animals started to lactate. In
addition, after the cows were on trail for 7 years and 52 days,
urine was collected approximately every 1.5 hours and com-
posited for each 3-hour interval over a 24-hour period. During
these and previous studies, it was found that urine samples
should be taken in the morning for best results and that, when
possible, samples of urine should be obtained from several
cows and the results pooled to give a reliable index of the
fluorine consumed. The determination of the fluorine:
creatinine ratio was found to have merit as a means of adjust-
ing for differences in urine volumes. A correlation was found
to exist among concentration of fluorine in the urine, amount
of fluorine in dry matter consumed, and length of time that
fluorine is ingested. By determining parts per million (p.p.m.)
of fluroine in the urine and combining this with a knowledge
of the length of time the animals had ingested fluorine, the
p.p.m. of fluorine in the ingested dry matter could be esti-
mated. Taken alone, however, this measurement was an in-
adequate criterion for a definite diagnosis of fluorisis in cattle.
(Author summary)
04925
E. E. Stoddard, L. E. Harris, G. Q. Bateman, J. L. Shupe, and
D. A. Greenwood
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE ON DAIRY CATTLE. I. GROWTH
AND FEED CONSUMPTION. J. Dairy Sci. 46, (10) 1094-102,
Oct. 1963.
Thirty-two Holstein females on experiment from about three
to four months until about 7.5 yr of age were fed diets involv-
ing four levels of fluorine, two levels of concentrate mix, and
two levels of a calcium-phosphorus mineral. Fluorine intake
averaged 10, 28, 55, and 109 ppm on a hay basis or 12, 27, 49,
and 93 ppm on a total dry matter basis. Average calculated
levels of fluorine in milligram per kilogram of body weight
were 0.30, 0.64, 1.17, and 2.08, respectively, for the four
groups, with some variation associated with periods of growth
and lactation. The two levels of concentrate were 2 and 4 Ib
daily during nonlactating periods and 0.75 and 1.0 Ib daily for
each 1.0 Ib of milk fat produced weekly during lactation.
Mineral treatments included 1 and 3% of a calcium-phosphorus
mineral in the concentrate mix. Fluorine was maintained at
designated levels by adding sodium fluoride to the concentrate
mix. Animals on the highest fluorine level ingested less hay
and total dry matter than those on the other fluorine levels,
but did not exhibit a significantly lower body weight gain dur-
ing the 23, 112-day periods of the trial. No significant effects
were noted on increase in height at withers. The kilograms of
feed per kilogram of body weight gain was not affected by
-------
342
treatments in the five prelactation periods. Hay refusals were
not affected by treatment. It was observed that no single
criterion was as effective in evaluating effects of fluoride in-
gestion as was an evaluation of all effects together. (Author
summary)
04984
P. W. Zimmerman
IMPURITIES IN THE AIR AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON
PLANT LIFE. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 1st, Pasadena,
Calif., 1949 pp. 135-41
The fact that several impurities in the air influence plant life
has been fairly well established. The toxic impurities most
frequently encountered are sulphur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride,
chlorine, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, esters of growth- regu-
lating substances, and constituents of manufactured illuminat-
ing gas. To aid in identifying characteristic effects, several
species of plants have been subjected to these gases under
controlled experimental conditions.
04997
P. H. Phillips
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC FLUORINE TOXICO-
SIS AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE. Proc. Natl. Air Pollution
Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 117-21.
A progress report is presented of the experiment on fluorosis
at the University of Wisconsin, in which theefffect of the in-
gestion of a soluble fluoride was studied. The abrupt addition
of 50 p.p.m. of sodium fluoride fluorine to the ration of young
dairy cows failed to affect their appetite, failed to produce
diarrhea, and failed to reduce milk production significantly.
Urinary fluoride measurement is a qualitative measurement
which indicated elevated fluorine ingestion, but a single sam-
ple analysis is too variable to be quantitative, although it may
be considered roughly quantitative. Typical criteria of fluorosis
have not been produced in these young dairy cows by the in-
clusion of as much as 50 p.p.m. of sodium fluoride-borne
fluorine in the diet during the first twelve months' period. Ex-
posure to 50 p.p.m. of added dietary fluorine (sodium fluoride)
failed to reduce milk production in the first year of experi-
ment.
05004
D. A. Greenwood, J. L. Shupe, G. E. Stoddard, L. E. Harris,
H. M. Nielsen, and L. E. Olson
FLUOROSIS IN CATTLE. Utah State Univ., Logan, Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. (Special Rept. No. 17.) 1964. 36 pp.
Investigations of fluorosis in dairy females were conducted by
Utah State University personnel in an effort to achieve the
following overall objectives: 1. To determine the influence of
different levels of fluoride intake on feed consumption and
utilization, growth, milk production, and reproduction when
the animals started ingesting the fluorides at 3 to 4 months of
age. 2. To determine relative effects of ingestion of different
types of fluorides, including sodium fluoride, calcium fluoride,
and fluoride as a residue on hay; and of exposure to a
fluoride- contaminated atmosphere. 3. To determine the effects
of fluoride ingestion on tissue structure and on metabolic
processes such as dentition, bone formation, organ functions,
and enzyme activities. 4. To determine whether elevated intake
levels of aluminum, calcium, phosphorus, and grain would
reduce effects of fluoride ingestion. 5. To determine fluoride
ingestion tolerance levels. In addition, the overall objectives
were broadened in potential applicability by annual surveys of
selected animals in the endemic fluorosis area. Evaluations of
clinical findings from these surveys were correlated with
vegetative analyses when possible, and with detailed necropsy
studies of selected field cases of both dairy and beef animals
of different ages that evidenced varying degrees of fluorosis.
This information then was correlated with the data from the
controlled experiments.
05324
Brewer, R. F. F. B. Guillemet, and F. H. Sutherland
THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON
GLADIOLUS GROWTH, FLOWERING AND CORM
PRODUCTION.Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 88, 631-4, 1966.
The effects of hydrofluoric acid gas on growth, flowering and
corm production of glasiolus, associated with variable degrees
of visible damage to foliage, were studied under controlled
greenhouse conditions. Plants with leaf injuries approximating
10, 20, and 30 percent of the total leaf area were compared
with control plants grown in F-free air. Flower size and weight
and number of florets per spike were reduced as the severity
of F injury increased. Corm size and weight were reduced in
direct proportion to the extent of leaf injury. Total top weight
(leaves and flowers) was inversely related to leaf injury. The
variety Snow Princess was more severly affected than
Elizabeth the Queen. (Author abstract)
05342
Barley, E. F., Nichols, C. W. and Middleton, J. T.
IDENTIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO
AGRUCULTURAL CROPS. (AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
REVEALS CHEMICAL TOXICANTS INJURING VEGETA-
TION IN POPULOUS AREAS OF CALIFORNIA.)Calif. Dep.
Agri. Bull., 55(1):11 19, 1966.
The subject of this paper is the damage air pollution does to
the plants that feed us, clothe us and please our aesthetic
sense. This damage is considerable. Estimates of visible
damage to agrucultural crops amount annually to about $8 mil-
lion in California and approximately $18 million along the At-
lantic seaboard. Damage to vegetation has increased with in-
dustrialization and urban development. Several decades ago
sulfur dioxide and fluorine were recognized as the principal
plant toxicants. These two gases continue to be very important
but within the last 20 years a new group of toxicants has been
identified. These are products of atmospheric photochemical
reactions between hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The prin-
cipal products of these reactions are ozone and the peroxyacyl
nitrates (PANs). The distribution of plant damage in California
shows that it occurs only in recognized geographical areas
which, in each instance, are located within airsheds. Because
damage to plants is often the first indication of air pollution, it
is important that the surveillance of pollution damage to
agriculture be continued. Such information will help communi-
ties, in their planning, to take cognizance of the relationship
between the air ressource and the community needs for com-
mercial and industrial development, energy production, fuel
usage and transportation, agriculture, and forest and recreation
land. The air contaminants responsible for damage may be
either paniculate or gaseous in nature. The greatest amount of
damage to animals and vegetation is usually caused by gaseous
air contaminants which directly injure plants and indirectly in-
jure animals by the toxic effects produced after the animal has
consumed contaminated forage and food supplements.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
343
05398
S. F. Yang and G. W. Miller
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FLUORIDE
ON HIGHER PLANTS, I. METABOLISM OF CAR-
BOHYDRATES, ORGANIC ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS.
Biochem. J. 88, 505-9, 1963.
The metabolic changes in carbohydrates, organic acids and
amino acids that accompanied the development of necrosis
resulting from atmospheric fluoride fumigation were studied.
Soya bean plants were placed in fumigation chambers when 6-
8 in. tall. Treatments consisted of fumigations with air which
was contaminated with 0.00006 p.p.m. of HF (control), and
with 0.03 p.p.m. of HF in air. The leaves were harvested after
3-5 days of fumigation, depending on when marginal burning
first became evident. Fluoride-fumigated leaves contained
more reducing sugars and less sucrose than the normal leaves.
This result suggested inhibition of sucrose synthesis by
fluoride. Necrotic leaves contained increased total concentra-
tions of organic acids, which were mostly attributable to malic
acid, malonic acid and citric acid. The greater increase in
malic acid relative to that of citric acid was the reverse of
results observed in chlorotic tissue. Necrotic leaves contained
enhanced amounts of free amino acids. The greatest increase
occurred in the concentration of asparagine and might be re-
lated to the increased respiratory rate of necrotic leaves. The
accumulation of organic acids and amino acids in leaves during
fluoride fumigation was evidenced by a lowered respiratory
quotient.
05399
Yang, S. F. and Miller, G. W.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FLUORIDE
ON HIGHER PLANTS. 3. THE EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON
DARK CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION. Biochem. J. 88, 517-
22, 1963.
This investigation was initiated to determine whether the accu-
mulation of organic acids and amino acids in fluoride-necrotic
leaves was due to the increased rate of dark CO2 fixation, and
how fluoride might affect the carboxylating enzyme systems.
Soya beans were grown and fumigated with HF. At the end of
fumigation, one control plant and one fumigated plant that
showed slight necrotic symptoms were put into a 6 1. desicca-
tor. After the introduction of 14CO2, the desiccator was kept
air-tight and in complete darkness for 4 hr. At the end of the
dark 14CO2 fixation, leaves from each plant were cut off and
analyzed for radioactive organic acids and amino acids,
ethanol-insoluble nitrogen and soluble protein, and,
phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase activity. Necrotic leaves had
a higher rate of dark CO2 fixation than control leaves both in
vivo and in vitro. Results suggested that the accumulation of
organic acids and amino acids in necrotic leaves resulted from
an increased rate of dark CO2 fixation. The possible role of
fluoride in stimulating the carboxylation and its implication to
necrosis are discussed.
05421
Merriman, G. M.
FLUORIDES AND OTHER CHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTS
AFFECTING ANIMALS. In: Agriculture and the Quality of
Our Environment. Brady, N. C. (ed.), American Association for
the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C. AAAS-Pub-85,
p. 91-95, 1967. 11 refs. (Presented at the 133rd Meeting, Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington,
D. C., 1966.)
A review of air pollution problems involving animals is
presented. One pattern of procedures useful in investigating
and controlling the effects of chemical air pollution upon
animals was developed during United States and British stu-
dies of effects of fluoride effluents upon cattle. Generally the
effluents collected upon the surfaces of vegetation and exerted
their effects only after ingestion by animals. The investiga-
tional procedures included methods of detecting pollutant ef-
fects upon animals, diagnosis and evaluation of effects, con-
sideration of pollutant sources, and pollutant control as related
to animal well-being. All procedures depended on research
with laboratory and farm animals.
05485
W. M. Noble
AIR POLLUTANTS. Lasca Leaves. 15 (1), 7-18 (Jan. 1965).
After years of careful study, some of the components of smog
have been sorted out. The more important ones, their effects
on vegatation, and a list of sensitive and resistant plants are
discussed. The components are peroxyacetyl nitrate, ozone,
ethylene, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide and aerosols.
05560
C. R. Berry
EASTERN WHITE PINE-EVERGREEN MONITOR OF AIR
POLLUTION. Preprint. (Presented at the Second National Con-
ference on Air Pollution, Washington, D.C., Dec. 12-14, 1966.)
Six hundred healthy, 2-year-old seedlings were potted and
taken to Morgan County, Tenn., where they were installed
near a power plant known to be the sulfur dioxide source.
After a year of exposure, 106 of the trees had died, either
from handling, air pollution damage, or both. Those surviving
included 183 that were free of damage and 106 that were only
slightly injured. These were presumed resistant to sulfur diox-
ide and were taken to the Alabama test area for exposure to
fluorides. The remaining 202 trees showed serious damage, so
they were returned to the recovery area in North Carolina.
After a year of exposure in Alabama, 157 injured trees were
again removed and sent to North Carolina for recovery. The
remaining 26 seedlings still appeared healthy, and they were
presumed to be resistant to both sulfur dioxide and fluorides.
The healthy trees were moved to Beltsville, Md., where they
are still under exposure to oxidants produced by heavy motor
traffic. Although, the exposure period is not over, and final
figures may be different, 13 trees have been injured and 13
still appear healthy. It is hoped that seedlings from seed of su-
perior trees will be inherently resistant to damage from sulfur
dioxide, fluorides, oxidants, and other airborne toxicants. On
the other hand, susceptible trees that recover in the clean air
in North Carolina may make excellent assay plants because of
their demonstrated sensitivity to oxidants at Beltsville. The
results of these tests indicate there is enough genetic variation
in a large eastern white pine population to provide biological
indicators for specific toxicants.
05585
R. A. Solberg, D. F. Adams, and H. A. Ferchau
SOME EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON THE IN-
TERNAL STRUCTURE OF PBVUS PONDEROSA NEEDLES.
Proc. Natl. Air Pollution Symp., 3rd, Pasadena, Calif. 164-76
(1955)
Pinus ponderosa trees were submitted to fumigations of 0.5,
1.5, 5.0, and 10.0 p.p.b. hydrogen fluoride. Samples were taken
and comparisons made of microscopic cross-sections of in-
jured and uninjured (control) needles. Observations of fu-
-------
344
migated needles yielded the following results. Over-all needle
damage was in the form of browning of the needle apexes,
which gradually progressed basipetally. Inward collapse of the
interior needle surfaces was observed in all needles showing
macroscopic injury. Microscopic changes in the green needle
tissue, presumably due to fluoride, were observed only in the
tissue immediately adjacent to macroscopically browned areas
and were of an intermediate type. The epidermis, hypodermis,
and xylem tissues exhibited the least injury of the tissues stu-
died. The phloem and xylem parenchyma enlarged greatly. Ex-
treme needle damage showed the phloem to be collapsed
againsl the xylem tissue. (Author summary modified)
05612
H. C. Wohlers and G. W. Newell
A FIELD INVESTIGATION OF FLUOROSIS IN CATTLE. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14(5):139-148, May 1964.
(Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
A comparison has been made of the results of a detailed field
investigation of the effects of fluoride on cattle with research
results from controlled feeding experiments. Specifically, the
comparison was made on the basis of the fluoride content in
the feed, the fluoride content of the ribs, the fluoride content
of the urine, and the fluoride effect on incisor practical field
study, it has been shown that fluorosis in cattle might be ex-
pected within a two-mile distance of these industrial plants. At
this distance, the following conditions were determined: (1)
The forage contained more than 40 to 50 ppm F- approximate-
ly two mg F/kg of body weight per day; (2) The fluoride con-
tent of the rib exceeded 4000 ppm; (3) The fluoride content of
the urine exceeded 15 ppm; and (4) Almost 50% of the incisor
teeth examined were marked with excessive mottling. Correla-
tion of the results of a field experiment with the results of
controlled feeding experiments was excellent. With these com-
parison data, we have shown that it is possible to delineate
herds or areas in which damaging or non-damaging effects of
fluoride might be expected. (Authors' summary, modified)
05667
R. F. Brewer, F. H. Sutherland, F. B. Guillemet, and R. K.
Creveling
SOME EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE GAS ON
BEARING NAVEL ORANGE TREES. Proc. Am Soc. Hort. Sci.
76, 208-14, 1960.
The experiment reported in this paper was designed to study
the effects of several years of continuous exposure to 1-5 ppb
HF on growth, fruiting, toxicity symptoms, and fluoride accu-
mulation by young orange trees. Eight 1-year old field grown
Washington navel orange trees were used in the study. In
March, 1957, after approximately 5 months of continuous ex-
posure to 3 to 5 ppb HF, the trees began to show effects of
the fluoride treatment. In late May and early June, a con-
siderable amount of chlorosis and some necrosis, principally at
the tips of nearly mature leaves, appeared on the trees ex-
posed to the fluoride gas. There was some chlorotic foliage on
control trees, but the extent and severity of chlorosis on fu-
migated trees were markedly greater. Although the chlorosis
patterns varied somewhat, they resembled manganese deficien-
cy symptoms on citrus. Some of the symptoms resembled the
type of injury commonly associated with excess boron. After
13 months of continuous treatment, comparison with control
trees indicated significant reductions in trunk diameter, height
of tree, crown volume and average leaf size. The data indicate
that the navel orange is sensitive to low concentrations (2 to 3
ppb) of HF in the air. The fluoride-induced chlorosis observed
in this experiment would be almost impossible to diagnose
under field conditions without laboratory analysis of leaf tis-
sue. The most pronounced effect of HF on growth was a 25 to
35 per cent reduction in average leaf size.
05724
J. B. Kendrick, Jr., E. F. Darley, J. T. Middleton, and A. O.
Paulus
PLANT RESPONSE TO POLLUTED AIR. Calif. Agr. 10 (8), 9-
10 (Aug. 1956).
Field observations and controlled fumigation experiments have
shown that plants differ in their response to atmospheric con-
tamination by ethylene, herbicides, fluorides, sulfur dioxide,
and smog, or oxidized hydrocarbons. Controlled experiments
have also shown that plant response to air pollution varies
with species and variety of plant, age of plant tissue, soil fer-
tility levels, soil moisture, air temperatures during the prefu-
migation growth period, and presence of certain agricultural
chemicals on leaves. Plants also vary in their susceptibility to
sulfur dioxide, with alfalfa, barley, and cotton damaged at
comparatively low levels, and citrus, corn, celery, and melons
damaged at much higher levels. Field observations show that
young leaves are seldom marked during periods of aggravated
air pollution. The young, unexpanded leaves are typically unin-
jured; the mature, expanded leaves are severely injured; and
the old, somewhat chlorotic leaves are rarely damaged. In
grasses, where the youngest tissue is at the base of the leaf,
injury first occurs at the tip, grading off in intensity of injury
toward the base of the leaf. Old chlorotic leaves on grasses are
seldom injured. Several groups of chemical compounds are
capable of preventing injury to plants caused by oxidized
hydrocarbon fumigations when the chemicals are applied to
the lower surface of leaves. These chemicals belong to the
dithiocarbamate, benzothiazole, and thiuram sulfide groups,
and have been used extensively as agricultural fungicides for
the control of many fungus diseases. Two of the best chemi-
cals for this purpose are zineb—zinc ethylenebisdithiocarba-
mate — and thiram—tetramethyl thiuramdisulfide. The degree
of protection is directly related to the amount of active in-
gredient contained in the spray or dust preparations. Protec-
tion is achieved only when the underside of leaves are
adequately covered. Both groups of chemicals when properly
applied to laboratory test plants protect leaves from damage
from both ozone and ozonated hexene. Pinto bean leaves
dusted with zineb in the laboratory and exposed to naturally
polluted air near Los Angeles were protected from serious in-
jury.
05744
Ordin, L. and B. P. Skoe
INHIBITION OF METABOLISM IN AVENA COLEOPTILE
TISSUE BY FLUORIDE. Plant Physiol., 38(4):41fr421, July
1963. (Presented at the American Society of Plant Physiologists
Annual Meeting, Corvallis, Oreg., Aug. 30, 1962.)
Following treatment of Avena coleoptile sections with 0.01 N
NaF for 6 hrs, an 80% inhibition of growth in the presence of
0.05 M glucose and 2.9 times 10 to the minus fifth molar in-
doleacetic acid ensued, followed by partial recovery in
fluoride-free solutions. Studies of glucose utilization in the
absence of indoleacetic acid showed the absorption of
uniformly labeled C14 glucose was barely affected but inhibi-
tion of incorporation of C14 into cellulose and the glucose
components of the aqueous and acid-soluble wall fractions was
particularly notable. Possible causes of an apparent effect of
0.01 N NaF pretreatment for 6.5 to 7 hrs on respiratory
pathways, detected by the use of specifically labeled glucose,
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
345
are discussed. At lower levels of inhibition of growth, the ef-
fect of catabolism disappeared but certain effects on the cell
wall were still apparent. Interference with metabolism of
specific components of the wall including cellulose is con-
sidered to be a factor in fluoride inhibition of growth. (Author
summary)
06342
C. W. Chang and C. R. Thompson
STUDY OF PHVTASE AND FLUORIDE EFFECTS IN GER-
MINATING CORN SEEDS. Cereal Chem., 44 (2), 129-42 (Mar.
1967).
Some properties of phytase enzyme were studied using the
1700 x g fraction of endosperm-scutellar tissue homogenate of
4-day old corn seedlings. The highest total enzyme activity
was located in the fraction at 1700 X g, while the supernatant
at 20,000 X g was found to be the location of the highest
specific enzyme activity. The enzyme resisted high tempera-
ture (up to 50 degrees), was activated by calcium chloride
(0.01 M), and was inhibited significantly by sodium fluoride
ranging from 10 to 0.05 mM. A rapid decomposition of phytin
content was correlated with steady rises of phytase activity
and inorganic phosphate in the endospennscutellar tissues of
germinating corn seedlings. Fluoride, however, prevented the
dephosphorylation of phytin compound in the tissues and re-
tarded the rate of seedling root growth during germination.
There occurs continuous turn over between inorganic
phosphorus and nucleotides in RNA metabolism. It is assumed
that the limited supply of phytin-originated orthophosphate
may be possibly one of the factors, which influences the
growth rate of corn seedling roots.
06353
G. M. Merriman and C. S. Hobbs
BOVINE FLUOROSIS FROM SOIL AND WATER SOURCES.
Tennessee Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 347 (Sept. 1962). 50 pp.
The effects upon cattle of soil-borne and water-borne fluorine
(F), level of nutrition, and aluminum sulfate were studied.
Records were kept on (1) cow weights and gains; (2) reproduc-
tion and calf gains; (3) F concentrations in cow and calf
bones; (4) urinary F concentrations; (5) changes in teeth; and
(6) general health. Nine treatments in replicate with each of
the eighteen lots containing five Hereford cows and heifers
per lot were used as follows: (1) Low fluorine soil, low
fluorine water, good nutrition: (2) Low fluorine soil, low
fluorine water, low nutrition: (3) Low fluorine soil, high
fluorine water, goo nutrition: (j) Low fluorine soil, high
fluorine water, low nutrition: (5) Hugh fluorine soil, low
fluorine water, good nutrition; (6) High fluorine soil, low
fluorine water, low nutrition: (7) High fluorine soil, high
fluorine water, good nutrition; (8) High fluorine soil, high
fluorine water, low nutrition; and (9) High fluorine soil, high
fluorine water, low nutrition plus aluminum sulfate. The soil F
concentration in low fluorine soil (LFS) pastures ranged from
380 to 600 ppm F and in high fluorine soil (HFS) pastures
from approximately 2,000 to 4,100 ppm F. The following con-
clusions are reported: F content in soil, pasture and water
caused no significant difference in weights and gains of cows.
There was no significant effect from concentrations of F in
soil or water, levels of nutrition, or the feeding of aluminum
sulfate, upon the reproduction of cows or the average daily
weight gains of calves. Increased age with continuous F in-
gestion resulted in highly significant increases in bone F
storage. A study of all calf bone analyses showed that the
higher level of F in soil caused highly significant increases of
F concentration in these bones. Composite urine samples col-
lected from cows on HFS pastures were found to have signifi-
cantly higher concentrations of F than samples collected from
the cows on LFS treatments. Highly significant increases in in-
cisor teeth indexes were found in HFS cattle compared to
those on LFS treatments. The F levels in soil, vegetation and
water or the levels of nutrition had no effect upon the general
health of the animals.
06354
C. S. Hobbs and G. M. Merriman
FLUOROSIS IN BEEF CATTLE. Tennessee Univ., Agr. Expt.
Sta. Bull. 351. (Oct. 1962.) 189 pp.
Cows were used in the study of physiologic effects of various
levels of ingested fluorine. Fluorine as sodium fluoride or raw
rock phosphate was added to concentrate feeds for some
groups of cows while other groups consumed hay, or hay and
pasture, contaminated with fluorine from an industrial source.
Aluminum sulfate hydrate was added as an alleviator to ra-
tions containing sodium fluoride. Groups of cows were
removed after approximately 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 days
on pastures contaminated with fluorine from an industrial
source. Cattle were started on experiment at 14 to 22 months
of age. The studies covered various periods up to 10 years,
providing data indicating the following: (1) feed consumption;
(2 weights and gains; (3) reproduction and calf records; (4)
fluorine content of bones; (5) blood studies; (6) urinary
fluorine; (7) teeth; and (8) gross changes in bone and other tis-
sue. It is concluded that the occurrence and degree of fluoro-
sis in cattle depends upon many factors including: (1) the level
of fluorine ingested; (2) the age of the animal and the stage of
tooth development; (3) the length of time exposed to the in-
creased fluorine ingestion; (4) the initial fluorine stored in the
animal's body; and (5) the solubility and availability of the
fluorine material ingested. (Author summary modified)
06395
Hindawi, I. J.
INJURY BY SULFUR DIOXIDE, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE,
AND CHLORINE AS THEY WERE OBSERVED AND
REFLECTED ON VEGETATION IN THE FD3LD. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 60th, Cleve-
land, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-159.)
Plants were examined at three different locations in the east-
ern part of the United States to determine whether damage
from air pollution had occurred. This paper discusses sulfur
dioxide damage in the Metropolitan New York City Area,
hydrogen fluoride damage near a glass fiber manufacturing
plant in the Mid-west, and hydrochloric acid mist and chlorine
damage from a manufacturing operation in an eastern state.
The symptoms that developed in vegetation were often found
to be similar. Chemical and microscopical analyses were help-
ful in diagnosing the toxicants. (Author abstract)
06404
D. C. MacLean, D. C. McCune, L. H. Weinstein, R. H.
Mandl, G. N. Woodruff
EFFECTS OF ACUTE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND
NITROGEN DIOXIDE EXPOSURES ON CITRUS AND OR-
NAMENTAL PLANTS OF CENTRAL FLORIDA. Preprint.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper No. 67-
158.)
Six citrus varieties and six ornamental species of economic im-
portance to Central Florida were subjected to high concentra-
-------
346
tion-short duration exposures of gaseous hydrogen fluoride
(HF) or nitrogen dioxide (N02). Pose-fumigation observations
showed that the effects of acute pollutant exposures differ
markedly from those of chronic exposures. HF exposures of
0.5 to 10 ppm and durations of from 30 minutes to 8 hours in-
duced tip, marginal, and intercostal chlorosis and necrosis and
abscission of leaves of most plants tested. Injury was most
severe on, but not limited to, young leaves. The effect of du-
ration of exposure had a greater influence on abscission of
young citrus leaves than did HF concentration. However, the
effect of HF concentration on foliar F accumulation could not
be separated from exposure time. NO2 concentrations used
ranged from 25 to 250 ppm for durations of from 10 minutes to
8 hours. NO2 damage was characterized by rapid tissue col-
lapse, necrosis, and defoliation. Injury was sporadic in ap-
pearance, affecting leaves of all ages. The relative contribu-
tions of concentration and duration to NO2-induced injury
were about equal. (Author abstract)
06413
A. H. Mohamed
CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
TREATMENT IN TOMATO PLANTS. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 18(6):395-398, June 1968. 21 refs. (Presented at the 60th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland,
Ohio, June 11-16, 1967. Paper 67-19.)
Seeds from tomato plants fumigated with hydrogen fluoride
gas at a concentration of about three micrograms per cubic
meter were planted in pots in the greenhouse. A number of
plants in each culture were found to be developing abnormally.
These abnormalities consisted of one, three or four
cotyledons; deformed cotyledons; plumuleless seedlings;
fasciated petioles, wiry seedlings, double stalk plants; and
dwarf seedlings. Such abnormal phenotypes were the same as,
or similar to known mutants. There was a trend toward a
higher percentage of total phenotypic abnormalities with an in-
crease in the treatment duration. Offspring of the fumigated
plants showed the occurrence of fragments or bridges plus
fragments. There was also a trend toward a higher percentage
of chromosomal aberrations with an increase in the treatment
duration except for the 4 day duration which was higher than
most of the other treatments. It is believed that the occurrence
of these aberrations was due to crossing over in heterozygous
paracentric inversions. These results suggest that HF is a mu-
tagenic agent probably blocking directly or indirectly, the
replication of the DNA. (Author abstract)
06459
Thompson, C. R., J. O. Ivie, and M. D. Thomas
CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF AIR POLLUTANTS AND
THEIR EFFECTS ON BEARING CITRUS. Preprint., 1960
Decline in citrus production and fruit quality is reported by
growers during the past 15 years in the Los Angeles Basin. Air
pollution is considered to be a major factor contributing to this
problem. An industry-agriculture-local government-university
sponsored, cooperative study entitled the Agricultural Air
Research Program was begun in 1960 to assess the economic
effect of various air pollutants, principally oxidants and
fluorides, on fruit yield, quality and tree growth. Measure-
ments of photosynthesis and transpiration are used to supple-
ment the longtime growth and yield observations. Automatic
data recording is provided for: (1) apparent photosynthesis by
carbon dioxide exchange: (2) plant transpiration; (3) nitrogen
dioxide; (4) nitric oxide: (5) ozone; (6) total oxidants; (7)
fluorides; (8) temperatures; (9) integrated sun light recording;
(10) date, and (11) time of day. With punch card recording,
direct automatic handling of the data on the 1620 IBM com-
puter is possible. The initial experiment is being conducted at
Upland, California on 24 lemon trees with six treatments as
follows: (1) Clean Air; (2) ambient air; (3) fluoride-free air; (4)
ozone-free air; (5) clean air with fluoride added; and (6)
fluoride and ozone free air. Four unenclosed trees serve as
checks. Plans are underway for similar experiments in other
locations with both lemons and oranges. (Authors' summary)
06557
I. A. Leone, E. Brennan, R. H. Daines
PLANT LIFE AS AIR POLLUTION INDICATORS. Proc.
Northeast. Weed Control Conf. 18, 451-5 (1964).
Plants display a particular talent for indicating the presence of
very low concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere.
Agricultural people are concerned with two broad groups of
pollutants, the primary or single source emissions which are
the result of a particular industrial or fuel-utilizing process,
and the products of photochemical reactions which are the
result of a whole complex of combustive activities in urban
areas. The primary phytotoxic contaminants include hydrogen
fluoride, chlorine , sulfur dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide,
ethylene and perhaps illuminating gas. The remarkable thing
about these phytotoxicants is that each one severely affects a
particular group of plants which is more or less tolerant to the
other pollutants. For that reason plant indicators are very use-
ful in diagnosing the specific gas or gases responsible for an
air pollution episode, if observed during their optimum growth
period.
06681
A. H. Mohamed, H. G. Applegate, and J. D. Smith
CYTOLOGICAL REACTIONS INDUCED BY SODIUM
FLUORIDE IN ALLIUM CEPA ROOT RIP CHROMOSOMES
. (Can J. Genet. Cytol. Ottawa) 8, 241-4 (1966).
The cytological effect of an aqueous sodium fluoride solution
of 0.01 M was studied on onion root tip chromosomes. Root
tip smears showed that this chemical agent was able to induce
anaphase bridges and fragments. Tetraploid nuclei and mul-
tipolar anaphases were also observed. From the cytological
results presented here, it is apparent that sodium fluoride in an
aqueous solution has a specific action on onion root tip
chromosomes as well as on the spindle. Not all of the cytologi-
cal effects reported here were necessarily visible at the same
time. The formation of anaphase bridges is considered to be
the result of the development of dicentric chromosomes with
the two centromeres of each dicentric chromosome oriented
towards the opposite poles. The dicentric chromosomes
presumably arise by the reunion of the two sister chromatids
of a broken chromosome. Such fusion takes place at the time
of chromosome duplication. This may indicate that sodium
fluoride acts on chromosomes during interphase, since it has
been shown that DNA replication occurs during this phase.
Since the majority of the bridges were found after 14 and 48
hr. of treatment, it appears possible that anaphase bridges are
being carried over from one mitotic cycle to the next through
the initiation of a breakage-fusion-bridge-cycle.
07046
C. J. Lovelace G. W. Miller
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE ON TRICARBOXYLIC
ACID CYCLE DEHYDROGENASES AND OXTOATTVE
PHOSPHORYLATION: PART I. J. Histochem. Cytochem. IS
(4), 195-201 (1967).
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
347
It appears that an initial effect of fluonde on plants involves
either inhibition or enhancement of respiration with the
specific result depending upon plant species, fluoride concen-
tration and extent of injury. This study is made in an effort to
elucidate further the effects of fluoride on oxidative phosphor-
ylation and succinic dehydrogenase in higher plants. The in
vitro effect of fluoride on the succinic oxidase system was stu-
died, utilizing mitochondria from cauliflower. Preincubation of
mitochondria with fluoride did not increase inhibition of suc-
cinic oxidase. Various other tricarboxylic acid cycle substrates
when tested showed no sensitivity to fluoride. A series of suc-
cinate concentrations in the presence and in the absence of
fluoride showed increased activity of succinic dehydrogenase
which indicated competitive inhibition. Various concentrations
of phosphate in the absence of fluoride showed that phosphate
had only slight effects on the succinic 2,6-dichlorophenolin-
dophenol reductase component of the oxidase system. In the
absence of phosphate, various concentrations of fluoride
showed an initial increase in activity followed by a decrease in
activity of the reductase. In the presence of phosphate,
fluoride caused marked inhibition of the reductase. It is be-
lieved that this inhibition results from an enzyme-
fluorophosphate complex which has a lower dissociation con-
stant than that of the enzyme-substrate complex. An oxidative
phosphorylation study indicated both respiration and phospho-
rylation were inhibited. (Author abstract modified)
07047
C. J. Lovelace G. W. Miller
HISTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE IN VIVO EF-
FECTS OF FLUORIDE ON TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE
DEHYDROGENASES FROM PELARGONIUM ZONALE:
PART II. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 15 (4), 202-6 (1967).
In vivo effects of fluoride on tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
dehydrogenase enzymes of Pelargonium zonale, the variegated
geranium, were studied using p-nitro blue tetrazoleum
chloride. Plants were exposed to 17 ppb HF, and enzyme ac-
tivities in treated plants were compared to those in controls.
Leaves of control plants were incubated in 0.005 M sodium
fluoride. Injuries observed in fumigation and solution experi-
ments were similar. Leaf tissue subjected to HF or sodium
fluoride evidenced were similar. Leaf tissue subjected to HF
or sodium fluoride evidenced less succinic p-nitro blue
tetrazoleium reductase activity than did the control tissue.
Other TCA cycle dehydrogenase enzymes were not observably
affected by the fluoride concentrations used in these experi-
ments. Excised leaves cultured in 0.005 M sodium fluoride ex-
hibited less succinic p-nitro blue tetrazoleum reductase activity
after 24 hr than did leaves cultured in 0.005 M sodium
chloride. (Author's abstract)
07255
Thompson, C. R., O. C. Taylor, M. D. Thomas, and J. O. Ivie
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON APPARENT
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND WATER USE BY CITRUS TREES.
((Environ. Sci. Technol.,)) 1(8):644-650, Aug. 1967. 20 refs.
Because of the major damage to crops by air pollutants, stu-
dies were begum to measure under field conditions, the effect
of various atmospheric phytotoxicants on agricultural crops in
the Upper Santa Ana Drainage Basin. There was question as
to whether photochemical smog and/or fluorides were respon-
sible for major economic losses by the citric industry and if
so, how much. Commercially producing lemon and navel
orange trees were tested to determine the effects of ambient
air pollutants which occur in the Los Angeles basin on water
use (transpiration) and apparent photosynthesis. The entire
trees were enclosed in plastic covered greenhouses and were
supplied various fractions of the atmosphere to find whether
ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates, or fluorides were causing deleteri-
ous effects. Nitric oxide was added to the air in one treatment
to reduce ozone selectively but in so doing, nitrogen dioxide in
amounts equal to the ozone was formed. The results showed
that the total photochemical smog complex reduced the rate of
water use by lemon trees and also reduced the rate of ap-
parent photosynthesis. Fluoride levels occurring in the at-
mosphere caused no detectable effects. Attempts to evaluate
the separate effects of ozone and peroxyacyl nitrates were un-
successful. Reduction of the ozone in the tree atmospheres by
addition of nitric oxide failed to overcome the reduced water
use and lowered apparent photosynthesis. (Author abstract
modified)
08513
Pack, Merrill R.
INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FUMIGATION ON
ACID-SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN BEAN
SEEDLINGS. Environ. Sci. Techno)., 1(12): 1011-1013, Dec.
1967. 23 refs. (Presented at the Division of Water, Air, and
Waste Chemistry, 153rd Meeting, ACS, Miami Beach, Fla.,
April 1967.)
Bean seedlings were grown for four days following emergence
in an atmosphere containing hydrogen fluoride (HF) at 14 +
micro of fluorine per cu. meter. Their acid-soluble phosphorus
composition was compared with that of seedlings grown in a
decontaminated atmosphere. The seedlings in the HF treat-
ment accumulated 275 ppm of F but showed no symptoms of
injury. The phosphorus compounds were extracted with 0.6N
trichloroacetic acid and separated on an anion exchange resin
column by elution with a variable gradient of formic acid and
ammonium formate. There were no apparent differences
between the atmospheric treatments with respect to the ap-
proximately 20 phosphorus compounds in the plant extracts.
These results suggest that under some conditions plants can
tolerate appreciable fluoride without significant inhibition of
enzymes that catalyze reactions of phosphorus compounds
(Author's abstract)
08884
Katz, M.
EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS, OTHER THAN SULPHUR
DIOXIDE, ON VEGETATION AND ANIMALS. In: Pollution
and Our Environment: Conference Background Papers. Vol. 1,
Montreal, Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Paper A4-2-
2, p. 1-18, 1967. 23 refs. (Presented at the National Conference,
Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Montreal, Oct. 31-
Nov. 4, 1966.) Available from the Canadian Council of Resource
Ministers, 620 Dorchester Boulevard West, Montreal, Canada.
It is apparent that air pollution can cause harmful effects on
agricultural crops, and other species of vegetation. Apart from
paper, the principal pollutants of serious concern are fluorides,
ozone, photochemical smog products, ethylene and various
aerosols occurring as suspended paniculate matter. Gases such
as chloride, hydrogen sulphide, oxides of nitrogen, and am-
monia may constitute a hazard or cause damage to vegetation
on occasion in localized areas. Suspended particulate matters
consisting of small particles of smoke, sulphuric acid mist,
soot and various metallic dusts, may be transported by wind
for considerable distances from strong sources such as urban
and industrial areas. These pollutants accumulate on leaf sur-
faces and clog the stomata to produce direct damage or retar-
dation in growth. Unfortunately, there is a great lack of infor-
mation on the extent of the damage to the Canadian economy
-------
348
from the diverse effects of these pollutants on agriculture and
forestry. Little, if any, coordinated research is being con-
ducted in Canada on the biological effects of air pollutants on
plants. Some studies have been conducted occasionally to
meet the needs of a specific problem, such as the effects of
ozone on tobacco. With regard to the harmful effects of air
pollution on animal health, the evidence of major air pollution
disasters points to adverse symptoms in animals of a character
similar to those suffered by man. Animals in these episodes
have suffered acute respiratory distress, bronchitis,
emphysema and heart failure. Fluorides, arsenic and lead are
highly toxic pollutants that may cause diseases in animals by
accumulation in the forage and other crops that constitute the
principal diet of cattle and other farm animals. There are many
other pollutants derived from the incomplete products of com-
bustion of fuels and from specific industrial processes that
possess lexicological properties. However, animal research in
this field is virtually non-existent in Canada. There is a great
need for a broad, well-balanced research program to determine
the biological effects of specific air pollutants and of simple
and complex mixtures.
09553
Crampton, E. W.
HUSBANDRY VERSUS FLUORIDE INGESTION AS FAC-
TORS IN UNSATISFACTORY DAIRY COW PER-
FORMANCE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18 (4):229-234,
April 1968. 7 refs.
During 1965 and 1966 a critical study was made of the quality,
condition, and performance of some 1000 dairy cows on 45
farms in four compass areas in the region centering on Arvida,
Quebec, where an Aluminum Smelting operation emits effluent
that results in a contamination of their forage of from about 10
to as high at times of 105 ppm fluoride. Cattle winter forage in
this area is consistently poor in quality, partly because of the
species that can be grown, but more importantly because of
adverse spring climatic conditions which in many year prevent
harvest of hay until the plants have fully matured and ripened.
Its effective feeding value, measured by recorded voluntary
consumption and in vivo digestibility, has been found to be
about half that of high quality legume hay. Commercially
prepared meal mixtures constitute the non -roughage portion
of the winter rations fed, and these by analysis have been
found individually to contain from 65 to 85 ppm fluoride con-
tributed chiefly, and probably exclusively, by some form of
rock phosphate included as a source of the necessary
phosphorus supplement. The factors statistically examined in
the study included: growthiness, size, fleshing, and milking
cows; the incidence and degree of dental fluorosis, and
skeleton accumulation of fluoride (by tail bone biopsy of 48
representative cows); the makeup and amounts of ration fed
daily during the winter farm feeding; and the feeding and
breeding management followed. The statistical procedures of
variance and covariance, and of correlation and partial regres-
sion were computer analyzed. The results indicated that in-
adequacy of energy intake traceable largely to the nutritional
nature of the hay fed was of significantly greater importance
than any of the other factors recorded. Fluorine ingestion car-
ried a statistical weight of only about 3 percent as a cause of
the performance of the cattle. By difference it appeared that
breeding and the generally unsatisfactory management of the
cows, especially the feeding practice, was about twice as im-
portant as feed allowances as causes of the poor quality and
performance of the cows. (The terms fluorine and fluorine and
the symbol F are used interchangeably in this paper. Levels of
fluorine are reported on the elemental basis.) (Author's ab-
stract)
09683
Pack, Merrill R. and Donald F. Adams
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON FRUITING OF
BEANS. Washington State Univ., Pullman, College of Engineer-
ing, National Center for Air Pollution Control Contract AP-
00341-04, 11A-3801-0815, Proj. 0815, Rept. 68/1-28, 8p., March
1968. 7 refs.
The response of bean fruiting to hydrogen fluoride fumigation
was investigated in a series of experiments The plants were
exposed to various concentrations of HF, either for 7 to 14
days at different times relative to flowering or continuously
from seeding to harvest Hydrogen fluoride treatments averag-
ing up to 8.0 micrograms F/cu m for 9 days and 7 8 micro-
grams F/cu m for 14 days applied before, during, or after
flowering, had no apparent effects on fruiting of any of the
four varieties of beans. Fruiting was not affected in four bean
varieties continuouly fumigated at 2.2 micrograms F/cu m.
Bean plants exposed continuously to HF at concentrations
averaging 5.4, 6.6, and 13.9 micrograms F/cu m produced
fewer fruit and/or fewer seeds per fruit than comparable con-
trol plants. Only Tendergreen beans were tested at 5.4 micro-
grams F/cu m. Tendergreen and Pencil Pod Wax varieties
showed effects on fruiting at 6.6 micrograms F/cu m, but Red
Kidney and Tendercrop varieties did not. Fruiting was af-
fected in both bean varieties tested at 13 9 micrograms F/cu m
(Red Kidney and Tendergreen). (Author summary modified)
10150
Weinstein, L. H., P. W. Preuss, and A.G. Lemmons
STUDIES ON FLUORO-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN
PLANTS. I. METABOLISM OF (2)-14C-FLUOROACETATE .
Contri. Boyce Thompson Inst., 24 (2):2S-31, Jan.-March 1968.
17 refs.
The metabolism of (2)-14C-sodium fluoroacetate was studied
in Acacia georginae, peanut, castor bean, and 'Pinto' bean.
When this compound was supplied to sterile seddlmgs of these
four plants, 14CO2 was evolved and 14C was incorporated
into water- soljble fractions and lipids. Results indicate that
the plants studied contain an enzyme system capable of cleav-
ing the carbon fluorine bond. (Authors' summary)
10342
Tanaka, Yuichiro
EXPANDING POLLUTION IN ORCHARDS - DAMAGES ON
ORANGES OF THE KAMBARA AREA BY FLUORIDE
GASES. (Kadudai sum kajuen no kogai - fusso gasu ni yoru
Kanbara chiho no mikankogai). Text in Japanese. Kajitsu Ninon
(Japan. Fruits), 22(10): 1-4, Oct. 1967.
Approximately 100,000 tons of aluminum per year are
produced at the Kambara plant of the Japan Light Metal Co.,
with 1262 tons/year of gaseous emissions produced from sol-
vents such as fluorspar and aluminum fluoride. Although gases
from the electrolysis furnaces are emitted through stacks, a
considerable amount escapes into the factory and is discharged
through the windows and ceiling. Necrosis, chlorosis, and
early leaf fall occurred to bamboo, plums, cherries, maples,
and persimmon, in the same year operation began. Orange
leaves were affected most severely, with the harvest of the
following year drastically reduced. Shrinkage of the leaves and
deterioration of the trees occurred, until eventually the trees
lost their capacity for fruition altogether. Orange flowers are
particularly vulnerable to gases. Fluoride enters into leaves
through the pores and concentrates at the tips of the veins.
The cell membranes are damaged after a certain concentration
is reached, chloroplasts are destroyed, and eventually metabol-
ism and physiological functions completely cease. Control
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
349
tests were conducted with a spray of lime sulfur mixture, fer-
tilizers, and wind barriers. Wind barriers exerted a slight ef-
fect, but the problem was not entirely solved.
10673
Hill, A. Clyde
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR FLUORIDE VEGETATION
EFFECTS. Preprint, Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, Center for En-
vironmental Biology, ((22))p., 1968. 34 refs. (Presented at the
61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 24-27, 1968, Paper 68-165.)
Facts that must be taken into consideration in developing
fluoride standards for vegetation effects include: (1) Fluoride
is an accumulative toxicant and injury is usually associated
with long term exposure; (2) Gaseous and particulate fluorides
differ in their phytotoxicity; (3) Plant species and varieties
differ greatly in susceptibility to fluoride; (4) Extremely low
concentrations can cause damage to sensitive species. Three
possible approaches to standards are discussed: Atmospheric
fluoride concentration, vegetation fluoride concentration, and
the presence of leaf necrosis or chlorosis. Atmospheric
fluoride concentration has the advantage that it fits the con-
ventional concept of standards and that it is objective. Accu-
rately measuring low fluoride concentration, separating gase-
ous from particulate fluorides in the air sample, and establish-
ing a safe concentration present technical problems, however.
Vegetation analysis may more closely represent fluorides
available to affect the plant. The presence of significant
amounts of fluoride-induced leaf necrosis (e.g. 3% of the leaf
area) may be the most practical approach to standards for
fluoride vegetation effects. Advantages are that the combined
effects of the form of fluoride, species and varieties, and con-
centration-time relationships are all manifest in the factor that
is measured. Relatively little time is required to examine the
vegetation in a large area and only 2 or 3 surveys a year are
required. (Author's abstract)
10711
Suttie, J. W.
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR THE PROTECTION OF
FARM ANIMALS FROM FLUORIDES. J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 19(4):239-242, April 1969. 6 refs.
The ingestion of forage contaminated with inorganic fluorides
from industrial sources constitutes an air pollution problem for
domestic livestock. In cattle, the syndrome is characterized by
dental and skeletal lesions, lameness, chemical evidence of in-
creased fluoride ingestion, and effects on appetite and milk
production in severe cases. The only practical basis for a stan-
dard appears to be one based on fluoride concentrations in
forage. While a standard should protect cattle from loss of
milk production and from severe dental fluorosis, it need not
be set so low that the animals will be protected against any
discernible deviations from normal which do not influence
their general health, productive ability, or the soundness and
wearing quality of their dentition. As there may be wide
seasonal variations in forage fluoride concentrations, the basic
standard should be expressed as a yearly average. However,
as the developing teeth may be adversely influenced by short
periods of high exposure, the standard should contain a provi-
sion which limits both the extent and duration of time that
high concentrations may be tolerated even though they are
balanced by lower values at other months. Based on these
criteria, a tentative standard is proposed which limits forage
fluoride to an average of 40 ppm, as well as the time that
forage concentrations may exceed 60 or 80 ppm. (Author ab-
stract modified)
10841
Bronsch, K. and N. Grieser
FLUORINE AND FLUORINE TOLERANCES IN FODDER OF
DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 2. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF
FLUORINE AND FODDER TESTS ON DOMESTIC
ANIMALS. Berlin-Muench. Tieraerztl. Wochschr., 77(20):401-
408, 1964. 297 refs. Translated from German by J. Chapin. Na-
tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Translating Unit,
23p., 1965.
The effect of fluorine on the animal organism is due mainly to
resorption, fixation in hard tissues, and excretion interaction.
Symptoms and experimental results are presented for acute,
subacute, and chronic fluorine intoxication. Growth retarda-
tion must be included in the description of subacute fluorine
intoxication. Morphological alterations in the bones and teeth
are described for chronic fluorine intoxication. Animal experi-
ments are critically assessed to determine how much fluorine
can be tolerated without having an injurious effect on the
animal. Important differences are noted between different
types of animals with regard to dosage. In presenting the
animal experiments, it is necessary to differentiate between in-
different and tolerable fluorine concentrations. The difference
between these two terms is based on the fact that in those
animals which receive tolerable fluorine concentrations during
dental formation, slight changes can occur in the teeth. How-
ever, this molding leads neither to an increased abrasion of
the teeth nor other damages. Metabolic disturbances, among
which are included changes of the tooth structure, occur only
at higher fluorine concentrations. It is also necessary to distin-
guish between poorly and readily soluble fluorine compounds.
The tolerance of fluorine depends on the mineral supply of the
animals, especially with calcium and phosphorus. A deficiency
of one or both of these minerals results in a sensitivity toward
fluorine.
10843
Grieser, N. and K. Bronsch
FLUORINE AND FLUORINE TOLERANCES IN THE NUTRI-
TION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 1. BEHAVIOR OF
FLUORINE IN METABOLISM. Berlin Muench. Tieraerztl.
Wochschr., 77(19):373-379, 1964. 298 refs. Translated from Ger-
man by A. A. Vildzius. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
Md., Translating Unit, 19p., 1965. (References included in Aptic
10841.)
The most important facts concerning the toxicity of fluorine
compounds are compiled and evaluated critically, with particu-
lar reference to the tolerated doses of F in the nutrition of
domestic animals. Fluorine metabolism, its resorption, and dis-
tribution in the blood and tissues are considered. Excretion
ratios are indicated. Effects of fluorine on calcium metabol-
ism, enzymes, organ function, and symbionts are discussed.
The toxic effect of fluorine can be explained essentially by en-
zyme inhibition.
11100
Abeles, F. B., and H. E. Gahagen, in
ABSCISSION: THE ROLE OF ETHYLENE, ETHYLENE
ANALOGUES, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND OXYGEN.
(TECHNICAL MANUSCRIPT.) Dept. of the Army, Frederick,
Md., Plant Sciences Lab., Proj. 1B522301A061, TM-462, 15p.,
June 1968. 25 refs.
For beans, ethylene was the most effective abscission ac-
celerant examined, with decreasing activity shown by propene,
carbon monoxide, dioxide, acetylene, vinyl fluoride, 1-butene,
and 1,3-butadiene. Carbon dioxide inhibited abscission, but its
effect was overcome by ethylene. Oxygen was required for ab-
-------
350
scission as an electron acceptor for respiration and not as a
potentiator or activator of the ethylene attachment site. The
molecular requirements for abscission were similar to those
shown by other workers for other biological processes under
the influence of ethylene. (Authors' abstract)
11157
Agriculture Research Council, London (England)
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS AND
SOIL. 53P., 1967. 202 rets.
An account of recent trends in the emissions and concentra-
tions of smoke, deposited matter and sulphur dioxide in
Britain and summa- rises the information available on the ef-
fects of these pollutants on plants and soil is given. The litera-
ture on the effects on plants and soil of fluorides and of
photochemical, or oxidant, smog which some people think
might be troublesome in this country in the future. A note on
the contamination of plants near highways with lead from the
exhaust fumes of motor vehicles is also included.
11407
C.R. Thompson, O.C. Taylor
EFFECTS OF ADR POLLUTANTS ON GROWTH, LEAF
DROP, FRUIT DROP AND YIELD OF CITRUS TREES.
Preprint, California Univ., Riverside, Statewide Air Pollution
Research Center, ((31))p., ((1968)). ((17)) refs.
Commercially producing lemon and navel orange trees were
studied to determine the effects of the air pollutant complex,
especially photochemical oxidants and fluorides, in the Los
Angeles Basin on the following responses: growth as shown by
increased tree girth and weight of prunings; leaf drop as mea-
sured by (a) total weight of dried leaves collected under the
trees, and (b) the time which marked leaves remained on ran-
domly selected branches; fruit drop; and yield of mature mar-
ketable fruit. The results showed that tree growth measured by
increased girth and weight of pruning removed were not af-
fected consistently by the experimental treatments. The rate of
leaf drop was significantly less for lemon trees where carbon
filtered air was supplied to the trees versus the unfiltered
treatments. A similar trend was present in oranges but was not
significant statistically. The percent of lemon leaves which
remained on selected branches of trees receiving filtered air as
compared to unfiltered treatments after 18 months was 72.4 vs.
34.4%. Fruit drop in lemons is of minor significance but in
navel oranges represents a serious problem. Comparisons of
check trees, unfiltered and carbon filtered air trees showed
fruit drop to be 82.5, 59.7, and 39.6, respectively, all percents
of which are statistically different at the 1% level. Yield of
marketable fruit is also reduced significantly by photochemical
oxidants. (Authors' abstract, modified)
11452
Cohrs, F.
SICKENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS THROUGH SMOKE
DAMAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER. ((Erkrankun-
gen der Haustiere durch Rauchschaeden und Abwaesser der In-
dustrieanlagen.)) Translated from German. Monatsh.
Veterinaermed., 11(2):662-6se tossiche.))
Translated from Italian. Agric. della Venezie, Vol. 14, p. 364-
383, 1960.
The estimation of damages caused by toxic effluents is illus-
trated in the case of seven agricultural claimants against a
glass factory emitting fluorine compounds. The decay of top-
soil, diminished or lack of production of the plantations, and
damage to cattle through the ingestion of pollu:ed fodder are
basic criteria used in the evaluation. The nature of damage (in-
cluding amounts of fluorine found) is discussed in detail. The
estimation of indemnities (e.g. value of dead plants) for each
of the seven claimnants is outlined. Technical devices aimed at
eliminating these emissions are briefly discussed
11466
Bohne, H.
INDUSTRIAL SMOKE DAMAGE FROM FLUORIDE. ((Indus-
trielle Rauchschaden durch Fluor.)) Translated from German.
Mitt. Deut. Landwirtsch. Ges. (Frankfurt), 77(17):575-578, 1962.
The damage caused to plants and animals by air containing
fluoride was investigated, and the extent of this damage and
its economic importance evaluated. Damage to plants usually
takes the form of discoloration of leaves. Chemical analyses
were performed to determine the extent of cumulation of
fluorine in cereals, truck crops and fodder plants, pastures,
fruit trees, garden and decorative plants, and forest trees. The
green portion of pear leaves gathered contained 8.5 percent
fluorine, and the brownish edge of the leaves, 21.2 mg percent
fluorine, illustrating that the discoloration was due to the ef-
fect of fluorine. Fluoride emissions exert quite evident damage
on cattle. The animals eat contaminated fodder, grass, and
hay, and also inhale quantities of fluorine. Thin explains why
these animals suffer more in comparison to animals kept con-
stantly in stables. The external symptom of such effects is a
yellow to dark brown discoloration of the incisors, whose
enamel sometimes breaks off. Increased deposiiion of fluorine
in the bones sometimes results in stiff hobbling and painful
walking. Chemical analysis proves that animals showing whese
symptoms of fluorine exposure have in their organism too
much of this substance. These symptoms were also observed
in hogs who were allowed to eat in pastures. Cattle show a
reduction in the formation of milk and they conceive poorly as
a result of fluoride emissions
11469
Liegois, F. and J. Derivaux
SOME CASES OF CHRONIC FLUOROSLS IN SHEEP.
((Quelques cas de fluorose chronique chez des m
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
351
ganic phosphorus, phosphatases and in some cases magnesi-
um, polypeptides, urea, cholesterol, proteins, serum albumins
and globulins, and glucose were made. Autopsy of these
animals showed no specific characteristics, other than bone le-
sions and especially dental lesions. The limit safe dose of
fluoride that a cow can absorb daily over a long period of time
was investigated. No delayed growth or weight gain, or altera-
tion in the general condition and hooves of lactating cows
receiving 2 to 3 mg of fluorine in the form of natural
phosphates, was observed.
11650
Gottfried Halbwachs, and Josef Kisser
DWARFISM IN FIRS AND BIRCHES CAUSED BY SMOKE
IMMISSIONS. ((Durch Rauchimmissionen bedingter Zwerg-
wuchs bei Fichte und Birke.)) Translated from German. Cen-
tralblatt fur das gesamte Forstwesen, 84(2-6): 156-173, 1967. 34
rets.
A morphological and anatomical study of dwarfed varieties of
Norway spruce and birch was made. The varieties became
established under the chronic influence of polluted air contain-
ing HF from an aluminum plant. A possible effect of minerals
or water in the soil was excluded. The spruce specimen ex-
amined was 20, the Birch, 18 years old. The trees have a
shrub-like, bushy appearance. This is due to the fact that the
terminal shoot of the spruce fades out when it grows beyond a
certain height, then occasionally the buds from the lateral
twigs start to develop. The shape of the dwarfed birch is
caused by the elongation of basal buds. The size of the nee-
dles and leaves is greatly reduced particularly on the weather
side. The reduction is due to a decrease in number as well as
size of the cells. The number of pith ray cells per unit area is
increased as compared to normally developed spruce trees.
With birch no different reaction was found. It is open for
further investigation if this observation indicates a fundamen-
tally different reaction iof dwarfed soft- and hardwood.
12032
J. Y.-O. Cheng, M.-H. Yu, G. W. Miller, and G. W. Welkie
FLUOROORGAN1C ACIDS IN SOYBEAN LEAVES EX-
POSED TO FLUORIDE. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2(Sn8:367-370,
May 1968. 17 ref.
Soybean plants were fumigated with HF or grown in nutrient
solution containing sodium fluoride or fluoroacetate, and the
organic acid fractions of the leaf extracts were compared. Or-
ganic acid extracts from these treatments contained fluoroor-
ganic compounds that were chromatographically similar to
fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate. The fractions suspected of
containing fluorocitrate were separated from HF- and NaF-
treated leaf extracts and found to inhibit aconitase prepared
from either pig heart or soybean leaves. The inhibition was
similar to that exhibited by commercial fluorocitrate.
Aconitase from soybean leaves was as sensitive to
fluorocitrate as that isolated from pig heart. Fluorocitrate was
identified in extracts of fluoride-treated plants by infrared
spectroscopy. (Author's Abstract)
12042
Heggestad, H. E.
DISEASES OF CROPS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN-
CITED BY AIR POLLUTANTS. Phytopathology, 58:1089-1097,
Aug. 1968. 80 ref.
Air pollution injury to crop and ornamental plants is increasing
in the U.S.A. Estimates of annual losses to agriculture from
air pollutants, which ranged from $150 to $500 million during
the decade 1951-1960, are now $500 million. Although most of
the loss is due to growth suppression or chronic injury, it is
the acute injury that suggests the nature of the air pollutant
and reveals the distribution of the problem. Each pollutant
tends to produce its own pattern of injury, leaving graphic
records of air pollution episodes. Photochemical oxidants,
ethylene, sulfur dioxide, fluoride, and other pollutants produce
marked reactions in various types of plants. The recent
developments and current research trends in the assessment of
these reactions are reviewed.
12045
Johnson, H.
THE HIGH COST OF FOUL AIR. The Progressive Farmer, 4
pp., April 1968.
The President's Science Advisory Committee reported in 1965
that air pollution damage to plants had been observed in 27
states, the District of Columbia, Canada, and Mexico. Total
damage each year to crops in the United States is estimated at
$500 million. Weather fleck damage to tobacco, which is
caused by ozone, has caused substantial crop loss in all
producing states. Sulfur dioxide, fluorine, ethylene, and
photochemical smog are known to be harmful to plants. A
research program to solve unanswered questions, and a pro-
gram to enforce the cleaning up of pollution sources is ur-
gently needed.
12155
Leone, Ida A., Eileen Brennan, and R. H. Daines
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON VEGETATION. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Association, New York City, 6p., 1962.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Mid-Atlan-
tic States Section Meeting, Wilmington, Del., Oct. 26, 1962.)
Phytotoxic pollutants are broadly catergorized as primary or
single source emissions and the products of photochemical
reactions arising from urban expansion and vehicular traffic.
Among the primary contaminants, classified according to their
demonstrated order of toxicity to plants, are hydrogen
fluoride, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sul-
fide; to these may be added ethylene and perhaps natural illu-
minating gas. The acute and chronic types of injury caused by
S02, the earliest known offender, and by hydrogen fluoride are
described. The latter is the most insidious of the phytotoxic
pollutants, since it is injurious to certain sensitive species at
fractions of a part per billion. The two most significant pollu-
tants from photochemical reactions are ozone, which generally
attacks the upper leaf surface of sensitive plants, and oxidized
hydrocarbons. The chief offender of the oxidized hydrocar-
bons is peroxyacyl nitrate and its analogues. Plant injury from
specific pollutants can be diagnosed by particularly susceptible
species or indicators, by type of symptom, and by significant
emission sources in the vicinity. Air quality and meteorological
data from three New Jersey communities - Carlstadt, New
Brunswick, and Bordentown - are briefly reviewed in relation
to phytotoxic episodes. Possibe control measures in com-
batting pollution damage to plants include anti-oxidant sprays
and the breeding of resistant plant varieties.
12415
Brandt, C. Stafford
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON CROP PRODUCTION.
Preprint, lip., 1967. (Presented at the Ontario Pollution Con-
trol Conference, Toronto, Dec. 4-6, 1967.)
The contamination of vegetation by atmospheric sulfur dioxide
and fluoride and by phytotoxicants associated with
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352
photochemical smogs is discussed. Identifiable plant injuries
are summarized and a distinction is made between plant injury
and damage. The former is considered to refer to the symptom
or the respose; the latter, only to the effect of the symptom or
response on the desired use of a plant. In the case of sulfur
dioxide, acute injury occurs whenever the atmospheric con-
centration at the leaf exceeds a certain threshold value. As
long as the concentration stays less than this threshold, acute
injury does not occur. Chronic injury may occur in time. This
type of injury is almost impossible to identify with certainty in
the field. The easiest description is that of premature
senescence, a phenomena that is becoming more and more
common in many areas. In the case of fluoride, atmospheric
concentrations are of little importance, but the amount accu-
mulated in the tissues is important. When the concentration
exceeds certain values, acute symptoms develop. There is no
recognizable chronic-type injury due to fluoride. A 10 to 12%
reduction of plant productivity along the eastern seaboard is
predicted as the result of air pollution in general and
photochemical smog in particular.
12529
Bardelli, P. and C. Menzani
STUDIES OF SPONTANEOUS FLUOROSIS IN RUMINANTS:
A NOTE ON PROPHYLAXIS. ((Ricerche sulla fluorosi spon-
tanea die ruminanti: Nota preventiva.)) Text in Italian. Annali
d'igiene, 45(6):399-404, 1935.
The opening of an aluminum refinery near a silkworm breed-
ing region resulted in the destruction of silkworms on an in-
creasing scale as the plant increased its operations. Investiga-
tions showed that the cause of death among the silkworms was
the ingestion, along with the mulberry leaves, of fluorine
discharged into the air by the plant. In the same region, but
somewhat later, the following effects were noted in cattle:
mlanutrition, lower milk yield, and persistent lameness. Still
later, goats in the region developed the same symptoms. From
an examination of the relevant literature, the authors con-
cluded that the above-described symptoms were instances of
fluorosis or fluorine cachexia, of the type reported among
animals living near superphosphate or aluminum plants. In a
controlled experiment the authors found that three cows and
two goats who received 0.38 to 1.8 g fluorine per day
developed clinical fluoroses identical to the spontaneous form,
whereas the controls did not.
12533
Hupka, E. and Luy, P.
FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF OSTEOMALACIA AMONG
GRAZING CATTLE CAUSED BY HYDROFLUORIC ACID
CONTAINED IN THE FLUE GAS DISCHARGED BY A
CHEMICAL PLANT. ((Gehauftes Auftreten von Osteomalacie
unter Weiderindern, verursacht durch Fluorwasserstoffsaure
enthaltenden Fabrikrauch.)) Text in German. Arch wissenschaft-
liche praktische Tierheilkunde (Berlin), 60:21-39, 1929. 12 refs.
In the year 1928 a number of animals grazing in the vicinity of
a chemical plant fell ill to a disease which was diagnosed as
fluorosis. But the symptoms shown by the diseased animals
were in many respects different from those commonly as-
sociated with such cases. The two front legs became lame,
toes and ankles were swollen. The pulse rate was higher, an
increased body temperature was measured and pain was felt.
In some cases the hind legs became stiff. Furthermore an
enormous loss of weight was observed and swellings appeared
along the ribs. The milk production decreased. All these symp-
toms indicate osteomalacia. The grass on which these animals
fed was examined but it was found lush and in no way lacking
in Ca and phosphoric acid (osteomalacia is a deficiency of
these two minerals). The toxicant was found to be the fluorine
deposited on the grass and plants. Hydrofluoric acid attacks
the calcium in the bones and dissolves it which means that the
calcium is constantly reduced. The consequence is osteoporo-
sis. The fluorine is discharged with the flue gas of the nearby
chemical plant. The disease did not occur outside the range of
the chemical plant. The condition of the animals visibly im-
proved during winter time when they were fed with fodder
coming from an unpolluted area. The animals were treated
with nephritine which relieved them of their pain. The chemi-
cal physiological examinations which were conducted showed
that the calcium of the bones is used to neutralize the
hydrofluoric acid. The by-product of this neutnilizing process,
phosphoric acid, is discharged with the urine.
12538
Narozny, J.
DENTAL FLUORISIS OF CATTLE. ((Dentalna ifluoroza hovad-
zieho dobvtka.)) Text in Slovak. Veterinarni Medicina 7:421-424,
1965.
The syndrome of dental fluorosis was used for evaluation of
the toxic effect of fluorine exhalates from a Slovak aluminum-
producing factory, and of the territorial area thus con-
taminated. During 1964, 5,320 animals from 31 localities of the
examined region were investigated. The findings were evalu-
ated in accordance with Dean's 5-grade classification system
which proved fully relevant ot the experimental conditions
selected. The emissions were found to be air-flown mainly in
two directions and they affected the territory up to 16 km
from the source of emission. The examined area was divided
into five classification zones and the occurrence of dental
fluorisis was evaluated and tabulated for each of them. The
results indicate that unusual wear and abrasion of teeth, due to
acute dental fluorisis, unfavorably affect the lif : span of cattle
regardless of the fact that cattle can develop a certain adapta-
bility to the fluorine compounds.
12540
Pavlovic, R. A. and Bogdanovic, S. B.
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN RABBIT BLOOD SERUM
FOLLOWING SODIUM FLUORIDE POISONING. ((Le calci-
um et le phosphore du serum sanguin chez le lapin apres 1'in-
toxication par le fluorure de sodium.)) Text in French. Compt
Rend., Soc. Biol (Belgrade). 109:475-477, 1932. 3 refs.
The process involved in sodium fluroide poisoning is of in-
terest in both the toxicology and the general pathology of bone
and articulation sicknesses. We know little about the part
played by fluorine in rachitis. Certain substances important in
bone pathology have been determined in the blood, but the
results obtained have not been interpreted. The initial weight
of the rabbits used ranged between 1350 and 2200 gr. Calcium
and phosphorus were determined in the blood serum before
and after poisoning by injections of a 1% solution of sodium
fluoride. Chronic poisoning was produced by daily injections
increasing from 10 to 30 mgr of solution per animal kg over a
period of 105 to 121 days. This caused calcium to diminish
from 17.6 to 14.5 mgr per 100, and phosphorus to fall from 7.4
to 6.3 mgr per 100, against 18.1 to 17 and 9.6 to 6.3, respec-
tively, in control animals. Acute poisoning was. produced by a
single injection of 60 mgr per animal kg. This caused the calci-
um to diminish from 16.6 to 14.7 mgr per 100, and phosphorus
to fall from 7.3 to 5.5 mgr. No change was found in the control
animals.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
353
12551
Cristiani, H.
CHANGES IN THE THYROID GLAND UNDER FLUORIC
POISONING. ((Alterations de la glande thyroide dans 1'intoxi-
cation fluoree.)) Text in French. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol.
(Paris), 103:554-557, 1930.
Thyroid gland changes are studied in animals subjected to
chronic poisoning by ingestion of small doses of alkaline
fluorides or fluorsilicates. Because goiters are frequent in this
area of the country, control animals were included in the ex-
perimental groups. Test results on 14 fluorinated animals
(guinea-pigs) are tabulated. Death occurred in 19 to 94 days
(average 53). All animals showed changes in the gland, the in-
terstitial tissue. The changes here were rapid, but may be
slower with smaller doses. All control animals were found to
be healthy. Macroscopic changes in the pituitary body in cases
of fluorosis. The different endocrine glands react differently to
fluoric poisoning. The pituitary gland is difficult to study
because this gland vanes with age, sex, pregnancy, etc. of the
subject. Use was therefore made of adult guinea-pigs 6 to 8
months old, which had died of fluoroxix. Their pituitary body
was compared to that of control animals of the same age and
sex. Results are tabulated, showing a shrinking of the gland in
the test animals, mostly in the nature of a flattening 2.25 mm
(normal average) to an average of 1.7 mm (after poisoning).
12552
Cristiani, H. and R. Gautier
FLUORIDE EMANATIONS FROM FACTORIES: EXPERI-
MENTAL STUDY OF THE ACTION OF FLUORINE PLANTS.
((Emanations fluorees des usines: etuded experimentale de 1'ac-
tion du fluor sur les vegetaux.)) Text in French. Ann. Hygiene
Publ (n.s.), 3:49-64, 1925. 17 refs.
Research work from 1883 onward and the authors' own ex-
periments on the damages done to plants by fluoric emana-
tions from aluminum and/or chemical fertilizer factories are
reviewed. Fluoric compounds may act through the soil and
water that feed the plants, or directly on the plant organs ex-
posed to fluorine-polluted air Of the various toxic gases,
hydrofluoric acid is the most noxious since it forms thick fogs
with the humidity in the air. The effects are cumulative and
may not become visible before repeated exposure of the plants
to the gases. The toxic action of NaF derives from its ability
to precipitate lime and to attach itself to other substances,
such as proteides. Also, fluorine salts have antiseptic action on
unicellular elements, and this has had practical applications. At
the doses utilized, alkaline salts of fluorine do not precipitate
albumin, and can hamper microbial growth without harming
soluble ferments. On the other hand, examination of plant le-
sions enables the detection of their fluoric, as opposed to
other (sulfur, chlorine....) origin. Stoklasa claims that the
amount of emanation and smoke has increased 100-fold in the
last century, reducing the crops in some regions by 30 to 90%.
The work on fodder from industrial areas was confirmed by
experiments with fluorine compounds in air and in water.
12553
Cristiani, H. and R. Gautier
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE TOXICITY OF
FODDER HARVESTED IN THE VICINITY OF AN ALU-
MINUM-PRODUCING FACTORY. ((Recherches experimentales
sur la toxicite des fourrages recoltes dans le voisinage d'une
usine productrice d'aluminium.)) Text in French. Ann. Hygiene
Publ., Ind. Sociale, 4:141-154, 1926. 7 refs.
Experiments were made from 1919 to 1924 on guinea-pigs
whose diet contained, in part, fodder exposed to the emana-
tions of an aluminum factory. The animals died after a time
that depended on the amount of fluorine present in the fodder.
Death was preceded by cachexy and symptoms similar to
those exhibited by cattle in areas around the same factories.
Test results are tabulated. The fodder must contain more
fluorine than normally present in such plants. These conditions
were obtained around the subject factory, during intense
production only. A second set of tests were made on fodders
artificially altered by gases containing fluorine. The results
were similar to those described above and showed that other
gases than fluorine, which may additionally have altered the
fodder, are not necessary for the production of the disease.
12554
Ehrlich, C.
OBSERVATIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS OF CHRONIC
FLUORINE POISONING IN CATTLE. ((Beobachtungen und
Untersuchungen iiber chron. Fluorvergiftungen bei Rindern.))
Text in German. Deut Tieraerztl. Wochschr., 61:225-228, June
1954.
Fluorine poisoning of cattle grazing in the vicinity of an alu-
minum plant was observed which lead to extensive clinical,
pathologic-anatomical, bacteriological, serological and
parasitological examinations. The clinical symptoms shown by
the diseased animals were loss of weight, retardation in the
development of young cattle, lusterless skin, stiff and pain-
stricken movement, swollen ankles, impaired fertility of
female animals, brown and black colored teeth which became
loose and exostoses at the jaw bones and ribs. Sometimes a
difficulty in breathing developed with the pulse becoming
weak and irregular. A closer investigation of the deformed ribs
showed that at the sites of the exostoses, the bones could be
cut through very easily. No parasitic or bacteriologic ailment
was found in the animals. The chemical analysis yielded a high
fluorine content in the teeth and bones which was on the
average one to ten times as high as with healthy animals. The
increase of the normal fluorine contents was lowest in the
blood and highest in teeth, bones, claws and in the urine. To
answer the question of how these toxic fluorine compounds
entered the body, samples of the grass and soil in the vicinity
of the aluminum plant (up to a diameter of 2 km) were ex-
amined. The fluorine contents of these samples was 31 to 56
times higher than of samples taken outside the range of the
plant. Thus the animals consumed the fluorine with the fodder
which was intoxicated either by fly dust and/or by nourishing
on a soil rich in fluorine.
12556
Gerschmann, Rebeca
PARATHYROID AND FLUORIC HYPOCALCEMIA.
((Parathyroide et Hypocalcemie Fluorique.)) Text in French.
Compt Rend Soc. Biol. (Paris), 104:411412, 1930
The tests on dogs here described show that the parathyroids
tend to maintain the calcemic level at its normal value, con-
tributing to raise it when it otherwise may fall. Sodium
fluoride served as hypocalcemic agent, injected intravenously
(30 mg per kg animal weight). Calcium was measured in the
blood serum, phosphates in the plasma, chlorides in the whole
blood. In normal dogs, the calcium level ranged from 11 to
10.7 mg per 100 cc. After surgical removal of thyroid/parathy-
roid glands, the level dropped in 48 hours from 10.5 to 5.9 mg,
with most of the animals falling into tetany. The injection in
normal dogs produced hypocalcemia with a drop of 3.3 mg in 2
hours and then a gradual recovery to near-normal level after
-------
354
24 hours; inorganic phosphates increased from 3.2 to 5 mg;
chlorides showed no regular changes. The same injection in
dogs deprived of the glands caused a greater drop in calcium,
yet smaller than the sum of the drops caused separately by the
fluoride and the parathyroidectomy. But the lowered calcium
level does not recover: the recovery seems to be due mostly to
the operation of the parathyroidic function.
13159
Ferrando, R. and G. Milhaud
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION OF
ANIMALS. (Effets biologiques de la pollution atmospherique
sur les animaux). Text in French. Rev. Hyg. Med. Soc.,
17(3):295-306, 1969. 2 refs.
Air pollution has many effects on animal organisms. Fluorine
by-products, lead, and molybdenum are the major offending
constituents in industrial air pollution. Cement dust and sulfur
dioxide cause less of a problem. Pollution of agricultural origin
is essentially linked to the more or less controlled use of pesti-
cides. A temporary imbalance of natural fauna is most often
indicated when domestic animals are victims of atmospheric
pollution. The damage caused to livestock by this pollution
will remain localized and its economic consequence will be
relatively unimportant. The social consequences of this pollu-
tion are more severe, and it is as important to preserve the so-
cial climate as the health of the animals. The solution to these
problems has long been in the hands of lawyers. Though in-
direct, the risk to the food cycle is serious. It will be necessa-
ry to institute strict tests for determining the amount of
residual pollutants able to exist in food destined for men and
to regulate the use of products absorbing these pollutants.
13203
Lezovic, Jan
THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON THE
BIOLOGICAL LIFE NEAR AN ALUMINUM FACTORY.
Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride Res., 2(l):2S-27,
Jan. 1969.
Quantitative and qualitative analyses of tissues, milk, and
teeth, along with fluoride level determination of bones, show
that animal and vegetable life near an aluminum factory is ad-
versely affected by fluoride emissions. The factory is located
in a mountain valley, within 300 meters of the nearest village.
All trees examined showed a marked increase in the fluoride
levels of their leaves or needles. The leaves of exposed fruit
trees were harder, glossier, more fragile than normal, and
covered with a whitish-gray crust. Similar changes occurred on
leaves of garden vegetables, especially cabbage, turnips, and
cucumbers. Fruit on trees was visibly deformed. The first
signs of damage to animal life occurred two years after the
factory went into operation, when about 95% of the goats and
cattle were afflicted with fluorosis. Swine, horses, and poultry
were less sensitive. The weight of the affected cattle gradually
decreased to the point of cachexia. Calcium and phosphorous
levels in the blood of the diseased animals averaged, respec-
tively, 7.5 and 5.06 mg%. As an indicator of damage, fluoride
deposits on snow were of the order of magnitude of 15 to
234.8 mg/sq m.
13213
Allcroft, Ruth and K. N. Burns
ALLEVIATION OF INDUSTRIAL FLUOROSIS IN A HERD.
Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride Res., 2(I):55-59,
Jan. 1969. 2 refs.
To determine the alleviating effect of aluminum and calcium in
fluorosis, a herd of 24 Ayrshire cows was exposed to airborne
fluoride and divided into three groups. One groap was given
supplements of aluminum sulfate, another aluminum sulfate
plus calcium carbonate and anhydrous sodium phosphate. The
third group was used as control. Urinary fluorine excretion,
skeletal fluoride accumulation, and the general health of the
animals were evaluated. Aluminum sulfate reduced bone
fluoride storage by 22% in comparison with conlrols. The cal-
cium phosphorous supplement did not enhance the effect of
aluminum sulfate alone. However, it appeared that fluoride ac-
cumulation was merely delayed and storage to undesirable
levels could not be prevented by the aluminum sulfate treat-
ment. (Author summary modified)
13247
Mohamed, Aly H.
CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON
PLANTS. Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride Res.,
2(2):76-84, April 1969. 8 refs.
Studies on the effects of hydrogen fluoride on meiotic
chromosomes of tomatoes indicated a trend toward a higher
frequency of chromosomal aberrations with an increase in the
fumigation period. Hydrogen fluoride was shewn to induce
paracentric inversions with the possibility ol deficiencies,
duplications, or even translocations. The prjgeny of the
treated plants, produced a number of abnormal phenotypes the
same as, or similar to, known mutants. Further studies in
maize microsporocytes for plants treated with FtF confirm the
cytological data reported for tomato plants. They offer clear
evidence of inversions, translocations, and deficiencies. The
results suggest that HF affects DNA synthesis by blocking,
directly or indirectly, the replication of the DNA molecule.
(Author summary modified)
13474
Yopp, J. H., W. E. Schmid, and R. W. Hoist
DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LEVELS
OF SELECTED CHEMICALS THAT EXERT TOXIC EF-
FECTS ON PLANTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN IL-
LINOIS (FINAL REPORT). Southern Illinois Univ., Carbon-
dale, Illinois Inst. for Environmental Quality Proj. 10.022, Rept.
74-33, 281p., Aug. 1974. 525 refs. NTIS: PB 237654
A literature search on the toxic effects of various pollutants
on plants of economic importance in Illinois is presented. The
occurrence, uptake and accumulation, toxicity and toxic
tolerances, visible effects, and economic consequences are
outlined for aluminum, barium, beryllium, boron, bromine,
cadmium, ethylene, chlorine, chromium, copper, fluorine,
lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, nitrogen diox-
ide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, ammonia, nitrate, ozone, sodium,
sulfur dioxide, sulfates, hydrogen sulfide, thallium, vanadium,
and zinc. The degree of plant injury as a function of the
source of the phytotoxic agent is also discussed. Recommen-
dations for maximum permissible levels are given for both air-
borne and soil forms of the pollutants where possible.
13804
De Cormis, L. and G. Viel
STUDIES CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTEVGS
ON CROPS. (Etudes concernant les effets des pollutants sur les
cultures). Text in French. Rev. Hyg. Med. Soc., 17(3):307-312,
1969.
Damage to crops and vineyards in certain areas of the Basses-
Pyrenes was attributed to pollutants emitted by the industrial
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
355
complex at Lacq, particularly to the sulfurous gas discharged
by a desulfurization plant. Air measurements revealed the
presence of SO2 in the neighborhood of the factories and
strong intermittent pollution at distant points. However, necro-
sis was observed on plants relatively resistant to SO2-induced
injuries and plant damage in the area of the factories is at-
tributed to atmospheric fluoride components. In other areas,
fluoride levels were not high enough to explain the necrosis.
Laboratory studies indicate that fluoride and sulfur are normal
components of plant tissues, so their presence is not a factor
in determining pollution. Plants, especially apricot trees, are
indicators of fluoride pollution. The acidity of rainwater can-
not be assumed to have a direct relationship to plant damage.
In controlled atmospheres, plants were enriched by subtoxic
quantities of sulfur and fluorine. However, sulfur is
metabolized by plants while fluoride is accumulated and can
attain toxic levels.
13985
Shupe, James L.
LEVELS OF TOXICITY TO ANIMALS PROVIDE SOUND
BASIS FOR FLUORIDE STANDARDS. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
3(8):721-726, Aug. 1969.
Fluorosis, a disease common to cattle, occurs when fluorine
compounds are ingested for long periods of time. Hydrogen
fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride are two phytotoxic gases en-
countered in air pollution which may accumulate on the
vegetation eaten by livestock. There are no adverse effects on
dairy cattle when the fluorine content of the daily ration is less
than 30 ppm, while 40 to 60 ppm will result in moderate ad-
verse effects. Acute fluorosis results from ingestion of 250
ppm fluoride and is characterized by stiffness, anorexia, weak-
ness, high blood and urine flouride, convulsions, and cardiac
failure. Chronic fluorosis is typified by ingestion of 60 to 100
ppm fluorine/day, by severe dental malformations, and by
bone lesions. Fluorine toxicity can be alleviated by administra-
tion of aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, or calcium car-
bonate, but the necessity for regulation of fluorine content in
air water, food products, and soil is acute. A discussion by L
V Cralley and John P. Jewell is included.
14121
Ross Cleon W., Herman H. Wiebe, Gene W Miller, and Rex
L. Hurst
RESPIRATORY PATHWAY, FLOWER COLOR, AND LEAF
AREA OF GLADIOLUS AS FACTORS IN THE RESISTANCE
TO FLUORIDE INJURY. Botan. Gaz., 129(l):49-52, 1968. 13
rets.
Leaf disks from 36 varieties of gladiolus were supplied with
either l-C-14-labeled glucose or 6-C-14-labeled glucose. Ratios
of C6/C1 were determined and correlated with the fluonde
sensitivity ratings reported by Hendnx and Hall. Leaves of
varieties which were sensitive to hydrogen fluonde generally
had a higher C6/C1 ratio than leaves of varieties resistant to
fluoride injury. The Jesuits provide circumstantial in vivo sup-
port of the hypothesis that the primary fluonde injury
mechanism in intact leaves involves the inhibition of enolase
Resistant varieties may be somewhat more dependent on the
pentose phosphate pathway and less dependent on the
glycolytic pathway than sensitive varieties (Author abstract
modified)
14247
Treshow, Michael and Frances M. Harner
GROWTH RESPONSES OF PINTO BEAN AND ALFALFA
TO SUBLETHAL FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS. Can. J.
Botany, vol. 46:1207-1210, Oct. 1968. 12 refs.
A study was conducted to determine whether sublethal doses
of fluoride impaired or stimulated the growth of Pinto bean
and Ranger alfalfa plants. When bean plants were fumigated
with fluoride, growth was accelerated and internode develop-
ment was conspicuously greater than in control plants. Fresh
and dry plant weights were positively correlated with increas-
ing fluoride content of the leaves. Statistically significant cor-
relation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.98 were calculated between
fluoride content and fresh and dry weights, respectively. When
fluoride content exceeded approximately 200 ppm, weights
decreased below those of the controls. Leaf chlorosis did not
develop until foliar fluoride concentrations exceeded approxi-
mately 500 ppm. Fluoride sometimes stimulated growth of al-
falfa, but results were inconsistent and no statistically signifi-
cant relation existed between foliar fluoride content and plant
weight. However, dry weight of fumigated plants whose foliar
fluoride content exceeded 500 ppm was only 63% that of the
control plants. No chlorotic or necrotic markings were ob-
served on fumigated alfalfa plants. An understanding of the
mechanisms for fluoride stimulation requires further investiga-
tion into morphological responses. (Author abstract modified)
14678
Hadjuk, Juraj
REACTION OF SOME RELATIVELY RESISTANT PLANTS
TO SUDDEN INCREASE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF
FLUORINE EXHALATIONS. (Reakcia niektorych relativne
rezistentnych rastlin na narazove zvysenie koncentracie
fluorovych exhalacnych splodin v okoli hlinikarne). Text in
Slovakian. Biologia, 21(6):421-427, 1966. 19 refs.
Since 1961, annual studies have been conducted to determine
the effect of fluorine emissions from an aluminum factory in
the Hron valley, central Slovakia, on local vegetation. The
checkered pattern of phytopathological symptoms observable
on individual plants is the result of irregular diffusion and
dispersion of pollutants, unequal intake of nutrients, and
unequal physiological processes taking place in different parts
of a plant. Different degrees of resistance to pollution encoun-
tered among plants of the same species are explained by plant
location. In June 1964, large necrotic markings appeared on
plant leaves, and the growth of plants relatively resistant to
fluorine was inhibited. The spontaneous appearance of necro-
sis might have been provoked by a gradual accumulation of
fluorine in the soil surrounding plant roots, finally reaching
toxic levels, or by a sudden increase in fluorine concentrations
emitted to both air and soil. The period of spontaneous necro-
sis was found to coincide with a period when, because of
technical adjustments, factory emissions of fluorine were dou-
ble the average of previous years. It is concluded that plants
can serve as indicators of increased fluorine emissions result-
ing from modifications of electrolytic installations or break-
downs in operating procedures. (Author abstract modified)
14968
Daines, Robert H., Eileen Brennan, and Ida Leone
AIR POLLUTANTS AND PLANT RESPONSE. J. Forestry,
65(6):381-384, June 1967. 15 refs.
The effects of a number of acid gases and photochemically-
produced pollutants on plants are described. A great variation
in susceptibility to damage by such gases as fluorides and SO2
-------
356
exist both among plant species and within a single species. In-
jury from these gases occurs primarily to younger leaves, with
little or no damage shown by old leaves. Symptoms usually
consist of marginal and tip necrosis with accompanying
discoloration of the affected areas. Limited studies with
chlorine suggest that it is less phytotoxic than hydrofluoric
acid, requiring about 0.1 ppm to injure the more sensitive
plants. Among the photochemically-produced pollutants, ozone
has been known for many years to be toxic to a wide variety
of plant species; ozone toxicity symptoms appear as flecks,
stipple, streaks, spots, and tip necrosis. Injury appears on ma-
ture leaves, with the oldest leaves of young plants and middle-
aged leaves of old plants being most susceptible. Peroxyacetyl-
nitrate (PAN) and its analogues are highly phytotoxic, produc-
ing symptoms called 'silver leaf' and 'leaf banding' in Califor-
nia, the northeastern U. S., and other urbanized areas. Like
ozone, these compounds are believed to cause severe annual
economic losses in crop damage. Investigations of damage
caused by other photochemical pollutants, namely ozonated
hydrocarbons, bisulfite reaction products, and nitrogen diox-
ide, are briefly summarized, and the major sources of all the
pollutants discussed are noted.
15213
MacLean, D. C., O. F. Roark, G. Folkerts, and R. E.
Schneider
INFLUENCE OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE SEN-
SITIVITY OF TOMATO PLANTS TO HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE. Environ. Sci. Techno!., 3(11): 1201-1204, Nov.
1969. 10 refs.
The influence of calcium, magnesium, and potassium on
growth, fluoride accumulation, foliar injury, flowering, and
fruiting of tomato plants exposed to gaseous hydrogen fluoride
was tested. Tomato plants grown in sand culture and provided
with a complete nutrient solution or solutions deficient in cal-
cium, magnesium, or potassium were exposed to concentra-
tions of hydrogen fluoride from 0 to 15.1 micrograms/cu m for
periods of three, five, or 64 days. In magnesium-deficient
plants, HF exposure resulted in a reduction in the dry weight
of both tops and roots and an increase in the severity of mag-
nesium deficiency symptoms on basal leaves. Foliar accumula-
tion of fluoride was suppressed by magnesium deficiency. The
effects of HF exposure on calcium- deficient plants were
characterized by reduced top growth, increased foliar chloro-
sis, and an enhancement of necrosis on apical leaves. Fluoride
accumulation was unaffected by calcium nutrition. The respon-
ses of potassium-deficient plants to HF were limited to in-
creases in F accumulation and in necrosis on apical leaves.
The differential responses of the elements to HF exposure
were ascribed to differences in their mobility within plant tis-
sues, the stability of fluoride salts formed, and/or their
metabolic roles. (Author abstract modified)
15404
Yu, Ming-no and Gene W. Miller
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON THE RESPIRATION OF
LEAVES FROM HIGHER PLANTS. Plant Cell Physioi.
(Tokyo), vol. 8:483-493, 1967. 28 refs.
The effect of fluoride on the respiration of leaves from
Chenopodium murale and soybean (Glycine max, Merr., Haw-
keye variety) was studied to establish whether respiration
changes induced by fluoride could be correlated with ADP
concentration by the use of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) as an
uncoupler. Fluoride treatment included both excised leaves
cultured in nutrient solutions and leaves from plants fumigated
with hydrofluonce acid atmosphere. Tissues treated with low
fluoride concentrations which initially showed ncreased ox-
ygen uptake eventually showed decreased oxygen consump-
tion. Tissues treated with a high concentration of fluoride
showed an increased oxygen uptake if analyzed soon after
treatment initiation. Increase in respiration generally took
place before visible damage was manifested. Decrease in
respiration was correlated with pronounced injury of tissues.
Besides concentration of fluoride and the time lapse of treat-
ment, the pH of the culture solution in which fluoride was
supplemented, tissue age, and plant species were important
factors affecting respiration. For example, the fluoride effect
was greater at pH 4.5 than at other values tested and stimula-
tion of respiration by fluoride was greater at all pH values
when inorganic phosphate was added. The effect of 2,4-DNP
on respiration was very similar to that of fluoride in that the
effect differed with pH, concentrations, time of treatment,
leaf age, and plant species. The respiration of fluoride-treated
leaves was stimulated less by 2,4-DNP than that of control
leaves. (Author abstract modified)
15501
Treshow, Michael, Franklin K. Anderson, and Frances Harner
RESPONSES OF DOUGLAS-FIR TO ELEVATED AT-
MOSPHERIC FLUORIDES. Forest Sci., 13(2):114-120, 1967. 8
refs.
The response of Douglas fir trees to fluorides w£ s studied near
a phosphate reduction plant in Idaho, where about 200 acres
of timber had been killed. Study trees, selected at increasing
distances from the operation, were placed into groups accord-
ing to the average fluoride content of the eaves. Radial
growth, needle length, and dry weight of the trees in the vari-
ous groups were compared before and during the operations.
Radial growth of trees with a fluoride concentration under 50
ppm (the controls) was greatest when the phosphate plant was
operating; at higher concentrations, radial growth was the least
during operations, and significantly less than in the controls,
even in the absence of leaf necrosis. Normal giowth resumed
following the closing of the phosphate plant. Needle growth
followed an opposite pattern. Needle length .vas positively
correlated with fluoride levels and negatively Correlated with
radial growth. Stimulation of needle elongation appeared to be
the easiest response of needles to fluorides. Giowth suppres-
sion was evident at higher concentrations. Needle burning and
mortality developed when fluoride concentration of the leaves
exceeded several hundred pprn. (Author abstract modified)
15604
Bovay, E. and A. Bolay
DISPERSION OF FLUORINATED GASES IN THE CENTRAL
VALLEY. (La dispersion des gaz fluores cans le Valais central).
Text in French. Agr. Romande. Ser. A, 4(5):33-36, 1965.
The movement of air masses in the Rhone Valley, based on
topography, have a considerable effect on the location and the
amount of fluoride pollution from the aluminum plants in the
area. A map of the Rhone Valley indicates that the area of
greatest pollution seems to be on the south side of the valley
near the town of Martigny. Fluoride levels were determined in
plants at verying distances from the source of pollution. In
general, plants in the Martigny area seemed to have the
highest fluorine content; the highest fluorine samples were
from trunks of poplar trees in the Martigny area. High levels
were also recorded in pear trees, potatoes, and apricots in the
same area.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
357
15838
Bovay, E.
FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION IN LEAVES DUE TO BORON-
CONTAINING FERTILIZERS. Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern.
Soc. Fluoride Res., 2(4):222-228, Oct. 1969. 7 refs.
In Switzerland's Rhone Valley, apricot orchards and vineyards
exposed to F(-) emissions from aluminum and phosphate fertil-
izer factories display typical fluoride-induced necroses of the
foliage. Up to 600 ppm F(-) in dry matter is present in the
plant tissue but, the damage is limited to a few strictly circum-
scribed, individually owned parcels of land. Field and pot-cul-
ture experiments showed that the high F(-) content in the
plants resulted from boron-containing combined fertilizers ob-
tained by direct reaction of sulphuric acid or nitric acid upon
raw products. A particular chemical combination containing
fluorine and boron is formed in the fertilizer during the manu-
facturing process. The action of this special combination is
similar to that of potassium fluorborate. Experiments on beans
conducted in a greenhouse with several fertilizers, including
the special combined boron-containing fertilizer, proved that
F(-) could be partially eliminated by washing the leaves with
water. The boron content of the same tissues remained
unchanged by washing, suggesting that F(-) penetrates plants
through the roots.
16092
Halbwachs, Gottfried and Josef Kisser
DWARFISM IN FIRS AND BIRCHES CAUSED BY SMOKE
IMMISSIONS. Centralblatt fuer das gesamte Forstwesen, 84(2-
6):156-173, 1967. 34 rets. Translated from German. 29p.
A morphological and anatomical study of dwarfed varieties of
Norway spruce and birch was made. Dwarfism was exclusive-
ly caused by the effect of fluorine containing emissions. This
influence was exerted directly on the needles and leaves
wherein the development was inhibited and the numbers were
reduced as a consequence of chronic and acute damage. The
metabolism was directly reduced as well as the assimilation
performance of the cells that remained intact. The establish-
ment of trees was only possible because of the protecting in-
fluence of the neighboring vegetation of lower plants. As soon
as individual branches began to grow above this protecting
layer, they reached the immediate zone of influence of emis-
sions and died off. This process, repeated every year, prevents
a height gain and leads to a dense, bushy growth. The shape of
the dwarfed birch is caused by elongation of basal buds. The
size of the needles and leaves was greatly reduced particularly
on the weather side which was in direct contact with the
fluorine emissions. The reduction was due to a decrease in
number as well as the size of the cells. Both varieties had con-
siderably more pitch rays which were considerably lower in
height. The number of ray cells per unit area was increased as
compared to normally developed spruce trees. With birth, this
was not found; however, the ray cells were generally narrower
and lower. Further study is needed to learn whether such
changes in the number of ray cells per surface unit are specific
only for coniferous trees or whether they represent a general
characteristic of the wood structure of dwarfed tree forms due
to different factors.
16150
Garber, K.
THE IMPORTANCE OF AIRBORNE SALT AEROSOLS TO
PLANTS. (Ueber die Bedeutung der Salzaerosole in der Luft
fuer die Pflanzen). Text in German. Zentr. Aerosol-Forsch.
(Stuttgart), 12(l):24-33, June 1964. 29 refs.
Plant damage, observed after heavy storms on the coast of the
North Sea, raised the question of possible injury by salt
aerosols. The present knowledge of the effects of salts on
plants is discussed. Numerous papers point out that sodium
fluoride in 0.2% solution kills the leaves of trapa, elodea and
vallisneria within 24 hours, and a 0.025% solution has an ad-
verse effect on germination. NaCL solutions (0.5 to 1%) cause
hardly any injury, while KC1 in 0.25 to 0.5% solution injuries
bean plants; KCL03 in 0.01 and 0.025% solution is toxi. Am-
monia may harm plants in liquid as well as in gaseous states;
NH4OH is harmful even in 0.01% solution. As has previously
been pointed out, Cl, Na, Mg, Ca, K, NH3-N.B, etc. in weak
concentrations serve as plant nutrients. The sensitivity of the
various plants to salt solutions differs. Of the most common
plants cultivated in Germany, summer barley is least sensitive;
beans are highly sensitive; and leaves of plum trees are par-
ticularly sensitive. To test whether salt aerosols are as damag-
ing as salt solutions, test plants were exposed for half an hour
to the following salt aerosols in 5% solutions: Na2CO3,
K2S04, NaN03, NaCl, NaF and sea salt. Of these, NaF, NaCl,
and sea salt had an injurious effect. The leaves were burned
on the rim and began to roll up. NaCl discolored the needles
of the picea excelsa. A table lists in detail all injuries observed
on the various plants tested (begonia semperflorens, valeri-
anella, gomphreno, lupinus luteus, picea excelsa).
16152
Garber, Kurt
A STUDY OF THE INTAKE OF TOXICANTS THROUGH
THE BARK OF TREES. (Ueber die Aufnahme von Schadstoffen
durch die Rinde der Baeume). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Tech.
Univ. Dresden, ll(3):549-552, 1962. 12 refs.
The retention of fluorine and its compounds in the bark of
trees is discussed. Analysis of the barks of willows, poplars
and alders stemming from the vicinity of a superphosphate
plant showed considerable amounts of fluorine; hardly any
traces were found in the wood. The quantitative analysis of
fluorine by perchloric acid distillation showed that a relation-
ship exists between the fluorine content in the bark and the
distance of the emission source. Gassing experiments with
hydrofluoric acid on three-year old barren trees and cut
branches in the winter showed that the fluorine content rose to
between 33 and 65 mg in 100 g dry substance, depending on
the exposure time; 1.71 to 4.28 mg fluorine was found in the
wood. In non-exposed trees, fluorine concentrations of 0.9 to
1.6 mg in the bark and 0.2 to 0.3 mg in the wood were found.
A further series of gassing experiments with trees during the
winter period showed that the fluorine content of the leaves
was twice or three times as high as that of non-exposed trees.
Maple leaves from trees whose bark was treated with a 1%
sodium fluoride solution also showed an increased fluorine
concentration. Trees in the vicinity of a tar and asphalt plant
stored higher concentrations of tar containing substances in
the bark and, to a less extent, in the wood. Barren trees in the
winter were exposed to ammonia. NH3 could be found in the
bark; it was not found in the wood.
16222
Guderian Robert, Hans Van Haul and Heinrich Stratmann
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PHYTOTOXIC HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS. (Experimentelle Unter-
suchnungen ueber pflanzenschaedigende Fluorwasserstoff-Kon-
zentrationen). Text in German. Forschungsber. Landes Nordr-
hein-Westfalen, no. 2017:54p., 1969. 48 refs.
The resistance of important plant cultures to hydrogen fluoride
and the HF concentrations which cause plant injuries at long-
-------
358
term exposure were determined. The test plants were exposed
to certain HF concentrations in small plastic greenhouses. Stu-
dies of the resistance of certain agricultural and forest plants
lead to the formation of various resistance groups which are
important for diagnosis as well as for the selection of plants
for cultivation in HF polluted areas. For diagnosing purposes,
the resistance groups were established with respect to leaf re-
sistance; the yield was used as a criteria for establishing re-
sistance groups in the planning of plant cultures. Tuberous
plants e.g., tulips, crocusses, narcissas, etc., are not suitable
for cultivation in HF polluted areas. Peas, beans and lupines
showed a higher yield reduction than oats, corn, and summer
rap. HF pollution might lead to drastic changes, such as reduc-
tion of less resistant plants which in turn enhances the growth
of resistant species. Concentrations of 1 to 2 microgram HF/cu
m caused severe injuries in tuberous plants after several days
of exposure. In grasses and various types of clovers, a
fluorine accumulation of 9 mg/100 g dry substance was found
at a 16 day exposure to an average concentration of as little as
0.85 microgram HF/cu m. Winter barley showed a yield reduc-
tion after 12 days of exposure to 3.3 microgram HF/cu m.
Oats, lupines, and peas showed a growth retardation at con-
centrations above 4 microgram HF/cu m. Spruces, Weymouth
pines, Japanese lark, and Nordmann hemlocks began to show
needle injuries after several days of exposure to concentra-
tions between 1.5 and 4 microgram HF/cu m. Older leaves
generally showed higher fluorine accumulations than young
ones.
16244
Thomas, Moyer D.
AIR POLLUTION WITH RELATION TO AGRONOMIC
CROPS: I. GENERAL STATUS OF RESEARCH ON THE EF-
FECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. Agron. J., vol.
50:545-550, 1958. 39 refs.
Plant damage caused by sulfur dioxide, fluorine compounds,
and smog is summarized. Sulfur dioxide causes two types of
leaf injury: acute and chronic. The acute markings are mar-
ginal or interveinal collapse areas; their color is usually ivory.
The chronic markings are areas of limited cell injury but not
total collapse; the colors range from yellow to brownish-red to
white and represent fumigation treatments or prolonged expo-
sure to low concentrations. No reduction in yields have been
demonstrated in plants exposed to sulfur dioxide unless there
was leaf injury. The fluoride pollution problem as two aspects:
direct injury to commercial and ornamental plants and the risk
of fluorosis in cattle and sheep exposed to contaminated
vegetation. Hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride are ex-
tremely toxic to a few plant species. Hydrogen fluoride in ppb
concentrations cause lesions resembling those due to sulfur
dioxide. Photosynthesis experiments, the results of which are
presented in tables and graphs, indicate that each crop has its
own threshold limit which varies from 5 ppb for gladiolus to
about 500 ppb for cotton. Smog damage to vegation is of two
kinds: that produced by London coal smoke or fog containing
sulfur dioxide; and Los Angeles smog, which is a mixture of
oxidants. California smog injury tends to appear as a band on
a leaf. Owing to the presence of organic compounds, ozone
damage is rarely found in the field. The question remains open
whether leaf damage from London fog is due to sulfur dioxide
or to other toxicants.
16245
Hill, A. C., L. G. Transtrum, M. R. Pack, and W. S. Winters
AIR POLLUTION WITH RELATION TO AGRONOMIC
CROPS: VI. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE 'HIDDEN INJU-
RY' THEORY OF FLUROIDE DAMAGE TO PLANTS. Agron
J., 50(9):562-565, 1958. 15 refs.
Moscow and Loren Blood tomato plants were injected with
hydrogen fluoride for approximately four weeks, and the ef-
fect of fluoride exposure on the photosynthetic rate, respira-
tion rate, and chlorophyll contents of the plants were deter-
mined. The fluoride concentrations used were higher than are
likely to be encountered around fluoride-emitting factories.
Extremely high fluoride levels accumulated in the foliage
under high fluoride treatment, but only small amounts in the
fruit and peeling. The fluoride treatment, even at the highest
levels, did not affect photosynthetic rates. Growth and vigor
of thy plants were excellent under all treatments, while fruit
size and set were good. Plant height was unaffected. The
chlorophyll contents of the leaves and the respiration rate of
the treated plants were not significantly higher than in control
plants. The results strongly indicate that hidden injury to crops
does not occur at the levels of gaseous fluoride present in the
atmosphere around modern industries.
16385
Takehara, Hideo
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS!. Preprint, no
source given, 4p., 1968 (?).
Current and recommended future research studies by Japanese
investigators on the effects of air pollution on plants are
reviewed. Local universities and agricultural research stations
are emphasizing studies of the possible damage caused by sul-
fur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, and chromium from
industrial sources to farm crops, tea, fruit, forest and mulber-
ry trees, and young silkworms. Systematic basic research is
being carried out by national research institutes on such
problems as the symptoms and mechanism of njury to crops
exposed to HF, and on atmospheric diffusion phenomena; a
program is also in the planning stages to study nationally the
effects of pollutants on the flowering and fruiting of plants
near factories and power stations and in urban green belts. A
number of subjects are proposed for high priority in future
research planning: these include chronic dariage to plants
from long-term, low-concentiation exposure to pollution as op-
posed to the more readily known acute symptoms; effects of
such pollutants as ozone, nitrogen compounds, and ethylene;
improvement of the methodology of field observations and gas
chamber tests; the variables in the plants themselves that af-
fect their susceptibility to damage; control methods, including
fertilizer improvements, planting and cultivation methods, and
shading; selection of smoke-resistant species of various plants;
and a listing of indicator plants in urban environments.
16387
Hill, A. C. and M. R. Pack
OCCURRENCE OF FLUORIDE IN PLANTS AND ITS EF-
FECTS. Preprint, 72p., 1960 (?). 113 refs. (Published as a
chapter in the book 'A Summary and Evaluation of the Problem
of Air Pollution With Fluoride'. C. S. Brandt («d.), U. S. Dept.
of Agriculture.)
The available data on the relationship of atmospheric fluorides
to plants is reviewed and evaluated. Fluoride occurs naturally
in plants but is present in elevated levels in locations near cer-
tain industrial emitters. In contrast to the relatively low
amounts of fluoride normally taken up from the soil, leaf con-
centrations of several hundred ppm have been reported for
crops near fluoride emitters, entering the leaf primarily
through the stomata. The rate of accumulation is apparently
proportional to the atmospheric concentration of fluoride; the
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
359
amoung of fluoride in the plant is directly related to the expo-
sure factor CT (concentration times time). The amount of
fluoride deposited on or absorbed by the vegetation on a given
area of lead during a given time period tends to be constant;
therefore, the greater the amount of vegetation present, the
lower its probable fluoride concentration. Accumulation varies
with species; tomato, potato, raspberry, carrot, larch, and
pepper leaves show high levels while pine, fir, corn, laurel,
rose, and gladiolus tend to be low. Rain is effective in reduc-
ing the fluoride content of vegetation; other sources of loss
are under study. Samples collected in connection with injury
studies are generally limited to the leaves, the usual site of
damage. Periodic sampling of the forage being consumed by
livestock is essential. Sampling methodology, the distribution
of fluoride within the plant, and variables affecting plant
susceptibility are discussed. Atmospheric fluoride concentra-
tions in emitting locales usually average from a few hundreths
to 2 or 3 micrograms/cu m. The forms emitted include
hydrogen fluoride, cryolite, calcium fluoride, and silicon
tetrafluoride. It appears that gaseous fluorides are much more
phytotoxic than particulate emissions. In general, the gross
symptoms of fluoride injury consist of necrotic leaf lesions;
other signs of damage are reviewed in some detail for various
types of plants. The effects of fluorides on growth and yield,
tissue destruction, photosynthesis rates, inhibition of enzymes,
respiration, and chlorophyll are discussed, and suggestions for
future research are made.
16399
Yamazoe, Fumio
SYMPTOMS AND MECHANISM OF INJURY TO CROPS EX-
POSED TO HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. (Fukkasuiso myoru
engai no jittai narabini kisaku nikansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Nogyo Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku, Dojo. Hiryo (Bull.
Natl. Inst. Agr. Sci. Ser. B), no. 12:1-125, Feb. 1962. Ill refs.
The effect of hydrogen fluoride on the growth and yield of the
main crops of Japan and the typical symptoms and mechanism
of injury was studied, as well as a method for reducing injury.
A fumigation chamber was built in which several crops were
grown in Wagner's pots and exposed to hydrogen fluonde
which was colorimetrically determined with aluminum he-
matoxylin. A significant decrease in yield was obtained with 25
ppm HF for paddy rice or barley and 50 ppm HF for wheat
after fumigation for 1 hr. It was also found that the amounts
of nitrogen, silicon, and fluorine was related to injury. Injury
was more severe under high humidity and in daylight. Symp-
toms of fluorine toxicity in paddy rice were tip and marginal
scorching of the younger expanded leaf, greyish green color of
the terminal leaf, and wilting and yellowish brown color after
two days. Chlorophyll in the parenchyma was decolorized,
cytoplasm and cell membranes were decomposed, and the in-
jured part was chlorotic. The amount of transpired water was
reduced, carbon assimilation almost ceased, respiration was
accelerated, pH was lower, and nitrogen assimilation was re-
tarded. A recommended method of preventing plant injury was
to avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers, add sub-
stantial amounts of silica to the nitrogen supply, and spray a
lime-suspension at the ear-forming, heading, or flowering
stage. The comparison of susceptibility to HF was made with
up-land and low-land rice, soybean, rape, garden radish, and
Chinese rape. Rape was indifferent, and up-land rice was more
sensitive than low-land rice. Soybean was very sensitive;
garden radish and Chinese rape showed symptoms of injury at
concentrations as low as 10 ppm HF. From the results of in-
frared absorption and solubility data, it was supposed that
fluorine exists chiefly as a slightly water-soluble fluosilicate in
the injured part of Gramineae and as a water-insoluble calcium
fluoride in Leguminosae or Cruciferae.
16472
Brewer, R. F., F. H. Sutherland, and F. B. Guillemet
THE RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME POPULAR
VARIETIES OF ROSES TO FLUORIDE AIR POLLUTION.
Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., vol. 91:771- 776, Dec. 1967. 9 refs.
The relative sensitivity of various popular rose varieties to
fluoride air pollution was studied. Fourteen varieties of hybrid
roses were exposed to 2 ppb by weight F as HF for 6 months
under controlled conditions in specially equipped greenhouse
exposure chambers. All of the varieties used exhibited symp-
toms of F toxicity, but there was considerable variation in
response among the varieties. Dry weights of tops were signifi-
cantly reduced as a result of the F treatment in most varieties
but this reduction in top weight was accompanied by an in-
crease in total linear growth in 3 varieties. Foliar symptoms of
F toxicity ranged from mild interveinal chlorosis to severe
marginal necrosis. Of the varieties tested, 3 become chlorotic,
5 others exhibited slight to moderate marginal necrosis pat-
terns and the remaining 6 developed both chlorosis and necro-
sis patterns as a result of exposure to HF gas. An apparent
stimulation of shoot growth by exposure to HF resulted in
more compact, dwarf-like plants with many weak branches. In
some cases this resulted in more blooms per plant, but the
flowers produced were of poor quality with short, weak,
stems. Most of the F absorbed by the rose plant accumulated
in the foliage. Stems and flowers contained one tenth to one
twentieth as much F, respectively, as the leaves. (Author ab-
stract modified)
16567
Martin, J. F. and F". Jacquard
INFLUENCE OF FACTORY SMOKE ON LICHEN DIS-
TRIBUTION IN THE ROMANCHE VALLEY (ISERE). (In-
fluence des fumees d'usines sur la distribution des lichens dans
la vallee de la Romanche (Isere)). Text in French. Pollut. At-
mos. (Paris), 10(38):95-99, April-June 1968. 15 refs.
Four manufacturing plants produce pollutants in the
Romanche Valley, between Le Roure-d'Oisans and Vizille;
one produces hydrogen fluoride and three produce particulate
matter. The plant farthest down the valley produces calcium
carbonate and gives off smoke, the solid matter of which con-
sists of 50% calcium oxide and oxides of magnesium, silicon,
iron, aluminum, and carbon. The second and fourth factories
produce ferro-alloys and calcium carbonate and have similar
pollutants. The third factory is an aluminum plant and
produces fumes of hydrogen fluoride and other fluorides.
Micrometeorological studies showed that the direction of the
smoke was usually up-valley, with local and minor variations.
The pH of the snow fall in the region of the factories averaged
about 10, with values of 11.2 and 12.2 registered during
February 1965 and December 1966. The pH of the rain
averaged 10, and the pH of the bark of trees growing near the
factories was also alkaline. Bark from similar trees near
Grenoble had an acid pH. Rock surfaces in the area were
covered with a gray-blue patina. Three zones of lichen growth
were identified: poor growth of toxitolerant and coniophile
lichens, up to approximately 500 meters from the factories; a
transition zone; and a 'normal' zone, the boundaries of which
varied within wide limits, but were approximately 1 km from
the factory. Growth in the third zone corresponded to that in
non-polluted areas. A list of lichen species identified is
presented.
-------
360
16617
Dost, Frank N., D. J. Reed, and C. H. Wang
INORGANIC FLUORIDE PROPELLANT OXIDIZERS.
VOLUME II. EFFECTS UPON MICROORGANISMS, FISH,
AND PLANTS. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Science Research
lust., Contract AF 33(61S)-1767, Proj. 6302, Task 630204,
AMRL-TR-187 (vol II), 59p., Nov. 1968. 7 refs. CFSTI, DDC:
AD 684176
The effects of the inorganic fluoride oxidizing agents (chlorine
trifluoride, chlorine pentafluoride, bromine pentafluoride, ox-
ygen difluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, and tetrafluorohydrazine)
upon selected species of microorganisms, fish, and plants were
studied. Interhalogens were directly injected into water in a
closed vessel to provide a reaction mixture. The biological ac-
tivity of accidentally released chemical agents cannot be stu-
died without considering their reactions with soil, the at-
mosphere, and the aqueous phase of the environment.
Whether gaseous intoxicants can contact biological species re-
sident in aquatic media or soil depends on the probabilities of
dispersion of any given gas and for its affinity for and/or reac-
tivity with the physical substrate. Each of the compounds stu-
died is a candidate oxidizer for missile propulsion. In acute ex-
posure of less than 1 hour, the interhalogens, as gases, were
destructive to plants at atmospheric concentrations of 10-30
ppm; in aqueous solution, they were lethal to fish and
microorganisms at concentrations of 10-25 micrograms fluoride
per milliliter. The latter effects resulted from formation of in-
organic acids and various oxidizing species, either of which is
lethal alone and which can be neutralized by basic compounds
and reducing agents and by filtration through soil. Oxygen
difluoride was toxic to plants at concentrations in air as low as
1.5 ppm over a 30-min exposure period but had no effect upon
aquatic species. Nitrogen trifluoride and tetrafluorohydrazine
are nearly innocuous to nonmammalian organisms. (Author ab-
stract modified)
16673
Stein, G.
REGIONAL DIAGNOSES OF SMOKE DAMAGE IN THE
FORESTS OF KRUSNE HORY, CONDUCTED BETWEEN
1964 AND 1966, AND THEIR RESULTS. (Metoda vel-
koprostorove diagnosy kourovych skod v lesich Krusnych hor,
uskutecnena v letech 1964-1966, a jeji vy-sledek). Scientific and
Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and
Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry,
Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. VH-1 to VII-16. IS refs.
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 17p., April 1969.
Investigations of smoke damage in the Annaberg, Marienberg,
Freiberg, Tharandt, and Pirna National Forests of
Czechoslovakia from 1964 to 1966 are described; spruce
covered 85% of the area surveyed. Analysis of tree rings by
borings showed a significant decrease in growth rates of
spruce stands in the last 10 years. Spruce fascicles were
shown to have the ability to store sulfur, but no relationship to
the degree of tree damage was established. Analysis of the
fluorine content in bark and of variations in acidity of the
humus layer were also carried out, the degree of acidity does
not appear to be correlated with the degree of injury. Trace
elements found in the humus were in concentrations too small
to be phytotoxic. A survey of existing and planned emission
sources was made, including nearby areas of Germany, and a
permanent network of 12 measurement stations for continuous
atmospheric samplings of sulfur dioxide and dust was
established along the border between Fichtelberg and Elbe; the
stations will also make relevant meteorological observations.
16894
Poovaiah, B. W. and H. H. Wiebe
TYLOSIS FORMATION IN RESPONSE TO FLUORIDE FU-
MIGATION OF LEAVES. Phytopathology, 59(4):518-519, April
1969. 6 refs.
Atmospheric fluoride typically causes injury and necrosis at
the tips and edges of leaves. In earlier anatomical studies,
microscopically detectable changes were reported only for
macroscopic injury. In this report, the occurrence of tyloses in
the xylem at some distance from the principal site of fluoride
injury is discussed.
16896
Brewer, R. F., F. H. Sutherland, and F. B. Guillemet
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS FLUORIDE SOURCBS ON CITRUS
GROWTH AND FRUIT PRODUCTION. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 3(4):378-381, April 1969. 10 refs.
The effects of fluoride accumulation by citrus trees were stu-
died using several techniques of exposing the :rees to soluble
fluorine compounds. Weekly sprayings with dilute (0.00125 to
0.0025N) NaF or HF solutions resulted in gradual fluoride ac-
cumulation in citrus foliage and produced toxicity symptoms
which were indistinguishable from those observed on similar
trees exposed to low concentrations of HF gas. Results of in-
termittent exposure of young citrus trees to HP gas were very
similar to those associated with comparable fluoride accumula-
tion from weekly sprayings with NaF or HF solutions. Reduc-
tion in top growth of citrus exposed to soluble fluorides was
closely correlated with reduced photosynthetic area resulting
from smaller leaves and increased leaf fall. Continuous expo-
sure to HF gas resulted in more severe growth retardation
than intermittent exposure to higher concentrations or periodic
sprayings with soluble fluorides even though approximately
equivalent amounts of F were absorbed in all t^iree treatments.
(Author's Abstract)
16900
Mohamed, Aly H.
CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON
PLANTS. Fluoride Quart. Repts., 2(2):76-84, April 1969. 8 refs.
Studies on the effects of HF on meiotic chromosomes of to-
matoes indicated a trend toward a higher frequency of
chromosomal aberrations with an increase in the fumigation
period. It was indicated that HF was capable of inducing
paracentric inversions with the possibility of the induction of
deficiencies, duplications, or even translocations. The progeny
obtained from the treated plants produced a number of abnor-
mal phenotypes, the same as, or similar to, kiown mutations.
Further studies in maize microsporocytes for plants treated
with HF confirmed the cytological results obtained in to-
matoes with clear evidence of the occurrence of inversions,
translocations and deficiencies. These results suggest that HF
seems to affect primarily the DNA molecule by blocking its
replication, probably through its action on the enzymatic
systems. (Author's Summary)
17109
MacLean, David C., Delbert C. McCune, Leonard H.
Weinstein, Richard H. Mandl, and George N. Woodruff
EFFECTS OF ACUTE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND
NITROGEN DIOXIDE EXPOSURES ON CITRUS AND OR-
NAMENTAL PLANTS OF CENTRAL FLORIDA. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 2(6):444-449, June 1968. 11 refs.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
361
Six citrus varieties and six ornamental species of economic im-
portance to central Florida were subjected to high concentra-
tion-short duration exposures of gaseous hydrogen fluoride or
nitrogen dioxide. Postfumigation observations showed that the
effects of acute pollutant exposures differed markedly from
those of chronic exposures. Hydrogen fluoride exposures of
0.5 to 10 ppm for periods of from 0.5 to 8 hours induced tip,
marginal, and intercostal chlorosis and necrosis, and abscis-
sion of leaves of most plants tested. Symptoms were most
severe on, but not limited to, young leaves The effect of du-
ration of exposure had a greater influence on abscission of
young citrus leaves than did HF concentration However, the
effect of HF concentration on foliar F accumulation could not
be separated from exposure time The NO2 concentrations
used ranged from 25 to 250 ppm for periods of from 10
minutes to 8 hours. Nitrogen dioxide damage was charac-
terized by rapid tissue collapse, necrosis, and defoliation.
Symptoms were sporadic in appearance, affecting leaves of all
ages. The relative contributions of concentration and duration
to NO2 induced injury were about equal (Author abstract
modified)
17163
Spienngs, F. H. F. G
CHRONIC DISCOLORATION OF LEAF TIPS OF GLADIO-
LUS AND ITS RELATION TO THE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
CONTENT OF THE AIR AND THE FLUORINE CONTENT
OF THE LEAVES. Neth. J. Plant Pathol., vol. 73:25-28, 1967. 5
rets.
The gladiolus variety Snow Princess, which is very susceptible
to hydrogen fluoride, was used in field experiments to in-
vestigate the correlations between traces of HF occurring in
the atmosphere, gradually developing leaf tip injury, and
fluorine content of injured leaves. Seven experimental fields
were laid out for investigation, one in an industrial area near
the sea; one far from any industry but at the same distance
from the sea: three on different soil types in Wageningen; and
two in pollution free areas. At regular intervals, the plant inju-
ry was estimated by measuring the length of leaf tip injury.
Fifteen cm lengths of injured leaf tips were cut and analyzed
for their fluorine content. The average HF pollution in the at-
mosphere was estimated by using filter papers soaked in
Ca(OH2) Fields where HF concentrations were low displayed
very slight and very gradually developing leaf tip injury. In the
four fields with measurable pollution, more serious injury oc-
curred The content of HF in the atmosphere also correlated
with the fluorine content of the damaged leaf tips It was con-
cluded that leaf tip injury was caused by HF.
17449
Spierings, F.
INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON CROP PLANTS IN
SOME INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN THE NETHERLANDS. (In-
vloed van luchtverontreiniging op land- en tuinbouwgewassen in
cf nabijheid van enkele industriecentra in Nederland). Text in
D itch. Inst. of Phytopathological Research, Wageningen (Neder-
lands), Rept. 217, S8p., 1957 (?). 8 rets.
Prompted by serious damage to plant bulbs caused by air pol-
lution in an area northwest of Amsterdam, the Institute of
Phytopathological Research conducted a study in that area and
two other relatively large areas: west of Rotterdam and east of
Sluiskil (Zeeland,. near the Belgian border). A field investiga-
tion was first made, using specially controlled flower beds of
gladiolus and alfalfa, which are particularly sensitive to
hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide, respectively, these two
industrial gases being considered the most dangerous to plant
growth. Distribution of the intensity of damage on the experi-
mental plots indicated the direction taken by the noxious
gases, their manner of propagation, and the extent of damage
caused. Damaged leaves were then analyzed chemically for
fluorine or sulfur content. Commercial crops were compared
with those experimentally grown, and crops from areas known
to be free of pollution were compared with those from the af-
fected areas. Plants were also 'fumigated' at the Wageningen
laboratory, under simulated practical conditions. Comparisons
were made of varieties of the two kinds of plants that were
known to be either sensitive or insensitive to the industrial
gases. The freesia plant, which suffered extensive damage in
Dutch greenhouses during autum 1956, was also tested in the
gas chambers. Two varieties of tulips were tested: Blue Parrot,
which is sensitive to gases, and Preludium, which is not. Other
plants tested were barley, broad beans, kidney beans, corn,
lettuce, buckwheat, sugar beets, tomatoes, loosestrife, and
knotgrass.
17620
Harris, Lorin E., Milton A. Madsen, Delbert A. Greenwood, J.
Legrande Shupe, and Robert J. Raleigh
EFFECT OF VARIOUS LEVELS AND SOURCES OF
FLUORINE IN THE FATTENING RATION OF COLUMBIA,
RAMBOUILLET, AND TARGHEE LAMBS. J. Agr. Food
Chem., 6(5):365-368, May 1958. 17 refs.
Ninety weanling wether lambs consisting of equal numbers of
Columbia, Rambouillet, and Targhee breeds were used to
study the effects of fluorine. Throughout the 14 week trial, the
lambs were fed to maintain designated fluorine levels based on
hay comsumption. Two sources of fluorine were used: sodium
fluoride added to normal hay; and hay containing a fluoride
residue from the stacks of industrial plants. When the hay con-
taining up to 160 ppm fluorine was mixed with varying
amounts of gram, fluorine levels of 14, 18, 32, 58, and 112
ppm were achieved in the dry diet. Results showed that
fluorine up to 112 ppm had no effect on feed consumption,
weight gain, market grade, dressing percentage and pelt
weights, carcass weight and grade, clinical and histological ef-
fects, wool weight, fiber and staple length, and fiber diameter.
It was concluded that lambs can be fattened on hay containing
at least 160 ppm fluorine when it is fed with 50% grain, pro-
vided the total dry matter consumed does not contain more
than 112 ppm fluorine
17684
Adams, Donald F.
RECOGNITION OF THE EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON
VEGETATION. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 13(8):360-362,
Aug. 1963. 25 refs. (Presented at the 29th Annual Pacific
Northwest Pollution Control Association Meeting in cooperation
with the Pacific Northwest International Section of APCA, Oct.
24-27, 1962. Salem, Ore.)
A review of the problem of recognizing the effects of fluorides
on vegetation is largely confined to discussing the methodolo-
gy for establishing the effects of fluorides and other air pollu-
tants on plants, particularly on commercially grown plants,
describing reported methods of protecting plants from airborne
fluoride molecules, and of methods of removing fluorides from
leaf tissue by washing. Basic to a discussion of air pollutants
is the defining of 'effects' The effects of greatest concern are
injuries which damage the plant for its intended use. Injury
embraces all plant responses resulting from the action of the
air pollutant, including alterations in assimilation rate on plant
constituents, leaf necrosis, leaf or fruit abscision, or reduced
or altered growth. Damage, on the other hand includes only
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362
those forms of injury which change significantly the value of
the plant in relation to its intended use. In the specific situa-
tion of alleged vegetation injury from airborne chemicals, the
following experimental steps, based on Koch's Postulates for
scientific investigative procedure (originally developed for
study of bacterial infection) must be undertaken: 1) chemical
analysis of the air must show that the particular chemical
agent is always associated with the particular diseased condi-
tion; 2) chemical analysis of the plant tissue must show that
the particular chemical agent is always present in elevated
concentrations; the same species and varieties of plant must
be exposed under controlled conditions to the suspected agent
in the same range of concentrations found in experimental step
No. 1, in the sense that the exposed plants must develop the
same symptoms as observed in the field; 4) chemical analysis
of the air and the exposed tissue from step No. 3 must com-
pare with the levels found in steps No. 1 and No. 2.
17697
Berry, Charles R. and George H. Hepting
INJURY TO EASTERN WHITE PINE BY UNIDENTIFIED
ATMOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS. Forest Sci., 10(1):2-13,
1964. 16 refs.
A general decline of Pinus strobus L. in the Cumberland
Plateau of Tennessee was determined, by an aerial survey, to
be in the Kingston-Oak Ridge-Rockwood-Harriman industrial
area. This disease, called post-emergence chronic tipburn, was
also found in other industrial areas, including some which con-
tained coal-burning power plants. Root and stem isolations
yielded no primary pathogens. Pruning and fertilizing some-
times brought about improved vigor, but did not affect occur-
rence of needle tipburn, a primary symptom. Diseased trees
transplanted out of the affected area recovered, while trees
transplanted within the affected area continued to decline.
Trees differed greatly in their susceptibility to the disease.
Scions from susceptible trees displayed symptoms year after
year, even when grafted to resistant trees in the affected area.
Scions from resistant trees continued to be disease-free year
after year, even when grafted to diseased trees. The grafting
experiment furnished evidence that a virus was not involved
and indicated that the cause of the trouble was an atmospheric
agent. Members of susceptible clonal lines potted with the
same soil mixture were injured when placed in the affected
area, while others remained disease-free outside. This use of
susceptible clones as biological indicators gave further
evidence that the disease causal agent is atmospheric and that
the level of resistance is genetically controlled. Analyses of
diseased foliage showed that injury could occur without caus-
ing a conspicuous elevation of either sulfur or fluorine in nee-
dle tissues. Sulfur dioxide and fluorine are still regarded as
possibly involved. (Author abstract)
17705
Dean, Gerald L.
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE ON THE VIRULENCE OF TOBAC-
CO MOSAIC VIRUS IN VITRO. Utah Univ., Salt Lake City,
Dept. of Botany, Thesis (MS), June 10, 1966, 34p. 41 rets.
The relationship between fluoride introduced into plant foliage
and the activities of viruses was investigated. Each leaf was
inoculated at the tip with one drop of tobacco mosaic virus.
Inoculated leaves were cut in half along the middle vein with a
scalpel. The half leaves were placed on the surface of 250 cc
of 5% water agar that was poured into aluminum trays.
Fluoride was introduced into the pinto bean leaves by mixing
various concentrations of sodium fluoride into 250 cc of 5%
water agar before pounng into the aluminum trays. Flouride
concentrations were made to 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.0025,
0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 M. Controls contained no additional
fluoride. After 24 hours, frequent observations were made for
lesion development. The trays of half leaves were removed
from the environmental chamber after 48 to 72 hours. High
concentrations of fluoride, 0.025 to 0.05 M, caused chlorosis
of the leaves before the lesions appeared. The molarities of
0.0005, 0.001, 0.005, and 0.01 produced the optimal increase in
the fluoride content of the supported leaves. The relationship
between the molar concentrations of the supporting agar and
the amount of fluoride in the test leaves were sijjnificant at the
1% level. As the fluoride levels in the leaves increased above
60-80 ppm, there was an increase in lesion numbers on tests
compared with control leaves until fluoride levels reached 400-
450 ppm. At this concentration, lesion numbers showed a
decrease. Above 500 ppm fluoride, the lesion numbers
decreased to a level significantly below those of the control.
At levels above 600 ppm, there appeared to be a strong inhibi-
tion of lesion numbers.
17710
Thomas, Moyer D. and Russel H. Hendricks
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. In: Air Pollution
Handbook. P. L. Magil, F. R. Holden, and C Ackley (eds.),
New York, McGraw Hill, 1956, Sect. 9, 44p. 129 refs.
The effects of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, hydrogen sul-
fide, hydrogen cyanide, mercury, ethylene, and pesticides on
plants are surveyed, with special attention to effects on alfal-
fa, barley, and wheat. Damage to crops in Los Angeles Coun-
ty has been estimated at $500,000 yearly. The toxicity of sul-
furous acid is attributed more to its reducing properties than to
its acidity. (It is 30 times as toxic as sulfuric acid.) Analysis of
plants for total sulfur and sulfate sulfur is a possible method
of diagnosing sulfur dioxide injury. The relative sensitivities to
sulfur dioxide of 90 cultivated plants and 29 native plants are
given (alfalfa sensitivity equals 1.0). Time-co icentration and
yield-leaf-destruction equations are discussed. Hydrogen
fluoride is poisonous to gladiolus and iris, to various types of
grain, to pines and other coniferous trees, and some fruit
trees. Susceptibility varies widely, even among species of the
same plant. Some varieties of gladiolus are highly susceptible;
others are highly resistant. Coal smoke as a source of at-
mospheric fluoride should not be neglected. Fluoride content
of certain types of coal can be high as 295 ppm. In areas near
Pittsburgh, readings of as high as 269 ppm of fluoride have
been registered in tree leaves, and 53 ppm in grass. The effect
of smog on plants is discussed, including a tabulation of the
sensitivity of 47 plants cultivated in southern California and of
52 plants native to the area. The chemical composition of
smog is also analyzed.
17749
Middleton, J. T., L. O. Emik, and O. E. Tayloi
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA AND STA1VDARDS FOR
AGRICULTURE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 15(10):476-
480, Oct. 1965. 36 refs.
Many food, fiber, forage, and forest crops and a number of
animals are adversely affected by a variety of air pollutants.
The effects of ethylene, fluorides, ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates,
and sulfur oxides are discussed. Their effects upon animals
and plants can best be judged by criteria which describe the
reaction of biologic materials to pollutant concentration and
exposure time. Four criteria are recognized: interference with
enzyme systems; change in cellular chemical constituents and
physical structure; retardation of growth and reduction in
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
363
production from altered metabolism; and acute immediate tis-
sue degeneration. Information on tissue degenerative effects
due to these pollutants is the most common. There are some
reports on growth and productivity reduction, but little data
are available on cellular alterations and interference with en-
zymes which are essential to the ultimate definition and pre-
diction of the significance of the effects of pollutants on
growth and productivity of agriculture. Dosage data are availa-
ble which indicate the degenerative effects of some specific
pollutants on certain tissues of hosts. Political-social judge-
ments are made because of the knowledge of the effects of
these specific pollutants. This knowledge permits the establish-
ment of standards which define air quality necessary for the
protection of agriculture. The setting of standards for a single
pollutant effects upon crops and animals effectively serves as
a precedent and indicates the necessity of establishing air
quality values for pollutant mixtures emitted into and
produced within the air resource at different geographic loca-
tions as the polluted air moves throughout the typically mui-
tigovernment jurisdictions of the airsheds. (Author abstract
modified)
17779
Darley, Ellis F.
USE OF PLANTS FOR AIR POLLUTION MONITORING. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., vol. 10:198-199, June 1960. 22
refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association 52nd
Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., June 22-26, 1959.)
Plants used to monitor air pollution, whether they occur natu-
rally or are cultivated, must meet certain requirements: they
must be susceptible and display symptoms characteristic of the
pollutant in question; they should be growing in a suitable en-
vironment and have rather wide distribution; and plant injury
from pollutants must be distinquishable from that caused by
insects, frost, or heat. Where naturally suitable conditions do
not prevail, susceptible species can be planted in approximate
sites or grown under controlled conditions. The characteristic
symptoms caused by oxidants, ozone, fluorides, sulfur diox-
ide, and ethylene are described. In a few cases, a plant may
detect more than one toxicant simultaneously, although the
symptoms cannot always be separated. Plants can monitor
concentration levels of pollutants as well as kind of pollutant.
Plant monitoring is particularly useful where costs are a sig-
nificant factor or in areas where air pollution is not suspected
and chemical monitoring is therefore not normally in effect
The occurrence and spread of oxidant plant damage in Califor-
nia is described as an example of the use of plants for pollu-
tion monitoring purposes.
17822
Garber, K.
THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE CONTAINING EMISSIONS
ON PLANTS. (Die Beeinflussung der Pflanzenwelt durch fluor-
haltige Immissionen). Text in German Angevv. Botan., vol.
40:12-21, 1966. 18 refs. (Presented at the Botanikertagung,
Bonn, Sept. 10, 1965.)
Typical symptoms of plant damage by fluorides are mottling of
the leaves, bleaching of the leaf margin and tips, and necrosis
and rolling of the leaves. The symptoms alone are sometimes
not enough to make a correct diagnosis. It is necessary to
determine the F-content of the plant. Several methods are
available, such as distillation of the ashed substances with
perchloric acid or sulfuric acid and subsequent determination
of the F-content of the distillate by colorimetry or titrimetry.
The natural F-content of plants must be known. It usually lies
between 0.05 and 2.5 mg per 100 g dry substance. A table list-
ing the natural F-concentrations of various types of plants is
given. Tree barks can be used for the analyses if leaf samples
are not available. A clear difference exists of F-concentration
between the bark facing the F-source and the bark facing the
opposite direction. To diagnose injuries, plants can be exposed
in the pots in the polluted area under equal conditions. In one
instance, the injuries were traced to sulfur dioxide rather than
F-containing emissions. This shows that a higher F-content in
the plant than is natural does not always mean that the visible
injuries are a consequence of the higher F-content. Soluble
NaF or KF dust on plants may reduce the chlorophyll content
of plants. The sensitivity of the plants to fluorides varies and
is influenced by the site, nutrition, and the climate.
17892
Bolay, A and E. Bovay
OBSERVATION OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS IN VALAIS. (Observations sur les degats
provoques par les composes fluores an Valais). Text in French.
Agr. Romande, 4(6):43-46, 1965. 1 ref.
Observations made over a period of several years in the
neighborhood of the Martigny and Chippis aluminum plants
are reported. To determine whether plant damage has been
caused by fluorine compounds, the conditions of three tests
must be met: 1) accurate determination of the pathological
symptoms in the plant; 2) chemical determination of fluorine;
and 3) study of the typical symptoms of blight in related in-
dicator plants. The intensity of damage due to fluorine blight is
influenced by various factors: 1) atmospheric humidity and
amount of precipitation; 2) sensitivity of a particular plant spe-
cies; and 3) age of the plant. Damage to the leaves, flowers,
buds, branches, and fruit of the apricot tree is discussed in
detail. The tree is also subject to a type of chronic intoxication
from fluorine that eventually leads to the death of the tree, but
which is not always accompanied by visible symptoms. Also
discussed are the effects on peaches, prunes, cherries, pears,
apples, grapes, and strawberries. A list of 25 indicator plants is
given.
17970
McNulty, I. B. and James L. Lords
POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF FLUORIDE-INDUCED
RESPIRATION IN CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA. Science,
vol. 132:1553-1554, Nov. 25, 1960. 9 refs.
Increased oxygen uptake by Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the
presence of sodium fluoride at various pH values was studied.
NaF concentrations up to 0.000105M resulted in increased
respiration as high as 60% above normal; above this concen-
tration, oxygen consumption sharply dropped to below normal.
A significant increase in phosphorylated nucleotides was
found, suggesting that undissociated HF in the culture medium
disrupts the basic energetic of the cell, thereby causing the in-
creased oxygen uptake.
18226
INVESTIGATION AND APPRAISAL OF FLU-GAS DAMAGE.
(Untersuchung und Begutachtung von Rauchschaden. Part I.),
Translated from German. Hamburg Staatsinstitut fur Ange-
wandte Botanik Jahresbericht, 5(119-120), 1938. 3 refs.
Plants exposed to flue gas showed definite damage from
fluorine (F) and acids of sulfur and nitrogen. A crystalization
method utilizing the microscopic identification of silico-sodium
fluoride proved best for qualitative fluorine analysis of the 102
samples examined through 1936. As in previous studies, the
-------
364
samples tested showed that F was taken in through the branch
bark and leaves of cherries and pears. For the first time, how-
ever, the fruit itself was damaged and F detected there. Black,
hard disks had formed around the flower and in the fruit ad-
jacent to the flower. Samples examined long after damage
took place showed no F present. Twenty-one samples were ex-
amined for acid damage. Large concentrations of nitrates were
detected in the specimens by means of the diphenylamine-sul-
furic acid reaction. Different plant species showed markedly
different sensitivities to flue gases.
18265
Garber, K., R. Guderian, and H. Stratmann
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FLUORINE INTAKE BY
PLANTS FROM THE SOIL. (Untersuchungen ueber die Auf-
nahme von Fluor aus dem Boden durch Pflanzen.) Translated
from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Into. Services, Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No.
C 2439, 20p., 1968. 9 refs.
This paper deals with the fluorine intake from the soil, and in
particular, answers to the following questions are sought: 1.
How great is the fluorine concentration of various types of
plants grown in different soils? 2. What effect has a portioned
fluorine addition to the soil on the F-concentration of the
plant? 3 Are there fluctuations in the fluorine concentration of
the plant during its vegetation period9 4. Are there any con-
nections between the F-concentrations of various plant organ-
isms? All investigations were performed in vitro and are based
on the experiments on sulfur dioxide effects described by von
Guderian (1960). The sites of the investigations are Hamburg,
Biersdorf (Sieg) and Kettwig. With the majority of the experi-
ments, the experiments, the computed fluorine concentrations
were mixed with the soil prior to sowing. To determine the F-
concentration in the experimental soils as well as in the sample
plants the method by Oelschlager (1960) was used. The same
types of plants show different F-concentrations which
moreover do not correlate with the fluorine concentrations of
the soils. The fluorine concentration of plants thus is not sole-
ly a function of the absolute fluorine concentration of the soil.
been investigated for five years to determine (1) whether this
resistance was due to genetic factors, better nourishment,
more favorable water supply, etc., (2) what gas concentrations
can be withstood by forest trees, and (3) if the selected
spruces can withstand higher concentrations than other
spruces of the same age and some deciduous trees which are
known to be more resistant. The results indicats that (1)
genetics is a very important factor and (2) forest damage from
industrial pollutants can be reduced or eliminated if foresters
would cultivate pollution resistant trees in industrial areas.
18268
Rosenberger, G., and H.-D. Gruender
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE EFFECTS OF FLUORINE IM-
MISSIONS ON CATTLE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF A
HYDROFLUORIC ACID PLANT. (Untersuchungen ueber
Fluorimmissionwirkungen bei Rindern im Bercich eincr Flus-
saeure-Fabrik.) Translated from German. Frariklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, Con-
tract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 29p., 1968. 10 refs.
During the period of 3.5 years, Iwelve cows were kept under
controlled conditions on a farm located in the emission area of
a hydrofluoric acid plant. At the beginning of the test program
the age of the cattle ranged from 3/4 to 9 years. Thj investiga-
tions covered the computation of the fluorine intake through
the forage, the water and the air as well as the excretion by
urine and incorporation in the bones. The state of health and
the productivity of the cattle was constantly observed. The
fluorine content of the farm-produced forage varied largely de-
pending on the situation of the forage land with respect to the
industrial plant. The monthly average of fluorine intake of the
cattle varied between 1.0 and 9.5 mg F per kg body weight. All
cattle showed symptoms typical for chronic fluorine poisoning,
i.e. changes in teeth and bones as well as disturbances in
locomotion. No influence of the fluorine intake csuld be de-
tected on the fertility or on the milk productivity if this was
less than 20 liters per day. Calves of cows with chronic fluoro-
sis were not injured but do have an increased fluoine content
of their bones.
18266
Garber, K.
THE FLUORINE CONCENTRATION OF PLANTS. (Ueber den
Fluorgehalt von Pflanzen.) Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 10p., 1968. 10
refs.
Data are presented which indicate (1) that the fluorine intake
by plants is independent of the fluorine concentration of the
soil, and (2) that the natural fluorine content of plants lies
between 0.2 and 2.0 (maximum 3.0) mg per lOOg dry substance.
Any higher concentrations can be traced to F containing im-
missions.
18267
Rohmeder, E., and A. von Schoenbom
INVESTIGATIONS OF PHENOTYPICALLY RELATIVELY
FLUORINE-RESISTENT FOREST TREES. (Untersuchungen
an phaenotypisch relativ fluorresistenten Waldbaeumen.) Trans-
lated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, Contract No. CPA 22-69-30,
Project No. C 2439, 21p., 1968. 10 refs.
A total of 36 spruce trees, which had shown resistance to
fluorine-containing pollutants for as long as 40 years, have
18269
Trautwein, K., and Ch. Kopp
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE ON CATTLE UNDER EXPERI-
MENTAL AND PRACTICAL CONDITIONS. (Fl uor-Wirkun-
gen beim Rind unter experimentellen und praktischf n Bedingun-
gen.) Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, Contract No. CPA 22-
69-30, Project No. C 2439, 31p., 1968. 16 refs.
fn the period from 1961 to 1967 fluorosis was experimentally
induced in test cattle by feeding them primarily with locally
grown, fluorine-containing forage to which sodium fluoride or
cryolite had been added. The total fluorine intake by the NaF-
fed cows was 1.94 mg F/kg body weight per day, and by
cryolite-fed cows 2.48 mg F/kg body weight per day. The
fluorine intake thus exceeded the threshold value of about 1.75
mg F/kg body weight per day given in the pertinent literature.
Fluorine elimination with the feces was found to be about 0.5
g of F per animal per day with NaF-fed cows and 0.9 g of F
per animal per day with cryolite-fed cows. Along with the
urine, 0.45 mg of F per animal per day were discharged by
NaF-fed cows and 0.3 mg of F per animal per day by cryolite-
fed cows. The analysis of tail vertebrae biopsies yielded a
fluorine retention of 245 to 890 mg F/100 g ash over the period
from 1960 to 1966 for the NaF-fed cows, and of up to 655 mg
F/100 g ash for the cryolite-fed cows. The clinical symptoms
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
365
of fluorosis were slight to moderate yellowish, brownish spots
as well as hypoplasia of the incisors, furthermore, weak and
temporary functional disturbances of the motility were ob-
served with some cows. The severity of these clinical symp-
toms were found to be dependent on the degree of fluorine
emission. The general physical condition as well as the produc-
tivity of the test cows were in most cases satisfactory to ex-
cellent. Observations concerning spontaneous fluorosis in the
Rheinfelden (Baden) emission area during the past 15 years
show that the number and the severity of the disease in six
communities had reached a peak in 1958 from whereon a
steady decrease of the number of cases is found. This
downward trend was parallelled by a decrease of the average
fluorine content in the locally grown forage below the
tolerance limit.
18270
Woehlbier, W., W. Oelschlaeger, G. Gronbach, and H.
Giessler
THE RESORPTION OF FLUORINE BY OXEN FROM SOIL
AND FLY DUST OF AN ALUMINUM PLANT. (Die Resorption
von Fluor durch Ochsen aus Erde und Flugstaub einer Allu-
miniumhuette.) Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Inlo. Services, Con-
tract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 15p., 1968. 8 refs.
The resorption and retention of fluorine contained in three dif-
ferent substances such as NaF, fly dust from an aluminum
plant and soil intermingled with fly dust which probably un-
derwent a secondary fluorine reaction. All substances con-
tained a fluorine compound with a relatively high water solu-
bility. The fluorine retention was relatively high with soil, the
fluorine excretion in the urine low. The supplementary feeding
of the three fluorine-containing substances extending over 316
days brought various high levels of fluorine depositions which
agreed with the quantities resorbed.
18271
Cohrs, P., H. Knosel, and Kl. Witte
INVESTIGATIONS ABOUT THE INITIAL STAGES OF THE
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF ORGANS AND TISSUES
IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS WITH FLUORINE POISONING.
(Uiitersuchungen ueber die Anfangesstadien der
morphologischen Organ- und Gewebsveraenderungen bei Fluor-
vergiftung der Haustiere.) Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 10p., 1968. 11
refs.
Experiments are described in which sheep, pregnant sows, and
weaned piglets were given fluorine orally in the form of an
aqueous solution of sodium fluoride. Histological investiga-
tions were made and all organs, especially the endocrine
glands, were investigated using usual methods and procedures.
The fetuses of pigs and the suckling piglets showed no
pathological changes in their developing teeth, in their bones
and endocrine glands. Weaned piglets showed varied changes
in teeth and bones according to the dose and duration of the
application of NaF. Considerable weight reductions were ob-
served in the thymus and adrenal glands of the test animals.
No changes were observed in the pregnant sows. Sheep and
lambs showed the same changes in teeth and bone tissue as
were observed in the weaned piglets.
18272
Trautwein, K., R. Buchner, and Ch. Kopp
LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF
FLUORINE EFFECTS OF BEES. (Laboratoriums-und Feldun-
tersuchungen ueber Fluor-Wirkungen bei Bienen.) Translated
from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No.
C 2439, 10p., 1968. 22 refs.
According to experiments, no damages occurred to bees
through dust and powdery substances containing fluorine. The
following toxicity of dissolved fluorine compounds was found:
a) Sodium fluoride; lethal dose equals 20 micrograms F per
bee per 24 hours; 50% lethal dose equals 11 micrograms F per
bee per 24 hours, b) Hydrofluoric acid lethal dose equals 10
micrograms F per bee per 24 hours; 50% lethal dose equals 5
micrograms F per bee per 24 hours. There are different sen-
sitivities between the strains of bees and there is a repellent
effect of hydrofluoric acid depending on its concentration. In
57 samples of 100 normal bees each, average values between
0.63 to 4.81 micrograms F per bee were found. The bees came
from various regions with and without fluorine emissions. In
the Rheinfelden emission area, only normal values of 0.6 to 2.8
micrograms F per bee were found in bees which were said to
have died from fluorine emissions. Test colonies at a distance
of 300 m from the plant showed no disorders after three years.
In the Seelze emission region limiting values from 0.9 to 10.6
micrograms F per bee were found in bees which were said to
be injured by fluorine emissions. Of two test colonies placed
at a distance of 300 m from the plant, one died, the other
developed badly during the three years of observation. In the
examination of bees which are suspect of fluorine intoxication,
other important diseases and aggravating factors must be
recognized by differential diagnosis.
18319
Leithe, W.
RECENT RESULTS AND PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE
ANALYSIS AND DAMAGES OF AIR POLLUTION. (Neue Er-
gebnisse und Probleme zur Analytik und Schad\virkung von
Luftverunreinigungen.) Text in German. Allgem. Prakt. Chem.
(Vienna), 20(2):36-37, Feb. 1969. 11 refs.
Nitrogen oxide has recently become increasingly important to
air pollution not only because it is contained in automobile ex-
haust gases (up to 0.4% by volume) but because also it occurs
in cigarette smoke (up to 0.1% by volume). Its toxicity, how-
ever, is only one-fifth of that of NO2. Its presence is deter-
mined by means of azo dyes after conversion into NO2. The
injury threshold of NO2 for plants has recently been set at 0.4
ppm by H. van Haul and H. Stratmann, formerly, Czech and
Nothdurft had placed the threshold at 30 ppm; their exposure
time, however, was much shorter. Addition of NO to NO2
does not increase the toxicity. Present work has shown that
even under unfavorable meteorological conditions no plant in-
juries were observed at an exposure of 0.4 ppm of NO2. A
new analytical method for determining small concentrations of
ammonia was developed. No description of the new method is
given. It is remarkable that impingers retain less fluorine than
fritted scrubbers. The SO2 injury threshold is still highly con-
troversial. Some authorities believe that the SO2 emissions
may be a useful function in plant nourishment. Sulfur dioxide
exists for only about four days in the atmosphere. It is then
washed out and penetrates the soil as sulfuric acid where it
supplies the plants with the required sulfur. However, some
experts view it only as a toxicant. Possible toxicity is a func-
tion of concentration.
-------
366
18507
Knabe, Wilhelm
METHODS FOR SELECTION AND CULTIVATION OF
EMISSION - RESISTANT WOODS. (Methoden der Auslese und
Zuechtung Immissionsrcsistenter Gehoelze). Text in German.
Preprint, International Union of Forest Research Organizations,
Vienna (Austria), p. 2-21, 1967. 27 refs. (Presented at the Inter-
national Union of Forest Research Organizations, Congress, Mu-
nich, West Germany, 1967.)
The need to select and raise woods resistant to air pollution in
order to provide forests around urban areas is discussed. Sul-
fur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and ozone are probably the
most noxious pollutants to coniferous species. Whether re-
sistance to one of these phytotoxicants is independent or
whethei it enhances resistance to a whole range of pollutants
should be investigated, as well as the mechanism of in-
heritance of resistance. Climate and soil conditions must be
considered in planning selection experiments. Procedures ap-
plied to date to coniferous cultures throughout the industrial
areas of Germany are reviewed.
18704
Johnson, Folke, D. F. Allmendinger, V. I.. Miller, and C. J.
Gould
LEAF SCORCH OF GLADIOLUS CAUSED BY AT-
MOSPHERIC FLUORIC EFFLUENTS. Phytopathology,
40(3):239-246, March 1950. 3 refs.
A hitherto undescribed disease, leaf scorch of gladiolus, was
observed in areas polluted with fluorine compounds emitted
from alumina reduction factories. The plant symptoms were
reproduced by fumigation with hydrogen fluoride and were ex-
amined. Of the 72 varieties studied for their reactions to
fluorine emissions and the amount of foliage injury or injury
index, 7 were resistant (index less than 10), 13 were very
susceptible (index 30-60), and the balance was between the
two extremes. In general, the resistant varieties contained
more fluorine in the foliage than the susceptible ones. The
fluorine content of scorched plants from polluted areas was
higher than that from unscorched plants in remote areas.
(Author summary modified)
18770
Ivie, J. O. and C. R. Thompson
AUTOMATED VARIABLE LEVEL DISPENSING EQUIP-
MENT FOR HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. 9p., 1962 (?). 1 ref.
In a large field study of the effects of air pollutants on citrus,
it was desired that hydrogen fluoride be added to the incoming
atmosphere of greenhouses installed over individual trees. By
substituting a series of valves with increasing sized orifices in
place of the fixed bleeder valve, the fluoride dispensing
system was modified to supply varying levels of the pollutant
to the greenhouses so that the trees inside would be subjected
to the same fluctuating levels of fluoride on an hourly basis as
those in the ambient air outside. The automatic fluoride
dispensing equipment is described.
19124
Compton, O. C., L. F. Remmert, J. A. Rudinsky, L. L.
McDowell, F. E. Ellertson, W. M. Mellenthin, and P. O.
Ritcher
NEEDLE SCORCH AND CONDITION OF PONDEROSA PINE
TREES IN THE DALLES AREA. Preprint, Oregon Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Miscellaneous Paper 120,
6p., 1961. 8 refs.
A survey was designed to determine the nature of the injury to
pine trees growing in and around the Dalles area in Oregon.
Considerable injury from 'blight', or needle scorch, was
found. Scorched needles contained considerably more fluorine
than unscorched needles and were typical of 'ponderosa pine
blight.' In the Dalles area, the percentage of scorch in 1960
needles varied from 0.9% at Station 12, which was 4 miles
south of an aluminum factory, to 67.7% at Station 4, which
was 1.2 miles WNW of the factory. The fluorine contents were
23% and 98%, respectively. The greatest amouni of scorch
was associated with higher fluorine content. No scorch was
found in samples outside the Dalles area, and these samples
were low in fluorine content. There was no pathological, en-
tomological, or soil conditions that would account for the nee-
dle scorch found in the area. (Author conclusions modified)
19147
Hopp, H. H.
FLUORINE INJURIES TO VINE. (Fluor-bedingte Immis-
sionsschaeden an Reben). Text in German. Die Wein-Wiss.,
21(4):141-149, April 1966. 8 refs.
the vicinity of a lime kiln, injuries were observed on the
leaves of the plants in the nearby vineyard in the extremely
wet and cool summer of 1965 The leaves were necrotic, and
the grapes had an extremely low sugar content. Measurement
of the fluorine content in the medium to heavily injured leaves
revealed concentrations which \vere 10 times higher than that
of control plants. Fluorine concentration was only 8 times as
high in the dead leaves as that in the control leaves, that the
wash-out effect obviously becomes more apparent in entirely
dead material. Since several rainy days had passed between
the appearance of the symptoms and sampling, it is assumed
that originally the fluorine concentrations in all samples must
have been even higher.
19211
Yamazoe, Fumio
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON PL/UNTS. (Fuk-
kasuiso no shokubutsu nioyobosu eikyo nitsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), '6(7):515-520,
July 15, 1970. 8 refs.
Symptoms of fluorosis in plants are chlorotic marlcings around
the tip or edges of young leaves. Examples of damage to
plants and livestock by fluorides are listed, including the re-
tarded growth of silkworms fed on mulberry leaves polluted
by more than 30 ppm fluorides. Plants can be classified into
six groups according to their resistance to hydrogen fluoride.
Theshold values of the fluoride concentration range from 5-10
ppb for the plants. Gladiolus is normally employed as a plant
indicator for hydrogen fluoride and silkworms as indicator in-
sects. The relationship between plant damage by fluorides and
exposure time, density, soil, fertilizer, meteorology and loca-
tion are examined. The mechanism of the dariage is also
analyzed. In a cicolous plant, Si-F bond, which s rather dif-
ficult to dissolve in water, is formed. In a calcicolous plant, on
the other hand, a Ca-F bond, which is difficult to dissolve, is
formed. In evaluating plant damage, 100 g of leaves are col-
lected from several locations in an area. After rinsing by
water, the sample is dried for 30 min at 90-100 C, and sub-
sequently at 60-70 C for several hours. The sample is pow-
dered, screened by 1 mm screen, and subjected to chemical
analysis. Several preventive measures are listed, including the
spraying of water or lime on plant leaves. It is concluded that
the establishment of an environmental standard is difficult
because of the extremely high sensitivity of the plants to the
gas.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
367
19358
Compton, O. C., L. F. Remmert, and W. M. Mellenthin
COMPARISON OF FLUORINE LEVELS IN CROPS BEFORE
AND AFTER ALUMINUM FACTORY OPERATIONS IN THE
DALLES AREA. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Cor-
vallis. Miscellaneous Paper 95, 27p., 1960. 7 refs.
The fluorine content of seven crops in the Dalles fruit area in
Oregon were studied, beginning in August, 1953. Determina-
tions of leaf fluorine were made four times previous to and
three times since July 26, 1958, when a local aluminum reduc-
tion factory began operations. Leaf samples taken before July
1958 averaged less than 12 ppm fluorine. Similar samples taken
after the start of operations at the factory ranged from 16 to
197 ppm, averaging 68 ppm fluorine. The June 1959 samples
ranged from 6 to 106 ppm, averaging 26 ppm fluorine; those
collected in August ranged from 18 to 207 ppm, averaging 73
ppm fluorine. The fluorine samples taken in October 1958
decreased from an average 140 ppm, 1 mile from the factory
to 54 ppm, 4-5 miles away. Fluorine burn on leaves was severe
in 1959 on certain apricot and prune trees growing within 2
miles of the factory. Peaches collected in 1959 showed a pre-
mature ripening and softening along the suture, the swelling
often extending to the apex. This condition has not been ob-
served previously in this area. (Author summary modified)
19539
Oelschlaeger, Walter and Erwin Moser
THE EXTENT OF PLANT DAMAGE CAUSED BY GASEOUS
FLUORINE AS A FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FAC-
TORS AS WELL AS BY PULVERULENT FLUORINE AND
FERTILIZER. Staub (English translation from German of:
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 29(9):38-40, 1969. 9 refs.
Gaseous fluorine is the form of hydrogen fluoride and silicon
tetrafluoride is the primary cause of plant damage caused by
fluorine emissions. The toxic effect is governed by a number
of factors including the fluorine content of air, the duration of
absorption, the nature and age of the vegetation, rainfall and
nutrient absorption, and fertilizers. Water conditions and
nutrient supply constitute an essential factor for the necrosis
caused by fluorine; at optimum nutrient supply, the resistance
of forest trees to fluorine is higher. Increased light intensity
and the associated high assimilation enhances the damaging ef-
fects. Soil with a high proportion of fluorine was used to grow
various trees, and fly ash from an enamel shop was appb'ed to
the leaves. Solid fluorine particles were found to be less
damaging than gaseous fluorine. Outside fluorine emission
zones, plants can absorb large amounts of fluorine and be
damaged by PK and NPK fertilizers containing boron in the
BF4(-) complex.
19604
Webster, C C.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS AND
SOIL. London, Agricultural Reseach Council, 1967, 53p. 198
refs.
Recent trends in the emissions and concentrations of smoke,
deposited matter, and sulfur dioxide in Britain and the effects
of these pollutants on plants and soil are presented. Factors
affecting the action of sulfur dioxide on plants are susceptibili-
ty of different species and varieties, stage of growth, time of
day, environmental conditions, concentration of gas and time
of exposure, intermittent exposure, and fluctuating concentra-
tion of gas. The effects on plants and soil of fluorides and
photochemical or oxidant smog are considered. The con-
tamination of plants near highways with lead from the exhaust
fumes of motor vehicles is included. Plants as indicators of
pollution are also discussed.
19656
Weinstein, Leonard H. and Delbert C. McCune
IMPLICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION FOR PLANT LIFE.
Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 114(1):18-21, Feb. 1970. 17 refs. (Presented
at the Symposium on Atmospheric Pollution: Its Long-Term Im-
plications, April 25, 1969.
The effects of an air pollutant on a plant may vary with
respect to their manifestation and ihe circumstances of their
occurrence. The best known are the visible lesions that appear
on the foliage taking the form of chlorotic or necrotic areas
distributed on the leaf in patterns characteristic of the plant
and the pollutant. In affected broad-leaved plants, fluoride
symptoms appear as marginal areas of chlorosis or necrosis.
Sulfur dioxide effects are irregular necrotic areas between the
veins. The symptoms of ozone injury may be flecks or patches
of dead tissue on the upper surface. Peroxyacetyl nitrate at-
tacks the underside of the leaf, giving it a glazed appearance.
In the narrow-leaved plants, the foliar symptoms of pollutant
injury are banding of the tips of the leaves. There are other
changes that are not immediately apparent in occurrence or
significance, such as effects on growth, yield, crop quality,
physiology, and metabolism. Two basic approaches may be
taken for control of pollutants that damage plants. The access
of the pollutant to the plant may be restricted, or the pollution
source may be removed from the receptor. It is also suggested
that plants be developed that will be more resistant, or that
practices be developed that will modify the response of plants
to air pollutants. A brief history of the damaging effects of
pollution on plants is presented.
19657
Pack, M. R.
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON PRODUCTION
AND FOOD RESERVE CONTENT OF BEAN SEED. Preprint,
Washington State Univ., Pullman, Air Pollution Research Sec-
tion, 7p., 1969. 16 refs.
Mature seeds of Tendergreen bean plants, grown under con-
tinuous exposure to hydrogen fluoride at 10.5 micrograms F/cu
m, had a shrivelled appearance and lower starch content than
seeds of contro plants. Two more experiments were conducted
in which bean plants were exposed continuously to HF at 2.1
and 9.1 micrograms F/cu m. These seeds also matured more
slowly in the HF treatment and tended to be shrivelled and
distorted. They had a faded blue-black color rather than the
glossy black of the control plants. These differences were
most pronounced m the higher HF treatment. The seed of the
HF treated plants also had a lower starch content, suggesting
that the fluoride interfered with starch synthesis. The HF
treatments had no apparent effects on the reducing sugars,
total sugars, water soluble polysaccharides, protein, or ether
extract of the bean seed. Seedlings grown from the HF af-
fected seed showed delayed emergence and less vigorous
growth than control seedlings The cordate primary leaves
were abnormally small and distorted. (Author abstract
modified)
19703
Arndt, Uwe
CHANGES OF CONCENTRATION OF FREE AMINO ACIDS
IN PLANTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE AND SULFUR DIOXTOE. (Konzentrationsaen-
derungen bei freien Aminosaeuren in Pflanzen unter dem Ein-
fluss von Fluorwasserstoff und Schwefeldioxid). Text in German.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 30(6):256-259, June 1970. 26 refs.
After treating different types of plants for 14 days with air
containing 6 micrograms of hydrogen fluoride/cu m or with air
-------
368
containing 0.7 mg of sulfur dioxide/cu m, their contents of free
amino acids were determined by two-dimensional chromatog-
raphy and were compared with those of the control plants.
The individual amino acids were identified with the aid of
calibration curves prepared using commercially available
amino acids. Analyses of damaged plants showed, in general,
increases of concentration of the individual acids. The same
result was obtained after treating grass with HF in which no
external symptoms of damage were evident. Plants treated
with SO2 and appearing undamaged, exhibited varying changes
in concentrations of the individual amino acids, but there was
also a trend towards higher total amino acid concentrations in
this case. This suggests the possibility of utilizing the metabol-
ic reactions investigated above as indicators of emission ef-
fects. To obtain a higher detection sensitivity of metabolic
reactions, which are desirable as early indicators of emission
effects, further studies are planned in which no extracts from
the entire plant body but only those from certain cell com-
plexes will be analyzed. This kind of sampling separates the
various metabolic circuits from each other, which may react
differently to the same emissions and, hence, lead one to ex-
pect more unequivocal results.
19713
AIR POLLUTION: PLANT KILLER, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
4(8): 635-636, Aug. 1970.
Agricultural losses caused by increasing air pollution are esti-
mated to reach $500 million annually in the U. S., most of the
losses being due to growth suppression or plant injury. How-
ever, acute injury suggests the nature of the air pollutant and
reveals the distribution of the problem. Visible effects of sul-
fur-dioxide injury are the bleaching of leaf areas to a light tan
or ivory color or the complete bleaching of leaf. Injury from
fluoride causes tissues to die at the margin and tip of the leaf.
The dead tissues may be gray or light green at first, later
becoming reddish-brown or tan. Typical patterns of ozone in-
jury are bleached or light flecks or stipples on the upper sur-
face of leaves. Injury from peroxyacetyl nitrate is charac-
terized as glazing and browning of the lower leaf surfaces and
attack of the younger leaves. A number of research programs
are attempting to find a cure for pollution damage to vegeta-
tion. These programs include work on the development of crop
species that are genetically resistant to atmospheric pollutants
and on chemical compounds that would permit plant growth in
polluted atmospheres.
19863
Mohamed, Aly H.
CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON
PLANTS. Fluoride Quart. Repts., 2(2):76-84, April 1969. 8 refs.
Fluorocompounds, either organic or inorganic, are considered
to be potential pollutants. These compounds are by-products
of various industrial processes, such as the production of
phosphate-fertilizers, ceramics, and certain metals such as alu-
minum. Gaseous hydrogen fluoride is one of the most
phytotoxic of the halogen compounds occurring as air pollu-
tants. Fluoride gas in the atmosphere may cause severe
damage to plants, even when the concentration is below the
level required to produce visible morphological symptoms. Ex-
periments were conducted on tomato plants and maize to
determine their reaction to fumigation with hydrogen fluoride
gas. Chromosomal aberrations resulted in the tomato plants.
Similar cytological results occurred in the maize. HF seems to
affect primarily the DNA molecule by blocking its replication,
probably through its action on the enzymatic system. (Author
abstract modified)
19873
Garber, K.
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE. PERTAINING TO THE
FLUORINE CONTENT OF PLANTS (1). (Fluor-Wirkungen).
Federal Inst. of Applied Botany, Hamburg (West Germany),
RR-14, p. 42-48, 1967. 10 refs. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 8p., May 26, 1970. (Also:
Qualitas Plant. Mater. Vegetables, 15(l):29-36, 1967.)
Several years of research on the fluorine content of plants in
non-industrial regions have shown that the natural fluorine
content may vary between 0.2 and 2.0 mg/100 g dry matter.
The uptake of fluorine from the soil will continue independent
of the fluorine content of the soil. From these investigations, it
was concluded that fluorine contents higher than the natural
values indicate the influence of fluorine emissions. The
fluorine contents of various plants are presented in tabular
form.
19949
Halbwachs, G.
INVESTIGATIONS ON DIRECTED ACTIVE FLOW AND
MATERIAL TRANSPORT IN THE LEAF. Flora (Jena), vol.
153:358-372, 1963. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 34p., Feb. 20, 1970.
Damage by acidic gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric
acid, and hydrogen fluoride, is expressed in leaves as irregular
necrotic spots distributed across the entire leaf surface, or as
localized necrosis at the leaf edges and tips. The acidic gases
enter the interior of the leaf through the pore openings. Thus,
their opening condition is of importance for the extent and
speed of damage. Spot-shaped necroses appear in the direct
area of the entry locations as a result of tissue damage from
high concentrations. Edge and border damage occurs only at
low concentrations, which are different for the individual
acidic gases, depending on their toxicity. This localization of
damage requires transporting the gases toward the leaf edges
and tip, and an effective suction at these leaf parts. The ex-
istence of such a suction effect, which is significant with
respect to the problem of water and substance distribution in
the leaf, was made probably by experiment i with cut
branches, allowing them to absorb dilute HO and sodium
hydroxide solutions and chromium fluorides. The results
showed that the preconditions for water and substance flow in
the leaf are created by leaf pressure and evaporation, but that
the finer distribution in the leaf is regulated by the leaf itself.
(Author summary modified)
20015
Spencer. G. R., E. C. Stone, and D. F. Adams
FLUORIDES IN ANIMALS IN THE DALLESPORT AREA.
Wash - State Univ. Agr. Exp. St., St. Circ., no. 353, 8p. 1959. 2
refs.
The natural levels of fluoride intake, storage, and excretion
were determined in farm animals in the area of a new alu-
minim reduction factory, prior to start-up of the plant. In addi-
tion, the local prevalence of other diseases that might be con-
fused with fluorosis were to be established. Animals and feeds
in the Dallesport, Washington area of Klickitat Country and
The Dalles, Oregon area had a normal fluoride level. Water
from 13 ranches had from 0.05 to 1.26 ppm fluoride with a
mean of 0.25. Hay from twelve ranches had from 0 to 8.3 ppm
fluoride with a mean of 4.4. Analyses of urine, horn, hoof,
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
369
teeth, and bone from cattle (mostly beef) disclosed normal
levels of excretion and storage. Physical examination of cattle
on 11 ranches disclosed normal teeth in most individuals and
only one case of lameness. It was concluded that no unusual
or abnormally high sources of fluoride are available to the
animals in the area. (Author summary modified)
20157
Van Brackle, Richard D.
THE FARMER'S STAKE IN AIR POLLUTION. Crop Soils
Mag., 20(1):17-19, Oct. 1967.
The assessment of agricultural problems caused by air pollu-
tion is difficult, since air pollution injury is not easily
distinquishable from insect or disease injury; pollution makes
crops more susceptible to insects and disease; and some pollu-
tants cause damage at very low concentrations and may not be
suspected. The $15 million of visible damage done to crops in
California does not include such factors as reduced vigor,
longer growing season, extra water and fertilizer, and lowered
quality. Photochemical air pollution is considered the most
dangerous type for agriculture. More than 300 types of plants
are affected by air pollution, the average California automobile
is 5 1/2 years old, has had two owners, is driven approximately
9,000 miles per year and makes about one 25-mile trip per day;
this results in a daily emission of 6 1/2 pounds of contami-
nants, which in turn results in a total figure for 1963 of 56 mil-
lion pounds. Among the major pollutants that damage plant
life are ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate various types of fluorides,
sulfur dioxide, and ethylene. Air pollution has had an adverse
effect on agriculture for over a century.
20158
Zimmerman, P. W.
CHEMICALS INVOLVED IN AIR POLLUTION AND THEIR
EFFECTS UPON VEGETATION. Proc. Governor's Conf. Ex-
hibit Atmospheric Pollution, New Jersey, 1952, p. 23-31. 33 refs.
(Feb. 19-20.)
Results of studies on the effects of various gases on plants are
summarized for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, mercury vapor, ethylene and car-
bon monoxide, and the vapors of 2,4-D and other hormone-
type chemicals. Measurements of the atmosphere at Yonkers,
New York, show an average of 0.01 ppm of SO2 for 62% of
the year. A maximum concentration of 0 75 ppm occurred in
January. Leaves of alfalfa and buckwheat exposed to a con-
centration of 0.40 ppm for 7 hours became spotted. Working
with concentrations of 0.1-0.2 ppm of SO2, the following ob-
servations were made: there is more SO2 resistance at or
below 40 F, and SO2 sensitivity does not change with minor
variations in soil moisture. The sulfate content of the nutrient
supply did not affect sensitivity, although the growth rate of
sulfur-defficient plants increased under fumigation with 0.1-0.2
ppm SO2. Plants recover between treatments if these are suffi-
ciently spaced. Sensitivity was not affected by wetting the leaf
surface. Young plants are more resistant than old plants; older
leaves are more resistant than younger ones. HF gas tends to
injure the margin of the leaf more frequently than SO2. Appli-
cation of sodium fluoride to soil caused similar injuries to
those induced by HF fumigation H2S gas is less toxic than the
other gases tested, and injured the younger rather than the
older leaves. Substituted phenoxy acids are extremely selec-
tive, stimulating growth in some plants and injuring or deform-
ing others.
20400
Adams, D. F. and C. W. Sulzbach
NITROGEN DEFICIENCY AND FLUORIDE SUSCEPTIBILI-
TY OF BEAN SEEDLINGS. Science, vol. 133:1425-1426, May
5, 1961. 6 refs.
The influence of nutrition on the susceptibility of beans to
visible foliar injury from atmospheric fluorides was studied.
Groups of bean seedlings were grown concurrently in cleaned
and fluoride-containing (4 to 7 micrograms/cu m) air in plant-
growth chambers for 10 and 20 days with six water-culture
treatments. Hoaglund's formulation and Hoaglund's minus
potassium, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. An inad-
vertent 15-hour exposure on day 15 (at 42 micrograms/cu m)
produced foliar fluorosis symptoms only on the nitrogen-defi-
cient plants fumigated 20 days, although higher fluoride con-
centrations were present in the foliage of similar plants grown
in the other nutrient-deficient solutions. Thus it appears that
production of necrosis, within a single variety, is not solely re-
lated to the fluoride concentration in the tissue and that
fluoride susceptibility must therefore be biochemically as-
sociated with other metabolic processes in mechanisms which
remain to be elucidated. (Author abstract modified)
20476
Schoenbeck, Helfried
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE BIOLOGICAL EF-
FECTS OF AIR POLLUTION BY TRANSPLANTED
LICHENS. Staub (English translation from German of: Staub,
Reinhaltung Luft), 29(1):17-21, Jan. 1969. 21 refs.
A method for transplanting the leaf lichen Parmelia physodes
for use as an indicator of various air pollutants is described.
This type of lichen is relatively indiffeient to its base, its natu-
ral ecological conditions can be disregarded for at least six
months, and the medium into which the lichen and its sub-
strate are transplanted has little significance over an even
longer period. The method entails removing the lichen from
the tree (preferably oak), transplanting it into exposure boards
of wood or other material, exposing the lichen in the area
being investigated at a height of 1.5 m, recording withering ef-
fects (manifested by color changes) photographically, and
grading the intensity of damage. The method is expected to
simplify and reduce costs of certain air quality measurements,
especially for sulfur dioxide and fluorine emissions, and also
indicate changes m air quality due to such conditions as wind
direction.
20573
Kaudy, J. C. F. T. Bingham, R. C. McColloch, G. F Liebig,
and A. P. Vanselow
CONTAMINATION OF CITRUS FOLIAGE BY FLUORINE
FROM AIR POLLUTION IN MAJOR CALIFORNIA CITRUS
AREAS. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., vol. 65:121-127, 1954. 22
refs.
As a preliminary phase of an investigation of the effect of
fluorine on citrus growth, the extent of fluorine contamination
in citrus foliage was determined. Leaves from approximately
130 citrus groves, collected in both heavily polluted areas and
areas far removed from pollution, were analyzed for fluorine.
Citrus leaves from the Coachella Valley of Riverside County,
and from San Diego, Ventura, and Tulare counties disclosed
concentrations of 1 ppm F or less. Leaves collected in indus-
trialized areas disclosed values up to 211 ppm F. The greatest
fluorine accumulation was evident in leaves from the San
Bernardino Valley, San Bernardino County, especially from
the vicinity of Fontana, where a steel plant is located. Signifi-
-------
370
cantly elevated accumulations were also found in leaves from
the Los Angeles area, presumably as a result of emissions
from aluminum, ceramic, phosphate, and chemical plants.
Elevated fluorine values were not associated with any visible
damage to the trees. Sampling of leaves of 12 groves over a 9-
month period disclosed a maximum accumulation of fluorine
during the summer and fall months. Foliar concentrations of
fluorine increased very little, once the winter rains began.
(Author summary modified)
20690
Shupe, James L
FLUORINE TOXICOSIS AND INDUSTRY. Am. Ind. Hyg, As-
soc. J., 31(2):240-247, March-April 1970. 10 refs.
Fluorosis in livestock can be accurately diagnosed and con-
trolled when the complexity of the disease is realized, and the
symptomatology, pathogenesis, and lesions are properly corre-
lated, interpreted, and evaluated Tooth classification and the
amount of fluorine in bone can be used to diagnose and evalu-
ate the degree of fluorosis with a high degree of accuracy.
Some products can counteract and lessen the potential damage
that ingested fluorides can cause. Aluminum sulfate, aluminum
chloride, calcium aluminate, calcium carbonate, and
defluorinated phosphate can reduce the toxicity of fluorine in
animals. Multiple correlation formulas useful in diagnosing
fluorosis, and livestock fluorine tolerances are included in
tabular form. A comprehensive guide is also presented which
facilitates diagnosing and evaluating fluorosis. (Author conclu-
sion modified)
20707
Hasegawa, T. and H. Yoshikawa
ON THE ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE POLLUTION. PART I.
(Fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen chosa (1)). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 147,
1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, 1969.) PART II. Ihid., 4(1):148, 1969.
Fluorine compounds emitted from chemical fertilizer, ceram-
ics, and chemical industries were suspected to be the cause of
death of 70 oxen for agricultural use between 1953 and 1964 in
the outskirts of Osaka. Fluoride analysis was conducted on the
urine of Japanese oxen in the area in order to determine the
extent to which fluorides in air enter grass and feed. Fluoride
content was found to be as high as 20 ppm Further investiga-
tion was performed in order to determine the relationship
between the fluorine compound content in the bones of the
dead oxen and dust fall, plants, animal feed, and soil charac-
teristics. A substantial amount of fluorides was discovered in
the bones, and it became apparent that the compounds
originated from the factories. It was not obvious whether they
were the direct cause of death, because some inorganic
fluorine compounds do not lead to death even at high concen-
trations Since the oxen were also used for ploughing the
fields, conclusions could not be drawn as to the real effects of
the fluorides on the animals
20708
Hasegawa, T. and Y. Yamazaki
ON THE ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE POLLUTION. PART II.
(Fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen chosa (2)). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 148,
1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, 1969.) PART I. Ibid., 4(1):147, 1969.
In East Osaka, agricultural crops either died or showed poor
growth in the neighborhood of a factory producing white
cosmetic bottles. Since fluorite was used as a material and
there was no damage before the establishment of the factory,
it was suspected that fluorine compounds were causing the
damage. Quantitative analysis was performed on the agricul-
tural crops and the exhaust gas as well as the dust particles in
order to determine the fluorine content. Gas samplers were
used to collect the dusts from the surrounding atmosphere.
Fluorine content of dust near the factory was on the average
about 93 mg per cubic meter per day, and in some parts, as
high as 1.54 mg per cubic meter per day. Relatively larger
quantities of fluorine were measured at the southwestern and
southeastern area of the factory, corresponding to the general
wind pattern. Rice and soy beans from the neighborhood of
the factory showed concentrations of fluorine and, especially
in the leaves of the damage crops, the concentrations were
several hundred times higher than those of the undamaged
leaves.
20872
Rippel, A
LONG TERM EFFECT OF FLUORIDE EMISSIONS UPON
VEGETATION. Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride
Res., 3(I):18-21, Jan. 1970. 7 refs.
The results are presented of an eight-year study of the fluonde
content of fruit, vegetables, and grain grown in four communi-
ties near a Czechoslovak aluminum factory. In the community
nearest the factory, the fluonde levels in fruit and grain were
five and six times higher, respectively, than those of controls.
However, the fluoride levels in grain were only 2.6 times as
high as in the controls. Root vegetables, especially potatoes,
exhibited only minor changes in fluoride conten., suggesting
that fluonde uptake by plants is independent of fluoride levels
in soil. In tuberous vegetables, fluoride accumulated in the
portions of the plants growing above ground rather than in the
tubers This fact points to fluoride uptake from the air. The
fluoride levels observed after the long-term exposure of plants
were above normal. Fruit trees deteriorated progressively, par-
ticularly the sensitive plum trees and grape vines. The long-
term emissions also distinctly decreased the biological and or-
ganoleptic values of the agricultural product and the produc-
tivity of agricultural plants
20874
Jacobson, Jay S. and D. C. McCune
INTERLABORATORY STUDY OF ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES FOR FLUORINE IN VEGETATION. J. Assoc.
Offic. Anal. Chemists, vol. 52:894-899, Sept. l'»69. 21 refs.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Con-
trol Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 14, 1967.)
An interlaboratory study of fluorine analyses on plant tissues
was performed to determine the current levels of within- and
between- laboratory precision. Homogeneous, ground,
fluonne-containing leaf tissues of alfalfa, citrus, gladiolus,
pine, and orchard grass were analyzed by the routine methods
currently in use in 31 different laboratories. The data reported
by the laboratones are summarized. The mean values obtained
for each tissue are as follows, alfalfa, 53.2 ppm; citrus, 117.5
ppm; gladiolus, 54.0 ppm, pine, 74.4 ppm; and orchard grass,
55.3 ppm. The variation between laboratories was estimated by
calculating standard deviations, which ranged from 11.0 ppm
for alfalfa to 14.0 ppm for citrus tissues. Relative standard
deviations ranged from 12.7% for citrus to 24 5% for gladiolus.
Deviations between the fluorine content of paired samples pro-
vide estimates of within- laboratory reproducibility. Some
laboratories obtained highly reproducible results, but 14 re-
ported at least one pair of duplicate values which differed
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
371
from each other by 10 ppm or more. The results show that,
despite the use of generally similar methods, there are marked
differences in procedures, techniques, and reagents from
laboratory to laboratory. A marked improvement in agreement
is urgently needed to improve the usefulness of current
fluorine measurements.
20917
Oarber, K.
FLUORIDE IN RAINWATER AND VEGETATION. Fluoride
Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride Res., 3(l):22-26, Jan. J970. 5
refs.
Fluoride levels of rainwater in industrial areas of Germany
ranged from 0.28 mg/1 to 14.1 mg/1, depending on the kind of
industry, the distance from industrial complexes, and the ex-
tent to which coal was used. Fluoride assays of various plant
species showed the same trend as those in rainwater, the
fluoride content of the plants increased with increased fluoride
levels of air. In a hothouse experiment, plants grown in soil
from the contaminated areas exhibited fluoride levels only
four times higher than those in control plants. In contrast,
plants exposed to airborne fluoride near a factory showed 22-
to 200-fold increases in fluoride values. Even when fluoride
levels in rainwater were only 10 times higher than normal,
plants cultivated near rainwater testing stations were markedly
damaged by fluoride emissions, suggesting that high concentra-
tions of fluoride compounds entered the plants during brief,
short-term exposures.
21000
McCune, D. C, L H. Wemstein, and Jill F. Mancmi
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON THE ACID-
SOLUBLE NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM OF PLANTS. Con-
trib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 24(19):213-225, Jan.-March 1970.
26 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association 60th
Annual Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967.)
Experiments were undertaken to explore the problem of
fluoride effects on phosphorus metabolism in reference to
acid-soluble nucleotides in 'Tendergreen' and 'Pinto' beans,
'Bonny Best' tomatoes, and 'Marcross' corn. Procedures and
methods are described for six distinct experiments. Hydrogen
fluoride (HF) in the atmosphere at concentrations of 4.8 to
10.7 mg Fluorine/cu m for periods of 4 to 12 days had no con-
sistent effect on the levels or compostion of acid-soluble
nucleotide pools in leaves of the plants. The distribution of
phosphorus (P) among the various nucleotide fractions was not
affected by HF' fumigation, but the incorporation of P by the
whole-acid soluble nucleotide pool was reduced in corn leaves.
In general, there was less apparent effect on the metabolism
of acid-soluble nucleotides by HF exposure than has been re-
ported for other metabolic systems of the plants. (Author ab-
stract modified)
21062
Sobocky, E.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF ECONOMIC AND SYLVICUL-
TURAL MEASURES AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF
FLUORINE IN THE REGION OF ZIAR N.HRONOM.
(Predbezne vysledky lesnickohospodarskych opatreni proti
pusobeni fluoru v oblasti Ziaru n.Hronom). Scientific and
Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and
Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry,
Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, 10 refs. (Oct. 11-14.)
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, p. XIII-1 to XIII-13. April 24,
1969.
Results of research and sylvicultural and economic measures
taken to reduce the harmful effects of emissions in the area of
Ziar N.Hronom were summarized. The source of the emissions
was a metallurgical plant producing aluminum. The sylvicul-
tural measures were first directed toward the most severely at-
tacked zone I of the area, and on non-sylvan areas, which
were not used to grow trees, located within the reach of the
maximum smoke attack between the forest boundary and the
plant. In zone I, practically all degrees of injury were found,
starting with depigmentation and necrosis formation in as-
similation organs, up to the loss of foliage and decay of
conifers. From among four-year plants on unforested land,
which were subjected to various cultivation operations includ-
ing mineral fertilization, best results were obtained for black
alder, birch, red oak, pedunculate oak, and Austrian pine. Fer-
tilization with lime and ground Thomas slag proved efficient
only in the case of black alder. A much better result was pro-
vided by hoeing and mowing. Successful foresting depends not
only on exposure to the emitting source, but also on a lower
HF concentration Terrian relief creates a natural barrier to
penetrating emissions. The beech stand, situated 2110 m east-
ward of the emitting source, reduced the detrimental effect of
HF in its above surface layer by approximately 30% in com-
parison to a free area in front of the stand boundary. A ten-
year pine culture, 1950 m south-southeast from the source,
reduced the harmful effect of HF by approximately 50% by
comparison to total clearing, and thus fulfilled the protective
function by being in front of the sheltered trees.
21093
Thompson, C. R.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON LEMONS AND NAVEL
ORANGES. Calif. Agr., 22(9):2-3, 1968.
Lemon trees were divided into 6 groups of four, and each
group received an experimental treatment of an atmospheric
phytotoxicant previous to water use determination. Activated
carbon filters removed ozone and peroxyacyl nitrates, both
components of photochemical smog; limestone removed acid
fluoride gases, such as hydrogen fluoride; and nitric oxide
reacted to remove ozone. Levels of total oxidants, fluoride,
and temperatures in the air were recorded continuously. Trees
receiving filtered air required more extra irrigation than those
with ambient air, and trees receiving filtered air and filtered
air plus fluoride had a higher rate of apparent photosynthesis
than those receiving ambient air. Preliminary evaluation in-
dicates that trees which get ambient air have an increased leaf
drop (up to 30%) and yield less fruit than trees which receive
carbon-filtered air.
21189
Shikenjo, Norinsho Sanshi
AIR POLLUTION AND SERICULTURE. (Taikiosen to yosan-
sogo shoroku). Text in Japanese. Sanshi Shikensho Shiryo (J.
Sericultural Experiment Station), no. 20:102p., April 1966. 518
refs.
Various types of sericulture damage by atmospheric pollutants
are considered in terms of responsible sources, in addition to
the effects of the pollutants on mulberry leaves and silk
worms. Damages are classified as follows: (1) sericulture
damage due to gaseous, solid, and liquid wastes, the major
contaminants of which are sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride
gas, chlorine gas, smoke dusts, and aerosols; (2) damage due
to stack smokes generated by charcoal burning, heavy-oil
burning, the skyrocket type of fireworks, and rubber-tire burn-
ing; (3) damage due to motor vehicle exhaust gas, dust clouds,
mud, and mire; (4) damage due to aerially sprayed agricultural
chemicals; (5) damage due to irradiated substances; (6) damage
-------
372
due to volcanic ashes; (7) damage due to salt-containing sea
wind; (8) and damage due to hazardous substances, such as
nicotine, contained in tobacco plants cultivated on adjacent
farms or to other hazardous plants and crops such as
pyrethrum, Picrasima quassioides Benn, bindweed, and pep-
permint. A bibliography is provided in which references are
classified according to specific sources and their respective ef-
fects on both mulberry trees and silkworms.
21194
Kuribayashi, Shigeharu
INJURY OF MULBERRY TREES BY AIR POLLUTION.
(Taikiosen ni yoru yoso no higai). Text in Japanese. Sanshi
Kagaku to Gijul.su (Sericultural Sci. Technol.), 8(8):64-67, Dec.
1969.
Atmospheric pollutants and their effects on mulberry leaves
are discussed. At present the diagnosis of the effect of air pol-
lution is largely dependent on chemical analysis and observa-
tions of the growth of mulberry trees and of silkworms,
together with simultaneous analysis of atmospheric and soil
samples. In observing symptoms of injury, it is important to
remember that some symptoms may be transient or analogous
to those caused by insects or fertilizers. For this reason, a
comparative study of injured and healthy leaves should be un-
dertaken to determine the level of injury and the responsible
sources. The types of injuries caused by different pollutants
are outlined. Dechlorized and spotted leaves are representative
of the effect of 0.1-0.2 ppm, or higher concentrations of silk-
worms fed these leaves initially show loss of appetite, then in-
hibited growth, and finally death. The visible symptoms
produced by 150-200 ppm hydrogen fluoride gas are brown
spots at leaf tips and edges. Levels half as low are sufficient
to kill silk. Silkworms leaves injured by chlorine gas also show
decreased appetite and sometimes vomit silk thread. Gaseous
contaminants containing stack smoke and carbon particles are
generally sticky, insolubile in water, and extremely detrimental
to the growth of mulberry trees. The effect of dusts and
suspended particles from adjacent plants varies according to
size and components.
21364
Noble, Wilfred
SMOG. Lasca Leaves, 15(1): 1-24, 1965. 20 refs.
The various effects that smog has on plants in the Los An-
geles area, and the effects of particular pollutants are
discussed. One of the chief characteristics of pollution in this
area is its high ozone concentration and the resulting strong
oxidizing ability. Some of the components of this pollution has
been determined. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has been shown
to cause silvering, banding, growth reduction, and cellular col-
lapse. Ozone primarily attacks the older leaves and particularly
affects woody plants. In contrast to PAN, which attacks the
lower leaf surface, ozone affects the palisade layer of the
upper surface, causing small clusters of cells to darken and
eventually turn brown-black. Only orchids and carnations have
shown serious injury due to ethylene. The gas causes dry sepal
on orchids. In carnations, the opened blossom reverts back to
a bud, and effect called 'sleepiness'. Fluorides are cumulative
when absorbed by plants and translocated within the plant,
concentrating in the tips and edges of leaves. There they cause
a cocoa brown discoloration with well defined borders. Acute
injury from sulfur dioxide appears as a tan to white area
between the veins, with most severe symptoms appearing on
the younger leaves. Presently, not much is known about the
effects of nitrogen oxides on plants. After considerable study,
it was determined that the only satisfactory means for growing
undamaged plants was to filter air through activated carbon. A
study of air pollution using plant indicators is also discussed.
21422
Schoenbeck, H., M. Buck, H. van Haul, and G. S:holl
BIOLOGIC AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENT METHODS.
(Biologische Messverfahren fuer Luftverunreinigungen). Text in
German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:225-234, 1970. 49
refs.
Plants can be used as indicators for air pollution. Test plants
grown under comparable conditions in various distances from
the emission sourc; help to detect not only the type of pollu-
tant causing injuries but also the effect of dust sediments in
the soil. This method used in the vicinity of a zinc smelting
plant revealed that sulfur, zinc, and lead containing emissions
caused the observed plant injuries. Lolium multiflorum and L.
perenne growth in synthetic pots and set up at various
distances from a fluonne emitting plant provided indication of
the quanities emitted at each point. Transportable plexiglass
chambers can be used as covers for the plants at greatly dif-
ferent climatic conditions among the various exposure sites.
Filtered and unfiltered air is drawn into the chambers. Apart
from higher plants, lower epiphytic organisms such as lichens
or moss can be used as indicators for air pollution. The widely
spread parmelia physodes can be transplanted onto carrier
plates and exposed. A clear relationship between the growth
rate of these lichens and the SO2 and HF concentration of the
ambient air could be found.
21498
Chang, Chong W.
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON NUCLEOTTOES AND
RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN GERMINATING COK:N SEEDLING
ROOTS. Plants Physiol., 43(5):669-674, May 1968. 24 refs.
An investigation was made to determine the offset of fluoride
on plant growth, acid soluble nucleotides, and RNA in ger-
minating corn seedling roots. Fluoride suppressed root growth
to a range of two-thirds to one-third the control value depend-
ing on fluoride concentration. The rate of growth inhibition
was positively related to fluoride content. Column chromato-
graphic analyses demonstrated that fluoride modified ratios of
acid soluble nucleotide species. The relative amount of nucleo-
tides is altered mainly due to triphosphate nucleotides of
which ATP is most accumulated. Paper chromatographic
analyses showed that fluoride induces changes of RNA struc-
ture. It is characterized by lowered relative content of
cytosine, and by an increased ratio of cytosine to guanine.
Adenine is depressed only in the root tissue treated by the
highest fluoride concentration (Author abstract modified)
21500
NcNulty, I. B. and D. W. Newman
MECHANISM(S) OF FLUORIDE INDUCED CHLOROSIS.
Plant Physiol. 36(4):385-388, July 1961. 17 refs.
An investigation was conducted to elucidate the mechanism of
action of fluoride-induced chlorosis. Leaf tissue was cultured
in a calcium-free mineral nutrient solution, with and without
fluoride, under constant light and temperature. Analyses were
made on the chlorophylls, photochlorophylls, carotenes, and
ether soluble magnesium compounds. Scdium fluoride
prevented the accumulation of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
and photochlorophyll in bean leaves. However, the
photochlorophyll to chlorophyll a transformation was not af-
fected. The chlorphylls, the carotenes, and total ether soluble
magnesium containing compounds were all affected proper-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
373
tionately. The similarity in total ether-soluble-magnesium con-
taining compounds indicates there was no inhibitor! of pigment
synthesis following the attachment of the magnesium atom to
the ring structure. These results suggest that the inhibition of
pigment synthesis must occur very early in the synthesis of
pigment components, or with some phase of basic metabolism
necessary for their synthesis. The apparent dissolution of
chloroplast structure that occurs concurrently with the ap-
pearance of chlorosis could explain the similarity in decrease
of all pigments. Thus, fluorides may affect the early stages of
pigment synthesis, or induce the degradation of chloroplast
structure. (Author summary modified)
21501
Threshow, Michael, Gerald Dean, and Frances M. Harner
STIMULATION ON TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS-INDUCED
LESIONS ON BEAN BY FLUORIDE. Phytopathology, vol.
(S7):7S6-758, July 1967. 4 refs.
The possible effect of fluoride on the number of local lesions
developing on Pinto bean leaves following inoculation with
tobacco mosaic virus was studied. Plants were grown in fu-
migation chambers where atmospheric fluoride concentrations
ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 micrograms/ cu m; foliar fluoride con-
centrations ranged from 20 to 637 ppm. The number of lesions
increased with foliar fluoride concentrations up to 500 ppm,
above which the number decreased. Lesion numbers on plants
in the unfumigated chambers served as a control, and these
values represented 100%. The lesion numbers on leaves with
fluoride concentration of 100-200, 200-300, 300-500 ppm were
121%, 157%, and 179%, respectively. When lesion numbers
were grouped according to leaf age, lesions were most
prevalent on the first trifoliolate leaves. The number of lesions
decreased on older leaves and plants. When leaves were fully
developed and plants had reached the four- to five-leaf stage,
no lesions could be induced. (Author abstract modified)
21687
Treshow, Michael and Merrill R. Pack
FLUORIDE. In: Recognition of Air Pollution Injury to Vegeta-
tion: A Pictorial Atlas. Jay S. Jacobson and A. Clyde Hill (eds.),
Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollution Control Assoc., 1970, p. D1-D17.
29 refs.
The damaging effects of fluoride on plant foliage, flowers, and
fruits are discussed. Fluoride injury results from the gradual
accumulation of fluroide in the plant tissue over a period of
time. Therefore, the duration and the atmospheric concentra-
tions are important in determining the severity of injury. Dif-
ferent plant species, varieties or clones of a single variety, and
plants from different seed lots differ in their susceptibility to
fluoride. A list of some common plant species, which are sen-
sitive to fluoride, is presented in tabular form. The charac-
teristic sympton of fluoride injury on many broad-leaved
plants is necrosis, which occurs primarily at the leaf tips and
margins where the fluoride has accumulated. This symptom is
seen in apricot, gladiolus, European grape, and conifers.
Fluoride sometimes causes a distinctive injury symptom in
lilacs. A reddish-purple discoloration develops along the leaf
margins and extends into a mottled reddish pattern between
the veins. More severe injury results in chlorosis and necrosis.
Fluoride also causes chlorosis in citrus, popular, sweet cherry,
and corn. Fluoride injury results in marginal necrosis of the
petals and sepals of flowers, and in soft suture in some fruits.
22084
Compton, O. C, L. F. Remmert, and W. M. Mellenthin
FLUORINE LEVELS IN CROPS OF THE DALLES AREA IN
1962 AND 1963. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Cor-
vallis, Special Rept. 187, 37p., 1965. 8 refs.
The fluorine content of forage or foliage of alfalfa, apricot,
sweet and sour cherry, grape, peach, and prune crops grown
in The Dalles area in Oregon in 1962, and of alfalfa, cherry,
and peach crops in 1963 are reported. These data are com-
pared to similar data obtained periodically since 1953. Leaf
samples collected in July 1962 ranged from 4 to 362 ppm
fluorine, averaging 31 ppm. Samples collected in October
ranged from 17 to 474 ppm, averaging 92 ppm. Similar samples
from the Corvallis area had less than 15 ppm fluorine. Alfalfa
forages from The Dalles area averaged 31 ppm in July and 81
ppm in October with maximums of 84 and 166 ppm, respec-
tively. A marginal necrosis characteristic of fluoride injury
was found on apricot leaves, with the weaker trees showing
the most severe injury. In June 1963, sweet cherry leaf sam-
ples ranged from 4 to 34 ppm, averaging 13 ppm fluorine,
while those collected in September ranged from 9 to 72 ppm,
averaging 22 ppm. Similar samples taken in July and October
1962 averaged 32 and 95 ppm, respectively. Fluorine in the air
was determined on a few samples in 1963. The amounts varied
from none to 12.9 micrograms fluorine/cu m of air varying
with the location and season. The data are insufficient to re-
late air and foliage fluoride. (Author summary modified)
22085
Compton, O. C., L. F. Remmert, and W. M. Mellenthin
FLUORINE LEVELS IN CROPS OF THE DALLES AREA IN
1964. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Spe-
cial Rept. 204, 21p., 1965. 5 refs.
In 1964, the fluorine content of sweet cherry leaf samples col-
lected in July ranged from 4 to 31 ppm, averaging 11 ppm.
Samples collected in September contained from 6 to 52 ppm
fluorine, averaging 19 ppm. The data for peach trees were
similar. Even though these fluorine levels were much lower
than in 1960-62, the effect of distance and direction from the
aluminum reduction factory is evident. There was no discerni-
ble trend in fluorine levels because of location within The
Dalles area before the opeation of the factory. Fluorine sam-
ples from the air varied from none to 2.5 micrograms/cu m of
air. The relationship between the fluorine in the air and in
foliage of Royal Ann cherry trees indicated that the higher the
air fluorine, the greater was the leaf fluorine content. (Author
summary modified)
22092
Compton, O. C., L. F. Remmert, and W. M. Mellenthin
FLUORINE LEVELS IN 1961 CROPS OF THE DALLES
AREA. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, Spe-
cial Rept. 153, 25p., 1963. 6 refs.
The fluorine content of the foliage or forage of alfalfa,
apricot, cherry, sour cherry, grape, peach, and prune crops
grown in The Dalles area in Oregon during 1961 are reported.
These data are compared, in tabular form, to similar data ob-
tained previously. Leaf samples collected from the crops in
July 1961 ranged from 12 ppm to 217 ppm fluorine, averaging
65 ppm. Samples taken in September ranged from 16 to 204
ppm, averaging 68 ppm fluorine. Leaf Scorch on apricot trees
and soft suture on peaches were observed. These conditions
were noted in 1959 and 1960, but not before the operation of
an aluminum factory located in this area. The effects of calci-
um chloride and fluoride spray treatments were also in-
vestigated. (Author summary modified)
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374
22284
Solberg, Richard A. and Donald F. Adams
fflSTOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SOME PLANT LEAVES
TO HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE. Am. J.
Botany, vol. 43:755-760, Dec. 1956. 20 rets.
The effects of hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide on plant
leaves were investigated. Morpark apricot, Italian prune, and
Winesap apple trees were fumigated eight hours daily, five
days per week, at 5 ppb HF. Pinto bean and tomato seedlings
were fumigated with 0.5 ppm SO2 and 5 ppb HF. Fumigations
with a mixture of HF and SO2 were conducted with the same
concentrations in combination. Samples of injured and control
leaves were processed microtechnically and examined micro-
scopically. Histological responses to HF and SO2 were in-
distinguishable. Microscopic injury was first apparent in the
spongy mesophyll cells and the lower epidermal cells. The
mesophyll cells were readily injured and the most common
degree of injury was total collapse; the lower epidermal cells
were observed to distort and collapse when the mesophyll
cells did. Disintegration of the chloroplasts occurs in those
cells injured by HF and SO2 before complete collapse of all
the leaf tissues occurs. Various postulates are discussed con-
cerning the means and pathways by which a phytotoxic air
pollutant may enter the leaf and produce injury.
22496
Kazantseva, E. N.
ASSORTMENTS OF GAS-RESISTANT LAWN GRASSES. In:
American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollu-
tion Literature. Effects and Symptoms of Air Pollutes on
Vegetation; Resistance and Susceptibility of Different Plant Spe-
cies in Various Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization for
Shelter Belts and as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), vol. 2, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1969, p. 50-55. (Also: Tr. Inst. Ekologii Rasteniy
Zhivotnyhk (Sverdlovsk), vol. 54:91-95, 1967.)
Investigations concerning the gas resistance of lawn grasses
were conducted at a Ural aluminum plant where fluorine pollu-
tion is present. Photosynthesis and the water regimen were
studied in meadow fescue, red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass,
red top, and timothy grass. Damage was observed in early
spring when the leaves were appearing. There was burn on the
tips of the leaves; then spotting and blotching appeared. The
damage increased and reached a peak toward the end of the
growing season. The smallest percentage of damage was ob-
served on meadow fescue, red fescue, and Kentucky
bluegrass, while the greatest damage was found on red top and
timothy grass. Fluorine compounds decreased photosynthesis,
water-holding capacity, and the quantity of free water. Slightly
damaged species have a lower photosynthetic intensity, greater
water-holding capacity, and more free water than the severely
damaged grasses. Meadow fescue, red fescue, and Kentucky
bluegrass are recommended for industrial sectors with severe
fluorine pollution. Red top, 'regnena', Awnless bromegrass,
and timothy grass are suggested for sectors with little pollu-
tion.
22499
Poovaiah, B. W. and H. H. Wiebe
TYLOSIS FORMATION IN RESPONSE TO FLUORIDE FU-
MIGATION OF LEAVES. Phytopathology, vol. 59:518-519,
April 1969. 6 refs.
Occurrence of tyloses in the petiole of geranium plants fu-
migated with fluoride gives evidence that injury may influence
function of tissues some distance from the actual site of visi-
ble damage, fn the early stages of hydrogen fluoride fumiga-
tion, light-brown colored areas appeared at thzeee white mar-
gins of leaves; these bee necrotic zones as the fumigation was
prolonged. Intermediate-age leaves were injured more severely
than either younger or older leaves. All tissues were affected
in severely injured edges, although some upper epidermal cells
still appeared nearly normal. In the zone adjacent to the
severely injured area, the upper half of the leaf was normal,
while the spongy mesophyll cells became plasmolyzed and col-
lapsed. Distortion of chloroplasts and starch grairs was noted
in parenchyma cells near the injured area. Severely injured
and necrotic regions stained very heavily with safranin. The
first occurrence of injury in the spongy mesophyll is con-
sistent with the suggestion that fluoride enters nuiinly through
the stomata. Fluoride effects are more evident in the vascular
region than other areas, and it is possible that the fluoride
damage produces early senescence that in turn causes the
tyloses to form. In the phloem, cylinder-like depositions were
noted on sieve plates which were identified a 5 callose by
strong fluorescence when stained with aniline blue and illu-
minated with ultraviolet light.
22624
Garber, K., R. Guderian, and H. Stratmann
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE UPTAKE OF FLUORINE BY
PLANTS FROM THE SOIL. (Untersuchungen uber die Auf-
nahme von Fluor aus dem Boden Durch PHanzen). Qualitas
Plant. Mater. Vegetables, vol. 14:223-236, 1967. '» refs. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 24p.,
May 30, 1970.
Experiments were conducted with different soil types to deter-
mine the fluorine uptake by plants from the soil. Indentical
plant species showed different fluorine contents on different
soils, and there was no correlation between the F-values in the
soils. Additions of sodium and calcium fluoride of 5 mg F per
100 g soil (F mg%) to the soil had no effect on :he F-level of
the plants. Some one year old plants indicated necrosis and
discoloration, especially at the leaf tips, and a decrease in
yield which was stronger for soil with CaF2-addi ions. The up-
take of fluorine, necrosis, discoloration, and decreased yield
were more pronounced on sandy soil than on rrarshy or clay
soils. Equal amounts of fluoride when added in one portion
had a more damaging effect on the growth of Trc.descantia and
tomato than when added in three partial portions. The addition
of NaF to oats in one portion before seeding had no effect on
the F-content, but experiments with gradual additions showed
a strong increase of the F-value. Soils taken from regions with
flourine emissions were used to grow beans. The increased F-
level in the beans is considered as proof that fluorine emis-
sions act directly on the plant parts above the soil, and in-
directly through the soil. (Author summary modified)
22789
Coleman, Charles H.
HOW PLANTS TEST AIR. Org. Gardening Farming, 1961:71-
78, March 1961.
Although laboratory tests tell when phytotoxicants are present
in the atmosphere, only plants will tell when they combine to
form fog-burn contaminant injurious to crops. Moreover, in
many instances, plants provide the first warning of early air
pollution. The reliance scientists place on plart indicators is
exemplified by a San Francisco program in which plant data is
fed into electronic machines to determine the extent and origin
of pollution damage. Plants susceptible to ail pollution are
listed and the effects of oxidants, ozone, fluorides, sulfur
dioxide, ethylene, smog, and herbicides on p ants are sum-
marized. It is noted that air pollution damage to crops is $7 1/2
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
375
billion per year and that plants will become increasingly impor-
tant for monitoring pollutants.
22887
Miller, Vernon L.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON
WASHINGTON AGRICULTURE. In: Air Pollution. Louis C.
McCabe (ed.), New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1952,
Chapt. 11, p. 116-122. 7 refs.
A variety of studies on fluorides and vegetation are briefly re-
ported. A new disease of the gladiolus Italian prune, charac-
terized by brown, marginal leaf scorch and premature defolia-
tion, is caused by industrial fluoride emissions. Fluorine
scorch of gladiolus may be controlled by lime sprays under
field conditions, and early results suggest that some varieties
of gladiolus may serve as indicator plants in areas where fluor-
ic effluents are a factor. Fluorosis of cattle in Washington was
diagnosed, caused by ingestion of forage containing fluoride
from air pollution. Extensive research is in progress on a
number of possible causes of the ponderosa pine blight, in-
cluding air pollution, climatic factors, insect damage, and fun-
gus diseases; conclusive results are not yet available.
22930
Bulgakov, M. V.
AN EXPERIMENT IN CREATING PROTECTIVE
PLANTINGS IN THE CITY OF KRASNOURAL'SK. In: Amer-
ican Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution
Literature. Effects and Symptoms of Air Pollutes on Vegetation;
Resistance and Susceptibility of Different Plant Species in Vari-
ous Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts
and as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), vol. 2,
Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1969,
p. 79-84. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR Ural. Filial. Ural. Gos. Univ.
Im. A. M. Gor'kogo. Okhrana prirody na Urale (Sverdlovsk),
vol. 4:189-195, 1964.)
Krasnoural'sk is a large center of copper smelting and chemi-
cal industry in the Central Urals. Large amounts of sulfur
dioxide and fluorine, which are harmful to vegetation and
man, are discharged to the atmosphere. The local natural
forest was destroyed by SO2, and as a result the city became
unattractive and dusty. An arboreal nursery was established to
aid in the selection of trees and shrubs adapted to local en-
vironmental conditions. An assortment of gas-resistant species
for city plantings was developed, including poplar, birch,
cedar, larch, maple, elm, Siberian pea shrub, elder, dogwood,
sweetbrier, and others. Siberian pea shrubs from the local
nursery and from another nursery were planted in a city park.
The leaves on the plants from the local nursery remained nor-
mal in appearance, while those from the other nursery were
severely damaged by SO2. This confirms the fact that the
trees and shrubs for gas-polluted areas should be exclusively
local, raised in the same noxious medium where they are to
continue their growth. If frost-resistance is also desired, the
plants should be raised under rigorous, spartan conditions. The
establishment of parks and plazas, and the great number of
trees and shrubs along the streets have made the air of the city
cleaner and resulted in a milder microclimate.
23188
Amirov, R. O. and A. R. Ismaylov
INDUSTRIAL WASTES OF THE CITIES OF BAKU AND
SUMGAIT AND THEIR EFFECT ON GREEN PLANTINGS.
In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air
Pollution Literature. Effects and Symptoms of Air Pollutes on
Vegetation; Resistance and Susceptibility of Different Plant Spe-
cies in Various Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization for
Shelter Belts and as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), vol. 2, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1969, p. 6-7. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR Ural. Filial.
Komis. po Okhrane Prirody. RastiteP nost' i promyshlennye
zagryazneniya. Okhrana prirody na Urale. V (Sverdlovsk),
1966, p. 37-38.) The industrial centers of the Apsheron Peninsu-
la discharge a great amount of wastes, particularly carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, fluorine compounds, hydrocarbon
vapors, chlorine, and hydrogen sulfide. In most cases, these
compounds adversely affect green plants which function, at
times, as protection against gas and smoke. When the air is pol-
luted by irritant gases dark brown burns appear on the leaves.
Partly withered and some yellowed leaves are also found. The
toxic action of these pollutants also affects the root system.
Trees which exhibit gas resistance include elm, maple, pistachio,
oleaster, almond, honeysuckle, and others. The establishment
and development of green trees are important as a means of
combatting air pollution and for the sanitary well-being of the
industrial areas. Several recommendations for establishing green
plantings in industrial areas are included.
23214
Rohmeder, E., W. Merz, and A. V. Schoenborn
THE BREEDING OF SPRUCE AND PINE SPECIES WHICH
ARE RELATIVELY RESISTANT AGAINST INDUSTRIAL
WASTE GASES. (Zuchtung von gegen Industrieabgase relativ
resistenten Fichten- und Kiefernsorten). Forstwiss. Zentr., vol.
81, 1962. 14 refs. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 19p., July 7, 1970.
Methods for determining the relative sensitivity of various
types of coniferous trees to industrial waste gases are
discussed, and attempts to breed more resistant strains of
trees are described. Phenotypically resistant spruce trees are
selected from damaged areas and used to supply grafts for
testing purposes. The fact that the resistance is based on
heredity is determined by exposing the grafts, along with pure
sensitive samples, to varying concentrations of sulfur dioxide
gas and hydrogen fluorine gas. No visible damage occurred on
the grafts, while the others indicated symptoris. The chemical
analysis of needles from resistant trees shows that they have
lower sulfur values than more sensitive trees do. The resistant
cuttings can be propagated and distributed in areas where
more sensitive trees cannot survive.
23222
Griffin, S. W. and B. B. Bayles
SOME EFFECTS OF FLUORINE FUMES ON VEGETATION.
In: Air Pollution, U. S. Technical Conference on Air Pollution.
Louis C. McCabe (ed.), New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952, Chapt.
10, p. 106-115. 1 ref.
Peach, apple, wild black cherry, Norway spruce, buckwheat,
tomato, and corn plants were fumigated with relatively low
and moderate concentrations of hydrofluoric acid gas in order
to determine concentrations that might cause injury to various
species, the appearance and character of injury, and the ab-
sorption of fluorine by plants. A wide variety of soil,
meteorologic, and plant variables are noted that must be con-
sidered in interpreting the data from these tests. The leaves of
peach, wild black cherry, buckwheat, tomato, and corn are
very susceptible to acute damage when exposed to small
amounts of hydrofluoric acid in the air. Apple foliage was less
susceptible. Acute leaf injury resulted from fumigation at night
as well as in daylight, although the injury was less. Pin-point
chocolate-colored lesions produced at the tip ends of peaches
-------
376
served as the entry point for fungi which caused rotting.
Fluorine content of leaves was markedly increased, but even
relatively heavy exposures caused little increase in the fluorine
content of the fruit. Exposure of peach trees for a few hours
to hydrofluoric acid gas concentrations as low as 0.05 to 0.1
ppm may cause acute damage to a small percent of the leaves,
but that higher concentrations or longer exposures are required
to cause twig or shoot damage. The usefulness of buckwheat
and various coniferous species as indicators of fluorine and
other toxic gas pollution is discussed, as well as the fluorine
content of soils. Lime applied to soils to which fluorine had
been added greatly reduced the uptake of fluorine from the
soil and prevented plant injury. (Author summary modified)
23295
Antipov, V. G.
THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL SMOKES AND GASES
UPON CONIFEROUS FORESTS GROWING UNDER CONDI-
TIONS OF INCREASED HUMIDITY IN THE MOSCOW RE-
GION ('PODMOSKOV'E'). In: American Institute of Crop
Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Vol. III. The
Susceptibility or Resistance to Gas and Smoke of Various Ar-
boreal Species Grown Under Diverse Environmental Conditions
in a Number of Industrial Regions of the Soviet Union. M. Y.
Nuttonson (ed.), Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1970, p. 39-44. 12 refs. Translated from Russian. (Al-
so: Byull. Gl. Bot. Sada, no. 46:41-46, 1962.)
An investigation of the relationship between industrial pollu-
tion and damage to coniferous trees in presented. A definite
correlation between the destniction of pines and their distance
from industrial enterprises is noted. The accumulation of
sulfates, by the assimilating mechanism, is one of the verified
symptoms of damage to plants from sulfur dioxide. The effect
of humidity upon the concentration of atmospheric pollutants
is discussed. The presence of fog increases the concentration
of pollutants. Increased humidity is not only conducive to
acidic fogs, but also prevents the closing of the stoma, a con-
dition which allows easier penetration of pollutants. The tox-
icity of sulfur gases is increased if carbon monoxide, nitric ox-
ides, aldehydes, and ozonides are present. Ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen fluoride are other serious con-
taminants.
23386
Cormis, L. de
ABSORPTION AND ACCUMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC
FLUORINE BY THE LEAVES OF CERTAIN HERBACEOUS
PLANTS. (Absorption et accumulation du fluor atmospherique
par les feuilles de certains vegetaux herbaces) Ann. Physiol.
Veg., 10(4):251-262, 1968. 16 refs. Translated from French.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 24p., June 18, 1970.
The effects of atmospheric fluorine compounds, such as are
emitted from aluminum industries, on various leafy plants are
investigated. Tomato, bean, and tobacco plants were grown
under controlled conditions and subjected to varying hydrogen
fluoride concentrations and different atmospheric conditons.
The rate of absorption of atmospheric fluorine is clearly pro-
portional to the concentration, time of exposure, and relative
humidity. The fluorine is accumulated near the edges of the
leaves and results in necroses in that area. The level of toxici-
ty varies from plant to plant. It can be attained from a heavy
concentration of short duration, or more probably from a
semi-permanent pollution of low concentration. The difference
between fluorine and sulfur dioxide absorption is explained.
23516
NEW TECHNIQUE AIDS STUDY OF SMOG E1TECTS ON
CITRUS PLANTS. Chem. Eng. News, 39(8):42-43, Feb. 20,
1961.
A technique for removing oxidants from smog without affect-
ing the concentration of fluorides was developed for use in a
long-term study of smog damage to citrus trees. The technique
is based on the gas-phase reaction between oxidants and nitric
oxide, which removes virtually all the ozone though not all the
peroxyacyl nitrates. The oxidants are first mixed with filtered
room air and fluoride, then with the reductant in a large
polyethylene reaction chamber. If desired, hydiogen sulfide
can be added to air leaving the chamber to promote further
oxidant removal. Effluent from the chamber is divided
between a fluoride recorder and an oxidant recorder. The pos-
sibility that hydrogen sulfide might protect plant leaves from
oxidants is noted.
23576
Bolay, A. and E. Bovay
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SENSITIVITY TO FLUORINATED
GASES OF SOME PLANT SPECIES OF VALAIS. (Observa-
tions sur la sensibilite aux gaz fluores de quelques especes
vegetales du Valais). Phytopathol. Z., vol. 53:290-298, 1965. 11
refs. Translated from French. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 17p., June 18, 1970.
Observations made over a period of 15 years on the relative
sensitivity of various plants to fluorine compounds are re-
ported. The three methods used in evaluating damage to plants
are: observation of typical necroses appearing on the foliage,
chemical analyses of the fluorine content of the plants, and
utilization of certain indicator species to detect fluorine. Ex-
aminations of tree leaves permit the establishment of sensitivi-
ty limits. No injury occurs below 25 ppm, variable reactions
occur from 25-105 ppm, depending on the climate and health
of the plants, and burns are almost always present from 105
ppm on. Plant species are separated into 4 classes based on
their sensitivity. The most sensitive plants can be used as in-
dicators of the presence of fluorine, both in terms of the
degree of contamination and the limits of the contaminated
zone.
23579
Hluchan, Eugen, Jan Mayer, and Emil Abel
THE INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM-WORKS EJMALATIONS
ON THE CONTENT OF FLUORIDES IN SOIL AND GRASS.
Pornohospodarstvo, 10(4):257-262, 1964. Translated from
Slovak. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo. 7p., June 26, 1970.
Between 1958 and 1962, fluoride analyses were carried out on
338 soil samples and 72 grass samples from the vicinity of an
aluminum plant. Soil from the south side of the plant showed
fluoride values as high as 91.0 mg. Values for the remaining
area ranged from 4.8 to 53.1 mg, averaging 20 to 29 mg. In
contrast, the average fluoride value for soil from an uncon-
taminated area was 13.6 mg. Grass samples showed fluorides
to a value of 118.7 mg in 100 g of dry substance, while the
fluorine content of light dust reached a value of 5.0 mg/100 g
of fresh grass. The content of fluorine compounds in soil and
grass decreased with increasing distance from the plant. The
determined values in the proximity of the plant represent a
multiple transgression of the natural content of :fluoride in soil
and grass.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
377
23580
Reinhard, H.
FLUORINE DAMAGE IN THE LOWER FRICK VALLEY.
(Die Fluorschaden im unteren Frichtal). Schweiz. Arch. Tier-
heilk., 101(1): 1-4, 1959. (Presented at the Swiss Veterinary
Society, General Convention, Brunnen, 1959.) Translated from
German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 5p., July 10,
1970.
Even though the only aluminum produced in Germany today is
manufactured by an electrolytic method, fluorine emissions
are still 500 kg per day. In the area of one plant, the quantity
of fluorine sedimented per acre in 1956 amounted to approxi-
mately 7 kg at 300 m from the plant, decreased rapidly to 0.9
kg at 700 m, and then decreased slowly with increasing
distance. Severe clinica phenomena have been observed on
vegetation at quite distant locations and can be attributed only
to airborne fluorine. Moreover, feed plants (hay and grass)
have been damaged, even when their fluorine levels were
below those considered toxic by most authors.
23624
Hais, K. and J. Masek
EFFECTS OF SOME EXHALATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL
ANIMALS. (Ucinky nekterych exhalaci na hospodarska zvirata).
Ochrana ovzdusi, 1969:122-125, Aug. 1969. 15 refs. Translated
from Czech. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 14p., June 16,
1970.
The effects of various pollutants on farm animals are
discussed. The emissions from such sources as power plants,
metal processing, cement works, chemical industries, fertiliz-
ing, and nuclear installations are described. The effects of the
various pollutants can vary, depending upon such factors as
concentration, climate, age of animals, health of animals, and
individual sensitivity. Inhalation of ashes, cinders, or other
light particulates causes irritation and inhibits important
digestive processes. Sulfur dioxide irritates mucous mem-
branes and disrupts metabolic processes. The symptoms of
acute and chronic arsenic poisoning are discussed. A con-
siderable degree of toxicity for cattle is noticed from power
plant ashes. Bees show a marked effect from exposure to ar-
senic compounds. Typical symptoms of fluorosis in cattle are
dental changes. Synergistic effects of pollutants are men-
tioned. The general air quality of Czechoslovakia is discussed,
and current legislation, including air quality standards, is
described. An estimation of economic damages due to air pol-
lution is given
23639
Bredemann, G. and H. Radeloff
FLUORINE ABSORPTION THROUGH THE BARK OF
SHOOTS AND ITS EFFECTS. Angew. Botan., vol. 19:172-181,
1937. Translated from German. lOp.
The effects of fluorine absorption on the shoots of plants and
trees are investigated. The primary goal of the research is to
determine whether the fluorine compounds which penetrate
the bark of the shoots in an earlier season can affect the
spring growth of the plant and/or effectively disturb the
identification of fluorine fume damage on spring growth.
Shoots accumulate fluorine-containing waste gases more or
less in their barks, as much a result of exposure in winter as in
summer. They are also capable of, but seldom do, store up ac-
cumulations in the xylum in water soluble and insoluble forms.
The blossoming of branches and the further development of
new growth are not noticeably injured by the fluorine com-
pounds which are stored in the bark. All new outgrowths of
riuorine-containing branches remain free of fluorine in a fume-
free atmosphere. Proven fluorine content in spring growth is
regularly a proof of a new fluorine fume effect during or after
the blossoming.
23661
Garber, Kurt
ON THE ABSORPTION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES
THROUGH TREE BARK. Wiss. Z Tech. Univ. Dresden, vol. 3,
Nov. 14, 1961. 12 refs. Translated from German. lOp.
The absorption of fluorine, fluoride compounds, tar, asphalt
vapors and ammonia through the bark of trees and bushes is
reported. Absorption of these substances through bark during
the dormant winter season was demonstrated in simulated
laboratory experiments. Examination of field specimens ob-
tained in the vicinity of a superphosphate plant indicated that
the fluoride content of the bark was inversely in agreement
with the distance from the source. A similar observation was
made of the woody material but to a considerably lesser
degree. Exposure of trees and pruned branches to HF vapor
resulted in a bark concentration dependent on the exposure
time and a wood concentration reflecting the exposure intensi-
ty. Applying a 2% solution of sodium fluoride to the branches
caused a 50 % increase in the observed fluoride content of the
wood portion. Almost all the fluoride vapor exposed trees
were damaged as exhibited by delayed spring growth. The
leaves of exposed trees contained 2-3 times the fluoride as the
control specimens. Examination of dormant branches from the
vicinity of tar and asphalt processing facilities clearly indicated
the presence of these substances stored in the bark, and, de-
pending on the kind of plant, that more or less of these sub-
stances were transferred to the wood. Rough bark appeared to
enhance the pick-up of the substances. The transfer of these
materials to spring growth was in most cases very slight.
Similarly, dormant branches were exposed to ammonia and,
while NH3 could be detected in the bark in all cases, it could
not be detected in the wood in all cases. The effect of low
concentrations for long periods of time was greater than that
of high concentrations for short periods of time. High-concen-
tration, short-term exposure of NH3 acted as a fertilizer, caus-
ing earlier sprouting and better leaf color. Low-concentration,
long-term exposures had a detrimental effect. By late May, the
ammonia content of the test specimens was the same as that
of the control specimens.
23794
Adams, Donald F.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANT LIFE.
A.M.A. Arch. Ind. Health, vol. 14:229-245, July-Dec. 1956. 86
refs. (Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Association,
Annual Meeting, 17th, Philadelphia, Pa., April 23-27, 1956.)
Knowledge of the range of foliar expressions of plants ex-
posed to atmospheric pollutants is extremely useful to those
engaged in the study of the scope and severity of an air-pollu-
tion problem. The wide variations in susceptibility and charac-
teristic response of common species to typical contaminants
provide a convenient method for identifying, determining the
distribution of, estimating the level of, and providing a collec-
tion medium for subsequent chemical analysis for a pollutant.
A detailed review of the progress of research on the effects of
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and 'Los Angeles-type'
smog since 1950 is presented (with work published prior to
1950 cited to provide continuity whenever necessary). Fluoride
appears to be a cumulative phytotoxicant which may move
through the plant vascular system to the leaf tip or margin and
produce foliar necrosis upon accumulatio of a 'threshold con-
-------
378
centration.' Evidence also points toward possible enzymatic
inhibition. Sulfur dioxide and smog exposures result in foliar
injury only if the rate of tissue absorption exceeds the rate at
which the plant can effectively neutralize the toxic agent.
Smog, however, can produce growth inhibition without
producing visible injury, whereas sulfur dioxide does not
produce this so-called invisible injury. Reference is made to a
catalogue of common weeds according to their characteristic
foliar response and susceptibility to a number of pollutants.
(Author summary)
23852
Bossavy, M. J.
NECROSIS CAUSED BY FLUORINE. (Les necroses due au
fluor). Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), 8(30):176-184, June 1966. Trans-
lated from Frtnch. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 9p.,
Sept. 4, 1970. (Also: Revue Forestiere, no. 12, Dec. J965.)
The shape, color and evolution of necrosis due to fluorine are
described for a certain number of leaf-bearing coniferous
vegetatio according to the stage of development of the leaf.
The experiments of Professor Holland, 1908-1909, and his
album containing pen sketches and a collection of samples are
presented. The only common characteristic to note is that such
flaws begin to be seen at the tips of the needles; in the leaves,
they will be noticed either at the very tip of the leaves, in long
narrow leaves, or els almost simultaneously at the tip and on
the edge of the leaf if sue is a wide and whole leaf. If the leaf
has serrated edges, the necrosis is evident at the points of tips
of the lobes. Often the tainted parts assume a 'V shape, the
point directed towards the leaf stalk, but it quickly moves
along the leaf blade and assumes a very different shape. In the
cherry and other plants, the tainted parts will be easily
detachable, leaving an undulating line where they have been
severed. Little patches of yellowish color will often be
dispersed along the blade and inside the leaf itself. The color
of the damaged parts varies from black to a brown or ruse
color. Sometimes all needles of the same age on a given
branch wil show necrosis of the same color obviously in the
same stage of development. Characteristics are cited for the
cherry tree, chestnut, alfalfa, walnut, peach, pear, sainfoin,
vine, lime tree, larch, hawthorn, saffron, barberry, gentian,
millepertuis, myrtle, lily of the valley, Solomon's seal, silene,
the common pine, pectin fir, and spruce. Meteorological fac-
tors are also mentioned.
23874
Kotte, W.
SMOKE DAMAGE TO STONE FRUIT. (Rauchschaden an
Steinobst-Fruchten). Nachrbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzdienst (Ber-
lin), no. 9:91-92, 1929. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 4p., Sept. 8, 1970.
Of the fruit trees in the neighborhood of a brickyard, the ap-
ples and cherries were undamaged, while in contrast the dam-
son plums, yellow plums, and yellow Victoria plums showed
damage on foliage and fruit. Damage symptoms of the dam-
som plums were necrotic spots of tissue that appeared either
as sunken patches about fingernail size or, in cases of greater
extend, as an apical zone of retarded growth. The diseased tis-
sue was coffee brown in color, and beads of sap frequently
could be found around the border of the necrotic zone. Micro-
scopic examinations revealed that the epiderma cells were
filled with brown granular masses instead of dark blue
anthozyan. The pericarpal tissue, which in a healthy condition
exhibits vesicular, almost empty appearing cells with trans-
parent walls, was small-celled, with brown colored cell walls
covered with brown granular concretions. Limitation of the
damage to the end of the fruit is explained by the fact that
here the rain drops hold on longest and the gases dissolved in
the water have their strongest influence. The cause of the
smoke damage is attributed to hydrofluoric acid.
23950
Bovay, E.
EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND FLUOltlNE COM-
POUNDS ON VEGETATION. (Effets de 1'anhydriide sulfureux
et des composes fluores sur la vegetation). Station Federate de
Recherches de Chimie Agricole, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland,
Air Pollution Proceedings of the First European Congress, on
the Influence of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals, Wagenin-
gen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 111-135. 81 refs. Translated from
French, Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 34p., Aug. 28,
1970.
The sources of sulfur dioxide and fluorine pollutants are
described and the damage caused to plants by these com-
pounds are related. Sulfur dioxide penetrates to the interior of
plants through the stoma; therefor every condition favoring
the opening of the stoma also increases the assimilation of
SO2. The caustic action of SO2 is due to its reducing action,
which can affect plant metabolism. Sensitivity to SO2 depends
on such factors as age, nutritive state, and individual
tolerances. Relationships between pollutant concentration and
time of exposure are a determining factor in threshold limita-
tions. A distinction between plant injury and damage is made.
Various attempts to observe and control atmospheric pollution
are described. Fluorine compounds are among the most toxic
of pollutants. Fluorine accumulation in soils and plants is
discussed. The effects of fluorine on various t;^pes of plants
are noted. Synergistic action can occur when certain elements
introduced by fertilizers react with fluorine compounds found
in the atmosphere. Most plants seem to have a fluorine
threshold beyond which pholosynthetic proceseies can be in-
visibly damaged. Certain plants, due to their highly sensitive
nature, can act as indicators of atmospheric pollution. Recent
experiments involving the effects of fluorine on fruit trees are
described.
23986
Wentzel, K. F.
SENSITIVITY AND DIFFERENCES IN THE RESISTANCE
OF PLANTS TO AIR POLLUTION. (Empfindlichkeit und Re-
sistenzunter schiede der Pflanzen gegenuber Luftverun-
reinigung). In: Air Pollution on Plants and Animals. Wagenin-
gen, Netherlands, Center for Agricultural Publishing and Docu-
mentation, 1969, 357-370. 27 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 17p., Sept. 28, 1970.
Until 1940, 2 ppm of sulfur dioxide in the air was supposed to
be the maximum acceptable concentration for long duration
pollution. Recent experiments in the field in various areas
have shown that the limit has to be reduced to 0.02 ppm and
for HF it must be considerably lower. It is better to charac-
terize air pollution by the frequency and duration of the times
a certain critical concentration is exceeded, rather than by
average concentration. The resistance of plants varies with the
type of emission, conditions of growth, phase of development,
and exposure. A distinction must be made between experimen-
tal resistance gauged by leaf sensitivity and resistance in the
field measured by yield and endurance. A generally valid
sequence of potential damage areas for plants cannot be made,
but a scheme for their classification into three groups is given.
In order of generally increasing sensitivity, plants can be
grouped in the following manner: agricultural crops, decidous
forests, gardens and fruit plants, fodder crops and coniferous
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
379
forests. This investigation into the sensitivity of plants to air
pollution and the differences in their resistance to various
types of pollutants has revealed that this can be counted
among the most complicated problems of biology. Neverthe-
less, the illusion is widespread that this matter may be judged
casually and simply. Only by recognizing the severity of the
problem can progress be made. (Author summary modified)
23988
Yamazoe, Fumio and Teruo Nakamura
ON NUTRITIVE CHANGES OF WATER FIELD RICE
PLANT CAUSED BY HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. FUNDAMEN-
TAL RESEARCH CONCERNING SMOKE POLLUTION ON
PLANTS. (REPORT 3). Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi (J. Sci.
Soil Manure Japan), vol. 31:29-32, 1960. 12 refs. Translated
from Japanese. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip., Sept.
30, 1970.
In order to investigate nutritive effects of smoke pollution
caused by hydrogen fluoride gas on plants, hydroponic cul-
tures of water field rice plants were made and contacted with
hydrogen fluoride at 500 ppm concentration for 1 hour. The
samples were then picked out at the times of minimum and
maximum assimilation of carbon after two days, and the yields
of every section of the plant as well as various components
were measured. Their changes were checked by comparison
with those in the control lots. Chlorophyll contents in the rice
plants above the ground in the contact lots decreased immen-
sely, accompanied with a decline of increase of carbohydrate
at the time when the afternoon assimilation function reaches
its highest. This shows clearly that the carbon assimilation
deteriorates. Among carbohydrates, the decrease of production
of non-reducing sugar was especially noteworthy. Nitrogen in
the contact lots, as compared with that in the control lots,
showed a decline in pure protein ratio, and demonstrated a
tendency toward a large ratio of amide-ammonia- nitrogen
which was not completely assimilated to the plants. Among in-
organic components, the absorption of potash declined con-
siderably after gas contact, and magnesia tended to stay in the
roots. Lime, however, showed scarcely any damage. Silicic
acid tended to show an increasing absorption. The sections in
the plants where fluorine is contained are the leaf blade,
sheath, and root, in that order. Most fluorine exists in the leaf
blades. The fluorine doesn't seem to move around in the
system after gas absorption; neither does it purge from the
roots. For the prevention of such injurious components and to
promote recovery from abnormal metabolism, lime, magnesia,
silicic acid, and so forth, should be valuable. (Author summary
modified)
24024
Radeloff, H.
INVESTIGATION AND APPRAISAL OF FLU-GAS DAMAGE.
(Untersuchung und Begutachtung von Rauchschaden). Hamburg
Staatsinst. Angew. Botanik Jahresber., vol. 6:126-127, 1939. 1
ret. Translated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 4p., June 12, 1970.
Waste gases containing fluorine and sulfurous acid are re-
ported to damage plants and bees. Branches of fruit trees af-
flicted by fluorine had leaves which showed numerous spots,
intercostal discolored stripes, or also withered tips and
periphrasis. All which remained, in some cases, were the
blackish brown withered remains of the leaves. At a location
in central Germany, the bees of a migrating stand died without
any immediately apparent reason. However, they had then-
hives in the vicinity of a plant working with fluorine, and the
mass dying started quite suddenly with the same day on which
the wind had changed in their direction. An investigation for
sulfurous acid in 36 plant samples resulted in various causes,
from manufacturing plant flue gases to gas remnants coming
from a habitation treated with sulfur.
24035
Baldacci, Elio and Vincenzo Ceccarelli
AIR POLLUTION AND PLANT LIFE. World Health Organiza-
tion, Copenhagen (Denmark), Regional Office for Europe, Proc.
Conf. Public Health Aspects Air Pollution Europe, Milan, Italy,
1957, p. 76-95. (Nov. 6-14.)
The use of plants as indicators of air pollution is duscussed in
detail. Five requirements are reviewed as necessary for a
scientifically rigorous study of symptomatology: (1) on-site in-
spection of injury; (2) exclusion of other causes; (3) com-
parativ examination of injured and uninjured species in the
area; (4) comparative examination of species and varieties in-
jured in the area; and (5) topographic and climatologic in-
vestigations. In summarizing many years of experience in stu-
dying plant injuries from atmospheric pollutants, two tables
are presented giving the relative susceptibility of a large
variety of plants to sulfur di- and trioxide, chlorine, fluorine,
and ammonia, with particular relevance to conditions prevalent
in various parts of Italy. It is noted that plant injury cannot be
judged solely on the basis of chemical analysis; neither is plant
inspection always sufficient, since there are no leaf injuries,
however typical, that cannot also be produced by causes hav-
ing nothing to do with air pollution. It is concluded that the
use of plants as indicators of air pollution is possible and ad-
visable if precise and exact rules for their use are followed,
and that estimation of damage is made by a fully-qualified and
experienced phytophathologist in order to avoid the many
gross errors which can otherwise be easily made.
24036
Houten, J. G. Ten and F. Spierings
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON VEGETATION.
World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark), Regional
Office for Europe, Proc. Conf. Public Health Aspects Air Pollu-
tion Europe, Milan, Italy, 1957, p. 70-75. (Nov. 6-14.)
Investigations on the effects of hydrogen fluoride and sulfur
dioxide on plants are reported. Fumigation chamber experi-
ments established that the gladiolus variety 'Sneeuwprinses' is
extremely susceptible to HF, whereas alfalfa appears to be a
useful SO2 indicator. Gladiolus leaf analysis indicated a con-
nection between the intensity of damage and fluorine content,
and between these factors in relation to distance from the
emitting source. Because of the high sulfur content of alfalfa
leaves outside industrial areas, leaf analysis is a useful method
for detecting SO2 damage primarily in cases of severe plant in-
jury. Air quality measurements were made in different areas to
establish any correlations with chemical leaf analysis. As a
result of 110 measurements with SO meters in an area contain-
ing SO2 pollution, a daily average of 3-4 mg SO2 was calcu-
lated as about the danger limit for plant damage. A monthly
total amount of 30-60 ppm fluorine taken up by lime soaked
filter paper was the limit at which damage was found on the
susceptible gladiolus variety planted next to the measuring
point. At 60-120 ppm, slight damage was found on less
susceptible crops. Severe smoke damage to fruit trees due to
HF was established, the adjacent HF apparatus absorbing as
much as a monthly total amount of 304 ppm.
-------
380
24064
Rohmeder, E. and A. von Schonborn
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT AND HEREDITY ON
THE RESISTANCE OF FOREST TREES TO THE AT-
MOSPHERIC IMPURITIES ORIGINATING FROM INDUS-
TRIAL WASTE GASES. A CONTRIBUTION FOR THE
BREEDING OF A RELATIVELY FLUE GAS RESISTANT
SPECIES OF SPRUCE TREES. Forstwiss. Zentr., vol. 84:1-3,
1965. 9 refs. Translated from German. 20p.
Experiments to determine to what extent the resistance to flue
gas can be determined by environmental factors and heredity
are described. In addition, the limits of gas concentrations
within which young trees can survive and thrive are deter-
mined. The environmental factors studied include nutrition,
water supply, relative humidity, and others. Varying concen-
trations of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride are ad-
ministered under controlled conditions to determine resistance.
Damage increases with increasing humidity and light intensity.
An optimum supply of nutrients increases resistance. For SO2,
the first damage symptoms occurred after a ten day exposure
to 0.5 mg/cu m; at 2.0 mg/cu m all assimilation organs are
destroyed. For HF, the first damage symptoms occurred at
0.025 mg/cu m; total damage occurred at 0.25 mg/cu m. The
resistance of oak and poplar is much greater than spruce,
larch, or fir. Also, the grafts of the resistant strains are more
resistant, indicating heredity as a cause of resistance.
24282
Maclntire, W. H. et. al.
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE IN TENNESSEE SOILS AND
CROPS. Ind. Eng. Chem., 41(22):2466-2475, Nov. 1949. 78 refs.
Findings are reported from 20 years of experimentation upon
the fate of soil incorporations of various fluoric materials such
as insecticides, fertilizers, sodium, potassium, and magnesium
fluorides, slags, rock phosphate, and cryolite through deter-
minations of induced chemical and bio-chemical phenomena,
retention of fluorine against lysimeter teachings of rain waters,
and fluorine content of roots and top growth in greenhouse
cultures. The early lysimeter experiments and greenhouse stu-
dies as to uptake of fluorides were extended to ascertain
fluorine occurrences in the atmosphere, in rain waters, in
soils, and in vegetation on farms in locales where injurious ef-
fects upon plant and animal life were purported to have been
caused by atmospheric effluents from the increased manufac-
ture of aluminum in Blount County in east Tennessee and
from expanded operations in the processing of rock phosphate
in Maury County in middle Tennessee. Soils possessed re-
markable retention of the fluorine carried by insecticides, fer-
tilizers, and various fluoric compounds, while yielding abnor-
mal concentrations of fluorides to the rain water teachings
from incorporations of electric furnace slag. Vegetation ef-
fected virtually no enhancement in the uptake of fluorine from
soils that possessed adequacy of calcium, either naturally con-
tained or added. Comparative analyses of crops grown on
soils, in place and after transportation to unaffected points,
served to support the conclusion that abnormal incidence of
fluorine in field vegetation is attributable to atmospheric con-
taminants. (Author abstract modified)
24330
Oelschlaeger, W., W. Woehlbier, and K. H. Menke
THE FLUORINE CONTENTS OF VEGETABLE, ANIMAL,
AND OTHER MATERIALS FROM AREAS WITH OR
WITHOUT EMISSIONS OF FLUORINE. COMMUNICATION
I. THE FLUORINE CONTENTS IN VEGETABLE, ANIMAL,
AND INORGANIC MATERIALS FROM ARE/tS WITHOUT
EMISSIONS OF FLUORINE. (Ueber Fluor-Gehalte pflan-
zlicher, tierischer und anderer Stoffe aus Gebieten ohne und mit
Fluoremissionen. I. Mitteilung. Fluor-Gehalte pflanzlicher,
tierischer und anorganischer Stoffe aus Gebieten ohne
Fluoremissionen). Text in German. Landwirtsch. Forsch., vol.
20: 199-209, 1967. 11 refs.
For investigations regarding the effects of fluorine on plants
and animals, it is important to know what the normal level of
fluorine is in plants, animals, and certain inorganic substances.
In other words, what would (he fluorine content be if the sub-
stance was in an area without the effects of industrial fluorine
contamination. The fluorine content of samples of leaves from
fruit trees, forest trees, shrubs, bushes, and vegetables and of
needles from coniferous trees and farm-grown feeds is deter-
mined. The fluorine content in a number of commercial sam-
ples of leguminous seeds, oil seeds and oil seed residues, side
products of the fermentation industry and of si.arch and sugar
mills, and mineral feed supplements is also determined. The
investigations prove that considerable amounts of fluorine are
concentrated in some commercial feeds by industrial
processing. (Author abstract modified)
24358
Brandt, C. Stafford
SPECIAL JUBILEE SYMPOSIUM: AIR POLLUTION WITH
RELATION TO AGRONOMI CROPS. Agron. J., vol. 56:544,
1958. (Presented at the American Society of Agronomy, 50th An-
niversary Meeting, Atlanta, Ga., Nov. 20, 1957.)
That agriculture may be adversely affected by local air pollu-
tion i generally recognized and accepted. M. D. Thomas has
presented a paper at the special jubilee symposium on what
has been done, while the other six papers indicate the spec-
trum of work being done Two papers present different ap-
proaches to the potentialities and problems of using vegetation
as an index of air pollution and indicator of pollutant disper-
sion. The problem of 'hidden injury' is supported in the case
of smog on citrus and denied in the case of fluorides on to-
matoes. Fluoride uptake from soils and its relation to air pollu-
tion with fluorides is discussed. In another paper, a new dis-
ease of grapes is described and attributed to air pollution.
24362
Maclntire, W. H., Mary A. Hardison, and Delia R. McKenzie
SPANISH MOSS AND FILTER PAPER EXPOSURES FOR
DETECTION OF AIR-BORNE FLUORIDES!. J. Agr. Food
Chem., 4(7):613-620, July 1956. 12 refs.
The washdown of fluorides and their fixation by Spanish moss
can indicate atmospheric emissions which are responsible for
the abnormal incidence of fluorine in nearby field crops. Inten-
sities of fluorine emissions to the atmosphere in certain east-
ern and central Tennessee locales were deternined by month-
long covered field-exposures of Spanish moss in cotton (cord),
nylon, and dacron bags and of 12.5-cm limed '"liter papers. Fix-
ations in covered cord and nylon bags were similar to and
greater than fixations in the less porous dacrcn bags, and were
greater in the outer zones than in the cores of the moss. Dry-
ing the moss decreased its capacity to fix air-borne fluorides.
Fixations by the moss in the protected cord and nylon bags
and by protected lime filter papers were consistently concor-
dant in spotting high and low occurrences of fluorine in the at-
mosphere. (Author abstract modified)
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
381
24366
Commonwealth Bureau of Soils, Harpenden, England
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION OF
PLANTS AND SOIL (1964- 1949). Rept. 981, 16p., 1965 (?). 86
refs.
An annotated bibliography of articles dealing with the effects
of atmospheric pollution on plants and soils is presented. The
contaminants covered include sulfur dioxide, fluorine, fly ash,
smog, fertilizers, and others. Various types of vegetable plants
are discussed, as well as trees and crops. The effects of air
pollution are considered in terms of plant damage, plant
growth, metabolic processes, and threshold levels. The articles
included were published between 1949 and 1964.
24395
Bolay, A., E. Bovay, C. Nuery, and R. Zuber
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FERTILIZATION AND THE
BURNING EFFECT OF FACTOR EMISSIONS CONTAINING
FLUORIDES. (Interaction entre la fumure et la causticite des
immissions fluorees). Air Pollution Proc. First European Congr.,
Influence of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals, Wageningen,
The Netherlands, 1968, p. 143-160. 13 refs. Translate from
French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 26p., Sept. 11,
1970.
Studies made of the vineyards and apricot orchards in the cen-
tral part of the Valais district of Switzerland, an area exposed
to atmospheric pollution from aluminum foundries and fertil-
izer plants show that the causticity of emitted fluorides and
the fluorine content of the leaves depend closely on the kind
of mineral fertilizer used on the plants. Just how this interac-
tion works is still not known but three possible hypotheses are
possible to explain the interrelationship: presence of chlorides,
presence of boron and, finally, an unidentified substance, par-
ticular to certai phospho-potassium fertilizers. The effect of
the fluoride pollutio is made significantly worse by the almost
linear diffusion created by the winds of this alpine valley.
24402
Adams, D. F., J. W. Hendrix, and H. G. Applegate
RELATIONSHIP AMONG EXPOSURE PERIODS, FOLIAR
BURN, AND FLUORINE CONTENT OF PLANTS EXPOSED
TO HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. Agr. Food Chem., S(2):108-116,
Feb. 1957. 32 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society,
126th Meeting, Air Pollution Symposium, New York, Sept.
1954.)
Observations of a pathological condition attributed to fluorides
in a wide range of plant species resulted in initiation of con-
trolled fumigation experiments to determine the effects of en-
vironmental variables upon the rate of foliar response to
hydrogen fluoride. Forty plant variaties were exposed to at-
mospheric concentrations of 1.5, 5, and 10 ppb of HF in
daylight and darkness. A consideration of the exposure fac-
tors, the product of the hours exposed and the fumigation con-
centration in ppb of HF, indicates that plants exposed in dark-
ness were on the average 91.3% as responsive to fluoride in
the production of visible foliar injury in the darkness as in the
daylight. Plants exhibited greater response to fluoride when fu-
migated daily for 8 hours at 1.5 ppb HF than when fumigated
either 8 hours every third day at 5 ppb HF or 4 hours every
third day at 10 ppb HF. Correlation coefficients of exposure
factor versus foliar fluoride content were generally found to
increase in significance as the plant classifications were nar-
rowed from family to genus to species. (Author abstract
modified)
24533
Buck, M.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON
PLANTS. (Untersuchuchungen ueber die Wirkung von Luft-
verunreinigungen auf Pflanzen). Air Pollution Proc. First Eu-
ropean Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals,
Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 53-73. 17 refs. Translated
from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 28p., Sept.
15, 1970.
The use of indicator plants for detecting air pollutants and
their range of distribution is gaining ground as a supplement to
physical and chemical analyses of air. Plant reactions con-
sidered to constitute proof of pollution include the amount of
pollutant accumulated and visible symptoms such as necrosis
or the presence of certain kinds of lichen, ft also seems likely
that products produced by metabolic responses of a plant to
absorbed pollutants are useful indicators. Combining these in-
dicators with the specific sensitivity of individual plants or
species could lead to manifold possibilities. Trials in progress
involve the use of indicator chambers, which have an ad-
vantage over field indicators in that no damaging substances
are absorbed through soil. Using combinations of indicator
plants should permit identification of pollutants responsible for
damage, even when several pollutants are simultaneously
present, as in most industrial areas. A list is included of in-
dicator plants suitable for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride,
gaseous and stable inorganic fluoride compounds, and ozone.
24548
Hansen, E. Don, H. H. Wiebe, and Wynne Thorne
AIR POLLUTION WITH RELATION TO AGRONOMIC
CROPS: VH. FLUORIDES UPTAKE FROM SOILS. Agron. J.,
vol. 50:565-568, 1958. 10 refs.
Five soils, varying in such characteristics as pH, lime, clay,
organic matter, and soluble salts, were treated with sodium
fluoride at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 ppm of
fluorine. Turnips and alfalfa were grown, harvested, and
analyzed for fluorin Similar experiments were conducted using
treatments with sodium fluorosilicate instead of sodium
fluoride. Plant yields were generally reduced when the fluoride
content of the tissues exceeded 60 ppm on a dry weight basis.
Reduction of fluoride uptake was associated with increased
content of lime, clay, and organic matter in the soils studied.
In general, the fluoride was absorbed less readily from sodium
fluorosilicate than from sodium fluoride, and reductions in
yield were also less with the fluorosilicate. Fluorine uptake
from soils which were exposed to several years of airborne
fluorine contamination was not appreciably higher than
fluorine uptake from several soils taken from an area of little
or no contamination. (Author summary modified)
24566
Adams, Donald F., C. Gardner Shaw, Richard M. Gnagy,
Robert K. Koppe, Delbert J. Mayhew, and William D. Yerkes,
Jr.
RELATIONSHIP OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE LEVELS
AND INJURY INDEXES ON GLADIOLUS AND PONDEROSA
PINE. Agr. Food Chem., 4(l):64-66, Jan. 1956. 8 refs.
Injury indexes for two species, Ponderosa pine and gladiolus,
exposed to the atmosphere at three locations within an area of
fluoride pollution have been related to the average atmospher-
ic fluoride levels for the period July 17 to Aug 2, 1951. The
relationship between the atmospheric fluoride levels and the
observed injury is shown to be approximately linear in nature
at the atmospheric fluoride levels existing at the test sites.
-------
382
Correlation coefficients showing the relationship between inju-
ry indexes and average atmospheric fluoride levels indicate an
excellent degree of association between the two variables. The
gladiolus showed a greater foliar response to atmospheric
fluorides at the lower exposure levels than did the Pinderosa
pine. However, the Ponderosa pine exhibited a greater degree
of foliar burn, as expressed by the injury indexes, at the
higher exposure levels than did the gladiolus. (Author summa-
ry)
24787
Navara, J.
SOME DATA ON THE WATER BALANCE IN PLANTS IN
THE PRESENCE OF FLUOR IN THE SUBSTRATE. (Beitrag
sur Kenntnis der Wasserhaushalt der Pflanzen bei Anwesenheit
des Kluors im Substrat). Air Pollution Proc. First European
Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen,
Netherlands, 1968, p. 91-97. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 7p., Oct. 28, 1970.
Studies were conducted of the water balance of the Senator
variety of Pisum sativum in the presence of fluor (in the form
of sodium fluoride) in the substrate. The effect of fluor was
seen in a withering of those portions of the plant above the
soil. The unfavorable hydration condition observed is the
result of changes in the amount of water assimilated and the
amount given off. The presence of fluor first stimulated and
then reduced the amount of water given off. No preliminary
increase was noted before the amount of water taken in was
reduced, and plants assimilated no water after 68 hrs in the
presence of 0.29 and 0.25 g/1 F. A balance between the amount
of water taken in and given off was reached only after approx-
imately 27 hrs at a level of approximately 40% of the original
transpiration and approximately 90% of the original water con-
tent of the plant.
24852
Cormis, L. De
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
AND OF THE DERIVATIVES OF FLUORINE ON A FEW
PLANTS. (Action Compare de 1'anhydride sulfureux et des
derives fluores sur quelques vegetaux). Proc. Intern. Clean Air
Cong., London, 1966 (Part I), 6(S):171-173. Translated from
French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 9p., Sept. 9, 1970.
The frequent absence of a correlation between plant damage
and air pollution in the vicinity of a plant emitting 400 tons per
day sulfur dioxide and 150 kg per day fluorine led to studied
of the nature of the absorption of both pollutants in plants.
Both fluorine and sulfur dioxide are absorbed by leaves of to-
mato plants in proportion to the amount applied. However, ab-
sorbed sulfur migrates within the plants and is distributed as
the sulfur normally found in plants. Fluorine is accumulated
by the leaves, resulting in eventual necrosis beyond a certain
limit; these limits have to be separately defined for each spe-
cies of vegetation. Because sulfur is metabolized in part by the
plant, it cannot have a cumulative toxic effect when applied in
subtoxic quantities.
24933
Bossavy, J.
INFORMATION ON DAMAGE CAUSED BY AIR POLLU-
TION TO THE PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES. (Informations sur les dommages causes par la
pollution de 1'air aux plantes et aux animaux dans les pays eu-
ropeens). Air Pollution Proc. 1st European Congr. on the In-
fluence of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals, Wageningen,
The Netherlands, 1968, p. 15-26. Translated from French. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo.. Sept. 3, 1970.
All specialists agree that sulfur dioxide and fluorine com-
pounds are particularly important plant toxin:;. Picea abies,
Abies alba, and Pinus sylvestris, by far the most important
trees cultivated in Central Europe, are highly susceptible to
these two pollutants. The damage caused by them reaches
alarming proportions, endangering the existence of forests in
many areas. The total area of damaged forests probably ap-
proaches 400,000 hectares. Damages to land under cultivation
are less spectacular because growing conditions can be artifi-
cially improved. Pollution effects are often limited to the yield
or partial loss of quality for one growing season. The influence
of fluorine on animal teeth and bones is well known: the ef-
fects can be partly averted by adding correct amounts of
phosphate and calcium to animal rations or by supplying feed
containing sufficient minerals. In general, research on the ef-
fect of pollutants on vegetation is directed toward the absorp-
tion of pollutants, their transport in leaf parenchyms, and their
effects on physiological processes. Creation of new species or
varieties of domestic plants capable of supporting high pollu-
tion levels seems possible. (Author abstract modified)
24944
Shupe, James L.
LEVELS OF TOXICITY TO ANIMALS PROVIDE SOUND
BASIS FOR FLUORIDE STANDARDS. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
3(8):721-726, Aug. 1969. 4 refs.
Results of controlled fluoiosis experiments and clinical ex-
perience with more than 77,000 animals in enzootic fluorosis
areas confirmed that factors which govern the reactive
processes of animals ingesting fluorides include the level or
amount of fluoride ingested, duration of ingestion, the type
and solubility of fluoride ingested, age of animal at time of in-
gestion, level of nutrition, stress factors, and individual biolog-
ical response. Normally, birds are more resistant than mam-
mals to the toxic effects of fluoride ingestion, and rodents
tend to be more resistant than larger animals on a body weight
basis. Signs and symptoms of acute and chronic fluorine tox-
icosis are described. Both enamel and dentine are affected by
elevated levels of fluoride ingestion during the formative
stages of the tooth. The degree of dental fluorosis can be cor-
related with the amount of fluoride in the bones, degree of
osteofluorosis, duration of exposure, age of animal during
fluoride ingestion, amount of fluoride ingested during tooth
formation, and other reactive processes of the body. Effects
of fluoride on bones are discussed; the most consistent mea-
surement of fluorosis is the amount of fluoride retained in the
normal mineralizing matrices of the body. It appears that three
mechanisms are involved in abnormal bone formation: impair-
ment of the mechanical properties of normally formed bones
by excessive fluoridation; precocious remodeling and exces-
sive proliferation; and direct inhibition of normal osteoblastic
activity by excessive blood and tissue fluid levels of fluoride.
For dairy cattle that received 93 or 49 ppm of fluoride for 7-
1/2 years, observations are included for the hair and skin,
hoofs, soft tissues, blood, placenta] transler, reproduction,
and milk production. Aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride,
calcium aluminate, calcium carbonate, and defluorinated
phosphate have reduced the toxicity of fluoride in animals.
25099
Knabe, Wilhelm
NATURAL DECREASE OF PINE NEEDLE FLUORINE
FROM ATOMSPHERIC IMMISSIONS. (Naluerliche Abnahme
des aus Immissionen aufgenonunenen Fluors in Fichtennadeln).
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
383
Text in German. Staub-Reinhaltung Luft, 30(9):384-385, Sept.
1970. 15 refs.
Analyses of fluorine content of atmospheric origin in pine nee-
dles performed immediately following exposure and after a 5
months recovery period during which the pine stands were not
exposed to fluorine emission disclosed a natural decrease of
the fluorine content to only 10 to 17% of the original accumu-
lation. The causes may be leaching out through precipitation,
evaporation of volatile fluorine compounds from the needles,
transport into other parts of the tree and loss of fluorine to the
soil through roots. Experiments with tomatoes and beans
speak for the first assumption as the principal cause of the
fluorine decrease. The filtering capacity of pine stands for
fluorine is greater than was assumed because the results of
fluorine analysis represent only part of the absorbed F. It fol-
lows that plant fluorine analyses must not be evaluated stati-
cally but that they must be interpreted in the context of the
dynamics of fluorine intake and outgo.
25230
McCune, D. C. and A. E. Hitchcock
FLUORIDE IN FORAGE: FACTORS DETERMINING ITS
ACCUMULATION FROM THE ATMOSPHERE AND CON-
CENTRATION IN THE PLANT. Preprint, International Union
of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 17p., 1970. IS refs.
(Presented at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper MB-40B.)
The results of a series of experiments on field plots were
analyzed to determine the relationship of the concentration of
hydrogen fluoride and duration of the exposure period to the
accumulation of fluoride in alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) and
orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Replicate groups of
plots containing alfalfa and orchard grass were exposed to HF
at mean concentrations of 0.5 to 7 microgram F per cu m for
3-, 6-, or 9-day periods. Additional groups of plots containing
alfalfa alone were exposed to the same range of HF concen-
trations for 7 days to give a total of 270 separate fumigations
over a period of 4 years. The mean concentration of fluoride
in forage that was not exposed to HF was 5.3 ppm (microgram
F per gram dry weight) in alfalfa and 4.4 ppm in orchard grass
with standard deviations of 2.0 and 1.9 ppm F, respectively.
Overall regression of fluoride concentration in ppm (F) on
mean concentration of HF in microgram F per cu m (C) for
duration of exposure in days (T) gave the equation F equal to
1.13CT - 1.17 for orchard grass and F equal to 1.89CT plus
0.74 for alfalfa with plants exposed to HF for 3, 6, and 9 days.
Some variation in the concentration of fluoride in forage could
also be accounted for by a loss due to weathering or dilution
by growth after fumigation. Although the regressions were
highly significant standard deviations from regression of 13.8
and 16.8 ppm for orchard grass and alfalfa, respectively, gave
relatively broad confidence limits for the predicted fluoride
concentration of a single sample of forage at a given concen-
tration of HF and duration of exposure. Thus, the monitoring
of forage rather than the monitoring of air affords better pro-
tection agains fluoride-induced damage to livestock. (Author
abstract)
25273
MacLean, David C. and Robert E. Schneider
FLUORIDE PHYTOTOXICITY: ITS ALTERATION BY TEM-
PERATURE. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 14p., 1970. 23 refs. (Presented at the
International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec.
6-11, 1970, Paper MB-40C.)
Experiments concerning the effects of gaseous fluorides on
vegetation are presented. Gladiolus and sunflower plants were
placed in controlled environment fumigation chambers at 16,
21, or 26 C and at relative humidities selected to give the same
vapor pressure difference between the intercellular spaces of
the mesophyll (100% RH assumed) and the surrounding at-
mosphere at each temperature. All plants were exposed to
hydrogen fluoride (ca. 4.7 mcirogram F/cu m) continuously for
104 hr followed by a one-week period under the same environ-
mental conditions to allow for symptom development. Symp-
toms were not apparent in sunflower foliage at any tempera-
ture regime Foliar accumulation of fluorine, as both amount
(microgram F/cu m plant) and concentration (ppm F), was
about the same at 16 and 21 and increased significantly at 26
C. The severity of necrosis on gladiolus leaf blades was af-
fected by both temperature and the age of the leaf. The older
leaves were most resistant and the younger leaves were
usually most susceptible. Necrosis was significantly greater at
21 or 26 than at 16 C. Whereas injury generally increased as
temperature increased, F accumulation by gladiolus decreased,
suggesting that the threshold level for injury is effectively
redxiced at higher temperatures. (Author abstract modified)
25366
Kuehnert, M.
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION--A POTENTIAL DANGER TO
KEEPING AND QUALITY OF FARMING ANIMALS. (Indus-
trielle Emissionen, eine potentielle Gefahr fuer die Haltung und
Leistungssteigerung iandwirtschaftliche Nutztiere). Text in Ger-
man. Monatsh. Veterinaermed., 22(16): 526-528, 1968. 2 refs.
In industrialized nations where agriculture is highly developed,
more emphasis should be placed on the pathogenesis of
chronic diseases in livestock. Particular attention should be
paid to particles emitted by foundries, metal-processing plants,
and the building materials industry. Examples of particles from
these sources are lead, copper, zinc, manganese, arsenic,
fluoride, and sulfurous compounds. Severe effects can also be
attributed to compounds such as phenols and cyanides present
in sewage from chemical industries. Legal provisions govern-
ing these emissions are essential in securing the health of
animals and humans. (Autho abstract modified)
25499
Lmzon, Samuel N.
FLUORIDE EFFECTS ON VEGETATION IN ONTARIO.
Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution Prevention As-
sociations, 56p., 1970. 14 refs. (Presented at the International
Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970,
Paper MB-40A.)
Vegetation studies were carried out during the growing season
of 1969 in the vicinity of fluoride-emitting industries in four
areas of Ontario, manufacturing aluminum, fiberglas, diam-
monium phosphate fertilizers, and superphosphate fertilizers,
and located in or adjacent to urban, rural, or agricultural com-
munities. Snow Princess variety gladiolus indicator plots were
examined monthly for growth and per cent leaf tip-burn. At
the end of the growing season the leaves were chemically
analyzed for fluoride and chloride, and for boron at the
fiberglas plant. The severity of fluoride-injury found on
vegetation at the sample stations in each area was related to
the average concentrations of fluoride for the growing season
found in the air and in the sampled foliage. High concentra-
tions of fluoride were found in the atmosphere and in vegeta-
tion at the stations closest to three major sources of fluorides.
Typical symptoms of fluoride-injury were observed on certain
plant species. Atmospheric fluorides rarely injure flowers or
-------
384
fruit on plants. However, near the fiberglas plant, severe
fluoride-injury was observed on the wings and seed casings of
the key fruit of silver maple trees. The Snow Princess gladio-
lus plant exhibited severe leaf tipburn and relatively high con-
centrations of fluoride within their leaves at the plots located
closests to the three major sources of atmospheric fluorides.
At these plots the conns were reduced in weight and size.
Where both fluoride and boron were affecting gladiolus plants
the symptoms of leaf injury were similar to those caused by
fluorides alone, with the addition of necrotic lesions occurring
below and confluent with the fluoride-induced tipburn. The up-
take of chloride from the soil by the gladiolus plants were
found to be drastically inhibited on the plots located closest to
the major sources of fluoride where the gladiolus leaves had
absorbed excessive amounts of fluoride from the air. Abate-
ment measures undertaken by the superphosphate fertilizer
plant prior to and during 1969 resulted in an average of 66
microgram f/sq cm being recorded at 16 air samplingg stations
during the growing season of 1969. This represented a drastic
reduction from an average of 516 microgram f/sq cm which
was recorded at the same 16 stations in 1965. Vegetation inju-
ry was slight and restricted to within one mile northeast and
east of this fertilizer plant in 1969. Chloride uptake by the
gladiolus plants was not inhibited in any of the indicator plots
in this area. (Author abstract modified)
25618
Hart, Gary E.
CYTOGENIC EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE: TECHNICAL
PROGRESS REPORT. Texas Agricultural and Mechanical
Univ., College Station, Research Grant AP 00447, 6p., 1969 (?).
13 refs.
Chromosomal, mieotic, and mitotic abberations observed in
plant roots, leaves, and seedlings exposed to sodium fluoride
and hydrogen fluoride are reported. Treatment with HF sug-
gested that the compound is a mutagenic agent that probably
blocks replication of DNA. The different types of mitotic ab-
berations caused by sodium fluoride treatment were cured by
recovery treatment with 0.002 sodium pyrophosphate. This
suggests that fluoride may form an inactive fluoro-
pyrophosphate complex, the activities of which could be ex-
pected to inhibit mitotic rates as a result of DNA
depolymerization. The addition of glycine to NaF caused a
very marked reduction in the frequency of NaF-induced ab-
berations. Plant growth was also inhibited by dimethyl-sulfox-
ide, ethyl- methane-sulfonate, and colchicine.
25661
Rippel, A. and J. Janovicova
THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE EXHALATION ON THE
FLORA IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF AN ALUMINUM
PLANT. (Der Einfluss von Fluorexhalaten auf die PHanzenwelt
in der Umgebung eines Aluminumwerkes. Air Pollution Proc.,
First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals,
Wageningen, 1968, p. 173- 178. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 5p., Nov. 3, 1970.
Examinations of the forest vegetation and agricultural life in
the surroundings of an aluminum plant over a period of six
years revealed intoxication and injuries to the vegetation by
fluorine compounds. The degree of injury differed in correla-
tion with the distance from the plant and the prevailing wind
direction. Further studies revealed that plums were a more
sensitive indicator to fluorine pollution than apples, pears,
cherries, and grapes. Among vegetables the most striking dif-
ferences were noted with leaf vegetables such as lettuce and
cabbage. Wheat showed higher fluorine contents than rye.
(Author summary modified)
25665
Balazova, G. and E. Hluchan
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE EXHALATION ON ANIMALS
IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF AN ALUMINUM PLANT. (Der
Einfluss von Fluorexhalaten auf die Tiere in der Umgebung
einer Aliuniniumfabrik). Air Pollution Proc., First European
Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen,
1968, p. 275-279. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., Sp., Nov. 3, 1970.
In the vicinity of an aluminum plant, the presence of fluor was
examined in the air as well as in the organs of house sparrows
and pigeons. The fluor in milk and eggs produced in the im-
mediate vicinity was simultaneously determined. To a various
extent and in the majority of samples, a significant increase of
fluor contents was observed. The first evidence of damaging
results was fluorosis in the cattle. (Author summary modified)
25735
Shupe, James L., Lorin E. Harris, Delbert A. Greenwood,
John E. Butcher, and Harold M. Nielsen
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE ON DAIRV CATTLE. V.
FLUORINE IN THE URINE AS AN ESTIMATOR OF
FLUORINE INTAKE. Am. J. Vet. Res., 24(99) :300-306, March
1963. 10 refs.
An investigation to determine if the amount of fluorine in the
urine could be used as an indicator of the amount of fluorine
ingested in the dry matter is described. Thirty-two Holstein-
Friesian cows were fed four levels of fluorine, two levels of
calcium-phosphorus mineral, and two levels of concentrate
mix from about 3 months to 7.5 years of age. Two digestion
and balance trials were conducted before calving and three
after the animals started to lactate. In addition, after the cows
were on trial for 7 years and 52 days, urine was collected ap-
proximately every 1.5 hours and composited for each 3-hour
interval over a 24-hour period. Urine samples should be taken
in the morning for best results; when possible, samples of
urine should be obtained from several cows and the results
pooled to give a reliable index of the fluorine consumed. The
determination of the fluorine- creatinine ratio has merit as a
means of adjusting for differences in urine volumes. A correla-
tion exists among concentration of fluorine in the urine,
amount of fluorine in dry matter consumed, Eind length of time
that fluorine is ingested. By determining paits per million of
fluorine in the urine and combining this with a knowledge of
the length of time the animals had ingested fluorine, the ppm
of fluorine in the ingested dry matter could be estimated.
Taken alone, however, this measurement was an adequate
criterion for a definite diagnosis of fluorosis in cattle. (Author
summary modified)
25750
DAMAGE CAUSED DUE TO FOUNDRY SMOKE. Allg. Forst
Jagdz., no. 67:220, June 12, 1891. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 12p., Oct. 30, 1970.
A strong red discoloration of pine trees anil damage to other
trees were observed in the vicinity of a factory located by the
Rhine River which processes phosphorites. The Belgian
phosphorites used by the factory in question contained 5.25%
calciu fluoride; in the reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid,
there was consequently a capacity to generate 2.7%
hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid vapors are exceedingly
soluble in water and upon contact with moist objects they
were completely trapped. Leaf damage occurred when sulfuric
acid was experimentally poured over two grams of calcium
fluoride and the vapors generated were fumigated over a plant.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
385
Further observations indicated that a very rapid condensation
of the acid vapors occurs in the presence of a moist at-
mosphere. The presence of fluorine was determined in almost
all lead samples from the area in the vicinity of the factory.
25769
Davis, Donald D.
AIR POLLUTION AND SOUTHERN FORESTS. Forest
Fanner, 29(10):6-7, 18, Oct. 1970.
The most common pollutants capable of causing injury to
forest trees include sulfur dioxide, fluoride compounds, and
oxidants such as ozone. A major source of SO2 is the burning
of coal, petroleum, or gas; petroleum refining, smelting and
refining of ores, and the utilization or manufacturing of sulfur
containing compounds may als produce SO2. Common sources
of fluorides include petroleum refineries, aluminum reduction
smelters, and steel manufacturing plants. In the South, a major
source is phosphate fertilizer plants. Concentrations of ozone
high enough to cause plant injury may result from thun-
derstorm turbulence which brings oxidants down from the
upper stratosphere. Compounds emitted from automobiles an
industries react chemically in the air under the influence of
sunlight, yielding large quantities of oxidants. Topographic fea-
tures, such as the large mountain ridges typical of areas of
Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, help in
trapping these pollutants. Acute injury to conifer needles is
usually seen as death and browning of the needle tips or the
entire needle, while chronic injury is often seen as a yellow-
ing, dwarfing, and premature shedding of the needles. Chronic
O3 injury often causes a mottled appearance to the needle.
Some differences among SO2, hydrogen fluoride, and O3 inju-
ry to broadleaved plants are cited. Such factors as leaf age,
environmental conditions, length of exposure time, herbicides,
insects, and fertilizers also may influence symptom develop-
ment. It is likely, too, that air pollution is responsible for
secondary effects, such as predisposing trees to attack by
those insects or fungi which are more aggressive on weakened
trees.
25865
Palm, Einar W.
WHAT AIR POLLUTION DOES TO YOUR PLANTS. Crop
Soils Mag., 24(3): 14-17, Jan. 1971.
Air pollution causes an estimated $500 million in plant losses
each year. The invisible chemicals, such as sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, ethylene, and
peroxyacetyl nitrates in smog are much more injurious to
plants than the black emission from smokestacks, diesel trucks
and buses. Plants injured by air pollution will be more
susceptible to parasitic diseases, while diagnosis is often com-
plicated because two or more chemicals may work together to
increase the injury. Some pollutants, such as ozone, will react
differently on different species or even varietie of the same
plant species. Sulfur dioxide, produced in the smoke stacks of
industrial plants, can be a double threat. The chemical itself is
damaging to plants, and it may also combine with moisture to
form droplets of sulfuric acid which can injure plant tissues.
Certain indicator plants can be used to help determine what
pollutants are the cause of plant injury. Finding a plant variety
or substitute crop that is less susceptible to foul air is one step
that can be taken, or high-value crops might be sprayed with
pollution-reducing materials such as ozoban and ascorbic acid.
Plant breeding in the future will be directed toward the
identification, selection, and production of plants which can
actually filter pollutants out of the air. However, government,
industry, and our universities must work together to reduce
the toxic materials in our air. Sources, plant response, and
symptoms are presented tabularly for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, perox-
yacetyl nitrate, ethylene, and particulate matter.
25945
Shupe, J. Le Grande
THE CHEMISTRY, HISTOLOGY, AND ROENTGENOLOGY
OF THE TEETH AND BONES OF LARGE ANIMALS. A.M.A.
Arch. Ind. Health, 21(4):346-347, April 1960.
When more than 50,000 cattle and sheep were classified ac-
cording to effects of fluroide, it became evident that molar
teeth were of importance in evaluating fluorosis, but the ex-
amination of the area was difficult. It was important not to
confuse a black discoloration with the stain due to fluoride,
which cannot be scraped from the surface of the teeth. Some
areas of compact bone showed increased numbers and closer
concentration of haversian canals, suggestive of new bone for-
mation and bone reconstruction. Definite microscopic abnor-
malities were observed only in those bones that contained as
much as, or more than, 4000 parts of fluoride per million. Ab-
normalities were characterized roentgenologically by an in-
creased density or apparent abnormal porosity of bone,
periostea! feathering and thickening, increased trabeculation,
thickening of the compact bone and narrowing of the marrow
cavity.
26055
Hanson, George P.
MAN AND AIR -- THREATS TO PRAIRIE SURVIVAL. Lasca
Leaves, 20(4):78-81, 92, Dec. 1970. 6 rets. (Presented at the
Prairie Conference, 2nd Midwest, Madison, Sept. 20, 1970.)
Most pollutants enter the leaf through tiny pores in the leaf
surfaces and cause internal leaf damage. These tiny pores or
stomates are the passages through which gas exchanges take
place during photosynthesis and respiration. At a given pollu-
tant level, other things being equal, a plant growing under con-
ditions of high humidity will take in more pollutant and
become more severely damaged than a plant growing under
arid conditions. Once the pollutants have entered the leaf,
each has its own characteristic type of interaction with the
plant tissues. Small animals living along a busy highway could
accumulate lead by consuming lead-containing herbage or
breathing lead laden air. Fluoride air pollutants damaging to
plants are hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride. The
characteristic symptom of fluoride damage is necrosis on leaf
tips and margins where the fluoride has been concentrated.
Ethylene causes a general reduction in growth, decreases api-
cal dominance, and stimulates lateral development. Ozone en-
ters through the stomates and attacks the palisade tissue, while
sulfur dioxide enters the leaf through the stomates and reacts
with water on the moist cell surfaces to form sulfite which is
in turn slowly oxidized to sulfate. Peroxyacetyl nitrate enters
the leaf through the stomates where it attacks the cells of the
spongy mesophyll, and nitrogen dioxide causes growth reduc-
tion and defoliation at concentrations often present in polluted
areas. Air pollution is having a detrimental economic effect on
agriculture in the nation, while also altering the ecological rela-
tionships of plants and animals. Fortunately, most species
have a great wealth of genetic variation in sensitivity to air
pollution. The mechanism of plant tolerance to air pollutants is
mentioned.
-------
386
26092
Osterli, Victor P.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY: ANIMALS. In: Project Clean Air. California
Univ., Berkeley, Task Force No. 5, Section 3, 3p., Sept. 1, 1970.
6 refs.
Serious economic losses have occurred when animals have
been subjected to certain metallic compounds. Symptoms of
fluorosis, which occurs when the diet contains more than 30 to
40 ppm of fluorides per day, include excessive wearing of the
teeth, staining pitting of the enamel, and exposure of the
dentine. In severe cases, joints may become enlarged and bone
density increases significantly. Pasture grasses collected at the
intersection of two U. S. highways near Denver contained
3000 ppm lead, while grasses collected next to a less travelled
roadway contained 700 ppm lead. Suggested research needs
with respect to lead pollution and its effects on animals would
include the relative availability of lead to humans and animals
from the different sources (air, water, and soil) and the
transfer mechanism involved; the relative importance of sur-
face contamination and absorption of lead; and whether the
lead content of plants comes only from the air or also is taken
up from the soil.
26158
Osterli, Victor P.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY: PLANTS. In: Project Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley, Task Force No. 5, Section 2, 23p., Sept. 1, 1970. 174
refs.
The effects of air pollutants on plants are usually noted on the
leaves because they are the site of gas exchange and
photosynthesis. Pollutants often produce characteristic
markings on a given plant species, providing a means of pollu-
tant identification. Severity of injury varies with pollutant,
concentration, duration of exposure, and plant species.
Specific effects are cited for sulfur dioxide, fluorides,
photochemical oxidants, oxides of nitrogen, ethylene, pollutant
combinations, and particulates. A recent estimate of air pollu-
tion damage to California crops is reported at $44.5 million an-
nually. Increased attention must be given to the following
research needs: improved accuracy in the assessment of
economic losses to agriculture and forestry resulting from air
pollution; the growth depression effect on plants due to long-
term low-level exposure to ethylene, sulfur dioxide, fluoride,
and oxides of nitrogen; the synergistic effect of combined sub-
lethal concentrations of air pollutants on plants; the effects of
air pollutants on biochemistry, metabolism, and anatomy of
plants; the relative sensitivity of the various needle-leaf spe-
cies; the quality of the forest air environment; the impact of
long-term oxidant exposure on growth; and more accurate
methods for determining the extent and severity of smog
damage.
26175
Pollanschuetz, J.
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARI-
OUS KINDS OF TREES WITH RESPECT TO EMISSION OF
SO2, HF, AND MAGNESITE DUST. (Beobachtungen ueber die
Empfindkichkeit vershiedener Baumarten gengenueber Immis-
sionen von SO2, Hf and Magnesitstaub). Air Pollution Proc.
First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants and
Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands 1968. p. 371-377. Translated
from German. Belov and Associates., Denver, Colo., 10p., Oct.
13, 1970.
Investigations were conducted to determine the degree of
growth inhibition in various forest trees exposed to hydrogen
fluoride emissions alone or to simultaneous emissions either of
hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide or sulfir dioxide and
magnesite dust. Trees susceptible to SO2, and Mg are, in in-
creasing order of susceptibility, larch, pine, spruce, fir, and
beech. Trees susceptible to SO2 and HF art; in increasing
order of susceptibility, aspen, ash, beech, maple, spruce, pine,
and larch. Susceptibility to HF increases in the order pine,
spruce, fir. Unlike spruce trees, pines show no noteworthy in-
dividual differences in resistance to air contaminants. Re-
sistance in spruce is affected by factors such as location and
water and nutrient supply. The need to develop resistant
strains of spruce is indicated by the importance of the tree for
the European forest economy.
26491
Hajduk, T.
CHANGES OF PLANT CULTURES ON AREAS IN REGION
OF THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE EMISSIONS. (Zmeny
fytocenoz natrvalych plochach voblasti posobeni:j fluorovych ex-
halatov). Text in Czech. Ochrana Ovsdusi, vol. 11-12:177-181,
1969. 12 refs.
The results of a study of qualitative and quantitative changes
of plant cultures in the area of fluorine emissions from an alu-
minum plant are presented. Emissions considered included
hydrogen fluoride, carbon tetrafluoride, and solid fluorides as
well as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and similar toxic
compounds. The circular experimental surface areas (r equals
2.5m) placed at 100-200 m intervals in 3 directions from the
emission source were regularly investigated. As criteria of
change sociability coverage, coefficient of relationship, and
domination were used. The number of plant species changed in
an irregular fashion with the distance from the emission source
and with length of exposure to emissions with the exception of
a route going through an even flat terrain. Trie coefficient of
relationship behaved in a similar manner. The total coverage
decreased towards the epicentrum and with the; length of expo-
sure to emissions. An exception was trifolium rubens, which is
a species resistant to fluorine emissions. The frequency and
coverage of certain species of the Daucaceae and Asteraceae
family also increased. Qualitative changes of plant cultures on
varying terrain thus occur irregularly, while on even terrain
they bear a certain relation to the distance from the emission
source. The changes so far observed were of a quantitative
nature. Within a few years, extensive qualitative changes are
expected in the area with deposits higher than 500 kgf/square
km per year.
26691
Miller, V. L., Folke Johnson, and D. F. Allmendinger
FLUORINE ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN PRUNE FOLIAGE AF-
FECTED BY MARGINAL SCORCH. Phytopathology, vol.
38:30-37, 1948. 30 refs.
A new non-parasitic disease of Italian prune trees charac-
terized by marginal scorch and leaf spot appeared in certain
areas of western Washington. In an investigation of the cause
of the condition, it was shown by chemical analysis that leaves
from trees grown in the affected areas were abnormally high
in fluorine, as compared with leaf sampler collected from
other localities where this condition does not occur. The
analyses from six samples collected 90 miles or more from an
aluminum factory ranged in fluorine content from 6 to 15 ppm,
while 76 samples from areas within 20 miles of an aluminum
factory varied between 30 and 1400 ppm of iluorine. Within a
given area the amount of marginal scorch was approximately
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
387
proportional to the fluorine content of the leaves. The fluorine
content of the prune leaves returned to near normal and mar-
ginal scorch of the leaves did not appear during the growing
season following the closure of the two aluminum factories in
Tacoma and Troutdale, Oregon. The evidence indicates that
some fluorine is stored in dormant twigs, but is not trans-
located to any great extent into the growing leaves (Author
summary)
26711
Hill, A. C, L. G. Transtrum, M. R. Pack, and A. Holloman,
Jr.
FACILITIES AND TECHNIQUES FOR MAINTAINING A
CONTROLLED FLUORIDE ENVIRONMENT IN VEGETA-
TION STUDIES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 9(l):22-27,
May 1959. 14 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 51st Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-29, 1958.)
Facilities were designed primarily for studying the effects over
a long period of time of the low gaseous fluoride concentra-
tions that may be found in certain atmospheres. The air circu-
lating through each of three greenhouses is first drawn through
lime- coated orlon bags to remove fluorides, while the air en-
ters each greenhouse at 7 sites equally spaced along the base
of one side. It is exhausted through 7 ducts located beside the
inlet ducts, which tends to give the air a circular motion.
Rapid air circulation is essential for the maintenance of the at-
mospheric fluoride concentrations as well as for the control of
temperature and humidity. The greenhouses are cooled for cir-
culating cold water though banks of finned coils in the air inlet
ducts, and they are heated during the winter months by circu-
lating hot water through the coils. Portable chambers of two
different sizes are used for placing over crops growing in the
greenhouses. These chambers are made of transparent vinylite
sheeting, attached to aluminum frameworks with hardwood
strips. Air flow measurements are discussed, as well as the
method of injecting gaseous fluoride into the air stream. Very
complete measurements have been made to evaluate the ef-
fects of hydrogen fluoride treatments on plants. These include
photosynthesis measurements and periodic observations of the
chlorophyll content and respiration rate of the leaves of
several plant species.
26717
Leone, Ida A., E. Brennan, and R. H. Dames
ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE: ITS UPTAKE AND DISTRIBU-
TION IN TOMATO AND CORN PLANTS. Plant Physiol.,
31(5):329-333, 1956. 13 refs.
Soil grown tomato and corn plants were subjected to hydrogen
fluoride administered at various time-concentration levels
designated as long-low, intermediate, and short-high fumiga-
tions, with the purpose of tracing the fate of the fluoride accu-
mulated within the plants. Injury appeared more severe when
the fluoride gas was administered in a short-high concentration
dosage than when this same amount of gas was administered
over a more protracted period. Corn was the more sensitive of
the two species. As the fumigation level was increased, there
was an increased fluoride accumulation. Tomato has a fluoride
accumulating capacity approximately twice that of corn under
all circumstances. Mature leaves accumulated greater quanti-
ties of fluoride than did younger leaves as a result of the more
protracted fumigations. At the shorter higher level fumiga-
tions, the ratio of fluoride in mature to that in young com
leaves decreased to a certain point and then leveled off,
whereas in tomato the ratio continued to decrease as fluoride
concentration was increased. Washing the foliage removed
even more fluoride than did natural diffusion. (Author summa-
ry)
26718
Compton, O. C., L. F. Remmeri, and G. R. Spencer
SUMMARY REPORT OF FLUOROSIS INVESTIGATIONS IN
THE SAUVIE ISLAND ARE IN OREGON FROM DECEMBER
1, 1951 TO JUNE 30, 1953. Washington Stat Coll., Pullman,
Coll. of Veterinary Medicine and Oregon State Univ. Corvallis,
Agricultural Experiment Station, 38p., Dec. 1953. 7 refs.
An investigation was made from December 1951 to June 1953
to determine if fluorine emanations from an aluminum reduc-
tion factory at Vancouver, Washington, were impairing the
functioning or health of livestock on Sauvie Island, Oregon.
The study included physical examinations of cattle and
fluorine analyses of bones, teeth, soft tissues, and urine. The
fluorine contents of pasture herbage, hay, silage, grain concen-
trate feeds, and drinking waters were determined to permit an
estimate of total fluorine intake by cattle and a comparison
with results from control areas. In addition, the relative fluoric
contamination of the atmosphere was studied through use of
indicator plants. The fluorine content of pasture herbage was
not high enough to be considered deleterious to livestock;
fluorine contamination of the atmosphere on Sauvie Island
was of low magnitude and short duration. In most instances,
grain concentrate feeds contributed a high percentage of total
fluorine intake by cattle. There appeared to be no impairment
of animal health from fluorosis, all symptoms of the disease
being traced to other causes. (Author summary modified)
26734
Shupe, James L.
FLUOROSIS OF LIVESTOCK. American Petroleum Inst., New
York, Div. o Environmental Affairs, No. 69-4, 29p., Feb. 1969.
30 refs.
Various factors such as the level and duration of fluoride in-
gestion, type and solubility of fluoride ingested, age of animal,
level of nutrition, stress factors, and individual biological
response govern the reactive processes of animals ingesting
fluorides. Fluorine has beneficial effects when ingested in
small amounts, but toxic and adverse effects when ingested in
excessive amounts. One must be aware of variables and con-
version factors in the application of data from one species to
another, or one age group to other age groups within a species
and of the hazard of interpreting data only at the clinical level
without correlating it with tissue and cellular levels. Fluorosis
in livestock can be prevented and controlled but only when the
complexity of the diseas is realized and the symptomatology,
pathogenesis, and lesions are properly correlated, interpreted,
and evaluated. The tooth classification and the amount of
fluorine in bone can be used to predict the extent of fluorosis
with a high degree of accuracy. When properly interpreted,
unnalyses can be an aid in diagnosing fluorosis and can be
useful in roughly estimating current fluorine intake. Tolerances
of fluorine for young and matured livestock under various
conditions have been established and a comprehensive guide
has been developed and compiled to facilitate diagnosing and
evaluating fluorosis. Recommended standards are presented
tabularly. Fluorine in stack emissions and ambient air should
be determined so that these data may be correlated insofar as
possible with the degree of fluorosiis observed in livestock.
(Author summary modified)
26742
Phillips, Paul H. and John W. Suttie
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TIME IN INTOXICATION OF
DOMESTIC ANIMALS BY FLUORIDE. A.M.A. Arch. Ind.
Health, 21(4):343-345, April 1960. 9 refs.
-------
388
A considerable body of evidence indicates that there is a time
interval between the initiation of a significant increase in the
ingestion of fluoride by domestic animals and the onset of in-
toxication by fluoride. This interval has been aptly referred to
as the 'lag' or latent period in the toxic syndrome. Three
physiologic mechanisms tend to protect the soft tissues against
a significant rise in the concentration of fluoride. They are
excretion through the kidneys, prompt deposition in the
skeletal structures, and the voluntary refusal by the animal of
feeds contaminated with fluoride. Inhibition or retardation of
either or both urinary excretion and skeletal deposition leads
to increased concentrations of fluoride in the soft tissues.
Hence, a reduction in the rate of these mechanisms of soft tis-
sue protection, to the point of insufficiency, provides the basis
for the development of fluoride intoxication. Data are
presented which show the relationship between time and dose
in the development of intoxication following the finding of
fluoride. The lower the dose, the longer is the time; converse-
ly, the higher the dose, the shorter the time required to induce
intoxication. (Author summary modified)
26795
Velu, H.
DARMOUS. SPONTANEOUS FLUOROSIS OF PHOSPHATED
AREAS. (Le darmous. Fluorose spontanee des zones
phosphatees). Text in French. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Alger.,
10(1):41-118, March 1932. 50 refs.
The Arabic name of Darmous is given to a disease of
domesticated animals that occurs in certain sections of the
North African countries of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco.
The occurrence of the disease is most frequent in areas where
there is an abundance of phosphates, and is characterized by
dental dystrophy, which appears just after the weaning of
young animals. On the basis of a series of observations and
testing, the author's conclude that the disease is a fluorosis,
since fluorine is almost always present in phosphate mineral
deposits. The disease is considered dangerous to humans,
since the meat of sheep raised in these areas, when fed to
white rats, increases their mortality.
26800
McNulty, Irving B. and David W. Newman
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON THE
RESPIRATION RATE OF BUSH BEAN AND GLADIOLUS
LEAVES. Plant Physiol., 32(2):I21-124, 1957. 17 refs.
Bush beans and gladioli were exposed to known concentra-
tions of atmospheric fluoride and the respiration rates of their
leaves was measured manometrically. Fumigation resulted in
an increase in leaf respiration of bush bean plants after a
minimum of eight days at 30 ppb atmospheric fluoride concen-
tration. Middle-aged and old leaves showed a greater increase
in respiration than young leaves. Gladiolus leaves fumigated at
2.4 ppb for 25 days showed a high degree of stimulation of
respiration of the chlorotic tissue next to the scorched area,
and a lower but significant stimulation of respiration on tissues
5 cm from the dead area. Liming the leaves of gladiolus plants
did not affect their respiration rate, and did protect them
against fluoride damage. (Author summary modified)
26861
Brandt, C. Stafford
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. In: Air Pollu-
tion. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press,
1962, Chapt. 8, p. 255-281. 38 refs.
Visible injury symptoms on the leaves of plants attributable to
air pollution can be considered in three general categories, not
necessarily mutually exclusive: leaf tissue colkpse, chlorosis
or other color changes, and growth alterations. In many of the
cases the injury pattern developed is highly characteristic of
the toxic agent, but while characteristic, the pettern is by no
means specific for the agent Disease, insects, nutrition, and
other factors can produce leaf patterns very similar to those
produced by air pollutants. Problems of diagnosis are con-
sidered. Symptoms are discussed for injury due to sulfur diox-
ide, fluorides, ozone, oxidant smog, and several other pollu-
tants, such as ethylene. Significant points in the sympto-
matology of air pollution on vegetation are summarized for
these compounds. These include leaf markings, similar
markings, concentration levels, and the sensitivity of indica-
tors. Hidden injury and physiological effects are also con-
sidered. Field surveys are discussed.
26876
National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council,
Washington D. C., Subcommittee on Fluorosis l^oblems
THE FLUOROSIS PROBLEM IN LIVESTOCK PRODUC-
TION. NAS-NRC-Pub-381, 25p., Sept. 1955. 105 refs.
Present information on fluorosis is reviewed wi Ji respect to its
appearance in livestock. The recognized sources of fluorine
which may affect livestock are mineral feed supplements;
water contaminated by fluorides; forage contaminated by soil
particles of high fluorine content; or forage contaminated by
atmospheric fluorides from industrial plants. The development
of fluorosis in livestock depends on the availability and level
of the ingested fluorine; the length of time of exposure;
skeletal storage; the age of the animal; physiological stress;
and the effectiveness of defense mechanisms. Excretion by
the kidney, deposition in the bones, and limitation of intake by
loss of appetite all contribute to protect the arimal body from
fluonne toxicosis. The most definitive quantitative measure-
ment of fluorosis is the extent of retention of fluorine in bones
and teeth. The tolerance of the animal to ingested fluorine is
increased by consumption of green forage, by supplementing
the ratio with certain soluble aluminum compounds, by includ-
ing high levels of calcium in the ration, and b> adequate nutri-
tion.
26916
MacLean, D. C., R. E. Schneider, and L. H. Weinstein
ACCUMULATION OF FLUORIDE BY FORAGE CROPS.
Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 24(7):165-166, 1969. 5 refs.
Portions of mixed timothy and red clover exposed to hydrogen
fluoride that averaged 7.0 micrograms F/cu m over a 14-day
period rapidly accumulated F, attaining a concentration of
more than 100 ppm within three days and about 400 ppm by
the end of exposure. The plants showed severe HF-induced
foliar symptoms. Forage exposed continuous y to a HF con-
centration that averaged 1.6 micrograms over the 14-day
period accumulated 37 ppm F by the end of exposure. In con-
trast, forage exposed intermittently to a 14-day mean concen-
tration of 1.9 micrograms F/cu m accumulated 101 ppm F after
only 1- day of exposure. However, there were no discernible
differences in the extent and severity of foliar injury following
continuous low and intermittent HF exposures. Presumably
the intermittent nature of the exposure provided sufficient
time for the detoxification of the absorbed F These data sug-
gest that F accumulation by forage is at best a poor indicator
of fluoride pollution, except when used for the protection of
livestock or confirmation of suspected fluoride-induced foliar
symptoms.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
389
26978
Kazantseva, E. N.
RESISTANCE OF SOME GRASSES TO FLUORINE. In:
American Institute of Crop Ecology Literature. Effects and
Symptoms of Air Pollutes on Vegetation; Resistance and Suscep-
tibility of Different Plant Specie in Various Habitats, in Relation
to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts and as Biological Indica-
tors. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 2, Silver Spring, Md., Amer-
ican Institute of Crop Ecology, 1969, p. 56-59, 4 refs. (Also: Ok-
hrana Prirody na Urale, 1966:45-47.)
Experiments were set up in an aluminum plant to select some
grasses resistant to fluorine. Test pilots were located near the
electrolysis shop where the concentration of fluorine was 0.612
mg/cu m, while the control plots were located at a distance
some 2000 m from the source of pollution. Additional experi-
ments were conducted in chambers where the plants were fu-
migated for 8 hours with concentrations of 0.8 and 0.03 mg/cu
m. The species planted were as follows: meadow fescue, red
fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, meadow fox-
tail, timothy grass, redtop, awnless bromegrass, meadow
brome, and roegneria. Observations were recorde regarding
damage to the leaves, and the plant height was noted in rela-
tion to the fluorine concentration. The water retention abilit of
leaves was studied, and the quantity of oxidizable substances
was determined. At the end of the growing period, injury to
the meadow foxtail, awnless bromegrass, meadow brome, and
roegneria was 50-60%. The least injury (25-35%) was noted
with Kentucky bluegras and red fescue. Compared with the
control plants, the plants grown at the aluminum mill were
smaller. The species having the greater water retention capaci-
ty were least injured. Determination of oxidizable substances
in the cell content showed that meadow fescue has the least
amount of them, whereas redtop the largest. Meadow fescue,
red fescue, and Kentucky bluegrass are recommended as
suitable for planting in the industrial areas having the highest
fluorine concentrations.
27006
Weinstein, Leonard H. and Delbert C. McCune
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE ON AGRICULTURE. Preprint, Air
Pollution Contro Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1970. 32 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-154.)
Certain effects of fluorine on plants can be regarded as objec-
tive since they have been derived from laboratory experimen-
tal data, field observations, and the body of botanical
knowledge. Agricultural effects, on the other hand, are to a
great extent hypothetical and subjective. The three general
classes of possible effects of fluorine on agriculture are
decreased commercial value of the product, increased cost of
production, and decreased value of farming facilities. While
experimental data cannot be used to predict all the fluorine ef-
fects that might occur in the field, experimental procedures do
permit the identification and prevention of agricultural effects.
The latter can then be the subject of limited field trials and
surveys.
27021
Krueger, E.
DETECTION OF FLUORINE IN PLANTS DAMAGED BY
SMOKE. (Ueber den Nachweis von Fluor in rauchbeschaedigten
Pflanzen). Text in German. Metall u. Erz, 38(ll):265-266, June
1941. 5 refs.
Fluorine damage caused by emissions of smelting plants,
super- phosphate factories, and a chemical factory was in-
vestigated by anatomical studies of plant leaves, stems, and
blooms. The differentiation between plant damage caused by
fluorine and sulfur dioxide was found to be difficult and unre-
liable. Microchemically, fluorine was detected by the ammoni-
um molybdate method and by the sodium fluosilicate method;
the latter was more reliable. In cases where fluorine was de-
tected in undamaged plants the fluorine was actually in the
dust covering the plants. To ascribe plant damage to fluorine
emissions is easy where one isolated source of fluorine exhala-
tions exists; where fluorine is emitted together with SO2 from
several sources the fluorine test is not conclusive. In such
cases an experienced expert must consider all pertinent factors
and form a judgment.
27030
Bingham, F. T., R. C. McColloch, G. F. Liebig, and A. P.
Vanselow
FLUORIDE INJURY TO CITRUS. Calif. Agr., vol. 8:12, 15,
May 1954.
Foilage from approximately 130 citrus groves was sampled for
fluoride analysis. Approximately 1 ppm F was found in areas
considerably removed from industrial centers. In the Los An-
geles area, a gradual increase in leaf fluoride concentrations
took place with the approach to the heavily industrialized dis-
trict in and around Sante Fe Springs, Whittier, and San
Gabriel. Fluoride levels as high as 57 ppm F were found. The
largest source of airborne fluorides affecting vegetation in the
San Bernardino Valley appeared to be a steel plant. Thery was
a greater increase in fluoride during the July to October inter-
val than from January to March. Foliar concentrations of
fluoride increased very little once the winter rains began.
27091
Nikolaevskiy, V. N.
INDICATORS OF GAS RESISTANCE OF ARBOREAL
PLANTS (ACCORDING TO INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED
IN THE CITY OF KRASNOURAL'SK). In: American Institute
of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Vol.
3, Silver Spring, Md., American Inst. of Crop Ecology, 1970, p.
70-94. 30 refs. (Also: Tr. Inst. Bid. Ural. Filial Akad. Nauk
USSR., vol. 31:59-79, 1963.)
Two hundred trees in an industrial city heavily contaminated
with sulfur dioxide and fluorine compounds were studied for
their degree of gas resistance. The trees included aspen, bal-
sam poplar, box elder, crab apple, and white birch. The stu-
dies were made in the summer and covered the following
physiological processes: photosynthesis, respiration, transpira-
tion, activity of the stomas, quantity of easily oxidizable sub-
stances, water holding capacity of the leaves, cell pH content,
concentration of dry matter in leaves, and anatomical features
of leaf structure. Intensity of the basic physiological processes
was, to a significant extent, connected with the functioning of
the stoma apparatus, reduction of the stoma apertures
drecreasing the rate of gas exchange. The gas-resistant box
elder was characterized by smaller stoma apertures and by low
intensity of photosynthesis and respiration during the growing
period. In contrast, intensity was high in the greatly suscepti-
ble birch and crab apple. Although the highest transpiration in-
tensity was found in the box elder, transpiration does not ap-
pear to be a reliable index of gas resistance. Total leaf water
content correlated well with susceptibility to gas damage. Gas
resistant species were also characterized by a smaller am-
plitude of fluctuations of the amount of oxidizable matter and
by smaller amounts of this matter, by lower concentrations of
dry matter, and by less decrease in cell pH content.
-------
390
27303
Richards, B. L. and O. C. Taylor
STATUS AND REDIRECTION OF RESEARCH ON THE AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS TOXIC TO FIELD GROWN
CROPS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 11(31):12S-128, March 1961. 31 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 53rd,
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
Atmospheric pollutants in the Los Angeles area toxic to
vegetation are becoming more clearly defined and their vegeta-
tional suscepts determined. Ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrite
(PAN), each with a high oxidizing and phytotoxic potential,
are now known to be toxic to vegetation. Further, it is becom-
ing obvious that these oxidants are essentially reaction
products of atomic oxygen formed by photolysis of nitrogen
dioxide with a wide range of hydrocarbons Whether sublethal
or subnecrotic concentrations of fluorides cause economic
damage in sensitive plants remains to be determined, as do the
effects of the other phytotoxicants on crops under field condi-
tions. These are the objectives of the Agricultural Air-
Research Program of Southern California, which will conduct
field evaluations of the effects of PAN, ozone, and fluorides
on yields, growth, and quality of fruits and other agricultrual
products. Hopefully, the field studies will be implemented by
the development of refined sampling and recording techniques
for oxidants and fluorides.
27324
Strong, Forrest C.
TOXIC GASES EFFECT ON PLANT LIFE. Am. Foundryman,
19(3):55-57, March 1951. 9 refs.
If the coal or coke in foundry cupola operations is not
properly combusted, sulfur dioxide may be produced in such
concentrations as to cause acute or chronic injury to plants
under conditions of intense daylight, high humidity, and high
temperature, especially when there is slow movement of the
air. Plant species vary in their relative susceptibility to SO2 in-
jury, e.g., pine is injured by 2 ppm, beech by 33 ppm, and
roses by 2-4 ppm. Dusts may cause clogging of the leaf pores,
preventing normal air exchange, or cover the leaf surfaces to
such an extent as to reduce photosynthetic activity. Fluorine
compounds will escape as effluents when fluorspar and
cryolite are used as fluxing materials, accumulating in the tis-
sues of the leaves and causing severe injury especially during
dry periods. Injury to plant tissues appears in the form of mar-
ginal leaf burning, that is, a killing of the tissues with resultant
browning, followed by unseasonably early leaf fall. The nor-
mal processes of plant photosynthesis and respiiation are
reviewed. (Author summary modified)
27526
Weinstein, Leonard H. and Delbert C. McCune
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON VEGETATION. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Toronto, Ontario Section, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., TR-7 Agricultural Com-
mittee, and Ontario Dept. of Energy and Resources Manage-
ment, Toronto, Air Management Branch, 31p., 1970. 99 refs.
(Presented at the Impact of Air Pollution on Vegetation Con-
ference, Toronto, Ontario, April 7-9, 1970.)
Fluorides are emitted in both gaseous and paniculate forms in
the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers, brick, ceramics,
glass, enamel frit, beryllium, aluminum, steel, nonferrous
metals, and from other sources. Hydrogen fluoride and silicon
tetrafluoride ar the predominant gaseous forms and represent
the most important form of fluoride injurious to vegetation.
Symptoms induced by atmospheric fluoride on broad- and nar-
row-leafed plants are described, and effects on growth, yield,
and reproduction are discussed. Other important factors in-
fluencing symptom expression and growth effects, such as
stage of development of the plant, specific and varietal dif-
ferences, environmental effects, concentration of fluorides in
the atmosphere, and duration and frequency of exposure, are
also reviewed. Enforcement of an air quality standard for
fluoride will require sampling not only of air but also of native
or economically important vegetation. Methods of concentra-
tion, separation of gaseous and particulate forrns, and deter-
mination are noted. (Author abstract modified)
27785
Cormis, Louis de
EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION ON VEGETA-
TION. (Effet sur les vegetaux de la pollution de Pair d'origine
industrielle). Text in French. Ann. Mines (Paris), no. 11:15-20,
Nov. 1970.
The two major pollutants of plants are sulfur dioxide and
fluorine compounds. SO2 causes necrosis of eaves but the
vegetation resumes after the pollution wave has subsided. The
killing of tree or of shrubs lias never been observed. Under
conditions of maximal photosynthesis and of high relative hu-
midity, the noxious effect of SO2 is at its peak. At a sub-
necrotic level of SO2, plants absorb SO2, then re-emit part of
it as SO2, another part as hydroge sulfide, and absorb a third
part which appears in sulfates, proteins, and in sulfonated
aminoacids. The absorption of SO2 and its reduction by the
plant is tied to the photosynthetic activity of the plant.
Fluorine compounds in the atmosphere cause leaf necrosis at
10 to 1000 times lower levels than SO2. In contrast to SO2,
necrosis develops slowly from the periphery to the center of
the leaves. Fluorine ions do not participate in plant metabolism
at any level. Since some highly necrotic leaves exposed to
fluorine contain only traces of F (20 to 40 pprn) while leaves
of other plants contain up to 1000 ppm F without signs of
necrosis, analytical findings ;ire of no use in the determination
of the effec of fluorine on vegetation. A high level of fluorine
in the atmosphere will kill plants. Effects o" pollutants on
vegetation cannot be predicted because they cepend, in each
case, on crop, locality and giowth season.
27805
Pack, Merrill R.
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON BEAN
REPRODUCTION. Preprint, Air Pollution Conlrol Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 20p., 1970. 12 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo.,
June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-1.54.)
Tendergreen bean plants were grown from planting to seed
maturity under continuous exposure to hydrogen fluoride at
fairly uniform concentrations averaging 10.5, 9.1, and 2.1
micrograms F/cu m. Progeny of these plants and of compara-
ble control plants were grown in a clean atmosphere to deter-
mine if subsequent generations were affected by HF treatment
of the parents. The F-l generation progeny of the HF treated
plants were less vigorous than control plant progeny, as shown
by later emergence, smaller primary leaves, End slower stem
growth. This probably was a consequence of i.he lower starch
content of the seed of the HF treated plants. The primary
leaves of some of the JF treatment F-l progery were severely
stunted and distorted. This also may have been due to the low
starch content of the seed, or perhaps it resulted from damage
to the plumules in shrivelled, distorted seed produced in the
HF treatment. Some of the first trifoliate leaves of many F-l
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
391
generation progeny of the HF treated plants were abnormal in
the separation and number of their leaflets. This abnormality
apparently was heritable, for in the next (F-2) generation it oc-
curred most frequently among plants whose parents were ab-
normal. However, few F-3 generation plants had abnormal
trifoliate leaves, indicating rapid reversal to normal form.
(Author abstract)
27907
Schmidt, H. J., G. W. Newell, and W. E. Rand
THE CONTROLLED FEEDING OF FLUORINE, AS SODIUM
FLUORIDE, TO DAIRY CATTLE. Am. J. Vet. Res., vol.
15:232-239, April 1954. 27 refs.
Dairy cattle were fed fluorine as sodium fluoride on a daily
basis for a three-yr period and periodically examined for the
influence of fluorine on lactation, weight, teeth, general
health, and bones and tissues. The daily ingestion of fluoride
levels as high as 2.5 mg/kg of body weight did not significantly
reduce milk production nor cause a depression in weight.
There was no evidence in the cows of diarrhea, rough coat,
lapping of water, or elongation of the toes which might be at-
tributed to prolonged ingestion of fluorides. The fourth in-
cisors of cows fed 2.0 and 2.5 mg fluorine showed marked
mottling, staining, and wear. At the 1.5-mg fluorine level these
effects were less apparent. Only slight mottling and staining,
with no wear, was evident in cows fed 1 mg fluorine. Third in-
cisors were less effected by fluorine, while first and second in-
cisors remained free of any changes. Slight exostosis
developed in three of four cows fed 2.5 mg fluorine but not in
cows fed lower levels. The relative intake of sodium fluoride
by the animals was consistently reflected in the urinary excre-
tion of fluorine. (Author summary modified)
27923
Newell, G. W. and H. J. Schmidt
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING FLUORINE, AS SODIUM
FLUORIDE, TO DAIRY CATTLE--A SIX-YEAR STUDY. Am.
J. Vet. Res., 19(71):363-376, April 1958. 21 refs.
A six-year study was carried out to determine the effects of
prolonged feeding of fluorine to dariy cows, beginning with
two-yr old heifers, under conditions of practical dairy manage-
ment and practice. Fluorine, as sodium fluoride, at levels as
high as 2.5 mg/kg of body weight had no adverse effect on
milk production or growth rate. The inseminations per concep-
tion, days in gestation, and percentage of live births were
uninfluenced by the levels of fluorine used. Regardless of
fluorine treatment, birth weights of calves were all within the
normal ranges. The degree of dental fluorosis observed de-
pended on the length of time on experiment, the amount of
fluorine fed, and age on cow when sodium fluoride was first
administered. Although the general health of the herd
remained high, frequent unthriftiness and roughened coats
were seen in cows fed 2.0 and 2.5 mg fluorine. Exostoses oc-
curred on the metatarsal bones of two cows fed 2.5 mg
fluorine and one of these animals subsequently exhibited lame-
ness in walking. These results suggest that the boundary level
at v 'lich toxicosis may be expected to occur over periods of
prolonged ingestion is 2.0-2.5 mg fluorine. The most reliable in-
dicator of the levels of fluorine ingested was found to be
fluorine deposition in bone and cartilage.
28031
Rand, W. E. and H. J. Schmidt
THE EFFECT UPON CATTLE OF ARIZONA WATERS OF
HIGH FLUORIDE CONTENT. Am. J. Vet. Res., 8(46):50-61,
Jan. 1952. 14 refs.
Observations of cattle that have been continually ingesting and
absorbing fluoride from drinking water and from forage pro-
vide a direct confirmation of conclusions that have been
derived from a study of the literature. Levels of soluble
fluoride in the diet can be tolerated as high as 1 mg per kilo-
gram of body weight per day over a long period of time with
no ill effect, except possible slight mottling and wear of the
teeth. A level of soluble fluoride in the diet of the order of 2
mg per kilogram of body weight per day may result in mottling
and severe wear of incisor teeth that form during the period of
ingestion, as well as lameness and stiffn emaciation, and
general unthriftiness. Conditions as observed in the Phoenix,
Anz., area substantiate conclusions previously drawn from the
literature with respect to fluorine content of urine and bones
as criteria of damage. The fluorine content of urine must be
well above 10 ppm to indicate current consumption of fluorine
in damaging amounts, while the fluorine content of the
metacarpus must be above 4000 ppm to indicate an accumu-
lated amount that would have any effect other than some
slight mottling or wear of the incisor teeth. (Author summary
modified)
28035
Schmidt, H. J. and W. E. Rand.
A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE LITERATURE ON FLUORIDE
TOXICOLOGY WITH RESPECT TO CATTLE DAMAGE.
Am. J. Vet. Res., 8(46):38-49, Jan. 1952. 68 refs.
A critical study of the literature was undertaken to establish
the best field method for the diagnosis of fluorosis in cattle, to
determine the borderline between amounts of ingested and ab-
sorbed fluorine that will be damaging and nondamaging over
an extended period, and to establish the best biochemical
checks for support of the diagnosis. Since there is usually no
reason for examining cows' teeth, the first noticed symptoms
of fluorosis in cattle may be bilateral lameness and stiffness,
often accompanied by palpable exostoses on the long bones,
lower jawbone, and ribs. However, prior to these first-ob-
served symptoms, the incisor teeth will exhibit ineradicable
mottling and abnormal wearing, in those cases where the teeth
were formed during the period of abnormal fluoride ingestion.
In pronounced or advanced cases of fluorosis, cattle may ex-
hibit dryness and stiffness of the hide, poor condition of the
coat, diarrhea, impaired appetite, decreased weight gain,
lowered milk yield, emaciation, cachexia, and anemia. Bones
from animals that have been damaged by fluorosis will analyze
more than 3000 to 4000 ppm of fluorine, while no damage
from fluorosis has been found unless the urine continuously
analyzes well in excess of 10 ppm. Because of the differing
ability of various forages to accumulate fluoride, and because
of seasonal and other variables, a comprehensive and long
term sampling and analytical program is necessary to deter-
mine total amounts of fluorides ingested. (Author summary
modified)
28149
Tamaki, Takahiko, Masaki Uehara, and Yutaka Umeda
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS TO
THE PLANTS. 1. INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF
SEA WIND TO PLANT LEAVES AT THE WESTERN PART
OF GOSfflKIDAI ON THE SETOUCffl COAST. (Nosakubutsu
ni taisuru kankyoosen no eikyo ni kansuru kenkyu. 1. Setouchi
engan Goshikidai seibu chiiki no jittai chosa). Text in Japanese.
Kagawa Daigaku Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokoku (Tech. Bull.
Fac. Agr. Kagawa Univ.), 21(48):74-83, March, 1970. 16 refs.
Ten species of plant leaves were collected July through Sep-
tember, 1969, at the western part of Goslukidai in Kagawa
Prefecture. PH values of the cell sap obtained from ground
-------
392
plant leaf tissues were determined in situ with a portable pH-
meter with specially designed electrodes. The electric conduc-
tivity of the water extracts of the same plant leaves was mea-
sured with a portable electric conductometer in the laboratory.
Wind direction and velocity were monitored at 18 observation
stations in the area with Mori's apparatus. The effects on the
pH values and specific electric conductivity of the plant leaf
cell sap of the wind direction and velocity at each observation
station were studied to determine the effects of sea wind.
Plant cell sap samples from the observation stations affected
by the sea wind showed higher pH values than others. The
specific electric conductivity, on the other hand, showed no
definite tendency. The duration of water extracting affected
the specific electric conductivity to an extreme degree. No
marked effects of air pollution on plants were determined ex-
cept some minor effects of sea wind and fog. When the air
pollution due to acidic gases, such as sulfur dioxide and
fluorides, is enhanced by sea wind or fog, the effects on
plants is expected to be serious.
28258
Shupe, James L., Arland E. Olson, and Raghubir P. Sharma
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON FARM ANIMALS. Preprint,
Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Ontario Section,
and Ontario Dept. of Energy and Resources Management,
Toronto, Air Management Branch, 29p., 1970. 31 refs.
(Presented at the Impact of Air Pollution on Vegetation Con-
ference, Toronto, Ontario, April 7-9, 1970.)
If animals ingest quantities of fluorides above their safe
tolerance level for prolonged periods of time, fluorine toxico-
sis or fluorosis may result. Acute fluorosis toxicosis usually
arises from accidental ingestion of extremely high levels of
fluorine compounds in water, vegetation, or other feeds.
Chronic toxicosis (fluorosis) is the type of fluorine poisoning
most frequently observed in livestock; it is characterized by
certain clinical manifestations or pathological lesions. Where
fluorosis is suspected, proper sampling and chemical analysis
of vegetation may give early indications of the source and ex-
tent of the problem. The degree of fluorosis can be determined
with a high degree of accuracy by taking into account the
amount of fluorine in bone and the tooth classification.
Fluorine tolerance limits have been established for various
animal species and are summarized in tabular form.
28409
Navara, Jan
A CONTRIBUTION CONCERNING EFFECT OF FLUORINE
ON SEED GERMINATION IN RELATION TO THE NATU-
RAL CONTENT OF ASH AND SOME BIOGENIC ENDS.
(Prispevok k ucinku fluoru na knicenie semien vo vztahu k
prirodzenemu obsahu populovin a niektorych biogennych prv-
kov). Biologia, 19(8):589-596, 1964. 9 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip., Jan. 2, 1971.
The effects of low and high concentrations of fluorine on the
germination of seeds of peas, barley, white mustard, kohlrabi,
and carrots were studied in relationship to the mineral content
of the seeds. Fluorine was applied by soaking seeds for 20 hrs
in various concentrations of sodium fluoride. High concentra-
tions of fluorine inhibited germination of pea and barley seeds
and, to a lesser extent, mustard and kohlrabi seeds. Seeds of
poppies and carrots were relatively unaffected. For the most
part low concentrations of fluorine had a stimulating effect
that was apparent in speed of germination and overall ability
to germinate, as well as root growth and the growth of coleop-
tiles. Increasing the calcium content of seeds by the applica-
tion of Ca(NO3)2 decreased the inhibiting effects of fluorine
on the germination process. The levels of other mineral ele-
ments in seeds appeared to have no correlation with tolerance
to fluorine.
28427
Pilet, P.-E.
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE AND OF BETA-1NDOLACETIC
ACID ON THE RESPIRATION OF ROOT TISSUE. (Action du
fluor et de 1'acide beta-indolylacetique sur la respiration des tis-
sus radiculaires). Text in French. Rev. Gen Bot., 71(836): 12-21,
1964. 23 refs.
The effect of various concentrations of BIAA and of fluorine
in the form of sodium fluoride on the growth of apical root
fragments of Lens culinaris was studied. At all concentrations
BIAA inhibited the elongation of the root fragments, fluorine
had the same effect at high concentrations but at low concen-
trations had a stimulatory effect on the gro\yth of the root
fragments. BIAA was found to stimulate respiration mildly at
low concentrations while it .inhibited the absorption of oxygen
at higher concentrations. Acting in combination no additive ef-
fect was noted. At concentrations stimulating respiration,
fluorine was found to reduce the acceleration effect caused by
BIAA. Thus fluorine and auxine acted as antagonists in their
effect on the respiration of root fragments of Lens culinaris.
28437
ten Houten, J. G.
INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. (De invloed
van luchverontreiniging op planten). Text in Dutch. Neth. J.
Plants Pathol., 73(4):129, 1967.
The history of plant poisoning from gaseous air pollutants in
the Netherlands goes back 60 years; the first incident of this
kind was damage caused by fluorine in the vicinity of a su-
perphosphate plant. The effects of hydrogen fluoride, sulfur
dioxide, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are briefly sum-
marized. Hydrogen fluoride, when present in quantities as low
as a few parts per billion, can cause damage to the leaves of
plants. Lichens are so sensitive to sulfur dioxide that they can-
not exist in the vicinity of large cities and industrial centers
where the SO2 concentration is higher than 35 parts per bil-
lion. PAN, sometimes known as photochemical smog, was
considered an American phenomenon until October 1965,
when abnormal weather conditions in western Europe caused
serious damage from this pollutant to spinach and lettuce.
Damage to the leaves of certain species and varieties of plants
makes them valuable as indicators (their sensitivity exceeding
that of the human senses), but they are less accurate than
chemical analyses, due to the fact that the 'symptoms' are not
entirely specific for higher concentrations. Tie mechanism of
plant damage from air pollutants is not completely understood,
although it is known for certain that fluorine, ozone, and PAN
act at the level of the cells, functioning as inhibitors of the
plant enzymes. Fluorine affects the metabolism of car-
bohydrates; enolase is especially sensitive to this gas. A com-
bination of PAN and ozone strongly inhibits the synthesis of
cellulose. Liquid and solid particles in the air can also cause
damage directly or indirectly t plants, especially by limiting the
incidence of sunlight.
28443
Didier, Bertrand
FLUORINE, A DYNAMIC TRACE ELEMENT FOR CORN.
(Le fluor, oligo- element dynamique pour (e mais). Text in
French. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. D, vol. 269:1767-1769, Nov.
3, 1969. 7 refs.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
393
Corn plants grown in an artificial medium containing 0, 0.5, 1,
2, and 4 mg sodium fluoride yielded after 64 days 19, 30.8,
31.4, 39.6 and 27.3 g dry weight of vegetable matter respective-
ly. A graphic analysis of the growth curve of corn under given
experimental conditions yielded 1.8 mg NaF/1 as the optimal
growth-promoting quantity of NaF for corn. In the presence of
aluminum salts and of 0, 0.5, 1 and 4 mg sodium fluoride, after
65 days corn plants yielded 18.6, 43.26, 11.4 and 10.54 g dry
weight of vegetable matter. Fluorine in trace quantities is
necessary for the optimal growth of corn in an artificial medi-
um; at higher levels, however, fluorine is toxic and inhibits
growth. The toxicity of fluorine can be attenuated by an ex-
cess of aluminum in the solution as a result of the probable
formation of aluminum fluoride. The optimal concentration of
fluorine varies from 250 to 800 microgram/1 g depending on the
concentration of aluminum in the medium.
28446
Bovay, E., A. Bolay, R. Zuber, P. Desbaumes, G. Collet, J.-P.
Quinche, G. Neury, and B. Jacot
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN COMBINED BORON FERTIL-
IZERS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF FLUORINE IN
VEGETABLES. (Influence de certains engrais combines
boriques sur 1'accumulation du fluor dans les vegetaux). Text in
French. Revue Suisse de Viticulture et Arboriculture
(Lausanne), l(2):30-33, March-April 1969. 7 refs.
Tests with grapevines, apricot trees, and forage plants per-
formed on field lots, in potted plants, and in the laboratory
disclosed that the use of certain combined fertilizers resulted
in an accumulation of fluorine in the plant tissues, particularly
in leaves. The fertilizers in question were manufactured by
direct solubilization in a strong acid of a mixture of crude
phosphates, of a potassium salt, and of a boron compound. An
analysis of three different types of these fertilizers disclosed
the presence of potassium fluoborate which as a result of its
solubility is absorbed by the plant roots and accumulates in
plant tissues. This accumulation was greatest at elevated tem-
peratures, under strong illumination, and at low relative hu-
midity and drought conditions, probably as a result of ac-
celerated evapotranspiration. The manufacturers of the fertil-
izers in question were advised of these findings and the objec-
tionable method of manufacture discontinued.
28474
Zuber, R., E. Bovay, M. Roulet, and W. Tschannen
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE
PLANT. (Die Verunreinigung der Atmosphaere und ihr Einfluss
auf die Pflanze). Text in German. Schweizerische Gaertner-
zeitung (Zurich), 73(19): 233-236, May 1970.
Sulfur dioxide penetrates into the interior of leaves more
readily at higher temperatures, under bright light, and at high
humidity than in cold and dry weather and in darkness. The
plant has a defensive mechanism in that it oxidizes the sulfite
ion to a sulfate ion 30 times less toxic. Fluorine emissions
from aluminum works, glass works, brick factories, ceramic
factories, phosphate fertilizer plants, and from the manufac-
ture of hydrofluoric acid can be controlled by the Harding-
Desbaumes device which absorbs not only gaseous fluorine
compound's but partly also solid fluonne compounds in dust
and in aerosol. Fluorine is absorbed by plants principally
through leaves, and only to a small degree through root from
the soil. Its distribution in the plant is uneven, with content
high in roots, leaves, and stems. Fluorine compounds cause
plasmolysis of the cell content and thus the death of cells
manifested by necrotic plant tissue. Chlorine and hydrochloric
acid, which cause burns in plants, now contaminate the at-
mosphere only rarely; ammonia has a similar effect. Dust from
cement factories and metallic oxide dust cause plant necrosis.
Of automobile exhaust pollutants, saturated hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides and organic acids are less phytotoxic, while
ozone, nitro-derivatives, and peroxyacetyl nitrate are more so.
Lead emissions do not seem to cause severe damage to plants
even at high levels but are dangerous indirectly to animals and
humans.
28475
Bovay, Ernest
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. (Effete de
la pollution de Pair sur les plantes). Text in French. In:
Probleme der Luftverunreinigung durch die Industrie. Switzer-
land, Vogt-Schild S. A., 1969, p. 1-19. 126 refs.
A review is presented of sources of SO2, methods of measur-
ing it in the atmosphere, maximal permissible SO2 levels, its
mode of action on plant tissues, contributory factors, sensitivi-
ty of species and plant organs and methods of evaluating
damage caused by SO2, including inspection, air analysis,
analysis of the affected tissues, microscopic examination, and
turbidimetric tests. Some of the same subjects are also
discussed for fluorine emissions. Damage from these and other
pollutants, including chlorine, hydrochloric acid, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, zinc oxide dust, dust from cement plants,
compounds of arsenic and molybdene, coal tar fumes, automo-
bile emissions, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and smog, to a
variety of plants is described.
28476
Viel, M. G. and M. L. de Cormis
THE EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND OF FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS ON VEGETATION. (Action de 1'anhydride sul-
fureux et des composes fluores sur la vegetation). Text in
French. Poll. Atmos. (Paris), vol. 7:381-391, 1965. 20 refs.
(Presented at the Conference Internationale des Arts Chimiques,
Paris, France, 1965.)
The study of the effects of SO2 and HE pollution on crops
and vegetation grown around the industrial city of Lacq,
France, which has daily emissions of 400 tons SO2 and 150 kg
of fluorine, disclosed that in humid and cold years (1961, 1963)
plant damage from SO2 predominated while in hot and dry
years fluorine damage predominated. While SO2 causes burns
immediately upon interaction with plant tissues, necroses
produced by HF are slow in developing. Plants were the more
susceptible to damage by SO2 the closer external factors came
to achieving optimal photosynthetic activity. The sensitivity of
luzerne to SO2 doubled when relative humidity was raised
from 40 to 100%. Fruit trees manifested enormous differences
in sensitivity as did grapevines. While the Petit Mauseign
grapevine strain had an SO2 sensitivity threshold of 2.5 ppm,
the Tannat strain's threshold was 15 ppm. Fluorine damage is
best assessed on apricot trees, which are quite immune to
SO2. The sensitivity threshold of plants to fluorine is 10
microg/cu m air. Analyses of sulfur and fluorine levels in plant
tissue were of little help in diagnosing the cause of damage, in
the case of sulfur because it is a major element of metabolism,
and in the case of fluorine because some plants with a high
fluorine content do not manifest damage while other plants
with low fluorine content do. The various hypotheses of the
mechanisms of damage by the two pollutants are discussed.
-------
394
28477
Garber, Kurt
EXPERIENCE WITH LEAF ANALYSIS IN SMOKE DAMAGE
TESTS. (Erfahrungen mit der Blattanalyse bei Rauchschadenun-
tersuchungen). Text in German. Angew. Botan., vol. 34:33-37,
1960. 3 refs.
The role of chemical analysis in examining plant material for
damage caused by smoke is discussed. Most difficult is the
diagnosis of SO2 damage, even in case of leaf discoloration,
becaus this symptom is not specific. An increased content of
sulfur in leaves can be an indication of damage by SO2 but
this proof is not reliable, since plants can manifest elevated
sulfur levels through intake from the soil. A quantitative
micromethod for the detection of SO2 in fresh leaves has been
developed by G. Bredemann and H. Radeloff. Hydrochloric
acid and chlorine can also be detected by a micromethod (Ag-
NO3) but it is no proof of damage because the natural chloride
content in plants fluctuates widely. The same holds for NO2
and NO3. Ammonia can be detected microchemically with
great reliability; fluorine can also be detected microchemically
and positive tests usually indicate the cause of damage, but
the fluorine test is not always reliable. A sensitive and reliable
microchemical test also exists for asphalt and tar vapors.
Thus, if the circumstances of the damage and local conditions
are known, microchemical leaf analysis is useful as an auxilia-
ry method in attributing damage to a specific agent. But leaf
analysis by itself does not constitute conclusive proof.
28479
Wentzel, K. F.
SENSITIVITY AND DIFFERENCES IN RESISTANCE OF
PLANTS TO POLLUTION. (Empfindlichkeit und Resistenzun-
terschiede der Pflanzen gegenueber Luftverunreinigung). Text in
German. Forstarchiv, 39(9): 189-194, Sept. 1968. 27 refs.
Until 1940 the SO2 concentration threshold beyond which
damage to vegetation could be expected was considered to be
2 ppm. Recent experiments in chambers with controlled at-
mosphere show that the true threshold is around 0.2 ppm; and
field experiments show that the most sensitive plants manifest
deleterious effects from a median long-term exposure level of
0.02 ppm SO2. The sensitivity thresholds for hydrogen fluoride
are even lower. These data help explain the wide extent of em-
mission damage in old coniferous stand as well as the occur-
rence of such damage at distances 10-30 km from the source.
The resistance of plants to pollution varies with a whole com-
plex of factors, primarily with type of emission, growth condi-
tions, the developmental stage of the plants, and nature of the
exposure. The combination of these factors will govern the
difference in resistance of a plant species. A distinction must
be drawn between experimental and field resistance, the
former judged by leaf sensitivity, the latter by livability and
yield impairment. No sequence of plants can be compiled in
their order of resistance that would be valid under all condi-
tions. Generally, the danger to vegetation from pollution in-
creases in the order of cereal crops, deciduous trees, horticul-
tural crops, fruit trees, fodder crops, ornamental plants, and
conifers.
28480
Spielings, F.
STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF FUMES THROUGH FUMIGA-
TION EXPERIMENTS. (Untersuchungen von Raucheinwirkun-
gen (lurch Begasungsversuche). Text in German. Forschung und
Beratung, Reihe C, Wiss. Ber. u. Diskussionsbeitr. (Muenster),
vol. 5:56-63, 1963.
Fumigation experiments with controlled atmospheres of
hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide involving a number of
grasses, plants, bushes, and trees, performed at the Institute
voor Plantenziektenkundig Onderzoek in Wageningen (Hol-
land), are described. These experiments were undertaken
because of the damage from these pollutants to tulip and
gladiolus crops. Experimental results with HF in the case of
gladioli were in agreement with observations in the field both
as to symptoms of damage and differences in resistance of
various strains, but this was not the case with SO2 where
laboratory and field results differed. HF was found to cause
much greater damage than SO2 and some strains of both tulips
and gladioli were found to be more pollution-resistant than
others. The concentration range in the experiments for HF
was from 0.015 to 0.2 ppm, for SO2 from 0.75 to 3.50 ppm. HF
damage in ornamental monocotyledons can be quantitatively
expressed by the injury index indicating the percentage length
of the leaf rim where damage can be observed. SO2 damage is
largely manifested by spots which are not easily measured.
The degree of damage was expressed by the color difference
between healthy and damaged leave in tomatoes, spinach, and
endives, and was determined colorimetrically on alcoholic
solutions of leaf pigments. Thus a 6-hr exposure of spinach to
0.5 ppm SO2 resulted in 14% damage, exposure to 1 ppm SO2
in 27% damage.
28483
Baumeister, Walter and Helmut Burghardt
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON TO-
MATOES AND SPINACH. (Untersuchungen ueber die
physiologische Wirkung von Fluorid bei Tomaten und Spinal).
Text in German. Flora (Jena), vol. 144: 213-228, 1956. 23 refs.
The effect of various concentrations of sodium fluoride on to-
matoes and spinach was studied under conditions of
hydroponic cultivation. The nutrient medium was a solution of
3 salts with Mn, B, Zn, and Fe as additives. In concentrations
of 25 and 100 mg F/l for spinac and of 50 and 150 mg F/l for
tomatoes, the effect was in all cases deleterious. The weights
of the sprouts and roots, apparent CO2 assimilation values,
and pigment contents decreased while respiration intensity
rose. Leaves yellowed at the tips; their rim dried up or curled
up. At the higher concentration levels the plants died after
about 4 weeks. At lower concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 25 mg
F/l no effect on apparent CO2 assimilation, respiration, and
pigment content was noted. But while in the case of spinach
the live weight of the plant was reduced by up to 40%, the
weight of tomato plants increased by up to 60% and did not
fall off sharply until a 50-mg F/l concentration was reached. In
tomatoes the roots, and in spinach the leaves, were most af-
fected. The difference in the reaction of both species may be
due to the circumstance that the tomato is free of fluorine
while spinach is one of the fluorine-rich plants. Thus, at least
on some plants, fluorine seems to have the effect of a trace
mineral.
28600
Cormis, L. de
ABSORPTION OF FLUORINE SOLUTIONS AND MIGRA-
TION OF FLUORINE IN THE TOMATO. Ann. Physiol. Veg.,
10(3): 155-169, 1968. 20 refs. Translated from French. 28p.
Studies were made to determine whether fluorine absorbed by
the leaves of tomato plants can be displaced toward the roots
and whether the fluorine contained in the soil can be absorbed
by the roots and then displaced toward the leaves. In the first
part of the study, fluorine was introduced to the aerial parts of
tomato plants, either by soaking the leaves or the leaf stalks
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
395
with a hydrofluoric acid solution of 4 g/1 of fluorine in two
tests, the first lasting 2 minutes, the second, 4 minutes. The
soaked leaves were rinsed twice in distilled water and their
fluorine contents were measured and proved to be, respective-
ly, 319 and 409 ppm, indicating that absorption of the fluorine
ion is rapid. In the second part of the experiment, tomato
plants were grown in various cultivation environments to
which fluorine solutions were added. Tabulated data for both
parts of the experiment revealed that fluorine moves normally
from the leaf stalk of absorption to the leaflets, the stems
serve essentially as a passage area, an appreciable quantity of
fluorine is still found in the stem at the time of collection,
there is practically no passage of fluorine to the roots, and
that if the culti\ ^fion environment contains a large quantity of
fluorine, the latter is not noticeably displaced toward the
leaves even if it is absorbed in small parts of the roots.
28647
Hasegawa, Toshio, Yoshiaki Yamazaki, Hideo Hayashi, and
Masaaki Takahashi
ON THE ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE POLLUTION. PART
III. (Fukkabut.su ni yoru taiki osen chosa. Dai-3-po). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Keiikyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):225, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
The effects of hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide emitted
from a hydrofluoric acid plant in Suita, Osaka Prefecture,
were investigated. Samples of the surrounding atmosphere,
agricultural crops (rice plants), and soil were analyzed for
fluorine and sulfuric acid ions. In addition, the wind speed and
wind velocity were measured. Fluorine was analyzed by the
alizarine complex method, and sulfuric acid ions by the barium
chromate method. The fluorine content of rice plants was 340-
379 ppm for those badly damaged, 200-210 ppm for those
mildly damaged, and 42-76 ppm for those not damaged at all.
The concentrations also tended to decrease with distance from
the factory. In soil, the fluorine concentration was 12-38 ppm,
and there was not much difference between the polluted and
the control areas. The concentration of fluorine at the emis-
sion source, measured by dry-type cylindrical filter methods
showed 86.2 mg of fluorine/400 sq cm/100 hr. The meteorologi-
cal data showed that there is a relationship between the
frequency of wind direction and the concentration of the pol-
lutants downwind from the emission source.
28679
National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council,
Washington, D. C., Subcommittee on Fluorosis Problems
THE FLUOROSIS PROBLEM IN LIVESTOCK PRODUC-
TION. Pub.- 824, 29p., 1960. 135 refs.
Colored photographs provide definitive diagnostic criteria for
determining the incidence and severity of fluorosis in
livestock. The development of fluorosis depends on the total
fluorine intake, which varies with physiological, phenomena
such as growth, heavy lactation, and pregnancy. Sources of
fluorine which may affect livestock are mineral feed supple-
ments, water contamination, forage contaminated with soil
particles from road dust or as a result of close grazing, forage
containing an elevated F content induced by atmospheric
fluorines from around industrial plants, and feed concentrates.
The tolerance level from a soluble source is 30-50 ppm in the
ration for a lactating dairy cow. Rock phosphate fluorine,
however, would be tolerated up to 60-100 ppm. Tolerance
levels for swine and poultry are higher. The most definitive
quantitative measure of the degree of fluorosis is the extent of
retention of fluorine in the skeleton. The most sensitive biolog-
ical reaction to fluoride is that of the developing tooth.
Suspected fluorine toxicosis may be diagnosed tentatively by
the general health and condition of the herd. Clinical diagnosis
supported by chemical analysis can positively identify fluorine
toxicosis. The tolerance of an animal to ingested fluorine is in-
creased by consumption of green forage, by supplementing the
ration with certain soluble aluminum compounds, by including
high levels of calcium in the ration, and by adequate nutrition.
Tolerance to fluorine varies with species, and the level
tolerated depends upon the form of the fluorine ingested.
28802
Rohmeder, Ernest and Alexander von Schonborn
THE BREEDING OF SPRUCE WITH INCREASED RE-
SISTANCE TO EXHAUST GAS. International Union of Forest
Research Organizations, Proc. Congr. Intern. Union Forest
Research Organizations, 14th, Munich (West Germany), 1967,
5(Sect. 24):556-566. 8 refs. Translated from German, 12p.
Thirty-six spruce of average age were selected from stands
severely damaged by smoke in West Germany; the chosen
trees remained somewhat healthy and productive in spite of
severe exposure to smoke. About 7000 shoots were obtained
by means of grafts from the selected trees. In greenhouse fu-
migation experiments with exactly measured concentrations of
sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride, the grafts displayed con-
siderably more resistance than grafts whose shoots stemmed
from spruce living more than 100 years in the high mountains.
It was demonstrated that the characteristic of heightened re-
sistance to exhaust gas is based in the genetic spectrum. The
resistant grafts were even less damaged by SO2 and HF, and
by fumigation mixtures, than were other kinds of conifers and
deciduous trees. Only the oak tolerated even higher SO2 and
HF concentrations than did the resistant grafts. The green-
house fumigation experiments clarified which environmental
factors influence the smoke resistance of forest trees. It was
found that the higher the relative humidity, the higher the light
intensity, or the higher the assimilation intensity, the greater
the damage to forest trees. During the winter, forest trees con-
tain higher concentrations of components such as SO2 than in
the summer. Optimally nourished plants endure higher concen-
trations than do plants cared for with insufficient nutrients.
(Author summary modified)
28830
Huff, Paul B.
DAMAGE TO CITRUS BY FLUORINE AIR POLLUTION IN
CENTRAL FLORTOA. Citrus Ind., 40(3):12, 14, 16, 33, March
1959. 1 ref.
In the spring and summer of 1949 a number of groves north of
Bartow in Florida began to show tip burning, excessive leaf
drop, and a chlorosis in the foliage that was not common to
Florida citrus. Then it was noticed that a foggy, pale white,
yellow smoke was coming from a new triple-superphosphate
plant only about seven-tenths of a mile away. Another such
plant went into operation in Polk County, and two citrus
groves within three-fourth of a mile South-West of this plant
were showing leaf tip burn, leaf drop, and the peculiar
chlorotic pattern on the leaves. Losses are indicated. Analysis
revealed that fluroine was present in the leaves. As each new
triple-superphosphate plant opened and went into operation,
the people noticed the native vegetation begin to die. The cat-
tlemen noticed that calves were born too early, and often
dead. Liberation of fluorine is discussed, as each ton of raw
rock phosphate contains 60 pounds or more of fluorine. An ex-
periment was conducted with Ruby Red Grapefruit trees to
prove the cause.
-------
396
28888
Thomas, Moyer D.
THE INVISIBLE INJURY THEORY OF PLANT DAMAGE. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc.. 5(4):205-208, Feb. 1956. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 48th, Detroit, Mich., May 22-26, 1955.)
A summary is presented of the present state of knowledge of
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, coal smoke, and smog in
relation to invisible plant injury. The latter is defined as inter-
ference with growth, photosynthesis, respiration, reproduc-
tion, or enzymatic function, or demonstratable increase in
susceptibility to disease. The evidence relating to physiological
activity seems definite that invisible injury due to the reducing
conditions that characterize sulfur dioxide fumigations is a
second-order effect at the most. No observations have been
recorded to suggest that the gas makes plants more susceptible
to disease. The oxidizing conditions in smog seem to be more
effective in causing invisible injury, possibly because the nor-
mal reductive processes in the leaf are less intensive than the
oxidative process. Toxic fluoride ions have to be disposed of
by rather slow mechanical means like translocation and
volatilization and, therefore, permit some invisible injury when
threshold concentrations are exceeded. Toxic organic com-
pounds in smoke are more difficult to characterize, because
their identity has not been definitely established. Presumably
they represent a wide spectrum of compounds which would
have to be inactivated primarily by chemical means. They
might, therefore, interfere appreciably with the normal reac-
tions in the leaf and cause some invisible injury. (Author sum-
mary modified)
28899
Wander, I. W.
EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON VEGETATION (WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE ON
CITRUS). Fla. Eng. Ind. Expt. Sta. Bull., Eng. Progr. Univ.
Florida Bull. Ser., no. 10(9):14-16, Sept. 1956. 20 refs.
Following the construction of severe' triple-superphosphate
manufacturing plants in Polk County, Florida, a unique
chlorotic pattern developed on citrus leaves, particularly
grapefruit. The condition differed from known chloroses
resulting from nutritional deficiencies or toxicities and was
eventually traced to the fluorine being released by the
phosphate plants. The fluorine content in the chlorotic leaves
ranged from 370 ppm to a low of 48 ppm. These findings are
noted to contradict a California study which reported no in-
stances of chlorosis in citrus leaves that were found to contain
up to 211 ppm fluorine. The fact that chlorosis develops in
Florida may be due to the higher humidity under which the
leaves mature.
29010
Mohamed, Aly H.
CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES IN MAIZE INDUCED BY
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE GAS. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. (Ottawa),
12(3):614-620, Sept. 1970. 18 refs.
Twelve corn plants were placed in growth chambers and fu-
migated for four to ten days with about 3 micrograms/cu m of
hydrogen fluoride (HF). Following treatment, the plants
snowed no visible symptoms of fluoride injury. However,
microsporocyte smears from the plants revealed chromosomal
aberrations that included asynaptic regions, translocations, in-
versions, and bridge plus fragments or fragments by them-
selves. These abnormalities are considered due to the
physiological effect of HF causing chromosome to become
sticky and/or to the occurrence of chromatid breakage fol-
lowed by reunion to form structural changes. These findings
indicate that HF is a mutagenic agent. (Author abstract
modified)
29206
Brandt, C. Stafford
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
HYDROFLUORINE AND FLUORIDES. VDI (Ver. Duet. Ing.)
Ber., no. 164:23-31, 1971. 25 refs.
Air quality criteria (or standards) for fluorine are determined
by fluorine s effects on vegetation, animals including man, and
physical property. Fluorine s effects on vegetation are the
most serious. The uptake of fluorine by plants can result in ex-
cess fluorine intake by animals, and cattle are the most sensi-
tive animals. Cattle can tolerate up to 100 ppm of fluorine for
up to 30 days. Responses are reduced feed intake, changes in
dentition, and fluorine build-up in the skeleton. Knowledge of
dietary limits in vegetation is less precise than in the case of
animals. Fluorine can cause visible injury and growth effects.
Different species have different sensitivities, but generally
sensitivity depends on the amount of fluorine content in the
tissue. Highly sensitive plants develop symptoms of injury
when the tissue level of fluorine is less than 50 ppm. Sensitive
plants show injury when fluorine content is 50 to 200 ppm,
while tolerant varieties show no symptoms of injury until
fluorine exceeds 200 ppm. The relationship between air pollu-
tion and fluorine in the soil is debateable, however some cor-
relation exists for the following dose-rate relation: increase in
fluoride content of vegetation over normal values expressed in
ppm (delta F) equals an atmospheric concentration constant
(K) times the average concentration of gaseous fluoride in the
atmospher (C) times exposure time in days (T). Vegetation
analysis is difficult to translate back to an emission rate of a
source. Criteria based on vegetation levels are most useful in
defining a goal for an area and confirming that control is or is
not adequate.
29277
DAMAGE CAUSED BY FLUORINE NEAR RHEINFELDEN
AND MOEHLIN. (Fluorschaeden bei Rheinfelden und Moehlin).
Text in German. Leben und Umwelt (Aarau), 12(3):69-71, Dec.
1955.
In 1952 the widespread dying of bees was for the first time at-
tributed to the fluorine in flue gases of the aluminum plant in
Rheinfelden-Baden. The bees contained from 5 to 112 mg
fluorine in 100 g dry substance while the norm is 0 to 4 mg. In
1953 damage was noted for the first time in vegetation in the
form of marbleizing and peripheral damage to leaves. Leaves
curled up and assumed a spoon-like shape. More severe
damage was manifested by necrosis proceeding from the leaf
tip along the rims. Conifers exhibited similar symptoms and
some complete defoliation occurred. Especially afflicted were
cultures of clover, all cereal crops, and various grasses. The
harvest was reduced by 50%. In 1955 cows were afflicted by a
peculiar disease; they began to tremble, lost weight, and
manifested pain in legs and joints. They often broke ribs and
other bones. The fluorine content in cow bones was 6-10 times
higher than the norm. These animals, suffering from fluorosis,
either recovered spontaneously or died; administration of
vitamins did not have any effect. Domestic animals not fed
with green fodder or hay were unaffected, as were humans.
The milk and meat of the diseased animals did not contain ex-
cessive levels of fluorine. Elevated levels of fluorine were de-
tected in vegetation to a distance of 6 km from the factory.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
397
29443
Nakagawa, Yoshihiro, Shozo Matsuda, Masamichi Kara,
Tahachiro Koyama, and Nobutaka Takada
CASUALTIES IN PLANTS BY FLUORIDES IN EXHAUSTIVE
GAS OF GLAZED TILE MANUFACTURING FACTORY.
(Yuyakugawara seize kojo haigasuchu fukkabutsu ni yoru
shokubutsu higai ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Hyogo-ken Eisei
Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Rept. Environ. Sci. Inst. Hyogo
Prefect.), no. 2:11-17, March 1971. 9 refs.
The cause of crop damage around a glazed tile manufacturing
factory was determined by a survey of raw materials, fuel ex-
haust gas, environmental air, and damaged plants. During the
period from May to August 1969, two ceramics with two tun-
nel kilns (the amount of exhaust gas per one tunnel kiln was
2700 - 2800 N cu m/hr) were tested. The change in fluorides in
the tiles by calcination was measured and 296 - 306 ppm of the
fluorides were found before the calcination and 208 - 214 ppm
after it. The volatilizing amount of fluorides in the exhaust gas
was about 45 ppm. On the other hand, the amount of fluorides
contained in the exhaust gas in the fire flue was 1.7 - 4.4 ppm.
This was perhaps caused by the condensatio and adhesion of
produced fluorides in the remaining heat kiln and i a fire flue.
According to the JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) K 0105
analysis method, the amount of fluorides in the exhaust gas
was 0.020 - 0.043 ppm. Also, according to the Lime Treated
Filter Paper method by Miller, the highest value in the place
where the damage was the most distinctive was 258 micro-
grams F(-)/100 sq cm/3 days. The damaged plants included car-
nations, moist-land rice plants and onions. When the fluorides
in the leaves were compared with those in healthy leaves, they
showed: in carnations, where the amount of fluorides was the
highest, the value of the damaged leaves was 52.3 ppm and
that of the control leaves was 22.4 ppm; fo the onions, the
result was 42.1 ppm in the control leaves and 52.3 ppm for
damaged leaves; for bamboo grass growing near the kilns, the
amount of the fluorides was more than 12 times that of control
leaves. Also, research was made on copper and sulfur oxides,
and the obtained value was small in both cases. So the damage
to crops is considered to be due to the fluorides.
29597
Nakagawa, Yoshihiro, Shozo Matsuda, Masamichi Kara,
Tahachiro Koyama, and Kokei Takada
ON DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY FLUORIDES IN EXHAUST
GAS FROM TILE MANUFACTURING FACTORY. (Uwagusu-
rigawara seizo kojo haigasu chu fukkabutsu ni yoru shokubutsu
higai ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Hyogo Prefecture, Kobe
(Japan), Environmental Science Inst., Rept. 2, p. 11-16, Feb.
1971. 9 refs.
Crop damage occurred in the limited vicinity of glazed tile
manufacturing plants in Hyogo Prefecture. The material clay
for the tile contained fluorides, and damage to the carnation
and rice plants was chiefly the withering of the leaf tips.
Fluorides in the material clay, exhaust gas from the firing kiln,
the atmosphere around the factories, and the damaged plants
were examined. Fluoride in the material clay was 296-306 ppm.
About 30% of the fluoride in the clay volatilized during the
baking process. Also, the fluoride in the baked tile was about
208-214 ppm and in the exhaust gas was 1.7-4.4 ppm. Fluoride
was 0.020-0.043 ppm in the environmental atmosphere, 52.3-
54.3 ppm in the injured carnations and 179.3 ppm in the
onions. The metal content in the exhaust gas was also
analyzed, since the pigment used with about 80% of the manu-
factured tiles was copper oxide. The copper volatilizing during
the baking process was measured as 10.6-66.8 microg/N cu m.
Assuming it becomes diluted to 1 to 200 by atmospheric diffu-
sion (about 200 m away from the source), the density will be
about 0.05- 0.34 microg/N cu m, which can hardly affect the
plants. Unlike lead, copper does not accumulate in living tis-
sues, so it does not cause chronic poisoning. Total sulfide in
the stack gas was estimated at 4.8-5.9 ppm. Taking into ac-
count the dilution of sulfide by atmospheric diffusion, the den-
sity is too low to adversely affect the plants. Therefore, the
primary cause for damage to the plants was fluoride. How-
ever, possible geometric or arithmetric effects of various air
pollutants may have to be further studied in connection with
plant damage.
29616
McCune, Delbert C. and Leonard H. Weinstein
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES
ON PLANTS. Environ. Pollut., 1(3):169-174, Jan. 1971. 25 refs.
(Presented at the Firs International Congress of Plant Patholo-
gy, London, England, July 1968.)
The metabolic effects of atmospheric fluorides on plants are
reviewed. Studies of enzyme activity in vitro provided most of
the information on the nature of fluoride-sensitive sites and
the possible mechanism of fluoride inhibition. There are many
fluoride-sensitive enzymes; therefore, the possibility of multi-
ple sites of fluoride action exists. Isolated tissues have been
used to study the effects of fluoride on metabolic systems in
vivo. It has been shown that many metabolic pathways may be
affected by fluoride and that the presence or type of effect de-
pends on which pathways are operative. Several metabolic ef-
fects are associated with leaf necrosis. The rate of oxygen up-
take was increased in beans and gladiolus exposed to hydrogen
fluoride. Fluoride-induced inhibitions of O2 uptake have also
been reported and the type of effect depended on the age of
the plant, duration of exposure, nutrient status, and fluoride
concentration. The concentrations or pool sizes of various
metabolites are also affected by fluoride. Changes in keto
acids, organic acids, amino acids, free sugars, DNA-RNA
phosphorus, and starch and non-starch polysaccharides have
oeen found in HF-fumigated plants. The effects of gaseous
fluorides on glucose catabolism indicate that the pathways of
respiration, monosaccharide interconvension, or polysacchride
synthesis are the most likely sites of fluoride activity. The
biochemical effects induced by fluoride, not associated with
chlorosis or necrosis, are diverse and suggest that many dif-
ferent areas of metabolism can be affected.
29736
Quellmalz, E.
PROBLEMS OF FLUORINE EMISSION MEASUREMENTS.
(Problematik der Fluor-Iimnissionsmessung). Text in German.
VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:77-83, 1971.
The correct interpretation of measurements of the fluorine
content in air presents some difficulties. The effect of the
fluorine can vary depending on the type of compound in which
it is present. Biologically, plants are most strongly affected by
hydrofluoric acid, animals by free ions of fluorine. In addition
to free hydrofluoric acid, other gaseous fluorine compounds
can be present in the air, some of which are harmless,
whereas others can undergo subsequent reactions and become
harmful. It may be assumed that fluorine compounds penetrate
the plant surface both in the form of gas and aerosols. The
usually ill effects of fluorine compounds in plant food on
animals can often be completely neutralized by feeding the
animals simultaneously with fodder containing minerals. Emis-
sions of fluorine from industrial sources can have different ef-
fects as air pollutants, depending on the industrial process in-
volved. For instance, emissions from blast furnaces containing
fluorine carrying dust are more harmless if alkaline sub-
-------
398
stances, particularly lime, are prevalent in the dust. If acidic
substances prevail, the fluorine emissin becomes far more
noxious.
29991
Bourbon, P., J. Tournut, J. Alary, J. F. Rouzard, and F.
Alengrin
THE EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL FLUORINE POLLUTION
IN A MOUNTAIN VALLEY. (Consequences d une pollution
fluoree de faible importance dans une vallee de montagne). Text
in French. Tribune Cebedeau, (Centre Beige Etude Doc. Eaux),
24(327):62-66, Feb. 1971. 8 refs.
The effects of fluorine pollution from a phosphoric acid plant
discharging daily 20 kg fluorine into the atmosphere of a
mountain valley were studied. Ten % of the fluorine was
emitted as dust, 25% was contained in aerosol form and in
condensation on water and 65% in a gaseous state as SiF4 and
HF. In an area of 15.2 sq km, fluorine concentration between
0 and 10 mcg/cu m were recorded over a period of 10 years.
Cattle fodder was found to contain between 20 and 50 ppm
fluorine contents in the jaws of cattle, signs of dental decay
and dental enamel discoloration. This latter symptom was
found in cattle living in the polluted zone for 3 years. Occa-
sional lameness was observed in cattle living in the polluted
zone for five years and feeding on fodder with a fluorine con-
tent of 50 ppm. Exostosis was not observed. While it is dif-
ficult to set a fluorine level for fodder which would never
cause pathological changes in cattle because of contributory
meteorological, ecological, nutritional and physical-chemical
factors a maximal permissible level of 20 ppm should be con-
sidered a safe level.
30142
Quellmalz, Eberhard and Walter Oelschlaeger
FLUORINE CONCENTRATION OF THE AIR AND PLANTS
IN THE VICINITY OF A BRICK KILN. (Fluorgehalte von Luft
und Pflanzen in der Umgebung einer Ziegelei). Text in German.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(5):206-208, May 1971. 11 refs.
Brick kilns emit fluorine in the form of hydrogen fluoride and
silicon fluoride. This is particularly true when the crude
material contains many fluorine and few alkaline components.
Emission measurements were taken with impingers in the
vicinity of a brick kiln. In the period from May to August, 49
air samples were taken and the fluorine content was deter-
mined. Average concentrations of 1.4 to 6.9 microgram /cu m
were determined. In 1968, Bergerghoff units were set up in
which gaseous fluorine and fluorine-containing particles were
collected. In rural areas the fluorine concentration amounted
to 0.1 mg/sq m/day; a maximum concentration of 7.44 mg/sq
m/day was found in the vicinity of the brick kiln. Examination
of grape leaves revealed that the fluorine concentration rose
gradually during the growing season, from 4.2 mg/100 g dry
substance on the first of July to 23.5 mg/100 g dry substance
on the last day of October. In leave samples from rural areas.
the concentration was 1.2 mg/100 g dry substance. In the
foliage of peas and string beans, a 10-fold fluorine concentra-
tion was found, in spinach a 9-fold, and in lettuce, a 20-fold
concentration of that found in the rural areas. No direct cor-
relation between the fluorine content of the leaves and the leaf
injuries could be determined.
30225
Weiss, Siegfried
AIR POLLUTION AND THE QUALITY OF WINE. (Luft-
verunreinigung und Weinqualitaet). Text in German. Muench.
Med. Wochenschr. (Munich), 113(23):901, 1971.
Emissions of sulfur dioxide and halogens such as hydrogen
chloride, chlorine, fluorine, and hydrogen fluoride stemming
from factories and refuse burning produce damage or retarded
maturation in grape vines. The maturing fruit is injured by in-
take of the pollutants through assimilation and through the fine
wax layer that coats the berries. The taste of the berries may
be spoiled by smoke, mineral oil vapors, asphalt, and tar. Fol-
lowing use of freshly tarred wooden supports for the vine, the
taste of tar was transferred through the roots. Dust and soot
deposits on the plants also slow the ripening process and im-
pair the taste. Vines within 300 m of highways are polluted by
lead. Fortunately, vineyards in Germany are rarely located
near highways.
30234
McCune, Delbert C. and Leonard H. Weinstein
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES
ON PLANTS. Environ. Pollut., no. 1:169-174, 1971. 25 refs.
The metabolic effects of atmospheric fluorides on plants are
reviewed. Results of studies on the effect of the pollutant on
individual enzymes in vitro, isolated plants or plant parts, en-
zyme activities, pool sizes of various metabolic intermediates
in fumigated plants, or physiological processes such as
photosynthesis or respiration in plants exposed to atmospheric
fluorides are discussed. Each approach yields important infor-
mation, but the results must be interpreted in the light of the
characteristics and limitations of the systems employed.
Fluorides may act as metabolic inhibitors in a process in which
the pollutant reacts with a metabolically active site to render it
inactive. Presumably this site is in enzyme, although coen-
zymes or activators may be targets of the pollution. The in-
hibition of the enzyme results in an inhibition of the reaction
mediated by that enzyme. The degree of inhibition depends on
the concentration of the inhibitor at the active site, and this in
turn depends on the amount and distribution of the inhibitor
within the cell. (Author abstract modified)
30297
Scholl, G.
IMMISSION RATE OF FLUORINE IN PLANTS AS A QUAN-
TITATIVE BASIS FOR AN IMMISSION LIMITATION. (Die
Immissionsrate von Fluor in Pflanzen als Masstab fuer eine Im-
missionsbegrenzung). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.)
Ber., no. 164:39-45, 1971. 16 refs.
The accumulation of fluorine in organs of plants which grow
above ground, such as leaves and needles, represents an im-
portant criterion for the evaluation of the effect of phytotoxic
fluorine compounds on vegetation. The quantity of fluorine ab-
sorbed depends on the sensitiveness and absorption capacity
of the plants, and on the fluorine concentration in the sur-
rounding air. Fluorine concentrations of less than 0.5 micro-
grams/cu m air can already cause an accumulation in the
course of one growth period of more than 50 mg fluorine in
100 g dry leaf substance. With increasing concentrations of
hydrofluoric acid in the air, enrichment of fluorine occurs in
tomato leaves, grasses, clover, and other fodder plants. Based
on the close connection between fluorine concentrations in the
fodder and the fluoric intoxication of cattle, standards of
fodder quality are suggested for the protection of domestic
animals, particularly cattle and sheep. Since the fluorine con-
tent fluctuates with the seasons, a maximum yearly average of
4.0 mg fluorine in 100 g dry substance (DS) based on one anal-
ysis per month is proposed, maximum 6.0 mg F/lOOg DS
within two consecutive months, and maximum 8.0 mg f/100 G
DS in any individual month. Standardized grass cultures,
grown in portable containers under controlled conditions of
seed and soil have been developed as measuring devices for
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
399
fluorine air polluon. They are being exposed to the open air
for 14 days, then washed, dried, and pulverized to obtain the
required condition for analysis of the fluor content.
30298
Guderian, R.
FINDINGS FROM GASSING EXPERIMENTS FOR DETER-
MINATION OF PLANT - DAMAGING HF CONCENTRA-
TIONS. (Ergebnisse aus Begasungsexperimenten zur Ermittlung
pflanzenschaedigender HF-Konzentrationen). Text in German.
VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:33-37, 1971. 2 refs.
Extensive experiments have been conducted to determine the
effect of hydrofluoric acid gas concentrations on plants. The
experimental set-up consists of miniature grennhouses in the
form of chambers with walls made of plastic sheet, into which
rarefied HF-air mixtures are brought from a generating room
via plastic piping mounted below ground. Atmospheric air en-
ters through the roofs of the chambers, drawn in by the suc-
tion effect of the piped- in mixture. A change of air is thus ef-
fected 100 times per hour, and the fluctuations in temperature
and humidity inside the chamber follow those of the outer air.
The experiments were made with HF concentrations between
0.85 and 25 micrograms/cu m of air. Among the forest cul-
tures, some varieties of fir, spruce, ash, and beech show al-
ready after ten days of exposure to average gas concentrations
of 1.3 micrograms/cu m of air such distinct damage to needles
and leaves that one has to expect drastic retardation of growth
in case of exposure for several months or years. The symp-
toms of damage observed were necrosis on needle tips and
blade edges. Fodder plants, particularly varieties of grass and
clover, were tested after 16 days exposure to gas of 0.85 and
2.60 micrograms HF/cu m air, respectively. The ensuing en-
richment of fluorine in the plants was up to 9 mg F per 100 g
dry substance with the weaker HF concentration, and up to 22
mg F per 100 g dry substance with the stronger HF concentra-
tion. Visible damage on the clover leaves occurred in the form
of chlorosis and in rarer cases necrosis of leaf parts. A table
of resistivity of a number o tree, plant, flower, and vegetable
varieties to HF effects is shown comprising the very sensitive
ones, the sensitive and the less sensitive species. Lasting
damage to plants can be caused already by very low HF con-
centrations in the atmosphere in case of long exposure.
30299
Spienngs, F. H. and H. G. Woltmg
INFLUENCE OF VERY LOW HF CONCENTRATIONS OF
THE LENGTH OF THE DAMAGED BLADE-TIP REGION
AND ON THE BULB YIELD WITH THE TULIP VARIETY
PARIS . (Der Einfluss sehr niedriger HF-Konzentrationen auf
die Laenge der Blattspitzen-Schaedigung und den Zwiebelertrag
bei der Tulpenvarietaet Paris ). Text in German. VDI (Ver.
Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:19-21, 1971.
In a gardening area outside of Amsterdam, damage to tulips
and gladioli by hydrofluoric acid emission from an industrial
plant located 8 km away was noted. The same symptoms oc-
curred inside of hothouses where tulips were grown already
early in the year. Since HF concentrations inside of hothouses
are normally considerably less than in the outside air, long-
term tests were made with the tulip variety Paris which was
known to be very sensitive. Inside a larger glass building, four
specially designed exposure chambers, each of 30 cu m inside
volume, were used for these experiments. For producing the
noxious mixture of air and HF, air saturated with water vapor
was forced through heated hydrofluoric acid, and then com-
bined with a stream of purified outside air. Purification of the
latter was effected by filtering for dust removal and passing
through shell lime for absorption of gaseous impurities. The
mixture thus obtained was equalized in a suspended nylon bag,
and then admitted to the four chambers, where a change of at-
mosphere was taking place three times a minute. The outer air
was either sucked in continuously, or alternatively a condition
was established where nine tenths of the air was being circu-
lated and one tenth drawn in. The HF concentration in the
chambers was checked by sample taking in two three-hour
periods each day, using an impinger for subsequent analysis.
Graphs of damage to the plants were plotted for conditions of
0.5, 0.7, 1.4, and 4.3 micrograms HF/cu m, with number of
weeks of exposure on the abscissa, and damage to blade
points in cm on the ordinate. The increase of damage as a
function of time was very small at 0.5 micrograms, but became
very pronounced at the higher HF concentrations. A study on
changes in the yield of bulbs in dependence of HF concentra-
tion revealed 100% yield up to 0.3 micrograms HF/cu m,
falling off gradually to 55% at 4 0 micrograms HF/cu m air.
30301
Garber, K.
INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY. (Einfuehrung und
Ueberblick). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no.
164:7-10, 1971. 23 refs.
In 1959, a sub-commission of the Association of German En-
gineers (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI) was formed to
take care of the preparatory work for establishing guidelines
concerning effects and maximum permissible values of
fluorine compounds in the air. Since available data at that time
were insufficient, an extensive research program was started
to reduce the various known methods of fluorine analysis to
one or two recognized ones and to clarify important questions
in the areas of veterinary medicine and botany. The research
work carried out since then yielded many interesting data, for
instance relations between fluorine content in the air and the
analytically determined F-content of plants. One example of
reported figures refers to grass where at average F-content in
the air of 1.4 to 1.7 micrograms F/cu m air, the accumulation
of F in the grass amounted to 1.5 to 16.6 milligrams/100 g dry
grass substance. The results of tests made inside of chambers
where plants were exposed to air mixed with hydrofluoric acid
under controlled conditions for about 14 days were compara-
ble with open- air observations. The extent of damage to the
plants was not only dependent on the F-content in the air, but
also on other factors such as humidity, light, temperature, and
conditions of growth and nourishment of the plants. An impor-
tant factor for the absorption of fluorine by plants is rainfall.
Measurements made in the vicinity of a phosphate plant
showed 10.0 mg F/l of rain water as yearly average in loca-
tions in the main wind direction, and in the same location an
average accumulation of 185 mg F/l00 g dry plant substance.
The results from a measuring station located in the opposite
direction were 1.85 mg F/l of ram water and 205 mg F/l00 g
dry plant substance.
30368
Fukushima Prefectural Government (Japan), Agricultural
Experiment Station
PHOTOGRAPHS FOR ESTIMATING SMOKE INJURY; RICE
PLANT. (Engai hantei zuhan). Text in Japanese. 36p. Dec. 1969.
19 refs.
Rice plants at different stages of growth were subjected to
high concentrations of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride (100,
500 ppm), and chlorine (50, 100 ppm) for 30 minutes to study
the plant injuries caused by waste gases from chemical facto-
ries in the Fukushima Prefecture. Symptoms of plant injury
-------
400
were shown by colored photographs. Leaf blades showed
brown spots after SO2 gas exposure; these spots changed to
yellowish-white with increasing gas concentration. Rice plants
were sensitive to HF gas and a symptomatic dark greenish-
brown coloration, like that of sheath blight disease, was ob-
served in the panicle and leaf tip after exposure to low con-
centraions. At high concentrations of HF, the leaf blade
turned grey and became fragile. Dark brown spots appeared on
the leaf blade and leaf sheath following exposure to C12.
Damage to plant growth occurred with SO2 having the greatest
effect and C12, the least effect. Damage at different stages of
growth occurred in the following decreasing order: young pani-
cle formation period, tillering stage, booting stage, heading
stage and milk-ripe stage. The dry weight of the plant also
decreased, with HF having the greatest and SO2, the least ef-
fect. According to gas exposure, nitrogen and phosphorus in-
creased in absorption rate, potassium and silicon decreased,
and calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese differed ac-
cording to the stage of growth. However, the amount of
nutrient absorption decreased in every case. Tests on lime-
emulsion spraying and OED-lime emulsion mixture spraying
were also conducted as preventive measures for smoke injury.
Spraying which preceded gas fumigation was effective. Lime
emulsion-OED mixture was most effective against HF gas and
a little less effective against SO2 gas. However, respiratory in-
jury resulted from the spraying and plant growth was in-
hibited.
30473
Brandt, C. Stafford and Walter W. Heck
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON VEGETATION. In: Air
Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 12, p. 401-443. 99 refs.
The visible injury symptoms on leaves attributable to air pollu-
tion fall within three categories: leaf tissue collapse with
necrotic patterns, chlorosis or other color changes, and growth
alternations. Continual chronic exposure to low levels of sulfur
dioxide will produce a diffuse chlorosis in the leaves of many
plants. Continual exposure to ozone causes necrotic lesions
through the leaf and eventually collapsed areas. Peroxyacetyl
nitrate damage is usually seen as a cross-leaf banding; the typ-
ical symptoms can be seen around the edge of the tissue col-
lapse area. Nitrogen dioxide injury develops as bifacial lesions
in mature leaf tissue. Fluorides appear to act as cumulative
poisons to the lant. When the toxic concentration is reached,
the internal cells of the leaf collapse; the result is a charac-
teristic tip and marginal burn, leading to necrosis. Plants sensi-
tive to ethylene may show epinasty, chlorosis, necrosis, leaf
abscission, bud abscission, or failure of flowers to open
properly. The effects of chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochlo-
ric acid, ammonia, missile propellants, mercury, and herbi-
cides on plants are also given. Factors affecting the response
of vegetation to pollutants, such as genetic factors, concentra-
tion-time relations, and environmental and growth factors are
discussed in detail. The use of plants as pollution indicators
has long been accepted. Monitoring programs have included
field surveys, bioassay of ambient pollution, and the bioassay
of pollutant mixtures produced under laboratory conditions.
Injury to plants can be reduced by breeding programs, cultural
and management practices, land use, and air quality control.
30805
Suketa, Y., A. Endo, and T. Yamamoto
EFFECT TO AGRICULTURAL CROPS BY AMBIENT
FLUORIDES. (Kichu fukkabutsu no kankyo nodo to nosakub-
tusu e no eikyo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 159, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan,
1970.)
The relationship between the fluoride concentration in the at-
mosphere and the distance from the source was examined. The
atmosphere at polluted area A, 0.5 km from the emission
source, contained an average of 10 F (counting the F of unpol-
luted area as one). The F in dust particles varied from 0.49 to
3.25 micrograms/cu m, and showed the highest concentration
at the distance of 1.0 km from the emission souce. One-year
old orange leaves at area A showed 227.0 ppm F content, and
two-year old leaves had 571.3 ppm F. One-year old leaves had
165.7 to 203.3 ppm F at the distance 1.0 to 3.5 km from the
emission source, and two-year old leaves had 365.3 to 391.0
ppm. The F in the air captured by alkali filter paper decreased
in proportion to the distance, but the ratio did not coincide
with that of F content in leaves and the distance, which
seemed to signify an effect of F on metabolism. The F content
and visual damage on taro potatoes was compared in area B in
1969 and 1970. Leaves with visible damage 0.5 km from the
emission source contained 74.4 ppm and 69.4 ppm F, and
those with no visible effect had 40.9 ppm. This contrasted with
the F content in the plants in the control areas (distances of 10
km or more) which varied from 9.4 to 18.9 ppm.
30806
Takahashi, R. , Y. Suketa, and T. Yamamoto
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON PLANT
METABOLISM. (Kichu fukkabutsu ni yoru shokubutsu taisha e
no eikyo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 5(1):160, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
The influence of fluoride on glycolysis phosphoric acid en-
zyme of gladiolus, especially on beta glycero-phosphatase ac-
tion was observed. Bulbs of glaioli were cultured for three
weeks in Hoagland culture solution. They were then exposed
to HF of a given concentration and temperature in fumigation
chambers for one, five, and 10 days. Changes in beta
glycerophosphatase action, protein content, chlorophyll con-
tent, and appearance of the leaves were observed. The
glycero-phosphatase actions in the gladiolus leaves exposed in
HF 11.7 micrograms/cu m and 20.9 micrograms/cu m were
both lower than those of the control plants. The leaves af-
fected by 20.9 micrograms HF functioned at 55% of the nor-
mal activity. Tests also revealed that gladiolus was much more
susceptible to HF' damage than crocus or iris. The protein con-
tent of the leaves and bulbs of gladiolus exposed to 20.9
micrograms/cu m HF showed a 42.5% decrease. Chlorophyll
content in the leaves at 11.7 micrograms/cu m was 88% of that
in the control plants. It decreased further to 69% in 20.9
micrograms. A significant effect of atmospheric f on plant
metabolism was deduced.
31124
Suketa, Yasunobu and Takeo Yamamoto
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON PLANT
METABOLISM. (Kichu fukkabutsu no shokubutsu daisha e no
eikyo). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 7(5):427-434, May 1971. 30 refs.
Leaf scorch, or foliar burn, is a common symptom of plant in-
jury caused by atmospheric fluoride. Chlorosis is another
symptom of fluoride injury. The density is atmospheric
fluoride and its accumulation in a living plant, the effect of
fluoride on plant metabolism, and the hereditary effect of the
fluoride on plants are discussed. Studies on the relationship
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
401
between the exposure factor and foliar deposition of the
fluoride, or foliar burn, was introduced briefly. The value of
the exposure factor is about the same for cases of both the
high concentration (890 micrograms/cu m) and low concentra-
tion (40 micrograms/cu m). It also shows a similar distribution
of the fluoride deposition, in high or low concentration, if the
exposure factor gives the same value. Photosynthesis is adver-
sely affected by the atmospheric fluoride. The photosynthesis
of a strawberry deteriorated by 50% when the strawberry was
exposed to 48 ppb hydrofluoric acid for one hour. The effect
of fluoride on the respiratory organs of plants was also re-
ported. Soy beans exposed to 0.03 ppm HF had metabolic ab-
normalities. The total sugar quantity of its leaves decreased
from 242-253 mg/100 g to 111-141 mg/100 g and the non-
reduced sugar/reduced sugar ratio decreased from 4.6-8.7 to
0.8-1.6. For the hereditary effect of fluoride on plants, is also
discussed.
31208
Oelschlaeger, W.
FLUORIDE IN FOOD. Fluoride, 3(1):6-11, Jan. 1970. 4 refs.
The results of fluoride assays in food, in the vicinity of
fluoride-emitting factories and under normal conditions, are
presented. Lettuce and spinach contain more fluoride than
other vegetables; sweet cherries more than other fruits. In
peas, 200 times more fluoride was found in polished than in
unpolished peas. The fluoride content of polished rice was 50
times higher than that of unpolished rice. Food derived from
animals was higher in fluoride than that which originated from
plants. The largest amounts were found in fish. A person eat-
ing an average daily diet would consume between 0.3 and 0.4
mg of fluoride. The addition of polished peas and rice, tea,
and fish may raise the daily average intake to above two milli-
grams. Foods from areas near fluoride-emitting factories has
much higher fluoride levels than the uncontaminated areas.
Near a hydrofluoric acid factory, milk contained 5.7 ppm,
compared with 0.05 ppm fluoride in non-contaminated areas.
31448
Pack, Merrill R.
RESPONSE OF STRAWBERRY FRUITING TO HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE FUMIGATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1971. 12 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic
City, N. J., June 27- July 2, 1971, Paper 71-102.)
Strawberry plants were grown throughout flowering and fruit-
ing under continuous, long-term exposure to hydrogen fluoride
gas at fairly uniform concentrations averaging 0.55, 2.0, 5.0,
and 10.4 micrograms/cu m. At 0.55 micrograms fluoride/cu m,
there was a small but significant increase in fruit deformation,
predominantly at the apical end of the fruit, which was as-
sociated with lack of development of some seeds and the ad-
jacent receptacle tissue. In the higher HF treatments, deformi-
ties were proportionately more prevalent and severe. At 2.0
micrograms F/cu m and higher, the average fruit weights were
also significantly lower than in the control atmosphere; and at
5.0 and 10.4 micrograms F/cu m, the proportion of the flowers
that developed into fruit was smaller. None of the HF treat-
ments significantly influenced the number of flowers
produced. There were no fluoride injury symptoms on the
foliage at 0.55 micrograms F/cu m and only very mild, uncer-
tain symptoms at 2.0 micrograms F/cu m. Therefore, the ef-
fects of HF on strawberry fruiting seemed to be independent
of visible injury to the foliage and to result from inhibition of
seed development. (Author abstract modified)
31527
Hill, A. Clyde
VEGETATION: A SINK FOR ATMOSPHERIC POLLU-
TANTS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
37p., 1971. 26 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-
July 2, 1971, Paper 71-66.)
The possibility of vegetation being an important sink for gase-
ous air pollutants was investigated. Plant pollutant uptake mea-
surements were made utilizing a typical vegetation canopy and
chambers that were designed specifically for gaseous exchange
studies. An alfalfa canopy was indicated to remove gases from
the atmosphere in the following descending order: hydrogen
fluoride, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, ozone,
peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide. The
absorption rate of NO was low, and no absorption of CO
could be detected by the methods used. In the typical ambient
concentration range, uptake increased linearly with increasing
concentration except for O3 and C12 which caused partial sto-
matal closure at the higher concentrations. Wind velocity
above the plants, height of the canopy, and light intensity
were shown to affect the pollutant removal rate. A relationship
between the absorption rate and solubility of the pollutant in
water was also shown. (Author abstract)
31733
Daessler, Hans-Guenther and Hans Grumbach
WASTE-GAS DAMAGE TO FRUIT IN THE VICINITY OF A
FLUORINE PLANT. Arch. Pflanzenschutz, 3(l):59-69, 1967. 10
refs. Translated from German. Sanzare Assoc., Inc., Philadel-
phia, Pa., 14p.
The effects of fluorine emissions on certain species and varie-
ties of fruits are described. During periods of high humidity,
slowly moving emission clouds form to cause acute damage
with severe leaf necrosis. High pressure weather conditions
lead to chronic damage which becomes apparent during har-
vest time. The behavior of vegetation to fluorine emissions de-
pends, to a large degree, upon what stage the vegetation is in
and its physiological activity. Signs of fluorine damage on
sweet cherries, plums, apples, and pears are described. The re-
sistivity of plants can be influenced by the application of cer-
tain hormones and by spraying the plants with time to reduce
the sensitivity to hydrogen fluoride.
32280
Raay, A. van
THE USE OF INDICATOR PLANTS TO ESTIMATE AIR
POLLUTION BY SO2 AND HF. Council of Europe, Committee
of Experts on Air Pollution, Air Pollution Proc. First European
Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen,
Netherlands, 1968, p. 319-328. (April 22-27.)
Indicator plants can be used to estimate damage to crops by
air pollution, although they can never give an absolute mea-
sure. An indicator plant must be sensitive to a certain contami-
nant, and it must react with clearly visible specific symptoms,
preferably at low concentrations. Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
fluoride pollution may be detected with plants that accumulate
the contaminant or with simple measuring devices. Both symp-
toms and chemical analysis must be used to trace the source,
the rate, and the extent of contamination. Indicator plants with
a different reaction to SO2 and HF allow distinction in areas
where both pollutants occur. Endive, lucerne, clover,
buckwheat, and barley may be used to detect SO2, and
gladioli and freesias for HF. By using these plants in many
small plots it is possible to mark the polluted area. The ad-
vantages of this method are low cost and immediate and easy
-------
402
indication of the pollution. The disadvantages are the possible
non-specificity of symptoms and losses of the pollutant from
the plant. Gladioli are being studied for a possible correlation
between the fluorine content of leaves, or tipburn injury, and
the fluorine concentration of exposed sticky papers. (Author
abstract modified)
32282
Spielings, F. H. F. G.
A SPECIAL TYPE OF LEAF INJURY CAUSED BY
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FUMIGATION OF NARCISSUS
AND NERINE. Council of Europe, Committee of Experts on Air
Pollution, Air Pollution Proc. First European Congr. Influence
Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1%8,
p. 87-89. (April 22-27.)
The studies of injuries to monocotyledonous ornamental
flowers growing near a steel factory west of Amsterdam,
gladioli and tulips artificially fumigated with hydrogen fluoride
showed the same order of sensitivity as in the field. Tests in a
fumigation chamber with different concentrations of HF
resulted in the following order of decreasing sensitivity: Ixia,
Freesia, Crocus, Sparaxis, Fritillaria, Chionodoxa, Scilla,
Muscari, and Galanthus. The symptoms of injury were an
ivory-colored necrosis of leaf tips, or, in freesias, a marginal
ivory-colored necrosis. Narcissus and Nerine bowdenii showed
different symptoms; after the appearance of the ivroy-colored
leaf tip, the injured part of the leaf slowly extended and a yel-
low discoloration started close to the original necrosis. This
area may stretch several times further than the injured tip.
(Author abstract modified)
32286
Robak, H.
ALUMINIUM PLANTS AND CONIFERS IN NORWAY. Coun-
cil of Europe, Committee of Experts on Air Pollution, Air Pol-
lution Proc. First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution
Plants Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 27-31.
(April 22-27.)
Quantities of fluorine emitted from aluminum plants polluting
the air in Norway vary from 8-10 to 27-30 kg/hr. Natural pine
forests in the neighborhood of all plants are notably damaged,
in three cases even completely destroyed. Visible injury is ob-
servable at up to 32 km. The current year s needles of badly
damaged trees usually show a fluorine content above 40 ppm.
Damage to spruce forests has occurred in a 100-200 ha area
within which the fluorine content of the current year s needles
exceeds 15-20 ppm and that of the last year s needles 24-35
ppm. Because the outlook for preventing fluorine-induced
conifer damage by technical means does not appear promising,
a switch should be made to more resistant conifer species.
Field observations and experimental plot studies show that
Larix decidua and L. leptolepis are remarkably free from
damage, even under unfavorable weather conditions.
32289
Ender, F.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON ANIMALS. Council
of Europe, Committee of Experts on Air Pollution, Air Pollution
Proc. First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants
Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 245-254. 12 refs.
(April 22-27.)
The most important problem concerning damage to animals by
air pollution is the poisoning of domestic animals by fluorine
in smoke, gas, or dust from various industries. The extent of
the problem is illustrated by evidence from the international
literature and studies conducted in Norway, where the postwar
growth in aluminum production has produced a tremendous
rise in livestock fluorosis. The total quantity of fluorine in
gases emitted by an aluminum plant is roughly 20 kg/ton of
aluminum produced. Emitted with the smoke and other damag-
ing compounds such as gaseous hydrofluoric acid and fluosil-
icic acid, dust-containing cryolite, and aluminum- and calcium-
containing fluorides. The geographic location as well as topo-
graphic conditions near the aluminum factories have a striking
influence on the fluorine contamination of soil and vegetation
in the surroundings. The risk of fluorine injuries in neighboring
valley districts is far greater with factories located at the bot-
tom of deep, narrow, U-shaped valleys than with those on
open, unsheltered ground. Despite installation of gas purifica-
tion procedures, it is impossible to completely prevent the
escape of fluorine-containing gases from doors, ducts, and
windows in electrolysis halls. With respect to the defluorina-
tion of forage, good results have been obtained by treating
contaminated grass with a misture of diluted sulfuric acid and
hydrochloric acid, or by using formic acid.
32291
Stamatovic, S. and D. Milic
PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION IN YUGOSLAVIA. Council
of Europe, Committee of Experts on Air Pollution, Air Pollution
Proc. First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants
Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 255-258. (April 22-
27.)
The expansion of the nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer indus-
tries in Yugoslavia has caused an increase in fluor emissions,
endangering plants and domestic animals. In affected areas,
fluorosis has been observed in horses, cattle, sheep, and goats.
Its occurrence is explained by the quantities of fluor measured
m hay, straw, wheat, maize, and sunflower seeds. The intensi-
ty of the poisoning varies according to geographic location, cli-
mate, and animal species. Under normal conditions, damages
are restricted to a distance of about 5 km from the factories. A
lead foundry has created the problem of lead accumulation in
soil, water, and animals, particularly in ruminants. Lead
poisoning has been observed in lambs but so far not in sheep.
Sheep milk in the affected area contains an average of 132
gamma/100 g lead. About the same concentration is found in
milk from cows, though no lead poisoning has been observed
in cattle.
32334
Donaubauer, Edwin
SECONDARY DAMAGE IN REGIONS OF AUSTRIA EX-
POSED TO POLLUTION. DIFFICULTIES IN DIAGNOSIS
AND ASSESSMENT. (Sekundaerschaeden in Oesterreichischen
Rauschschadensgebieten. Schwierigkeiten der Diagnose nnd Be-
wertung). Text in German. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad
Badan Naukowych Gornoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego,
Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen Powietr-
za na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p. 277-284. 10 refs.
(Sept. 9-14.)
Secondary damage from pollution most frequently occurs
through sunburn on peripheral susceptible tree stands in
clearings of wooded areas. Such trees, damaged by the sun,
attract pests and die. This applies especially to pine stands. In
the pollution- exposed areas of Aichfeld near Judenburg and
Gailitz-Arnoldstein, needles of mature pine stands suddenly
turned brown in 1963 following the appearance of an addi-
tional pollutant (hydrofluoric acid) into the already sulfur diox-
ide-polluted atmosphere (first area) and intensification of SO2
emission (second area). A contributing factor was an ex-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
403
ceedingly cold winter with temperatures 4 to 5 C below the
long-term average. Pollution- exposed stands are more
susceptible to infestation with the fungus Armillaria mellea
which causes great damage in Austria to pine, spruce, and
deciduous tree stands. Other pests which proliferate in pollu-
tion-damaged stands are Pissodes piceae, Cryphalus piceae,
Ips typographus, and Pissodes harcyniae. Generally it is not
easy to prove a causal relationship between emission and
secondary damge: detection of damage in a pollution-exposed
area is not sufficient proof. The task is easier where identical
or similar stands in unpolluted areas are available for com-
parison.
32339
Szalonek, Irena
FLUORINE-INDUCED POLLUTION AND PLANT DAMAGE
IN THE VICINITY OF A METAL ENAMELING PLANT. (Die
durch Fluor hervorgerufene Luftverunreinigung und die Pflan-
zenbeschaedigung in der Naehe eines Emaillierwerkes). Text in
German. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych
Gornoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego, Mater. Mied-
zynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen Powietrza na Lasy,
6th. Katowice, Poland, 1968, p. 117-125. 4 refs. (Sept. 9-14.)
Fluorine-induced damage observed on fruit trees and garden
plants at distances of 200-500 m from a metal enameling plant
initiated measurements of fluorine emission at 0.5 and 2.5-3 m
above ground and of fluorine content in plant life. The tests
were performed by exposing filter paper saturated with calci-
um hydroxide to the atmosphere for 3.5 and 10 hours and for
30 days respectively from October 1967 to February 1968.
Leaves were completely destroyed on 10-year old five-m high
fruit trees, and of peripheral leaf necrosis and light grey to
brown spots occurred on ornamental plants and Phaseolus vul-
garis. The median monthly atmospheric fluorine level in the
area of greatest damage (200 m from source) was 2.649 mg
F/100 sq m with a maximum of 3.029 mg F/100 sq m at 2.5 m
above ground and 2.004 mg F/100 sq m at 0.5 m above ground.
The pollution level at 2.5 m above ground was everywhere
greater than at 0.5 m above ground. The fluorine content in
leaves of bean plants at 1.5 to 2 m above ground was 285 m
from the source, two to three times that of plants growing
close to the ground. Fruit trees were more susceptible to
damage than horticultural and crop cultures.
32343
Kisser, Josef
THE PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON
VEGETATION. (Physiologische Probleme der Einwirkung von
Luftverunreinigungen auf die Vegetation). Text in German. Pol-
ska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych Gornoslaskiego
Okregu Przemyslowego, Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw
Zanieczyszczen Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968,
p. 27-43. 18 refs. (Sept. 9-14.)
The observations that individual plants in a monoculture react
differently to air pollution, that gladioli strains differ in their
resistance to pollutants, and that resistance of a plant to
hydrofluoric acid does not coincide with its resistance to sul-
fur dioxide lead to the conclusion that generally there are no
pollution resistant plants or strains but only increased re-
sistance to a certain chemical compound. The major part of
damage to vegetation can be attributed to gaseous components
of smoke emissions which penetrate into leaf tissues by gas
diffusion. The degree of damage to leaf cells depends basically
on the quantity of gas that penetrates into the leaf tissues and
on peak concentrations, if the leaf pores are open during the
emission period. Exposure of plants to hydrochloric acid
caused a depression of the water balance while exposure to
SO2 caused an initial rise, indicating that the effect on the
pore opening mechanism can differ from gas to gas. Higher
osmotic pressures and greater diffusion in peripheral regions
and leaf tips were found in all plants examined, where leaf
damage is initially manifested. In some cases the distribution
of leaf damage is also determined by leaf veins.
32344
Jung, Erwin
CHANGES IN AFFORESTATION OF THE POLLUTED RE-
GION OF RAUSHOFEN. (Bestandesuimvandlungen im
Rauchschadensgebiete von Ranshofen). Text in German. Polska
Akademia Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych Gornoslaskiego
Okregu Przemyslowego, Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw
Zaniecszyszczen Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland,
1968, p. 407-413. (Sept. 9-14.)
An aluminum plant in Raushofen is the source of fluorine and
tar containing emissions polluting 800 ha of an almost entirely
wooded countryside of spruce and white pine with some fir
and beech trees. Of this area 120 ha were either completely
destroyed by pollution or so heavily damaged that reforesta-
tion with more resistant species became necessary. Sixty ha
were planted with birches and alders 5 to 6 m high; while they
are not a crop-yielding culture they form, because of their high
resistance to heavy concentrations of pollutants, and excellent
protective belt around the aluminum plant. Only in the close
vicinity of the ovens did the alder not take hold. There, sallow
(Salix caprea) was planted which, while only 1.5 to 2 m high,
does contain the heaviest pollution emitted from the ovens.
The alder belt is about 600 m deep. The remaining 60 ha
furthest from the plant were replanted with larch trees. Two
ha were planted experimentally with fir. Parcels of the remain-
ing woods were classified according to a five-point scale with
the fifth point denoting the highest degree of pollution damage.
Reforestation is ordered when a parcel incurs 40% damage (2.5
on the point scale).
32516
Knabe, Wilhelm and Karl-Heinz Guenther
CONTRIBUTIONS OF FORESTRY TO THE ENVIRONMEN-
TAL PROTECTION IN NORTH RHINE WESTPHALIA.
(Forstwissenschaftliche Beitraege sum Umweltschutz in Nordr-
hein-Westfalen). Text in German. AHg. Forstz., 26(24):503-506,
513-514, June 1971. 28 refs.
The contribution of forestry to environmental protection con-
sists primarily of observations of the effects of air pollutants
on trees and plants. The results from indoor exposure test (in
greenhouses) do not always reflect the true situation. In open
air exposure experiments, young spruce trees grown from
seeds were less resistant than scions, whose needles had all
the characteristics of those of an old tree. In outdoor gasifica-
tion experiments, spruces, set up at different levels above the
ground, were exposed to the emissions from an aluminum
plant. The higher elevated plants were exposed to more
fluorine because of greater air ventilation. Tall old trees were
injured while young ones growing next to them were
seemingly healthy. Although more fluorine was absorbed by
the plants, it was eliminated again after some time. In North
Rhine Westphalia, forests with an average sulfur dioxide con-
centration of more than 0.08 mg/cu m during the growing
season over three quarters of all measurement years were un-
suitable for the growth of any coniferous trees with the excep-
tion of Pinus nigra Arn.
-------
404
32535
Bovay, E. and R. Zuber
NECROSES ON APRICOTS: CASING EXPERIMENTS WITH
HYDROFLUORIC ACID. (Necroses sur abricots: essais de
gazage au nioyen d acide fluorhydrique). Text in French. Revue
Suisse de Viticulture et Arboriculture (Lausanne), 3(3):78-81,
May-June 1971.
Necroses on apricots were frequently observed in the alpine
valleys where certain chemical and metallurgical industries,
particularly aluminum factories, were emitting fluorine into the
atmosphere. Casing experiments were conducted with various
concentrations of hydrofluoric acid on apricot trees and picked
fruit. Meteorological conditions of temperature, humidity, and
precipitation were observed. Exposure to hydrofluoric acid
caused necroses to appear on the leaves and the apricots
similar to the necroses on the fruits affected by industrial
fluorine emissions. A dry climate, high temperature, fine
precipitation followed by long periods of sunny weather, fol-
lowed in turn by more dry spells were favorably correlated to
the appearance of necroses.
32536
Bolay, A., E. Bovay, G. Neury, J. P. Quinche, and R. Zuber
DAMAGE TO APRICOTS AND OTHER FRUITS CAUSED BY
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. (Degats causes aux abricots et a d
autres fruits par les composes fluores). Text in French. Revue
Suisse de Viticulture et Arboriculture (Lausanne), 3(3):82-92,
May-June 1971. 49 refs.
Stone fruits (apricots, peaches, plums, and cherries), pears,
and applies grown in the alpine valley (Valais, South Tirol,
and Savoy) were examined for fluorine-induced damages. Cli-
matic conditions, particularly temperature, humidity, and
precipitation, were observed and correlated. Symptoms of
fluorosis on the stone fruits were characterized by well-
delimited brown-black necroses, sometimes surrounded by a
reddish aureole. The necroses were deep and reached to the
stone on very young fruits and were rather superficial on
fruits approaching maturity, which were most sensitive to
fluorine. Pears gave similar results. Fluorosis on apples ap-
peared as a reddening of the epidermis and rifts appearing
around the apex or on the most exposed side. The apples were
deformed. Damage symptoms were identical regardless of the
origin of the fluorine: atmospheric pollution, fluorine salts
sprayed on the fruit, or absorption by the roots from fertilizers
containing fluoborate compounds.
32539
Bolay, A., E. Bovay, J.-P. Quinche, and R. Zuber
AMOUNTS OF FLUORINE AND BORON IN THE LEAVES
AND FRUITS OF FRUIT TREES AND VINEYARDS, FERTIL-
IZED BY CERTAIN BORON- AND FLUORINE-CONTAINING
FERTILIZERS. (Teneurs en fluor et en bore des feuilles et des
fruits d arbres fruitiers et de vignes, fumes avec certains engrais
composes, boriques fluores). Text in French. Revue Suisse de
Viticulture et Arboriculture (Lausanne), 3(3):54-61, May-June
1971. 14 refs.
Various orchards and vineyards were examined for absorption
of fluorine and boron from the atmosphere and certain fertil-
izers by the fruits and leaves. Apricot trees grown in the
orchards of Rechy were affected by fluorine emissions from
certain aluminum factories. The amount of fluorine in the
leaves was proportional to the age, regardless of the fertilizer.
Young leaves, that emerged in the hot summer months, were
most damaged by the fluorine emissions but contained the
least fluorine. Conversely, the youngest leaves were richest in
boron content. Apricot orchards in Bieudron and Fey, areas of
minimal air pollution, had very few appearances of necroses.
The fluorine content in the leaves remained in the range of 17-
28 ppm. A stronger application of fertilizer increased the
fluorine content but had no notable effect on the boron con-
tent or chemical composition of the apricots. Comparable
results were gathered in one of the apricot orchards in Martig-
ny. The other, exposed to fluorine emitted by an aluminum
factory, had a higher fluorine content in the leaves. The treat-
ment of apricot trees by a fungicide containing fluorine had no
effect on the fluorine content. The boron content was clearly
increased upon application of the boron-containing fertilizer,
but the fruits did not absorb the fluorine of the fertilizer. Tests
on orchards in Marceh'n and Changins, areas virtually free of
fluorine in the atmosphere, determined an increase in fluorine
content in the leaves and of necroses due to the fertilizer.
Plum and pear trees examined under similar conditions gave
comparable results, with slight variations for different varia-
bles of pollution and fertilizer. Vineyards were also tested in
Valais. General results indicated that the combined boron-con-
taining fertilizers determined an evident accumulation of
fluorine in the leaves of the plants but had no effect on the
fluorine content in the fruits, which was proportional to the
degree of pollution by industrial fluorine emissions in the at-
mosphere.
32588
Dziubek, Tadeusz
HARMFUL INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL DUSTS UPON
PLANTS AND ANIMAL ORGANISMS. (O ujemnych skutkach
pylow fabrycznych na roslinnosc i organizmy zwierzece). Text in
Polish. Zesz. Probl. Postepow Nauk Rolnicych (Warsaw), no.
74:195-197, 1967.
Contamination of the atmosphere near aluminum and copper
foundries and phosphate fertilizer plants is caused mainly by
fluorine compounds. The contamination damages plants,
meadows, and pastures adjacent to factories or situated in the
vicinity and has an indirect effect on domestic animals fed
with fodder from such grasslands. Grassland vegetation 100-
3000 m from the factories were investigated by measuring the
quality and quantity of dust; 0-30 mg% fluorine compounds
were found. Changes in cattle tissue (teeth and bones), a
decrease in lactation, and a stunting of young animal growth
were noted. A considerable decrease in the hemoglobin in the
animals investigated also occurred.
32672
Feriancova-Masarova, Zora and Eva Kalivodova
THE EFFECT OF EXHALATIONS FROM THE ALUMINUM
PLANT IN ZIAR N/HRONOM ON THE SPECTRUM OF
BIRD SPECIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE PLANT. (Vplyv
exhalatov hlinikarne v Ziari nad Hronom na druhove zlozenie
vtakov v okoli). Text in Slovak. Biologia (Bratislava), 20(2): 109-
121, 1965. 28 refs.
Composition of the bird population composition was studied
for three years in five biotopes (woods, orchards, fields,
streams, and villages) situated in three geographic zones con-
taminated with varying fluorine concentrations and in one un-
contaminated zone. The zones formed concentric belts around
an aluminum plant. Severe fluorine damage to conifers, fruit
trees, and various deciduous species caused a change in the
biotopes which in turn affected the nesting habits of birds.
These changes were significant in the wooded area villages, in
the other biotopes the changes seemed unrelated to fluorine
levels. The number of bird species nesting in woods (first
biotope) was 8, 6, 17, and 22 respectively in the four zones;
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
405
the number of transient bird species in the respective zones
was 15, 8, 7, and 9. These counts indicate that the number of
nesting species was lowest in the zone with the maximal
fluorine level. The same result was obtained when the num-
bers of nesting species in the four zones were compared
without regard to biotope. Thus a shift of nesting species away
from the source of pollution is in progress.
32673
Kostolanska, Anna and Eugen Hluchan
THE EFFECT OF EXHALATIONS FROM AN ALUMINUM
PLANT ON THE FLUORIDE CONTENT IN BONES OF
FROGS. (Vplyv exhalatov z hlinikarne na obsah fluoridov v
kostiach ziab). Text in Slovak. Biologia (Bratislava), 20(12):916-
919, 1965. 5 refs.
The effect of emissions from an aluminum plant on the calci-
um fluoride content in bones of R. temporaria, R. dalmatina,
and R. esculenta living in the vicinity of the plant was deter-
mined and compared with respective fluoride contents in un-
contaminated frogs. The fluoride levels found in 100 g dry
bones fluctuated between 51.5 and 488.4 mg F compared with
21.6 and 69.6 mg F in uncontaminated frogs, a tenfold increase
in fluoride content. Stagnant water near the plant contained
10.9 mg F/liter. Surface soil samples contained 91 mg F/100 g
soil. The high fluorine content caused reduction of the
phosphorus content in frog bones.
32714
Monden, Masaya, Yuzuru Yumiba, and Akira Tanaka
PLANT DAMAGE BY AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen ni yoru
shokubulsu higai). Text in Japanese. Anzen Kogaku (J. Japan
Soc. Safety Eng.), 10(4):189-196, Aug. 1971. 2 refs.
Plants were exposed to sulfur dioxide, chlorine (hydrogen
chloride), fluorine (hydrogen fluoride), zone, peroxyacetyl
nitrate (PAN), and nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide and nitrogen
dioxide) and observed for symptoms of plant damage. The ef-
fects of exposure to sea winds, frost, and SO2 appeared as
round spots around the leaf edge or between the leaf veins.
The spots increased with strong sunlight. Damage due to HC1,
large irregularly shaped spots, was limited to small areas of
the leeward side, but was sometimes severe. Symptoms of
damage by HF were similar to those of CI2; the damage and
healthy parts of the plant were clearly distinct with HF
damage. Apricot trees and gladiolus were very sensitive to HF
exposure and effected by concentrations of 0.1 ppb and less.
The HF content of the damaged leaf attained 50%. Damage
due to ozone, caused by factory and automotive exhaust
gases, was most severe in June and July. Among the nitrogen
oxides, NO2 and NO caused most damage and inhibited plant
growth. PAN, the product of a photochemical reaction, caused
reduction of the photosynthetic function when damage was
chronic; in cases of acute damage, it affected the protoplasm
and produced cavity formations on leaves.
32736
Schmitt, Nicholas, Gordon Brown, E. Larry Devlin, Anthony
A. Larsen, E. Douglas McCausland, and J. Maxwell Saville
LEAD POISONING IN HORSES. Arch. Environ. Health, vol.
23:185-197, Sept 1971. 13 refs.
Five elements (lead, zinc, fluorine, arsenic, and cadmium)
were investigated in the vicinity of a smelter; excessive
amounts of lead in ingested forage were considered to be the
primary cause of a chronic debilitating disorder in six horses.
The high lead levels in forage were related to the presence of
lead in surface soil accumulated from emissions of a nearby
smelter. Young horses were found to have a significantly
higher susceptibility to the effects of lead than older horses
and cattle. The role played by high concentrations of zinc in
local grasses is not fully understood. The possibility of a
synergistic effect of zinc and other trace elements on animal
health deserves further study. While elevated fluoride content
in some of the grasses tested was evident, fluorosis was ruled
out as a cause of illness in the affected animals. Testing of
local ambient air and drinking water for all five elements stu-
died showed values to be well within acceptable limits. The
same applied to the testing of most locally produced foods of
animal and vegetable origin. A few species of leafy vegetables
were the only human foodstuffs in which, occasionally, signifi-
cantly elevated contents of lead and some of the other trace
elements studied were found. However, the possibility of any
health hazard related to their consumption was considered ex-
tremely remote. Human urine specimens and cattle were also
studied.
32771
Hitchcock, A. E., D. C. McCune, L. H. Weinstein, D. C.
MacLean, J. S. Jacobson, and R. H. Mandl
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FUMIGATION ON
ALFALFA AND ORCHARD GRASS: A SUMMARY OF EX-
PERIMENTS FROM 1952 THROUGH 1965. Contrib. Boyce
Thompson Inst., 24(14):363-385, Jan.-March 1971. 22 refs.
The results of experiments on controlled hydrogen fluoride fu-
migation of alfalfa and orchard grass are presented. Alfalfa
was relatively tolerant to HF with respect to the production of
foliar lesions. Chlorosis appeared prior to necrosis or was in-
duced at lower concentrations of fluoride. The symptoms were
most intense along the margins of immature expanded leaflets
of the leaves near the tips of main or axillary shoots. Mature
leaves were more resistant. The most severe symptoms
developed on alfalfa exposed for nine days to the highest
dosage of HF (5.20 micrograms F/cu m). The tolerance of
orchard grass was comparable. The high dosages of HF which
induced foliar markings did not reduce the yield of crops har-
vested immediately after the fumigation or subsequently. Ef-
fects on growth, when determined, amounted to an increase in
the fresh or dry weight of the plants. For each day of expo-
sure to HF at 1 microgram F/cu m, the fluoride concentration
of alfalfa tissue increased by 2-4 ppm, and that of orchard
grass increased by about 1 ppm. During the post-fumigation
period (8-22 days), the concentration of fluoride in alfalfa tis-
sue decreased by 50%. (Author summary modified)
32854
Arndt, U.
AIR POLLUTION-INDUCED LEAF PIGMENT CONCENTRA-
TION CHANGES. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISCUSSION
OF PIGMENT ANALYSIS. (Konzentrationsanderungen bei
Blattfarbstoffen unter dem Einfluss von Luftverunreinigungen.
Kin Diskussionbeitrag zur Pigmentanalyse). Text in German. En-
viron. Pollut., 2(l):37-48, July 1971. 41 refs.
The value of pigment changes is discussed as an early indica-
tion of the effects of air pollutioon on plants. Wheat, oat, and
rye plants were exposed to the effects of hydrofluoric acid, of
sulfur dioxide, and of hydrochloric acid for varying periods of
time and until necrosis set in; then chlorophyll A, chlorophyll
B, and beta-carotene were extracted from exposed and control
plants and analyzed chromatographically and spectrophotomet-
rically. Control plants exhibited a dependence of the pigment
concentration on plant strain, age, and on ecological condi-
tions prevailing prior to and during the experiment. While the
content of both chlorophyll A and B was not affected by ex-
-------
406
posure to the pollutants, the content of beta-carotene
decreased by 20 to 35% in plants exposed to SO2 and HCL. In
plants exposed to HF, the drop was less significant. Results of
this study do not warrant the use of changes in pigment con-
tent as an early indicator of the effect of pollution on plants
but the question should be pursued in the case of the yellow
chloroplast pigments.
32897
Desbaumes, P. and E. Bovay
DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE-IMMISSIONS BY MEANS
OF STATIC ABSORPTION APPARATUS (MODIFIED HARD-
ING METHOD). (Determination des immissions fluorees au
moyen d appareils d absorption statique, type Harding modifie).
Text in French. Revue Suisse de Viticulture et Arboriculture
(Lausanne), 3(3):75-77, May-June 1971.
A modified Harding apparatus was used to determine the cor-
relation between fluorine in the air and in plant leaves. The
device consists of a galvanized armature attached to a pole, a
group of superimposed discs holding filter paper, and a conical
roof protecting the device from rain and bird droppings. The
fluorine content was determined by the Belcher and West
method modified by Sulzberger after the calcination of a one
gram filter paper sample with calcium hydroxide. Measure-
ments were taken near an aluminum factory and near a fertil-
izer plant. The fluorine content in the filters was directly pro-
portional to the duration of exposure and inversely propor-
tional to the distance from the source of the fluorine. The ab-
sorption of fluorine by filter paper is much less than by plant
tissues because of respiration and evapotranspiration.
32982
Simonsson, Lennart
DAMAGES AND DISCOMFORTS CAUSED BY INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (Skador och obehag or-
sakade av industriell fororening av atmosfaren). Text in
Swedish. IVA (Ingenioersvetenskapsakad.) Tidstr., 26:141-163,
1955. 85 refs.
An extensive review is made of the literature of the effects on
humans, livestock, and plant life of the various types of gase-
ous and particulate air pollutants, including sulfur oxides,
hydrogen sulfide, fluorine compounds, chlorine, hydrogen
chloride, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, organic compounds, and
dust. Of these, the most extensive treatment is given to the ef-
fects of sulfur compounds an'' alides. The effects of sulfur
dioxide on plants is disci1' _^ m great detail. The effect of low
concentrations of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere on
plant life are being studied in Sweden at the agricultural school
in Ultima.
33089
Went, Frits W.
PLANTS MONITOR AIR POLLUTION. Sci. Citizen, 7(10):6-9,
Oct. 1965.
The effects of photochemical smog on plants and the use of
plants as indicators of air pollution are discussed. Experiments
have shown that there are at least two effects of smog which
do not give any immediately visible symptoms. One is a
general growth retardation. This was shown only in seedlings;
it is not certain whether mature plants also show this. The
second effect is a closing of the stomata of the leaf, which will
decrease the rate of photosynthesis. Plants are more sensitive
to smog than animals or humans, and can be used as warning
devices. When signs of damage begin to appear in plants, con-
centrations of air pollutants which may be poisonous to
animals and man are being approached. If the lower surface of
spinach, beet, or swiss chard leaves show a silvery or bronzed
appearance, the leaves of annual blue grass show white band-
ing, or petunia leaves show white discolored areas,
photochemical smog is indicated as cause for the damage. By
observing which leaves show this damage, the date when the
smog was present can be approximated, since the leaves are
most sensitive during the period of expansive growth. If the
leaves show a general ivory-white bleaching, or bleaching
between the veins, the toxicant was probably sulfur dioxide. A
brown burn around leaf edges, spotting on corn leaves, or
white or yellow discoloration of the tips of gladioli indicates
the presence of hydrofluoric acid. Plants in cities can con-
stitute a vast air pollution monitoring network if many more
persons are trained in the recognition of plant damage and sent
throughout the country to monitor toxic air conditions.
33127
Cheo, Paul C.
SOME COMMON DISEASES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN
THE LOS ANGELES AREA. Lasca Leaves, 21(2):36-45, June
1971.
Common diseases of ornamental plants in the Los Angeles
area were studied and correlated to unfavorable environmental
conditions, e.g., exposure to industrial emissions of sulfur
dioxide, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitrogen oxides, fluoride,
and ethylene gas; nutritional disorders, e.g., lack of water,
poor drainage, soil alkalinity, lack of organic matter, and salt
buildup; and parasitic organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses,
phanerogamic and nematodes). Specific causes and charac-
teristics of certain diseases, the plants they attack, and possi-
ble cures are examined.
33290
Stas, M. E.
FLUORINE POISONING FROM WASTE GASES AND DUST
EMITTED BY A SUPERPHOSPHATE PLANT: DETERMINA-
TION OF F CONTENT FROM DEPOSITS IN PLANTS,
DRINKING WATER, FORAGE, AND BONES. (Fluoor-vergif-
tiging door rook-gassen en stof van een superphosphaatfabriek).
Text in Dutch. Chem. Weekblad, vol. 38:585-593, 1941. 101 refs.
An extensive review is given of the literature on detrimental
effects caused by fluorine in plants, animals, and humans, as
well as the literature on methods of determining trace amounts
of fluorine in water, air, and various other locales. A report is
given of an original study of fluorine determination in plants,
rainwater, drinking water, plant life consumed by cattle, and
the bones of cat'!e. Results obtained in the immediate vicinity
(distances of 4 or - 100 m and + or - 300 m from the fertilizer
factory) were compared with control results from other lo-
cales. The water, grass, and hay consumed by the cattle con-
tained high amounts of fluorine, and that the bones of cattle
that died with the symptoms of fluorine poisoning contained a
higher fluorine level than other cattle.
33468
Thompson, C. R., O. C. Taylor, and B. L. Richards
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON L. A. BASIN CITRUS.
Citrograph, 55(5):165-166, 190-192, March 1970. 5 reis.
Commercially producing lemon and orange trees were en-
closed in plastic-covered greenhouses to which filtered or am-
bient air was introduced. Various air treatments were applied
to test for the effects of total pollutants in ambient air
fluoride, ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates, and nitrogen oxides). The
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
407
photochemical smog complex reduced the rate of water use,
apparent photosynthesis, and yield of fruit in trees receiving
ambient air. Fluoride levels in the atmosphere were too low to
cause detectable effects. Leaf drop was significantly less in
lemons receiving carbon-filtered air than in those receiving
ambient air. A similar trend occurred in navel oranges. Fruit
drop in navel oranges was also significantly less in carbon-fil-
tered air. Yield of mature fruit is reduced in some cases by as
much as 50%. (Author summary modified)
33606
Quinche, J. P., R. Zuber, and E. Bovay
A METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF FLUOBORATE IN
FERTILIZERS. (Un precede de detection du fluoborate dans les
engrais). Text in French. Revue Suisse de Viticulture et Arbor-
iculture (Lausanne), 3(3):71-74, May-June 1971. 6 refs.
The presence of fluoborate in commercial fertilizer can be de-
tected by growing young Coleus plants in a hydroponic solu-
tion to which a small amount of the fertilizer has been added.
The plants are grown for two weeks in a glasshouse or in a cli-
matic chamber, then the leaves are plucked and dried, and
fluorine and boron are determined. An abnormal and simul-
taneous increase of both fluorine and boron levels compared
to the respective levels in control plants grown under identical
conditions, but without the addition of the fertilizer, is proof
of the presence of KBF4 in the fertilizer. The method is sensi-
tive down to a fertilizer concentration of 0.1% KBF4.
33716
Matsushima, Jiro
AIR POLLUTION EFFECT TO THE AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY. (Norin sakumotsu ni oyobosu taiki osen no eikyo).
Text in Japanese. Ryusan (J. Sulphuric Acid Assoc., Japan),
24(6):22-36, June 1971. 34 refs.
Influences of sulfur dioxide, agricultural chemicals, nitrogen
oxides, and hydrogen fluoride on plants and agricultural
produce are discussed. A common damage of SO2 is chloiosis
and withering of red pines. The mechanism of damage has not
been explained satisfactorily, but it is clearly caused by SO2
oxidation reduction. A plant in its budding stage has a large
respiratory capacity and a small photosynthesis ability; as
leaves grow, the latter increases and the former decreases,
thereby increasing production and accumulation of car-
bohydrate. The quantity of SO2 absorption increases with the
increase in the surface area of leaves, yet a plant s SO2 ab-
sorption capacity has little to do with its respiratory capacity;
it is more influenced by the tree its respiratory capacity; it is
more influenced by the tree s photosynthetic capacity. This is
supported by the fact that an orange tree shows the same
amount of resistance when exposed to 30 C and 95% humidity
in middle March and forced to bud, as it does during winter.
Respiration of a tree in winter will increase in high tempera-
ture and humidity, but metabolism does not increase. When
metabolism is small, the influence of SO2 is small. Spraying
trees with glutathione is effective against oxidant damage but
it enchances the SO2 damage. The reason might be that glu-
tathione increases photosynthesis or impairs SO2 s reduction
of photosynthesis, thus causing the tree to absorb more gas.
33906
Paluch, Jan and Irina Schalenkowa
AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORINE IN POLAND AND ITS
TOXIC EFFECT ON HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
(Die Luftverunreinigung durch Fluor in Polen und ihre toxische
Wirkung auf Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzcn). Text in German.
Wiss. Z. Humboldt Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe,
19(5):489-492, 1970.
The major sources of the emission of fluorine compounds to
the atmosphere are aluminum phosphorus fertilizer manufac-
turing plants. In Poland, the superphosphate industry alone
produces a fluorine emission of some 4000 to 5000 tons an-
nually, the aluminum industry some 2000 tons. Fluorine has a
toxic effect on plants and animals, generally in an area within
a radius of 1.5 to 3 km. External symptoms on plants are
necrosis of leaf borders which can lead to destruction of their
metabolic system and eventual plant death. Some plants, like
cabbage, are more resistant than others in this respect. Peach
leaves, for instance, are extremely sensitive to fluorine con-
centrations. The plants in general absorb the fluorine through
their leaves and store it; such afflicted plants represent a
danger to animals and human beings if taken in as food. The
biological and clinical symptoms of fluorosis are due to
changes in the calcium and iodine balance in the human or
animal organism. Typical externally noticeable symptoms in
animals are deformations of long bones, ribs, and joints, fol-
lowed by lameness. Young animals show disturbances in
growth and changes on their teeth. In humans, the most well-
known effects are those brought about by fluorine in drinking
water. Acute fluorine poisoning can be caused by intake of
food which has been contaminated by fluorine compounds.
These occur in some insecticides and in some plant sprays.
34121
Schneider, R. E. and D. C. MacLean
RELATIVE SUSCEPTD3ILITY OF SEVEN GRAIN
SORGHUM HYBRIDS TO HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst., 24(12):241-244, July-Sept. 1970. 4 refs.
Fumigation of seven grain sorghum hybrids with gaseous
hydrogen fluoride resulted in necrosis of the leaf tips and
chlorotic mottle of subtending tissue. One-thbrd of the plants
were fumigated with HF at an average concentration of 7.0
micrograms F/cu m, one-third received an average of 3.9
micrograms F/cu m, and the remaining one-thbrd received fil-
tered, preconditioned air only. HF-induced injury to foliage
was first apparent in plants exposed to the higher concentra-
tion on the fifth day of fumigation. Physiological age of the
leaves influenced the appearance of foliar symptoms. The
youngest (expanding) leaves were not affected by fumigation
with HF, whereas the two subjacent leaves were most
susceptible. No HF-induced necrosis was observed on basal
leaves but mild chlorosis, similar to that which accompanies
senescence, was present. Severity of injury was variable: De-
Kalb C44C and RS 608 were most resistant to HF-induced
necrosis, whereas Northrup King 222A, Pioneer 846, RS 610,
RS625, and RS 671 were more susceptible. There was no rela-
tionship between the tissue accumulation of F and the relative
susceptibilities of the seven hybrid lines. Differences in accu-
mulation were affected only by the HF concentration during
fumigation. (Author summary modified)
34880
Navara, Yan and Zdenek Golub
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE ON PLANTS. (Vliyaniye flora
na rasteniya). Text in Russian. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad
Badan Naukowych Gornoslaskiego okregu Przemyslowego,
Mater Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw zanieczyszczen powietrza
na lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968., p. 95-99. (Sept. 9-14.)
The effects of fluorine on certain physiological processes oc-
curring in plants are summarized. Peas and cabbage are among
the most susceptible while carrots, tomatoes, and poppy-seeds
-------
408
are the most resistant species to fluorine, even when applied
at doses as high as 3-6 g f/1. The effect of calcium, magnesi-
um, or phosphorus on the accumulation of fluorine in pea tis-
sues decreases in this order. The dicotyledoneous plants are
more sensitive than the monocotyledoneous plants to fluorine
when applied in the substratum. The disruption of the plant
growth processes under these conditions is due to a decrease
in the assimilation of such nutritive elements as magnesium,
phosphorus, and potassium, whereby maximum fluorine accu-
mulations occur in the plant roots. The fluorine-induced altera-
tions in plant metabolism are manifested mainly by alteration
in the water balance of the plant tissues when exposed to con-
centrations of 0.07 mg/cu m of fluorine in the ambient air.
35578
Leonard, C. D. and H. B. Graves, Jr.
SOME EFFECTS OF AIR-BORNE FLUORINE ON GROWTH
AND YIELD OF SIX CITRUS VARIETIES. Proc. Florida State
Horl. Soc., vol. 83:34-41, 1970. 6 refs.
Young Hamlin, Pineapple, and Valencia orange, Orlando tan-
gelo, Dancy tangerine, and March grapefruit trees were grown
for 28 months in fine sand in 76-by 29-ft pots at six locations,
five of which were exposed to differnet levels of airborne
gaseous fluorine compounds. Variable but significant reduc-
tions in yield of the six citrus varieties occurred when the
spring flush leaves sampled in May 1969 contained from 20-40
ppm fluorine. These leaf fluorine contents resulted from expo-
sure for 1 i weeks to air averaging 0.23 to 0.38 ppm fluorine. In
most cases, the spring flush leaves sampled in October con-
tained two and a half times as much fluorine as those sampled
in May. This increase in leaf fluorine was closely related to
the mean fluorine content of air from May to October and to
the additonal exposure time. There were also highly significant
yield reductions from dilute hydrofluoric acid (HF) applied to
bearing orange trees only during the spring blooming season.
This fact and the negative correlation between fluorine content
of spring flush leaves sampled in May and yield strongly sug-
gest that most of the fluorine-induced injury occurs in the
spring bloom period. However very high levels of leaf fluorine
accompanied by severe chlorosis can reduce yields the next
year even in the absence of fluorine exposure during the
period of bloom and fruit set. Only Valencia orange showed a
significant teduction in growth.
35613
Benedict, H. M. and J. P. Nielsen
THE MARKINGS PRODUCED BY VARIOUS AIR POLLU-
TANTS ON LEAVES. Proc. Nat. Shade Tree Conf., vol. 32:205-
214, 1956.
External effects of air pollutants on the leaves of various
plants include inert or insoluble dusts clogging the stomata and
inhibiting light or food, and markings due to corrosive sub-
stances, e.g., sulfur trioxide. Internal effects are those caused
by absorption of polluting gases or soluble particulate matter
into the leaves. Both types of effects, and the characteristic
markings caused by exposure to ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen
sulfide, nitrogen oxides, chlorine dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, and smog are discussed.
35877
Liebenow, H.
BEARINGS OF IMMISSIONS ON PLANTS AND
LIVESTOCK. (Die Bedeutung der Immissionen fuer Pflanzen-
und Tierbestaende). Text in German. Monatsh. Veterinaermed.,
26(3):106-111, Feb. 1, 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Probevor-
lesung anlaesslich des Habilitationsverfahrens, Sektion Tier-
producktion und Vetcrinacrmedizin, Jan. 20, 1970.)
Plant and livestock damage from sulfur dioxide, fluorine and
its compounds, ozone, and dusts is discussed. The threshold
sensitivity limits for plants are 0.3 mg/cu m SO2, 0.01-0.03
mg/cu m fluorine, and 0.2 mg/cu m ozone in ambient air. Pine
and fir are among the most sensitive tree species and the sugar
beet appears to be the most susceptible plant to these pollu-
tants. Macroscopic damage to plant species from SO2 includes
reddish brown color of the coniferous needles and brown
spots on the leaves; chlorophyllous alterations and damage of
cytoplasmic organelles appear on the microscopic level. A con-
centration of 0.15 mg/cu m SO2 reduces the daily milk per-
formance in cattle by 9% and the milk fat content by 8%. Alu-
minum and superphosphate plants are the main sources of
fluorine pollutants. Fluorine and its compounds cause the
blackening of needle and foliage tips and chloroplast decay in
plants. Dental fluorosis is the most common fluorine-induced
disease in livestock. Fluorine produces impairment of calcium
and phosphorus metabolism as well as alterations in cellulose
digestion processes. The bean species appears to be the most
sensitive plant to ozone. Ozone causes death from lung edema
in livestock and the incidence of lung and skin cancer appears
to be twice as high in ozone-polluted areas than in unpolluted
air. Arsenic-bearing dusts produce the most damaging effects
on livestock following ingestion of dusty feed, and accumula-
tion of dusty layers on plant surfaces hinders normal metabol-
ism.
35880
Kerin, D.
DELIMITATION OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS BY MEANS
OF PLANT ANALYSIS. Protectio Vitae, 16(5):201-202, Oct.
1971. 13 refs.
Vegetation damage in areas surrounded by metallurgical and
industrial plants are mainly caused by sulfur dioxide and
fluorine compounds. Plants are much more sensitive than hu-
mans or animals to SO2. Many plant varieties show signs of
damage at a concentration of 0.3 ppm SO2. Fluorine and it
compounds are particularly injurious to cherries, grapes,
plums, various ornamental plants, and vegetables. The Ontario
variety of apples is very susceptible. Visible damage to
buildings is also caused by this group of pollutants. For deter-
mination of the effect of the above pollutants on vegetation,
needle samples were taken in September and October in pol-
luted areas and compared to needle samples from unpolluted
regions. First and second year needles were separated.
Average samples were taken from 100 grams dried needles.
Sulfate, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese were determined.
Plants taken from the immediate vicinity of a glass work were
heavily contaminated with fluorine. Concentrations of 4.0 to 25
mg F/kg dried basis were measured. The sulfur concentration
was between 0.50 to 1.5% (natural concentration is 0.20%).
The lead concentration ranged from 24 to 1.136 mg Pb/kg
(natural concentration is 3.0 mg Pb/kg dried needles). The zinc
content ranged from 136 to 495 mg Zn/kg dried needles; in un-
polluted areas it is 28 to 75 mg Zn/kg.
35964
Kadota, Masaya
AIR POLLUTION AND TREES: THE CREATION OF URBAN
WOODS. (Taiki osen to jumoku toshirin no zosei). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(l):31-38, 1971. 14 refs. (Presented at the National Council
Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-
29, 1971.)
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
409
The smoke lesions caused by various gases such as sulfur
dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, chlorine, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen fluoride, oxidant, and nitrogen dioxide are reviewed.
Experiments were conducted on the effect of SO2 on black
pines; the increase of sulfur content in the leaves per day (ap-
proximately seven hours of exposure) was 0.004%. This figure
imposed on a standard mature black pine forest (dry leaves
one kg/sq m) means that the forest theoretically has a capacity
for absorbing 40 mg of sulfur (80 mg SO2)/sq m/day. The ac-
cumulation of dusts on leaf surface and the necessity of green
buffer areas in cities are discussed. The amount of green area
required per person was calculated by the amount of oxygen
discharged and carbon dioxide absorbed by photosynthesis of
trees as against the O2 consumption and CO2 emission by
human respiratory activities. An adult requires approximately
30 to 40 sq m of wooded area for living. These matters are to
be taken into consideration in the future city planning.
35992
Oelschlaeger, Walter
THE PROBLEMS OF EMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF
FLUORINE CONCERNING THE EFFECTS ON PLANT AND
ANIMAL. (Problematik der Inunissionsmessungen von Fluor
hinsichtlich der Wirkungen auf Pflanze und Tier). Text in Ger-
man. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(ll):457-459, Nov. 1971. 27
refs.
The fluorine content of the ambient air can be determined by
two methods: either the gaseous fluorine compounds are deter-
mined or the gaseous F compounds plus the F compounds
contained in the fly ash are determined. Plant damage is al-
most exclusively caused by the gaseous F compounds in the
atmosphere. Industries emit mostly hydrogen fluoride and sil-
icon fluoride. These gases are easily absorbed by plants
through the stomata. The damage caused by fluorine com-
pounds found in fly ash on plants is minimal. This can be con-
firmed by experiments with apple, pear, and cherry trees and
with lilac. The soil in which the plants grew contained 1.5 g/kg
fluorines and the fly dust applied to the leaves contained 12
g/kg and 132 g/kg. After weeks of application, no injuries
could be observed. Apart from the gaseous F compounds in
the atmosphere, resistance, water metabolism, nutrient supply,
relative humidity, and light intensity must be taken into con-
sideration. Cattle are most sensitive to higher fluorine intakes.
Fluorine compounds are either ingested with food or drinking
water or inhaled. Cattle s tolerance limit for fluorine intake
with the fodder is 30 to 40 ppm referred to dry substance,
which is less than one mg/kg body weight. Experiments have
shown that higher F concentrations in hay hardly raised the F
content in bones above that in cattle receiving sodium fluoride.
The same is true for the F intake from fly dust adhering to
grass. Therefore it is better to use only the measurement of
gaseous emissions for any evaluation of the injurious effect of
fluorine. The F content on and in plants should be separately
determined by the carbon tetrachlonde method.
36159
NikoJayevskiy, V. S.
PHYSIOLOGICAL-BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE
GAS RESISTANCE OF PLANTS. In: American Institute of
Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Re-
sistance of Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry
and to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.),
Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology,
1971, p. 1-27. 126 refs. Translated from Russian. (Also: Uch.
Zap., no. 222:5-33, 1969.)
Principal advances in research pertaining to the gas resistance
of plants are reviewed. The influence of toxic compounds on
the anatomical-morphological structure of leaves and the
physiological-biochemical characteristics of plants is con-
sidered. Also, the species of plants resistant to various com-
pounds in different physico-geographical zones have been
ascertained. Investigators have undertaken detailed studies of
the chemistry of injuries to plants by acid gases, as well as the
chemical mechanism of transformation of sulfur dioxide in
plants and its influence on the metabolism of carbon com-
pounds, with the aid of isotopic techniques. Considerable at-
tention has been given to the development of methods for stu-
dying gas resistance of plants. Of major importance for a suc-
cessful diagnosis and study of the gas resistance of plants is
the establishment of direct indicators characterizing the degree
of plant resistance. The effects of ammonia, mercury, acids,
fluorine, chlorine, and other pollutants on plants are described.
36742
Haselhoff, E. and G. Lindau
SMOKE INJURIES OF VEGETATION. HANDBOOK FOR
DIAGNOSING AND EVALUATING SMOKE INJURIES. (Die
Beschaedigung der Vegetation durch Rauch. Handbuch zur Er-
kennung und Beurteilung von Rauchschaeden). Text in German.
Leipzig (East Germany), Gebrueder Borntraeger, 1903, 412p.
124 refs.
Smoke generation, characteristics and progression of smoke
injuries, causes of necrotic changes in plants, and comparisons
of smoke injuries with normal processes in plants are in-
vestigated. The effects of sulfurous and sulfuric acids,
chlorine, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid,
acetic acid, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, bromine, tar and other
organic substances, asphalt, and methane on plants were
determined. Sulfuric acid content of the soil was not increased
by acute and continuous exposure to gases containing sulfur
dioxide; even an increase in soil sulfate content would not
damage plants. Plant damage due to SO2 effects on leaves was
examined. Injuries due to SO2 included depression of trans-
piration; exposure to hydrochloric acid impaired assimilation.
Metal compounds, introduced into the soil through fly ash,
could affect plant roots. Mercury vapor emissions were very
damaging to plants, resulting in black spots and fading. The
value of plant and soil studies, sampling techniques, chemical
analyses, botanical studies, and preventive measures were
discussed.
36785
Dreher, K. von
POISONING OF BEES BY FLUOR. (Fluorvergiftungen bei
bienen). Text in German. Bull. Apic. Doc. Sci. Tech. Inform.
(Nice), 8(2):119-128, 1965.
In order for laboratories analyzing bees for fluorine com-
pounds to obtain comparable results, the average of fluor per
bee should be established and the bees should be washed be-
fore analysis to eliminate exogenous impurities. Analysis of
healthy bees in industrial areas showed that the percentage of
fluor is lower in wintering bees than in summer bees. Bees
from an experimental apiary near an aluminum factory con-
tained an average of 9.85 micrograms per bee, with an average
of 15-25 micrograms for poisoned bees. Sensitivity varies with
age for healthy bees. A toxicity threshold of 10 micrograms is
suggested. When different parts of the body were examined,
91% of the fluor was found in the abdomen and 83% in the
middle gut.
-------
410
36787
FRICTION WITH FLORIDA FARMERS. Chem. Week,
76(14):28, April 2, 1955.
Gladioli and tomato growers in the Tampa area claim that
stack gases from a local phosphate plant are damaging their
crops. As compensation for the alleged damage, 22 agricultural
firms and individual fanners are seeking judgements against
the company totaling nearly $1.5 million. The plant maintains
that it has installed the most modern air-pollution contiol
equipment, while the state Board of Health believes that the
pollutant in question comes from putrefaction of waters in
Tampa Bay and not from phosphate plants. One theory holds
that crop damage from phosphate plants may be due to a
fluorine compound formed in treating phosphate rock.
36883
LeBlanc, Fabius, Gilberte Comeau, and D. N. Rao
FLUORIDE INJURY SYMPTOMS IN EPIPHYTIC LICHENS
AND MOSSES. Can. J. Botany, 49(9):1691-1698, 1971. 22 rets.
To study in situ the effects of fluorides on lichens and mosses,
lichen- and moss-bearing bark discs were cut from trees in an
unpolluted area of Arvida, Quebec, and transplanted in groups
of six onto trees in an area polluted by an aluminum factory.
Fifteen sites, in addition to a control site, were selected in dif-
ferent directions from the factory. At each site, two boards on
which the bark discs were fixed were nailed to a tree. One
board was removed after four months exposure and the other
after 12 months. The lichens and mosses in both control and
polluted areas were compared with respect to color, external
morphology, plasmolysis in algal cells, loss of green color, na-
ture of reactions toward neutral red and 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-
tetrazolium chloride, absorption spectra of chlorophyll, and
fluoride concentrations. Results indicate that fluoride pollution
affects moisture balance, causes chlorophyll damage, and
produces other symptoms of injury which could lead to the ul-
timate death of these organisms. At the end of 12 months,
lichen fluoride concentrations ranged from 134 ppm at 15 km
NE of the factory to 990 ppm at one km E. Moss fluoride con-
centrations were always lower than lichen concentrations.
(Author abstract modified)
36994
Scholl, G.
INFLUENCE OF PHYTOTOXIC EMISSIONS ON THE
GROWTH OF HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICULTURAL
CROPS. (Einfluss phytotoxischer Immissionen auf das
Wachstum landwirtschaftlicher und gaertnerischer Kulturen).
Text in German. Landwirt. Forsch. Sonderh., no. 19:166-176,
1965. 20 refs.
The effect of emissions from a metallurgical plant, including
sulfur dioxide and fluorine derivatives, on plant growth was
investigated during a three-year period. The 12 month average
SO2 content ranged from 0.24 to 0.30 mg/cu m above the two
experimental lots. The damaging effects were focused on the
leaves and consisted in color alteration and necrosis. Plant
growth and yield effects varied according the climatic condi-
tions, species, and stage of growth. Winter rye and leek ap-
peared to be the most emission-resistant species. Highest yield
losses were produced in certain bean species, spinach, and
summer barley. Barley accumulated the highest amount of sul-
fur which increased from 0.54 to 0.83% (dry matter) in the
leaves at the end of the third year of the experimental period.
Fluorine content ranged from 3.0 (spinach) to 26.2 (summer
barley) mg/100 g dry matter during the second year of the ex-
periment.
36996
Hajduk, Juraj
EXTENSION GROWTH IN SEEDLINGS AS A BIOLOGICAL
TEST OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH FLUORINE EX-
HALATES. (Verlaengerungswachstum der Keimlinge als
biologischer test von durch Fluorexhalate intoxizierten Boeden).
Text in German. Biologia, 24(10):728-737, 1969. 19 refs.
Biological tests based on measurements of pea and barley
seedling root extension growth to evaluate the toxicity of
fluorine exhalates from an aluminum plant were carried out.
The aluminum plant is located in the Hron River Valley and
exposed to northwest and north winds with a hilly background
on its southern side; the location is characterized by 30% still
days/year. Soil located varying distances from the emission
source and control soil treated with known amounts of dust
from the fusion electrolysis shop of the factory were used for
the seedling growth experiments. Lowest growth rates of pea
seedling roots appeared on the soil exposed to the highest
amounts of fluorine contamination as affected by meteorologi-
cal and topographic interactions. Inhibition of pea seedling
root growth was well correlated with the amounts of fluorine-
contaminated dusts added to the control soils. Pea seedlings
can be utilized as a biological testing species for the evaluation
of fluorine contamination of soils exposed to this pollutant.
Barley seedlings elicited irregular reactions and, thus, were re-
jected as unsuitable for similar tests.
36998
Wentzel, K. F.
THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTANTS AND
LIME FERTILIZERS ON SMOKE-EXPOSED GROUNDS.
(Zur Bodenbeeinflussung durch industrielle Luftverunreinigun-
gen und Duengung in Rauchschadenslagen, insbesondere mit
Kalk.) Text in German. Forst-Holzwirtschaft, 14(8):178-182,
1951. 31 refs. (Presented at the Bezirksgruppentagung des
Bundes Deutscher Forstmaenner, Muenster, West Germany,
Jan. 22, 1959.)
While air is only a temporary carrier of industrial pollutants,
the soil is the final site of their absorption. Sulfur dioxide and
fluorine compounds are the main smoke constituents and
metal oxides and silicic acid are the main dust constituents ab-
sorbed by soil. Sulfur dioxide containing smoke elicits an acid
pH. Conversion of SO2 into sulfurous or sulfuric acid which is
then conveyed into the ground by rain or snow increases soil
acidity. The available free bases of the soil are then converted
into insoluble sulfates, depriving the plants of an important
nutrutional requirement. Forests are the most susceptible to
damage from smoke because of their poor buffering properties
and their initial low base contents. Metallurgical processing,
cement, and electric power producing plants are the main dust
emission sources. Dusts may elicit acid, neutral, or alkaline
pH, according to their chemical composition. Dust fall inflicts
severe damage to soil structure. Application of fertilizers such
as lime would prevent the acidifying effects from smokes and
would improve plant resistance against noxious agents. Fertil-
izer application would also provide a means for the protection
of soil structure.
37346
Daessler, H. G.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND CRYOLITE
DUST UPON PLANTS AND ANIMALS NEAR A HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE FACTORY. Fluoride, 4(l):21-24, Jan. 1971. 3 refs.
(Presented at the International Society of Fluoride Research
Conference, 3rd Annual, Vienna, Austria, March 22-25, 1970.)
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
411
To clarify damage due to fumigation by hydrogen fluoride and
cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride) dust, studies were carried
out on fruit trees, agricultural plants, vegetables, and orna-
mental plants in the vicinity of a hydrofluoric acid factory.
The development of toxic symptoms, differences in sensitivity
between plant species, and extent of leaf and fruit damage are
described. Plants resistant to F(-) pollution were sour cherries,
raps, sugar beets, potatoes, cabbage, asters, and roses. In fruit
trees, the sensitivity of leaves did not parallel that of fruit. Fu-
migation experiments with HF in air mixtures produced results
that agreed closely with the field observations. Fluoride intoxi-
cation in milk cows near the factory was manifested by
reduced milk production. The bee population suffered substan-
tially from F(-) emissions. (Author abstract modified)
37403
Woltz, S. S., W. E. Waters, and D. C. Leonard
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON METABOLISM AND VISIBLE
INJURY IN CUT- FLOWER CROPS AND CITRUS. Fluoride,
4(l):30-36, Jan. 1971. 11 refs. (Presented at the Conference of
the International Society of Fluoride Research, Annual, 3rd,
Vienna, Austria, March 22-25, 1970.)
Experiments were conducted to determine the susceptibility of
horticultural crops grown in Florida to damage from fluorides.
Atmospheric fluorides were considered, as well as fluorides
derived from soil and water. Fluoride taken up by gladiolus
roots caused foliar damage only when soil pH was low and F(-
) containing superphosphate was applied in relatively excessive
amounts. The damage to leaves occurred more to leaf interior
than to margins and tips as in F(-) fumigation. Fluoride in
leaves moved passively with the transpiration stream of water
and accumulated at the terminus of translocation. Rose and
gladiolus cut flowers were damaged by low F(-) concentrations
in vase water, while chrysanthemums were less affected. De
novo chlorophyll synthesis in Vigna sinensis seedling leaves
was inhibited by F(-) absorbed by detached seedling tops. The
yield of Valencia orange fruit was depressed by airborne F(-).
Valencia leaves were reduced in size, had decreased
photosynthetic rates, and had decreased chlorophyll content in
response to increasing levels of airborne F(-). (Author abstract
modified)
37480
Rippel, A.
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE EMISSION ON ANIMAL
PRODUCTS. Fluoride, 4(2):89-92, April 1971. 8 refs. (Presented
at the International Society of Fluoride Research Conference,
Annual, 3rd, Vienna Austria, March 22-25, 1970.)
Fluoride assays were made over a 3-year period of milk and
eggs produced by animals raised within 100 m of an aluminum
smelter. Milk from eight cows, 4 to 9 yrs old, averaged 0.6 mg
fluoride/1. Milk produced in the morning contained an average
of 0.5 mg F, while evening milk contained 0.7 mg F/l. The
highest fluoride, content, an average of 0.94 mg/1 for 18
months, was noted in the milk of a young heifer. The F(-) in th
yoke of chicken eggs averaged 1.2 ppm. This value was only
slightly higher than that of the controls (1.1 ppm). However,
the fluoride content of egg shells in the exposed area was nine
times higher than in the control eggs. The differences in thr
fluoride content of milk and eggs confirms the fact that
poultry are relatively more resistant to fluoride emissions than
cattle. (Author abstract modified)
37567
Oelschlaeger, W.
FLUORIDE UPTAKE IN SOIL AND ITS DEPLETION.
Fluoride, 4(2):80-84, April 1971. 6 refs. (Presented at the Inter-
national Society of Fluoride Research Conference, Annual, 3rd,
Vienna, Austria, March 2-25, 1970.)
The magnitude of fluoride uptake by soil from artificial fertil-
izers was determined. The values were compared with the
amount of F(-) removed through harvesting crops and through
seepage water. Fertilization of cereals, potatoes, grass, fodder,
beets, and sugar beets with superphosphates added from 8-20
kg F(-)/ha to soil. On the other hand, these plants, when har-
vested, contained only 5-80 g F(-)/ha or 0.1-0. 4% of the added
F(-). The F(-) accumulation in soil containing 200 ppm F(-) (a
general average) after fertilization with superphosphate was
1.3-4.5% annually. Removal of F(-) from soil by seepage water
was estimated at 30 widely separated agricultural and wooded
areas. Fluoride loss through seepage water averaged 52-208
micrograms/1, depending on levels of clay and lime in the soils
and on the marked relation between the F(-) content of the
water and the runoff. From 0.5-6% of the yearly added incre-
ment was thus removed. In a nonpolluted area, therefore, con-
siderable amounts of F(-) accumulate in soil from fertilizers. In
some instances, they constitute up to 90% of the amounts
which are added to the ground. (Author abstract modified)
37792
Rao, D. N. and D. Pal
A VOLATILE FLUORIDE GENERATOR FOR FUMIGATING
PLANTS. Fluoride, 5(1): 18-21, Jan. 1972. 5 refs.
A simple apparatus for generating volatile fluoride in con-
trolled amounts is described. A polyethylene reservoir is
mounted over an atomizer and a feeder cup containing a solu-
tion of hydrofluoric or hydrofluorsilicic acid as a source of
volatile fluoride. A syphon tube, fitted with a flow regulator,
connects the reservoir to the feeder cup. The atomizer, con-
sisting of a capillary tube, a compressed air nozzle, and a
basal tube, converts the fluoride solution into a mist of fine
droplets which pass into a heating tube and are converted to
gas. Heavier droplets condense on the atomizer cover, and the
resulting liquid is returned to the feeder cup. Due to the solu-
tion returning from the atomizer and the fresh solution coming
from the reservoir, the level of liquid in the feeder cup
remains more or less constant. This arrangement helps to
maintain a constant concentration of the atomizing solution.
The equipment is portable and can be used to fumigate plants
at any location. It can be used to test plant damage from
fluorides or absorption of fluoride under controlled conditions.
38017
Guderian, R., H. van Haul, and H. Stratmann
PLANT-DAMAGING HYDROGEN FLUORIDE CONCENTRA-
TIONS. (Pflanzenschaedigende Fluorwasserstoff-Konzentra-
tionen). Text in German. Umschau (Berlin), 71(21):777, 1971. 2
refs.
Because of increased emissions of fluorine-containing gases
from plants manufacturing aluminum, copper, superphosphate,
glass, or cement, tests were conducted to determine the effect
of various concentrations of atmospheric hydrogen fluoride on
a variety of plants. Varying harmful effects were noted with
concentrations of 0.85-4.2 micrograms/cu m in air, but no
definite conclusions regarding allowable concentration limits
were reached.
-------
412
38332
Daessler H. -G. and S. Boertitz
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS. (Zur Wirkungsweise von Luftverunreinigungen auf
landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse). Text in German. Biol. Zen-
tralbl., 90(5):611-619, Sept./Oct. 1971. 12 refs.
With the aid of simplified graphs, the specific effects of sulfur
dioxide fluorides, and indifferent and toxic (lead, zinc, and ar-
senic containing) dusts on agricultural plants in the German
Democratic Republic are shown. Continuous and long-term ex-
posure to low S02 concentrations impair the photosynthesis
(carbon dioxide assimilation), which in turn affects the quanti-
ty and quality of plant products. Most characteristic is the
reduction of crop yield. Moreover, the S02 intake raises the
sulfate level in plants. Relatively high S02 concentrations
cause the death of cells, photosynthesis does not take place
any more in necrotic tissue. Exposure to fluorine-containing
emissions and to dusts leads to an accumulation of these pollu-
tants in the plants to an extent which might be harmful to
animals. Exposure of plants to non-toxic dusts such as fly ash
and soot causes considerable changes of the plant metabolism.
Toxic dusts inactivate ferments and retard root growth.
38343
McCune, D. C.
PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN DEVISING AIR QUALITY
CRITERIA FOR THE EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON
VEGETATION. (Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.), 32(10):697-701, Oct.
1971. 14 refs.
Air quality criteria function as guidelines to acceptable air
quality which requires that they should be complete, accurate,
and useful presentations of the evidence. The problems for
presenting accurate data for air quality criteria for effects of
fluoride on vegetation are discussed. The available information
is insufficient in depth and scope to allow unequivocal state-
ments about the effect of fluorides on plants. The variety of
effects, receptors, and conditions necessitate a number of sim-
plifying assumptions if data are to be collated. Also, unless
some desired air quality objective and the conditions for
achieving it are given, the body of information in the criteria
may not be presented in its most effective or useful form. Il-
lustrations for the problems include studies on the effects of
hydrogen fluoride on alfalfa. (Author abstract modified)
38404
Maclntire, Walter H.
AIR VERSUS SOIL AS CHANNELS FOR FLUORIC CON-
TAMINATION OF VEGETATION IN TWO TENNESSEE LO-
CALES. Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution,
Washington, D. C., Air Pol I lit., Proc. U. S. Tech. Conf.,
Washington, D. C., 1950, p. 53 - 58. 2 refs. (May 3-5, Louis C.
McCabe, ed.)
Long-term (20-year) field and experimental studies are re-
ported of the processes through which forage vegetation may
acquire an abnormal fluorine content; the work was initiated in
response to complaints that fluorine emissions from nearby in-
dustry were causing damage to plants and livestock. Results
indicate that soils possess distinctive capacities to fix additive
fluorides against rain-water leaching and against migration of
the fluorine ion into above-ground forage crops, and that such
migration is repressed in soil systems that contain adequate
supplies of calcium. Abnormal fluorine content in the vegeta-
tion of certain locales in Blount County (eastern Tenn.) is at-
tributed to direct contamination from the hydrofluoric acid
that is emitted to the atmosphere through the manufacture of
aluminum. In the absence of fluoric dusts and without
mechanical pollution from phosphatic soils, fluoric contamina-
tion of forage vegetation in Maury County (middle Tenn.) ap-
parently comes directly from the fluoric effluents present in
that atmosphere, rather than through uptake of florides from
the soil. (Author summary modified)
38407
Phillips, Paul H.
FLUOROSIS IN LIVESTOCK. Interdepartmental Committee
on Air Pollution, Washington, D. C., Air Pollut., Proc. U. S.
Tech. Conf., Washington, D. C., 1950, p. 123 - 126. 1 ref. (May
3-5, Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
Gaseous effluents from industrial activities may be important
contributors to chronic fluorine poisoning in livestock. The
three principal syptomatologic features are described in the
order in which they occur: effects on the dental structures, the
skeletal system, and the protoplasmic mass. Experimental
feeding of raw rock phosphate fluoride to cattle resulted in an
intake of 2 mg/day/kg body weight with safety; 4 mg was an
unsafe level. Conversion of the results of these studies to the
fluorine equivalent of the more soluble NaF would mean that
41-45 ppm NaF would not affect growth or milk and butter fat
production; 75-87 ppm would affect milk production but not
growth. A laboratory analysis of the fluorine level in the long
bones of the legs provides an essential check in diagnosing
fluorosis, since some of the symptoms are non-specific. The
normal fluorine content in these bones is 200-1000 ppm, and
no growth retardation or reduced yield of milk or butter fat
occurs unless the average concentration exceeds 5000 ppm.
38411
Davidsson, Ingolfur
INCREASED FLUORINE POLLUTION. (Vaxandi fluormen-
gun). Text in Icelandic. Freyr, 67(7/8): 167-168, April 1971.
General problems of air pollution are outlined with special re-
gard to fluorine. Damage caused by fluorine was observed in
coniferous forests near Ragnars Peturssonar during the second
part of the vegetation period. Red to brown spots appeared on
the needles in August. In November, whitening of the needle
edges was observed, which was followed by necrosis. Fluorine
concentrations up to 193 ppm were measured in this area.
Coniferous forests were damaged by fluorine-bearing dusts in
concentrations of 10-20 ppm in Norway.
38412
Horntvedt, Richard
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON FORESTS. (Virkninger av
luftforurensninger pa skog). Text in Norwegian. Norsk Skog-
bruk, 17(l):3-4, 1971.
Direct and indirect effects of air pollution and related in-
vestigations for a glass-fiber plant are described. Direct
damage caused by gaseous and particulate pollutants has a
local character. Damage to forests was observed around a
glass-fiber processing plant emitting fluorine and sulfur dioxide
in amounts of 3 kg and 20 kg/hr, respectively. Knowledge of
meteorological data such as wind speed, stability, and stack
height, and emission volume allow correct forecast of concen-
trations at different distances. The respective thresholds ap-
plied for HF and SO2 were 1 microgram/cu m and 0.5 micro-
grams/cu m. With neutral stability, HF concentrations exceed-
ing the above threshold could be anticipated at a distance of 5
km in wind direction. Synergetic effects of HF and SO2, and a
minimum exposure time of 10 days were considered. The
proliferation of insects and the reduced resistance to drought
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
413
and frost are some of the indirect effects of air pollution. In-
creasing soil acidification due to SO2 is also a general
phenomenon. A pH value of 4.7 was measured in 1967 against
pH of 5.3 in 1957. The increase in acidity was calculated as 1.5
%/yr.
38417
Largent, Edward J.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR-BORNE FLUORIDES ON
LIVESTOCK. Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution,
Washington, D. C., Air Pollut., Proc. U. S. Tech. Conf.,
Washington, D. C., 1950, p. 64 - 72. 12 refs. (May 3-5, Louis C.
McCabe, ed.)
Fluorides carried through the air and deposited on pastures
and fields of forage pose a hazard of chronic fluorosis to
livestock fed on these plants. Previous reports on the
mechanism and symptoms of fluorosis occurring in livestock
near factories are reviewed. An investigation is described in
which cattle kept on a farm in the vicinity of a rock phosphate
plant developed clinical fluorosis. The results of measurements
of fluoride concentrations in the atmosphere over the farm, in
samples of vegetation grown on the farm, and in the tissues of
the exposed cattle are given. Fluoride levels in both air and
vegetation decreased as the distance from the factory in-
creased. Concentrations of fluoride in the bones of affected
animals were abnormally high.
38419
Massey, L. M.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN DISEASE SYMPTOMS AND
CHEMICALLY INDUCED INJURY TO PLANTS. Interdepart-
mental Committee on Air Pollution, Washington, D. C., Air
Pollut., Proc. U. S. Tech. Conf., Washington, D. C., 1950, p. 48
- 52. 13 refs. (May 3-5, Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
Plant effects induced by sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride
are used to illustrate the difficulties in diagnosing cases of
suspected injury from phytotoxic gases. Disease (i.e., injury)
caused by such chemicals is a continuing process paralleling
disease caused by living organisms, with chemical analysis of
plant tissue used instead of microscopic examination and cul-
ture of the living organism to identify and confirm the diagno-
sis. Despite extensive knowledge of the characteristic symp-
toms produced by SO2, field diagnosis is often complicated by
the wide variety of markings caused by such factors as
drought, frost, winter injury, insects, disease, and various
physiologic disorders. Thus, some knowledge of the conditions
of exposure, weather factors, and the reaction of susceptible
indicator plants is necessary. Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
fluoride produce symptoms that are similar in certain respects
and difficult to distinguish. Problems in using color values, tip
burn, and foliage injury to conifers as diagnostic symptoms
are discussed.
38568
Treshow, Michael
FLUORIDES AS AIR POLLUTANTS AFFECTING PLANTS.
Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., vol. 9:21-44, 1971. 91 refs.
The pathological effects of fluorides on plants are reviewed
with respect to fluoride sources, symptomatology, environ-
mental influences, host-parasite relations, injury control, and
air quality standards. The major sources of flouride emissions
are producers of aluminum, ceramics, phosphate, and occa-
sionally steel. Toxic concentrations of fluoride are largely air-
borne and absorbed by the leaves. Fluorides occur naturally in
soils, but soil contamination may occasionally also provide an
index of corresponding air contamination. Toxicity is in-
fluenced primarily by fluoride concentration, duration of expo-
sure, and sequence and frequency of exposure, but may be
modified by climate, e.g., temperature and humidity, soil fac-
tors, synergistic effects of other pollutants, and biological fac-
tors. Visible symptoms of fluoride damage, e.g., chlorosis,
necrosis, and tip burn, metabolic and cytogenetic effects, and
effects on growth and production are considered. The effects
of fluorides on host-parasite interaction are also discussed.
Fluoride injury controls include the application of protective
chemicals, the development of resistant species, and basic
elimination of the pollutant. For the highest degree of control,
air quality standards are best based on the atmospheric
fluoride concentrations capable of injuring the most sensitive
plant species.
38574
Dybczynska, Krystyna
POLAND S FORESTS HIT BY AIR POLLUTION. (Luft-
fororening hot mot polska skogar). Text in Swedish. Tek.
Tidskr., 101(20):30-31, Dec. 1971.
Gaseous emissions amount to about three million tons yearly
in Poland, with sulfur dioxide predominant. Precipitation adds
100 kg of sulfuric acid to one ha yearly. Dust is emitted in an
amount of five million tons/yr. Forests near industrial areas
are attacked by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen gases. One half of
all trees are more or less seriously damaged in a total forest
area of 300,000 ha which accounts for 3.5% of the total forest
area. Thermal power plants consuming coals with 0.5-4% sul-
fur represent a major danger. Chemical plants, emitting
primarily sulfur dioxide, pollute the air in a radius of 15 km;
500 ha of forest was destroyed, 700 ha damaged, and 4000
more ha affected by a chemical plant producing nitrogen-con-
taining fertilizer, for example. The metallurgic industry is the
source of 7% of the total SO2 emission, and dust and metal
fluorides emissions are not negligible. While there are no
resources available, a law for the protection of the atmosphere
was inacted in 1966. In the period from 1971 to 1975 an in-
crease of investments for pollution control by 150% is
planned.
38754
Tomatsuri, Masaru
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON PADDY RICE.
(Suito ni oyobosu fussoka suiso no eikyo). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(3):336-342,
Dec. 1971. 2 refs.
The effect of low concentrations of hydrogen fluoride on
paddy rice was investigated with respect to HF toxicity and
threshold value. Paddy rice was exposed to 2-5 ppm HF gas
for 10-40 days. The fluorine content of the leaf blade and
fluorine concentration in the air were positively correlated but
there was no visible injury to the plants. Even under condi-
tions of 40-day exposure to 5 ppb of HF gas, there was no dif-
ference between the fluorine content of the hulled rice, the
weight of 100 grains, and the weight of straw of the exposed
rice plants and the control plants.
39098
Ballantyne, David J.
FLUORIDE INHIBITION OF THE HILL REACTION IN
BEAN CHLOROPLASTS. Atmos. Environ., 6(4):267-273, April
1972. 21 refs.
The Hill reaction (oxygen evolution) of bush bean chloroplasts
was inhibited by potassium fluoride within a pH range of 4.8-
-------
414
5.7. No inhibition was detected at higher pH s, and no inhibi-
tion occurred at pH 5.6 if the potassium fluoride was injected
into a chloroplast preparation with a solution of magnesium
chloride or sulfate already added. However, if the magnesium
chloride or sulfate was added to a preparation that already
contained potassium fluoride, then there was no alleviation of
the inhibition. Magnesium appeared to act by reducing fluoride
concentrations in reaction mixtures. A decrease in fluoride in-
hibition at 5.6 occurred when the concentration of potassium
chloride was increased. Sodium monofluoroacetate was not as
effective as potassium fluoride in inhibiting the Hill reaction.
(Author abstract)
39159
Rippel, A.
FLUORIDE INTAKE FROM FOOD. Fluoride, 5(2):89-91, April
28, 1972. 3 rets. (Presented at the International Society for
Fluoride Research, Annual Conference, 4th, the Hague, Nether-
lands, Oct. 24-27, 1971.)
In order to evaluate the safety of food grown near a
Czechoslovakian aluminum smelter, grain and vegetables were
assayed for their fluoride content at varying distances from
the smelter during a 10 year period. The fluoride content of
green parsley leaves was 11.57 ppm (control 0.66); the roots
contained 0.08 ppm (control 0.03) and the outer surface of root
contained 0.12 ppm (control 0.03). Relatively little fluoride was
found in potatoes. At a distance of 80-130 m in the area of the
prevailing winds, the fluoride content of the grain varied
within 6.34-19.64 mg/kg. At a distance of 500 m, the fluoride
levels of grain were reduced to about 35% and at 1 km to
about 15% of these values. Grain cultivated in a circular area
with a diameter of 2 kilometers from the source of emission
should not be consumed locally but can be exported for use in
uncontaminated areas, and fluoride should not be added to
drinking water in the vicinity of a fluoride-emitting factory.
(Author summary modified)
39183
Bossavy, J.
THE ACTION OF GASEOUS FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON
FOREST SPECIES. (Action des fluorures gazeux sur les especes
forestieres). Text in French. National Society for Clean Air,
London (England), Item. Clean Air Congr. Proc., London, En-
gland, 1966, p. 193-196. (Oct. 4-7, Paper VI/13.)
Fluorine pollution-induced damage on woody species and mea-
sures to be taken to prevent such damage are reviewed. In
leaf-bearing trees, fluorine migrates to the boundary portions
of the leaf and produces tip or marginal necrosis as soon as
the toxicity threshold is reached. Leaf necrosis is produced in
certain species by 0.025 ppm fluorine concentrations in the air.
Continuous accumulation if fluorine contents by coniferous
species is illustrated by data accumulated during 1963-1965 in
France. Thus, one year old needles had 277 mg fluorine/kg dry
matter at 900 m altitude, 138 at 1300 m altitude, and 47 at 1520
m altitude; two year-old needles had 635, 200 and 85 mg
fluorine/kg dry matter at the corresponding forest sampling
points located six to ten km distance from the polluting
source. Leaf-bearing trees show a tendency to accumulate
fluorine within the same season to a higher extent than the
coniferous species. Thus, beech tree leaves may accumulate
up to 970 mg fluorine/kg, maple leaves may accumulate up to
675 mg/kg, and oak leaves may gather up to 421 mg
fluorine/kg within one season. Despite such elevated concen-
trations, premature leaf fall seldom occurs. Apparently, the
annual leaf fall prevents the accumulation processes occurring
in the coniferous species. Long therm effects of fluorine pollu-
tion lead to soil alterations which may hamper large forest
areas. Accumulation of fluorine bearing dust particles on the
ground surface and their further infiltration by rain and snow
waters may produce chemical alterations of the superficial soil
layer. These alterations include increased acidity which modi-
fies the bacterial flora and produces impairment of calcium
and nitrogen mobilization within the vital soil layer. Soil treat-
ment with appropriate salt or alkaline additives as well as con-
tinuous fertilizer treatment to increase plant resistance against
air pollutants are considered among the essential measures to
be taken to prevent these damaging effects. Experimental stu-
dies show only partial benefits, limited mainly to young popu-
lations, from the application of such procedures. Reference is
made to new protective procedures adapted in the USA and
Germany, which promise new prospectives for the future.
39190
Hoericht, W.
FOREST DEVASTATION FROM SMOKE. (Waldverwuestung
durch Ranch). Text in German. Kranke Pflanze, vol. 15:90-92,
1938.
The chief sources of gases (sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid,
hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid) that poison forests
are domestic heating, cellulose, and other industry plants. The
damages caused to trees by these gases are very different, so
no diagnosis can be established. Due to their exposure, lasting
for many years, pine woods are more sensitive to sulfur diox-
ide and other poisonous gases contained in air than deciduous
trees. The symptom of the damage is, in general, the redden-
ing of the leaves and needles. Even if the air does not contain
harmful gases, the dust and soot deposited on leaves and other
organs reduce the respiration activity of the plants. Employing
species more resistent to smokes cannot be regarded as a
genuine solution to the pollution problem in forestry.
39328
Haul, Hans van
ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL AIR POLLUTION COMPONENTS
WITH KALE (BRASSICA OLERACEA ACEPHALA) AS IN-
DICATOR PLANT. (Nachweis mehrer Luftverunreinigungskom-
ponenten mil Hilfe von Blaetterkohl (Brassica oleracea acephala
als Indikatorpflanze)). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung
Luft, 32(3):109-111, March 1972. 18 rets.
Kale (brassica oleracea acephalia) was used for identification
of fluorine, chlorine, sulfur, and lead air pollutants. The plants
were exposed to the atmosphere at various sites in the Ruhr
valley. Plastic boxes with 60 1 volume were used for growing
the plants. The fluorine concentration was determined by the
electrometric method developed by Reusmann and
Westphalen, the chloride concentration by the familiar method
of potentiometric titration, and the sulfur concentration by the
microanalytic method by Stratmann. The lead concentration
was determined by inverse-polarographically. For the deter-
mination of these components by the mentioned methods only
5 g dry substance are needed. The plants, five in a pot, were
exposed over several successive years from the beginning of
August to the middle of November. Control plants were ex-
posed outside the Ruhr valley in an entirely emission-free
area. The F-level in the plants was in all cases above (with one
exception) that of the control plants. It ranged from 4.1 to 20.1
mg/100 g dry substance. In washed leaves, the F concentra-
tions were lower by 15 to 30%. The chloride concentration in
the plants from the polluted area was four times the concen-
tration in the control plants, the lead concentration was ten
times the concentration in the control plants. The highest sul-
fur dioxide was 1.83% versus 1.33% in the control plants. The
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
415
results show that kale serves well as an indicator for the men-
tioned pollutants, as well as for a number of polycyclic
hydrocarbons, including the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene.
39363
Wei, Ling-ling and G. W. Miller
EFFECT OF HF ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF
MESOPHYLL CELLS FROM GLYCINE MAX, MERR.
Fluoride, 5(2):67-73, April 28, 1972. 8 refs. (Presented at the In-
ternational Society for Fluoride Research, Annual Conference,
4th, the Hague, Netherlands, Oct. 24-27, 1971.)
The effects of hydrogen fluoride on soybean leaves fumigated
with 40-50 ppb HF were examined. In the cytoplasm the
presence of small vacuoles was the first noticeable initial
change. The fragmentation of the vacuolar membrane occurred
either simultaneously or followed immediately. Lipid-droplet-
like globules and numerous vesicles occurred subsequently in
the cytoplasm and increased as the injury became more
severe. There was a decrease in polysomes and a detachment
of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Free
ribosome concentration also decreased as the injury became
severe. Mitochondria! modifications involving dilation of outer
and cristae membranes followed by reduction of both cristae
number and matrix electron density and the disappearance of
mitochondrial granules were observed in the chlorotic leaves.
Electron dense inclusions accumulated in some mitochondria.
The first noticeable change observed in the chloroplast was
the presence of clusters of phytoferritin granules within the
stroma after only 1 days of fumigation. Alterations in nuclear
structures were observed in later stages of injury. Numerous
small electron dense particles were found on various types of
membranes in cells of severely chlorotic leaves. They were
distributed on outer mitochondrial membranes, endoplasmic
reticula, dictyosomes, tonoplasts, plasmalemma, nuclear en-
velopes, and disintegrating organelles and vesicles, but were
never observed on membranes of chloroplasts and
microbodies. (Author summary modified)
39466
Kisser, J.
SMOKE DAMAGES OF FOREST FROM THE BIOLOGIC
STANDPOINT. (Forstliche Rauchschaeden aus der Sicht des
Biologen). Text in German. Mitt. Forst. Bundesvers., no. 73:7-
48, 1966. 67 refs. (Presented at the Symposium on Smoke
Damage to Forests in Austria, Vienna, Austria, Nov. 9-11,
1965.)
The biological aspects of smoke damage are reviewed with
special regard to forests. Due to long exposures, smoke is
more harmful to forests than to farm plants. Forest damage is
termed as injuries and disfunctions causing economic losses.
Invisible physiological damage due to protoplasm lesions is
counteracted by the regenerative effect of certain enzyme
systems. Insoluble solid emissions reduce both light and as-
similation, while soluble particles may penetrate the plant or
soil, causing changes in the vegetation. Damage caused by
soot and photochemical smog is detailed. Sulfur dioxide and
hydrofluoric acid are two basic gaseous pollutants damaging
forests. The importance of the damage is primarily determined
by concentration and duration of exposure, with emphasis on
concentration. In high concentrations, the substances are dis-
solved in the mesophyll cell wall fluid, causing point-like
necrosis. Low concentrations lead to necrosis on the ends and
edges of leaves and needles. The basal and end parts of the
needles show different osmotic pressures. Due to disturbances
in the water supply, the necrosis starts from the top part of
the tree. Invervals between intermittent exposures lessen the
damage. Damage is also influenced by climatic factors. The as-
similation is dependent on light intensity and duration. Trans-
piration and consequently sensitivity to SO2 are dependent on
relative humidity. A sharp increase in sensitivity can be ob-
served from 60 to 90% relative humidity. There is no direct
connection between transpiration rate and assimilation per-
formance. High transpiration coefficients are characteristic of
dry climates. There is no relation between transpiration and
sensitivity, while any factor affecting the cuticular openings
influences the extent of the damage. Resistance to smoke can-
not be improved in forests by means of fertilizers. Different
resistances of various species and individual trees as well as
problems of breeding smoke-resistant species are discussed.
39493
Blakemore, F.
INDUSTRIAL FLUOROSIS OF ANIMALS IN ENGLAND.
Proc. Nutr. Soc., vol. 1:211-215, 1944. 6 refs.
Industrial fluorosis was studied in stock in pastures near cer-
tain brickworks in England. The sources of fluorine was deter-
mined from the examination of the flue gases, detection of
fluorine in the atmosphere, and evidence of surface con-
tamination of plants. The severity of the symptoms depended
upon the degree to which the herbage was contaminated. The
chief sympton of severely affected cattle was lameness. The
main histological features were extensive atrophy of the bony
tissue and the preLence of excessive amounts of asteoid. The
fluorine content of the bones ranged within 6000-16,000 ppm.
The amount of fluorine in the urine was most valuable in as-
sessing damages.
39537
Wislicenus, H.
THE ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF SMOKE DAMAGE.
(Zur Beurtheilung und Abwehr von Rauchschaeden). Text in
German. Z. Angew. Chem (Weinheim), 14(28):689-716, 1901. 16
refs.
The assessment of smoke damage in a given case involves the
gathering of evidence that the damage has indeed been caused
by smoke, the rendering of proof of such damage, evaluation
of its extent, and the estimation of damage for purposes of in-
dexing. A methodology of smoke damage assessment on crops
must include examination of the spot, consideration of other
contributory factors (frost, mismanagement), laboratory tests,
differentiation between acute and chronic damage, determina-
tion of the contributory share of several pollution sources, and
the calculation of the actual damage accrued. Normal and ab-
normally high concentrations of pollutants (carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide and trioxide, hydrogen chloride and fluoride,
chlorine, carbon disulfide, cyanide, ether, gasoline vapors,
hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia) in emissions from acid manu-
facturing plants, glass works, lime kilns, fertilizer plants, brick
kilns, ceramic works, paper mills, dye works, sugar mills, the
manufacture of explosives, and from railroad locomotives are
tabulated, and the physiological effects of the various pollu-
tants on plant tissues, on chlorophyll formation, and on as-
similation in crops, deciduous trees, and conifers, and sam-
pling and the analytical detection of sulfur and of fluorine in
the samples are reviewed. One way of controlling smoke
damage is to desulfurize coal by coking and to recover the sul-
fur by washing coking gas in an alkaline bath. Another way is
to achieve a greater dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere
by modifications in furnace and smokestack construction.
-------
416
39607
Cristiani, H. and R. Gautier
CHRONIC FLUORINE POISONING FROM FOOD. (Intoxica-
tion chronique d origine alimentaire par le fluor). Text in
French. Compt. Rend Soc. Biol. (Paris), 1925:139-141, 1925. 1
ret.
Studies on the toxic action of fluorine contaminated feed on
domestic animals are reviewed. Chronic intoxication of cattle
raised in fluorine-emitting industrial areas were mistaken for
osteomalacia due to spontaneous fractures. The symptoms also
persisted with balanced feed. Consequently, the symptoms
were caused by fluorine instead of by deficiency of minerals.
Fluorine contents above normal were revealed in the bones of
cattle poisoned by fluorine. Fluorosis and fluorine cachexia
occurring in fluorine-emitting industrial areas could be simu-
lated by means of experimental doses. Minimum doses are
required to cause toxic effects, and the time required for the
development of cachexia is in proportion to the amount of the
doses. Depending on the dose, times of a few weeks or
months are required for lethal cachexia to occur. Fluorine con-
centrations of 1/1000 to 1/10,000 in hay are capable of produc-
ing death within a couple of weeks or months.
39627
Sette, Nicola
NOTE ON FLUOROSIS. (Note sur la fluorose). Text in French.
Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris), no. 98:1094-1096, 1928.
Symptoms of fluorosis, observed on bovine animals raised in a
superphosphate manufacturing plant area, were simulated on
guinea pigs. Also sulfuric and nitric acids were produced at
this plant. The symptoms were most serious in cattle kept in a
stable near the superphosphate store. The guinea pigs fed with
the same feed as the cattle died in an interval of 20-50 days
after the start of the treatment. The investigations revealed
brittle bones, intense congestion in liver, kidney, and adrenal
glands, as well as increased volume of the latter. The lesions
were primarily characteristic of intense liver congestion. Single
inflamed mononuclear cells with congestion and hemorrhagic
suffusions were found. The symptoms observed were primari-
ly caused by vapors of sulfuric and nitric acids rather than by
fluorine. The bone lesions represented one of the symptoms of
acid poisoning only and not the disease proper.
39684
Plagnat, Francois
MISTLETOE, INDUSTRIAL FUMES AND THE MAURIENNE
FORESTS (SAVOIE). (Gui, fumees industricllcs et forets de
Maurienne (Savoie)). Text in French. Rev. Geog. Alp., no.
59:326-342, 1971. 23 refs.
Attention is drawn to the dramatic situation of the fluorine-
damaged Maurienne forests. The first damage of these mis-
tletoe forests, consisting of 90% coniferous trees, were ob-
served in 1910 when nearby aluminum production started. The
upper limit of the fluorine damage rose successively to al-
titudes of 1600 and 2200 m, while the attack of mistletoe was
unimporant above 1000- 1400 m. Now, a forest area of nearly
10,000 ha is affected. The damage caused to mistletoe ag-
gravated by the severe damage due to hydrofluoric acid. The
losses due to smoke damage show an increase of 58% in the
period 1956-1968, compared to the period 1950-1955. At the
same time, production by the nearby aluminum plants in-
creased from 43,000 t/yr in 1954 to 92,000 t/yr. The total
fluorine emission is 1820 t/yr. Gas cleaning should be in-
troduced. Irrespective of such steps, however, experiments are
being carried out with American smoke-resistant Thuya plicata
in a 75 ha-area. Measures by the newly-established Depart-
ment of Environmental Protection are anticipated.
39782
Haul, H. van
EXPOSURE CHAMBER PROCEDURES IN THE DETECTION
OF PHYTOTOXIC POLLUTANT COMPONENTS. (Testkam-
merverfahren zum nachweis phytotoxischer immissionskom-
ponenten). Text in German. Environ. Pollut., 3(2):123-132,
April 1972. 12 refs.
Portable exposure chambers were developed to identify the
presence of phytotoxicants in the air, particularly in areas with
several pollutants, by plant reactions to filtered and unfiltered
air. An experimental unit includes two chambers, each consist-
ing of a plexiglass cap covering the plants to be exposed and a
box below containing air filter, blower, and watering system.
Ambient air is filtered before entering the control chamber or
is passed directly into the experimental chamber. By compar-
ing the plant reactions in both chambers, the effects of the
pollutants are accurately identified; combinations of indicator
plants with differing resistance levels and special filtering
systems determine the individual pollutants. A filter material
coated with silver and silver oxide is used to remove the most
important phytotoxicants, i.e., sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
fluoride, and hydrogen chloride. The exposure chambers can
be used for fumigation experiments in the field and in climatic
chambers and for the testing of pesticides.
39887
Sertz, H.
ON THE EFFECTS OF HYDROFLUORIC ACID AND
FLUOSILICATE ON LIVING PLANTS. (Ueber die Wirkung
von Fluorwasserstoff und Fluorsilizium auf die lebende Pflanze).
Text in German. Tharandter Forstl. Jahrb., vol 72:1-13, 1921.
Smokebox tests were carried out on fir and spruce trees to in-
vestigate the effects of hydrofluoric acid and fluosilicate in
two different concentrations. Both types of trees showed signs
of acute poisoning from tests where smoke with a concentra-
tion of 1:10,000 of either compound was applied for 1 hr each
day. In another test, where the trees were treated with a con-
centration of 1:250,000 of either compound for three 1-hr
periods per day to indicate chronic effects, firs showed higher
resistance to fluor than did spruces. Hydrofluoric acid and
fluosilicate are extremely harmful to living plants even in very
low concentrations. Damage symptoms are similar to those ob-
served in sulfurous acid tests. The material damaged by smoke
was analyzed for fluor content.
39895
Slagsvold, Lars
FLUORINE POISONING. (Fluorforgiftning.) Text in Norwegi-
an. Nord. Veterinaermed., vol. 36:2-16, 1934.
Investigations were carried out into possible connections
between disease symptoms occurring in domestic animals and
fluorine air pollutants from nearby aluminum plants. Dust sam-
ples from the aluminum works area contained 14.05% fluorine
and 25% fluorides (cryolite, magnesium fluoride, aluminum
fluoride). Feed experiments were performed on domestic
animals with small doses of cryolite and sodium fluoride (1 g
each daily). The animals showed signs of fluorosis (exostosis,
weight loss, anemia, paralysis, irritations or inflammations in
digestive organs, drop in red blood cells, lachrymation, bone
porosity or brittleness). Symptoms observed in the experimen-
tal animals were similar to those of animals who became sick
under natural conditions. Ashed bone samples of poisoned
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
417
animals contained fluorine, with levels in teeth always lower
than in bones. Bone was the most affected of all tissue. The
effect of fluorine compounds rises with increasing solubility
39902
Bursche, Eva-Maria
VEGETATION DAMAGE BY FLUORINE. (Vegeta-
tionsschaeden durch Fluor). Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver.
Wasser Boden Lufthyg. (Berlin), no. 10:39-83, 1955. 43 refs.
Laboratory tests were carried out to elaborate methods for
recognizing and diagnosing plant damage produced by fluorine
smoke. Brown to black ends and discolored edges were ob-
served on leaves from open-air and artificially smoke-exposed
plants. The resistances of different plants were investigated.
Microscopic observations revealed slightly creased epidermis
and badly creased parenchyma. The cell content formed a
homogeneous brown mass in badly damaged leaves. Coloration
due to fluorine and natural processes were separated in tissue
investigations. Plasmolytic experiments were carried out for
diagnosing chronic, acute, and invisible damage with NaF and
NaCl. In Fontinalis antipyretica, 0.03% NaF-solution con-
stituted the threshold limit while NaCl was much less harmful.
No influence of the toxic effects of NaF and NaCl on the rate
of plasmolysis could be revealed. Cells damaged by NaF
(separation of protoplasts from the cell walls and slight plas-
molysis) were regenerated after the normal conditions were
restored. Hydrofluoric acid was more harmful than sodium
fluoride. Elodea densa was damaged by a 0.0008% hydrofluor-
ic acid solution. A special spectrophotometric method that per-
mits determination of a typical acid effect only is explained.
Chlorophyll extracts from damaged leaves showed a band of
535 micromicron, of different intensities depending on the ac-
tual fluorine content. Experiments were carried out to detect
fluorine in plants by means of the methemoglobin method. A
minimum of 0.01% of NaF in pure NaF solution could be
satisfactorily detected. The method for dissolving the leaf
material for fluorine detection is not sensitive enough. The
characteristic fluorine-methemoglobin-hemoglobin band could
be obtained for leaf material artificially damaged by 40%-HF,
and ashed.
39923
Stas, M. E.
FLUORIDE POSIONING DUE TO EXHAUST GASES AND
DEPOSITS FROM A SUPERPHOSPHATE FACTORY.
(Fluoor-vergiftiging door rookgassen en stof van een su-
perphosphaatfabriek). Text in Dutch, ("hem. Weekblad, no.
38:585-593, 1941. 101 refs.
Fluoride poisoning of cows, caused by emissions from a su-
perphosphate factory, was investigated. Fluoride levels in
bones were determined by quantitative methods, and the
fluoride contents of rain and sluice water were measured. A
method of sample preparation is described, and measured
values of bone ash from different cities are tabulated. Results
indicate that the affected animals were exposed to soluble
fluoride in sluice water and to large quantities of fluoride in
gases and hay fodder. Fluoride poisoning in humans, experi-
ments on damaging effects to plants and animalf, and
problems of quantitative determination are discussed, and a
literature survey of fluoride toxicity in cows is included.
39932
Schmitz-Dumont, W.
TESTS ON THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
HYDROFLUORIC ACID ON PLANTS. (Versuche ueber die
Einwirkung von Fluorwasserstoff in der Atmosphaere auf Pflan-
zen). Text in German. Tharandter Forstl. Jahr., vol. 46:50-57.,
1896.
Smokebox tests were carried out on 3-year-old trees to in-
vestigate the effects of hydrofluoric acid introduced in the
form of NaHF in two different concentrations. Smoke was ap-
plied once a day. At a concentration of 1:10,000, spruce
showed a much lower resistance than oak, the most resistant,
and Norway maple. Ashes from oak leaves treated with
hydrofluoric acid gas outdoors contained 0.125% fluor while
those from untreated leaves were free of fluor. Applications of
smoke with hydrofluoric acid in a concentration of 1:300,000
revealed the harmfulness of this substance to plants, even in
this low concentration, when the exposure is for a period. Oak
and Norway maple again showed higher resistance than spruce
case. Brown and red discoloration of the leaves and needles
are the most conspicuous symptoms of fluorine damage.
39986
Schneider, R. E. and D. C. MacLean
RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SEVEN GRAIN
SORGHUM HYBRIDS TO HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. Contrib.
Boyce Thompson Inst., vol. 24:241- 243, 1970. 4 refs.
The relative susceptibility to gaseous hydrogen fluoride of
seven grain sorghum hybrids of commercial importance in
Texas was investigated. Fumigation resulted in necrosis of the
leaf tips and chlorotic mottle of subtending tissue. Necrosis
was generally limited to the second and third youngest leaves.
The severity of injury was variable: DeKalb C44C and RS 608
were most resistant to HF-induced necrosis and Northrup
King 222A, Pioneer 846, RS 610, RS 625, and RS 671 were
more susceptible. There was no relationship between foliar in-
jury and F accumulation. (Author abstract modified)
40201
Huffman, W. T.
EFFECTS ON LIVESTOCK OF AIR CONTAMINATION
CAUSED BY FLUORIDE FUMES. Interdepartmental Commit-
tee on Air Pollution, Washington, D. C., Air Pollut., Proc. U. S.
Tech. Conf., Washington, D. C., 1950, p. 59-63. 16 refs. (May 3-
5, Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
Chronic fluorine toxicosis in livestock can be caused by aerial
contamination of forage with fluorine effluents from nearby
industry, principally phosphate and aluminum processing
plants, although cement plants and enameling works may also
be involved. The extent of the area involved is governed by
the volume of fluoride effluents, the form in which they oc-
cur, and meteorologic factors. Effects on livestock depend on
the level of intake, duration of the feeding period, the class of
animals involved, and feeding and management practices. The
symptomatology is described; dental fluorosis and bone lesions
are prominent. Normal and threshold levels of fluorine in bone
tissue and normal and excess urinary levels are noted. Dairy
cattle appear more susceptible to fluorosis than beef breeds,
but neither meat nor milk from affected animals is likely to be
injurious. Complicating factors unrelated to fluorosis should be
considered, since most of the symptoms may be present in a
variety of diseases. Disease control requires reduction of emis-
sions to the point where nearby forage contains a safe level of
fluoride.
40202
Zimmerman, Percy W.
EFFECTS ON PLANTS OF IMPURITIES ASSOCIATED
WITH AIR POLLUTION. Interdepartmental Committee on Air
-------
418
Pollution, Washington, D. C., Air Pollut., Proc. U. S. Tech.
Conf., Washington, D. C., 1950, p. 127-139. 30 refs. (May 3-5,
Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
Studies of the effects of low concentrations (0.1-0.2 ppm) of
sulfur dioxide on alfalfa under different conditions of tempera-
ture, water, and nutrient supply; sulfur content of nutrients;
and age of plants showed that resistance to SO2 at 40 F or
below is greater than at higher temperatures. Drying the soil to
a point that causes wilting also increases resistance to the gas.
Plants tend to recover between treatments if enough time elap-
ses. Plant susceptiblity during treatment increases with light up
to full sunlight. Young plants are more resistant than old
plants, while middle-aged leaves are most susceptible. The
susceptibility of various species and the characteristic sympto-
matology are described. The results of experimental fumiga-
tions of plants with 0.05 to several ppm hydrofluoric acid gas
in air are detailed, and similar studies of the effects of
chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, mercury vapor, ethylene
and carbon monoxide, and the vapors of 2,4- dichlorophenox-
yacetic acid and other hormone-like herbicides are reported.
40341
Grzywacz, Andrzej
THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION ON
PATHOLOGICAL FUNGI OF FOREST TREES. (Wplyw prze-
myslowych zanieczyszczen powietrza na grzyby chorobotworcze
drzew lesnych). Sylwan, 15(6):55-62, 1971. 28 refs. Translated
from Polish. Scientific Translation Service, Inc., Santa Barbara,
Calif., 13p.
The reaction of pathological fungi to the presence of air pollu-
tion is a function of the chemical nature of the pollutants,
their concentration, the frequency of diurnal and seasonal
changes in concentration, the duration of action, the composi-
tion of floras, the degree of damage by phytotoxins in the pol-
lutants, the topography of the terrain, climatic conditions, the
character of the forest site, and the sensitivity of the
pathogens. The most important pollutants and their sources are
reviewed, including sulfur dioxide, fluorine compounds, smog,
and ozone formed from nitrogen oxides. The toxic action of
SO2 with respect to fungi depends on the temperature and
relative humidity of the air, increasing with an increase in rela-
tive humidity. The occurrence of pathological fungi in forests
with polluted air, the effect of air pollution on certain vital
processes of fungi, and the mechanism of action of the air pol-
lutants on the fungi are considered.
40368
Zuber, Roberto
NEW TASK FOR THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE: ENVIRON-
MENTAL HYGIENE. (Neuer Aufgabenbereich der Forschung-
sanstalt: Umwelthygiene). Text in German. Chem. Rundschau
(Solothurn), 25(16):450, April 1972.
A new department for environmental hygiene of the Swiss
Research Institute for Agricultural Chemistry deals with health
aspects of air pollutants on domestic animals with the effects
of air pollutants on agricultural crops. The department tests
the fodder, plants, fruits, as well as bones, and urine of
animals from the vicinity of fluorine emitting industries as to
the fluorine concentration. In all cases the method with the ion
specific fluoride electrode was found most suitable for the
analyses. Measurements of the lead concentration along street
and highways by atomic anstorption spectrophotometry
revealed that plants and grass carried lead concentrations of
up to 170 ppm 1-3 m from the street curb. They decrease
slowly to a distance of about 50 m. In some cases lead
residues were still measured as far off as 100 to 200 m. The
various types of plants accumulate the lead in different ways.
Rain and tap water wash out the metal to half of the original
concentration. The sulfur dioxide concentration of the air is
presently being determined by the Ultragas unit. Measure-
ments of other pollutants such as ammonia, chlorine, the ox-
ides of nitrogen, dust, unburned hydrocarbons, oil, rubber,
and asbestos shall be the target of future studies.
40460
Schnetzer, H. -L. and Wenger, H.
VEGETATION TESTS AND ANALYTICAL WORK IN THE
LABORATORIES. (Vegetationsversuche und analytische Arbeit
in den Laboratorien). Text in German. Chem. Rundschau
(Solothurn), 25(15):425-427, April 1972.
Since the important quantities of refuse from mass-stock farm-
ing and the various types of sludges are reused in Swiss
agriculture, vegetation tests were carried out by the Swiss
center for agricultural enemies in order to examine the com-
patibility of the matter used as manure. Vegetation tests were
also done to investigate the influence of exhaust gases from
motor cars, fluoride, and sulfur trioxide on plants. The Swiss
research center used an air-conditioned vegetation hall where
the tests were made during the whole year. The necessary sun
light was simulated by fluorescent strip lamps of 20,000 Lux.
Plants to be tested were put into special zinc pots filled with 5
1 of mineral soil and were exposed.
40472
Neustein, S. A., and N. P. Danby
POTENTIAL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION FROM THE IN-
VERGORDON INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. Scot. Forest., vol.
24:270-273, Nov. 1971. 5 refs.
The main atmospheric pollutants from the Invergordon com-
plex will be fluorine and hydrogen fluoride from the aluminum
smelter and sulfur dioxide and hydrocarbons from the oil
refinery. Both acute and chronic tree damage is expected. The
effects of F and SO2 on the trees via the soil is expected to be
insignificant. Acute tree damage results from high concentra-
tions of pollutants as a result of meteorological conditions or
industrial cleansing failure. Chronic tree damage results from
long term low level pollution. Broad leaved trees are not re-
garded as susceptible to chronic pollution. All the conifers are
susceptible. Clean air sampling has begun in order to provide
before and after comparison. Foliage samples will be taken for
a radius of 16,000 M. A survey of lichens has been completed.
Lichenology may assist in discrimination between F and SO2
injuries.
40599
Cristiani, H.
FLUORINE EMISSIONS OF INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN. EFFECT
OF FLUORINE ON PLANTS AND ANIMALS. (Emanations
fluorees d origine industrielle. Action du fluor sur les plantes et
les animaux). Text in French. Chim. Ind. (Paris), vol. 17:158-
168, May 1927. (Presented at the Congress de Chimie Industrie!,
6th, 1926.)
Shrinkage and drooping of cress plants and grass, and lesions
in dandelion leaves, caused by a 1-hr exposure to fluorine
vapors in a test chamber are described. In the vicinity of an
aluminum plant, where the electrolytic bath is composed of
cryolite, a sodium- aluminum fluoride, vegetables and the
leaves of fruit trees show signs of burning and great damage
can be observed on forest trees. Animals are affected by
fluorine through their fodder. Guinea-pigs fed plant food ex-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
479
posed to hydrofluoric acid gases develop fluorosis, but with
very small concentrations, death may occur only after a year
or more. Cows afflicted with this disease due to fodder har-
vested in fluorine-infested areas show initial symptoms of
lameness of one or more legs, stamping by the animal, resting
on one leg and then the other, inability to rise, and spontane-
ous sprains and bone fractures occurring in the stable. After
several months, the animal gradually grows thin with a dry,
hard hide and eventually dies. Experiments with corpses of
animals who died of fluorosis have shown that their bones are
more brittle than those of normal healthy animals.
40899
Kuribaya Shigeharu, Masaya Kadota, and Kisabu Yatomi
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE AND SULFUR
DIOXIDE ON SERICULTURE. (Fukka suiso oyobi nisanka io
no kuwa oyobi kaiko ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1): 155, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution Stu-
dies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The effects of hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide on mulber-
ry and, subsequently, on silkworm administered with the mul-
berry leaves were studied. Potted plants of mulberry were
placed in a gas contact chamber for 4-72 hours in a hydrogen
fluoride atmosphere of 30 ppb or for 2-8 hours at 200 ppb, and
in sulfur dioxide atmosphere of 2 ppm for 8-72 hours. The silk-
worms were administered with the leaves continuously for the
three stages of growing. From about 1/4 hours in 0.03 ppm HF
or 2 hours in 0.2 ppm, the external appearances of the leaves
started to show discoloration, and approximately 120 to 160
ppm HF were accumulated on the leaves. Silkworms ad-
ministered mulberry leaves containing 35 to 70 pprn HF
showed chronic symptoms such as malacosis, and died with
leaves containing more than 90 ppm HF. Two ppm of SO2 for
72 hours caused spot browning of the leaves, and 0.8% of the
SO2 was accumulated. Silkworms administered with the leaves
died from loss of appetite, malacosis.
40916
Gruender, H. D.
PREVENTION OR REDUCTION OF FLUORIDE EFFECTS
IN CATTLE. Fluoride, 5(2):74-81, April 28, 1972. 6 refs.
(Presented at the International Society for Fluoride Research,
Annual Conference, 4th, the Hague, Netherlands, Oct. 24-27,
1971.)
Fluoride uptake in plants, animals, and humans is determined
by the sum total of fluoride in the soil, water, and air due to
both natural and emission sources. To prevent or reduce the
damaging effects of fluoride on cattle, in particular, the max-
imum emission concentration must be limited to 1 micro-
gram/cu m of air to be further supplemented by a reduction in
the daily fluoride uptake by animals from feed below the
tolerance limit; a limitation of the period of emission; and in-
hibition of the rate of fluoride absorption into the animal tis
sue. Based on studies in two emission areas, methods concern-
ing the production, maintenance, and feeding technique are
suggested. A supplementary feeding regime with a low fluoride
forage (below 20 ppm) will reduce the daily fluoride uptake
per kilogram of dry food substance on an average by 8%. Dur-
ing a two year experiment on 24 milk cows in a polluted area
near an aluminum factory, administration of a low fluoride
food mixture containing 3% aluminum sulfate and chloride in
equal parts reduced fluoride uptake and absorption per kilo-
gram dry substance by about 15%. (Author summary modified)
41189
Piskornik, Zdzislaw and Stefan Godzik
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. (Oddzialywanie
zanieczyszezen powietrza na rosliny). Text in Polish. Wiad. Hot.,
14(2):91-102, 1970. 157 refs.
Some aspects of sensitivity of plants of phytotoxic agents (sul-
fur dioxide, fluorine and chlorine compounds, ozone, pollu-
tants of an oxidative character) and of the changes in intensity
of vital plant processes are discussed. Discussion is based on
literature documentation. The role of ecological factors (at-
mospheric and soil humidity, sun-light conditions, tempera-
ture, and content of minerals in soil) in modification of
susceptibility of plants to phytotoxic pollution of the at-
mosphere and in modification of effect of these pollutants on
biological processes in plants is shown. The age of foliage also
modifies in plant sensitivity to pollution with foliage on middle
age being most sensitive. Some gaseous phytotoxic compounds
accumulate in leaf cells (SO2, fluorine and chlorine com-
pounds). The changes in intensity of plant physiological
processss, especially in photosynthesis, are a measurable and
sensitive indicator of plant reaction of pollution. The
disturbances in enzymatic processes, i.e., changes in activity
of a number of enzymes caused by SO2, ozone, fluorine com-
pounds, and substances of photochemical origin, are
discussed.
41362
Haul, H. van
THE ACTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PLANTS. (Wirkun-
gen von Luftverunreinigungen auf Pflanzen). Text in German.
In: Ullmanns Encyklopaedie der Technischen Chemie. Vol. 2/2,
3rd ed., Berlin, Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1968, p. 349-356. 9
refs.
Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride are the main industrial
pollutants causing widespread damage to plants; nitrogen ox-
ides, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine or hydrochloric
acid, bromine, and iodine produce effects limited to the indus-
trial area. Hydrophyte mineral acid vapors such as sulfuric or
nitric acid exhibit their action within the area close to the
emission source. Depending on the concentration of pollutants
and on the duration of their action, plant damage can be acute,
chronic, or latent. Acute damage is produced by high air pollu-
tant concentration following short-time exposure; leaf necro-
sis, general weakening of plant vitality, reduced growth, and
sometimes plant death are its main effects. Chronic plant
damage occurs in areas exposed to long- lasting low pollutant
concentrations and includes chloroplast damage associated
with inhibition of photosynthesis and overall impairment of
metabolism. Latent damage is considered a precursor of
chronic damage. Alterations of the structure, pH, and nutri-
tional quality of soil from the cumulative action of pollutants
cause indirect damage to plants. Diagnosis of plant damage
from air pollutants can be made visually, by chemical analysis
of air and plant samples, and by biological tests. Experimental
evaluation of pollutant action on plants in special exposure
chambers or in the free field should constitute one of the basic
tools of research in this field. Inlcuded are descriptions of
such experimental facilities are described and prevention of
plant damage from pollutants by special soil treatments is
discussed.
41370
Stefan, K.
THE VALUE OF AIR AND NEEDLE ANALYSES FOR
SMOKE DAMAGE DETERMINATION. (Der Werf von Luft-
und Nadelanalysen fuer die Rauchschadensfeststellung). Text in
-------
420
German. Mitt. Forst. Bundesvers., no. 73:91-99, 1966. 9 rets.
(Presented at the Symposium on Smoke Damage to Forests in
Austria, Vienna, Austria, Nov. 9-11, 1965.)
For air analyses, quantitative and qualitative long-term
methods, rapid methods, continuous and intermittent, and
recording methods can be applied. Qualitative long-term analy-
sis does not reveal the actual time the emission occurred and
the frequency of toxic concentrations. The rapid and recording
methods deliver data on the absolute concentration and the
frequency of toxic concentrations. The latter methods should,
however, be preceded by a general survey, applying long-term
methods. Formulae for determining stack height only apply to
plain areas with no forests. Threshold values cannot be re-
garded as fully reliable. The threshold of 0.5 mg/cu m for sul-
fur dioxide may be too high for certain plants. For sulfur diox-
ide, leaf analyses are not fully reliable due to the inherent SO2
content and the lack of a direct relationship between emission
intensity and leaf SO2. Fluorine analyses yield, however,
unambiguous results. The samplings should be completed
within a relatively short period, and in the same vegetation
periods for analyses extending over a number of years. Due to
different sensitivities and influencing factors, the intensity of
the damage cannot be determined from SO2 and fluorine
analyses. Consequently, representative forest age and com-
parable test areas are principal sampling criteria. While air and
needle analyses unambiguously reveal the fact of emission, the
actual damage can only be determined from growth measure-
ments.
41439
Daessler, H. G.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND CRYOLITE
DUST UPON PLANTS AND ANIMALS NEAR A HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE FACTORY. Fluoride, 4(l):21-24, Jan. 1971. 3 refs.
(Presented at the International Society for Fluoride Research,
Annual Conference, 3rd, Vienna, Austria, March 22-25, 1970.)
Some of the findings obtained from 11 test stations situated
near a hydrofluoric acid factory are reviewed. Studies were
conducted on forestry, agricultural, and horticultural plantings
in the emission area. In the immediate vicinity of the factory,
HF induced necrotic lesions on vegetation and fluoride accu-
mulation in the foilage of fruit trees. The leaves of fruit trees
showed necroses on the side of the plants facing the factory.
The margins of leafy plants reached fluoride values of up to 80
mg in dry, hot weather. At a 6 km distance, necrotic areas
were found on fruit without visible damage to the foilage, par-
ticularly in pears, sweet cherries, apples, plums, and tomatoes.
Fruit development decreased when HF levels were high at
blossoming time. Only the fruit of pears is sensitive; the leaves
and fruit of plums are equally susceptible to damage. Resistant
plants include sour cherries, winter rape, sugar beets,
potatoes, cabbage, asters, and roses. Results of fumigation ex-
periments showed that although most evergreens, walnut, and
maple trees should not be considered for cultivation near
fluoride pollution, field corn, common oak, and lilac can be
planted. Forage near the factory contained 76-120 mg
fluoride/100. This caused reduced milk production, yellow
stains on teeth, motor disorders, and bone changes in dairy
cows. Bee populations were also affected. A decrease in
fluoride pollution was accomplished by the installation of con-
trol equipment.
41482
Pfeffer, Anton
INSECT PESTS ON FIRS IN AIR POLLUTION AREAS. (In-
sektenschaedlinge an Tannen im Bereich der Gasexhalationen).
Z. Angew. Entomol., vol. 51:203-207, 1962/1963. 9 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Scientific Translation Service, Inc., Santa
Barbara, Calif., 7p.
The effect of fluorine emitted into the air on insect pests in fir
groves was investigated in center Czechoslovakia. Before the
first signs of injuries, an attack of dark beetles often appeared
along with occasional snout beetles. Weak damage from the
larvae of the fir leaf roller could also be observed. The fir
bark lice appeared only in isolated instances. In the course of
several years, the fir trees slowly sickened and died. Primary
monophagous bark beetles of the genus Pityokteines Fuchs
disappeared. Only small numbers of Pissodes piceae 111. and
the bark beetle species living in twigs (Cryphalus piceae Rtzh.,
Cryphalus abietis Rtzb., and Pityophthorus pityographus
Rtzb.) were observed. In contrast, Dreyfusia piceae Rtzb.,
Dreyfusia nuesslini C.B., and the polyphagous wood wasp liv-
ing in the wood (Paururus juvencus I,.) increased in popula-
tion. (Author summary modified)
416%
Zieger, Erich
SMOKE-INDUCED DAMAGE TO FORESTS. (Rauchschaeden
im Walde). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Tech. Hochsch. Dresden,
3(2):271-280, 1953- 1954. 22 refs.
Problems of smoke-induced damages and appropriate control
measures are reviewed. Fly ash and waste gases are the pollu-
tants involved in forest damages. Fly ash depositing chiefly in
zones of 100-600 m around high stacks turns the soil gradually
sandy. Sulfur dioxide is the most dangerous of all waste gases,
followed by sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid,
fluorine compounds, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and tar
vapors. Both the character and the measure of the damages
are determined by such factors as distance from the emission
source, dilution, and season. Regarding damages due to
etching, different species show different degrees of resistance,
conifers being highly sensitive. Damages due to disturbed as-
similation are most important in humid weather and in old nee-
dles. The sensitivity increases with increased assimilation ac-
tivity. The incrustation damages caused by dust build-up on
leaves and needles are of a local character. The pollutants also
affect the soil, turning it acid, and changing its physical and
chemical properties. The control measures should be applied at
the emission source proper. The fine fractions of the fly ash,
amounting to 50-75%, are hard to retain, and high stacks can-
not be regarded as an adequate solution. Various methods of
dust separation are discussed. There are no adequate methods
for sulfur dioxide control available. The breeding of smoke-re-
sistant stands, the plantation of shelter woods, and liming are
some of the steps to be taken by forestry.
41698
Wentzel, K. F.
METHODS IN TREATING FOREST IMMISSION DAMAGES
IN GERMANY. (Erfahrungen bei der Bearbeitung forstilicher
Immissionsschaeden in Deutschland). Text in German. Mitt.
Forst. Bundesvers., no. 73:237-247, 1966. (Presented at Symposi-
um on Smoke Damage to Forests in Austria, Vienna, Austria,
Nov. 9-11, 1965.)
Problems and experiences regarding emission damages are out-
lined. Following World War II, increased growth was observed
in coniferous forests damaged fomerly by emissions. Domestic
heating and traffic have no negative effects on forests, but
changeovers to central heating stations may cause damages. In
coniferous forests in highly industrialized areas, sulfur dioxide
concentrations exceeded a threshold of 0.5 mg/cu m in 6% and
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
421
less than 1% of the winter and summer seasons, respectively.
Leaf and needle analyses are the best method to determine
damages, as air analyses have indicative character only. Nee-
dle analyses deliver more reliable data than leaf analyses for
SO2 and HF. Two year old needles are best for analyses.
Rates of growth should be measured in vertical rather than
radial direction, as vertical growth is most affected by emis-
sions. The test plant methods have no value for forestry, while
test trees can be used to evaluate damages to arm plants.
Emission damages should be prevented at their sources, i.e., in
industry, by using effective pollution control techniques or
less harmful raw materials. Increased stack heights can enlarge
the emission-affected area, particularly in hilly regions. In in-
dustrialized areas with high emissions, forest maintenance
costs rise, and an increasing number of forest properties are
sold as a consequence.
41699
Huber, H.
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. (Ueber die Ein-
wirkung von Luftverunreiningungen auf die Pflanzen). Text in
German. Mitt. Schweiz. Landwirtsch., 19(1):7-18, Jan. 1971. 1
ref.
Effects of different air pollutants on plants are described, with
special regard to sulfur dioxide and fluorine. Daily averages of
0.2 cu cm and 0.3 cu cm SO2 are specified for summer and
winter seasons, respectively. After attacking the chlorophylls,
sulfur dioxide is metabolized into sulfates and other com-
pounds in plants. Lasting exposures to low concentrations are
less harmful than limited exposures to high concentrations.
Different species and plant parts show different degrees of re-
sistivity to SO2. Young plants and coniferous trees are most
sensitive. Blossoms are less sensitive than green parts.
Fluorine concentrations of 0.005-0.018 ppm were measured in
industrial areas in Switzerland. Though a threshold of 0.01
ppm/cu m is specified, necrosis can be observed at concentra-
tions of 0.0001 mg/cu m in certain species. Concentrations of
0.003-0.004 mg/cu m result in reduced crops. The toxic effects
of fluorine compounds are dependent of their respective solu-
bilities. Fluorine attacks auxins, and inhibits both assimilation
and respiration processes. Both high relative humidity and
temperature, and nitrogen shortage enhance hazards. Old nee-
dles show decreased susceptibility. Different species show dif-
ferent rates of absorption for fluorine. Pale green of yellowish
coloration and peripheral necrosis of leaves and needles are
conspicuous symptoms of fluorine-induced damage. Other air
pollutants exercise mostly local and transitory effects.
Chlorine and hydrochloric acid lead to total necrosis, while
hydrogen sulfide is harmful in high concentrations only. The
effects of metals, metallic oxides, metalloid anhydrides, dust,
and tar vapors are not negligible. Lead compounds in exhaust
gases are very harmful, partucularly for vegetables for human
consumption. Ethylene is harmful in a concentration of 0.01
ppm. Among photochemical oxidants, ozone and peroxyacetyl
nitrates as found in smog are highly phytotoxic. Spinach,
tobacco, tomatoe, and cereals show increased sensitivity
against ozone.
41904
Maeno, M.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON TREES (IX) FLUORINE
IN LEAVES OF STREET TREE. (Jumoku ni taisuru taiki osen
no eikyo (Daikyuho) Cairo juyo no fusso kanryo). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1): 154, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The fluoride contents of street trees in various areas were stu-
died. Fluorines were mainly discharged as hydrogen fluoride
and silicon tetrafluoride. The tolerance threshold of plants to
fluorides was as low as 1-10% of tolerance to sulfur dioxide.
Fluoride content in leaves of paulowm'a sampled in May 1967
was highest value at 1600 ppm and averaged at 409 ppm. The
average concentration in leaves of the maidenhair tree was 193
ppm; that of the willow was 97 ppm. Average concentrations
in leaves of trees in commercial and residential areas were as
low as 10-30% of concentrations in industrial areas. Fluoride
concentration slightly increased in the residential area from
1967 10 1970 but remained unchanged in commercial areas and
decreased in industrial areas. High fluoride content was also
measured in the soil of industrial areas.
41983
Maeno, Michio
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND BOTANICAL GROUP
GROWING. (Taikiosen to Shokubutsu Gunraku). Text in
Japanese. Kankocho Kogaisenmon Shiryo Public Nuisance
Gaz.), no. 3:58-64, April 1972.
A botanical index for the evaluation of atmospheric pollution
is examined. Plants can be affected by sulfur dioxide,
fluorides, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, ozone, hydrogen sulfide,
ethylene, dust, and peroxyacetyl nitrate. Type of damage in
plants depends on the difference in pollutants. The Science
and Technology Agency has investigated four kinds of decidu-
ous trees and five kinds of evergreens. The period of the in-
vestigation was from last part of July to last part of August,
and for the investigation of defoliation, after the first part of
October. Surveyed areas were six spots 2, 4, and 6 km to the
west, 12 km to the west- northwest, and 12 and 25 km to the
northwest of the seaboard industrial belt area. The .elationship
between distance from the industrial belt area and degree of
damage is given. The relationship between concentration of
sulfur oxides in the air according to the lead dioxide method
and sulfur content in ginkgo leaves is a close correlative rela-
tionship. Use of the botanical index for evaluation of at-
mospheric pollution has a bright future, and in order to get the
widely spread information, it is necessary to patternize and
computerize the subjects of investigation. The specific gravity
of each of the investigation items should be compared with the
comprehensive plant vitality.
42086
Nakashima, Yasuhiro, Yukihiro Hagihara, and Seiji Ogawa
NOTES ON THE DUST DAMAGE OF TREE. (Jumoku to jinai
ni kansuru shiken). Text in Japanese. Fukuoka-ken Ringyo
Shikenjo Jiho, (Bull. Fukuoka-Ken Forest Expt. Station), no.
22:31-35, March 1972. 1 ref.
Sulfur dioxide, chlorine, and fluorine affect trees. Eleven
kinds of young trees were planted in April 1969. The fly ash
and cement dust were spread three times/month through 17
months on the trees of the test groups which were compared
with the trees of control groups. There was no visible negative
effect of the ash and the dust on the development of trees.
The developmental index for each kind of the tree was mea-
sured and is shown on a graph. The pH of the soil of each
group was measured and is shown on a table.
42601
Yamasaki, Yoshiaki and Toshio Hasegawa
INVESTIGATION OF AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDES
(NO. 2). (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen chosa). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
-------
422
4(1): 148, 1969. (Presented at the Japan. Society of Air Pollution,
Annual Meeting, 10th, Tokyo, Japan, 1969, Paper 146.)
A glass factory in East Osaka has a histroy of damaging
agricultural produce in the area. A sodium hydroxide absor-
bent analysis of flue gas from the factory was conducted and a
filter paper cylinder measurement of the concentration dis-
tribution was taken. Settling particulates were measured by a
simple soot collection jar. Samplings of agricultural produce
were burned to ashes and a perchloride analysis was given.
The fluorine emission at the time of melting of raw material
was 9.2 to 229.6 F mg/N cu m Hydrogen fluoride concentra-
tion near the furnace was 0.71 to 2.25 ppm. The maximum
fluoride content in settling particulates near the boundaries of
the factory premise was 1.54 F mg/sq m/day. This last figure
was no higher than the average concentration of nonpolluted
areas. The F concentration in the lee of the factory was higher
than other directions, and this corresponded with the fact that
the farms with produce damages were southwest of the facto-
ry, and that the wind was mainly northeasterly in this area.
Heavily damaged leaves of rice and soybeans in these farms
had several hundred times higher fluoride content than those
in undamaged leaves.
42857
Nielsen, S. W.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS PATHOGENIC TO
ANIMALS. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 159(9):1103-1107, Nov. 1,
1971.
Veterinary diagnostic laboratories have detected a number of
disease problems caused by environmental pollution. The pol-
lutants and the resulting disease conditions are in many forms.
Air pollution due to industrial and automotive exhaust fumes
causes damage to the lungs of man and lower animals that
closely share his environment, namely, the dog and the cat.
Lung lesions caused by prolonged fume or dust inhalation
range from anthracosis, emphysema, and fibrosis to lung
cancer. Dogs and cats in London have a much higher in-
cidence of oro-pharyngeal cancers than in any other area in
the world. Radioactive fallout from the testing of nuclear
devices has caused chronic radiation dermau'tis and precan-
cerous lesions in cattle, mules, and other animals grazing near
test sites. Fluorosis has been observed in cattle and deer on
pastures surrounding factories processing clay or other raw
products with high fluoride content. Other environmental pol-
lutants which are toxic to animals include nerve gas,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, lead, and
mercury. Tasks for the veterinary pathologist with regard to
the identification and examination of environmental com-
pounds causing pathogenesis are outlined.
42907
Yu, Ming-Ho, Gene W. Miller, and C. James Lovelace
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF FLUOROOR-
GAN1C ACIDS IN PLANTS AND ANIMAL TISSUE. Interna-
tional Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, Proc. Int.
Clean Air Congr., 2nd, Washington, D. C., 1970, p. 156-158. 15
refs. (Dec. 6-11, Paper MB 4E.)
Studies to develop gas chromatographic techniques for the
determination of organic, specifically fluoroorgaruc, acids in
tissue, and to determine organic acid changes induced by
fluoride injury are reported. A gas chromatograph was used
with a flame ionization detector. Analyses were carried out on
dual columns using helium carrier gas. Tissues were obtained
from soybean plants fumigated with approximately 60 ppb of
atmospheric hydrogen fluoride for 4 days. Leaves from
soybean plants grown in a chamber fumigated with ambient air
were used as controls. Kidneys and hearts from cows and hor-
ses suffering severe fluorosis were used in further studies.
Results indicate that several organic acids and other volatile
compounds in the fluoride treated tissue changed in concentra-
tions compared to control tissue. Cis-aconitate, citrate, and ox-
alate were not determined. Malate, malonate, and succinate in-
creased markedly in concentration when plants were exposed
to hydrogen fluoride.
42923
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON VEGETATION. In: Air
Pollution Manual. Part I. Evaluation. Detroit, American Indus-
trial Hygiene Assoc., 1960, Chapt. 5, p. 49-61. 18 refs.
Local meteorology, industrial operations, type of fuel in
general use, incinerator practice, motor fuel consumption, and
other factors all contribute to the individual character and ex-
tent of the pollution produced and the resulting damage to
vegetation. Gas exchange by the plant takes place largely by
diffusion through the many breathing pores or stomata,
thereby permitting the entry of gaseous phytotoxicants into the
leaf. Light, temperature, humidity, soil moisture, fertility con-
ditions, and stage of growth all play a part in controlling gas
absorption by the plant. Plant injury due to sulfur dioxide,
fluorides, oxidants, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, mer-
cury vapor, and ethylene are considered. The use of plants in
measuring and evaluating air contaminants is discussed, as
well as the inspection of plants in making a field survey.
42924
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON FARM ANIMALS. In: Air
Pollution Manual. Part I. Evaluation. Detroit, American Indus-
trial Hygiene Assoc., 1960, Chapt. 6, p. 63-71. 97 refs.
The susceptibility of animal species to air pollutants will vary
according to the specific contaminant in question. In addition
to different species susceptibilities, individual animal varia-
tions also exist within each species. The lesions produced by
air pollutants depend on the toxic property of the pollutants,
the dosage rate, the duration of the exposure, and the suscep-
tibility of the animal. Criteria .are listed for the diagnosis of in-
jury by air pollutants. It is important in investigating the ef-
fects of air pollutants on farm animals to ascertain whether
any abnormal condition found is the result of the pollutants in
question or some other stress Nutritional disorders, metabolic
diseases, mineral deficiencies, and accidental poisoning are
considered. Adequate information is needed on the dosage
range of the contaminants to which the animals are subjected,
and a careful meteorological study of the area should be in-
cluded. Tissue samples may provide an important source of
data when animal injury has resulted from specific known pol-
lutants. The effects of arsenic, fluorides, lead, molybdenum,
and sulfur dioxide on farm animals are discussed, including
threshold limit values and toxic tolerances.
42946
Gyoerkoes, T. and J. M. Baretincic
DETERMINATION OF F IN VEGETATION WITH F SELEC-
TIVE ION ELECTRODE. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (ATME), New York, N.
Y., p. 489-495, 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the American Institute
of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Annual
Meeting, 100th, New York, Feb. 26- March 4, 1971.)
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
423
Preliminary work of the Boyce Thompson Institute was evalu-
ated and some modifications were made. In the modified
method, the fluorine is leached out of the ground vegetation
using perchloric acid. The sample is then filtered and the fil-
trate is made up to 100 ml with a buffer containing sodium
carbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium citrate. The sample
solution should now have a pH of approximately 5.5 and is
ready to be read after calibration of the meter with suitable
standards. The results of electrode analysis (potentiometry) of
140 vegetation samples with values ranging from 3 to 500 ppm
compared to automated analysis shows a correlation of 0.993
and the regression equation indicated a slope of 1 and an inter-
cept of 1.7 ppm. The procedure as modified uses more HC104
than does the Boyce Thompson method. Also, the application
of a wetting agent to both the acid and buffer solutions gives
better solution contact with the finely ground sample, yielding
a more efficient extraction of fluoride.
42954
Knabe, W.
AIR POLLUTION - FOREST SITE FACTOR OR EVIL
WHICH CAN BE KEPT OFF? - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
THE DETECTION AND CONTROL OF FUME DAMAGE EV
A FOREST-RANGE. Forstarchiv, 42(8/9):172-179, 1971. Trans-
lated from German. 29p.
Ways in which the forest ranger can assess the effects of
fumes on the forest trees are suggested. In judging these ef-
fects three cases must be distinguished: single sources, con-
gested areas, and long-range effects. The plant damage that
may result from each of these cases is described in detail.
Three field methods to clarify suspicion of fume damage in a
forest range are described. The first of these involves testing
the needles of pine branches for the degree of needle foliage,
degree of pollution, needle color, and distribution of damage
to the needles. Evaluation of the lichen vegetation on tree bark
can also provide information about fume damage. Lichens are
killed off by very small concentrations of sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, and hydrochloric acid The third field
method involves determining the pH value of precipitation.
The following values are given to aid in evaluating the pH
readings: 2.0-3.0 - suspicion of strong effects from acid fumes;
3.1-4.0 - suspicion of slight effects from acid fumes; 4.1-6.0 -
no indication for acid or alkaline fumes; 6.1-7.0 - suspicion of
slight effects from alkaline fumes; and 7.0 - suspicion of
strong effects from alkaline fumes. It is noted, however, that
the most reliable proof of fume damage is a matter of scien-
tific investigation by trained experts.
42958
Daines, Robert H., Ida Leone, and Eileen Brennan
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE ON PLANTS AS DETER-
MINED BY SOIL NUTRITION AND FUMIGATION STUDIES.
Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution, Washington, D.
C., Air Pollut., Proc. U. S. Tech. Coiif., Washington, D, C.,
1950, p. 97-105. 4 refs. (May 3-5, Louis C. McCabe, ed.)
Results of experimental studies of fluorine toxicity and
mechanisms of action in various plant species are reported, in-
dicating that plants absorb F from both the atmosphere and
soil, thereby accumulating the abnormally high F content that
cau^js development of typical toxic symptoms. A means of
disti guishing between F from the air or from the substrate
was determined, since atmospheric F results in a high leaf and
low root F content, whereas soil F causes a high leaf and even
higher root content. Plant species vary in their threshold con-
centrations that cause visible injury, in capacity for uptake of
F, and in the relation between F content and the extent of in-
jury. Plants grown with optimum supplies of nitrogen, calcium,
and phosphorus are more susceptible to F injury from the soil
and, to a less extent, from the atmosphere than plants with un-
balanced nutrition. As the soil pH increases, F toxicity and the
amount of F absorbed are minimized High atmospheric hu-
midity, turbidity of the plant, and wetting of the plant surfaces
are conducive to a greater degree of injury and F absorption.
A loss of F in plant leaves following an exposure to F in solu-
tion or in the atmosphere is being studied. (Author conclusions
modified)
43226
Aschbacher, P. W.
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH NEEDS WITH ANIMALS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 31p.,
1972. 107 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami Beach, Fla., June 18-22,
1972, Paper 72-153.)
Based on published reports, air pollution problems relating to
livestock are identified. These are discussed under two catego-
ries: pollutants from industrial-urban sources affecting
livestock, and pollutants originating from animal production
units. The available knowledge concerning these problems is
briefly described. Air pollution from industrial sources affect-
ing farm livestock is usually the result of accumulation of the
pollutant on forage in a localized area surrounding the source,
and the animals affected are primarily herbivores. Specific pol-
lutants discussed in this regard are fluorine, lead, molyb-
denum, cadmium, and arsenic. In the second category, availa-
ble information on specific pollutants identified as arising from
various livestock production systems is presented. In any
animal production system, volatile compounds from decom-
posing manure may be released into the atmosphere. In some
cases, these gases may have adverse effects on the animals in
the housing unit, or they may possess such odors as to be con-
sidered a public nuisance. Gases present in poultry, swine, and
cattle housing units are identified. Of all problems identified,
extensive information is available only for fluorosis, and in all
cases the knowledge to assess the situation completely is
lacking. (Author abstract modified)
43492
Garber, K.
STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF SMOKE DAMAGES. (Un-
tersuchung und Begutachtung von Rauchschaeden). Jahresber.
Staatinst. Angew. Bof., Hamburg, vol. 76/78:119-127, 1961. 13
refs. Translated from German. 12p.
A summary is presented of 666 studies and evaluations con-
ducted in the field of smoke damage to vegetables, ornamental
plants, fruit and other trees, and bushes. A large number of
plants are categorized based on their individual sensitivity to
hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide gases. Depending on their
chemical composition, dusts can have damaging effects on
both plants and soil fertility. The calcium oxide content in soil
in the vicinity of a cement plant was studied. Plant damage is
traced to chlorine- containing fumes in conjunction with
amonia from a zinc extrusion plant and to sulfur-containing
exhaust gases from warm slag used to repair sidewalks. High
amounts of molybdenum in plants can be toxic to ruminants.
43493
Garber, K.
STATE AND ATTAINMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMI-
CAL AND AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
(Stand und Leistung agrikulturchemischer und agrabiologischer
-------
424
Forschung). Landwirtsch Forsch., no. 20:116-118, 1966. 6 refs.
Translated from German. 5p.
The increased fluorine content in plants in regions of fluorine
emission was investigated to ascertain whether this increase
might also be due to absorption from the soil. The fluorine
content in different plant types in different soils, the effect of
single or split application of fluorine on the growth and F con-
tent of plants and the extent of increased F content in the soil
on plants was researched. The findings proved that the F con-
tent in plants does not run parallel to the natural F content of
the soil. Fine, sandy, marshy and clay soils were tested. Bush
beans were the experimental plants. (Author abstract modified)
43622
Drinker, Phillip
AIR POLLUTION AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH. POLLUTION
BY FLUORIDES. Roy. Inst. Public Health Hyg. J. (London),
vol. 20:307-316, Sept. 1957. 21 refs. (Presented at the Royal In-
stitute of Public Health and Hygiene)
The effects of sulfur dioxide, fluorides, ozone, and Los An-
geles smog on plants are reviewed. The emissions of dusts,
grit, and ash and their control by isolation are considered. The
regulation of industrial and vehicular exhaust air pollution are
presented. Fluoride contaminants mentioned are: hydrofluoric
acid, silicon tetrafluoride, sodium fluoride, and calcium
fluoride.
4366.!
Jamrich, V.
IS CHLOROPHYLL STABILITY A FACTOR IN THE
POWER OF RESISTANCE AGAINST FUMES? (Je stability
chlorofylu faktorom odolnosti proti dymu?). Zbornik Vedeckych
Prac Lesnickej Fakultv Vysokej Skoly Lexhickej a Drevarskij
Vo Zvolene, vol 1:7-14, Oct. 1968. 14 refs. Translated from
Czech. 14p.
The relationship between the intensity of the effects of gase-
ous fluorine compounds, in the form of industrial emissions,
and the degree of chlorophyll destruction in two species of
trees was studied. Alnus glutinosa was selected to represent
the resistant species, and Quercus patraea to represent the
species of low resistance. Each species was exposed to a
definite amount of fluorine, and the degree of depigmentation
was expressed in terms of the differences in the total
chlorophyll and the differences found in the components,
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The degree of chlorophyll
destruction is directly proportional to the intensity of exposure
to fluorine; the degree of depigmentation is also dependent on
the strength of the chlorophyll bonds in the plastid structures.
Depigmentation is continuous with changes in the ratio of
chlorophyll components, and chlorophyll b is relatively more
stable than chlorophyll a. (Author summary modified)
44295
Oelschlager, W.
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDE STANDARDS FOR
VEGETATION AND ANIMALS. Fluoride, 5(3):111-114, July
1972. 1 ref.
In determining fluoride emission standards with respect to
possible damage to vegetation, better results are obtained if
gaseous fluoride is considered exclusively. However, in
evaluating damage to animals, fluoride uptake in gaseous or
through respiration is negligible compared with uptake through
forage, soil, and fly ash. Soil and fluoride, emitted with fly ash
near factories, is attached to raw forage such as grass, clover,
and alfalfa. Since the amount of fluoride in soil is approxi-
mately 20 to 150 times as high as the fluoride content of
forage and that of fly ash is more than 1000 times as high, the
question arises as to whether or not the solid particles should
be considered when measuring emissions. When nearly identi-
cal supplements of fluoride, namely 72 ppm, in the form of
soil, sodium fluoride, and fly ash from an aluminum factory
smelter, were administered to cattle, the fluoride uptake from
soil was 0.7 times, from fly ash 1.4 times, and from sodium
fluoride 3.0 times as high in the experimental animals as in
those which received the fluoride supplement. The utilization
of fluoride derived from soil in ruminant animals is highly
variable depending on the origin of the soil. The fluoride from
soil and fly ash is more or less available, although at lower
magnitudes, than fluoride contained in forage. However, if for
establishing emission standards, particulate fluoride in addition
to gaseous fluoride is being considered, values can be obtained
which are not in accord with the possible damage to animals.
Thus, damage to health may be more extensive with a relative-
ly low gaseous emission than with a high level depending on
the proportion of fluoride in the gaseous and particulate form.
As a maximum value for fluoride content of forage, 40
ppm/dyy is being considered for high productive cattle. This
value, however, is not only reached, but occasionally substan-
tially exceeded, in non-polluted areas, because of the top per-
missible fluoride levels in phosphate-containing feed.
44345
Leonard, C. D. and H. B. Graves, Jr.
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE AIR POLLUTION ON FLORIDA
CITRUS. Fluoride, a(3):145-163, July 1972. 15 refs.
The effect of different concentrations of fluorides in the
leaves on the yield and quality of Valencia and Hamlin
oranges and Marsh seedless grapefruit was studied. Under
Florida conditions, exposure of citrus trees to relatively high
levels of airborne fluorides during spring bloom period is be-
lieved to cause the greatest losses in fruit production. This in
indicated by the significant reduction in yield of Hamlin
oranges by each of three different concentrations of hydrogen
fluoride sprays applied only three different times during the
1967 bloom period. Where the concentration of airborne
fluorides is high enough during the bloom period to cause ex-
tensive leaf chlorosis, leaf burn, dropping of young leaves,
and excessive dropping of bloom and small fruit, the
mechanism causing yield reduction is obvious. Heavy drop of
young leaves, bloom, and small fruit as a result of exposure to
high levels of airborne fluorides, however, has occurred in
relatively few Florida citrus groves. These symptoms of acute
or severe fluoride toxicity did not occur on the trees in green-
house experiments. In spray experiments, leaf burn and
dropping of young leaves occurred only moderately when the
highest concentration of HF sprays was applied while the trees
has an extensive new flush of immature leaves. No dropping
of young leaves nor excess dropping of bloom and small fruit
occurred during the bloom period in the first three years of the
spray experiments. Decrease in photosynthetic activity due to
smaller leaf size and inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis
probably accounts for much of the decrease in yield. The addi-
tion of urea to high managanese sprays for regreening of
fluoride-chlorotic leaves appears to increase the absorption of
Mn by the leaves over similar high Mn sprays with urea.
44411
Bossavy, J.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS: THEIR EFFECTS ON
VEGETATION. (Les polluants atmospheriques. Leurs effets sur
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
425
la vegetation). Text in French. Rev. For. Fra., 22(5):533-543,
1970.
After a 10-year period of observations in France on the effects
of industrial wastes on vegetation, an in-depth examination
was conducted on symptoms of fluorine and sulfur dioxide
pollution, on certain measurement methods, on types of stu-
dies conducted over a 3-year period in the Alps, and on the
principal features of the territory where damage information
was gathered. Measurements were made using lime-im-
pregnated paper to determine concentration of fluorine
deposits on vegetation. It was established that fluorine not
metabolized by vegetation penetrates the cells of the
parenchyma of leaves and is transferred and retained in the
extremities of edges of the limb. Depending upon the vegeta-
tion, fluorine damage (burns) is evident on leaves in the form
of various tints such as light brown, black, or brick red. Cau-
tion is recommended in order that late frost damage not be
confused with pollution damage. Ozone damage is charac-
terized by small brown spots on the upper surfaces of leaves;
photochemical smog produces silver-white spots on the bottom
of leaves. Peroxide acetyl nitrate produces a vitreous or metal-
lic silver-white tint on the bottom of leaves. Little is known
about the effects of nitrogen oxides. Research findings are
described and discussed according to specific effects of pollu-
tants on specific types of vegetation by regional measure-
ments. (Author abstract modified)
44428
Gisiger, L.
ON THE FLUORINE CONTENT OF SOILS AND ITS AB-
SORPTION BY PLANTS AND ANIMALS. (Ueber den Gehalt
der Boden an Fluor und dessen Aufnehnibarkeit durch Pflanze
und Tier). Text in German. Schwiez. Landwirt. Monatsh.,
44(6):221-230, June 1966. 3 rets.
Soil samples in Fricktal in the Canton of Aargan, Switzerland,
were studied to determine if a fluorine increase on the soil sur-
face was traceable to the emissions of an aluminum plant.
Guided by the literature and a similar study made in 1962 to
investigate the influence of the clay content of soil on its F
content, the soil was examined in accordance with the domi-
nant wind direction from the aluminum plant. Soil was studied
at depths of 0. to 2.5 cm and 2.5 to 10 cm. Examination of F
content in representative vegetation evidenced no recognizable
dependence from 26 to over 100 mg% of the soil samples stu-
died. Among the many results of the research discussed and
presented in tabular format are the findings involving feeding
hay to sheep and determining F retention and absorption by
analyzing their urine and excrement. Fluorine toxicity of the
soil yielded a sodium fluoride equivalence of approximately
two-thirds. The specific phases of the research discussed are:
solubility of F in soil, absorption of F by plants in soils of dif-
fering F content, and F resorption through pollution as mea-
sured in ruminants. (Author abstract modified)
44595
Largent, Edward J.
FLUORIDE DAMAGE TO PLANTS. In: Fluorosis. The Health
Aspects of Fluorine Compounds. Columbus, Ohio State Univ.
Prsss, 1961, Chapt. 10, p. 94-100.
The reactions of various plant species have not been found to
be consistent with respect to the effects of fluorides, sulfur
dioxide, and some other materials that injure plant tissues.
Distinguishing between damage caused by SO2 and that
caused by fluorides can be difficult and complicated. The ef-
fects of hydrofluoric acid on certain broad, flat leaves include
injury to and death of marginal areas or of the tips of the
leaves, and some spotting and killing of scattered areas of in-
terveinous tissue. Another type of flat leaf exposed to HF in
air showed injury at the tips, streaking, spotting, and mottling.
Tips of the needles of pine trees first turn yellow and then
brown as a result of exposure to HF. Certain plant species ap-
pear to be sensitive to very low concentrations (below 5 ppb)
of HF in air while others appear to be quite insensitive to HF,
with only slight injuries being noted at concentrations of
greater than 10 ppb. In general, the accumulation of fluoride is
smallest in the fruit and greatest in the leaves; stems and twigs
occupy an intermediate position. When fluoride enters a plant
through its roots, it injures the leaves in much the same
manner as does air- borne HF. Deposition of particulate
fluorides on leaf surfaces is usually not injurious to the leaves
or other parts of the plant.
45007
Garber, K.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PLANTS. (Auswirkun-
gen von Luftvernureinigungen auf Pflanzen). Text in German.
Mitt Deut. Landwirtsch. Ges. (Frankfurt), 84(20):673-674, 1969.
Effects of different air pollutants on plants are described. The
influence on plants of air pollutants can be determined through
analyses of the air, precipitation, plant parts, and soil samples.
Trees are hit harder by emissions than argicultural plants, and
the resistance against pollutants can be increased by lime and
nitrogen doses. Gaseous pollutants usually penetrate plants
through the stomata of leaves. Sulfur dioxide, mainly causing
intercostal necrosis of leaves, is more dangerous during the
daytime and in humid weather than at night and in dry
weather. A small proportion of SO2 incorporated is converted
into sulfates, and elevated sulfur levels in leaves due to the ef-
fect of emissions can be detected. Lettuce, spinach, and bean
were found to be particularly sensitive to SO2. The acidifica-
tion of soils is another consequence of SO2 emissions.
Fluorine, in the form of hydrofluoric acid, deposits in the
points and edges of leaves, and also soluble fluorine salts can
be absorbed by leaves. The background concentrations range
from 0.5 to 1.8 mg/100 g of dry substance. Hydrochloric acid,
having a shorter action radius than SO2, causes necrotic edges
on leaves, and can be detected in the form of chlorides.
Nitrogen oxides cause largely the same symptoms as SO2.
Plant damages due to ammonia near fertilizer, urea manufac-
turing plants, and largely poultry farms were observed. Tar
vapors cause dark brown to silver coloration of leaves. Dusts,
though less dangerous than gaseous pollutants, may cause
damages by coating leaves and penetrating into the soil.
Reduced production due to zinc and lead containing dusts was
determined in experiments.
45009
Bennett, Jesse H. and A. Clyde Hill
ABSORPTION OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS BY
PLANTS: INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLLUTANT CONCEN-
TRATION PROFILES IN A STANDARDIZED CANOPY.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 22p.,
1972. 17 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972,
Paper 72-156.)
Concentration profiles for hydrofluoric acid, sulfur dioxide,
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric oxide generated in a stan-
dardized alfalfa canopy are presented. Wind, light, tempera-
ture, and carbon dioxide profiles, pollutant uptake, and
canopy data are given. Canopy pollutant concentration profile
characteristics of major air pollutants were studied to evaluate
-------
426
their potential for penetrating into canopies. The study was
conducted in an environmental growth chamber which allowed
automatic control of environmental conditions and gaseous
exchange. The steady state HF profile showed the greatest dis-
placement within the canopy. Hydrofluoric acid, SO2, and
NO2 profiles suggested that these gases may be removed effi-
ciently by the upper portion of the canopy as well as the im-
mediate subsurface vegetation. The steady state NO profile
was not substantially displaced within the canopy. The meager
uptake rate of NO by plants was too slow in comparison with
gas transport and mixing within the canopy to materially affect
the internal profile. Ozone appeared to be readily deposited on
the surface tissues, but the lower tissues had less effect on the
concentration profile. Data are presented which show the rela-
tionship between the NO2 concentration within the canopy
and changes in the air concentration above the vegetation. The
NO2 concentration was oscillated (between 9-11 pphm) above
the canopy. The amplitude of oscillation was damped within
the canopy in proportion to the depression in mean concentra-
tion at that level. (Author abstract modified)
45022
Berge, Helmut
THE PROBLEM OF AIR POLLUTION. (Das Problem der
Luftverunreinigung). Text in German. Angew. Bot., no. 37:299-
311, 1964. 10 refs. (Presented at Muenster University, West Ger-
many, Botanical Institute, Jan. 8, 1963.)
The general problem of air pollution-induced plant damage and
morphological and physiological alterations in damaged plants
are rewiewed. The effects of air pollutants on plants are de-
pendent on and modified by climatic, orographic, edaphic, and
biotic factors; the synergism of pollutants; and differences in
the sensitivity of individual plants and species. Sulfur dioxide
and fluorine are the most dangerous pollutants for plants, but
ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, nitric acid,
chlorine, hydrochloric acid, bromine, iodine, hydrocyanic acid,
ethylene, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, mercaptans,
asphalt and tar vapors, mercury, and selenium can also inflict
damage. Young leaves, sensitive to H2S, nitrogen oxides, Cl,
HC1, HCN, mercaptans, Hg, and sulfuric acid, are more re-
sistant to SO2, gaseous F compounds, ethylene, and selenium
than older leaves. Damage is most serious when pollutants
enter leaves simultaneously or alternately through epidermis
and stomata. Solution of the cellular matter due to SO2, H2S,
nitrogen oxides, HNO3, Cl, HC1, mercaptans, and selenium
was observed. The yellow-to-brown coloration of leaves is
usually a result of the precipitation of tannin. Plasmolysis is
caused by SO2, gaseous F compounds, ammonia, nitrogen ox-
ides, HNO3, Br, asphalt and tar vapors, while photosynthesis
is stimulated by traces of ammonia, HNO3, and saturated
hydrocarbons. Increased dissimilation and respiration due to
diverse pollutants, increased transpiration due to SO2 and
HC1, and elevated permeability and osmosis due to SO2 were
observed. The stomata are choked by dust, soot, and fly ash
buildups.
45130
Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga. Environmental Protection and
Improvement
AIR POLLUTION AND TREES. 13p., 1971. 14 refs.
The most common pollutants injuring trees are sulfur dioxide,
fluorides, oxidants, and minor air pollutants such as ammonia,
chlorides, and ethylene. The sources of sulfur dioxide are coal
burning (60%); refining and combustion of petroleum products
(21%); smelting of ores (7%); and minor amounts generated by
natural gas production, refining and utilization of sulfur, and
manufacturing and utilization of sulfuric acid. Fluoride injury
to plants in the United States became widespread after World
War II, when the aluminum and other industries grew rapidly.
Ozone, a naturally occuring oxidant existing in the upper at-
mosphere, may be brought to earth by turbulence during
severe storms, and small amounts are formed by lightning.
Most other oxidants come from the emissions of automobiles
and industries which mix in the air and undergo photochemical
reactions in sunlight. Oxides of nitrogen are formed by com-
bustion at high temperatures in the presence of two natural
components of air, nitrogen and oxygen. Automotive exhaust
is the largest producer of nitrogen oxides. Ethylene comes
from the manufacture of illuminating gas, automobile ex-
hausts, combustion of various fuels or any organic substance,
petroleum refining, and manufacturing of polyethylene.
Hydrogen chloride and chloride originate from refineries,
glass-making plants, incineration, accidental spillage, and burn-
ing of polyvinyl chloride plastics. Ammonia injury to plants
and plant products is caused by refrigeration gas escaping in
cold storage rooms, from fertilizer tanks, or during various
manufacturing processes utilizing or making ammonia. The in-
jury caused to plants, including symptoms is described. Symp-
toms may be chronic or acute. A general yellowing of needles
occur. Growih is impeded. Leaf margins begin to die. Tips of
conifer needles turn brown and die. In the case of broadleaved
trees, leaves turn yellow, or get small flecks of dead or pig-
mented tissue on the upper leaf-surface. Air pollution may in-
jure trees many miles away from pollution source, especially
during inversions, when pollutants are trapped and concen-
trated close to the ground. Air pollution is also responsible for
retarding growth and weakening trees to attack by various in-
sects and diseases. Air pollution problem to forestry is a near-
future problem, and will depend upon population growth, en-
gineering technology, willingness of private individuals and in-
dustry to become involved, and issuing adequate laws con-
trolling the situation. (Author conclusions modified)
45160
Bohne, H.
INJURIES FROM DUSTS OF CEMENT WORKS ON THE
FOREST STANDS. (Schaedlichkeit von Staub aus Zementwer-
ken fuer Waldbestaende). Text in German. Allg. Forstz.,
18(7):109-111, 1963. 4 refs.
Investigations of forest damages due to dust emissions from
cement works are described. Tree leaves were covered by
whitish-gray dust deposits, often in the form of a hard film,
and many dead trees, mostly conifers, were found. Dust sedi-
mentation measurements over one year revealed sedimentation
rates of 1.7 g/sq m/day as a monthly average, while weekly
averages reached 3.8 g/sq m/day. The dust contained 30-40%
lime, 15-20% silicic acid, 5-45% sulfur, about 1% potash, up to
0.15% fluorine, and traces of iron and aluminum. The pH
values ranged from 8 to 12. The dust, of high binding ability,
resembled cement in its behavior in the presence of humidity.
The dust deposits reduced the assimilation, and, due to being
highly alkaline and containing hydroxyl ions and water-soluble
salts, damaged or destroyed the cell matter. Also lenticels in
the bark were affected. Measurements of annual ring widths
revealed considerable reduction in growth, parallel to the in-
crease in the cement production. The annual rings in a poplar
were 8 5 mm wide during the period 1925-1930, as against 3.8
mm in the period 1951-1960. The width of the annual rings in
conifers decreased from 2.1-2.5 mm in the period 1911-1920 to
1.4 mm during 1951-1960.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
427
45214
Houten, J. G. ten
AIR POLLUTION AND PLANT HEALTH. OEPP/EPPO Bull.,
no. 4:65-77, 1972. 20 refs.
Plant injury due to chemical air pollutants (sulfur dioxide,
hydrofluoric acid, ethylene, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrate is
a well-known phenomenon in densely industralized and ur-
banized areas. Several studies on the physical, chemical, and
biotic influences of pollutants are reviewed. Little is known
about the influence of air pollutants on the development of
parasitic plant diseases and insect pests, and only in a few
cases has the effect of the presence of certain pathogens in
plant leaves on symptom-expression resulting from chemical
air pollutants been investigated. In some instances, virus-dis-
eased plants are less susceptible to air pollutants. In excep-
tional cases, air pollutants may reduce plant diseases. Some
pollutants may inhibit spore germination of certain pathogens,
whereas other pathogens are not influenced at all or may even
be stimulated.
45345
William, A.
AIR, PRIMORDIAL FACTOR OF THE ENVIRONMENT. (L
air, facteur primordial de 1 environnement). Text in French.
Ann. Gembloux, 77(2):11M20, 1971. 9 refs.
A historical review is given of air pollution, and studies on
plant damage due to air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid,
ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, bromine, and mineral oils are
summarized. The relative sensitivities of certain plants for air
pollution are given. Atomic oxygen may react with nitrogen
oxides and saturated hydrocarbons, forming peroxyacetyl
nitrates and peroxypropyonyl nitrate. Sulfur dioxide present in
air may be oxidized by ozone to sulfur trioxide to form finally
sulfuric acid. Plant leaves develop whitish or brown spots
within a few minutes on the action of ozone in concentrations
of 0.1-0.2 ppm. Epiphyte plants and lichens are regarded by
many scientists as the best pollution indicators. Territorial
development plans for different regions of Belgium are
reviewed with regard to air pollution prevention.
45467
Schucht, F., H. H. Baetge, and M. Dueker
SOIL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE OKER METALLURGICAL
PLANT AREA (HARZ MOUNTAINS, GERMANY). (Ueber
bodenkundliche Aufnahmen im Rauchschadengebiet der Unter-
harzer Huettenwerke Oker). Text in Gern.an. Landwirt. Jahrb.,
vol. 76:51-98, 1932. 39 refs.
Soil investigations were carried out in a smoke-damaged forest
area around the Oker metallurgical plant in the Harz moun-
tains. The damages were primarily due to sulfur dioxide which
formed sulfur trioxide and then sulfurous acid. Other pollu-
tants, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and dusts con-
taining copper, zinc, arsenic, lead, and traces of cadmium as
well as traces of hydrofluoric acid and chlorine, were also de-
tected. Soil samples showed increased soil sulfate contents
around the metallurgical works, and an irregular decrease of
sulfate levels with distance. The lime contents decreased due
to the effect of sulfurous acid, as did magnesia and potassium
concentrations. The soil pH ranged from 6.7 to 7.5. Copper
contents of 0.04-0.007%, decreasing irregularly with distance,
were measured, while both the zinc and lead contents, 0.16%
and 0.14-0.0007%, respectively, were highest in the immediate
proximity of the plant due to rapid sedimentation. Dusts con-
taining arsenic had the largest action radius, and it was possi-
ble to determine the extension of the smoke damage area from
the soil arsenic levels. Since copper, zinc, lead, and arsenic
were present in the form of water-insoluble salts in soils with
adequate lime contents, damages due to these metals were not
probable, and soil acidification due to SO2 could be coun-
teracted by proper fertilization.
45474
Bohne, H.
INVESTIGATION OF AIR POLLUTION-INDUCED PLANT
DAMAGES. (Untersuchung von Pflanzenschaeden durch Luft-
verunreinigung). Text in German. Mitt. Deut. Landwirtsch. Ges.
(Frankfurt), 80(20):684-685, 1969.
The investigation of air pollution-induced plant damages is
described, with special regard to the production of evidence
for legal proceedings. Dead trees near industrial plants, asym-
metric growth, and yearly recurring coloration, appearing dur-
ing spring or early summer, are the general symptoms of the
influence on vegetation of industrial activity. The chemical
analysis of plant samples delivers usually unambiguous
evidence. The problem is complicated by the presence of
several industrial plants emitting different pollutants in the af-
fected neighborhood. While fluorine contents in leaves
decrease with increasing distance of the suspected emission
source, chlorine and hydrofluoric acid are carried away from
leaves by plant fluids. Repeated pollutant concentration mea-
surements, preferably at different distances of the emission
source, are necessary. The plant damage area should be di-
vided into a number of zones according to the degree of the
damage.
45533
Ryder, Edward J.
SELECTION AND BREEDING OF PLANTS FOR IN-
CREASED RESISTANCE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. Preprint,
American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 1971. 35 refs.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society, National Meeting,
161st, Los Angeles, Calif., March 28 - April 2, 1971.)
A few crops, ornamental plants, and forest plants were in-
vestigated for variations in reaction to air pollution. Evidence
for a genetic basis for resistance to pollutants was found in
several specie. Plant breeding techniques and current breeding
programs are listed. The effects of the following toxicants are
reviewed: ozone, fluoride, oxidants, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, and peroxyacetyl nitrate. Future needs and prospects
are discussed. Breeding new varieties of plants, resistant to
the toxicants, which can be sucessfully grown in a polluted at-
mosphere is considered.
45540
Heggestad, H. E., F. S. Santamour, Jr., and Leon Bernstein
PLANTS THAT WILL WITHSTAND POLLUTION AND
REDUCE IT. In: Landscape for Living. Washington, D. C.,
Government Printing Office, 1972, p. 16-22. GPO
Ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
fluorides, and ethylene are pollutants that singularly or in com-
bination can cause damage to plants in the form of lesions, tis-
sue collapse, discoloration, defoliation, premature aging, and
necrosis of leaf margins and tips. The concentration of these
pollutants is high enough in some areas to result in economic
losses. The sensitivity of the plants can be used to detect the
presence of these pollutants and to augment monitoring instru-
ments. Trees and other plants also play a role in removing
gaseous pollutants and particulates from the atmosphere and in
reducing noise. The ginko and the Ailanthus are two species
-------
428
which have been grown successfully in urban areas. Natural
selection will result in more resistant plants, but the cultivation
of particular species is desirable.
45557
Wood, Francis A.
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH NEEDS ESI FORESTRY.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 20p.,
1972. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami, Fla., June 18-22, 1972,
Paper 72-152.)
Research needs with respect to the effects of air pollution on
forests are presented. The principal difference between
research needs pertaining to forests in comparison with those
pertaining to herbaceous plants is a function of the perennial
nature of forests. Research areas that need attention in the fu-
ture include: a determination of the impact of air pollution on
forests, the effects of pollutant interactions, the effect of pol-
lutant-biopathogen interactions, an examination of changes in
the nature of air pollution problems associated with applica-
tions of control technology, the development of additional
field diagnostic techniques, and the use of chemicals and re-
sistant plant materials to minimize air pollution effects. The ef-
fects of specific air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and hydrogen
chloride, at the cellular, whole plant, and plant community
levels need to be elucidated. (Author abstract modified)
45604
Carlson, Clinton E. and Jerald E. Dewey
ENVIRONMENTAL POLUTION BY FLUORIDES IN
FLATHEAD NATIONAL FOREST AND GLACIER NA-
TIONAL PARK. Forest Service, Missoula, Mont., Forest Insect
and Disease Branch, 62p., Oct. 1971. 27 refs.
The major cause of vegetation injury and damage on forested
lands near the Anactnda Aluminum Company was studied.
Research took the form of studies of visual burn, chemical
analysis, histological analyses, aerial photography of area, and
entomological (insect) sampling. Fluorides generated by the
Anaconda Aluminum Company were determined to be the pri-
mary cause of the injury and damage to vegetation in the sur-
rounding area. Highest fluoride concentrations, up to 1000
ppm, in foliar tissue were found near the Anaconda aluminum
plant. Data indicated the fluorides were carried by air move-
ment from the aluminum plant through a saddle in Teakettle
Mountain to Glacier National Park, following the pattern of
the prevailing winds in the area. Elevated fluorides (greater
than 10 ppm) were found in vegetation on Columbia Mountain
and Teakettle Mountain, in vegetation near the towns of
Columbia Falls, Hungry Horse, and Coram, Montana, and in
the southwest portion of Glacier National Park. Varying
degrees of visible fluoride injury were found on vegetation
over more than 69,120 acres. Although fluoride emissions were
reduced during the summer of 1970, fir and spruce trees con-
tinued to accumulate fluorides at the same rate as in 1969.
Definite histological reactions to elevated fluorides occur in
conifer needle tissue, including hypertrophy of parenchy-
matous cells. Fluorides also accumulated in insect tissue. All
groups of insects studied contained high fluoride levels. Pol-
linators possessed the highest, up to 406 ppm. Cambium
feeders contained in excess of 52 ppm, indicating that fluoride
must be translocated in the cambium of trees. Predatory in-
sects had fluoride counts over 53 ppm, showing fluoride is
passed along the food chain. Insect population samples in-
dicated that elevated fluoride levels in pine needles lead to a
buildup of the pine needle scale. During the summer of 1971,
evaluations of possible timber growth losses and pasture graz-
ing lands the should not be utilized due to fluoride were evalu-
ated. Environmental damage can be stopped only by installa-
tion of pollution abatement equipment to limit fluoride emis-
sion to 0 Ib/day, which is impossible, or by closing the plant,
which is also impossible. The only possibility left is installing a
permanent system to monitor fluoride pollution. (Author con-
clusions modified)
45663
Compton, O. C., F. W. Adams, Stanley Elliott, Jack H. Wood,
D. W. Claypool, and R. K. Marsh
FLUORINE LEVELS IN PLANTS OF THE WARRENTON
AREA, 1968-1970: CULTIVATED AND NATIVE WOODY
AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS PRIOR TO ALUMINUM FAC-
TORY OPERATIONS. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Corvallis, Rept. 335, 30p., July 1971. 32 refs.
The flourine level of plants in an area intended for construc-
tion of an aluminum plant was studied to supply reference
data in anticipation of pollution after start of plant operation.
Cultivated and native plants within 6 mi of the factory site
were sampled. Pasture herbages contained an average of 0.8-
3.2 ppm fluorine, with only 11% of the samples exceeding 3.4
ppm. The fluorine content of each of the other six species
averaged 2.9 ppm, with the exception of spruce needles con-
taining 4.2 ppm. Five improved strains of pasture grasses
maintained in pure strands were consistently and uniformly
low in fluorine content. Within the area, differences in terrain,
river valley, or distance from projected factory site produced
no trends in fluorine concentrations. (Author summary
modified)
45776
Heggestad, H. E.
HOW PLANTS FIGHT MAN-MADE POLLUTION. Sci.
Teach., 39(4), 4p., April 1972. 22 refs.
Various investigations concerning the response of plants to
polluted environments are reviewed. Removal of ozone by
plants is regulated by the same factors that control the
exchange of water vapor between the leaves and the at-
mosphere. Depending on the species, ozone concentration, and
other factors, uptake of ozone by leaves often results in acute
injury, premature aging, and plant senescence. Sulfur absorp-
tion by plants is least when the concentrations of sulfur diox-
ide are highest. Sulfur accumulation may occur even under
pollution conditions which do not depress plant yield or the
quality of plant products. The initial uptake rate of nitrogen
dioxide by alfalfa and oats is directly proportional to concen-
tration in the range of 0 to 24 pphm. Alfalfa removes gaseous
pollutants in the following order: hydrogen fluoride most
rapidly, followed by sulfur dioxide, chlorine, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, peroxyacyl nitrate, and nitric oxide. The absorption
rate of nitric oxide is very low, and it is not possible to detect
any absorption of carbon monoxide. There is a close relation-
ship between the uptake of these pollutants by plants and their
solubility in water. The action of various woody plants on SO2
removal is described. Soil organisms, including fungi, yeast,
and bacteria, also play an important role in air purification,
especially for gases such as CO and ethylene, which are not
absorbed by green plants, soil also acts as an effective sink for
SO2 and NO2. Trees, shrubs, and tall grass make effective
sound barriers and thus reduce noise pollution. Removal of
participates by plants has little, if any, effect on the vegetation
itself, but plant removal of gaseous pollutants, such as ozone,
PAN, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine, may cause injury to plants.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
429
45781
Zietzschmann, Otto
CONTRIBUTION TO FLUORINE NOXIOUSNESS IN CAT-
TLE. (Zur Frage der Schaedlichkeit des Fluores beim Rinde).
Text in German. Deut. Tieraerstl. Wochschr., no. 39:203-204,
1931.
Observations on the effects of fluorine on cattle are described.
Grazing cattle kept in a pasture near a chemical plant emitting
hydrofluoric acid lost weight and showed symptoms of
osteomalacia but never those of fluorine cachexia. The symp-
toms rapidly receded during winter when the animals were fed
only little hay from the chemical plant area. Fluorine in grass
and hay was detected, and vegetation damages in the form of
reddish-brown spots on leaves and leaves turning yellow in
summer were observed. In another case loss of weight and
symptoms of osteodrystrophy were observed in cattle grazing
near a plant which discharged fluorine bound in air borne dust.
Osteodystrophy failed, however, to appear in tests in which
cattle were fed 2.3 g/day of sodium fluoride and sodium
fluosilicate, which indicates the possibility of the indirect ac-
tion of fluorine.
46051
MacLean, D. C, L. H. Weinstein, D. C. McCune, R. H., and
A. E. Hitchcock
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF TOXIC PROPEL-
LANTS ON KSC ECOLOGY. (FINAL REPORT). Boyce
Thompson Inst. for Plant Research, Inc., Yonkers, N. Y. and
TRW Systems, Cape Canaveral, Fla., Florida Operations,
NASA Contract NAS 10-3147, 92p., Dec. 1966. 3 refs. NTIS:
N67-35193
The impact of toxic propellants on plant species near the Ken-
nedy space center was studied. Nitrogen tetraoxide, which is
currently used as an oxidizer, and hydrogen fluoride, which
wouid be the toxic vapor from a fluoride-based oxidizer, were
the propellants studied. The study was concerned only with
high vapor concentration, short duration exposures which
might result from launch operations. The vapors of both
propellants caused plant damage in proportion to the vapor
concentration and exposure time. Boundary conditions for
damage by nitrogen dioxide varied from 25 ppm for 4 hr to 250
ppm for 15 min. Boundary levels for hydrogen fluoride ranged
from 15 ppm for 2 hr to 8 ppm for 4 hr. The minimal effects
of both vapors on plant tissue resemble the symptoms
produced by environmental stresses, insects, and diseases. The
maximum effects observed included complete defoliation, ab-
scission of flowers and fruits, and necrosis of terminal shoots.
Vapor concentrations and/or exposure time significantly above
the maximum levels studied in this program could be expected
to produce complete necrosis of plants. Hydrogen fluoride was
approximately 20 times more effective on a concentration
basis than NO2 in inducing plant damage. Plant damage in-
duced by HF can be distinguished from that induced by NO2
on the basis of the species affected, type of tissue injured,
pattern of symptom development and expression, and chemi-
cal analyses. Injuries to plants observed in this study ranged
from marginal effects through complete defoliation. The visi-
ble expressions of injury are described for a number of citrus
varities and ornamental species.
46198
Hepting, George H.
AIR POLLUTION AND TREES. In: Man s Impact on Ter-
restrial and Oceanic Ecosystems. William H. Matthews,
Frederick E. Smith, and Edward D. Goldberg (eds.), Cam-
bridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1971, Chapt. 7, p. 116-129. 31 refs.
Coniferous trees, bearing the same foliage year-round and
often for several years, are notable victims of air pollution.
There is much variation among tree species in sensitivity to
toxic airborne gases and great variation from tree to tree
within the same species. Thus, some sensitive white pine trees
are being propagated to provide a clonal line useful in monitor-
ing air pollution, while other neighboring resistant white pines
have permitted the production of clonal lines of trees that can
withstand field levels of certain toxic gases. The main ail pol-
lutant gases toxic to trees are sulfur dioxide, fluorides, ozone,
peroxyacyl nitrate, and oxides of nitrogen. Today the main
damage to forest and shade trees results from the stack gas
from coal-burning power plants and from the photochemical
toxicants in urban smog. When trees were killed over
thousands of acres around a smelter, the climate of the area
was definitely altered adversely. Trees help screen out pollut-
ing industries and serve as fixed monitors of dangerous pollu-
tion levels. Trees have also been considered as sometimes con-
tributing to atmospheric haze through photochemical combina-
tions involving their aromatic hydrocarbons such as terpenes.
Wisely used, trees can help in many ways in the struggle
against air pollution. (Author abstract modified)
46217
Swieboda, Maria
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION
BY INDUSTRIAL FLUORINE COMPOUNDS UPON
FORESTS. (Niektore zagadnienia wplywu na lasy prezemys-
lowych 7,anieczyszczen powietrza zwiazkami fluoru). Text in
Polish. Sylwan, 108(6):45-54, 1964. 27 refs.
A brief review is given which emphasizes that the content of
fluorine compounds in air, soil, and plants differs in different
areas depending on the distance from industry (especially
metallurgical aluminum, and fertilizers industries). The signs of
the adverse effects of fluorine pollution are described in detail.
Resistance of plants differs in different species. Of the ever-
greens, the most sensitive are the pine (75-85%), spruce (26-
75%), and fir (3-12%), and least sensitive is the larch (less than
1%). Of deciduous trees, the most sensitive is the beech tree,
while maple, oak, and plane trees are much more resistant.
Different methods for determining the cause of damage
(chemical, botanical, biometric, and histochemical) and
methods of plant protection (spraying with lime or special oil
emulsions) are briefly described. The need for better control
of sources of fluorine pollution is stressed.
46262
Heggestad, H K.
AIR POLLUTION AND PLANTS. In: Man s Impact on Ter-
restrial and Oceanic Ecosystems. William H. Matthews,
Frederick E. Smith, and Edward D. Goldberg (eds.), Cam-
bridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1971, Chapt. 6, p. 101-115. S3 refs.
Air pollution problems caused by gaseous and particulate pol-
lutants on cultivated plants arc reviewed. Agricultural losses
due to air pollution are an estimated $500 million annually and
are increasing. Most of the loss is due to growth suppression
or to chronic injury as indicated by relative growth of plants in
ambient air containing pollutants and carbon-filtered air with
most oxidants and some other pollutants removed.
Photochemical oxidants such as ozone and peroxyacetyl
nitrate are considered, as well as ethylene, sulfur dioxide,
fluoride, nitrogen dioxide, and other pollutants. The combined
effect of two or more gases is discussed, and the significance
of environmental factors is reviewed. Research needs are sum-
marized.
-------
430
46338
Houten, J. G. ten
SOURCE, DISPERSION AND EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AIR
POLLUTANTS. (Herkomst, verspreiding en effect van
chemische luchtverontreinigingen). Text in Dutch. Inst. of
Phytopathological Research, Wageningen (Netherlands), 16p.,
1972. 32 rets. (Presented at the Aerobiology Symposium,
Wageningen, Netherlands, Jan. 1972.)
The effects of general and specific air pollutants on plants are
reviewed. The air pollutants enter into plants through the sto-
mata of the leaves and may cause serious metabolic disorders
on a cellular level. Sulfur dioxide causes necrosis of inter-
costal tissues without affecting the nerves. It has no cumula-
tive effect as it is metabolized into harmless sulfates. Lichens
were highly sensitive for SO2. Examples of plant damage and
action radii in different areas are given. Ethylene, originating
from automotive exhaust, causes epinasty in stomata in a con-
centration of 0.1 ppm. Nitrogen dioxide in a concentration of
0.25 ppm damages tomato. The effects of ozone formed in
photochemical reactions on Pinus ponderosa were detected at
a distance of 100 km from the source. Hydrofluoric acid emis-
sions from a aluminum plant caused total destruction of
conifers and needle damage up to a distance of 32 km. Cement
dust and other solid particles may serve as condensation nuclei
for other air pollutants. Reduced virulence of phytopathogenic
fungi due to SO2 was observed; 0.5-1 ppm ozone concentra-
tions, maintained over a few hours had a similar effect on
Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichumlagenanum, Verticillium
albo-atrum and V. dahliae. The growth-stimulating effect of
acetaldehyde on Sclerotium rolfsi was observed. An air pollu-
tion monitoring network of 250 sampling stations, designed to
measure SO2 and NO2, nitric oxide, and ozone concentrations
is under construction in the Netherlands.
46557
Mooi, J.
INVESTIGATION OF THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WOODY
PLANTS FOR SO2 AND HF. (Onderzoek naar de gevoeligheid
van houtige gewassen voor SO2 en HF). Text in Dutch. Groen,
1972:1-12, Jan. 1972.
The equipment for fumigation of woody plants in the field
developed by Spienngs was improved by mounting feelers to
the fumigation gun in order to measure climatic conditions.
The data from these feelers is registered automatically on in-
struments situated m a van and worked out by a computer.
The equipment is used for short-time fumigations in the field.
Short-time fumigations were also earned out in the laboratory.
The data and symptoms of damage to the trees and shrubs
caused by low concentrations of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
fluoride are discussed. In a fumigation experiment with a con-
centration of 2.41 ppb HF applied during 4 months, trees and
shrubs showed a great difference in susceptibility to and
capacity for uptake of HF.
46719
Keller, Theo and H. Schwager
THE DETECTION OF HIDDEN F-INJURY OF FOREST
TREES BY A SIMPLE COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY. (Der Nachweis unsichtbarer
(physiologischer) Fluor-Immissions-schaedigungen an Waldbaeu-
men durch eine einfache kolorimetrische Bestimmung der Perox-
idase-Aktivitaet). Eur. J. Forest Pathol., 1(1):6-18, 1971. 26 rets.
Translated from German. 21p.
A simple routine method is described for colorimetrically
determining peroxidase activity in foliage of forest trees, in-
cluding conifers. Peroxidase activity increases with aging of
tissues. Fluonde emissions add to this natural tendency, thus
leading to premature senescence; the increased fluoride con-
tent in assimilation organs is associated with increased perox-
idase activity. External dust influences peroxidase activity
only after several hours, while peroxidase activity is very little
affected by variations in tissue water content. An analysis of
potted plants exposed at varying distances from an aluminum
plant and fluoride emissions indicates that peroxidase activity
and the fluoride content of foliage increases With decreasing
distance. Increased peroxidase activity may occur without or
before symptoms of visible fluoride injury develop. (Author
summary modified)
46721
Schoenbech, H. and W. Hoelte
DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTION BY THE TRANS-
PLANTED FOLIOSE LICHEN, PARMELIA PHYSODES.
('/Aim Nachweis von Luftverunreinigungen durch die transplan-
tierte Blattflechte Parmelia physodes). Zentralbl. Bakteriol.,
Parasitenk. Infektionskr. Hyg.:Abt. l:Orig., Reihe B,
212(2/4):3S6-3S7, Feb. 1970. 1 ref. Translated from German. 2p.
Open air and fumigation studies indicate that the foliose lichen
Parmelia physodes reacts to ground level concentrations of
sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride, and that it can be mea-
sured by the withering of individual thallus parts. Reactions
were photographically recorded at predetermined time inter-
vals. An investigation conducted in the vicinity of an alu-
minum plant ascertained that Parmelia physodes is a quantita-
tively reacting biological indicator.
46733
Wentzel, Karl Friedrich
INSECTS AS EMISSION-RELATED PESTS. (Insekten als Imis-
sionsfolgesschaedlinge). Naturwissenschaften (Berlin), 52(5): 113,
1965. 3 refs. Translated from German. 3p.
An appraisal was made of the degree of conifer foliation in
eight test areas lying end-to-end in a radiating pattern from a
brick kiln factory and to a distance 1020 m East and
Northeast, as well as the accompanying degree of infection
from spruce gall lice. Close relationships were found between
the degree of damage to the trees and the gall infection.
Hydrogen fluoride emissions from the brick kiln can effect a
shift in the disposition of the host plants, thus providing condi-
tions for the development of spruce gall lice.
46923
Navara, Jan
VARIATIONS IN THE INTENSITY OF TRANSPIRATION
AND DAMAGE TO PLANTS CAUSED BY FLUORINE
PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Zmeny v intenzite trans-
piracie a poskodenie rastlin pri posobeni fluoru z ovzdusia).
Text in Slovak. Biologia (Bratislava), 27(7): 545-559, 1972. 30
refs.
The effect of various atmospheric fluorine concentrations on
transpiration intensity and the health of leaves of 10-day-old
plants of Pisum sativum was studied under conditions of con-
tinuous and periodic fumigation. Transpiration intensity was
determined gravimetrically by a special apparatus. Low
fluorine concentrations (50 ppb), following a temporary drop
in water transpiration, resulted in a marked increase in trans-
piration. Following the attainment of maximal increase, trans-
piration decreased again to end up shortly before the ap-
pearance of visible leaf damage at lower intensity than control
plants unexposed to fluorine. Higher concentrations (100-150
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
431
ppb) led immediately to a gradual drop of transpiration intensi-
ty which continued throughout the stage of invisible and visi-
ble leaf damage. Lower and higher fluorine concentrations also
affected the appearance of leaf damage. Leaf necrosis ap-
peared sooner at higher, later at lower, fluorine concentra-
tions. At lower concentrations, upper ontogenically younger
leaves turned light brown which was followed by peripheral
necrosis on fully developed leaves. Concentrations of 150 ppb
caused a different type of damage: after one day of fumiga-
tion, the leaves began to wilt. Transpiration intensity at high
fluorine concentrations dropped more markedly in plants
growing at relatively lower humidity, at higher relative humidi-
ties the effect of fluorine was less noticeable. Periodic fumiga-
tion disclosed that at night plants were more sensitive to the
effect of fluorine than during the day: transpiration intensity
dropped more.
46997
Bourbon, P., J. Tournut, J. Alary, J. F. Rouzaud, and F.
Alengrin
CONSEQUENCES OF SMALL FLUORIDE POLLUTION IN A
MOUNTAIN VALLEY. (Consequences d une pollution fluoree
de faible importance dans une vallee de montagne). Text in
French. Tribune CEBEDEAU (Centre Beige Etude Doc. Eaux),
24(327):62-66, Feb. 1971. 8 refs.
Fluoride content in the air and forage were determined, and
symptoms of chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle raised in a
mountain valley accommodating a phosphoric acid production
plant were studied systematically over 10 years The plant,
processing phosphates with a fluoride content of 3.8%, emitted
20 kg of F daily. The atmospheric average F concentration
ranged from zero to 10 micrograms/cu m, with 90% in the
form of hydrofluoric acid and silicotetrafluoride, and 10% in
the form of apatite. The fluorine content in forage, ranging
from 20 to 50 ppm, and up to 164 ppm in one case, is respon-
sible for pathological symptoms of fluonne poisoning in cattle.
Fluorine content of about 30 ppm causes discoloration of the
dental enamel in cattle fed such forage over more than 3
years, which corresponds to the fluorine residues of more than
1000 ppm in the jawbones. Periodic limping occurs in cattle
fed forage with about 50 ppm of F over 5 years, corresponding
to an F content of more than -4000 ppm Such animals lose
weight and yield much less milk than normal ones. Caries and
loose teeth in cattle whose jawbones contain F residues of
more than 3000 ppm are observed Osteosis is, however, prac-
tically nonexistent The urine F content, ranging from 2 to 20
ppm, was normai with less than 10 ppm in 60% of all animals
The results show an accumulation of F in bones, and suggest
an F content of 20 ppm in forage as a safe limit.
47014
Spinka, Josef
EFFECTS OF POLLUTED AIR ON FRUIT TREES AND
LEGUMES. (Vliv znecisleneho ovzdusi na ovocne stromy a
zeleninu). Text in Czech. 7iva, 19(1):13-15, June 1971.
Plants undergo microscopic and macroscopic changes when
exposed to atmospheric sulfur dioxide and chlorine concentra-
tion of 1 times 10 to the - 6th power g/cu m Soil quality also
suffers from SO2, Cl, fluonne, and other gases. All plant
damage from atmospheric pollutants is intensified by high hu-
midity. Plant damage can best be detected by microchemical
methods. Detection of leaf damage from nitrogen oxides or
ammonia is difficult because of the high content of other
nitrogen compounds. Suspended dust reduces the amount of
solar energy available for photosynthesis by reducing the in-
tensity of solar radiation. Maximal short-term and median
long-term concentrations tolerated by plants for SO2, carbon
monoxide, NOx, Cl, hydrogen sulfide, soot, fluorine, arsenic,
phenol, benzene, and ammonia are given. In Czechoslovakia a
12.5 g/sq m/mo dust fall with up to 20% free silicon dioxide is
permissible. Emissions of CO, hydrocarbons, NOx, and lead
cause damage to crops and trees lining heavily travelled
highways.
47286
Daessler, Hans-Guenther
PLANT DAMAGE FROM AIR POLLUTION. (Vegeta-
tionsschaeden als Folge der Luftverschmutzung). Text in Ger-
man. Wiss. Z. Tech. Univ. Dresden, 20(4): 1171-1173, 1971.
The problem of air pollution-induced plant damage in East
Germany is outlined. Sulfur dioxide causes most of the
damage in forestry and agriculture, followed by hydrofluoric
acid and silicon tetrafluoride. Dust and soot emissions are less
hazardous for forests, while they may cause damage to fruits
and vegetables and unfavorably modify soil properties Ar-
senic, lead, copper, and zinc emissions are especially harmful
since they may result in reduced crops. Invisible physiological,
chronic, and acute plant damage due to pollution are distin-
guished. Exposures over a short time to high pollutant concen-
trations are generally more hazardous than long-term expo-
sures to low concentrations. The total forest damage area in
East Germany is estimated at 220,000 ha. Pollution induced
damages of barley and flax, as well as livestock damages due
to the consumption of contaminated forage have occurred re-
peatedly. As the proportion of fossil fuels among the energy
sources steadily increases, no decrease in the SO2 level is ex-
pected. There are no effective means for controlling SO2 emis-
sions, and the construction of high stacks constitutes no real
solution to the emission problem.
47385
Subido, P. S., P. A. Santamaria, E N. Alqueza, and A C.
Pizarro
PLANTS INJURED BY AIR POLLUTANTS. Philippine J. Sci.
(Manila), 98(3/4):323-328, Sept./Dec. 1969. 5 refs.
The effects of emissions from a fertilizer factory on the plant
life in the surrounding areas were examined Hie typical symp-
toms and condition of the plants affected by corrosive sulfur
dioxide and hydrogen fluoride gases included shrivelling,
discoloration, and scorched leaves. Branches and twigs were
covered with grayish deposits of fertilizer dusts and other par-
ticulates. Defoliation was common The effect on sweet potato
was even more devastating, on the average, a field was
completely destroyed within three days. Plant growth of varied
species was stunted in several cases The magnitude of
destruction was less near the source of pollution and more in-
tense further away, corresponding to the dispersal of pollu-
tants.
47806
Dinh, Duyen Lai and Guenther Buchloh
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE EMISSIONS OF POLLEN
GERMINATION AND FRUIT GROWTH. (Wirkung von Fluor-
Emissionen auf Pollenkeimung und Fruchtwachstiim). Text in
German. Umweltforschung, no. 58:24-25, 1971. (Presented at the
Hohenheim University Umweltforschunj> Seminar, 1971.)
The effects of the fluorides of sodium, hydrogen potassium
magnesium, calcium, and strontium on pollen, helium, anil
fruit growth were studied Umvalent fluorides except for HI
in concentrations of up to 10 ppm had no effect on the pollen
germination and on the helium, and even seemed to beneficial
-------
432
for germination. Shrinkage in the apical region and skinny
degeneration of the epidermis during fruit growth were ob-
served. Such fruits were of reduced size and of unacceptable
quality. These and other findings suggest the pollen growth-
and germination-inhibiting effect of calcium fluoride.
48022
Wentzel, K. F.
FORESTRY MEASURES AGAINST IMMISSIONS. (Waldbau-
liche Massnahmen gegen Immissionen). Allgem. Forstztg., vol.
18:101-106, 1963. 12 refs. Translated from German. 32p.
Forest damage can be prevented with certainty only by con-
trolling toxic pollutants before they leave the factories. Thus,
the protective measures against pollutants available to forestry
are almost exclusively of a prophylactic nature. Their only ob-
jective is to prevent major destruction of a forest s structure
and character and to maintain a certain capacity of yield and
finally any growth at all in the vicinity of industries. Sulfur
dioxide and hydrogen fluoride gases cause the most damage to
forests. The countermeasures available to forest management
are based on three hypotheses: that the tree species, as well as
an individual specimen of one species, have different re-
sistances to harmful emissions; smoke plumes dilute more
quickly, the more they pass through obstacles and barriers in
their path; the more favorable the general conditions of growth
are, such as the soil, the more resistant the plant will be to at-
tacks of smoke concentrations. Reforestation with more re-
sistant species, some of which are cited, is discussed, as well
as the arrangement of protective belts or smoke barriers and
improving the conditions of growth. The selection of seeds and
sapling is also considered. Economic problems involved with
adapting a forest to the effects of pollution are mentioned.
48167
Leibetseder, Josef, Monika Skalicky, Abdul Hakim Said,
Alfred Kment, Erich Glawischnig, and Gerd Schlerka
STUDIES OF THE TOXIC EFFECT OF HAY ON CATTLE IN
SMOKE-INJURED AREAS. (Untersuchungcn ucber toxische
Wirkungen von Heii aus Rauchschadengeibieten beim Rind).
Text in German. Z. Erzbergbau Metallhuettenwesen, 25(10):498-
505, 1972. 21 refs.
In the vicinity of /.me, lead, and sulfunc acid plants in Arnold-
stem, Austria, the extent of injuries to the vegetation by the
emissions from these plants was determined. The hay from the
smoke-injured area was used for feeding experiments with
seven test cows for determination of any possible intoxication
through the higher lead, zinc, and fluorine intake with the
fodder With the exception of spots on the teeth of about 1/3
of the test cows, no symptoms of intoxication with these ele-
ments could be determined. The feeding experiment lasted 6
months. The lead and zinc concentration of the examined hay
was above normal, but below the toxic limit. The fluorine con-
centrations were on the upper limit of the normal values. Clini-
cal examinations including blood tests carried out at 2-week in-
tervals were negative. The lead and zinc concentrations of
blood, blood plasma, feces, urine, milk, and hair were below
the toxic range. The fluorine concentration in the bones ex-
cluded any fluorine intoxication. The milk production of the
test animals, however, was significantly lower by 0.64
I/animal/day (average over the total duration of the feeding ex-
periments), compared to the control animals.
48193
Leibetseder, J., M. Skalicky, A. H. Said, A. Kment, E.
Glawischnig, and G. Schlerka
INVESTIGATIONS OF TOXIC EFFECTS ON CATTLE
FROM HAY DAMAGED BY INDUSTRIAL SMOKE. (Unter-
suchungen ueber toxische Wirkungen von Heu aus
Rauchschadengebieten beim Rind). Text in German. Erzmetall,
25(10):498-505, Oct. 1972. 21 refs.
Clinical investigations of cattle in a region with industrial
smoke and sulfur dioxide hazard, and experimental studies of
lactating cows were undertaken. Clinical search and analyses
of various enzymes, of the content of the rumen, and of the
amount of lead, zinc, and fluorine in feces, urine, milk, and
different organs showed no signs of intoxication by the above
elements after feeding of damaged hay. However, the milk
production was significantly reduced.
48291
Haneda, Mikiko and Fumio Tsunoda
INDICATOR PLANT IN FLUORIDE AIR POLLUTION IN-
VESTIGATION. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taiki osen chosa no tame
no shihyo shokubutsu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu
Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 19(9):449-456, Sept. 1972.
20 refs.
Atmospheric fluoride accumulates in the leaves of some plant
species, thus designating them as a fluoride air pollution index.
Irises, gladioli, and pines as pollution indicators were tested
around an aluminum factory. A very high concentration of
fluorine was determined in the upper part of the iris leaf and
was in proportion to the actual fluoride air pollution index. A
fluorine content of 30-50 ppm (dry weight bases) or 10-20 ppm
(wet weight basis) indicated that the air was polluted by
fluorides. Similar results were determined for the gladioli and
pines.
48374
Stark, Nellie B. and Patricia F. Harris
STUDIES OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS AND PLANTS
FROM THE FOUR CORNERS AREA OF NEW MEXICO.
(FINAL REPORT). Nevada Univ., Reno, Center for Water
Resources Research, Environmental Protection Agency Contract
68-02-0269, EPA-R4-72-007, Project Rept. 20, 94p., Sept. 1972.
24 refs. NTIS: PB 212561
The concentration of eleven trace elements in plants and soil
in the Four Corners area of New Mexico was measured to
develop background and preliminary data on the environmen-
tal effects of coal-fired power plants in the area and data on
the potential buildup of each trace element. The elements in-
cluded arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, fluoride, lead,
manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium and
were chosen on the basis of the chemical makeup of the fly
ash emitted by the power plants. Instrumentation, sample col-
lection and preparation, testing procedures, and results are
reviewed. Complete analytical data are presented. (Author in-
troduction modified)
48377
Hasumi, Kunihiko
MODERNIZATION OF HYGIENIC LABORATORY. 2.
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE POLLUTION. (Eisei kensa kiko no
kindaika ni kansuru kenkyu. II. Kogai taisaku ni okeru jirei no
kento to kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Fukushima-ken Eisei Ken-
kyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Fukushima Prefect. Inst. Public
Health, Rept.), 17(3):27-30, 1969. 8 refs.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
433
In June 1969, damages by hydrogen fluoride to 25 boxes of
silk worms (at 10 farms) and damages to mulberry trees cover-
ing three hectares of area were reported. The emission source
was a glass fiber manufacturing plant in Fukushima City. The
fluorine content in the raw material was measured and a max-
imum of 0.035% to a minimum of 0.002% was detected. The
hydrogen fluoride gas was measured on a sunny day. A max-
imum of 23.3 ppm, a minimum of 19.1 ppm, and an average of
20 ppm of HF were detected. The mulberry leaves within 300
to 500 m of the plant contained 39 to 40 ppm of fluoride, in
contrast to those in the control areas, which had 0.9 ppm.
Recommendations are made for the planning an air quality
monitoring system in relation to equipment, personnel, and in-
formation-obtaining method.
48403
Comeau, Gilberte and Fabius LeBlanc
EFFECT OF FLUORINE ON FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA
AND HYPOGYMN1A PHYSODES. (Influence du fluor sur le
Funaria hygrometrica et 1 Hypogymnia physodes). Can. J.
Botany, 50(4):847-856, 1972. 23 refs. Translated from French.
24p., 1972.
Two species of cryptogams were fumigated with hydrofluoric
acid to determine their degree of sensitivity to atmospheric
fluorine by direct observations of symptoms of chlorosis and
necrosis in the leaves; the extent of accumulation of fluorine
in the plants and their capacity for recuperation after the fu-
migation process. The fumigation process consisted of treat-
ment with 13, 65, and 130 ppb HF for 4, 8, and 12 hours and
then 13 ppb for 36, 72, and 108 hours. At concentrations of 65
ppb/12 hr, the moss and lichen showed chlorotic spots; some
of the chloroplasts started to disintegrate; and plasmolysis oc-
curred. After three weeks of recuperation, the Funaria
hygrometrica lost 26-36% and the Hypogymnia physodes lost
36-47% of the fluoride accumulated.
48413
Bossavy, J.
AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PLANTS. (Les
pollnants atmospheriques, leurs effets sur la vegetation). Ann.
Gembloux, no. 77:163-173, 1971. Translated from French. 14p.
The effects of air pollutants on plants are reviewed with
respect to types of air pollutants, symptoms of damage, and
species affected. Plant damage was surveyed in France, East
and West Germany, Austria, Greece, the Netherlands, Nor-
way, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and
Czechoslovakia. The pollutants of greatest concern with
respect to plant damage included fluorine compounds, sulfur
compounds, especially sulfur dioxide, smoke, ethylene, and
metal compounds. Some emission sources are also discussed.
48556
Kaneda, K., R. Sugai, Y. Fujieda, and E. Abe
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE AND ITS IN-
FLUENCE ON PLANTS. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taikiosen to
shokubutsu eikyo). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi
(Japan. J. Public Health), 19(10):423, Oct. 1972. (Presented at
the Japan Society of Public Health, General Meeting, 31st, Sap-
poro, Japan, Oct. 25-27, 1972.)
Atmospheric fluoride concentrations were measured from May
1969 to March 1972 for each month by the limus and alkali
filter paper methods. The growth of potted gladioli at 11 spots
near two factories (phosphate fertilizer and an aluminum refin-
ing factory) was measured in 1969, of rice at 30 spots in 1970,
and of cedar trees at 38 spots in 1971. Gladioli growth was
measured at 10 spots; at two spots with high fluoride concen-
tration, the leaf color change, retardation of height and
number of leaves, and other significant differences were ob-
served. At 1 km from the factory, the plant growth rate
decreased. Cedar trees, checked at 37 spots except for nine
contrasted spots, revealed some damage. Some correlation was
found between atmospheric fluoride concentation and more
fluorine quantity in the leaves.
48639
Yamazoe, Fumio
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON AGRICULTURE
AND FORESTRY. (Taiki osen ni yoru norin kogai). Text in
Japanese. Nogyo Oyobi Engei (Agr. Hort.), 48(1):133-138, 1973.
6 refs.
The effect of hydrogen fluoride on plants is stionger than on
animals. The threshold value of indicator plants (gladioli) is 5-
10 ppb/day. The HF can cause etiolation at the tip or fringe of
leaves. Silkworms fed leaves polluted by over 30 ppm of HF
became ill. Cows exhibit fluorosis effects in teeth and bones
after HF exposure. Chlorine turns leaves yellow by causing
decomposition of chlorophyll. Plant damage occurs after 2-4 hr
of exposure to 0.05-0.07 ppm of ozone or after 8 hr of expo-
sure to 0.05 ppm of peroxyacetyl nitrate. Ozone causes white
or brown spots on the surface of leaves; peroxyacetyl nitrate
causes silver or bronze spots.
48798
Boertitz Siegfried and Horst Ranft
ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LICHENS AND MOSSES TO
SO2 AND HF. (Die SO2 und HF-Empfindlichkeit von FlechteB
und Moosen). Text in German. Biol. Zentralbl., 91(5):613-623,
1972. 16 refs.
The assimilation of 20-25 different types of mosses and lichens
exposed to sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride containing air
was studied. For the assimilation measurements with the car-
bon dioxide URAS, the samples were put into glass cuvettes.
For a study of the externally visible injuries, the sample
material was exposed for 36 hours to 3.5-5.5 mg SO2/cu m air
and for a period of 27 hours to 0.3-0.4 mg HF/cu m. During
the four to five days of exposure the weather was cloudy with
showers. The noon temperatures were between 6 and 10 C. A
sunny afternoon at the end of the experiments accelerated the
development of visible damages. The exposure to phytotoxic
substances such as SO2 and HF does not immediately produce
visible injuries. These substances gradually are retained in the
plant tissue; moreover they are capable of reversibly or irr-
eversibly influencing the photosynthesis. The assimilation in-
tensity diminished during fumigation and gradually picked up
again afterwards, provided the assimilation apparatus was not
irreversibly damaged. With several lichens and mosses the
visible injuries did not correspond in any way to the damages
of the assimilation organism. The physiological dynamics prior
to the occurrence of visible damage showed no fundamental
difference in lichens from higher plants affected by phytotoxic
substances.
48941
Kanagawa Prefecture Agriculture Experiment Station (Japan)
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS-THE
FLUORINE CONTENT IN STREET TREES. (Jumoku ni taisu-
ru taiki osen no eikyo-Gairoju-yo no fusso ganryo). Text in
Japanese. Kanagawa-ken Taiki Osen Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku
(Tech. Rept. Air Pollution Yokohama- Kawasaki Ind. Area), no.
14:87-92, Feb. 1972.
-------
434
Leaves of street trees in Kawasaki and Yokohama cities were
collected in 1967. The maximum value of the content of
fluorine in the leaves was 1653 ppm, the minimum value was
22 ppm and the average value was 135 ppm. There was a re-
gional difference in the fluorine content in leaves between an
industrial area and a commercial or residential area. The
fluorine content in leaves of an industrial area and a commer-
cial or residential area was in the ratio 10 and 2 or 3. There
was a mutual relationship between the value of sedimented
dust in the air and the content of sulfur oxides in air and the
content of fluorine in leaves. The relationship between the
fluorine content and the sulfur content in leaves and the rela-
tionship between the fluorine content in leaves and insoluble
substances stuck to the leaves was not clear. The fluorine con-
tent in the soil was between 108 and 504 ppm, and the average
content was 240 ppm.
49316
Oelschlaeger, Walter
EMISSIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CATTLE. (Immis-
sionen und ihre Wirkung auf landwirtschaftliche Nutztierc).
Text in German. Umwelttorschung, no. 58:26-29, 1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Environmental Research, Hohen-
heim University, Stuttgart, West Germany 1971.)
Cattle is mainly affected by two air pollutants, fluorine and
lead. The fluorine emissions are largely under control due to
regulations. With the number of automobiles increasing, the
lead is increasing in the vicinity of highways. Although the
lead concentration in fodder grown along highways is con-
siderable, the concentration drops quickly with increasing
distance from the highway. Cattle are not so much affected by
this pollutant, since they are not fed with fodder of this kind
all year round. The concentrations of these pollutants in living
animals is still rather low so that there is no danger for hu-
mans ingesting the meat from such cattle. Milk could be an ex-
ception in this respect provided the animal was acutely ex-
posed to lead.
49434
Tsunoda, Fumio, Hiroko Kunida, Yoshizo Sato, Kazuo
Sasaki, Yuzo Kawarada, Isao Kimura, Morio Murakami,
Hifumi Shioi, and Takenori Yoshida
CASE STUDY OF THE DISSECTION OF A CATTLE RAISED
IN FLUORIDE POLLUTION FOR 30 MONTHS. (Fukkabutsu
ni yoru taiki osen kankyoka ni sanjikkagetsu shiiku shita ushi no
bokenrei). Text in Japanese. Japan Society of Air Pollution,
Proc. Symp. Japan Soc. Air Pollut., 13th, 1972, p. 200. (Nov. 7-
9, Paper 155.)
Cattle raised for 30 months in an environment polluted by
average of 1 ppb of fluoride and feed containing 40-60 ppm
fluorine were slaughtered and dissected. There were no
visually detectable anomalies. The blood test conducted im-
mediately before slaughtering showed no anomaly in blood
chemistry; liver and kidney functions were also regular.
Histopathologically, slight irregularities were recognized in
teeth and bones, but the heart, lungs, trachea, brain, liver, kid-
neys, spleen, glands, and other organs had no abnormalities.
The fluorine content in all the organs were normal; high F
content was noted in urine, plasma, bones, and teeth. The
fluorine content in the skull was 4984 ppm; jaw 5069-5311;
vertebrae 4826 to 5629; ribs 3900 to 5163; bones of the lower
limb 5142; and teeth 2653 to 4889. The bones of the cattle
were in the process of chemical fluorosis or bone fluoridation,
or in the process of bone mottling, had not developed into ab-
normal bone formation.
49561
Bovay, E.
INDUSTRIAL FLUORINE EMISSIONS: THEIR EFFECTS ON
PLANTS AND ANIMALS. (Les emissions fluorees industrielles:
leurs effets sur les plantes et les animaux). Text in French.
Pract. Environ. Control, Proc. Int. Congr. PRO AQUA-PRO
VITA, Basel, Switzerland, 1971, p. 163-184, 1972. 80 refs.
Emissions of fluorine compounds from metallurgical and
chemical factories, particularly aluminum factories and
phosphate fertilizer plants, are a source of pollution of a high
grade of causticity with regard to vegetables, for very weak
fluorine concentrations in the air, in the range of 1 microgram
hydrogen fluoride/cu m of air. Some plants are even more sen-
sitive to the effects of fluorine compounds, like apricot trees,
vines, barberry, gladioli, the Liliaceous species in general,
pine trees, Norway spruce, and other forest trees. These sensi-
tive species form typical necroses on the edge or at the tip of
the leaves for fluorine contents in the dry matter lower than 50
mg/kg. The topographic situation of the factories plays an im-
portant part in the diffusion of gases. Fluorine intoxication
(fluorosis) of animals originates most frequently from the ab-
sorption of fluorine compounds in fodder which originate from
volitile F compounds issued by certain metallurgical and
chemical factories. The symptoms of fluorosis include mottling
and wearing of teeth, osteofluorosis, high fluorine content of
bones and urine, and secondary effects like limeness and
reduced milk production. The fluorine content of the total
daily diet of milk cows should not exceed 30 mg/kg dry
matter. Factories emitting F have generally taken precautions
to reduce these emissions to 10-15%; however, a larger reduc-
tion must be reached in areas with highly F-sensitive plants.
49573
Sato, Y. and Y. Tsuji
FLUORIDES INFLUENCE ON FERTILIZATION AND AP-
PEARANCE IN EARLY STAGES OF SEA URCHINS. (Uni-ran
no jusei oyobi hassei shoki ni yaisuru fukkabutsu no eikyo). Text
in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public
Health), 19(10):427, Oct. 1972. (Presented at the Japan Society
of Public Health, General Meeting, 31st, Sapporo, Japan, Oct.
25-27, 1972.)
The eggs and spermatozoa of sea urchins were used to ob-
serve fluoride s influence on fertilization. Additions of 5, 10,
25, 50, 100, 125, 250, 375, and 500 mg (F concentration: 22.6,
45,2, 113.0, 226,0, 452.0, 565.0, 1130.0, 1695.0, and 2260.0 ppm,
respectively) were made to normal sea water of 100 ml. They
were used as test groups and were compared with a control
group. The rate of fertilization and state of appearance were
judged from photographs. The fertilization rate was near 100%
in the 0-250 mg groups and below 10% in 375-500 mg groups.
The difference in the deposition time of eggs which were laid
in the testing liquid prior to fertilization did not seem to affect
the fertilizing rate. Three hours after the fertilization, eight-
cell-terms were the majority in the 25-250 mg groups and 4-
cell-terms showed a high rate in the 50-250 mg groups. Normal
pluteus appeared in the control group after 48 hours and were
also seen in the 5 and 10 mg groups at 88 and 30% rates,
respectively. But embryoes in 25-250 mg groups which are
supposed to grow to normal pluteus did not appear at this mo-
ment. After 72 hours from the fertilization, embryoes which
started forming born structure were seen in each of the 0, 5,
and 10 mg groups, also the abnormal born structure appeared
in each of those groups at 30, 8, and 11% rates, respectively.
Further, abnormal embryoes were observed in all groups,
especially with an extremely high rate in the 25-125 mg groups.
Mam stages of the process are shown in tabulations, graphs,
and photos.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
435
49644
Godzik, Stefan and Zdislaw Piskornik
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. (Oddzia-
lywanie zanieczyszczen powietrza na rosliny). Wiad. Bot.,
13(4):239-248, 1969. 102 refs. Translated from Polish. Leo
Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 16p., Nov. 1972.
The effect of air pollution on plants is reviewed. Pollutants
discussed included sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, fluorine
and its compounds, nitrogen oxides, ozone, chlorine and its
compounds, and ammonia. The sources of each of these pollu-
tants, their specific properties, and their effects are listed.
Plant damages elicited by air pollutants are divided into acute
damage, chronic damage, and invisible damage. Changes oc-
curring during plant injury are described.
49647
Haertel, O.
ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRON-
MENTAL CHANGES. (Oekophysiologie und anthropogene Um-
weltveraenderungen). Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges., 84(9):497-506, 1971.
34 refs. (Presented at the Botanists Convention, Innsbruck, Aus-
tria, Aug. 31, 1971.) Translated from German, 17p.
The effects of human influences on the environment and their
results are discussed. Effects on the environment which are
becoming more perceptible are the results of two circum-
stances: concentration in preferred living areas; and the capa-
bility of Man to satisfy his civilizing demands in steadily in-
creasing measure, according to his technical capabilities. En-
croachments on the environment are direct and indirect: direc
through producing the necessary dwelling, cultural, and civic
areas; and indirect through waste products, and especially
through those of the technological civilization Man has
produced. The greater demand for soil, removal of vegetation,
the use of fertilizers and insecticides, and the depletion of soil
nutrients in relation to unbalancing the original state are con-
sidered. Harmful pollutants stemming from industry and the
increased use of motor vehicles, including sulfur dioxide and
fluorine compounds are reviewed. Photooxidation products
such as ozone, the main components of smog, carbon dioxide,
and their effects on plants are also reviewed.
49704
Shupe, James L. and Arland E. Olson
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF FLUOROSIS IN HORSES. J. Am.
Vet. Med. Assoc., 1S8(2):167-174, Jan. 15, 1971. 12 refs.
Clinical aspects of fluorosis in horses are described. Horses
grazing in areas where cattle and sheep had developed severe
fluorosis were examined clinically Major fluorotic lesions oc-
curred only when the horses ingested excessive amounts of
fluorine during the period of tooth formation. Dental fluorosis
with excessive premolar and molar abrasions, and
osteofluorotic lesions, such as porosis, sclerosis, hyperostosis,
osteophytosis, and malacia, were observed. Fluorosis was due
to the ingestion of vegetation contaminated with airborne par-
ticulates and gaseous affluents high in fluorine Therapy is
described.
49778
Heggestad, H. E. and W. W. Heck
NATURE, EXTENT, AND VARIATION OF PLANT
RESPONSE TO AIR POLLUTANTS. Advan. Agronomy, vol.
23:111-145, 1971. 154 refs.
Nature, extent, and variations of plant response to air pollu-
tants are reviewed. The most common phytotoxic air pollu-
tants in the USA are ozone, sulfur dioxide, fluorides, perox-
yacl nitrates, ethylene, nitrogen dioxide, pesticides, chlorine,
heavy metals, acid aerosols, ammonia, aldehydes, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen sulfide, and particulates, such as cement
dust. Ozone and SO2 are widely distributed. In the USA,
ozone seems to be causing more plant damage than any other
air pollutant, but on a worldwide basis, SO2 is more injurious
than ozone. Air pollution problems have increased because of
multiple sources and mixtures of pollutants. There is increased
concern about chronic injury and reduced growth attributed to
air pollutants, such as photochemical oxidants and sulfur ox-
ides. Ozone causes small necrotic spots on the upper surface
of the leaves, PANs induce undersurface leaf injury in the
form of glazing, silvering or bronzing, and SO2 exerts usually
bifacial and interveinal attack with relatively large collapsed
areas surrounding the larger green veins. Fluorides cause inju-
ry of leaf tip and margins. The effects of nitrogen dioxide
resemble those of SO2 in acute incident. Response to pollu-
tants may be altered by many factors, such as genetic, en-
vironmental, cultural conditions, time-concentration relation-
ships, and the presence of mixtures of pollutants. The identifi-
cation and use of tolerant varieties, including resistant varie-
ties developed by breeding, will help reduce losses and assure
maximum agricultural production.
49779
Shaw, W. C., W. W. Hech, and H. E. Heggestad
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN AIR POLLUTION AND CON-
TROL. Options Mediterr., no. 9:63-69, Oct. 1971. 12 refs.
(Presented at the Agricultural Research Institute, National
Academy of Sciences, Annual Meeting, 19th, Arlington, Va.,
Oct. 13-14, 1970.)
General problems of air pollution-afflicted damages to agricul-
ture are described. The most important toxic air pollutants that
originate primarily from nonagricultural sources and that affect
agriculture include ozone, sulfur dioxide, peroxyacyl nitrates
and other oxidants, ethylene and other hydrocarbons, fluoride,
chlorine, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals,
particulates, acid aerosols, ammonia, aldehydes, hydrogen sul-
fide, carbon monoxide, pesticide and other chemical wastes,
and radioactive chemicals. Annual damage to agricultural
crops and livestock is estimated at more than 0.5 billion dol-
lars, and it is increasing each year. Current agricultural
research is concerned with the development of chemical and
bioassay techniques to detect the kinds, and measure the
quantities of chemical pollutants in the air. Effects of pollu-
tants on plants and animals are being determined. Chemical air
pollutants that are being investigated include ozone, sulfur
compounds, ethylene, peroxyacyl nitrates, fluorides, nitrogen
oxides, chlorine, and automobile exhaust mixtures. Sites of ac-
tion, mechanisms of action, and the fate of pollutants in
plants, animals, and the environment are discussed. Current
emphasis is also on research to determine crop yield and quali-
ty reductions under field conditions, to understand the in-
fluence of climatic, edaphic, and genetic factors as they relate
to plant and animal susceptibility, and to develop biological in-
dicators of pollutants. The effects of airborne herbicides,
defoliants, desiccants, growth modifiers, nematicides, fungi-
cides, and insecticides on plant growth are also being studied.
50157
STUDIES ON THE MEASUREMENT METHODS OF
DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE BY AIR POLLU-
TION. (Taiki osen ni yoru norin sakumotsu higai no sokutei
hoho ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Nogyo Gijutsu Ken-
kyusho Hokoku A, 1972:56-60, Sept. 1972. (Presented at the
-------
436
Conference on Agriculture, Forestry, and Marine Product
Technology, Japan, 1972.)
Studies were made on the effects of air pollution on plants and
agricultural produce, starting in 1968. In 1971, the research
programs included the relationship between the absorption of
toxic gases in plant leaves and the wind velocity, sunshine,
and the conditions of the leaf surfaces; the distribution of sul-
fur in the plant which has absorbed sulfur dioxide; the
morphological analysis by equipment of the damaged plants
and radiochemical studies; the effects of sulfur dioxide on the
growth of vegetables, fruit, and plants; the sulfur content in
the leaves; the explanation of the damage mechanism and
metabolic changes of plants exposed to SO2; the analysis of
plant damages by hydrogen fluoride and ozone and the dis-
tribution of these pollutants in the plants. The seasonal fluc-
tuation of susceptibility of plants to pollutants varied by vari-
ous species. The susceptibility of certain kinds of adhesive
mosses proved useful in measuring the degree of air pollution.
The distribution pattern of the moss proliferation throughout
city was used as an indicator of SO2 pollution, and a map was
formulated. The plants do not respond to automotive exhaust
gases as clearly as they do to SO2.
50163
Kuribayashi, Shigeharu
INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION WITH FLUORIDE ON
SERICULTURE. (Fukkabutsn ni yoru talki osen no yosan ni
oyobosu eikyo). Text in Japanese. Nihon Sanshigaku Zasshi (J.
Sericult. Sci. Japan), 41(4):316-322, Aug. 1972. 86 refs.
The effects of fluoride on mulberry leaves and silkworms are
reviewed. Fluorine emission sources are discussed. The
damage symptoms of mulberry plants vary by degrees, but
main characteristics include tip burn, chlorosis of leaves from
the edges toward the center, withering, warping, and dropping
of leaves. Mottling, banding, and the appearance of shininess
or a white powder-like substances are some other symptoms.
The normal F content in mulberry leaves is 10-20 ppm. When
exposed in 1.5 ppb hydrogen fluoride for 118 hr, no visual
damage appears; but further exposure for 212.6 hr will cause
visual damages. For a slow accumulation of F, the leaves
show a relatively high tolerance, and the F content in the
leaves can be as high as 273 ppm when the damages begin to
show. When exposed to 5 ppb gas for 40.6 hr, visual damages
appear, and the F content can be as high as 213 ppm. A vast
variety of damages and concentrations are reported. Silk-
worms can be damaged either by the consumption of high con-
centrations of the F in mulberry leaves, or by accumulation of
F by consumption of low concentrations of F over a long
period. The damage mechanism is not clear, but F seems to
suppress the enzyme function and disrupt the respiration of
the body system. An acute poisoning usually causes inactivity
and death. Chronic effects can delay the growth of the silk-
worm, or cause lack of sleep, softening of the body, decrease
of weight, formation of knots, black mottles, or virus. The
tolerance of silkworms for F is usually in the range of 24 to 40
ppm (in dry mulberry leaves).
50415
Yamazoe, Fumio
INJURY TO PLANTS EXPOSED TO FLUORIDES. (Fukkabut-
su ni yoru shokubutsu higai to sono jittai). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 9(4):331-338, April
1973. 6 refs.
Fluoride emission sources, emission standards, plant damage,
plant resistance, damage factors, damage characteristics and
mechanisms, the evalution method for F damage, and the con-
trol or attenuation method for F damage are discussed. Plant
leaves which absorbed fluonde generally turn yellow on the
tips and around the edges; when the roots absorb F, a slighter
degree of discoloration and withering occur. Silicicolous plants
such as rice and wheat form a compound of silicon and F
which is relatively insoluble, and calcicolus plants such as
soybeans and colza seed form a compound of calcium and F
which is also insoluble. These compounds stay in fixed loca-
tions. Toxic hydrogen fluoride solutions destroy the cell
system and do not transfer to other locations. They usually
damage the metabolism; evaporation of water increases tem-
porarily and then decreases; chlorosis occurs and further
develops into necrosis; thee respiration increases temporarily
but gradually decreases; the assimilation of carbon and
nitrogen decreases; and the balances of various elements are
completely destroyed. The control or attenuation methods for
F damages are: the use of an evaporation control agent such
as water, lime emulsion, or OED; cultivation of other species
with a greater resistance against F damages; improvements of
fertilizer and care, avoiding nitrogen fertilizers and replacing
them with potassium fertilizers; and planting a buffer area
with smoke-resistant trees such as camillia, acacia, or phoenix
trees.
50503
Yatazawa, M., M. Kadota, and S. Ono
FLUORINE CONCENTRATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAM-
PLES MEASURED BY IRRADIATION SYSTEM. (Kokaku
hanno-ho ni yoru kankyo shiryo-chu no fussoryo). Text in
Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Reporto (Environ. Health Rept.), no.
8:29-30, 1972.
Fluorine in plants and soil can be measured up to 0.005 ppm
by an irradiation method with a + or - 8% precision rate.
Fluorine is trapped with sodium hydroxide-sodium oxide, and
an anion exchange method is used for pretreatment. Then a
F(19)/F(18) reaction is used and the radioactivity of F(18) is
measured by a gamma spectrometer.
50505
Yatazawa, M. and S. Ono
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF FLUORINE BY IR-
RADIATION SYSTEM. (Kokaku hanno ni yoru fusso no teiryo-
ho). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Hoken Reporto (Environ. Health
Rept.), no. 8:7-8, Jan. 1972.
An irradiation analysis of fluorine in plants and soils is
described. The detection limits were 0.41 micrograms car-
bon(ll), 0.17 micrograms nickel(13), 0.17 micrograms ox-
ygen(15), 43 micrograms sodium(22), 0.069 micrograms
chlorine(34), and 0.003 micrograms fluorine(18). The detection
limit of chlorine is low compared to fluorine. Since chlorine
can interfere with fluorine, isolation by gamma irradiation is
required. This method can be used to determine small quanti-
ties of fluorine.
50677
Garber, K.
THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF FLUORIDE DAMAGE
TO PLANTS. Fluoride Quarterly J. Intern. Soc. Fluoride Res.,
6(11:33-40. Jan. 1973. 30 refs. (Presented at the International
Society for Fluoride Research, Annual Conference, 4th, Hague,
Netherlands, Oct. 24-27, 1971.)
Fluorides, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, nitrogen
dioxide, ammonia, tar fumes, and ozone are toxic to plants.
Not all symptoms point to the effect of a particular pollutant.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
437
For the diagnosis of plant damage caused by air pollutants, the
most important criterion is the chemical analysis of leaves in
conjunction with the examination by ultraviolet light of quartz
lamps and the analysis of air and rain water. (Author abstract
modified)
50729
Reusmann, G. and J. Westphalen
AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD, ZINC, CADMI-
UM AND COPPER IN PLANT MATERIALS BY STRIPPING
VOLTAMMETRY. (Automatische Bestimmung von Blei, Zink,
Cadmium und Kupfer in Pflanzenmaterial durch Inversvoltam-
metrie). Text in German. Z. Anal. Chem., 264(2): 165-167, 1973.
4 refs. (Presented at the Tagung Euroanalysis I, Heidelberg,
West Germany, Aug. 8-Sept. 1, 1972.)
During the automatic determination of lead, zinc, cadmium,
and fluoride in plants by stripping voltammetry, the ashed
plant material is fused with sodium hydroxide. Afterwards
hydrochloric acid and citric acid is added, and a pH value of
3.7 is adjusted. For the determination of copper, the sample is
acidified with perchloric and citric acid. Then a pH value of
2.7 is adjusted. It is possible to carry out several determina-
tions of lead in plant materials with only one drop of mercury.
The limit of detection is 1-3 ppm.
50780
Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service
OUR AIR: UNFIT FOR TREES. NE-INF-14-72 REV, 23p.,
1972.
Major sources of air pollution, pollutants, and their effects on
trees are reviewed. Effects depend on type of tree, genetic
make- up, stage of growth, nearness to pollutant source, pollu-
tant concentration, and the pollutant duration. A list is
presented which includes the known responses of both hard-
wood and softwood trees to sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride,
ozone, nitrogen oxides, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), ethylene,
chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and mercury vapor.
50959
Kerin, D.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONCENTRATION OF TRACE SUB-
STANCES IN PLANTS IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLLUTION. (Die Bewertung des Spurengehaltes der
Pflanzen auf dem Gebiet des Umweltschutzes). Text in German.
Proc. Simp. Int. Agrochim. Fitonutriz. Oligominerale, Punta
Ala, Italy, 1972, p. 283-288. 5 refs. (Oct. 2-6.)
Plants and soil samples taken in the vicinity of metallurgical
plants were analyzed by spectrophotometry and atomic ab-
sorption. The iron concentration is spruce and pine needles
from the vicinity of a steel plant ranged from 200 to 700 mg
Fe/kg dry substance. More than 40% of the examined samples
had an iron concentration of 400 mg/kg or higher. The iron
concentration in needle samples from a non-industrial area
ranged from 65 to 190 mg Fe/kg dry substance. Iron and man-
ganese concentrations of needle samples from the vicinity of a
steel plant were considerably higher than from an non-industri-
al environment The same is true for sulfur and fluorine. The
lead concentration of pine needles from non-industrial area
measured 3 mg Pb/kg. In the vicinity of a lead plant concentra-
tions of up to 1100 mg Pb/kg were measured. The lead concen-
tration of hay measured 1700 g Pb/kg, in non-industrial areas
the average concentration measured was 5.26 mg/kg Other ex-
amples are discussed concerning zinc.
51109
Pellissier, Marc
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON
VEGETATION. (La pollution atmospherique et ses effets sur la
vegetation). Ministere de la Protection de la Nature et de 1 En-
vironnement (Quebec) and Quebec Univ., Trois-Rivieres
(Quebec), Joint Pub., 1972. 5 refs. Translated from French, Sip.
The effect of air pollution on vegetation and the air quality in
the Canadian industrial regions of Shawinigan, Grand-Mere,
Trois-Rivieres, and Cap-de-la-Madeleine were investigated.
The major emissions in the areas were traced to their sources,
and the industrial processes and controls were examined. Pol-
lutants of greatest interest due to their toxic effects on vegeta-
tion were sulfur dioxide, fluorine and chlorine compounds,
particulates, and hydrogen fluoride. The general effects of the
pollutants on vegetation were reviewed, and damages to
vegetation characteristic of each region were studied with
respect to plants affected, sensitivity ratings, and symptoms of
damage. The Shawinigan area was the most affected by air
pollution, followed by Cap-de-la-Madeleine, Trois-Rivieres,
and Grand-Mere. The major symptoms, detected in various
degrees on the leaves and needles of trees, included necrosis,
defoliation, burns, chlorosis, and spotting.
51271
Garrec, J. P., R. Bligny, A. Bisch, and A. Fourcy
ACCURATE FLUORIDE DETERMINATIONS
THROUGHOUT POLLUTED FIR NEEDLES. Fluoride,
6(2):73-78, April 1973. 10 refs.
Fluoride analyses were made of the surface tissues of polluted
needles of fir trees by using microanalysis by proton nuclear
reaction. Two distinct peaks of fluoride accumulation were
established. The first in the extreme tip of the needle s
necrotic area, and the second in the narrow strip which
separates the healthy from the injured tissue. The magnitude
of these two accumulations and the distribution of fluoride
throughout the needle is related to the age of the needle. The
amounts of fluoride differ depending upon which side of the
needle is measured, the upper surface takes up more fluoride
than the lower one. (Author abstract modified)
51321
Treshow, Michael
AIR POLLUTION AS AN ECOLOGICAL FACTOR. Clean
Air, 6(3):41-43, Aug. 1972. (Presented at the International Clean
Air Conference, 1972.)
The air environment is vital to the health and welfare of man
and to the health of plants. Thousands of acres of forest
watersheds in Europe and North America have been blighted
by sulfur dioxide emissions from smelters and power plants.
Fluorides, particularly from aluminum plants and the
phosphate industry, have also been destructive to natural
areas. The current threat to forests and crops alike is mainly
from automobile exhausts. When acted on by ultraviolet light,
the emissions react photochemically to form ozone and perox-
yacetyl nitrate which are highly toxic to many plant species. In
California, more than 150,000 acres of Ponderosa pine have
been damaged by oxidants, while herbs that protect land from
erosion and are vital to maintaining the nutrient balance of the
soil may have been killed off. Desert ecosystems may also be
sensitive to the pollutants emitted by hugh coal-burning power
plants being built in the Southwest. If society is willing to take
action and pay the price, the technology for reducing industrial
emissions to harmless levels is available. The standards set
-------
438
and attainable are adequate to protect man and plants. How-
ever, two problems persist: control of emissions from trans-
portation sources, and compelling the use of known control
technology on a world-wide basis.
51470
Cormis, L. de
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND VEGETATION. (Zaniec-
zyszczenie atmosfery a roslinnosc). Air Conserv. (English trans-
lation from Polish of: Ochrona Powietrza), 4(5):22-31, 1970.
(Presented at the French- Polish Symposium on Air Pollution
Control, Paris, France, Nov. 17-21, 1969.) NTIS: TT 70-
P55124/5
The effects of sulfur dioxide and fluorine compounds on
vegetation were studied in two regions characterized by dif-
ferent topographies and climatic conditions. The relative
susceptibilities of various plant species to SO2 were in-
vestigated in a spacious valley, with little or no wind and a
high frequency of fog, where the major emission source was
coal and heavy oil combustion and natural gas refining. The
effects of SO2 were characterized by mterveinal necrosis,
blotches, and defoliation. The effects of fluorine compounds,
particularly hydrogen fluoride, were observed in narrow val-
leys with shifting wind patterns where aluminum smelters were
the major source of pollution. The essential feature of fluorine
action was the progressive development of the necrotic zone.
Plant indicators were discussed.
51484
Carlson, Clinton E.
FLUORIDE IN VEGETATION NEAR A PHOSPHOROUS
MANUFACTURING PLANT IN THE VICINITY OF BUTTE,
MONTANA. Insect Dis. Rep., no. 70-3:1-5, Feb. 1973. 2 refs.
The fluoride content of vegetation at seven sites near a Butte,
Montana, phosphate facility was determined with a specific
ion probe. Amounts ranged from 9.4 ppm in Douglas fir foliage
to 74 2 ppm in crested wheatgrass foliage. All but two analyses
showed more than 10 ppm fluoride, the control level
established at Columbia Falls. The State standard of 35 ppm
for fluoride in plants was exceeded at three sites within one
mile of the facility. No visible symptoms of fluoride injury
were observed on coniferous foliage.
51526
Bohn, Hmnch L.
SOIL ABSORPTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS. J. Environ.
Quality, l(4):372-377, Oct.-Dec. 1972. 79 refs.
The mechanism and rates of the absorption of various air pol-
lutants by soil are reviewed with respect to partieulate air pol-
lutants, including nickel, cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper,
beryllium, zinc, and mercury; and gaseous air pollutants, in-
cluding sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, oxi-
dants (chlorine, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrate), hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, fluorine com-
pounds, phosphorus compounds, and acidic gases and mists
(hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid,
and hydrogen fluoride). Soils absorb organic gases faster and
in greater amounts with increasing molecular weight and in-
creasing number of nitrogen, phosphate, oxygen, and sulfur
groups in the compound The absorption of lower molecular
weight and less-substituted organic gases depends on the buil-
dup of an appropriate microbial population. The absorption of
inorganic air pollutants is primarily by chemical and physical
means and involves oxidation and other chemical reactions.
(Author abstract modified)
51754
Kanagawa Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station (Japan)
COOPERATIVE STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF AIR POL-
LUTANTS ON GARDEN PLANTS (I). (Taiki osen busshitsu ga
engei sakumotsu nado ni kansuru kenkyu seisekisho (I)). Text in
Japanese. 136p., Feb. 1972.
Cooperative studies were conducted on the general effect of
air pollution throughout Kanagawa Prefecture. Studies in-
cluded periodical measurement of pollutants, plant damage ex-
aminations, evaluations of plant indicators, and measurement
of sulfur, heavy metals, and fluorine. Gingko and pine were
chosen as general plant indicators, and as area representatives,
mulberry leaves from the north, pear and grape leaves from
the center, and orange leaves from the western part of of the
Prefecture were selected. Gingko and pine samplings in
Kawasaki were extremely unhealthy in appearance, compared
to those from suburban Kawasaki, and the northern, central,
western, and coastal areas. The S content in leaves was ex-
tremely high in Kawasaki, and a particularly high ratio of non-
soluble S was noted. In all categories of metals, samples from
Kawasaki had the highest content, but other than that,
generally leaves from the western part of the Prefecture had
high counts of iron, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and manganese.
The average fluorine content in leaves was 135 ppm, 22 ppm
minimum, and 1653 ppm maximum. The differences by loca-
tions and tree specimens were extremely high. If the F index
of leaves in the industrial area is considered to be 100, those
in commercial, residential, and agricultural areas were less
than 20-30. There was a correlation of 0.711 between F and S
content of gingko trees. There was an extremely close correla-
tion between the F content of leaves and the amount of set-
tling particles and sulfur oxides concentration in the air. The F
content in the leaves increased with the season; at the peak, it
reached three to eleven times the amount in new leaves in
May.
51905
Gerdes, Raymond Allen
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
UPON DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Texas Agricultural
and Mechanical Univ., College Station, Dept. of Genetics, Thesis
(Ph.D.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., Aug. 1967,
57p. 33 refs.
The effects of gaseous hydrogen fluoride on Drosophila
melanogaster (flies) were investigated. The populations were
exposed to different concentrations of HF for various treat-
ment periods, and the effects on fecundity, hatchability, fer-
tility, longevity, and generation time were studied. All of the
parameters except generation time responded significantly to
the HF treatment, with a range of responses from lethality to
relatively no effect. The lethal concentration varied with
strains but was very low for all the strains. In sublethal con-
centrations, the major treatment response was a function of
treatment duration. Sublethal concentrations (less than 7.5%
HF) caused measurable deletenous effects in the traits ex-
hibited in the two strains, Oregon-r and yw, at the treatment
levels and durations studied. (Author summary modified)
51953
Inst. for Policy Sciences (Japan)
PROGRESS TOWARD AN ECOLOGY SYSTEM DESIGNED
TO HARMONIZE INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES AND NATURE.
(Sangyo katsudo to shizen to no chowa no tame no ekoroji shisu-
temu e no sekkin). Text in Japanese. 509p., March 1972. 47 refs.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
439
Sulfur dioxide emitted mostly from factories is believed to be
responsible for most of the plant injuries. Although there are
differences of the resistances toward this particular gas, most
of the plants die in a few hours after being exposed to 0.4 to
several ppm of sulfur dioxide. The injured plants generally
show gray or brown spots on veins of leavs which eventually
fall. The SO2, when washed by rain into soil, reacts with calci-
um and consumes the nutrients. Carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons of low molecular weight cause the destruction of
chlorophyll and the abnormal falling of leaves. Other air pollu-
tants that inhibit the growth and damage the plants include
nitrogen oxides, smog, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, hydrogen
chloride, and airborne particulates.
520%
Tsunoda, Fumio and Hiroko Kunita
FLUORINE CONTENT OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
(Doshokubutsu-chu no fusso ni (suite - shizen to osen). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 9(6):613-6I9,
June 1973. 19 refs.
The fluoride content in the air can be measured by plant in-
dicators, either by the extent of plant damage or by the cumu-
lative fluoride content in the plant. The latter seems to be
more effective when dealing with fluorine in the air, since a
considerable amount of F accumulation in the plant sometimes
does not manifest itself in damage. Leaves of gladioli are often
used as indicators, but experiments have shown that the leaves
of wild iris and flags are just as susceptible to F in the air. The
pine and cedar needles and tulip and orange leaves are also
sensitive indicators. The measurements of soluble fluorine in
the air were taken for the past 5 years by the lime treated
filter paper method and a dust meter in seven polluted areas,
and the cumulative F content in the leaves of iris in these
areas were compared with iris leaves in control areas. By the
characteristic translocation of F, the tips and edges of leaves
had much higher F content than other parts of the same plant.
Approximately 1/3 of the measurements in those parts could
be considered as a pollution index. The leaves taken from the
most polluted areas showed approximately 80 times over the
leaves from control areas in dry weight. Even 1/3 of the actual
measurements was 100 ppm in dry weight, 30 ppm in raw
weight. The produce in air polluted area has 5-10 ppm 1' con-
tent in polished nee and green vegetables. If the daily con-
sumption of rice is 308 g/capita, 3.08 mg of F is taken daily
into the human body.
52102
Maeno, Michio
AIR POLLUTION AND PLANT COMMUNITY. (Taiki osen to
shokubutsu gunraku). Text in Japanese. In: Data on Pollution,
No. 34: Environmental Protection Bureau, Yokohama City—Spe-
cial Series City Environment and Biological Index. Yokohama
Municipal Office (Japan), Environmental Protection Bureau, p.
21-28, April 1972.
The threshold of plant damages by pollutants such as ozone,
peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, and ethylene, the general damage
symptoms, the location of damages on plants, and vulnerable
parts in plant structure are discussed and presented in a table.
The external appearance of plant damage can be used as an
index for air pollution. With some fluctuation by tree types,
trees such as zelkova, gingko, and plane follow certain curves
formed by damage indexes and the distances from the industri-
al areas. Also, the relationship between sulfur oxide concen-
tration in the air and the sulfur trioxide content in the leaves
of gingko forms a linear graphic relationship. The effect of
SO2 on the general deterioration of trees and the sulfur con-
tent of tree leaves seem to have a certain relationship. Most of
SO2 gas absorbed through the leaves into plants is accumu-
lated as inorganic sulfuric acid ion, and very small amount
changes into organic sulfur. The degree of sulfur degradation
in plants are clearly different by the geographical locations of
the plants, and in heavily polluted areas, the sulfur content in
gingko leaves increase as time passes and reaches as high as
1.4% before the leaves drop. The portion that increases is
soluble sulfur, and insoluble organic sulfur seems to remain at
the same level. There is not much geographical difference in
the amount of organic sulfur. Therefore, as an air pollution in-
dicator, soluble sulfur, or the ratio of soluble sulfur to the
total sulfur content in the tree should be considered.
52135
Fujiwara, Takashi
DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY COMPLEX POLLUTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki no fukugo oxen ni yoru shokubutsu no
higai). Text in Japanese. Shokubutsu Boeki (Plant Prot.),
27(6):233-236, June 1973. 19 refs.
Plant damage caused by secondary pollutants such as perox-
yacetyl nitrate or ozone are discussed. Several pollutants can
cause a different effect on plants than an individual pollutant
acting alone, these include sulfur dioxide plus ozone, SO2 plus
nitrogen dioxide, NO2 plus O3, SO2 and NO2 plus O3, PAN
or SO2 plus fluorides, O3 plus fluorides, and hydrocarbons
plus SO2, NO2, or O3. There are additive, more than additive,
or less than additive effects of coexistance. The specific ef-
fects of the synergistic action of two or more pollutants in-
clude necrosis and discoloration. In the case of SO2 acting in
conjunction with O3, the lowest concentrations causing
damage are 0.12/0, 0 1/0.01, and 0.05/0.05 ppm/ppm on green
peas; no damage appeared at 0.1/less than 0.2; slight damage
occurred at 0.2/0.1-0.2 ppm/ppm; and the addition of more O3
gave no more damage. The effect of SO2 and O3 on radishes
was additive or less than additive; the effect of SO2 and O3
on Satsuma oranges was additive.
52306
Moura, J. de, D. le Tourneau, and A. C. Wiese
THE RESPONSE OF POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM)
TUBER PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE TO FLUORIDE.
Biochem. Physio], PHanzen, 164(3):228-233, 1973. 12 refs.
Most research on the effects of fluoride ions in plants has
been concerned with aerial parts. For observation of the
response to underground tissues, potato tubers were
fluoridated. At the same time in vitro studies on the effect of
fluoride on phosphoglucomutase (PGM) from untreated tubers
were made. Protein content was measured by Eaddell s
method Najjar s procedure was modified for enzyme activity
tests. Phosphoglucomutase was partially purified from potato
tubers and was relatively insensitive to the presence of
fluoride ions in vitro. The enzyme was activated by magnesi-
um(+ + ) but not by manganese( + +) ions, and was not in-
hibited by fluoride(-) in the presence of Mn(++). The enzyme
was relatively insensitive to F(-) when Mg(++) was present,
but the amount of inhibition was dependent on the level of
Mg(++) and, more importantly, on the order of mixing the re-
agents prior to the assays. (Author abstract modified)
52397
Peterson, P. J.
UNUSUAL ACCUMULATIONS OF ELEMENTS BY PLANTS
AND ANIMALS. Sci. Prog., Oxf., S9(236):50S-526, Winter 1971.
79 refs.
-------
440
The accumulation of certain elements to very high levels by
plants and other organisms is outlined. In higher plants, the
ability to accumulate elements and to survive on soils contain-
ing toxic quantities of various elements occurs sporadically
throughout different species, but in lower plants a higher con-
centration of some elements is typical of a particular order.
Elements accumulated by some higher plants include copper,
strontium, calcium, zinc, rare earths (the hickory tree), alu-
minum, silicon, and nickel. Among lower plants, algae accu-
mulate iodine and bromine dust; fungi, selenium and vanadi-
um; mosses, copper, boron, and vanadium; lichens, ytrrium,
gallium, tin, and lead; horsetails, silicon and zinc; lycopods,
aluminum; and ferns, yttrium and uranium. Copper, cadmium,
arsenic, barium, and fluoride are accumulated by certain
marine organisms. Mammalian accumulator tissues exist for
many elements including iodine, titanium, aluminum, vanadi-
um, zirconium, and selenium. Some of the mechanisms which
may enable an organism to survive an accumulated element
are: the toxic element is excluded or partially excluded from
the cells; the element is confined to the cell wall; the element
enters the cell and is metabolized to possibly inactive com-
ponents or by binding with another compound.
52409
Matsuchima, Jiro
MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION USING PLANTS AS
MONITORS. (Shokubutsu o shihyo to shita taiki osen no
kanshi). Text in Japanese. Shokubutsu Boeki (Plant Prot.),
27(6):259-260, 1973.
Plants can be used to monitor air pollution by measuring the
characteristic visible damage and its degree, the defoliation
and discoloration, the retention of pollutants by the leaf, and
the effects on reproduction. Indicator plants should be very
susceptible to one specific pollutant or equally susceptible to
every pollutant by showing specified symptoms. Such plants
should also constantly develop new leaves and be resistant to
diseases and insects. Alfalfa and buckwheat are used to moni-
tor sulfur dioxide. Pinus densilflora is susceptble to SO2.
Gladioli and turnips are susceptible to hydrogen fluoride.
Apricot, plum, and grape are weak indicators of HF. Tobacco
and morning glory can be used to measure ozone. Petunia
shows specific damage due to peroxyacetyl nitrate. Buckwheat
and tomatoes react to ethylene and propylene as if they were
exposed to growth homones at levels of 0.05 and 0.1 ppm,
respectively. Measuring pollutant concentrations in leaves is
used to measure chronic effects of low concentrations of pol-
lutants, such as HF in citrus leaves. Sulfur is naturally con-
tained in normal plants and the content varies with the season,
however, S content in citrus leaves is unusually high when the
plants are grown in a SO2-rich atmosphere.
52574
Bohne, H.
FLUORIDES AND SULFUR DIOXIDES AS CAUSES OF
PLANT DAMAGE. Fluoride, 3(3):137-142, July 1970. 8 refs.
Fluoride and sulfur trioxide levels were determined in three
polluted industrial areas where the two pollutants had damaged
vegetation. The appearance of the leaves was typical of
fluoride injury with no indication of toxicity by sulfur dioxide.
Chemical analyses of fluoride and SOx contents of the injured
plants supported these findings. Fluoride levels in gladioli
ranged within 3.4-8.7 mg% whereas SO3 levels ranged within
0.77-1.15%, thus showing that the greatest damage from com-
bustion products was caused by fluoride compounds, primarily
hydrogen fluoride. (Author summary modified)
52651
Wheeler, Garland Laurin
THE EFFECTS OF FLUORINE ON THE CYCLING OF CAL-
CIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND POTASSIUM IN PINE PLANTA-
TIONS OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina
State Univ., Raleigh, Dept. o? Botany, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Ar-
bor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1972, 72p. 66 refs.
The effect of fluorine emissions from ore processing plants in
pine ecosystems, with respect to the points of accumulation
and the effects on the cycling rates of calcium, magnesium,
and potassium, was investigated in North Carolina pine planta-
tions. The only visible damage occurred during the late winter
and early spring and was characterized by a visible browning
or necrosis of needles. Fluorine was associated with an in-
crease in the return rate of Ca and K through leaf leaching and
of all three nutrients, Ca, K, and Mg, by increasing the
amount of litterfall. The Ca content of the litterfall increased
with increasing F content. There was no detectable relation-
ship between F or the three nutrients and net primary produc-
tion. The sites of accumulation of F were in the needles, litter,
and soil. The trees accumulated the greatest amount of Ca,
followed by K and Mg in that order. (Author summary
modified)
52698
Fujii, Shintaro
THE STATUS QUO OF PLANT DAMAGE BY AIR POLLU-
TION IN OKAYAMA PREFECTURE. (Okayama-ken ni okeru
taiki osen ni yoru Shokubutsu higai no genjo). Text in Japanese.
Shokubutsu Boeki (Plant Prot.), 27(6):249-2S2, 1973.
Plant damage in Okayama Prefecture includes grape damage
caused by fluorine from a firebrick manufacturing factory and
vegetable and fruit tree damage due to oxidants such as ozone.
By regulating hydrogen fluoride concentrations to less than 5
ppb/hr, grape damage was eliminated. Ozone damage (wither-
ing) has occurred on taro, Japanese leek, and Japanese radish.
Experimental exposure of plants to 0.4-0.5 ppm for 1.5-6.0 hr,
0.25-0.3 ppm for 4-7 hr, and 0.25 ppm of O3 plus 0.1 ppm of
sulfur dioxide for 2-2.5 hr caused deep green spots on taro,
which developed into white or grey spots on the leaves.
Japanese leeks had whitening of leaf tops when exposed to 0.5
ppm of O3 for 2 hr, 0.25-0.3 ppm for 5-6 hr, 0.1 ppm for 14 hr,
and 0.25 ppm of O3 plus 0.1 ppm of SO2 for 4.5 hr. Recently
other plants have suffered damage such as insufficient growth,
lack of fruit, defoliation, and dropping of fruit, which suggest
damage due to ethylene. Sulfur dioxide is suspected of causing
tip-withering of mat grass in the southern part of Okayama
Prefecture.
52705
Robak, Hakon
PROBLEMS AND TASKS OF DIAGNOSIS OF FOREST INJU-
RIES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. (Probleme und Auf-
gaben der Diagnostik der durch Luftverunreinigung verur-
sachten Waldschaeden). Text in German. Preprint, International
Union Forest Research Organization, 10p., 1972. (Presented at
the International Union Forest Research Organization Congress,
Sopron, Hungary, Oct. 9-14, 1972.)
The tasks of diagnosing injuries from air pollution involve the
determination of whether the observed injury does indeed
stem from air pollution and which emission component caused
the injury. The problems of diagnosis are manifold due to the
different reactions of the plants to the various pollutants or to
the absence of reactions. A brief review of direct and indirect
effects of air pollutants is given. In cases of very mixed pollu-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
441
tion coming from many different sources, the decisive factors
can be determined only through greenhouse exposure experi-
ments. Leaf and needle analyses are valuable tools for diagno-
sis. Anatomic criteria, growth retardation, and harvest losses
are not specific enough. Aerial photography also lacks
specificity. Doubts still exist concerning the specific sensitivity
of indicator plants. Some experts place the Medicago saliva
plant among the sulfur dioxide indicator plants claiming that
this plant is rather resistant to fluorine, while others group it
with the fluorine indicator plants on the grounds that this plant
reacts to very small concentrations of fluorine with minor but
visible injuries. Widespread agreement seems to exist that li-
lies are particularly sensitive for fluorine, papilionacae for
SO2. Lichens and mosses are obviously indicators of the
general air pollution. The problem of injuries by indirect emis-
sions which may spread over thousands of kilometers is
discussed. For instance, sulfuric acid formed through oxida-
tion of SO2 and subsequent water intake renders strongly acid
precipitation which particularly affects soils with a weak buf-
fering capacity, and eventually all vegetation growing in such
soils.
52829
Carlson, C. E.
FLUORIDE POLLUTION IN MONTANA. Fluoride, 6(3): 127-
137, July 1973. 6 rets.
An intensive study of the effect of airborne fluorides on
vegetation was undertaken in 1970 in the vicinity of an alu-
minum production plant in northwestern Montana. Fluorides
greater than control levels (10 ppm) were found in vegetation
over a region of 214,000 acres, and visual fluoride injury to
conifers occurred in an area comprising 69,000 acres. Histolog-
ical reactions characteristic of elevated fluoride levels oc-
curred in conifer needle tissue, including hypertrophy of
parenchymatous tissue. Forest insects were found to accumu-
late fluorides. Analyses of predaceous insects for fluoride in-
dicated that fluorides are likely to be carried through the food
chain. Even though the company reduced fluoride emissions
by 67% between 1970 and 1971, data collected in 1971 in-
dicated that vegetation in Glacier National Park, 7 air miles
distant from the source, was still accumulating abnormal
amounts of fluoride. (Author abstract)
52928
Yamazoe, Fumio
THE AIR-POLLUTANTS WHICH CAUSE PLANT DAMAGE.
(Shokubutsu higai no genin to naru taiki osen busshitsu). Text in
Japanese. Shokubutsu Boeki (Plant Prot.), 27(6):220-223, June
1973. 5 refs.
Ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate and its homologues cause ox-
idative damage to plants. Sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde,
hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide cause reductive
damage Hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, hydrogen
chloride, sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid mist, and hydrocyanic
acid cause acidic attacks. Ammonia causes alkaline attacks.
Ethylene, propylene, soots, smokes, dusts, metal, metals ox-
ides, and other particulates also cause plant damage. Pollutants
are classified according to order of toxicity as follows:
strongly toxic substances causing symptoms as the ppb level
such as fluorine, chlorine, and PAN; moderately toxic sub-
stances causing symptoms at ppm levels such as sulfur oxides
and nitrogen oxides; and fairly toxic substances which cause
symptoms at levels between tens and thousands of ppm such
as aldehydes, HC1, NH3, HCN, H2S, and CO. Recently, dam-
gae due to the synergistic action of two pollutants has been in-
creasing (such as SO2-HF, SO2-PAN, and SO2-O3). Origin,
toxicity, and damage mechanism of major pollutants are
discussed.
52964
Gruender, H.-D.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE EMISSION ON
CATTLE. (Untersuchungen ueber die Fluorimmissionswirkun-
gen auf Rinder). Text in German. Deut. Tieraerztl. Wochschr.,
79(7): 147-ISO, 1972. 3 refs.
Studies on the effects of fluorine emissions on cattle in the
nearby of industrial plants emitting fluorine compounds are
reviewed. Dental fluorosis, bone fluorosis with such manifes-
tations of exostosis or hyperostosis, reduction of the elasticity
of the bones with increased susceptibility to fracture, and
reduction of the food uptake are among the principal con-
sequences of daily fluorine intakes exceeding the normal value
by 5 to 10 times. The effect of administering aluminum salt
mixtures with the feed or drinking water to lower fluoride
resorption was studied. Damage due to fluorine in cattle can
be reduced by special management and feeding techniques.
52994
Carlson, Clinton E.
MONITORING FLUORIDE POLLUTION IN FLATHEAD NA-
TIONAL FOREST AND CLACffiR NATIONAL PARK. Forest
Service, Missoula, Mont., Forest Insect and Disease Branch,
27p., 1971 (?). 4 refs. (The same information described in this
paper also appears in Carlson, Clinton E. and Jerald E. Dewey,
Environmental Pollution By Fluorides, Forest Service, Missoula,
Mont., Forest Insect and Disease Branch 62p., Oct. 1971. 27
refs.)
Measurements of fluoride pollution made in 1971 in Flathead
National Forest and Glacier National Park, caused by fluoride
emissions from the Anaconda Aluminum Company at Colum-
bia Falls, Montana, are presented and compared with a similar
study completed in 1970. Chemical analysis of vegetation in-
dicated average fluoride concentration from 4% less, in Glaci-
er National Park, to 77% less, close to the aluminum plant,
when compared to 1970 data. Injury indexes dropped an
average 45.8%. The total polluted area was 59 sq mi (34,560
acres) less than in 1970, and injury was found on 84 sq mi
(53,920 acres) less than in 1970. Analysis of insect tissue in-
dicated insects are still accumulating excessive fluorides.
Above-normal fluorides are still accumulating in vegetation up
to 12 miles from the Glacier National Park.
53025
Dewey, Jerald E.
ACCUMULATION OF FLUORIDES BY INSECTS NEAR AN
EMISSION SOURCE IN WESTERN MONTANA. Environ. En-
tomol., 2(2): 179-182, April 1973. 12 refs.
Four major groups of insects such as pollinators, predators,
foliage feeders, and cambial region feeders were collected near
an aluminum reduction plant and analyzed for fluorides. Col-
lections were made in June, August, and October in 1970 and
in August 1971. From 58.0 to 585.0 ppm fluoride was found
among the pollinators, from 6.1 to 170.0 ppm among the preda-
tors, from 21.3 to 255 ppm among the foliage feeders, and
from 8.5 to 52.5 ppm among the cambial region feeders.
Fluoride levels among the control insects sampled ranged from
3.5 to 16.5 ppm. The relative high fluoride levels in the 100%
predatory insects indicate fluorides are either accumulated by
respiration or are passed along the food chain. (Author ab-
stract)
-------
442
53370
Wander, I. W. and J. J. McBride, Jr.
CHLOROSIS PRODUCED BY FLUORINE ON CITRUS IN
FLORIDA. Science, vol. 123:933-934, May 25, 1956. 6 refs.
A unique chlorotic leaf pattern on citrus trees in Florida that is
attributed to florine is reported. The chlorosis was first noted
in Polk County in April 1950 and was associated with a triple
superphosphate manufacturing plant that recently opened. The
polluting condition was corrected, but as new triple su-
perphosphate plants opened, chlorosis increased. Florida peb-
ble rock phosphate contains 2-4% fluorine which is released
during the production in triple superphosphate. Chlorotic
leaves from affected groves ranged in fluorine content from
370 ppm to as low as 48 ppm. Chlorotic citrus leaves were ob-
served uo to 6 miles away from the nearest plant, but the
leaves were not abnormally high in fluorine content. It appears
that fluorine causes leaf chlorosis and is then dissipated by
translocation. Normal appearing leaves away from the affected
area contained from 12 to 30 ppm fluorine. In 1955 sprays of
aqueous acids were applied at concentrations 0.1N to 4 year
old Ruby Red grapefruit trees located 20 miles from the
nearest triple superphosphate plant. Seven sprays of 1 1 of
solution each were applied during a 2-month period, and an
identical chlorotic leaf pattern emerged in the trees sprayed
with hydrofluoric and fluosilicic acid. Citrus trees in California
that contained up to 211 ppm fluorine did not develop chloro-
sis and may be the results of differences in climatic condi-
tions, primarily the higher humidity in Florida.
53376
Trautwein, K., Chi. Kopp, and R. Buchner
FLUOROSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE. (Fluorosc
und Umwelthygiene). Text in German. Tieraerztl. Umsch.,
27(l):7-8, 10-12, 14-16, 1972. 54 refs.
A review of fluorosis in animals, as reported in veterinary
medical journals, is presented. Although ubiquitous in nature
in micro-quantities, fluorine is present in considerable amounts
in the vicinity of aluminum foundries and other industrial
plants which are responsible for its emission. The fluorine is
taken up by plants and transmitted to animals in their fodder
or in their drinking water. It has been established (in Germany)
that the ingestion by animals of more than 1.0 mg of
fluoride/kg body weight/day could result in fluorosis, with
more than 1.5 mg, fluorosis is sure to occur. In chronic
fluorine poisoning the most marked clinical symptoms are
changes in the teeth and bones and characteristic lameness.
The chronic absorption of slight quantities of hydrofluoric acid
from the air constitutes the greatest threat to plants; the
danger of fluoride uptake through plant roots from the soil is
less likely. The effect of the poison in all organisms is
enhanced by external factors such as humidity and tempera-
ture of the air. With more effective supervision to avoid the
introduction of fluorine into plants and into the air, and with
proper supervision of animal fodder, it is possible to prevent
toxic effects.
53903
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Research Committee
PHOTOGRAPHS OF PLANTS DAMAGED BY AIR POLLU-
TION. (Taiki osen shokubutsu higai shashin-shu). Text in
Japanese. 229p., March 1973. 17 refs.
Plant damage by air pollutants are displayed in hundreds of
photographs. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, and ozone cause necrosis between veins of leaves,
hydrogen fluoride causes necrosis at the edges of leaves. Oxi-
dants such as aldehydes and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) cause
the formation of silver-grey color on the backs of leaves. At
lower pollutant concentrations, chlorosis of leaves or invisible
injuries such as plant growth retardation occurs. Plants weak
in resistance to SO2 are alfalfa, barley, cotton, marvel-of-
Peru, rhubarb, cosmos, and sweet pea; those strong in re-
sistance are musk melon, citrus fruits, celery, and
chrysanthemum. The resistance to SO2 increases as the hu-
midity decreases. The threshold value of HF was several ppb
using gladiolus as the indicator plant. The resistances of plants
to air pollutants depend not only on the plant and pollutant,
but also on meteorological conditions and planting conditions.
54066
Sekiuchi, Teruo, Kaku Kikuchi, and Hikaru Sone
QUICK QUANTITATION OF FLUORINE IN PLANTS, RE-
PORT 1. (Shokubutsu- taichu fusso no jinsoku teiryo ni tsuite
(daiippo)). Text in Japanese. Miyagi-ken Kogai Gijutsu Senta
Hokoku (Miyagi Prefect. Pollut. Contr. Tech. Center Rep.), no.
1:36-40, May 1973. 4 refs.
In the Ishimaki area where a phosphate fertilizer manufactur-
ing plant has damaged the grape and pear harvest by its
fluoride emission in 1970, measurement of fluoride in the
leaves is one method of assessing the plant damage. Presently,
the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC)
method is generally in use, but it is complicated and time con-
suming. A simplified wet combustion or dry combustion-steam
distillation method was examined in the lab, and the results
were reported. The preparation of reagent (60% perchloric
acid, acetone, silver perchlorate), preparation of samplings,
wet combustion, dry combustion, distillation, and photoelec-
tric colorimetry application are described. The fluoride loss
during the distillation process was negligible. The fluoride loss
during reflux was within 10%. The fluoride recovery rate was
best during the third hour of reflux; therefore all the measure-
ments were taken in the third hour. The recovery rates by the
AOAC method ranged between 86.5% and 94.5%; the
proposed method ranged 88.1% and 93.8%. The measurements
of the both methods agreed very well. But the proposed
method has the following advantages: it is simple and there is
no F loss in the process; the time for analysis is shortened by
half; the time and trouble for the preparation of milk of lime is
eliminated and pollution by the muffle furnace is eliminated.
The proposed method may present a problem with samples
containing small amount of F, but it is considered appropriated
for F quantitation of damaged plants.
54297
Knabe, W.
POLLUTION AND ITS THREAT TO FORESTS IN THE
RUHR. (Inunissionsbelastung und immissionsgefaehrdung der
Waelder im ruhrgebiet). Mitt. Forst. Bundesuers., no. 97/1:53-
87, 1972. 30 refs. Translated from German, 36p. (Presented at
the International Symposium of Forest Fume Damage Experts,
7th, Essen, West Germany, Sept. 1970.)
The effects of air pollution on the forests in the industrial
areas of the Ruhr district are discussed. No older spruce and
pine stands of yield classes I-V are found in the center of the
Ruhr district. The remaining stands are characterized by a
lower needle age, sparse crowns, reduced growth in height and
diameter, as well as increased amounts of dead wood resulting
from the additional action of secondary parasites. Concentra-
tions of sulfur, fluoride, chloride, and lead are found in nee-
dles and leaves. Acute damage to broadleaved species is con-
centrated in the vicinity of certain industrial plants which emit
fluorine and chlorine compounds. The causes of chronic pollu-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
443
tion damage are primarily sulfur dioxide, halogen compounds,
oxidizing agents, and dusts. The extent to which heavy metals
are causes for damage has not been determined. The danger of
pollution to conifers is estimated in North Rhine-Westphalia in
part of the basis of the SO2 measuring program, with SO2
being considered to be both a harmful substance and an in-
dicator for general air pollution. The risks of cultivating
conifers is estimated in part according to the frequency with
which certain mean values for the growth season are ex-
ceeded. In the central area, the growth season mean value of
0.08 mg SO2/cu m was as a rule exceeded in at least 3 of 4
years, in the border area it was reached or exceeded as a rule
at least in 1 year. (Author summary modified)
54597
Yamatomo, Takeo
POLLUTION AND ITS CIRCUMFERENCE (IV): BIOLOGI-
CAL USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION. (Kogai
to sono shugen 4, Seibutsu riyo to kankyo chosa). Text in
Japanese. Kagaku to Yakugaku no Kyoshitsu (Chem. Pharm.,
Quart. J.), no. 40:6-11, 1973. 5 refs.
For measurement of traceable sulfur oxide, the use of
microbiological quantitation of sulfate ions is reliable and con-
venient for treating a large amount of test material simultane-
ously. This method is also useful for examining bacterial
proliferation inhibitors or inhibiting factors. Quantitation of
sulfates in rain water by the colitis bacteria (Escherichia coli),
and the relationship between inhibitors and toxic metals are
discussed. The pattern of hydrogen fluoride damages was ex-
amined by gladioli and orange leaf experiments. The SOx first
damages the plant s spongy parenchyma and then the total
system. The damages appear first in spots, and then turn into
gray, white or yellow as the symptom advances. The HF can
be absorbed in gas form through the stomata of the epidermis
and damage spongy parenchyma and palisade, or water soluble
compounds in HF can be absorbed into plant. Once absorbed,
HF moves to the tips or edges of the leaves, and the accumu-
lation causes graying or browning of the leaves. Traceable
amounts of HF can damage agricultural produce visibly. In the
area 1-2 km from the emission source, plants can have approx-
imately 150 ppm, or five times the HF accumulation in a con-
trol area. Rats were raised at a street intersection to see the
effects of automotive exhaust gas. An interesting and signifi-
cant inhibition of weight increase was noted among one group
of rats. The lead content in the atmosphere or the dust count
did not show a significant difference from other exposure
areas. In addition to exhaust gases, noise, light, and other con-
ditions such as ventilation, temperature, and vibration seemed
to have inhibited the growth of the rats.
54710
Weinstein, Leonard H., Jay S. Jacobson, and Richard H.
Mandl
FLUORINE-SEMIAUTOMATED METHOD. J. Assoc. Offic.
Anal. Chemists, 55(5):998-1003, Sept. 1972.
A semiautomated, colorimetric method for the analysis of
fluoride in vegetation is presented. Dried and ground plant
material is ashed, fused with alkali, and diluted to volume.
Leaf samples may be washed with an aqueous solution con-
taining 0.05% detergent and 0.05% tetrasodium ethylene
diamine tetracetic acid salt. The digest and sulfuric acid are
then pumped into microdistillation apparatus which is main-
tained at 170 C. A stream of air carries the acidified sample to
a fractionation column where F and water are distilled into a
condenser; the condensate passes into a small collector. The
distillate is mixed continuously with alizarin F blue-lanthanum
reagent, the colored stream passed through a tubular flowcell
of the colorimeter, and the absorbance measured at 624 nm.
Conditions must be carefully controlled since accurate results
depend upon obtaining the same degree of efficiency of distil-
lation from samples as from standard F solutions used in
calibration. The temperature must be maintained within plus or
minus 2 C, and regulation of the acid concentration during
distillation is achieved by taking plant samples in the 0.1-2.0 g
range and by using specified amounts of calcium oxide and
sodium hydroxide for ashing and fusion. Interfering metal ca-
tions and inorganic phosphate are not distilled, and organic
substances are destroyed by ashing. Interference from remain-
ing volatile inorganic anions is reduced with high concentra-
tions of acetate buffer at the expense of some reduction in
sensitivity. The method can detect 0.1 micrograms F/ml, and
the normal range is 0.1-4.0 micrograms F/ml.
54755
Houten, J. G. ten
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Biologische
aspecten van de luchtverontreiniging). Text in Dutch. Chem.
Weekblad, 69(26): 11-12, June 1973. 11 refs.
Studies on the effects of air pollutants, such as automotive ex-
haust components, sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid, and
ozone, on plants, animals, and humans are reviewed. Very
high susceptibility of spinach and lettuce to ozone and perox-
yacetyl nitrate was observed. Nitrogen oxides cause leaf burns
in certain plants, while nitrogen dioxide interferes with growth
processes in tomatoes in concentrations as low as 0.25 ppm.
Ethylene in above-normal concentrations has similar effect on
tomatoes. Necrosis of leaf tissues due to the action of SO2
was observed. The acidification of the soil and of surface
water bodies, a process most acute in Sweden due to SO2, in-
terferes with the lives of certain plant and animal species.
Lichens were determined to be most sensitive to SO2 of all
plants. Leaf burns and inhibition of the cis-aconitase in Fresia
and Gladiolus species due to hydrofluoric acid was evidenced.
This pollutant also tends to reduce bee populations in polluted
areas.
54910
Matsushima, Jiro and R. F. Brewer
INFLUENCE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE AS A MIX OR RECIPROCAL EXPOSURE ON
CITRUS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 22(9):710-713, Sept. 1972. 13 refs.
The influence of exposure to mixtures of sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen fluoride on Koethen sweet orange, and alternate ex-
posure to these gases on Satsuma mandarin, were tested using
a rotating fumigation greenhouse. The concentration of SO2
was effectively maintained at approximately 0.8 ppm or 2.3
mg/cu m during the experiment, but the HF concentration
varied from approximately 2.5 ppb or 2.2 micrograms/cu m at
the beginning of the experiment to approximately 13 ppb (11.6
micrograms/cu m) at the end. Effects of HF-SO2 mixtures on
linear growth and leaf area of Koethan orange were additive,
not synergistic. No necrosis was observed on Koethen oranges
exposed to HF, SO2, or a mixture of HF and SO2. Effects of
the mixture on chlorosis of Satsuma mandarin foliage was also
not synergistic. No significant difference in linear growth of
Satsuma mandarin was found. Alternate exposure to SO2 fol-
lowed by HF produced no synergistic injury to Satsuma man-
darin. Satsuma mandarin appeared more sensitive than
Koethen orange to HF, SO2, and mixtures of these two gases,
using degree of chlorosis and leaf abscission as the criteria of
sensitivity. If linear growth and leaf area were the principal
-------
444
criteria considered, Koethen orange would appear more sensi-
tive. (Author abstract modified)
55066
Nasr, T. A. and M. G. Hassouna
TOLERANCE OF BANANAS TO FLUORIDES AND
SULPHUR DIOXIDE. Alex J. Agr. Res., 18(1):115-118, 1970. 5
refs.
The sensitivity of banana plants growing near the su-
perphosphate plant at Kafr-El-Zayat, U.A.R. to fluorides and
sulfur dioxide was investigated. The growth of the fourth
ratoon plants raised in this area was compared with that of
plants raised in a non-industrial area (Alexandria). The results
indicated that the plants from the two areas were similar in
terms of height of the pseudostem, length of the bunches,
average number of hands per bunch, number of fingers per
hand, and average number of fingers per hand per bunch. The
plants in Kafr-El-Zayat showed no visual symptoms of foliage
lesions, severe chlorosis, or necrosis. Although the margins of
the lamina were dry and scorched, the same observation was
made of the plants in Alexandria. The air pollutants in the area
at Kafr-El-Zayat are present in concentrations not injurious to
banana plants grown in the area.
55654
Keller, Theodor
THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF PARTICIPATE FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS. (Zur Phytotoxizitaet staubfoermiger Fluor-Ver-
bindungen). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
33(10):395-397, Oct. 1973. 8 refs.
The toxicity of particulate fluorides was tested on 3-year old
pot-bound pines (pinus silvestris), on 4-year old douglas firs
(psuedotsuga menziesii), and on 1-year old birches (betula ver-
rucosa). The first series of experiments was used for deter-
mination of the toxicity of more or less water insoluble
fluorine compounds at high humidity. Thye pines were there-
fore exposed in two different greenhouses. One was normally
ventilated, the other had a relative humidity of 75% and more
at all times. With the second test series the plants were ex-
posed under outdoor conditions. The effect of the dusts on
photosynthesis was statistically not significant in the absence
of visible injury. This may be due to the anatomical feature of
conifer needles and may be valid for particulate fluoride only.
56204
Bennett, Jesse H. and A. Clyde Hill
INHIBITION OF APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY AIR
POLLUTANTS. J. Environ. Qual., 2(4):526-S30, Oct.-Dec. 1973.
35 refs.
The reversible effects of hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide,
and chlorine exposures on net carbon dioxide absorption rates
(apparent photosynthesis) of alfalfa and barley plants were in-
vestigated. Carbon dioxide uptake was reversible suppressed
by exposure dosages of these pollutants which did not cause
cellular destruction in the leaves. Some necrosis resulted, ex-
cept for the nitrogen oxides, from treatments which depressed
CO2 uptake rates more than 25-60% by the end of 2-hour fu-
migation trials. The six air pollutants can be ranked in the fol-
lowing descending order according to the relative amounts that
plant CO2 uptake rates were depressed by the end of 2-hour
exposure: HF, ozone, C12, SO2, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide.
The phytotoxicants ranked in essentially the reverse order
when compared on the basis of the rapidity that CO2 uptake
was suppressed as a function of exposure time. Nitric oxide
treatments caused very rapid reductions in the plant CO2 up-
take rates during the first hour of exposure. By this time, plant
uptake rates had attained new (depressed) steady state
equilibrium levels which were then maintained over the
remainder of the exposure periods. Hydrogen fluoride treat-
ment induced more gradual reductions in plant CO2 uptake
rates throughout the test periods. Plant responses to the other
pollutants, SO2, NO2, C12, and O3 were intermediate between
those caused by NO and HF. (Author abstract modified)
56213
Miller, G. W., M. H. Yu, and M. Psenak
PRESENCE OF FLUORORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN HIGHER
PLANTS. Fluoride, 6(3):203-215, Oct. 1973. 20 refs. (Presented
at the International Society of Fluorine Research, Annual Con-
ference, 5th, Oxford, England, April 4-8, 1973.)
A number of exotic plants are known to contain fluoroorganic
compounds. The toxic component of more than a dozen plant
species of fluoroacetate. Indirect evidence using extraction
with nonpolar solvents combined with paper chromatography,
inhibition of aconitase, and infrared spectrometry indicated the
presence of fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate in soybean and
crested wheat grass exposed to atmospheric fluoride. Gas
chromatographic analysis of organic acids isolated from
crested wheat grass collected from areas of high atmospheric
fluoride pollution showed the presence of two peaks that cor-
responded with the methyl esters of authentic fluoroacetate
and fluorocitrate. The organic acid pattern in the fluoride-ex-
posed plants was also significantly changed compared to con-
trol tissue. (Author summary)
56240
MacLean, David C., Robert E. Schneider, and Delbert C.
McCune
FLUORIDE PHTOTOXICITY AS AFFECTED BY RELATIVE
HUMIDITY. Proc. Int. Clean Air Congr., 3rd, Duesseldorf,
West Germany, 1973, p. A143-A145. 16 refs.
The effects of relative humidities on hydrogen fluoride-in-
duced leaf necrosis and accumulation of fluoride in gladiolus
plants are presented. Plants were exposed to 4.5 micrograms
F/cu m for 144 hr after acclimation to relative humidities of
50, 65, and 80% relative humidities and were then maintained
in the chambers under the same environmental conditions for
24 hr to allow symptoms to develop. Relative humidity did not
affect the incidence of injury; the percentage of leaves per
plant showing some degree of necrosis was not statistically
different at the three relative humidities. The physiological age
of the leaves did, however, influence the incidence of necro-
sis. Relative humidity of the air surrounding the plants during
exposure to hydrogen fluoride did affect the severity of HF-in-
duced injury (percentage of leaf length necrotic); necrosis was
more severe on plants exposed at 80% relative humidity than
that at 65 or 50%. The amount of accumulated F localized in
the medial and basal portions of leaves was negligible and was
not affected by relative humidity.
56241
McCune, Delbert C., Leonard H. Weinstein, Jill F. Mancini,
and Paul van Leuken
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON PLANT-
PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS. Proc. Int. Clean Air Congr.,
3rd, Duesseldorf, West Germany, 1973, p. A146-A149. 32 refs.
Experiments in fumigation chambers with tomato and pinto
bean plants were performed to assess the effects of hydrogen
fluoride on plant-pathogen (fungal and bacterial) interactions.
Hydrogen fluoride was found to alter the plant-pathogen in-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
445
teraction, although the kind and consistency of effect caused
by HF depended upon the host, pathogen, and several other
factors. A reduction in powdery mildew probably indicates
that HF was affecting the infectivity of the pathogen itself
because reduction in disease was proportional to the length of
the exposure period, infection was continuous during the ex-
posure period, and the pathogen itself was epiphytic. The ef-
fect of fluoride on bean rust may have been due to accumu-
lated fluoride in the leaf having a direct or indirect effect on
the pathogen because both pre- and post- inoculation expo-
sures to HF were effective and additive. Other evidence for an
indirect effect of fluoride was found in halo-blight where stem
collapse was affected but foliar symptoms were not, and the
site affected was spatially removed from the site of fluoride
accumulation. Effects on early blight of tomato also indicated
an effect of fluoride in the leaf.
56428
Dept. of Trade and Industry, Great Britain, Programmes
Analysis Unit
SECTION IV(F): THE DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURE. In: An
economic and technical appraisal of air pollution in the United
Kingdom. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1972, p. 140-149. 4
refs.
The effect of air pollution on agricultural plants and animals in
Great Britain is described. Sulfur dioxide can affect life in
three ways: as a constituent of the air, as rain, or as acidic
mist. Depending on its form, SO2 can affect the soil and the
health of the plants, cause delayed blooming, premature
senescence, and leaf damage. Smoke reduces the supply of
light radiation for photosynthesis and may block the stomatal
pores. Fluorine, besides retarding growth in plants as a result
of destruction of tissue, can damage animal bone and teeth.
Oxides of nitrogen are emitted in relatively small quantities
compared to SO2. The oxidizing action of nitrogen dioxide or
nitric acid washed out by rain could produce direct damage to
foliage. Other pollutants which adversely affect vegetation in-
clude lead, ethylene, ozone, and organic sulfur compounds. A
discussion on the cost of damage by air pollution to agriculture
in Great Britain is included.
56515
MacLean, D. C. and R. E. Schneider
FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION BY FORAGE: CONTINUOUS
VS. INTERMITTENT EXPOSURES TO HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE. J. Environ. Quality, 2(4):501-503, Oct.-Dec. 1973.
9 refs.
The effect of continuous versus intermittent exposures to
hydrogen fluoride was investigated with timothy (Phleum
pratense L.,) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) plants.
Fluoride accumulation was greater after continuous fumiga-
tions than when the same HF dose was provided in alternate
48 hr exposures. The importance of the intermittent nature of
exposures in addition to the pollutant concentration and dura-
tion of exposure in governing F accumulation suggests that
pollution abatement action to protect livestock from ingested F
should be based on the F content of forage rather than the
concentration of airborne fluorides. (Author abstract modified)
56521
Weinstein, Leonard H., Delbert C. McCune, Jill F. Mancini,
and Paul van Leuken
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FUMIGATION OF
BEAN PLANTS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND
REPRODUCTION OF THE MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE. Proc.
Int. Clean Air Congr., 3rd, Duesseldorf, West Germany, 1973,
p. A150-A153. 16 refs.
The growth and behavior of Mexican bean beetle populations
on control and hydrogen fluoride-fumigated bean plants (P.
vulgaris L. ev. predominantly) were investigated to assess the
effects of such fumigation on beetle growth, development and
reproduction. Beetles that were cultured on HF-fumigated
plants were generally lighter than controls, although the occur-
rence and magnitude of this effect depended upon stage of
development, age, and sex of the adult beetle and the number
of generations of culture on HF-fumigated plants. A con-
sistently decreased mass of larvae cultured on HF-fumigated
plants reflected a delay in development as well as a reduced
growth. Larvae from the eggs laid by beetles cultured on HF-
fumigated tissue pupated and eclosed three to six days later
than controls, and the adults commenced reproductive activity
with the same lag in time. Beetles cultured on the fumigated
plants also contained greater amounts of fluoride than the con-
trols, and the fluoride content of females was greater than that
of males on both HF-fumigated and control plants. Beetles
raised on fumigated plants laid fewer egg masses and fewer
eggs per mass, although when the first generation was re-
peated at a later date there was no significant effect. Feeding
activity was reduced in both larval and adult stages in beetles
cultured on the fumigated plants, and adults showed less flight
activity than controls. A difference in color of the elytra was
also noted; beetles on HF-fumigated plants were paler than
controls.
56584
Berge, Helmut
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREE PESTS AND IMMIS-
SIONS. (Beziehungen zwischen Baumschaedlingen und Inunis-
sionen). Text in German. Anz. Schaedlingskunde, vol. 46:155-
156, 1973. 2 refs.
In a forest in the vicinity of a large sulfur dioxide emission
source, lice were discovered on the species abies concolor and
abies veitchi mainly on those needles where injuries from SO2
and hydrogen fluoride exposure were macroscopically and
microscopically visible. All abies species whose new shoots
were treated with a pesticide until the second half of May
showed no injuries on the new 1 -year old needles. Non-treated
trees showed either injuries or dropped the needles. Contrary
to this, mealy bugs on pinus griffithi, pinus silvestris fastigiata
and pinus silvestris pumily were mostly found on the non-in-
jured needles and not on those showing macroscopic and
microscopic SO2 injuries. Species of Ilex aquifolium uninjured
by SO2 suddenly displayed acute injuries after they had been
heavily attacked by the fly phytomyza ilicis which coincided
with HF concentrations of 6 to 8 micrograms/cu m and half-
hourly values of SO2 of 1.5 to 2.0 mg/cu m. Only those treated
with an 0.4% Wuxal-solution (six times in 14-day intervals)
showed no injuries. Similar results were obtained with a spider
mite (oligonychus ununguis) on picea omorika. Through treat-
ment with pesticide, the pests and plant injuries could be
averted. The sacchiphantes viridis louse was found in greater
concentrations on parts protected from exposure by walls or
other plants. The blastethia turionella on pinus montana oc-
curred most frequently on heavily injured parts. The extent of
pest occurrence among other things was influenced by
weather, season, climatic, orographic, and topographic factors.
Through efficient pest control, some injuries can be avoided.
-------
446
56625
Engelbrecht, Abraham H. P. and C. Wynand Louw
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE INJURY IN SUGAR-CANE: SOME
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES. Proc. Int. Clean Air
Congr., 3rd, Duesseldorf, West Germany, 1973, p. A157-A159.
8 rets.
Mature sugar-cane plants were fumigated with controlled
amounts of hydrogen fluoride and subsequently microscopi-
cally examined for ultrastructural changes. The first symptoms
appeared as a fine stippling followed by irregular chlorotic
mottling of the leaf margins and tips. These yellow chlorotic
areas became necrotic and changed from yellow to brownish-
red to dark brown, followed by a complete collapse of the
mesophyll cells in the necrotic areas. First symptoms appeared
after exposure to 12.9 micrograms/cu m HF; acute symptoms
appeared at 23.0 micrograms/cu m; and severe necrotic symp-
toms and ultimate collapse occurred at a concentration of
105.0 micrograms/cu m. There was an overall decrease in the
size of the chloroplasts and membrane system during the
development of the chlorotic fluoride injury symptoms and an
increase in the size and number of osmiophilic globules. The
middle lamellae were swollen and became densely stained. The
tonoplast disappeared during the change from reddish-brown
to dark brown, and there was a separation of the primary cell
walls at the middle lamellae. The plasma membrane disap-
peared in the necrotic condition, and the ground plasma was
very granular. The chloroplasts were smaller than in the dark
brown conditon, and the internal membranes as well as the
plastid envelope started to disintegrate. Ribosomes were still
present in the stroma, and the mitochondria were still intact.
56637
Edmunds, George F., Jr.
ECOLOGY OF BLACK PINELEAF SCALE (HOMOPTERA:
DIASPIDIDAE). Environ Entomol., 2(S):765-777, Oct. 1973. 20
refs.
The ecology of black pineleaf scale which occurs on several
species of pine and Douglas fir causing defoliation, discolora-
tion of foliage, and reduced growth is reviewed. All known
outbreaks of this scale have been caused by reduction in the
population of Prosphaltella parasitoid that normally keeps the
scale populations at very low densities. Abnormal mortality of
Prospaltella has been found to be caused either by the
presence of sorptive dusts or by drift of insecticides. High
population densities of scale have been found mainly in areas
of high dust fall resulting from industrial sources and road-
ways. No known causal relationships have been found to exist
between atmospheric fluorides and the black pineleaf scale
population density. Environmental improvement to conserve
the Prospaltella parasitoids appears to be the most effective
control measure. (Author abstract modified)
56655
Darley, Ellis F.
VEGETATION DAMAGE FROM AIR POLLUTION. In: Com-
bustion-Generated Air Pollution. A Short Course on Com-
bustion-Generated Air Pollution held at the University of
California, Berkeley, September 22-26, 1969. Ernest S. Stark-
man (ed.), New York-London, Plenum Press, 1971, p. 245-255.
24 refs.
Principle air pollutants that adversely affect growth and
development of vegetation are discussed. The typical injury
symptom from peroxyacyl nitrates is a silvering, glazing, or
otherwise metallic sheen on the lower surface of affected
leaves. The symptoms from various PANs appear to be the
same, but as the carbon number of the molecule increases so
does the relative toxicity. Injury from ozone results in
stippling, mottling, or a chlorosis that is confined to the upper
surface of the leaf. Ozone has a similar effect on growth and
cell wall metabolism compared to PAN; but, whereas short
periods of darkness before, during, and after exposure prevent
PAN damage, this is not so with ozone. The hydrocarbon
ethylene affects flower production of ornamental species; the
dry sepal injury to orchids is a prime example. The chief
symptom of acute injury from sulfur dioxide is a white to tan
bleaching of leaf tissues; the injury goes clear through the leaf
and is not confined to one or the other surface. High concen-
trations of nitrogen dioxide produce similar effects, although
recent experiments with a variety of plants exposed to
nitrogen dioxide have demonstrated that concentrations of a
few tenths ppm for several weeks can reduce growth as much
as 35%. The typical symptomology of hydrogen fluoride
poisoning is a necrosis of the margin of dicotyledonous of
broad-leaved plants and of the tips of monocotyledonous,
parallel-veined plants. Certain cement-kiln dusts have been
shown to be toxic to plant leaves when deposited in the
presence of free moisture. Dry dusts apparently do not have
this affect but may interfere with the normal photosynthesis
by the fact that they reduce th light reaching the leaf.
56788
Edmunds, George F., Jr. and Richard K. Allen
COMPARISON OF BLACK PINE LEAF SCALE POPULA-
TION-DENSITY ON NORMAL PONDEROSA PINE AND
THOSE WEAKENED BY OTHER AGENTS. Proc. Int. Congr.
Entomol., 10th, Montreal, Canada, 1956, vol. 4, 1956 (1958).
A study of an infestation of black pine leaf scale, on pon-
derosa pine revealed a direct correlation between the degree of
damage to the tree and the population density of the scale in-
sects. Tests of the hypothesis that the scale insects more
readily attacked trees damaged and weakened from other
sources revealed the following: significantly lower average
scale population density was noted on trees damaged by boron
compounds used as weed killers than in trees not so damaged;
no significant difference in average population density was
noted between trees with moderate needle tip dieback,
presumably caused by uptake of atmospheric fluorides, and
trees not showing such damage; no significant difference was
found in average scale population density between those trees
with relatively high fluoride content and those with relatively
low fluoride content; and no difference in average population
density of black pine leaf scale was noted between trees
damaged by infestations of dwarf mistletoe and trees not so
damaged. Hence, damaged and presumably weakened trees are
concluded to be no more susceptible to attack than trees not
so damaged. (Author abstract modified)
56874
Vins, Bohuslav and R. Mrkva
INCREMENT STUDIES IN SCOTCH PINE STANDS IN THE
VICINITY OF A FERTILIZER FACTORY. (Zuwachsunter-
suchungen in Kiefernbestanden in der Umgebung einer Duenger-
fabrik). Text in German. Mitt. Forst. Bundesvers., no. 97:173-
194, 1972. 8 refs. (Presented at the International Symposium of
Forest Fume Damage Experts, 7th, Essen West Germany, Sept.
7-11, 1970.)
Scotch pine stands growing in sandstone in a very dry region
of Southern Moravia in the vicinity of a fertilizer factory were
studied. Atmospheric pollutants from the plant included sulfur
dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, and fluorine compounds. Per-
manent plots were established in the surrounding pine stands,
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
447
with the plots being positioned so that the effects of decreas-
ing amounts of pollution could be studied. Ring analyses were
made on the cores from 100 sample trees in each of the five
plots. Disturbances in the annual ring formation and reductions
in growth were noted among the sample trees; similar
disturbances were found in the smoke-damaged spruce stands
of the Erzgebirge. The structural characteristics and health
conditions of the trees were evaluated by computer.
56885
Knabe, Wilhelm
POLLUTION AND ITS THREAT TO FORESTS IN THE
RUHR. (Immissionsbelastung und Immissionsgefahrdung der
Walder im Ruhrgebiet). Text in German. Mitt. Forst. Bun-
desvers., no. 97:53-87, 1972. 30 rets. (Presented at the Interna-
tional Symposium of Forest Fume Damage Experts, 7th, Essen,
West Germany, Sept. 7-11, 1970.)
Examples are given of air pollution damage to stands of
spruces, pine, and broadleaved species in the forests of the
Ruhr region. In the heart of the Ruhr, there are no longer any
closed stands of spruce and pine. Although chronic damage
occurs to broadleaved and coniferous species in the whole in-
dustrial region, the acute damage to the broadleaved species is
concentrated in the region containing the chemical factories,
aluminum works, galvanizing works, glass factories, and burn-
ing tips. The damage is frequently caused by halogen com-
pounds. The causes of chronic fume damage to the forests are
sulfur dioxide, fluorine compounds, oxidants, and dusts, the
dust affecting the foliage by blocking light and reducing as-
similation, and by affecting the roots by accumulating injuri-
ous substances in the soil. The danger of pollution to conifer
forests in North Rhine/Westphalia is estimated on the basis of
an SO2 measurement program, the SO2 being regarded both as
an injurious substance and as an indicator of the general air
pollution index. The basis for predicting the risk of planting
conifers is the frequency of occurrence of certain growing-
season mean values. In the heart of the region, a growing-
season mean value of 0.08 mg SO2/CU m was exceeded in the
last 3 out of 4 years, and, in the marginal areas of the region,
it was reached or exceeded in 1 year out of 4.
56963
Horvath, I wan
EFFECT OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON THE DRV
MATTER PRODUCTION OF BUCKWHEAT. (Einfluss von
Fluorverbindunger auf die Trockensubstanzproduktion von
Buchweizen). Text in German. Mitt. Forst. Bundesvers., no.
97:335-351, 1972. 17 refs. (Presented at the International Sym-
posium of Forest Fume Damage Experts, 7th, Essen, West Ger-
many, Sept. 7-11, 1970.)
The effect of fluorine compounds applied to the soil before
sowing, at the start of flowering, and during the ripening of
the first fruits was evaluated according to the dry-matter
production of Fagopyrum esculentum M (Doxanska variety).
The application of fluorine in the rooting medium of the plants
at different stages in their ontogeny produced results which in-
dicated that the reduction in dry matter depended, inter alia,
on the form in which the fluorine was applied to the soil.
Under greenhouse conditions and on standard soil, the max-
imum inhibiting effect was found with sodium fluoride; the ef-
fect was less when fluorine was applied as potassium fluoride
or calcium fluoride. In addition, the reduction in dry-matter
production was more marked when the individual fluorides
were applied before sowing. Increasing the fluorine level in the
soil during flowering and during ripening of the first fruits did
not cause significant reductions in dry matter, except in the
case of sodium fluoride. The maximum inhibiting effect of
sodium fluoride occurred when it was applied to the soil at the
start of flowering; the effect was less when it was applied be-
fore sowing, and was not very significant when it was applied
during the ripening of the first fruits. An increase in dry
matter and leaf area was observed after a single application of
fluorine on the 20th day of growth, indicating that calcium
fluoride does not significantly affect the physiological
processes of buckwheat during the first 6 weeks after applica-
tion; the effect of sodium fluoride was quite different. The oc-
currence of necrotic leaves and the death of the most suscepti-
ble individuals were associated with a significant decrease in
the formation of leaf surface area and with the reduction of
dry-matter production. The most resistant individuals, as in-
dicated by the responses to fluorine treatment, equalled or
often even surpassed the control plants.
57475
Bohne, Helmut
CHANGES OF THE LANDSCAPE CAUSED BY INDUSTRIAL
SMOKE ACIDS. (Ameny v drajine zpusobene emitovanymi
kyselinami). TERPLAN-Statni iistav pro uzemni planovani,
Ustav krajinne ekologie CSAV, Bioindikatory Deteriorizace
Krajiny, Sbornik Z Mezinarodni Konference, Prague,
Czechoslovakia, 1971, p. 14-17. (Sept.)
The influence of industrial smoke emissions of sulfur dioxide,
fluorine, and chlorine on landscape is examined. Sulfur diox-
ide emission has been estimated to cause 80% of the plant
damage found near industrial surroundings according to the
literature, but more recent evidence has pointed to fluorine-
containing exhaust as being the main culprit of smoke damage.
Two examples are presented in favor of the latter hypothesis.
Fluorine- containing exhausts have been found to cause
damage in gladiolas, horse-chestnuts, damson plums, apricots,
forest plants; leaf burning and permanent damage have been
common. Plant damage has also been observed in the vicinity
of chlorine-emitting facilities. Growth depression, bleached or
lightened leaves, and necroses have been observed. Damage to
pear leaves from chlorine appeared as ill defined, brown
necroses in contrast to the sharply defined black-brown edges
resulting from fluorine damage.
57716
Holub, Zdenek and Olga Kontrisova
PHYTOINDICATION OF AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORINE
IMMISSIONS. (Phytoindikation der Luftverunreinigung durch
fluorimmissionen). Text in German. Biologia, 28(10):827-S36,
1973. 24 refs.
A method of leaf analysis for studying the content of toxic
substances in plant leaves is described. It can be used to mea-
sure areas polluted with fluorine. Analyses of naturally occur-
ring plant species are suitable in regions with higher fluorine
content in the atmosphere. Lower concentrations of fluorine in
the air are indicated in a more sensible way by the fluorine
content of lichens or of plants that have been cultivated in
more or less standardized conditions.
57810
Dept. of Agriculture, Upper Darby, Pa., Northeastern Area,
State and Private Forestry
AIR POLLUTION DAMAGES TREES. Washington, D. C., U.
S. Government Printing Office, 1973, 34p. 37 refs.
An examination of air pollution damage to trees indicates that
sulfur dioxide and ozone are probably the most important
phytotoxic air pollutants in the northeast, though fluorides,
-------
448
chiefly in the form of the gas hydrogen fluoride, also occur.
Injury on conifer needles from these pollutants is often
manifested as necrosis of the needle tip or the entire needle.
Ozone also causes a chlorotic mottle of needles. Most pollu-
tants cause more specific symptoms on broadleaved trees. Sul-
fur dioxide symptoms generally appear on such trees as an in-
terveinal necrosis, with the injured tissue being a light brown.
Ozone causes a reddish-purple stipple or brown to white flecks
of the upper leaf surface. Fluoride injury is usually restricted
to the margins of the leaf where toxic accumulations of this
pollutant cause the tissues to turn brown and die. Minor pollu-
tants cause a variety of symptoms. Air pollution injury to trees
is most prevalent during inversions, i.e., meteorological condi-
tions which do not allow pollutant-laden air to rise and
disperse. (Author summary modified)
57859
Dost, Frank N., D. J. Reed, and C. H. Wang
STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY MISSILE
PROPELLANTS. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis Radiation
Center, Air Force Systems Command/Aerospace Medical
Research Lab. Contract AF33(615)-1767, Proj. 6302, Task
630204, Work Unit 630204001, AMRL-TR-68-85, 28p., Feb.
1969. 3 refs.
Field evaluation of the effects of inorganic fluoride oxidizing
agents accidentally released into the environment are
discussed. Information is derived primarily from research
previously published. The compounds reviewed are nitrogen
trifluoride (NF3), tetrafluorohydrazine (N2F4), oxygen
difluoride (OF2), and the interhalogens chlorine trifluoride
(C1F3), chlorine pentafluoride (C1F5), and bromine pen-
tafluoride (BrF5). Nitrogen trifluoride has no effect on plants,
fish or microorganisms. High concentrations cause reversible
toxicity in mammals. Tetrafluorohydrazine has limited effects
on plants and its reaction products are fairly harmless to fish.
Mammalian toxicity is moderate but reversible. Oxygen
difluoride is highly toxic to plants, but does not appreciably
harm microbes or fish unless partial pressure remains high. It
causes irreversible damage to mammals at very low doses, and
as yet no successful decontaminant has been found. The inter-
halogens are highly toxic to plants. A possibly productive ap-
proach to decontamination of the highly toxic OF2 may be
through the immediate reaction of the spilled gas by reagents
distributed through the cloud, at a time when concentration is
high enough to permit relatively easy reaction in a limited
area. The decontamination of spilled interhalogens should be
easier to accomplish, since they react with almost any material
they encounter. Their reactive aqueous solutions must be dealt
with as well, but if the waterborne interhalogen reaction
products are eluted or percolated through soil, almost all living
elements in the environment will be protected. The problem of
quickly and safely destroying each of the inorganic fluoride
oxidizing agents in air, leaving products which may be dealt
with on a non-emergency basis, is being studied.
58381
Lisicky, Mikulas
REMARKS ON THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE EXHALA-
TIONS UPON THE MOLLUSKS IN THE SURROUNDINGS
OF ZLAR NAD HRONOM. (Bermerkungen zur Auswirking der
Fluorexhalationen auf die Malakofauna in der Umgebung von
Zlar nad Hronom). Text in German. Biologia, 2S(ll):919-924,
1973. 7 refs.
Seventeen localities in the area contaminated by fluorine and
its immediate vicinity were investigated. The malacocenoses in
stagnant water and in the forest were most injured. Two
hypotheses concerning the possible influence of hydrogen
fluoride on the water-mollusks are advanced: direct effect,
i.e., corrosion of the conch; and indirect effect-the HF blocks
the calcium and the only way out for the snails is to gnaw the
conches. In the contaminated area the malacocenoses trend to
show high dominance of one euryoecic species. (Author ab-
stract)
58506
Keller, Th.
TRANSLOCATION OF FLUORIDE IN WOODY PLANTS.
Fluoride, 7(1):31-3S, Jan. 1974. 5 refs.
Foliage of different species of forest trees was analyzed for its
fluoride content. The foliage of plants which had been exposed
to fluoride exhalates of an aluminum smelter for one to many
years was analyzed after it had been allowed to flush and
develop in pure air. All samples of the foliage of trees near the
factory had increased fluoride content in dry matter as com-
pared to controls. The foliage near the smelter contained 11-
136 ppm F in dry matter, whereas controls contained 3-14
ppm. The level of fluoride in first leaves formed in the spring
was higher than that in foliage formed later in the year, a fact
indicative of depletion of reserves. New foliage of deciduous
trees which had been exposed to fluoride fumes in winter ex-
clusively also contained increased amounts of fluoride, a fact
which indicates mobilization of fluoride entering the tree via
the bark. These data prove that fluoride is being translocated
in woody plants. (Author abstract modified)
58507
Kay, E.
AN INQUIRY INTO THE DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORIDE IN
THE ENVIRONMENT OF GARRISON, MONTANA. Fluoride,
7(1):7-31, Jan. 1974. 31 refs.
In the fall of 1971 and 1972, the extent and severity of fluoride
contamination in the vicinity of Garrison, Montana was deter-
mined. Assays of the fluoride content of indigenous flora and
fauna were utilized to establish the effectiveness of the air
pollution control equipment of a fluoride-emitting industrial
facility. Vegetation samples included forage, shrubs,
coniferous and deciduous tree species, as well as various spe-
cies of small mammals in a directional pattern throughout the
study area were analyzed for fluoride and compared with con-
trol samples collected throughout western Montana. Analysis
by individual species allowed comparison of the ratio of
fluoride accumulation between species. Fluoride levels in
vegetation and small mammals were also correlated. Isopol
maps of fluoride concentrations in vegetation were con-
structed. Wide differences between different species were ob-
served. Fluoride concentrations in different species were com-
pared and presented graphically. (Author abstract)
58777
Oshina, Tatsuo, Ryuichi Sugai, Yoshimaru Fujieda, Takaaki
Yanaka, and Nobuo Shibuta
FLUORTOE POLLUTION ON PLANTS IN AREA NEAR AN
ALUMINUM FACTORY. (Arumi seiren kojo shunhen ni okeru
fukkabutsu ni yoru nosakubutsu osen). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 8(3):543, Oct. 1973.
(Presented at the Japan. Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meet-
ing, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1973, Paper 269.)
Fluoride accumulation in produce was examined in area near
an aluminum refining plant to obtain basic data for the health
care of residents in the area. The relationship between F accu-
mulation in produce with the distance and direction from the
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
449
emission source, the species of produce, and the degree of air
pollution were examined. Edible parts of turnip, eggplant,
Chinese cabbage, potatoes, spinach, green scallions, cucum-
bers, and some of their leaves were checked at various
distances and directions from the emission source; the area
was divided by environmental quality classifications and the F
content in the leaves and produce were examined. The mea-
surements were taken by the ion electrode method after burn-
ing and distillation of the specimens. Fruit and root vegetables
did not have high accumulation at any location, but the leaves
had high F content even at a distance of 5 km, compared to
the control area. When not taking the wind direction into con-
sideration, the F content varied by the distance but lacked sig-
nificance statistically. When studied by air quality classifica-
tions, the statistics showed a clear and significant relationship
between F accumulation and the environment.
58941
Matsuoka, Yoshihiro, Tsuyoshi Takasaki, and Osamu
Udagawa
FLUORINE ACCUMULATION IN RICE PLANT LEAVES
WITH AIR-BORNE FLUORIDE. (Fussokei taiki osen ni yoru
suitoyochu no fusso shuseki ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Chiba-
ken Nogyo Shikenjo Kenkyu Hokoku (Bull. Chiba-Ken Agr.
Exp. Sta.), no. 12:57-62, March 1972. 21 refs.
Injury of rice plants due to fluorine emitted by aluminum
refining and phosphate fertilizer plants in the Keiyo heavy in-
dustrial district of Chiba Prefecture in July 1969 and July 1970
was studied. The fluorine determination by AOAC procedure
was unsuitable for siliceous vegetation such as rice because of
the large amount of silica contained. An improved procedure
of fusing calcination with sodium carbonate was more accu-
rate. The new procedure was used to determine F in this in-
vestigation. Fluorine caused leaf blade necrosis, but scarcely
damaged the leaf sheath before the heading stage. Remarkable
injury appeared on the tip of the leaf blade, but was slight on
the lower portion of the leaf. The leaf also changed color. Ir-
regularly shaped chlorotic spots appeared in the healthy tis-
sues of severely injured leaves. A large amount of fluorine
was contained in the rice leaf, but only a little was found in
the stem, leaf sheath, and ear. Concentrations of F in the leaf
differs according to the leaf position on the stem. The highest
concentration of F was contained in the most severely
damaged leaves. Fluorine was scarcely translocated to stem or
ear from the leaf Seven hundred ppm of F on a dry weight
basis was contained in the tip of the leaf blade, and 80 ppm F
in the base of the leaf. Fifty-six percent of the total F was ac-
cumulated in the tip of the leaf. Almost all of the F was accu-
mulated in necrotic tissue of the injured leaf. The remarkable
rice injury occurred 1-2 km downwind from the major source
of F, and slight injury occurred within 3 to 4 km. From the
leaf analysis, F was confirmed to be absorbed in leaves within
4-5 km where visible injury was not recognized.
59028
Dochinger, Leon S.
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON FOREST TREE
PLANTINGS. Soil Conservation Society of America, Earth
Around Us, Proc. Soil Conserv. Soc. Am., Annu. Meet., 27th,
Portland, Oreg., 1972, p. 134-138. 9 refs. (Aug. 6-9.)
Phytotoxicants include ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,
fluorides, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and particu-
late matter. The sources and symptoms of these pollutants are
reviewed. The effects of these pollutants on both broad-leaved
and coniferous trees, on forest tree plantings, and on Christ-
mas tree farms are mentioned. Acute and chronic effects are
discussed.
59184
Gilbert, Oliver L.
NEW TASKS FOR LOWLY PLANTS. New Scientist, vol.
46:288-289, May 1970. 1 ret.
The occurrence and behavior of easily identified lichens and
bryophytes can be used as an index of sulfur dioxide pollu-
tion, since SO2 kills them. As these lower plants range from
very sensitive to highly resistant, they can be arranged to form
a scale from which levels of SO2 can be estimated. Also, by
mapping the distribution of selected species, the size and
shape of an area affected by pollution can be determined.
Ideally, these indicatoi species should be widespread, easy to
recognize, and among them show a wide range of sensitivity
so that the rate of fall off of pollution can be assessed. A table
of SO2 estimates correlated to plant incidence is given, along
with some examples of application of the principle. Pollutants
other than SO2 have only barely detectable effects on lower
plants, however, observations around aluminum smelters sug-
gest that lichens are also useful indicators of fluorine pollu-
tion.
59198
Preuss, Peter W. and Leonard H. Weinstein
STUDIES ON FLUORO-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN
PLANTS. H. DEFLUORINATION OF FLUOROACETATE.
Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., 24(7): 151-156, April-June,
1969. 13 refs.
Experiments were conducted to confirm that germinating pe-
anut seeds contain enzymes which split the carbon-fluorine
bond of fluoracetic acid, an extremely toxic compound to
animals, and to determine if fluoracetic acid can be
metabolized to fluorofatty acids in Acacia georginae. About
15% of the fluorine supplied to germinating peanut seeds as
sodium fluoroacetate was found in the inorganic form in the
seedlings or in the incubation medium after 48 hr, indicating
that defluorination is an important part of the metabolism of
fluoroacetate by higher plants. Only 2-5% was detected after
incubation of boiled seeds. The gas chromatographic pattern of
fatty acids of control and fluoroacetate-treated Acacia seeds
was the same; and analysis of each peak by mass spec-
trometry provided no evidence for the presence of a fluorine
atom attached to the fatty acids, indicating defluorination is an
early step in the metabolism of fluoroacetate in this species.
(Author abstract modified)
59327
Nakamura, Akira, Shinichi Chiyo, and Makoto Yao
ON SULFUR OXIDES AIR POLLUTION IN TOMAKOMAI,
KOKKAIDO. (Hokkaido Tomakomai chiku ni okeru io san-
kabutsu osen ni tsuite (daiippo)). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 8(3):494, Oct. 1973.
(Presented at the Japan. Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meet-
ing, 14th, Fukushima, Japan, Nov. 6-8, 1973, Paper 224.)
The Tomakomai industrial site at present emits about 6600 N
cu m/hr of sulfur oxides from its paper industries and thermal
power plants. Further development of petroleum refining,
petroleum chemical, and electric power plants in the eastern
development site will increase the emissions. In order to con-
trol the further damages of valuable, rare plants in the eastern
area, the sulfur content in plant leaves were measured. Sam-
ples of oak, Japanese oak, white birch, sage brush and some
others were taken in July, August, and early September; they
were washed, dried, and crushed, and the total sulfur and
soluble sulfur in particles smaller than 40 mesh were quan-
titated by the barium chloride weight method. The patterns of
SOx concentration in the air and soluble sulfur in leaves had a
-------
450
definite realtionship, though the soil sulfur content and the
weather must be taken into consideration before using those
plants as air pollution indicators. At piesent, sage brush sam-
pled in East Tomakomai has 0.05-0.08% of soluble sulfur; but
in Tomakomai and North Tomakomai, the content ranges 0.25-
0.5%. In these areas, visible damages of azalea are noted and
in one area, the plant growth is impaired by fluorides. The in-
take of soluble sulfur in plants is lower in these areas in pro-
portion to the SOx concentration in the air.
59935
Crocker, Thomas D.
IN POLK AND fflLLSBOROUGH COUNTIES, FLORIDA.
Bull. At. Sci., 1965:17-19, June 1965.
Air pollution in the citrus growing area in Polk and Hill-
sborough counties, Florida, is described. This area has one of
the world s largest and richest phosphate deposits, and there-
fore a large phosphate industry grew in the area. It supplies
over 75% of the nation s phosphate rock. Expanded food and
fiber production in the area caused removal of most of the
phosphorus in the soil used for agriculture. Therefore fertil-
izers such as triple superphosphate were applied in the area.
This resulted in increased fertilizer production at the
phosphate plants, and thus, increased air pollution due to
fluorides. Cattle in the area were affected by fluorosis, and
citrus showed chlorosis due to the gaseous fluorides. Some
areas generally had concentrations of 10 ppb fluorides in the
air. The air pollution was worse in the winter and early spring;
these months also had the greatest occurrence of cattle and
citrus damage. Due to combined governmental and industrial
efforts, fluoride emissions were reduced from 33,000
pounds/day (winter of 1961-1962) to 13,000 Ibs/day (winter of
1963-1964). Since 1959, air pollution control equipment costing
$16 million has been added. A new, pollution-free plant costing
$20 million replaced an old one. A new proposal is being con-
sidered to limit fluoride emissions further.
59947
Scholl, Gerhard
A BIOLOGICAL METHOD OF DETERMINING FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. (Bin
Biologisches Verfahren aum Nachweis von Fluorverbindungen in
Immissionen). Text in German. Mitt. Forst. Bundesvers., vol.
97:255-269, 1972. 15 refs. (Presented at the International Sym-
posium of Forest Fumes Damage Experts, 7th, Essen, West Ger-
many, Sept. 7-11, 1970.)
A grass culture method for determining the origin and distribu-
tion of fluorine compounds in the air has recently been
developed. With this method, the accumulation of fluorine in
the test plants is used as the measured value. The only plants
which are suitable are those which can accumulate the toxic
substance in large amounts without showing visible external
symptoms of damage or a depression in growth. Certain
grasses, such as Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne, are rela-
tively insensitive to fluorine compounds in the air. These in-
dicator plants are placed for a defined period in a standardized
growth substrate with comparable nutrient and water supplies
in the vicinity of a pollution source. The plant samples ob-
tained at the end of the exposure period are analyzed for their
fluorine content. On the basis of the fluorine values obtained
(in mg/100 g dry matter), it is possible to assess the origin and
distribution of fluorine compounds in the air and to make a
prediction of the fluorine hazard to grazing cattle. Details of
the method and the results of some practical field investiga-
tions are reported.
60559
Treshow, Michael, Gerald Dean, and Frances M. Harner
STIMULATION OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS-INDUCED
LESIONS ON BEAN BY FLUORIDE. Phytopathology, vol.
56:756-758, 1967. 4 refs.
The possible effect of fluoride on the number of local lesions
developing on Pinto bean leaves following inoculation with
tobacco mosaic virus was studied. Plants were grown in fu-
migation chambers in which atmospheric fluoride concentra-
tions ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 micrograms/cu m; foliar fluoride
concentrations ranged from 20 to 637 ppm. The number of le-
sions increased with foliar fluoride concentrations up to 500
ppm, above which the number decreased. Since the number of
lesions that developed varied among fumigations, the lesion
numbers were converted to percentages of the control. Lesion
numbers on plants in the unfumigated chamber served as a
control, and these values represented 100%. The numbers of
lesions on the leaves with fluoride concentrations of 100-200,
200-300, and 300-500 ppm were 121, 157, and 179% of the con-
trol, respectively. The correlation coefficient of 0.802 between
fluoride concentrations up to 300 ppm and lesion numbers was
significant at the 1% level. When lesion numbers were grouped
according to leaf age, irrespective of fluoride concentration,
lesions were most prevalent on the first trifoliolate leaves. The
number of lesions diminished on the older leaves and on older
plants. When leaves are fully developed and plants reached the
four- to five-leaf stage, no lesions could be induced. (Author
abstract)
60560
Woltz, S. S.
FLUORIDE TOXICITY IN GLADIOLUS AND METHODS OF
AMELIORATION. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc., vol. 75.469-
471. 1962. 6 refs.
The protection of gladioli from fluoride by spraying is
described. Fluorine leaf scorch symptoms were identified
using specimens fumigated with 0, 0.48, 0.95, 1.9, 3.8, and 7.6
mg hydrofluoric acid. The leaf-tips and margins turned gray-
ish-green the second day following exposure; by the third day
the leaves turned grayish white or tan; by the end of a week
the damaged area had a burned appearance with tan to dark
brown color. In a field experiment, plants were exposed to
fluoride sprays as pesticides under controlled conditions. Cal-
cium, manganese, and magnesium had protective effects
through the inhibition of metal-requiring enzymes. The field
experiment showed leaf scorch systems were produced on
gladioli by sodium fluoride and hydrofluoric spray treatments,
the effects of HF were almost as great, even though after dry-
ing any unreacted HF was lost to the atmosphere. No reduc-
tion in foliar toxicity resulted from soil applications of calcium
sulfate, apparently due to a greater native calcium supply.
Both sodium fluoride and HF were effective in foliar sprays
used to stimulated fluoride leal scorch.
60595
Garrec, J.-P. and A. Fourcy
RAPID ANALYSIS OF FLUORINE DEPOSITS ON VEGETA-
TION GROWING IN POLLUTED AREAS BY RADIOAC-
TIVATION WITH 14MEV NEUTRONS. (Analyse rapide par
radioactivation sous neutrons de 14 MeV des depots de fluor sur
la vegetation en zone politico). Text in French. 3rd European
Fluorine Chemistry Symposium, Aix-en-Provence, France, 8p.,
July 1970. 11 refs.
A method for the quantitative analysis of fluorine deposits on
plants by neutron activation at 14 MeV is described. The plant
samples to be analyzed are dried at 70 C, crushed, and in-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
451
traduced into a polyethylene container for irradiation for a
present duration at 14 MeV for 1 min and subsequent counting
for 30 sec, the neutron yield being 30,000,000,000
neutrons/sec/4 pi. The quantity of the irradiated fluorine is
determined from the net surface of the total absorption peak
at 200 keV against a previously irradiated fluorine samples
used as a reference. Comparative chemical and neutron activa-
tion analyses of apple-tree leaves from a fluorine-exposed area
showed good agreement between the results of the chemical
and neutron activation analyses. The neutron activation analy-
sis has the advantage of being rapid, since one complete
analytical procedure takes about 5 min. However, it is not
suitable for the determination of small quantities of fluorine.
60690
Leblanc, Fabius, Dhruva N. Rao, and Gilberte Comeau
INDICES OF ATMOSPHERIC PURITY AND FLUORIDE
POLLUTION PATTERN IN ARVTOA, QUEBEC. Can. J.
Botany, SO(S):991-998, 1972. 11 refs.
Indices of atmospheric purity (IAP) of 42 sites located in all
directions from the aluminum factory at Arvida and spread out
in about 250 sq km area, were determined on the basis of
phytosociology of epiphytes of Populus balsamifera. These
index values ranging from 0 to 103 were arranged into six
groups and the investigated area was accordingly delineated
into six IAP zones to represent areas with different levels of
fluoride pollution. A relative picture of the approximate limits
of F contamination in different zones is obtained by the F ac-
cumulation in Parmelia sulcata thalli transplated at various
sites in the area (Author abstract)
60760
Jones, L. H. P. and D. W. Cowling
THE EFFECTS OF SOME AIR POLLUTANTS ON FARM
ANIMALS. Preprint, National Society for Clean Air, Brighton
(England), 18p., 1973. 32 refs. (Presented at the National Society
for Clean Air, Annual Conference, 40th, Torquay, England,
Oct. 15-19, 1973.)
A review is presented on the effects of fluorides and various
metal dusts on farm animals. Fluorides reportedly cause more
damage to domestic animals than any other air pollutant on a
world-wide basis. The fluoride content of forage plants grow-
ing in air polluted with the halogen compounds greatly in-
creases either through the absorption of gasous fluoride
(hydrogen fluoride) or by deposition of particulate fluorides;
concentrations as high as 292 ppm are reported for grass on a
farm in Stoke-on-Trent. The most sensitive sign that an animal
is absorbing high amounts of fluoride is mottling of the teeth
which occurs with intakes too low to produce the symptoms of
more severe fluorosis. Arsenic toxicosis in sheep and cattle
grazing in the vicinity of copper smelters is a problem particu-
larly evident during the first 40 years of the present century
Industrial molybdenosis, a more recent problem, results in
progressive emaciation, accompanied in all cases by diarrhea;
high intakes of molybdenum antagonize the metabolism of
copper, especially in the presence of high sulfate intake. Post
morten examinations of cattle and horses grazing in lead-con-
taminated areas indicate high concentrations of both lead and
cadmium in the kidney, suggesting that both elements are in-
volved.
6G907
Young, Michael John
THE EFFECTS OF GASEOUS FLUORIDE ON DELICIOUS
AND GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES. Washington State Univ.,
Pullman, Dept. of Horticulture, Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor,
Univ. Microfilms, Inc., order no. 73-29,311, 1973, 82p. 46 refs.
Atmospheric fluorides were monitored in apple and other fruit
orchards around two adjacent sources of fluoride emissions in
the Wenatchee, Washington fruit growing area, and Delicious
and Golden Delicious trees were fumigated with low (4.6-4.7
micrograms F/cu m) and high (7.8-9.0 micrograms F/cu m)
fluoride levels once, twice, or three times a week. The effects
of fluorides on fruit trees were then determined. Exposure of
limed filter papers was a more sensitive method of detecting
ambient fluorides than analysis of apple tree foliage. However,
both methods were adequate in the determination of the
fluoride distribution pattern in the study area. Considerably
higher levels of fluoride were detected at sampling sites
downwind of the emission sources. Fluoride-induced tip necro-
sis on apple leaves was observed in one orchard where a mean
seasonal limed filter paper value of 82.4 micrograms F/d sq
m/mo and 22.5 F in the washed foliage were recorded. Tip
necrosis increased as the F level and frequency of exposure
increased. Leaf respiration was inhibited at the lower but not
the higher F fumigation level. Fruit respiration was stimulated
to equal levels by the two F concentrations used. A trend
toward increased inhibition of fruit ethylene production at
lower exposure factors (concentration times time) was ob-
served. The loss of green color in the skin of treated fruits
was retarded relative to an increase in the F level and the ex-
posure frequency. With the exception of leaf respiration,
where an inverse relationship was found, the degree of
response with respect to leaf injury, fruit respiration, and
color were directly affected by the exposure factor used.
Within the scope of this study, fruit shape, firmness, and solu-
ble solids were not affected by the treatments. (Author ab-
stract modified)
60913
Materna, Jan
WAYS OF DETERMINING DAMAGES TO FOREST STANDS
CAUSED BY INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION. (Moznosti pru-
kazu skod pushobenych prumyslovymi exhalaty v lesnich
porostech). Text in Czech. Les. Pr., 43(5):212-216, May 1964.
Solid pollutants affect trees indirectly, mainly by adhering to
the leaves and thus depriving them of the benefits of the sun-
light. They are, however, less injurious than the gaseous pollu-
tants The worst offender among these is sulfur dioxide
because it is so wide-spread; the effects of chlorides and
fluorides are equally as bad, although these elements do not
occur as frequently in the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides are in-
jurious only in the immediate vicinity of the source. Conifers
are seriously affected by sulfur dioxide; their needles are
discolored, become dry and drop off. Older growth is affected
first. Spruce shows serious damage after prolonged exposure
to as little as 0.5 mg silicon dioxide/cy rn air. Fir and larch are
also very sensitive; pine is less sensitive. Broad-leaved trees
are far more resistant to high pollutant concentrations which
cause necrosis on the periphery of the leaf and gradually ex-
tend to the interior under prolonged attack. Diagnostic
methods include determination of the pollutant concentration
in the foliage and in the soil. An important factor is the
chlorophyll content; SO2 reduces its overall content, and
changes the ratio a:b chlorophyll. The affected foliage contains
also pheophytin, which is formed by magnesium abstraction
from chlorophyll. In the case of conifers, a quantitative diag-
nostic tool is the Haertel test (hot water extraction of the nee-
dles, measuring of the turbidity of the extract). Another simple
test is the sun test in which twigs are cut off and exposed to
sunlight. Twigs from trees affected by SO2 dry much faster
than twigs from healthy trees.
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452
60957
Keller, Theodor
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON VEGETATION. (Auswirkun-
gen der Luftverunreinigungen auf die Vegetation). Text in Ger-
man. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(6): 130-136, June
1971. 16 refs
The dust filtering effect of vegetation, and the effects of air
pollutants, especially gaseous ones, on vegetation in general,
and on forests in particular, are reviewed. Vegetation, and
especially forests, have enormous dust filtering capacity
whereby they are able to considerably reduce the atmosphe-
nce dust concentrations without suffering damage themselves,
provided the dusts filtered out are inert. While most dusts are
harmless for vegetation, gaseous pollutants, especially sulfur
dioxide and fluorine, cause serious damages in forests by in-
terfering with cellular metabolism and assimilation, and caus-
ing chlorosis, necrosis, or even death. Assimilation and forest
production can be seriously damaged even when there are no
visible signs of injury. For such reasons, the maximum allowa-
ble SO2 concentration should be substantially lowered from
the present level of 0.2 ppm. The resistance of plants to SO2
greatly varies depending on species, season, period of vegeta-
tion, and daytime. Specimens of the same species are usually
less sensitive during night and in winter, and so are the youn-
gest and oldest leaves of plants. Automotive emissions, partly
responsible for smog formation, represent a potential source
of forest damage in Switzerland. Apart from the development
of high-efficiency emission control equipment, fuel and flue
gas desulfurization, as well as technological improvements in
industries with the aim of emission abatement, vegetation
damages due to air pollution can be reduced considerably by
the selection of resistant species and fertilization.
60961
Keller, Theodor
ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF PARTICULATE FLUORINE
COMPOUNDS. (Zur Phytotoxiritaet staubfoermiger Fluor-Ver-
bindungen). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
33(10):395-397, Oct. 1973. 8 refs.
The effects of sodium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and cryolite
on seedlings of Pinus silvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and
Betula verrucosa were studied in laboratory experiments. The
fluorine compounds were sprayed on the plants in the form of
small particles. Sodium fluoride alone induced visible symp-
toms of partial or total necrosis of the needles in Pinus silves-
tris. All dusts caused a statistically significant depression of
photosynthesis in birch. Calcium fluoride and cryolite may
also exert a phytotoxic action classified as invisible injury. In
the tested conifera, the depression of photosynthesis was
statistically not significant in the absence of visible symptoms
of injury. The reduced toxicity of these dusts in conifera is
most probably due to the well-developed cuticula and the resin
and wax excretions by the needles. The increased susceptibili-
ty of conifera growing around aluminum works may be due to
gaseous fluorine compounds. All dusts had an increased toxici-
ty and photosynthesis-depressing effect in air with high rela-
tive humidity.
61000
Kahl, Stanislaw and Aleksandra Klewska
FLUORINE CONTENT OF THE MILK FROM COWS IN THE
REGION OF ALUMINUM PLANTS. (Zawartosc fluoru w
mleku krow z okolic huty aluminum). Text in Polish. Roczinki
Panstawowego Zakladu Higi, 25(1): 97-103, 1974. 21 refs.
The fluorine content in the milk of cows from farms situated
2-3 krn from aluminum plants was determined. The experi-
ments covered the area where fluorine contamination of air,
rain water, and green forage was found. Fluorisis occurred in
79.4% of the cows under investigation. Fluorine was isolated
from milk by a microdiffusion technique and determined
colorimetrically with alizarin complexonate and lantanium
nitrate. A marked increase (P greater than 0.001) was found in
the fluorine content of milk from the cows exposed to fluorine
(88.1 micrograms/100 ml) compared with that from the controls
(35.5 micrograms/100 ml). In addition, seasonal variation in the
fluorine content of milk was connected with the amount of
precipitation and with variations of fluorine content in green
forage. The highest values were in winter months (117.9 micro-
grams/100 ml), and the lowest ones were in June (63.8 micro-
grams/100 ml). The fluorine content in milk, up to 100 micro-
grams/100 ml (equal to 1 ppm) seemed to have no adverse ef-
fect on people and animals, since it did not exceed the per-
missible limits for fluorinated water, while some hazard may
be expected in about 5% of the cows with fluorine content of
milk exceeding 200 micrograms/100 ml (equal to 2 ppm).
61410
Taniyama, Tetsuro and Hiroki Arikado
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF INJURIOUS EFFECTS
OF TOXIC GASES ON CROP PLANTS. VIH. SYMPTOMS OF
INJURY AND STOMATAL APERTURES OF TULIP PLANT
EXPOSED TO SULFUR DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE. (Sakumotsu no gasu shogai no kansuru kenkyu:
Dai8ho: Fukkasuiso oyobi aryusan gaku ga churippu ni oyobosu
shogai no jiltai narabi ni kiko kaido ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Sakumotsu Gakkai Kiji (Proc. Crop Sci. Soc.
Japan), 39(4): 525-532, Dec. 1970. 13 refs.
The injurious effects of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride
in the atmosphere on stomatal apertures of tulip plants of the
flowering stage were investigated. Injuries by 100 ppm SO2
and HF were observed on leaf, floral axis, and petal of the
plant, especially whole leaves, which were severely damaged.
Injuries at concentrations of 30 ppm and below were observed
only on the leaf. The leaf was changed in color from green to
white by SO2 and from green to greyish brown by HF. There
was a significant difference in susceptibility between the inju-
ry by SO2 and HF; the leaf was more sensitive to SO2. From
the result of estimation of stomatal number in the position and
the portion of leaf, it is suggested that higher susceptibility of
the leaf than that of the floral axis was due to the greater
number of stomata per unit area of the leaf. The injury symp-
tom in a leaf developed gradually from the tip to the central
and base portions.
61496
Vetter, Heinz
POLLUTION AND INJURIES BY HEAVY METALS IN THE
VICINITY OF A LEAD AND ZINC PLANT IN LOWER SAX-
ONY. (Belastungen und Schaeden durch Schwermetalle in der
Naehe einer Blei- und Zinkhuette in Neidersachsen). Text in
German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 34(1):10-11, Jan. 1974. 2
refs.
The dusts emitted at 1 to 3 km distance from the lead and zinc
plant in Lower Saxony from 1971 on contained about 15% Zn,
12% Pb, 1.4% fluoride, 0.2% copper, 0.15% arsenic and 0.09%
cadmium. During the time of filter break-down in spring 1972
the average Pb concentration at 1.5 km distance was about 12
mg and after repair of the filter 1 mg/sq m/day. Systematic
measurements of the lead and zinc concentration in soil and
plants to a distance of 12 km revealed that the lead and zinc
concentrations in soil were up from thy normal 10 ppm to 34
ppm Pb and 70 ppm 7.n. At 12 km distance the grass contained
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
453
in April about 100 times higher and in May about 10 times
higher Pb concentrations than normal. At 1 km distance the Pb
concentration in the grass rose to 23,000 ppm in April,
dropped to 2000 ppm in May and to 50 ppm in September. The
Zn concentration rose to 7000 ppm in April and dropped by
September to 1000 ppm. Injuries of cattle observed in the
vicinity of the plant were found to be mainly due to the zinc
and lead ingested with the food. Feeding experiments with a
Zn concentration triple the concentration of lead showed that
Zn was more harmful than lead. Concentration limits for Zn
are therefore as important as those for lead.
61834
Taoda, H.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION TO PLANTS
AND THE METHOD OF ITS INVESTIGATION. (Taiki osen ga
shokubuLsu ni ataeru eikyo to sono chosa hoho). Text in
Japanese. Nihon Seitai Gakkai Shi (Jap. J. Ecol.). 23(2):81-89,
April 1973. 20 rets.
Sulfur dioxide, oxidants, and fluorine compounds are
discussed in relation to plant damage, measurement methods,
and synergism of SO2 and oxidants. Plant damage can be clas-
sified as chronic (invisible) and acute (visible). The main
symptoms of plant damages are described. Plant indicators
must be chosen by their specific susceptibilities to air pollu-
tion.
62275
Heagle, Allen S.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AIR POLLUTANTS AND
PLANT PARASITES. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., vol. 11:365-388,
1973. 94 refs.
The sources and effects on vegetation of sulfur dioxide,
ozone, and fluorides are reviewed. Various fungus diseases
differ in reaction to SO2. Sometimes SO2 decreases parasitism
of fungi, which may at first appear to be a positive effect.
However since the SO2 affects all forms of plant life, it is
generally detrimental. While some fungi are resistant to SO2,
SO2 can decrease fungus growth and spore germination. Field
observations of the effects of O3 on fungi are rare. Laboratory
and greenhouse studies show that O3 can decrease infection,
invasion, and sporulation of fungi parasitic on growing plants.
Ozone also decreases spore germination. Fluoride effects are
minor compared to SO2, but may add to the effects attributed
to SO2. There is some evidence these pollutants can affect
bacteria, but most evidence concerns human pathogens. Both
fluoride and O3 either predispose pinto bean leaves to tobacco
mosaic virus infection or somehow increase the ineffective-
ness of the virus particles. Trees weakened and injured by
SO2 are more likely to be attacked by insects that normally
require weakened trees for successful reproduction. But other
studies have shown insects to be injured by SO2 and other
pollutants. Parasitic disease may affect the development of O3
injury in some cases decreasing O3 injury.
62548
Wallis, W. J., G. W. Miller, M. Psenak, and J. Shieh
FLUORIDE EFFECTS ON CHLOROPHYLL BIOSYNTHESIS
IN NICOTIANA TABACUM. Fluoride, 7(2):69-77, April 1974.
30 refs.
The effects of chlorine and fluorine on the biosynthesis of
chlorophyll were investigated in Nicotiana tabacum. The effect
at different concentrations (0.0001 M, .001, and .01 M) was in-
vestigated on the incorporation of 14 Carbon-delta- aminoleu-
vulic acid (ALA) into coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin frac-
tions, and ether-extractable pigments (chlorophyll a and
pheophytin a) in tobacco leaf discs. Both chloride and fluoride
at concentrations of .0001 to .01 M inhibited the incorporation
of ALA into chlorophyll a and phelophytin a. At 0.01 M the
effect of fluoride on AIA incorporation was greater than that
of chloride. The inhibition on formation of phelophytin a by
fluoride was similar to that found in chlorophyll a, indicating
an effect on synthesis of chlorophyll rather than degradation.
The effect of fluoride on individual enzymes in the chlorophyll
biosynthetic pathway is discussed in relation to the action of
fluoride on cellular ultrastructure. (Author summary modified)
62597
Garrec, J. P., J. C. Oberlin, E. Ligeon, A. M. Bisch, and A.
Fourcy
FLUORIDE-CALCIUM INTERACTION IN POLLUTED FIR
NEEDLES. Fluoride, 7(2):78-84, April 1974. 12 refs.
The fluoride-calcium interaction was investigated in the leaf
tissues of fir needles growing in a polluted area. The fluoride
and the Ca distribution were established in relation to the ef-
fect of fluoride on the chemical forms of Ca. Simultaneous
determination of fluoride and Ca by proton microanalysis
revealed a simultaneous accumulation in the injured tip, and a
large increase in the Ca level throughout the polluted needles.
The ratio of the chemical forms of Ca also changes with the
accumulation of fluoride; Ca oxalates particularly show an in-
crease. There is a parallel deposition of fluoride and Ca in pol-
luted needles which suggest precipitation of calcium chloride.
The largest amounts of Ca and fluoride in equal proportions
are localized in the injured area. This localization in the tips
suggests a direct relation between the possible precipitation of
CaF2 and apical necrosis. The relationship also suggests that
formation of CaF2 represents either a mode of inactivation of
the halogen or a disturbing factor in the cellular equilibrium of
Ca. (Author summary modified)
63167
Garrec, J.-P., E. Ligeon, A. Bontemps, R. Bligny, and A.
Fourcy
EXACT LOCALIZATION OF FLUORINE ALONG POL-
LUTED NEEDLES OF ABIES ALBA BY PROTON
MICROANALYSIS. (Localisation exacte du fluor le long d
aiguilles polluees d Abies alba par microanalyse au moyen de
protons). Text in French. J. Radioanal. Chem., 19(2): 359-365,
1974. 10 refs.
The distribution of fluorine on and near the surface of con-
taminated needles of Abies alba was studied by proton bom-
bardment, using direct detection of the alpha rays generated
during the reaction of F(19) with oxygen. The method is rapid
and has a sensitivity of 10 micrograms/g fluorine. Accumula-
tion of fluorine in the necrotic apical zone of the needle in
concentrations reaching up to 60,000 micrograms/g, and a
slighter degree of accumulation in a narrow zone separation
the necrotic from the intact zone of the needle were found.
The fluorine concentration in the necrotic apical zone in-
creased rapidly with age, while that in the boundary zone
diminished and fell to zero after a certain age. The fluorine
concentration was higher in the upper than in the lower sur-
face of the needles.
63442
Gisiger, L.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FLUORINE DAMAGES IN
PLANTS. (Versuche zur experimentellen Abklaerung der
Fluorschaeden auf Pflanzen). Text in German. In: Toxicologie
-------
454
des Floors. T. Gordonoff (ed.), Basel/Stuttgart, Verlag Schwabe
and Co., 1964, p. 164-178. 4 refs.
The fluorine-inflicted plant damages as occur near aluminum
works were studied in pot tests on winter wheat and clover.
Plant grown in soil to which sodium and potassium fluorides
had been added took up less fluorides, and these fluorides
were less soluble than in soils to which the corresponding
cryolites had been added. Fluoride doses of up to 180 tng%
caused no noticeable loss in yield. Spraying the plants with
fluoride solutions resulted in high fluorine contents on the
leaves reaching up to 1% without noticeable loss in crops and
necrosis. In plants sprayed with fluorides in field tests,
damages similar to those occurring in fluorine-polluted areas
were observed in rainy weather. Discoloration of the glumes
resembling Septoria, and losses in crops occurred in winter
wheat sprayed with high concentrations of sodium fluoride
solution during the late stages of flowering. Slow increase in
the degree of necrosis of the leaf edges in clover smoked with
0.25% hydrofluoric acid by volume for several nights was ob-
served. At the same time, the fluorine content in the leaves in-
creased from a background value of 2.6 mg% to 64 mg% after
one treatment, to 104 mg% after two treatments, and to 360
mg% after eight treatments.
63626
Taylor, O. C.
ACUTE RESPONSES OF PLANTS TO AERIAL POLLU-
TANTS. Advan. Chem. Ser., no. 122:9-20, 1973. 18 refs.
Acute symptoms of injury from various pollutants in different
horticultural and agronomic groups are visible on the affected
plant. Symptoms include chlorosis, necrosis, abscission of
plant parts, and effects on pigment systems. The effects of the
following pollutants on plants are described: sulfur dioxide,
peroxyacetyl nitrate, fluorides, chlorides, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, and particulates. Minor pollutants causing damage are
ethylene, chlorine, ammonia, and hydrogen chloride. Symp-
loms of acute injury are often used to identify the pollutant
source and to estimate agricultural damage. (Author abstract
modified)
64166
Daessler, H. G., H. Ranft, and K. H. Rehn
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WOODY PLANTS EXPOSED TO
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS AND SO2. (Zur Widerstandsfaehig-
keit von Gehoelzen gegenueber Fluorverbindungen und
Schwefeldioxid). Text in German. Flora (Jena), 161(3):289-302,
1972. 11 refs.
The susceptibility of 80 woody plant species to fluorine com-
pounds was studied in fumigation chambers and in a test area
around a major fluorine emission source, and the results are
compared with those of previous sulfur dioxide toxicity tests.
The hydrofluoric concentrations in the Chambers ranged from
0.3 to 0.5 mg/cu m. Juglans regia, Vitis vinifera, Pinus silves-
tris, Berberis vulgaris, Rhododendron japonica, Picea abies,
and Larix decidua were the most susceptible species to HF.
Taxus baccata, Tilia cordata, Alnus incana, Ribes sangmneum,
Salix elaeagnus, Populus regenerata Harff, Carpinus betulus,
Pinus Strobus, Pinus nigra austr., Potentilla fruticosa arb.,
Castanea saliva, Lonicera tatarica, Larix leptolepsis, and Picea
pungens were classed as fluorine-susceptible, while such spe-
cies as Pinus montana, P. contorta, Cornus alba sib., Prunus
cerasifera Piss., Ulmus campestre, Alnus glutinosa. Buxus
sempervirens, Pinus peuce, Syringa japonica, Acer Negundo,
Robinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima, Fagus silvaticus,
Populus candicans, Fraxinus excelsior, Humulus lupulus,
Crataegus monogyna, Salix aquatica, Spiraea vonhouttei,
Platanus acerifolia, Quercus borealis, Betula pendula, Prunus
serotina, Viburnum carlesii, and Hydrangea pan. were
moderately susceptible to HF. Juniperus squamata m., Labur-
num anagyroides, Viburnum lantana, Tamarix tetr., Spiraea
bum. A. Wat., Elaeagnus angustifolia, Weigelia hybr. Ruby,
Rosa rugosa, and Synringa vulgaris were relatively resistant.
Very high resistance of such species as Acer campestre, Acer
platanoides, Evonymus europaea, Philadelphus coronarius,
Quercus robur, and Sambucus racemosa was determined. In-
tercostal necroses, and necroses on the edges and apices of
the leaves and needles were the common symptoms of fluorine
damage. The overwhelming majority of the species in-
vestigated had identical or comparable susceptibility to both
fluorine and SO2.
64427
Oelschlaeger, W.
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE. (Fluorschadenswirkun-
gen). Text in German. Ziegelind. (Wiesbaden), no. 4:169-174,
1974.
Studies and observations on the harmful effects of fluoride
emissions from various industrial sources on plants and
animals are reviewed. Fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and other
gaseous fluorides are most dangerous to plants, and especially
to Corufera. Entering through the stomata such fluorides cause
necroses and interfere with metabolic processes. The harmful
effects are influenced by such factors as solar radiation, water
budget of the soil, relative humidity, and fertilization. Fluorisis
in cattle, manifesting itself in bone lesions such as periostal
hyperostosis and exostoses, and causing production losses, is
due to fluorine present in and on plants ingested. The fluorine
tolerance for cattle is proposed to be set at 40 ppm in forage.
64538
Poovaiah, B. W. and H. H. Wiebe
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ON OX-
IDATIVE ENZYMES OF PELARGONIUM ZONALE LEAVES.
Phytopathology, vol. 61:1277-1279, 1971. 7 refs.
Changes in peroxidase and cytochrome oxidase enzymes were
established histochemically in hydrogen fluoride fumigated
leaves of Pelargonium zonale. Highest peroxidase and
cytochrome oxidase activites were localized near the injured
areas of fumigated leaves and showed an enhanced benzidine
blue coloration in the phloem, with a decreased color or its
complete absence in the palisade parenchyma. The enzyme ac-
tivity was clearly evident in the phloem even after surrounding
mesophyll cells had collapsed. Parallel experiments conducted
on leaves infiltrated with sodium fluoride solutions showed
similar results, though peroxidase activity was inhibited by
fluonde levels higher than 0.01 M for 6 hr of bathing. (Author
abstract modified)
64758
Matsuoka, Y.
PLANT DAMAGES DUE TO AIR POLLUTION, PART VII:
DAMAGES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS DUE TO
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. (Taiki osen ni yoru shokubutsu higai
(7) iukka suiso ni yoru nosakumotsu no higai). Text in Japanese.
Nogyo Oyobi Engei (Agr. Hort.), 49(7):l-2, July 1974.
Hydrogen fluonde, silicon tetrafluoride, and other fluorine
compounds are toxic to plants. Silicon tetrafluoride converts
to HF, causing HF toxic symptoms to plants. Aluminum
refineries, steel plants, superphosphate firms, and potteries
emit fluorides. Hydrogen fluoride causes long-term damage at
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
455
1-5 ppb and acute damage at 10-50 ppb. Rice plants exposed to
50 ppb HF for 48 hr were severely damaged. Rice plants near
an aluminum refinery were also damaged. Welsh onions ex-
posed to 30 ppb HF for 6 hr and photographed after 48 hr and
red clover exposed to 70 ppb for 11 hr and photographed after
48 hr were also damaged.
64824
Watanabe, Junichiro and Shoji Amano
EFFECTS OF FOLIAR SPRAY OF MINERAL SOLUTIONS
ON THE LEAF FALL, RECOVERY FROM FOLIAR
CHLORISIS, AND FRUIT SET OF CONTAMINATED SATSU-
MA MANDARINS GROWN IN THE VICINITY OF AN ALU-
MINA-REFINING FACTORY. (Arumina seiren kojo kinsetu
onshu mikanen ni okeru kakushu enrui yoeki no yomen sanpu
ga higaiju no rakuyoritsu ha no kuroroshi.su kaifuku narabi ni
kekkaritsu ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in Japanese. Ehime Daigaku
Noagakbu Kiyo (Mem. Coll. Agric., Ehime Univ.), 18(1):143-
155, Aug. 1973. 12 refs.
Various chemical foliar sprays were tested for their efficacy in
reducing fluorine damage to Satsuma mandarin fruit grown in
the vicinity of an alumina refining factory. Foliar spray with
lime exerted various desirable effects on the persistency of
leaves, setting of fruit, titratable acidity of juice, and
chlorophyll content of the leaves. Among the mineral elements
in the leaves of the sprayed plants, only magnesium showed
consistent changes with the application of various sprays.
64860
Bohne, Helmut
EXPLANATION OF A CASE OF FUME DAMAGE IN
SCOTCH PINE STANDS IN THE RUHR. (Klarung eines
Rauchschadensfalles bei Kiefernbestanden im Ruhrgebiet). Text
in German. Mitt. Forst. Bundesvers., no. 97:141-150, 1972.
(Presented at the International Symposium of Forest Fume
Damage Experts, 7th, Essen, West Germany, Sept. 7-11, 1970.)
Sulfur dioxide emitted from coal-burning factories about 4 km
to the south and southwest is responsible for the extremely
poor appearance and stagnation in the diameter growth of pine
stands in the center of the Ruhr. During the growing season,
observations of the vegetation were made repeatedly in a wide
circle around the works. These revealed trees and bushes
which were completely dead or killed off on one side, asym-
metrical growth of many plants, color changes in a wide range
of plant species, and a progressive reduction in the frequency
of these phenomena with increasing distance from the works
in all directions. The symptoms of leaf injury were charac-
teristically more pronounced on the side nearer the works, in-
dicating the emission of fluoride compounds from one of the
factories. The results of the chemical leaf analyses for sulfur
and fluorine confirmed the visual observations with regard to
toxic substances and pollution source. Fluorine contents of 24
mg% in leaves and 10 to 14 mg% in the pine needles were
found Measurements of the annual rings showed that diameter
increm-nts ceaset1 completely after 1956, which was the year
when pollutants were first emitted from the production of fer-
tilizer. The greatest portion of the damage due to acid fumes
was caused by pollutants containing fluorine; by comparison,
the damage caused by SO2 was of lesser importance.
65103
Lebetseder, J., M. Skalicky, A. H. Said, A. Kment, E.
Glawischnig, and G. Schlerka
INVESTIGATIONS OF TOXIC EFFECTS IN CATTLE FROM
HAY HARVESTED ON SMOKE-DAMAGED FIELDS. (Unter-
suchungen ueber tosixche Wirkungen von Heu aus
Rauchschadengebieten beim Rind). Erzmetall, 23(10):498-505,
1972. 21 refs. Translated from German, 24p.
Clinical investigations of cattle stock feeding on hay harvested
from a smoke damaged area near a zinc and lead foundry and
a sulfuric acid plant were conducted to investigate whether in-
creased lead, zinc, and fluorine levels in the region produced
any toxic effects to the cattle. No signs of poisoning from the
above elements were found, with the exception of enamel de-
fects on the incisors of about one-third of the animals ex-
amined. Lead and zinc content of the hay was above normal,
though still below the toxic limit; while the fluorine content
ranged around the upper normal limit. Clinical examinations of
blood chemistry, urine, milk, and hair, as well as of the func-
tional capacity of the rumen content at two week intervals
showed no signs of poisoning, despite the fact that experimen-
tal animals averaged 0.64 I/animal/day less milk yield.
65179
Munshower, Frank F.
BIOTIC MONITORING OF THE EFFECT OF POWER
PLANT STACK EMISSIONS ON THE RANGE RESOURCE
IN SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 14p., 1974. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 67th Denver, Colo., June
9-13, 1974, Paper 74-5.)
Biological monitoring can be used to determine the effects of
power plant and other stationary source emissions on the
ecosystem. A study was undertaken in southeastern Montana
to determine the effect of trace elements (zinc, copper, iron,
lead, cadmium), sulfur, and fluoride on the surrounding area.
Trace element analyses of soils, plants, and animal were in-
tegrated with ecological investigations of the dominant plant
communities. Low levels of fluoride occurred in plants and
animals. Sulfur levels in plant tissues were 0.1-0.3%. Sulfur
concentrations of 0.18% occurred in late summer pasture
grasses, decreasing to 0.14% in cured winter grasses. Iron con-
centrations were normal (50-500 ppm) in all plants examined;
concentrations of zinc and copper were below normal; lead
and cadmium concentrations were less than 3 ppm and less
than 0.3 ppm, respectively, in grasses. Visible sulfur damage
occurred only on one pine within 1 mi of the power plant site.
This study is the first attempt by a private utility in this area
to provide advance warning of environmental degradation in
the area surrounding a power plant. (Author abstract modified)
65380
Tennessee Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, Ala., Technical
Library
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDES ON PLANTS
AND ANIMALS (1950- 1974). TVA Bibliography 1061, lip.,
1974. 157 refs.
References are given on papers discussing the effects of
fluorides on plants and animals published from 1950 50 1974.
65394
Hindawi, Ibrahim Joseph
INJURY BY SULFUR DIOXIDE, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE,
AND CHLORINE AS OBSERVED AND REFLECTED ON
VEGETATION IN THE FIELD. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 18(5):307-312, May 1968. 24 refs.
Plants were examined at three different locations in the east-
ern part of the U. S. to determine whether damage from air
pollution had occurred. Sulfur dioxide damage occurred in
-------
456
New York City; hydrogen fluoride occurred near a glass fiber
manufacturing plant in the midwest; and hydrochloric acid
mist and chlorine damage from a manufacturing operation oc-
curred in an eastern state. The symptoms that developed in the
vegetation were often similar. Chemical and microscopical
analyses were helpful in diagnosing the toxicants. Pollutant
concentrations were measured in the areas studied. Plant
damage from SO2 and/or acid mist results from the conversion
of SO2 to sulfur trioxide and then to sulfuric acid. The effects
of SO2 in the ambient air were more severe than those
produced in the laboratory with the same concentration of
SO2 because of an additional chemical reaction attributed to
ozone in the ambient air. Sulfur dioxide affected leaves, roots,
stems, and plant color. The leaves of gladiolus plants, grown
downwind of the fluoride source, were damaged by high con-
centrations of F in the area. Hydrogen chloride and chlorine
levels in the eastern state were higher than concentration
thresholds causing plant damage. (Author abstract modified)
65558
McCune, D. C., P. J. Temple, and A. M. Witherspoon
ACCEPTABLE LIMITS FOR AIR POLLUTION DOSAGES
AND VEGETATION EFFECTS: FLUORIDE. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 12p., 1974. 21 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual
Meeting, 67th, Denver, Colo., June 9-13, 1974, Paper 74-226.)
The relationship between the occurrence of atmospheric
fluoride and its effect on vegetation is studied to formulate ac-
ceptable limits for air pollution and suggest changes in the
design and operation of an emission source. Limiting values
for the concentration of hydrogen fluoride range from 10 to 5
ppb for 2- to 4-hour peak concentrations, from 0.6 to 0.3 ppb
for mean concentrations of periods of 30 to 60 days, and 4 to
I ppb for daily mean concentrations depending upon the mag-
nitude of diurnal fluctuations and the degree to which days of
greater concentration tend to cluster together. These values
are derived from experimental fumigations of plants with HF
and there are several criteria for their selection. The risk of an
unacceptable effect should be low where this risk depends in
part upon the susceptibility, size, and function of the plant
populations to be protected. Periods for which the limiting
concentrations are selected should consider the effects of both
short and long term exposures, temporal variability in at-
mospheric concentrations, and time-dependent changes in the
susceptibility of plants to HF. (Author abstract)
65715
Tsunoda, F., E. Aizawa, and S. Sakurai
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORIDES, PART
II: ON THE FLUORINE CONTENT OF RICE SEEN FROM
THE RESPECTIVE SOURCE OF POLLUTION. (Fukkabutsu
ni yoru taiki osen ni kansuru kenkyu -dai llpo- osengen betsu ni
niila sanmai chu no fusso ganyuryo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Nippon Koshu F.isei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 20(10 Spe-
cial Suppl.): lp., Oct. 1973. (Presented at the Japan Society of
Public Health, Annual Meeting, 32nd, Hiroshima, Japan, Oct.
1973, Paper 560.)
The fluorine content of rice specimens obtained in the fields at
various distances in various directions from factories which
are regarded as thy major source of fluorine pollution in the
air was determined. The fluorine content per ppm of dried
specimen were as follows: the average was 0.80 + or - 0.18;
the averages of specimens in three areas from four aluminum
refineries A, B, C, and D, respectively, within 1 km, 1-2 km,
and more than 3 km, were 3.96 + or - 1.85, 2.00 + or 1.07 and
093 + or - 0.31; the averages of specimens obtained respec-
tively in the field within 1 km, 1-2 km, and more than 3 km of
a pottery manufacturing plant, E, were 7.31 + or - 4.87, 1.55
+ or - 0.97 and 0.82 + or - 0.1; the averages of specimens ob-
tained in the field at the same distances as above from four
phosphate fertilizer factories, F, G, and H were 1.72 + or -
1.13, 1.12 + or - 0.38 and 0.66 + or - 0.03, respectively; and
the average contents of fluorine in rice specimens obtained in
the field located 1-2 km and more than 3 km from three iron
foundries, I, J and K were respectively 0.94 + or - 0.35 and
0.82 + or - 0.18. The fluorine content of rice appeared in
decreasing order, at the same distance, from factories E, A,
B, C, D, F, G, J, H, I, K. The rice obtained in the fields near
the pottery and aluminum refineries was most polluted bu
fluorine. A case was found in which the rice harvested in a
field within 1 km of an aluminum refinery contained more than
10 ppm of fluorine. The ratio of gaseous fluoride to water
soluble fluoride particle in the air around potteries and alu-
minum refineries is given.
65928
Palm, Einar W.
WHAT AIR POLLUTION DOES TO YOUR PLANTS. Crops
Soils Mag., 23(4):14-17, Jan. 1971.
The effects of air pollutants upon plants are summarized.
Plants that are sensitive or resistant to sulfur dioxide, fluoride,
chloride, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, oxidants, ethylene, and par-
ticulates are listed. The damage that smog and other pollutants
do to plants often looks like the damage done by diseases, in-
sects, and nutritional imbalances. The various pollutants do
not act the same way on each plant. Some pollutants, such as
Oi. will react differently on different species or even varieties
of the same plant species.
66035
Gruender, H. D.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF FLUORIDE POISONING IN
CATTLE. Fluoride, 7(3): 135-142, July 1974. 29 refs. (Presented
at the Conference of the I. S. F. R., 5th, April 8-11, 1973.)
The effects of fluoride poisoning on cattle are discussed.
Chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle is of great economic sig-
nificance. It prevails in all parts of the world, mainly because
of industrial emissions from metallurgic, ceramic, and chemi-
cal industries. Damage due to water high in fluoride or to
fluoride present in phosphate rocks and other minerals in-
volves only locally limited regions. The maximum threshold
for chronic toxicity ranges 1.2 to 1.5 mg F/kg body weight
which corresponds to 50-60 ppm in dry substance for readily
soluble fluoride or for contaminated forage. Even lesser
amounts in the range of 0.7 to 1.2 mg F/kg body weight can in-
duce dental fluorosis without other toxic manifestations. The
minimal acute toxic dose for readily soluble fluoride in cattle
lies between 6 and 20 mg/kg body weight/day following oral
uptake for several days. These values vary according to condi-
tions of absorption.
66714
Houten, J. G. ten
INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. (Invloed van
luchtverontreiniging op planten). Text in Dutch. In: Milieu-
balans van Nederland. J. J. Mulckhuyse (ed.), Amsterdam/
Brussels, Intermediair, 1972, p. 47-55. 8 refs.
The effects of air pollutants, such as hydrofluoric acid, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and ozone on
plants are surveyed. While there are substantial species-
specific differences in the resistance of plants to air pollutants,
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
457
plants are generally more sensitive to them than animals and
humans, except for carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Thus, it is possible to select certain plant species as indicator
plants for pollution monitoring. Necrosis of the leaf edges by
HF, and interneural necrosis due to SO2 were observed. Once
retained, SO2 is readily detoxicated in the leaves by metabol-
ism to sulfates. Peroxyacetyl nitrate and ozone cause zonal
necrosis of the leaves probably through the inhibition of the
enolase enzyme. Changes in the taxonomic composition of the
wild flora in polluted areas were observed.
66715
Tesink, J.
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON DOMESTIC
ANIMALS. (Verontreiniging van de buitenlucht en gevolgen
voor landbouwhuisdieren). Text in Dutch. In: Mileubalans van
Nederland. J. J. Mulckhuyse (ed.), Amsterdam/Brussels, Inter-
mediair, 1972, p. 56-75. 29 refs.
The effects of various air pollutants on domestic animals are
reviewed. Fluorine compounds, inhaled or mostly ingested in
contaminated grass, cause osteoid tissue formation, exostoses,
mottled tooth enamel, and anorexia in cattle in chronic expo-
sure. Fluorine content of the milk is negligible, and elimination
takes place primarily in the urine. Sulfur dioxide irritates the
mucosa, intensifies mucus production, and inactivates the
cilia. Nitrogen oxides, apart from being irritating, are noxious
for domestic animals primarily via the formation of high
nitrate and nitrite levels in grass. Chronic exposure to lead,
especially in grass growing along highways, leads to anemia,
and to the degeneration of brain and nerve cells. Profuse diarr-
hea and reduced milk production are caused by ingestion of
molybdenum-contaminated grass in cattle. The effects of car-
bon monoxide are due to the reduction of the oxygen supply
by hemoglobin.
66798
lonescu, A., G. Serbanescu, and G. Pal
ELEMENTS OF THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF FLUOR
POLLUTED PLANTS. Rev. Roum. Biol. Ser. Bot., 17(2):135-
144, 1972. 27 refs.
The toxic effects of fluorine compounds on plants was studied
near aluminum and phosphatic fertilizer factories. The general
condition of the vegetation in the polluted area, necrosis and
foliar and floral discolorations, and sterility in some plant spe-
cies are discussed. Physiological analyses concerning func-
tional stomata, cellular sap concentration, and biometry were
used to explain the fluorine intoxication process. They also
constituted an indicative test of the degree of pollution Symp-
toms of injury can be used to determine thresholds and
tolerance levels for fluoride injuries. (Author abstract
modified)
66983
Daessler, Hans-Guenther
THE TOXICITY OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. FLUORINE
INJURIES IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. (Zur Tox-
izitaet von Fluorverbindungen. Fluorschaeden in der Land- und
Forstwirtschaft). Text in German. In: Technik und Um-
weltschutz Luft - Wasser - Boden - Laerm, Luftverunreinigung
bestimmter Gebiete und technologist-he Verfahren zur Emission-
svermin" :rung. Vol. 5, Leipzig, VEB Deutscher Verlag flier
Grundstoffindustrie, 1974, p. 52-57.
Sources for fluorine containing emissions are hydrofluoric acid
plants, aluminum plants, the glass industry, producers of
phosphate containing fertilizers, brick kilns, and the ceramic
industry. Little attention has been paid in the past to fluorine
containing coal whose fluorine content ranges from 2 to 3
mg/kg referred to dry coal. The maximum allowable immission
concentration for fluorine in the German Democratic Republic
is 10 micrograms/cu m air. A review of the effects of fluorine
immissions on agriculture, horticulture, and forestry is given.
The fluorine content in plants from immission free areas was
determined to range from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/100 g dry substance.
Agriculture and forestry strives to reduce fluorine injuries by
selecting fluorine resistant species. For this, extensive fumiga-
tion experiments in the field and in potted cultures are needed.
Exposure to low hydrogen fluoride concentrations and simul-
taneous measurement of carbon dioxide metabolism supply in-
formation on yield reductions and on any possible lowering of
the nutrient content. Main emphasis must be placed, however,
on reducing the emissions which can be achieved by absorp-
tion systems operating with water, diluted caustic soda, and
sodium carbonate solution.
67026
Feliciano, Alberto
SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
DAMAGE TO VEGETATION IN NEW JERSEY 1971. Rutgers
- The State Univ., New Brunswick, N. J., Dept. of Plant Biolo-
gy, Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-0078,
Rept. EPA-R5-72-010, 53p., Oct. 1972. 11 refs. NTIS: PB 214
160
A survey of injury resulting from air pollution episodes and
assessment of their resultant effect on crop production in 1971
was conducted in New Jersey. Three hundred fifteen reported
air pollution incidences were investigated and documented dur-
ing the period of the survey which was concentrated in the
central and southern counties of the state. Plant injury was ob-
served in 17 counties, but economic loss or crop damage was
observed in only 16 of these counties. Over one fourth
($337,265) of the total crop losses ($1,185,800) for New Jersey
were recorded in Cumberland County. The photochemical pol-
lutants were responsible for 80% of the plant injury recorded,
with ozone contributing about 60% and peroxyacetyl nitrate
20% of the total. The other pollutants involved and their per-
centages of plant injury are hydrogen chloride mist and
chlorine gas 6%, ethylene 3%, fluoride 2%, sulfur dioxide 2%,
ammonia 2%, particulates 2%, and oil, petroleum, and an
unidentified pollutant 3%. Only 29 out of 70 plant species ob-
served exhibited injury. Vegetables accounted for 51% of the
total crop loss Damage to lettuce accounted for over one third
of the vegetable loss and 12% of the total estimated crops.
(Author abstract modified)
67056
Linzon, Samuel N.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON VEGETATION. In: In-
troduction to the Scientific Study of Atmospheric Pollution. B.
M. McCormac (ed.), Dordrecht, Holland, D. Reidel Publishing,
1971, p. 131-151. 100 refs.
The effects of various air pollutants on vegetation are out-
lined. Information on symptoms of injury, dosages required to
cause injury, sensitivity and tolerance of various plant species,
and predisposing environmental and other factors are
discussed. Consideration is also given to methods of in-
vestigating and preventing the effects of air pollutants on
vegetation. The specific pollutants discussed include: sulfur
dioxide, oxidants, ozone, O3 and SO2 synergism, peroxyacetyl
nitrate, nitrogen oxides, fluorides, chlorine, hydrogen chloride,
ethylene, ammonia, mercury, and particulate matter.
-------
458
67304
Jacobson, Jay S.
THE PLANT-MEDIATED CONSEQUENCES OF AIR POLLU-
TION. Colorado Univ., Boulder, Air Water Pollut., Proc.
Summer Workshop, Boulder, Colo., 1970, p. 417-424, 1972. 14
refs. (Aug. 3-15.)
The effects of air pollution on plants and vegetation are
discussed. The most serious threats to vegetation in North
America are from photochemical oxidants (ozone and perox-
yacetyl nitrate), fluorides, and sulfur dioxide. Injury to plants
by other pollutants as ethylene, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine,
hydrochloric acid, and paniculate matter play a more limited
role. Tobacco plants are widely used as a biological indicator
of O3 because leaves exhibit flecking when exposed to O3.
Parts per billion concentrations of fluoride in air can cause
severe damage to sensitive vegetation. Large areas of land are
still contaminated by sulfur oxides resulting from pollution
from smelters in existence 70 yr ago.
67347
Gilbert, O. L.
THE EFFECT OF AIRBORNE FLUORIDES. In: Air Pollution
and Lichens. B. W. Ferry, M. S. Baddeley, and D. L. Hawk-
sworth (eds.), Toronto, Toronto Univ. Press, 1973, Chapt. 9, p.
176-191. 20 refs.
The effects of airborne fluorides on lichens is discussed. The
toxicity of fluorides to lichens was established by field studies
showing that the lichen flora in the vicinity of isolated point
sources is severely impoverished, field transplant experiments,
and fumigation experiments. Exposure to 13 ppb for 36, 72,
and 108 hr causes chlorotic spots and curled margins; 65 ppb
for 12 hr produces similar symptoms. Accumulation occurred
during fumigation whether visible damage was produced or
not. Fluoride damage is reported from Britain, Canada,
France, Norway, and the United States. These studies all find
F2 toxic to lichens, but there is no agreement on the order of
sensitivity. The degree of shelter can have a major effect on
the distribution of damage. There is evidence that species can
better tolerate the pollution when growing in eutrophicated
conditions. Lichens are useful indicators of the spread of F2
pollution from aluminum smelters.
67348
Nash, T. H., Ill
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON OTHER PLANTS,
PARTICULARLY VASCULAR PLANTS. In: Air Pollution and
Lichens. B. W. Ferry, M. S. Baddeley, and D. L. Hawksworth
(eds.), Toronto, Toronto Univ. Press, 1973, Chapt. 10, p. 192-
223. 201 refs.
The effect of air pollution on vascular plants, mosses, and
fungi is reviewed. Specific pollutants include sulfur dioxide,
fluorides, ozone, nitrogen oxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN),
and particulates. A mean annual local concentration of SO2
above 0.01-0.08 ppm causes extensive phytotoxic effects in
many species. Symptoms of fluoride poisoning vary tremen-
dously between plant groups. Background variations of F2 in
plants generally range between 0.5 and 25.0 ppm by weight.
The range of 25-105 ppm is the critical range for sensitive spe-
cies. The most sensitive species are injured by O3 fumigations
between 5 and 12 pphm for 2-4 hr, while resistant species
tolerate concentrations as high as 100 pphm. Plants respond
physiologically to subacute dosages of NOx although higher
concentration of NOx than SO2 are required to produce
necrotic markings. Damage from PAN can occur at concentra-
tions below 0.1 ppm. The chloroplasts are particularly sensi-
tive. Damage can also occur from ethylene, chlorine, hydrogen
chloride, ammonia, and heavy metal particulates as arsenic,
copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron, nickel, and cobalt. Mosses
are approximately as sensitive to air pollution as lichens and
are affected by SO2, O3, F2, and some heavy metals. Fungi
are also sensitive to SO2 and O3.
67453
Phillips, P. H.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON FARM ANIMALS.
In: Air Pollution Handbook. Magill and Holden (eds.), New
York, McGraw Hill, 1956, p. 8-1 to 8-12. 78 refs.
The acute and chronic effects of arsenic, fluorine, and lead on
farm animals are reviewed. Symptoms, tolerances, pathologi-
cal effects, and thresholds are discussed. The use of dusts or
sprays of insecticides can cause poisoning of cattle. Fluorine
in stack gas can contaminate vegetation; agricultural sprays
and dust can also be a source of fluorine compounds. Cattle
and sheep are the most susceptible to fluorine toxicosis of all
farm animals, with pigs, horses, and poultry next in suscepti-
bility. Lead compounds from industrial sources such as smel-
ters and coal combustion, from dusts and sprays containing
lead arsenate, and from automobile exhaust can pollute the en-
vironment and cause lead poisoning of animals. Chronic lead
poisoning has occurred frequently on horses grazing near
smelters, lead mines, and orchards which were sprayed.
67457
Liang, Ta
SEMI-ANNUAL STATUS REPORT OF THE REMOTE
SENSING PROGRAM. APPENDIX D. PLANT SENSITIVITY
TO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.
Y., Remote Sensing Program, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration Grant NGL 33-010-171, 33p., Dec. 27, 1973. 85
refs.
The relative sensitivity of various forms of vegetation to
ozone, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen oxides,
peroxyacetyl nitrate, ethylene, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,
chlorine, hydrogen chloride, mercury, ammonia, and hydrogen
sulfide was compiled. Sensitivity data were incomplete; in cer-
tain cases, different sensitivity ratings were encountered and
are listed.
67480
Scholl, Gerhard
BIOLOGICAL METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS IN THE AIR. (Bin biologisches Ver-
fahren zum Nachweis von Fluorverbindungen in Immissionen).
Text in German. Mitt. Forst. Bundesvers., no. 97:255-269, 1972.
15 refs.
A biological method for the determination of airborne fluorine
contamination is described. The method involves culturing cer-
tain grasses (Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne) which are
relatively insensitive to fluorine compounds for a defined ex-
posure interval in a standardized growth substrate with com-
parable nutrient and water supplies in the vicinity of a pollu-
tion source. The plant samples obtained at the end of the ex-
posure are analyzed for their fluorine content, with the origin
and distribution of airborne fluorine compounds being esti-
mated on the basis of the determined fluorine values. The only
plants suitable for the method are those which can accumulate
the toxic substance in large amounts without the formation of
visible external symptoms of damage or growth depression.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
459
68122
Baum, F.
DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE INJURIES ON AN ALLEY
OF LINDEN TREES IN THE IMMEDIATE PROXIMITY OF
A BRICK KILN NEAR ISMANING BY LEAF ANALYSES
AND AERIAL INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY. (Ermittlung von
Fluorschaeden an einer Lindenalle in unmittelbarer Naehe einer
Ziegelei bei Ismaning durch Blattanalysen und Luftaufnahmen
in Falschfarbentechnik). Text in German. Gesundh.-Ingr.,
95(9):259-263, 1974. 17 refs. (Presented at the Second Symposi-
um on Branch-spe ific Emissions, Fluorine Emissions by Brick
Kilns, Munich, Germany, Feb. 1, 1974.)
Upon discovery of severe leaf injuries in an alley of linden
trees near Ismaning (Munich, West Germany), leaf samples
were taken from the lower branches of the trees at three dif-
ferent time periods. The samples were dried, ground, and
ashed according to the method by Buck (ashing of 5 g dry sub-
stance in a nickel vessel at a temperature of 450 to 500 C in a
muffle furnace). The fluorine in the ash was determined by the
method of Buck and Stratman. A relationship was determined
between the fluorine concentration of the leaves and the loca-
tion of the tree with regard to a brick kiln close to the alley.
The severity of lead necrosis not only corresponded to the
determined fluorine concentration but also to the gray tone of
the infrared photographs. The results led to the initiation of
measures for reduction of the fluorine emissions by this brick
kiln.
68394
James, H. A.
SURVEY OF ARSENIC AND FLUORINE LEVELS IN
VEGETATION IN THE RODEO-CROCKETT AREAS - 1963 -
1964. Preprint, Bay Area Air Pollution Control District, San
Francisco, Calif., lip., April 1965. 2 refs.
Arsenic and fluoride levels in vegetation of the San Francisco
Bay area (Rodeo-Crockett areas of Contra Costa County) were
determined over the period September 1963 to August 1964 to
determine if various industrial sources, particularly a
brickworks facility and a lead smelting operation, were con-
tributing to previously observed plant damage. Twelve
monthly vegetation samples were taken at six sites in the area;
lime-paper strip samples were taken at the same sites plus one
additional location. Fluoride in excess of the safe level for
beef cattle (50 ppm soluble fluoride) was found in five of 71
pasture grass samples taken during the survey; elevated ar-
senic levels coincided with the high fluoride levels in the same
samples. Grass sample results were generally in agreement
with lime paper data for fluoride and arsenic. Seasonal wind
data, visual evidence of plant damage and the analytical
findings suggested that the major contributing source, both for
fluorides and arsenic, was in the Selby area.
68575
Gudenan, Robert
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PLANTS. (Wirkungen
von Luftverunreinigungen auf Pflanzen). Text in German. Um-
welt, 1972:206-211, 1972.
The effects of air pollutants on plants are described. Air pollu-
tants, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric
acid, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and ozone may cause acute,
chronic, and invisible or physiological damages to plants by
deteriorating the growth, yield, and quality. The extent of the
damage progresses with increasing pollutant concentration,
rather than the length of exposure time. Both SO2 and HF in-
terfere with photosynthesis, and the former metabolizes
chlorophyll to pheophytin, while HF interferes with
porphyrine synthesis. Both SO2 and HF deplete the water
reserve of the plant organism. Inert dust is injurious in keeping
light away from the leaves and clogging the stomate, while
toxic, water-soluble dust components act directly on the ex-
posed parts. Air pollution reduces the resistance of plants to
frost and pests. Due to their response to air pollutants, certain
plants can be used as bioindicators of air pollution.
68602
Gardner, Wayne S.
OZONE INJURY TO TOBACCO PLANTS IN SOUTH
DAKOTA. Plant Disease Reptr., S7(2):106-110, 1973. 21 refs.
Ozone injury symptoms appeared on Turkish tobacco plants
grown in a greenhouse and on Wisconsin 38 tobacco plants
grown in field plots at Brookings, South Dakota in 1970. In
1971, ozone injury appeared on greenhouse and field-grown
plants of the Bel-W3, Bel-C, and Turkish types. Ozone fleck
was most severe in southeast and east-central South Dakota. A
decreasing amount of injury was observed in northeast, cen-
tral, west-central, and southwest South Dakota. The Bel-W3
tobacco showed injury at eight locations, while Turkish, Bel-
C, and Bel-B were injured only in the eastern parts of the
state. The Bel-W3 was a reliable monitor of air pollution
episodes when plants were continuously produced and ob-
served in the greenhouse at Brookings. New injury appeared
on newly matured leaves and older leaves as dark gray to
black flecks that turned brown to tan to white with age.
Periodic ozone occurrences were recorded by new flecks ap-
pearing generally on tissue of younger age. Plant indicators for
the pollutants peroxyacetyl nitrate, fluoride, and sulfur dioxide
showed no injury in South Dakota. (Author abstract modified)
68770
Leibetseder, Josef, Monika Skalicky, Abdul Hakim Said,
Alfred Kment, Erich Glawischnig, and Gerd Schlerka
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF HAY
FROM SMOKE DAMAGED AREAS ON CATTLE. (Unter-
suchungen ueber toxische Wirkungen von Heu aus
Rauchschedengebeiten beim Rind). Text in German. Erzmetall.,
2S(10):498-S05, Oct. 1972. 21 refs.
The toxic effect of hay contaminated with lead, zinc, and
fluorine, collected from smoke damaged areas around a lead
and zinc smelter and another sulfuric acid production plant, on
the physiological status of cows was studied by clinical obser-
vations and during a 6-month feeding test. The lead and zinc
contents in the hay were above normal but below the toxic
limit, while the fluorine level approached the upper limit of the
normal range. Apart from lesions of the enamel of the in-
cisors, detected in about one third of all exposed animals, no
symptoms of poisoning were detected. The recurrent clinical
examinations performed every two weeks for hematology, al-
kaline phosphatase, bilirubin, ornthine carbamoyltransferase,
and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase-revealed no indications
of poisoning. The lead and zinc concentrations in blood,
plasma, urine, feces, milk, and hairs were below the toxic
range, and the fluorine level in the bones ruled out fluorosis.
At the same time, the per-capita milk production was signifi-
cantly reduced by 0.64 I/day.
69162
Farrier, P. M. and D. R. Pullen
SURVEY OF FLUORIDE LEVELS IN THE AREA AROUND
THE BLUFF SMELTER. Proc. Pollut. Res. Conf., Wairakei,
New Zealand, 1973, p. 341-356. 13 refs. (June 20-21.)
-------
460
The environmental control monitoring program at the Bluff
Aluminum Smelter is discussed as applied to areas adjacent to
the smelter. Fluorine effects on wildlife and vegetation are
considered, and the background levels of fluorine in the flora,
fauna, air, and water of the area are presented. The effect of
smelter emissions on these background levels and the care
needed when interpreting these results are also discussed. The
results showed that extraneous sources of fluorine may in-
fluence the fluoride content of biological tissues and that al-
lowance must be made for this factor in interpreting results
against established standards. In particular, the effect of top-
dressing with phosphate fertilizers was discovered. There was
also a great variation in the fluoride levels in different species
of flora and fauna. Emission of fluorides from the smelter had
a small influence on the background levels in some areas, but
in no instances were the standard limits to prevent damage to
vegetation and livestock exceeded. No change was detected in
the atmospheric fluoride levels in areas western and northern
from the smelter since the smelter began operations. Levels on
the eastern side (downwind) of the plant were greater, but
standards are not expected to be exceeded. (Author conclu-
sions modified)
69488
Gilbert, O. L.
LICHENS AND AIR POLLUTION. In: The Lichens. Vernon
Ahmadjian and Mason E. Hale (eds.), New York, Academic
Press, 1973, Chapt. 13, p. 443-472. 80 refs.
Various aspects of the effects of air pollution on lichens are
reviewed including historical aspects, lichen deserts, environ-
mental effects, and use of lichens as biological indicators of
air pollution. The area around an industrial area or city may
become a lichen desert, since lichens decrease in number in
polluted air. Lichen species increase in number and variety
with increasing distance away from urban areas. A lack of
data makes it impossible to compare lichen deserts on a truly
worldwide scale. There are, however, enough studies from Eu-
rope and North America to make it clear that in these areas
the zoning of epiphytes is outstandingly similar. The most re-
sistant epiphytic foliose lichen in Europe is Hypogymnia
physodes, closely followed by Parmelia sulcata and Physcia
tenella. On basic substrata, Lecanora dispersa is the most re-
sistant lichen. The effect of industrial point sources of sulfur
dioxide on lichens is similar to that of cities, despite the dif-
ferent patterns of fumigation involved. The causes of lichen
deserts are described. Two phytotoxicants, sulfur dioxide and
fluorine, have been identified as the major pollutants affecting
lichens. The field, analytical, and experimental evidence sup-
porting SO2 as the major city influence are reviewed. The ef-
fects of SO2 on growth and metabolism are discussed. The ef-
fects of individual habitat factors such as shelter, pH,
nutrients, water relations, substratum, serai stage, growth
form, and systematic position on the toxic effects of SO2 to
lichens are discussed.
69596
Guderian, R.
DAMAGES CAUSED BY EMISSIONS FROM CONVEN-
TIONAL POWER PLANTS IN VEGETATION AND FOOD.
(Schaeden an Vegetation und Nahrung durch Immissionen aus
konventionellen Kraftwerken). Text in German. Strachlenschutz
Forsch. Prax., vol. 12:81-97, 1973. 59 refs. (Presented at the As-
sociation of German Radiation Protection Physicians and the As-
sociation for Radiation and Environmental Research, 12th Con-
ference, Munich and Nueherberg, West Germany, Oct. 8-9,
1971.)
Studies and observations on plant damage caused by gaseous
and paniculate emissions of thermal power plants are sur-
veyed. Dust emissions from obsolete power plants with no
adequate filters affect plants in the immediate vicinity by
reducing exposure to sunlight and increasing the local tempera-
ture on the leaves the dust settles on. While the damaging ef-
fect of dust from modern thermal power plants equipped with
efficient filters is negligible, such power plants and industries
emit considerable amounts of sulfur dioxide and fluorine, the
most harmful compounds for plant life. These gases penetrate
into the leaves through the stomata. Sulfur dioxide reduces the
phytosynthesis, temporarily stimulates dissimilation, and,
when present in higher concentration, dehydrates the plant by
destroying the osomotic potential, and metabolizes chlorophyll
to pheophytin. Intercoastal necrosis is caused by SO2, while
apical and edge necrosis is due mostly to fluorine compounds.
The plant damage due to SO2 and fluorine compounds may
manifest itself in reduced yield and quality impairment as well
as esthetic deterioration. Fluorine, readily accmulating in
leaves, is hazardous for animals and humans ingesting
fluorine-contaminated plant materials. The extent of SO2-af-
flicted damage increases progressively with increasing concen-
tration, and can not be characterized by the product of con-
centration and exposure time.
69800
Jones, L. H. P. and D. W. Cowling
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. Preprint, Na-
tional Society for Clean Air, Brighton (England), Part 1, p. 1-
13, Part 2, p. 71-79, 1972. 59 refs. (Presented at the National
Society for Clean Air, Annual Conference, 39th, Scarborough,
England, Oct. 16-20, 1972.)
The effects of air pollution on plants are reviewed. Certain
features of plants which affect their susceptibility to pollutants
are discussed including stomata, leaves and photosynthesis.
Pollutants, environmental factors, and specific pollutants (sul-
fur dioxide, fluorides, smoke, soot, dust, photochemical smog,
and oxidant), and plants as indicators of air pollution are
reviewed. The paper is then discussed.
69966
Daessler, H. -G., H. Ranft, and K. -H. Rehn
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WOODY PLANTS EXPOSED TO
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS AND SO2. (Zur Widerstandsfaehig-
keit von Gehoelzen gegenueber Fluorverbindungen und
Schwefeldioxid). Text in German. Flora (Jena), vol. 161:289-
302, 1972. 11 refs.
The results of fume hardiness tests carried out with several
woody plant species in cabin trials and in field tests around a
major fluorine emission source with regard to resistance
against sulfur dioxide and fluorine compounds are presented.
Most of the woody plants were found to respond to both pol-
lutants in a a similar way regarding leaf damage and both the
time of occurrence of the first injuries and the extent of the
damage. Similarly to SO2-damaged leaves, fluorine-damaged
leaves showed apical and edge necroses, while intercostal
necroses were prevalent in SO2-exposed leaves. Needles are
more sensitive to fluorine than to SO2 in the spring. Juglans
regia, Vitis vinifera, Pinus sylvestris, Berberis vulgaris, Picea
abies, and Larix decidua were found to be most sensitive to
fluorine, while Taxus baccata, Tilia cordata, Alnus incata,
Salix elaegnus, Carpinus betulus, Pinus strobus, Pinus nigra
austr., Potentilla fruticosa arb., Castanea saliva, Lonicera
tatarica, and Picea pungens were less susceptible. Pinus mon-
tana, P. contorta, Cornus alba sib., Prunus cerasifera Piss.,
Ulmus campestre, Alnus glutinosa, Pinus peuce, Robinia pseu-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
461
doacacia, Fagus silvaticus, Fraxinus excelsior, Salix aquatica
and fragilis, Malus eleyi, Platanus acerifolia, Quercus borealis,
and Prunus serotina were characterized by a medium degree of
resistance. Viburnum lantana, Rosa species and cultivars, Syn-
ringa vulgaris, and especially Acer platanoides and campestre,
Evonymus europaca, Philadelphus coronarius, Quercus robur,
and Sambucus racemosa were resistant to fluorine. Castanea
saliva, Juglans regia, Rhododendron japonicum Taxus baccata,
Vitis vinifera, Buxus sempervirens, Lonicera tatarica, Picea
pungens, and Platanus acerifolia were more resistant to
fluorine than to SO2, while Lycium halimifolium, Forsythia in-
termedia, Philadephus coronarius, and Pyracantha coccinea
were more susceptible to SO2 than they were to fluorine.
70279
Hiratsuka, N., M. Ito, M. Shinozaki, and M. Mako
EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
ON HORTICULTURAL CROPS: PART I. INVESTIGATION
OF LOCAL DAMAGE OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS. SEC.
A. INVESTIGATION OF THE ACTUAL DAMAGE BY AIR
POLLUTION USING INDICATOR PLANTS. (Taiki osen
busshitsu ga engei sakumotsu to ni oyobosu eikyo ni kansuru
shiken (1) - c. shihyo shokubutsu ni yoru higai jittai chosaho).
Text in Japanese. Kanagawa-ken Nogyo Sogo Kenkyujo Gyomu
Nenpo (Ann. Rep. Kanagawa Prefect Agri. Integr. Inst.),
1973:74, June 1974.
To see the actual state of the effects of air pollution, indicator
plants such as mulberry trees, Satsuma-orange trees, ginkgos,
zelkova trees, and pines were chemically analyzed for sulfur,
fluorine, and several heavy metals, along with the air pollution
data obtained at the monitoring points. The amounts of air pol-
lutants decreased in the order of Ebina, Sagamihara, Aikawa,
and Shiroyama cities in Kanagawa Prefecture. Fluorine con-
tent of the air was on the average 1.0-1.4 micrograms/day/100
sq cm (filter paper method) and higher in the spring than
summer. The sulfur content of mulberry leaves was about 1400
ppm without a local difference, and fluorine content was
around 11 ppm, a little higher in the middle part of the Prefec-
ture and in Sagamihara. Sulfur content of Satsuma-orange
leaves ranged in 0.1-0.3%, higher in spring than summer; how-
ever, no local difference was noticed in sulfur and heavy
metal in the leaves. The sulfur content of ginkgo, zelkova, and
pine tree leaves was respectively 0.2-0.4, 0.1-0.2, and 0.05-0.15,
lower in rural areas than in industrial areas.
70357
Itai, K., F. Tsunoda, and S. Sakurai
ON THE DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE IN BROWN
RICE. (Genmai-chu fusso no teiryo-ho ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
9(2):373, Nov. 1974.
As the air pollution threat due to fluorine has increased, the
content of fluorine in crops for food and feed has become im-
portant. Previous methods of determining fluorine in rice gave
considerable fluctuation. A newly established method of
fluorine determination in rice is therefore described. The route
of analysis consists of keeping brown rice in calcium hydrox-
ide for 24 hr, then evaporating it to dryness, and calcinating
the rice in a crucible at 550 C. The ashes are added to concen-
trated sulfuric acid with a small amount of silver sulfate and
aqua regia and steam-distilled at 137 + or - 5 C. The 10 ml
aliquot of 250 ml of distillate was determined for fluoride ion
by the fluoride ion meter. Recovery of fluorine was 92-103.2%.
70487
Gordon, C. C.
MOUNT STORM STUDY. Montana Univ., Environmental Stu-
dies Lab., Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-02-
0229, 32p., Nov. 17, 1972.
A 3-year study of coniferous foliage damaged by phytotoxic
elements, compounds, and particulate matter in the Ml. Storm
area of West Virginia and Maryland revealed that the major
causal agents are waste products from coal-burning utility
plants. The primary pollutant causing damage is sulfur dioxide
and its by-product sulfuric acid. The SO2 in the ambient air of
the study area causes most of the needle tip necrosis, then
progresses to total needle necrosis, and eventually causes pre-
mature needle casting. The H2SO4 causes the short-long nee-
dle syndrome and much of the reduction in terminal shoot
elongation of several coniferous species grown for Christmas
tree production. This acid is also responsible for premature
needle casting of short needles when basal necrosis becomes
severe enough to affect the vascular tissues. Fly ash particu-
lates in the Mt. Storm area contain high concentrations of
several elements and compounds, some of which are known to
be phytotoxic, such as fluorides and sulfates. Iron, aluminum,
and other compounds may or may not affect the trees. Gase-
ous and particulate fluorides in the area are from the burning
of coal. Greenhouse and field studies of white, Scotch, and
ponderosa pine seedlings demonstrated that fly ash slurries
and hydrofluoric acid will cause two growth abnormalities —
excessive lateral bud production and excessive terminal stem
growth. Innoculation of young emerging conifer needles with
HF caused the short-long syndrome. Samples collected in six
polluted areas in the northwestern U. S. gave further evidence
that HF and H2SO4 could cause growth abnormalities.
Histological and chemical studies showed the disease syn-
dromes occurring in the Mt. Storm area were identical to those
occurring in the northwestern states. It will be impossible to
cultivate the three species of conifers under healthy conditions
in the Mt. Storm area until adequate abatement equipment is
installed at large stationary emission sources of SO2, fluoride,
and particulates in the area. (Author summary modified)
70607
Davison, A. W., A. Marsland, and W. F. Belts
A PROPOSED RAPID TEST FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO
GASEOUS FLUORIDES. Environ. Pollut., 7(4):269-282, Dec.
1974. 11 rets.
A rapid tesl for determining planl susceptibility lo gaseous
fluorides is proposed based on the use of cut leaves and
fluoride solutions. Mature, nonsenescent leaves of Iris ger-
manica, Ligustrum vulgare, and Poa annua were placed in
fluoride solulions of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 microgram/ml
solutions to establish a standard procedure. The percentage of
leaf area showing necrosis was directly related to the fluoride
solution concentration, with Poa developing the greatest
degree of necrosis and Ligustrum the least. Experiments with
barley and maize showed that damage was much greater after
24-hour exposures as compared to 8-hour exposures. Barley,
which is relatively resistant to fluoride, required more than 8
hr to show significant damage, suggesting that long exposure
may be necessary to cause damage in more resistant species.
Experiments with young and mature leaves of Zea mais
showed that necrosis was greater in the latter after 48 hr of
fluoride treatment. Experiments with compound leaves
revealed relatively little damage to lucerne leaves exposed to
100 microgram/ml fluoride, whereas soybean exposed to 50
microgram/ml fluoride exhibited typical water-soaked areas
and necrosis. Covering the tips of mature barley leaves with
-------
462
petroleum jelly before fluoride treatment resulted in a shift of
maximum fluoride accumulation from the tip to areas im-
mediately adjacent it. Overall, the percentage of necrosis was
slightly reduced. Significant differences to fluoride suscepti-
bility were noted for maize, barley, and wheat; these dif-
ferences paralleled the susceptibility of the species to at-
mospheric fluoride. Significant intraspecies, differences in
fluoride susceptibility were observed for Zephyr, Sultan, and
Julia.
70745
Sakurai, S., K. Itai, and F. Tsunoda
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN AIRBORNE AND
FLUORINE IN PLANTS. (Shokubutsu-chu fusonodo to taiki-chu
fukkabutsu ni tuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 9(2):370, Nov. 1974.
A high correlation between atmospheric fluoride and the
fluoride content of plants was recognized using several
methods. The AP method was used in determining atmospheric
content of hydrogen fluoride. The concentrations of hydrogen
fluoride; seasonal 1-hour averages highest seasonal values of
monthly average values, daily average values, and 1-hour
values were examined using the fluoride contents in brown
rice and leaves of gladioli. There was a significant correlation
between all the atmospheric fluoride values and the fluoride
content of brown rice.
70752
Vasiloff, G. N. and M. L. Smith
A PHOTOCOPY TECHNIQUE TO EVALUATE FLUORIDE
INJURY ON GLADIOLUS IN ONTARIO. Plant Disease Reptr.,
58(12):1091-1094, Dec. 1974. 4 refs.
A photocopy method was used for evaluating and reproducing
fluoride-induced leaf injury during a gladiolus indicator plant
program. Measurements of leaf injury and fluoride content
were made on 5000 leaves from potted gladioli plants grown at
31 indicator plot locations in seven surveillance areas located
in the Province of Ontario. Harvested plants were transported
to a laboratory where a standard office photocopier was used
to make reproductions of four middle-aged leaves from each
plant. All leaves collected from each plot were divided into
terminal and basal portions for chemical analysis of fluoride
and other phytotoxic components. Comparisons of fluoride
content and leaf injury for three collections of gladioli in a
surveillance area near a fertilizer plant showed reductions in
leaf injury which paralleled reductions in fluoride content for
increasing distances downwind of the source. As the plot
distance increased from 3.4 km to 5.5 km from the source,
fluoride content decreased from 5.0 ppm to 3.0 ppm and leaf
injury decreased from 4.6% to 0.2%.
70776
Takizawa, H.
LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND BIOLOGICAL
INDICATOR - AIR POLLUTION AND BIOLOGICAL IN-
DICATOR. (Chiiki no kankyo kanri to seibutsu shihyo - taiki
osen to seibutsu shihyo-). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Gijut.su (En-
viron. Conserv. Eng.), 3(11): 803-812, Nov. 1974.
Two sides of environmental control, the feed forward control
and the system of environmental control utilizing feedback,
are described with relation to biological indicators. As one of
the factors in terrestrial ecological systems, the concentration
of air pollutants was related to plant damage, referring to a
result of a survey on the frequency of damaged plant (cryp-
tomeria) versus concentration of sulfur dioxide, for several
distances from the coast. The merits and the selection stan-
dards of a biological indicator are described in detail citing
specified plant indicators to respective air pollutants such as
SO2, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, peroxyacetyl
nitrate, ethylene, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and
photochemical oxidants. As general biological indicators, some
insects, some amphibians, fishes, birds, mammals including
mankind, and plants, can be used. In utilizing plants as an in-
dicator of air pollution, the detailed standard items which
represents the active status of the indicator plants were
described.
70984
Pell, Eva J. and Eileen Brennan
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON VEGETA-
TION IN NEW JERSEY AND AN INTERPRETATION OF ITS
ANNUAL VARIABILITY. Environ. Pollut., 8(l):23-33, Jan.
1975. 33 refs.
The economic impact of air pollution on vegetation in New
Jersey was surveyed for the years 1971 and 1972. A loss of
$128,019 was sustained in 1972 due to damage of agricultural
crops and ornamental plantings exposed to air pollutants.
Ozone accounted for 27% of the damage, peroxyacetyl nitrate
for 20%, hydrogen fluoride for 18%, ethylene for 15%, sulfur
dioxide for 4%, and ammonia for 1%. The loss was only 11%
of that estimated for the previous year by a similar method
despite the fact that air pollutant concentrations did not
decrease from 1971 to 1972 in the agricultural regions during
the growing season. An unusual rainfall pattern in 1972
possibly induced a water and/or oxygen stress in the plants
such that they were protected from air pollution injury. Other
factors such as temperature, humidity, nutrition, the presence
of disease, and the use of systemic fungicides may also have
enhanced plant resistance to air pollutants. (Author abstract
modified)
71078
Shinozaki, M. and T. Hiratsuka
INVESTIGATION OF REAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION BY ANALYSIS OF MULBERRY-LEAVES. (So-
yo bunseki ni yoru nokochi no kankyo osen no jittai). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
9(2):353, Nov. 1974.
Mulberry tree was chosen as an index plant of air pollution,
and the leaves were collected from 20 points in Kanagawa Pre-
fecture in August 1972 and 1973, washed, air-dried, powdered,
and analyzed. The average content of heavy metals was 126
ppm of iron, 31 pprn of zinc, 41 ppm of manganese, 8 ppm of
lead, 5.3 ppm of copper, 2.6 ppm of nickel and 0.72 ppm of
cadmium, without large local difference. The average content
of sulfur was 1300-1400 ppm on the average, also without large
local differences, however, the content of fluorine was only
8.6-8.8 ppm in the leaves of places remote from industrial dis-
tricts as compared to the average of 13-14 ppm. The analytical
values of sulfur and fluorine in leaves collected from four
representative places (middle and north) showed a decreasing
tendency from the middle- to the north parts of the Prefecture;
in the north part of the fluorine content in leaves coincided to
that in the air.
71098
Yamamoto, T., Y. Hirota, and E. Minakami
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION EVALUATION OF
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS BY INDEX PLANTS AND
FLUORINE ANALYSIS. (Shihyo shokubutsu niyoru kichu fus-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
463
sokabutsu no kankyo osen hyoka to sono bunsekiho no kento).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, p. 9-10, 1974. (Presented at the En-
vironmental Toxicology Symposium 1st, Osaka, Japan, Nov. 21-
22, 1974, Paper 9.)
The atmospheric pollution pattern by fluorine compounds was
evaluated by index plants over a period of 8 yr. The growth
and appearance of plants were analyzed in reference to F con-
tent in plants (on ground and potted), agricultural products,
soil, subterranean water, and atmosphere. The sulfuric acid
(with addition of sodium silicate)-steam distillation method was
most effective for the determination of F in plant samples.
The zinc oxide-sodium carbonate fusion method (sample:
ZnO:Na2CO3 equal 1:2:3, 600-1000 C) was most effective for
soil analysis. The F content in plant samples showed a
decreasing trend over the years, and the radium of polluted
areas decreased with time, reflecting the control measures
taken over the past years. On the other hand, the atmospheric
F concentration showed no significant decrease. No significant
relationship was found between F content in plant and that in
soil and subterranean water.
71931
Bennett, Jesse H. and A. Clyde Hill
ACUTE INHIBITION OF APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY
PHYTOTOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS. Am. Chem. Soc. Syrnp.
Ser., no. 3:115-127, 1974. 23 refs.
Plant fumigation experiments in environmental chamber
systems were performed to assess the effect of various air pol-
lutants on photosynthesis. Oat, barley, and alfalfa canopies
required treatments with more than 1 pphm hydrogen fluoride,
about 5 pphm ozone or chlorine, 20 pphm sulfur dioxide, and
40-60 pphm nitrogen dioxide or nitric oxide before apparent
photosynthesis rates were measurably depressed after 2 hr of
exposure. Plants previously exposed to NO or SO2 recovered
much more quickly than plants given HF exposures. Plants
treated with C12, O3, or NO2 recovered at intermediate rates.
Sulfur dioxide-NO2 mixtures induced greater than-additive in-
hibition of alfalfa apparent photosynthetic rates, with the
greatest synergistic effects being observed at low concentra-
tions (15 pphm for each gas). No synergism was evident at 50
pphm of each gas. All other pollutant combinations tested,
with the possible exception of SO2 and HF, caused plant
responses which are additive in suppressing apparent
photosynthesis rates. Ozone or SO2 in combination with NO2
appears capable of measurably suppressing carbon dioxide up-
take rates of sensitive plants in concentrations approximating
present air quality standards.
72132
Thalenhorst, W.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORO CON-
TAINING AIR POLLUTANTS UPON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY
OF SPRUCE PLANTS TO THE ATTACK OF THE GALL
APHID SACCfflPHANTES ABIETIS (L.). (Untersuchungen
ueber den Einfluss fluorhaltiger Abgase auf die Dispostion der
Fichte fuer den Befall durch die Gallenlaus Sacchiphantes
abietis (L.). Text in German. Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Ptlan-
zenschutz, 81(12):717-727, 1975. 8 refs.
The influence of atmospheric pollutants (especially fluoro
compounds) upon the gall density of Sacchiphantes abietis (L.)
in young spruce stands has been demonstrated. A histologi-
cally visible defense reaction of the cortex tissue in the basis
of the buds against the sting of the Pseudofundatriz s stylets is
described. Complicated relations were observed between posi-
tion and distance of the plants to the fluoro pollution focus on
the one hand and density and survival rate of the pseudofun-
datrices and the percentage of defense reactions on the other.
72762
Robbins, M. LeRon, Allan R. Beck, and Jack L. Weigle
DETOXICULTURE AND URBAN AIR POLLUTION. J. En-
viron. Plann. Pollut. Control, l(3):46-49, 1973. 19 refs.
The development of plants capable of detoxifying air pollu-
tants is proposed. A scheme is suggested which involves the
screening of potential detoxifiers in exposure chambers fol-
lowed by a breeding program to select the most efficient
plants within a species. The establishment of greenbelts
around urban areas as well as the utilization of crop plants for
pollutant detoxification is also recommended. The use of
plants as indicators of dangerous pollution levels is also
discussed, with numerous indicator plants being listed for such
pollutants as ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, sulfur dioxide, and
fluorides.
73172
Berge, H.
SULFUR DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN FLUORIDE EMIS-
SIONS IN REGARD TO PHYTOPATHOLOGY. (SO-2- und
HF-Inunissionen im Blickpunkt der Phytopathologie). Text in
German. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet., Rijksuniv. Gent,
38(3/2): 1545-1548, 1973. 2 refs.
Observations of the effects of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
fluoride on forest trees and their parasites are presented.
Abies concolor and Abies veitchi in a smoke damaged area
were attacked by Dreyfusia nuesslini most intensely in areas
where 2- and 3-year-old needles had already been damaged by
SO2 and HF. The attack of Phytomyza ilicis in Ilex was more
intense in undamaged specimens than in those exposed acutely
to high SO2 concentrations. The spread of Oligonychus unun-
guis in Picea amorika facilitated the manifestation of SO2-in-
duced damages in yet undamaged 2- and 3-year-old needles.
The invasion of areas sheltered from SO2 by Sacchiphantes
viridis indicates the susceptibility of this species to SO2. This
parasite species did not occur in SO2-damaged areas which
were occasionally exposed to sodium fluoride- and arsenic-
containing dusts. The considerable damages afflicted by
Blastethia tunonella to Pinus montana in areas with high SO2
concentrations indicate the high resistance of this species.
73510
Weidensaul, T. Craig
IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS IN OXYGEN PRODUCTION,
CARBON DIOXIDE CONSUMPTION, AND AIR PURIFICA-
TION. HortScience, 9(1):8-12, Feb. 1974. 27 refs.
The role of plants in the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle and their
ability to purify the air are discussed. Plants are not necessari-
ly efficient air purifiers, although certain toxic gases can be
absorbed by alfalfa. Those most easily absorbed are hydrogen
fluoride, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Carbon monox-
ide is among the least absorbed of the air pollutants. Ozone,
although almost as readily deposited on the surface of plant
tissues as HF and SO2, appears to be somewhat less absorbed.
Certain woody plants may also be significant in reducing am-
bient levels of SO2 in the microenvironment immediately sur-
rounding individual leaves; however, most plants which readily
absorb SO2 are also the ones most easily injured by it. More
research is required for definitive statements to be made about
ability of plants to purify the air without suffering significant
ill effects.
-------
464
73518
Keller, T.
THE USE OF PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY FOR MONITORING
AND MAPPING AIR POLLUTION AREAS. Eur. J. Forest
Pathol., 4(1):11-19, 1974. 18 refs. (Presented at the 2nd Interna-
tional Congress of Plant Pathology, Minneapolis, Minn., Sept.
11, 1973.)
The peroxidase activity of various tree species was used to
map zones of plant reaction in areas contaminated with air
pollution. Initial experiments in a forest exposed to fluoride
emissions from an aluminum smelter for over 20 yr failed
because the most sensitive plants were eliminated by selection.
However, the use of peroxidase activity to map zones of
fluoride contamination in an apricot orchard containing small
trees of genetic uniformity was successful. Fluoride concentra-
tions as little as 10 ppm in unwashed foliage were related to
increased peroxidase activity, and the enzymes activity largely
coincided with the area of visible injury. Increased peroxidase
activity in the foliage of white ash was related to oxidant ex-
posure resulting from automotive emissions in an urban area,
with the increases being significant even in plants showing no
visible injury. Thus, the activity of the enzyme appears to
offer a sensitive indication of plant exposure to oxidants and
fluorides long before the appearance of plant injury.
74459
Hirose, H., T. Masui, S. Takagi, Y. Seto, M. Iwasaki, S.
Ando, and T. Manabe
FLUORINE CONTENT OF ATMOSPHERE AND OF PLANTS
AROUND AN ALUMINUM REFINERY. (Alumi-seiren kojo
shuhen ni okeru kankyo taiki to shokubutsu chu no fussoni
tsuite). Text in .Iapan.se. Shikoku Koshueisei Gakkai Zasshi (J.
Shikoku Soc. Public Health), 20(l):92-94, Feb. 1975.
Atmospheric fluorine levels at five points located 1 km, 1.5
km, 3 km, 4 km, and 5 km from an aluminum refinery were
22, 14, 20, 12 and 6 micrograms of F/sq m/ mo, respectively,
in 1971; 67, 30, 38, 18 and 12 micrograms of F/sq m/mo,
respectively, in 1972; and 46, 21, 28, 16, and 12 micrograms of
F/ sq m/mo, respectively in 1973. The background fluorine
level was 8-15 micrograms/sq m/mo before the refinery was in
operation. Fluorine levels in leaves of pine trees at the five
points showed increases fron August 1972 to May 1973 of
from about 10-15 ppm to 30-55 ppm; however, no increase was
observed from Aug 1973 to February 1974. The fluorine con-
tent of Artemisia princeps was very large (about 100 ppm)
within 1 km of the refinery and became rapidly smaller as the
distance from refinery increased, suggesting the usefulness of
A.p as an indicator of fluorine, In spite of the fluorine con-
tent, no visible symptoms of fluorine damage were observed in
plar.ts around the refinery.
74588
Iwanaga, T.
A PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN
RURAL AREAS OF GIFU PREFECTURE. (Gifu-ken noson ni
okeru kogai mondai). Text in Japanese. Nihon no Kagakusha
(Japan. Sci.), 10(7):329-332, July 1975.
A problem of untimely defoliation of Japanese pear trees in
orchards of Kamo City, Gifu Prefecture which occurred in the
summer of 1971 was investigated. The damage to leaves began
from both the apex and the periphery as discoloration and
then proceeded to the central part. The cause of the untimely
defoliation was suspected to be fluoride-containing exhaust
from a tile factory. Experiments in which pear leaves were ex-
posed to aqueous hydrogen fluoride solution revealed the ac-
cumulation of fluorine in pear leaves, and the major cause of
the untimely defoliation was thus attributed to fluoride in the
exhaust from the tile factory and also to sulfur dioxide.
74617
Bossavy, J.
BEHAVIOR OF THE NATURAL AND CULTIVATED FLORA
IN THE PRESENCE OF AIR POLLUTANT REPORT. (Etude
du comportement de la flore sauvage ou cultivee a 1 egard des
polluants). Text in French. Centre National d Etudes Techniques
et de Recherches Technologiques pour 1 Agriculture, les Forets,
et I Equipment Rural (France), Groupement de Grenoble, Con-
tract 69.01.884, 22p., 1971.
A complex study of the effects of air pollution by fluorine
compounds on the vegetation in the Vallee de 1 Arc, Vallee de
la Romanche, and Valleee de la Durance regions in France is
presented. Iris, Veratrum, album, Picea excelsa, P. sylvestris,
Abies alba, Polygonatum vulgare, Silene inflata, Gentiana lu-
tea, Hypericum species, and Vaccinium myrtillus were the
most sensitive species. Coniferous needles which tend to accu-
mulate fluorine were most susceptible to fluorine which
caused necrosis, premature loss of needles, and reduced
growth. Vast expanses of dead coniferous forests were de-
tected. The fluorine concentrations in the air, determined by
means of exposed, calcium hydroxide-impregnated filter
paper, ranged from 2.77 to 2.82 g/sq cm/day.
74624
Berry, Charles R.
THE DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY OF EASTERN WHITE
PINE TO THREE TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION. Can. J. For.
Res., vol. 3:543-547, 1973. 15 refs.
The possibility of selecting clones of eastern white pine with
specific sensitivities to different air pollution regimes was in-
vestigated. Field screening was carried out by exposing potted
seedlings to field conditions for 1 yr or longer in each of three
areas where a particular phytotoxicant was known to
predominate. The areas were characterized by the following
pollution sources and major phytotoxicants: power plant, sul-
fur dioxide; fertilizer plant, fluorides; and vehicular traffic,
oxidants. Selections were made of trees injured during only
one season in one area; trees injured during both the summer
and winter, but only in one area; trees resistant to air pollution
in all three areas; and trees sensitive to air pollution in all
three areas. These selections are being propagated for use as
specifically sensitive bioindicators of air pollution and as re-
sistant lines for use in seed orchards of white pine. (Author
abstract)
74626
lonescu, A. and T. Moacalu
PLANT YIELDING POTENTIAL IN AREAS WITH POL-
LUTED ATMOSPHERE. (Potentialul de productie al plantelor
in zonele cu atmosfera impurificata. Text in Romanian. Probl.
Agric., 25(5):27-35, May 1973. 16 refs.
The effect of air pollution on agricultural yields and methods
to prevent crop damage are discussed based on studies con-
ducted in several zones with heavy air pollution. Fluorine pol-
lution leads to necrosis of wheat, rye, and oat leaves. Corn
shows fairly good resistivity. Up to 25% of the plants are af-
fected by air pollution in 41.4% of the cases when they are 500
m from the pollutant source (4.5 ppm fluorine). At 100 m from
the source, 80% of the grains are affected; while 42.8% of the
plants are affected when located at 500 m from pollutant
source. Plants of the Crucifere and Umbelifere species can be
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
465
cultivated without significant damage. Based on biometric in-
vestigation conducted in the Navodari zone, the wheat height
in the non-polluted areas was greater than that of wheat in a
polluted zone; the yield in unpolluted areas was also greater
for both wheat and oats. Sulfur dioxide and oxidants destroy
chlorophyll. Losses can reach 34% in the case of Populus or
up to 32% with Onopodon achanthium. The absorption spec-
trum of chlorophyll is altered by the active substances in pol-
lutant dusts. Plant yields are affected when located at 2000 to
3000 m from the polluting source. Sulfur dioxide from sources
located 1 to 3 km away caused a 60% loss in vineyards. Under
the same circumstances, corn suffered only a 20% loss in a re-
gion where the sulfur dioxide level reached 15 ppm. Organic
fertilizers are the most efficient means of blocking the toxic
activity of the air pollutants. In air polluted zones, plants such
as corn, potato, or castor bean should be cultivated to resist
pollutants. Laboratory experiments indicated that Harrach and
Triumph more resistant than 301, Bezostala, or Ponca.
74721
Yamamoto, Takeo, Yasunobu Suketa, Eiichi Mikami, and
Yoshimi Sato
ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTION BY
FLUORIDE UTILIZING PLANT INDICATOR. (Shokubutsu
shihyo ni yoru kichu fukkabutsu osen no kankyo hyoka). Text in
Japanese. Nihon Nogeikagaku Kaishi (J. Agr. Chem. Soc.,
Japan), 49(7):347-3S2, July 1975.
Using leaves of gladiolus gandavensis and Citrus unshu as
plant indicators for fluoride in air, the relation between
fluoride accumulation in plants and air pollution by fluoride,
especially fluoride in the gaseous state, was examined. The
relationship between fluoride accumulation and particulate
fluoride was also investigated. There was a good correlation
between airborne fluoride and fluoride content of the plant
leaves. A relationship was also found between the logarithm of
fluoride content of leaves and the distance of the plant from
the pollutant source. The injury was caused only by particulate
fluorides. The average fluoride particle size was about 1.5
micron.
74722
Sukeda, Yasunobu and Takeo Yamamoto
EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON PLANTS.
(Shokubutsu ni oyobosu kicbu fukkabutsu no eikyo). Text in
Japanese. Nihon Nogeikagaku Kaishi (J. Agr. Chem. Soc.,
Japan), 49(7),341-346, July 1975. 14 refs.
Gladiolus gandavensis, Citrus unshu, Colacasia antiguorum,
Cryptomeria japonica, and Oryza saliva were utilized as plant
indicators of air pollution by fluoride. There was a correlation
between the fluoride content of the leaves of G.g. and C.u.,
with the correlation coefficient being 0.852 and 0.925, respec-
tively. However, the rate of accumulation of fluoride in G.g.
leaves was three times that of C.u. leaves. The content of
fluoride in leaves and the visual injury of leaves differed from
plant to plant; the fluoride content of C.j. was very high (2180
ppm) with total scorch, while that of C.a. was very low (66
ppm) with severe scorch. The ratio of calcium to silicon in
G.g. was 4.38, and that in C.u. was 32.7. The relatively higher
tolerance of C.u. to fluoride appeared to be due to the high
calcium content and the high ratio of Ca to Si. There was a
high correlation between the rice harvest and fluoride content
of brown rice, the correlation coefficient being 0.91. When the
fluoride content of brown rice exceeded 10 ppm, the harvest
was reduced by 2/3 to 1/2 that of controls. Fluoride accumula-
tion in polished rice did not increase by more than 12 ppm.
75027
Suslova, V. V. and V. S. Nikoloyevskiy
EFFECT OF ACID GASES ON THEE PIGMENT COMPOSI-
TION OF THE LEAVES OF TREES AND LAWN PLANTS.
(Vliyaniye kislykh gazov na pigmentnyy sostav yev drevesnykh i
gazonykh rasteniy). Uch. Zap., Perm. Gos. Univ., no. 256:93-
132, 1971. 22 refs. Translated from Russian, 44p.
The chlorophyll (I) a and b, carotene (II), lutein (III), violax-
anthin (IV), and neoxanthin (V) contents in the leaves of
plants which were subjected during various phases of their
growth and development to acid gases such as sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and phosphoric
oxide in various concentrations were studied spectrophotomet-
rically and by paper chromatography. Exposure to the gases
caused nonsignificant changes in the pigment content of lawn
grasses with different gas resistance. Woody plants revealed
an inverse relation between the content of pigments and their
gas resistance. The gas- resistant plants contained less pigment
and lower la/Ib ratios. Differences in the relative distribution
of pigments in all plants were nonsignificant. Lawn grasses
decreased their pigment content during phases of growth under
the influence of acid gases. Pigment system composition in
lawn grasses was dependent on SO2 concentration, time of ex-
posure, and species properties. Low concentrations of SO2
during the first day caused pigment decomposition and a
decrease of the pigment content on the second day. High con-
centrations of SO2 stabilized the plant pigments on the first
and strongly decomposed them on the second day. Individual
and total pigments in nonresistant and medium-gas- resistant
woody plants decreased considerably, and increased with an
increase of la/Ib ratio in the gas-resistant plants. Dependence
between the gas resistance and individual and total pigment
content in the woody plants was observed. The I and II stabili-
ties in the plants in vitro were low. Statistical calculations
revealed a dependence of the xanthophylls and II-FV contents
on the gas resistance.
76233
Daly, G. T.
DIAGNOSIS AND ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANT
DAMAGE TO PLANTS IN NEW ZEALAND. The Clean Air
Society of Australia and New Zealand, Clean Air Conf. 1975
Proc., Rotorua, New Zealand, 1975. p. 684-728. 71 refs. (Feb.
17-21.)
The phytotoxic effects of sulfur dioxide, ozone, gaseous
fluorides, photochemical oxidants, nitrogen oxides, and vari-
ous industrial aerosols are reviewed along with studies in New
Zealand involving the use of plants as indicators of air pollu-
tion. The distribution of lichen and moss cover on trees,
buildings, and soil can be correlated effectively with the pat-
tern of air pollutants at ground level, and the accumulation of
pollutants by these plants in an industrial area provides a pol-
lution monitor complementary to that of high volume air sam-
pling or precipitation gauging. Sulfur dioxide and gaseous
fluorides (hydrogen fluoride), in particular, exert specific ef-
fects on several prominent lichen and moss species. Quantita-
tive examples of field surveys and vegetation sampling in
areas exposed to SO2 and fluonde emissions from industrial
sources in New Zealand are presented to illustrate how such
techniques can be used to help in controlling air pollution.
(Author abstract modified)
76297
Kopp, C.
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON ANIMALS. (Wirkung von
Luftverunreinigung auf das Tier). Text in German. Praxis.
Pneumol., vol. 28:818-822, 1974. 6 refs.
-------
466
Animals are exposed to air pollutants, such as fluorine, lead,
arsenic, and zinc, primarily through the ingestion of con-
taminated plants and fodder, while pulmonary uptake is more
or less negligible. The pulmonary uptake of fluorine and lead
in cattle usually ranges from 1 to 2%. At a daily uptake of 1.2-
1.5 g of fluorine in contaminated forage, cows showed yel-
lowish-brown coloration and hypoplasia of the incisors, and
slightly disturbed mobility. After 6 years, the fluorine content
was 245-890 mg in tail vertebra, and up to 254 mg in teeth,
relative to 100 g of ash. The general health status, per-
formance, body weight, and fertility were normal throughout
the experiment. Lead emitted by automobiles causes a high
degree of contamination of plants near highways, while bushes
have an efficient sheltering effect. The concentrations may be
normal at distances of 100 to 200 m off the highway. Health
damages due to lead in cattle are rated as rather improbable.
The determination of the delta-aminolevulinic acid excretion in
the urine is suitable for the diagnosis of lead poisoning only
conditionally, partly due to the antagonistic effect of zinc.
76451
McCune, D. C.
SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF PLANT TOXICOLOGY.
Advan. Chem. Ser., no. 122:48-62, 1973. 29 rets. (Presented at
the American Chemical Society, Division of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry Meeting, 161st, IMS Angeles, Calif., March 31-
April 1, 1971.)
A general review of plant toxicology is presented. The effects
of air pollution on plants are examined in terms of changes
that occur within the plant under experimental conditions and
the collating of this information with respect to biological or-
ganization, changes in the pollutant, and the effects of en-
vironmental factors. Topics discussed include: the genetic
background of the plant, the effects of specific pollutants on
plant enzymes, patterns of chlorosis and necrosis following
pollutant exposure, plant adaptation to pollutants, and syner-
gistic effects of various pollutant combinations. Specific pollu-
tants considered include: sulfur dioxide, ozone, fluorides,
peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, sulfur trioxide,
and sulfuric acid.
76452
Feder, William A.
CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF
PLANTS TO LOW LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Advan.
Chem. Ser., no. 122:21-30, 1973. 49 refs. (Presented at the
American Chemical Society, Division of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry Meeting, 161st, Los Angeles, Calif., March 31-April
1, 1971.)
Studies involving the chronic exposure of green plants to low
levels of air pollution are reviewed. The cumulative effects of
fluorides, sulfur oxides, ozone, nitrogen oxides, peroxyacetyl
nitrate, and photochemical oxidants are considered. Plants ex-
posed to 10 ppm ozone over a long period of time show
reduced growth, leaf size, stem length, root weight, and flower
production, as well as a delay in the onset of floral initiation.
These effects are expressed in terms of the depression of total
plant growth or population growth, as distinguished from acute
effects which generally cause injury to plants but do not
necessarily affect total growth or productivity Evidence is ac-
cumulating which indicates that plants may exhibit depressed
growth and yield with or without overt expression of injury
symptoms. There appears to be a relationship between the
dose- response curves describing acute symptom expression
and those which can be used to express suppression of growth
and yield. (Author abstract modified)
76715
Honing, Frederick W. and Robert C. Loomis
THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE FOREST
RESOURCE. Preprint, Forest Service, Atlanta, Ga., Environ-
mental Quality Evaluation Group, 13p., 1974 (?). 6 refs.
The effects of air pollutants such as fluorides, sulfur dioxide,
and ozone on forest vegetation are reviewed. Fluorides are sig-
nificant because hydrogen fluoride is toxic to some plants at
extremely low concentrations. Fluorides can enter leaves
through the stomata and can also be absorbed through the leaf
surface. The characteristic symptom of acute fluoride injury
on many broad-leaved plant species is necrosis which occurs
predominantly at the leaf tips and margins. The characteristic
symptom of acute SO2 injury to broad-leaved plants is an
inter-veinal necrosis. These areas of dead leaf tissue first have
a water-soaked appearance and take on a bleached ivory color
in most plant species upon drying. Ozone probably causes
more injury to vegetation than any other air pollutant in the
United Stales. In contrast to SO2 and fluoride injury, plant in-
jury due to photochemical oxidants is often found many miles
from industrial or urban sources. Ozone injuries are of four
general types: pigmented lesions, upper-surface or either-sur-
face bleaching, bifacial necrosis, and chlorosis.
76838
Shinohara, Hisashi, Issei Nakamori, and Kenjiro Takeshita
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PLANTS. (Taiki
osen busshitsu no sliokuhut.su ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in
Japanese. In: Survey and Research Report on Medical Examina-
tion Method of Pollution-caused Health Damages, Kyushu En-
vironmental Management Assoc., Fukuoka (Japan), p. 107-110,
1974 (?).
The effects of air pollutants, including sulfur oxides, fluorides,
chlorine, and chlorides, on plants are reviewed. Leaves of rice
plants develop white spots and gradually lose their green color
when exposed to SO2. Leaves of tomato plants develop brown
spots although the tomato fruit usually is not injured. The SO2
threshold concentration for nee and wheat plants is about 200
ppm/hr, whereas that for tomato and strawberry plants is 25
ppm/hr. Other plants which are easily injured by SO2 include
cotton, lettuce, sweet potato, and carrot. Fluorides cause
damage to plants at ppb levels. Plants which are easily injured
by fluorides include peach, corn, sweet potato, and grape.
Chlorides cause plant damage to a greater extent than does
SO2. Radish is injured by chloride concentrations of 1.3 ppm
(30 min).
76901
Tsunoda, F., H. Kunida, Y. Sato, K. Sasaki, Y. Kawarada, I.
Kimura, M. Murakami, H. Shioi, and T. Yoshida
A CASE OF AUTOPSY OF A BULL REARED UNDER AIR
POLLUTION ENVIRONMENT BY FLUORIDE CONDITIONS
FOR 30 MONTHS. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taikiosen-kankyoka no
30 kagetsu shiiku shita ushi no baiken-rei). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution, 7(2):200, Nov.
1972.
A bull with body weight of 530 kg which was reared for 30 mo
in a place where the fluorine content of the air is about 1 ppb
and the fluorine content of daily plant food is 40-60 ppm was
autopsied, the examination just before autopsy showing no
anemia and no abnormality being shown in WBC (white blood
cells), electrolytes, enzymes, or function of liver and kidney.
On pa'hohistological examination no abnormal finding was ob-
tained on the heart, lung, trachea, brain, hver, kidney,
adrenals, spleen, pancreas or lymphatic glands; there were
slight hanges on teeth and bone tissue. The fluorine content of
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
467
tissues and organs was clearly high only in hard tissues and
relatively higher in urine and in serum. The present case was
in the stage of chemical fluorosis or the higher stage of bone
mottling.
77050
Kumamoto Prefectural Office (Japan)
FLUORINE CONTENT OF PLANTS. (Shokubutsu-chu no fusso
ganyuryo chosa). Text in Japanese. In: White Paper on Environ-
mental Pollution in Kumamoto Prefecture in 1974:p. 32-33,
1975.
According to 2-yr survey of the fluorine content of plants
done in 1973 and 1974 in Arao City, where air pollution by
fluoride from aluminum and phosphate-fertilizer factories ex-
ists, the content was larger in 1974 than in 1973, with the ex-
ception of rice plants. The values were as follows: 18.8 ppm in
1973 in grapes, 21.6 in Citrus unshu, 16.3 in pears, 18.6 in mul-
berry trees, and 16.6 in nee plants. In 1974, the figures were,
respectively, 20.0, 33.1, 268, 22.5, and 12.1 ppm.
77325
Hiratsuka, T. and K. Tohi
INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLU-
TANTS ON HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND OTHER
PLANTS. (Taiki osen husshilsu ga engei sakumotsu to ni
oyobosu eikyo shiken). Text in Japanese. Kanagawa-ken Sangyo
Senta Shiken Kenkyu Hokoku (Ann. Rep. Kanagawa Prefect.
Sericult. Cent.), no. 1:124-139, Aug. 1973.
The degree of air pollution was measured at four monitoring
points in the prefecture by dust jar (dust-fall) and alkaline
filter paper to determine the monthly total amounts of insolu-
ble matter, soluble matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, and
chloride ion. The leaves of mulberry trees were collected at
the four monitoring points in May, August, and November,
and the sulfur and fluorine contents were determined. In Au-
gust, leaves were collected from locations within the four
monitoring areas and the levels of iron, zinc, lead, copper,
cadmium, and nickel were also determined. Morever, an ex-
periment was carried out in a greenhouse where mulberry
seedlings were exposed to ozone at 0.2 ppm, and to a mixture
of ozone and sulfur dioxide. With some variation, the insolu-
ble matter was larger in August, and generally ranged from 2-5
tons/sq km/30 days. Soluble matter ranged from 1-4 tons/sq
km/ 30 days with some variation of area and month. NO2 and
SO3 trapped on alkaline filter paper was less than 0.08, 0.02-
0.13, 0.01-0.015, and less than 0.15 mg/100 sq cm/day (NO2),
and 0.07-0.35, 0.10-0.45, 0.15-0.65, and 0.11-0.35 mg SO3/100 sq
cm/ day. Chloride showed relatively small variations. There
was little variation of S, F, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the leaves. The
exposure experiment on ozone for 12 days (7 hr/day) showed a
negative result on the leaves without any symptoms. However,
although no damage was observed just after exposure to a
mixture of ozone at 0.2 ppm and SO2 at 2 ppm for 4 hr, brown
spots appeared between the veins with a little larger sulfur
content than the control, after 3-4 days exposure.
77329
Hiratsuka, Tokuyuki, Kazuo Tohi, and Masahiro Ito
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
ON CROPS AND PLANTS. (Taiki osen busshitsu ga engei saku-
motsu to ni oyobosu eikyo shiken). Text in Japanese. Kanagawa-
ken Sangyo Senta Shiken Kenkyu Hokoku (Ann. Rep. Kanagawa
Prefect. Sericult. Cent.), no. 2:74-90, July 1974.
An investigation carried out at 19 locations in 4 districts of the
Kanagawa Prefecture dunng 30 dayss in December 1970 is
discussed. Dust concentration, including soluble and insoluble
substances, was measured with a dust jar. Other pollutants
were trapped by alkaline filter paper and determined by bari-
um chlorimlate (SOx), Saltzman (NO2), mercuric chloranilate
(Cl ion), and ion electrode (F ion). The sulfur and fluoride
contents, as well as the metal contents of mulberry leaves
were analyzed in May, August, and November. The average S
and F contents in leaves collected in August were 1435 ppm
and 11.57 ppm, respectively. Potted mulberry plants were ex-
posed to ozone and sulfur dioxide and O3, at low concentra-
tions for 6 hr a day for 2 days. The S content in leaves ex-
posed only to O3 was the same as that in control leaves, while
the leaves exposed to SO2 + O3 contained more S, indicating
a synergistic effect of the mixture.
77377
Mankovska, Blanka
INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE IMMISSIONS FROM AN ALU-
MINIUM FACTORY PLANT ON ITS CONTENT IN DIF-
FERENT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF EUROPEAN PINE
SHOOT MOTH RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA DEN. ET SCHIFF.
(LEPIDOPTERA). (Vplyv imisii fluoru z hlinikarne na jeho
obsah v roznych vyvojovych stadiach obalovaca mladnikoveno
rhyacionia buoliana den. et schiff. (lepidoptera). Text in Czech.
Biologia, 30(5):355-360, 1975. 16 refs.
The fluorine content of different developmental stages of the
European pine shoot moth Rhyacionia buoliana Den. et Schiff.
(Lepidoptera) was examined in relation to fluorine emissions
from an aluminum factory in the area. Differences in fluorine
content of the moth for control regions versus the region
under investigation were statistically significant at the 95%
level of significance. The highest fluorine levels were found in
dead larvae (465 mg/100 g). Dead pupae showed a level of
152.9-192.5 mg/100 g. Significant fluorine levels were also
found in internal parasites, amounting to 68.2-97.6 mg/100 g.
77390
Nakao, M., T. Kimura, and K. Saito
SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORINE COM-
POUNDS, PART II. ON CROP DAMAGE AROUND A TILE
FACTORY. (Fusso kagobut.su ni yoru taikiosen ni kansuru
chosa, Sono 2, Kawara kojo shuhen ni okeru nosakubutsu higai
ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Shimane-ken Eisei Kogai Kenkyusno
Nenpo (Annu. Rep. Shimane Prefect. Inst. Public Health Con-
trol Environ. Pollut. Inst.), no. 15, 1974.
Damage to pine trees, fruit trees, and agricultural crops has
been reported since 1972. The areas of damage include forests,
paddy field, and upland fields. Plant specimens, soil, clay, and
glaze materials were analyzed primarily for fluorine. In rice
grown near the factory there was a very high fluorine concen-
tration (130 ppm) in the leaves (13 6. ppm in controls), a high
fluorine content carrot tops (27.5 ppm), and in the edible part
of Welsh onions (68.0 ppm). Samples of clay and glaze materi-
als for tile contained 161-216 and 51-141 ppm of fluorine
respectively. Although the fluorine content of clay and glaze
material was not high, the plant damage was due to the ex-
haust gas from the tunnel-type high temperature furnace of the
tile maker, which contained about 20.0 mg fluorine/cu m.
77391
Nakano, M., T. Kimura, and K. Saito
SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORINE COM-
POUNDS, PART 1. SILKWORM DAMAGE NEAR AN ELEC-
TRIC STEEL WORKS. (Fussonkagobutsu ni yoru taikiosen ni
kansuru chosakenkyu, Sono 1, kinzokukojo shuhen ni okeru
-------
468
yosan higai ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Shimane-ken Eisei Kogai
Kenkyusho Nenpo (Annu. Rep. Shimane Prefect. Public Health
Control Environ. Pollut. Inst.), no. 15, 1974.
The death of silkworms attached to mulberry leaves and the
unsuccessful production of cocoons near an electric steel
works in Yasugi City, Shimane Prefecture were reported. The
damage was due to some substance which adhered to the mul-
berry leaves in 1972. In 1973, dusts and gases in the works and
around it were analyzed for fluorine content. Because of the
addition of fluorite to electric furnaces in the reduction stage,
the dust contained 1-3% fluorine near the furnace, while gases
in the smokeway contained an average of 0.6 mg fluorine/cu
m. The amount and fluorine content of dust fall in the mulber-
ry orchard fluctuated between 3.28-9.36 mg/sq m/month (water
soluble only) and 5.2-17.5 mg/sq m/month (water soluble).
77421
Aizawa, E.
THE FLUORINE CONTENT OF AIR AND RICE GRAINS IN
SEVERAL PARTS OF JAPAN. (Honpo kakuchi ni okeru
taikichu fussonodo to sanmui chu fussonodo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Iwate Igaku Zasshi (J. Iwate Med. Assoc.), 26(6):655-
656, 1975.
The concentration of fluorine was more than 1 microgram/cu
m in the area around an aluminum refinery and a pottery fac-
tory, 0.1-0.5 microgram in larger cities, 0.1-0.3 microgram in
local industrial cities, and undetectable (less than 0.05 micro-
gram) in local commercial cities. In rice grains harvested in
areas where the fluorine content of the air was more than 1
microgram/cu m, the fluorine content was significantly higher.
78058
McLaughlin, Samuel B., Jr. and Robert L. Barnes
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND
RESPIRATION OF SOME SOUTH-EAST AMERICAN
FOREST TREES. Environ. Pollut., 8(2):91-96, Feb. 1975. 14
refs.
The effects of fluoride on the photosynthesis and respiraation
of detached pine needles and hardwood leaves were in-
vestigated. Apparent photosynthesis was commonly depressed
when foliage was allowed to take up sodium fluoride solutions
ranging from 0.0001 to 0.01 molar concentration. Dark respira-
tion was commonly stimulated at low levels of NaF (0.001-
0.0001 M). Higher concentrations of NaF (0.01 M) either
stimulated dark respiration (in most hardwoods) or inhibited it
(in pines and some hardwoods). Pines were generally more
sensitive than hardwoods, and current-year needles were more
sensitive than 1-year-old needles. The concurrent stimulation
of dark respiration and the inhibition of apparent photosynthe-
sis suggested that growth reduction can occur in trees accumu-
lating low levels of foliar fluoride. (Author abstract modified)
78402
Hawksworth, D. L.
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS H.
Lichenologist, 7(l):62-66, 1975. 56 refs.
An annotated bibliography of 56 references on air pollution
and lichens is presented. The topics include: changes in lichen
flora in various geographical areas due to air pollution; effect
of air pollution of nitrogen fixation in lichens; growth of
lichens in areas surrounding sulfur dioxide and fluoride pollu-
tants; effect of air pollution on different lichen species; fu-
migation experiments with SO2; and use of lichens as air pol-
lution indicators.
78580
Forest Service
AIR POLLUTION DAMAGES: TREES. (SPECIAL REPORT).
USFS Kept. 1973, 32p., 1973. 37 refs.
Sulfur dioxide and ozone are probably the most important
phytotoxic air pollutants in the northeast. Fluorides, chiefly in
the form of the gas hydrogen fluoride, also occur. Injury on
conifer needles from all these pollutants is often manifested as
necrosis of the needle tip or the entire needle. Ozone also
causes a chlorotic mottle of needles. Most pollutants cause
more specific symptoms on broadleaved trees. Sulfur dioxide
symptoms generally appear on broadleaved trees as an inter-
veinal necrosis, the injured tissue being a light brown. Ozone
causes a reddish-purple stipple or brown to white fleck of the
upper leaf surface. Fluoride injury is uaually restricted to the
margins of the leaf, where toxic accumulations of this pollu-
tant cause the tissues to turn brown and die. Minor pollutants
cause a variety of symptoms. The pollutants discussed include
ethylene, oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen
chloride, and particulates. Air pollution injury to trees is most
prevalent during inversions. Caution should be exercised in the
field when diagnosing air pollution injury as it is often con-
fused with injury caused by many other factors. (Author ab-
stract modified)
78681
Imai, S. and S. Sato
ON THE BLACK SPOTS OBSERVED IN THE INTEGUMENT
OF SILKWORMS POISONED BY FLUORINE COMPOUNDS.
(Kaiko no fusso chudoku ni yoru byohan ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Japan. Society of Air Pollution, Tokyo,
(9)2:401, 1974. (Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution,
Annual Meeting, 15th, Fukushima, Japan, 1974.)
The effect of fluorine compounds on mulberry leaves and silk-
worms were examined experimentally. Artificial foods contain-
ing 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 ppm of potassium fluoride were
fed to fourth instar silkworms. While fluorine-free feed
produced normal cocoons, the feed containing even 10 ppm of
KF produced lighter and thinner cocoons, and feed containing
20 ppm of KF caused silkworms to die. At more than 80 ppm,
all worms died at fourth or fifth instar with brownish black
discolorations of the internodal integument, a characteristic
symptom of fluorine intoxication. The body weight of the
worm did not show any increase. The integument became very
fragile; the black spots seen on fifth instar fluorine-intoxicated
worms were due to the spotlike bleeding caused by broken in-
teguments.
78956
Mandl, Richard H., Leonard H. Weinstein, and Monica
Keveny
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND SULPHUR
DIOXIDE ALONE AND IN COMBINATION ON SEVERAL
SPECIES OF PLANTS. Environ. Pollut., 9(2):133-143, Sept.
1975. 26 refs. (Presented at the International Congress of Plant
Pathology, 2nd, Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 4-12, 1973, Paper 4.)
Bean, barley, and sweet corn were exposed separately to char-
coal-filtered air, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, and a com-
bination of the two pollutants. Plants in two experiments were
exposed to 0.006 to 0.0009 ppm HF, to 0.15 or 0.30 ppm SO2,
and to the combined pollutants for 7 days. Two other experi-
ments used 0.06 to 0.08 ppm SO2, and exposures were made
for 27 days. When high concentrations of SO2 were used,
severe injury occurred on corn and barley leaves, and the
combination of SO2 and HF did not alter foliar symptom
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
469
production. Beans were not injured by any of the treatments.
The foliar response of barley and corn was accentuated by the
combination of SO2 and HF with lower concentrations of
SO2. Symptoms consisted of elliptical lesions on the distal half
of older leaves on both of the corn cultivars tested. Foliar ac-
cumulation of fluoride was reduced by the combination of SO2
and HF as compared with HF alone. Fresh and dry weight
yields of plant tops were not affected. (Author abstract)
79129
Less, L. N., A. M. Arthur, and A. McGregor
FLUORINE UPTAKE BY GRASS FROM ALUMINUM
SMELTER FUME. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining En-
gineers, 21p., 1974. 8 refs. (Presented at the American Institute
of Mining Engineers, Annual Meeting, Dallas, Tex., Feb. 1974.)
Perennial ryegrass was grown in controlled atmospheres con-
taining either hydrogen fluoride or submicron paniculate
fluorides to measure the quantity of fluorine absorbed by the
grass under conditions and exposures similar to those occur-
ring near aluminum smelters. The fluorine levels measured in
the grass were 100 ppm/1 microgram of fluorine as hydrogen
fluoride/cu m of air and 1.2 ppm/1 microgram of fluorine as
fine particulate/cu m of air. These levels were observed for
spring and summer conditions with sub-irrigation in the
absence of rainfall. Traces (1-2%) of HF were also present in
the paniculate fluoride atmospheres and perhaps accounted
for part or all of the absorption. The uptake of fluorine from
submicron particulates thus appears to be less than 1% of that
from equal concentrations of fluorine as HF.
79309
Suketa, Yasunobu and Takeo Yamamoto
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIDE ON PLANTS
(BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLU-
TION BY FLUORIDE PART I). Text in Japanese. Nippon
Nogeikagaku Kaishi (J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan), 49(7):341-346,
1975. 14 refs.
The effects of atmospheric fluoride on gladiolus, mandarin,
taro, Japan-cedar, and rice were investigated. The sensitivity
of these plants against atmospheric fluoride is in decreasing
order: taro, gladiolus, Japan-cedar, mandarin. The pool size of
fluoride accumulation in plant leaves is in decreasing order:
Japan-cedar, mandarin, gladiolus, taro. The calcium contents
in the leaves of mandarin and gladiolus are 4.16% and 1.04%
respectively. The ratio of calcium/silicon in the leaves of man-
darin and gladiolus is 3.27 and 4.38 respectively. The contents
of Ca and Si in the leaves of plants affect the sensitivity of
plants to atmospheric fluoride. Accumulation of fluorine in un-
hulled rice is associated with fluorine content in the rice bran,
but is not associated with that in the polished rice.
79338
Reinert, Richard A.
POLLUTANT INTERACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
PLANTS. Environ. Pollut., 9(2):11S-116, Sept. 1975. 2 refs.
(Presented at the International Congress of Plant Pathology,
2nd, Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 4-12, 1973, Session 12, Section
2, Paper 1.)
Potentially serious changes occur in plants subjected to mix-
tures of air pollutants in experimental exposures and ambient
air environments. A colloquium on pollutant interactions and
their effects on plants was organized for the Second Interna-
tional Congress of Plant Pathology during the autumn of 1974.
Three papers were presented at this session, concerning plant
growth and development as influenced by combinations of sul-
fur dioxide and ozone, foliar injury response to combinations
of SO2 and nitrogen dioxide, and the response of several plant
species to the combination of SO2 and hydrogen fluoride.
79368
Galloway, H. L., R. E. Shoaf, and C. H. Skaggs
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
FLUORIDE IN VEGETATION. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
36(10):721-724, Oct. 1975. 7 refs.
An analytical procedure for the determination of fluoride in
vegetation was developed. The method involves leaching the
vegetation with a hot solution of strong base and then deter-
mining the fluoride in an acidified solution directly with M
fluoride selective ion electrode. The average value for 14
determinations is 24.4 micrograms F/g sample. The calculated
standard deviation of the method based on these analyses is +
or - 1.4 micrograms F/g sample, and the relative standard
deviation is + or - 5.8%. This corresponds to a limit of error
of 13% at the 95% confidence interval. (Author abstract
modified)
79586
Matsumaru, T., M. Morikawa, and Y. Matsuoka
RELATION BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION OF
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IN AIR AND THE ABSORBANCE
OF FLUORINE OF RICE PLANT. (Taikichu fukkasuiso nodo
to suito no fusso kyushuritsu to no kankei). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4):460,
Nov. 1975.
Groups of rice plants (variety koshihikari) grown in pots were
exposed at their ear sprouting stage to hydrogen fluoride at
average concentrations of 10.1, 22.2, 28.4, 32.8, 37.2, 37.2,
53.1, 71.9, 106.8 and 148.3 ppb for 7 hours (0900-1600) in a
growth cabinet under natural light at 30 C and RH of 60%. The
content of fluorine was lowest in undeveloped leaves, and
highest in the second and third leaves. A linear correlation
curve was obtained between the logarithm of the fluorine con-
tent of the second leaf (ppm) and the concentration of
hydrogen fluoride (ppb) used for exposure, with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9185.
79633
Suda, B., H. Shioi, I. Kimura, T. Yoshida, Y. Sato, S.
Sakurai, S. Nakaya, K. Itai, Y. Suzuki, Y. Yazaki, and F.
Tsunoda
EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS OF GOATS TO ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORIDE IN AIR PART VI.
CLINICAL EXAMINATION DATA AND PATHOLOGICAL
FINDINGS. (Taikichu fukkabutsu no kankyo osen ni yoru yagi
no bakuro jikken Part 6. Rinsyo kensa seiseki oyobi
byorishoken). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan.
Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4) :480, Nov. 1975.
Results of periodic clinical and histological examination during
past 3 years of goats reared in an area around an aluminum
refinery where concentration of hydrogen fluoride in air was
0.5-1.0 ppb and fluorine content of pasturage was 30 ppm (four
times larger than that in the control area) are given. Although
serum fluorine content was apparently higher than in the con-
trol group, tests for anemia and hepatic and renal functions
showed no difference between experimental and control
animals, and abnormal findings in exposed animals which were
not seen in the control group were not obtained.
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470
7%35
Sakurai, S., K. Itai, S. Nakaya, and F. Tsunoda
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORIDES PART
15. ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION DUE TO
FLUORIDES AROUND PHOSPHATE FERTILZER FACTO-
RIES. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru taikiosen ni kansuru kenkyu Part 15.
Rin-hiryo kojo shuken ni okeru fukkabutsu ni yoru kankyo osen
ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan.
J. Public Health), 22(10):398, Nov. 1975.
Indicator plants such as iris and pine and agricultural crops
such as Welsh onion were collected within a radius of 3 km
from a superphoshate factory (A) and a fused phosphatic fer-
tilizer factory (B), and their fluorine contents were deter-
mined. The fluorine content of iris was 9.9-78.5 ppm of dried
plant, corresponding to a gaseous fluorine content in air of
0.04-0.33 ppm, and 0.15 ppm of soluble particulates around the
A factory. The fluorine content of air around the B factory
was a little higher than that at the A factory, and although the
fluorine content in Welsh onion was 11.2 ppm of dried plant
there were plants containing more fluorine, such as iris (93.8
ppm), platanas (295 ppm) and acer (117 ppm). Both factories
visibly damaged the plants around them.
79972
Yamazoe, F. and H. Mayumi
STUDIES ON THE METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF
PLANT DAMAGE DUE TO AIR POLLUTION PART III. DIS-
TRIBUTION AND STATES OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN
POLLUTED PLANT BODY. SUBPART 1. SULFUR DIOXIDE.
SUBPART 2. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. (Taikiosen ni yoru
shokubutsu higai no kanteiho ni kansuru kenkyu Part III.
Osen.shokiibut.su tainai ni okeru yugai busshitsu no bunpu to
keitai). Text in Japanese. Nogyo Gijutsu Kenkyu Hokoku B, no.
27:27-37, Sept. 1975.
Rice plants, two species of salting greens, and soybean plants
were exposed to sulfur dioxide at low concentrations, (0.25-
0.75ppm) for 5-10 hr/day in the daytime for several days (total
hours of exposure between 10 and 54), and the sulfur in the
plant body was examined. Several plants, including tomato and
Pinus densiflora, were exposed to radioactively labelled sulfur
dioxide at 0.5 ppm for 5 hours, and the distribution of radioac-
tive sulfur in the plant body was traced. The same experiments
and absorption tests were carried out with hydrogen fluoride,
radioactive hydrogen fluoride tracer, and sodium fluoride. The
findings are summarized as follows: (1) Sulfur dioxide is ab-
sorbed from plant stomata, and the absorbed sulfur exists in a
water-soluble state in the plant in decreasing concentrations in
leaf-blades, petioles, stems and roots, and especially in large
Amounts in interveinal parts of the leaves. (2) The intake of
sulfur into protein (sulfur-containing amino acids) was less via
leaf-absorbed sulfur dioxide than via root-absorbed sulfate ion.
Visible damage due to sulfur dioxide is described. The leaf-ab-
sorbed hydrogen fluoride was accumulated in the leaf apex
and leaf-periphery, especially in leaves with vigorous
physiological action. The root-absorbed fluorine translocated
into aerial parts, especially into active parts; however, local
differences of distribution were not so conspicuous as in the
case of leaf-absorption.
79973
Yamazoe, F. and H. Mayumi
STUDIES ON THE METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF
PLANT DAMAGE DUE TO AIR POLLUTION PART H.
ANALYSES AND IDENTIFICATIONS OF HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES IN POLLUTED PLANTS. SUBPART 4. DETER-
MINATION OF FLUORINE BY ION-ELECTRODE METHOD.
(Taikiosen ni yoru shokubutsu higai no kanteiho ni kansuru ken-
kyu, II. Osenshokobutsu chu no yugaiseibun no bunseki kan-
teiho; 4. lon-denkyoku ho ni yoru fusso no teiryo). Text in
Japanese. Nogyo Gijutsu Kenkyu Hokoku B, no. 27:20-27, Sept.
1975. 20 refs.
In order to examine in detail the ion-electrode method for the
determination of fluorine in plants, which is simpler and more
rapid than colorimetry, about 45 species of plants collected in
polluted areas were analyzed. The ion selectivity of the ion
electrode for cyanamide, silicic acid, and carbonic acid gave a
positive error of more than 10%. for calcium, iron II, iron III,
aluminum, chromium and magnesium there was a negative
error of more than 10%. Fluorine should be distilled as
fluorosilicic acid at about 140 C, with the addition of silver
nitrate to repress the distillation of chlorine. In cases where
plants contain more than 5% silica, the calcined ash should be
alkali-melted to prevent the hold-up of fluorine by gel-form-sil-
ica. The standard solution is best prepared by neutralizing
aqueous sodium fluorosilicate with dilute alkaline solution to a
pH of 5 - 6, with a detection range of 0.01 - 1000 ppm of
fluorine. It is necessary to carefully read the value of potential
difference of the electrode at equilibrium. Fluorine in plants
can be determined by the ion-electrode method with an accu-
racy and precision not less than for volumetric analysis with
thorium nitrate or colorimetry with alizarin complex.
79974
Yamazoe, F. and H. Mayumi
STUDIES ON THE METHODS OF IDENTTFICATION OF
PLANT DAMAGE DUE TO AIR POLLUTION PART H.
ANALYSES AND IDENTOTCATION OF HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES IN POLLUTED PLANTS SUBPART 3. DETER-
MINATION OF FLUORINE BY ABSORBANCY WITH THE
ALIZARIN COMPLEX REAGENT. (Taiki osen ni yoru shoku-
butsu higai no kanteiho ni kansuru kenkyu, II. Osen.shokuhut.su
chu no yugaiseibun no bunseki kanteiho; 3. Alizarin complexon
shiyaku niyoru fusso no kyukokodo teiryo). Text in Japanese.
Nogyo Gijutsu Kenkyu Hokoku B, no. 27:10-20, Sept. 1975. 38
refs.
A method for measuring fluorine in plants, based on absorban-
cy by alizarin complex reagent is examined. The findings are
summarized as follows: (1) In determining fluorine by ab-
sorbancy using ALFUSSON, a mixture of alizarin complex-
lanthanante-buffer agent, absorption at 620 nm was ap-
propriate. (2) When developing color in a 25 ml measuring
flask, the calibration curve showed lineality until 50 microgram
(2 ppm) of fluorine during the adding of 3 ml of ALFUSSON
solution, making the determination possible. (3) The sensitizing
effectiveness of the coexistence of acetone was noticeable; the
addition of acetone of 10 ml was appropriate. (4) The ab-
sorbancy of the colored solution increases with time; however,
it stabilizes after 1.5 hr, and so the determination should be
done simultaneously with the standard after 1.5 hours have
passed. (5) Because aluminum, iron, and phosphate interfere
with the determination, after calcination with milk of lime the
plant specimen should be steam distilled in the presence of
perchlorate and the distillate should be neutralized with sodi-
um hydroxide. (6) The present method is applicable to low
contents, of fluorine. It is more accurate than the volumetric
method using thorium nitrate, and especially useful in
microdetermination of fluorine in damaged plants.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
471
79976
DIRECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES OF AGRICUL-
TURAL CROPS BY AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen ni yoru
nosakubutsu higai taisaku no hoko). Text in Japanese. Nogyo
oyobi Engei (Agr. Hort.), S0(10):1201-1202, Oct. 1975.
The importance of photochemical smog is emphasized in terms
of the number of emergency alerts of photochemical smog in
Japan in 1974 (288), and the plant damage occurring at 0.05 -
0.07 ppm of oxidant for 2-4 hours. The air pollutants which
damage plants are oxidants, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, halogen compounds,
dusts, smoke, and heavy metals such as cadmium. The
economic loss due to plant damage represented by tobacco
spot disease (which has a close connection to the concentra-
tion of oxidants) was recently estimated as 3 million dollars.
The prevention of crop damage due to air pollution is the ju-
risdiction of the Environment Agency. Environmental stan-
dards have already been established for sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, floating particulates, nitrogen dioxide, and
photochemical oxidant; for hydrocarbons, lead, and fluorine,
compounds standards are yet to be established. Methods to
protect plants from air pollution, including chemical protec-
tants, have been developed, but no well developed general ef-
fort exists.
80064
Sakurai, S.
POLLUTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS BY FLUORIDE
IN AIR, ESPECIALLY ON BROWN RICE. (Taikichu fuk-
kabutsu ni yoru nosakubutsu osen - tokuni gen-mai ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 10(4):231-232, Nov. 1975.
Results of a nation wide determination of the fluorine content
of brown rice harvested from fields around fluorine sources
are reported. The fluorine content of brown rice harvested in
fields without specific fluorine sources ranged from 0.5-1.5
ppm of dried specimen. The fluorine content of brown rice
harvested from fields within 1 km of an aluminum refinery
ranged from 1 to 8 ppm of dried specimen, according to the
wind direction. The accumulation of fluorine in brown rice
was highest around aluminum refineries and pottery works,
followed by phosphate fertilizer factories. These findings in-
dicate that the amount of fluorine intake from the staple food,
rice, is far more than that from inhalation. The fact that the
accumulation of fluorine in leaf-vegetables such as Chinese
cabbage is higher than in brown rice indicates the necessity for
further study.
80067
Yamazoe, F.
EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES ON PLANTS. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru
shokubutsu eikyo). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 10(4):206-209, Nov. 1975. 7 refs.
Fluorine compounds known to be air pollutants, such as
hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrachloride, are highly
poisonous to plants even at ppm - ppb levels. As solid
microparticles, acidic sodium fluoride and cryolite cause
problems by adhering to plant leaves and absorbing into plant
bodies. Plants are classified by their susceptibility to hydrogen
fluoride: gladiolus, apricot, buckwheat, turnip and Vaccinium
vitis-idaea are most susceptible showing slight injury at less
than 5 ppb for 7-9 days; maize, pepper, and dahlia are fairly
susceptible, followed by azalea, rose, lilac, and alfalfa, then
by oak and tomato. Gladiolus is used as an indicator plant.
The exposure factor for one species was known. The symp-
toms of plants exposed to gaseous fluorine compounds are
described in detail at various concentrations. The causal
mechanism of the injuries due to fluorine compounds is
described in detail, with the method of determining the
fluorine content of plant parts.
80079
Yoshida, Y.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MULBERRY LEAF POISON-
ING BY AIR POLLUTION DUE TO A FACTORY S EX-
HAUST. (Nihon denshi garasu takatsuki kojo no sansokogai
taisakushiken). Text in Japanese. Shiga Pref. Sericultural Exp.
Stn. Proc., no. 32:93-97, 1975.
The cause of pollution of mulberry leaves used for silkworm
feed was found to be fluorine compounds in the exhaust of the
Takatsuki glass factory. Exhaust cleaning apparatus was in-
stalled. The worms were studied again. In the spring of 1973 a
slight increase of dead worms was seen in some areas around
the factory without changes in growth, or the yield and quality
of cocoons. In autumn of 1973, although there was no change
in worm mortality, the infantile stage was delayed 15 hours
and the adult stage accelerated 20 hours. No difference of
fluorine concentration was found in leaves of several areas
around the factory; in one area of elevated content, the stan-
dard of 30 ppm was not exceeded. Silkworm damage due to
polluted mulberry leaves probably will not be repeated, pro-
vided the cleaning apparatus continues to operate satisfactori-
ly.
80083
Tominaga, Y. and T. Miyamoto
FLUORINE-POLLUTION OF PLANTS. (Shokubutsu no fusso
osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Ibaraki-ken Kogai Gijutsu
Center Nenpo (Annu. Rept. Environ. Pollut. Res. Center Ibaraki
Pref.), no. 7:74-77, 1974.
A survey of the fluorine content of plants and of the environ-
ment around a metal processing factory (A) and an aluminum-
slug treating factory (B) is described. In the leaves of an in-
dicator plant, gladiolus, the fluorine content was 59 ppm at (A)
(compared to 31 ppm in a non-polluted area), with visible
damage to the plants. In rice plants planted near factory (B),
the fluorine content was 95 ppm with visible damage at the
apex and periphery of the leaves (compared to 8 - 8 ppm in
rice plants in a non-polluted area). The hydrogen fluoride con-
centration was below the detection limit of the automatic
analyzer; however, the larger fluorine content in plants was
probably due to the environmental accumulation of hydrogen
fluoride. The fluorine content of the plants decreased with
distance from the factory.
80085
Yamamoto, T. and Y. Suketa
ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF ATR POLLUTION
DUE TO FLUORIDE IN THE AIR BY PLANT INDICATORS.
(Shokubutsu shihyo ni yoru kichu fukkabutsu osen no kankyo
hyoka). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Pharmaceutical As-
soc., Tokyo, p. 3-6, 1975. (Presented at the Environment-Pollut-
ing Substances and their Toxicoloty Symposium, 2nd, Gifu,
Japan, Oct. 27-28, 1975.)
Hydrogen fluoride is detectable by plant damage even at ppb
levels. Hydrogen fluoride in waste gas invades the plant body
through the plant stomata and is accumulated as fluorides in
concentrations several times those accumulated naturally by
the plant root. A large correlation coefficient between the ac-
-------
472
cumulated fluoride in plant leaves and the distance from the
source of fluorides was demonstrated in gladiolus and Citrus
unshu. The method of sampling and analyzing fluorides in
plant leaves, soil, air, and subterranean water is described.
80189
Gilbert, O. L.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LANDSCAPE AND
LAND-USE AROUND NORWEGIAN ALUMINUM SMEL-
TERS. Environ. Pollut., 8(2):113-121, Feb. 1975. 10 refs.
Investigations around three aluminum smelters in Norway
revealed that air pollution emanating from the works was af-
fecting landscape and land-use for a distance of several km. A
zonal pattern of damage to the total flora is described in suffi-
cient detail to act as a field guide for the recognition of this
type of fume damage. The main reason for believing that the
effects described above are caused by air pollution-particularly
fluorides-emanating from the aluminum works is that the
damage is concentric around the point source and decreases in
severity with distance. Furthermore, a careful examination of
the total flora revealed that the degree of injury was closely
related to the fluoride sensitivity of the species. Widespread
damage to lichen communities over approximately the same
area in which the more sensitive conifers are affected is relia-
ble confirmatory evidence as these cryptograms are sensitive
to air pollution but hardy to extremes of climate. Analysis of
plant material collected near the works showed that fluorides
were being accumulated to potentially toxic levels in the
leaves of damaged plants.
80493
Rhoads, A. F. and E. Brennan
FLUORIDE DAMAGE TO WOODY VEGETATION IN NEW
JERSEY IN 1974. Plant Disease Rcptr., 59(5):427-429, May
1975. 7 refs.
The impact of air pollution on trees in New Jersey was sur-
veyed. Two incidents of severe damage to woody plants by
fluorides emitted from specific industrial sources were ob-
served. Classic fluoride toxicity symptoms were obsered on
plant species that are generally regarded as sensitive, and also
on several species of oak. The symptoms on pine were
unusual in that a dark band delimiting the necrotic area on the
needle appeared 3-4 wk after the initial injury occurred.
Douglas fir and peach trees that were defoliated by the pollu-
tant put out a second flush of growth. Among the species ex-
hibiting extreme resistance to fluoride damage were American
holly, white birch, London plane, flowering dogwood, mag-
nolia, mulberry, apple, and Norway maple. (Author abstract
modified)
80535
Kay, C. E., P. C. Tourangeau, and C. C. Gordon
INDUSTRIAL FLUOROSIS IN WILD MULE AND
WHITETAIL DEER FROM WESTERN MONTANA. Fluoride,
8(4):182-191, Oct. 1975. 24 refs.
The use of bone tissue of mules and whitetail deer as indica-
tors of environmental fluoride pollution was evaluated from
1970-1972 in western Montana. Fluoride in vegetation was
markedly higher than in control areas. Because individual deer
do not live in precisely the same location every year, the exact
consumption of fluoride could not be determined, but bone
fluoroassays from deer inhabiting two contaminated areas
showed a 5 to 50 fold greater fluoride concentration than for
controls. In any particular deer, the level of fluoride was
highest in the mandible, followed by the femur and the ribs,
with the lowest concentration in the metacarpals or metatar-
sals. Cancellous, metabolically active bones accumulated more
fluoride than dense compact bones. (Author summary
modified)
80536
Diouris, M. and M. Penot
EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE PHOSPHATE
ABSORPTION BY POTATO TUBER TISSUE - INFLUENCE
OF CALCIUM. Fluoride, 8(4):208-223, Oct. 1975. 36 refs.
Phosphate uptake by disks of potato tubers aged for 24 hr in
0.5 mM calcium chloride was studied after pretreatment for 15
min in 0.05 M sodium fluoride. The disks aged in the CaC12
solution showed an increase in phosphate uptake only when
they were pretreated with NaF. This phenomenon was no
longer observed when the calcium was eliminated by the ac-
tion of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. Absorption of calci-
um and fluoride by the potato disks was essentially a non-
metabolic process. Disks aged in a calcium solution fixed more
fluoride then fresh disks, but the subsequent increase in up-
take of phosphate was not directly related to the increased fix-
ation of fluoride. The rise in phosphate absorption by disks
treated with NaF was not a metabolic process, because it oc-
curred when all experiments were conducted at O C. The in-
creased phosphate uptake was largely localized at the physico-
chemical level in the membrane.
80575
Manning, William J.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ADt POLLUTANTS AND FUN-
GAL, BACTERIAL AND VIRAL PLANT PATHOGENS. En-
viron. Pollut., 9(2):87-90, Sept. 1975. 27 refs. (Presented at the
International Congress of Plant Pathology, 2nd, Minneapolis,
Minn., Sept. 4-12, 1973.)
Interactions between air pollutants and fungal, bacterial, and
viral plant pathogens are summarized. Ozone injured plants
are more susceptible to invasion by facultative parasitic and
facultative saprophytic fungi, whereas obligate parasitism by
fungi can be retarded by O3 and O3 injury to host tissues. Sul-
fur dioxide effects are concentrated near point sources. Sulfur
dioxide affects microorganisms directly, but indirect effects on
roots and root decay are noted. Hydrogen fluoride accumu-
lates in plant tissues and affects plant and microbial pathogen
interactions. Fluoride in bean leaves can increase or decrease
tobacco mosaic virus lesions, depending on fluoride concentra-
tions. Cement kiln dust deposits increase incidence of Cer-
cospora leaf spot on sugar beets. Limestone dust deposits
stimulate leafspot infections on wild grape and sassafras
leaves. Increased numbers of bacteria and fungi are found on
leaves with light to moderate dust deposits.
80711
Groth, E., Ill
AN EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR ECOLOGI-
CAL DAMAGE BY CHRONIC LOW-LEVEL ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE. Fluoride, 8(4):224-240,
Oct. 1975. 74 refs. (Presented at the International Society for
Fluoride Research Conference, 6th, Nov. 7-9, 1974.)
The potential for ecological damage by chronic low-level en-
vironmental pollution by fluoride was evaluated. A wide range
of organisms can accumulate substantial concentrations of
fluoride from the air, water, or soil. Estimates of fluoride air
pollution range from 120,000 to 155,000 ton/yr for the United
States. Except in the immediate vicinity of a source, fluoride
levels in air are generally quite low, below 1 ppb. Concentra-
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
473
tions below 1 ppb are biologically significant and can occur
over widespread areas when pollution is present. These levels
of exposure are capable of causing some adverse impact in
wildlife species. The effects of fluoride pollution on wildlife
organisms are summarized. It is possible that fluoride is trans-
formed by some organisms in the natural environment into far
more toxic organic fluorides.
81288
Van Hook, C.
FLUORIDE DISTRIBUTION IN THE SILVERBOW, MON-
TANA, AREA. Fluoride, 7(4):18M99, Oct. 1974. 45 refs.
The distribution of fluoride in soil and plants from a 16,000-
acre area contaminated by a phosphorus extraction facility
emitting fluoroapatite dust and hydrogen fluoride was in-
vestigated. Mean fluoride concentrations in vegetation ranged
from 20 ppm to over 100 ppm. Fluoride concentrations as high
as 420 ppm, about 40 times greater than control values, were
measured in Rocky Mountain junipers, the most commonly
sampled tree in the study area. The pattern of fluoride dis-
tribution in juniper was similar to that in forage grasses grow-
ing in the area. Although localized high concentrations of
fluoride were measured in soil samples near the plant, fluoride
pollution of the soil appeared to be less widespread than that
of vegetation.
81495
Pack, M. R. and C. W. Sulzbach
RESPONSE OF PLANT FRUITING TO HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE FUMIGATION. Atmos. Environ., 10(1):73-81,
1976. 20 refs.
Plants of 10 species representing important crops grown
primarily for fruit or seed production were exposed to
hydrogen fluoride gas in growth chambers. Soybean produced
almost no seeds under continuous exposure to HF at a con-
centration of 0.64 micrograms fluoride/cu m, whereas cotton
showed no apparent effects at 8.0 micrograms fluoride/cu m.
Bell pepper, sweet corn, cucumber, pea, grain sorghum, oat,
wheat, and barley ranked between soybean and cotton in order
of decreasing sensitivity of fruiting to HF exposure. Develop-
ment of fewer seeds was the most common response of fruit-
ing to HF. Flower development was inhibited on pepper and
corn plants. The effects on fruiting were apparently indepen-
dent of HF injury to plant foliage. (Author abstract modified)
81671
Yamazoe, F.
IDENTIFICATION AND JUDGEMENT OF PLANT DAMAGE
DUE TO AIR POLLUTION. (Taikiosen ni yoru shokubutus
higai no kentei). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public
Nuisance), 12(l):27-35, 1976. 7 refs.
Chemical analyses of plants damaged by air pollution, espe-
cially by sulfur dioxide and fluorine compounds to which,
plants are highly susceptible is described. The sulfur com-
bustion method was preferred over gravimetric techniques in-
volving addition of milk of lime. The water-soluble sulfur frac-
tion was higher in plants acutely damaged by ambient sulfur
dioxide, and in experimentally exposed plants. The extinction
coefficient at 622 nm by the reaction of alizarin complexon re^
agent and fluorine in the presence of lanthanum ion was used
to measure fluorine; the method of ionic electrode was;
preferred. An example of the analysis of plant damage due to
dusts and smoke is given.
81771
Havas, Paavo and Satu Huttunen
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE RADIAL
GROWTH OF SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.). Biol
Conserv., 4(5):361-368, Oct. 1972. 22 refs.
The effect of air pollution on the radial growth of scotch pine
trees situated within 1.5 km from a fertilizer plant emitting
fluorine compounds and fertilizer dust was investigated. The
radial growth of pines began to increase after the plant started
functioning in 1952, and the increase was greatest and most
regular in trees under 50 yr old. The radial growth of trees
over 70 yr old was not affected significantly by fertilizer dust
and other growth-promoting substances discharged by the
plant. After the plant started using apatite and began emitting
fluorine compounds, a decrease in radial growth was observed.
The radial growth decline was greatest in trees 50-100 yr old
and occurred before any visible symptoms of damage were
manifested.
82146
Yamamoto, Takeo, Yasunobu Suketa, Eiichi Mikami, and
Yoshimi Sato
ENVIRONMENTAL ESTIMATION OF POLLUTION BY AT-
MOSPHERIC FLUORIDE USING PLANT INDICATOR.
(BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLU-
TION BY FLUORIDE PART H). Text in Japanese. Nippon
Nogeikagaku Kaishi (J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan), 49(7):347-352,
1975. 18 refs.
Leaves of gladiolus and mandarin orange were used as plant
indicators for air pollution by fluoride. The fluoride accumula-
tions of these leaves were associated with gaseous fluoride
concentrations. An equation is proposed for the relationship
between accumulation of fluoride in plant leaves and distance
from the fluoride-emitting source. Paniculate fluoride was also
collected for 5 yr. Both physicochemical determinations and
biological indicators are necessary for monitoring atmospheric
fluoride. Paniculate fluoride monitoring must be included.
(Author abstract)
82208
Sugai, Ryuichi
PRESENT SITUATION OF FLUORIDE ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION. (Fukkabut.su ni yoru kankyo osen no jittai). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
10(4): 199-205, 1975. (Presented at the National Air Pollution
Research Conference, 16th, Niigata, Japan, Nov. 5-7, 1975.)
The Niigata Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research In-
stitute reports the state of air pollution caused by fluorides.
An air pollution investigation was conducted in 1969 in the
neighborhood of an aluminum refining plant in the Naoetsu lit-
toral industrial belt. This aluminum refining plant started
operation in May 1963 and is the main source of fluorides, and
the largest single aluminum refining plant in Japan. A few
years before the plant was first operated, no significant
agricultural damage was seen. Since autumn of 1967 damage to
vegetation has been obvious, and has increased in relation to
the multi-stage expansion of the plant. Yearly changes of con-
centration of airborne fluorides, present concentrations, gase-
ous fluorides and paniculate fluorides, and the effects of air-
borne fluorides on vegetation are discussed.
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474
82435
Chiba Prefectural Government (Japan)
MEASURES FOR PREVENTING PEAR DAMAGE:
ICHIHARA AREA: ANALYSIS OF METEOROLOGICAL
FACTORS AND INVESTIGATION. (Ichihara-chiku nashi higai
boshi taisaku jigyo, kisho kaiseki oyobi chosa). Text in Japanese.
Chiba-ken Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rep. Chiba Pref. Res.
Inst. Environ. Pollut.), no. 4:20-21, 1972.
The damage to flowers and the leaves of pear trees in the
flowering period in the Ichihara area on April 11 and 12 was
studied. Sulfur oxides, fluorides, and meteorological condi-
tions were investigated by examining the records for April 9-
14. Although the weather on the 9th and 12th was bad due to
the passing of a trough, the weather on the other days was
good. Weather conditions were favorable to air pollution, due
to weak winds. Days when the concentration of sulfur oxides
was relatively high were the 10th (21 pphm), the llth (19
pphni), the 13th (17 pphm) the 14th (14 pphm). The concentra-
tion of hydrogen fluoride was high on the 12th (0.5 ppb).
82498
Matsui, T., Y. Nishi, and T. Asai
CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF AIR POLLUTION
BY BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS. PART 1. (Seibutsu shihyo ni
yoru taikiosen no bunkyu to shindan (1)). Text in Japanese.
Kankyojo Kagaku (Environ. Inf. Sci.), 5(l):52-63, 1976.
Comparative studies of several biological indicators in an area
having the Ube coastal industrial zone as the apex were con-
ducted. Epiphytes on evergreen broad leaf trees, substances
on leaves and the sulfur content of leaves were investigated.
The vigor of common trees such as Machilus thunbergii,
costanopsis sp, Myrica rubra, Irex rotunda, Pinus thunbergii
and Pinus densiflora was studied. The destruction of forests in
the area was investigated. Soil respiration was determined. The
state of influorescence of Osmanthus fragrans, a sensitive in-
dicator, was investigated for 3 years.
82520
Hiratsuka, T., M. Ito, and K. Tohi
STUDIES CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLU-
TANTS ON HORTICULTURAL CROPS. (Taikiosen busshitsu
ga engei.sakiiniot.su nado ni oyobosu eikyo shiken). Text in
Japanese. Kanagawa-ken Sangyo Senta Shiken Kenkyu Hokoku
(Ann. Rep. Kanagawa Prefect. Sericult. Cent.), no. 3:43-59, July
1975.
Damage to mulberry leaves in fields in May, Aug., and Nov.
was studied with respect to the concentration of air pollutants
such as dust fall, sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, chloride ion
and fluorine. Laboratory experiments exposing mulberry
seedlings to ozone at 0.15 - 0.02 ppm for 20 hr, to ozone at
0.15 - 0.20 ppm for 20 hr and to sulfur dioxide at 1.4 - 1.6 ppm
for 14.5 hr, with subsequeit exposures to sulfur dioxide at 1.4 -
1.6 ppm for 14.5 hr at 30 C (daytime) and 23 C (night) were
also conducted. The damage to mulberry leaves, represented
by their content of sulfur and fluorine, was not so great as last
year, except that the fluorine content was a little higher. The
results of exposure experiments were: (1) The visable damage
was only observed for exposure for 14.5 hr to sulfur dioxide at
1.4 - 1.6 ppm, in contrast to the presumption that the simul-
taneous exposure to ozone would show a synergistic effect. (2)
In spite of lighter visible damage the leaves, the sulfur content
of the damaged leaves was larger than that of the leaves which
showed heavier visible damage after exposure to sulfur diox-
ide at 2 ppm for 11 hr in 1971, suggesting that there is no
definite relationship between the visible damage and the sulfur
content of the leaves.
83082
Garrec, J. P. and A. M. Lhoste
ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS OF FLUORINE IN
POLLUTED NEEDLE SECTIONS OF ABIES ALBA. Fluoride,
9(1):63-70, Jan. 1976. 15 rets.
The effect of hydrogen fluoride fumigation on secretions of
needles of Abies alba was investigated by electron probe
microanalysis. The levels of fluoride varied in different tis-
sues. Most fluoride was found in the spongy mesophyll and
the palisade tissues as a function of the distance from the cells
of entry and the paths of translocation of fluoride. The dif-
ferential responses of various tissues of a leaf to fumigation
with HF depended on the localization of the tissues rather
than on a specific response by a particular tissue to fluoride.
(Author abstract modified)
83145
Kuribayashi, S.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION EFFECTS ON SERICUL-
TURE AND ITS COUNTERMEASURES (2). (Yosan ni okeru
kogai to sono taisaku (2)). Text in Japanese. Sanshi Kagaku to
Gijutsu (Sericultural Sci. Technol.), 10(3):48-49, March 1971.
Symptoms on mulberry leaves due to air pollutants such as
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, smokes, heavy
metals in floating dust, pesticides applied by airplanes and ex-
haust gases and dusts (made by friction of tires on pavement)
are described in detail. Sulfur dioxide causes oil-soaked type
spots to appear on mature leaves (causing silkworms to lose
appetite, become inactive, grow nonuniformly, delay coccoon-
ing, and suffer softening disease). Hydrogen fluoride causes
browning and curling of the leaves only after 14 hr of 30 ppb,
causing silkworm inactivity and death. The extent of damage
to mulberry fields by air pollution in 1968 was 147 ha by sulfur
dioxide, 33 ha by hydrogen fluoride, 172 ha by cement dust,
189 ha by automobile dust and 1388 ha by pesticides (118 ha
by airplane).
83182
Mochida, M. and M. Yoshida
SYMPTOMS OF FLUORINE INTOXICATION ON SILK-
WORMS, ESPECIALLY THE ABNORMAL ARTHROIDAL
MEMBRANE. (Kaiko no fussochudokushojo, tokuni setsukan-
maku no ijo to sono seppen kansatsu). Text in Japanese. Japan
Soc. Sericulture Annu. Meet., 41st, 1971, p. 24. (April.)
Fluorine on or in mulberry leaves severely damages silk-
worms. The symptoms of intoxication of silkworms due to
fluorine are usually chronic, consisting of irregular growth,
loss of appetite and motion, hardness when touched, tension
of the arthroidal membrane, spots and streaks on the
arthroidal membranes and on the apex of the abdominal ap-
pendages, and fragile epidermis. Histologically, although the
shape of the corial cells does not change, the cuticular layers
degenerate (solidify) from the outer layer, and lose their dyea-
bility, with a strong silver reaction. The degeneration develops
into internal tissues in some cases. These changes seem to be
due to abnormality in the cuticle secretion function. After
bringing silkworms into contact with monofluoroacetoamide
for one day, the belt-like spot in the arthroidal membrane ap-
peared more vividly and typically than other symptoms.
83258
Nakao, M. and F. Tanaka
RESULTS OF SURVEY ON THE AIR POLLUTION DUE TO
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS PART 3. RESULTS OF THE
PREPARED SURVEY OF SERICULTURAL DAMAGE
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
475
AROUND A METAL FACTORY. (Fussokagobutsu ni yoru
taikiosen ni kansuru chosa kenkyu 3. Futatabi kinzoku kojo jshu-
ben niokeru yosanhigai ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Shifhane
Ken Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rep. Shimane Prefect. Public
Health lust.), no. 16:66-72, 1975. 10 refs.
Results of a survey on the silkworm damage which occurred in
March 1973 and reoccurred in Sept. 1974 in the neighborhood
of a factory with electric furnaces in Yasugi City, Shimane
Prefecture are described. A high content of fluorine (138.4
ppm in dried matter) was found in the mulberry leaves around
the factory. A high content of fluorine (3.5-5.8 mg/cu m) in the
exhaust of a calcining furnace used in the manufacture of
sponge iron was found. The coincidence of the time of the
damage, the high content of fluorine in the mulberry leaves,
and the high content of fluorine in the exhaust of the furnace
indicated that the cause of the silkworm damage was due to
the exhaust of the calcining furnace, containing iron sand
which contained 30-960 ppm fluorine.
83721
Hirai, T. and C. Yarnaguchi
DEGENERATION OF FLOWER PIGMENTS DUE TO AIR
POLLUTANTS. (Taikiosen-busshitsu ni yoru hanairo-shikiso no
hensei). Text in Japanese. Kinki Daigaku Kogai Kenkyusho Ken-
kyu Hokoku (Kinki Univ. Pollut. Res. Inst. Rep.), vol. 3:102-
110, Oct. 1975. 4 refs.
Sections of 1 sq cm of flower petals (rose, Chinese bellflower,
canna, morning glory, chrysanthemum and sasanqua) were
soaked in 0.01 molar aqueous solutions of sodium sulfite, sodi-
um fluoride, and sodium azide for 24 hr at 25 C. The flower
pigments were extracted from the intact petals and treated
with acidic ethanol and their absorption maxima were deter-
mined at 400-600 mn. Paper chromatography was used to
separate each pigment, and the components were determined
by absorption. Generally, sodium azide caused the most severe
damage; the damage showed species specificity. Morning glory
was not damaged by sodium azide; canna was not damaged by
sodium fluoride; chrysanthemum and sasanqua were not
damaged by any of the solutions except sodium azide. Some
components of the pigments were damaged by the solutions;
some were damaged only by sodium azide. Some pigments in
rose petals were very susceptible to the solutions, and some
were stable (except for exposure to sodium azide).
83723
Suketa, Yasunobu, Yoshio Masui, Shuji Hayakawa, Yoko
Sugeno, and Takeo Yamamoto
EFFECT OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE GAS ON METABOL-
ISM OF GLADIOLUS, IRIS AND CROCUS. (Gurajiorasu,
airisu oyobi kurokkasu no daisha ni oyobosu fukkasuisoga.su no
eikyo). Text in Japanese. Nippon Nogeikagakku Kaishi (J. Agr.
Chem. Soc. Japan), 49(12):647-652, 1975. 17 refs.
Gladiolus gandavensis, Iris hollandica, and Crocus vernus
grown by hydroponics were exposed to hydrogen fluoride at
3.1-3.4 microgram of F(-)/cu m for 24 hr/day or 8 hr/day in
light or dark, for total exposure times as long as 20 days. The
respiratory quotient of leaves of all the plants declined with
exposure. Oxygen absorption by leaves of gladiolus increased
conspicuously with exposure in the light, but decreased a little
with exposure in the dark. The protein content of Gladiolus
leaves decreased conspicuously after exposure in the light, but
showed no change after exposure in the dark. The activity of
acid phosphatase was inhibited by exposure; the degree of in-
hibition was largest in Gladiolus, followed by Iris, then
Crocus. The relative value of acid phophatase activity (Y)
yielded a regression curve as a function of the respiratory quo-
tient (X): Y equals 0.897X + 0.003 in the three species of
Iridaceac, with a correlation coefficient of 0.983. These facts
show the possibility of using acid phosphatase activity as an
indicator of fluoride pollution in the air.
83730
Fukuoka Environmental Research Center
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION ON PLANT DAMAGES DUE
TO FLUORINE. (Fusso ni yoru shokubutsu higai kankei chosa).
Text in Japanese. Fukuoka-ken Eisei Kogai Senta Nenpo (Ann.
Rep. Fukuoka Environ. Res. Center), vol. 1973:34, March 1975.
Rice plant withering occurred around a pntt manufacturing
factory in July 1973. The fluorine content of the leaves and of
the exhaust in the stack of the factory were determined.
Although the fluorine content of the exhaust was 0.26 ppm,
less than the emission standard, a considerable accumulation
of fluorine was found in the rice leaves (34.7 and 352.0 ppm in
the upper and lower part of the rice plant grown in a field 200
m distant from the factory, and 56.7 and 228.0 pprn in rice
plants grown in a field 350 m from the factory, as compared to
8.9 and 12.4 ppm in a control rice plant). A higher value of
fluorine was found in an auto-recorder near an aluminum fac-
tory. A determination of fluorine was carried out in leaves of
Firmiana platanifolia, chrysanthemum, and salix grown 1000 m
from the factory; however, the amount of fluorine (42.3 - 168
ppm) was not much higher than for a control (10 - 46.8 ppm).
83797
Yamazoe, F.
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE COMPOUNDS AS AIR POLLU-
TANTS ON PLANTS. (Taikiosen busshitsu to site no fukkabutsu
no shokubutsu eno eikyo). Text in Japanese. Rodo no Kagaku
(Dig. Sci. Labor), 31(4):22-27, April 1976. 3 k-efs.
Fluorine compounds as air pollutants are mainly hydrogen
fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride, and they are known to be
highly toxic to plants at concentrations as low as ppb-pphm
levels. The order of toxicity to plants runs HF, silicon
tetrafluoride, sodium hydrogen fluoride, sodium fluoride, sodi-
um aluminum fluoride, and calcium fluoride. The susceptibility
of plants to hydrogen fluoride was classified into categories:
those showing injury after exposure for 7 to 9 days at less
than 5, at 5-10, and at more than 15 ppb. The most susceptible
plant is gladiolus, which is utilized as an indicator plant for
hydrogen fluoride. The Adams s exposure factor (average con-
centration in ppm multiplied by exposure period in hours) is
introduced. The symptoms of fluoride injury were peripheral
oily immersion, chlorosis, then browning of the leaves. In
severer cases, necrosis appeared. A description is given of the
mechanism of fluorine injury; it concerns the translocation of
fluoride ions in the plant body. Analytical methods of deter-
mining fluorine in plants and measures for reducing the
damage due to fluorides are described.
83849
DAMAGE DUE TO AIR POLLUTION AND ITS COUNTER-
MEASURE PART 2. DAMAGE OF AGRICULTURAL AND
FORESTRY CROPS. (Taikiosen ni kakawaru higai to taisaku,
2. Noringyo ni taisuru higai). Text in Japanese. In: Chiba Pre-
fectural Environmental White Paper (1975), p. 335-341, 1975.
Incidents of crop damage due to air pollution in Chiba Prefec-
ture (number due to smog in parentheses) numbered 4(1), 9(7),
12(7), 29(25), 30(17), 13(8) and 7(3), in 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971,
1972, and 1973 and 1974, respectively. The damage has oc-
-------
476
curred around the Keiyo coastal industrial area since 1965.
Cases increased until 1972 due mainly to sulfur dioxide and
fluorine acutely affecting pears and paddy rice. Acute damage
has been prevented by treating exhausts. However, chronic
low-concentration pollution and photochemical smog still
damage taro, Welsh onion, and maize. One of the causes of
damage to red pine and cryptomeria in these industrial areas is
thought to be air pollution. Polyvinyl chloride film covering
vinyl greenhouses after dust fall resulted in reduced illumina-
tion, and thus growth inhibition and poor warming.
83851
RESULTS OF SURVEY OF PLANT DAMAGE DUE TO
FLUORINE. (Fusso ni yoru shokubutsu higai kankei chosa).
Text in Japanese. In: Annual Report of the Fukuoka Prefectural
Center of Hygiene and Environmental Pollution (1973), p. 34,
1974.
An incident of withering of paddy rice plants in the fields
around a frit factory in July 1973 was investigated. The con-
tent of fluorine in the leaves of the plants and in the off-gas
smoke and dust of the factory was determined. Although the
stack content was 0.26 ppm, less than the standard, that in the
leaves was as high as 34.7 (upper leaves) to 352 ppm (lower
leaves) at 200 m from the factory and 56.7 (upper leaves) to
228.0 ppm (lower leaves) at 350 m from the factory, compared
to 8.9 to 12.4 ppm 2000 m from the factory. On another occa-
sion of high fluorine in Nov. 1973 around an aluminum
refinery, the fluorine content of the leaves of plants nearby
(Firmiano platanifolia, chrysanthemum, and fillow) was deter-
mined. Very small positive values were obtained: 42.3-75.6
ppm in F. p. 1000 m from the factory and 45.5 ppm 4000 m
from the factory; 168 ppm in crysanthemum 1000 m from the
factory and 10 ppm 4000 m from the factory; 46.8 ppm in wil-
low 1000 m from the factory and 39.9 ppm 4000 m from the
factory.
83854
Div. of Environmental Sanitation, Shimane Prefectural Office
DAMAGE DUE TO THE SMOKE OF A TILE MANUFAC-
TURING FACTORY AND ITS COUNTERMEASURES.
(Miyazaki shoten kawara-kojo no baien ni yoru higai to taisaku).
Text in Japanese. In: Environmental Pollution in Shimane Pre-
fecture, p. 219-229, 1973.
The withering of leaves of vegetables and rice plants in fields
around a tile manufacturing factory was investigated. A survey
was carried out revealing that the damage was due to fluorine
in the smoke of the factory. The smoke contained 2.67 N cu
m/hr of sulfur oxides, 0.06 g of dust/cu m, and 20.0 mg of
fluorine/cu m. The harvested brown rice in the field nearby
contained fluorine ranging from 1.0 to 9.0 ppm. Vegetables
contained 68.0 ppm in leaves and 4.2 ppm in roots. The raw
materials of the tile contained from 51.5 to 216 ppm fluorine.
83856
Div. of Environmental Sanitation, Shimane Prefectural Office
DAMAGE OF SILKWORM IN MASUDA CITY AND ITS
COUNTERMEASURE. (Masudashi Hanehara chiku ni okeru
sanjihigai to sono taisaku). Text in Japanese. In: Environmental
Pollution in Shimane Prefecture, p. 316-318, 1974.
The occurrence of silkworm and mulberry damage in July 1974
in the Hanehara area of Masuda City was investigated. Mul-
berry leaves and the smoke of a ceramic factory nearby were
studied. The fluorine content of mulberry leaves near the fac-
tory ranged from 11.7 to 33.3 ppm (dry matter); thus, the
damage to silkworms was attributed to fluorine in the smoke
of the factories. As a countermeasure, fluorine-removing
equipmenl was put into operation in the factories in Jan. 1975.
83885
Mayumi, Y. and F. Yamazoe
ABSORPTION OF FLUORINE FROM LEAF BLADE AND
ROOT, AND DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORINE BV PLANT
BODY, STUDIES UTILIZING RADIO-FLUORINE. (18F riyo
ni yoru fusso no yoinen oyobi keikonteki kyushu to tainaibunpu
ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Japan Soc. Soil Sci. Manure Meet.,
Osaka, 1972, p. 133. (April.)
Potted tomato and cucumber plants were exposed to hydrogen
fluoride containing air for 1 hr. Other plants were root-soaked
in an aqueous radioactive sodium fluoride solution for 1 hr.
Measurement by autoradiography and scintillation counter
revealed that the fluorine absorbed from the leaf blades accu-
mulated in the leaf periphery or the apex. The absorption was
active in the photosynthetically active leaves of the plant: the
distribution was 9.5% in leaves, 4% in stems, and 0.3% in
roots. The fluorine absorbed from roots moved into the roots
(43.5%), leaves (28.5%), and stems (28.0%) in the case of to-
mato, and into the leaves (39.2%), roots (37.3%), and stems
(23.5%) in another case. The accumulation of fluorine was lar-
gest in the most active leaves.
84048
Yamazoe, Fumio and Hirokazu Mayumi
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR PLANTS AFFECTED BY
AIR POLLUTANTS. Nogyo Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku (B), no.
27:51-53, Sept. 1975.
Characteristic acute leaf damage following exposure to sulfur
dioxide at concentrations greater than 0.5 ppm and to ozone at
concentrations above 01. ppm is described. Water-soluble sul-
fur and total sulfur determination methods were studied. Spec-
trophotometric and ion-specific electrode determination of
fluorine were studied. The mechanism of sulfur dioxide and
fluorine absorption by plants was studied.
84080
Div. of Environmental Sanitation, Shimane Prefectural Office
DAMAGE DUE TO SOOT AND DUST FROM HITACHI
METAL REFINERY AND ITS COUNTERMEASURES.
(Hitachi Kinzoku kara no baijin higai to sono taisaku). Text in
Japanese. In: Environmental Pollution in Shimane Prefecture, p.
217-219, 1973.
Complaints from sericulture farmers about damage to silk-
worms due to mulberry leaves polluted by soot and dust ex-
hausted from the Yasugi factory of the Hitachi Metal Co. in
March 1973 are discussed. Analysis of soot and dust from the
improved facilities showed that in July 1973 sulfur oxides,
dust, and fluorine in the exhaust gas decreased to values
below the standard. However, the dust-fall in the mulberry
field 120 m west of the factory was from 2.47 to 5.29 g/sq
ml month. After the improvements, the fluorine content of the
mulberry leaves in the field was 10-18 ppm, 12-18 ppm and 13-
18 ppm m Aug., Sept. and late Aug., respectively, as com-
pared to 60-71 ppm in July 1973. The percentage of healthy
cocoons, and the weight of cocoons in May (spring season)
were 52.5-72.0% and 1.9-2.0 g; in the autumn these figures
were 90% and 2.0-2.3 g. The improvement of the facilities in-
cluded dust collectors and bag filters.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
477
84089
Kuribayashi, S.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION OF
GASEOUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND OF GASEOUS
SULFUR DIOXIDE AND ITS EFFECTS ON MULBERRY
LEAVES AND SILKWORMS. (Fukkasuiso gas oyobi aryusan
gas no nodo to Kuwa oyobi kaiko ni oyobosu eikyo tono kankei).
Text in Japanese. Japan. Soc. Sericulture Annu. Meet., 41st,
1971, p. 36. (April.)
When mulberry trees were exposed to gaseous hydrogen
fluoride at 0.2 ppm for about 2 hr or to 0.03 ppm for about 14
hr, visible signs of damage such as browning of the leaves
from the apex or periphery or shrinking appeared, at a leaf
fluorine content of 120-160 ppm. The silkworms, after continu-
ously eating leaves containing 35-70 ppm of fluorine, showed
chronic damage; after eating leaves containing more than 90
ppm of fluorine they showed acute damage. Mulberry trees ex-
posed to gaseous sulfur dioxide at 2 ppm for about 72 hr
showed visible damage, such as scattered oily immersion-type
spots and contained as much as 8000 pppm sulfur. Silkworms
that ate the leaves had chronic damage.
84290
Prinz, Bernhard and Robert Guderian
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PLANTS. (Wirkungen
von Luftverunreinigungen auf Pflanzen). Text in German. In:
Fundamentals of Air Conservation and Noise Abatement in
North Rhine Westphalia, p. 40-46, 1975.
The effect of air pollution on plant life is discussed.
Photosynthesis is impaired, acute necrosis of leaves and
chronic damage involving sublethal changes due to increasing
accumulation of pollutants occurs. Damage to vegetation is
often an early indicator of intolerable atmospheric pollution,
resulting in measures taken against the sources. Most pollu-
tants produce injury to plant life at concentrations apparently
irrelevant for man. Sensitivity of plants to hydrogen fluoride,
compared to man s response threshold, is 0.3-1.4 microgram
F/cu m: 50 micro g F/cu m. Phytotoxicity of air pollutants
over a total area of 3000 sq km with a regional resolution of 5
km was examined. Among them were sulfur dioxide, gaseous
fluorine compounds, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides,
photooxidants, and dust. A pasture grass was exposed for 2
wk, then examined for its content of sulfur, iron, lead, zinc,
and cadmium.
84477
Solinski, Piotr
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE EMISSION FROM A GLASS
FACTORY ON THE SURVIVAL OF SILKWORM CATERPIL-
LARS. (O wplywie Emisji Fluoru Z Hut Szkla Na Przezywal-
nosc Gasienic Jedwabnika Morwowego). Text in Polish. Pol.
Pismo Entomol., 43(2):41S-422, April 30, 1973.
The effect of fluorine emission from a glass-manufacturing
plant on breeding silkworms in the vicinity and mulberry
leaves on which they fed, was studied in order to demonstrate
the toxicity of fluorine compounds. A total of 1000 silkworm
caterpillars, strain K-110, were divided into 2 groups of which
1 was prophylactically dabbed with 1% chloramine solution in
order to limit external infection while the 2nd one was not
treated. On the 2nd and 3rd days after shedding, about 70% of
the caterpillars showed symptoms of poisoning, such as slug-
gishness, skin darkening, cessation of feeding and, finally,
death. The remaining caterpillars died at a later development
stage. Their bodies hardened within 2 days into a fossil-like
consistency. The results obtained from both groups, revealed
that the percentage of dead caterpillars in both groups was the
same. A number of 41 cocoons collected, showed differences
in size, weight and shape. The heaviest female cocoon
weighed 2.22 g, the lightest male one 0.975 g. Of the 41
cocoons, 28 were healthy and 13 were sick with 9 dead non-
pupated caterpillars and 4 dead pupae. Out of 4 pairs of copu-
lating butterflies, 1 female laid partly fertilized eggs; the eggs
of the rest were not fertilized. The chemical analysis of dead
caterpillars and mulberry leaves which they ate showed a con-
tent of 0.0506% fluorine, with 0.613% in the ashes of the
former and 0.1352% F12 in the ashes of the latter. It was also
present in the feces of the caterpillars and their silk. The pos-
sibility of fluorine poisoning of other organisms, such as use-
ful insects, breeding animals, and even man, was raised.
84484
Dolhova, L. H. and Z. T. Kosyukina
BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION OF ATMOSPHERE IN
COKE-CHEMICAL PRODUCTION. (Do pitaniya pro
biologichne ochishchennya atmosferi v umovakh koksok-
himichnogo pidpriemstva). Text in Ukranian. Ukr. Bot. Zh.,
29(2): 172-176, 1972. 14 refs.
Plants play an important role in biological purification of the
atmosphere, accumulating sulfur compounds, chlorine,
fluoride, and phenol. Soils also have the capacity to accumu-
late toxic substances of industrial origin. Phenols are among
the most toxic environmental pollutants reaching the at-
mosphere with other compounds as a result of chemical and
coke-chemical production. The ability of certain plants and soil
under them to accumulate airborne phenols was studied. Ex-
periments were conducted under conditions of continuous ex-
posure to chemical substances (phenols, sulfur compounds) to
determine the action on leaves of ailanthus (Ailanthus altis-
sima Sw.), ash (Ulmus pinnato-ramrose Dieck), and poplar
(Populus nigra L.). Determinations of phenol-destroying
microorganisms were made in order to study soil phenol-
detoxifying ability. Data obtained from experiments warrants
the following conclusions: leaves of plants studied which grew
for 14-16 yr in a phenol- polluted atmosphere contain visibly
higher amounts of phenols compared to a control group from a
botanical garden. The phenol content of soil under the plants
studied was also higher than in the control group. Raised
phenol content in leaves and soil is possibly connected with
their ability to accumulate and collect industrial phenols found
in polluted atmosphere.
84527
RESULTS OF DAMAGE OF MULBERRY FIELDS BY
SMOKE AND SOOT. (Baien ni motozuku soen no higai-chosa).
Text in Japanese. Gifu-ken Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo. (Ann. Rep
Gifu Inst. Environ. Pollut.), no.2:35, 1975.
Damage to mulberry fields in August 1971 in Kani County and
in September 1971 in Ena City due to smoke and soot from
potteries was investigated. Measurement of fluorine in mulber-
ry leaves of trees grown near the potteries and in raw materi-
als used in the potteries was carried out. The fluorine content
of the raw materials ranged from 9.2 to 24.7 mg/100 g of sam-
ple. The damage to silkworms and mulberry trees was most
severe around the pottery in which no exhaust treating ap-
paratus was installed. The content of fluorine in mulberry
leaves around the pottery ranged from 10.0-15.8 mg/100 g dry
weight as compared to 4.4 mg/100 g for the control. When silk-
worms were fed with fluorine-containing mulberry leaves, it
was found that leaves containing more than 100 ppm of
fluorine gave some symptoms of intoxication.
-------
478
84541
Kuribayashi, S.
SILKWORM DAMAGE DUE TO AIR POLLUTANT
FLUORIDES. (Fukkabutsu no taikiosen ni yoru kaiko no higai).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Nyusa (Air Pollution News), no.
74:1, 1973.
In the vicinity of aluminum, phosphate fertilizer, roof tile, and
glass factories, silkworms often suffer from intoxication and
insufficient growth, resulting in imperfect cocoon formation
and death. The cause is fluorides which have been exhausted
in minute concentration of S from the factories, and have been
deposited on the mulberry leaves which the silkworms in-
gested. When the fluoride content of mulberry leaves, usually
about 15 ppm (dry matter), becomes more than 30 ppm, the
silkworms show inactivity, delayed growth, and weight loss,
and then die prostrated. Sometime the intoxicated silkworms
show a blackening of internodal membranes not seen in intoxi-
cation due to other causes.
84545
Kuribayashi, S., K. Yatomi, and M. Kadota
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND SULFUR DIOX-
IDE ON MULBERRY TREES AND SILKWORMS. (Fukkasuiso
oyobi nisanka io no kuwa oyobi kaiko ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), vol.
6:155, 1971.
Potted mulberry trees were exposed to hydrogen fluoride at 30
and 200 ppb for 4-72 hr, and to sulfur dioxide at 2 ppm for 8-
72 hr to determine the leaf injury and amount of fluorine in
the leaf. The effects of feeding the exposed leaves to silk-
worms were examined. Visible damage (browning and curling
from the apex and periphery of leaves) began after 14 hr expo-
sure to 0.13 ppm and 2 hr exposure to 0.2 ppm. About 120-160
ppm of fluorine accumulated (dry matter) in the damaged
leaves. The silkworms continuously ate leaves containing 35-70
ppm of fluorine (dry matter), and showed chronic symptoms
such as softening and black spots on the internodular mem-
brane. Those fed with leaves containing more than 90 ppm
showed acute intoxication with inactive behavior, then prostra-
tion leading to death. In the case of sulfur dioxide exposure,
visible injury appeared after about 72 hr of exposure to 2 ppm
of sulfur dioxide, in the form of oil-immersion-like spots, with
0.8% sulfur (dry matter). The silkworms which ate these in-
jured leaves continuously showed loss of appetite, inactive
behavior and poor growth, with chronic symptoms such as
slenderness, growth retardation, or softening leading to death.
84548
Matsui, T., Y. Nishi, and C. Asai
CLASSIFICATION AND SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION BY
BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR PART 2. (Seibutsu shihyo ni yoru
taikiosen no bunkyu to shindun (2)). Text in Japanese. Kankyo
Joho Kagaku (Environ. Inf. Sci.), 5(2):61-72, 1976. 20 refs.
In order to establish a monitoring system for air pollution
using biological indicators, 41 points were selected in the hin-
terlands of Ube and Onoda. Pollution sources were in the
coastal industrial zone. A case study was carried out in clas-
sification of the degree of air pollution using epiphytic
bryophytae, measuring soil respiration, the components of
matter adhering to leaves, the sulfur content of leaves, the ac-
tivity of vegetation, and the flowering of Osmanthus fragrans
in the winter of 1973 and summer of 1974. Pollution sources
were found to be sulfur dioxide with relatively less fluorine,
dusts, and auto exhaust. Epiphytic bryophytae and the activity
of vegetation were sharp indicators of the cumulative effects
of low concentrations of air pollution. Soil respiration coin-
cided well with these indicators. Sulfur content was found not
to be as appropriate an indicator as the adhered matter on
leaves, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and fluorine. The flower-
ing of O.f., although affected by salty wind, seemed to be a
fairly effective indicator of air pollution by sulfur dioxide. The
status of air pollution in the two cities was found to depend on
topological abnormality of wind direction. In these situations,
biological indicators were found to be effective in indicating
air pollution in lower concentrations for long-term exposure.
84551
Nakajima, Y.
RESULTS OF DETERMINING FLUORINE CONTENTS OF
AGRICULTURAL CROPS. (Nosakubutsu no fusso ganyuryo
choya). Text in Japanese. In: Fourth Prefectural Report on the
Results of Survey on Air Pollution in the Naoetsu Area. Niigata
Prefectural Office (Japan), p. 76-85, Aug. 1975.
Fluorine contents of agricultural crops collected around an alu-
minum refinery in the Naoetsu area were analyzed by the
distance from the refinery, the type of crops, and the season.
By comparing the plant contents with the environmental con-
centration (LTP method) the actual state of pollution was
determined with the intention of finding indicator plants and
determining the inhabitants intake of fluorine. At first,
equiconcentration curves of fluorine content of air with more
than 100, more than 50, more than 20, and less than 20 micro-
grams/sq dm LTP/mo were drawn on the map. The value in
the predominant wind direction was about 20 micrograms at a
distance from the refinery of 4 km. The fluorine content was
higher in leaf-vegetables, fruit-vegetables, and polished rice
than in respective controls. Root-vegetables contained lower
amounts of fluorine. According to distance from the refinery
without regard to wind direction, a trend of reduction of
fluorine content was found; however, it was not significant in
all vegetables except for polished rice, leaves of Japanese
radish and eggplant. By distance, in the predominant wind
direction, the content of fluorine showed negative correlation
to the distance from the refinery in polished rice, leaves of
potato, spinach, Japanese radish and eggplant. There was a
significant correlation between environmental air concentration
and the content of fluorine. One sample of Chinese cabbage
contained fluorine as high as 10 ppm. Spinach was considered
to be appropriate as an indicator of fluorine in air, because it
gave a correlation between fluorine content and distance,
fluorine content and wind direction from the refinery, and
fluorine content environmental concentration of fluorine.
84553
Nakajima, Y.
RESULTS OF SURVEY ON PLANT DAMAGE DUE TO
FLUORIDE. (Fukkabutsu ni yoru shokubutsu higai chosa). Text
in Japanese. In: Fourth Prefectural Report on the Result of Sur-
vey on Air Pollution in the Naoetsu Area. Niigata Prefectural
Office (Japan), p. 86-113, Aug. 1975. 9 refs.
In order to elucidate the relationship between environmental
fluorine concentration and the fluorine content of agricultural
crops and that between visible injuries of crops and crop
yield, potted plants of spinach and Welsh onion (both in spring
and autumn) and gladiolus were put in locations 200, 500,
1000, 1500 and 2500 in. from an aluminum refinery and their
growth and the degree of injury (damaged leaf area of spinach
and leaf withering of Welsh onion and gladiolus) was surveyed
as well as the fluorine content. Rice plants planted around the
refinery were also similarly investigated. The injury to spinach
due to fluoride in air appeared in both seasons as shortness,
shrunken and whitened leaves, and low yield and growth,
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
479
especially in places within 1 km of the refinery. Welsh onion
was damaged by downy mildew. Gladiolus plants within I km
of the refinery showed were withered up to the VI leaves.
There were high correlations between the fluorine content of
crops and fluorine concentration in the air (LTP value),
between the degree of injury and fluorine content of crops,
and between the degree of injury and fluorine content in air
(LTP value).
84557
Kadota, M., Y. Yumiba, and A. Tanaka
PLANT DAMAGE DUE TO AIR POLLUTION. (Taikiosen ni
yoru shokubutsu higai). Text in Japanese. Anzen Kogaku (J.
Japan. Soc. Safety Eng.), 10(4): 189-196, 1971. 2 rets.
A general description is given of plant damage, mainly
discoloration and spots on leaves due to air pollutants such as
sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, chlorine, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen fluoride, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and nitrogen
dioxide. Every air pollutant and the acute and chronic symp-
toms it causes as well as the characteristic methods of causal
identification are described. Species specific sensitivity of
plants such as herbs and agricultural crops to each air pollu-
tant are also given.
84558
Sugimoto, E.
STUDIES ON DAMAGE DUE TO AIR POLLUTION-ON THE
FLUORINE CONCENTRATION IN NEEDLES OF PINES IN
FUKUI AND SAKAI AREAS. (Taikiosen ni yoru jumoku no
higai ni kansuru shiken, Fukui, Sakai chiku ni okeru matsu
shinyo chu no fusso nodo ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Fukui-ken
Ringyo Shikenjo Hokoku (Anmi. Rep. Fukui Prefect. For. Exp.
Stn.), no. 13:96-101, 1975. 4 refs.
Samples of needles of Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora
grown at points in Fukui and Sakai 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 km remote
from a place where factories were to be built were taken
yearly for 3 years beginning in 1972, early in August when the
growth of new leaves is finished. The fluorine content of the
samples was determined. The average for 3 years of new
leaves for P.t. was 0.8-2.6 ppm (average of 1.6 ppm); second
year leaves of P.t. showed 2.4-3.7 ppm (average of 3.1 ppm);
third year new leaves of P.d. had 1 4 ppm, second year leaves
3.1 ppm. When these values were compared to those in air pol-
luted areas and non-polluted areas, it was found that the
fluorine content of pine leaves collected in the Fukui and
Sakai areas was in the range of natural environmental concen-
trations. There was a difference of fluorine content between
new leaves and second year leaves, the latter containing more
fluorine. This was due to more absorption of fluorine via
roots.
84579
Sakurai, S., K. Itai, and F. Tsunoda
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION DUE TO FLUORIDES. PART
17. ON THE NORMAL CONCENTRATION OF FLUORINE
IN PLANTS. (Jukkabut.su ni yoru taikiosen ni kansuru kenkyu
XVII. Shokubutsu chu fusso nodono tsujochi ni (suite). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan. J. Hyg.), 31(1):174,
April 1976.
The normal concentration of fluonne in 3 indicator plants and
crops grown in an area where total fluoride was less than 0.05
microgram F/cu m is reported. In iris, the content of F in
upper, middle, and lower leaves was respectively 4.21 (8.88-
1.68), 2.81(6.35-0.75), and 1.89 (4.00-0.80) ppm. In pine needles
it was 2.95 (5.86-1.10), 3.83(6.25-1.91), and 4.61 (6.46-2.56)
respectively in first-year, second-year and third- year needles,
showing yearly increases. There are also cases where the con-
tent differs from spring to autumn. The leaves of samelh'a a(as
tea leaves) contained high amounts of fluorine ranging from 90
to 600 ppm.
84650
Ishikawa, H.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE BROWNING OF
PHYLLOSTACHYS HETEROCYCLA VAR. PUBESCENS
AND AIR POLLUTION PART 1. (Mosochiku no kappen-
gensho to taikiosen tono kankei ni (suite (1)). Text in Japanese.
Shokubutsu to Shizen (Plan(s and Na(ure), 10(5):28-33, May
1976. 9 refs.
In order to select indicator plants for fluorine gas in the air,
several plants grown in southern mountainous areas were sur-
veyed near the Niihama industrial area, and general browning
of the leaves of Phyllostachys heterocycla (variety pubescens)
grown in an area 600-800 m from the fluorine factory was ob-
served (the leaves of the same plants showed a light green
color when they grew 8 km from the factory). A detailed sur-
vey on the same plants grown in 23 places indicated that (1)
The newly developed leaves of P.h.p. in all places were bright
green in color in July. (2) Browning of the leaves of plants
near the factory increased. (3) In April of the next year, al-
most all the leaves of the plants near the factory showed
severe browning, and (4) The degree of browning was more
severe as distance from the factory decreased.
84651
Masujima, H.
THE AGGRAVATION FO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
AND COUNTERMEASURES. (Nogyo seisan kankyu no akka (o
sono taisaku). Text in Japanese. Nogyo to Keizai (Agriculture
and Economy), vol. 1976: 37-43, 1976.
Japan is the country most deeply impacted by environmental
pollution as it affects food production in the world. Air pollu-
tants which attack agricultural products include ozone, perox-
yacetyl nitrates, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
fluoride, chlorine, and ethylene. The specific susceptibility to
each pollutant of taro, lettuce, tomato, alfalfa, gladiolus, rice,
and cattleya is given. The characteristic symptoms are spots
on the leaves (white and brown in color), metallic color on the
lower surface of the leaves, spots (white to brown in color) in
the mesophyll, whitish-yellow from the leaf periphery,
bleached spots between leaf veins, and withering of the sepal
apex, in that order. Metal-containing dust affects agricultural
crops. ITie importance of invisible damage that occurs before
visible damage appears is emphasized. There is no direct coun-
termeasure against the primary pollutant. The countermeasures
against secondary pollutants such as photochemical oxidant
are now under field study techniques; such as shading, limita-
tion of irrigation, and misting are considered. Damage-reducing
agents are under study for use before the occurrence of
photochemical smog. Air pollutants affect human health as
well as crops.
-------
460
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
00085
S. Kleinberg, J.F. Tompkins, Jr., A.H. Singleton, C.J. Sterner
THE PROPERTIES AND HANDLING OF FLUORINE. Air
Products and Chemicals, Inc., Allenton, Pa. (Technical Docu-
mentary Rept. ASD-TDR-62-273.) Oct. 1963. 139 pp. DDC: AD
423751
This report p*resents data on properties of fluorine, methods
of analysis, safe-handling procedures, compatibility of materi-
als of construction with fluorine, corrosion rates of metals,
and a bibliography of pertinent references. Special attention is
given to the compatibility of materials in fluorine. Most metals
are not severely corroded by pure fluorine. The presence of
hydrogen fluoride (HF) in fluorine increases corrosion of
metals markedly. The HF is usually generated in fluorine
systems from the reaction of atmospheric moisture or moisture
in the system with fluorine. Contaminants in fluorine other
than HF do not present corrosion or safety problems. Cleanli-
ness of a fluorine system is emphasized since contaminants
may not be removed from the apparatus by passivation
procedures. Most corrosion in a liquid fluorine system occurs
during the first hour of exposure. When immersed in liquid
fluorine for one year, nickel, Monel, 304 stainless steel,
Armco steel 15-7 Ph Mo, and copper corroded less than 5
mils; 410 stainless steel less than 70 mils; aluminum 1100,
6061, titanium AlOOAt and C120Av less than 300 mils; mag-
nesium AZ31 less than 350; and magnesium A1C31 less than
700 mils. Data are given for corrosion of metals in gaseous
fluorine at various temperatures.
00695
R. V. Chiarenzelli and E. L. Joba
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON ELECTRICAL
CONTACT MATERIALS: A FIELD STUDY. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 16, (3) 123-7, Mar. 1966. (Presented at the 58th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
A long-term field and laboratory program designed to deter-
mine and understand the effects of air pollutants on electric
contact materials and their performance has reached the one-
year mark. An extensive variety of precious and nonnoble
metals and alloys has been exposed for periods ranging up to
one year (August 1963 to August 1964) at 6 field environments.
These environments were selected to provide a wide range of
air pollutants in typical data processing or process control
situations and comprise such diverse locations as an air-condi-
tioned data processing room in New York City, an east coast
oil refinery, an east coast chemical plant, a business location
in Los Angeles, a paper mill in the south, and a heavy manu-
facturing plant in Buffalo. The program undertakes to corre-
late material degraduation as a function of time and environ-
ment. Humidity, temperature, and sulfur dioxide are measured
on a continual basis, and point-in-time measurements of dust,
HF, aldehydes, oxidants (ozone), NO2, SO2, H2S, NH3, and
Cl are made on a quarterly basis. Materials are returned
periodically and evaluated in the laboratory by contact re-
sistance probing, electrolytic reduction, and standard metallo-
graphic techniques. The results of the program to date are
presented, and preliminary correlations are drawn. The pro-
gram is evaluated from the vantage point of the one year
mark. Deficiencies and aspects of special utility are described.
(Author abstract)
07553
Yocom, John E.
THE DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS IN POLLUTED AT-
MOSPHERES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8(3):203-208,
Nov. 1958. 34 refs. (Presented at the 14th Annual Conference
and 1958 Exhibition, National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers,
San Francisco, Calif., March 20, 1958.)
A group of spcific air pollutants known to produce deteriora-
tion of materials, the principal sources of these pollutants, and
the most likely mechanisms by which deterioration of a variety
of materials can occur are discussed. Specifically, the pollu-
tants are carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, ozone and solid particu-
lates.
08076
Gunther, William H. and Martin J. Steindler
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS IN SUPPORT OF FLUID-
BED FLOURIDE VOLATILITY PROCESSES. PART XIV.
THE CORROSION OF NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS BY
FLUORINE, URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE, AND SELECTED
VOLATILE FISSION PRODUCT FLUORIDES AT 500 C. Ar-
gonne National Lab., 111., Chemical Engineering Div., 40p., Dec.
1966. 26 refs. CFSTI: AML-7241
The corrosion of selected materials of construction by
fluorides of interest in the Fluoride Volatility Process has been
studied. The metals investigated include: nickel-200, nickel-
201, Monel, Inconel, Duranickel-301, HyMu-80, INOR-8, and
nickel-200 coupons containing areas of nickel-200 weld, nickel-
61 weld, or silver solder. Exposures of these metals for
periods up to 30 hr at 500 C were carried out in elemental
fluorine, UF6, SF6,and some of the following volatile fission
product fluorides, both individually and in the presence of
fluorine: GeF4, AsF5, NbF5, SbF5, BrF5, SeF6, MoF6, and
TeF6. Corrosion rates were calculated from both the weight
gain of the coupons after exposure and the weight loss of the
coupons after descaling in a KNO3-NaNO3 bath at 500C. All
of the exposed coupons were examined microscopically for in-
tergranualar penetration of the base metal.Nickel-200 and
Monel exhibited the best overall resistance to corrosion by
fluorine, UF6, and some of the volatile fission product
fluorides individually and in the presence of fluorine at 500 C.
AA
23108
Mizutani, Masumi
WATER POLLUTION DUE TO AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen
ni yoru suishitsuosen). Text in Japanese. Kukichowa to Reito
(Air Conditioning Refrig.), 10(2):41-51, Jan. 15, 1970.
-------
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
481
Bursting of copper condenser pipes of air conditioners and
refrigerators rapidly increased since 1966. Five hundred in-
cidents were recorded in the summer of 1969 in the Osaka
area. The primary cause of the incidents was found to be the
air pollution from flue gas from factories and automobile ex-
hausts. Construction materials of the cooling system for cool-
ing towers, for example, iron, copper zinc, aluminum, and
their alloys, can be corroded or pitted by the following pollu-
tants: NH3, SO2, H2SO4, HF, HCN, HCHO, H2S, HC1,
NO2, CH2 equals CHCHO, C12, CS2, HSO3C1, and Br2. The
water for th condenser iis polluted by sulfur dioxide in the at-
mosphere and by the other pollutants from metal plating, acid
rinsing, rubber, and other chemcial processes. Ammonia in the
exhaust from lavatories or sewage processing plants also
becomes the source of corrosion. The cooling water pollution
was also found in the vicinity of heavy traffic intersections,
polluted rivers, and at the seaside. A cooling tower installed
near an ammonia refrigerator had a trouble of this kind. Even
in the countryside, insects sucked into a cooling tower caused
water pollution. Countermeasures, such as checking the cool-
ing tower, the use of tower water corrosion tester and anti-
corrosion agents are described. A sample of Water Quality
Check List Card is presented. The paper concludes with a
gloomy view of more air pollution and corrosion troubles in
the future.
24308
Mammarella, Luigi
PRINCIPAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTION AND DETERIORA-
TION PHENOMENA DUE TO AIR POLLUTION. (I principal!
effetti degli inquinamenti e i fenomeni di deterioramento dovuti
alle contamination! dell' aria). Text in Italian. In: L'inquina-
mento Atmosferico in Italia. Rept. 27, p. 54-69, 1970. 110 refs.
The effects of pollution on human health, on natural resources
and the economy, on building materials, and on plants and
animals are reviewed. Reduced visibility and climatic changes
resulting from air pollution ar also discussed. Among the
materials damaged by pollution, the following are mentioned:
building stone, textiles, metals, paints, rubber, leather, and
paper products. A list is given of types of plants that are
highly sensitive, moderately sensitive, and resistant to sulfur
dioxide and to the fluorides. A tabulation is also given of the
climatic effects of dusts and aerosols, SO2, carbon dioxide,
and carbon monoxide, quoted from an American author.
27060
Yocom, John E.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON MATERIALS. In: Air
Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1, New York, Academic
Press, 1962, Chapt. 7A, p. 199-219. 42 refs.
Air pollution damage to nonliving materials has long been a
significant source of economic loss in urban areas. Some of
this loss results directly from damage by pollutants such as the
corrosion of metal objects, or the weakening and eventual loss
of textile or leather articles by direct action of pollutants. The
other portion of this loss is indirect and includes, for example,
the increased cost of clothing replacement because of exces-
sive cleaning required by a polluted environment, or the loss
in property values in highly polluted areas. Mechanisms of
deterioration in polluted atmospheres include abrasion, deposi-
tion and removal, direct chemical attack, indirect chemical at-
tack, and electrochemical corrosion. Among the most impor-
tant factors that influence the attack rate of damaging pollu-
tants are moisture, temperature, sunlight, air movement, and
position in space. The measurement of materials deterioration
is reviewed. Effects of carbon dioxide are noted. Sulfur diox-
ide has its principal sources in combustion or roasting opera-
tions, and its effects are noted on ferrous metals, aluminum,
copper, nickel, building materials, leather, paper, and textiles.
The effects of hydrogen sulfide on metals and paint are
described. Hydrogen fluoride can attack window glass to the
extent that the glass is rendered opaque. Effects of ozone and
photochemical smog are discussed for rubber and elastomers,
textiles, and dyes. The role of solid air particulates in causing
deterioration is normally to produce soiling. Their effect is
discussed for metals, building materials, painted surfaces, and
textiles. Much of the particulate matter which is responsible
for soiling is in the form of minute liquid or semi-liquid
droplets.
39031
Steelman, Clarence, Jr.
USE OF PLASTICS TO CONTROL AIR AND WATER POL-
LUTION. Materials Protect. Performance, 11(4):37-40, April
1972.
Areas of application for plastics in equipment and processes
designed to control air and water pollution are reviewed. The
importance of plastics, e.g., polyvinylchloride, polyethylene,
polypropylene, and teflon, lies in their ability ot withstand cor-
rosion. Plastics, therefore, are in use as construction materials
for control devices and process equipment such as ductwork,
fume scrubbers, regeneration systems, pumps, and piping ex-
posed to hydrochloric acid fumes and pickling acid in the hot
rolled steel strip pickling process in steel mills; tanks for stor-
ing sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and hydrofluoric acid mix-
tures and exhaust hoods and fume scrubbers in the wire, rod,
bar, and tube pickling processes of steel mills; in the chrome
plating of steel strips; reaction tanks in the electroplating rinse
water treatment; scrubbers and scrubber liquid recirculation
systems exposed to ammonia gas in fertilizer plants; water jet
fume scrubbers used with corrosive fluoride compounds in the
production of super phosphate fertilizer; plate separators for
the removal of insoluble oils; within water and sewage treat-
ment plants; and fume scrubbers, exhaust fans, ductwork, and
stacks within chemical industries.
40510
Fabian, Robert J. and John A. Vaccari
HOW MATERIALS STAND UP TO CORROSION AND
CHEMICAL ATTACK. Mater. Eng., 73(2):36-59, Feb. 1971.
A detailed report is presented concerning the resistance of
metallic and nonmetallic materials to corrosion and chemical
attack. The metals studied include: aluminum, beryllium, cad-
mium, carbon steels, cast irons, chromium, cobalt, copper,
lead, low alloy steels, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, pre-
cious metals, stainless steels, tin, titanium, wrought iron, zinc,
and zirconium. The nonmetallic materials include rubber, gra-
phite, nylon, and many synthetic materials. The effects of air,
sea water, and fresh water on these materials are reported.
The effects of many acids were studied, including: acetic, bor-
ic, chromic, citric, fatty, formic, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric,
nitric, phosphoric, and sulfuric. Other agents studied for their
effects on these materials include: bases and salts; solvents
and cleaners; oils, fuels, and petrochemical fluids; and other
chemicaJs, such as ammonia, chlorine, bromine, and sulfur
dioxide. There are two shortcomings in the data presented.
First, there is a wide disparity in the types of tests used by in-
vestigators. Also, there are many exceptions to the general
rule that the speed of a chemical reaction increases with in-
creasing temperature. Some materials may reverse the usual
pattern as temperature increases or decreases.
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482
40833
Dicke, C. M. and M. J. Reidt
PROTECTION OF ALUMINUM BUILDING-CONSTRUC-
TIONS. (De bescherming van aluminium bouwconstructies).
Text in Dutch. TNO-Nieuws, 26(6):219-227, March 1971. 6 refs.
Various techniques for the protection of aluminum construc-
tion and parts from corrosion are reviewed. Fluorides, heavy
metals, alkali compounds, chlorides, and sulfur compounds are
the most dangerous air pollutants for aluminum and its alloys.
Humidity, especially 100% humidity and presence of chlorides,
sulfur compounds, soot, or smoke are the basic factors to be
considered in the choice of an adequate protecting system.
Problems of the contact of aluminum and its alloys with other
metals and other materials are reviewed. While the rate of
contact corrosion is determined by the presence of water, and
influenced by both conductivity and polarization, such corro-
sion can be prevented or considerably reduced by an oxide
layer of 20 micron. Zinc coatings provide satisfactory cathodic
protection in normal atmospheres, but their effect in an ag-
gressive atmosphere is doubtful. Cadmium, applied in thinner
layers than zinc, can replace the latter in corrosive at-
mosphere. Copper coatings should not be applied to construc-
tion exposed to weather, especially in an industrial at-
mosphere; such coatings, applied in 20 micron-anodic layers,
do provide satisfactory protection for indoor parts. Stainless
steel coatings may be applied in a mild climate, but not in
seashore areas. The same applies to chromium-nickel coatings,
while lead coatings protect aluminum and aluminum-magnesi-
um-silicon alloys. The natural oxide layer of 0.01-0.1 micron,
formed on the aluminum surface, or additional chromate or
phosphate coating, are sufficient in non-corrosive atmosphere
conditions, while increased oxide layers with a maximum
thickness of 35 micron, or paint are required in aggressive at-
mospheres. Anodizing and lacquering techniques for aluminum
are reviewed.
46606
CORROSION DUE TO AIR POLLUTION. (Corrosie door
luchtverontreiniging). Text in Dutch. Polytech. Tijdschr., Ed.
Procestechniek, 27(18):582-597, Aug. 1972. 70 refs.
Factors influencing the atmospheric corrosion of materials, the
mechanisms of corrosion of different metals, alloys, and non-
metallic materials exposed to air pollutants, particularly to sul-
fur dioxide, and results of corrosion tests are reviewed. The
atmospheric corrosion is dependent on such factors as humidi-
ty, precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, and particularly
the presence of corrosive substances, primarily oxidizing
agents and electrolytes (ozone, nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, or-
ganic peroxides, sulfur dioxide, sulfurous acid, sulfur trioxide,
sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric and
other acids, carbon dioxide, ammonium sulfate and other am-
monium salts, sodium chloride, dust and rust. The processes
of the corrosion of iron, steel, zinc, cadmium, nickel, copper,
lead, aluminum and its alloys, stone, textiles, paper, leather,
rubber, and glass are described. The corrosion of copper, lead,
and aluminum takes places at fairly slow rate due to the for-
mation of protective layers. The rate of corrosion of aluminum
in urban and industrial atmosphere was 0.015-0.080 mg/sq dm
day. Strong attack of copper-alloyed aluminum in marine at-
mosphere was observed. Gold, silver, and their alloys are at-
tacked by SO2 and H2S. Correlations between the rates of
corrosion and the average SO2 level in the atmosphere, the
humidity content, and the exposure time were established.
47291
THE CATHEDRAL RACES AGAINST TIME. (Der Dom im
Wettlauf mil der Zeit). Text in German. Umwelt (Duesseldorf),
2(6):38-39, 1972.
Pollutants in the air are destroying the figures on the cathedral
in Cologne, its glass windows, and its ornaments. Wind and
weather together with sulfur dioxide from combustion
processes, hydrofluoric acid from chemical and metallurgical
plants, hydrochloric acid, from incinerators, and trace metals
such as vanadium and iron which are catalytically active, con-
stantly attack the structure. Measurements at various heights
of the acid waste gas components have already revealed that
the sulfur dioxide exposure has reached an extent which is
comparable to that in Duisburg.
52320
Luckat, Siegbert
THE ROLE OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN STONE DECAY. (Die
Wirkung von Luftverunreinigimgen beim Steinzerfall). Text in
German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 33(7):283-285, July 1973. 13
refs.
Investigations into weathering phenomena on structures built
of natural stone, and comparative considerations in the case of
increased emissions (in particular, the measurements of ab-
sorption rates of noxious substances) clearly show that air pol-
lutants are one of the causes of stone disintegration. Sulfur
dioxide and sulfuric acid which forms from it, must be given
here as the main components of pollutants. Four different
types of prism-shaped sandstone and one trachyte with a base
area of 100 by 200 mm and a height of 300 mm were exposed
at four different points in North Rhine Westphalia. One was
set up on the premises of the Landesanstalt fuer Immissions-
und Bodennutzungsschutz in Essen, one at a heavily polluted
point in Duisburg, one in Herten, and one near Burgsteinfurt
in the Northern Muensterland. Apart from climatological data,
the intake rates for SO2, chloride, and fluoride were deter-
mined with the aid of physical-chemical sorption process. The
unprotected sample in Duisburg showed the first signs of
decay after 6 mo. On the sample in Burgsteinfurt, lichens
began to grow. A table lists the emission intake of chloride,
fluoride, and SO2 by the four different samples and by the
Cathedral in Cologne. At the point in Essen the average SO2
emission intake rate for the period May 10, 1972 to Feb. 27,
1973 was 98.58 mg/sq m/day, for chloride 13.63 mg/sq m/day,
and for fluoride 0.815 mg/sq m/day. In Duisburg the average
values were 129.84 mg/sq m/day for SO2, 15.77 mg/sq m/day
for chloride and 0.789 mg/sq m/day for fluoride. At the Dome
in Cologne the average emission intake rate for the period
Aug 8, 1972 to Feb. 27, 1973 for SO2 was 144.27 mg/sq
m/day, for chloride 18.00 mg/sq m/day, and for fluoride 1.367
mg/sq m/day.
54961
Detrie, J. P.
POLLUTION AND CORROSION. (Pollution et corrosion). Text
in French. Pollution Atmos. (Paris), 15(58): 107-116, April-June,
1973.
The parameters influencing corrosion of materials are too vari-
able to make accurate calculations. Corrosion does not depend
only upon the action of pollutants produced by human activi-
ty, but also upon temperature, humidity, and ionization. Com-
ponents of the atmospheric air such as sulfur, nitrogen,
chlorine, and fluorine compounds, carbon dioxide, and dif-
ferent oxidants also influence corrosion. In France, the sea lo-
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I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
483
calities of Biarritz and La Rochelle with corrosion level one,
the rural locality of Saint Germain en Laye with corrosion
level one, and the industrial town Saint Denis with corrosion
level 2.5 were examined. Sea shore localities are more exposed
to corrosion than areas with a high degree of pollution. In the
United States, Pittsburgh had a decrease of SO2 from 0.15
ppm in 1926 to 0.5 ppm in 1960. In Chicago, an increase from
0.04 ppm to 0.12 ppm was noted over a 12-month period. Los
Angeles has a preponderance of oxidant smogs generated by
hydrocarbon emissions. Acid rains in Sweden contributed to
steel corrosion. In Stockholm, at 3 C and 35 micrograms/cu m
of SO2, the corrosion level was 30/micron/yr. At Flahut, the
corresponding values were 3 C, 4 micrograms/cu m SO2 and a
corrosion of 8 micron/yr. At Kiruna, the values were -5 C, no
SO2, and a corrosion of 2 micron/yr
56143
Wolff, Arnold and Siegbert Luckat
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON
THE BUILDING MATERIALS OF THE DOME IN KOELN.
(Untersuchungen zur Einwirkung von Luftverunreinigungen auf
die Baumaterialien des Koelner Domes). Text in German. Proc.
Int. Clean Air Congr., 3rd, Duesseldorf, West Germany, 1973,
p. A90-A92. 8 refs.
Systematic measurements of the sulfur dioxide, fluorine and
chlorine concentrations in the air in and on the dome in Koeln
are being conducted to ascertain the causes of the premature
stone deterioration. The rate of SO2, hydrochloric acid, and
hydrofluoric acid by the building materials of the dome is mea-
sured by means of a Luckat type (IRMA) instrument using a
basic liquid. In addition, the actual SO2 concentrations are
measured continuously and corrosion tests are being con-
ducted. The measuring units are placed at different altitudes
ranging from 20 m to 100 m. The measurements revealed
above-average exposure of the dome building materials to
SO2, HC1, and HF whose concentrations increase with al-
titude. Rapid increase in the SO2 concentrations from summer
to winter was observed. The SO2 concentrations measured late
December were about three times as high as those measured
late August, which indicates the major contribution by
domestic heating and power plants to the overall SO2 emis-
sions.
58585
Nakayama, Masamichi
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON COATING FILMS.
(Taiki osen ni yoru tomaku e no eikyo). Text in Japanese. Kin-
zoku Hyomen Gijutsu (J. Metal. Finish.), no. 11:29-36, 1973. 11
refs.
The anti-corrosive surface coatings of oil, phthalic acid resin,
vinyl, rubber chloride, or epoxyl have been corroded or
damaged by various air pollutants The pollutants causing such
damages as discoloring, blistering, peeling, rusting, swelling,
and rotting are gaseous pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, sul-
fur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, nitric anhydride, nitric acid, ammonia,
ozone, peroxides, fluoride, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride,
hydrogen chloride, acid mists, settling particles, suspended
particulates, metal oxide particles, corrosive salts, and marine
salts. The degree of damage by these pollutants is heavily af-
fected by their combinations, concentrations, wind direction
and velocity, rain quantity, temperature and humidity The
degree of swelling, rusting, and other types of corrosion are
much greater in chemical industrial areas with heavy SO2 con-
centrations, and in humid areas
63139
Arndt, Uwe and Ute Gross
LONG TERM IMMISSION EFFECTS ON UNPROTECTED
WOOD. (Langfristige Immissionswirkungen an ungeschuetztem
Natzholz). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 34(6):225-
227, June 1974. 9 refs.
Field experiments to determine air pollution effects on unpro-
tected wood were carried out over a 1 -year period in four dif-
ferent locations in North Rhine-Westphalia (the municipal
power plant in Duisburg, Essen, Herten, and Burgsteinfurt).
Pieces of Pinus sylvestris and Afzelia bipidensis were exposed
on a rack with 45 deg inclination facing southwest. Weight and
color modifications in the test samples and accumulation of
pollutants in the outer layers of the wood served as indicators.
Dust fall, sulfur dioxide, and fluorine were measured. Dusts
and gaseous pollutants have a significant effect on unprotected
wood.
63871
Luckat, Siegbert
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CORROSION RATE OF
STEEL AND THE IMMISSION RATE OF VARIOUS POLLU-
TANTS. (Beziehungen zwischen der Korrosionsrate von Stahl
und den Inunissionsraten verschiedener Schadstoffe). Text in
German. Staub Reinhaltung Luft, 34(6): 209-213, June 1974. 13
refs.
Steel plates (DIN 1623) of 50 by 100 mm and 1 mm thickness
were used for determination of the relationship between the
corrosion rate and the emission rate of sulfur-, fluorine-, and
chlorine containing pollutants. For exposure of the steel
plates Mank s turret (a pivoted disk with arms driven by the
air flow) was used. The emission rate analyzer, which has
been described elsewhere, uses the surface of an alkaline
liquid as a standardized measurement area. The absorption
solutions and Soxhlet-cartridges of the analyzers were col-
lected every two weeks and replaced by new ones. The emis-
sion rate was likewise determined every two weeks by replace-
ment of the five exposed steel plates by Tresh ones. The
weight loss of the exposed plates was determined in the
laboratory and the corrosion calculated in grams per sq meter
per day. The heavily polluted cities Duisburg, Essen and Her-
ten of the Ruhr valley and Haus Alst outside of the industrial
area were selected as exposure sites. The seasonal charac-
teristic of the sulfur dioxide emission rate showed for all mea-
suring sites two to 2.5 times higher values in the winter
months than in summer. The concentrations of SO2 in Haus
Alst, whose maximum values corresponded to the minimum
values measured in Duisburg were surprisingly high. The
chloride emission rate showed no marked seasonal charac-
teristic. Several considerable peak values which occured at the
same magnitude at all sites deserve mentioning. Fluoride emis-
sion rates, too, show no significant seasonal seasonal fluctua-
tion with the exception of the measuring site at the cathedral
in Cologne where the values increase significantly during the
summer months. The annual average values here are far above
those measured in the Ruhr valley. The seasonal characteristic
of the corrosion rates corresponded to that of the SO2 emis-
sion rates which shows that the corrosion rate of steel can be
used as a criterion for the effect of air pollutants. Correlation
coefficients will be calculated as soon as more data are availa-
ble.
65935
Feige, N. G.
TITANIUM FOR INCINERATOR GAS SCRUBBING EQUIP-
MENT. Mater. Performance, 13(4): 17-19, April 1974. 6 refs.
-------
484
The use of titanium in the construction of wet scrubbers for
refuse incinerators is described. Flue gases may contain sig-
nificant quantities of hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, sulfur
trioxide, trace hydrogen fluoride, and organic acids. The titani-
um is resistant to the corrosive environment in gas scrubbing
equipment. Good resistance is predicted in the pH range of 1.5
to 11, and resistance to crevice corrosion at temperatures to 74
C and general pitting attack to 110 C. Trace amounts of iron 3
ions in the system or incorporated in the film should extend
the range of immunity to attack. Economics of alternate
materials and restrictions in performance limit Ti s application
to the inlet and induced draft fan rotor assembly. Titanium can
be applied where the environment is aggressive with high
levels of HC1 as in burning of polyvinyl chloride or when the
consequences of unexpected scrubber outage can be costly or
dangerous. (Author abstract modified)
69995
Gerhard, Jon and Fred H. Haynie
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON CATASTROPHIC FAILURE
OF METALS. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Tri-
angle Park, N. C., Chemistry and Physics Lab., Program Ele-
ment 1AAOO8, ROAP 21 AMN, Rept. EPA-650/3-74-009, 38p.,
Nov. 1974. 18 rets. NTIS: PB 238 290/AS
The contribution of air pollution to the catastrophic failure of
metal structures through the mechanisms of stress-corrosion
cracking, corrosion fatigue, and hydrogen embrittlement is
reviewed, with failures being cited for bridges, towers, air-
craft, and electrical equipment. An economic analysis of these
failures indicates that accompanying injury and loss of life ac-
count for an annual economic cost of between $50 million and
$100 million. No research has been performed to determine the
relationships between levels of particular pollutants and the
occurrence of catastrophic failure of metals, although agents
known to cause metal alloy corrosion problems include
nitrates, caustics, hydrogen sulfide, chlorides, sulfur dioxide,
ammonia, fluorides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and cyanides.
73616
Luckat, Siegbert
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE BUILDING
MATERIAL OF THE DOME OF COLOGNE. PART 2. (Die
Einwirkung con Luftverunreinigungen auf die Bausubstanz des
Koelner Domes II). Text in German. Koeln. Domblatt, no.
38/39:95-106, 1974.
Results of air pollutant concentration measurements on the
Dome of Cologne are presented, and the effect of air pollu-
tants on the building stones is described in comparison to
similar building materials exposed in other sites. The sulfur
dioxide concentrations were highest during the November-
January period, and were higher than the values measured
between Junee and August by a factor of 2.5 to 3. The
chloride concentrations correlated with the SO2 concentrations
at all sites. The SO2, chloride, and fluoride concentrations
were higher on the weather side than on the lee side. Good
correlation was established between the pollutant concentra-
tions and the corrosion rates measured at the same sites. Cor-
relation was found between the deterioration of the building
stones (sandstone) and the pollutant concentrations by a com-
parison of similar building stones in the Dome of Cologne,
situated in a highly polluted area, and those in buildings in less
polluted and rural areas.
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485
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
28805
Crocker, Thomas Dunstan
SOME ECONOMICS OP AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Mis-
souri Univ., Columbia, Thesis (PhD), Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ.
Microfilms, Inc., 1967, 274p. 159 refs.
The economic aspects of the atmospheric pollution problem
caused by the detrimental effects of airborne fluorides emanat-
ing from phosphatic fertilizer manufacturing processes upon
the beef cattle and the citrus industries of Polk County,
Florida, were studied wit an ultimate view to the economic ef-
ficacy of alternative air pollution control policies. A review of
the effects of airborne fluorides upon plants and animals gave
no grounds for attempting to economically construct meaning-
ful receptor damage functions from these materials. There are
two distinct advantages of the use of true sale prices of recep-
tor lands to determine differential receptor damages. First, the
market rather than the investigator estimates the near in-
finitude of relevant relations and their interactions; and
second, the responses of the owners of the physical and
biological entities damaged by air pollution to varying levels of
pollutant fumigations are better taken into account. A cross-
sectional, multiple regression analysis of agricultural land
values resulted in a positive relation between frequency of pol-
lutant fumigations and the market value of pasture sites; and a
negative relation between frequency of pollutant fumigations
and the market value of citrus sites. Two basic conclusions
about air pollution control policy can be drawn from the Polk
County case: 1) the imposition of various physical and
economic constraints upon the actions of receptors and emit-
ters can generate gains from trade where all such gains had
previously been exhausted; and 2) that assumption absolutely
necessary for the economically efficient working of the emitter
charge stating that negotiations between emitters and receptors
are impossible is not fulfilled in reality.
29923
Schreiber, Michael
THE COSTS FOR MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN AIR. THE IN-
FLUENCE OF SOCIAL COSTS ON THE SELECTION OF AN
INDUSTRIAL SITE. (Kosten der Luftreinhaltung. Der EinHuss
der social costs auf die industrielle Standortwahl). Text in Ger-
man. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(4): 145-148, 1971. 27 refs.
Because of the cost of eliminating brown smoke emissions,
Thomas converters were replaced by oxygen lancing conver-
ters. An 80-ton Thomas converter emits about twice as much
waste gas as an oxygen lancing converter of the same capaci-
ty. Similar changeovers to processes with less waste gas
production were made i the chemical industry to save waste
gas cleaning costs. Sulfur emissions are reduced mainly by
switching to low-sulfur fuels, a much less expensive means
than desulfurization of the fuel or the flue gases. Such steps
are not always possible. In many cases investment in dust col-
lectors, electrostatic precipitators, and scrubbers are unavoida-
ble. The economy of such units depends on the ratio between
collection efficiency and maintenance costs. For electrostatic
precipitators investment costs rise proportionally to the degree
of collection in the efficiency range between 80 and 95%. A
collection efficiency of 95 to 98% requires facilities which are
50% larger, increasing costs by 35% and more. The aluminum
industry spends an estimated $50/ton of aluminum of its an-
nual production for facilities to eliminate fluorine emission.
The annual operating costs per ton of aluminum are estimated
at $8.40. Metallurgical plants spent similar amounts for reduc-
tion of their emissions.
30226
Bird, Giuseppe
AIR POLLUTION: AN OVERALL VIEW OF THE EFFECTS
OF POLLUTANTS AND THE TECHNIQUES USED TO CON-
TROL THEM. (Inquinamento atmosferico: panoramica sugli ef-
fetti degli inquinanti e sulle tecnologie di abbattimento). Text in
Italian. Inquinamento, 13(l):27-37, Jan.-Feb. 1971. 29 refs.
The damage caused by pollution is discussed in terms of losses
not recovered (the fertilizer industry loses 220 tons of fluorine
daily to the atmosphere and two-thirds of the fuel oil burned
in heating the city of Milan could be saved by more efficient
use of fuel), damage to human health, and damage to man s
inheritance in the natural world. Devices for the elimination of
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen compounds, and paniculate pollution
are discussed. Mortality in the United States from asthma,
bronchitis and emphysema have increased more than 100% in
the last 10 years, while mortality from tuberculosis has
dropped to 25% of its previous level. It has been estimated
that the cost of pollution in the United States is $50 per person
per year. Literature on the recovery of pollutants is reviewed,
and schematic drawings are shown of apparatus for the
removal of SO2 and the nitrogen oxides, indicating the availa-
bility of a wealth of methods and devices for the removal and
recovery of the undesirable emissions, even though some are
still in the trial stage.
30696
LeSourd, D. A., M. E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstle, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SPECIFIED AIR POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL REPORT).
Research Triangle last., Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA 70-60, RTI Proj. OU-
534, Rept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec. 1970. 328 refs. NTIS: PB
197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a national basis and in terms of unit investment and annual
operating and maintenance costs as well as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs. The analyses cover the estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976. Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected industries
and the Nation are also determined. Finally, an extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile sources
selected for analysis are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
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486
nitrogen oxides and participates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation. Mobile sources include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty trucks. Stationary sources studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam- electric
power plants, asphalt batching, brick and tile, coal cleaning,
cement, elemental phosphorus, grain handling and milling
(animal feed), gray iron, iron and steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and storage, petroleum refineries,
phosphate fertilizer, primary non-ferrous metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and air pollution control engineering
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and the cost impact on each industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)
32706
Olson, Robert E.
NATURE OF ECONOMIC LOSSES RESULTING FROM THE
EFFECTS OF AIR POLUTANTS ON PLANTS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 14p., 1970. 2 rets.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-105.)
A program in progress to estimate the dollar value of air pollu-
tion damage to 65 commercially important crops in the U. S. is
limited to the effects of ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, ethylene,
nitrogen dioxide, and fluoride, since these compounds account
for at least 90% of such damage. Data on specific air pollution
crop damage effects were obtained from plant scientists, while
514 counties with high potential for crop damage from air pol-
lution were identified on the basis of fuel consumption, loca-
tions of industrial sources of the compounds under study, and
meteorological and topographical conditions. Exposure of
plants to pollutants was found greatest near principal urban
and industrial centers rather than in major agricultural areas.
The level of aggregation was taken as a framework for deter-
mining relevant benefits and costs, based on farm production
foregone valued at state or county average prices. Thus, for
each crop and each county, the three types of data input were
production- measured quantity units, producer prices, and esti-
mated yield reduction in percent. A computer program was
developed for processing the price, quantity, crop value, and
loss data that produces the results for the 514 counties and 65
crops all at once. The computational procedure for estimating
economic losses is given, and an example of results presented
for Fresno Co., Calif, which includes average price per hun-
dredweight, quantity produced in hundredweights, value of
production, and estimated dollar loss for each county crop for
the base year 1964.
38409
Lux, H.
FOREST DAMAGES CAUSED BY SMOKE IN SLOVAKIA.
(Forstliche Rauchschadprobleme in der Slowakei). Text in Ger-
man. Soz. Forstwirtsch., 21(2):60-62, 1971.
Proceedings of the Forest and Industrial Emissions Con-
ference held in Slovakia are reviewed. In Czechoslovakia, the
total sulfur dioxide emission amounts to 3.4 million t/yr, caus-
ing approximately $.09 billion damage to forestry. The cor-
responding damage caused to forestry in Slovakia lies at $.03
billion. A total forest area of 160,000 ha is affected by air pol-
lution in Czechoslovakia, of which 27,000 ha lie in Slovakia.
The damaged agricultural area totals some 600,000 ha. The in-
vestments for technical pollution control measures amounted
to $1.29 million in 1968, and $5.16 million in 1970. The forestry
areas hit hardest by pollution lie in the Erzgebirge (more than
100,000 ha) and in the Ostrava region, with chemical plants
and thermal power plants as basic pollution sources. Soil
analyses and sensitivity investigations as well as a new method
of growth measurement are briefly described. Increasing soil
acidification due to sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen
chloride, and hydrogen fluoride gases results in reduced
biological activity of the soil, and in nitrogen deficiency. Diag-
nostic methods and possible connections between emissions
and insect proliferation are referred to.
39910
Robinson, J. M., G. I. Gruber, W. D. Lusk, and M. J. Santy
ENGINEERING AND COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF
FLUORINE EMISSIONS CONTROL. (FINAL REPORT).
(VOLUME I). TRW Systems Group, McLean, Va. and
Resources Research Inc., McLean, Va., Office of Air Programs
Contract EHSD 71-14, Rept. APTD-0945, SN 16893.000, 411p.,
Jan 1972. NTIS: PB 207506
Industrial emission sources were inventoried and a study was
made of the technical and economic aspects of implementing
soluble fluoride emission contiols for major industrial sources.
Industries included in the study were primary aluminum smelt-
ing, iron and steel, electrical power generation, phosphate rock
processing, glass manufacture, frit smelting, heavy clay
products, expanded clay aggregate, cement manufacture,
hydrofluoric acid alkylation processes, HF production, and
nonferrous metals smelting and refining. It is technically possi-
ble, though not economically profitable, to control soluble
fluorides with available devices such as wet scrubbers; the im-
mediate problem lies in implementation of that control, includ-
ing collection of the evolved fluorides by hoods and similar ef-
fluent capture systems for treatment in the abatement devices.
Included in the study are discussions of production trends ex-
trapolated to the year 2000, process flow diagrams, estimates
of current and projected fluoride emissions analyses of
production and control process economics, recommendations
for additional research and development programs, environ-
mental and ecological effects of the emitted fluorides on
animals, plants, man, glass, and materials, and techniques for
sampling and measurement of fluoride pollutants in the various
effluent streams.
41121
EXPENDITURES OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY FOR IN-
CREASING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. (Aufwendun-
gen der Chemie fuer Umweltschutz nehmen zu). Text in Ger-
man. Chem. Ind. (Duesseldorf), 24(5):272-275, May 1972.
From 1960 to 1969, the chemical industry in the Federal
Republic of Germany spent approximately 1.1 billion for en-
vironmental protection measures; 36.8% consisted of invest-
ments for environmental protection; 42.3%, operation costs for
environment protection plants; and 20.6%, for research and
development programs. The emissions of sulfur dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, nitric oxide, fluor and solid particles from the
chemical industry were less than 2% of the total emitted quan-
tity. The nuisance of emissions from the chemical industry is
due more to bad odors than to gases endangering human
health. Investments of the chemical industry for protective
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J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
487
measures against air pollution increased from 34.1% in the
period 1960/1964 to 35.1% in the period 1965/69 and will
amount to only 24% in 1974.
42746
Bertrand, Rene R.
A STUDY OF MARKETS FOR AIR POLLUTION MEASURE-
MENT INSTRUMENTATION 1971-1980. Esso Research and
Engineering Co., Linden, N. J., Office of Air Programs Contract
CPA 22-69-154, 93p., June 1971. 20 refs. NTIS: PB 204174
The market for air pollution instrumentation during the decade
of the seventies was determined. The market analysis
presented is based on the survey of instrumentation require-
ments conducted at the federal, state, and local level and on
an analysis of current legislation and air pollution control
codes. The market for three areas of measurement instrumen-
tation is estimated: ambient level monitoring, stationary source
emission measurement, and auto exhaust measurement. This
market amounts to nearly $500 million during the coming
decade, some 76% of which represents initial purchases of air
pollution measuring equipment. Industry will be the major
purchaser of instrumentation, accounting for 45% of the mar-
ket. The market is heavily oriented towards stationary source
emission measurement, this area accounting for half the total
instrumentation market value. Timing is a critical factor in the
market with each of the three areas of measurement reaching
maturity at different periods during the decade. In the study of
the market for ambient air quality monitoring, only instrumen-
tation required for particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxidants, car-
bon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, fluorides,
polynuclear organic matter, and odors is considered. The mar-
ket estimate for stationary source emission measurement in-
strumentation includes instrumentation for continuous source
monitoring of particulates, SO2, nitrogen oxides, hydrocar-
bons, CO, and fluorides. (Author abstract modified)
43002
Millecan, Arthur A.
A SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
DAMAGE TO CALIFORNIA VEGETATION IN 1970. Califor-
nia State Dept. of Agriculture, Sacramento, Bureau of Plant
Pathology, Air pollution Control Office Contract CPA 70-91,
Rept. APTD 0694, 51p., June 1971. NTIS: PB 200873
A statewide survey of California was conducted in 1970 to
determine areas od occurrence of plant injury due to air pollu-
tants and to assess the damage to agricultural plant crops. Ef-
fors were concentrated in areas with known histories of air
pollution problems. On the basis of observations and evalua-
tions by agricultural specialists, 1970 crop losses due to air
pollutants were estimated at approximately $25,690,680. These
losses were confined to 15 to 58 counties in the state. Losses
(o citrus plantings in the Los Angeles Basin County, with a
loss of $10,723,590, experienced the greatest economic crop
loss for any one county. The monetary loss figure does not in-
clud'" losses attributed to reduction in crop yield as a result of
invisible damage, with the exception of citrus and grapes.
Monetary losses to native vegetation including forests or to
landscape plantings also were not included. On-the-spot obser-
vations made by trained agricultural specialists provided 450
reports, 359 of which recorded plant injury caused by air pol-
lution. Plant injury was observed in 22 counties Photochemi-
cal smog accounted for most of the economic losses. Analysis
of the reports showed six pollutants to be involved and ac-
counted for the following percentages of plant injury: ozone
50%, peroxyacetyl nitrates 18%, fluorides 15%, ethylene 14%,
sulfur dioxide 2%, and particulates 1%. (Author abstract
modified)
43547
Benedict, H. M. and R. E. Olson
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PLANTS.
VOLUME I. Stanford Research Inst., Irvine, Calif., Coordinat-
ing Research Council Contract APRAC-CAPA-2-68, Report
CRC-CAPA-2-68-1, 68p., Jan. 1971. 13 refs. NTIS: PB 200235
The loss in dollars that occurs annually as a result of the ef-
fects of air pollutants on plants has been estimated. The pro-
gram has involved individuals trained in agricultural economics
and in physiologic and pathologic reactions of plants to air pol-
lutants. The study was limited to the effects of ozone, perox-
yacly nitrates, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and fluorides,
as these compounds appear to account for at least 90% of the
damage to vegetation by air pollutants. In the initial phases of
the study, estimates of loss are limited to the direct effects of
these pollutants on yield, quality, and marketability of impor-
tant commercial crops, with losses for ornamental plants based
on losses to vendors. Dollar loss estimates were made for each
crop reported for each county where air pollution sources ap-
parently existed. These estimates included losses due to
ozone, nitrogen oxides, PAN, sulfur dioxide, and fluorides.
(Author abstract modified)
44672
Benedict, H. M., C. J. Miller, and R. E. Olson
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON PLANTS
IN THE UNITED STATES. (FINAL REPORT). Stanford
Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., Coordinating Research
Council Contract CRC-APRAC CAPA-2-68(l-70), SRI Proj.
LSD-1056, 77p., Nov. 1971. 37 refs. NTIS: PB 210667
An investigation was made to develop gross estimates of
economic losses resulting from the effects of air pollutants on
plants. In a previous report, estimates of severity of pollution
in various counties were based on emission data only, and the
effects of meteorological and other factors in concentrating or
diluting these emissions were not given proper consideration.
In estimating the loss of individual crops, it was assumed that
crops considered sensitive to a given pollutant were equally
sensitive and those resistant were equally resistant. The
present report is aimed primarily at revising the estimates to
correct the deficiencies just mentioned and to include esti-
mates of loss to ornamental plants. Revised estimates of dollar
losses due to oxidants (ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and
nitrogen oxides), sulfur dioxide, and fluoride are presented.
48171
Fredriksen, Heige
POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE NORWEGIAN INDUSTRY.
(Forurensningsproblemer in norsk industri). Text in Norwegian.
Tidsskr. Kjemi, Bergvesen, Met., 32(2):9-14, Feb. 1972.
The state of pollution control and planned investments in vari-
ous branches of industry in Norway are reviewed. In addition
to $70,000,000 already invested in industrial emission control,
about $14,000,000 more will be necessary over the next few
years. The aluminum industry, with a yearly output of 500,000
tons, has completed a comprehensive emission control pro-
gram. Some 8000 tons of fluorides, out of a total of 10,000
tons, are collected. The operating cost of cleaning equipment
adds $5.60 to the cost of 1 ton of aluminum. Red smoke emis-
sions from iron and steel plants have been considerably
abated, from 1000 to 20 kg/hr in one case. The additional costs
are 70-118 cents. The chemical industry has invested $9.52 mil-
lion for emission control equipment, whose operating costs are
$9.3 million/yr. Oil refineries, emitting considerable amounts
of sulfur dioxide, soot, and hydrocarbons, will invest $1.4 mil-
lion over the next 2 years in addition to a $2.1 million invest-
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488
ment already realized. One refinery recovers 6000 tons of sul-
fur from high-sulfur raw products yearly. Cement works have
invested $5.60 million for electrostatic dust precipitators. Some
70-90% of the total SO2 emission is bound to the clinker. The
fish processing industry has invested $.84 million for odor con-
trol; while combined scrubbing and incineration would require
another $11.9 million. The melting industry has invested $7.28
million for the control of dust emissions. The investments by
the wood processing and pulp and paper industries run to $14
million.
55161
Pell, Eva J.
NINETEEN SEVENTY-TWO SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT
OF AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO VEGETATION IN NEW
JERSEY. Rutgers-The State Univ. New Brunswick, N. J., Dept.
of Plant Biology, Environmental Protection Agency Contract 68-
02-0078, EPA-R5-73-022, Program Element 1A1004, 45p., June
1973. 27 rets. NTIS: PB 223089
The economic impact of air pollution on New Jersey vegeta-
tion was studied from May 1972 through May 1973. Direct
losses to agronomic crops and ornamental plantings were eval-
uated; crop substitution and indirect yield reduction were not
accounted for. The total losses to these crops during the study
period amounted to $128,019. Forty-seven percent of the plant
damage was caused by oxidants, 18% by hydrogen fluoride,
16% by ethylene, 4% by sulfur dioxide, and 1% by anhydrous
ammonia. Cumberland, Warren, Atlantic, and Salem Counties
sustained the greatest damage. The damage reported in this
survey was only 11% of that reported for New Jersey during
the 1971-72 period. Reduced losses did not result from
decreased air pollution concentrations but from altered en-
vironmental conditions. The unusual rainfall patterns in 1972
placed the plants under water stress and probably protected
them from air pollution injury. In addition to evaluating crop
losses, unknown problems were documented and research
needs assessed. (Author abstract)
60298
Gillette, Donald G.
AGRICULTURAL LOSSES AND ASSESSMENT OF AIR POL-
LUTION DAMAGE. Preprint, Virginia Polytechnic I t.,
Blacksburg and Univ. of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras (Puerto Rico),
14p., 1974. 11 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Workshops,
Blacksburg, Va., March 4-6, 1974 and Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico,
March 13-15, 1974.)
Estimated losses from air pollution damage to vegetation in
the United States range from less than $100 million to more
than $500 million per year, and approximately 80% of the esti-
mated damage is attributed to oxidants. Damage from sulfur
oxides and fluorides accounts for about 10%, and about 10%
of the total loss can be charged to other miscellaneous pollu-
tants Over one-third of the total loss is associated with
damages to ornamentals and shrubs in heavily polluted urban
areas, while the remaining losses of approximately $100 mil-
lion are incurred by commercial crops grown in urban fringe
areas or around major rural point sources. Over half of the
estimated vegetative losses from air pollution in the United
States occur in the state of California. The opportunity costs
incurred by farmers as a result of pollution infringement on
their productive capabilities are extremely difficult to quantify
because of the intangible nature of the value or cost of the op-
portunities lost.
67865
Benedict, Harris M., Clarence J. Miller, and Jean S. Smith
ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR POLLU-
TANTS ON VEGETATION IN THE UNITED STATES: 1969
AND 1971 (FINAL REPORT). Stanford Research lust., Menlo
Park, Calif., Coordinating Research Council Contract CAPA 2-
68(1-71) CPA 70-16 and Environmental Protection Agency Con-
tract 68-02-0312, SRI Proj. LSU-1503, Rept. EPA-650/5-73-002,
lOOp., July 1973. 46 refs. NTIS: PB 224818/AS
The economic impact of air pollutants on vegetation in the
United States was assessed by selecting counties where major
air pollutants such as oxidants, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,
and fluorides were likely to reach plant damaging concentra-
tions. Calculations for 1969 estimates indicated that 40% of the
dollar value of agricultural crops, 36% of the value of forests,
and over 50% of the ornamental value lie in polluted areas of
the United States. Total annual dollar loss to crops in the
United States was calculated to be about $87.5 million, with
oxidants accounting for $77 million, SO2 accounting for $4.97
million, and fluorides accounting for $5.25 million. Applying
loss factors to the 1969 crop data and adding the increase in
crop values between 1969 and 1971 resulted in an estimated
$123.3 million loss due to oxidants and an $8.2 million loss due
to SO2 for the year 1971. The greatest percentage of crop
losses on a regional basis occurred in the heavily populated
and industrialized areas of the southwestern, middle Atlantic,
and midwestern states.
76213
Champagne, Jean and Brian Sawyer
LONG-TERM PLANNING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTEC-
TION IN ALUMINUM WORKS. (Planification a long terme
pour la protection de 1 environnement dans les alumineries).
Text in French. Preprint, Assoc. for Clean Air Maintenance,
Quebec, 8p., 1975. (Presented at the Strategy of Air Manage-
ment Conference, St-Jovite, Canada, May 25-27, 1975.)
Different alternatives for the long-term abatement of particu-
late and gaseous fluorine emissions in aluminum factories in
Quebec are discussed. The complete reconstruction, i.e., the
shutdown of obsolete plants, and the introduction of the most
advanced technology, including dry filtration or electrostatic
precipitation of particulate emissions, would require an invest-
ment of about $1,000,000,000. In the long run, this solution
would reduce the energy use by 15%, and also the operating
costs in general. Acceptable air quality could be achieved by
the use of wet filtration techniques at an investment of
$100,000,000 at a rate of $25,000,000 annually. Extended
modernization, involving the introduction of dry filtration or
electrostatic dust precipitation, would cost $300,000.000. These
latter alternative solutions would bring about a 3% increase in
the energy use, and another increase in the operating costs.
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489
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
03032
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION.
Metodi di Misura Dell'Inquinamento Atmosferico. Fumi Polveri
(Milan) 6, (7-8) 217-21, 1966. It.
The Organ of Cooperation and Economic Development
(O.C.D.E.) with its headquarters in Paris, decided in January
1957, to create a 'work group' to study the methods of mea-
surement of atmospheric pollution. In 1963 a document was
drafted by highly qualified specialists and technicians from all
the member countries of (O.C.D.E.) and it dealt with the mea-
surement of smoke, anhydrides of sulfur, sulfuric acid,
hydrocarbons and fluorine. It is suggested that standard units
of measurement be used, in the cgs system Smoke and an-
hydrides of sulfur are measured in micrograms per cubic meter
(O C, 760 mm Hg). A method of measuring smoke in the at-
mosphere consists of passing a volume of air through a filter
and measuring a color change in the machine. A correlation is
obtained between the material collected in the machine and the
color change based on a 'standard smoke' measurement. Sedi-
mentable materials are measured in milligrams per square
meter per day. (Author summary)
03582
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
AND MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST (TECHNICAL REPT.)
(SUPPLEMENT NO. 2 ADDITIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALI-
TY STANDARDS). California State Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley. 28 pp., 1962.
Amended ambient air quality standards are tabulated. The
basis for ethylene, hydrogen sulfide, and fluorides standards
are received in terms of their effects on man, on vegetation,
and on livestock. The 'adverse' level for ethylene was 0.5 ppm
for 1 hr or 0 1 ppm for 8 hr (damage to vegetation) and for
hydrogen sulfide, 0.1 ppm for 1 hr (sensory irritation). When
forage crops containing 30 to 50 ppm of fluoride, measured on
a dry weight basis, are consumed over a long period, teeth and
bones of cattle may show changes, depending upon age, nutri-
tional factors, and the form of fluoride ingested
07605
Middleton, John T
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA ASSOCIATED WITH VISIBILITY
REDUCTION, SOILAGE AND DAMAGE TO VEGETATION.
Preprint, California U"iv., River- .Me, Air Pollution Research
Center, 14p., 1963. (Presented and Methods of Measurement,
Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12, 1963. Paper No. WHO/AP/15.)
Paniculate loading of the atmosphere is primarily responsible
for reduction in visibility. The amount of visibility reduction,
in turn, is due to the nature of the particle. The criterion for
visibility is perhaps best given in terms of visible distance at a
specific relative humidity. Air quality criteria for soilage may
be developed where specific contaminants have direct effects
upon particular materials. Since in general the soilage of goods
is a function of multiple actions, air quality criteria foi soilage
are difficult of description and perhaps of lessened general
utility. Air quality criteria for visible effects of vegetation
damage can be developed for those toxicants which have
direct effects, such as sulfur dioxide, ethylene, nitrogen diox-
ide, peroxyacyl nitrates, and ozone. Air quality criteria for
fluorides cannot now be determined because of the multiplicity
of factors which control the rate of accumulation and the sub-
sequent effect of fluoride upon plant tissues. Levels of
fluoride responsible for damage to livestock can be established
and a criterion based on this is feasible.
08420
Brodovicz, Bey A.
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR PENNSYLVANIA. J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 18(l):21-23, Jan. 1968. 4 rets.
In late 1965 the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Commission ap-
pointed a Council of Technical Advisors to develop air quality
criteria. Recently this Council set forth its recommendations
for ten pollutants. The philosophy of the Council is expressed.
The major difficulties and rationale are mentioned. The recom-
mendations are given and the potential use of the criteria is
also explained. The establishment of firm guidelines of air
quality is based solely on consideration of effects both on
health and aesthetics. The criteria are broken into two distinct
groups; air basin average and single point measurement. The
pollutants included: 1. Suspended particulates (total), 2. Settled
particulates (total), 3. Lead (tentative), 4. Beryllium, 5.
Sulfates (as H2SO4), 6. Sulfuric acid mist, 7. Fluorides (total
soluble, as HF), 8. Sulfur dioxide, 10. Oxidants, 11. Hydrogen
sulfide, and 12 Carbon monoxide.
10168
SANITARY STANDARDS FOR PLANNING INDUSTRIAL EN-
TERPRISES. In: A Collection of Most Important Official Items
Related to Sanitary and Anti-Epidemiological (Prophylactic)
Problems. An Aid to the State Sanitary Inspector-Physician and
Physician-Epidemiologist. T. E. Boldyrev and V. M. Zhdanov
(eds.), Vol. 2, 3rd ed., Moscow, State Publishers of Medical
Literature, Medgiz, 1953, Chapt. 1, p. 113-148. Translated from
Russian.
Standards are presented which apply to the improvement of
existing industrial enterprises or the planning of new buildings
with respect to the site of the enterprise, the nearby residential
environment, the water supply source, and the manner of
sewage disposal Conditions prevailing in the territory of the
planned enterprise must accord with the sanitary requirements
with regard to precipitation, drainage, direct sunshine, natural
ventilation, and level of ground water. Plans for the construc-
tion of plants must include provision for the health of thw
workers, as well as the execution and maintenance of a sanita-
ry clearance zone and the adequate planting of appropnate
trees, shrubs, and other green plants. Requirements are in-
dicated for various chemical processing plants, metal
processing and machine construction industries, ore and
mineral production, building industries, wood processing in-
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490
dustries, textile industry, plants processing animal products,
and food industries. Periodic physical examinations are recom-
mended for workers exposed to lead and its organic com-
pounds, ethylated gasoline, mercury and its compounds, man-
ganese, chromic acid and its salts, arsenic compounds,
phosphorus, cobalt, fluorine, sulfuric acid, chlorine, bromine,
carbon bisulfide, hydrogen sulfide, crude oil and petroleum
products, chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons, and
radioactive substances.
11414
K. Biersteker
FRESH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. (Kwaliteitsnormen
Buitenlucht.) Translated from Dutch. T. Soc. Geneesk., No.
46:166-176, 1968. 58 refs.
Fresh air quality standards in different nations are reviewed.
Considerable differences exist because the hazards of air pol-
lution are assessed differently. However, the differences in
clean air specifications appear to disappear as the maximum
permissible impurity concentrations become gradually lower.
The Committee for Soil, Water and Air in Rotterdam
developed standards which have no legal significance but help
government and industry to establish clean air policies. These
standards are tabulated for chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, carbon
monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide and sulfuric acid-with comparable standards shown for
West Germany, Russia, and the United States. The permissible
SO2 concentration in California is higher than in Europe. This
is due to the fact that SO2 plays a minor role in summer fog
formation. In Europe, however, fog occurs in the winter and is
accompanied by high SO2 and smoke concentrations. Another
notable difference in air quality standards is that the Russians
have unrealistically high standards for clean air while in
Western Europe air is considered as a raw material which
should be left in a reasonably good condition for the next con-
sumer. Air quality directives, being used for the city of Rotter-
dam, and air pollution alarm systems used for Los Angeles
and proposed for New York, are discussed.
13173
McCune, D. C.
THE TECHNICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AIR: FLUORIDE
CRITERIA FOR VEGETATION REFLECT THE DIVERSITY
OF PLANT KINGDOM. Environ. Sci. Technol. 3(8):720-73S,
Aug. 1969.
Problem areas in the development of air quality criteria and
the application of standards are (1) the nature and occurrence
of the pollutant, (2) the effects of the pollutant on a receptor
and the factors that determine the dose-response relationship,
and (3) the characteristics of present air monitoring
techniques. Atmospheric fluorides present specific problems in
each area and illustrate problems of general significance with
respect to the effects of air pollution on vegetation. Criteria,
for example, can be established only for gaseous fluoride pol-
lutants. However, if air quantity standards are to be meaning-
fully evaluated and enforced, monitoring techniques must be
developed that can discriminate between particulate and gase-
ous forms. Soundly-based criteria and standards must also
consider the temporal distribution of atmospheric fluorides.
Unfortunately, not enough is known about the effects of
fluorides on plants to allow the formulation of concentration,
duration, and frequency parameters. It is doubtful that con-
tinuous function can describe the effects of fluorine under
given biological and environmental conditions. A better
method for presenting criteria is a dose- response surface for
an effect of a certain degree and type in terms of the proba-
bility of its occurrence. If standards are to be useful, the art of
determining fluoride levels must be refined. Acceptable stan-
dard monitoring methods may result from the work of the
Halogen Subcommittee of the Intersociety Committee on
Manual of Methods for Air Sampling and Analysis. Included is
a discussion by R. H. Daines of the implication of standards
for industrial plant design. Variations in plant sensitivity to
fluorides are discussed by H. R. Hickey.
14772
Weaver, Neill K.
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS AND STANDARDS.
STATUS REPORT. J. Occupational Med., 11(9):45S-461, Sept.
1969. 23 refs.
The Federal Air Quality Act of 1967 furnishes the methodolo-
gy for the abatement of air pollution. Its provisions include the
designation of air quality control regions and the issuance of
air quality criteria and control technology documents, which
will be followed by the promulgation of ambient air standards
and emission standards at regional, state, and local levels. The
atmospheric pollutants of current major concern are sulfur ox-
ides, particulates, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, oxidants,
carbon monoxide, fluorine, and lead. Their toxic and other
deleterious effects, exhibited at various concentration-time ex-
posures, can be related to levels reached by the individual
contaminants in the air of cities. While such an evaluation
does not allow for possible interactions between pollutants, it
appears that sulfur dioxide, oxidants, and carbon monoxide
may be harmful to human health when the agents are concen-
trated, as in focal areas of emission or during sustained
meteorologic inversions. Gains to be achieved by controlling
these and other contaminants during non- peak conditions are
probably derived from aesthetic, economic, and welfare
benefits rather than health. Abatement procedures should
eliminate rises in pollutant levels beyond the average ranges
generally present in urban ambient air. (Author summary
modified)
17375
Hodge, Harold C. and Frank A. Smith
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR THE EFFECTS OF
FLUORIDES ON MAN. J. Air Pollution Control., 20(4):226-
232, April 1970. 42 refs.
Atmospheric and industrial concentrations of fluoride are con-
sidered, together with the effects of fluoride on man. Urban
concentrations of fluoride range from less than 0.2 micro-
grams/cu m to 1.9 micrograms/cu m. Depending on the
processes involved, factories using fluorides release to the at-
mosphere elemental fluorine (F2), soluble gaseous fluorides
(HE), and soluble or insoluble fluoride dusts. Industrial air
concentrations of fluorides range from a fraction of a milli-
gram of fluoride per cu m to values mostly less than 10 mg/cu
m. Average urinary F concentrations not exceeding 5 mg/1,
which corresponds approximate! to a daily intake of 5 mg, are
not associated with osteosclerosis in workmen. The amount of
fluoride retained by an individual inhaling air containing 2.5
mg of fluoride dust per cu m (the current threshold limit value)
is approximately 5-6 mg. The available evidence indicates that,
with a few exceptions, the health of persons in the vicinity of
factories emitting fluoride fumes or dust is not adversely in-
fluenced. However, some types of vegetation are highly
susceptible to the effects of fluorides and an air quality stan-
dard to protect vegetation will be far lower than that encoun-
tered in the factory. If the standard is set at 10 ppb, the proba-
ble daily human intake would be 0.16 mg, which is far below
the level required for the production of clear-cut effec in the
human.
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K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
491
19750
Pennsylvania State Dept. of Health, Harrisburg, Air Pollution
Commission
PENNSYLVANIA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS.
6p., Oct. 20, 1969. 10 rets.
Annual, 30-day, 24-hr and/or 1-hr air quality standards are
given for 12 pollutants (suspended and settled particulates,
lead beryllium, sulfates as H2SO4, sulfuric acid mist, fluorides
as HF, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants, hydrogen
sulfide, and carbon monoxide) in accordance with the require-
ments of the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act of 1960.
These standards, which will be reviewed at least once a year,
are for single-point measurements; they represent minimum,
and not necessarily desirable quality. The 24-hr standard for
SO2 is 0.10 ppm; for suspended particulates, 195 micro-
grams/cu m. An antidegradation policy is stated to the effect
that where present air quality is significantly higher than the
established standards, the difference will be conserved, based
on a long range forecast of probable land and air uses in areas
of high air qualify. Sampling and analytical procedures to be
employed for measuring ambient levels are specified for each
of the 12 pollutants.
19818
LIST OF JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS ON AD*
PURIFICATION AS OF MARCH 1970. (Kuki seijo ni kansuru
JIS ichiranhyo. 1970 nen sangastsu genzai). Text in Japanese.
Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
8(2):62-64, June 1970.
Japanese industrial standards listed under special alphabetical,
four-digit codes include the following: methods for continuous
measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and
hydrocarbons in automotive exhausts; analysis of ammonia,
nitrogen oxide, fluorides, chlorine, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide in flue gas; polarog-
raphy; conductivity; potential difference titration methods; gas
chromatography; light absorption; infrared spectroscopy;
granular activated charcoal; powdered activated charcoal;
cokes; industrial gasoline; automotive gasoline; kerosine; light
oils; heavy oils; airplane gasoline, jet fuels; liquefied petrole-
um gas; air filter oil metal corrosion experiment, quantitative
analysis of lead anti-knock agent in gasoline; analysis of sulfur
in petroleum products; kerosene stove; tests by Geiger-Muller
counter; radiation survey meter; air filter for radioactive par-
ticulates, measurement of smoke and dust in flue gas; tests for
airborne particulates (weight method by electrostatic dust-sam-
ple); and measurement of sterilizing ultraviolet light.
25933
INORGANIC FLUORIDES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 30(1):98-
101, 1969. 21 rets.
Inorganic fluorides are ubiquitous; they are found naturally in
most soils, water, vegetation, and animal tissue. In the small
amounts present, they produce no harmful effects and are
considered by many nutritionists as essential minor elements.
They are important as air pollution since excessive amounts
can produce damage both in vegetation and in animals that
consume contaminated forage. The fluoride content of forage
should not exceed 40 ppm F as a yearly average, be in excess
of 60 ppm F for more than two consecutive months, or in ex-
cess of 80 ppm F for more than one month. Values of gaseous
fluorides suitable as an air quality guide for residential and
agriculture areas are as follows: 4.5 ppb average for 12 hrs; 3.5
ppb average for 25 hrs, 2.0 ppb average for 1 wk; and 1.0 ppb
average for 1 month.
26738
McCune, Delbert C.
ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AIR QUALITY CRITERIA,
WITH REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
FLUORINE ON VEGETATION. American Petroleum Inst.,
New York, Div. of Environmental Affairs, No. 69-3, 33p., Feb.
1969. 66 refs.
The significance of the form of airborne fluorides to air quali-
ty criteria is that the type of fluoride compound will determine
its toxicity to plants, and available data upon which criteria
can be established have as their basis the effects of gaseous
fluorides. Air quality standards or air monitoring techniques
that consider only the total fluoride cannot be justified by
present air quality criteria. The identification or classification
of an effect does not by itself solve the problem of what con-
stitutes damage. Some of the problems in the interpretation of
effects with respect to what could be called injury or damage
are discussed for tomato, alfalfa, sorghum, corn, gladiolus,
tree fruits, citrus, and conifers. It is apparent that there can be
no single criterion for the effects of atmospheric fluorine on
vegetation. The temporal distribution of atmospheric fluorine
is another important factor in the evaluation of data or the
selection of criteria. Precision, sensitivity, response time, and
accuracy of air monitoring and analytical methods are also
mentioned. The relevance of criteria to standards is discussed.
27010
Blokker, P. C.
COMMENTS ON AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN DIF-
FERENT COUNTRIES. Stichting CONCAWE, The Hague
(Netherlands), Document 2126, 12p., Sept. 1969. 17 refs.
A comparative survey is given (in tabular form) of maximum
allowabl concentration values for oxidants, nitrogen dioxide,
chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, car-
bon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, smoke, soot and dust in dif-
ferent countries in Europe and the U.S.A. In addition to the
table for nitrogen oxides, the biological, phytotoxic, colora-
tion, and photochemical smog effects of contaminant are
discussed. The standards show important differences from
country to country because their bases differ appreciably. For
this reason the bases of the best known standards are sum-
marized. These ar the standards of California, New York,
Colorado, Rotterdam, West Germany, East Germany, and the
U.S.S R.
28466
Lebedev, Yu. D., M. K. Nedogibchenko, and L. F. Glebova
CERTAIN RESULTS AND IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS OF HY-
GIENE SCIENCE AND SANITARY PRACTICE IN THE
AREA OF PROTECTING CITY AIR. (Nekotoryye itogi i bliz-
hayshiye zadachi gigiyenicheskoy nayki i sanitarnoy praktiki v
oblasti okhrany atmosfernogo vozdukha gorodov). Text in Rus-
sian. Gigiena i Sanit., 21(ll):3-8, 1956.
Maximum allowable concentrations have been established for
a number of air pollutants as follows (single and daily-average
values, respectively, mg/cu m): sulfur dioxide, 0.50, 0.15;
chlorine, 0.10, 0.03; hydrogen sulfide, 0.03, 0.01; carbon disul-
fide, 0.50, 0.15; carbon monoxide, 6.0, 2.0; nitrogen oxides,
0.50, 0.15; non-toxic dust, 0.50, 0.15; soot, 0.15, 0.05;
phosphorus pentoxide, 0.15, 0.05; manganese and manganese
compounds, 0.03, 0.01; fluorine compounds, 0.03, 0.01; sul-
furic acid, 0.30, 0.10; phenol, 0.30, 0.10; arsenic (inorganic
compounds other than arsine), 0.003; lead and lead compounds
(other than tetraethyl lead), --, 0.0007; and metallic mercury, -
, 0.0003. Major administrative and technical problems as-
sociated with air pollution control in 1956 are reviewed.
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492
31968
Yamamoto, Norimasa
ON EMISSION STANDARD OF SMOKE (HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES) BASED ON AIR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW.
(Taiki osen boshiho ni motozuku baien - yugai busshitsu - no
haishutsu kijin ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Smaller
Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan) 72p., 1971. (Presented at
the Public Nuisance Prevent. Tech. Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Characteristics of smoke, dust collection equipment, average
paniculate diameter, and other factors are tabulated. The
number of boilers in Tokyo, Osaka, and Kanagawa are com-
pared. The emission standard for dust is 0.06 g/N cu m-0.20
g/N cu m for boilers and furnaces, in newly constructed instal-
lations, which utilize heavy oil as fuel. The average cadmium
concentration at nine monitoring stations in 1969 was 0.020
micrograms/cu m. Environmental pollution due to heavy
metals is also considered. At 0.1 ppm, the odor of chlorine can
be detected with slight irritation; at three to six ppm, there is
irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and headache, while life is
threatened at 14-21 ppm. Chlorine also damages plants after
about 0.5 ppm. Chlorine, up to 0.5 ppm, is contained in tap
water. The environmental standard should be less than 0.02
ppm. Even small amounts of fluorine in the atmosphere can
damage plants, and the standard should be two to five micro-
grams/cu m. Above two to eight ppm of F, teeth have motley
patterns, and eight to 15 mg/day for 10 years would bring
about softening of the bone. Standards are also given for sul-
fur dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxidants, hydrocarbons, and
nitrogen dioxide. Air pollution control agencies, districts, plans
and alerts are mentioned.
33107
EXPLANATION OF DUST ETC. DISCHARGE STANDARD
AS IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT
REGULATIONS. (Taiki osen boshiho seko kisoku ni mini
baijinto no haishutsu kijunchi no kaisetsu). Text in Japanese.
Kogai To Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(7):588-590, July
1971.
In Japan, the emission standard for sulfur dioxide is based on
diffusion formulas, according to a system of area allocations.
The country is divided into eight ranks which represent from
between 0.020 and 0.045 ppm maximum ground concentration
of SO2, depending upon the degree to which the area has been
industrialized. Old facilities must be equipped with electro-
static precipitators, bag filter, multicyclones, or other dust col-
lection equipment, while even stricter standards exist for
newly constructed buildings. Even in areas where fuel con-
sumption will double, air pollution levels are to be reduced
one-third their present amount in five years. If necessary,
more rigid standards may be applied by prefectural govern-
ments. Emission standards exist for cadmium, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, lead, and other
harmful substances Standards for fuels also exist, so that they
cannot have a sulfur content higher than 1.0-1.5%.
34063
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan) Dept. of
Thermal Power
THE CONTENT OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW
REVISIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS FOR ELECTRIC
WORKS. (Taikiosen boshiho kaisei no naiyo to denki kosakubut-
su ni okeru unyo). Text in Japanese. Karyoku Hatsuden (Ther-
molelectric Power Generation), 22(10): 1107-1113, Oct. 1971.
The 1970 revisions of public nuisance related laws are
discussed with regard to purpose, content, application, and en-
forcement. The, range of toxic pollutants was expanded to in-
clude cadmium and its compounds, chlorine and hydrogen
chloride, fluorine and hydrogen fluoride, bromine fluoride,
lead and lead compounds, and nitrogen oxides. Boilers using
gases containing more than 0.1% sulfur content, coke fur-
naces, mineral depositories, mineral conveyors, crushers,
graters, and sifters were added to the list of soot and dust
creating facilities. Hydrocarbons, lead compounds, and
nitrogen compounds were added to the list of toxic automotive
emission gases. Emission standards are determined as before
by the K figures obtained by the stack gas dispersion formula;
but the entire country was divided into classifications accord-
ing to various K values ranging from 11.7 to 26.3 (maximum
allowable concentration of sulfur oxides 0.020 - 0.045 ppm).
Soot and other dust particulate emission standards were
revised on a large scale. Among electric power generator
boilers, heavy oil and gas boilers were classified into three
groups: Maximum allowable emission is 0.1 g/N cu m for
boilers with more than 200,000 N cu m/h capacity; 0.2 g/N cu
m for boilers between 40,000 and 200,000 N cu m; and 0.3 g/N
cu m for boilers with less than 40, 000 N cu m/h capacity.
These compare with the former 1.0 g/N cu m uniform stan-
dard. For low grade coal boilers, the maximum allowable con-
centration is 0.8 g/N cu m, and for high grade coal boilers, 0.4
g/N cu. Sulfur oxides standards and toxic pollutant emission
standards are reviewed by tables.
36823
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan), Dept. of
Environmental Health
EMISSION STANDARDS OF STACK GASES (TOXIC
MATERIALS) BASED ON THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
LAW. (Taiki osen boshiho ni motozuku baien (yugai busshitsu)
no haishutsu kijun ni (suite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Nyusu (Air Pollution News), no. 67:3-39, Nov. 1971.
Emission standards for various toxic materials in stack gases,
based on the Air Pollution Control Law, are presented in ta-
bles Items reviewed are the dust emission standard; average
emissions and dust collection rates according to various types
of furnaces and various types of dust creating installations;
standards and average emissions for settling particles,
suspended particulates, chlorine, and fluorides; and the
epidemiological study of the influences of fluorides. The
Japanese Air Control Law, WHO indexes, Forecast and Warn-
ing systems of New York City, the United States National Pri-
mary Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards Federal Re-
gister, Air Pollution Emergencies Episode Criteria, and the
E.P.A Federal Register are included. Also included in table
forms are the records of Tokyo air pollution monitoring sta-
tions on suspended particulates; total emission quantity by pol-
lutants and by sources; carbon monoxide saturation of
hemoglobin and symptoms; influences on the human body of
various toxic matter such as sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist,
nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and suspended particulates; nitric
oxide and NO2 concentration in Tokyo; emission standards for
lead and lead compounds; a review of lead emitting industries;
total dust particles and the lead content in the main cities of
Japan; lead emission standards in various countries, and the
1969 SO2 measurements in various controlled areas in Japan.
37472
THE SOUTH CENTRAL STATES: A DIVERSIFYING INDUS-
TRIAL ECONOMY SPAWNS POLLUTION PROBLEMS. Ind.
Develop., 140(6):13-25, Nov./Dec. 1971.
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K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
493
Dozens of heavy industries, including steel mills, paper plants,
and cement factories, have joined petrochemicals and food
processing to bring a new image of diversification to the
economy of the South Central states. To minimize pollution
problems attending industrial development, Arkansas, Loui-
siana, Oklahoma, and Texas have each enacted programs to
guard their air and water. The air and water quality standards
in these states are given along with a summary of the tax in-
entives and low- interest financing programs for pollution
control equipment and facilities. Air quality standards are in-
cluded for smoke shade, incinerator emissions, particulates,
sulfur dioxide, dust fall, sulfuric acid mist and/or sulfur triox-
ide, carbon monoxide, oxidants, hydrocarbons, odor,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, sulfuric acid plants,
steam generators, boilers, effective stack height, and nitric
acid manufacturing.
38197
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan), Public Nuisance
Section
STANDARD OF SOOT AND DUST EMISSION (INJURIOUS
SUBSTANCES) BASED ON AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
LAW. (Taikiosen boshiho ni motozuku baien (ugai bussitsu) no
haishut.su kijun ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. 69p., May 1971.
Standards of emission of soot and dust, cadmium and its com-
pounds, chlorine and hydrogen chloride, fluorine and its com-
pounds, and lead and its compounds are discussed. The emer-
gency contamination level is mentioned. A summary of the re-
port of the experts conference on the criterion of soot and
dust emission includes standards of emission for newly
established or existing facilities, the characteristics and collec-
tion rate of soot and dust at different emission sources, the
consumption of fuel, the amount of soot and dust at six pre-
fectures in 1969, and the standard of emission from the special
facilities provided by ordinance. Concentrations in the air, ef-
fects on man, the standard value of concentrations in the am-
bient air or standards of emission were discussed fro Ca, Cl,
HC1, F, and Pb. Emergency measures and alarm systems dur-
ing an emergency in Los Angeles and New York discussed
with relation to the Air Pollution Control Law.
41266
Mestitzova, M.
FLUORIDES (AS HF). In: Documentation of MAC in
Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak Commission for MAC, Prague, p.
76-80, June 1969. 21 refs.
Fluorides are less active than gaseous or liquid compounds of
fluorine. Soluble salts are more toxic. The fluoride ion is a
protoplasmic poison. Effects of chronic poisoning are anemia,
fragility of bones, and dental changes. Maximum allowable
concentrations in different countries range from 1.0 to 2.5
mg/cu m. The suggested MAC values for Czechoslovakia are 1
mg/cu m (mean) and 2 mg/cu m (peak). The findings of various
investigators are noted.
41267
Mestitzova, M.
FLUORINE. In: Documentation of MAC in Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovak Commission for MAC, Prague, p. 81-82, June
1969. 4 refs.
Fluorine causes severe skin irritation and, when inhaled,
causes lung edema. Maximum allowable concentrations in dif-
ferent countries range from 0.05 to 0.4 mg/cu m. The sug-
gested MAC values for Czechoslovakia are 0.2 mg/cu m
(mean) and 0.4 mg/cu m (peak). The findings of several in-
vestigators are noted.
41295
Mestitzova, M.
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE. In: Documentation of MAC in
Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak Commission for MAC, Prague, p.
93-95, June 1969. 11 refs.
Hydrogen fluoride has an irritating effect on mucosa, the
breathing trap '. and the skin. Adaption to short-term exposure
does not oci-ur. There is also increased fluorine excretion in
the urine. Maximum allowable concentrations in different
countries range from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/cu m. The suggested MAC
values for Czechoslovakia are 1.0 mg/cu m (mean) and 2.0
mg/cu m (peak). The findings of various investigators are
noted.
41682
Ryazanov, V. A. (ed.)
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF NOX-
IOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF POPU-
LATED AREAS. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey
of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compilation of
Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1972, p. 1-5, Translated from Russian. (Also Izv.
Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:201-204, 1968.) NTIS: PB
209478
The maximum allowable concentrations approved by the
Assistant Chief Public Health Physician of the USSR are
listed. Maximum single and mean daily concentrations of 94
noxious substances are presented, including standards for
nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocar-
bons, ketones, ammonia, organic nitrogen compounds, al-
cohols, phosporus compounds, organic and inorganic acids,
vanadium compounds, sulfur and organic sulfur compounds,
manganese compounds, cyanates, arsenic compounds,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, mercury compounds, soot, lead
compounds, nontoxic dusts, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
fluorine compounds, chlorine compounds, gasoline, and
chromium compounds. Concentration limits for specific com-
binations of substances are also described.
42039
Japan Environmental Agency, Tokyo, Bureau of Atmospheric
Safety
STRICT LOCAL EMISSION STANDARDS BASED ON AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS. (Taiki osen boshiho ni
motozuku uwanose haishutsu kijun joreishu). Text in Japanese.
Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 8(6):34-50, June 1972.
Japanese local emission standards, based on air pollution con-
trol laws are discussed. By 1972 there were 13 Prefectures in
which these standards were applied. New standards are given
for cadmium, fluorine, lead, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and
dust. The Prefectures are Akita, Fukushima, Ibaragi, Gun-ma,
Saitama, Kanagawa, Toyama, Mie, Osaka, Nara, Okayama,
Ehime, and Niigata. The new standards were applied to
hydrogen fluoride and silicon fluoride.
44310
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo (Japan), Dept. of
Public Nuisance
DATA RELATED TO THE MR POLLUTION CONTROL
LAW MINISTRY ORDINANCES (NO. 3). POLLUTANTS
STANDARDS SPECDfTED BY ORDINANCES. (Taiki osen
boshiho seishorei kankei shiryo (no. 3). Jorei no yoru yagai
busshitsu no kisei jokyo nado). Taiki Osen Nyusu (Air Pollution
News), no. 69:2-11, March 1972.
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494
Japanese local emission standards, based on air pollution con-
trol laws, are presented in tables. Standards for sulfur oxides,
ammonia, chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrogen cyanide,
nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, lead, zinc, sulfur dioxide,
copper compounds, cadmium, cyanice compounds,
phosphorus compounds, and hydrofluoric acid are presented
for each Prefecture. The areas of central cities where sulfur-
less fuel should be used are discussed. The air quality stan-
dards of many countries for SO2 and dust concentrations are
presented.
44377
Kato, Keiji
THE PRESENT POLLUTION CONTROL STANDARDS IN-
DEXES (AIR POLLUTION). (Genjo ni okeru kogai kisei suchi
(taiki kankei). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogyo (Tokyo),
23(9);1194-1202, Sept. 1972.
A general review is given on the air pollution control standards
in Japan. Three categories of pollutants, sulfur oxides, particu-
lates, and harmful substances, such as carbon monoxide, have
been subjected to control, and the standards are established.
The sulfur oxides emission standards are determined by an
equation which consists of two factors, the effective stack
height and a district dependent parameter K. The present K
values of different districts vary from 7.01 to 18.7. The na-
tional environmental standard of particulates is stated by the
following two conditions, the hourly average concentration for
24 consecutive hours must be under 0.10 mg/cu m, and the
hourly concentration must be under 0.2 mg/cu m. The condi-
tions for CO are: an hourly average for 8 consecutive hours
under 10 ppm. The emission standards of other harmful sub-
stances, such as cadmium compounds, lead compounds,
chlorine and hydrogen chloride, fluorine and fluoro com-
pounds, are also listed.
46081
Kakunan, Taira
THE RECENT SITUATION OF REGULATIONS ON AIR
POLLUTION. (Kogai kisei no doko, Taiki kankei). Text in
Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai-Shi (J. Japan Petroleum Ins!., Tokyo),
15(7):601-605, July 1972.
The environmental criteria for sulfur oxides, carbon monox-
ide, and suspended particles 10 micron in grain size are
discussed. One-hour averages for successive 24 hours should
be 0.10 mg or lower per 1 cu m of the atmosphere; 1-hour
values should be 0.20 mg per 1 cu m of the atmosphere. Lead,
nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbon, and fluoride criteria are being set
up. Sulfur oxides emission criteria were set up on Jan. 5, 1972.
The new SOx criteria, are different by district such as 9.34 (K
value) for Sapporo and Kokkaido, while they are 7.01 and 6.42
for Tokyo. Except for five over-congested areas, the criteria
will have been met by some time in 1973. A nationwide survey
of environmental and emission concentrations of SOx is
planned for some time in 1973 to re-appraise effectiveness of
the criteria and revise them if necessary. Regulations on fuel
are presently enforced only in big cities, but the enforcement
will cover more areas in the coming year. Not only the au-
tomotive emissions, but also other general sources of NOx
emission should be considered in establishing the criteria. Stu-
dies are already underway. Dust emission criteria have been
drastically strengthened effective June 1972.
47672
Stern, Arthur C.
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION QUALITY STANDARDS.
PART 1: AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS. In: Industrial Pollu-
tion Control Handbook. Herbert F. Lund (ed.), New York, Mc-
Graw-Hill, 1971, Chapt. 4, p. 4-1 to 4-22.
In general an air quality standard is developed by formally or
informally considering air quality criteria, which are compila-
tions of effects associated with various concentrations and du-
rations of exposure of pollutants, plus other factors, such as
cost and technological feasibility of emission control, and so-
cial questions. The Clean Air Act and the process involved in
the adoption of air quality standards in the United States are
outlined. Development and features of the air quality stan-
dards in the Soviet Union, Poland, West Germany, and other
countries are indicated. State air quality standards are given
for carbon monoxide, ethylene, fluorides, hydrogen sulfide,
nitrogen dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxidants, sulfur dioxide,
beryllium, calcium oxide, lead, sulfates, sulfuric acid, and
suspended paniculate matter. Standards which attribute to a
source, and limit the emission from the source on this basis,
are emission standards. The promulgation and features of the
emission standards in the Uniled States, Great Britain, the
Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and other countries are
presented. Tables of both emission and air quality standards
are included. Stack height and fuel standards are mentioned.
51057
Subcommittee on Permissible Concentrations (Japan)
DOCUMENTATION OF PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS
OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN WORKING ENVIRON-
MENT. (BASIS OF PROPOSAL). (Kyoyonodo to no kaisetsu
(Teian riyu)). Sangyo Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health), 14(1):45-90,
1972. 429 refs. Translated from Japanese by Seizaburo Aoki,
Japanese Language Translation Service, Fujisawa, 199p.
Permissible concentrations of hazardous substances in the at-
mosphere are documented for the years 1963-1970. The bases
for the proposals are given for each substance. For 1963 sub-
stances included: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid,
hydrogen sulfide, ozone, acetic esters, methanol, gasoline, ar-
senious acid, beryllium, cadmium oxide, selenium, pen-
tachlorophenol, and trichloroethylene. Substances for 1964 in-
clude: hydrogen fluoride, bromine, methyl ethyl ketone, car-
bon tetrachlonde, acetone, inorganic phosphorus; for 1965: or-
ganic lead, xylene, hydrogen arsenide, tolylene diisocyanate,
methyl chloride, vinyl chloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethane,
monoethanolamine, and industrial powder and dust causing
pneumoconiosis. For 1966 the list includes: nitroglycol, ethyl
ether, methyl isobutyl ketone, isopropyl alcohol, isoamyl al-
cohol, manganese, nickel carbonyl, ethylene oxide,
dichloroethanes, methylene dichloride, chlorobenzene,
orthodichlorobenzene, paradichlorobenzene, ethyleneimine,
ethylenediamine, methylamine, normal hexane, cellosolve, cel-
losolve acetate, acrylonitrile, and vanadium; for 1967: nickel,
ethyl chloride. dichloroethyl ether, butylamine,
propyleneimine, zinc, and methylene-bis-phenyl isocyanate.
the list for 1968 includes: iodine, phosgene, styrene, chlorop-
icrin, and ammonia; for 1969: phosgene, toluene, butanol,
zinc, and powder and dusts. The list for 1970 includes: amyl
acetate, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, and
propyl acetate.
51212
MONTANA AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. Ind. Develop.,
142(l):21-23, Jan./Feb. 1973.
Emission standards in Montana are presented for incinerators,
visible emissions, industrial processes, fuel burning equipment,
wood-waste burners, primary non-ferrous smelters, slag treat-
-------
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
495
ment plants, kraft pulp mills, primary aluminum reduction
plants, aluminum smelters, ponds, and aluminum manufactur-
ing plants. Ambient air standards are given for smoke, sulfur
dioxide, reactive sulfur, suspended sulfate, sulfuric acid mist,
hydrogen sulfide, total suspended particulates, settled particu-
lates, lead, beryllium, and fluorides. Emission rates based on
process weight rates are given for paniculate emissions.
Ground-level sulfur oxide emission limits are also given.
51229
WYOMING Am QUALITY STANDARDS. Ind. Develop.,
142(l):31-32, Jan./Feb. 1973.
Emission standards in Wyoming are presented for visible emis-
sions, particulate emissions from new and existing sources,
wood waste burners, sulfuric acid mists, and fuel burning
equipment. Maximum allowable concentrations are given for
total suspended particulates, suspended particulates, sulfur ox-
ides, sulfation, hydrogen sulfide, photochemical oxidants,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen fluoride, gaseous
fluoride, and carbon monoxide. Emission rates based on
process weight rates for particulates are given along with a
formula to calculate emissions.
58638
Stokinger, H. E.
TOXICITY OF AIRBORNE CHEMICALS: AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS--A NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL VIEW.
Ann. Rev. Pharmacol., vol. 12:407-422, 1972. 22 refs.
Official air quality standards (AQS) for industry and communi-
ty in the United States are discussed and compared to those in
the USSR. The basis for AQS in the USSR is unknown. They
have no limits for ethylene, iron oxide, hydrocarbons, particu-
lates or photochemical oxidants. Their standards tend to be
lower than in the U. S. In the U. S. there are considerable dif-
ferences between the limiting concentrations of the threshold
limit values (TLV) for industrial air with the AQS for commu-
nity air. Depending upon the type of air pollutant, not only is
the protection of human health and well-being considered, but
foliage and crop damage, soiling, visibility reduction, and cor-
rosion may ultimately be the prime determinants of AQS. De-
pending upon the specific basis on which the AQS ultimately
rests, differential factors between AWS and TLVs may range
from one half (ozone) to one hundredth (nitrogen dioxide, sul-
fur dioxide, iron oxide) to one thousandth (lead) or more
(hydrogen fluoride). The scientific basis for the differences in
the limited concentrations of the standards for community and
industrial are discussed for carbon monoxide, SO2, NO2,
hydrocarbons, O3, particulates, and lead.
58899
Fujiwara, M.
REGULATIONS AND CRITERIA FOR ATMOSPHERIC POL-
LUTION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NOX AND
LEAD. (Taiki osen no kisei to kijun, tokuni NOx to namari ni
(suite). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Kenkyu (Environ. Studies),
no. 4:45-52, Oct. 1973.
Emission standards for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide, oxidants, hydrocar-
bons, lead, and hydrogen fluoride are discussed. Emission
standards for SO2 are 3 times as strict as those published the
previous year. Automobile emissions constitute 93% of the
CO, 40% of HC, and 39% of NOx total concentrations. Emis-
sion standards for 1975 cars limit CO to 2.1 g/km, HC to 0.25
g/km, and NOx to 1.2 g/km. A 5-year intermediate value for
NO2 limits the daily 1-hour average concentration to 0.02 ppm
for 60% of the days. Criteria for establishing standards for HC
and Pb emissions are under consideration. Nitrogen oxides are
regulated for boilers, furnaces in the petroleum and metallurgi-
cal industries, and sulfuric acid plants.
60180
Schulte, H. J.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE EMISSION CONCENTRATIONS
FOR 20 SUBSTANCES. TARGET CONCENTRATIONS FOR
THE AIR. (Maximale Immissions- Konzentrationen fuer 20
Stoffe erarbeitet. Zielwerte fuer die Luft). Text in German. Um-
welt (Duesseldorf), 3(6):37-38, 1973.
The term maximum allowable emission concentration is
defined, and the new maximum allowable emission concentra-
tions worked out for 20 substances are listed in a table. For
carbon monoxide the maximum allowable average emission
concentration over 24 hours is 10 mg/cu m; for lead 0.002; for
sulfur dioxide 0.3; for sulfuric acid 0.1; for nitrogen dioxide
0.1; for nitric oxide 0.5; for nitric acid 0.1; for ammonia 1 0;
for hydrogen fluoride 0.1; for sodium fluoride 0.2; aluminum
fluoride 0.3; for cryohthe 0.3; for calcium fluoride 0.5; for
ozone 0.05; for airborne dust of less than 10 micron 0.1; for
zinc 0.1; for tetrahydrofuran 60; for trichloroethylene 5 mg/cu
m; and for methylene chloride 50 mg/cu m. For cadmium only
an annual average standard has been set which is less than
0.00005 mg/cu m.
60887
Favorite, Frank G., Lawrence M. Roslinski, and Ralph C.
Wands
GUIDES FOR SHORT-TERM EXPOSURES OF THE PUBLIC
TO AIR POLLUTANTS. National Academy of Sciences-National
Research Council, Washington, D. C., Advisory Center on Tox-
icology, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Contract
F33615-70-C-1046 and Air Pollution Control Office Contract
CPA 70-57, Proj. 6302, AMRL-TR-71-120, Paper 16, 6p., Dec.
1971, 1 ref. (Presented at the Systemed Conference on Environ-
mental Toxicology, Annual Meeting, 2nd, Kail-born, Ohio,
1971.) NTIS, DDC: AD-751 438
Short Term Public Limits (STPL) and Public Emergency
Limits (PEL) were defined for nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen
chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. Nitrogen dioxide as a freely
diffusible gas has the capacity to cause adverse health effects
as a deep lung irritant at high concentrations (several hundred
ppm for a few minutes) that might lead to pulmonary ederna.
Many variations in toxicity patterns occur with NO2: toxicity
is enhanced in the presence of ozone, sulfur dioxide, al-
dehydes, and a high density of respirable particles. The am-
bient temperature and the age of the exposed person also mar-
kedly influence individual response. The following short-term
limits are recommended: STPI.--10 min, 1 ppm, 30 min, 1
ppm, and 60 min, 1 ppm; PEL—10 min, 5 ppm, 30 min, 3 ppm,
and 60 min, 2 ppm. Depending on the severity of exposure,
the physiological responses to the inhalation of irritating levels
of HC1 are coughing, pain, inflammation, edema, and desqua-
mation in the upper respiratory tract. If concentrations are
high enough, acute irritation may bring about constriction of
the larynx and bronchi, closure of the glottis, and breath hold-
ing. Fatal inhalation of HO would be expected only when the
victim is unable to escape from the contaminated atmosphere.
The following limits are recommended: STPL-10 min, 4 ppm,
30 and 60 min, 2 ppm, and 5 hr/day, 3^( days/mo, 0.67 ppm;
PEL—10 min, 6.7 ppm, and 30 and 60 min, 3.4 ppm. The pri-
mary effect of acute exposure to gaseous HF in concentra-
tions above a few ppm is irritation to the skin, eyes, and
-------
496
respiratory passages. Localized tissue damage may result on
exposure to concentrations above recommended limits. At 12
ppm the mucosa are irritated, at 30 ppm for about 3 min the
gas is detectable by taste, at 60 ppm the severity of irritation
is noticeably increased, and at 120 ppm a stinging sensation of
the skin is added, and the other irritations become so intense
that man is unable to withstand the exposure for more than
one min. The following limits are recommended: STPL-10, 30,
and 60 min, 4 ppm, 5 hr/day, 3-4 days/ mo, 1 ppm; PEL--10
min, 10 ppm, 30 and 60 min, 5 ppm.
66860
Quarles, John
STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY
SOURCES. PROPOSED RULE FOR PRIMARY ALUMINUM
PLANTS. Federal Register, 39(206): 37730-37741, Oct. 23, 1974.
Standards of performance for new and modified primary alu-
minum plants are proposed. The proposed standards do not
differentiate between primary and secondary emissions and
encourage owners of new plants to obtain maximum contain-
ment of the gaseous emissions at the cell. Two types of con-
trol devices will be used: wet gas scrubbers in series with an
electrostatic precipitator or dry fabric filters which use alu-
mina as an adsorbent. Gases discharged into the atmosphere
from the potroom cannot exhibit 10% opacity or greater and
those from the anode bake plant cannot exceed 20% opacity.
Gases cannot be discharged which contain total fluorides in
excess of 1 kg/metric ton of aluminum produced. Procedures
and methods for testing and monitoring are specified.
66916
Quarles, John
STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY
SOURCES. FIVE CATEGORIES OF SOURCES IN THE
PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY. Federal Register,
39(205):37602-37607, Oct. 22, 1974.
Standards of performance for five categories of sources within
the phosphate fertilizer industry are proposed. The sources are
wet process phosphoric acid plants, super-phosphoric acid
plants, diammonium phosphate plants, triple superphosphate
plants, and granular triple superphosphate storage facilities.
The standards require installation of high efficiency gas scrub-
bers. Construction of both of the more common processes for
manufacture of superphosphoric acid is permitted even though
one also emits pollutants other than fluorides (sulfur dioxide
and hydrocarbons). Visible emsission standards are proposed
for diammonium phosphate plants, triple superphosphate
plan1-, and granular triple superphosphate storage facilities.
The effluent gas streams from these processes include particu-
late matter (both fluoride and non-fluoride), as well as gaseous
f!uon
-------
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
497
69550
Bisselle, C. A., S. H. Lubore, and R. P. Pikul
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INDICES: AIR QUALITY
AND OUTDOOR RECREATION. Mitre Corp., Washington, D.
C., Council on Environmental Quality Proj. 1910, MTR-5169,
262p., April 1972. 60 refs.
Separate indices of air pollution and outdoor -~ auon were
formulated and computed for selected cities in the United
States. Guidelines for implementation of an operational data
collection and reporting system to allow routine computation
of these indices are described. There was a general decline in
the percent of cities exceeding standards on a national basis
for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The percentage of ci-
ties with a total suspended particulates problem increased
from 1968 to 1969 and declined only slightly in 1970. The
nitrogen dioxide and total suspended particulates problem is
far more severe and extensive than the sulfur dioxide problem,
based upon present National Ambient Air Quality Secondary
Standard values. The northeast region contributes the largest
percent to the total value of the National index. The inclusion
of photochemical oxidants for western cities or carbon monox-
ide for major cities would alter this depiction. The effects of
contaminants such as fluorides, lead, cadmium, pesticides, and
other toxic airborne substances require further studies and
monitoring.
71991
Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution
AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS STUDY. In: Decision of the Ad-
ministrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Regarding
Suspension of the 1975 Auto Emission Standards, Part 2. 93rd
Congress (Senate), Eirst Session, Serial 93-H9, p. 465-470, May
14, 17, 18, and 21, 1973. 5 refs. (Hearings before the Committee
on Public Works.)
An elaboration of the Environmental Protection Agency s
reply to the automotive industry concerning criticism of the
automotive emissions standards is presented. Topics covered
include: criteria for establishing air quality standards and emis-
sion standards, the effects of automobile emissions on humans
and vegetation, commercial engines that meet federal stan-
dards, an analysis of the American auto manufacturers ap-
proach to emission control, the balance of costs versus gains
to the public resulting from automotive emission standards,
and the systems analysis approach for determining appropriate
trade-offs in emission control. Human health effects are tabu-
lated for ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulates. Vegetation effects
are summarized for SO2, O3, fluorides, ethylene, and nitrogen
dioxide.
72145
Japan Environmental Agency
DEVELOPING BASIC MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION. In: Quality of the Environment in Japan, p.
210-212, 1974.
The establishing and tightening of environmental air quality
standards in Japan are described. Environmental standards
exist for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, suspended panicu-
late matter, nitrogen dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.
Standards for hydrocarbons are scheduled for 1974. Considera-
tion will be given to environmental standards for lead and
fluorine compounds, and consideration of environmental stan-
dards for aldehydes and vanadium will be initiated. Future en-
vironmental standards will consider protection of the entire
living environment, including preventing damage to plant life.
Environmental impact assessment techniques will be
developed and include urban air pollution.
72151
Japan Environmental Agency
EMISSION STANDARDS (APPENDIX 2). In: Quality of the
Environment in Japan, p. 245-251, 1974.
The emission standards in Japan are presented for sulfur ox-
ides, soot and dust, harmful substances, nitrogen oxides,
odors, and motor vehicles. Sulfur oxide emission standards
vary according to the region, and are tabulated for seven
areas. There are special standards for newly constructed facili-
ties. The soot and dust standards are listed for boilers, in-
cinerators, and furnaces. At all facilities the standards for cad-
mium and its compounds is 1.0 mg/cu m N, 30 mg/cu m N for
chlorine, and 80 mg/cu m N for hydrogen chloride. The stan-
dards for fluorine, hydrogen fluorine, silicon fluoride, lead,
and nitrogen oxides vary by type of facility. Regulatory stan-
dards are listed for these odors: ammonia, methyl mercaptan,
hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and tnmethylamine. Ex-
haust emission standards are tabulated for carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides from trucks and automo-
biles.
74109
Osaka Prefecture, Div. of Life Environment (Japan)
DATA PERTAINING TO ESTABLISHMENT OF REGULA-
TIONS ON EMISSION STANDARDS ACCORDING TO
PROVISIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CONTROL
LAW, ARTICLE 4, ITEM 1, AND ON WASTE WATER
STANDARDS ACCORDING TO PROVISIONS OF WATER
QUALITY DETERIORATION CONTROL LAW, ARTICLE 3,
ITEM 3. (Taiki osen boshiho Dai 4-jo, Dai 1-ko no kitei ni yoru
haishutsu kijun oyobi suishit.su odaku boshiho Dai 3-jo, Dai 3-ko
no kitei ni yoru haisui kijun o sadameru jorei no kansuru
shiryo). Text in Japanese. 25p., Feb. 1974.
The atmospheric emission (smoke) standards and waste water
quality standards established by Osaka Prefecture, Japan, in
accordance with key provisions of the Atmospheric Pollution
Control Law (Law 97, 1968) and the Water Quality Deteriora-
tion Control Law (Law 138, 1970), are listed in tabular form.
These standards are more stringent than those established by
Law 97 and Law 138, and go into effect in 1974, with some
extensions granted to 1976, for attaining waste water stan-
dards. Smoke emission standards are determined by maximum
volume of exhaust gas emission per hour from the source
(under 10,000 cu m; under 40,000 cu m; over 40,000 cu m cor-
rected to O C and one atmosphere pressure) and by type of
fuel (coal; heavy oil or other liquid fuel; and gas). Temporary
excesses (not over 6 min/hr) in emission during ignition and
cleaning procedures are not included in the effective emission
levels. Allowable weights of smoke particulates per I cu m of
exhaust gas range from 0.05 g to 0.40 g. Industrial waste water
standards apply to five water basins and one coastal construc-
tion area. Waste water standards are also established from
human waste and residential sewage treatment plants in Osaka
Prefecture. For all types of waste water the range of pH is 5.8-
8.6. Other water pollutant standards vary with data of plant
construction (for industry), and type of treatment installation
and population density (for residential sewage and human
waste). The average daily BOD (biological oxygen demand)
and SS vary from 20-120 mg/1, with allowable maximum of 150
mg/1 for some industries. Average daily coliform count should
be 3000 colonies/cu cm in industrial waste water. Cyanides and
organic phosphorus compounds are not to be present in indus-
trial waste water in analyzable amounts. Other controlled sub-
stances are cadmium, lead, chronium, arsenic, zinc, soluble
iron and manganese, fluorine, phenol, and n-hexane extracts.
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498
78880
Giese, H. J.
INCINERATORS FOR MEDICAL WASTES. (Verbrennungsan-
lagen fuer Medizinabfaelle). Text in German. YVasser Luft
Betrieb, 19(4):171-174, 1975.
General hygienic and environmental requirements imposed on
incinerators for medical wastes in West Germany are outlined.
Medical wastes must be incinerated without any infection
hazards for the incinerator personnel and for the environment.
Wastes from hospital wards of infectious diseases have to be
sterilized before incineration. The temperature of the after-
burning chamber of the waste incinerator must be at least 800
C. Cyclones and wet type dust separators are best for in-
cinerator flue gas cleaning. At a flue gas oxygen content of
17%, the dust concentration is limited to 100 mg/N cu m. The
hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid emissions are limited
to 6 kg/hr and 0.2 kg/hr, respectively, which values are
generally not exceeded in incinerators with throughput capaci-
ties of up to 750 kg/hr.
79255
McCutchen, Gary D.
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS, PRESENT
AND FUTURE. In: Air Pollution Control and Industrial Energy
Production. Kenneth E. Noll, Wayne T. Davis, and Joseph R.
Duncan (eds.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Ann Arbor Science, 1974 (?),
Chapt. 2, p. 5-40. 60 refs.
The legislative history of new source performance standards
(NSPS) is reviewed. These standards are expected to play an
important role in maintaining air quality, preventing significant
deterioration, controlling noncriteria pollutants, and hastening
the development and application of control technology. The
Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated NSPS for
twelve source categories, and standards for a total of approxi-
mately 40 categories are expected to be promulgated or
proposed by the end of 1975. Standard-setting priorities will be
based on the expanded role envisioned for NSPS. Nitrogen ox-
ides and hydrocarbon sources, emerging industries, and large
sources are considered important. New Source Performance
Standards encourage the improvement of existing control
technology and radically new approaches to air pollution
problems. Control of stationary sources may consume less
energy than would be used to counter the effects of that pollu-
tant in the atmosphere. The EPA proposes to further
strengthen NSPS by seeking authority to set equipment stan-
dards when emission standards prove impractical, and to pro-
vide for exceptions to the NSPS for facilities attempting
pioneering research in control techniques. New Source Per-
formance Standards can significantly reduce air pollution emis-
sions by requiring the best control of new facilities. They ap-
pear to constitute the preferred approach to control of
fluorides, and may also be utilized for lead and other pollu-
tants.
80854
Ishida, Hitoshi
PRESENT STATE OF AIR POLLUTION AND ITS REGULA-
TION IN JAPAN. Environment Agency (Japan), Air Pollution
Control Div., World Energy Conf., 9th, Detroit, Mich. 1974, p.
1-23. (Sept. 22-27.)
A review of the present state of air pollution and its regulation
in Japan is presented. Sulfur dioxide pollution which reached a
peak around 1967 and 1968 appears to have levelled off and
may be decreasing. Dust fall in major cities has significantly
decreased since around I960 as a result of a nationwide energy
switchover from coal to oil and the installation of industrial
dust control devices. Suspended particulate concentrations are
still relatively high, though they do not appear to be increas-
ing. Nitrogen oxide levels are steadily increasing in the
absence of effective controls. Decreases in carbon monoxide
levels in urban areas appear to be associated with automobile
exhaust emission controls. Hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen
chloride, chlorine, and photochemical oxidants are among pol-
lutants which are showing increasing levels in certain urban
areas. Ambient air quality standards are established for sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, suspended particulates, nitrogen
dioxide, and oxidants. Emission standards are set for sulfur
oxides, soot and dust, cadmium compounds, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, fluorides, lead compounds, and nitrogen
dioxide. A total of 15 national air sampling networks are
established throughout the country. (Author summary
modified)
81864
Office of Air and Waste Management, Research Triangle Park,
N. C., Emission Standards and Engineering Div.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE: PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. VOLUME
3: SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION. Rept. EPA-450/2-74-
020c, SOp., Jan. 1976. 4 refs. NTIS: PB 250667/AS
Background information dealing with performance standards
for primary aluminum plants is presented. The information in-
cludes comments to proposed regulations and Environmental
Protection Agency responses to these comments, updated
economic impact data, and problems encountered with source
sampling procedures. Growth in total domestic primary alu-
minum capacity and supplies is not expected to be adversely
affected by the promulgated standards. The standards are esti-
mated to require an investment cost increase at new primary
aluminum plants amounting to about $95/ton of capacity (first
quarter of 1975) or approximately 8% of the cost of a new un-
controlledd plant. Fluoride emission reductions resulting from
the standards are expected to be about 48 Ib of fluoride/ton of
aluminum produced (96%) for uncontrolled plants and 11
Ib/ton (85%) for plants employing the industry s current
average level of control.
84395
Beck, David A.
PROPOSED STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR THE
PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 6p., 1975. 3 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Southern Section, Annual
Meeting, 6th, Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 17-19, 1975.)
Proposed standards of performance for the primary aluminum
industry are reviewed. As a result of testing the best con-
trolled existing primary aluminum plants, the Environmental
Protection Agency is proposing an emissions standard of 2.0 Ib
of total fluoride/ton of aluminum produced. This means that
the sum of the primary and secondary emissions (and the
anode bake plant emissions for prebake facilities) must not be
greater than 2.0 Ib of total fluoride/ton of aluminum produced.
Opacity standards of 20% for anode bake plant emissions and
10% for potroom emissions are also proposed. The standards
are designed to force the best demonstrated control technology
without adversely affecting the economy of the industry
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499
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
06349
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY OBJECTIVES - PART 500 (STATU-
TORY AUTHORITY: PUBLIC HEALTH LAW. 1271, 1276).
New York State Air Pollution Control Board, Albany, Dec. 11,
1964, 11 pp.
Ambient air quality objectives are tabulated for various pollu-
tants. The objectives vary according to subregions which are
determined by land use. Included is a list of references for the
sampling and analytical methods employed in the measurement
of particulates, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen disulfide, fluondes,
beryllium, oxidants, carbon monoxide, and sulfuric acid mist.
06734
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH, AIR POLLUTION COMMISSION, AMBIENT
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA. 90th Congress 'Air Pollution-1967,
Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee on Public Works,
Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution,
May 15-18, 1967.) p. 2396-7.
Ambient air quality criteria are tabulated as set forth in section
5 (f) (8) of the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act of
January 8, 1960, P.L. 2119. These criteria were adopted on
April 25, 1967 by the Air Pollution Commission. Included in
the tabulation are: particulates, lead, beryllium, fluorides, sul-
fur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and others. References are pro-
vided for the sampling and analytical methods employed for
each pollutant.
06754
(EXCERPTS FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1964 OF
THE STATE INSTITUTE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
CLEAN AIR AND AGRICULTURAL LAND.) Aus dem
Jahresbericht 1964 der Landesanstalt fur Immissions- und
Bodennutzungsschutz. Reinhaltung der Luft im Land Nordr-
heim-Westfalen (3) 39-48, 1965. Ger.
A survey was made of the activities of an agency of the State
of North Rhine-Westfalia concerned with air pollution
problems. Air pollution control programs are described, in par-
ticular the first, second, and third program for measuring SO2
and dust concentrations. Instrumentation for measuring SO2,
F, H2S, NO2, and NH3 is mentioned. Some practical results
of reducing the emission in various industrial plants are
presented, mostly of the metal and coal-using industries. Ex-
tensive experiments have been made to determine harmful ef-
fects of air pollutants on plants. A list of plants ordered ac-
cording to their susceptibility is given.
06938
Florida Air Pollution Control Commission
RULES OF THE FLORIDA AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
COMMISSION. (Administrative Procedures, Chapt. 28-1;
General Rules, Chapt. 28-2; Air Pollution-Prevention-Control,
Chapt. 28-3; and Permits, Chapt. 28-4) 10p., Jan. 20, 1965.
These regulations cover: hearing procedures, violations; com-
plaints; quantities of fluoride injurious to cattle and gladioli;
emission standards for fluorides, construction of new emission
sources or addition to existing installations; and permits.
06939
RULES OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH (THE SANITARY
CODE OF FLORIDA - AIR POLLUTION - CHAPTER 180C-
9). Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville. (Supp. 27), 101-
2A (Oct. 6, 1965).
A compilation is presented of rules enacted to eliminate,
prevent, and control air pollution in Florida. Coverage includes
visible emissions, particulate matter, fluoride emissions, power
plants, and sampling and analysis of emissions. Maximum al-
lowable particulate discharge is tabulated.
09677
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION CONTROL REGULATIONS AND ORDINANCES.
(REVISED EDITION.) 142p., 1968.
This compilation contains selected sections of many emission
con- trol regulations and ordinaces. It has been prepared to
provide state and local air pollution control agencies, indus-
tries, and other interested people with selected examples of
the many types of regulations and ordinances in use today. All
sections of regula- tions and ordinances included have been
copied directly from the original text of individual state and
local laws. The regula- tions and ordinaces have been arranged
in such a manner that each section of this report is a compial-
tion of laws pertaining to a specific type of pollutant or pollu-
tant source. These sections include Smoke Emissions and
Equivalent Opacity Regulations, Particulate Emissions from
Fuel Burning Plants, Particulate Emissions from Refuse-burn-
ing equipment, Particulate Emissions from Manufacturing
Processes, Particulate Emissions from Asphalt Batching
Plants, Sulfur Compound Emissions, Organic Solvent Emis-
sions, Hydrocarbon Emissions, Fluoride Emissions, Motor
Vehicle Emissions, Odor Emissions, and Zoning Ordinances.
The regulations and ordinances compiled were selected to
represent the different methods of controlling emissions by
law and to represent varying degrees of control.
17188
Hashimoto, Michio
STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION BY NOXIOUS AND OFFEN-
SIVE GASES AND THEIR CONTROL PROGRAMMES. (Yu-
gai gasu to niyoru osen no genjo to sono taisaku ni tsuite). Text
in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(7):441-
444, Aug. 15, 1966.
A procedure for the adequate control of noxious gases, some
of which are not yet covered by legislation, is discussed.
Though dust fall is decreasing as a consequence of regulatory
control, noxious and offensive gases are increasing in many in-
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500
dustrial areas. The Labor Standard Law of 1947 provides for
the control of working environments in the interest of worker
health, but is no longer consistent with the present state of in-
dustrial pollution which poses a hazard for persons living in
the vicinity of plants. The 1948 law regulating agricultural
chemicals is concerned only with preventing injuries to people
and livestock caused by the unrestricted use of chemicals; it
does not consider the contribution of the chemicals to air pol-
lution. High pressure gas control, fire prevention, mining, and
other laws are subject to the same criticism. What is charac-
teristic of these control laws is that they do not specify total
noxious gas emission nor the relationship between a gas and
its effect. The Smoke Dust Control Law is intended to com-
pensate for these shortcomings; it now deals with sulfurous
gas, anhydrous sulfuric gas with hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen
sulfide, selenium oxide, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon disulfide, ammonia,
phosgene, and silicon tetrafluoride. More offensive gases are
to be covered by the law.
17472
Duemmler, Friedrich
THE ANTI-AIR POLLUTION ACTIVITIES OF THE
TECHNISCHE UEBERWACHUNGS-VEREIN. (Die
Technischen Ueberwachungs-Vereine im Dienste des Immis-
sionsschutzes). Text in German. Tech. Ueberwach (Duesseldorf),
10<10):339-345, Oct. 1970.
One of the most important tasks of the Technische
Ueberwachungs-Verein (TUV) is to measure dust emissions by
steam plants. By checking the performance of new measuring
units and determining whether they fulfill the manufacturer's
specifications. Measurements by the TUV taken in 1967 on
steam boilers with capacities of up to 25 t/h showed that
plants without dust collectors emitted on the average 560 mg
dust/cu m; those with dust collectors, 170 mg/cu m. For plants
with more than 100 Gcal/h, the authorities require the installa-
tion of automatic measuring devices for dust and sulfur diox-
ide. In this connection, TUV checks the available units for
suitability and calibrates each individual unit. For dust mea-
surements, photometric units were suitable; for SO2 measure-
ments, infrared absorbers and electroconductivity analyzers
were selected. In addition to these activities, TUV is presently
engaged with fluorine, hydrocarbon, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
trioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, lead, and zinc
oxide measurements. In the years 1965-1966, TUV conducted
extensive studies of CO and CH content of automobile ex-
hausts in the idling stage. Infrared absorbers were used for the
measurements. Ten percent of the vehicles with four-stroke
engines emitted more than 8% CO in the idle; but 45% of the
vehicles emitted less than 4.5%. Beginning with October 1,
1970, newly registered automobiles with Otto engines may not
emit more than 25 g CO and 1,5 g CH per 100 g fuel consump-
tion. TUV will check the new automobiles for compliance with
this law. Finally, odor and noise measurements also belong to
the activities of the TUV.
17614
Katz, Morris
CITY PLANNING, INDUSTRIAL-PLANT LOCATION, AND
AIR POLLUTION. In: Air Pollution Handbook. P. L. Magil, F.
R. Hokten, and C. Ackley (eds.), New York, McGraw Hill,
19S6, Sect. 2, 53p. 68 refs.
Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, and Houston
are cited as examples of cities that have made extensive im-
provements through city planning. In 1953 there were 75 peo-
ple in New York City employed by Air Pollution Control, and
the budget was about $375,000. The history of pollution con-
trol efforts is described for Great Britain, St. Louis, Pitt-
sburgh, Los Angeles, and Detroit-Windsor. The role of
meteorological factors is considered, with an enumeration of 6
basic principles of control in the designing of smokestacks.
Topographical influence is discussed for Trail, B. C. and Los
Angeles. Figures are given on fallout of dust and gas concen-
trations for various ubran areas. Gases discussed include sul-
fur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen
chloride, organic sulfides, aldehydes, and smog.
19064
Yocom, John E.
AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS-THEIR GROWING IM-
PACT ON ENGINEERING DECISIONS. Chem. Eng.,
69(15):103-114, July 23, 1962. 9 refs.
Choice of raw materials, equipment, process variables, plant
site, and plant size are all affected by air pollution control
requirements. How the regulations work, how they are en-
forced, and the direction in which they are moving are re-
ported. Local control agencies and state and federal agencies
are becoming increasingly interested and active in the area of
air pollution control. Various geographical areas are discussed
with California getting the major emphasis as the state which
has pioneered most of the air pollution control activities. The
three broad categories into which control agencies divide emis-
sions into the atmosphere are identified as visible, particulate,
and gaseous. One significant and universally accepted policy is
that where regulations overlap, all applicable regulations must
be complied with. The most widely used type of control regu-
lation for visible emissions is based on the use of the Ringel-
mann chart. Originally conceived to evaluate shades of grey in
smoke plumes from coal fired boilers, its extension to non-
grey plumes through the principle of equivalent opacity has
created serious problems in interpretation and enforcement.
Wet or detached plumes also are the subject of controversy.
Regulations covering the control of particulates are generally
based on stack concentrations or percent of process weight.
The latter concept was conceived by the Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control Department to prevent circumvention of
the intent of regulations by diluting stack air. A variation of
the stack concentration concept is permitted by the Bay Area
Air Pollution Control District which accepts readings based on
ground level concentrations. Only a few control agencies have
specific limits on SO2 emissions. Most of these are in Califor-
nia and base their regulations on the LACAPCD limit of 0.2 by
volume calculated as SO2. Flourides are controlled 'to the ex-
tent technically feasible' in San Bernardino and to a limit of 40
ppm in forage grass by the Florida Air Pollution Control Com-
mission. Carbon monoxide remains an automotive problem and
will probably not concern the processing industries until the
auto makers have finished with it. The trend is to have en-
forcement remain with local and district agencies with policy
and research being handled at the state and federal levels.
19434
Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, North Rhine-
Westphalia, Germany
KEEPING THE AIR PURE IN NORTH RHINE-
WESTPHALIA. (Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein Westfalen).
Congr. Reinhaltung der Luft, Duesseldorf, West Germany,
1969. (Oct. 13-17.) Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 133p., Feb. 11, 1970.
The centers of industrial concentration in North Rhine-
Westphalia are also those of population concentration. The
close juxtaposition of these concentrations of emittants of air
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
501
pollutant material and the densely situated population causes
extreme problems. The directed measures of the last ten years
against the unbearable dust load and the harmful sulfur diox-
ide emissions have led to considerable improvements. Mea-
surements show an extraordinary reduction of dust and SO2 in
the air since 1963. While infringements on the dust limit values
were found on 22% of the measurement surface at the
beginning of the measurement period with 5% of the measur-
ing surface violating the SO2 limit value, in the year 1968
violations were 5% for dust and 1% for SO2. These successes
were predominantly due to severe licensing practices for new
industrial plants and improvement programs for existing indus-
tries that do the most to determine emission concentrations:
steel converters, ore sintering plants, coking furnaces, foun-
dries, and steam power plants. The experiences of the last few
years have shown that the problems of air pollution are sub-
ject to change and have a continuous connection with the
developments in technology and production in industry. An in-
crease of around 25% to 5 million tons SO2 emissions per year
is projected from 1967 to 1975. From 1975 on, the production
of electric power, which will then account for 40% of the SO2
emissions, will be considerably influenced by atomic energy;
SO2 emissions will first stop their increase and then start to
decline. Fluorine, hydrocarbons, chlorine, and numerous odor
substances will become the focus of attention. The dust
problem will no longer be a question of loads due to coarse
dust, but dangers to health due to fine dusts. Precipitation
measurements will be extended to include concentration mea-
surements. In the coming 10 years, the State will also take an
increasingly critical look at emissions from automobiles and
domestic heating units. The goal of the State Government is
the development of a control system on a regional basis. Data
banks will be set up to provide regional data on individual in-
dustrial emission sources, as a tool to the development of con-
trol programs. This program has already begun in the area of
metropolitan Cologne and will soon be extended to the
Duisburg/Oberhausen/Mulheim a.d. Ruhr, Essen/Bottrop, Gel-
senkirchen/Wanne/Eicket/Bochum, Castrop/Rauxel, and Dort-
mund regions.
20273
Fletcher, R. H.
KITIMAT POLLUTION CONTROL BY-LAW. Pulp Paper
Mag. Can. (Quebec), 71(7):78-90, April 3, 1970. (Presented at
the 5th Paper Industry Air and Stream Improvement Con-
ference, Toronto, Ontario, Oct. 21-23, 1969.)
Land use in the 16-yr-old town of Kitimat, B. C., was planned
to minimize the conflicts that can exist between residential
areas and industry. Prior to the advent of a pulp and paper
complex with a 930 tpd Kraft mill and a 150 million fbm per
year saw mill, the town's principle industry was an aluminum
smelter. To preserve the quality of its environment, the town
passed a waste emission by-law that requires the monitoring of
selected emissions from the pulp mill and smelter. The law, to
become effective in December 1970, identifies a tolerable level
of pollution which is expected to be met, but no exceeded, by
the two industries. The level of emission from an industry is
related both to the type of equipment used and to the way in
which it is operated. The levels, determined from experience
recorded elsewhere and those found tolerable by local authori-
ties in an assimilation study, are as follows: cinders from
power boilers, 150 gr per 1000 cu ft; sodium compounds, 200
gr per 1000 cu ft. all paniculate matter; volatile organic sulfur
compounds, 0.2 Ibs/ton; calcium compounds, 250 gr per 1000
cu ft all paniculate matter; and volatile fluorine compounds,
2.5 Ibs/ton.
24010
TEST CASE ON INJURY CLAIMS. Chem. Week, vol. 77:34,
36, Dec. 3, 1955.
Reynolds Metals Company has decided to petition the U. S.
Court of Appeals in San Francisco to reverse the Sept. 16 ver-
dict in a district court at Portland, Ore., which awarded
$38,293 to the Martin family. Up to 1950, the Martins were
operating a 1500-acre cattle ranch on a ridge a mile or so east
of the Reynolds plant. Their first successful move against
Reynolds was a civil suit in which they were awarded $47,000
for damages to cattle and ranch property. In the personal inju-
ry suit, Martin contended that fluorine fumes from the plant
contaminated not only the air that he and his family breathed
but also the vegetables they grew and ate on the ranch. Since
1946 when Reynolds had acquired the plant on the Columbia
River, it has installed $2.5 million worth of waste gas treat-
ment equipment. Principal witnesses in the trial are listed, as
well as the basis for Reynolds' appeal.
24122
Ludwig, John W.
THE U. S. GOVERNMENT AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
PROGRAM. Preprint, Department of Health, Republic of South
Africa, 66p., 1970. (Presented at the Conference on Air Pollu-
tion, Republic of South Africa, Oct. 14-15, 1970.)
A description of the air pollution control program of the
United States Government is presented. The Clean Air Act is
the basic document outlining the approach to air pollution con-
trol in the U. S. The Air Quality Act of 1967 calls for a syste-
matic, regional effort to combat air pollution. The operating
responsibilities for the Federal air pollution program are car-
ried out by the National Air Pollution Control Administration.
In its present form, there are II organizational units to carry
out the operations of the Administration. The Bureau of
Criteria and Standards has sub- divisions of Health Effects,
Economic Effects, and Air Quality and Emissions Data. The
Bureau of Engineering and Physical Sciences has sub-divisions
of Process Control Engineering, Chemistry and physics, and
Meteorology. The Mobile Source Program involves motor
vehicles as sources, and also does research and development
work. The Bureau of Abatement and Control is the interface
between the Federal program and State and local Agencies. An
indication of funding distribution is presented to give a feel for
the major program emphasis. The control programs utilize a
priority system o pollutants. The order is: sulfur oxides, par-
ticulates, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, fluorides, and
odors. Many of the control methods now being studied are
described. The measurements methods and instrumentation
used by NAPCA are described. Programs initiated to forecast
air pollution potential and models used in predicting air pollu-
tion concentrations are described. The thrust of NAPCA's ef-
forts to control automobile exhausts lies in three areas: induc-
tion system alterations, such as fuel injection; alternative
fuels, such as natural gas; and exhaust treatment, such as ther-
mal reactors. The functions of the various Offices within
NAPCA are described.
24481
Belknap, Herbert J.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ON A COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL
SITE. Preprint, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New
York, 5p., 1970. 5 refs. (Presented at the American Society ot
Mechanical Engineers the Plant Engineering and Maintenance
Conference, Fort Worth, Tex., March 16-18, 1970, Paper 70-
PEM-11.)
-------
502
The key feature of the centralized air pollution control pro-
gram at a complex industrial site is the appointment of a staff
specialist who is chairman of the plant's Atmospheric Control
Committee, composed of chemists and plant, process, and
maintenance engineers from each division and building on the
site. The specialist has various advisory and coordinating du-
ties for the whole plant, in addition to responsibilities includ-
ing stack sampling and atmospheric testing. The testing pro-
gram includes monthly sampling at six locations ringing the
plant and colorimetric analysis for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ammonia, and sulfuric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric
acids; suspended particulates are measured by high volume
samples. Metal corrosion tests are also made. The packed bed
fume scrubber, extended surface scrubber, and fan-spray
scrubber used at the plant are described. Company standards
include stack emission limits lower than those permitted by the
Texas Air Control Board and concentrations of pollutants in
air effluents at (or below) the Threshold Limit Values set by
the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy-
gienists. Texas Air Control Board regulations are briefly sum-
marized.
25427
Scaiola, Gianni
ESTIMATION OF THE INVESTMENTS AND EXPENDI-
TURES NECESSARY FOR THE ELIMINATION OF POLLU-
TION. (Stima degli investment! e dei costi necessari per
I'eliminazione dell'inquinamento). Text in Italian. In: L'lnter-
vento Pubblico Contro 1'Inquinamento: Rapporto di Sintesi, p.
107-136, June 1970. 9 rets.
The investment, maintenance, and operating costs involved in
the elimination of the more important forms of air and water
pollution are estimated with reference to automotive emissions
(hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides), indus-
trial emissions (paniculate pollution, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, and fluorine compounds), electric
power plants, domestic heating (with a table of central heating
plants and corresponding population figures for eleven Italian
cities), liquid effluents from industrial and private sources, and
the marine transport of petroleum and petroleum products. For
each category, the procedure is described by which the esti-
mates are made.
25542
Haar, Ulrich de
THE MONITORING STATION PROJECT 'KEEPING THE
AIR CLEAN'. (Das Messtellen Projekt 'Reinhaltung der Luff).
Text in German. Umschau (Berlin), 70(23):746-774, Nov. 5,
1970. 3 refs.
The carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere has increased
by 16% since the beginning of the century and is expected to
double in the first half of the next century. While CO2 does
not absorb sunlight, it does absorb night-time long-wave radia-
tion with a resulting increase in atmospheric energy. Increased
emission of sulfur dioxide reduced the pH of natural precipita-
tion in the Schwarzwald in Germany from 4.9 in 1965 to 4.5 in
1970 with a resulting decrease of pH in surface waters pos-
sessing only a limted buffering capacity and a shift in the
hydrobiological equilibrium. It is not enough to measure pollu-
tion in highly industrialized areas; pollution spreading to so-
called clean air is more dangerous in the long run. For this
reason, a network of measuring stations has been established
over the Federal German Republic whose objectives are the
recording of slow atmospheric changes, the gathering of com-
parative data for epidemiological studies of population groups
from highly polluted areas, and the study of long-term chronic
effects of low levels of pollution on humans, plant life,
animals, and materials. The data sought include pH, conduc-
tivity, dust concentration, soluble and insoluble dust precipita-
tion, chlorine, ammonia, suifates, CO2, SOx, NO2, F, radioac-
tivity, pollen and spore count, lead level, residual levels of
cancerogenic substances and pesticides, N2O, ozone, particle
count, SO2 and aerosol spectra, iodine level, heavy metals and
terpenes, and the usual meteorological parameters. It is hoped
that a similar network will be established all over Europe.
25642
Mein, William Wallace, Jr.
THE CALAVERAS CEMENT CO. DUST SUIT. Mining En-
gineering, 3(6): 534-536, June 1951. (Presented at the American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers
Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 1949 and New York, Feb.
1950, Paper TP 3047H.
An account is given of the background, testimony, and out-
come of a 1949 trial resulting from a suit by five landowners,
all cattle ranchers, whose properties are located in the vicinity
of a cement plant. The plaintiffs sued for dust damages of
$120,338 and for an injunction preventing the company from
casting dust on their properties in injurious quantities.
Testimony for the plaintiffs was designed to establish that the
flue dust had damaged the hind and forage and had caused
fluorine poisoining to the cattle, both results causing substan-
tial loss of profits. Defense testimony sought to establish that
the damage had been enormously exaggerated and should be
limited to the much lower loss of rental values, and that the
claim of fluorine poisoning was spurious. A jury verdict
awarded the ranchers $7508 in damages and the court issued
an injunction following the lines of a company proposal requir-
ing a minimum stack dust recovery of 87%. The plaintiffs sub-
sequently filed an appeal, contending that their proposed ver-
sion of the injunction should be the one adopted by the court;
this appeal was still pending at time of writing.
27677
Osaka Prefectural Government (Japan)
OSAKA PREFECTURE PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL
CODE (PROPOSED). (Osakafu kogi boshi joreian). Text in
Japanese. 29p., Feb. 1971.
The proposed code for Osaka Prefecture consists of general
regulations, measures to control public nuisances, such as en-
vironmental standards, public nuisance control plans, and
regulations for factories, including regulating smoke and dust,
and reporting nuisance-creating facilities. Public nuisances
from factories consist of smoke and dust, polluted water, bad
odors, noise, and vibrations. There are special provisions con-
cerning extraction of ground water, special construction activi-
ties, automobile traffic, use of loud speakers, and monitoring
of air pollution. Air pollutants under consideration are sulfur
oxides, dusts, cadmium, chlonne, hydrogen fluoride, lead and
other substances potentially harmful to human health.
28014
LEGAL NOTE ... LIABILITY FOR AIR POLLUTION. Public
Health Rept. (U. S.), 74(2):104, Feb. 1959. 1 ref.
In a suit for damages resulting from fluoride poisoning al-
legedly caused by the defendant's aluminum reduction plant,
the plaintiff was unable to specify any particular acts of
negligence by the defendant arid was compelled to rely on the
legal doctrine of 'res ipsa loquitur' (the thing speaks for itself).
This doctrine, according to which the facts of the occurrence
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
503
warrant the inference of negligence, was held applicable by a
court of appeals. The defendant's evidence of reasonable care
was considered insufficient to require finding as a matter of
law that inference of negligence had been overcome.
28349
Industrial Engineering Center (Japan)
DATA FOR THE SEMINAR ON INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONS
PREVENTION COUNTERMEASURES, NO. 1: PROBLEMS
AND FUTURE TRENDS IN LEGISLATION RELATED TO IN-
DUSTRIAL POLLUTION PREVENTION. (Sangyo kogai boshi
taisaku semina shirjo, No. 1, sangyo kogai boshi kanren horei
no mondaiten to kongo no doko). Text in Japanese. 12p., 1970
(?)•
At the 64th Extraordinary Diet session, held from November
to December, 1970, 14 laws including the partial amendment of
Pollution Countermeasures Fundamental Law, the Air Pollu-
tion Prevention Law, and the Water Pollution Prevention Law
were passed. With the exception of the law partially amending
the Agricultural Chemicals Control Law, all laws were promul-
gated as of December 25, 1970. Although the Fundamental
Law came into force immediately, most of the other laws will
become effective six months later due to the time required to
prepare ordinances, ministerial regulations, and public notices.
A comparison between the old, the new legislation concerning
water pollution is given in tabular form, and the scope of each
news law is explained. In sections on 'objectives' of the Fun-
damental Law, Air Pollution Prevention Law, the Water Pollu-
tion Prevention Law, and the Noise Control Law, the phrase
'in haimony between living environment and sound level
development of economy' is deleted. The system designating
special areas for the control of air and water pollution is lifted;
control is to be extended to all the areas and public waters in
Japan. National minimum discharge standards are established.
In the Fundamental Law, soil pollution was stipulated as the
seventh typical pollution and a law on 'the prevention of soil
pollution for agricultural use' was established. A drastic
amendment of the old Cleaning Law was made and the new
law on 'treatment and cleaning of wastes' was established.
Besides sulfur oxides, soot and dust, chlorine, hydrofluoride,
cadmium and lead are controlled under the Air Pollution
Prevention Law, while heated and colored water discharge are
controlled by the Water Pollution Prevention Law. The range
of industry is extended from primary to tertiary. Responsibility
of entrepreneurs is clarified in the Fundamental Law to mean
that they are to take 'necessary measures to prevent pollution
such as treatment of sooty smoke, filthy water, and wastes'.
The law on the sharing of pollution-control expenses was
established, in keeping with Article 22 of the Fundamental
Law, which stipulates the responsibility of entrepreneurs to
bear the burden of expenses. Some responsibilities and
authority are entrusted by the national government to local au-
tonomous bodies. The future problems are: steps to make
adequate use of land, further improvement in enterprises to
prevent pollution, establishment of Environmental Agency,
financial assistance to local area, enterprises, legislation on
odor, and promotion of technology.
29421
OUTLINE OF LEGISLATIONS CONCERNING POLLUTIONS
PASSED BY THE EXTRAORDINARY DIET SESSION. (Rinji
kokkai seiritsu kogai kankei horitsu yoko). Text in Japanese.
16p., Dec. 21, 1970.
Legislation is outlined including, the Water Pollution Preven-
tion Law, the law which partially amends the Pollution Coun-
termeasure Fundamental Law, the law which partially amends
the Air Pollution Law, the Water Pollution Prevention Law,
the law which partially amends the Noise Control Law, the
Marine Pollution Prevention Law, the law on the sharing of
the financial burden for pollution prevention, the law on the
punishment of crimes involving pollution harmful to human
health, the law concerning waste treatment and cleaning, the
law concerning the prevention of soil pollution, the law which
partially amends the Sewer law, the law which partially
amends the Road Traffic Law, the law which partially amends
the Agricultural Chemicals Control Law, and the law which
partially amends the Poison and Poisonous Matters Control
Law. The definition of pollution is changed to include soil pol-
lution, heated water from thermal generating stations, and
paper mill sludge. The phrase, harmony with sound develop-
ment of economy was delected, and it is now the responsibili-
ty of entrepreneurs to dispose of industrial wastes. The system
of designating special areas for air and water pollution was
abolished, and the emission standard is applicable all over
Japan. Besides sulfur dioxide in factory smoke, cadmium,
hydrogen fluoride, and lead are specifically mentioned. Gover-
nors can limit the use of facilities which emit sooty smoke and
advise them to comply with standards on the use of fuel, im-
prove water pollution, and prevent soil pollution. Also, the
discharge of oil from vessels is restricted. A person in charge
of controlling oil pollution must be designated to each vessel.
Of willfull damages to health and life, are punishable by prison
terms of detention of less than 2 years or of fines less than
716 dollars. Heavier penalties occur in the case of death or in-
juries. Individuals and corporations are punishable. Companies
must manufacture easily disposable goods. Areas are
designated which are feared to be heavily contaminated.
Sewers must have a terminal disposal plant, or be connected
with the sewer system. The Public Safety Commission can in-
stall and control traffic signals, and prohibit traffic, if necessa-
ry.
29504
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan),
Secretariat
COLLECTION OF LEGISLATIONS RELATED WITH MITI
CONCERNING POLLUTIONS. (Tsusho sangyo kankei
horeishu). Text in Japanese. Tokyo, Japan, Tokyo Hoki Publish-
ing Co., May 1971, 270p.
As of April 1, 1971, the ordinance on the enforcement of the
Air Pollution Control Law and the law on the consolidation of
the Kinki region (regarding the designation of special areas for
the maintenance of the environment) were revised. The or-
dinance referred to in paragraph 5, Article 2 of the Law
designates these substances: ammonia, hydrofluoric acid,
hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol,
hydrogen sulfide, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitrogen
dioxide, acrolein, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, carbon disulfide,
benzene, pyridine, phenol, sulfuric acid (including sulfur triox-
ide), silicon fluoride, phosgene, selenium, dioxide, chlorosul-
fonic acid, yellow phosphorous, phosphorous trichloride,
bromine, nickel carbonyl, phosphorous pentachloride, and
mercaptan. The allowable limit for SO2 in the atmosphere is
2/10 mil, an annual hourly maximum, or 0.6/10 ml annual
hourly average. When hours exceeding 2/10 mil do not exceed
75 hours a year, only the annual hourly average can be taken.
The measurement of the hourly figure is determined by the or-
dinances of the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Minis-
try of International Trade and Welfare. The measurement of
sooty smoke and particulates are also in accordance with the
law. In the Construction Standards Law Enforcement Regula-
tions, revised December 2, 1970, as Ordinance No. 333, Arti-
-------
504
cle 126 stipulates smoke elimination facilities and chimney
stacks for buildings. Law No. 144 limits factories in already
established urban areas in the Kinki Region.
29598
Toyama Prefecture (Japan), Dept. of Environmental Pollution
PRESENT SITUATION OF ADMINISTRATION CONCERN-
ING POLLUTIONS. (Kogai gyosei no genkyo). Text in
Japanese. 74p., Oct. 1970.
Aluminum smelters and thermal generation stations in the hin-
terland of Toyama prefecture, have signed an agreement with
Toyama Prefecture concerning the prevention of air pollution,
but the problem of air pollution is becoming complicated and
diversified. Although no concentration is as high as the en-
vironmental standard, control was strengthened by amending
K 29.2 to 20.4 and adding five observation stations, and a cen-
tral telemeter monitoring system. Dust collector facilities for
electric furnaces lowered the concentration of exhaust smoke
from electric furnaces to within the range of standard. With
the increase of ferro-alloy, iron, and steel production, on-site
checks will be made and guidance will be given on high effi-
ciency dust collecting equipment. With the revision in the sul-
fur dioxide standard, 56 production facilities, 17% of the fac-
tories under control, no longer qualified. At the moment, the
chimney height is being raised, a switch to LS heavy oi is
being made, and as of the end of March, 1970, about 40% had
completed the improvement. Carbon monoxide checks were
made in 196 at major locations on traffic congestion in two ci-
ties, and they will be continued this year. Since the start of
aluminum productio by Sumitomo Chemical Industry, an
agreement was signed with the company concerning fluorine.
Indicator plants were placed, and on-site checks have been
made. Of the 13 staffs on environmental pollution at the pre-
fectural government, four are in charge of air pollution. Of 192
complaints concerning pollution received in 1969 42 were on
air pollution. Between September 19, 1969 and October 30,
1969, $583.60 was spent on a survey of air pollution by the
prefectural government. As of end of March, 1970, 430 facili-
ties which emit smoke reported in accordance with Air Pollu-
tion Prevention Law. Between 1967 and 1969, nine smaller en-
terprises were given financial aid to improve facilities to
prevent air pollution.
29818
Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Japan), Bureau of Sanitation
MATERIALS FOR REFERENCE ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION CONTROL. Kogai hoken sanko shiryo). Text in
Japanese. 39p., March 1971.
The present state of and the future problems of the adminis-
tration of environmental pollution control in Tokyo, the inju-
ries to health by these pollutants, and their prevention are
discussed. Materials for reference are as follows: the defini-
tion of environmental pollution in the basic law of environ-
mental pollution (Kogai); Japanese Air pollution regulations;
the history of air pollution in Japan; kinds, physical and
chemical characteristics amounts, actions and sources of air
pollutants; standards for warnings, and alarms pollutions; in-
fluence on the human body; and items in the Tokyo medical
examination of community inhabitants for environmental pol-
lution (physical examination of the respiratory organ system).
The division of duties in the Pollution Disease Section and the
organization of the Bureau of Environmental Protection are
also mentioned. Major pollutants discussed include nitric ox-
ide, chlorine, fluorine, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen diox-
ide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, sodium chloride, carbon
monoxide, iodine, dusts, fumes, mists, hydrogen sulfide, and
sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, and hydrochloric acid.
30620
Kawamoto, Hirotaka
EXPLANATION OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ACT.
(Taiki osen boshiho no kaisetsu). Text in Japanese. Ryusan (J.
Sulphuric Acid Assoc., Japan), 24(3):21-31, March 1971.
The Air Pollution Control law passed by the 64th Extraordina-
ry Diet session, aims at control of smoke, dust, exhaust gas,
and special matter. Smoke is divided into sooty dust, sulfur
oxides, harmful matter, and special harmful matter. Facilities
which gsnerate smoke are defined. Sooty dust generated by
the incineration of fuel or by the use of electricity is the same
as the traditional soot and other dusts; it includes soot, ash,
metal, and other oxides generated by combustion. Use of elec-
tricity as a heat source implies the electric furnace process,
for instance Harmful matter is defined as that generated by
combustion, synthesis, decomposition, or other waste disposal
methods (except mechanical process). Examples are cadmium,
chlorine, fluoride, and lead. Special harmful matter is that
generated, for example by combustion of nitrogen oxides.
Facilities which generate harmful substances include elec-
trolytic furnaces, reactors, crucibles and converters. Those
who want to establish smoke-generating facilities must provide
regional authorities with necessary information. Those who do
not conform to the smoke standard are punished, ordered to
alter their plan, or to abandon it. Mines are excluded from the
definition of the facilities which generate smoke, as they come
under the more strict Mine Safety Law. The smoke discharge
standard is universal throughout Japan. The following smoke
environmental standards apply: hourly values must be less
than 0.2 ppm for 99% of the total hrs/yr; daily averages must
be less than 0.05 ppm for over 70% of the total days/yr; hourly
values must be less than 0.1 ppm for over 88% of the total
hs/yr; the average annual hourly value cannot exceed 0.05
ppm. In any area, the number of days calling for emergency
measures is not to exceed three percent of the total days/hr or
to continue beyond three days. The standards are to be real-
ized within 10 year in congested areas and within five years in
already polluted areas.
31492
Boer, Wolfgang
BASIC PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE GERMAN
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
THEIR SOLUTION. (Grundprobleme der Reinhaltung der Luft
in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und Moeglichkeiten
ihrer Loesung). Text in German. Energie Tech., 21(6):274-277,
June 1971.
In the German Democratic Republic, it is expected that the
sulfur dioxide pollution, caused by the combustion of fossil
fuels, will continue to rise until 1975 and the following years.
In industrial centers, SO2 will thus continue to be the major
pollutant. The exhaust gases from automobiles pose problems.
Tests of two- stroke engines revealed that they do not emit
more pollutants than four-stroke engines. A solution of the ex-
haust gas emission is seen only in the construction of an en-
tirely new type of engine. As long as there are combustion en-
gines there will be emissions. Numerous injuries to crops and
forests were found to stem from fluorine emissions, rather
than from SO2 emissions. The present air pollution situation
was used as basis for the air Pollution Regulations, which call
for maximum allowable emission concentrations, which are set
by the Health Ministry and which will be established by the in-
dividual organs in the economic sector. The emissions will be
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
505
controlled by the district hygiene inspectors and the companies
themselves. Any negligence in meeting the standards will be
punished by the collection of a certain fee.
32173
Orange County Air Pollution Control District, Anaheim, Calif.
RULES AND REGULATIONS. 34p., Dec. 23, 1969.
Rules and regulations governing air pollution emissions and
control are reviewed for Orange County. General terms and
standard conditions are defined. Permits, fees, and fee
schedules are examined. Emission standards are presented for
paniculate matter, visible contaminants, sulfur compounds
(sulfur dioxide), combustion contaminants (carbon dioxide),
fluorine compounds, scavenger plants, dust, fumes, storage of
petroleum products, open fires, incineration, gasoline loading,
oil-effluent water separator, sulfur content of fuels, gasoline
specifications, organic solvents, fuel burning equipment,
architectural coatings, and orchard or citrus grove heaters.
Legal procedures before the Hearing Board are delineated.
32245
San Bernardino County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
RULES AND REGULATIONS. 62p., Aug. 18, 1970. (Includes
Amendments to San Bernardino County Air Pollution Control
District Rules and Regulations).
Rules and regulations concerning air pollution emissions and
control in San Bernardino County are reviewed. General pollu-
tion terms are defined. Permits and fees for schedules of elec-
tric motor horsepower equipment, fuel burning equipment,
electrical energy use, incinerators, stationary containers, and
orchard heaters are discussed. Pollution emission standards are
examined for paniculate matter, specific contaminants (sulfur
dioxide, carbon dioxide, and fluorine compounds), scavenger
plants, dust, fumes, storage of petroleum products, open fires,
incineration, oil effluent water separators, gasoline loading,
sulfur content of fuels, gasoline specifications, organic sol-
vents, architectural coatings, and fuel burning equipment.
Procedures of the board are reviewed. Emergency regulations
are determined for air sampling and sampling stations, alerts,
communication systems, and toxic air pollutant levels of car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and ozone.
32272
San Diego County Air Pollution Control District, Calif.
RULES AND REGULATIONS. 34p., Aug. 1970.
Rules and regulations governing air pollution emissions and
control in San Diego County are reviewed. General terms and
standard conditions are defined. Permits and fees are ex-
plained. Standards on emissions are examined with respect to
the Ringelmann chart, paniculate mattei, specific contami-
nants (sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and fluorine com-
pounds), scavenger plants, dust, fumes, open fires, incinera-
tion, and sulfur content of fuels. Rules concerning orchard or
citrus grove heaters and legal board procedures are deter-
mined.
32354
Nordrhein-Westfalen Arbeits-und Sozialminister (West
Germany)
PLANS AND GOALS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT TILL
1975. (Plaene und Ziele der Landesregierung bis 1975). Text in
German. In: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein Westfalen. Es-
sen, West Germany, Brinck and Co. KG, 1969, p. 84-93.
The state government has adopted a new regional approach to
all pollution control planning. Abatement programs instituted
for Thomas steel converters, ore sintering plants, cokeries,
foundries, and steam power plants will terminate in 1973. In
selected industrial centers with high pollution emissions, all in-
dustrial, domestic, and automotive polluters will be rechecked
and results of the survey will be used as a basis for pollution
control improvement and for planning and legislative purposes.
An emission register (map) of Cologne, Duisburg-Oberhausen-
Muelheim an der Ruhr, Essen-Bottrop, Gelsenkirchen-
Wanne/Eickel-Bochum, Gastrop-Rauxel, and Dortmund will be
compiled and used for purposes of pollution forecasting. Mea-
surement data show that chemical and petrochemical plants
contribute an inordinately large share to overall pollution;
these plants will have to install new equipment to reduce emis-
sions of concentrated reaction gases, odorous gases, and gases
with high particulate content. New monitoring programs will
be instituted for fluorine, hydrocarbons, odorous sulfur and
nitrogen compounds, hydrogen chloride, and oxidants and par-
ticulates in an area extending from Cologne to Dortmund. New
regulations will be issued governing maximum permissible
emissions from all domestic heating plants fired by oil, coke,
or coal. The incineration of solid waste in heating plants will
be prohibited.
32789
Public Nuisance Control Assoc., Tokyo (Japan)
LAWS AND ORDINANCES RELEVANT TO MR POLLU-
TION. (Taiki osen boshiho seko rei). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 7(7):322-331, July 1971.
On the basis of the Air Pollution Prevention Act, regulations
have been issued designating pollutants, the maximum per-
missible emission, emission sources, and pollution areas.
Among the materials produced by combustion, synthesis, and
decomposition, elements that have been designated as toxic
are cadmium and its compounds, chloride and its compounds,
fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon fluoride, lead and its
compounds, and nitrogen oxides. Toxic materials emitted by
automobiles are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead com-
pounds, and nitrogen oxides. Toxic material that should be
guarded against at the time of accidents at manufacturing
plants consist of 28 items including NH3 and HF. The max-
imum permissible amount of toxic matter concentration per
hour at the highest point during the year should be less than
0.1 ppm. Twenty-six kinds of soot producing apparatus and
systems are subject to regulations, and five kinds of particu-
late producing furnaces and apparatus are subject to regula-
tions. Also included are areas subject to sulfur oxides concen-
tration control and areas subject to advice for the use of low-
sulfur content fuels.
32884
Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan)
AMENDMENT DRAFT AND EXPLANATION OF AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT REGULATIONS.
(Taiki osen boshiho sekorei no kaiseian oyobi kaisetsu). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, 20p., 1971. (Presented at the Public
Nuisance Prevent. Tech. Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Air pollution control laws and amendments in Japan are ex-
amined. Regions are divided into eight classes based on the
discharge standard of sulfur dioxide, for which the maximum
allowable concentration is 0.020-0.045 ppm at groung level. In-
dustries discharging smoke, cadmium, or lead and boilers
burning heavy oils must be equipped with electric dust collec-
tors, bag filters, or multi-cyclones. In certain areas, buildings
with central heating must install multi-cyclones or more effi-
-------
506
cient dust collectors or change to gas or electric heating. The
prefectural governments may adopt emission standards stricter
than those enforced by the national government. Industries
discharging chlorine or fluorine must be equipped with alkali
washing devices. Sulfur content in fuels is limited to 1.0-1.5%.
33495
Morgan, George B. and Guntis Ozolins
AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Office, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Atmospheric Surveillance,
23p., May 21, 1971.
The specific needs for air quality data, the scope and require-
ments of monitoring activities, and the chief components of
ambient air quality surveillance such as sampling-measurement
networks, laboratory support, and data handling and analysis
were presented. The monitoring conducted by state and local
air pollution control agencies is directed toward enforcement
activities. The Federal monitoring system provides a uniform
data base throughout the country against which all other air
quality data can be verified. States must provide adequate
monitoring of total suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, and total hydrocar-
bons. The number of sampling stations required depends
primarily on existing pollution levels, their geographical and
temporal variability, and the size of the region. The number of
sampling stations must be adequate to allow definition of the
area or areas where ambient concentrations may be expected
to exceed those designated in air quality standards. Station lo-
cations and sampling site characteristics were discussed. The
sampling frequencies for mechanical samplers and the averag-
ing times for automatic samplers are dictated by ambient air
quality standards. The frequencies (continuous, daily, or
weekly) are given for suspended particulates, lead, polycyclic
organic matter, fluorides, SO2, CO, HC, nitrogen dioxide,
NOx, and ozone for urban and rural areas. With automatic in-
strumentation the need for routine laboratory support is
greatly reduced but a problem of data transmission, validation,
and reduction is introduced. Trends in urban air quality were
also reviewed.
33722
Tokyo Metropolitan Equipment and Supplies Bureau (Japan),
Air Pollution Regulation Project
STANDARD REGULATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF
POISONOUS GASES (1). (Yugai gasu shorishisetsu shido
hyojun (1)). Text in Japanese. 186p., March 1970.
A standard regulation was established for treating generated
poisonous gases in Tokyo. A packed tower or the combination
of packed and spray towers should be used for the treatment
of ammonia gas. Gas-liquid contact equipment may be used to
wash gas provided it is equal to or higher than the towers in
control efficiency. Maximum ammonia concentration in waste
gas was determined at 500 ppm; average concentration during
manufacturing was 250 ppm. For reference purposes, gas
cleaning apparatus, absorption of waste gas, analysis of waste
gas and drained water, standards for regulation of waste gas
from a factory, and the standard of the treatment of drained
water from a factory were described. Fluorine and fluoric
compounds should be treated by washing with a jet scrubber
or spray tower. Maximum fluorine concentration was set at 15
ppm and average concentration during manufacturing was 10
ppm. General properties of fluoric compounds, sources of
fluoric compounds emissions and examples of equipment for
treating gases containing fluorine are examined. Hydrogen sul-
fide should be treated with the aspiration system of a tower
using alkali. Maximum H2S concentration in waste gas, was
set at 50 ppm, 30 ppm was the standard average during manu-
facturing.
35795
Shirmura, Gakushi
PARTIAL REVISION OF ORDINANCES RELATED TO AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS. (Taiki osen boshi ho kankei
horei no ichibu kaisei nado ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nihon
Gasu Kyokai-shi (J. Japan Gas Assoc.), 24(9):26-29, Nov. 1971.
Commentaries are made on the main points of revisions in the
Air Pollution Control Act passed by the 64th Diet session in
the fall of 1970 and ministrial ordinances issued on June 26,
1971 on related matters. The main revisions in the Air Pollu-
tion Control Act include: the abolishment of specific control
area systems and the application of emission and maximum
concentration standards to the entire nation; prerogatives of
local governments in issuing more strict emission standards
than the national standards when deemed necessary; regula-
tions controlling the use of fuels for especially polluted urban
areas; and designation of emission standards for toxic materi-
als and dust particles. Revisions made on the enforcement or-
dinances give specified toxic materials as cadmium, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, silicon
fluoride, lead, and nitrogen oxides. Comments and explana-
tions are given on various dust and soot creating facilities and
emission standards, areas with special sulfur oxide emission
standards, fuel use control areas, emergency countermeasures,
administrative responsibilities, and various technical standards
and applications in gas work operations.
37747
Kobayashi, Gen
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL
LAWS OF IBARAGI PREFECTURE AND THE ROLE OF
THE POLLUTION CONTROL AGREEMENT. (Ibaragiken ni
okeru kogai boshi jorei no tokucho to kogai boshi jorei no
tolcucho to kogai boshi kyotei no yakuwari). Text in Japanese.
Kagaku Koho (Chem. Factory), 15(I3):94-98, Dec. 1971.
The background, content, characteristics, and the role of the
pollution control laws of Ibaragi prefecture are discussed, par-
ticularly with regard to the liquid waste discharge standard. As
to air pollution, special permission must be obtained for the
construction or operation of new factories engaged in metal
refining, electroplating, dye adjusting, paper or pulp mills, or
manufacturing of cement, asphalt, alcohol, fertilizer, or starch;
for those factories which use mercury, cadmium, lead,
fluorine, cyanogen, organic phosphorus compounds, arsenic,
or chromium; and for those factories which emit a maximum
of more than 5000 cu m or consume the maximum of more
than 50 kl heavy oil. The maximum permissible hydrogen
chloride emission in the air is 70 mg, and for fluorine,
hydrogen fluoride, and silicon fluoride it is 4 mg, in the
Kashima area. Permission to operate certain kinds of plants
depends on strict adherence to the standards, and violation
will lead to cancellation of permission. Unauthorized compa-
nies and those which have lost permission must stop operating
immediately; violation of the ordinance will lead to the most
severe penalty. Such regulations are applicable to dust creating
installations such as ash manufacturers, power cotton gins,
agricultural chemical plant, pottery factories, soil and stone
packers, and bad odor producing installations such as livestock
yards, chicken feces, drying plants, and pulp mills.
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
507
37943
Toyama Prefecture (Japan)
TOYAMA PREFECTURAL WHITE PAPER ON ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTIONS REPORT FOR 1970, ADMINISTRA-
TIVE ACTIONS FOR 1971. (Toyama-ken kogai hakusho, showa
45 nendo nenji hokoku, showa 46 nendo no shisaku). Text in
Japanese. 186p., Aug. 1971.
The situation of environmental pollution consists of air, water,
noise pollutions, and odor pollution. Complaints due to en-
vironmental pollution are mentioned. Air pollution tends to be
high in the Toyama-Takaoka area and Uozu or Kurobe. Falling
soot and dust occurs locally in Toyama, Takaoka, and Shin
Minato cities where smelting and iron factories are located,
but it tends to decrease annually. In the first two cities, sulfur
oxides concentrations which exceed the environmental stan-
dard is observed. The floating dust is generally low. Pollution
due to fluoride compounds or carbon monoxide is considered
to be important as a future problem. The poultry industry and
hog raising are sources of bad odors, and the marine products
industry is also a problem. Actions for the prevention of en-
vironmental pollution, countermeasures taken for each kind of
pollution, and fundamental measures are explained. Items on
the environmental atmosphere, a plant survey, environmental
health measures, polluted soil, and countermeasures for farm-
ing crops, are explained. Fundamental preventive measures
that are scheduled to be taken for 1970 and concrete actions
for each kind of pollution are also discussed. The Itai-Itai dis-
ease and the Toyama Prefectural Ordinance for preventing en-
vironmental pollutions are mentioned.
38573
Collin, Fredrik C.
CHOICE OF SITE FOR AIR POLLUTION CAUSING INDUS-
TRIAL PLANTS AND COSTS OF GAS CLEANING. (Litt om
placering industri med luftforurensningsproblemer og om utgif-
tene med gassrensning). Text in Norwegian. Tek. Ukeblad
(Oslo), 119(S):15-17, 19, Feb. 1972.
Air pollution-related conflicts between industrial plants and
their surroundings can be minimized or eliminated by prelimi-
nary studies and proper choice of sites. The requirement for
the possibility of eliminating wastes without direct damages to
the environment should be considered in addition to the
economic aspects of the choice of the site. In the metallurgic
industry, ferroalloy and aluminum plants pollute the air in a
radius of about 10 km. A minimum distance of 5-10 km should
be kept between new plants and residential areas, taking fu-
ture expansions into account. Any home building should be
prohibited near existing or planned industrial plants. Costs in-
volved in air pollution control in the aluminum industry are
discussed. The actual costs are reduced by the fluorine
recovery at the Lista Aluminiumverk. Electrostatic filters
proved to be unsatisfactory for the cleaning of gases from
open-hearth furnaces in a ferrosilicon manufacturing plant.
The glass-fiber bag filters applied now cause 10% increase in
the price of the products. Changes are needed in the raw
material treatment to reduce both smoke emissions and power
requirements. To produce marketable products, international
cooperation in air pollution problems is needed. Contributions
by the state towards investments are a necessity.
38669
Osaka Prefectural Government (Japan), Div. of Atmosphere
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW INSTRUCTIONAL DATA.
(Taiki osen boshiho setsumei shiryo). Text in Japanese. 14p.,
1971.
Instructions and explanations are given concerning the air pol-
lution control law and the main points of revisions. The or-
ganization and system of the law are explained by a flowchart.
Regulations are applicable to stack gases including sulfur ox-
ides, soot, general and special toxic gases, special toxic
materials, and dust particles. With regard to emission stan-
dards, sulfur oxide emission standards are categorized in eight
groups and are determined locally. Stack gas, soot, and toxic
gas emission standards are determined nationally, and special
emission standards are applicable to soot and special toxic
gases. Violations in all categories of stack gases are subject to
penalties. Standards for special toxic materials are determined
case by case at the time of accident. Dust emission standards
are determined depending on the structure, use, and main-
tenance of facilities. These last two items are not subject to
penalty. The method of enforcement of improvement orders
and the period of improvements are reviewed by a table. Items
and facilities that require registration and reporting are
reviewed by a table. Facilities designated as soot and stack gas
emission sources are reviewed by a table. Emission standards
with regard to categories and usage, the old and new stan-
dards, and control areas are reviewed by tables and maps.
Emission standards of special toxic materials such as cadmium
and compounds, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, fluorine,
hydrogen and silicon fluorides, and lead and compounds, are
reviewed by a table. Dust creating facilities and their manage-
ment standards are given.
39306
Mahler, E. A. J.
THE FIGHT AGAINST AIR POLLUTION IN THE VICINITY
OF INDUSTRIAL WORKS IN GREAT BRITAIN. (Die
Bekaempfung der Luftverunreinigung in der Umgebung indus-
trieller Betriebe in Grossbritannien). Text in German.
Eidgenoessische Kommission fuer Lufthygiene, Zurich (Switzer-
land), Probleme der Luftverunreinigung durch die Industrie, p.
15-22, 1968. (Sept. 9-10) (Presented at the Schweizerisches
Treffen fuer Chemie, 2nd, Basel, Switzerland.)
British regulations for combatting emissions from emissions
from industrial plants include the Public Health Act of 1936,
the Clean Air Act of 1956, the Alkali Works Regulation Act of
1906, and the Alkali Works Order of 1966. The Clean Air Act
contains regulations about minimum height of chimneys and
limitations in soot emissions. The Alkali Acts specify recom-
mended means for determining standards of maximum per-
missible concentrations of air pollutants. The manufacture of
Fletton bricks from clay containing 10% carbon and 500 to 700
ppm fluorine which generates emissions of sulfur dioxide,
fluorine compounds, and an offensive smell. Various methods
for removal of SO2 and F, such as the Monsanto method,
have been tried but have proved impractical in view of the
very large volume of waste gases to be handled. For the time
being, dispersion of waste gases by means of high chimneys
has been the only effective practical remedy. In thermal power
stations, removal of sulfur dioxide by forcing the waste gases
through ammonia scrubber installations has been very satisfac-
tory, provided that inexpensive ammonia is available and a
market for ammonium sulfate assured. Other power plants use
water with additions of chalk or calcium carbonate as
scrubbing liquids. The drawback of this method is the cooling
of the waste gases which then lose their buoyancy and
descend to the ground, causing formation of haze and offen-
sive smells. Dispersion of waste gases by 600 to 800 foot chim-
neys is so far considered the most practical remedy.
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508
39749
Damon, W. A.
THE ALKALI ACT AND THE WORK OF THE ALKALI IN-
SPECTORS. Roy. Soc. Health J. (London), 76(9):566-575, 1956.
16 refs. (Presented at the Conference of Sanitary Inspectors,
Health Congress, Blackpool, England, April 26, 1956.)
About the middle of the last century, great indignation was
caused by the discharge of hydrogen chloride from the new
process for manufacture of alkali or sodium carbonate. So
great was the outcry and so frequent were the actions for
damages that a Royal Commission was appointed, and follow-
ing its report the first alkali Act of 1863 was passed. It stipu-
lated that not less than 95% of the HC1 produced in the
process of making alkali should be condensed or absorbed.
The residual 5% might be discharged into the air provided it
was diluted to contain not more than 1/5 grain of HC1 per cu
ft. The Act also provided for the setting up of a central staff
of inspectors under the control of the Local Government
Board. The original Act was extended by subsequent legisla-
tion at intervals until 1906 when the current Alkali Act- Works
Regulation Act was passed. General provisions, statutory
limits, and the Alkali Inspectorate are described. Chemical and
physical methods for treating waste gases and chimney disper-
sal are mentioned. The owners of process schedules under the
Alkali Act are required to adopt the best practicable means
whereby this discharge of noxious or offensive gases may be
reduced and the residue discharged harmlessly and inoffen-
sively. Sulfuric acid processes, viscose processes, cement
manufacture, and petroleum refining are mentioned. Non-
scheduled processes include electricity generating stations,
coal carbonization works, ironworks, steelworks, ceramic
works, and fluorine emissions. The clean Air Bill is cited.
40461
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION. (Umweltschutz). Text in Ger-
man. Tech. Ueberwach. (Duesseldorf), 13(5):181-187, May 1972.
The German Federal Government is actually reading the bill
concerning the protection against harmful environment in-
fluences due to air pollution. The bill states that plants
emitting air polluting gases or substances require a special
authorization. The supervision of emissions will be intensified.
Analyses have been made in various enterprises like melting
plants, incineration plants, and cement works concerning the
emission of dust, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, gaseous fluoride
and chloride compounds, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide,
and carbon monoxide. With regard to the emission of CO,
nitric oxide, and hydrocarbons by automobile engines, a test
station has been established at Essen which undertakes all ex-
haust gas examinations. However, these examinations concern
only relatively new vehicles so that a sensible reduction of the
CO contents in the exhaust gases will be reached only if the
new exhaust gas prescriptions are generally valid for all vehi-
cles.
40889
Crone, J., R. Schumacher, and E. Luescher
DEMANDS ON A MEASURING SYSTEM FOR MONITOR-
ING AIR POLLUTION DEMONSTRATED BY THE EXAM-
PLE OF THE CITY OF MUNICH. (Anforderungen an ein Mes-
system zur Ueberwachung der Luftverunreinigung am Beispiel
der Stadt Menchen). Text in German. Gesundh. Ingr., 93(3):71-
76, March 1972. 6 refs.
The plans for the development of an air pollution monitoring
grid for Munich are reviewed. The measurement grid must be
capable of determining the momentary air pollution situation
over the entire city and its suburbs; simultaneously provide an
air pollution alert service; determine the type of air pollutant
and locate its source; and draw conclusions from short-term
data on the long-term changes of atmospheric pollution. The
parameters to be measured will include sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
hydrocarbons, ozone, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride,
hydrogen chloride, aerosols, tempertature relative humidity,
and wind direction and velocity. For the first phase, 30 sta-
tions will suffice. The main stations will monitor all parame-
ters with the exception of halogens and hydrogen sulfide.
Secondary stations which measure the SO2, CO , NO, and
NO2 concentrations; 2 stations will monitor single emission
sources such as incinerators with additional measurement of
halogens and H2S. One mobile station will be used at an ar-
bitrary place for all measurements and even for long-term
measurements. All data will be transmitted to a data computer
center. The minimum sensitivity of the units will have to cor-
respond to the background concentration in the atmosphere of
non-polluted areas. Proposals by various companies will be
evaluated according to certain criteria giving priority to scien-
tific and technological perfection rather than costs.
41455
Swieboda, M.
AIR CONSERVATION IN THE CRACOW VOIVODSHIP. Air
Conserv. (English translation from Polish of: Ochrona Powietr-
za), 3(1): 1-9, 1969, 19 refs. NTIS: TT 70-55123/1
The Cracow province is second only to Silesia in the mag-
nitude of the threat posed by air pollution and is classified as
an area where the threat of air pollution is of medium intensi-
ty. A number of industrial concentrations, however, present
serious problems. The dense network of industrial plants in the
Cracow industrial region has allowed an overlapping of emis-
sions resulting in an extremely complex condition. The princi-
ple noxious substances emitted are sulfur compounds, i.e., sul-
fur dioxide, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfude, and carbon bisul-
fide, carbon monoxides, nitrogen oxides, fluorine compounds,
chlorine, hydrocarbons, and lead and zinc dusts. Lead dust
concentrations around the Boreslaw Mining and Foundry
Plants were estimated at one ton/sq km/yr; zinc was estimated
at 0.3-0.5 ton/sq km/yr. An increase in the degree of air pollu-
tion was noticed in Cracow city itself. Dust precipitation va-
ries betwen 200 and 600 ton/sq km/yr. A sharp increase in am-
bient dust concentration is noted in the fall and winter the ad-
missible standard is 0.21 mg/cu m. The industrial regions of
the Cracow area have suffered great vegetation damage. In the
Olkucz forest and in the Chrzanow district, over 21,000 hec-
tares of wooded land were destroyed. Industry alone holds the
key to preventing or controlling air pollution and forest inju-
ries in industrial districts. Existing abatement regulations place
the responsibility on offending factories with respect to build-
ing, installing, and operating dust removal equipment. Nu-
merous attempts were made between 1918 and 1938 to control
air pollution in the city of Cracow. The principle legal docu-
ment upon which control operations and cooperation can
develop is the Resolution of the Cracow City Government and
the Act on Air Pollution Control.
42021
Japan Environmental Agency
WHITE PAPER ON ENVIRONMENT - A NEW GOAL FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. (Showa 47 nenban kankyo
hakusho, kankyo seisaku no atarashii zahyo). Text in Japanese.
486p., June 1972.
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
509
The present status of air pollution in Japan and the control
policy of public nuisance is discussed. Forty major cities have
higher sulfur oxide concentrations than standard values, as
high as 40% of the cities subjected to investigation. In addition
to SOx, other pollutants such as hydrogen fluoride, chlorine,
and hydrogen chloride have complicated the pollution problem.
The injuries to human health, such as chronic bronchitis, and
damages to agricultural products and forests have become
more and more significant. According to the new regulations
passed on Jan. 11, 1972, the hourly average paniculate concen-
tration for 24 continuous hours must be less than 0.10 mg/cu
m, and hourly concentration must not exceed 0.20 mg/cu m.
New SOx standards are revised for different districts, and
emergency threshold values of all pollutants are also listed. In
the nation, 85,487 facilities have been registered as smoke and
soot polluters. Restrictions on automobile exhausts have been
tightened, and wide district observation systems were
established.
42188
Japan Environmental Agency
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN JAPAN. 67p., May 1972.
Pollution caused by such substances as sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide, for which vari-
ous countermeasures have been taken have recently shown a
tendency to decrease, or at least not to increase. However,
with regard to nitrogen oxides and oxidants, for which no
regulatory measures have been implemented, the situation has
been aggravated resulting in the appearance of new air pollu-
tion problems such as the photochemical smog. Damages to
property, agriculture, and human health traced to these pollu-
tants as well as to lead, chlorine gas, and hydrogen fluoride
are reviewed. The history of regulations on air pollution is
described and countermeasures against air pollution are out-
lined, including the establishment of environmental quality
standards and emission control of smoke, soot, and other pol-
lutants. Other measures include pollution control organization
at specified factories, relief systems for victims of environ-
mental pollution diseases, countermeasures for photochemical
smog including emergency traffic and industrial production
curtailments, promotion of fuels with low sulfur content, pol-
lution control measures by local governments, regional indus-
trialization planning and environmental pollution control pro-
grams, and limitations on emission from mining, smelting, and
refining operations. The monitoring systems for air pollution at
the local and national levels are described. Research and
development projects currently in progress are listed.
42810
Hashimoto, H.
APPROACHES TO AIR POLLUTION AS INTEGRAL PARTS
OF ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS AND POLICY BY OECD.
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations,
Proc. Int. Clean Air Congr., 2nd, Washington, D. C., 1970, p.
1341-1342. (Dec. 6-11, Paper P2 D.)
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), an intergovernmental organization with 22 member
states, has been instrumental in the formulation of economic
policy and the quality of life, in terms of a livable environment
as well as social welfare. With a view to incorporating en-
vironmental considerations into economic policy, the Environ-
ment Committee within the OECD consists of senior govern-
mental officials with central responsibilities for environmental
questions. Prior to the formation of this committee, an air
management research group (AMRG) was organized to deal
with abatement technology, measurement of air pollution, and
effects of air pollution. Results of the abatement technology
research indicated priorities in industrialized countries in rela-
tion to the automobile, fuel combustion, fluorides, and odors.
The measurement panel studied the emerging administrative
requirements, examined the present measurement capabilities
in member countries, and showed principal areas of deficiency
in technical capability in regards to air pollution modelling. Ex-
amining research in relation to the technical information
needed for administrative decisions in abatement of air pollu-
tion, the effects panel defined the categories of health effects,
economic consequences, and amenity and long term biological
and physical effects. Recommendations of the AMRG include:
cost-effectiveness studies of available technology transmission
and transformation of air pollutants, research on effects of air
pollution, and the implementation of a plan for a project on
mass transport of air pollution.
42873
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. (Problem der Luitverschmut-
zung). Text in German. In: Bericht der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland ueber die Umwelt des Menschen. p. 53-61, May
1972.
Problems of and measures planned in West Germany to con-
trol air pollution are outlined. Air pollution, particularly due to
carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, fluorine, heavy
metals, dust, and odors, represent health and corrosion
hazards. Model experiments to elaborate adequate pollution
abatement measures have been carried out. Clean air main-
tenance plans, including regional programs, the set-up and ex-
tension of monitoring networks, the use of low-emission raw
materials, fuels, technologies, equipment, dust separators, gas
cleaning equipment, and high stacks will be the basic means of
abating air pollution. Further pollution standards, implying
limitations on fuel sulfur content, will be introduced. Partial
desulfurization of fuel and Diesel oil has been applied. The
emissions from Otto engined vehicles will be successively
reduced to 1/10 of the 1969 level by 1980. Carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbon emissions have been limited as a first step,
followed by a lead emission standard in 1971, requiring a max-
imum concentration of 0.4 g/1 which will be further reduced to
0.15 g/1 in 1976. As the possibilities to control emissions from
conventional engines are limited, studies on new power
sources are promoted. Radioactivity as created by human ac-
tivity is negligible in comparison with the background level.
42874
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLITICS. (Immissionsschutz-
politik). Text in German. In: Bericht der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland ueber die Umwelt des Menschen. p. 67-92, May
1972.
Tasks of the different lands in connection with the Clean Air
Act, emitted Aug. 1971, as well as short and long-term pro-
grams are outlined. The basic activity of the land will lie in en-
forcement, set-up of expert teams, authorities, and institu-
tions, as well as in the elaboration of regional standards. In
Baden-Wuerttemberg, where dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides,
fluorine, and odors are the chief pollutants, the suppression of
any further increase in the emissions is a long-term objective.
Domestic heating and traffic are the main problems in West
Berlin. Continuous air quality monitoring regarding fluorine,
hydrocarbons, odorous substances, dust, sulfur and nitrogen
oxides, hydrochloric acid, and oxidants is carried out in highly
industrialized Northrhine Westphalia where increases in
nuclear energy output and intensive growth of the chemical in-
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510
dustry are the basic trends. Abating emissions levels, particu-
larly in the Ruhr area, is the long-term goal to be reached, and
emissions from 100 large industrial plants will have to be
eliminated or reduced by 1975. Comprehensive air pollution
measuring programs are run in Saarland. Measures planned in
air pollution, noise and radioactivity control areas in other
lands are reviewed.
43007
Douce, W. C.
THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE S ACTIVITIES
IN THE FIELD OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT. Oklahoma Eng. Exp. Sta. Publ., no. 97, 23(1):55-61,
Dec. 1955.
The American Petroleum Institute has conducted work on pol-
lution problems since 1921. With the formation of the Commit-
tee on Disposal of Refinery Wastes within the Division of
Refining in 1930, action on waste control in the industry was
vigorously promoted. The committee has published a five-
volume manual on sources, types, and recommended methods
of disposal of refinery wastes and has sponsored fundamental
research work on the design of gravity oil-water separators,
the effects of refinery wastes on aquatic life, air pollution, and
the design of disposal equipment. Revisions of the manual are
continually undertaken with many new topics discussed. Cur-
rent research projects sponsored by the committee concern the
applicability of a bio-assay method to natural bodies of water
typical of those into which the petroleum refineries discharge
wastes, the determination of the effects of long-time exposure
to extremely low concentrations of fluorides in the at-
mosphere, the organization of available information on dust
collecting devices, and the critical evaluation of available data
on the acute and chronic toxicity for man and animals of
selected chemical pollutants found in waste streams from
petroleum refineries. In addition, much work has been done by
the committee on air pollution, especially in California. With
the growth of the petroleum industry, stronger abatement mea-
sures appear inevitable; however, final solutions to some of
the more complex problems will take time and will be expen-
sive.
44054
Chung, Kyou Chull
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL MEASURES IN EU-
ROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE U.S.A. (Gumi Gakguk eu
daegi oyum gwa geu gwanri silate). Text in Korean. Taehan
Uihak Hyophoe Chapchi. (J. Korean Med. Assoc.), 14{10):735-
739, Oct. 1971.
Control measures in England started as smoke controls in
1819. Since then many measures have been adopted, such as
the Alkali Works Regulation Act (1906), and the Clean Air Act
(1956). In the U. S., an air pollution control district was or-
ganized in 1947. A U. S. technical conference was held in
1950. The National Air Sampling Network began work in 1953.
The Clean Air Act was revised in 1963 and in 1967. Regula-
tions for restricting smoke, other air pollutants, noise, and au-
tomotive exhaust have been set up since the Clean Air Com-
mittee was organized in 1955 in West Germany. Measures for
protecting the public were enacted in France in 1917. In 1963,
regulations were enforced to limit smoke, the sulfur content of
oil, and auto exhaust. Emission standards in Japan for smoke,
dust, and sulfur oxides according to various sources are given.
Emission standards for smoke, dust, and sulfur dioxide in
New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, England, Germany, and
France are listed. Air quality standards in Japan for smoke,
sulfur dioxide, and aldehydes and in California for sulfur diox-
ide, ethylene, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, carbon
monoxide, oxides, and particulates are given. West German
standards are given for nitrogen dioxide, SO2, H2S, and
chlorine. The dust level in West Germany for residential and
industrial districts is discussed. Russian air quality standards
for SO2, mercury, hydrogen chloride, CO, C12, NO2, man-
ganese dioxide, carbon disulfide, fluorine, bromine, and H2S
are listed. The air pollution warning level in Los Angeles for
CO, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and ozone is mentioned.
44598
Largent, Edward J.
FLUORIDES AND CLAIMS OF DAMAGE. In: Fluorosis. The
Health Aspects of Fluorine Compounds. Columbus, Ohio State
Univ. Press, 1961, Chapt. 13, p. 124-127.
Deleterious biological effects attributed to air-borne fluorides
have been reported in Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany,
Australia, Norway, England, and the United States. However,
there are few readily available records of the claims filed for
recovery of alleged damages, of court trials, or settlements
made out of court. Claims of damage to plants and animals ap-
peared in almost epidemic numbers along the Delaware River
in the Philadelphia area in 1944 and 1945. According to the in-
formation available, damage suits growing out of these allega-
tions did not go to trial, and compensation for damage, if any,
was made by out-of-court settlements. Since the beginning of
this same period of time, a seris of claims of fluoride-induced
damage have appeared in Tennessee. One of the results of the
allegations of damage or injury caused by fluoride contami-
nants in the atmosphere has been to stimulate extensive in-
vestigations of the biologic effects of fluorides. During the
period 1944-1956, important research programs of this type
were initiated in New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Ten-
nessee, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin. Court trials have
dealt with permissible tolerance levels for fluorides on apples
and pears and the use of hydrofluosilicic acid as a preservative
in beer. Hearings have been held relative to the use of chemi-
cals in food and cosmetics, and attempts have been made in
certain cities to prevent fluoridation of water by the use of in-
junction.
45783
LEGAL NOTE-LIABILITY FOR AIR POLLUTION. Public
Health Rept. (U. S.), 74(2):104, Feb. 1959. 1 ref.
In the case between the Reynolds Metals Company and Ytur-
bide, the plaintiffs claimed they were poisoned by fluorides
originating from the plant of the defendant. Their injuries were
found by a jury to have been caused by excessive emission of
fluorides by the defendant s plant. On appeal by the defendant
the court of appeals, sustaining the verdict for the plaintiffs,
held that the defendant s evidence of reasonable care in opera-
tion of the aluminum reduction plant was not sufficient to
rebut the presumption that the excessive emission of fluorides
was attributable to the defendant s negligence. A finding that
excessive amounts of fluorides were deposited on the plaintiff
s property from the plant whose construction, operation, and
maintenance was under the exclusive control of the defendant
could reasonably be accepted as circumstantial evidence of
negligence.
46561
Loewa, Ortwin
MOSTLY PROTEST AGAINST CITY PLANNING. (Meist
Proteste gegen die Stadtplanung). Text in German. Umwelt
(Duesseldorf), 2(5):38^»2, 1972.
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
511
Hamburg is trying to get the help of each resident to combat
environmental pollution. In order to create a green belt in the
city, newlyweds were asked to plant a tree at a point of their
own choice. Unfortunately the trees are threatened by automo-
bile exhaust gases. The erection of an automatic air monitoring
station at a cost of 1 million dollars is planned, as is the use of
electrically driven garbage collection trucks. The planned
erection of an aluminum plant in Stade met heavy opposition
from public authorities. The emitted gases from such a plant
which contain fluorine compounds which would be carried
with the main wind direction East to Pinneberg, which has the
largest tree nursery of the world. Another aluminum plant in
Hamburg itself is scheduled to begin operation in 1973.
Because of the regulations concerning fluorine emissions and
red sludge, this plant will begin operation at a later date. Eight
agencies deal with the protection of the environment. One en-
vironmental protection center coordinates information between
the agencies. Since Mid-May of this year, an advisory panel of
seven representatives of industry, research, and the public has
been created, headed by the mayor of Hamburg. A first report
by this panel concerning environmental protection will come
out in November.
46586
Frankenfeldt, R. E.
COMPARATIVE CONSIDERATION OF THE ENVIRONMEN-
TAL PROTECTION REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. (Ver-
gleichende Betrachtungen der Vorschriften zum Umweltschutz
fuer die Aluminiumindustrie in verschiedenen Laendern). Text
in German. Preprint, Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten und
Bergleute, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (West Germany), 13p., 1972.
(Presented at the Gesselschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten
Bergleute-, Hauptversanunlung, Stuttgart, West Germany,
April 26-30, 1972.)
The countries of West Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy,
the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, and
Spain have laws concerning environmental protection which
are of special interest to the aluminum industry. The laws in
West Germany are listed as example. West Germany, Italy,
Norway, Sweden, and Spain have laws specifically regulating
the fluorine emissions. The regulations differ among the vari-
ous countries. In Germany and in the Netherlands the regula-
tions pertain solely to the emission of gaseous fluorides, this
is, hydrogen fluoride. In Norway and Sweden the regulations
pertain to both gaseous and paniculate fluorine. The maximum
allowable emission in the Netherlands is 0.4 kg gaseous F/t
aluminum. In Norway the maximum allowable emissions are
1.0 and 2.6 kg gaseous and paniculate F/t Al. Gaseous F is
damaging to plants and ruminants. The laws and regulations
affect only new industrial plants, with the exception of Ger-
many and the Netherlands where already existing aluminum
plants may have to comply with the law if its emissions affect
the environment in any way. A short-term (0.002 mg gas F/cu
m air) and a long-term (0.005 mg F/cu m) maximum allowable
value will be issued for West Germany. In Italy the value of
0.020 mg gaseous and particulate F/cu m may not be exceeded
during 24-hour measurements and 0.060 mg gas and particulate
F/cu m during 30-minute measurements.
47380
Humphreys, Vic
INDUSTRY GUIDE FOR CONTENDING WITH POLLUTION
CONTROL STANDARDS. Oilweek (Calgary, Can.), 23(29):16-
17, 19, 22, Sept. 4, 1972.
Various Federal and provincial governments in Canada have
established environmental departments, regulations, and
legislation. Air quality standards have been established for
fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, oxidants (as ozone), nitrogen ox-
ides (as nitrogen dioxide), carbon monoxide, ammonia, lead,
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, dust fall, suspended particu-
lates, and soiling. Emission standards have been formulated
for the pulp and paper industry, petroleum refineries, oil and
gas production, and many other industries. Water quality stan-
dards and noise regulations have also been established.
48719
Gaessler, Willi
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND SOLU-
TIONS-AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, Sp., 1972. (Presented at
the International Pollution Engineering Congress, Cleveland,
Ohio, Dec. 4-6, 1972, Paper 8b.)
Air pollution regulations adopted and proposed for West Ger-
many and for the European Economic Community as a whole
are reviewed. Under existing West German laws, licenses are
required for the construction and operation of plants and in-
stallations that generate large amounts of pollutants. Sulfur ox-
ides emissions will be limited as soon as flue gas desulfuriza-
tion processes are developed. Maximum emission values will
be set or reduced for dusts, SO2, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, and fluorine and
chlorine compounds. Limits have been established for CO and
HC in automotive exhausts, and gasoline can contain no more
than 0.4 g lead/1. Present (1969) and projected (1980) annual
emission rates of the major air pollution sources in West Ger-
many are summarized. The European Commission recognizes
the need for a common policy in the field of air pollution con-
trol and has proposed a number of joint research and develop-
ment projects. Activities to be carried out in 1973 are
described.
48788
Conway Research, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
GEORGIA: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN ECONOMIC
IMPERATIVES AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY. Site
Sel. Handb., vol. 2:1-16, 1972.
Although the Georgia Department of Industry and Trade ad-
ministers one of the biggest budgets in the country to attract
new industry, the department will work only with firms whose
prospective plants in Georgia will meet State and Federal
water, air, and noise pollution regulations. In the matter of in-
dustrial pollution, the department works closely with the Air
and Water Quality Control Sections in the Department of
Natural Resources. The 1972 air and water quality standards
developed by the two Sections are shown. Enforcement of the
standards and regulations governing solid waste disposal is the
responsibility of the Environmental Protection Division of the
Department of Natural Resources. The 1972 standards
tightened the original 1968 regulations, particularly with
respect to ambient air standards and particulate matter from
fuel-burning installations. New air quality and emission stan-
dards were set for sulfur dioxide, smoke, fluoride, and par-
ticulate emissions, asphaltic mix plants, Portland cement
plants, nitric acid and sulfuric acid manufacturing plants, coni-
cal burners, incinerators, and cupola furnaces. Additional stan-
dards for fertilizer plants and cotton gins and source monitor-
ing became effective in Sept. 1972. The new water quality
standards tightened controls over thermal pollution, dissolved
oxygen, and bacteria. State progress in water pollution control,
surface mine reclamation programs, pesticide control, and
solid waste management is described. Research programs of
the Institute of Ecology and the Institute of Natural
Resources, University of Georgia, are discussed.
-------
512
50180
Japan Environmental Agency, Tokyo, Bureau of Atmospheric
Safety
INSTRUCTIONAL DATA ON MATERIAL CONCERNING
THE ATMOSPHERIC SAFETY BUREAU, FROM THE ALL-
JAPAN POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATORS CON-
FERENCE. (Zenkoku kogai kankei shukanka(bu)cho kaigi taiki
hozenkyoku kankei setsumei shiryo). Text in Japanese. 104p.,
Feb. 1973.
Countermeasures on photochemical smog, offensive odors,
urban air pollution, noise, and vibration are discussed. In 1972,
14 Prefectures issued warnings on photochemical smog, and
the numbers of warnings increased in 13 Prefectures except in
the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The total warnings increased
from 103 in 1971 to 176 in 1972. Air pollution monitoring net-
works for automatic measurements of sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide,
oxidants, ozone, and of metallic particulates were planned. In
Dec. 1972, a new limitation for the allowable automotive ex-
haust gas was issued, and a remarkable decrease of exhaust
gas pollution was expected. The environmental standards of
some air pollutants in this country as well as in America, Rus-
sia, Sweden, Canada, and Czechoslovakia are also given.
52026
Toyama Prefecture (Japan) Public Nuisance Center
ANNUAL REPORT ON POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVI-
TIES. NO. 1. 1971 AND 1972. (Gyomu nenpo, daiichigo. Showa
45, 46 nendo). Text in Japanese. 267p., Dec. 1972.
The Toyama Prefecture Public Nuisance Control Center was
constructed in June 1970, and further expanded and moved
into a newly constructed Prefectural Government Office build-
ing in Aug. 1972. The Center comes under the jurisdiction of
the Department of Environmental Protection of the Prefectural
government. The physical structure of the center consists of
an automatic and continuous air pollution monitoring room on
the top floor, the pollutant chemical analysis room, the air pol-
lution experimental lab, the standard gas experimental lab, an
air analysis room, an odor experimental lab, and various other
analysis rooms. There Eire similar but smaller labs for water
pollution and solid waste. The center is staffed by 31 persons.
This annual report presents a comprehensive study and
statistics compiled by the center including special investiga-
tions in various areas with air pollution problems, investigation
of fluoride gases, investigation of complaints by question-
naires, measurements of soot, dust, and suspended particu-
lates in various electric furnace areas, inspections of
designated factories, measurements of fuel sulfur content, in-
spections of toxic gas emission facilities, the records of con-
tinuous monitoring on settling particles and sulfur oxides, stu-
dies on heavy metal pollutants in the air, studies on particulate
sizes and crystalizations, and investigations on automotive
emissions. The area s suspended particulates average from
0.100 mg/cu m in the busiest center city and factory areas to
0.06 mg/cu m of suburban agricultural areas.
57270
Corley, J. P., D. A. Waite, J. W. Johnston, and L. C.
Schwendiman
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVELLIANCE FOR FUEL FABRICA-
TION PLANTS. Battelle Memorial Inst., Richland, Wash.,
Pacific Northwest Labs., Atomic Energy Commission Contract
AT(45-1):1830, 71p., April 1973. 70 refs. NTIS: BNWL-1723
An environmental surveillance program for air, water, and
other media is presented for fuel fabrication plants; the pro-
gram is sufficiently general to cover plants fabricating uranium
oxide or mixed uranium and plutonium fuels and is not
specific to a particular plant. It provides for surveillance of
media believed either to be significant in terms of dose to man
or to be potential centers for long-term accumulation of con-
taminants. Surveillance of the air is treated in terms of equip-
ment and techniques for sampling, quality controls, and the
potential for pollution from radionuclides, fluorine com-
pounds, and nitrogen compounds. Regulations and standards
for nuclear plants are discussed.
59722
Engineering-Science, Inc., McLean, Va.
FIELD SURVEILLANCE AND ENFORCEMENT GUIDE FOR
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Contract
68-02-0627, Program Element 2A5137, Rept. EPA-450/3-73-002,
379p., Dec. 1973. 49 refs.
A step-wise enforcement procedure intended for use by state
and local air pollution control agencies is presented in manual
form. Included are process descriptions, a discussion of emis-
sion sources, typical control devices, stack gas and process
monitoring instrumentation, and inspectors worksheets for
such primary metallurgical operations as the iron and steel,
aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc industries. All major opera-
tions in each of these are analyzed, including an enforcement
procedure for the storage and handling of raw materials. Upset
conditions and abnormal operating circumstances are ex-
amined in relation to their role in air pollution. Examination of
the major pollutants from these five industrial categories pro-
vides the most concern for particulates. Sulfur oxides and
fluorides are also of concern in specific metals operations.
Sections on the inspection of pertinent air pollution control
devices are also provided. (Author abstract modified)
60630
Durand, G.
ADR POLLUTION. LAWS - DECREES AND REGULATIONS.
SUMMARY AND COMMENTARIES. (Pollution at-
mospherique. Lois - Decrets et reglements. Resume et conimen-
taires). Text in French. Commission Eau et Pollution At-
mospherique, CT/MTP Service 526 67-456, 13p, April 1967.
Clean air maintenance-related laws, decrees, and regulations
enacted in France during the last years are reviewed. The Law
of Aug. 1961, blaming domestic heating, industries, and au-
tomobile traffic for causing air pollution by such substances as
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and fluorine, which are re-
garded as the most dangerous air pollutants are discussed. The
Sept. 1963 Interdepartmental Decree, along with the Aug. 1964
Decree, call for the limitation of combustion-generated air pol-
lutant emissions in special protection zones in urban areas
such as Paris. Bans on the use of solid fuels with high volatile
contents, and of fuel oils with high sulfur contents hope to
achieve this goal in protection zones. Regular inspection of
combustion equipment and the employment of qualified per-
sonnel are required.
61705
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Air Management Research Group
REPORT OF THE POLICY PANEL ON ABATEMENT
TECHNOLOGY. In: Air Management Problems and Related
Technical Studies, p. 163-172, 1972.
The results of a panel on abatement technology are reviewed.
The general situation and abatement problems are reviewed in
the area of fuel combustion, the emission of fluorides from
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
513
primary aluminum smelting and production of phosphate fertil-
izer, abatement techniques for particulates and odors, and
emissions from motor vehicles. Results are presented of a
questionnaire listing specific abatement problems, interest in
these problems, work in progress, and further research in the
countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development.
64940
A GUIDELINE FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMEN-
TAL EFFECTS (A PROGRESS REPORT). (Kankyo eikyo
hyoka no unyojo no shishin ni tsuite (chukan hokoku). Text in
Japanese. Kenkocho Kogai Senmon Shiryo (Public Nuisance
Gaz.), 9(4):24-35, July 1974.
Standards for environmental protection are based on human
health, purity of living environment, and conservation of the
natural environment. New environmental standards are
required for newly recognized pollutants while existing stan-
dards must be reviewed constantly and revised when necessa-
ry. Pollutant standards which have been studied include those
for hydrocarbons, lead, and fluorides. The most basic condi-
tion for evaluating the environmental effect is complete infor-
mation on pollution sources, population, traffic, and
meteorological data. In air pollution evaluation, in addition to
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and airborne
particulates, predictions of other industrial pollutants must be
carried out by diffusion models. Meteorological conditions
required for the prediction include average temperature,
amount of precipitation, and wind velocity. Air pollution from
fixed sources are evaluated by the type of fuel used and their
total consumption, and those from moving sources are evalu-
ated by total numbers of vehicles and traffic and road condi-
tions.
66700
Smith, Clifford V., Jr.
OREGON. PROPOSED REVISION TO IMPLEMENTATION
PLANS. Federal Register, 39(199):36602-36603, Oct. 11, 1974.
Proposed revisions to the Oregon implementation plans are an-
nounced. The revisions establish specific emission standards
for fluorides and paniculate matter for new and existing pri-
mary aluminum plants. For new plants total fluoride emissions
cannot exceed 1.3 Ib/mo/ton Al or 1.0 Ib/yr/ton Al. Any one
plant cannot exceed 12.5 ton/mo. Total particulate matter
emissions cannot exceed 7.0 Ib/ton of Al and an annual
average of 5.0 Ib/ton Al. Visual emissions from any source
cannot exceed 10% opacity or 0.5 on the Ringehnann Smoke
Chart. For existing plants, total fluoride emissions cannot ex-
ceed 3.5 Ib/mo/ton Al or 2.5 Ib/yr/ton Al. Any one plant can-
not produce 22.0 tons F/mo. Total particulate emissions cannot
exceed 13.0 Ib/mo/ton Al or 10.0 Ib/yr/ton Al. Visible emis-
sions from any source cannot exceed 20% or 1.0 on the Rin-
gelmann Smoke Chart. Regular monitoring and reporting of
progress by the sources are required.
67888
Hager, J.
THE LICENSING PRACTICE FOR BRICK KILNS IN
BAVARIA. (Aus der Genehmigungspraxis bei Ziegeleien im
bayerischen Raum). Text in German. Gesundh.-Ingr., 95(9):253-
257, 1974. 10 refs. (Presented at the Second Symposium on
Branch-specific Emissions, Fluorine Emissions by Brick Kilns,
Munich, Germany, Feb. 1, 1974.)
Brick kilns emit hydrogen fluoride and other fluorine com-
pounds. Injuries to vegetation in the vicinity of such plants
have become increasingly known and are due to stacks being
too low. Therefore brick kilns have been included in the list of
industrial plants which require an operating license. Difficul-
ties arose, however, because fluorine emissions from brick
kilns are subject to considerable fluctuations which cannot be
foreseen. Therefore a new licensing method was adopted in
which a limit concentration of 30 mg F/cu m in the waste gas
referred to 3 vol% CO2 is used. The procedure differs depend-
ing on whether a stack exists or not. In the case of the ex-
istence of a stack, a limit value of the pollutant concentration
is determined with the aid VDI (Verein Deutsche Ingenieur)-
guideline 2289. In the case of the absence of a stack, a stack
height calculation is performed using the mentioned limit
value.
73836
Shizuoka Prefecture! Government (Japan)
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT.
(Kogai boshi keikaku). Text in Japanese. In: 49 nenban Kogai
Hakusho (Environmental White Paper, 1974), p. 335-340, 1975.
The procedure for formulating pollution control plans is
discussed. The 5-year pollution control plan for Fuji district
(including two cities and four townships) which was put into
effect in Dec. 1973 is described. The air pollutant concentra-
tion standards are as follows: sulfur oxides, 1-hour value 0.1
ppm and daily average 0.04 ppm; suspended particulates, 1-
hour value 0.20 mg/cu m and daily average 0.10 mg/cu m;
nitrogen oxides, daily average 0.02 ppm; and hydrogen
fluoride, yearly average 0.02 ppm. The present value and tar-
get value of water pollution load (biological oxygen demand)
for eight rivers and one bay are given. The air pollution con-
trol measures to be taken by industries are desulfurization and
low sulfur content fuel for SOx, fuel conversion and electro-
static precipitator for suspended particulates, improvement in
combustion methods and denitrification for NOx and alkali
washing for HF. The pollution control measures to be taken
by industries and municipalities for water, noise, and malodor
pollution are also described. The total budget for the 5-year
plan is $90,000,000 for industries and $70,000,000 for mu-
nicipalities.
73839
Ehime Prefectural Government (Japan), Div. of Life and
Environment
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN EHIME PREFECTURE
IN 1974: AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURE. (Ehime no
kogai: taiki osen boshi taisaku). Text in Japanese, p. 41-78,
1975.
The environmental pollution monitoring, measurement, and
control measures based on the Ehime Prefectural environmen-
tal control regulations issued in Oct. 1969 and revised in
March and July 1971 are reviewed. The environmental stan-
dards for sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
suspended particulate, and oxidant are given. The administra-
tive system for emission control regulations, emission control
methods, and emission standards for emission sources and pol-
lutants are described. The total emission quantity control
method introduced in March 1974 for sulfur dioxide is
described with characteristics of simulation calculation and
simulation method. The emission source control for boilers
and furnaces is discussed with statistical data. The data on
fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and
hydrogen sulfide concentrations measured at emission sources
are given. The environmental monitoring system, emergency
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514
communication system, and emergency procedures are also
discussed. As for photochemical smog, the NOx concentration
is constantly monitored at emission sources and oxidant con-
centration is measured.
76397
Varkonyi, Tibor and Magdolna Kerteszne-Saringer
AIR POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM IN HUNGARY. (A
legkori levegoszennyezodes ellenorzesenek rendszere Magyaror-
szagon). Text in Hungarian. Energiagazdalkodas, 16(10):464-
466, Oct. 1975.
The national air pollution monitoring system being set up in
Hungary under the guidance of the Ministry of Public Health
is described. The network will be operated by the Sanitary
Epidemiological Stations in cooperation of the National In-
stitute of Public Health. A total of 438 sampling stations will
be installed in 28 communities in the first step of the project.
The sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
fluorides, dust, and dust lead concentrations will be measured.
The use of Philips SO2 monitors and URAS CO recorders is
envisaged.
76847
Fukuoka Prefectural Government (Japan), Bureau of Public
Health
AIR POLLUTION COUNTERMEASURES. (Taiki osen
taisaku). Text in Japanese. In: 1974 Environmental White
Paper, p. 95-123, Jan. 1975.
Air pollution countermeasures taken in Fukuoka Prefecture,
Japan, in accordance with various 1973 air pollution control
regulations for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, airborne par-
ticulates, nitrogen dioxide, and photochemical oxidants, are
reviewed. A telemetry network, covering the entire prefecture,
has been in operation since September 1974. Pollutant values
in compliance with the new standards were observed at only a
few of the monitoring locations. In Fukuoka Prefecture, K
values for sulfur oxides range from 4.67 to 17.5, under the
standards established on April 1, 1974. Maximum ground con-
centrations (ppm) are proportional to K values: A K value of
17.5 corresponds to SOx concentration of 0.03 ppm. In Fu-
kuoka Prefecture, at the end of 1973, there were 4612 soot-
emitting facilities in 1897 enterprises, registered according to
law. Forty percent of the facilities were located in Kitakyushu
City. A system of alerts for sulfur oxides and photochemical
smog has been established, in cooperation with Kumamoto
Prefecture. On-site factory inspections have been conducted
for sulfur oxides, soot, and toxic substances. Environmental
protection agreements have been made by various Fukuoka ci-
ties and industries located in them. Emissions of cadmium
(zinc refinery, Omuta City; emission standard, 1 mg/N cu m)
hydrogen fluoride (aluminum refinery, Omuta City; total
amount standard, monthly average value of emission, based on
hourly values, 4.64 kg/H). Wind tunnel experiments and diffu-
sion calculations were conducted in Kitakyushu City and
Omuta City. Fuel standards are being established.
76965
GOVERNMENT ORDINANCES TO DECIDE DATE OF EN-
FORCEMENT OF PARTIAL AMENDMENTS TO AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL LAW. GOVERNMENT ORDINANCES
FOR THE PARTIAL AMENDMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL LAW ENFORCEMENT ORDINANCES. ORDER
FROM PRIME MINISTER S OFFICE ON THE PARTIAL
AMENDMENT OF ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS TO AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS. (Taiki osen boshi
no ichibu o kaisei suru horitsu no shiko kijitsu o sadameru
seirei. Taiki osen boshiho shikorei no ichibu o kaisei suru seirei.
Taiki osen boshiho shiko kisoku no ichibu a kaisei suru sorifu-
rei). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Nyusu (Air Pollution News),
no. 87:7-16, March 1975. The text of the order from the Japan
Prime Minister s Office (Order No. 71, November 30, 1974) is
reproduced. Summaries of two government ordinances and a set
of partial amendments to air pollution control regulations to
which these ordinances apply are also included. Government
Ordinance No. 374 sets the date of enforcement of regulations
(Law No. 65, 1974), partially amending the air pollution control
regulations, to be November 30, 1974. The partial amendments
(Law No. 65, 1974) include the following points: Prefectural
governors can establish more stringent schedules for reduction
of total amounts of smoke (sulfur oxides) emission, subject to
approval by the Prime Minister s Office, in designated pollution
regions where maintenance of environmental standards is dif-
ficult by present procedures. Prefectural governors can order
improvement in smoke treatment installations and order other
necessary changes (such as fuel conversion). Fines will be levied
for non-compliance. Government Ordinance No. 375 amends Air
Pollution Control Regulations Enforcement Order (Ordinance
No. 329, 1968) as follows. Types of smoke are defined by their
content of sulfur oxides. Part of metropolitan Tokyo is to be in-
cluded as one of the designated pollution regions. Desired At-
mospheric environmental standards for smoke emission should
be attained in March 1978, with due regard given to practical
aspects of equipment installation and factory operation. Jurisdic-
tion of the Department of Atmospheric Control is enumerated.
Misprints in Ordinance No. 329 are corrected. Explanatory ex-
cerpts from the Air Pollution Control Regulations (Law No. 97,
1968) and the Basic Pollution Control Regulations (Law No.
132, 1965) are included. According to Law No. 97, smoke, as
defined by law, in addition to sulfur oxides and products of
combustion synthesis, and decomposition, also includes cadmi-
um, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, and lead.
77234
Central Council for Environmental Pollution Control (Japan),
Planning Committee
LONG-TERM PROSPECTUS FOR PRESERVATION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT: AN INTERIM REPORT, p. 1-71, 1974.
Air pollution as well as water pollution and refuse are included
in the long-range environmental considerations. Pollution
forecasts are made for 1985 for Japan as a whole, with sulfur
considered as a typical air pollutant. Pollution forecasts are
made for 1980 for various regions of Japan, considering soot
and particulates as well as sulfur. The increased public desire
for environmental improvement is discussed. A model is used
to predict the economic effects of environmental protection.
Advances in environmental technology are predicted, including
development of an effective carbon monoxide elimination
device for automobiles and an economical device for eliminat-
ing hydrogen fluorides in 1977, and development of an
economical catalyst for eliminating the emission of nitrogen
oxides from stationary sources in 1978. Maintaining an en-
vironment which protects human health is stressed as the pri-
mary objective of environmental planning.
77817
Gilbert, T.
CURRENT CRITERIA FOR THE CONDITIONS FOR THE
EMISSION OF GASEOUS FLUORIDE COMPOUNDS FROM
BRICKWORKS. (Aktuelle Bewertungsmassstaebe fuer die Be-
dingungen der Emission gasfoermiger Fluorverbindungen aus
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
515
Ziegeleien). Text in German. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), no. 4:139-
141, April 197S. 3 refs.
Emissions criteria for gaseous fluoride compounds generated
by brickworks are reviewed as set forth in the Federal German
Emission Control Law. A general emission limit of 30 mg
fluoride/cu m flue gas is specified at 3% carbon dioxide, a
temperature of 273 K, and a pressure of 1013 millibar. Gase-
ous fluoride emissions of up to 200 mg/cu m exist at various
brickworks in North Rhine Westphalia where special control
measures are not being used. Over 50% of these uncontrolled
operations are emitting fluorides at levels of over 30 mg/cu m.
Emission values for hydrogen fluoride are also specified by
the clean air regulations.
78484
Vuksanovic, Petar
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY INDUSTRIAL GASES
CONTAINING FLUORINE. (Zagadenje okoline industrijskim
gasovima sa fluorom). Text in Serbo-Croatian. Tehnika,
28(7):1251-1256, 1973.
The origin of the fluorine content of gases, their effect on the
environment, and the levels at which they may be tolerated in
the atmosphere are described. The Yugoslavian aluminum in-
dustry has been expanding rapidly and better information and
legislation in this area are necessary. Available data on safe
pollution levels are all from other countries and there is dis-
agreement as to the proper limits. The USSR and
Czechoslovakia allow 8 mg fluorine per cu mg of air as a per-
missible 24-hr average. Some Western European industries are
allowed up to 7 mg, while the limit in the U. S. is 5 mg. Stan-
dards for maximum concentrations at plant sites, methods of
measuring emissions and environmental levels, the influence
of alum hydration on hydrogen fluoride formation, and effect
of pollution on plant life in industrial areas are discussed.
80894
McManus, T.
AIR POLLUTION IN IRELAND. Inst. for Industrial Research
and Standards, Dublin (Ireland), Air Pollution Symp. Proc.,
Dublin, Ireland, 1972, p. 77-97. (March 22.)
There is a dearth of firm information on levels of air pollution
in Ireland. The Department of Local Government operates
volumetric sulfur dioxide and smoke apparatus in Dublin,
Cork, and Galway. The smoke concentration peaks at about
230 microgram/cu m in winter in Dublin, while in summer
levels drop dramatically. The E.S.B. has had 28 volumetric
SO2 and smoke monitors located around Dublin since 1970.
Air pollution levels in central Dublin are significantly lower
than the average of British urban areas. Air pollution control
legislation in Ireland is discussed. An interdepartmental work-
ing party has been set up to produce a draft policy on the con-
trol of both air and water pollution. Domestic sources con-
tribute major amounts of pollution in Ireland. The Institute for
Industrial Research and Standards has operated an industrial
air pollution control service since the middle of 1970. The
specific pollutants investigated during the first 18 mo include
dust, sulfur dioxide, odors, metals, solvents, smoke, fluoride,
cyanide, wet plumes, and carbon monoxide. High stack poli-
cies in Ireland will probably be affected by new European
standards to control international atmospheric transport of pol-
lutants. A mobile monitor for SO2 concentration was recently
introduced.
81220
Buck, Manfred
AIR QUALITY MONITORING IN NORTH RHINE
WESTPHALIA. (Luftqualitaetsueberwachung in Nordrhein-
Westfalen). Text in German. In: Grundlagen Lultreinhaltung
Laermbekaempfung Nordrhein-Westfalen, vol. 2:52-61, 1975. 16
refs.
The principles, status and prospects of air quality monitoring
in Northrhine-Westphalia are described. Air quality monitoring
serves the acquisition of information on background concen-
trations as a basis of licensing procedures for planned emis-
sion sources, air pollutant concentration monitoring for smog
alarm, and for compliance control and for the substantiation of
additional emission control measures. At present, there are
three hierarchic monitoring networks, including a mobile net-
work for random sampling of sulfur dioxide, dustfall, fluorine
compounds, nitrogen dioxide, total organic carbon, and
suspended matter at about 4000 sampling sites. This network
furnishes data for licensing decisions. Another partly auto-
mated network of 71 stations is used to measure suspended
matter and heavy metals, e.g., arsenic, and other carcinogenic
metals. The mobile stations will be increasingly used for the
monitoring of organic substances, e.g., benzene and its
homologs, formaldehyde and related compounds. A fully auto-
mated real-time telemetric network, comprising presently 15
SO2-monitoring stations, is used partly for the measurement of
carbon monoxide, NO2, and nitric oxide. This network
furnishes data for smog alarms.
81399
Yamashita, Shuji
ADMINISTRATIVE STEPS. (Gyosei taio). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Society of Air Pollution, Tokyo, p. 222-230,
1975. 11 refs. (Presented at Japan Society of Air Pollution An-
nual Meeting, 16th Niigata, Japan, Nov. 5-7, 1975, Paper 9513.)
The Niigata Prefectural Administration s policy for environ-
mental pollution, primarily fluoride emissions from the alu-
minum refineries in the Joetsu area, is discussed. The Joetsu
area comprises the Noetsu littoral industrial belt, chiefly heavy
chemical industries. The major gaseous fluoride emission, 67
kg F/day, is traceable to the electrolytic furnaces of the alu-
minum refining process. Legal regulations for fluoride emis-
sions control include the Niigata Prefectural Environmental
Pollution Act of January 1970, the Air Pollution Prevention
Act of the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of
International Trade and Industry, promulgated in June 1971,
and the Niigata Prefectural Ordinance 52 of December 1971.
Agricultural damage has been significantly and rapidly increas-
ing since the aluminum refineries started their operation in the
Joetsu area in May 1963, and the cause of the damage has
been determined to be fluoride contamination of the air. After
several revisions of the regulations for fluoride emissions con-
trol, the mean value of the fluoride emission is now restricted
to below 1.3 microgram F/cu m/10 day, and the agricultural
conditions are gradually improving.
82278
Shimanuki, Mitsujiro and Minoru Yoshida
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CONTROL IN IWAKI CITY.
PRESENT SITUATION AND PROBLEMS. (Iwaki-shi no taiki
osen taisaku. Sono genjo to mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Koshu
Eisei (Public Health), vol. 39:609-613, Sept. 1975. 11 refs.
Industrial pollution problems of regions around Iwaki City
(Onahama Harbor) are discussed. Industrial development
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516
began in 1964; pollution control regulations were promulgated
in 1970. Fukushima Prefecture and Iwaki City established a
joint pollution control center in January 1972. Telemetric
monitoring and warning systems are in effect. Photochemical
smog and inversion layer monitoring have been undertaken.
Standards have been established for toxic substances unique
to Fukushima Prefecture (zinc and copper and their com-
pounds; hydrogen cyanide; hydrogen phosphide). Standards
stricter than national standards have been established for cad-
mium and its compounds, chlorine, hydrogen chloride,
fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, silicon fluoride, and lead and its
compounds. In 1975, Fukushima Prefecture concluded an
agreement with 9 enterprises in the Iwaki region, for reduction
of emissions of sulfur oxides, from the present hourly level of
2318 cu m to 989 cu m by the end of 1978.
83965
Csinady, Laszlo
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTEC-
TION AND PUBLIC HYGIENE IN KOMAROM COUNTY
(HUNGARY). (A kornyezetvedelem es kozegeszsegugy osszefug-
gesei Komarom megyeben). Text in Hungarian. Budapest!
Kozegeszsegugy, no. 1:16-19, 1975. 11 refs.
General environmental and hygienic problems of Komarom
county, Hungary, are reviewed. This county has the highest
population density and highest level of urbanization and indus-
trialization in the entire country. Accordingly, the air pollution
levels measured in this county are among the highest country-
wide. In Tatabanya, a highly industrialized town, the settling
dust, total sulfur, and sulfur dioxide concentrations are sub-
stantially higher than the hygienic standards. The total sulfur
and SO2 concentrations are further increased by domestic
heating during the winter months. The fluorine concentrations
measured in a 2000 m radius around an aluminum smelting
plant exceed the maximum allowable concentrations. The mea-
sures taken so far (construction of high stacks, dust separation
in industrial plants, neutralization of fluorine-containing waste
gases, and liquidation of residential districts near polluting in-
dustrial plants) have not been sufficient for a substantial im-
provement of the environmental quality. The incidence of
respiratory tract diseases is above the national average, which
may be due to air pollution.
84415
STATUS REPORT. National Research Council Canada, Ot-
tawa, Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environ-
mental Quality, 90p., Jan. 1976.
The status report of the Associate Committee on Scientific
Criteria for Environmental Quality is presented. The following
priorities are identified for study by the Subcommittee on Air:
mixed system involving sulfur dioxide such as SO2 in presence
of participates associated with power plants, SO2 with
hydrogen fluoride associated with fertilizer plants, and other
special situations; automobile exhaust including hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, lead, and benzopyrene; and miscellaneous
systems not found in the other classes.
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517
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
68522
Kono, Yasuko, Mitsuyo Tsuda, and Fumikazu Toyoda
FARMERS AWARENESS OF HEALTH IN POLLUTED EN-
VIRONMENT. (Kankyo osen chiku nomin no kenko ishiki ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Assoc. for Rural
Medical Care, 23(3):284-285, 1974. (Presented at tje Japan As-
sociation for Rural Medical Care, General Conference, 23rd,
Shizuoka, Japan, Oct. 1974.)
In recent years, trees around a ceramic tile factory in a small
village in Toyama Prefecture began to die; since the tree
damage was concentrated around the factory, the local re-
sidents began to question and blame the factory management,
and this became a political issue. First, sulfur oxides were
suspected, but the measurements were low enough so that the
trees would not have been affected. After further search, it
was found that fluorine in the glaze had polluted the air of an
area of 250 m radius around the factory, and the concentration
was as high as 100 ppm in the entire area. This developed into
a law suit against the factory management. But when health
examinations were given to the village residents, of the total
439 residents of the polluted area, 115 did not receive an ex-
amination. This was 26.2% of the total population; to compare
their health consciousness with others, 420 residents of control
area were invited for examination and 38.6% did not comply.
The reasons given were: 24.5% of men and 32.5% of women
answered they fel t perfectly healthy, 21.8 of men and 9.1% of
women answered that they received examinations elsewhere.
This data shows the level of awareness of the resident con-
cerning their health and air pollution. Although there were no
symptoms of damage among the people who received a health
examination, physicians wished that more people would show
more concern about their own health.
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518
N. GENERAL
04212
S.Abe
THE PRESENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION. Clean Air
Heat Management (Tokyo) 15, (7-8) 7-18, Aug. 1966. Jap.
The present status of air pollution in Japan is given naming the
kinds of contaminants and their origin, factors affecting con-
tamination density, and various types of smog. The types of
contaminants are: 1) minute particles (less than 1 micron in
size) such as found in soot, carbon, ashes, dust; 2) coarse par-
ticles (greater than 1 micron in size), as found in dust, ashes,
and minerals; 3) reactive substances found in mist, fog, and
vapor such as SO2, SOS, H2S, CO2, CO, NO2, N2O3, O3, al-
dehydes, HC1, NH3, HF, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be and 3, 4-benz-
pyrene. The contaminants originate from factories, chemical
plants, power stations, domestic heating, public baths, hotels,
laundries, dry cleaning establishments, hospitals, schools, and
public buildings. Also discussed are the human factors affect-
ing air pollution such as public awareness and interest,
seasonal, weekly, and daily changes in heating and cooking.
Meteorological aspects are covered such as wind direction and
velocity, turbu- lence, temperature, rain and snow. The types
of smog found in New York, London, Los Angeles, Pitt-
sburgh, and Yokkaichi are described. Graphs and tables list
symptoms and diseases affecting plants and humans and give
the density of dust particles and SO2 in the main cities of
Japan. Data on the sulfur content of various oils produced by
Japanese refineries and on the number of Japanese automo-
biles produced is included for information on emission sources
of pollutants.
12307
Harris, Robert L., Jr.
AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, Ohio Cooperative Extension Ser-
vice, Columbus, Ohio Dept. of Agriculture, Columbus, and
Ohio Agricultural Council, 16p., 1969. (Presented at the Con-
ference on Pollution Control - Air, Soil, Water, Columbus,
Ohio, Feb. 13, 1969.)
After a brief general discussion of air pollution, the interrela-
tionships between air pollution and agriculture are enumerated.
Serious effects on agricultural crops and livestock are caused
in particular by atmospheric sulfur dioxide, photochemcial oxi-
dants, and fluorides. At the same time, many agricultural
operations add to air pollution. Prescribed forest burning,
burning of logging debris or for range improvement or seed
bed preparation, and burning of crop residues for disease and
pest control add millions of tons of paniculate matter to the
air. Windblown soil, much of which results from agricultural
tillage, is distributed through the atmosphere for great
distances. Use of pesticides has created an entire range of pol-
lution problems, and agricultural industries such as alfalfa
dehydrating, cotton ginning, grain milling, and animal products
processing cause serious emissions, often of odorous pollu-
tants. The major elements of the Federal air pollution control
program are outlined, including a brief description of the Air
Quality Act of 1967, of the designation of air quality control
regions, and of some of the problems involved in determining
air quality standards and criteria.
14783
Popescu, C.
NEW CONTROL METHODS FOR THE GATHERING AND
TREATMENT OF GASES WITH FLUORINE CONTENT
FROM ALUMINA ELECTROLYSIS. (Methode noi de control
la captarea si tratarea gazelor cu continut de fluor de la elec-
troliza aluminei). Text in Romanian. Rev. Chim. (Bucharest),
vol. 20:445-447, July 1969. 2 rets.
By developing new methods of determining the content of
NaF, NaAlO2, and Na2SO4 in the wash water used for
recovering HF, it is possible to reduce by half the time
required for checking the recovery process in the aluminum
plant laboratory. Detection of NaF is by titration of a solution
adjusted to a pH of 2.7 with Th(NO3)4 in the presence of
Alizarine S. The NaAlO2 is titrated with a IN solution of HC1
until permanent turbidity is reached, then titrated with
bromothymol blue until greenish-yellow. The sulfate is deter-
mined by titration with BaC12 dissolved in acetone or alcohol,
in an acetic acid milieu, with Alizarine S as an indicator.
16400
SECOND REPORT OF THE (SWISS) FEDERAL COMMIS-
SION FOR AIR HYGIENE TO THE FEDERAL INTERIOR
DEPiVRTMENT (1962-1967). (Zwieter Bericht der Eidgenoes-
sischen Koinmission fuer Lufthygiene zuhanden des Eidgenoes-
sischen Departments des Innern) (1962-1967). Text in German.
Bull. Eidgenoess. Gesundheitsaintes, Beilage B, No. 3, 1968. 25
rels.
A survey of the activities of the Swiss Federal Commission
for Hygiene, and a list of publications by its members, is fol-
lowed by a discussion of the sources and the extent of air pol-
lution in Switzerland. Also examined are the dispersion and
dilution of pollutants, their effects on plants, animals, and hu-
mans, and control technology. In conclusion, existing regula-
tions are reviewed. Domestic heating systems, motor vehicles,
and industries are found to be main sources of pollution. In
summer, air pollution is negligible in rural areas and in many
urban residential areas. In winter, emissions caused by
domestic heaters become apparent. On some winter days the
SO2 content exceeds 0.3 ccm/cu m. In the vicinity fo some in-
dustries, considerable amounts of dust, soot and smoke are ac-
companied by disagreeable odors. However, no health impair-
ment in humans has yet been reported. Emissions of fluorine
compounds have injured plants and animals. Because of demo-
graphic and economic developments, it is assumed that the ex-
tent of air pollution will increase. Recommended preventive
measures include obligatory inspections of heating aggregates,
adequate chimneys on each home, regular sweeping of the
chimneys, limitation of the sulfur content of fuels for domestic
heaters to 0.5%, and centralization of home heating systems.
As far as motor vehicles are concerned, highways, when
possible, should bypass villages and cities. The flow of traffic
in inner city areas should move quickly. Limits must be
established for industrial emissions, suitable sites selected for
new industrial complexes, and regulations governing domestic
heaters standardized.
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N. GENERAL
519
17260
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
(Les aspects chimiques de la pollution atmospherique). Text in
French. Ind. Chim. Beige, 34(9):739-744, 1969. 21 refs.
(Presented at a Symposium Sponsored by the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Ita-
ly, July 9-10, 1969.)
The symposium papers to be published in the journal 'Pure
and Applied Chemistry' covered the following topics: the toxic
aspects of atmospheric pollution and recommended limits on
concentrations of 24 pollutants; a method of determining the
surface area of very small particles; simple methods of
separating aerosols by particle size; the influence of certain
substances on the transport of hydrohysable ions; the deleteri-
ous effect of fluorides on the flora and, indirectly, on the
fauna as well; techniques for sampling, isolation, and quantita-
tive analysis of F compounds; different varieties of 'smog'; a
method for correcting benzo(a)pyrene determination for the
concomitant benzo(k)fmoranthene; polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas of internal-combustion en-
gines; applications of analytic methods for determining poly-
cyclic compounds; several methods of determination of Pb
compounds in air; and a survey of the distribution of traces of
pollutants in the atmosphere. Oxygen obtained by distillation
of liquefied air is polluted by automobile-exhaust and industri-
al waste gases. The application of the interface electrode of
extremely high sensitivity in air pollution studies and the use
of mathematical models in air pollution investigations which
would reduce the cost and expenditure of time required for an
extensive test program were also covered.
20040
Middleton, John T.
AIR POLLUTION THREAT TO FLORA AND FAUNA DOU-
BLES THREAT TO MAN. Conserv. Catalyst, 2(2): 1-3, 1966.
Effect of air pollution on humans, animals, and vegetation in
the United States and Canada are reviewed. Pollutants touched
on are sulfur dioxide, sulfur, nitrogen dioxide, fluoride, ozone,
and peroxyacyl nitrate. Pollution control efforts since passage
of the 1963 Clean Air Act, and implications of the 1967 Air
Quality Act, are discussed.
20495
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Engineering and Environmental Sciences Div.
APPLICATIONS OF AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY IN AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL. (FINAL REPORT). NASA Contract
NSR-34-004-056, RTI UE-411-3, 65p., June 1969. CFSTI: N69-
36186
The Technology Application Team of the Research Triangle
Tnstitute, Research Triangle Park, N. C. acts as an information
and technology interface between the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration and National Air Pollution Control
Administration and as a catalyst among the various sources of
information involved in the technology. It identifies very
specific technology-related problems and prepares air pollution
problem abstracts on each specific requirement which
describes the problems in a concise manner using functional
nondisciplinary terminology. The specifically described
problems include automobile drivers performance tests;
remote temperature and wind vector sensing techniques for
the lower 2 km of the atmosphere; long-term geophysical ef-
fects of carbon dioxide and of particles in the 0.2 to 0.5
micron size range; development of advanced pollutant sensors
for methane, sulfur dioxide, fluorine, carbon dioxide, total
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, and total oxides of N2; improvement of adsorption and
absorption techniques for removing pollutants from carrier gas
streams; instrumentation for the investigation of flame chemis-
try; effect of trace qualitites of metals and impurities on pollu-
tant identity and output in combustion; analytical techniques
for the trace metals in combustion effluent and waste gases
from metal processing, both in collected particles and in situ;
fluidized bed combustion processes; working fluids for Ran-
kine cycle engines; heat transfer to small gas-borne particles;
physical consideration in optimizing fuel-air mixture; measur-
ing techniques for air-borne participates; and gas exchange
capacity of lungs. Other problems mentioned, but not specifi-
cally described are oder classification and identification;
development of advanced pollutant sensors for As, Be, Hg,
Ni, NH3, carcinogens, Cl and HC1, H2S, V, ozone, Br, Ce, F,
I, Pb, reactive hydrocarbons, and Cd; holographic techniques
for measuring paniculate flux, and combustion chamber
aerodynamics.
21287
MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN AIR. (Reinhaltung der Luft).
Text in German. Oel Gasfeuerung, 14(10): 1020-1024, 1969.
The major sources of air pollutants are industries, vehicles,
and domestic heating. In the industrial sector, power plants,
cement kilns, steel plants, and the chemical industry are the
primary sources for pollution. Air pollutants may affect hu-
mans, animals, and plants. The harmfulness of dusts is deter-
mined by their composition, grain size, and shape. Fine dust
particles which penetrate into the lungs are particularly dan-
gerous. Soot requires special attention because it may be a
carrier of toxic and carcinogenic substances. The most dan-
gerous gaseous pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur diox-
ide, fluorine, chlorine, and unburned hydrocarbons. The
federal government is sponsoring a program of air monitoring
and research and development; it took legal measures to avoid
or reduce air pollution. Large industrial plants must fulfill
stringent regulations laid down in the 'Technical Directives for
the Maintenance of Clean Air'. The federal law on preventive
measures for the maintenance of clean air requires the installa-
tion of automatic measuring stations in industrial centers. Au-
tomobile exhausts, too, will soon be subject to regulations.
28923
Stern, Arthur C. and Leonard Greenburg
AIR POLLUTION-THE STATUS TODAY. Am. J. Public
Health, 41(1): 27-37, Jan. 1951. 21 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Public Health Association, 78th Annual Meeting, St. Louis,
Mo., Nov. 2, 1950.)
An increase of attention to air pollution as a nationwide
problem was initiated by the emergence in 1945 of Los An-
geles smog as a local problem of the first magnituude. By the
fall of 1948, Southern California was the center of university,
private, and public research in air pollution and the California
public had become air pollution conscious. The Donora smog
episode aroused the hitherto complacent East at about the
same time. Defense research projects and the significance of
recent symposia are mentioned. Damage to vegetation by sul-
fur dioxide, fluoride damage to livestock, other effects on
vegetation, and eye irritation in Los Angeles are discussed.
The results of the Public Health Service investigation follow-
ing the Donora episode are summarized. Air pollution stan-
dards are cited, as well as meteorological investigations, jet
dilution of stack effluents, dilution by turbulent mixing, dust
dispersion and prediction of smog, air sampling and analysis,
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520
new tools for sampling, scrubbers, adsorbers, and dust collec-
tors, governmental regulations, Los Angeles control district
rules, and smoke abatement.
32254
Nordrhein-Westfalen Arbeits-und Sozialminister (West
Germany)
THE SITUATION IN NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN IN 1970
AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS. (Situation in Nordrhein-
Westfalen 1970 and die Enrwicklungstendenzen). Text in Ger-
man. In: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein Westfalen, Essen,
West Germany, Brinck and Co. KG, 1969, p. 75-83.
The population density of the industrial regions of the state is
1300 to 3000 inhabitants per sq km. These regions are the
home of 90% of all coal mines, 70% of the steel industry, 50%
of the heavy chemical industry, and 35% of the refineries in
all of West Germany. To the emissions from these industries
must be added those from 5.5 million households and from 3.5
million automobiles. Since the introduction of mandatory cer-
tification of polluters, air pollution in the entire area has
decreased markedly. The projection for SO2 emission in West
Germany is that it will increase by about 25% until 1975 and
from then on will decrease because of the construction of
nuclear power plants. In the U. S., in contrast, SO2 pollution
will double until 1980 because of widespread use of coal. Pol-
lution trends will be further affected by the growth rate of the
chemical industry, which will expand from an index of 100 in
1962 to an index of 320 in 1975. The importance of SO2 as a
pollutant will diminish to be replaced by fluorine, hydrocar-
bons, chlorine, and odorous emissions. The emission of fine
dust as a health hazard will increase and dust fall measure-
ments will have to be supplemented by dust concentration
measurements. The problem in the steel industry will be fine
dust control; in the aluminum industry, fluorine emission con-
trol; in steam power plants, fine dust control; and in domestic
heating, nitrogen oxide control. Pollution from automobiles is
expected to increase until 1975, especially from nitrogen ox-
ides.
37027
Gall, D.
THE WORKING PARTY ON AIR POLLUTION - EUROPEAN
FEDERATION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. International
Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations and National
Society for Clean Air, London (England), Intern. Clean Air
Congr. Proc., London, England, 1966, p. 267-268. (Oct. 4-7,
Paper VHI/S.)
The organization, composition, aims, and activities of the
Working Party on Air Pollution of the European Federation of
Chemical Engineering are described. The field of activity lies
in problems of air pollution arising from carrying out chemical
processes and in the removal of noxious or offensive con-
stituents produced in such processes. The current status of
progress in controlling emissions, including grit, dust, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and fluorine compounds, is noted.
44066
Turk, A., D. Turk, and D. T. Wittes
AIR POLLUTION. In: Ecology; Pollution; Environment.
Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 1972, p. 79-108. 8 refs.
Various aspects of air pollution are reviewed. Expressions of
concentration for gases and particles are explained. The com-
ponents of pure air are described and a definition of polluted
air is presented. The sources and effects of the following pol-
lutants are discussed: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, oxidants, hydrofluoric
acid, and viable and nonviable particulate matter. The effects
of air pollution include reduction of visibility and other at-
mospheric effects, damage to vegetation, direct effects on
man, injury to animals, and deterioration of materials. Pollu-
tion control measures include filters, cyclones, electrostatic
precipitators, scrubbers, adsorption on activated carbon, and
incineration. Methods for reducing sulfur dioxide emissions in-
clude change of energy sources, fuel desulfurization, emission
control devices, more efficient methods of fuel combustion,
encouragement of less fuel use, and decreasing the rate of
population growth. Problems involved in the switch-over from
gasoline-driven to battery-operated automobiles are discussed.
46820
Wende, E. and F. Bister
AIR POLLUTION ASSOCIATED WITH CIVILIZATION.
(Zivilisationsbedingte Luftvenmreinigungen). Text in German.
Z. Allgemeinmed., 48(14):665-673, May 1972.
In the Federal Republic of Germany, the principal sources of
emissions are households, industry, and automotive traffic.
The volume of these emissions rises every year at approximate
average rates of 7, 5, and 3%, respectively. The most signifi-
cant gaseous emissions are sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid,
nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and
hydrogen sulfide. The finer dusts are more noxious, since
upon inhalation they can penetrate into the lungs. The effects
of benzopyrene and lead as dust or in aerosol form, the histo-
ry of the several past smog catastrophies due to weather inver-
sions in polluted areas, and mortality in relation to air pollu-
tion are discussed. Regular sampling and analysis of air is
needed. Control methods include modifying technology,
eliminating pollution in stack gases, or dissipating emissions by
the use of chimneys. Control equipment includes filters,
washers, and collectors. West German regulations and recom-
mendations for the preservation of clean air are mentioned.
49170
Ortega Torres, J.
CONTAMINATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (Contaminacion
Atmosferica). Text in Spanish. Am. Med. Acad. Ciencias Med.
Cataluna, 58(2): 147-165, April 1972. (Presented at the Asocia-
cion de Microbiologia, Higiene y Medicina Preventiva, Dec. 17,
1971.)
The air pollution phenomenon is discussed in terms of defini-
tions, causes, effects on human health and economy, control,
and reevaluation of certain attitudes of modern man. The main
air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, carbon monox-
ide, and polynuclear hydrocarbons, resulting from combustion
of sulfur-containing fuels, petroleum refineries, aluminum
producing plants, fertilizer manufacturing, and traffic are
reviewed. The photochemical mechanism of smog formation is
discussed along with the meteorological and orographic factors
involved in enhancing the process. The air pollution-induced
pathology is reviewed and illustrated by the classical episodes
recorded in the Meuse-Valley at Donora, at the Baltic Sea,
and in Mexico. Los Angeles is referred to as the city with 262
days/yr of thermal inversion incidence. Air pollution monitor-
ing in terms of sampling and analytical methods is discussed
along with control possibilities. The latter are reviewed in
terms of fuel improvement, combustion process improvement,
technological process modifications, and emission control
treatment. All the aspects involved in the air pollution control
process should be supervised by appropriate administrative
-------
N. GENERAL
521
authorities. Maximum local autonomy should be given in terms
of correlating the source with the orography and the climatolo-
gy and the possibilities of controlling pollution. Special as-
sociations should campaign in educating and in trying to ex-
plain the real hazards caused by pollution. Because of the
wide range of unknowns involved, national and worldwide
cooperation between science, technology, industry, economy,
and law should be established. The modern man should
become aware of the threat to the environment caused by af-
fluent living and try to save the environment before its deteri-
oration becomes irreversible.
50748
Japan Environmental Agency
PRESENT STATE OF AIR POLLUTION COUNTERMEA-
SIJRES. In: Quality of the Environment in Japan. 1972, Chapt.
1, p. 54-80.
Although air pollution in Japan, with the exception of nitrogen
oxides, has generally abated, it is still a severe problem. There
are 40 cities which do not meet the environmental standard for
sulfur oxides; they comprise a little less than 40% of the 110
cities with monitoring stations. The air pollution problem in
local districts has recently become aggravated by the increases
in such hazardous pollutants as hydrogen fluoride, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, and oxidants. The primary cause is a sharp
increase in energy consumption. Air quality with respect to
SOx suspended particulates, NOx, carbon monoxide, oxidants,
and hydrocarbons are discussed. Environmental and emission
standards and air pollution control measures are reviewed.
50867
Hishida, Kazuo
INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION. (Kogai gairon). Text
in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 4(4):2-20, April 1973.
Air pollution is discussed in general. Data on sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, dust fall, and nitrogen oxides in Japan
are discussed. The automatic monitoring system for Japan, au-
tomobile exhaust pollution in terms of carbon monoxide pollu-
tion in Tokyo and photochemical smog, pollutant sources,
toxic effects of pollution, and air pollution episodes are also
mentioned. The effects of sulfur dioxide and fluorides on
vegetation are outlined. Local and national programs and
legislation for controlling air pollution are reviewed. Desul-
furization of fuels oils and other control methods are briefly
mentioned. Enforcement of legislation and monitoring systems
are discussed.
51942
Olschowy, Gerhard
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION A TASK OF SCIENCE,
PLANNING AND PROTECTION. (Umweltschutz als Aufgabe
von Wissenschaft, Planting und Verwaltung). Text in German.
Btr. Abwassertech. Ver., vol. 25:17-31, 465-466, 1973.
(P.esented at the Abwassertechnischen Vereinigung e.V., Main
Meeting, Kassel, West Germany, Sept. 8, 1971.)
The present day pollution of the water and air in the Federal
Republic of Germany is discussed. Solid waste disposal
problems are mentioned. More than 300 chemical compounds
and physical substances are known to be air pollutants. Of the
gaseous pollutants, sulfur dioxide assumes the largest portion.
Fluorine compounds are rarer in the atmosphere than SO2, but
they are far more toxic. While the threshold concentration for
SO2 is 0.5 mg/cu m air (0.2 ppm), it is 0.01 mg/cu m air for
fluorine. The combination of several pollutants, primarily of
waste gases with dusts is particularly dangerous, which is
further compounded by temperature inversions. In the Ruhr
area the haze caused by air pollution reduces solar radiation
by about 30%. This haze absorbs particularly the important ul-
traviolet radiation. A considerable amount of air pollution
stems from traffic. The Federal Republic of Germany
presently has 16 million cars which produce 25 billion cu m of
waste gas. The numerous combustion processes with fossil
fuels such as coal and oil lead to changes of the composition
of the atmosphere. Global carbon dioxide emission rose
between 1950 and 1963 from 700 billion tons to 1100 billion
tons, of which about 50% remain in the atmosphere.
52010
Marier, J. R.
THE ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FLUORIDE. Fluoride,
5(2):92-97, April 1972. 21 refs. (Presented at the International
Society of Fluoride Research, Annual Conference, 4th, Hague,
N. L., Oct. 24-27, 1971.)
The ecological aspects of fluoride are reviewed. Sources of
fluorides, fluoride distribution, and final deposition in air, soil,
and water are mentioned. Vegetation can be an environment
for fluoride, but it can also serve as one of the modes of
transport for fluoride uptake by other forms of life. In this
way, biological transfer occurs, and food chains are built, in-
creasing the air pollution problem. It is further complicated by
recourse to fluoride-containing fertilizers, insecticides, and
mineral supplements for livestock. Fluoride burden is also in-
creased from sources such as food and beverage processing,
and fluoride- containing aerosols and Pharmaceuticals.
63463
Stone, Ralph and Herbert Smallwood
INTERMEDIA ASPECTS OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.
C., Office of Research and Development, Contract 68-01-0729,
Program Element 1H1093, EPA-600/5-73-003, 357p., Aug. 1973.
411 refs. GPO
On the basis of emission quantity, toxicity, and current condi-
tions, the air pollutants sulfur oxides, sulfur compounds,
nitrogen oxides, nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, particu-
lates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, fluorides, hydrogen
chloride, arsenic, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and ethylene
are discussed and classified according to the Standard Indus-
trial Classification Code. The interaction and transport
between air and water, sources, treatment, and fate of these
pollutants are discussed. The environmental impacts, main
sources, and control methods are discussed in detail for each
pollutant. Mathematical models are given for various control
strategies, cost information, and choice of control program. In-
termedia pollution management in the city of Los Angeles is
discussed in detail.
63776
Gilbert, T.
SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR THE CALCULATION OF
MINIMUM CHIMNEY HEIGHTS IN CASES OF EMISSION
OF GASEOUS FLUORIDE COMPOUNDS FROM
BRICKWORKS. (Vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Berechnung der
Schornsteinmindesthoehen bei der Emission von gasfoermigen
Fluorverbindungen aus Ziegeleien). Text in German. Ziegelind.
(Weisbaden), no. 4:152-154, 1974. 7 refs.
A simplified pragmatic method for the determination of the
minimum stack heights in brickworks emitting gaseous
fluorides is presented with respect to the problems involved in
the application of the diagram given the Clean Air Manual to
-------
522
the calculation of the minimum stack height in such cases. The
ground-level fluoride concentrations were evaluated for the
immediate vicinity of the emission source under most un-
favorable meteorological conditions. The wind speed and the
evaluation period were 3 m/sec and 30 min, respectively. In
view of the mainly rural location of brickworks, it is not ex-
pedient to use the dispersion parameters determined for urban
conditions.
64545
Detrie, J.-P.
STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON THE MEASUREMENT OF
NUISANCES, THEIR EFFECTS AND THEIR PREVENTION.
PROBLEMS OF SPACE PLANNING. (Les etudes et recherches
sur la mesure des nuisances lews effets et la prevention.
Problemes d amenagement territoire). Text in French. Apave,
52(175):57-62, 1971.
Studies on the generation, effects, measurement, dispersion,
and prevention of air pollutants in France are surveyed. The
effects of particulate, unburned matter, and asbestos on lung
tissues; effects of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ex-
haust gases on animals; and the effects of SO2 and fluorine
compounds on plants are being studied. Shell-Bacharach
opacimeters and automatic recording instruments adopting the
beta-ray attenuation principle for dust captured on filter are
available for the measurement of smoke emissions. The
ground level concentrations of combustion process-generated
air pollutants are measured by means of S.F. (Smoke-Sulfur)
measuring instruments. The dispersion of air pollutants is stu-
died by hydraulic models. Fuel and flue gas desulfurization
processes are being studied, partly on a semi-industrial scale.
The implementation of emission standards and the introduction
of improved firing techniques have resulted in a considerable
abatement of the SO2 and smoke concentrations both in Paris
and London for the last 10 years.
64937
Hishida, K.
THE OUTLINE ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. (Kogai
gairon). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 5(S):2-22, May 1974.
Wide area pollution generally refers to environmental pollu-
tions such as smog and other air pollutants caused emissions
from mobile sources. Pollutants such as stack gases emitted
from specific factories are called local pollution. Primary pol-
lutants can react together to form pollutants, also affect hu-
mans and plants. There are four techniques to reduce air pollu-
tion. Low-sulfur fuels can reduce the amount of sulfur oxides
emitted by combustion. Generation of noxious materials can
be controlled by efficient combustion of fuel. Dust collectors
and other control equipment reduce noxious materials. The
pollution concentration above the ground can be controlled
through a diffusion by high chimneys. The diseases caused by
environmental pollution include respiratory diseases such as
chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, asthmatic bronchitis, and
emphysema. Poisonous gases affecting plants are sulfur diox-
ide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, hydrogen
chloride, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide,
among which SO2 causes most plant damage.
65407
Berge, Helmut
AIR POLLUTANTS IN THE KOELN AREA. (Luftverun-
reinigungen int Raume Koeln). Text in German. Allg. Forstz.,
20(5):51/52):834, 836-838, Dec. 1965. 5 refs.
An evaluation is presented of systematic air pollution moni-
torings conducted in the Koeln area in West Germany. The
strong influence of industrial emission sources outside the city
on air pollution levels measured in Koeln was noted. Except
for streets with heavy, slow traffic and frequent traffic jams,
other parts of fhe Koeln area were characterized by very low
concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenols
caused reversible acute and chronic damages to the environ-
ment, while mercaptans were detected in concentrations high
enough to cause irreversible chronic and acute changes in the
living environment. Sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid,
hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter in
general, and soot in particular, inflicted serious damages on
plants and woods. The separation of industrial and residential
areas, especially by green belts, is an essential principle of
modern space planning.
66718
Hermans, K. H.
DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION-
GENERATED DAMAGES. (Het vaststellen van schade door
milieuverontreiniging). Text in Dutch. In: Milieubalans van
Nederland. J. J. Mulckhuyse (ed.), Amsterdam/Brussels, Inter-
mediair, 1972, p. 117-128. 18 refs.
General problems of damages afflicted by pollution and con-
tamination to the natural environment, and methods for their
determination are described. The detection of damages caused
by pollution is complicated by the fact that pollutant levels
below a certain limit generate invisible damages. The poten-
tiality of damage is characterized by the tolerance of the living
organism or the absolute or relative maximum allowable con-
centration. Plant damages caused by air pollutants can be
determined by systematic pollution monitoring and by aerial
photographs. Extensive damages in coniferous forests from
sulfur dioxide, fluorine compounds, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and
peroxybutyryl nitrate were observed in Europe.
66750
Flower, Franklin B.
EFFECTS OF ADI POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
In: Air Pollution and Industry, R. D. Ross (ed.), New York,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1972, Chapt. 2, p. 18-78. 194 refs.
The effects of air pollution on the environment are reviewed
with particular emphasis on mechanism of cause-and-effect
relationships and socioeconomic implications. Topics discussed
include: air pollution effects on materials deterioration; acute
and chronic effects on human health, with particular reference
to specific industrial emissions; pollution effects on animals
and vegetation; and meteorological implications involving
global air temperature and urban effects on fog, precipitation,
solar radiation, and visibility, with a relationship being given
for the effect of atmospheric particulate loadings on visibility.
Types of pollutants examined include: metallic and nonmetallic
particulates, sulfur oxides, photochemical oxidants, pollens,
aldehydes, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons, asbestos, carcinogens, pesticides, odorous com-
pounds, inorganic acids, chlorine gas, radioactive substances,
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, hydrogen suK ue,
fluorides, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
69692
Gilbert, T.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR CALCULATION OF THE
MINIMUM STACK HEIGHT AT EMISSIONS OF GASEOUS
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS FROM BRICK KILNS. (Ein
-------
N. GENERAL
523
verenifachtes Verfahren zur Berechnung der Schornsteinmin-
desthoehen bei der Emission von gasfoermigen Fluovoverbindun-
gen aus Ziegeleien). Text in German. Gesundh.-Ing., 95(9):257-
258, 1974. 7 rets. (Presented at the Second Symposium on
Branch-specific Emissions, Fluorine Emissions by Brick Kilns,
Munich, Germany, Feb. 1, 1974.)
A new pragmatic procedure for the calculation of stack height
for brick kilns uses, aside from the guideline VDI (Jerein
Deutsche Ingenieur) 2289 and No. 2.6 of the Technical
Directives for Clean Air Conservation (TALuft), the following
conditions. The emission conditions are evaluated in the vicini-
ty of the source only under the unfavorable condition of the
rarely occurring labile stability class V by Klug. In a first
coarse approximation it is then assumed that the emission con-
ditions under other stability conditions are better. For the wind
velocity, the average velocity in the waste gas plume of 3
m/sec is used. For the emitted concentration of fluorine com-
pounds, the 60% value of the recommended maximum al-
lowabe short-term emission concentration of 5 micrograms
F/cu m, i.e. 3 micrograms F/cu m, is inserted into gas plume
incrementation the method of Briggs was used. The point of
the theoretically anticipated emission was used for the calcula-
tion. A numerical example is presented.
-------
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
525
ABBANAT, R A *G-04927
ABE E H-48556
ABE Y A-52277
ABE, S *N-04212
ABEL E D-14066, H-23579
ABEL, E D-07579
ABELES, F B 'H-11100
ABKEWITZ I G-28019
ABLE E D-13838
ABURAMOTO Y B-58380, *C-84175
ACHORN F P 'B-3791", *B-81944
ADAMS D F C-22879, *C-23947,
•C-24279, *C-24399, *C-2S647,
*C-25816, *D-23760, H-0%83,
"H-17684, H-20015, "H-20400,
H-22284, *H-23794, 'H-24402,
"H-24566
ADAMS F W H-45663
ADAMS, D F C-00126, *C-03550,
"H-03549, H-03570, H-03571, H-03572,
H-05585
ADAMS, W R G-01047
ADHAMI G F-41543
ADLER A D *G-78873
ADLER P *G-28556
AFANAS YEV M M F-21632
AGATE J N *G-15040
AHMED M G F-81069
AIZAWA E D-69744, G-49607, G-76902,
H-65715, "H-77421
AIZAWA I D-58339
AKASHI, S 'G-04145
AKIYAMA T E-49185
AKLAND G G D-58218
AKULICH S S *B-66618
ALARY J A-46119, A-70727, H-29991,
H-46997
ALARY, J C-13056
ALENGRIN F A-46119, H-29991,
H-46997
ALLCROFT R *H-13213
ALLEN I W D-23760
ALLEN N 'C-39239, "C-39243
ALLEN R C-06397
ALLEN R K H-56788
ALLMENDINGER D F 'B-28889,
C-26909, H-18704, H-26691
ALPAUGH E L »G-16916
ALQUEZA E N H-47385
ALTMAN, A G-01728
ALTSHULLER A P "C-05914
AMANO S H-64824
AMBROSI L G-14319
AMBRUS J A-17116
AMBRUS, J A-06241
AMICK R S A-09651, 'A-09693, A-65064
AMIROV R O "H-23188
AMTOWER R E C-18016, C-24966
ANDERSON D M A-40159, B-44979
ANDERSON F K H-15501
ANDERSON P L *C-81439
ANDO A 'D-58427, 'D-71362
ANDO H G-81181
ANDO S H-74459
ANDRES R H A-35985
ANIKEYEV V A B-41932
ANTIPOV V G *H-23295
ANTONELLI G *G-32152
ANTONELLI, G 'G-11444
ANTWEILER H *G-84260
ANZAI K A-52277
AOKI T 'B-83198
APPLEGATE H G G-30385, G-30387,
H-24402
APPLEGATE, H G "H-03570, "H-03571,
•H-03572, H-03729, H-06681
APSIMON H E-64013
ARAI M C-12451
ARAKAWA H A-58402, B-58380
ARAKAWA T C-12451
ARIKADO H H-61410
ARITO H G-45683
ARKHIPOVA L N "B-32384, B-58632
ARMSTRONG W D G-28556
ARMSTRONG, W D G-09575
ARNDT U "H-19703, *H-32854, *I-63139
ARTALEJO J G-84137
ARTHUR A M H-79129
ARTHUR C E A-50242
ASAGINO K C-12451
ASAI C H-84548
ASAI T H-82498
ASCHBACHER P W "H-43226
ASHENBURG N J G-33276
ASHTON J T *F-19175
ASO *B-72038
AUERMANN E A-53751, *E-44277
AUGE, R G C-06352
AUTIAN J 'G-24153
AVY, A P 'A-03129
AYER F A J-30696
B
BABAYANTS R A *G-11942
BADOZ LAMBLING J 'F-41543
BAETGE H H H-45467
BAEVSKII V A B-37544
BAILEY D L R *C-34126
BAILEY J J "C-23517
BAIULESCU G 'A-30517
BAKER B B JR "C-83592
BAKIROV U K A-68807
BAKR M Y 'B-51720
BALABAEVA L *D-47982
BALABAJEWA L 'G-70519
BALA0I E 'A-76152
BALAY H L B-81944
BALAZOVA G A-17116, 'G-13700,
•G-14112, G-14126, 'G-19880,
•G-37569, 'G-37684, 'G-52686,
*G-62596, *H-25665
BALAZOVA, G A-06241, *G-10203
BALAZOVJECHOVA, L G-10203
BALDACCI E "H-24035
BALL D F 'B-30519
BALL, K E »C-06279, C-06494
BALLANTYNE D J "H-39098
BALOGH E 'A-68703
BARBER J C *B-24834, B-25038, B-32232,
B-36405, 'B-81040
BARDELLI, P 'H-12529
BARETINCIC J M H-42946
BARIBAULT R P *A-58939
BARKER D B *C-79843
BARNEA M *G-38616
BARNES D P C-06397
BARNES R L H-78058
BARNEY J E II C-26485
BARTELL R P A-19400
BARTELS O G 'E-40271
BARTHOLOMEW, M D G-06497
BARTLE E R "C-41489
BARTLETT J C *C-24331
BARTOSOVA, L A-06241
BATEMAN, G Q H-04925
BAUM F 'A-40471, *H-68122
BAUMEISTER W 'H-28483
BAURHENNE G 'B-68795
BAYLES B B H-23222
BECK A R H-72762
BECK D A "K-84395
BECK H B-38445
BECKER K H *A-29786
BECKETT R R G-28139
BECKMAN O K B-52179
BEHRENS D »B-51845
BEISING R "A-61800
BEJAOUI M G-84236
BEKTUROV A B *A-76411
BELAGA M B *A-17076
BELAGA, M B 'A-04068
BELKNAP H J *L-24481
BELL C D 'A-09695
BELL D D 'A-08748
BELL G B C-22812
BELL G H G-15040
BELL M E G-28556
BELYAEV V A G-59073
BENDER R J 'B-29680
BENEDICT H M C-25487, C-26400,
*C-27430, *H-3S613, *J-43547,
•J-44672, *J-67865
BENEDICT, H M C-00260, C-00264,
C-01793, C-04038, *C-05586,
•H-00187, 'H-00265, *H-00266
BENESI H A *F-18427
BENGER M *B-26908
BENNETT J H 'H-45009, 'H-56204,
•H-71931
BENNETT R L 'C-83442
BENSON, N R *H-03860
BENSON, S W *F-01677, 'F-03062
BEREZINA L P B-41932
BERGE H 'A-80507, 'H-45022, 'H-56584,
*H-73172, 'N-65407
BERGER U A-39635
BERGMANN K A-48946
BERINDAN C *B-19571
BERLY E M *B-24110, *B-35448
BERLYAND M YE 'C-48392
BERNARD M L 'C-45344
BERNATZKY A *B-45468
BERNHART A P 'A-34018
BERNITT, D L *F-04674
BERNSTEIN L H-45540
BERNSTEIN S B-12127
BERRY C R 'H-17697, *H-74624
-------
526
BERRY W L *G-71933
BERRY, C R H-03676, 'H-05560
BERTOLACINI R J "C-26485
BERTRAND R R 'J-42746
BESTUZHEV A S F-21632
BETHEA R M *A-71262, B-12465,
C-23162
BETTS W E D-52811, H-70607
BETZ H B-37509, B-54310
BEWERS J M "C-17117, "E-78933
BHUSSRY B R G-28556
BIELER B H B-61954
BIENSTOCK D B-33554
BIERSTEKER K 'G-16345
BIERSTEKER, K "K-11414
BIHELLER J 'C-28374, 'C-29887
BILLINGS, C E *B-07552
BINGHAM F T H-20573, *H-27030
BINGHAM T E J-30696
BINI G 'J-30226
BIRKLE M 'C-65846, 'C-66606
BIRSE E A B *A-31283
BISCH A H-51271
BISCH A M H-62597
BISSELLE C A "K-69550
BISTER F N-46820
BITTEL R 'G-49448
BJORSETH O C-49476
BLAKE H E 'B-43972
BLAKEMORE F *H-39493
BLAKESLEE H W *C-66753
BLANK Y I F-21632
BLIGNY R H-51271, H-63167
BLOKKER P C "K-27010
BLOSSER E R 'D-52578
BLYUM I A *C-27131
BOBBIO G G-40635
BOCKMAN O K C-52206
BODDIE G F G-15040
BOEHLEN B 'B-23370
BOEHLEN, B *A-12622
BOEHM E *B-81995
BOEHME J B-78890
BOER W "L-31492
BOERNGEN J G A-68912
BOERTITZ S A-53751, H-38332,
"H-48798
BOGAYEVSKIY O A A-68807
BOGDANOVA N S B-37745
BOGDANOVIC, S B H-12540
BOGORAD G I "C-36125
BOGUSLAVSKIY I M B-37745
BOHLANDER R F *C-19076
BOHM E 'B-64506
BOHN H L "H-51526
BOHNE H "H-45160, *H-45474, *H-52574,
'H-57475, "H-64860
BOHNE, H *H-11466
BOLAY A H-15604, *H-17892, *H-23576,
•H-24395, H-28446, *H-32536,
•H-32539
BOLDT K R *A-81861
BOND, A M 'C-09560
BONDAREVA E N D-17642
BONN A Y C-36125
BONTEMPS A H-63167
BOOHER W B A-57231
BORENSTEIN, M *B-07815
BORISENKO N A A-42731
BORKOWSKA M "C-52101
BORSDORF W *G-48030
BOSSAVY J "H-24933, *H-39183,
•H-44411, "H-48413, 'H-74617
BOSSAVY M J «H-23852
BOSSAVY, J 'H-02049
BOSSAVY, M J "H-01557
BOULET M G-28037
BOURBON P 'A-46119, A-70727,
*D-39182, 'H-29991, *H-46997
BOURBON, P *C-02042, "C-13056
BOVAY E H-15604, 'H-15838, H-17892,
H-23576, *H-23950, H-24395,
•H-28446, H-28474, 'H-28475,
"H-32535, H-32536, H-32539, H-32897,
H-33606, 'H-49561
BOWLER R G G-15040
BOWNE, N E E-02325
BOYD, G A-07650
BOYEV I YA *C-41064
BOYSEN J E *G-27895
BRAKHNOVA I T *A-81169
BRANDT A D *A-40159, 'B-44979,
C-27294
BRANDT C S C-16969, "H-12415,
•H-24358, 'H-26861, *H-29206,
•H-30473
BRANDT, C S *H-03472
BRANTNER H C-44174, C-44177,
G-12987, G-14477, *G-31234
BRASH M P A^t8116
BREDEMANN G "C-18230, *C-33929,
*H-23639
BREEN, W H C-05586
BRELL H A-40471
BRENNAN E H-12155, H-14968, H-26717,
H-42958, H-70984, H-80493
BRENNAN, E H-01800, H-06557
BRENNAN, E G H-03873
BRENT F D N G-37791
BRESSAN D J C-51599, *D-62438,
E-30126, E-43424
BREUSOVA G N A-76411
BREWER L W G-27753
BREWER R F *H-16472, "H-16896,
H-54910
BREWER, R F H-03612, H-03616,
•H-04403, *H-04672, *H-05324,
*H-05667
BRIDGE A C *B-38299
BROCKE W A-40401, *A-61007, 'A-69422,
B-50937, B-51101, B-61259
BRODOVICZ, B A 'K-08420
BRONSCH K 'H-10841, H-10843
BROOKS J J C-69152
BROOKS J N C-79843
BROWN G H-32736
BROWN H *C-23767, *C-40211
BROWN R M »E-78793
BROWNLEY F I JR 'C-23654
BRUN M J 'K-68582
BRUNE D 'C-11626
BRYAN R J 'A-76190
BRYANT G W *F-18863
BRYKS H C-32643
BUBLAY T M B-47821
BUCHLOH G H-47806
BUCHNER R H-18272, H-53376
BUCK M *C-17082, *C-37350, H-21422,
•H-24533, *L-81220
BUCKELL M G-15040
BUETTNER W G-28556
BUFF H *F-16218
BUG W 'B-55524
BUGAYEV V P C-41064
BULGAKOV M V "H-22930
BULGAKOVA N G A-42731
BURCH D E "C-75058
BURCHARD J K 'A-55212
BURGHARDT H H-28483
BURKAT V S *B-37544
BURNS K N H-13213
BURRELL B W A-48116
BURSCHE E 'H-39902
BUTCHER J E H-25735
BUTCHER, J E H-04924
BUTTGEREIT CH A-33635
BYCZKOWSKI S *G-52557
BYFORD C S C-30007
BYKHOVSKAYA M S C-46303
BYLER D M *F-81496
BYRNE J L C-26400
CADOFF B C C-79003
CALACETO, R R B-06587
CALDWELL J D-58218
CALL R A "G-23763
CALL, R A *G-04849
CALVERT S 'B-76008
CALVEZ C *B-32712
CAMPBELL, M W C-07710
CANTE C J "C-44933
CARDUCCI C N C-15355
CARLSON C: E 'H-45604, "H-51484,
*H-52829, "H-52994
CAROTTI A A *A-31529
CARPENTER F G »G-28041
CARR R A D-62438
CARRIKER, R C H-03570
CARROLL R E *A-27595
CARSON J E D-33080
CARSON, T R *G-06288
CASS, J S *H-00600
CASTANEDO A G-36751, G-44867
CATCOTT, E J *G-03394
CATENACCI G G-79980
CAVAGNA G *G-14319, *G-40635
CECCARELLI V H-24035
CECILIONI V A G-15555, G-16874,
*G-22628, 'G-48697
CECLIONI V A *G-66044
CERWENKA E B-74480
CHAIX P *F-28428
CHAMBERS L A *A-32060
CHAMPAGNE J 'J-76213
CHANELES J 'G-16047
CHANG C W "H-21498
CHANG, C W "C-03478, *G-01338,
*H-01664, *H-03360, *H-06342
CHAPMAN F E JR 'B-43481
CHAPMAN R A C-24331
CHAPRON Y 'C-21881
CHARI K S B-60282
CHARLES H D-24801
CHASS, R L A-09785
CHAUSSE P G-39813, G-39924, G-39931
CHAUVINEAU A B-52172
CHEESEMAN E A G-15040
CHEN E C-25441
CHENG, 3 Y "H-12032
CHEO P C "H-33127
CHERKASSKIY M L B-38874
CHERNYAK L M B-37115
CHERNYSHEV S K F-21632
CHIARENZELLI, R V *I-00695
CHIDA I C-12451
CHINDA M D-77512
CHIYO S H-59327
CHOBOTAREV A N B-41932
CHOLAK J "C-25806
CHOLARK J 'D-23845
CHONGPISON B A-80238
CHOVIN P 'A-17357, 'C-35441
CHRISTIAN W F-22219
CHU C K 'F-69599
CHUNG K C "L-44054
CIFERRI R *C-32631
CIOSEK A "C-56244
CISZEK H E-37013, E-37639
CLAYPOOL I) W H-45663
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
527
CLAYTON, J W JR »G-01426
CLYNE M A A *F-78035
COATES F I B-76232
COCHRAN C N *B-22853, 'B-57706
COE R R F-04768
COE, R R C-04687, C-04757, H-04678,
H-04679
COHEN I R C-05914
COHRS P "H-18271
COHRS, F *H-11452
COLEMAN C H "H-22789
COLLET G H-28446
COLLIN F C "L-38573
COLLINGS G H JR *G-24126
COLOMBINI M 'A-13701, 'G-13215
COLPITTS J W B-31567
COLUSSI A J *F-32952
COMEAU G H-36883, *H-48403, H-60690
COMPTON O C H-19124, *H-19358,
*H-22084, *H-22085, "H-22092,
*H-26718, "H-45663
CONNOR J M *B-54799, *B-69131
CONROY, R J 'G-05504
CONSTANCE J D *E-44030
COOK C C B-19487, 'B-31567, *B-36755
COOKE N E 'A-35985, *E-29315
COOPER H B H JR *C-35956
COOPER R M A-35985
CORLEY J P "L-57270
CORMIS L D 'H-23386, *H-24852,
•H-27785, *H-28600, "H-51470
CORN M *G-38721
COTE E A E-78793
COUFALIK F *B-18536
COVENTRY D H D-26086
COWLING D W H-60760, H-69800
CRABLE J V C-27294
CRAFTS, A S H-03616
CRALLEY L V "C-23546, 'C-23547
CRAMPTON, E W 'H-09553
CRANE G B *A-21380
CRASTE, C 'A-12548, 'G-12547, *G-12549
CRAWFORD V A 'F-57580, T-57581
CRAXFORD, S R *C-03119
CREMER H D G-28556
CREVELING, R K H-04403, H-05667
CRIST H C-69765
CRISTIANI H G-39497, *G-39799,
'G-39810, *G-39813, 'G-39924,
*G-39931, *H-39607, *H-40599
CRISTIANI, H *G-12550, 'H-12551,
'H-12552, *H-12553
CROCKER B B *B-20857, B-22484,
'B-25523
CROCKER T D *H-59935, 'J-28805
CROCKER, T D *B-09664
CROCKET D S "C-24022
CRONE J 'L-40889
CROSS F L JR 'A-13353, *C-46034,
*C-51762, *D-71272
CROSS, F L JR *A-12095
CROWLEY D P *A-48116
CSINABY L "L-83965
CSINADY L *A-72079
CUCCHIARA, O "C-04405
CUMPSTON A G 'G-23563
CUNNINGHAM P T B-75387
CVRK Z B-38439
D
DAESSLER H G A-53751, *H-31733,
'H-37346, *H-38332, "H-41439,
•H-47286, "H-64166, "H-66983,
•H-69966
DAGAN B N 'B-32627
DAINES R H H-12155, *H-14%8,
H-26717, "H-42958
DAINES, R H "H-01800, H-03873,
H-06557
DALY G T 'H-76233
DAMON W A 'B-24033, *L-39749
DAMS R 'A-36045
DANA H J C-22879, C-24399
DANBY N P H-40472
DANCHICK R S *A-74586
DANGERFIELD A D C-27330
DANIS, A L A-00220
DARLEY E F "H-17779, *H-56655
DARLEY, E F H-03612, *H-05342,
H-05724
DAVIDS P A-50938, *A-51100, *A-71615,
•B-50937, *B-51101, *B-59845,
•B-61259, *B-79657
DAVIDSSON I "H-38411
DAVIS D D *H-25769
DAVIS H V G-41036
DAVIS K A »D-30058
DAVIS, F C-04458
DAVIS, R V G-04849
DAVISON A W *D-52811, *H-70607
DAVYDOVA V I *G-66668
DAWE R A F-19175
DAWSON P R B-30519
DE CORMIS L 'H-13804
DE CORMIS M L H-28476
DE CORMIS, L "H-02041
DEAN G H-21501, H-60559
DEAN G L "H-17705
DEAN L A B-12127
DEAN, G *H-00240
DEBIARD R *C-28441, *C-28462
DECHIGI M D-23392
DECKER, C E C-10966
DECORMIS L "C-81357
DEE L A "C-73127
DEGRAZIO, R P *C-06352
DELL G J B-54799, B-69131
DEMAIO L 'C-40422
DEMETER J J B-33554
DEMIDENKO, N M *G-08201
DEMOLE V »G-11945, G-28556
DERIVAUX, J H-11469
DERNER, H A 'F-07714
DERRYBERRY, O M 'G-06497
DESBAUME S P H-28446
DESBAUMES E C-40705
DESBAUMES P "C-40705, 'H-32897
DESCOLAS J "B-45544
DESCROIX P *A-74154
DETRIE J P "1-54961, *N-64545
DEUTSCH S *C-24359
DEVILLIERS, A J *G-07013, *G-07961
DEVITT T W A-75089
DEVLIN E L H-32736
DEVOLDRE J G-33276
DEWEY J E H-45604, *H-53025
DEYSING G 'A-66977
DICKE C M *I-40833
DICKINSON, J *A-09785
DIDIER B *H-28443
DIETZ R N E-78793
DIMITRIEV M T *D-34008
DINH D L *H-47806
DINMAN B D G-23563
DIOURIS M *H-80536
DOBBS C G 'A^t7061
DOBOS G 'B-67954
DOCHINGER L S B-84391, *H-59028
DOLGNER R G-31319
DOLHOVA L H *H-84484
DOMINGO R C C-80495
DONAGHUE, T C-04405
DONALDSON H M 'B-28945
DONAUBAUER E 'H-32334
DONOVAN J R 'B-18826
DORINOVSKAYA A P *G-32596
DORSETT, R S C-04463
DORSEY, J A 'C-05317
DORST J 'G-74290
DOST F N 'G-12403, *H-16617, *H-57859
DOST, F N *G-01096, G-08030
DOTREPPE GRISARD N *A-48231
DOUCE W C *L-43007
DOUGLAS T H J G-15040
DOYEL T E A-50242
DREHER K V *H-36785
DREYHAUPT F J *A-31333, 'B-38476
DRINKER P 'A-24039, *H-43622
DROBIZ A M C-36125
DROSCHA H 'B-65638
DRUETT H A G-15040
DUBROVINA Z V D-17642
DUEKER M H-45467
DUEMMLER F 'L-17472
DUGGER, W M JR C-05892
DUKES R R A-18323
DUNCAN L J K-68224
DUNNING J M »G-39833
DURAND G 'L-60630
DURST R A *C-20892, *C-20895, 'C-31712
DUUREN H V *E-78943
DYBCZYNSKA K *H-38574
DYKTOR H G *D-63526
DZIUBEK T "H-32588
EANES E D F-26990
BANES, E D H-04917
EBISAWA E 'D-84625
EDDY, L D C-07710
EDMUNDS G F JR *H-56637, *H-56788
EGAN H *C-80I03
EGGEBRAATEN V L 'C-32966
EGGEBRAATEN, V L *C-07860
EGOROVA T S G-35670
EGUCHI T *C-28102
EGUCHI Y E-49185
EHRLICH, C *H-12554
EICKELPASCH D *B-42172
EISERT W B-48805
EL NICHNYKH L N G-32601, G-32605,
G-32606, G-33561
ELFERS, L A *C-10966
ELLERTSON F E H-19124
ELLIOTT S H-45663
ELLISON W 'B-27282
ELSHOUT A J E-78943
EMIK L O H-17749
EMIK, L O H-00737
EMLER V S 'D-56463
ENDER F *H-32289
ENDO A H-30805
ENGELBRECHT A H P *H-56625
ENGLISH M *B-67136
ENNAN A A B-13771, B-23310,
•B-41932, H-15927
EOLYAN S L *C-36771
EPSTEIN B D "C-56681
ERAMYAN S G C-36771
ERDMANN W G-71617
ERGA O *B-13676, *B-18698
ERGA, O *B-10372
ERICSON Y G-28556
ESCOURROU R *A-37996
ESIK V K A-76411
ETTERICH O *A-52912
-------
528
FABIAN R J '1-40510
FABLING F T C-30007
FAITH W L *B-32190
FALTOT G C-21881
FANKHAUSER R D-58218
FARKAS M D *A-18323
PARK AS, L A-07650
FARR T D B-24117, B-24834
FARRAH G H C-68086, *G-26873,
G-27755
FARRAH, G H *C-07871
FARRIER P M 'B-76232, *H-69162
FATTINGER V *B-83667
FA VINO A 'G-79980
FAVORITE F G *K-60887
FEDER W A "H-76452
FEIGE N G *B-73031, "1-65935
FELDSTEIN M C-12760, C-27341,
»C-41491, *G-19148
FELICIANO A "H-67026
FELLENBERG T V G-11945
FENSTERSTOCK J C C-12334
FERCHAU, H A H-05585
FERGASON, J L "C-04458
FERGUSON W S *C-44710
FERIANCOVA MASAROVA Z "H-32672
FERRANDO R 'H-13159
FERRARI L B-41418
FERRELL J K A-75146, A-76459,
A-77993
FERRO, O *H-11456
FIALKOV YU G *B-38874
FICHTEL K *B-82446
FIELD P E 'F-14970
FINCH A G-12403
FINKEL SHTEIN, D N *C-10632
FINLAYSON J B A-79567
FIORCA V G-41036
FIRKET, J *G-12555
FIRSOV A G B-41932
FIRST M W B-24110, *B-26745, B-35448
FISCHER F *B-42078
FISCHER G *C-44174, *C-44177, G-12987,
G-14477
FISH W M *B-60206
FISHER F G-52764
FISHER J W G-37791
FLACK F C C-17117
FLECK W D-19966
FLEMING R B L G-24126
FLEMING, R B L G-06497
FLETCHER R H 'L-20273
FLORENTIN D *G-32607
FLOWER F B 'N-66750
FLURY F 'G-40597
FOGEL M E J-30696
FOJT W E-44277
FOLKERTS G H-15213
FOSTER L L »G-23711
FOURCY A C-28441, C-28462, H-51271,
H-60595, H-62597, H-63167
FOURNIER P 'G-30788
FOX E J "C-24114
FRANCIS F I 'B-44638
FRANCOIS H C-21881
FRANCON F *G-81250
FRANK W B B-22853
FRANKENFELDT R E *L-46586
FRANZA M E B-77475
FRASCA R L 'B-59230
FRASZCZAK K *A-79511
FREDRIKSEN H "J-48171
FRENCH J G *G-73658
FRISCH N W B-46050
FRITSCH P *B-47466
FROMAGEOT C F-28428
FUHRMANN H *C-44238, "C-63848
FUHRMANN N *A-38657
FUJIE K C-12451
FUJIEDA Y H^t8556, H-58777
FUJII S "H-52698
FUJINAGA T *C-32534
FUJISAWA G B-14444
FUJIWARA M "K-58899
FUJIWARA T *H-52135
FUJIYOSHI K 'A-58370
FUKABORI S *G-50419
FUKUI S "B-16555, *C-28126, *C-32476
FUKUMORI R *B-69191
FUKUZAKI N *A-82269
FULLER W R 'B-61954
FUMAROLA G *A-55601
FUMIO T C-38905
FURMAN N H C-39239, C-39243
FURUKAWA A D-50550
G
GAESSLER W "L-48719
GAFAROV M N B-80863
GAHAGAN, H E III H-11100
GALANTAI P 'A-67940
GALBALLY I E *E-79132
GALL D *N-37027
GALLOWAY H L *H-79368
CAREER K D-43170, *H-16150, *H-16152,
*H-17822, *H-18265, *H-18266,
'H-19873, "H-20917, "H-22624,
•H-23661, *H-28477, *H-30301,
•H-43492, *H-43493, "H-45007,
*H-50677
GARDI R A-55601
GARDNER D E G-25946, G-33505
GARDNER W S "H-68602
GARRAD J G-15040
GARREC J P C-28441, C-28462, *H-51271,
*H-60595, *H-62597, *H-63167,
*H-83082
GARRIDO J G-84137
GARTRELL F E *A-32139, 'B-25038,
*B-32232
GASIOROWSKI K 'A-46925
GASPARINI G D-21419
GATTI R 'F-16370
GATZ D F *D-33080
GAUTIER A 'A-40600
GAUTIER R G-39799, G-39810, H-39607
GAUTIER, R G-12550, H-12552, H-12553
GAVRILYUK M V A-63661
GEDALIA I G-28556
GEHRING D G C-23517
GELPERIN N I *B-26317, *B-40414
GEORGALIN R A B-13771, F-15927
GERDES R A *G-30385, *G-30387,
•G-37240, *H-51905
GERHARD J *I-69995
GERHARDS K *A-50961, 'A-51102,
A-71615, B-61259
GERNET YE V C-46303
GERSCHMANN, R *H-12556
GERSTEIN S M *B-77475
GERSTLE R W A-09214, *A-09321,
*A-09332, *A-09651, A-09692,
A-09693, A-09694, *A-11541,
*A-65064, J-30696
GIANG B Y "C-52629
GIARRUSSO, G A C-09770
GIEBEL J A-40471
GIESE H J *K-78880
GIESSLER H H-18270
GIETAZYN T G-52557
GIEVER P M C-27294, 'C-50922
GILBERT O L "H-59184, *H-67347,
•H-69488, "H-80189
GILBERT T 'C-49391, 'D-25593,
•L-77817, 'N-63776, 'N-69692
GILCREAS F W "C-28671
GILLETTE D G "J-60298
GIOVANARDI A *D-18537
GISIGER L *H-44428, *H-63442
GIVAUDONJ *B-35111, *B-45846
GLAWISCHNIG E H-48167, H-48193,
H-65103, H-68770
GLEBOVA L F K-28466
GLOWIAK B *B-71623, 'B-78245
GLUSKOTER H J C-64912
GNAGY R M D-23760, H-24566
GNYP A W 'A-80238
GODDARD A J H *E-64013
GODZIK S H-41189, *H-49644
GOERGEN R B-40892, 'B-43108
GOLDBERG, N N C-04458
GOLDMAN A C-79843
GOLDSMITH J R 'G-05833
GOLDSTEIN G *G-43277
GOLDSTON L N D-63526
GOLUB Z H-34880
GOMEYUK A S "C-79835
GONCHAROVA R B B-47821
GOODWIN D R A-21380
GOPALACHARI A S *B-58466
GORDON C C "H-70487, H-80535
GOREL CHIK, K I G-10247
GORYKIN S F F-21632
GOSTOMCZYK A B-71623
GOSTONCZYK B-78245
GOTO M C-58278
GOTSU I 'A-52277, 'A-58334
GOTTLER H 'B-63540
GOTTLIEB K A-56192
GOULD C J H-18704
GOURDON F *C-80573
GRAAF H D "-A-25305
GRAEFE K 'D-44799
GRAETZ R "B-64428, 'B-77816
GRAHAM R R B-12465
GRAHAME D C 'F-21389
GRAND CLEMENT A M C-21881
GRATZ R *A-76644
GRAUE, G *B-10618
GRAVES H B JR H-44345
GRAVESS H B JR H-35578
GREEN W H F-46162
GREENBURG L *C-24603, C-27294,
N-28923
GREENWOOD D A G-23763, H-04850,
H-17620, H-25735
GREENWOOD, D A G-04849, H-01092,
H-04919, H-04923, H-04924, H-04925,
"H-05004
GREIFER B »A-75077, *C-79003
GRELLAT P G-81250
GRIEFER B "C-75339
GRIER J G C-27933
GRIESER N *G-10842, *G-60748,
H-10841, *H-10843
GRIFFIN S W *H-23222
GRIFFITHS J E 'G-49223
GRIGGS M C-79842
GRIMBERGEN M V "A-72133
GRIMES W R F-13998
GRJOTHEIM K *A-49886, "A-55407
GROMOV B P B-38874
GROMOV B V B- 58632
GRONBACH G H-18270
GROSS U 1-63139
GROSS, P G-07013
GROSSER! «D-31396
GROSSMAN R A C-24022
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
529
GROSSO E D-18537
GROTH E III 'H-80711
GRUBER G I B-45078, J-39910
GRUENDER H D H-18268, "H-40916,
"H-52964, *H-66035
GRUMBACH H H-31733
GRYVNAK D A C-75058
GRZYWACZ A "H-40341
GUARISE G B B-46086
GUBRIC P B-18641
GUDERIAN R H-16222, H-18265,
H-22624, 'H-30298, "H-38017,
•H-68575, "H-69596, H-84290
GUDJONSSON, S V *G-12532
GUENTHER K H H-32516
GUERRANT G O *C-14288
GUILLEMET F B H-16472, H-16896
GUILLEMET, F B H-04403, H-04672,
H-05324, H-05667
GULDENMUNDT J P A-64926
GULLY A J *B-12465
GUNTHER, W H '1-08076
GUTHMANN, K *A-01528
GUTSCHE B "C-41020, "C-41063,
*C-61859
GWIRTSMAN, J C-04685, C-04686,
C-04689, C-04691, C-04692. 'C-04757
GYLSETH B *G-84233
GYOERKOES T "H-42946
H
HAAGEN SMIT A J *E-29774
HAAR U D "L-25542
HABEL K 'C-30300, "C-55367, *C-67528,
•C-76212
HABEL, K "C-11404
HACHMANN H 'B-37402
HACKEL R *G-54302
HAENIG G B-28709, *B-40381, 'B-40712
HAERTEL O *H-49647
HAFF L V C-23546, C-23547, C-68086
HAGE, K D *E-02325
HAGEN A R *G-24494
HAGEN K O B-52179, C-52206
HAGER J "L-67888
HAGIHARA Y H-42086
HAGIMA I G-49164
HAGIWARA T 'C-35737
HAIS K *H-23624
HAJDUK J "H-14678, *H-36996
HAJDUK T 'H-26491
HALBWACHS G *H-16092, *H-19949
HALBWACHS, G "H-11650
HALL H 3 A-59257, *A-73078
HALL R H G-33505, *G-33872
HAMADA, A G-04734
HAMAMOTO H *C-48315, 'D-48791
HAMMER D I G-71536
HAMMING, W J A-09785
HAMMOND R *B-22943
HAMMOND, W F *A-09799
HANCOCK J K 'F-46162
HANEDA M "C-38905, 'H-48291
HANNAN P J D-62438
HANSEN E D *H-24548
HANSON G P "H-26055
HANSON V W C-82650
HARA M A-28652, H-29443, H-29597
HARDIN L J D-24717
HARDING, C I A-00220, *A-03450,
*D-09658
HARDISON M A H-24362
HARMSEN H *C-61103
HARNER F H-15501
HARNER F M H-14247, H-21501,
H-60559
HAROUTIOUNJAN E 'C-32643
HARRINGTON, D E "C-04463
HARRIS L E "H-17620, H-25735
HARRIS P F H-48374
HARRIS R L B-41839
HARRIS R L JR *N-12307
HARRIS W E "C-24018
HARRIS, L E "H-04919, H-04923,
H-04924, H-04925, H-05004
HARRISS R C *C-18344
HART G E 'H-25618
HARTIG R G *B-31708, *B-40251
HARTKOPF G *A-325I9
HASEGAWA T A-31144, B-28783,
B-28786, *H-20707, *H-20708,
"H-28647, H-42601
HASELHOFF E *H-36742
HASHIMOTO H *L-42810
HASHIMOTO M 'L-17188
HASHIZUME T A-52664
HASSOUNA M G H-55066
HASUMI K A-52277, "H-48377
HATA A 'A-49617
HATCHARD, R E A-05601
HATTMAN E A A-57231
HATTORI S *B^»9420, C-48315, D-4879I,
G-81181
HATY R *B-60282
HAUGEN, G F-01677
HAUGEN, G R F-03062
HAUT H V C-39762, *F-55415, H-21422,
*H-39328, "H-39782, *H-41362
HAVAS P "H-81771
HAWKSWORTH D L 'H-78402
HAYAKAWA S H-83723
HAYAKAWA T A-58370
HAYASHI H *B-28783, 'B-28786, H-28647
HAYASHI, H G-04734
HAYNIE F H 1-69995
HAYSOM H H E-78933
HAZUMI K *A^»3816
HEAGLE A S *H-62275
HEANEY R J 'D-33858, *D-69144
HEBBEL H H B-64696
HECH W W H-49779
HECK W W H-30473, H-49778
HECKEL E F-69599
HEGGESTAD H E A-71273, *H-45540,
*H-4T776, *H-46262, *H-49778,
H-49779
HEGGESTAD, H E *H-12042
HEICKLEN, J F-02517
HEILINGOETTER R *C-24970
HEIMLER B *A-74262
HEINDRYCKX R A-36045
HELD A J G-11945
HELLER L I C-25210, C-28843
HELL WIG A *A-33735
HELMS G T *D-26086
HEMMING C *B-43840
HEMPEL D A-33735
HENDERICKSON E R C-28671
HENDERSON, J J A-00220
HENDRICKS R H H-17710
HENDRICKSON F. R A-22547, *C-27044,
C-27294, 'C-29771, *D-32679,
*E-37037
HENDRICKSON, E R *A-02019, C-11779
HENDRIX J W H-24402
HENRY J L *A-18656
HENRY W M D-52578
HEPTING G H H-17697, 'H-46198
HEPTING, G H *H-01398, *H-03676
HERLEM M F-41543
HERMANN? C-29737, *C-38741,
*C-39008, *C-55923, 'C-77427,
•C-78426
HERMANS K H *N-66718
HERRICK R A 'A-41877
HERRING F G F-80516
HERRMANN R C-41020, C-41063,
C-61859
HERTZOG D 'C-22458
HESS T L A-19400
HESTER W D-24717
HETTCHE H O 'A-48849
HEUSER S G 'C-26203
HICKEY, H R 'B-11686
HIGGINS E A *G-41036
HIGH D M A-45858
HIGNETT T P *B-24355
HILDEBRANDT P W *C-39022
HILL A C C-25487, C-28285, 'H-16245,
*H-16387, 'H-26711, *H-31527,
H-45009, H-56204, H-7I931
HILL E L J-30696
HILL, A C C-04038, C-04540, 'H-10673
HILLMAN W S C-68086
HILST, G R E-02325
HINDAWA I J D-26086
HINDAWI I J "H-06395, 'H-65394
HINKLEY E D "C-50337
HIRAI T *H-83721
HIRATSUKA N *H-70279
HIRATSUKA T H-71078, *H-77325,
•H-77329, 'H-82520
HIROSAWA I 'D-53889, D-71348,
*E-49433
HIROSE H *H-74459
HIROSE I C-84209
HIROTA Y H-71098
HISATSUNE T 'B-38115
HISATSUNE, I C F-04674
HISHIDA K A-32855, *A-60421, *B-19212,
*B-50868, C-50876, *N-50867,
*N-64937
HITCHCOCK A E H-25230, *H-32771,
H-46051
HITCHCOCK, A E C-00626, C-00636,
C-00941, H-00631, *H-00633, H-00920,
H-00964, H-00979, H-01506, *H-04678,
•H-04679, H-04732
HLUCHAN E A-17116, D-13838,
*D-14066, "H-23579, H-25665,
H-32673
HLUCHAN, E A-06241, 'D-07579
HOBBES P C-45344
HOBBS, C S H-06353, 'H-06354
HODGE H C *G-22551, G-25946, G-28556,
*G-61646, *K-17375
HOEKE B *B-17463
HOEKE E 'B-47463
HOELSKEN H 'A-71477
HOELTE W H-46721
HOERICHT W *H-39190
HOFFER R F D-23845
HOFMANN A W F-16218
HOHMANN E »A-56192
HOLLAND, M 'B-07664
HOLLANDER E 'A-13242
HOLLINDEN A B *E-33092
HOLLOMAN A JR H-26711
HOLLYWOOD B G-37791
HOLMES R E E-64013
HOLST R W H-13474
HOLUB Z *H-57716
HOMANN K H *F-59528
HOMES J T *B-18830
HOMMA Y G-49271
HONING F W "H-76715
HONMA K G-45683
HONMA Y G-47906
HOOD, D B G-01426
HOOGSTRATTEN B *H-04850
HOOK A W C-23546, C-23547, C-68086
-------
530
HOPP H H "H-19147
HOPPESCH J P "C-80495
HORI M C-84213
HORIKOSHI T *B-60255
HORITA H 'G-43323
HORN K D-31396
HORNTVEDT R *H-38412
HORTON C A C-27331
HORVATH I 'H-56963
HORVATH Z *B-717%, »B-83134
HOSCHEK R *G-18809
HOSHINO M C-70638, C-84182
HOSHINO Y *A-46558
HOSOKAWA Y *D-77512
HOSONO Y A-58402, B-58380
HOUGH D C C-82552
HOUTEN J G T *H-24036, 'H-45214,
*H-46338, 'H-54755
HOUTEN J G TEN "H-66714
HOWARD O H "C-26692, *C-26981
HOWLE C W JR C-23654
HSUEH L A-26254
HUBER G L *A-83637
HUBER H *H-41699
HUENLICH H W *B-37603, 'B-63775,
*B-79079
HUEY N A C-12593
HUFF P B *H-28830
HUFFMAN W T "H-40201
HUFFSTUTLER K K *D-28188
HUFFSTUTLER, K K *A-00340
HUGHES E C *B-22923
HUGHES E E C-79389
HULLETT S H D-56463
HUMPHREYS V *L-47380
HUNTER D G-15040
HUPKA, E 'H-12533
HURST R L H-14121
HUSMANN K 'B-28709, B-40381, B-40712
HUSSEIN M B-51720
HUTTUNEN S H-81771
HYNES, J A-07650
I
IDA H C-84214
IHIDA M 'C-53625, *C-58842
UNO A C-84213
IITOYO S C-84182
IL INSKAYA G I A-42731
IMAGAMI K "C-64779
IMAI M A-58402, B-58380
IMAI S "H-78681
IMHOFF C C-40705
IMURA T B-47125
INAGAKI K "C-74942
IONESCU A *H-66798, *H-74626
ISAACS G A-75089
ISAHAYA F 'B-68633
ISHAHAYA F "B-83613
ISHIDA H 'K-80854
ISHIGURO T *A-32855
ISHII T C-53625, C-58842
ISHIKAWA H 'H-84650
ISHIKAWA S G-68520
ISHIYAMA K *B-52852
ISMAYLOV A R H-23188
ISRAEL G W "C-60278, 'C-60410,
*E-70747
ITAI K A-82944, *D-69744, G-71324,
G-74380, G-81018, »H-70357, H-70745,
H-79633, H-79635, H-84579
ITAYA K G-79634
ITO A 'C-44552
ITO E C-12451
ITO M D-50550, H-70279, H-77329,
H-82520
ITO S B-30814, C-19500, C-21855,
C-37463, 'C-47096
ITOHARA S A-52277
IVANOV, A E *G-10247
IVERSEN R E *B-43299, B-44838,
•B-52838
IVIE J O C-06397, "C-20540, *C-26396,
C-39871, *C-53987, *H-18770
IVIE, J O C-01313, C-01349, *C-05892,
C-07763, *C-11779, H-06459, H-07255
IVOS J *E-37013, *E-37639
IWAHASHI I A-52277
IWANAGA T *H-74588
IWASAKI M H-74459
IXFELD H C-27962, 'C-29426
IZUMI S D-77512
JACKSON J JR 'B-43863
JACKSON M L *C-44881
JACKSON W A C-24114
JACOB K D 'A-44681
JACOBS M B C-24603
JACOBSON J S C-06398, *C-11691,
•C-25210, *C-28843, "H-20874,
H-32771, H-54710, 'H-67304
JACOBSON, J S C-00626, C-00636,
•C-00941, C-03503, *C-11041,
H-00631, H-00633, H-00920, H-00964,
"H-01506, H-02382
JACOT B H-28446
JACQUARD F H-16567
JAFFE J B-38299
JAHR J 'C-44083, G-84233
JAMES H A *H-68394
JAMRICH V *H-43663
JANETZKY J E-44277
JANOVICOVA J A-06241, H-25661
JANSEN P *A-47410, *E-59234
JARRAULT P K-68582
JELNITSCHNYCH L N G-37139
JENKINS G N G-28556
JENKINS T F A-49738
JENSEN R M 'A-22973
JESENAK V *C-69668
JEWELL J P *B-22484
JEWELL, J P *B-02962
JINNO K G-81181
JOBA, E L 1-00695
JOHNSON F B-28889, C-26909,
*H-18704, H-26691
JOHNSON L D A-69353, A-79774
JOHNSON, F A *C-08077
JOHNSON, H *H-12045
JOHNSTON J W L-57270
JOHNSTONE H F *A-28038
JOLLY S S G-28556
JONES C M G^f3896
JONES LHP "H-60760, "H-69800
JONES T M B-24117
JONES W E F-81069
JONES, C H C-04458
JONKE A A B-18830, B-75387
JORDAN S A-47410, E-59234
JORDAN W VON *B-04794
JOVER, A G-07344
JUERGING P 'G-57299
JUNG E 'H-32344
JUNGERS R H C-53523
JUST J *A-47954
K
KAAIJK J "C-69526, *C 69675
KAAIJK L "C-59049
KADOTA M C-50093, 'H-35964, H-40899,
H-50503, H-84545
KAGAWA H A-52277, A-58334
KAHL S 'H-61000
KAHLERT E *C-18283
KAHNWALD H B-42172
KAISER E R A-31529
KAJI S D-28771
KAJIKAWA M A-58370
KAJITANI E *B-37809
KAKUNAN T *K-46081
KALFADELIS C D *B-75204
KALIVODOVA E H-32672
KALMON B *A-79043, *A-81916
KAMIYA A D-51929
KAMMHOLZ H *B-74480
KANAMARU G *A-52664
KANAZAWA A C-48315, D-48791
KANEDA K C-21806, C-28530, C-28738,
*C-33711, D-66083, G-62177, *H-48556
KANEMATSU S *B-61935, *B-65640,
*B-66624
KANGAS J *B-32461
KANTNER A *B-49979
KARBE K 'B-22598
KARBE, K *A-12631
KASPAROV A A *C-37799
KASSEBEER G 'C-55858
KATARI V *A-75089
KATO K "K-44377
KATO T D-51929
KATS V M B-41932
KATZ M A-08882, C-27294, 'C-30840,
*C-43672, *C-43979, *C-43981,
*C-43985, *C-43986, *D-42760,
•H-08884, *L-17614
KAUDY J C *H-20573
KAUFFMANN H *B-44716
KAUROV P I 'A-68807
KAUTZ K A-50013, A-52741, A-53295,
*A-76638, *A-81343
KAVANAGH D C-24331
KAWABATA R G-81181
KAWAGUCHI T *C-29966
KAWAI K G-45683
KAWAI M 'B-47054
KAWAKAMI W A-52277
KAWAMOTO H "L-30620
KAWANO Y A-49617
KAWARADA Y G-56959, H-49434,
H-76901
KAWARARYA T *B-60075
KAWASAKI G *A-58402, 'B-58380,
C-12451
KAWASE Z B-30814, B-48879, *B-53868,
C-50470
KAY C E 'H-80535
KAY E 'H-58507
KAYAMA T *B-53867
KAYDALOV I V B-38775
KAYE S C-41489
KAZAKOVA S B B-37745
KAZANTSEVA E N »H-22496, *H-26978
KE P J *C-57781
KEINJTZ H "C-39719
KEITH J R A-68912
KEITZ E L K-68224
KELENFFY S D-32666
KELLER T H-46719, "H-55654, *H-58506,
•H-60957, 'H-60961, 'H-73518
KELLEY J A *B-68201
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
531
KELLNER K H "C-68944
KELSO F S "C-23518
KELSO G *A-12587
KEMMER F N "B-47677
KEMNITZ, D A C-05317
KENDRICK, J B JR *H-05724
KENNEDY E D "C-11678
KENNEWEG H "C-56865
KEPLINGER M L *G-21455
KEPLINGER, M L "C-07719, *G-07917,
•G-08031
KERBY, G R G-08702
KERIN D "H-35880, *H-50959
KERSTING W B-49979
KERTESZNE M S D-32666
KERTESZNE SARINGER M L-76397
KESSEL MAN P M *F-21632
KESY DABROWSKA I C-56244
KETTNER H 'G-71617
KEVENY M H-78956
KHNYGIN V L »A-26329
KHOLIN B G 'B-37115
KHUDOLEY I P B-37745
KIELBACK A W *B-16%2
KIKUCHI K C-618%, C-68229, H-54066
KILL1CK C M *C-34125, C-34126
KIMOTO T 'C-20650
KIMURA I 'G-56959, *G-74822, H-49434,
H-76901, H-7%33
KIMURA K C-12451
KIMURA T H-77390, H-77391
KINEBUCHI H G-30183
KING C R B-12127
KING E A-80507
KING W R 'A-75146, *A-76459, *A-77993
KIRILCUKOVA V A-06241
KIRILCUKOVA, V G-10203
KIRIY V G C-37799
KIROV N Y *B-80950
KIRSCH H A-50013, A-52741, A-53295,
A-61800, A-76638, *A~80994, A-81343
KISHKAREV V A B-80356
KISS I *A-17883
KISSER J H-16092, »H-32343, *H-39466
KISSER,! H-U650
KISTERS T *B-64696, *B-78814
KISTIAKOWSKY G B *F-25636
KITA H 'G-61146
KITAGAWA Y *D-50550
KITANO T "B-30814
KIUCHI M B-71412
KIYOKATSU M G-49271
KLEINBERG, S *I-00085
KLEINFELD, M »G-00165
KLEINMAN G B-26674
KLEWSKA A H-61000
KLIMECEK R *B-41378
KLYUSHKIN V P A-42731
KMENT A H-48167, H-48193, H-65103,
H-68770
KNABE W A-1361J, «H-18507, 'H-25099,
*H-32516, 'H-42954, "H-54297,
•H-56885
KNAPP K T C-83442
KNAPP L L 'B-19487
KNAUER A D-31396
KNOP W 'A-17344, 'A-17471
KNOSEL H H-18271
KOBAYASHI G "L-37747
KOBAYASHI H *B-59679
KOBAYASHI M *E-33579
KOBAYASHI Y B-70659, *C-84213
KODOTA M "H-84557
KOEHLER A *D-19966
KOEHLER F A A-79043
KOELLING W B-69528
KOETHE K *B-51755
KOGAI M K "C-61851
KOIZUMI M *A-29532
KOLESNIKOV S A B-37115
KOLESNIKOVA T KH E-29910
KOMLEV A A B-38188
KONDO S B-82032
KONNO N *C-29467, G-56934, G-56959,
G-74822, G-74823
KONO H C-48315, D-48791
KONO Y *M-68522
KONOPKA A P *B-46050
KONOVALOV G S *E-29910
KONTRISOVA O H-57716
KOOGLER J B C-60339
KOPP C H-18269, H-18272, H-53376,
•H-76297
KOPPE R K C-22879, C-24279, C-24399,
D-23760, H-24566
KOPPE, R K C-03550
KOPPEL L B B-18830
KORTE F C-58278
KORTUS J G-14126
KOSHI, K *G-04734
KOSINKSI K C-20595
KOSINSKI K C-20030
KOSTERS J J C-79843
KOSTOLANSKA A 'H-32673
KOSTYUCHENKO V A G-52I47,
G-72083
KOSYUKINA Z T H-84484
KOTLYAREVSKIY P A F-21632
KOTTE W *H~23874
KOVYGIN G F *E-62869
KOWALSKI W *A-84479
KOYAMA D A-28652
KOYAMA M C-32534
KOYAMA T H-29443, H-29597
KOZAKOVA L M B-23310
KOZIMA Y 'B-52445
KOZLOV V A *B-26279
KRAFT G *B-38445
KRAMER H P C-23518
KRAUSHAAR J J C-68559
KRECHNIAK J G-52557
KREMER H *A-61154
KREUCH D B-44716
KREY P W *E-77970
KRICHEVSKAYA E L B-13771, F-15927
KRICHEVSKAYA YE L B-23310
KRIJT G D E-78943
KRUEGER E "H-27021
KUBEC Z *C-33632
KUBO K C-12451
KUBO Y C-12451
KUBONO R "C-80935
KUBOTA T 'A-61570
KUCZYNSKI, E R "C-05078
KUDRNA J *A-49852
KUEHNERT M *G-50161, *H-25366
KUELSKE S *E-59075
KULUJIAN N *A-09692, *A-09694
KUNIDA H G-38942, G-47906, G-49607,
H-49434, H-76901
KUNITA H G-49271, G-76902, H-52096
KUO W L B-47086
KUPCHIK G J C-27294
KURIAN P C 'B-81772
KURIBAYA S "H-40899
KURIBAYASHI S H-21194, *H-50163,
•H-83145, *H-84089, *H-84541,
•H-84545
KURKER, C JR B-07552
KURODA S G-40920, G-47905, G-48636,
G-48637, G-49164
KUROKAWA Y G-81181
KUSSY M E C-24546
KUSTOV V V G-68583
KUSUMOTO M C-12451, *C-29220
KUTSYSHIN M A B-47821
KUZMINATA *C-46784, C-73471,
»C-76030
KVANDE H A-49886, A-55407
L
LAAMANEN, A G-01794, G-07098
LAGARIAS, J S A-02019
LAGOMARSINO R J E-77970
LAHMANN E 'D-22348, *D-22359,
•D-50690, *D-60574, *D-63186
LAHMANN, E 'C-02681, 'C-11574
LAIDLAW S I A 'G-18987
LAMBERT J L C-26259
LAMBORN, R E G-04849
LANCOUR J B *C-82650, C-84463
LANDBRECHT J C-68944
LANDSBERG H E *E-72995
LARGENT E J C-44596, *G-26461,
G-28556, *G-44589, *G-44590,
*G-44593, *G-44594, *G-44597,
*H-38417, *H-44595, *L-44598
LARGENT, E J *G-04983
LARSEN A A H-32736
LARSON G P *B-25590
LARSON R E D-33017
LATEY N G «B-81773
LAUFHUETTE D W A-76638, A-81343
LAYSSOL, M G-07344
LE TOURNEAU D H-52306
LEBEDEV YU D *K-28466
LEBETSEDER J "H-65103
LEBLANC F "H-36883, H-48403,
•H-60690
LECHEMINANT, W H G-04849
LEDBETTER, M C "H-04683
LEDER L B-38082
LEE R E JR C-53523, *C-69765, *D-58218
LEE, C J "H-00788
LEGGETT D C A-49738
LEHMDEN D J V *C-53523
LEIBETSEDER J *H-48167, *H-48193,
*H-68770
LEITHE W *C-30014, *H-18319
LEITHE, W 'C-06962
LELOCZKY M 'G-33766, *G-44362
LEMMENS, A G H-10150
LEMMONS, A I H-02382
LEMOINE R *C-44689
LENC J F B-75387
LEONARD C D *H-35578, "H-44345
LEONARD D C H-37403
LEONARD, C D G-01674
LEONE I H-14968, H-42958
LEONE I A 'H-12155, *H-26717
LEONE N C G-25946, G-28556, H-04850
LEONE, I A H-01800, *H-03873,
•H-06557
LESOURD D A 'J-30696
LESS L N *A-44605, *H-79129
LESTER, D *G-01047
LEVAGGI D A »C-12760, 'C-27341,
C-41491
LEVIN G M *B-47821
LEVKOV E G A-42731
LEVKOV YE G C-41064
LEVKOVA A S A-42731, C-41064
LEWIS H T JR B-24117
LEWIS J S JR B-37914
LEWIS L L C-24008
LEWIS V A-79567
LEWIS, C E *G-08702
LEZOVICJ 'H-13203
LHOSTE A M H-83082
LIANG T "H-67457
LIBERMAN J H-04850
-------
532
LIBERTI A "C-25223, *C-37579, *C-83495
LIDEN K C-11626
LIEBENOW H *H-35877
LIEBIO G F H-20573, H-27030
LIEGOIS, F 'H-U469
LIGEON E H-62597, H-63167
LIHOU D A 'B-67846
LIIV R C-45802
LIMANSKII V A A-42731
LIMANSKIY V A C-41064
LINDAU G H-36742
LINDBERG G *B-25195
LINDBERG W 'D-33309
LINDBERG Z Y *G-41684
LINDBERG Z YA *G-33509, »G-33510,
'G-33511
LINDBERG, Z Y *G-06675
LINDE H W *G-24720
LINZON S N *H-25499, 'H-67056
LIPKOVA V G-62596
LISICKY M 'H-58381
LIVKE T N A-63661
LIYV R 'C-74354
LOBOS J S 'B-42458
LOCATI G G-14319
LOCH T A *A-76122
LOCHER F W *A-37752
LOEWA O "L-46561
LOHS K *G-26274
LOOMIS R C H-76715
LORDS J L H-17970
LORENZ D A-80507
LOUW C W H-56625
LOVELACE C J H-42907
LOVELACE, C J "H-07046, 'H-07047
LOVELACE, J *H-02516
LOVELOCK J E 'E-29023
LUBORE S H K-69550
LUCAS R C-45344
LUCKAT S '1-52320, 1-56143, *I-63871,
*I-73616
LUDWIG C B *C-79842, *F-62189
LUDWIG J W 'L-24122
LUDWIG T G G-28556
LUESCHER E L-40889
LUIGA P *C-45802, *C-56572
LUIS P *C-15355
LUKEY M E 'A-45858
LUNDE K E *B-15813
LUSK W D B-45078, J-39910
LUX H *B-30276, 'J-38409
LUXON S G *A-31134
LUXON, S G *A-06371
LUY, P H-12533
LUYGA P C-74354
LYLES G R C-20778
M
MACDONALD H E 'A-13699
MACEWEN J D »G-30841, *G-71948,
•G-72961
MACINTIRE W H *D-24717, "H-24282,
*H-24362, *H-38404
MACLEAN D C H-15213, 'H-17109,
•H-25273, *H-26916, H-32771,
H-34121, H-39986, *H-46051,
•H-56240, 'H-56515
MACLEAN D I F-59528
MACLEAN, D C H-02382, 'H-06404
MACUCH P 'D-13838, G-13700, *G-14126
MACUCH, P *A-06241
MADSEN M A H-17620
MAEDA S C-12451
MAEDA T D-50550
MAENO M 'H-41904, 'H-41983, 'H-52102
MAGEE E M *A-59257, A-73078, B-75204
MAHLER E A J 'L-39306
MAIEROVA E C-33632
MAIRA S K A-60283
MAISTRUK, P N A-04068
MAJOR J L C-25180
MAKING S *G-61467
MAKO M H-70279
MALKMUS W F-62189
MALTE P C *E-43855
MALTS V S B-38874
MALTSEVA I M B-32384
MALYSHEVA YE A B-37745
MAMMARELLA L *A-23865, '1-24308
MANABE T H-74459
MANAKIN G A B-13771, B-23310,
F-15927
MANCIN1 J F H-21000, H-56241,
H-56521
MANDL R H C-25180, C-74234, H-17109,
H-32771, H-46051, H-54710, *H-78956
MANDL, R C-11041
MANDL, R H C-00626, 'C-00636,
C-03503, H-00964, H-06404
MANGELSON, F L G-04849
MANGOLD C A 'G-28139
MANIWA T A-52277
MANKOVSKA B 'H-77377
MANNING W J 'H-80575
MANTHAPURWAR N S A-60283
MANTLE E C 'B-70428
MARCHENKO, E N 'A-08486
MARCUJA P A-30517
MARIER J R 'A-39587, 'G-19055,
'G-28037, 'G-67325, 'N-52010
MARJANOVIC L E-37013
MARJANOVIC L J E-37639
MARSH R K H-45663
MARSH, D *F-02517
MARSHALL B S 'C-16801, 'C-21730
MARSHALL H L A-44681
MARSLAND A H-70607
MARTENS H H C-73127
MARTIN A E G-28556, 'G-39494,
'G-43896
MARTIN J F 'H-16567
MARTIN, W J 'D-01872
MARUYAMA M D-71348, E-49433
MASCINI M C-25223, 'C-30793, C-37579
MASEK J H-23624
MASHITA T *B-33971
MASIRONI R 'G-36723
MASSEY L M 'H-38419
MASSONNE J 'B-38593
MASUI T H-74459
MASUI Y H-83723
MASUJIMA H 'H-84651
MATERNA J 'H-60913
MATHE P 'D-37607
MATSUDA N 'B-19210
MATSUDA S A-28652, H-29443, H-29597
MATSUI T A-52664, 'H-82498, *H-84548
MATSUMARU T 'H-79586
MATSUMOTO H B-33918
MATSUMURA T C-12451
MATSUOKA Y 'H-58941, *H-64758,
H-79586
MATSUSHIMA J 'H-33716, *H-52409,
'H-54910
MATSUURA A B-36475, D-28771
MATSUURA K G-47906
MATTHEWS J M C-23518
MATTSSON S C-11626
MATZEK N E C-24279
MAURI C A-13701, G-13215
MAVRODINEANU R *F-04768
MAVRODINEANU, R C-04685, 'C-04686,
'C-04687, 'C-04689, 'C-04690,
'C-04691. 'C-04692, C-04757,
H-04683, 'H-04688
MAY R G-24126
MAYER J D-13838, D-14066, G-14126,
H-23579
MAYER, Y D-07579
MAYHEW D J D-23760, H-24566
MAYSTRUK P N A-17076
MAYUMI H H-79972, H-79973, H-79974,
H-84048
MAYUMI Y 'H-83885
MAZIARKA S C-20030, C-20595
MAZLIAK P 'G-80197
MAZUMDAR A H 'B-45707
MCBRIDE J J JR H-53370
MCCABE L C *B-24116, 'B-24333,
'C-24118
MCCALDIN R O 'C-22517, 'F-52013
MCCALDIN, R O 'C-03527
MCCANN C R *B-33554
MCCANN H G 'G-26743
MCCARTY C P 'C-24886, C-26400
MCCAUSLAND E D H-32736
MCCLAIN R S 'B-32963
MCCOLLOCH R C H-20573, H-27030
MCCUNE D C C-06398, H-17109,
H-19656, H-20874, 'H-21000,
'H-25230, H-27006, H-27526,
'H-29616, 'H-30234, H-32771,
'H-38343, H-46051, H-56240,
'H-56241, H-56521, 'H-65558,
'H-76451, *K-13173, 'K-26738,
*K-67267
MCCUNE, D C C-00626, C-00636,
C-00941, C-04691, 'H-00631, H-00633,
'H-00920, H-00964, 'H-00979,
H-01506, H-02382, H-06404
MCCUTCHEN G D 'K-79255
MCDOWELL C A 'F-80516
MCDOWELL L L H-19124
MCFEE D R 'G-52638
MCGEER J P B-42458
MCGREGOR A H-79129
MCHENRY C R 'D-24801
MCKEE, S B A-03450
MCKENNA F E 'C-25615, 'C-25616,
'C-25617
MCKENZIE D R H-24362
MCLAUGHLIN S B JR 'H-78058
MCLEAN W J 'C-31827
MCLEOD J 'B-41418
MCMACKIN J J A-33853
MCMANUS T *L-80894
MCMULLEN T B C-12334, D-17986,
D-24736, D-52575
MCNULTY I B 'H-17970, 'H-21500,
•H-26800
MEADOR M C B-12465, 'C-23162
MEADOWS E H JR C-60339
MECKSTROTH E A C-41489
MEGLEN R R C-68559
MEHTA P 'B-70840
MEIN W W JR 'L-25642
MELLENTHIN W M H-19124, H-19358,
H-22084, H-22085, H-22092
MENIN G 'B-46086
MENKE K H H-24330
MENZANI, C H-12529
MERRILL M H JR 'H-03766
MERRIMAN, G M 'H-05421, 'H-06353,
H-06354
MERZ W H-23214
MESTITZOVA M 'K-41266, 'K-41267,
•K-41295
MICHIYAMA T A-52277
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
533
MIDDLETON J T *H-17749, «N-20040
MIDDLETON, J T H-00737, 'H-01809,
*H-03611, "H-03612, "H-03613,
*H-03616, H-05342, H-05724,
•K-07605
MIESSNER H 'G-67440
MIESSNER, H *G-11467
MIGUERES, J *G-07344
MIKAMI E G-79796, H-74721, H-82146
MILHAUD G H-13159
MILIC D H-32291
MILLECAN A A *J-43002
MILLER C J J-44672, J-67865
MILLER D R 'B-75138
MILLER G W C-20701, *C-25441,
H-14121, H-15404, H-39363, H-42907,
•H-56213, H-62548
MILLER J L C-20778
MILLER K W F-19175
MILLER L E C-32966
MILLER V L B-28889, «C-26909,
H-18704, "H-22887, "H-26691
MILLER, G W H-00788, H-02516,
*H-04918, H-05398, H-05399, H-07046,
H-07047, H-12032
MILLER, L E C-07860
MILLER, R H F-04674
MILLIMAN G E B-75204
MINAKAMI E H-71098
MINAKAMI M *B-36475, B-37164,
C-84182
MINER, M L H-01092, H-04923
MINOGUCHIG G-28556
MISIAKIEWICZ Z C-20030, C-20595
MITCHELL D S B-38299
MITRA S K 'A-60281
MITSUI T B-38504, B-73175
MITSUKI I A-61564
MIYAI J C-37515
MIYAJIMA K "C-60419
MIYAMOTO A G-61467
MIYAMOTO T H-80083
MIYAZAKI Y *B-50435
MIZOBUCHI T D-50744
MIZUKAMI K B-48879
MIZUKAMI M D-28771
MIZUTANI H 'D-51929
MIZUTANI M «I-23108
MOACALU T H-74626
MOCHIDA M *H-83182
MOESE J R 'G-12987, 'G-14477
MOHAMED A H "G-25160, "H-13247,
•H-16900, «H-19863, "H-29010
MOHAMED, A H "H-03729, "H-06413,
•H-06681
MOHANRAO C J »B-63474
MOLL W 'A-47048
MOLYNEUX F *B-17485, *B-21034
MONDEN M 'H-32714
MONTERIOLO S C "C-30958, *C-41624
MONTURIOL J M *G-84137
MOOI J *H-46557
MOREAU, G G-07344
MOREY R J A-50242
MORGAN G B *A-23561, "C-12334,
D-24736, "L-33495
MORGUNOVA E M *B-80863
MORI M C-21855, C-26952, C-28530,
•C-37463, C-37515, "C-73349
MORIK J *D-17102, "D-32666
MORIKAWA M H-79586
MORIKAWA Y C-29467
MORISHITA Y C-12451
MORITA H C-37463, C-73349, C-80935
MOROZOVA, N M C-10632
MORRIS G O *B-67217
MORTENSON, F N "C-01793
MORTZFELDT K A-55407
MOSENDZ S A A-81169
MOSENDZ, S A A-11916
MOSER E *C-29738, 'C-64090, H-19539
MOSER, E B-04368
MOTZFELDT K A-49886
MOURA J D *H-52306
MOYER D T C-20540
MRKVA R H-56874
MUELLER L B-51755
MUELLER R F *F-20932
MUELLER U A-56192
MUHLER J C G-28556
MUHLRAD W *B-52172, *B-63784
MUNSHOWER F F *H-65179
MURAKAMI K C-12451
MURAKAMI M H-49434, H-76901
MURANUSHI A B-71472
MURCRAY D G C-79843
MURCRAY F H C-79843
MURRMANN R P A-49738
MYOJO S G-81181
N
NABESHIMA Y G-81181
NAGATA M C-12451
NAGEL, H B-10618
NAKAAKI K G-50419
NAKAGAWA H C-28530
NAKAGAWA Y A-28652, *A-61564,
B-37164, *D-28771, *D-49260,
"H-29443, *H-29597
NAKAJIMA Y *H-84551, "H-84553
NAKAMORI I H-76838
NAKAMURA A *H-59327
NAKAMURA I G-79619, *G-79623
NAKAMURA J T C-73127
NAKAMURA K 'A-31935, *C-74221
NAKAMURA T H-23988
NAKAMURA Y B-52445
NAKAMURA, J T 'C-06494
NAKANO M "H-77391
NAKANO W D-36806
NAKAO M A-84542, *H-77390, "H-83258
NAKAO S 'C-84209
NAKASHIMA Y *H-42086
NAKAYA S G-68520, «G-71324, 'G-74380,
»G-79634, G-81018, H-79633, H-79635
NAKAYA T 'B-70658
NAKAYAMA M *I-58585
NAKAZAWA A 'C-26121
NAKAZAWA Y *D-71348, E-49433
NAOI Y *B-48480
NAOUM M M C-69668
NAPIER D H *G-79848
NARDOZZI M J "C-24008
NARITA K B-28786
NARITA T D-77512
NAROZNY, J "H-12538
NASH T H III "H-67348
NASR T A "H-55066
NASU Y D-58427, D-71362
NAUGHTON J J 'A-79567
NAVARA J "H-24787, *H-28409, 'H-46923
NAVARA Y *H-34880
NAVRATIL J D *B-12288
NEDOGIBCHENKO M K K-28466
NELSON K W 'A-30447
NELSON L B *B-36405
NERIHAYA F 'B-64898
NESTAAS I *C-49476
NETZER W D *B-50652
NEULICHT R M 'A-12749
NEURY G H-28446
NEURY J H-32536
NEUSTEIN S A 'H-40472
NEWELL G W H-27907, *H-27923
NEWELL, G W H-05612
NEWMAN D J B-54799, B-69131
NEWMAN D W H-21500, H-26800
NEWMAN J R *G-80857
NICHOL A A "C-26400
NICHOLLS J A E-43855
NICHOLS P N R *C-17092
NICHOLS, C W H-05342
NICK, M S G-01426
NIEHAUS F A-48116
NIELSEN H M *C-26744, *C-27927,
H-25735
NIELSEN J P *C-27330, H-35613
NIELSEN S W »H-42857
NIELSEN, H M G-04849, H-04919,
H-04924, H-05004
NIIDA S B-37809
NIKIFOROVA V Y G-72083
NIKOLAEVSKIY V N 'H-27091
NIKOLAYEVSKIY V S *H-36159
NIKOLOYEVSKIY V S H-75027
NISHI Y H-82498, H-84548
NISHIMURA H *G-57701
NIWA T A-58370
NIX T B «B-58993, *B-82918
NOBLE W *H-21364
NOBLE, W M *H-05485
NORO, L G-01794, *G-07098
NOVAKOVA E 'G-24392
NOVIKOV A A B-58632
NOVIKOV A I *B-80356
NUCCIOTTI F *C-84471
NUERY C H-24395
NULL H R B-75138
NUNO Y G-81181
NUSBAUM H *C-43234
NYHOLM E B-32461
O
O CONNOR G V *B-44793
O DONNELL, T A C-09560
OBE G *G-54968
OBERHOLTZER J E C-60951
OBERLIN J C H-62597
OCHIAI R A-52277
ODATE Y C-84182
ODEHNAL M B-18536
OELSCHLAEGER W C-18264, *F-14907,
*G^J7807, H-18270, *H-24330,
H-30142, 'H-31208, 'H-35992,
*H-37567, 'H-49316, *H-64427
OELSCHLAGER W A-69039, *H-44295
OELSCHLAGER, W *A-02988
OELSHLAEGER W 'H-19539
OGAWA I B-36475, B-37164, D-28771
OGAWA S H-42086
OGIHARA T 'C-44253
OGIMA I G-40920, G-47905, G-48636,
G-48637
OGINO H C-21855, C-37463, C-37515
OGUROK D D C-79835
OHASHI M C-77492
OHKITA T *C-53876
OHMICHI S "C-84214
OHNO C C-50876
OHNO H D-77512
OHNO S «C-50093
OKABE Y C-73349
OKI K G-45683
OKITA T C-12451, *C-21806, 'C-26952,
•C-28530, 'C-28738, "C-37515,
•C-40409, 'C-48674, *D-66083
OKUMURA E 'B-33918
OLIVO R A-13701, G-13215
OLSCHOWY G *N-51942
-------
534
OLSON A E H-28258, H-49704
OLSON R E 'J-32706, J-43547, J-44672
OLSON, L E G-04849, H-05004
ONICHI S *C-19500
ONISHI T G-81181
ONO S H-50503, H-50505
OONO T A-72125
OOTE S B-36475, 'B-37164
OPIE W R *B-58879
OPITZ D A-37752
ORDIN L "H-05744
ORDIN, L 'G-01728, "H-00654
ORDONEZ B R *G-49756
ORNING A A B-33554
ORTEGA TORRES J 'N-49170
OSHINA T G-38106, G-40920, G-47905,
G-48636, G-48637, G-49164, 'G-62177,
•H-58777
OSTERLI V P "H-26092, »H-26158
OSWIN H G C-16109
OTEY M G 'B-56064
OTLOWSKI, G J *A-07650
OTT R C-45802, C-74354
OTT, R R * A-05601
OTTAWAY J M 'C-82552
OWEN J E B-12127
OYUNG W C-12760
OZAKI K *G-81181
OZOLINS G A-23561, L-33495
PACCAGNELLA B 'D-23392
PACK M R C-25487, *C-28285, 'H-09683,
H-16245, H-16387, 'H-19657, H-21687,
H-26711, *H-27805, 'H-31448,
•H-81495
PACK, M R 'C-00126, 'C-04038,
•C-04540, 'H-02200, 'H-08513
PAILHIEZ A B-32712
PAKULAK M S A-50242
PAL D H-37792
PAL G H-66798
PALM C S C-80259
PALM E W "H-25865, 'H-65928
PALUCH J 'G-51473, *H-33906
PAMPUCH KARSKA, K C-00450
PANEK A F B-75387
PANEL A E B-77838
PANESKO J V *B-47186
PANtN K P "C-32450
PANTELYAT G S B-47821
PANYCHEVA E N G-52147
PAREKH R 'B-76512
PARISH W R B-69965
PARSONS R L C-27933
PARSONS W D G-37791
PARTS I. 'C-69152
PARTSEF D P 'B-45380
PAULUS H J *B-36532
PAULUS, A O H-03613, H-05724
PAVLOVIC, R A 'H-12540
PEDIGO W R 'B-12127
PELL E J 'H-70984, 'J-55161
PELLA P A 'C-79389
PELLISSIER M "H-51109
PENNELL E E C-11678
PENOT M H-80536
PEPE A C-30958, C-41624
PEREGUD YE A 'C-46303
PERIN G 'D-21419
PERRINE R L 'A-26254, «B-26911
PERRY K M A G-15040
PETERS E T 'C-60951
PETERSON P J "H-52397
PETINA A A 'G-32601, G-45055
PETROVA G D-47982
PETSCHL, G C-06962
PETTIT A B 'B-43533
PFAFF R O 'A-05139, 'A-05140
PFEFFER A *H-41482
PFEFFERLE K H B-42078
PHILLIPPO K A G-16916
PHILLIPS P H "H-26742, *H-38407,
'H-67453
PHILLIPS, D »F-02337
PHILLIPS, P H 'H-04997
PICCOLI C D-21419
PIKKOV V C-74354
PIKUL R P K-69550
PILAT M J B-25I35
PILET P E *G-84236, 'H-28427
PIRILA, V 'G-01794, G-07098
PISKORNIK Z 'H-41189, H-49644
PITAK O "C-57079
PIZARRO A C H-47385
PLAGNAT F 'H-39684
PLATT C B-36532
PLOTKO E G G-32605, G-32606, G-33561,
G-41685, G-41686, 'G-52147, G-72083
POCHASHEV E N G-72083
POCHASHEV Y N G-66668
POKHODNYA I K *A-53955
POLHEMUS J 'A-79280
POLLANSCHUETZ J *H-26175
POLLEY D C-26909
POLYKOVSKAYA N A G-32605,
G-32606
POLYKOVSKAYA, N A C-10632
POOVAIAH B W "H-16894, 'H-22499,
*H-64588
POPELKOVSKAYA M V C-51551
POPESCU C »N-14783
POPPE, W H C-07710
PORTEOUS A 'A-34334
PORTER, C A C-04691
PORTS K N A-19400
POSNER A S 'F-26990
POSTHUMUS A C E-76047
POULOS, N A 'C-06983
POWELL W A *C-24124
PRAGER M 3 C-18696
PREDIKANT H H 'B-37509, «B-53620,
•B-54310
PRESCHER K E D-22348
PREUSS P W 'H-59198
PREUSS, P H-02382
PREUSS, P W 'H-10150
PRICE S J W A-80238
PRINDLE, R A *A-00375
PRINZ B 'C-25474, *C-72017, 'H-84290
PRFVAL M J *G-52764
PROZOROVSKAYA I V B-45380
PRYMAK A V C-65118
PSENAK M H-56213, H-62548
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 'D-09590,
*L-0%77
PUHR WESTERHEIDE H «B-67700
PULLEN D R H-69162
PULLEY H »B^»1839, B-56064
PULSIFER H C G-16916
PURVANCE W T *B-23182
PUSHKIN I A C-36125
PUSTINGER J V C-69152
Q
QUARLES J 'B-56057, "K-66860,
•K-66916
QUELLMALZ E *D-25093, 'H-29736,
'H-30142
QUINCHE J P H-28446, H-32539,
•H-33606
QUINCHE P H-32536
R
RAAY A V 'H-32280
RABOVSKII, G V C-02565, C-04105
RADCZEWSKI O E "C-17098
RADELOFF H C-18230, C-33929,
*H-18226, H-23639, "H-24024
RADKE D *B-70537
RALEIGH R J H-17620
RALEIGH, R J H-04919
RAMAN V *A-60283
RAMKUMAR G A-60283
RAMM V M B-32384
RAND A W D-52811
RAND W E H-27907, 'H-28031, H-28035
RANFFT K 'C-60010
RANFT H H-48798, H-64166, H-69966
RAO D N H-36883, *H-37792, H-60690
RAPKO A *B-18641
RASCH R 'A-50381, 'B-74483
RASTAS J B-32461
RATCLIFFE D B 'C-30007
RAWLINGS G D *B-84418
REARDON J E F-62189
RECHENBERG W *C-46443
RECKNER L R C-66753
REED D J G-12403, H-16617, H-57859
REED, D J G-01096, *G-08030
REGIER L W C-57781
REH L B-48814, B-64506, B-81995
REHN K H H-64166, H-69966
REICHERT J G-54302
REIDT M J 1-40833
REIMER H 'A-37562, »B-56078
REIN J E C-24546
REINERT R A "H-79338
REINHARD H 'H-23580
REISSMANN H 'B-8I256
REITER N F *B-42S91
REITHER K *B-66592
REMMERT L F H-19124, H-19358,
H-22084, H-22085, H-22092, H-26718
RENZANIGO F 'D-40896
REPENKOVA T G B-58632
REPORT OF A SURVEY ON F.NV
•D-31371
RESCH W C-28374, C-29887
RESHE7NIKOVA L Y F-68048
REUSMANN G *C-21156, C-37350,
'H-50729
REX, R C-04405
REYBROUCK G A-72133
REYNOLDS D S A-44681
REYNOLDS J M A-08116, A-12749
REZEK A E-37013, E-37639
RHOADS A F 'H-80493
RHODES D W 'B-55180
RICCA, P M *A-00640
RICHARDS B L 'H-27303, H-33468
RICHARDS, B L C-05892
RICHARDSON J D G-15040
RICHEY E P D-23760
RICHTER F 'B-45004
RINCKHOFF J B 'B-69965
RIPPEL A A-17116, G-13700, G-14112,
G-19880, 'H-20872, 'H-25661,
•H-37480, 'H-39159
RISTINEN R A C-68559
RISTO A »D-78442
RITCHER P O H-19124
ROARK O F H-15213
ROBAK H 'H-32286, "H-52705
ROBBINS M L »H-72762
ROBBINS, W R H-03873
ROBINSON E C-24886, *C-28251
ROBINSON J M "B-45078, 'J-39910
ROBINSON, F R 'G-11000
ROBSON C D D-26086
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
535
RODE W C-77427
RODIN V I B-58632
ROE J W 'A-27930
ROENICKE G *D-29040
ROHMEDER E "H-18267, 'H-23214,
•H-24064, "H-28802
ROHOLM K 'G-39219
ROM J J *A-08116
RONZANI E 'G-57024
ROOK J F A-21380
ROOT R E G-33505
ROOTH R 'B-52179, *C-52206
ROSANO H L C-44933
ROSE D G-28037, G-67325
ROSE W I A-49738
ROSE W I JR A-43403
ROSE, G *A-08816
ROSENBERGER G *H-18268
ROSENZWEIG K A 'G-28019
ROSLINSKI L M K-60887
ROSS C W *H-14121
ROSS R D 'B-49929
ROSS R W A-13353
ROSS W D C-69152
ROSS W K *B-49031
ROSS, J M "C-00260, C-00264, H-00187,
H-00265, H-00266
ROSS, R W A-12095
ROSSANO A T JR 'B-25135, C-35956
ROTHMAN, S C 'A-01687
ROULET M H-28474
ROUTSCHKA G *A-39635
ROUX M C-45344
ROUZAUD J F H-29991, H-46997
ROWDEN E 'A-17377
ROWLEY R J "C-27933, 'G-27755
RUCH J B *B-33191
RUDINSKY J A H-19124
RUDOLPH H C-38278, *C-68559
RUEDIGER K C-41063
RUIZ SALAZAR A *G-44867
RUIZ ZUBERO J G-84137
RUSH D 'B-44838
RUSH, R S C-04458
RUSHTON W E *B-26674
RUSSELL J C B-44838
RUSSELL W E *B-27835
RYABOV E A C-79835
RYAGUZOV V N 'B-38775
RYAN J R A-74586
RYAN K B-13676
RYAN, K B-10372
RYAZANOV V A "K-41682
RYDER E J *H-45533
RYDER R J 'A-33853
RYOMI H D-50550
SA A C-15355
SABO O B-18641
SADILOVA M S G-12282, 'G-32605,
•G-32606, 'G-33561, 'G-35670,
*G-41224, 'G-41685, 'G-41686,
•G-41687, "G-41688, *G-45055,
*G-72083
SADILOVA, M C 'G-10333
SADILOWA M S *G-37139
SAFONOV V N 'A-42731
SAID A H H-48167, H-48193, H-65103,
H-68770
SAIJO T A-81745
SAITO K *A-81745, 'D-50744, H-77390,
H-77391
SAKABE H *G-45683
SAKABE, H G-04734
SAKAI K *C-48492
SAKAI T C-77492
SAKAUCHI M C-20650
SAKURAI S D-58339, D-69744, G-49607,
G-56959, *G-68520, G-71324, G-74380,
G-74822, G-76902, G-79634, G-81018,
G-84531, H-65715, H-70357, "H-70745,
H-79633, *H-79635, *H-80064,
•H-84579
SAKURAI T B-47125
SALAZAR A R 'G-36751
SALLADAY D G B-81944
SALTZMAN B E "C-17128, "C-26707,
C-27294
SALTZMAN R L C-68086
SALYAMON G S *C-51551
SANDERSON D P B-42458
SANDERSON R T «F-13565
SANTAMARIA P A H-47385
SANTAMOUR F S JR H-45540
SANTY M J B-45078, J-39910
SARACENO A J B-42991
SARMA P L "C-24050
SASAKI K G-38942, G-49607, G-76902,
H-49434, H-76901
SATO A D-36806
SATO F A-52277
SATO H G-62177
SATO K *C-70638, »C-84182, G-38106,
G-40920
SATO Y G-56934, G-56959, 'G-64484,
G-74822, 'G-74823, G-79796, H-49434,
*H-49573, H-74721, H-76901, H-79633,
H-82146
SAUDA A G-45683
SAVILLE J M H-32736
SAWICKI E "C-67116
SAWYER B J-76213
SAWYER R F C-31827
SAYLOR J H C-24124
SCAIOLA G "L-25427
SCALA, L C C-04458
SCHACKMANN H "B-48811
SCHAEFER K 'C-38280
SCHAEFFER J B-37509, B-54310
SCHAETZLE P *D-73286
SCHAFER L J D-23845
SCHAFFNER, F G-11000
SCHALENKOWA I H-33906
SCHEDLING J A *D-28097
SCHELLMAN B 'G-80078
SCHELTEMA H B-41418
SCHIFF H F C-46034, C-51762
SCHIKARSKI W A-47410, E-59234
SCHLEICHER A R J-30696
SCHLERKA G H-48167, H-48193,
H-65103, H-68770
SCHLESINGER E R G-28556
SCHLIPKOETER H W 'G-31319
SCHMID H G-11945
SCHMID O 'B-42104
SCHMID W E H-13474
SCHMIDT A *B-47095
SCHMIDT E A-34096, 'A-36212,
"A-61183, *B-44121, 'B-55678,
*B-56591
SCHMIDT H J "H-27907, H-27923,
H-28031, *H-28035
SCHMITT C R *A-48572
SCHMITT H 'B-18699
SCHMITT N "H-32736
SCHMITT, H 'B-04368
SCHMITZ DUMONT W *H-39932
SCHNEIDER D C H-25273
SCHNEIDER E J C-23546, C-23547,
C-68086
SCHNEIDER R E H-15213, H-25273,
H-26916, *H-34121, *H-39986,
H-56240, H-56515
SCHNEIDER T »E-76047
SCHNEIDER W 'A-52508, *A-54622,
C-18283, *C-27130
SCHNEIDER, W "C-11915, *D-10619,
*H-04816
SCHNETZER H L "H-40460
SCHOECK V E *B-55046
SCHOEFFMANN, E C-11915
SCHOENBECH H "H-46721
SCHOENBECK H "H-20476, *H-21422
SCHOENBORN A H-18267
SCHOENBORN A V H-23214
SCHOENMAKER O D *A-64926
SCHOFFMANN E C-27130
SCHOLL G C-38278, H-21422, "H-30297,
*H-36994, *H-59947, 'H-67480
SCHONBORN A V H-24064, H-28802
SCHORN G *G-55517
SCHREIBER M *J-29923
SCHRENK H H 'G-18785
SCHUCHT F 'H-45467
SCHUENEMAN, J J A-03450
SCHULTE H J "K-60180
SCHULTHEIS W B-69528
SCHULTZ H *A-57231
SCHULZE E *A-51137
SCHUMACHER H J F-16370, F-32952
SCHUMACHER R L-40889
SCHUURSMA M J N *A-28282
SCHWAGER H H-46719
SCHWARTZ W *B-48805
SCHWARZ K *A-29519
SCHWEGMANN J C 'B-38082
SCHWENDIMAN L C L-57270
SCOTT J K G-33276, G-33505, G-33872
SEARL T D B-75204
SEEBACH, H M A-09541
SEIDMAN, G 'H-02537
SEKI T D-77512
SEKIUCHI T *C-61896, *C-68229,
•H-54066
SELIANKINA, K P G-10333
SELIGMAN R 'F-39861
SELYANKINAKP G-33561, G-41224
SEMENOV A N B-80863
SEMRAU K T *A-05811, *A-05871
SENIN V N B-58632
SENKOWSKI B Z "C-24310
SERBANESCU G H-66798
SERPER A *C-29198
SERTZ H *H-39887
SERVUS S B-38439
SETO Y H-74459
SETTE N "H-39627
SHACKLETTE H T 'A-68912
SHAFER E G E C-24310
SHAFFER J H *F-13998, F-14970
SHAMSUDINOVA R A A-26329
SHAPIRO J L *B-47086, «F-44721
SHARMA R P H-28258
SHAW C G H-24566
SHAW W C »H-49779
SHAYDUROV V O C-79835
SHCHEKATOLINA S A F-21632
SHCHERBAN O N *C-65118
SHCHERBOV D P C-27131
SHEEHY, J P 'A-00220
SHEPPARD, S V 'B-08344
SHERWIN K A 'B-36716
SHIBUTA N H-58777
SHIDELER M E C-25952
SHIEH J H-62548
SHIGEMORI N E-49185
SHIKENJO N S *H-21189
SHIMA H A-52664
SHIMADA K C-84175
SHIMANUKI K A-52277, A-58334
SHIMANUKI M 'L-82278
-------
536
SHIMIZU K C-12451
SHIMODA M *A-72125
SHIMOHARA K E-49185
SHIMOI Y *B-71412
SHIMOKAWA S A-74512
SHINMURA G "L-35795
SHINOHARA H 'H-76838
SHINOHARA K G-30183
SHINOZAKI M H-70279, *H-71078
SHIOI H G-56959, G-74822, H-49434,
H-76901, H-79633
SHIPLEY J W *A-39862
SHIRAISHI K G-81181
SHIRASAWA T *B-48879, *B-53875,
*C-49509, *C-50470, "C-50876
SHOAF R E H-79368
SHOLTES R S 'A-31581, *C-60339
SHRIVER D F F-81496
SHTURKINA O K G-41224
SHTURKINA, O K G-10333
SHUGAEV V A *G-59073
SHUPE J L G-23763, H-04850, *H-13985,
H-17620, *H-20690, 'H-24944,
*H-25735, "H-26734, *H-28258,
*H-49704
SHUPE J L G "H-25945
SHUPE, J L G-04849, "H-01092,
•H-04848, H-04917, H-04918, H-04919,
•H-04923, "H-04924, H-04925,
H-05004
SHUVALOVA T N F-68048
SHVACHKO V I A-53955
SIDDIQUI A H G-28556
SIEGEL M R B-24355
SIETH J 'B-50154, *C-23575
SIEVERS R E C-69152
SIKES J H C-24456
SILAKOVA, A T 'A-11916
SILER, R K 'E-05054
SILVERMAN L B-24110, B-35448,
*C-25952, C-39288
SILVERMAN, H P C-09770
SILVERMAN, L 'B-05567, B-07552
SIMON, H A-09799
SIMONINI G C-84471
SIMONSSON L 'H-32982
SINGER L G-28S56
SINGER, L *G-09575
SINGH A G-28556
SINGH DEV R A-50013, *A-53295
SINGH R *A-52741
SINGLETON, A H 1-00085
SKAGGS C H H-79368
SKALICKY M H-48167, H-48193,
H-65103, H-68770
SKOE B P H-05744
SKOLNIK E G *F-81069
SKVORTSOV A N B-80356
SLACIK ERBEN R G-54968
SLAGSVOLD L *H-39895
SLEPPY W C B-22853
SLYUSAREVA L I F-68048
SMALLWOOD H N-63463
SMIDT H *A-77367
SMITH C V JR *L-66700
SMITH E B F-19175
SMITH F A G-25946, G-28556, G-33276,
G-33505, G-33872, G-61646, K-17375
SMITH J D G-30385, G-30387
SMITH J S J-67865
SMITH M F C-26209
SMITH M L H-70752
SMITH P V 'B-36552
SMITH R I *A-15452
SMITH W *C-84499
SMITH W H *B-84391
SMITH, J D H-03729, H-06681
SMITH, L K 'D-06809
SMITH, R P G-04927
SMITHSON G R JR B-19177
SMYTH C P F-18427
SNYDER A D C-69152
SOBOCKY E *H-21062
SODERBERG B A F-21389
SOLBERG R A 'H-22284
SOLBERG, R A "H-05585
SOLINSKI P "H-84477
SOLNTSEV S S *A-23022
SONE H C-618%, H-54066
SONE M C-68229
SORDELLI, D 'A-01125
SOUTHERLAND J H D-26086
SPARWALD V *B-56528
SPECHT, R C *B-06587
SPENCER E F JR *B-47680
SPENCER G R 'H-20015, H-26718
SPENCER J D *A-22875
SPICER C W JR *F-53153
SPIEGL C J G-33505
SPIERINGS F *H-17449, H-24036,
'H-28480
SPIERINGS F H "H-30299
SPIERINGS F H F G "H-17163, *H-32282
SPINDLER D C "C-26209
SPINKA J *H-47014
SPRUIELL S *A-09690
SPRUNG S A-37752
SPRUNG, S *A-09541
ST CYR L A 'B-81645
ST PIERRE C C A-80238
STALBERG S B-76008
STAMATOVIC S "H-32291
STANCE H B-30276
STANKOVA N V F-68048
STARK N B "H-48374
STARNES, W E A-00340
STAS M E *H-33290, *H-39923
STEADMAN L T G-33505, G-33872
STEEL J *A-27314
STEELMAN C JR '1-39031
STEENBERGEN P E-76047
STEFAN K *H-41370
STEIN G *H-16673
STEINDLER, M J 1-08076
STEINEGGER S 'G-37282, G-56538
STEINEKE F 'B-71297
STERN A C "C-27294, 'K-47672,
•N-28923
STERNER, C J 1-00085
STICKINGS B J F-19175
STICKNEY W A B-32963, B-43972
STOCKHAM J D 'A-27617
STODDARD, G E H-04919, "H-04925,
H-05004
STOIBER R E *A-43403, 'A-49738
STOKINGER H E G-27379, 'G-28199,
*G-28429, *G-33276, *G-33505,
G-33872, *K-58638
STOKINGER, H E "H-04544
STONE E C H-20015
STONE E H F 'B-49023
STONE R 'N-63463
STOOKEY G K G-28556
STRATMANN H C-17082, H-16222,
H-18265, H-22624, H-38017
STRAUSS W *B-29403
STRAUTHER J D C-23546, C-23547,
C-68086
STRIS J 'B-26401
STRONG F C "H-27324
STROUD C A G-33505, G-33872
STRUNZ W 'A-31315
STRUSINSKI A C-20030, C-52101
STRUSINSKY A C-20595
STUBER P J B-18826
STUEWE A H *A-24370
SUBBOTINA O P B-80863
SUBIDO P S *H-47385
SUDA B "H-79633
SUDA S G-74822
SUDA T G-56959
SUEDA S 'E-49185
SUGAI R A-82269, C-28530, C-28738,
D-66083, G-38106, G-40920, G-62177,
H-48556, H-58777, 'H-82208
SUGANO S 'C-50936
SUGAOI R C-21806
SUGENO Y H-83723
SUGIMOTO E *H-84558
SUKEDA Y *G-79796, *H-74722
SUKETA Y A-74512, "H-30805, H-30806,
'H-31124, H-74721, "H-79309,
H-80085, H-82146, *H-83723
SULLIVAN G V B-32963
SULLIVAN J L *A-20134
SULZBACH C W H-20400, H-81495
SUNAHARA H 'C-58278
SUPRUN S A A-53955
SUSLOVA V V "H-75027
SUTHERLAND F H H-16472, H-16896
SUTHERLAND, F H H-04403, H-04672,
H-05324, H-05667
SUTTER E *A-50018, "C-30432
SUTTIE J W *H-10711, H-26742
SUTTIE, J W "H-00944
SUVOROVA, S N "C-02565, 'C-04105
SUZUKI F C-84182
SUZUKI M A-52277, C-44552, C-50093
SUZUKI N B-73175
SUZUKI T B-38504, *G-52029
SUZUKI Y G-68520, G-71324, G-74380,
G-79634, 'G-81018, 'G-84531, H-7%33
SVOBODA K *C-27962
SWANY G R B-31567, B-36755
SWIEBODA M 'H-46217, «L-41455
SWIFT W M B-75387, 'B-77838
SWITALA E D C-84463
SYRDAL A B-13676
SYRDAL, A K B-10372
SZALONEK I G-51473, *H-32339
TABASARAN O *B-79711
TADA G G-50419
TADA, O "C-06112
TAGA T 'A-36377
TAIDO M C-44552
TAIRAFUNE K 'D-36806
TAIT J C F-80516
TAJIMA Y 'G-30183
TAKADA K H-29597
TAKADA N 'A-28652, H-29443
TAKADA T A-61564
TAKAGI S H-74459
TAKAHASHI A B-14444
TAKAHASHI M B-28783, B-70658,
D-36806, H-28647
TAKAHASHI N *A^t0182
TAKAHASHI R *D-77485, *H-30806
TAKASAKI T H-58941
TAKATA K D^t9260
TAKEDA Y B-71412
TAKEHARA H 'H-16385
TAKESHITA K H-76838
TAKEUCHIJ "C-12451
TAKIZAWA J *H-70776
TAKIZAWA Y G-38106, »G-40920,
•G-47905, *G-48636, 'G-48637,
*G-49164, 'G-50371, 'G-56933,
*G-7%19, G-79623
TALVITIE N A 'G-27753
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
537
TAMAKI T *H-28149
TANABE T A-49617
TANAKA A H-32714, H-84557
TANAKA F *A-84542, H-83258
TANAKA Y 'H-10342
TANIGUCHI N *C-598i4
TANIYA M G-81181
TANIYAMA T *H-61410
TANIZAWA Y *G-83798
TANJI S A-52277
TAODA H "H-61834
TARASOV V M B-26317, B-40414
TARAT E YA B-37544
TARBUTTON G 'B-24117
TATERA B S A-31581
TATSUMI T 'B-64977
TATSUTANI B *B-71472
TAUDA F *A-26136
TAVES D R G-28556
TAYLOR J K A-75077, C-75339, C-79003,
C-79389
TAYLOR O C H-17749, H-27303,
H-33468, *H-63626
TAYLOR, O C B-04853, C-05892,
H-00737, H-03616, H-07255, H-11407
TEARLE K A *B-35513
TEATS F G B-75387
TEBBENS B D *D-33425
TELLER A J B-22040, *B-29114,
•B-45757, *B-53603, *B-61273,
*B-64070, "C-60553
TELLER, A J 'A-05090
TEMPESTA F L A-48116
TEMPLE P J H-65558
TEN HOUTEN J G "H-28437
TENDRON, G *H-03116
TEPPER L B "C-61957
TERAI K D-58427, D-71362
TERATANI T B-28786
TERJESEN S G B-18698
TERRACCIANO L * A-11876
TESCH J W A-25305
TESINK J »H-66715
TESKE W *A-49924, *B-15322
TEWORTE W *A-30296, *B-21795,
*B-33620
TEWORTE W M *B-25178
THALENHORST W *H-72132
THIEBAULT A F-41543
THOMAS A A G-41036
THOMAS D A-79567
THOMAS J JR *C-64912
THOMAS M D C-18016, *C-24966,
C-26396, C-28285, 'C-39871,
"H-16244, *H-17710, 'H-28888
THOMAS S H 'C-84463
THOMAS, M D C-01313, C-05892,
•E-04987, "H-00301, «H-03395,
H-06459, H-07255
THOMPSON C R C-23546, C-23547,
C-26396, 'C-68086, H-18770,
»H-21093, 'H-33468
THOMPSON Q E B-75138
THOMPSON R J «D-24736
THOMPSON, C R B-04853, C-01313,
•C-01349, C-03478, C-05892, "C-07763,
G-01338, H-01664, 'H-02379, H-03360,
H-06342, "H-06459, *H-07255,
•H-11407
THOMSON J A L F-62189
THORNE W H-24548
THRESHOW M "H-21501
TICHATSCHKE J 'A-30218
TICHY H B-42172
TIMBERLAKE, R C *B-07I90
TIUNOV L A *G-68583
TODD, G W "H-03629
TOHI K H-77325, H-77329, H-82520
TOKERUD A C-52206
TOLGYESSY J C-69668
TOMANY J P 'B-37080
TOMATSURI M *H-38754
TOMINAGA Y 'H-80083
TOMPKINS F C F-57580, F-57581
TOMPKINS, J F JR 1-00085
TOMSON N M *B-27569, 'D-17642
TORII K *C-36002
TOURANGEAU P C H-80535
TOURNUTJ H-29991, H-46997
TOWNSEND L W F-78035
TOWNSEND, C R *C-09770
TOYAMA T C-12451, C-29220
TOYODA F M-68522
TOYOTA H G-81181
TRACHTENBERG, E G-11000
TRANSTRUM L G C-28285, H-16245,
H-26711
TRANSTRUM, L G C-01793, H-04904
TRAUTWEIN K 'H-18269, 'H-18272,
*H-53376
TREFOIS M A »A-60827
TREMEARNE T H A-44681
TRESHOW M H-14247, *H-15501,
•H-21687, *H-38568, *H-51321,
•H-60559
TRESHOW, M "H-00137, H-00240,
"H-01250, 'H-04904
TRICOIRE, J G-07344
TRIPLER A B JR *B-19177
TROTT P E C-34126
TRUHAUT R 'A-70727, *G-34398,
*G-34861, *G-41706, *G-46085
TSCHANNEN W H-28474
TSUCHIHIRA K "C-41763
TSUDA M M-68522
TSUDA S *C-41719
TSUGAWA H 'B-47256
TSUJI Y G-28754, *G-47906, 'G-49271,
'G-50414, *G-60228, 'G-74821,
H-49573
TSUJIMURA S 'B-14444
TSUKAMOTO H "C-77492
TSUKAMOTO Y »B-82032
TSUNODA F A-17405, *C-40138,
•D-58339, 'D-61140, D-69744,
•G-23003, *G-26846, *G-38942,
•G-40527, 'G-49607, G-64484,
G-68520, G-71324, G-74380, G-74823,
•G-76902, G-7%34, G-81018,
«G-83177, 'G-84266, G-84531,
H-48291, 'H-49434, "H-52096,
•H-65715, H-70357, H-70745,
"H-76901, H-79633, H-79635, H-84579
TSUNODA H A-53874, 'G-19215,
G-28754, *G-56931, G-56934, G-56959,
*G-74580, G-74822
TSURENKO M T B-37544
TSURITANI T 'B-62165
TUERKOELMEZ S 'B-14692
TUFTS B J "C-23657
TUMA J *G-10362
TUMANOV O A C-79835
TURK A *N^»4066
TURK D N-44066
TYURIN N A B-26279
u
UBL, Z 'C-09983
UDAGAWA M C-12451
UDAGAWA O H-58941
UEDA K 'G-71484
UEHARA M H-28149
UMEDA Y H-28149
URSU P G-38616
USSAR M *B-29725
USSAR M B 'A-48946, 'B-41569
USTINOV V G A-53955
UTVIK A O B-18698
VACCARI J A 1-40510
VAILLANT G 'B-20436
VALACH R *D-23862
VALDBERG A YU B-26317
VALENTINE J R C-60951
VAN ALLEN J C-79843
VAN BRACKLE R D "H-20157
VAN CAUWENBERGHE K A-36045
VAN DE VOORDE H A-72133
VAN DE WIEL H J E-76047
VAN EGMOND N D E-76047
VAN HAUT H H-16222, H-38017
VAN HOOK C *H-81288
VAN LEEUWEN M E-76047
VAN LEUKEN P H-56241, H-56521
VAN STRAATEN J E-76047
VANSELOW A P H-20573, H-27030
VARADI V G-78873
VARGA G M A-73078
VARGA G M JR A-59257
VARKONYI T *L-76397
VARLAMOV M L 'B-13771, 'B-23310,
*F-15927
VASILOFF G N "H-70752
VAUBERT B G-49448
VEDERNIKOV V B B-80863
VELU H *H-26795
VENKATESWARLU P G-28556
VERNOTEH G-30841, G-71948, G-72%1
VERTES M A "C-16109
VETTER H 'H-61496
VEYSEY S W F-81069
VIEL G H-13804
VIEL M G "H-28476
VILLIERS A J D 'G-37791
VINS B *H-56874
VISHNEVSKIY V L G-32596, G-35670,
*G-36411
VITALIANO D B 'A-32576
VITTORI O *C-23096
VIVOLI G A-13701, G-13215
VOGEL G J 'B-75387, B-77838
VOGL J *A-69309
VOISIN C *G-43636
VOL BERG N S «C-73471
VOL BERG N SH C-46784
VOLBERG N SH C-48392
VOLDAYEVA I I A-63661
VOLFKOVICH S I 'B-37745
VOROB EV, A M C-02565, C-04105
VORONIN E M B-37544
VOROSHILIN S I G-72083
VOVK T V B-37745
VOYTOV V T 'D-37823
VOYTSEKHOVSKIY V G B-37745
VUKSANOVIC P *L-78484
VYAKHIREV D A 'F-68048
W
WACLAWIK J *C-27769
WADDINGTON J A-44605
WADE M A 'C-23569, C-24456
WADE, R H C-00260, 'C-00264, H-00265,
H-00266
WADE, R W H-00187
WAGMAN J C-83442
WAITE D A L-57270
WAKI K *B-38504, *B-44343
-------
538
WALDBOTT G L A-69039, *D-37473,
•G-15555, 'G-16874, *G-22629,
•G-25469, *G-56538
WALKER G B-52179
WALLACE A G-71933
WALLACE A S *G-18988
WALLAR M A *C-12593
WALLIS W J "H-62548
WALSH C G-37791
WALTHALL J H *B-64092
WANDER I W *H-28899, "H-53370
WANDS R C K-60887
WANG C H G-12403, H-16617, H-57859
WANG, C H G-01096, G-08030
WARBURG O *F-22219
WARITZ, R S G-01426
WARNER T B "C-51599
WARREN R P B-26745
WASZAK S C-27769
WATANABE H A-52277
WATANABE I G-47906, G-49271
WATANABE J 'H-64824
WATANABE K G-81181
WATANABE T D-77485
WATANABE Y G-40920, G-48636,
G-48637, G-49164
WATERS W E H-37403
WATSON G M F-13998
WAYNE L G E-29774
WEATHERELL J C G-28556
WEAVER N K 'K-14772
WEBER C W C-26692, C-26981
WEBER J B-71796
WEBER, E 'A-00896
WEBSTER C C *H-19604
WEBSTER S H * A-18449
WECKESSER E B-64506, B-81995
WEHRLE P F *G-71536
WEI L "H-39363
WEIDENSAUL T C "H-73510
WEIDMANN S M G-28556
WEIGAND W *G-30145
WEIGLE J L H-72762
WEINECK H *B-40892
WEINSTEIN L H C-23546, C-23547,
C-25180, C-68086, 'C-74234, H-17109,
*H-19656, H-21000, H-26916,
"H-27006, 'H-27526, H-29616,
H-30234, H-32771, H-46051, *H-54710,
H-56241, 'H-56521, H-59198, H-78956
WEINSTEIN, L H C-00626, C-00636,
C-00941, *C-03503, C-11041, H-00631,
H-00633, H-00920, *H-00964, H-00979,
H-01506, "H-02382, *H-04728,
H-06404, H-10150
WEIR J B D V G-15040
WEISBURD M I 'A-48429
WEISKOPF G J C-25180
WEISS S *H-30225
WEISS, A J H-04683
WELCH B J A-49886, A-55407
WELKIE, G W H-00788, H-02516,
H-12032
WELLARD H J 'A-82279
WENDE E *N-46820
WENGER H H-40460
WENT F W *H-33089
WENTZEL K F H-23986, *H-28479,
•H-36998, "H-41698, 'H-46733,
•H-48022
WENTZEL, K F 'A-02653
WESENBERG H *B-49477
WEST N E *B-59861
WEST P W "C-20778, *C-23907
WESTPHAL B W *B-78890
WESTPHAL J D-22359
WESTPHALEN J C-21156, H-50729
WETT, T W 'B-09902
WEWER B »G-32256
WHARTON H W "C-23573
WHEELER G L "H-52651
WHITCHURCH J B B-52094
WHITMAN, K B B-07664
WICKES H G JR 'B-52094
WIEBE H H H-14121, H-16894, H-22499,
H-24548, H-64588
WIENER H A *A-19400
WIESE A C H-52306
WILCOX S L "K-68224
WILDE G 'B-48814, B-64506, B-81995
WILINSKI, F T G-06288
WILKNISS P E *D-33C17, D-62438,
*E-30126, *E-43424
WILLARD H H *C-27331
WILLIAM A *H-45345
WILLIAMS C R 'A-26258, *C-39288
WILLIAMS D T *C-80259
WILLIAMS H H C-18344
WILLIAMS W J C-79843
WILSON H H *A-69353, *A-79774,
•B-72656
WILSON N G-78873
WILSON W I B-75387
WILSON, W L "C-07710
WINDISH J P G-37791
WING J C-79003
WINKHAUS G B-64506, B-81995
WINKLER H D *B-66947
WINTERS W S H-16245
WINTERS, W S C-01793
WISLICENUS H *H-39537
WITHERSPOON A M H-65558
WITTBOLD H A B-17463
WITTE K H-18271
WITTES D T N-44066
WOEHLBIER W C-18264, *H-18270,
H-24330
WOHLERS H C *C-22812
WOHLERS, H C "H-05612
WOJCIK K A-79511
WOLFF A *I-56143
WOLFRAM W *B-38587
WOLFROM W "B-69528
WOLFSON M R *A-50242
WOLLISH E G C-24310
WOLTING H G H-30299
WOLTZ S S *H-37403, 'H-60560
WOLTZ, S S 'G-01674, "H-01705
WONDRAEZEK W *B-48143
WOOD F A *H^t5557
WOOD J H H-45663
WOOD R *A-51282, C-16801, C-21730
WOOD, F A *A-12557
WOODRUFF G N H-17109
WOODRUFF, G N H-06404
WOODWARD K R D-26086
WYATT E S B-22040
WYSZYNSKA H 'C-20030, *C-20595,
C-52101
YAGOME K C-12451
YAHAGISAWA S *A-42054
YAJIMA T A-32855
YAMADA Y B-28786
YAMAGUCHI A A-49617
YAMAGUCHI C H-83721
YAMAGUCHI F 'B-31889
YAMAKI N 'C-71044
YAMAMOTO K B-71472
YAMAMOTO N "K-31968
YAMAMOTO S G-81181
YAMAMOTO T A-74512, G-79796,
H-30805, H-30806, H-31124, 'H-71098,
•H-74721, H-74722, H-79309,
•H-80085, "H-82146, H-83723
YAMAMURA S S C-23569, *C-24456,
•C-24546
YAMANE T "C-80227
YAMASAKI M A-58402, B-58380
YAMASAKI Y B-28783
YAMASHITA H 'B-70659
YAMASHITA S C-28530, G-40920,
*L-81399
YAMASKI Y *H-42601
YAMATE N C-12451, 'C-15171, *C-26122
YAMATE, N 'B-07549
YAMATOMO T *H-54597
YAMAUCHIT G-30183
YAMAZAKI Y H-20708, H-28647
YAMAZOE F H-16399, 'H-19211,
•H-23988, *H-48639, *H-50415,
*H-52928, 'H-79972, 'H-79973,
*H-79974, *H-80067, *H-81671,
*H-83797, H-83885, 'H-84048
YANAGISAWA S C-29467, *C-38917,
*C-47218, "C-69174
YANAKA T *A-82353, D-66083, H-58777
YANG, S F *H-05398, *H-05399
YAO M H-59327
YARMAK M K C-36125
YASUDA R B-64977
YASUDA S K 'C-26259
YATAZAWA M C-50093, *H-50503,
•H-50505
YATOMI K H-40899, H-84545
YAZAKI K G-81018, H-79633
YELNICHNYKH L N G-41685
YENNAWAR P K A-60283
YERKES W D JR H-24566
YOCOM J E "1-27060, *L-19064
YOCOM, J E *I-07553
YOKOHATA A C^»719
YOKOTA N "B-73175
YOPP J H *H-13474
YOSHIDA M B-28783, H-83182, L-82278
YOSHIDA T O-74822, H-49434, H-76901,
H-7%33
YOSHIDA Y *H-80079
YOSHIDA, Y *C-03908, *G-03246
YOSHIHARA T *B^»7125
YOSHIKAWA H B-28786, 'G-83179,
H-20707
YOSHIMURA K B-70658
YOUNG L H B-81645
YOUNG M J 'H-60907
YU H H S C-69152
YU M H 'C-20701, C-25441, 'H-15404,
•H-42907, H-56213
YU, M H H-12032
YUGE S B-30814
YUKITAKE T B-64898, B-68633
YUMIBA Y H-32714, H-84557
YUMOTO S A-58402
YUNGHANS R S *D-17986, «D-52575
ZABEL H W *B-26244
ZAIKA P K A-63661
ZAMPOL SKAYA L M B-13771, F-15927
ZANON, D A-01125
ZAWADZKA, E *C-00450
ZAYTSEV V A *B-58632
ZHAROV V P C-79835
ZHUKOV V I "A-63661
ZHULIN N V 'B-38188
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
539
ZIEGER E "H-41696
ZIELENSKI L F C-20540, C-26396
ZIELENSKI, L F C-01313, C-07763
ZIETZSCHMANN O "H-45781
ZIMMERMAN P W "H-20158, *H-40202
ZIMMERMAN, P W H-04678, H-04679,
•H-04732, "H-04984
ZIPKIN I G-28556
ZIPKIN, I "H-04917
ZIZKA J 'B-38439
ZOBER A G-80078
ZOENRNER, A "C-05620
ZOLTY S *C-18696
ZUBER R H-24395, H-28446, *H-28474,
H-32535, H-32536, H-32539, H-33606,
•H-40368
ZUENDORF U 'A-55922
ZURLO N *C^t3570, "C-49992
ZUZUKI M C-19500
-------
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
541
ABATEMENT A-25305, A-35985, A-38657,
A-41650, A-42675, A-42680, A-45145,
A-47061, A-47143, A-47954, A-47962,
A-47963, A-60729, A-79511, A-80238,
B-09902, B-18144, B-24683, B-26911,
B-29680, B-41569, B-46050, D-09590,
D-26702, D-47976, D-49860, D-56792,
H-25499, K-28466, K-34063, L-06939,
L-09677, L-17188, L-19064, L-19434,
L-24010, L-24481, L-27677, L-28349,
L-29421, L-29504, L-29598, L-29818,
L-30620, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-32354, L-32789, L-32884, L-35795,
L-37943, L-38669, L-39749, L-40461,
L-41455, L-42021, L-42188, L-42810,
L-42873, L-42874, L-44054, L-46561,
L-48788, L-61705, L-83965, N-28923,
N-37027, N-46820, N-50748, N-50867,
N-64545
ABSENTEEISM D-33108
ABSORPTION (CONTROL) A-01125,
A-28652, A-47962, A-55212, A-55601,
B-04368, B-07552, B-09902, B-10372,
B-10618, B-12288, B-13676, B-14444,
B-15813, B-16555, B-17463, B-17485,
B-18641, B-18698, B-18699, B-19212,
B-2I795, B-22484, B-22598, B-22923,
B-24033, B-24110, B-24117, B-24355,
B-24834, B-25135, B-25178, B-25658,
B-26745, B-29403, B-30276, B-30519,
B-31708, B-32384, B-33918, B-33971,
B-35106, B-35111, B-35448, B-37115,
B-37745, B-38439, B-38445, B-38504,
B-38S87, B-38593, B-40251, B-41839,
B-41932, B-42078, B-42458, B-43299,
B-45468, B-45707, B-45757, B-45846,
B-46086, B-47054, B-47341, B-47466,
B-47680, B-48143, B-49420, B-50154,
B-50652, B-51101, B-51755, B-52445,
B-53603, B-53620, B-53868, B-53875,
B-55524, B-55678, B-56531, B-58632,
B-60075, B-60282, B-61741, B-61935,
B-62165, B-63474, B-64898, B-65640,
B-666I8, B-66624, B-66947, B-67136,
B-67137, B-67217, B-69131, B-69191,
B-69528, B-70537, B-71412, B-71623,
B-72038, B-73175, B-76512, B-77475,
B-78814, B-81256, B-83198, C-00626,
C-04105, C-04687, C-06112, C-06962,
C-07710, C-09560, C-09770, C-10632,
C-12100, C-23947, C-24603, C-27044,
C-29771, C-35956, C-38741, C-40211,
C-40705, C-44238, C-44552, C-50337,
C-53987, C-55858, C-55923, C-60553,
C-61995, C-73127, D-24717, D-32679,
D-62438, G-10842, G-19880, G-24126,
G-25946, G-26461, G-26743, G-28037,
G-31319, G-52686, H-00187, H-00265,
H-00301, H-00600, H-00964, H-01705,
H-16152, H-19873, H-20573, H-20707,
H-20872, H-20917, H-22624, H-23295,
H-23386, H-23661, H-23988, H-24282,
H-24358, H-24533, H-24548, H-24852,
H-26092, H-26717, H-26916, H-28600,
H-28647, H-29206, H-29736, H-30297,
H-30301, H-30805, H-31527, H-32539,
H-32897, H-33716, H-35964, H-38404,
H-38417, H-42601, H-42958, H-43493,
H-44428, H-45776, H-46557, H-48291,
H-51526, H-52397, H-56204, H-60957,
H-73510, 1-52320, N-20495
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) A-15452,
A-43014, B-24033, B-24333, B-28709,
B-31889, B-33918, B-35106, B-35111,
B-40381, B-40712, B-44716, B-47086,
B-47341, B-50937, B-52445, B-53603,
B-53620, B-53868, B-54799, B-59679,
B-60255, B-61935, B-63775, B-65640,
B-69131, B-72038, C-22877, C-29426,
C-55858, C-66753, L-39306
ABSORPTION PHENOMENA B-80213,
C-76030, C-79835, G-84236, H-79129,
H-80536, H-83885
ACETALDEHYDE H-46338
ACETIC ACID A-37190, B-26745,
C-00264, C-2977], D-31371, G-10362,
H-28427, H-36742, H-40202, H-59198,
H-67457, 1-40510
ACETONE A-32855, B-42078, C-20650,
C-45802, C-65118, C-80259, G-84260,
K-51057
ACETYLENES A-03129, A-18449,
C-39719, C-66753, E-43855, E-76047,
F-03062, F-59528, G-48068, G-84260
ACID SMUTS A-17076, A-17377, A-29532,
A-31529, C-24970
ACRIDINES B-24683, N-66750
ACROLEIN A-32855, A-37190, C-12451,
C-43985, C-47218, C-67116, L-29504
ACUTE G-01047, G-01794, G-04983,
G-11467, G-18987, G-27379, G-28139,
G-30145, G-30841, G-32256, G-33505,
G-33872, G-34398, G-34861, G-35569,
G-37795, G-39219, O-39497, G-41036,
G-41706, G-43323, G-44594, G-44867,
G-46085, G-49223, G-49448, G-60228,
G-60748, G-67440, G-68551, G-72961,
H-00301, H-04848, H-06404, H-10841,
H-11452, H-14678, H-16244, H-17109,
H-20690, H-21364, H-23624, H-25769,
H-31733, H-32714, H-36742, H-39887,
H-39902, H-40472, H-41362, H-44345,
H-47286, H-49644, H-50163, H-54297,
H-59028, H-63626, H-67453, H-68575,
N-66750
ADAPTATION G-35670, H-22930,
H-48022, H-76451
ADSORPTION (CONTROL) A-01125,
A-40344, A-43210, A-48231, A-55601,
B-07549, B-10618, B-12288, B-12465,
B-14692, B-15322, B-19177, B-19487,
B-22853, B-29403, B-35106, B-36532,
B-37536, B-4207S, B-45846, B-47341,
B-47680, B-50868, B-51101, B-52172,
B-56528, B-57706, B-58993, B-60075,
B-60206, B-60282, B-61273, B-62165,
B-63474, B-63784, B-64070, B-64506,
B-64977, B-69131, B-70840, B-71297,
B-71623, B-72656, B-78814, B-80213,
B-81645, B-83134, C-00126, C-04540,
C-06983, C-24603, C-26707, C-27044,
C-29771, C-35956, C-44933, C-61957,
C-73471, D-32679, F-21389, F-57580,
F-57581, G-52638, K-66860, N-20495
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) A-15452,
A-63661, B-35106, B-37603, B-42083,
B-47341, B-63775
ADSORPTION PHENOMENA C-80573,
E-79132
ADVISORY SERVICES L-2959S, L-42810,
L-46561
AERODYNAMICS B-04368, N-20495
AEROSOL ATOMIZATION H-04688,
H-37792
AEROSOLS A-00375, A-04068, A-05601,
A-08486, A-08882, A-09785, A-11916,
A-12631, A-17076, A-23865, A-28038,
A-32060, A-36045, A-38657, A-42676,
A-47954, A-48946, A-49924, A-60728,
A-60827, A-63661, A-81169, A-82192,
B-05567, B-18699, B-19571, B-24110,
B-36532, B-38439, C-06279, C-09983,
C-12451, C-25617, C-27044, C-29771,
C-32450, C-36125, C-39871, C-41624,
C-42375, C-43981, C-44881, C-51599,
C-60278, C-61851, C-61859, C-81439,
C-84660, D-09590, D-33017, D-34008,
D-44799, D-50550, D-58218, E-30126,
E-43424, E-62869, E-78933, F-15927,
G-07961, G-11942, G-38616, G-40597,
G-41687, G-61467, G-68583, G-71948,
G-72961, G-73658, H-00301, H-01809,
H-03395, H-05485, H-08884, H-16150,
H-21189, H-21364, H-29736, H-49778,
H-49779, H-76233, 1-24308, 1-58585,
L-40889
AFRICA B-51720, C-26713, F-57581,
G-44590, H-26795, H-55066, H-56625
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL PLANTS
A-05139, A-05140, A-09690, A-09695,
A-096%, A-13353, A-13699, A-17344,
A-17357, A-22547, A-25305, A-26136,
A-26258, A-26329, A-28282, A-31935,
A-32139, A-32855, A-33735, A-34018,
A-35592, A-35985, A-39460, A-43270,
A-43816, A-44681, A-46119, A-47954,
A-48429, A-55601, A-60281, A-60283,
A-63661, A-67748, A-70069, A-70727,
A-76411, A-76459, A-77993, A-79511,
A-82269, A-82353, A-82944, A-84479,
B-15813, B-17485, B-18536, B-19210,
B-20436, B-21034, B-22598, B-22913,
B-24117, B-24355, B-25038, B-26674,
B-27569, B-27835, B-28034, B-32231,
B-32232, B-32384, B-36405, B-36475,
B-36716, B-37080, B-37115, B-37603,
B-37745, B-37914, B-38587, B-39104,
B-40251, B-43533, B-43863, B-43972,
B-44793, B-44979, B-45004, B-45254,
B-45707, B-46086, B-47095, B-48143,
B-51720, B-53603, B-58466, B-58632,
B-59679, B-60282, B-63474, B-64092,
B-65923, B-67136, B-67137, B-67742,
B-70840, B-71472, B-80863, B-81040,
-------
542
B-81772, B-81773, B-81944, B-84418,
C-14288, C-18230, C-20701, C-28530,
C-36693, C-40211, C-61896, C-80935,
D-24801, D-28188, D-33108, D-47982,
D-48791, D-49260, D-49860, D-71272,
E-29315, E-37037, F-15927, G-15555,
G-16874, G-25469, G-26846, G-33510,
G-33511, G-39219, G-79634, G-83798,
H-15838, H-18226, H-19656, H-20707,
H-23661, H-24395, H-25499, H-27021,
H-28446, H-28830, H-28899, H-30301,
H-32291, H-32588, H-32897, H-33290,
H-33906, H-36787, H-38017, H-38404,
H-38417, H-38574, H-39537, H-39627,
H-39923, H-40201, H-45007, H-45130,
H-46217, H-47385, H-49561, H-49647,
H-53370, H-54066, H-55066, H-56874,
H-58941, H-59935, H-65715, H-70752,
H-74624, H-77050, H-79635, H-80064,
H-81771, 1-39031, J-28805, J-30226,
K-66916, L-37747, L-48788, L-84415
AGRICULTURAL SERVICES A-43270,
A-71262, H-00137, H-00301, H-21189,
H-22092, H-30368, H-32536, H-37792,
H-38568
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY A-00340,
A-03129, A-05090, A-12631, A-37190,
A-39587, A-43270, A-47959, A-71262,
B-06587, B-08344, B-09664, B-18144,
B-24117, B-25038, G-06497, G-10842,
H-00137, H-00301, H-08884, H-21062,
H-21189, H-22092, H-23624, H-23661,
H-23988, H-24282, H-24366, H-25499,
H-30368, H-32536, H-32539, H-33606,
H-36998, H-37567, H-37792, H-38568,
H-39923, H-43226, H-50415, L-37747,
L-37943
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
B-33620, 1-23108
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES A-00220,
A-00375, A-32060, A-58334, B-48879,
C-24603, C-66606, D-09590, D-73835,
G-01794, G-03394, G-05833, G-11467,
G-18785, G-24580, G-27379, G-30788,
G-38616, G-39219, G-40597, G-44867,
G-49756, G-71484, G-84260, H-08884,
H-29277, H-61496, H-67026, H-79976,
K-14772, K-31968, K-36823, K-38197,
K-60887, L-29818, L-32245, L-40889,
L-42188, L-44054, L-50180, L-76847,
L-81220, N-28923, N-49170, N-50867
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
A-23865, C-27248, C-44285, E-29315,
E-29774, E-59075, E-59234, E-64013,
L-24122, L-64940, L-77234, N-28923
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA A-41650,
A-83543, B-25638, B-70428, C-31115,
C-36800, C-58278, D-09590, G-22628,
G-22629, G-34398, G-35670, G-37139,
G-52029, G-68551, H-10673, H-13985,
H-29206, H-38343, H-65558, J-76213,
K-07605, K-08420, K-13173, K-14772,
K-17375, K-25933, K-26738, K-36823,
K-41266, K-41267, K-41295, K-46081,
K-47672, K-58899, K-60887, K-67267,
K-68224, K-71991, L-19064, L-64940
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-00340, A-02312,
A-03450, A-47945, A-48048, A-58402,
A-69309, A-76274, B-07549, B-09664,
B-24683, B-25638, C-12334, C-26713,
C-27248, C-29426, C-36002, C-36693,
C-42926, C-44285, C-46034, C-56572,
C-58278, C-61103, C-68944, C-80573,
D-01872, D-09590, D-09658, D-10619,
D-19145, D-23760, D-23845, D-24736,
D-24801, D-25593, D-26086, D-26702,
D-28097, D-28188, D-29040, D-30705,
D-31371, D-31396, D-33080, D-33309,
D-33858, D-34008, D-35764, D-36806,
D-37473, D-37607, D-37994, D-39054,
D-39737, D-40896, D-41979, D-43317,
D-44267, D-44799, D-47976, D-48791,
D-48850, D-49118, D-49260, D-49860,
D-50307, D-50550, D-50690, D-50744,
D-51929, D-52575, D-54881, D-55187,
D-56463, D-56464, D-56465, D-58339,
D-58427, D-60574, D-61140, D-63186,
D-67690, D-70500, D-74121, D-77485,
D-77512, E-37037, E-37639, E-49185,
E-49433, E-59075, G-38106, G-49271,
G-50318, G-50371, G-62177, G-66044,
G-68520, G-74369, H-00737, H-05724,
H-13474, H-42923, H-45663, H-46338,
H-48377, H-52698, H-59327, H-60690,
H-64166, H-70487, H-70984, H-74459,
H-74588, H-74617, H-76233, H-77050,
H-77329, H-77377, H-77390, H-81288,
J-43002, K-31968, K-36823, K-69550,
K-72145, K-80854, L-24481, L-25542,
L-29598, L-32354, L-33495, L-37943,
L-40889, L-42021, L-42188, L-42873,
L-42874, L-44054, L-46561, L-50180,
L-52026, L-57270, L-73839, L-76397,
L-80894, L-81220, L-82278, N-32254,
N-50867, N-65407
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-00896,
A-01687, A-03129, A-17344, A-22547,
A-27930, A-31315, A-31333, A-33735,
A-36377, A-37190, A-37721, A-47410,
A-47945, A-47954, A-47959, A-50242,
A-55601, A-63661, A-79511, A-80238,
B-19177, B-19212, B-25135, B-25638,
B-29680, B-30519, B-30814, B-38476,
B-63474, C-03119, C-41719, C-46034,
D-06809, D-24736, D-25593, D-26702,
D-30705, D-33576, D-37823, D-47982,
D-49118, D-54881, D-56463, G-01794,
G-06485, G-12282, G-32596, G-32601,
G-32605, G-32606, G-33509, G-33510,
G-33511, G-3356I, G-34398, G-35569,
G-36947, G-37139, G-38721, G-41684,
G-41685, G-41686, G-41687, G-41688,
G-50161, G-66668, G-68551, G-71484,
G-71617, G-74580, H-00737, H-02379,
H-10673, H-23624, H-23986, H-26734,
H-29991, H-30297, H-38568, H-40916,
H-47014, H-65558, H-79976, K-03032,
K-03582, K-11414, K-13173, K-14772,
K-17375, K-19750, K-26738, K-27010,
K-28466, K-31968, K-33107, K-34063,
K-36823, K-37472, K-38197, K-41266,
K-41267, K-41295, K-41682, K-44310,
K-46081, K-47672, K-51057, K-51212,
K-51229, K-58638, K-60180, K-60887,
K-68582, K-69550, K-71991, K-72145,
K-74109, K-80854, L-06349, L-06734,
L-06939, L-09677, L-19064, L-19434,
L-29504, L-29598, L-31492, L-32789,
L-32884, L-33495, L-35795, L-37747,
L-37943, L-38669, L-39306, L-41455,
L-42021, L-42188, L-44054, L-46586,
L-47380, L-48788, L-50180, L-64940,
L-73836, L-78484, L-82278, N-50748
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
B-09664, G-05833, L-28349, L-41455,
L-61705, N-63463
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-33853, B-33554,
N-20495
AIRCRAFT A-09785, A-12557, A-42054,
B-37402, C-69152, D-33017, E-72995,
G-27895, G-72%1, K-19818
ALASKA A-39862
ALCOHOLS A-09785, A-15452, A-32855,
A-37190, A-39460, A-48116, A-52664,
A-66977, A-79280, B-14692, B-62165,
B-75204, C-09770, C-09983, C-20030,
C-31115, C-38670, C-39136, C-39516,
C-42928, C-43985, C-44933, C-45802,
C-47218, C-48392, C-50936, C-61103,
C-65118, C-67116, C-83592, D-17102,
D-31371, D-39737, D-50690, D-60574,
D-63186, G-07098, G-34398, G-84260,
H-07046, H-15404, H-25366, H-47014,
H-84484, K-28466, K-41682, K-51057,
K-74109, L-29504, L-32173, L-32245,
L-37747, N-65407
ALDEHYDES A-00220, A-00375, A-08882,
A-09785, A-23561, A-23865, A-29532,
A-30218, A-30517, A-31315, A-31529,
A-32855, A-34018, A-37190, A-39460,
A-40344, A-42680, A-43270, A-44566,
A-45145, A-48231, A-51100, A-61570,
A-72133, A-79280, B-29680, B-60864,
B-62165, B-75204, C-00126, C-03527,
C-06112, C-09983, C-12451, C-15171,
C-20650, C-22458, C-22812, C-24603,
C-26122, C-26707, C-27294, C-31115,
C-32476, C-32534, C-35441, C-38280,
C-38670, C-39719, C-42928, C-43672,
C-43985, C-44933, C-47218, C-50337,
C-59513, C-61103, C-65118, C-67116,
C-69174, C-80259, C-83592, D-23845,
D-31371, D-33425, D-34008, D-50690,
D-60574, D-63186, D-78193, F-68048,
G-01794, G-07098, G-26274, G-27379,
G-61146, G-68583, G-73658, G-84260,
H-05421, H-23295, H-46338, H-49778,
H-51526, H-52928, H-53903, 1-00695,
K-41682, K-72145, L-17614, L-29504,
L-32173, L-32245, L-44054, L-81220,
N-04212, N-49170, N-66750
ALERTS C-66606, H-79976, K-31968,
K-36823, K-38197, L-29818, L-32245,
L-40889, L-42188, L-44054, L-50180,
L-76847, L-81220
ALFALFA A-02312, B-02541, C-00941,
C-18016, C-24886, E-70747, H-00187,
H-00265, H-00266, H-00301, H-00631,
H-00633, H-00964, H-01800, H-04923,
H-04925, H-04984, H-08884, H-11456,
H-12045, H-14247, H-17449, H-17710,
H-20158, H-22084, H-22092, H-24036,
H-24548, H-25230, H-31527, H-32771,
H-38343, H-40202, H-44295, H-45009,
H-45776, H-56204, H-71931, H-80067,
K-07605, K-26738
ALGAE A-83543
ALKALIES AND CHLORINE PLANTS
C-66753
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-15452,
A-34096, A-43014, A-63661, B-12288,
B-16555, B-17463, B-18641, B-23182,
B-24033, B-28889, B-29680, B-30276,
B-30814, B-35111, B-41378, B-42083,
B-44838, B^*5707, B-45846, B-47086,
B-47341, B-48480, B-48879, B-50937,
B-51101, B-52445, B-5%79, B-60075,
B-60255, B-61935, B-65640, B-71472,
B-72656, B-74480, B-74483, B-75387,
B-78814, B-79079, C-21806, C-23575,
C-55858, H-39537, L-39306
ALKALIZED ALUMINA A-34334,
B-12288, B-18641, B-18830, B-26908,
B-36755, B-64977
ALLERGIES A-00375, C-67116, G-01794,
G-02539, G-07098, G-36751, G-40635,
G-43636, G-61467
ALPHA PARTICLES A-59921, A-79043,
C-27294, D-30058, D-56463, D-56464,
D-56465
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
543
ALUMINUM A-01687, A-03129, A-05090,
A-05601, A-06241, A-07650, A-08102,
A-08748, A-09799, A-11341, A-11877,
A-12470, A-12474, A-12476, A-12587,
A-12622, A-12676, A-12692, A-12740,
A-13615, A-13701, A-17116, A-17471,
A-18656, A-23022, A-24370, A-26136,
A-30296, A-31283, A-31333, A-31935,
A-34018, A-35592, A-40182, A-42676,
A-42731, A-44490, A-44605, A-45858,
A-47061, A-49886, A-50018, A-53874,
A-55212, A-55407, A-58939, A-60728,
A-68807, A-68823, B-04368, B-06587,
B-07815, B-08344, B-09902, B-13676,
B-15372, B-16962, B-17463, B-17485,
B-18641, B-18698, B-18699, B-19210,
B-19487, B-22853, B-23370, B-24116,
B-25135, B-25195, B-26279, B-26317,
B-28320, B-28786, B-30519, B-31567,
B-32712, B-32963, B-33918, B-35111,
B-35513, B-36552, B-36755, B-37293,
B-37544, B-37603, B-38082, B-38188,
B-38445, B-38593, B-38775, B-38874,
B-40414, B-41418, B-42287, B-43299,
B-43840, B-44343, B-44638, B-44838,
B-45078, B-45380, B-47256, B-47463,
B-48811, B-48814, B-49477, B-51845,
B-52094, B-52172, B-52179, B-52838,
B-53603, B-53620, B-53875, B-54310,
B-55524, B-56528, B-57706, B-58993,
B-59459, B-59679, B-60206, B-60255,
B-61273, B-67954, B-69191, B-70659,
C-02042, C-04038, C-09770, C-10632,
C-17098, C-28530, C-29220, C-29738,
C-30793, C-30958, C-38905, C-40409,
C-40705, C-41064, C-43570, C-44689,
C-49476, C-52206, C-60951, C-68086,
D-07579, D-13838, D-14066, D-17642,
D-27254, D-32666, D-33108, D-33309,
D-37823, D-39182, D-48791, D-53889,
D-66083, E-14897, E-37013, E-37639,
E-49433, E-59075, E-64013, F-32952,
F-39861, G-10203, G-10333, G-13215,
G-13700, G-14112, G-14319, G-15040,
G-19215, G-19880, G-23003, G-26846,
G-28754, G-29415, G-30183, G-31319,
G-33766, G-37282, G-37569, G-37684,
G-38106, G-38942, G-39799, G-40527,
G-40635, G-40920, G-44362, G-47906,
G-49271, G-50371, G-50414, G-56931,
G-56933, G-62I77, G-62596, O-64484,
G-68520, H-08884, H-09553, H-10342,
H-13203, H-14678, H-15604, H-18269,
H-18270, H-18704, H-I9124, H-19358,
H-20872, H-21062, H-22085, H-22092,
H-22496, H-23386, H-23579, H-23580,
H-26978, H-29277, H-32286, H-32289,
H-32344, H-32516, H-32535, H-32536,
H-32539, H-32672, H-32673, H-32897,
H-33906, H-36883, H-36996, H-37480,
H-38017, H-38404, H-38417, H-38568,
H-39159, H-39684, H-39895, H-39923,
H-40201, H-40472, H-40599, H-44428,
H-45604, H-45663, H-46217, H-46719,
H-46721, H-49561, H-52829, H-52994,
H-53025, H-58506, H-58777, H-58941,
H-60690, H-61000, H-65715, H-77377,
1-00085, 1-23108, 1-40510, 1-40833,
1-46606, J-29923, J-30696, J-39910,
J-48171, K-51212, K-66860, L-06754,
L-20273, L-24010, L-28014, I.-29598,
L-38573, L-45783, L-46561, L-46586,
L-59722, L-66700, N-14783
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-05601,
A-06241, A-09785, A-09799, A-12476,
A-26258, A-29532, A-30447, A-42731,
A-50938, A-5IIOO, A-5274I, A-80994,
B-10372, B-11686, B-21034, B-24110,
B-24117, B-25178, B-28783, B-30519,
B-32384, B-32963, B-38188, B-38593,
B-41418, B-43299, B-47186, B-47256,
B-53620, B-55678, B-58993, B-59459,
B-80950, C-02042, C-10632, C-16801,
C-24018, C-24114, C-24124, C-24279,
C-27331, C-29738, C-42928, C-83442,
D-21419, D-58427, E-29910, E-43424,
F-04468, G-10203, G-10362, G-26846,
G-32606, G-41687, G-49271, H-03860,
H-05004, H-10342, H-13213, H-13474,
H-18269, H-24944, H-25661, H-25665,
H-28443, H-37346, H-45160, H-46719,
H-46721, H-67347, 1-40833
ALUMINUM OXIDES A-17471, A-40344,
A-44605, A-60728, A-64926, B-22853,
B-24116, B-28320, B-31567, B-35S13,
B-38299, B-42458, B-43863, B-44838,
B-48814, B-52172, B-56528, B-57706,
B-60206, B-63784, B-76008, C-10632,
C-42928, C-60278, D-39182, F-39861,
G-10362, G-84233, H-16567
ALUMINUM PRIMARY PRODUCTION
A-83637, B-76232, B-80213, B-81995,
G-83798, G-84233, H-79129, H-83730,
H-83851, J-76213, K-81864, K-84395
ALUMINUM SECONDARY SMELTING
AND REFINING A-82269, A-82353,
A-82944, A-83637, B-77475, B-81645,
B-82918, C-80935, G-83798, G-84233,
H-79633, H-80064, H-80189, H-82208,
H-83730, H-83851, H-84551, H-84553,
J-76213, L-81399
ALVEOLI G-01047, G-30788, G-30841,
G-32607, G-40597, G-41684, G-41706,
G-79623, G-84260
AMIDES A-11916, C-45802, H-04728
AMINES A-01125, A-39460, A-43270,
A-79280, B-41932, B-79711, C-Ob279,
C-36125, C-38670, C-39136, C-39719,
C-42928, C-61103, C-65118, C-80259,
C-83592, F-68048, G-04927, G-34398,
G-41706, G-52029, G-72961, K-51057,
K-72151
AMINO ACIDS A-11916, C-03478,
G-01338, H-04728, H-05398, H-05399,
H-19703, H-62548, H-79972
AMMONIA A-05040, A-05139, A-05140,
A-09690, A-09695, A-09696, A-09785,
A-11916, A-12741, A-12747, A-15452,
A-18449, A-23865, A-26329, A-28038,
A-30218, A-30517, A-32855, A-34018,
A-35985, A-36377, A-39460, A-40344,
A-40600, A-43270, A-45858, A-46119,
A-50938, A-60283, A-66977, A-67806,
A-70069, A-71262, A-72133, A-80238,
B-24333, B-25038, B-32231, B-32232,
B-32384, B-35106, B-36405, B-36475,
B-37080, B-37745, B-37914, B-45707,
B-47341, B-59679, B-60282, B-62165,
B-63474, B-67742, B-70840, B-75204,
B-79711, B-84418, C-03119, C-05078,
C-05586, C-06962, C-09983, C-11574,
C-17128, C-20650, C-22458, C-22812,
C-24603, C-24970, C-28126, C-31115,
C-32534, C-35441, C-35737, C-35956,
C-36125, C-38280, C-38670, C-39136,
C-39719, C-40422, C-41763, C-43981,
C-43985, C-M253, C-47218, C-50337,
C-59513, C-65118, C-65846, C-66606,
C-66753, C-69174, C-74942, C-79842,
C-79843, C-80259, C-84660, D-17102,
D-18537, D-22348, D-23845, D-25593,
D-33108, D-37994, D-41979, D-44799,
E-29774, F-162I8, F-I8863, F-57581,
F-59528, F-68048, G-01794, G-07098,
G-26274, G-27379, G-34398, G-48068,
G-57299, G-79848, G-84260, H-00301,
H-03395, H-04984, H-08884, H-12042,
H-12155, H-13474, H-16152, H-17710,
H-18319, H-20158, H-23295, H-23661,
H-23988, H-24035, H-28474, H-28475,
H-30473, H-32982, H-35613, H-36159,
H-36742, H-39537, H-40202, H-40368,
H-41696, H-42923, H-43492, H-45007,
H-45022, H-45130, H-45345, H-47014,
H-49644, H-49778, H-49779, H-50677,
H-52928, H-59028, H-67026, H-67056,
H-67348, H-67457, H-70776, H-70984,
H-78580, 1-00695, 1-23108, 1-39031,
1-40510, 1-58585, 1-69995, J-55161,
K-19818, K-41682, K-44310, K-60180,
K-72151, L-06754, L-17188, L-24481,
L-25542, L-29504, L-29818, L-32789,
L-33722, L-39306, L-47380, N-04212,
N-63463, N-64937, N-66750
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE A-82269,
B-28786, B-36405, C-24022
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-00340,
A-03565, A-05040, A-05139, A-05140,
A-06371, A-09690, A-09695, A-09696,
A-09785, A-11916, A-12741, A-12747,
A-15452, A-18449, A-23865, A-26329,
A-28038, A-30218, A-30517, A-31134,
A-32060, A-32855, A-34018, A-35985,
A-36377, A-39460, A-39862, A-40344,
A-40600, A-43270, A-45858, A-46119,
A-48429, A-50938, A-60283, A-66977,
A-67806, A-70069, A-71262, A-72133,
A-80238, A-82269, B-07552, B-24110,
B-24117, B-24333, B-24834, B-25038,
B-28786, B-32231, B-32232, B-32384,
B-35106, B-36405, B-36475, B-37080,
B-37745, B-37914, B-44793, B-45254,
B-45707, B-47341, B-55180, B-59679,
B-60282, B-62165, B-63474, B-67742,
B-70840, B-75204, B-79711, B-84418,
C-03119, C-05078, C-05586, C-06962,
C-09560, C-09983, C-11574, C-17128,
C-20650, C-22458, C-22812, C-24022,
C-24603, C-24970, C-28126, C-30840,
C-31115, C-32534, C-35441, C-35737,
C-35956, C-36125, C-38280, C-38670,
C-39136, C-39719, C-40422, C-41763,
C-43981, C-43985, C-44253, C-47218,
C-50337, C-59513, C-61851, C-65118,
C-65846, C-66606, C-69174, C-74942,
C-79842, C-79843, C-80103, C-80259,
C-84660, D-17102, D-18537, D-22348,
D-23845, D-25593, D-33108, D-37994,
D-41979, D-44799, D-50307, D-55187,
D-58218, E-29774, E-62869, F-16218,
F-18863, F-57581, F-59528, F-68048,
G-01794, G-07098, G-26274, G-27379,
G-34398, G-39494, G-39810, G-48068,
G-57299, G-68583, G-79848, G-84260,
H-00301, H-03395, H-03860, H-04672,
H-04984, H-08884, H-12042, H-12155,
H-13474, H-16152, H-17710, H-18319,
H-20158, H-23295, H-23661, H-23988,
H-24035, H-28474, H-28475, H-30473,
H-32982, H-35613, H-36159, H-36742,
H-39537, H-40202, H-40368, H-41696,
H-42923, H-43492, H-45007, H-45022,
H-45130, H-45345, H-47014, H-49644,
H-49778, H-49779, H-50677, H-52928,
H-59028, H-67026, H-67056, H-67348,
H-67457, H-70776, H-70984, H-78580,
1-00695, 1-23108, 1-39031, 1-40510,
1-46606, 1-58585, 1-69995, J-55161,
K-19818, K-41682, K-44310, K-51057,
-------
544
K-60180, K-72151, L-06754, L-17188,
L-24481, L-25542, L-29504, L-29818,
L-32789, L-33722, L-39306, L-47380,
N-04212, N-63463, N-64937
AMMONIUM SULFATE C-66753,
N-66750
ANEMIA C-66753, G-33505, G-33872,
G-44867, H-79633, K-41266
ANEMOMETERS A-31581, C-35956,
E-04987
ANIMALS (NON-HUMAN) A-00375,
A-00640, A-02312, A-11916, A-13699,
A-22973, A-26258, A-28282, A-31935,
A-32576, A-71273, A-81169, A-83543,
B-02541, B-06587, B-09664, B-25433,
B-75138, C-00126, C-01793, C-07719,
C-20701, C-60410, D-33309, G-00165,
G-01047, G-01426, G-01794, G-02539,
G-03246, G-03394, G-04734, G-04927,
G-04983, G-06288, G-07013, G-07917,
G-08030, G-08031, G-08201, G-10247,
G-10333, G-10362, G-11000, G-11444,
G-11467, G-12282, G-12403, G-12547,
G-12550, G-13215, G-13700, G-14126,
G-14319, G-15040, G-16047, G-18809,
G-21455, G-23711, G-24392, G-28041,
G-30145, G-30385, G-30387, G-30841,
G-32256, G-32596, G-32601, G-32606,
G-33276, G-33505, G-33510, G-33511,
G-33561, G-33872, G-35569, G-36411,
G-36723, G-38616, G-39799, G-39810,
G-39813, G-39924, G-39931, G-40635,
G-41036, G-41224, G-41684, G-41685,
G-41686, G-4I687, G-41688, G-43277,
G-43896, G-44593, G-44594, G-45055,
G-45683, G-47807, G-49223, G-49448,
G-50161, G-52147, G-52686, G-56931,
G-56934, G-56959, G-57024, G-59073,
G-61467, G-64484, G-66668, G-70519,
G-71948, G-72083, G-72961, G-74821,
G-74822, G-74823, G-79619, G-79623,
G-79796, G-79848, G-79980, G-80857,
G-81018, G-81250, G-84266, H-00600,
H-00944, H-01092, H-03116, H-04544,
H-04848, H-04850, H-04917, H-04918,
H-04919, H-04923, H-04924, H-04925,
H-04997, H-05004, H-05421, H-OS612,
H-06353, H-06354, H-09553, H-10711,
H-11452, H-11456, H-11466, H-11469,
H-12529, H-12533, H-12538, H-12540,
H-12551, H-12553, H-12554, H-12556,
H-13159, H-13203, H-13213, H-13985,
H-17620, H-18268, H-18269, H-18270,
H-18271, H-20015, H-20707, H-22887,
H-23624, H-24944, H-25665, H-25735,
H-25945, H-26718, H-26734, H-26742,
H-26795, H-27907, H-27923, H-28031,
H-28035, H-28679, H-28830, H-29206,
H-29277, H-29736, H-29991, H-30297,
H-31208, H-32291, H-32588, H-32672,
H-32736, H-33290, H-35877, H-35992,
H-37346, H-37480, H-38407, H-38417,
H-39493, H-39607, H-39627, H-39895,
H-39923, H-40201, H-40599, H-40916,
H-41439, H-42857, H-43226, H-44295,
H-44428, H-45781, H-46997, H-47286,
H-48167, H-48193, H-48639, H-49316,
H-49434, H-49561, H-52964, H-54597,
H-59935, H-61000, H-61496, H-64427,
H-65103, H-66035, H-66715, H-67453,
H-68770, H-76901, H-77377, H-7%33,
H-80079, H-80535, H-80711, H-83145,
H-83182, H-83258, H-84080, H-84089,
H-84477, H-84527, H-84541, H-84545,
J-28805, K-03582, K-31%8, L-24010,
L-25642, N-04212, N-12307, N-28923,
N-66750
ANOXIA G-18987
ANTHRACENES G-07098
ANTHRACOSIS G-18987
ANTIBODIES G-61467
ANTICYCLONES G-18785
ANTIDOTES G-04927, G-36723, H-01092,
H-20690
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS A-18449,
A-52741, A-60866, A-75077, B-77838,
C-09770, C-27294, C-39719, C-75339,
D-50307, E-43424, F-41543, G-71933,
G-72961, 1-08076
APPLES B-02541, C-28441, C-28462,
H-04984, H-17892, H-32536, H-60907,
H-80493
APRICOTS H-80067
AQUATIC ANIMALS A-83543
AQUEOUS SOLUTION SCRUBBING
A-82192, B-78814, B-78890
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
B-09664, K-33107, L-09677, L-32884,
L-60630
AREA SURVEYS A-00340, A-02312,
A-03450, A-47945, A-48048, A-58402,
B-07549, C-29426, C-56572, D-09590,
D-09658, D-10619, D-19145, D-26086,
D-31371, D-33080, D-33309, D-34008,
D-36806, D-37473, D-37607, D-37994,
D-39054, D-39737, D-40896, D-41979,
D-43317, D-44267, D-44799, D-47976,
D-48791, D-48850, D-49118, D-49260,
D-49860, D-50307, D-50550, D-50690,
D-50744, D-51929, D-54881, D-55187,
D-56463, D-56464, D-56465, D-58339,
D-58427, D-60574, D-61140, D-63186,
D-67690, D-70500, D-74121, D-77485,
D-77512, E-37639, E-49185, E-49433,
E-59075, G-38106, G-49271, G-50318,
G-50371, G-62177, G-66044, G-68520,
G-74369, H-05724, H-13474, H-42923,
H-45663, H-52698, H-59327, H-60690,
H-64166, H-70487, H-70984, H-74459,
H-74588, H-74617, H-76233, H-77050,
H-77329, H-77377, H-77390, H-81288,
J-43002, K-31968, K-69550, L-29598,
L-37943, L-40889, N-32254, N-65407
ARIZONA C-44710, H-00301, H-28031
ARKANSAS K-37472
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-09785,
A-32855, A-34334, A-39460, A-39862,
A-42731, A-45145, A-47048, A-48572,
A-72133, A-79280, B-41932, B-47677,
B-62165, C-00264, C-04463, C-06112,
C-09983, C-17128, C-20030, C-20595,
C-20650, C-27294, C-31115, C-32534,
C-38670, C-39136, C-44933, C-50337,
C-60553, C-61103, C-67116, C-80103,
C-80259, F-68048, G-01794, G-04927,
G-07098, G-24153, G-30788, G-34398,
G-68583, G-80197, G-84260, H-42857,
H-46198, H-47014, K-41682, K-51057,
L-29504, L-81220, N-66750
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-18449,
A-22875, A-39862, A-40182, A-42680,
A-59257, A-60728, A-60827, A-68912,
A-73078, A-75077, A-76638, A-80238,
A-81343, A-81931, B-18826, B-60864,
B-75204, B-77838, B-80950, C-09983,
C-17128, C-26707, C-27294, C-39136,
C-39516, C-39719, C-42928, C^t3985,
C-48916, C-50936, C-53523, C-5S789,
C-61957, C-75339, C-79389, C-82552,
C-83442, D-31396, D-42760, D-52578,
G-11467, G-27379, G-28199, G-34398,
G-36723, G-38616, G-39833, G-47807,
G-52029, G-57701, G-67440, G-71536,
G-71933, G-73658, G-80197, G-80857,
H-04544, H-08884, H-11452, H-23624,
H-25366, H-28475, H-32736, H-35877,
H-38332, H-42924, H-43226, H-45467,
H-47014, H-47286, H-48374, H-60760,
H-614%, H-67348, H-67453, H-68394,
H-76297, 1-08076, K-10168, K-28466,
K-41682, K-51057, K-68224, K-74109,
L-37747, L-81220, N-04212, N-63463
ARSINE A-60827, B-75204, C-17128,
C-79389, G-28199
ASBESTOS A-23561, A-26254, A-39460,
A-42680, A-69039, A-80238, B-19177,
B-60864, C-27248, C-61692, G-48693,
G-52638, G-61467, G-71484, G-71536,
G-79848, H-40368, K-68224, N-64545,
N-66750
ASBESTOSIS B-19177
ASHES A-32702, A-34334, A-40471,
A-46925, A-48572, A-52741, A-53295,
A-53751, A-57231, A-59257, B-33554,
C-50876, C-80103, D-33309, G-38721,
H-21189, H-43622, L-30620, N-04212
ASPHALT A-09785, A-39460, A-40159,
A-43272, H-23661, H-28477, H-30225,
H-36742, H-45022, J-30696, L-06939,
L-09677, L-37747, L-48788
ASPIRATORS C-28374, C-37799, C-40705,
C-43986
ASTHMA A-00375, D-33108, G-01794,
G-16874, G-18785, G-18988, G-43636,
G-47905, G-48637, G-49164, G-50916,
G-61467, G-73658, G-74369, G-83798,
J-30226, N-64937
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-00220,
A-07650, A-09785, A-28652, A-31581,
A-32576, A-32702, A-48048, A-50018,
A-66955, A-68703, A-79511, B-19571,
B-25195, B-42083, B-45468, C-07710,
C-22877, C-29771, C-36800, C-44177,
C-48392, C-68944, D-01872, D-09590,
D-22348, D-23760, D-26086, D-31371,
D-32666, D-33017, D-33108, D-33858,
D-36806, D-37502, D-39054, D-40896,
D-43170, D-43317, D-44267, D-44799,
D-48791, D-50550, D-54881, D-58218,
D-58427, D-73835, D-77485, E-02325,
E-05054, E-29023, E-33092, E-37013,
E-37037, E-37639, E-44277, E-49433,
E-76047, E-78793, G-18785, G-33510,
H-16567, H-25661, H-28149, H-28647,
H-30301, H-31527, H-32714, H-36996,
H-38412, H-42601, H-51470, H-58777,
H-60907, H-69162, H-80064, H-82435,
1-27060, 1-47291, L-40889, N-04212,
N-63776, N-69692
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
C-79032, C-82552, C-82650, N-66750
ATTACK RATES G-05833, G-37791
AUSTRALASIA A-49886, A-55407,
B-17485, B-21034, B-29403, B-41418,
B-76232, B-80950, C-09560, E-79132,
H-76233, L-44598
AUSTRALIA A-49886, A-55407, B-17485,
B-21034, B-29403, B-41418, B-80950,
C-09560, E-79132, L-44598
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT METHODS
A-30517, A-42677, B-60849,
B-60864, B-72139, C-00626, C-00636,
C-0094I, C-013I3, C-01593, C-03503,
C-04463, C-06279, C-11574, C-12451,
C-18696, C-20540, C-21855, C-22458,
C-22879, C-23767, C-24399, C-25647,
C-26121, C-26396, C-28530, C-28671,
C-29738, C-29771, C-29966, C-35737,
C-36002, C-36693, C-37350, C-38280,
C-39022, C-39871, C-40211, C-42375,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
545
C-43979, C-43986, C-44285, C-49879,
C-61103, C-65118, C-65846, C-66606,
C-71044, C-71231, C-72015, C-77427,
C-80573, C-80935, C-83442, D-27254,
H-00301, H-00631, H-00964, H-06459,
H-18770, H-50729, L-33495, L-81220,
N-64545
AUTOMOBILES A-00375, A-09785,
A-12557, A-23561, A-23865, A-29786,
A-31315, A-32060, A-34018, A-36377,
A-42054, A-47143, A-48946, A-68703,
A-69309, A-76274, B-02541, B-07549,
B-35I06, B-37402, B-47731, C-35108,
D-27254, D-33108, D-34008, D-49860,
D-73835, G-30788, G-31319, G-50161,
H-45130, H-76297, 1-23108, J-30696,
K-19818, K-71991, K-72151, I.-17472,
L-19434, L-24122, L-27677, L-31492,
L-32789, L-77234, N-04212, N-21287,
N-32254
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-33853. B-02541, B-07549, B-28S02,
B-33554, B-35106, B-37402, B-47731,
D-49860, J-30696, K-71991, L-24122,
L-25427, L-31492, N-20495
AUTOPSY G-04849, G-07013, G-07917,
G-08031, G-25946, G-26743, G-36751,
G-40597, G-54302, G-80857, H-04848,
H-04923, H-05004, H-12554, H-76901
AZINES C-17128
AZO DYE C-25668, C-30014, C-31115,
C-39008, C-48916, H-18319
AZOLES H-00301
B
BACTERIA A-32702, B-28502, C-22812,
C-35956, F-28428, F-52013, G-02539,
G-30788, H-33127, H-56241, H-62275,
H-80575
BAFFLES A-15452, B-38115, B-40381,
B-43299, B-45078, B-49023, B-52838
BAG FILTERS A-08102, A-09799,
A-12740, A-15452, A-17076, A-40344,
A-41650, A-41877, A-43270, A-44490,
A-48429, A-60827, A-70069, A-76152,
A-76190, A-81861, B-07815, B-10618,
B-19487, B-21795, B-22484, B-22853,
B-25135, B-28786, B-29680, B-30519,
B-31567, B-36755, B-38115, B-43299,
B-44638, B-45380, B-45544, B-45707,
B-45757, B-47256, B-47677, B-47680,
B-48814, B-49023, B-49477, B-52172,
B-52179, B-58879, B-61935, B-63474,
B-63775, B-64977, B-65640, B-66624,
B-70658, B-70840, B-71796, B-77475,
B-80213, B-81773, C-24118, C-35956,
C-81439, K-33107, L-32884, L-38573
BALLOONS C-35956, E-04987
BANDING H-01250, H-05485, H-14968,
H-16244, H-19656, H-21364, H-21687,
H-57810
BARIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-27595, A-27617, A-52741, A-60729,
A-76638, A-80238, A-80994, A-81343,
B-77838, H-13474, K-68224
BARLEY H-11466, H-16222, H-17449,
H-17710, H-32280, H-34880, H-36994,
H-36996, H-56204, H-70607, H-71931,
H-78956, H-81495
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-01528,
A-26254, A-41877, A-42682, A-60866,
B-10618, B-29680, L-09677
BATTERY MANUFACTURING A-09785
BEANS H-78956, H-80575
BEES G-81250
BEETS (GARDEN) H-80575
BELGIUM A-00375, A-48231, A-72133,
G-18785, G-30788, G-39219, G-40597,
H-11469, H-45345, K-68582
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
D-43317, D-50307
BENZENES A-32855, A-42731, B-41932,
B-47677, C-00264, C-20030, C-20595,
C-20650, C-31115, C-38670, C-39136,
C-50337, C-67116, C-80259, F-68048,
G-07098, G-68583, G-84260, H-47014,
K-51057, L-29504, L-81220
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE A-00375, A-38657,
C-39762, C-48916, D-32666, D-34008,
D-50307, G-11942, G-41706, G-49756,
G-60625, H-39328, N-04212, N-46820
BENZOPYRENES A-00375, A-29786,
A-34018, A-38657, C-26707, C-27294,
C-39762, C-48916, C-84660, D-28097,
D-32666, D-34008, D-50307, G-11942,
G-41706, G-49756, G-60625, G-71484,
H-39328, L-84415, N-04212, N-46820
BERYLLIOSIS A-00340, A-00640,
A-00896, A-02312, A-03450, B-07664,
C-00126, C-00260, C-00264, C-00450,
C-00626, C-00636, C-00941, C-01313,
C-01593, C-01793, C-02042, C-02565,
C-02681, C-03119, C-03478, C-03503,
C-03527, C-03550, C-03908, C-04038,
C-04405, C-04458, C-04463, D-01872,
F-02517, G-01096, G-01426, G-01674,
G-04734, G-11000, G-28199, G-28429,
H-00187, H-00301, H-00633, H-00788,
H-00944. H-00964, H-01250, H-01506,
H-01664, H-02379, H-02382, H-03549,
H-03873, 1-00695, K-03032
BERYLLIUM A-00375, G-07098, G-11000,
1-40510, K-08420, L-06349, L-06734
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS A-00375,
A-27595, A-39460, A-59257, A-73078,
A-75077, A-76638, A-80238, A-81343,
A-81931, B-28945, B-75204, B-75387,
C-06494, C-23683, C-256I7, C-25952,
C-42928, C-43985, C-53523, C-61957,
C-75339, C-82552, D-17102, D-50307,
E-62869, F-04468, F-34948, G-01794,
G-07098, G-11000, G-18987, G-19148,
G-28199, G-28429, G-33276, G-33505,
G-33872, G-34398, G-38616, G-38721,
G-71933, G-73658, G-79848, H-13474,
H-48374, K-08420, K-19750, K-47672,
K-51057, K-51212, K-68224, L-06349,
L-06734, N-04212
BERYLLIUM OXIDES G-l 1000, G-52638
BESSEMER CONVERTERS A-01528,
L-09677
BETA PARTICLES A-59921, A-79043,
C-11626, C-27294, D-30058, D-56463,
D-56464, D-56465, H-10150
BIO-ASSAY C-67116, G-57024, H-00240,
H-01250, H-80535
BIOCHEMISTRY A-l 1916, C-03478,
C-42928, F-22219, G-01338, G-01426,
G-52638, G-74822, G-80197, H-04728,
H-05398, H-05399, H-06413, H-06681,
H-13247, H-16900, H-19703, H-21498,
H-25618, H-52306. H-62548, H-79972,
H-83723
BIOCLIMATOLOGY A-00375, G-28019,
G-49756, H-38568, H-40341, H-53376,
H-57810, H-60961, H-63442, 1-58585,
N-46820
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS A-l 1916,
C-03478, C-42928, F-22219, G-01338,
G-01426, G-52638, G-74822, G-80197,
H-04728, H-05398, H-05399, H-06413,
H-06681, H-13247, H-16900, H-19703,
H-21498, H-25618, H-52306, H-62548,
H-79972, H-83723
BIOPSY G-07344, G-37282, G-40635,
H-01092, H-04924, H-04997
BIRCH TREES H-80493
BIRDS G-03394, H-04544, H-11469,
H-25665, H-32672
BISMUTH C-09770
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS A-60728,
A-76638, A-81343, D-50307, E-29910,
G-39833
BLAST FURNACE AND BASIC STEEL
PRODUCTS M A-00896, A-01528,
A-17344, A-17464, A-17471, A-30447,
A-31333, A-32139, A-37752, A-38657,
A-39635, A-40182, A-40344, A-41877,
A-42682, A-43014, A-43272, A-45858,
A-49617, A-75206, A-76122, A-76190,
A-77522, A-81861, A-82269, B-04794,
B-06587, B-07664, B-10618, B-23182,
B-24683, B-25433, B-25638, B-25658,
B-29680, B-40892, B-42172, B-45544,
C-80935, C-82552, D-39737, H-29736,
J-29923, L-09677, L-19434
BLAST FURNACES A-00896, A-01528,
A-17344, A-32139, A-41877, A-42682,
A-45858, A-49617, B-04794, B-24683,
B-25638, B-29680, B-40892, B-45544,
D-39737, H-29736, L-09677
BLOOD CELLS A-06241, D-34008,
G-10203, G-11000, G-13215, G-13700,
G-14112, G-19880, G-24392, G-28754,
G-33872, G-37569, G-40920, G-41685,
G-41687, G-43277, G-44594, H-13203,
H-79633
BLOOD CHEMISTRY A-06241, A-11916,
G-01426, G-04927, G-10203, G-13215,
G-29415, G-33511, G-36411, G-36723,
G-37569, G-38106, G-54302, G-56931,
G-56934, G-56959, G-57024, G-60625,
G-66668, G-68520, G-74822, G-74823,
G-80857, H-04850, H-04923, H-05004,
H-10843, H-12540, H-12554, H-12556,
H-48167, H-49434, H-65103
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS G-12403,
G-24392, N-20495
BLOOD PRESSURE G-23711, G-49164,
G-52029
BLOOD SERUM G-79619, G-79623,
G-79634, H-79633
BLOOD VESSELS G-04849, G-I43I9,
G-24494, G-25946, G-36723, G-40597,
G-40635, G-52029, G-74823, H-01092,
H-04923
BODIES OF WATER A-37996, A-76459,
A-83543, B-24683, B-28034, B-28502,
C-44710, D-09590, D-09658, D-30058,
D-33017, D-42760, D-62438, E-29910,
E-30126, E-43424, F-44721, G-67325,
H-16150, H-28149, H-36996, H-80085
BODY FLUIDS G-13215, G-24720,
G-79619, G-79623, G-79634, G-83798,
H-66715, H-79633
BOILERS A-08816, A-30218, A-77367,
A-77522, A-81745, B-10618, B-25638,
B-35111, B-36552, B-40381, B-47086,
B-60255, B-65638, C-35956, C-44238,
C-49391, D-25593, D-49860, J-30696,
K-31968, K-34063, K-37472, K-51212,
K-58899, K-72151, L-0%77, L-32884,
L-73839
BONES A-13701, A-3I935, B-09664,
C-26744, F-26990, G-03246, G-04849,
G-04983, G-06485, G-06497, G-08030,
G-09575, G-10203, G-11000, G-11467,
G-12282, G-l2532, G-13215, G-13700,
-------
546
G-14126, G-22551, G-22628, G-23763,
O-24494, G-26743, G-26846, G-28037,
G-28199, G-28429, G-28556, G-28754,
G-29415, G-30183, G-31234, G-31319,
G-32152, G-32601, G-32605, G-32606,
G-33505, G-33561, G-33872, G-36947,
G-37684, G-37795, G-38106, G-38942,
G-39833, G-40920, G-41685, G-41686,
G-41688, G-44589, G-44590, G-44593,
G-44597, G-48636, G-48637, G-48697,
G-49164, G-49271, G-49448, G-49607,
G-50371, G-50414, G-51473, G-52686,
G-56934, G-70519, G-74821, G-74823,
G-79619, G-79623, G-79980, G-80078,
G-81018, G-81250, G-83177, G-83798,
G-84531, H-00600, H-00944, H-01092,
H-04917, H-04918, H-04919, H-04923,
H-04924, H-04997, H-05004, H-05421,
H-05612, H-06353, H-06354, H-10841,
H-11452, H-11466, H-11469, H-12533,
H-13203, H-13213, H-18268, H-18269,
H-18270, H-18271, H-20015, H-20707,
H-24944, H-25945, H-26734, H-26742,
H-28031, H-28035, H-28258, H-28679,
H-32289, H-32588, H-32673, H-33290,
H-33906, H-35992, H-38407, H-38417,
H-39493, H-39607, H-39627, H-39895,
H-39923, H-40201, H-40368, H-40599,
H-41439, H-45781, H-46997, H-48639,
H-49434, H-49704, H-52964, H-56428,
H-64427, H-65103, H-68770, H-76901,
H-80535, K-31968, K-41266
BORON COMPOUNDS A-18449, A-33853,
A-39587, A-51100, A-60729, A-73078,
A-76638, A-80238, A-81343, B-29114,
B-45757, C-06279, C-06494, C-23517,
C-37799, C-39719, C-42928, C-75339,
C-82650, D-33017, E-29910, E-33092,
E-40271, F-04468, G-71933, H-13474,
H-15838, H-19539, H-24395, H-25499,
H-28446, H-32539, H-33606, H-56788,
K-68224
BREATHING P-07714, G-07098, G-07917,
G-32596, G-32605, G-32606, G-37569,
G-37795, G-52686, G-61646, G-71948,
G-79623, H-76297, H-80064, K-41295
BRICK AND STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE
WORKS A-79774, B-77816, L-77817
BRICKS A-33735, A-34096, A-36212,
A-40159, A-42677, A-43272, A-49852,
A-60729, B-06587, B-19177, B-19210,
B-44121, B-52445, B-55678, B-56591,
B-63775, B-66947, C-18264, D-25093,
H-I1157, H-23874, H-39493, H-46733,
H-68122, 1-07553, J-30696, L-37747,
L-39306, L-67888, N-69692
BROMIDES A-09785, A-29786, B-14692,
B-61954, C-18344, C-24018, C-43234,
C-47218
BROMINATED HYDROCARBONS
B-24683, C-27769, F-03062, K-10168
BROMINE A-17344, A-34018, B-77838,
C-17128, C-80227, C-83442, D-34008,
F-03062, F-13565, F-78035, G-43323,
G-48068, G-71933, H-13474, H-36742,
H-41362, 1-40510, K-10168, K-51057,
L-44054
BROMINE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-29786, B-14692, B-61954, C-17128,
C-18344, C-20650, C-24018, C-43234,
C-47218, D-33017, D-52578, E-29910,
G-48068, H-36742, H-45022, H-52397,
H-79976, 1-08076, 1-23108, K-34063,
L-29504
BRONCHI G-07098, G-08201, G-10362,
G-32256, G-40597, G-61467, G-79619
BRONCHIAL CANCER G-07961, G-18987,
G-41706
BRONCHITIS A-00375, A-22973, A-63661,
D-33108, G-02539, G-07013, G-11467,
G-11942, G-18987, G-18988, G-39494,
G-40920, G-41706, G-43636, G-47905,
G-48637, G-49164, G-50916, G-73658,
G-74369, G-83798, G-84I37, H-03766,
H-08884, J-30226, N-64937
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION G-08702
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA G-47905
BUBBLE CAP TOWERS A-12476,
A-12676, B-43299, B-45078, B-47054,
B-47466, B-52838, B-60075
BUCKWHEAT H-80067
BUDGETING L-29598, L-73836
BUILD-UP RATES A-08882, A-31581,
H-48374
BUILDINGS A-3H34, B-04853, C-01349,
C-20701, C-27330, C-28251, D-09590,
E-37639, E-44030, F-04768, G-01674,
H-00187, H-00265, H-00301, H-00979,
H-01705, H-05324, H-06413, H-07255,
H-16222, H-18770, H-20917, H-26711,
H-28802, H-30298, H-30299, H-35880,
H-44345, H-77325, 1-73616
BURNING A-01687, A-40344, A-47143,
B-26911, B-44979, C-23683, C-35956,
D-09590, D-26702, H-01398, H-21189,
L-32173, L-32245, L-32272, N-12307
BUSES A-34018, A-48849, B-07549,
1-23108
BUTADIENES H-11100
BUTANES E-76047, F-25636, G-30145,
G-44867
BUTENES F-25636, H-11100
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-18323,
A-30296, A-35592, A-43014, A-47188,
A-47962, A-47966, A-60281, A-61570,
B-07815, B-12127, B-13676, B-17463,
B-17485, B-18536, B-18698, B-18826,
B-19177, B-19210, B-20436, B-21795,
B-22598, 13-22853, B-22923, B-24033,
B-24117, B-24333, B-24834, B-25038,
B-25178, B-27835, B-28034, B-29114,
B-29680, B-31567, B-31708, B-32384,
B-32461, B-32712, B-32963, B-33620,
B-36405, B-36755, B-37509, B-37745,
B-39104, B-40251, B-40712, B-41378,
B-41932, B-42991, B-43840, B-43863,
B-43972, B-44793, B-45254, B-45707,
B-45757, B-45846, B-47095, B-47731,
B-48805, B-48811, B-49031, B-49420,
B-49929, B-51720, B-52094, B-53867,
B-53875, B-54799, B-57706, B-58466,
B-58632, B-59230, B-60282, B-61273,
B-64977, B-65923, B-67136, B-67137,
B-67217, B-67700, B-67742, B-67846,
B-69131, B-69528, B-69965, B-71297,
B-80500, B-80863, B-81040, B-81944,
B-82446, H-39537, L-38573, N-14783
CABBAGE B-02541, H-00301, H-13203,
H-34880, H-80064
CADMIUM G-00165, 1-40510, 1-40833,
1-46606, L-35795, L-37747
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-17471,
A-27595, A-37721, A-40182, A-47959,
A-51100, A-57231, A-60421, A-60728,
A-60729, A-73078, A-74262, A-75077,
A-76638, A-80238, A-81343, A-81931,
B-50868, B-65640, B-72139, C-09560,
C-28126, C-32476, C-38670, C-39136,
C-39516, C-41719, C-41763, C-42928,
C-43985, C-49509, C-50876, C-50936,
C-53523, C-55789, C-61851, C-61957,
C-64779, C-72017, C-75339, C-82552,
C-83442, D-36806, D-49260, D-50307,
D-51929, D-54881, D-76890, D-83399,
G-00165, G-28139, G-28199, G-34398,
G-36723, G-38721, G-46085, G-47807,
G-50419, G-50916, G-52029, G-61146,
G-71484, G-71933, G-73658, G-79848,
G-84137, H-13474, H-32736, H-43226,
H-45467, H-48374, H-50729, H-60760,
H-61496, H-65179, H-67348, H-71078,
H-77325, H-79976, H-84290, K-31968,
K-33107, K-34063, K-38197, K-42039,
K-44310, K-44377, K-51057, K-68224,
K-69550, K-72151, K-74109, K-80854,
L-27677, L-28349, L-29421, L-30620,
I.-32789, L-32884, L-35795, L-38669,
L-76847, L-76965, L-82278, N-04212
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-04068,
A-09214, A-09541, A-09785, A-09799,
A-11916, A-12095, A-12919, A-27617,
A-30296, A-34096, A-35592, A-37752,
A-39460, A-42731, A-43272, A-43403,
A-49852, A-51100, A-52741, A-64926,
A-71477, A-75077, A-79567, A-80994,
A-81931, B-22598, B-24355, B-25433,
B-25658, B-28889, B-30814, B-31889,
B-36716, B-38188, B-42172, B-42287,
B-43863, B-43972, B-45757, B-46086,
B-55180, B-56591, B-58380, B-59861,
B-60075, B-62786, B-66947, C-04692,
C-07710, C-12760, C-23573, C-24114,
C-24970, C-26729, C-26744, C-28251,
C-29738, C-33632, C-41020, C-41063,
C-42928, C-44177, C-46443, C-75339,
D-21419, D-27254, D-33017, D-49260,
E-40271, F-26990, F-34948, G-04145,
G-06485, G-07344, G-07961, G-10362,
G-14126, G-23763, G-26743, G-28556,
G-32256, G-33561, G-48636, G-48637,
G-52029, G-52638, G-84236, H-00631,
H-00979, H-02200, H-03860, H-04672,
H-04919, H-04925, H-04997, H-05004,
H-06342, H-10841, H-10843, H-13213,
H-15213, H-16567, H-22092, H-24282,
H-24944, H-25750, H-26800, H-28409,
H-30368, H-32673, H-38404, H-43492,
H-43622, H-45467, H-47806, H-52651,
H-60560, H-60961, H-62597, K-47672,
L-20273
CALCIUM SULFATES A-12095, B-36716,
B-62786, C-33632
CALIBRATION METHODS C-00941,
C-01593, C-06352, C-06398, C-07710,
C-07860, C-08077, C-11041, C-11691,
C-11779, C-12760, C-23546, C-23547,
C-23657, C-24331, C-26692, C-28530,
C-30007, C-32966, C-37799, C-40138,
C-40422, C-43570, C-43979, C-44933,
C-46784, C-48392, C-53625, C-58842,
C-69526, C-69675, C-71044, C-74346,
C-79389, D-29040, D-49260, F-52013,
H-19703, H-42946
CALIFORNIA A-00375, A-09785, A-33853,
A-47143, A-67806, B-04853, D-26702,
E-29774, E-33092, G-28199, H-00301,
H-01809, H-03613, H-036I6, H-03629,
H-03766, H-05342, H-06459, H-07255,
H-11407, H-16244, H-16896, H-20573,
H-27030, H-33089, H-33127, H-33468,
H-68394, 1-00695, J-43002, K-03582,
K-11414, K-27010, K-38197, L-09677,
L-17614, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-44054, N-04212, N-28923, N-63463
CAMERAS E-04987
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
547
CANADA A-08882, A-20134, A-34018,
A-35985, A-39587, B-16962, B-42458,
B-44638, B-49031, C-00264, C-00626,
C-00636, C-00941, C-01313, C-01349,
C-03478, C-03503, C-04405, C-12100,
C-18344, C-23767, C-24018, C-24331,
C-40211, C-43672, C-44285, C-57781,
D-01872, D-37473, D-42760, D-49860,
E-29315, E-78933, F-80516, F-81069,
G-01047, G-01096, G-01426, G-02539,
G-04145, G-07961, G-16874, G-19055,
G-28037, G-37791, G-48697, G-66044,
G-67325, H-00265, H-00631, H-00788,
H-00920, H-01664, H-02200, H-02379,
H-03549, H-03571, H-03729, H-08884,
H-09553, H-12045, H-25499, H-32736,
H-36883, H-39098, H-48403, H-51109,
H-56788, H-60690, H-67056, H-70752,
1-00695, J-76213, K-68582, I.-17614,
L-20273, L-47380, L-84415, N-52010
CANCER A-00375, A-22973, A-45145,
B-19177, G-05833, G-07961, G-11942,
G-16345, G-18987, G-22628, G-27379,
G-37791, G-39494, G-41706, G-48693,
G-48697, G-66044, G-73658, G-74290,
H-35877, H-42857, N-49170
CAPITAL B-80213, B-81040, J-76213
CARBIDES A-30517, A-33853, A-42680,
A-43272, A-81169, B-60864, C-44253
CARBON A-18449, A-22875, A-32702,
A-39460, A-45858, A-49617, B-12288,
B-12465, B-30276, B-32963, B-35106,
B-35513, B-36532, B-37536, B-41839,
B-42078, B-43863, B-44793, B-45707,
B-49023, B-50652, B-68201, B-71796,
B-72656, C-06983, C-41064, C-45344,
D-52578, G-52638, H-10I50, K-10168
CARBON BLACK A-18449, A-22875,
A-32702, A-39460, A-45858, A-49617,
B-12465, B-32963, B-35106, B-35513,
B-36532, B-37536, B-42078, B-43863,
B-44793, B-45707, B-49023, B-71796,
C-41064, C-45344, D-52578, H-10150,
K-10168
CARBON DIOXIDE A-00220, A-00375,
A-00896, A-09214, A-09321, A-09332,
A-09697, A-11541, A-11590, A-12587,
A-12773, A-12889, A-15452, A-17357,
A-23865, A-24370, A-28038, A-29786,
A-31315, A-32060, A-34018, A-36045,
A-36377, A-40344, A-40471, A-40600,
A-44566, A-45145, A-65064, A-71477,
A-75089, B-07664, B-16962, B-35513,
B-42083, B-43299, B-45468, B-47677,
B-48480, B-49031, B-59230, B-70840,
B-79711, C-06112, C-06962, C-17128,
C-20540, C-20650, C-22812, C-22877,
C-24970, C-26203, C-30840, C-32534,
C-35108, C-39719, C-41719, C-43672,
C-44238, C-44933, C-46034, C-47218,
C-49879, C-50337, C-60553, C-61103,
C-65118, C-65846, C-66606, C-66753,
C-69152, C-74346, C-79835, D-18537,
D-19966, D-22348, D-23845, D-33425,
D-44799, E-29774, E-72995, F-16218,
F-2I632, F-39861, F-57580, F-57581,
F-62189, F-68048, F-81069, G-18785,
G-24153, G-26743, G-39494, G-44867,
G-48068, G-79848, G-80197, G-84137,
G-84260, H-02379, H-02382, H-03570,
H-03572, H-05399, H-05421, H-06459,
H-10150, H-11100, H-35964, H-45467,
H-49647, H-56204, 1-07553, 1-24308,
1-27060, 1-46606, 1-54961, L-09677,
L-25542, L-29818, L-32173, L-32245,
I.-32272, L-40889, N-04212, N-20495,
N-44066, N-46820, N-51942, N-66750
CARBON DISULFIDE
B-30519, B-41378,
B-45707, C-09983,
C-42926, C-43985,
C-83592, F-16218,
G-84260, H-39537,
L-17188, L-29504,
CARBON MONOXIDE
A-00896, A-01687,
A-09697, A-09785,
A-12773, A-12889,
A-17357, A-20134,
A-27617, A-28038,
A-31315, A-32060,
A-33853, A-34018,
A-37996, A-39460,
A-40344, A-40401,
A-42676, A-42682,
A-43272, A-44566,
A-47048, A-47143,
A-47963, A-47966,
A-48849, A-48946,
A-51100, A-52912,
A-60728, A-60827,
A-61154, A-61570,
A-69309, A-69422,
A-76274, A-80334,
A-82I92, B-02541,
B-16962, B-26911,
B-30519, B-32190,
B-42083, B-42172,
B-45380, B-45468,
B-49031, B-62165,
B-71796, B-7184I,
B-76008, B-79711,
C-02681, C-03119,
C-09983, C-11574,
C-22517, C-22812,
C-26707, C-27248,
C-31115, C-32534,
C-35737, C-35956,
C-41719, C-41763,
C-43672, C-43979,
C-44253, C-45760,
C-48392, C-49752,
C-50337, C-51762,
C-56681, C-58278,
C-61851, C-63848,
C-66606, C-66753,
C-69174, C-70686,
C-74471, C-75058,
C-83495, C-83592,
D-22348, D-23845,
D-26702, D-27254,
D-33576, D-35764,
D-44799, D-49860,
D-73835, D-78193,
E-79132, F-02337,
F-39861, F-62189,
G-02539, G-05833,
G-16345, G-16916,
A-49924, B-15322,
B-42078, B-43299,
C-20030, C-20595,
C-48392, C-65118,
G-02539, G-71536,
1-23108, K-28466,
L-44054
A-00220, A-00375,
A-08486, A-08882,
A-11590, A-12587,
A-15452, A-17344,
A-22973, A-23561,
A-29532, A-29786,
A-32519, A-32855,
A-36045, A-36377,
A-40159, A-40180,
A-41877, A-42675,
A-42751, A-43270,
A-45145, A-46925,
A-47954, A-47962,
A-48116, A-48231,
A-49617, A-49924,
A-59494, A-60281,
A-60866, A-61007,
A-65064, A-67806,
A-71477, A-76122,
A-81169, A-81861,
B-07549, B-07664,
B-28502, B-29680,
B-35513, B-38115,
B-43299, B-44979,
B-47731, B-48480,
B-70659, B-70840,
B-75138, B-75204,
B-81256, B-84391,
C-03527, C-06112,
C-15I71, C-17128,
C-22877, C-24603,
C-27294, C-30840,
C-35108, C-35441,
C-39022, C-39719,
C-42926, C-42928,
C-43985, C-43986,
C-46034, C-47218,
C-49879, C-49992,
C-52992, C-56372,
C-59814,
C-65118,
D-33425,
D-41979,
D-73286,
E-29774,
G-19148,
G-27379,
G-38721,
G-43323,
G-50161,
G-60625,
G-68583,
G-24153,
G-31319,
G-39494,
G-46085,
G-50916,
G-61146,
G-71484,
G-73658, G-74290,
G-79848, G-80197,
G-84260, H-00301,
H-05421, H-11100,
H-23295, H-26491,
H-40202, H-47014,
H-51953, H-52928,
1-24308, J-30696, J
C-61103,
C-65846,
C-68944, C-69152,
C-7I044, C-74346,
C-79842, C-80"l03,
C-84660, D-18537,
D-25593, D-26086,
D-31396,
D-40896,
D-50307,
D-78442,
F-16218, F-25636,
F-68048, G-01794,
G-07098, G-11942,
G-18785, G-18987,
G-24580, G-26274,
G-32607, G-38616,
G-41036, G-41706,
G-48068, G-49756,
G-55517, G-57299,
G-61467, G-66044,
G-71536, G-71948,
G-74580, G-78873,
G-80857, G-84137,
H-03116, H-04984,
H-20158, H-23188,
H-31527, H-39537,
H-49779, H-51526,
H-66715, H-73510,
-4112!, J-42746,
K-08420, K-11414, K-14772, K-19750,
K-19818, K-27010, K-28466, K-31968,
K-36823, K-37472, K-41682, K-44377,
K-46081, K-47672, K-51229, K-58638,
K-58899, K-60180, K-68582, K-69550,
K-71991, K-72145, K-80854, L-06349,
L-06734, L-17472, L-24122, L-25427,
L-25542, L-29504, L-29598, L-29818,
L-32245, L-32789, L-33495, L-37943,
L-40461, L-40889, L-41455, L-42188,
L-42873, L-44054, L-47380, L-48719,
L-60630, L-73839, L-76397, L-76847,
L-77234, L-80894, L-81220, L-84415,
N-04212, N-20495, N-21287, N-44066,
N-46820, N-49170, N-50748, N-50867,
N-63463, N-64545, N-66750
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE G-68583,
K-51057
CARBONATES A-34096, A-49852,
B-12465, B-30276, B-59861, B-61954,
C-12100, C-12593, C-38741, C-60278,
G-04145, H-04997, H-16567, 1-07553,
K-51057
CARBONYLS A-46925, B-30519, B-43299,
B-62165, B-75204, C-35737, C-39719,
C-61993, C-65118, C-79389, G-48068,
G-84260, K-51057, L-09677, L-29504
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN G-11942,
G-31319, G-48068, G-49756, G-60625,
G-71948, K-08420, K-36823
CARBURETION B-02541
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES
L-09677
CARCINOGENS A-00640, A-01125,
A-39460, A-45145, A-47048, C-00264,
C-00626, C-00941, C-01349, C-01593,
C-02042, C-02565, C-02681, C-03119,
C-03527, C-03550, C-04405, C-67116,
D-01872, D-19145, D-34008, E-02325,
G-01047, G-01096, G-01674, G-07961,
G-18987, G-28199, G-34398, G-38616,
G-48693, G-49756, G-52029, G-71484,
G-73658, G-79848, H-00187, H-00240,
H-00265, H-00266, H-00301, H-00631,
H-00633, H-00944, H-00964, H-01506,
H-01664, H-03860, H-03873, K-03582,
N-66750
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES A-00375,
A-27595, D-31396, G-00165, G-02539,
G-18785, G-18987, G-2371I, G-36723,
G-40597, G-48637, G-74290, H-08884
CASCADE IMPACTORS A-42731,
B-47466, C-35956, C-47218
CATALYSIS A-01125, A-22875, B-07549,
B-12465, B-18826, B-26908, B-31889,
B-38299, B-45846, B-60282, B-60864,
B-63474, C-04692, C-27769, C-41064,
C-83495, G-01728, H-08513
CATALYSTS A-22875, B-07549, B-12465,
B-18826, B-31889, B-38299, B-45846,
C-04692, C-27769, C-41064, G-01728,
H-08513
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY B-26908,
B-38299, B-60282, B-60864, B-63474,
H-08513
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS A-47963,
B-07549, B-28502, B-35111, B-45846,
B-69131, B-70840, B-76512, L-77234
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-01125,
A-22875, A-34334, A-63661, B-15322,
B-35111, B-41378, B-42078, B-45707,
B-45846, B-47680, B-54799, B-60282,
B-62165, B-63474, B-69965
CATS G-03394, G-30145, H-04544,
H-42857
-------
548
CATTLE A-00375, A-02312, A-13699,
A-22973, A-26258, A-28282, A-31935,
A-32576, A-71273, B-06587, B-09664,
B-25433, C-00126, C-01793, C-20701,
C-60410, D-33309, G-03394, G-04983,
G-11444, G-11467, G-12547, G-12550,
G-15040, G-35569, G-38616, G-43896,
G-44593, G-47807, G-49448, G-50161,
G-81250, G-84266, H-00600, H-00944,
H-01092, H-04544, H-04848, H-04850,
H-04917, H-04918, H-04919, H-04923,
H-04924, H-04925, H-04997, H-05004,
H-05421, H-05612, H-06353, H-06354,
H-09553, H-10711, H-11452, H-11456,
H-11466, H-11469, H-12529, H-12533,
H-12538, H-12554, H-13159, H-13203,
H-13213, H-13985, H-18268, H-18269,
H-18270, H-18271, H-20015, H-20707,
H-22887, H-23624, H-24944, H-25665,
H-25735, H-25945, H-26718, H-26734,
H-26742, H-26795, H-27907, H-27923,
H-28031, H-28035, H-28679, H-28830,
H-29206, H-29277, H-29736, H-29991,
H-30297, H-31208, H-32291, H-32588,
H-32736, H-33290, H-35877, H-35992,
H-37346, H-37480, H-38407, H-38417,
H-39493, H-39607, H-39627, H-39895,
H-39923, H-40201, H-40599, H-40916,
H-41439, H-42857, H-43226, H-44295,
H-45781, H-46997, H-47286, H-48167,
H-48193, H-48639, H-49316, H-49434,
H-49561, H-52964, H-59935, H-61000,
H-61496, H-64427, H-65103, H-66035,
H-66715, H-67453, H-68770, H-76901,
J-28805, K-03582, K-31968, L-24010,
L-25642, N-12307, N-28923
CEDAR TREES H-79309
CELL GROWTH G-30183, G-31319,
G-32596, G-50414, G-56959, G-74821,
H-10841, H-38332, H-56521
CELL METABOLISM G-43277, G-84260,
H-08884, H-10150, H-16399, H-21500,
H-28437, H-3S407, H-38568, H-39363,
H-45557, H-62548, H-62597, H-64427,
H-68575
CELL WALLS G-80197
CELLS (BIOLOGY) A-06241, C-03478,
D-34008, G-03246, G-04734, G-10203,
G-11000, G-13215, G-13700, G-14112,
G-19880, G-24392, G-25160, G-28754,
G-30385, G-32596, G-33872, G-37240,
G-37569, G-40920, G-41685, G-41687,
G-41688, G-43277, G-44594, G-54968,
H-00265, H-00654, H-00737, H-03729,
H-03860, H-05004, H-05585, H-06681,
H-13203, H-13247, H-16900, H-19703,
H-19863, H-22284, H-26734, H-28437,
H-29010, H-38332, H-39627, H-39902,
H-45022, H-45160, H-46338, H-56625,
H-64588, H-66715, H-79633
CEMENT PLANTS (HYDRAULIC)
A-81745, D-83399, H-80575
CEMENTS A-09541, A-23865, A-32702,
A-34018, A-36377, A-37752, A-38657,
A-42677, A-43272, A-47965, A-49924,
A-60729, A-67940, A-68703, B-19177,
B-19210, B-43863, C-26729, C-46443,
C-49391, D-41979, D-47982, D-49860,
G-24392, H-I1157, H-36998, H-38017,
H-40201, H-43492, H-45160, H-56655,
H-80575, J-30696, J-39910, J-48171,
L-25642, L-37747, L-39749, L-40461,
L-48788. N-21287
CENTRAL AMERICA A-43403
CENTRIEUGAL SEPARATORS A-02847,
A-04068, A-05140, A-05601, A-09214,
A-09696, A-09799, A-12692, A-17883,
A-29519, A-40159, A-40180, A-42751,
A-43270, A-43272, A-46119, A-47963,
A-48429, A-60827, A-71262, A-74262,
A-82192, B-06587, B-18699, B-19177,
B-22484, B-22853, B-23182, B-23370,
B-25433, B-28502, B-29403, B-29680,
B-29725, B-30519, B-31567, B-32231,
B-32384, B-32461, B-35106, B-35111,
B-35513, B-36716, B-38082, B-38593,
B-42104, B-43299, B-44343, B-44838,
B-44979, B-45078, B-45380, B-47821,
B-48143, B-48814, B-49023, B-4903!,
B-52838, B-58993, B-59230, B-60849,
B-63474, B-63784, B-64898, B-66947,
B-67742, B-70428, B-70537, B-70840,
B-71796, B-76232, B-82918, C-23575,
C-27044, C-35956, D-32679, f-44121,
K-33107, K-78880, L-32884
CERAMICS A-02653, A-28652, A-30296,
A-31134, A-37190, A-43272, A-47965,
A-52277, A-52664, A-58334, A-58370,
A-58402, A-66977, A-76644, B-06587,
B-19177, B-30814, B-45078, B-48879,
B-51845, B-53868, B-63775, C-61896,
G-26846, H-20707, H-29443, H-29597,
H-38568, H-39537, H-65715, L-37747,
L-39749
CERIUM COMPOUNDS C-24456,
C-24546, E-43424, G-10247
CESIUM COMPOUNDS F-04468
CHAMBER PROCESS B-36716
CHARCOAL B-12288, B-30276, B-41839,
B-50652, B-68201, B-72656, C-06983,
G-52638
CHEMICAL BONDS B-71297, C-26729,
F-13565, F-81496, G-52638, G-80197,
H-02382
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-08882,
A-09541, A-28282, A-42731, A-49617,
A-50013, A-52741, A-53295, A-57231,
A-59257, A-60728, A-64926, A-72133,
A-73078, A-74262, A-75077, A-76638,
A-79567, A-79774, A-80994, A-81169,
A-81343, A-82269, B-07549, B-32627,
B-43533, B-70428, C-02681, C-03503,
C-10966, C-11574, C-20595, C-23096,
C-24886, C-39136, C-4398I, C-46443,
C-49752, C-53625, C-68559, C-75339,
C-77492, C-80103, D-10619, D-17102,
D-23845, D-33017, D-43317, D-49260,
D-50307, D-51929, D-52575, D-52578,
D-55187, D-58218, D-62438, D-63186,
D-69144, D-71348, D-71362, D-73286,
F-14907, G-04983, G-19148, G-48697,
H-13804, H-39159, H-45663, H-48374,
H-61496, H-77391, 1-08076, K-69550
CHEMICAL CONDENSATION N-66750
CHEMICAL METHODS A-09541,
A-31529, A-40471, A-40600, A-42731,
A-61564, A-74512, A-75077, B-29680,
C-00450, C-02042, C-02565, C-02681,
C-03503, C-03550, C-04463, C-04685,
C-04686, C-04687, C-04689, C-04690,
C-04691, C-04692, C-04757, C-05439,
C-05620, C-06279, C-06983, C-07710,
C-07860, C-07871, C-08077, C-09983,
C-11574, C-12334, C-I2760, C-15171,
C-15355, C-16801, C-16969, C-17092,
C-17128, C-18016, C-18230, C-18264,
C-18344, C-20595, C-20892, C-20895,
C-21156, C-22812, C-23517, C-24331,
C-24603, C-24970, C-25210, C-25806,
C-26122, C-26400, C-26707, C-26744,
C-27248, C-27341, C-27769, C-27962,
C-28374, C-28441, C-28462, C-28671,
C-28843, C-29198, C-29467, C-29887,
C-30014, C-30793, C-31115, C-31712,
C-32476, C-32534, C-33632, C-33929,
C-35737, C-35956, C-36002, C-36800,
C-37350, C-37463, C-37515, C-37579,
C-37799, C-38741, C-39008, C-39022,
C-39243, C-39719, C-39762, C-41064,
C-41491, C-43570, C-43979, C-43985,
C-43986, C-44177, C-44238, C-44253,
C-44933, C-46034, C-47218, C-48916,
C-49509, C-49752, C-49992, C-50093,
C-50470, C-50936, C-51599, C-51762,
C-52629, C-53523, C-53625, C-53876,
C-53987, C-55923, C-56681, C-57781,
C-58278, C-58842, C-59049, C-60419,
C-60951, C-61896, C-61957, C-61995,
C-63848, C-64779, C-64912, C-66753,
C-67116, C-68229, C-69174, C-69675,
C-69765, C-70638, C-71232, C-71245,
C-73349, C-74221, C-74346, C-74354,
C-74942, C-75339, C-77427, C-79389,
C-80935, C-82650, C-83495, D-28097,
D-39182, D-49260, D-52578, D-61140,
E-04987, E-43424, F-02517, F-34948,
G-08030, G-09575, G-26274, G-71324,
G-74380, H-00964, H-03873, H-08513,
H-18226, H-18265, H-18269, H-18319,
H-28477, H-32897, H-36742, H-39328,
H-42946, H-45474, H-50729, H-52994,
H-54066, K-08420
CHEMICAL PROCESSES A-00340,
A-00896, A-01125, A-02019, A-02312,
A-02847, A-02988, A-03129, A-03565,
A-04068, A-05040, A-05090, A-05587,
A-05871, A-08116, A-08486, A-09321,
A-09332, A-09651, A-09692, A-09693,
A-09785, A-12741, A-12747, A-12749,
A-12750, A-12809, A-12813, A-12822,
A-12828, A-12884, A-12886, A-12888,
A-12919, A-12929, A-12931, A-12933,
A-13242, A-13699, A-15452, A-17076,
A-17344, A-17464, A-21380, A-22547,
A-22973, A-23865, A-24370, A-25305,
A-26254, A-26329, A-29786, A-30296,
A-30447, A-30517, A-32139, A-33735,
A-35985, A-36377, A-37190, A-38657,
A-39460, A-40159, A-40344, A-40401,
A-42675, A-42680, A-42680, A-45858,
A-46119, A-46558, A-47143, A-47954,
A-47963, A-49924, A-55601, A-60728,
A-61570, A-63661, A-65064, A-66977,
A-67940, A-74154, A-75146, B-04794,
B-07190, B-07549, B-15322, B-15813,
B-19212, B-20857, B-22943, B-23310,
B-24033, B-24033, B-26244, B-26279,
B-26401, B-26908, B-28783, B-31708,
B-32232, B-32461, B-32461, B-33918,
B-35111, B-35111, B-36716, B-38445,
B-38593, B-40251, B-41378, B-44793,
B-45078, B-45544, B-45707, B-45757,
B-45846, B-47054, B-47680, B-47731,
B-49031, B-50652, B-51845. B-54799,
B-60864, B-67846, B-69131, B-70840,
B-71623, C-00450, C-02042, C-16109,
C-28530, C-30793, C-33632, C-35956,
C-40211, C-47096, C-48492, C-49391,
D-01872, D-09590, D-09658, D-27254,
D-31371, D-32666, D-33108, D-37994,
D-408%, D-49860, D-56463, D-56464,
D-56465, E-14897, E-37013, E-49185,
G-06485, G-07098, G-11467, G-29043,
G-32152, G-32607, G-36751, G-44867,
G-49164, G-50161, G-50371, G-70519,
H-03766, H-11456, H-12533, H-12552,
H-15501, H-18268, H-1%56, H-20707,
H-22930, H-23624, H-23661, H-25366,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
549
H-25750, H-26978, H-27021, H-28647,
H-30368, H-31733, H-32286, H-32289,
H-32672, H-32673, H-37346, H-38412,
H-38568, H-38574, H-39537, H-39895,
H-40472, H-41439, H-45130, H-45781,
H-46997, H-48167, H-48377, H-51484,
H-68770, 1-07553, 1-23108, 1-39031,
J-29923, J-38409, J-39910, J-41121,
J-48171, K-10168, K-37472, K-51212,
K-58899, L-20273, L-37747, L-39749,
L-45783, L-47380, L-48788, N-21287,
N-37027
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED
MANUFACTURING A-00896,
A-05139, A-05140, A-09690, A-09695,
A-09696, A-13353, A-13699, A-17344,
A-17357, A-22547, A-25305, A-26136,
A-26258, A-26329, A-28282, A-31935,
A-32139, A-32855, A-33735, A-34018,
A-35592, A-35985, A-39460, A-40344,
A-43270, A-43816, A-44681, A-45858,
A-46119, A-47954, A-47963, A-48429,
A-55601, A-60281, A-60283, A-63661,
A-67748, A-70069, A-701'27', A-76411,
A-76459, A-77993, A-79280, A-79511,
A-81916, A-81917, A-82269, A-82353,
A-82944, A-84479, B-15813, B-17485,
B-18536, B-19210, B-20436, B-21034,
B-22598, B-22913, B-24117, B-24355,
B-25038, B-26674, B-27569, B-27835,
B-28034, B-32231, B-32232, B-32384,
B-36405, B-36475, B-36716, B-37080,
B-37115, B-37603, B-37745, B-37914,
B-38587, B-39104, B-40251, B-43533,
B-43863, B-43972, B-44793, B-44979,
B-45004, B-45254, B-45707, B-46086,
B-47095, B-48143, B-51720, B-53603,
B-58466, B-58632, B-59679, B-60282,
B-63474, B-64092, B-65923, B-67136,
B-67137, B-67742, B-70840, B-71472,
B-80863, B-81040, B-81772, B-81773,
B-81944, B-84418, C-14288, C-18230,
C-2070I, C-28530, C-36693, C-4021I,
C-61896, C-80935, D-24801, D-28188,
D-33108, D-47982, D-48791, D-49260,
D-49860, D-71272, E-29315, E-37037,
F-15927, G-15555, G-16874, G-25469,
G-26846, G-33510, G-33511, G-39219,
G-79634, G-83798, H-15838, H-:8226,
H-19656, H-20707, H-23661, H-24395,
H-25499, H-27021, H-28446, H-28830,
H-28899, H-30301, H-32291, H-32588,
H-32897, H-33290, H-33906, H-36787,
H-38017, H-38404, H-38417, H-38574,
H-39537, H-39627, H-39923, H-40201,
H-45007, H-45130, H-46217, H-47385,
H-49561, H-49647, H-53370, H-54066,
H-55066, H-56874, H-58941, H-59935,
H-65715, H-70752, H-74624, H-77050,
H-79635, H-80064, H-81288, H-81771,
1-39031, J-28805, J-30226, K-66916,
L-37747, L-48788, L-84415
CHEMILUMINESCENCE METHODS
C-80573, C-83495
CHEMISTS B-51845
CHIBA PREFECTURE D-47976, H-58941
CHICAGO A-00896, D-24736, D-33080,
D-52578, L-0%77
CHLORATES C-04692, F-34948
CHLORIDES A-09785, A-09799, A-15452,
A-17344, A-17464, A-28038, A-29786,
A-37562, A-37752, A-40344, A-42676,
A-47048, A-50938, A-50961, A-53751,
A-54622, A-58402, A-58939, A-60421,
A-60728, A-60866, A-75089, A-77522,
B-12465, B-14692, B-I8826, B-24033,
B-28786, B-32461, B-33554, B-36475,
B-41418, B-44638, B-47054, B-47256,
B-49023, B-50435, B-55I80, B-58879,
B-61954, B-62165, B-64070, B-81645,
C-00126, C-04463, C-05078, C-06338,
C-09770, C-12593, C-17092, C-18344,
C-22458, C-23096, C-23162, C-23657,
C-24022, C-24050, C-24124, C-24359,
C-26485, C-26707, C-26981, C-27294,
C-31115, C-35108, C-38280, C-38670,
C-39762, C-43234, C-43985, C-47218,
C-48674, C-48916, C-50876, C-60419,
C-61103, C-61993, C-65118, C-70686,
C-74942, C-79032, C-82650, D-21419,
D-23845, D-23862, D-33108, D-37607,
D-43170, D-44799, D-50690, D-51929,
D-60574, D-63186, D-66083, D-78442,
E-44030, F-04674, G-05504, G-10362,
G-11000, G-18785, G-24153, G-43323,
G-48068, G-80197, H-00301, H-03395,
H-03860, H-06342, H-06395, H-16150,
H-22092, H-24395, H-25499, H-25865,
H-39098, H-39537, H-45007, H-45130,
H-49779, H-54297, H-59028, H-60913,
H-62548, H-63626, H-65928, H-76838,
H-77325, H-78580, H-80536, H-82520,
H-84557, 1-23108, 1-40833, 1-52320,
1-58585, 1-69995, 1-73616, K-34063,
L-29504, L-32789, L-35795, L-40461
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-09785, A-27930, A-34334, A-37562,
A-39460, A-47048, A-49738, A-50938,
A-50961, A-60727, B-3511!, B-45707,
B-49929, B-59230, B-61259, C-17092,
C-20030, C-27769, C-31712, C-36125,
C-39136, C-39871, C-40422, C-79842,
C-79843, C-83592, D-17102, E-44030,
F-01677, F-03062, F-68048, G-01426,
G-50916, G-52029, G-57701, G-68583,
G-71536, G-71948, G-72961, G-79848,
G-80197, G-84137, H-20158, H-42857,
1-69995, K-10168, K-41682, K-44310,
K-51057, L-17188
CHLORINE A-01125, A-03129, A-09785,
A-17344, A-22875, A-27617, A-30517,
A-31315, A-34018, A-36045, A-36377,
A-37721, A-39460, A-40344, A-45858,
A-47963, A-48946, A-55601, A-58402,
A-60421, A-64926, A-79567, A-80238,
A-80994, A-81745, B-07815, B-08344,
B-12465, B-24033, B-29403, B-29725,
B-35106, B-35111, B-36552, B-37809,
B-37914, B-38504, B-41378, B-47054,
B-47256, B-47680, B-48480, B-50868,
B-60075, B-62165, B-70658, B-76512,
B-77475, B-80950, B-81256, B-83613,
B-84391, B-84418, C-05078, C-05586,
C-06352, C-09983, C-17128, C-18696,
C-22812, C-22877, C-24970, C-28126,
C-30840, C-31115, C-35737, C-38670,
C-41719, C-42928, C-44238, C-44253,
C-44285, C-45760, C-46034, C-46303,
C-47096, C-48392, C-48492, C-49509,
C-49992, C-50470, C-50876, C-51762,
C-59513, C-59814, C-60419, C-61103,
C-61851, C-61993, C-66606, C-66753,
C-69174, C-70686, C-72017, C-74221,
C-74346, C-79003, C-79032, C-80227,
C-80259, C-83442, D-17102, D-18537,
D-21419, D-22348, D-23862, D-25593,
D-31371, D-33108, D-40896, E-30126,
E-43424, E-79132, F-03062, F-13565,
F-78035, G-34398, G-38616, G-43323,
G-48068, G-79848, H-00301, H-01800,
H-03395, H-04984, H-08884, H-12042,
H-13474, H-16385, H-17710, H-21189,
H-23188, H-24035, H-28474, H-28475,
H-28477, H-30368, H-30473, H-31527,
H-32714, H-32982, H-35613, H-35964,
H-36159, H-36742, H-39328, H-40202,
H-41362, H-41699, H-41983, H-42086,
H-43492, H-45022, H-45467, H-45474,
H-45776, H-47014, H-48639, H-49644,
H-49778, H-49779, H-50677, H-50780,
H-51953, H-52102, H-62548, H-65394,
H-67026, H-67056, H-67304, H-67348,
H-67457, H-70776, H-71931, H-76451,
H-76838, H-78580, H-84484, H-84557,
1-00695, 1-23108, 1-40510, 1-58585,
J-38409, K-10168, K-27010, K-28466,
K-31%8, K-33107, K-34063, K-42039,
K-44377, K-68582, K-72151, K-80854,
L-I9434, L-25542, L-29818, L-30620,
L-32884, L-35795, L-38669, L-41455,
L-42021, L-42188, L-44054, L-76965,
L-82278, N-50748, N-66750
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-09799, A-15452, A-17344, A-17464,
A-28038, A-29786, A-32519, A-36045,
A-37562, A-37721, A-37752, A-40344,
A-42675, A-42676, A-42677, A-42682,
A-43403, A-47048, A-47966, A-50938,
A-50961, A-51100, A-52741, A-53751,
A-54622, A-55601, A-58402, A-58939,
A-60421, A-60728, A-60827, A-60866,
A-69353, A-75089, A-77522, B-08344,
B-12465, B-14692, B-18826, B-24033,
B-28786, B-29403, B-32190, B-32461,
B-33554, B-35106, B-36475, B-38115,
B-41418, B-41569, B-44638, B-45380,
B-47054, B-47256, B-47341, B-47680,
B-49023, B-49929, B-50435, B-50868,
B-55180, B-58879, B-61954, B-62165,
B-64070, B-81645, C-00126, C-04405,
C-04463, C-04692, C-05078, C-06279,
C-06338, C-09770, C-12593, C-17092,
C-18344, C-20030, C-20595, C-22458,
C-23096, C-23162, C-23657, C-24018,
C-24022, C-24050, C-24124, C-24359,
C-26121, C-26122, C-26485, C-26707,
C-26981, C-27294, C-28.26, C-31115,
C-32476, C-35108, C-35737, C-35956,
C-38280, C-38670, C-39136, C-39719,
C-39762, C-41719, C-43234, C-43979,
C-43981, C-43985, C-46034, C-47218,
C-48492, C-48674, C-48916, C-50876,
C-51762, C-52629, C-59513, C-60419,
C-61103, C-61993, C-64779, C-65118,
C-65846, C-66753, C-70686, C-74346,
C-74942, C-79032, C-82650, D-21419,
D-23845, D-23862, D-27254, D-33017,
D-33108, D-37607, D-37994, D-408%,
D-43170, D-44799, D-50690, D-51929,
D-52578, D-60574, D-63186, D-66083,
D-78442, E-40271, E-44030, E-72995,
F-01677, F-04674, F-16218, F-34948,
G-05504, G-10362, G-11000, G-18785,
G-24153, G-30841, G-43323, G-48068,
G-79848, G-80197, H-00301, H-03395,
H-03860, H-06342, H-06395, H-12155,
H-16150, H-20158, H-22092, H-24395,
H-25499, H-25865, H-35613, H-36159,
H-39098, H-39537, H-40368, H-41189,
H-42086, H-42923, H-45007, H-45130,
H-49644, H-49779, H-50780, H-51109,
H-51526, H-52102, H-54297, H-56204,
H-57475, H-59028, H-60913, H-62548,
H-63626, H-65928, H-76838, H-77325,
H-78580, H-79976, H-80536, H-82520,
H-83145, H-84557, H-84651, 1-23108,
1-40833, 1-52320, 1-54961, 1-58585,
1-63871, 1-69995, 1-73616, K-11414,
-------
550
K-19818, K-34063, K-36823, K-38197,
K-41682, K-51057, L-27677, L-28349,
L-29504, L-32789, L-35795, L-38669,
L-40461, L-48719, L-73839, N-21287,
N-32254, N-64937
CHLOROFORM C-27769, G-72961,
K-51057
CHLOROPLASTS C-24966, H-04683,
H-05585, H-10342, H-21500, H-22284,
H-23988, H-32854, H-35877, H-39098,
H-39363, H-41362, H-41699, H-43663,
H-44345, H-48403, H-56625, H-60913,
H-62548, H-64824, H-67348, H-74626
CHLOROSIS A-31144, B-09664, G-01674,
G-11444, H-00301, H-00633, H-01250,
H-01506, H-01800, H-03395, H-04403,
H-04678, H-04904, H-05667, H-08884,
H-10342, H-10673, H-14247, H-14968,
H-15213, H-16244, H-16399, H-16472,
H-16896, H-17109, H-17705, H-17749,
H-19656, H-21500, H-21687, H-26800,
H-26861, H-28830, H-28899, H-29616,
H-30298, H-31124, H-32771, H-33716,
H-34121, H-35578, H-38568, H-39363,
H-39986, H-41699, H-44345, H-48403,
H-50415, H-51109, H-53370, H-53903,
H-54597, H-54910, H-56625, H-57810,
H-58941, H-59935, H-67347, H-76451,
H-76715, H-78580, H-83797
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-22875, A-31529,
A-48116, A-49738, B-14692, B-29680,
B-44638, C-00126, C-00264, C-01313,
C-01593, C-02681, C-06112, C-06338,
C-06352, C-07719, C-07871, C-11574,
C-15171, C-18696, C-20701, C-22877,
C-23518, C-23546, C-25441, C-26122,
C-26707, C-27248, C-27294, C-28126,
C-29198, C-30014, C-32476, C-32534,
C-35956, C-36125, C-38670, C-39288,
C-39719, C-41020, C-41063, C-41719,
C-42928, C-43979, C-46034, C-47218,
C-48492, C-48916, C-49391, C-49752,
C-49879, C-50936, C-51762, C-52629,
C-55789, C-57079, C-58278, C-60010,
C-60553, C-61859, C-67116, C-71044,
C-74221, C-74346, C-79032, C-80495,
C-80573, C-82650, C-83495, C-84209,
D-31371, D-33080, E-33579, F-02517,
G-01426, G-08031, H-00187, H-02382,
H-02516, H-08513, H-12032, H-19703,
H-21498, H-32854, H-42907, 1-07553,
1-24308, 1-27060
CHROMIUM 1-40510, 1-40833, L-37747
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-27617, A-49617, A-51100, A-52741,
A-57231, A-60729, A-74262, A-75077,
A-76638, A-80238, A-81169, A-81343,
A-81931, A-82279, B-36532, C-38280,
C-38670, C-39136, C-39516, C-42928,
C-43985, C-50936, C-53523, C-55789,
C-61957, C-75339, C-82552, C-83442,
D-17102, D-30058, D-50307, D-76890,
G-34398, G-36723, G-39833, G-47807,
G-52029, G-71933, G-80197, G-84137,
H-13474, H-48374, 1-07553, K-10168,
K-41682, K-68224, K-74109
CHROMIUM OXIDES A-32855, E-33579,
H-16385
CHROMOSOMES G-25160, G-30385,
G-37240, G-54968, H-03729, H-06681,
H-13247, H-16900, H-19863, H-29010
CHRYSANTHEMUM H-8372I, H-83730
CILIA H-66715
CINCINNATI D-23845, D-24736, D-52578,
G-28199, L-09677
CINDERS A-60727, L-20273
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM C-20701,
G-01426, G-03246, G-04849, G-04983,
G-06288, G-08030, G-10203, G-14319,
G-23711, G-24494, G-25946, G-28754,
G-33872, G-36723, G-36751, G-38106,
G-40597, G-40635, G-48068, G-48637,
G-49164, G-49448, G-52029, G-74823,
G-79619, H-01092, H-04923, H-24944,
H-42907, H-49434
CITIZENS GROUPS A-47143, B-09664,
D-30705
CITRUS A-03450, A-12095, B-04853,
B-09664, C-01349, C-05892, C-20540,
D-28188, D-71272, E-37037, H-02379,
H-03611, H-04403, H-04672, H-05667,
H-06404, H-06459, H-07255, H-10342,
H-11407, H-16896, H-17109, H-18770,
H-20573, H-21093, H-23516, H-24358,
H-27030, H-28830, H-28899, H-33468,
H-35578, H-37403, H-44345, H-46051,
H-53370, H-54910, H-59935, H-74721,
H-77050, H-80085, H-82146, J-28805,
J-43002, K-26738
CITY GOVERNMENTS A-03450, A-25305,
A-32855, D-28097, L-29818, L-41455
CLAY A-02653, A-17377, A-33735,
A-39460, A-39635, A-43272, B-45078,
B-64428, D-25093, G-52638, H-24548,
H-29597, J-39910
CLEAN AIR ACT A-00896, A-65064,
C-46034, K-14772, K-47672, L-24122,
N-20040
CLEANING B-80213
CLOUDS C-48392, H-48798
CLOVER D-58427, H-01800, H-11466,
H-16222, H-26916, H-29277, H-30298,
H-32280, H-44295, H-63442
COAL A-02988, A-04068, A-12557,
A-17357, A-17377, A-22875, A-26136,
A-29786, A-32060, A-32702, A-34018,
A-34334, A-38657, A-39460, A-40344,
A-40401, A-40471, A-42685, A-43272,
A-45858, A-47188. A-47962, A-53751,
A-57231, A-59257, A-61007, A-61154,
A-66977, A-75077, A-76638, A-81343,
B-02962, B-10618, B-32231, B-33554,
B-35106, B-35111, B-36552, B-45078,
B-47086, B-65638, B-77838, C-18264,
C-22812, C-23096, C-44710, C-53523,
C-64912, C-68559, C-75339, D-09590,
D-22348, D-23862, D-27254, D-31396,
D-33108, D-52811, E-59234, G-08201,
G-16874, G-31234, G-32607, G-71933,
G-73658, H-01398, H-17710, H-19656,
H-38574, H-48374, H-66983, H-70487,
1-07553, J-30696, K-34063, L-19434,
L-60630, N-32254
COAL CONVERSION B-65638, B-67700,
B-75204, F-44721
COAL PREPARATION A-57231, A-61154,
B-60849, F'-44721, H-39537
COATING, ENGRAVING AND ALLIED
SERVICES A-09785, B-36532,
B-66592, G-81181, 1-39031, L-37747
COBALT COMPOUNDS A-52741,
A-76638, A-81343, B-77838, C-82552,
D-50307, E-29910, E-43424, G-36723,
G-52029, G-68583, G-71933, H-11452,
H-67348, 1-40510, K-10168
CODES L-06939, L-19064
COFFEE ROASTING A-26254, A-43270
COKE A-00896, A-22875, A-38657,
A-40159, A-41877, A-47962, A-49924,
A-59775, B-02962, B-32231, B-38188,
B-43840, D-33108, D-39182, D-39737,
D-408%, G-32607, L-09677
COLLECTORS (MECHANICAL) A-02847,
A-04068, A-05140, A-05601, A-08882,
A-09214, A-09696, A-09799, A-12476,
A-12692, A-15452, A-17883, A-29519,
A-31935, A-40159, A-40180, A-40344,
A-41877, A-42677, A-42683, A-42751,
A-43270, A-43272, A-46119, A-47963,
A-47965, A-48429, A-52912, A-60281,
A-60827, A-61154, A-71262, A-74262,
A-82192, B-02541, B-02962, B-06587,
B-07664, B-08344, B-09902, B-10618,
B-18698, B-18699, B-19177, B-22484,
B-22853, B-22943, B-23182, B-23370,
B-24116, B-25433, B-25658, B-28502,
B-29403, B-29680, B-29725, B-30276,
B-30519, B-31567, B-32231, B-32232,
B-32384, B-32461, B-33620, B-35106,
B-35111, B-35513, B-36405, B-36552,
B-36716, B-36755, B-38082, B-38115,
B-3S593, B-40251, B-40381, B-40414,
B-42104, B-42172, B-43299, B-44343,
B-44793, B-44838, B-44979, B-45004,
B-45078, B-45380, B-45544, B-47677,
B-47680, B-47821, B-48143, B-48814,
B-49023, B-49031, B-50868, B-52179,
B-52838, B-53867, B-53868, B-53875,
B-58993, B-59230, B-60255, B-60282,
B-60849, B-63474, B-63784, B-64898,
B-66947, B-67742, B-70428, B-70537,
B-70840, B-71796, B-71841, B-76232,
B-82032, B-82918, B-83198, C-23575,
C-27044, C-33711, C-35956, C-71245,
C-72015, D-32679, F-44721, J-29923,
J-48171, K-31968, K-33107, K-78880,
L-17472, L-29598, L-32884, N-46820,
N-64937
COLOR H-78580
COLORADO C-44710, D-24736, D-52578,
K-27010
COLORIMETRY A-40471, A-42731,
A-48116, A-59257, A-61564, B-29680,
B-37164, C-00126, C-00260, C-00626,
C-02565, C-02681, C-03503, C-03550,
C-03908, C-04105, C-04458, C-04463,
C-04687, C-04689, C-04690, C-05078,
C-05620, C-06112, C-07719, C-07871,
C-09983, C-11574, C-11678, C-12451,
C-12760, C-13056, C-15171, C-16801,
C-16969, C-18016, C-18230, C-18264,
C-19076, C-20540, C-20595, C-21730,
C-21855, C-22458, C-22812, C-22877,
C-22879, C-23096, C-23162, C-23286,
C-23546, C-23547, C-23569, C-23767,
C-23947, C-24008, C-24118, C-24222,
C-24279, C-24310, C-24331, C-24359,
C-24399, C-24456, C-24546, C-24603,
C-24966, C-25487, C-25647, C-26121,
C-26122, C-26203, C-26259, C-27248,
C-27330, C-27933, C-28285, C-28441,
C-28462, C-29198, C-29220, C-29467,
C-30014, C-31115, C-32450, C-32476,
C-32631, C-32643, C-34126, C-35956,
C-36693, C-37799, C-38670, C-38917,
C-39022, C-39719, C-40138, C-40211,
C-40409, C-42928, C-43570, C-43979,
C-43981, C-43985, C-43986, C-44596,
C-45802, C-46034, C-46303, C-46443,
C-46784, C-47096, C-47218, C-48392,
C-48492, C-48916, C-49391, C-49509,
C-49752, C-49992, C-50470, C-50936,
C-51551, C-51762, C-52101, C-53876,
C-56244, C-58278, C-61896, C-61993,
C-66753, C-67116, C-71231, C-74221,
C-74354, C-77492, C-79032, C-80423,
C-83495, C-84499, D-19966, D-43317,
D-48850, D-52578, E-04987, E-44277,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
551
G-08030, G-08031, G-26873, G-27755,
G-78873, H-00187, H-00964, H-03873,
H-07255, H-17822, H-18319, H-28480,
H-46719, H-48556, H-54066, H-54710,
1-00695, K-08420, L-24481, N-14783
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY B-29680,
C-07871, C-23518, C-23546, C-26122,
C-26707, C-48916, C-79032, C-84209,
H-08513, H-21498, H-42907
COMBUSTION A-15452, A-23561,
A-29532, A-48116, A-61800, A-72133,
B-18699, B-29403, B-33554, B-49929,
C-18016, C-23517, C-24603, C-24966,
C-27341, C-31827, C-64912, C-83495,
D-09590, D-52811, E-43855, F-44721,
p-59528, G-24153, G-71933, H-54066,
L-09677, N-20495
COMBUSTION AIR A-11590, A-33853,
A-37562, A-46925, A-48231, A-49852,
A-60866, A-64926, B-07664, B-18826,
B-26911, B-33554, B-42172, B-59230,
B-717%
COMBUSTION CHAMBERS B-77838
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-00375,
A-00896, A-01125, A-01528, A-02653,
A-02847, A-03565, A-04068, A-05139,
A-05587, A-08102, A-08116, A-08748,
A-08816, A-09214, A-09321, A-09332,
A-09541, A-09651, A-09690, A-09692,
A-09693, A-09694, A-09695, A-09696,
A-09697, A-09785, A-09799, A-11341,
A-11453, A-H590, A-11876, A-11877,
A-12470, A-12474, A-12587, A-12622,
A-12676, A-12692, A-12740, A-12747,
A-12750, A-12773, A-12809, A-12822,
A-12828, A-12884, A-12886, A-12888,
A-12889, A-12919, A-12929, A-12931,
A-12933, A-15452, A-17344, A-I8323,
A-22547, A-22875, A-23022, A-23561,
A-24039, A-26329, A-28038, A-28652,
A-29519, A-29532, A-30218, A-30447,
A-30517, A-31144, A-31315, A-31529,
A-32519, A-32702, A-33735, A-33853,
A-34334, A-35985, A-36377, A-37190,
A-37562, A-39635, A-40401, A-40471,
A-42675, A-42676, A-42677, A-42680,
A-42682, A-42683, A-43816, A-45858,
A-46558, A-46925, A-47048, A-47143,
A-47410, A-47945, A-47954, A-47962,
A-47966, A-48116, A-48231, A-48572,
A-48849, A-48946, A-49738, A-49852,
A-49886, A-49924, A-50018, A-50381,
A-50938, A-50961, A-51100, A-51102,
A-52277, A-52508, A-52741, A-52912,
A-53295, A-53751, A-53955, A-54622,
A-55407, A-57231, A-58334, A-58402,
A-58939, A-59257, A-59494, A-60421,
A-60727, A-61007, A-61800, A-75077,
B-04794, B-05567, B-07664, B-08344,
B-10618, B-13676, B-14692, B-15322,
B-16555, B-17463, B-17485, B-18641,
B-18'98, B-18699, B-18826, B-18830,
B-19177, B-20436, B-21034, B-22040,
B-22-.J4, B-2259G, B-22943, B-23182,
B-24033, B-24110, B-24333, B-24355,
B-24834, B-25195, B-25433, B-25523,
B-25658, B-26317, B-26401, B-27282,
B-27569, B-28709, B-29403, B-29680,
B-29725, B-30276, B-30519, B-30814,
B-31567, B-31708, B-31889, B-32232,
B-32384, B-32461, B-32627, B-32712,
B-32963, B-33554, B-33918, B-35106,
B-35111, B-36552, B-36716, B-37164,
B-37402, B-37509, B-37544, B-37603,
B-37809, B-38082, B-38115, B-38439,
B-38476, B-38504, B-38587, B-38593,
B-40251, B-40381, B-40712, B-42078,
B-42083, 8^12104, B-42172, B-42287,
B-43481, 8^3533, B-44121, B-44716,
B-45078, 8^5254, B-45757, B-45846,
B-47054, B-47086, B-47095, B-47125,
B-47186, B-47256, B-47341, B-47463,
B-47466, B^t7821, B-48143, B-48805,
B-48811, B-48814, B-48879, B-49031,
B-49420, B-49477, B-49979, B-50154,
B-50652, B-50937, B-51101, B-51720,
B-51755, B-51845, B-52179, B-52445,
B-52838, B-52852, B-53620, B-53867,
B-53868, B-54310, B-54799, B-55678,
B-56057, B-56078, B-56528, B-56531,
B-56591, B-58380, B-58466, B-58632,
B-58879, B-58993, B-59230, B-59679,
B-59845, B-59861, B-60075, B-60206,
B-60255, B-75138, B-77838, C-03119,
C-06112, C-06397, C-18230, C-22812,
C-22877, C-23096, C-23575, C-25223,
C-26713, C-27044, C-29737, C-29771,
C-30793, C-30958, C-31115, C-32631,
C-33632, C-35108, C-35737, C-35956,
C-37463, C-37579, C-38670, C-39136,
C-41624, C ^13570, C-44238, C-48492,
C-49391, C-49476, C-50876, C-52629,
C-52992, C-53876, C-55367, C-55858,
C-59049, C-59513, C-60278, C-71244,
C-75339, C-80103, D-09590, D-23760,
D-25093, D-26702, D-33309, D-33858,
D-37502, D-41979, D-42760, D-49860,
D-56463, E-14897, E-29774, E-33579,
E-37639, E^t4277, E-59075, E-59234,
E-72995, F-04468, F-21632, F-44721,
F-59528, F-62189, G-18785, G-31234,
G-31319, G-32601, G-32607, G-33510,
G-33511, G-38721, G-39219, G^»0527,
G-40597, G-40635, G-43323, G-44597,
G-45683, G-73658, H-03116, H-08884,
H-11452, H-17710, H-18226, H-21189,
H-21422, H-23214, H-23295, H-23386,
H-23950, H-24024, H-24064, H-24395,
H-25865, H-26734, H-28647, H-29443,
H-29597, H-29736, H-31733, H-32535,
H-32539, H-32714, H-36787, H-37480,
H-38017, H-38404, H-38412, H-38417,
H-38574, H-39493, H-39537, H-39684,
H-41370, H^»696, H-42857, H-43492,
H-43622, H-44295, H-45160, H-46198,
H-47385, H-48377, H-51109, H-51321,
H-51470, H-56874, H-57475, H-58777,
H-59327, H-59935, 1-07553, 1-23108,
1-47291, 1-58585, J-38409, J-39910,
J-41121, K-34063, K-36823, K-37472,
K-58899, L-0%77, L-17188, L-19064,
L-19434, L-20273, L-24481, L-29421,
L-29598, L-30620, L-31492, L-32173,
L-32245, L-32789, L-33722, L-38573,
L-38669, L-39306, L-39749, L-42810,
L-48719, L-59722, L-61705, L-76965,
N-042I2
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT A-00340,
A-01125, C-61993, C-61995, C-74346,
D-29040
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-24033, B-28034,
B-43840, B-45544, C-74346, 1-00695,
L-24481, L-29598, L-42188, L-43007
COMMON COLD G-06675
COMPLAINTS A-32855, D-47976,
G-29043, G-49164, G-50371, L-06938,
L-29598, L-37943
COMPOSTING A-50381, A-71615,
B-24683, B-25038, B-44716
COMPRESSION B-65638, B-70840
COMPUTER PROGRAMS A-75146,
C-44285, D-44799, E-02325, E-64013,
H-06459, J-32706
COMPUTERS C-65846, C-66606, C-68944,
E-29315, E-78793, F-21632, 1-00695
CONCRETE A-43272, C-30432
CONDENSATION A-08882, A-12813,
A-32060, A-44566, B-24110, B-33971,
B-37745, B-70840, C-24603, C-35956
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-00220, A-46119, A-79511, A-80507,
C-48392, C-51599, D-23862, D-39737,
D-40896, E-14897, G-12555, G-18987,
G-32607, G-39219, G-40597, H-23295,
H-25750, H-28149, H-46198, H-48798,
H-51470, L-39306, N-04212, N-51942
CONDENSATION NUCLEI N-66750
CONDUCTIMETRIC METHODS C-05078,
C-06112, C-14288, C-16109, C-25223,
C-26122, C-26692, C-26981, C-28102,
C-28671, C-29198, C-30007, C-31115,
C-32534, C-35737, C-39022, C-40409,
C-43570, C-43979, C-43985, C-43986,
C-45344, C-46034, C-47218, C-48492,
C-49509, C-49752, C-50470, C-51762,
C-55858, C-58278, C-63848, C-74221,
C-74942, C-83495, D-26026, D-37502,
D-44267, D-48850, D-49118, E-04987,
G-31234, H-06459, H-28149, L-17472
CONIFERS A-83543, C-66753, G-81181,
G-81250, H-78058, H-78580, H-79309,
H-79635, H-80189, H-80493, H-81771,
H-82498, H-83082, H-84558, H-84579
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-08816,
A-09541, A-09785, A-23865, A-32702,
A-33735, A-34018, A-34096, A-36212,
A-36377, A-37752, A-38657, A-39460,
A-40159, A-42677, A-43272, A-47965,
A-49852, A-49924, A-51137, A-60729,
A-67940, A-68703, B-06587, B-08344,
B-19177, B-19210, B-37402, B-41418,
B-43481, B-43863, B-44121, B-45078,
B-45757, B-46050, B-50435, B-52445,
B-52852, B-53603, B-53867, B-55678,
B-56591, B-63775, B-64428, B-66947,
B-76512, C-18264, C-26729, C-30432,
C-46443, C-49391, D-09590, D-25093,
D-41979, D-47982, D-49860, G-24392,
G-38616, H-11157, H-11456, H-23661,
H-23874, H-28477, H-30225, H-36742,
H-36998, H-38017, H-39493, H-40201,
H-42601, H-43492, H-45022, H-45160,
H-46733, H-48377, H-56655, H-68122,
H-80575, 1-07553, 1-08076, 1-24308,
1-27060, 1-39031, 1-46606, 1-47291,
1-52320, 1-56143, 1-73616, J-30696,
J-39910, J-48171, L-06939, L-09677,
L-25642, L-37747, L-39306, L-39749,
L-40461, L-48788, L-67888, N-21287,
N-69692
CONTACT PROCESS A-42680, A-60728,
B-24033, B-32461, B-35111, B-36716,
B-60864
CONTINUOUS MONITORING B-24683,
B-49031, C-01593, C-02681, C-05078,
C-06112, C-06279, C-06397, C-06494,
C-11041, C-11574, C-11779, C-12451,
C-14288, C-15171, C-16109, C-186%,
C-21881, C-22458, C-22877, C-22879,
C-23767, C-23907, C-24118, C-24279,
C-24372, C-24399, C-25223, C-25487,
C-25647, C-26121, C-26122, C-263%,
C-26692, C-26981, C-27248, C-27294,
C-27430, C-27769, C-28102, C-28671,
C-29198, C-29426, C-30007, C-31115,
C-32534, C-32643, C-35737, C-35956,
C-36002, C-36125, C-37579, C-38280,
C-39022, C-39871, C-40211, C-40409,
C-43570, C-43979, C-43986, C-44253,
C-45344, C-46034, C-47218, C-48492,
-------
552
C-49391, C-49509, C-49752, C-49879,
C-50470, C-51762, C-55858, C-58278,
C-61103, C-69174, C-80935, D-06809,
D-10619, D-22348, D-26026, D-30058,
D-31396, D-37502, D-40896, D-44267,
D-48850, D-49118, E-04987, G-010%,
G-10333, G-30385, G-31234, G-33510,
G-33561, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41688, G-66044, H-03549, H-06459,
H-28149, H-31448, H-36742, H-41370,
J-42746, L-17472, L-33495
CONTROL AGENCIES A-36377, A-47143,
B-25638, D-26702, H-79976, K-31968,
L-17472, L-17614, L-19064, L-19434,
L-24122, L-29818, L-32173, L-33495,
L-46561, L-47380, L-48788, L-52026,
L-59722, L-76965
CONTROL EQUIPMENT - GAS STREAMS
A-00340, A-00896, A-01125, A-01687,
A-02312, A-02847, A-03129, A-04068,
A-05040, A-05090, A-05139, A-05587,
A-05601, A-06371, A-08102, A-08116,
A-08748, A-08816, A-08882, A-09214,
A-09321, A-09332, A-09541, A-09651,
A-09690, A-09692, A-09693, A-09694,
A-09695, A-09696, A-09697, A-09799,
A.-11341, A-11541, A-11590, A-11876,
A-11877, A-12470, A-12474, A-12476,
A-12587, A-12622, A-12676, A-12692,
A-12740, A-12741, A-12747, A-12749,
A-12750, A-12773, A-12809, A-12813,
A-12822, A-12828, A-12884, A-12886,
A-12888, A-12889, A-12919, A-12929,
A-12931, A-12933, A-15452, A-17076,
A-17883, A-20134, A-21380, A-22547,
A-26136, A-26254, A-26329, A-29519,
A-30296, A-30447, A-31134, A-31144,
A-31283, A-31529, A-31935, A-32139,
A-33853, A-35985, A-37562, A-39460,
A-40159, A-40180, A-40471, A-41650,
A-41877, A-42677, A-42683, A-42731,
A-42751, A-43270, A-43272, A-44490,
A-46119, A-47962, A-47963, A-47965,
A-47966, A-48231, A-48429, A-48849,
A-49617, A-50013, A-50938, A-52664,
A-52741, A-52912, A-S3874, A-54622,
A-55601, A-58939, A-60421, A-68823,
B-02541, B-02962, B-04368, B-04794,
B-05567, B-06587, B-07190, B-07549,
B-07552, B-07664, B-07815, B-08344,
B-09773, B-09902, B-10372, B-10618,
B-1I686, B-12288, B-13676, B-14444,
B-15322, B-15372, B-15813, B-16962,
B-17463, B-17485, B-18144, B-18641,
B-18698, B-18699, B-18826, B-18830,
B-19177, B-19210, B-19212, B-19487,
B-21034, B-21795, B-22040, B-22484,
B-22598, B-22853, B-22913, B-22923,
B-22943, B-23182, B-23370, B-24033,
B-24110, B-24116, B-24355, B-24834,
B-25135, B-25195, B-25433, B-25523,
B-25590, B-25658, B-26244, B-26279,
B-26317, B-26401, B-26674, B-26745,
B-27282, B-27569, B-27835, B-28034,
B-28320, B-28502, B-28783, B-28786,
B-29114, B-29403, B-29680, B-29725,
B-30276, B-30519, B-30814, B-31567,
B-31708, B-31889, B-32231, B-32232,
B-32384, B-32461, B-32627, B-32712,
B-33191, B-33620, B-33918, B-33971,
B-35106, B-35111, B-35448, B-35513,
B-36405, B-36475, B-36532, B-36552,
B-36716, B-36755, B-37080, B-37115,
B-37293, B-37402, B-37509, B-37544,
B-37745, B-37809, B-37914, B-38082,
B-38115, B-38188, B-38439, B-38504,
B-38587, B-38593, B-38874, B-39104,
B-40251, B-40381, B-40414, B-40712,
B-42078, B^t2083, B-42104, B-42172,
B-42287, B-42458, B-43299, B-43481,
B-43533, B-44343, B-44638, B-44716,
B-44793, B-44838, B-45004, B-45078,
B-45254, B-45380, B-45468, B-45544,
B-45707, B-15757, B-45846, B-46050,
B-46086, B-47054, B-47086, B-47095,
B-47125, B^t7186, B-47256, B-47341,
B-47463, 8^17466, B-47677, B-47680,
B-47821, B^t8143, B-48480, B-48805,
B-48814, 6^18879, B-49023, B-49031,
B-49420, B-49477, B-49929, B-49979,
B-50154, B-50435, B-50652, B-50868,
B-50937, B-51101, B-51845, B-52094,
B-52172, B-52179, B-52838, B-52852,
B-53620, B-53867, B-53868, B-53875,
B-54310, B-54799, B-55046, B-55180,
B-55524, B-55678, B-56057, B-56064,
B-56078, B-58879, B-58993, B-59230,
B-59459, B-59845, B-59861, B-60075,
B-60255, B-60282, B-60864, B-67954,
C-00126, C-01313, C-01593, C-02681,
C-03527, C-04038, C-04540, C-06112,
C-07710, C-07871, C-10632, C-11041,
C-11404, C-12334, C-12593, C-18264,
C-19500, C-21806, C-22517, C-22812,
C-23096, C-23575, C-23947, C-24118,
C-24372, C-25180, C-25487, C-25816,
C-26209, C-26692, C-27044, C-28251,
C-28285, C-28374, C-28''38, C-29426,
C-29738, C-29771, C-29387, C-30300,
C-30432, C-32450, C-33711, C-34125,
C-35108, C-35956, C-36693, C-38741,
C-38905, C-39022, C-39288, C-41020,
C-41064, C-41491, C-42926, C-44552,
C-48916, C-52206, C-53876, C-5S8S8,
C-55923, C-60278, D-06809, D-09590,
D-23845, D-25093, D-28097, D-300S8,
D-32679, D-37502, D-37823, D-49860,
D-52578, D-58339, E-04987, E-29315,
E-33579, F-44721, F-55415, G-01674,
G-06485, G-40527, H-00265, H-02200,
H-11456, H-18319, H-21364, H-26711,
H-32897, H-33468, H-35880, H-38017,
H-38412, H-39537, H-39782, H-58507,
1-07553, 1-23108, 1-39031, J-29923,
J-30226, J-39910, J-48171, K-31968,
K-33107, L-17472, L-24122, L-24481,
L-25427, L-29598, L-32884, L-33722,
L-38573, L-42873, L-59722, N-28923,
N-44066, N-46820
CONTROL METHODS-ROOMS B-80213
CONTROL METHODS-ROOMS AND
OBJECTS B-80213
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-02312,
A-03129, A-03450, A-09785, A-38657,
A-47954, A-60421, A-61570, A-76274,
A-83637, B-09664, B-24683, B-49031,
B-72139, D-31371, D-33309, D-47976,
G-62596, G-71484, H-48022, H-48377,
H-79976, K-31968, L-06754, L-09677,
L-19434, L-24481, L-29598, L-29818,
L-31492, L-32354, L-37747, L-37943,
L-40461, L-42021, L-42188, L-42873,
L-42874, L^«4054, L-46561, L-48719,
L-48788, L-50180, L-57270, L-66700,
L-73836, L-73839, L-76847, L-78484,
L-81220, L-82278, N-12307, N-50748,
N-50867, N-63463
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES B-04853,
B-12465, C-01349, C-07710, C-22812,
E-37013, F-52013, G-08031, H-00187,
H-00265, H-00266, H-02379, H-03549,
H-03571, H-07255, H-08513, H-11100,
H-11407, H-23516, H-28479, H-39782
CONVECTION B-25523
COOLING A-23022, A-23561, A-37562,
A-70069, B-18826, B-25523, B-29114,
B-37745, B-37809, B-38115, B-38504,
B-65638, B-70840, C-01313, C-29771,
C-35956, F-44721
COOLING TOWERS A-80507, B-71472,
F-44721
COPPER A-17471, A-30447, A-30517,
A-42676, A-43014, A-49924, A-55212,
A-60728, B-07815, B-28786, B-45380,
B-48805, B-48811, B-58879, C-09770,
D-33858, G-01096, G-11467, H-08884,
H-22930, H-38017, 1-00085, 1-00695,
1-07553, 1-23108, 1-40510, 1-40833,
1-46606, J-30696, L-59722
COPPER ALLOYS A-30447, A-30517,
A-42676, B-07815, G-01096, 1-00695,
1-40510
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-27314, A-30447, A-40344, A-43014,
A-51100, A-52741, A-57231, A-60728,
A-60866, A-74262, A-75077, A-76638,
A-80238, A-80994, A-81343, A-82279,
B-12465, B-28786, C-28126, C-38280,
C-39136, C-39516, C-50936, C-55789,
C-75339, C-82552, D-17102, D-33858,
D-36806, D-50307, D-51929, D-69144,
D-83399, E-29910, G-36723, G-39833,
G-47807, G-52029, G-71933, G-80197,
H-08884, H-13474, H-29443, H-29597,
H-45467, H-47286, H-50729, H-51754,
H-61496, H-65179, H-67348, H-71078,
H-77325, K-44310, K-68224, L-82278
COPPER PRIMARY SMELTING AND
REFINING B-83134
CORE OVENS 1-07553
CORN C-00626, C-04757, C-18230,
G-11444, G-24580, H-00631, H-00633,
H-00920, H-00964, H-01800, H-03360,
H-04678, H-04984, H-06342, H-10673,
H-13247, H-16222, H-16900, H-17449,
H-19863, H-21000, H-21498, H-23222,
H-26717, H-28443, H-29010, H-70607,
H-78956, H-81495, K-07605, K-26738
CORROSION A-08816, A-22973, A-31134,
A-37562, A-47954, A-48231, A-52508,
A-54622, B-14444, B-37402, B-37809,
B-38115, B-41418, B-50435, B-52852,
B-73031, C-09770, D-09590, D-09658,
D-26086, E-05054, G-32607, 1-00085,
1-00695, 1-07553, 1-08076, 1-23108,
1-27060,1-39031,1-40510,1-40833,
1-46606, 1-54961, 1-56143, 1-58585,
1-63871, 1-65935, 1-73616, K-58638,
L-24481
COST ANALYSIS C-84463
COSTS A-01125, A-01687, A-22875,
A-40180, A-41650, A-47962, A-47965,
A-47966, A-58939, A-61154, A-68823,
B-07552, B-09664, B-09773, B-09902,
B-10372, B-19177, B-23182, B-23370,
B-25178, B-25433, B-25523, B-26911,
B-27282, B-30519, B-31567, B-36405,
B-36755, B-37536, B-38115, B-38476,
B-40712, B-40892, B-42078, B-43299,
B-44638, B-44838, B-44979, B-45004,
B-45078, B-45757, B-47341, B-47731,
B-48805, B-48811, B-49023, B-49979,
B-50652, B-52094, B-52838, B-52852,
B-55678, B-56078, B-59459, B-59845,
B-64428, B-64977, B-66947, B-67137,
B-69131, B-72139, B-73031, B-77475,
C-25631, C-46034, C-51762, C-74346,
C-75339, D-29040, D-49860, E-02325,
H-11456, H-12045, H-41698, H-56428,
H-70984, 1-69995, J-28805, J-29923,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
553
J-30696, J-32706, J-38409, J-39910,
J-41121, J-42746, J-48171, J-60298,
J-67865, J-76213, K-7199T, L-24010,
L-25427, L-38573, N-63463
COTTON H-01506, H-08884, H-11100,
H-81495
COTTON GINNING A-43270, A-71262
COTTONS G-07098, 1-07553, L-48788
COUGH A-28038, G-29043, G-40597,
G-83798
COULOMETRIC METHODS C-79389,
C-83495
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS A-03450,
J-32706, L-0%77, L-32173, L-32245,
L-32272
CRACKING C-29771, C-39022, E-29774,
1-07553, K-07605
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS A-59494,
L-0%77
CRANKCASE VENTILATION AIR
A-59494
CRITERIA A-02847, A-03565, A-05040,
A-05139, A-05140, A-05587, A-08102,
A-08116, A-08748, A-09651, A-09690,
A-09692, A-09693, A-09694, A-09695,
A-09696, A-09697, A-11341, A-11590,
A-11876, A-11877, A-12470, A-12474,
A-12587, A-12676, A-12692, A-12740,
A-12741, A-12747, A-12750, A-12809,
A-12813, A-12822, A-12828, A-12884,
A-12886, A-12888, A-12889, A-12919,
A-12929, A-12931, A-12933, A-41650,
A-41877, A-44490, A-59921, A-67748,
A-67834, A-75206, A-76152, A-76190,
A-81861, A-83543, B-10372, B-25638,
B-26911, B-41378, B-70428, C-03119,
C-31115, C-36800, C-39288, C-43672,
C-48492, C-49509, C-49992, C-58278,
D-09590, G-22628, G-22629, G-34398,
G-35670, G-37139, G-52029, G-68551,
G-71324, G-74580, H-10673, H-10711,
H-13159, H-13985, H-29206, H-38343,
H-65558, J-76213, K-07605, K-08420,
K-13173, K-14772, K-17375, K-25933,
K-26738, K-36823, K-41266, K-41267,
K-41295, K-46081, K-47672, K-58899,
K-60887, K-67267, K-68224, K-71991,
L-09677, L-19064, L-32354, L-32884,
L-33722, L-59722, L-64940, L-76%5,
L-77817
CROP SERVICES A-43270, A-71262,
H-00137, H-00301, H-21189, H-22092,
H-30368, H-32536, H-37792, H-38568
CROP SPRAYING H-00137, H-00301,
H-21189, H-22092, H-30368, H-32536,
H-37792, H-38568
CROPS A-00375, A-02312, A-11453,
A-31144, A-34018, A-39587, A-48048,
A-58334, A-69039, A-71273, A-83543,
B-02541, B-04368, B-09664, B-25433,
B-30814, C-00126, C-00260, C-00264,
C-00626, C-00941, C-01793, C-03478,
C-W57, C-18016, C-18230, C-18264,
C-20701, C-24886, C-27430, C-29220,
C-3:J29, C-604'.&, C-72017, D-09590,
D-28188, D-30058, D-33108, D-33309,
D-44799, D-47976, D-58427, E-37037,
E-70747, E-76047, G-01728, G-01794,
G-03246, G-05504, G-11444, G-11467,
G-19215, G-24580, G-31319, G-74580,
G-74822, G-81181, G-84266, H-00187,
H-00265, H-00266, H-00301, H-00631,
H-00633, H-00654, H-00737, H-00788,
H-00920, H-00944, H-00964, H-01250,
H-01506, H-01800, H-01809, H-02516,
H-03116, H-03360, H-03395, H-03570,
H-03571, H-03572, H-03629, H-03729,
H-04678, H-04732, H-04923, H-04925,
H-04984, H-05398, H-05399, H-05744,
H-06342, H-06557, H-08884, H-10673,
H-10711, H-11100, H-11456, H-11466,
H-12032, H-12042, H-12045, H-12415,
H-12552, H-12553, H-13247, H-13804,
H-14247, H-15404, H-16150, H-16222,
H-16385, H-16387, H-16399, H-16900,
H-I7449, H-17710, H-17822, H-18266,
H-18269, H-19863, H-20157, H-20158,
H-20708, H-20872, H-21000, H-21364,
H-21422, H-21498, H-21500, H-21687,
H-22084, H-22092, H-22496, H-22624,
H-23222, H-23386, H-23580, H-23986,
H-23988, H-24036, H-24366, H-24548,
H-25230, H-26717, H-26800, H-26916,
H-26978, H-27006, H-27303, H-28409,
H-28443, H-28446, H-28476, H-28647,
H-29010, H-29277, H-29443, H-29597,
H-30297, H-30298, H-30301, H-30368,
H-31124, H-31208, H-31527, H-32280,
H-32588, H-32736, H-32771, H-32854,
H-33089, H-33290, H-34121, H-34880,
H-35877, H-36994, H-36996, H-37567,
H-38332, H-38343, H-38404, H-38417,
H-38754, H-39159, H-39363, H-39493,
H-39537, H-39986, H-40201, H-40202,
H-40368, H-41439, H-41699, H-42601,
H-42907, H^t2958, H-44295, H-45007,
H-45009, H^t5663, H-45776, H-45781,
H-47286, H-47385, H-48167, H-48193,
H-48556, H^t9316, H-50157, H-50959,
H-51321, H-56204, H-56213, H-56515,
H-56625, H-56963, H-58941, H-59198,
H-59947, H-60760, H-61496, H-62548,
H-63442, H-64758, H-65103, H-65715,
H-67026, H-67304, H-67480, H-68394,
H-68602, H-68770, H-70357, H-70607,
H-70745, H-71931, H-74626, H-74722,
H-75027, H-76838, H-77050, H-77390,
H-77421, H-78956, H-79129, H-79309,
H-79586, H-79972, H-79976, H-80064,
H-80067, H-80083, H-81288, H-81495,
H-83730, H-83849, H-83851, H-83854,
H-84290, H-84553, H-84579, H-84651,
J-32706, J-43002, J-43547, J-55161,
J-60298, J-67865, K-07605, K-26738,
L-19064, L-25642, L-31492, L-37943,
L-81399
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE C-23657,
F-18863, F-26990, F-57580, G-28037,
H-04917
CUCUMBERS H-81495, H-83885
CUMULATIVE MEASUREMENT
METHODS C-11574, C-12451,
C-22517, C-24603, C-29771, C-35108,
C-36002, C-39022, C-47218, C-49879,
C-56572, D-09590, D-09658, D-23392,
D-26026, D-33309, D-37502, D-39054,
D-44267, D-48850, D-49118, E-04987,
1-00695
CUPOLAS A-00896, A-01528, A-17344,
A-29532, A-41650, A-42683, A-42751,
A-47962, B-04794, B-25638, B-38115,
B-47125, B-47341, H-27324, L-0%77,
L-48788
CYANATES A-39460, C-36771, G-04927,
G-71948, H-25366, K-41682, K-51057
CYANIDES A-31529, A-36377, A-40182,
A-71262, A-72133, B-14692, B-47677,
B-49023, B-56057, B-62165, B-66592,
B-71412, B-75138, B-75204, C-16109,
C-21881, C-22458, C-230%, C-24050,
C-24603, C-25223, C-28102, C-30793,
C-30840, C-31115, C-31712, C-32534,
C-36771, C-38280, C-38670, C-39136,
C-39516, C-42926, C-43979, C-47218,
C-50936, C-61851, C-66753, C-71044,
C-74942, C-79003, C-84660, D-76890,
F-62189, G-24153, G-49223, G-78873,
G-79848, G-84137, H-00301, H-03395,
H-12042, H-17710, H-39537, 1-23108,
1-69995, K-19818, K-44310, K-51057,
K-74109, L-29504, L-37747, L-80894,
N-63463
CYCLIC ALKANES C-39719, F-02337
CYCLIC CRUDES AND INTERMEDIATE
PRODUCTIO A-008%, A-17344,
H-39537, L-37747
CYCLONES (CONTROL) A-82192,
B-76232, B-82918, K-78880
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-06241, A-13242,
A-17116, A-49852, B-18536, B-18641,
B-38439, B-41378, C-00260, C-00941,
C-01349, C-01593, C-01793, C-02042,
C-02681, C-09983, C-27%2, C-33632,
C-69668, D-13838, D-14066, E-02325,
F-02517, G-01047, G-010%, G-01426,
G-04734, G-10203, G-13700, G-14126,
G-19880, G-24392, G-37569, G-37684,
G-52686, G-62596, H-00137, H-00187,
H-00240, H-00265, H-00266, H-00301,
H-00633, H-01092, H-02049, H-02379,
H-02382, H-03549, H-03570, H-03571,
H-03572, H-03612, H-03613, H-03616,
H-03860, H-03873, H-13203, H-14678,
H-16673, H-20872, H-21062, H-23579,
H-23624, H-24787, H-25661, H-25665,
H-26491, H-28409, H-32672, H-32673,
H-34880, H-369%, H-37480, H-39159,
H-41482, H-43663, H-46923, H-47014,
H-56874, H-56%3, H-57716, H-58381,
H-60913, H-77377, 1-00085, J-38409,
K-41266, K-41267, K-41295, K-68582
D
DATA ANALYSIS C-27430, C-43672,
C-44285, D-25593, D-26702, H-01092,
H-06459, H-17822, H-20874, H-26734,
K-69550, L-33495
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-75146,
B-44838, C-05892, C-20540, C-27430,
C-42375, C-43672, C-44285, C-58278,
C-61103, C-65118, C-65846, C-66606,
C-68944, D-25593, D-26702, D-44799,
E-02325, E-43855, E-64013, H-01092,
H-03613, H-06459, H-17822, H-20874,
H-26734, 1-00695, J-32706, K-69550,
L-33495, L-40889, L-64940, L-81220
DECIDUOUS TREES H-78058, H-78580,
H-80067, H-80493
DECISIONS H-11456, L-28014
DECOMPOSITION A-13242, A-34334,
A-48572, A-76411, A-84479, B-18536,
B-36475, C-08077, C-23517, C-30007,
C-31712, F-01677, F-28428, F-69599,
L-32789
DEER H-80535
DEFOLIANTS H-49779
DECREASING A-09785, B-36532
DENSITY B-37544, B-38874, B-47086,
C-11574, C-30432, C-32534, H-29206,
H-31124, H-31527, 1-00085
DEPOSITION A-47954, C-24603, C-35956,
E-29774, E-70747, G-10362, G-18809,
G-26743, G-28037, G-28199, G-33505,
G-33872, G-52686, H-1%04, H-26742,
H-31124, H-38417, H-38568, H-52829,
H-60760, H-60913, H-62597, H-63442,
N-21287
-------
554
DEPOSITION PHENOMENA H-80067
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
A-40344, A-45858, A-47963
DETROIT D-37473, D-42760, L-09677,
L-17614
DIAGNOSIS C-36771, C-67116, G-04849,
G-06485, G-06675, G-07013, G-07098,
G-07344, G-07917, G-08031, G-22551,
G-24720, G-25469, G-25946, G-26743,
G-29415, G-36751, G-37282, G-37795,
G-38106, G-40597, G-40635, G-54302,
G-57024, G-80857, H-00240, H-01092,
H-01250, H-04848, H-04923, H-04924,
H-04997, H-05004, H-05421, H-12554,
H-13985, H-17684, H-20690, H-24944,
H-25945, H-26734, H-26861, H-26876,
H-28031, H-28035, H-28258, H-28679,
H-36742, H-38407, H-38419, H-41362,
H-42924, H-42954, H-45557, H-50677,
H-52705, H-66035, H-76297, H-76901,
H-80535, H-81671, H-83182, L-29818
DIESEL ENGINES A-29786, A-34018,
A-49924, C-26713, C-35108, D-25593
DIFFRACTION C-09770, C-17098, 1-00695
DIFFUSION (ATMOSPHERIC) A-15452,
A-17883, A-28038, A-32702, A-35985,
A-35985, A-42054, A-44566, A-53874,
A-66955, A-70727, A-75146, A-76459,
C-03478, C-05439, C-07871, C-22877,
C-23546, C-23573, C-24966, C-26713,
C-26713, D-09590, D-48791, D-49860,
D-49860, D-53889, E-02325, E-02325,
E-05054, E-29774, E-33092, E-43855,
E-44277, E-44277, E-49185, E-49433,
E-59075, E-59075, E-64013, E-77970,
E-78793, G-23563, G-26873, H-00265,
H-26717, H-29597, H-32343, H-45604,
K-34063, K-34063, L-24122, L-24122,
L-32884, L-64940, L-76847, N-64545,
N-64937
DIFFUSION MODELS A-35985, A-66955,
A-75146, A-76459, C-26713, D-49860,
E-02325, E-44277, E-59075, E-64013,
E-78793, K-34063, L-24122, L-64940,
L-76847, N-64545
DIFFUSION PHENOMENA G-80197
DIGESTERS A-21380
DIGESTION H-04919, H-04924, H-05004,
H-18270, H-39493
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A-63661, A-81169,
C-07719, G-03246, G-04849, G-04983,
G-06288, G-06497, G-07917, G-08030,
G-08031, G-10203, G-11000, G-11467,
G-16874, G-19880, G-21455, G-22551,
G-22628, G-25946, G-28037, G-28199,
G-32601, G-32605, G-32606, G-33505,
G-36751, G-37795, G-41685, G-45055,
G-49223, G-49448, G-54302, G-79619,
G-79980, G-83177, G-83798, H-04850,
H-04923, H-04997, H-05004, H-08884,
H-11452, H-23624, H-39627, H-48193,
H-49434, H-65103, H-79633
DIOLEFINS H-05342, H-05724, H-08884,
H-11100, K-07605
DIPHENYLS A-47048, C-17128
DISCOLORATION A-31134, G-18988,
H-25750, H-40899, 1-07553
DISINTEGRATION N-66750
DISPERSIONS C-43234
DISPLACEMENT C-07860, C-32966
DISSOCIATION F-16218, F-21632,
F-22219
DISTILLATE OILS D-40896
DOGS C-07719, G-01426, G-03394,
G-06288, G-11000, G-30145, G-30841,
G-44594, H-04544, H-12556, H-39895,
H-42857
DOMESTIC HEATING A-02312, A-09785,
A-11453, A-17357, A-17464, A-36377,
A-40344, A-40401, A-40471, A-42675,
A-46925, A-47143, A-48849, A-49924,
A-55922, A-59494, A-68703, A-69309,
B-41378, D-09590, D-21419, D-33309,
D-34008, D-35764, D-37502, D-40896,
G-01794, G-07098, G-30788, G-31234,
G-31319, H-39190, H-41698, 1-56143,
J-30696, L-19434, L-25427, L-32354,
L-32884, L-60630, N-04212, N-16400,
N-21287, N-32254
DONORA A-00375, A-32060, G-18785,
G-24580, G-28199, G-30788, H-00301,
N-28923
DROPLETS A-09785, A-29519, B-24110,
B-33971, B-35448, B-42104, B-46086,
C-35956, E-30126, 1-07553,1-27060
DRUGS G-00165, G-01426, G-04927,
G-36723, H-01092, H-13985, H-20690
DRY CLEANING PLANTS (EXCEPT RUG)
A-09785, A-34018, A-40344,
A-45858, A-47143, N-04212
DRYING A-70069, A-77522, B-38775,
B-61741, C-83592
DUMPS B-24683, C-23683
DUST FALL A-00896, A-08882, A-17116,
A-36377, A-81931, B-10618, B-47125,
C-01593, C-03527, C-11574, C-22812,
C-22877, C-24603, C-27130, C-36693,
C-39022, C-41763, C-42926, C-43672,
C-68944, D-01872, D-09590, D-09658,
D-13838, D-22348, D-23845, D-26026,
D-27254, D-28097, D-30705, D-33309,
D-33858, D-37502, D-39737, D-41979,
D-43317, D-44267, D-49860, D-50744,
D-52578, D-56464, D-70500, E-04987,
E-49185, G-30183, G-37791, H-36998,
H-47014, H-77391, K-36823, K-37472,
K-80854, L-17614, L-41455, L-47380
DUSTS A-00896, A-01528, A-02312,
A-04068, A-05601, A-06371, A-08882,
A-09785, A-11453, A-12622, A-15452,
A-17076, A-17116, A-17344, A-17471,
A-20134, A-22875, A-26254, A-28282,
A-29519, A-29532, A-31144, A-32139,
A-32519, A-32702, A-34334, A-36377,
A-37190, A-37562, A-37752, A-37996,
A-38657, A-40180, A-40182, A-40344,
A-41877, A-42675, A-42676, A-42677,
A-42680, A-42682, A-42683, A-42685,
A-42731, A-42751, A-44490, A-44566,
A-44605, A-46558, A-47048, A-47188,
A-47410, A-47945, A-47954, A-47962,
A-47%3, A-47965, A-47966, A-48231,
A-48429, A-48849, A-48946, A-49617,
A-49924, A-50013, A-50381, A-50938,
A-51100, A-52508, A-52741, A-52912,
A-53295, A-59257, A-59494, A-59775,
A-60283, A-60727, A-60728, A-60729,
A-60827, A-60866, A-61007, A-61154,
A-61570, A-63661, A-64926, A-66977,
A-67940, A-68703, A-69039, A-69309,
A-70727, A-71273, A-71615, A-72079,
A-72125, A-74262, A-75089, A-76274,
A-76411, A-76638, A-77367, A-80334,
A-80994, A-81169, A-81343, A-81931,
A-82192, A-82269, B-02541, B-04368,
B-04794, B-07549, B-07664, B-08344,
B-09902, B-10618, B-13676, B-15322,
B-17463, B-18144, B-18698, B-18699,
B-18826, B-19177, B-19571, B-21795,
B-22484, B-22943, B-23370, B-24110,
B-25433, B-25590, B-25638, B-26279,
B-26745, B-26911, B-27282, B-28786,
B-29680, B-29725, B-30276, B-30519,
B-30814, B-32231, B-32384, B-32461,
B-32627, B-32963, B-33620, B-33918,
B-33971, B-35106, B-35111, B-35513,
B-36405, B-36716, B-37402, B-37603,
B-37914, B-38082, B-38115, B-38439,
B-38593, B-38874, B-40414, B-40892,
B-42104, B-43108, B-44638, B-44716,
B-45004, B-45380, B-45468, B-45544,
B-47086, B-47125, B-47256, B-47341,
B-47463, B-47821, B-48805, B-48811,
B-49023, B-49979, B-50154, B-55524,
B-60255, B-60282, B-60849, B-60864,
B-61259, B-63474, B-63784, B-64977,
B-65638, B-65640, B-66624, B-67700,
B-67742, B-67954, B-70428, B-70658,
B-70840, B-72038, B-72139, B-74480,
B-74483, B-78814, B-79079, B-79657,
B-79711, B-80356, B-80500, B-81040,
B-81256, B-81773, B-83198, C-00450,
C-01593, C-03527, C-09983, C-11915,
C-16801, C-17098, C-20595, C-20892,
C-22877, C-23575, C-26729, C-28671,
C-29737, C-29738, C-30300, C-30432,
C-32534, C-35108, C-35441, C-38741,
C-41064, C-41763, C-43234, C-43570,
C-44238, C-46443, C-48392, C-49509,
C-52206, C-52992, C-53625, C-55367,
C-58278, C-58842, C-59814, C-61851,
C-66606, C-68944, C-70686, C-76212,
C-84660, D-09590, D-17102, D-19966,
D-21419, D-22348, D-25593, D-28097,
D-31396, D-32666, D-33017, D-33108,
D-33309, D-33858, D-34008, D-39182,
D-39737, D-40896, D-44799, D-49260,
D-49860, D-50690, D-54881, D-56464,
D-60574, D-62438, D-63186, D-69144,
D-73286, D-78193, D-78442, D-78954,
D-79343, D-83399, E-29910, E-59234,
E-62869, E-78933, G-01794, G-02539,
G-03394, G-04145, G-04734, G-06485,
G-07013, G-07098, G-07344, G-07961,
G-08201, G-08702, G-10362, G-11000,
G-12532, G-14319, G-18809, G-18987,
G-26274, G-28556, G-30183, G-30788,
G-30841, G-31319, G-32605, G-32607,
G-34398, G-37791, G-38721, G-39494,
G-40527, G-40635, G-43636, G-48697,
G-49164, G-49756, G-50916, G-52638,
G-60228, G-61146, G-61467, G-68583,
G-72961, G-84137, G-84233, H-03116,
H-08884, H-11157, H-12533, H-16673,
H-19604, H-20707, H-20708, H-27021,
H-27324, H-28474, H-29736, H-30225,
H-30805, H-32588, H-32982, H-35613,
H-35964, H-36996, H-36998, H-37346,
H-38332, H-38411, H-38417, H-38574,
H-39190, H-40368, H-41439, H-41983,
H-42086, H-42601, H-42857, H-43622,
H-45007, H-45160, H-45467, H-46338,
H-46719, H-47014, H-47286, H-47385,
H-48941, H-52928, H-54297, H-54597,
H-56637, H-56655, H-56885, H-60957,
H-60961, H-61496, H-67453, H-68575,
H-69596, H-74626, H-77329, H-77391,
H-79976, H-80575, H-81288, H-81671,
H-81771, H-82520, H-83145, H-83258,
H-84080, H-84290, H-84548, 1-00695,
1-24308, 1-63139, J-48171, K-27010,
K-28466, K-31968, K-33107, K-34063,
K-36823, K-38197, K-41682, K-42039,
K-51057, K-60180. K-68582, K-72151,
K-80854, L-06754, L-09677, L-17188,
L-17472, L-17614, L-19434, L-25542,
L-25642, L-27677, L-28349, L-29598,
L-29818, L-30620, L-32173, L-32245,
L-32272, L-32884, L-35795, L-37747,
L-37943, L-38669, L-40461, L-41455,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
555
L-42873, L-42874, L-44054, L-48719,
L-52026, L-76397, L-80894, L-81220,
N-04212, N-16400, N-21287, N-37027,
N-50867, N-51942, N-64545, N-64937
DYE MANUFACTURING A-00896,
A-17344, H-39537, L-37747
ECONOMIC LOSSES A-22973, A-30517,
A-34018, A-47954, B-09664, B-26911,
H-01250, H-03116, H-03395, H-03612,
H-03616, H-05421, H-11456, H-17710,
H-18269, H-19713, H-20157, H-22789,
H-23624, H-25865, H-26158, H-36787,
H-39466, H-39537, H-45540, H-46262,
H-49779, H-70984, H-79976, 1-27060,
J-28805, J-30226, J-32706, J-38409,
J-43002, J-435'7, J-44672, J-55161,
J-60298, L-25642
ECONOMICS A-01125, A-01687, A-22875,
A-22973, A-30517, A-34018, A-40180,
A-41650, A-47954, A-47962, A-47965,
A-47966, A-58939, A-61154, A-68823,
B-07552, B-09664, B-09773, B-09902,
B-10372, B-I9177, B-23182, B-23370,
B-25178, B-25433, B-25523, B-26911,
B-27282, B-30519, B-31567, B-36405,
B-36755, B-37536, B-38115, B-38476,
B-40712, B-40892, B-42078, B-43299,
B-44638, B-44838, B-44979, B-45004,
B-45078, B-45757, B-47341, B-47731,
B-48805, B-48811, B-49023, B-49979,
B-50652, B-52094, B-52838, B-52852,
B-55678, B-56078, B-59459, B-59845,
B-64428, B-64977, B-66947, B-67137,
B-69131, B-72139, B-73031, B-77475,
B-80213, B-81040, B-81944, C-25631,
C-46034, C-51762, C-74346, C-75339,
C-84463, D-29040, D-49860, E-02325,
H-01250, H-03116, H-03395, H-03612,
H-03616, H-05421, H-11456, H-12045,
H-17710, H-18269, H-19713, H-20157,
H-22789, H-23624, H-25865, H-26158,
H-36787, H-39466, H-39537, H-41698,
H-45540, H-46262, H-49779, H-56428,
H-70984, H-79976, 1-27060, 1-69995,
J-28805, J-29923, J-30226, J-30696,
J-32706, J-38409, J-39910, J-41121,
J-42746, J-43002, J-43547, J-44672,
J-48171, J-55161, J-60298, J-67865,
J-76213, K-71991, K-81864, L-24010,
L-25427, L-25642, L-38573, N-63463
EDUCATION A-47954, B-26911, B-41569
EFFICIENCY A-40344, A-60727, A-68823,
A-74586, A-76122, B-41418, B-60849,
B-61259, B-61935, B-64696, B-64977,
B-65638, B-66618, B-67700, B-69965,
B-72656, B-74483, B-75138, B-75387,
B-76232, B-77475, B-78245, B-78814,
B-80213, B-81256, B-81772, B-84418,
C-61896, C-64779, C-68086, C-69765,
C-71244, C-72015, C-73349, C-75058,
C-75339, C-76030, C-84214, C-84499,
D-66083, K-66916
ELECTRIC BATTERIES B-28502
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-09693,
A-09799, A-12622, A-41877, A-42682,
A-45858, A-49617, A-52912, A-59775,
A-60866, A-64926, A-72125, B-02962,
B-07664, B-10618, B-25038, B-29680,
B-45380, B-47821, D-39737, H-83258,
L-29598, L-30620
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
A-00375, A-01687, A-02312, A-09785,
A-12557, A-13699, A-17357, A-17464,
A-17883, A-22875, A-24039, A-25305,
A-29519, A-31315, A-32139, A-32519,
A-34018, A-36377, A-39460, A-40344,
A-40401, A-42675, A-42685, A-46558,
A-47143, A-47410, A-47966, A-48849,
A-49924, A-53751, A-55601, A-61007,
A-61800, A-66977, A-67940, A-68703,
A-69309, A-69422, A-80334, A-80507,
A-81343, A-81917, A-81931, A-81935,
B-10618, B-12127, B-24033, B-24683,
B-25038, B-26911, B-32232, B-36552,
B-38476, B-40381, B-40712, B-41378,
B-43863, B-44979, B-45078, B-45846,
B-47054, B-60849, B-65638, B-67700,
B-80500, C-22812, C-44238, C-75058,
D-09590, D-09658, D-31396, D-32666,
D-33309, D-49860, D-56464, E-59234,
F-13998, F-44721, G-01794, G-07098,
G-50161, H-01398, H-16385, H-17697,
H-23624, H-36998, H-38574, H-41698,
H-45130, H-48374, H-65179, H-69596,
H-70487, H-74624, 1-56143, J-30696,
j-38409, J-39910, K-34063, K-37472,
L-17472, L-19434, L-25427, L-29421,
L-29598, L-30620, L-32884, L-39306,
L-39749, L-57270, L-84415, N-04212,
N-21287
ELECTRIC POWER SOURCES B-28502,
L-32245, L-46561
ELECTRIC, GAS, AND SANITARY
SERVICES A-00375, A-01687,
A-02312, A-03450, A-05601, A-08816,
A-09785, A-11590, A-11876, A-12557,
A-12773, A-12889, A-13699, A-17357,
A-17464, A-17883, A-22875, A-23865,
A-24039, A-25305, A-26254, A-29519.
A-29532, A-29786, A-30218, A-31315,
A-31529, A-32139, A-32519, A-32702,
A-32855, A-34018, A-34334, A-35985,
A-36377, A-37562, A-37996, A-39460,
A-40344, A-40401, A-4267S, A-42685,
A-45858, A-46558, A-47048, A-47143,
A-47188, A-47410, A-47954, A-47963,
A-47966, A-48231, A-48849, A-49924,
A-50013, A-50381, A-50938, A-50961,
A-51100, A-51102, A-51137, A-52508,
A-52741, A-53295, A-53751, A-54622,
A-55601, A-60727, A-61007, A-61800,
A-66977, A-67940, A-68703, A-69309,
A-69422, A-71262, A-71615, A-74262,
A-75077, A-75146, A-80334, A-80507,
A-80994, A-81343, A-8174S, A-81917,
A-81931, A-81935, A-82192, B-10618,
B-12127, B-24033, B-24683, B-25038,
B-25638, B-26911, B-28502, B-29680,
B-32231, B-32232, B-35111, B-36552,
B-36716, B-37536, B-38439, B-38476,
B-40381, B-40712, B-41378, B-43840,
B-43863, B-44716, B-44979, B-45078,
B-45846, B-47054, B-47677, B-47680,
B-49929, B-49979, B-50154, B-50937,
B-51101, B-51845, B-55180, B-56078,
B-58879, B-59845, B-60849, B-61259,
B-61954, B-64696, B-65638, B-67700,
B-68795, B-70840, B-71796, B-73031,
B-74480, B-74483, B-78814, B-78890,
B-79657, B-79711, B-80500, B-80950,
B-81256, B-82446, B-83667, C-22812,
C-23683, C-35956, C-36002, C-40211,
C-44238, C-52992, C-75058, C-75339,
C-80935, D-09590, D-09658, D-25593,
D-31396, D-32666, D-33309, D-37994,
D-41979, D-49860, D-56464, D-71272,
E-59234, F-13998, F-44721, G-01794,
G-07098, G-31319, G-32607, G-50161,
H-01398, H-16385, H-17697, H-23624,
H-25366, H-36998, H-38574, H-40460,
H-41698, H-42923, H-43226, H-45130,
H-48374, H-65179, H-69596, H-70487,
H-74624, 1-07553, 1-39031, 1-56143,
1-65935, J-30696, J-38409, J-39910,
J-48171, K-10168, K-34063, K-37472,
K-51212, K-51229, K-72151, K-74109,
K-78880, L-09677, L-17472, L-19434,
L-25427, L-29421, L-29598, L-30620,
L-32173, L-32245, L-32272, L-32884,
L-37747, L-39306, L-39749, L-40461,
L-48788, L-57270, L-77234, L-84415,
N-04212, N-21287
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT PLAN A-09785
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-01313, C-04405, C-04689
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES A-28038,
A-42731, B-47341, C-04685, C-08077,
C-44177, C-68944, F-18863, F-21389,
G-28041, H-00265, H-28149, 1-00695
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE A-42731,
H-00265, 1-00695
ELECTRICITY (ATMOSPHERIC) D-29040
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
A-61564, A-75077, B-29680, C-02681,
C-06983, C-07871, C-08077, C-09983,
C-12334, C-12760, C-18344, C-20892,
C-20895, C-21156, C-22812, C-23517,
C-25210, C-27248, C-27341, C-27769,
C-27962, C-28374, C-28671, C-28843,
C-29198, C-29467, C-29887, C-30014,
C-30793, C-31712, C-32534, C-33632,
C-35737, C-35956, C-36800, C-37350,
C-37463, C-37515, C-37579, C-38741,
C-39008, C-39022, C-39243, C-39719,
C-39762, C-41064, C-41491, C-43979,
C-43985, C-43986, C-44177, C-44238,
C-44253, C-44933, C-46034, C-47218,
C-49509, C-49752, C-49992, C-50470,
C-50936, C-51599, C-51762, C-52629,
C-53523, C-53625, C-53876, C-53987,
C-55923, C-56681, C-57781, C-58278,
C-58842, C-59049, C-60951, C-61896,
C-61995, C-63848, C-64779, C-64912,
C-67116, C-68229, C-69174, C-69675,
C-69765, C-70638, C-71232, C-71245,
C-73349, C-74221, C-74346, C-75339,
C-77427, C-79389, C-83495, D-28097,
D-61140, E-04987, E-43424, F-34948,
G-09575, G-71324, G-74380, H-39328,
H-42946, H-50729
ELECTROLYSIS A-23022, A-30447,
A-42676, A-44605, A-50018, A-55407,
A-68807, B-13676, B-23370, B-24116,
B-26279, B-26317, B-30519, B-38082,
B-38445, B-38593, B-38775, B-38874,
B-40414, B-44343, B-48811, B-48814,
B-52838, B-53603, B-55524, B-56528,
B-59679, B-60206, B-60255, B-61273,
B-63784, B-69191, B-70659, C-06397,
C-06983, C-08077, C-10632, C-16109,
C-21881, C-26692, C-31712, C-35737,
C-37463, C-37515, C-37579, C-41064,
C-83495, D-27254, D-37823, E-37013,
F-39861, H-26978, 1-00695
ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORPTION
C-80259, F-80516
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY A-50013,
C-17098, C-42928, C-52206, G-11000,
1-08076
ELECTROSTATIC COUNTERS C-48916,
C-52206, C-61957
-------
556
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-01687, A-04068, A-08748, A-09541,
A-09799, A-11341, A-12476, A-12587,
A-12676, A-12692, A-12773, A-15452,
A-17076, A-26329, A-29519, A-40159,
A-40180, A-40344, A-41650, A-41877,
A-42731, A-42751, A-43014, A-43270,
A-44490, A-47962, A-47963, A-47965,
A-47966, A-48231, A-48429, A-48849,
A-50013, A-50938, A-52741, A-60827,
A-60866, A-67940, A-68703, A-71615,
A-74262, A-75206, A-81861, A-82192,
B-04794, B-07664, B-09902, B-10618,
B-18699, B-21795, B-22484, B-22853,
B-22943, B-23182, B-23370, B-24033,
B-25135, B-25433, B-25658, B-27569,
B-28034, B-28320, B-28502, B-29680,
B-29725, B-30519, B-31567, B-31708,
B-32231, B-32461, B-32627, B-32712,
B-35106, B-36405, B-36552, B-36755,
B-37544, B-38188, B-38593, B-43299,
B-44343, B-44838, B-44979, B-45078,
B-45254, B-45544, B-46050, B-47125,
B-47341, B-47677, B-47680, B-48805,
B-49023, B-50154, B-51101, B-52838,
B-59230, B-60282, B-61259, B-63474,
B-63775, B-64696, B-65640, B-69965,
B-70428, B-70840, B-71796, B-78814,
B-78890, B-802I3, B-80500, B-81256,
B-84418, C-00126, C-06112, C-07871,
C-23096, C-27044, C-28285, C-29771,
C-35956, C-42926, C-55923, C-60951,
C-68086, C-79032, D-23845, D-32679,
E-04987, F-44721, J-29923, J-48171,
J-762I3, K-33107, K-66860, L-32884,
L-38573
ELM TREES H-80493
EMERGENCIES A-76274, D-84625,
H-79976
EMISSION EACTORS A-75206, A-76152,
A-76190, A-76459, A-79043, A-81861,
A-81916, A-81935
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-13701,
A-27617, A-40344, A-47143, A-67806,
A-69309, A-75089, C-27248, D-09590,
D-26086, D-26702, D-49860, K-36823
EMISSION SPECTROMETRY C-80227,
C-82650
EMISSION STANDARDS A-01687,
A-03129, A-29519, A-34096, A-36377,
A-37190, A-38657, A-41650, A-42683,
A-47963, A-68823, A-70069, A-70727,
B-19212, B-25638, B-40414, B-47054,
B-49031, B-53875, B-55678, B-56057,
B-65640, B-78814, B-81256, C-35108,
C-36800, C-41719, D-25593, D-28I88,
D-41979, D-42760, G-44597, G-47807,
G-71484, G-71617, H-44295, H-69162,
J-30696, K-14772, K-33107, K-34063,
K-36823, K-37472, K-38I97, K-42039,
K-44310, K-44377, K-46081, K-47672,
K-51212, K-51229, K-58899, K-60180,
K-668.iO, K-66916, K-68582, K-71991,
K-72151, K-74109, K-79255, K-80854,
I.-06938, L-06939, L-09677, L-19064,
L-19434, L-20273, L-28349, L-29421,
L-31492, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-32884, L-33722, L-35795, L-37747,
L-38669, L-39306, L-42021, L-42188,
L-42873, L-44054, L-46586, L-47380,
L-48719, L-48788, L-50180, L-66700,
L-73839, L-77817, L-81399, N-50748,
N-64545
EMISSIVITY C-01313, H-03571
EMPHYSEMA A-00375, G-l 1467,
G-16874, G-30788, G-30841, G-33505,
G-41684, G-43636, G-74369, G-83798,
H-03766, H-08884, H-11452, J-30226,
N-64937
ENCAPSULATION B-38082, B-56528
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
A-01528, B-09664, B-25638, C-79842,
L-19064, L-19434, L-29421, L-30620,
L-31492, L-35795, L-37747, L-38669,
L-42874, L-76965, N-50867
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
B-02541, B-28502, L-31492
ENGINE EMISSIONS A-00375, A-08882,
A-09785, A-11453, A-20134, A-23561,
A-27595, A-28038, A-29786, A-31315,
A-32060, A-34018, A-42675, A-47143,
A-47945, A-47954, A-47959, A-48849,
A-49924, A-50242, A-55922, A-59494,
A-68703, A-69309, A-76274, B-07549,
B-29680, B-35106, B-37402, B-45846,
B-49031, B-76008, B-83613, C-03119,
C-06112, C-22812, C-26713, C-27248,
C-35I08, C-35737, C-49879, C-61851,
C-69152, C-74346, D-23845, D-25593,
D-27254, D-33108, D-34008, D-40896,
D-41979, D-42760, G 27379, G-30788,
G-31319, G-32607, G-38721, G-41706,
G-47807, G-50318, H-01398, H-03116,
H-03612, H-03766, H-08884, H-18319,
H-19604, H-19656, H-20157, H-21189,
H-25769, H-28474, H-28475, H-32714,
H-39923, H-40460, H-4I699. H-42857,
H-43622, H-46338, H-47014, H-49316,
ri-49647, H-50157, H-51321, H-54597,
H-54755, H-60957, H-73518, H-74624,
H-84548, 1-23108, J-42746, K-19818,
K-34063, K-58899, K-71991. K-72151,
K-80854, L-09677, L-17472, L-24122,
L-29598, L-30620, L-31492, L-32354,
L-32789, L-40461, L-42021, L-42810,
L-42873, L-44054, L-46561, L-487U,
L-50180, L-52026, L-60630, L-61705,
L-64940, L-84415, N-04212, N-17260,
N-21287, N-50867, N-64545, N-64937,
N-65407
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES L-31492
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
A-33853, B-02541, B-33554, B-35106,
L-24122, N-20495
ENGINEERS B-37603, B-51845, D-26702,
N-37027
ENGINES A-20134, A-29786, A-34018,
A-48946, A-49924, B-07549, B-35111,
B-65638, B-67700, B-75138, C-26713,
C-35108, D-25593, D-34008, L-09677,
L-24122
ENZYMES A-11916, A-81169, C-36800,
F-22219, G-01728, G-04734, G-04927,
G-07917, G-l 1000, G-13215, G-24720,
G-32605, G-32606, G-33510, G-33511,
G-38106, G-40920, G-4I685, G-41687,
G-43277, G-48068, G-49164, G-66668,
G-68583, G-74822, G-79796, G-79848,
H-00737, H-00788, H-00920, H-04918,
H-05004, H-05399, H-06342, H-07046,
H-07047, H-08513, H-08884, H-10150,
H-I0843, H-12032, H-14121, H-17749,
H-23794, H-28437, H-29616, H-30234,
H-39466, H-41189, H-46719, H-48193,
H-52306, H-59198, H-60560, H-62548,
H-64588, H-66714, H-73518, H-76451
EPIDEMIOLOGY A-00375, A-45145,
G-02539, G-03394, G-05833, G-06675,
G-l 1942, G-12987, G-16345, G-16874,
G-22629, G-23003, G-26846, G-28019,
G-28754, G-294I5, G-37791, G-386I6,
G-38942, G-43636, G-44867, G-48693,
G-48697, G-49164, G-49607, G-50414,
G-56538, G-56933, G-60228, G-61467,
G-66044, G-68520, G-71484, G-71536,
G-73658, G-81181, G-84266, H-05004,
H-05560, K-36823, N-49170
EPITHELIUM A-00640, G-01047, G-03246,
G-14319, G-40597, G-79619, G-79623
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA B-10372,
B-41378, C-39288, C-48492, C-49992,
L-32354, L-33722
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS B-25638,
C-35108, C-48492, C-49509, C-49992,
C-74346, D-25593, K-19818, K-34063,
K-78880, K-79255, L-32173, L-32245,
L-32272, L-38669, L-39306
ESTERS C-08077, C-20701, C-25441,
C-83592, G-24720, H-02382, K-51057,
L-32173, L-32245
ETHERS C-39719, C-83592, H-39537,
K-51057, L-32173, L-32245
ETHNIC FACTORS G-06497
ETHYL ALCOHOL G-07098
ETHYLENE A-18449, A-44566, A-48572,
B-02541, B-26911, B-28502, B-59230,
B-62165, C-17128, C-27769, C-38670,
C-50337, C-66753, E-76047, F-02337,
F-25636, F-59528, G-28041, G-45683,
G-48068, G-72961, G-79848, G-84260,
H-00737, H-01809, H-02537, H-03395,
H-03472, H-03611, H-03612, H-03613,
H-03616, H-03766, H-04984, H-05342,
H-05421, H-05485, H-05724, H-08884,
H-11100, H-12042, H-12045, H-12155,
H-13474, H-17710, H-17749, H-17779,
H-20157, H-20158, H-21364, H-22789,
H-25865, H-26055, H-26158, H-26861,
H-3047?, H-33127, H-40202, H-41699,
H-41983, H-42923, H-45130, H-45214,
H-45540, H-46262, H-46338, H-48413,
H-49779, H-50780, H-52102, H-52409,
H-52698, H-52928, H-54755, H-56655,
H-60907, H-65928, H-67026, H-67056,
H-67304, H-67348, H-67457, H-70984,
H-78580, H-84651, J-32706, J-55161,
K-03582, K-07605, K-47672, K-51057,
K-7199I, L-44054, N-63463
EUROPE A-00220, A-00375, A-00640,
A-00896, A-01528, A-02653, A-02988,
A-03129, A-04068, A-05090, A-06241,
A-06371, A-08486, A-08816, A-09541,
A-11453, A-11916, A-13242, A-13701,
A-17076, A-17116, A-17344, A-17357,
A-17377, A-17464, A-17471, A-17883,
A-23022, A-23865, A-25305, A-26329,
A-27314, A-27930, A-28282, A-29519,
A-29786, A-30218, A-30296, A-30517,
A-31134, A-31283, A-31315, A-31333,
A-32060, A-32519, A-33735, A-34096,
A-34334, A-36045, A-362I2, A-37190,
A-37562, A-37752, A-37996, A-38657,
A-39635, A-40401, A-40471, A-40600,
A-42675, A-42677, A-42680, A-42682,
A-42685, A-42731, A-44605, A-46119,
A-46925, A-47048, A-47061, A-47410,
A-47954, A-47959, A-47962, A-47963,
A-47965, A-47966, A-48231, A-48849,
A-48946, A-49852, A-49886, A-49924,
A-50013, A-50018, A-50381, A-50938,
A-50%1, A-51100, A-51102, A-51137,
A-51282, A-52508, A-52741, A-52912,
A-53295, A-53751, A-53955, A-54622,
A-55212, A-55407, A-55601, A-55922,
A-56192, A-58939, A-59494, A-59775,
A-60727, A-60728, A-60866, A-61007,
A-61154, A-61183, A-61800, A-63661,
A-64926, A-66977, A-67940, A-68703,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
557
A-68807, A-69039, A-69309, A-69422,
A-70727, A-71477, A-71615, A-72079,
A-72133, A-74154, A-74262, A-76411,
A-76638, A-76644, A-77367, A-79511,
A-80334, A-80507, A-80994, A-81169,
A-81343, A-82192, A-83637, A-84479,
B-02541, B-04368, B-04794, B-07664,
B-10372, B-10618, B-13676, B-13771,
B-14692, B-15322, B-15372, B-17463,
B-18536, B-18641, B-18698, B-18699,
B-19571, B-20436, B-21795, B-23310,
B-24033, B-24683, B-25178, B-25195,
B-25638, B-26279, B-26317, B-26908,
B-27569, B-28320, B-28502, B-28709,
B-29725, B-30276, B-30519, B-32384,
B-32461, B-32712, B-33620, B-35111,
B-35513, B-36716, B-37115, B-37293,
B-37402, B-37509, B-37536, B-37544,
B-37603, B-37745, B-38188, B-38439,
B-38445, B-38476, B-38587, B-38593,
B-38775, B-38874, B-40381, B-40414,
B-40712, ri-40892, B-41378, B-41569,
B-41932, B-42078, B-42104, B-42172,
B-42287, B-43108, B-44716, B-45254,
B-45380, B-45468, B-45544, B-45846,
B-46086, B-47095, B-47463, B-47466,
B-47821, B-48143, B-48805, B-48811,
B-48814, B-49023, B-49477, B-49979,
B-50154, B-50937, B-51101, B-51755,
B-51845, B-52172, B-52179, B-53620,
B-54310, B-55524, B-55678, B-56078,
B-56528, B-56591, B-58632, B-59845,
B-60849, B-60864, B-61259, B-63540,
B-63775, B-63784, B-64428, B-64506,
B-64696, B-65638, B-66592, B-666I8,
B-66947, B-67217, B-67700, B-67742,
B-67846, B-67954, B-68795, B-69528,
B-70428, B-70537, B-71297, B-71623,
B-71796, B-74480, B-74483, B-77816,
B-78814, B-78890, B-79657, B-79711,
B-80356, B-80500, B-80863, B-81256,
B-81995, B-83134, B-83667, C-00126,
C-00260, C-00264, C-00941, C-01313,
C-01349, C-01593, C-01793, C-02042,
C-02565, C-02681, C-03119, C-04105,
C-04405, C-04463, C-05620, C-06962,
C-09983, C-10632, C-11574, C-11626,
C-11915, C-13056, C-16801, C-17082,
C-17092, C-17098, C-17117, C-18283,
C-20030, C-20595, C-21156, C-21730,
C-21881, C-22458, C-22877, C-23575,
C-24222, C-24970, C-25223, C-25474,
C-26203, C-26729, C-27130, C-27131,
C-27769, C-27962, C -28374, C-28441,
C-28462, C-29426, C-29737, C-29738,
C-29887, C-30007, C-30014, C-30300,
C-30432, C-30793, C-30958, C-32450,
C-32631, C-32643, C-33632, C-33929,
C-34125, C-34126, C-35441, C-36125,
C-36771, C-36800, C-37350, C-37579,
C-37799, C-38278, C-38280, C-38741,
C-39008, C-39762, C-40705, C-41020,
C-41063, C-41064, C-41624, C-42375,
C-43570, C-44083, C-44174, C-44177,
C-44689, C-45344, C-45760, C-46303,
C-46443, C-46784, C-48392, C-49391,
C-49476, C-49879, C-49992, C-51551,
C-52101, C-52206, C-52992, C-55367,
C-55858, C-55923, C-56244, C-56572,
C-56865, C-57079, C-58278, C-59049,
C-60010, C-61103, C-61692, C-61859,
C-61993, C-61995, C-63848, C-64090,
C-65118, C-65846, C-66606, C-67528,
C-68944, C-69526, C-69668, C-69675,
C-70686, C-72017, C-73471, C-74354,
C-76030, C-76212, C-77427, C-78426,
C-79032, C-79835, C-80573, C-81357,
C-82273, C-82552, C-83495, C-84471,
D-01872, D-06809, D-07579, D-10619,
D-13838, D-14066, D-17102, D-17642,
D-18537, D-19145, D-19966, D-21419,
D-22348, D-22359, D-23392, D-23862,
D-25093, D-25593, D-28097, D-29040,
D-30705, D-31396, D-32666, D-33309,
D-34008, D-37607, D-37823, D-39182,
D-40896, D-43170, D-44799, D-47982,
D-50690, D-52811, D-58218, D-60574,
D-63186, D-73286, D-78442, E-02325,
E-14897, E-29023, E-29910, E-37013,
E-37639, E^M277, E-59075, E-59234,
E-64013, E-76047, E-78943, F-01677,
F-02337, F-02517, F-03062, F-14907,
F-15927, F-16218, F-19175, F-21632,
F-22219, F-28428, F-39861, F-41543,
F-55415, F-57581, F-68048, F-78035,
G-01047, G-01096, G-01426, G-01728,
G-01794, G-02539, G-03394, G-04145,
G-04734, G-06675, G-07098, G-07344,
G-08201, G-10203, G-10247, G-10333,
G-10362, G-10842, G-11444, G-11467,
G-11942, G-11945, G-12282, G-12987,
G-13215, G-13700, G-14112, G-14126,
G-14319, G-14477, G-15040, G-16047,
G-16345, G-18785, G-18809, G-18987,
G-19880, G-24392, G-24494, G-26274,
G-28556, G-30145, G-30788, G-31234,
G-31319, G-32152, G-32256, G-32596,
G-32601, G-32605, G-32606, G-32607,
G-33510, G-33511, G-33561, G-33766,
G-34398, G-34861, G-35670, G-36411,
G-36723, G-37139, G-37282, G-37569,
G-37684, G-38616, G-39219, G-39494,
G-39497, G-39799, G-39810, G-39813,
G-39924, G-39931, G-40597, G-40635,
G-41224, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41706, G-43636, G-43896, G-44362,
G-44590, G-45055, G-46085, G-47807,
G-48030, G-48068. G-49448, G-50161,
G-51473, G-52147, G-52557, G-52686,
G-54302, G-54968, G-55517, G-56538,
G-57024, G-57299, G-59073, G-60625,
G-60748, G-62596, G-66668, G-67440,
G-68583, G-70519, G-71617, G-72083,
G-74290, G-79848, G-79980, G-80078,
G-80197, G-81250, G-84137, G-84233,
G-84236, G-84260, H-00137, H-00187,
H-00240, H-00265, H-00266, H-OO301,
H-00631, H-00633, H-01092, H-01800,
H-02041, H-02049, H-02379, H-02382,
H-03116, H-03549, H-03570, H-03571,
H-03572, H-03612, H-03613, H-03616,
H-03860, H-03873, H-04816, H-10841,
H-10843, H-11157, H-11452, H-11456,
H-11466, H-11469, H-11650, H-13159,
H-13203, H-13213, H-13804, H-14678,
H-15604, H-1J838, H-16092, H-16150,
H-16152, H-16222, H-16244, H-16567,
H-16673, H-17163, H-17449, H-17822,
H-17892, H-18226, H-18265, H-18266,
H-18267, H-18270, H-18272, H-18319,
H-18507, H-19539, H-19604, H-19703,
H-19873, H-19949, H-20476, H-20872,
H-20917, H-21062, H-21422, H-22496,
H-22624, H-22930, H-23188, H-23214,
H-23295, H-23386, H-23576, H-23579,
H-23580, H-23624, H-23639, H-23661,
H-23852, H-23874, H-23950, H-23986,
H-24024, H-24035, H-24036, H-24064,
H-24330, H-24366, H-24395, H-24533,
H-24787, H-24933, H-25099, H-25366,
H-25661, H-25665, H-25750, H-26175,
H-26491, H-26978, H-27021, H-27091,
H-27785, H-28409, H-28427, H-28437,
H-28443, H-28474, H-28475, H-28476,
H-28477, H-28479, H-28483, H-28600,
H-28802, H-29277, H-29736, H-29991,
H-30142, H-30225, H-30297, H-30298,
H-30299, H-30301, H-31208, H-31733,
H-32280, H-32282, H-32286, H-32289,
H-32291, H-32334, H-32339, H-32343,
H-32344, H-32516, H-32535, H-32536,
H-32539, H-32588, H-32672, H-32673,
H-32854, H-32897, H-32982, H-33606,
H-33906, H-34880, H-35877, H-35880,
H-35992, H-36159, H-36742, H-36785,
H-36994, H-36996, H-36998, H-37346,
H-37480, H-37567, H-38017, H-38332,
H-38412, H-38574, H-39159, H-39183,
H-39190, H-39328, H-39466, H-39493,
H-39537, H-39607, H-39627, H-39684,
H-39782, H-39887, H-39895, H-39902,
H-39923, H-39932, H-40341, H-40368,
H-40460, H-40472, H-40599, H-40916,
H-41189, H-41362, H-41370, H-41439,
H-41482, H-41696, H-41698, H-41699,
H-42954, H-43492, H-43493, H-43663,
H-44411, H-44428, H-45007, H-45022,
H-45160, H-45214, H-45345, H-45467,
H-45474, H-4578I, H-46338, H-46557,
H-46719, H-46721, H-46733, H-46923,
H-46997, H-47014, H-47286, H-47806,
H-48022, H-48167, H-48193, H-48413,
H-48798, H-49316, H-49561, H-49644,
H-49647, H-50677, H-50729, H-50959,
H-51271, H-51470, H-52574, H-52705,
H-52964, H-53376, H-54297, H-54755,
H-55654, H-56428, H-56584, H-56874,
H-56885, H-56963, H-57475, H-57716,
H-58381, H-58506, H-59947, H-60595,
H-60913, H-60957, H-60961, H-61000,
H-61496, H-62597, H-63167, H-63442,
H-64166, H-64427, H-64860, H-65103,
H-66035, H-66798, H-66983, H-67480,
H-68122, H-68575, H-695%, H-70607,
H-72132, H-73172, H-73518, H-74617,
H-74626, H-75027, H-76297, H-77377,
H-78402, H-79129, H-80189, H-80536,
H-81771, H-83082, H-84290, H-84477,
H-84484, 1-00085, 1-24308, 1-40833,
1-46606, 1-47291, 1-52320, 1-54961,
1-56143, 1-63871, 1-73616, J-29923,
J-30226, J-38409, J-41121, J-48171,
K-03032, K-10168, K-114I4, K-27010,
K-28466, K-41266, K-41267, K-41295,
K-41682, K-47672, K-58638, K-60180,
K-68582, K-78880, L-06754, L-17472,
L-17614, L-19434, L-25427, L-25542,
L-31492, L-32354, L-38573, L-39306,
L-39749, L-40461, L-40889, L-41455,
L-42810, L-42873, L-42874, L-44054,
L-44598, L-46561, L-46586, L-48719,
L-60630, L-67888, L-76397, L-77817,
L-78484, L-80894, L-83965, N-04212,
N-14783, N-16400, N-17260, N-21287,
N-32254, N-37027, N-46820, N-49170,
N-51942, N-63776, N-64545, N-65407,
N-69692
EVAPORATORS A-21380, B-26674,
B-39104, B-64898, F-44721
EXCESS AIR A-11590, A-33853, A-46925,
A-60866, A-64926, B-18826, B-33554
EXCRETIONS A-00220, A-00375,
A-01687, A-02312, A-02653, A-02988,
A-03450, A-17116, A-17405, B-02541,
C-00126, C-00260, C-00264, C-00626,
C-00636, C-00941, C-01349, C-01793,
C-03503, C-18264, C-26744, C-43570,
C-47193, C-60410, C-77492, D-47982,
-------
558
F-07714, F-34948, G-01338, G-01674,
G-01728, G-01794, G-04983, G-06485,
G-06497, G-10203, G-10842, G-12987,
G-13700, G-14112, G-14126, G-14477,
G-19880, G-23563, G-24126, G-24392,
G-24720, G-26461, G-26846, G-26873,
G-27753, G-27755, G-28037, G-28556,
G-28754, G-29415, G-29807, G-31234,
G-32601, G-32606, G-33505, G-33511,
G-33766, G-33872, G-36751, G-36947,
G-37569, G-37684, G-38106, G-38942,
G-40920, G-44362, G-44590, G-44593,
G-44594, G-47905, G-48636, G-48637,
G-49164, G-49607, G-50318, G-50371,
G-50419, G-52686, G-54302, G-56931,
G-61646, G-62177, G-62596, G-71324,
G-74380, G-74821, G-74822, G-76902,
G-79619, G-79623, G-79634, G-79796,
G-81181, G-83177, G-83798, G-84266,
H-00187, H-00240, H-00265, H-00266,
H-00301, H-00600, H-00631, H-00633,
H-00654, H-00788, H-00920, H-00944,
H-00964, H-00979, H-01092, H-01250,
H-01398, H-01506, H-01557, H-01664,
H-01705, H-01800, H-01809, H-02041,
H-02049, H-02200, H-02379, H-02382,
H-02537, H-03116, H-03360, H-03395,
H-03472, H-03549, H-03570, H-03571,
H-03572, H-03611, H-03612, H-03613,
H-03616, H-03629, H-03676, H-03729,
H-03860, H-03873, H-04816, H-04919,
H-04923, H-04924, H-04997, H-05004,
H-05612, H-06353, H-06354, H-10841,
H-10843, H-12554, H-18268, H-18269,
H-18270, H-20015, H-20707, H-25735,
H-26734, H-26742, H-28031, H-28035,
H-32736, H-39493, H-40201, H-40368,
H-44428, H-46997, H-48167, H-48193,
H-49434, H-65103, K-03582
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-01687, A-04068,
A-08102, A-08748, A-09799, A-31283,
A-40180, A-42751, A-44490, A-53874,
A-60866, A-68807, A-71477, B-04368,
B-07664, B-08344, B-24116, B-25523,
B-28786, B-32627, B-35513, B-38082,
B-42078, B-42104, B-47125, B-47256,
B-49477, B-52179, B-70428, B-72038,
B-80213, C-01313, D-06809, D-37823,
H-26711, 1-39031, J-39910
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-74586,
C-04691, C-05317, C-11404, C-11626,
C-12100, C-24399, C-48916, C-58842,
C-59814, F-55415, H-06459, H-18770,
H-26711, H-37792
EXPLOSIONS A-32576, A-39862, B-38775,
B-41839, C-44253, G-43323
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS A-11916,
A-31333, B-04853, C-0094I, C-07719,
C-09770, C-23947, F-52013, F-55415,
G-01096, G-01426, G-02539, G-07013,
G-08031, G-21455, G-30841, G-41224,
H-00631, H-00788, H-00920, H-02200,
H-03549, H-03571, H-03729, H-03860,
H-04678, H-04679, H-04688, H-04732,
H-05324, H-07047, H-16399, H-16894,
H-16900, H-23516, H-26711, H-28479,
H-30298, H-30299, H-31448, H-31527,
H-32282, H-32516, H-33606, H-39782,
H-40460, H-41362, H-45009, H-56241,
H-56625, H-64166, 1-08076
EXPOSURE METHODS A-11916,
C-04691, C-07710, C-07719, C-36800,
C-38278, G-01047, G-01096, G-01426,
G-04983, G-07917, G-10362, G-18809,
G-24126, G-25160, G-27379, G-28041,
G-32596, G-32601, G-32606, G-33510,
G-33511, G-33561, G-35569, G-36411,
G-39799, G-39810, G-39813, G-41036,
G-41224, G-49223, G-52147, G-52686,
G-57024, H-00187, H-00301, H-00633,
H-03572, H-03860, H-03873, H-04688,
H-04732, H-04917, H-04918, H-04923,
H-04924, H-04925, H-04984, H-05004,
H-05398, H-05399, H-05560, H-06404,
H-07255, H-09683, H-10150, H-11407,
H-15213, H-16150, H-16152, H-18704,
H-18770, H-21422, H-23516, H-24402,
H-25230, H-26717, H-28427, H-28479,
H-28480, H-31448, H-32854, H-37792,
H-39607, H-39782, H-39902, H-39986,
H-40460, H-40899, H-42907, H-43663,
H-46557, H-46719, H-46923, H-48403,
H-48798, H^49434, H-51905, H-52306,
H-54910, H-56204, H-56241, H-56515,
H-56625, H-62548, H-63442, H-65558,
H-71931, H-74588, H-78058, H-78402,
H-79129, H-81495, 1-00695
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
B-75138
EYE IRRITATION A-00375, A-13699,
A-28038, B-18144, E-29774, G-06288,
G-06485, G-07917, G-08031, G-11942,
G-19148, G-23003, G-26461, G-28199,
G-30841, G-35569, G-40597, G-48068,
G-60228, G-83177, K-31968, N-28923
EYES G-07344, G-11942, G-16874,
G 18987, G-33509, G-33511, G-35569,
G-35670, G-41684, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41688, G-44594, G-48068, G-49223
FABRIC FILTERS A-08102, A-09799,
A-12740, A-15452, A-17076, A-40344,
A-41650, A-41877, A-43270, A-44490,
A-48429, A-60827, A-70069, A-76152,
A-76190, A-81861, B-07815, B-10618,
B-19487, B-21795, B-22484, B-22853,
B-25135, B-28786, B-29680, B-30519,
B-31567, B-36755, B-38115, B-43299,
B-44638, B-45380, B-45544, B-45707,
B-45757, B-47256, B-47677, B-47680,
B-48814, B-49023, B-49477, B-52172,
B-52179, B-58879, B-61935, B-63474,
B-63775, B-64977, B-65640, B-66624,
B-70658, B-70840, B-71796, B-77475,
B-80213, B-81773, C-24118, C-35956,
C-81439, K-33107, L-32884, I.-38573
FADING D-09590, D-26086
FALLOUT A-37996, D-07579, G-03394,
H-42857
FANS (BLOWERS) A-01687, A-08748,
A-09799, B-25523, B-32627, B-42078,
B-42104, B-47256, B-49477, B-72038,
C-01313
FARMS B-26911, C-18344, C-60410,
G-26846, G-38942, G-84266, H-00737,
H-10711, H-19604, H-20157, H-20707,
H-20708, H-24282, H-32672, H-36994,
H-42601, H-»3226, H-51754, H-60760,
H-65103, H-66983, H-68394, H-73518,
H-74588, H-80064, J-32706, J-60298,
J-67865, L-06349, L-24010, L-25642,
N-12307
FAT AND OIL PRODUCTION A-09785,
A-22973, A-71262, L-09677
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-41932,
B-43863, B-47731, L-42810
FEEDLOTS A-00340, A-03129, A-05090,
A-12631, A-37190, A-39587, A-47959,
A-71262, B-06587, B-08344, B-09664,
B-18144, B-24117, B-25038, G-06497,
G-10842, H-08884, H-21062, H-23624,
H-23661, H-23988, H-24282, H-24366,
H-25499, H-32536, H-32539, H-33606,
H-36998, H-37567, H-39923, H-43226,
H-50415, L-37747, L-37943
FEES L-31492, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272
FERROALLOYS A-39460, A-42680,
A-47962, B-48811, B-60864, 1-65935
FIBER GLASS PRODUCTION C-84463
FIELD OPERATIONS B-76232, B-81772,
B-81773
FIELD TESTS A-31333, A-67748,
A-67834, B-10618, C-00260, C-01793,
C-12593, C-18344, C-22879, C-28530,
C-39288, C-40409, C-60278, C-74234,
C-75058, C-81439, D-66083, G-27379,
H-04678, H-168%, H-18268, H-18272,
H-18704, H-18770, H-25099, H-26861,
H-28479, H-28480, H-60595, H-67347,
1-00695
FILTER FABRICS A-00896, A-06371,
A-08816, A-11877, A-12470, A-26254,
A-30296, A-31134, A-31144, A-33853,
A-41650, A-42751, A-43014, A-43272,
A-47963, A-48429, A-60866, A-63661,
A-71262, B-05567, B-08344, B-18144,
B-19177, B-19210, B-24110, B-26745,
B-28320, B-29680, B-35513, B-38115,
B-44979, B-45078, B-45544, B-45707,
B-46050, B-49023, B-55046, B-63784,
B-64070, B-66947, B-70840, B-74483,
B-77475, C-03527, C-04038, C-04540,
C-07871, C-12334, C-12593, C-18264,
C-22517, C-22812, C-24118, C-25487,
C-26209, C-30300, C-32450, C-34125,
C-35956, C-39022, C-39288, C-41064,
C-48916, C-60278, C-60410, C-70638,
D-09590, D-25093, D-52578, D-66083,
E-33579, H-02200, H-11456, H-35880,
H-38017, H-38412, H-39537, 1-07553,
J 39910, K-66860, L-38573
FILTERS A-00340, A-00896, A-06371,
A-08102, A-08816, A-09799, A-11877,
A-12470, A-12474, A-12692, A-12740,
A-1281), A-15452, A-17076, A-20134,
A-26254, A-30296, A-31134, A-31144,
A-3385?, A-40159, A-40180, A-40344,
A-41650, A-41877, A-42751, A-43014,
A-43270, A-43272, A-44490, A-47962,
A-47963, A-48429, A-60827, A-60866,
A-63661, A-70069, A-71262, A-76152,
A-76190, A-81861, A-82192, B-04368,
B-05567, B-07552, B-07815, B-08344,
B-09773, B-10618, B-11686, B-18144,
B-19177, B-19210, B-19487, B-21795,
B-22484, B-22853, B-22943, B-24110,
B-25135, B-26745, B-28320, B-28502,
B-28786, B-29680, B-29725, B-30519,
B-31567, B-33191, B-35106, B-35448,
B-35513, B-36552, B-36755, B-37745,
B-38115, B-38439, B-42083, B-42104,
B-43299, B-44638, B-44979, B-45078,
B-45380, B-45468, B-45544, B-45707,
B-45757, B-46050, B-47256, B-47341,
B-47677, B-47680, B-48480, B-48814,
B-49023, B-49477, B-49979, B-52172,
B-52179, B-55046, B-55524, B-58879,
B-60282, B-61935, B-62786, B-63474,
B-63775, B-63784, B-64070, B-64977,
B-65640, B-66624, B-66947, B-67742,
B-70428, B-70537, B-70658, B-70840,
B-71796, B-74483, B-77475, B-80213,
B-81773, B-84418, C-01593, C-02681,
C-03527, C-04038, C-04540, C-06112,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
559
C-07710, C-07871, C-10632, C-11404,
C-12334, C-12593, C-18264, C-19500,
C-21806, C-22517, C-22812, C-23947,
C-24118, C-24372, C-25180, C-25487,
C-25816, C-26209, C-27044, C-28285,
C-28374, C-28738, C-29426, C-29738,
C-29771, C-29887, C-30300, C-30432,
C-32450, C-33711, C-34125, C-35108,
C-35956, C-38741, C-38905, C-39022,
C-39288, C-41020, C-41064, C-41491,
C-44552, C-48916, C-53876, C-55858,
C-60278, C-60410, C-60951, C-61103,
C-68086, C-70638, C-81439, D-09590,
D-25093, D-28097, D-37502, D-52578,
D-58339, D-61I40, D-66083, E-33579,
F-55415, H-00265, H-02200, H-M456,
H-21364, H-32897, H-33468, H
H-38017, H-38412, H-39537, H-J>
H-42601, H-61496, 1-07553, J-39910,
J-76213, K-33107, K-66860, L-32884,
L-38573, N-46820
FINLAND D-78442, H-81771, K-68582
FIR TREES H-83082
FIRING METHODS A-11590, A-17377,
A-33853, A-37562, A-46925, A-47048,
A-48231, A-49852, A-50381, A-60281,
A-60866, A-64926, B-07664, B-18826,
B-26911, B-29680, B-33554, B-42172,
B-43840, B-59230, B-60282, B-61259,
B-62165, B-65640, B-71796, B-77838,
H-00301, N-64545, N-64937
FLAME AFTERBURNERS A-47963,
B-76512
FLAME IONIZATION (HO C-83495
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR (CO)
C-02681, C-06112, C-11574, C-20701,
C-29198, C-35956, C-36125, C-39719,
C-41020, C-41719, C-43979, C-46034,
C-47218, C-48492, C-48916, C-49752,
C-49879, C-51762, C-58278, C-61859,
C-66753, H-42907
FLAME PHOTOMETRY C-80573, C-82650
FLAMES C-83495
FLARES B-45707, B-49031
FLAX C-03478, G-03246, H-03729
FLORIDA A-00220, A-00340, A-02019,
A-03450, A-12095, B-07190, B-09664,
D-09658, D-24801, D-28188, E-37037,
H-01705, H-06404, H-16896, H-28830,
H-28899, H-37403, H-44345, H-53370,
H-59935, L-06938, L-06939, L-09677
FLOWERS A-12095, A-83543, B-02541,
B-28889, C-00626, C-00941, C-04757,
C-26909, D-09590, D-37473, E-37037,
E-76047, G-05504, G-81181, H-00631,
H-00964, H-00979, H-01506, H-01705,
H-01800, H-02049, H-02537, H-03395,
H-03613, H-03616, H-03766, H-04678,
H-04679, H-04732, H-04984, H-05324,
H-05724, H-06404, H-06557, H-07047,
H-08884, H-10342, H-10673, H-11466,
H-12042, H-14121, H-16222, H-16387,
H-16472, H-16894, H-17163, H-17449,
H-17710, H-17822, H-I8272, H-18704,
H-21364, H-21687, H-22499, H-22887,
H-23986, H-24036, H-24566, H-25273,
H-25499, H-26800, H-28480, H-29443,
H-29597, H-30298, H-30299, H-30806,
H-31448, H-32280, H-32282, H-32339,
H-32343, H-32714, H-33089, H-36787,
H-37346, H-37403, H-41439, H-41699,
H-42958, H-46051, H-48291, H-48556,
H-52574, H-56240, H-57475, H-60560,
H-61410, H-70745, H-70752, H-74721,
H-74722, H-79309, H-79635, H-80067,
H-80083, H-80085, H-82146, H-82435,
H-83721, H-83723, H-83730, H-84553,
H-84651, J-43547, J-55161, K-07605,
K-26738, L-06754
FLOWMETERS C-01349, C-08077,
C-09770, C-31712, C-35108, C-35956,
G-01096, H-18770
FLUID FLOW A-05090, A-09214,
A-09321, A-09332, A-11541, A-31283,
A-31581, A-40344, A-43816, A-45858,
A-48231, B-08344, B-18830, B-24110,
B-26745, B-29403, B-30276, B-33971,
B-37544, B-38299, B-38874, B-40414,
B-44716, B^»8480, B-48814, C-01349,
C-04405, C-08077, C-21806, C-22879,
C-35956, C^1064, C-44689, C-46784,
C-48674, E-33092, E-43855, E-79132,
G-01096, H-00631, H-26711, H-31527
FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSING B-77838,
B-78814, B-81995, B-83134, C-81439
FLUIDIZED BED SCRUBBERS B-80356
FLUORANTHENES C-26707, C-27294
FLUORESCENCE A-00375, A-42731,
A-50013, C-01313, C-07763, C-1P79
C-24118, C-24124, C-24315, C-24372,
C-26122, C-26396, C-27131, C-27248,
C-27331, C-28671, C-42375, C-43979,
C-43985, C-43986, C-47096, C-47218,
C-48916, C-49879, C-50337, C-53523,
C-66753, C-67116, C-83495, D-33309,
D-52578, F-46162, F-78035, H-03571
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-08486, A-23022, A-30296, A-48572,
A-49738, B-41839, B-68201, C-00264,
C-08077, C-10632, C-20701, C-23654,
C-25441, C-79843, C-83592, E-77970,
F-01677, F-02517, F-03062, F-53153,
F-68048, F-69599, G-01426, G-08702,
G-12403, G-24720, G-30145, G-30841,
G-45683, H-42907, H-56213, H-59198
FLY ASH A-11453, A-11876, A-15452,
A-22875, A-29519, A-32139, A-32576,
A-32702, A-39460, A-40344, A-46925,
A-48231, A-50013, A-52508, A-53751,
A-57231, A-60727, A-61800, A-68703,
A-75077, A-75089, A-81343, B-05567,
B-07552, B-19177, B-25038, B-26908,
B-32232, B-36552, B-41378, B-43863,
B-45707, B-59230, B-74480, B-77838,
C-44710, C-53523, C-75339, D-09590,
E-29774, F-44721, G-11467, G-24392,
G-26274, G-39494, G 73658, H-04816,
H-11157, H-12554, H-18270, H-19539,
H-23624, H-24366, H-35992, H-36742,
H-36998, H-38332, H-41696, H 42086,
H-44295, H-48374, H-70487, L-09677
FOG A-00220, A-46119, A-79511, C-48392,
C-51599, D-23862, D-40896, E-14897,
G-12555, G-18987, G-32607, G-39219,
G-40597, H-23295, H-28149, H-51470,
N-04212, N-66750
FOOD G-84266, H-80079
FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY A-02312, A-09214,
A-09785, A-1I54I, A-22973, A-26254,
A-30517, A-32855, A-34018, A-37996,
A-39460, A-40159, A-40344, A-43270,
A-45858, A-47963, A-66977, A-71262,
A-77367, A-80334, B-26911, B-44716,
D-49860, H-09553, H-24330, H-39537,
H-66983, J-30696, J-48171, J-67865,
K-10168, L-09677, L-37747, L-37943
FORESTS A-37190, C-11915, C-27130,
C-56865, D-44799, H-00737, H-16673,
H-18507, H-21062, H-24933, H-25769,
H-26158, H-28479, H-32334, H-32344,
H-32516, H-32672, H-36998, H-38411,
H-38412, H-38574, H-39183, H-39190,
H-39466, H-39684, H-40341, H-40599,
H-41362, H-41370, H-41482, H-41696,
H-41698, H-42954, H-45160, H-45467,
H-45604, H-46217, H-47286, H-48022,
H-52829, H-52994, H-54297, H-56637,
H-56874, H-56885, H-58381, H-58506,
H-59028, H-60957, H-64860, H-66983,
H-73172, H-73518, H-74617, H-76715,
H-81771, H-82498, J-38409, J-67865,
L-41455, N-66718
FORMALDEHYDES A 23561, A-32855,
A-61570, B-62165, C-09983, C-12451,
C-15171, C-20650, C-22812, C-26707,
C-27294, C-31115, C-32476, C-38670,
C-397I9, C-43985, C-50337, C-59513,
C-65118, C-67116, C-80259, D-31371,
D-34008, D-50690, D-60574, D-63186,
F-68048, G-01794, H-52928, 1-00695,
L-29504. L-81220
FORMIC ACID A 37190, 1-40510
FRATnONATION A-24370, E-30126
FRANCE A-11453, A-17357, A-37996,
A-46119, A-70727, A-74154, B-02541,
B-20436, B-28502, B-32712, B-351I1,
B-45544, B-45846, B-52172, B-63784,
C-13056, C-21881, C-22458, C-28441,
C-28462, C-32643, C-3544I, C-44689,
C-45344, C-61692, C-70686, C-79032,
C-80573, C-81357, D-39182, E-14897,
F-28428, F-41543, G-07344, G-16047,
G-30788, G-32607, G-34398, G-34861,
G-41706, G-43636, G-46085, G-49448,
G-74290, G-80197, G-81250, G-84236,
H-11469, H-13159, H-13804, H-15604,
H-16567, H-17892, H-23386, H-23852,
H-27785, H-28443, H-28476, H-28600,
H-29991, H-39183, H-39627, H-39684,
H-44411, H-46997, H-48413, H-51271,
H-51470, H-60595, H-62597, H-74617,
H-80536, H-83082, 1-54961, K-68582,
L-42810, L-44054, I.-44598, L-46586,
L-60630, N-17260, N-64545
FREE RADICALS E-29774, F-02517,
F-53153
FREEZING C-29771, C-35956
FRUITS A-03450, A-12095, A-13701,
A-26329, B-02541, B-04853, B-09664,
C-01349, C-04757, C-05892, C-18230,
C-20540, C-28441, C-28462, D-28188,
D-71272, D-77485, E-37037, G-01338,
G-01674, G-11444, G-13700, G-81250,
H-00301, H-01664, H-01800, H-01809,
H-02379, H 03116, H-03395, H-03611,
H-03616, H-03629, H-03766, H-03860.
H-03873, H-04403, H-04672. H-04732,
H-04984, H-05667, H-06404, H-06459,
H-06557, H-07255, H-10342, H-10673,
H-11407, H-11456, H-11466, H-13203,
H-15604, H-16385, H-16896, H-17109,
H-17892, H-18226, H-18266, H-18770,
H-19147, H-19358, H-20573, H-20872,
H-21093, H-21687, H-22084, H-22085,
H-22092, H-22284, H-23516, H-23874,
H-23950, H 23986, H-24358, H-27030,
H-27303, H 28446, H-28476, H-28830,
H-28899, H-30142, H-30225, H-30805,
H-31124, H-31208, H-31448, H-31733,
H-32339, H-32535, H-32536, H-32539,
H-33468, H-33716, H-35578, H-35880,
H-37346, H-37403, H-40202, H-40368,
H-41439, H-42958, H-43492, H-44345,
H-46051, H-47286, H-47806, H-50157,
H-52698, H-53370, H-54066, H-54910.
H-55066, H-57475, H-58777, H-59935,
-------
560
H-60907, H-64824, H-74588, H-74721,
H-74722, H-76838, H-77050, H-79309,
H-80067, H-80079, H-80085, H-80493,
H-80575, H-82146, H-82435, H-82520,
H-83145, H-83182, H-83258, H-83849,
H-83856, H-84080, H-84089, H-84527,
H-84541, H-84545, J-28805, J-43002,
K-07605, K-26738, L-44598
FUEL ADDITIVES A-27595, A-29786,
A-47959, B-02541, B-29680, B-35106,
B-37164, B-65640, C-27248, C-55858,
C-61692, G-44867, K-19818, L-60630
FUEL CHARACTERISTICS A-53751,
A-57231, A-59257, A-61800, A-73078,
A-76638, A-81343, B-60849, B-75387,
B-79079, B-80950
FUEL CHARGING A-17377
FUEL CRITERIA K-46081
FUEL EVAPORATION A-34018, B-49031,
L-09677
FUEL GASES A-008%, A-04068, A-09785,
A-09799, A-12557, A-22875, A-32060,
A-40344, A-40401, A-41877, A-45858,
A-46925, A-47188, A-47410, A-48849,
A-59775, A-61007, A-66977, A-69353.
B-18826, B-19177, B-35111, B-44793,
B-60849, B-60864, B-71796, B-79711,
C-22812, D-09590, E-14897, G-36751,
H-08884, K-34063, L-24122, L-32884,
L-35795, L-47380
FUEL OIL PREPARATION A-46925,
A-61154, B-26908, B-35106, B-38299,
B-38476, B-51845, B-60849, D-47976,
L-42873
FUEL OILS A-09785, A-09799, A-12557,
A-29519, A-29786, A-31144, A-31315,
A-32060, A-40344, A-40401, A-41877,
A-42685, A-45858, A-46925, A-47188,
A-47410, A-48849, A-49852, A-56192,
A-59257, A-59494, A-61007. A-61154,
A-75077, B-19177, B-26908, B-35106,
B-38299, B-60255, B-60849, B-61935,
B-71796, C-22812, C-35108, C-53523,
C-61851, C-75339, D-09590, D-33108,
D-39054, D-39737, D-40896, E-59234,
G-32607, G-44597, G-71933, H-01398,
H-40368, H-67026, 1-07553, J-30226,
K-10168, K-31968, K-34063, L-25427,
L-29421, L-29598, L-32884, L-37747,
L-44054, L-47380, L-60630, N-04212
FUEL RESOURCES A-53751, A-59257,
G-73658
FUEL STANDARDS K-33107, K-46081,
K-47672, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-32884, L-35795, L-42873, L-44054,
L-48719
FUEL TANK EVAPORATION B-49031
FUEL TREATMENT A-32519, A-42675,
A-46925, A-47965, A-57231, A-61154,
A-77367, B-26908, B-35106, B-38299,
B-38476, B-51845, B-60849, B-65638,
B-67700, B-75204, D-35764, D-47976,
E-14897, F-44721, H-39537, L-42873,
N-50867, N-64545
FUEL USAGE J-76213
FUMES A-01125, A-01528, A-01687,
A-03129, A-05601, A-06241, A-06371,
A-09785, A-09799, A-15452, A-17377,
A-18656, A-27314, A-27930, A-31283,
A-32702, A-36377, A-40180, A-40344,
A-41877, A-42751, A-44490, A-44605,
A-74586, A-79567, A-82279, B-07190,
B-07549, B-07552, B-07664, B-07815,
B-09773, B-10618, B-19177, B-22853,
B-24116, B-25433, B-25590, B-26244,
B-26745, B-28783, B-28786, B-30814,
B-32712, B-35513, B-36755, B-38115,
B-41418, 8^13533, B-44979, B-45707,
B-47256, 8^17341, B-48805, B-49023,
B-52094, B-52172, B-52179, B-57706,
B-58879, B-64092, B-70428, B-70658,
B-70840, B-71412, C-16801, C-18230,
C-52206, C-81439, D-06809, D-39737,
G-04145, G-06485, G-08702, G-11467,
G-18809, G-18988, G-27379, G-28139,
G-30788, G-38721, G-40527, G-52638,
H-03676, H-19949, H-28480, H-36998,
H-42857, H-42954, H-43663, H-49644,
H-56874, H-56885, H-64860, 1-39031,
L-09677, L-24010, L-29818, L-32173,
L-32245, L-32272
FUNGI A-00375, C-43981, G-01794,
G-07098, G-30788, G-61467, H-00137,
H-12042, H-32334, H-33127, H-40341,
H-46338, H-56241, H-62275, H-67348,
H-80575, 1-07553
FURNACES A-00375, A-00896, A-01528,
A-03450, A-08102, A-09693, A-09799,
A-12622, A-12740, A-17344, A-26254,
A-27617, A-29532, A-31144, A-32139,
A-32702, A-33853, A-34018, A-40180,
A-41650, A-41877, A-42682, A-42683,
A-42751, A^13014, A-45858, A-47%2,
A-49617, A-52912, A-59775, A-60866,
A-61154, A-61800, A-64926, A-72125,
A-76644, A-77522, B-02962, B-04794,
B-05567, B-06587, B-07664, B-10372,
B-10618, B-18830, B-19177, B-23182,
B-23370, B-24683, B-25038, B-25433,
B-25638, B-29680, B-31567, B-32461,
B-32627, B-33554, B-35111, B-37293,
B-38115, B-38476, B-40892, B-42172,
B-43108, B^*3481, B-44979, B-45380,
B-45544, B-45757, B-47125, B-47341,
B-47821, B-48814, B-49023, B-50652,
B-56528, B-58879, B-58993, B-59230,
B-61935, B-64506, B-64977, B-70658,
B-70659, B-75387, B-82918, C-17098,
C-26729, C-32643, C-35956, C-82650,
D-37823, D-39737, D-43317, E-59075,
F-39861, G-31234, H-19656, H-27324,
H-29736, H-83258, K-31968, K-34063,
K-36823, K-51212, K-51229, K-58899,
K-72151, L-09677, L-29598, L-30620,
L-32789, L-38573, L-48788, L-73839,
L-81399, N-32254
G
GAMMA RADIATION A-59921, C-17117,
C-50093, D-30058, D-56463, F-69599,
G-07961, H-50503, H-50505
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-22875,
A-31529, A-48116, A-49738, C-02681,
C-06112, C-06352, C-07719, C-11574,
C-18696, C-20701, C-22877, C-25441,
C-28126, C-29198, C-30014, C-32534,
C-35956, C-36125, C-38670, C-39719,
C-41020, C^tl063, C-41719, C-43979,
C-46034, C^7218, C-48492, C-48916,
C-49391, C-49752, C-49879, C-50936,
C-51762, C-52629, C-55789, C-57079,
C-58278, C-60010, C-60553, C-61859,
C-74221, C-74346, C-79032, C-80495,
C-80573, C-82650, C-83495, D-31371,
D-33080, E-33579, F-02517, G-01426,
G-08031, H-02382, H-42907
GAS SAMPLING A-03565, A-06371,
A-08748, A-09214, A-09321, A-09332,
A-09541, A-09695, A-11341, A-11590,
A-11876, A-11877, A-12470, A-12474,
A-12587, A-12676, A-12692, A-12740,
A-12741, A-r773, A-12809, A-12889,
A-12919, A-12933, A-13353, A-43816,
B-56064, C-00450, C-02042, C-02681,
C-03119, C-03527, C-03550, C-04038,
C-04540, C-04687, C-04690, C-04691,
C-05317, C-05620, C-06112, C-06494,
C-06962, C-07710, C-07860, C-07871,
C-11574, C-12593, C-16109, C-16801,
C-17128, C-18696, C-21806, C-22877,
C-23162, C-23546, C-24970, C-27044,
C-28738, C-29738, C-30958, C-32476,
C-33711, C-35956, C-38741, C-39719,
C-40409, C-42926, C-43979, C-44083,
C-46784, C-48492, C-48674, C-49476,
C-49752, C-50876, C-53987, C-55125,
C-59049, C-59513, C-60278, C-60951,
C-63848, C-68086, C-70686, C-71244,
C-71245, C-72015, C-74234, C-76212,
C-79003, C-80573, C-84213, C-84214,
C-84499, D-09590, D-19966, D-32679,
D-43317, D-58339, D-66083, G-01096,
H-20708, K-08420
GAS TURBINE ENGINES B-65638,
B-67700
GASIFICATION B-65638, B-67700,
B-75204, F-44771
GASOLINES A-09785, A-32060, A-34018,
A-59494, C-53523, C-61851, G-27379,
G-44597, G-68583, H-39537, K-10168,
K-41682, K-51057, L-24122, L-32173,
L-32245, L-48719
GENETICS G-30385, G-30387, G-37240,
G-43636, H-03729, H-05560, H-06413,
H-06681, H-18267, H-18507, H-19863,
H-26055, H-27805, H-30473, H-31124,
H-45533, H-66983, H-72762, H-76451
GEORGIA D-26086, L-48788
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC
A-00896, A-01528, A-02653, A-02988,
A-08816, A-09541, A-17344, A-17464,
A-17471, A-29519, A-29786, A-30218,
A-30296, A-31333, A-32519, A-33735,
A-34096, A-36212, A-37190, A-37562,
A-37752, A-38657, A-39635, A-40401,
A-4O471, A-42675, A-42677, A-42680,
A-42682, A-42685, A-46925, A-47048,
A-47410, A-47959, A-47962, A-47963,
A-47965, A-47966, A-48849, A-49924,
A-50013, A-50381, A-50938, A-50961,
A-51100, A-51102, A-51137, A-52508,
A-52741, A-53295, A-53751, A-54622,
A-55922, A-56192, A-59775, A-60727,
A-60728, A-60866, A-61007, A-61154,
A-6I183, A-61800, A-66977, A-69039,
A-69309, A-69422, A-71477, A-71615,
A-76638, A-76644, A-77367, A-80507,
A-80994, A-81343, A-82192, B-04368,
B-04794, B-10618, B-15322, B-17463,
B-18699, B-21795, B-24683, B-25178,
B-25638, B-28320, B-28709, B-30276,
B-33620, B-37402, B-37509, B-37603,
B-38445, B-38476, B-38587, B-38593,
B-40381, B-40712, B-40892, B-42078,
B-42104, B-42172, B-42287, B-43108,
B-44716, B-45254, B-45468, B-47463,
B-47466, B-48143, B-48805, B-48811,
B-48814, B-49979, B-50154, B-50937,
B-51101, B-51755, B-51845, B-53620,
B-54310, B-55524, B-55678, B-J6078,
B-56528, B-56591, B-59845, B-60849,
B-60864, B-61259, B-63540, B-63775,
B-64428, B-64506, B-64696, B-65638,
B-66592, B-66947, B-67700, B-68795,
B-69528, B-70537, B-74480, B-74483,
B-77816, B-78814, B-78890, B-79657,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
561
B-79711, B-80500, B-81256, B-81995, H-24566, H-25273, H-25499, H-26800,
C-02681, C-05620, C-06962, C-11574, H-28480, H-30806, H-32280, H-32343,
C-11915, C-17082, C-17098, C-18283, H-32714, H-36787, H-37403, H-48291,
C-21156, C-22877, C-23575, C-24970, H-48556, H-52574, H-56240, H-60560,
C-25474, C-26729, C-27130, C-29426, H-70745, H-70752, H-74721, H-79309,
C-29737, C-29738, C-30014, C-30300, H-80067, H-80083, H-80085, H-82146,
C-33929, C-36800, C-37350, C-38278, H-83723, H-84553, H-84651, K-26738
C-38280, C-38741, C-39008, C-39762, GLANDS G-04849, G-04983, G-06675,
C-41020, C-41063, C-42375, C-46443, G-07344, G-29415, G-40920. G-47906,
C-49391, C-52992, C-55367, C-55858, G-49271, G-66668, H-04850, H-11452,
C-55923, C-56865, C-57079, C-58278, H-12551, H-12556, H-18271, H-39627
C-60010, C-61103, C-61859, C-61993, GLASS A-42677, A-43272, A-47965.
C-61995, C-63848, C-64090, C-65846, A-51137, A-60729, A-66977, B-43481,
C-66606, C-67528, C-68944, C-72017, B-45078, B-45757, B-46050, B-53603,
C-76212, C-77427, C-78426, C-82273, B-53867, B-61935, B-63540, B-65640,
D-I06J9, D-19966, D-22348, D-22359, B-66618, B-66624, C-60951, H-42601,
D-23862, D-25093, D-25593, D-29040, H-48377, 1-46606
D-31396, D-34008, D-37607, D-43170, GLASS FABRICS A-00896, A-06371,
D-44799, D-50690, D-60574, D-63186, A-08816, A-11877, A-12470, A-26254,
D-78442, E-44277, E-59075, E-59234, A-30296, A-31134, A-31I44, A-33853,
F-14907, F-16218, F-22219, F-55415, B-08344, B-18144, B-19177, B-19210,
G-10842, G-11467, G-18809, G-26274, B-24110, B-45544, B-45707, C-03527,
G-28556, G-30145, G-3I319, G-32256, C-04038, C-04540, C-07871, C-12334,
G-40597, G-47807, G-48030, G-48068, C-12593, C-18264, C-22517, C-22812,
G-50161, G-54302, G-54968, G-55517, C-25487, C-26209, C-30300, C-34125,
G-57024, G-57299, G-60625, G-60748, C-39022, C-48916, D-09590, D-25093,
G-67440, G-71617, G-80078, G-84260, D-52578, E-33579, H-02200. H-11456,
H-04816, H-10841, H-10843, H-11452, H-35880, H-38017, H-38412, H-39537,
H-11466, H-11650, H-16150, H-16152, 1-07553, J-39910, L-38573
H-16222, H-17822, H-18226, H-18265, GLASS MANUFACTURING AND
H-18266, H-18267, H-18270, H-18272, PROCESSING A-79280, A-81745,
H-18319, H-18507, H-19539, H-19703, C-82650, C-84463, H-80079
H-I9873, H-20476, H-20917, H-21422, GLUE MANUFACTURING A-34018
H-22624, H-23214, H-23639, H-23661, GOATS G-03394, G-35569, G-50161,
H-23874, H-23986, H-24024, H-24064, G-56931, G-56934, G-56959, G-64484,
H-24330, H-24533, H-25099, H-25366, G-74822, G-74823, G-81018, H-00600,
H-25750, H-27021, H-28477, H-28479, H-11469, H-12529, H-13203, H-32291,
H-28483, H-28802, H-29277, H-29736, H-35877, H-43226, H-79633
H-30142, H-30225, H-30297, H-30298, GRAIN PROCESSING A-40159, A-43270,
H-30301, H-31208, H-31733, H-32344, D-49860, J-30696
H-32516, H-32854, H-35877, H-35992, GRAPES A-13701, C-28441, C-28462,
H-36742, H-36785, H-36994, H-36998, H-01800, H-01809, H-11456, H-17892,
H-37346, H-37567, H-38017, H-38332, H-19147, H-24358, H-28446, H-28476,
H-39190, H-39328, H-39537, H-39782, H-30142, H-30225, H-32539, H-54066,
H-39887, H-39902, H-39932, H-40916, H-77050, H-80575
H-41362, H-41439, H-41696, H-4I698, GRAPHITE G-52638
H-42954, H-43492, H-43493, H-45007, GRASSES A-00375, A-34018, A-48048,
H-45022, H-45160, H-45467, H-45474, B-04368, B-09664, B-25433, C-00260,
H-45781, H-46721. H-46733, H-47286, C-00264, C-00941, C-18264, C-27430,
H-47806, H-48022, H-48798, H-49316, C-60410, C-72017, D-28188, D-30058,
H-49647, H-50677, H-50729, H-52574, D-33309, D-44799, E-70747, G-01794,
H-52964, H-53376, H-54297, H-5565-t, G-11467, G-74822, H-00187, H-00265,
H-56584, H-56885, H-57475, H-59947, H-00266, H-00633, H-00944, H-00964,
H-60957, H-60%1, H-61496, H-63442, H-01800, H-02516, H-16222, H-17449,
H-64166, H-64427, H-64860, H-66035, H-17822, H-18269, H-21422, H-22496,
H-66983, H-67480, H-68122, H-68575, H-25230, H-26978, H-29277, H-29443,
H-69596, H-72132, H-73172, H-76297, H-30297, H-30298, H-30301, H-32588,
H-84290, 1-47291, 1-52320, 1-56143, H-32736, H-32771, H-33290, H-39986,
1-63871, 1-73616, J-29923, J-38409, H-44295, H-45663, H-45781, H-48193,
J-41121, K-11414, K-27010, K-60180, H-59947, H-60760, H-61496, H-67480,
K-68582, K-78880, L-06754, L-I7472, H-68394, H-75027, H-79129, H-81288,
L-19434, L-25542, L-31492, L-32354, H-84290, L-19064
L-40461, L-40889, L-42873, L-42874, GRAVIMETRIC METHODS C-82650,
L-44054, L-46561, L-46586, L-48719, H-81671
L-67888, L-77817, N-21287, N-32254, GRAVITY COLLECTORS A-15452,
N-46820, N-51942, N-63776, N-65407, A-60827, B-29403, B-35106, B-38115,
N-69692 B-40251, B-40381, B-43299, B-45078,
GLADIOLUS A-12095, B-02541, B-28889, B-49023, B-52838, B-53868, B-70428,
C-00626, C-00941, C-04757, C-26909, B-70840
D-09590, D-37473. E-37037, E-76047, GRAVITY SETTLING (CONTROL)
G-81181, H-00631, H-00964, H-00979, B-29403, B-47677
H-01506, H-01705, H-01800, H-02537, GREAT BRITAIN A-00375, A-00896,
H-04678, H-04679, H-05324, H-08884, A-06371, A-17377, A-27314, A-27930,
H-10673, H-11466, H-12042, H-14121, A-31134, A-31283, A-32060, A-34334,
H-16222, H-17163, H-17449, H-17710, A-44605, A-47061, A-5I282, A-58939,
H-17822, H-18704, H-22887, H-24036, B-07664, B-24033, B-26908, B-30519,
B-35513, B-36716, B-37536, B-49023,
B-52179, B-67217, B-67846, B-70428.
C-16801, C-17092, C-17117, C-21730,
C-24222, C-26203, C-30007, C-34125,
C-34126, C-49879, C-82552, D-06809,
D-52811, D-58218, E-64013, F-19175,
F-39861, F-57581, F-78035, G-15040,
G-18987, G-39494, G-43896, G-79848,
H-11157, H-13213, H-16244, H-19604,
H-24366, H-39493, H-40472, H-56428,
H-70607, H-78402, H-79129, H-80189,
L-17614, L-39306, L-39749, L-44054,
L-44598, L-46586, N-04212, N-37027,
N-64545
GREENHOUSES B-04853, C-01349,
C-20701, C-27330, C-28251, D-09590,
F-04768, G-01674, H-00187, H-00265,
H-00301, H-00979, H-01705, H-05324,
H-06413, H-07255, H-16222, H-18770,
H-20917, H-26711, H-28802, H-30298,
H-30299, H-44345, H-77325
GROUND LEVEL A-13615, A-35985,
C-06279, C-25816, D-09590, D-14066,
D-28188, E-29315, E-59234, E-64013,
F.-76047, E-78793, E-79132, H-32339,
H-32516, H-36996, H-66983, K-51212,
N-63776
GUINEA PIGS A-00375, C-07719,
G-03394, G-06288, G-08031, G-18809,
G-30145, G-39799, G-39810, G-398I3,
G-39924, G-39931, G-40635, G-44594,
H-12551, H-12553, H-39627, H-40599
GYPSUM B-81040
H
HALOGEN GASES A-00640, A-01125,
A-01528, A-03129, A-05090, A-05871,
A-08882, A-097S5, A-11453, A-13242,
A-13615, A-17344, A-19400, A-22875,
A-27617, A-30517, A-31315, A-31333,
A-32060, A-34018, A-34096, A-36045,
A-36377, A-37190, A-37721, A-38657,
A-39460, A-39635, A-40344, A-40471,
A-44681, A-45858, A-46925, A-47061,
A-47188, A-47959, A-47963, A-47966,
A-48946, A-49852, A-51282, A-55601,
A-58402, A-59257, A-60421, A-60727,
A-60728, A-60729, A-60866, A-61183,
A-64926, A-67940, A-71262, A-73078,
A-74512, A-75077, A-76274, A-76459,
A-76638, A-79280, A-79567, A-79774,
A-80238, A-80507, A-80994, A-81343,
A-81745, A-83637, A-84479, B-02541,
B-02962, B-04368, B-04794, B-07190,
B-07664, B-07815, B-08344, B-12288,
B-12465, B-14444, B-17463, B-18536,
B-18641, B-18698, B-18699, B-21795,
B-24033, B-25433, B-25638, B-25658,
B-26908, B-29403, B-29725, B-30519,
B-31567, B-32231, B-32232, B-32384,
B-32627, B-35106, B-35111, B-36552,
B-36716, B-37293, B-37402, B-37509,
B-37809, B-37914, B-38445, B-38476,
B-38504, B-38775, B-40381, B-41378,
B-41839, B-42287, B-47054, B-47095,
B-47256, B-47341, B-47680, B-48480,
B-48811, B-48814, B-50652, B-50868,
B-52094, B-52179, B-52852, B-53620,
B-54310, B-55678, B-56064, B-58466,
B-58632, B-60075, B-60255, B-61741,
B-61935, B-62165, B-63784, B-64428,
B-65638, B-68201, B-68633, B-70658,
B-72038, B-72139, B-76512, B-77475,
B-77838, B-80863, B-80950, B-81040,
-------
562
B-81256, B-81772, B-81773, B-81944, H-45160, H-45467, H-45474, H-45776,
B-83134, B-83613, B-84391, B-84418, H-46923, H-47014, H-48403, H-48639,
C-00126, C-00626, C-00941, C-01793, H-48941, H-49316, H-49434, H-49644,
C-02565, C-03119, C-03503, C-03908, H-49778, H^I9779, H-50677, H-50780,
C-04105, C-04405, C-04686, C-04757, H-51953, H-52102, H-52397, H-53376,
C-05078, C-05439, C-05586, C-05620, H-56428, H-56885, H-57716, H-58381,
C-06279, C-06338, C-06352, C-06398, H-58941, H-59184, H-60595, H-61000,
C-06494, C-07719, C-07860, C-09770, H-62548, H-64427, H-65394, H-66983,
C-09983, C-11626, C-13056, C-17082, H-67026, H-67056, H-67304, H-67348,
C-17117, C-17128, C-18264, C-18696, H-67453, H-67457, H-68770, H-69488,
C-19500, C-21881, C-22458, C-22812, H-70279, H-70357, H-70776, H-71931,
C-22877, C-24118, C-24970, C-27962, H-74459, H-74626, H-76451, H-76838,
C-28126, C-29426, C-29737, C-29738, H-78580, H-79973, H-79974, H-79976,
C-29966, C-30793, C-30840, C-31115, H-80083, H-80085, H-83851, H-83856,
C-31827, C-32966, C-35737, C-37350, H-84048, H-84477, H-84484, H-84557,
C-38280, C-38670, C-38741, C-38917, H-84579, 1-00085, 1-00695, 1-08076,
C-39239, C-39243, C-39719, C-41719, 1-23108, 1-40510, 1-58585, J-29923,
C-41763, C-42928, C-44238, C-44253, J-38409, J-39910, K-03032, K-10168,
C-44285, C-44933, C-45344, C-45760, K-14772, K-17375, K-27010, K-28466,
C-46034, C-46303, C-47096, C-48315, K-31968, K-33107, K-34063, K-41267,
C-48392, C-48492, C-49391, C-49509, K-42039, K-44377. K-51057. K-67267.
C-49992, C-50093, C-50470, C-50876, K-6S582, K-72151, K-74109, K-80854.
C-50936, C-51762, C-52101, C-52206, L-06349, L-06734, L-06754, L-19434,
C-55789, C-56681, C-59513, C-59814, L-25427, L-25542, L-2%42, L-29598,
C-60010, C-60419, C-61103, C-61851, L-29818, L-30620, L-31492, L-32884,
C-61993, C-66606, C-69174, C-70686, L-35795, L-37747, L-38573, L-38669,
C-72017, C-74221, C-74346, C-77492, L-39306, L-40889, L-41455, L-42021,
C-79003, C-79032, C-80227, C-80259, L-42188, L-42873, I.-42874, L-44054,
C-82552, C-83442, C-84660, D-10619, L-46586, L-60630, I.-76965, L-82278,
D-17102, D-18537, D-19966, D-21419, L-83965, N-50748
D-22348, D-23862, D-25093, D-25593, HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
D-31371, D-31396, D-32666, D-33108, A-08486, A-09785, A-23022, A-27930,
D-34008, D-40896, D-70500, D-76890, A-30296, A-32060, A-34334, A-37562,
E-02325, E-05054, E-30126, E-33092, A-39460, A-42680, A-47048, A-48572,
E-37013, E-40271, E-43424, E-44277, A-49738, A-50938, A-50961, A-60727,
E-79I32, F-03062, F-13565, F-14907, A-71262, B-24683, B-32190, B-35111,
F-21632, F-28428, F-44721, F-59528, B-41839, B-45707, B-49929, B-59230,
F-78035, F-80516, F-81069, G-03246, B-61259, B-61954, B-68201, C-00264,
G-07917, G-08031, G-10203, G-11444, C-08077, C-10632, C-17092, C-20030,
G-12282, G-15040, G-18987, G-18988, C-20701, C-23654, C-25441, C-27769,
G-19880, G-21455, G-31234, G-32601, C-31712, C-36125, C-39136, C-39871,
G-33766, G-34398, G-36723, G-36947, C-40422, C-44933, C-65118, C-66753,
G-37139, G-37684, G-38106, G-38616, C-79842, C-79843, C-83592, D-17102,
G-38942, G-39833, G-40527, G-40635, E-29023, E-44030, E-77970, F-01677,
G-43323, G-44589, G-45055, G-47807, F-02517, F-03062, F-53153, F-68048,
G-48068, G-49448, G-49607, G-50161, F-69599, F-80516, G-01426, G-OX702,
G-56931, G-56934, G-56959, G-70519, G-12403, G-24720, G-30145, G-30841,
G-71536, G-71933, G-72083, G-73658, G-45683, G-509I6, G-52029, G-57701,
G-74290, G-74821, G-74822, G-74823, G-68583, G-71536, G-71948, G-72961,
G-79848, G-80197, G-81018, G-81250, G-79848, G-80197, G-84137, G-84260,
G-83177, G-83179, G-84137, G-84260, H-20158, H^f2857, H-42907, H-56213,
G-84531, H-00301, H-0063I, H-00633, H-59198, 1-69995, K-10168, K-4I682,
H-OI092, H-01506, H-01557, H-01800, K-44310, K-51057, K-60180, L-17188,
H-03116, H-03395, H-03873, H-04816, N-66750
H-04848, H-04984, H-05421, H-06354, HAMSTERS G-07013
H-08513, H-08884, H-09553, H-12042, HAWAII A-79567
H-12045, H-12554, H-13159, H-13474, HAZE A-00220, A-80507, C-48392,
H-16152, H-16385, H-17697, H-17710, D-39737, H-46I98, L-39306, N-51942
H-18265, H-18266, H-18267, H-18268, HEADACHE G-I1942, G-16874, G-84233,
H-18272, H-18319, H-19147, H-19539, K-31968
H-19703, H-19873, H-20476, H-20573, HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-00640,
H-20690, H-21062, H-21189, H-22084, A-06241, A-11453, A-13699, A-15452,
H-22085, H-22092, H-22624, H-22930, A-22875, A-28038, A-44566, A-60281,
H-23188, H-23661, H-24035, H-25099, A-60421, A-71477, B-18144, B-26911,
H-27785, H-28474, H-28475, H-28477, B-60282, C-24603, D-09590, D-26702,
H-28830, H-29206, H-29277, H-29991, D-35764, D-39737, D-42760, D-47976,
H-30225, H-30368, H-30473, H-31527, G-05833, G-06497, G-07344, G-08702,
H-32286, H-32339, H-32343, H-32344, G-10203, G-11467, G-11942, G-24153,
H-32535, H-32536, H-32539, H-32588, G-27379, G-30145, G-30788, G-31319,
H-32673, H-32714, H-32897, H-32982, G-32607, G-33509, G-33510, G-35569,
H-34880, H-35613, H-35880, H-35964, G-36751, G-36947, G-39924, G-39931,
H-35992, H-36159, H-36742, H-36996, G-40527, G-47807, G-49164, G-50414,
H-38754, H-39183, H-39328, H-39493, G-52147, G-56933, G-60228, G-60625,
H-39902, H-40202, H-40472, H-41362, G-60748, G-61146, G-67325, G-68551,
H-41482, H-41699, H-41983, H-42086, G-71484, G-71536, G-71617, G-72083,
H-43492, H-44411, H-44428, H-45022, G-72961, G-73658, G-74580, G-74821,
G-81250, G-83798, G-84233, H-00944,
H-03116, H-06353, H-11452, H-11466,
H-23624, H-25665, H-26718, H-32588,
H-32982, H-33906, H-35877, H-40916,
H-58381, H-60760, H-61496, H-64427,
H-66715, H-83182, K-03582. K-08420,
K-31968, K-60887, K-68224, K-71991,
L-24010, L-28014, L-45783, N-66750
HEALTH STATISTICS D-47976, G-07344,
G-11942, G-14112, G-18988, G-48697,
G-62596, G-66044, G-71536, G-74369,
H-01092, H-26734
HEARINGS C-44710, F-44721, L-06734,
L-06938, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272
HEART C-20701, G-03246, G-04849,
G-04983, G-06288, G-08030, G-25946,
G-28754, G-36723, G-40597, G-48637,
G-49164, G-52029, G-79619, H-04923,
H-42907
HEAT CAPACITY B-55046, F-01677,
F-21632, 1-00085
HEAT OF COMBUSTION A-48572,
B-37536, C-10632
HEAT TRANSFER A-23022, A-23561,
A-37562, A-40180, A-70069, B-18826,
B-25038, B-25523, B-29114, B-32461,
B-37536, B-37745, B-37809, B-38115,
B-38504, B-44716, B-47125, B-47256,
B-65638, B-70840, B-71796, C-01313,
C-29771, C-31827, C-35956, F-01677,
F-21632, F-44721, F-62189, H-00301,
H-26711
HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES A-12557,
A-34018, A-48849, B-07549, 1-23108,
J-30696, K-72151
HEIGHT FINDING A-40344, B-50154,
H-41370, K-37472, L-67888, N-63776,
N-69652
HEMATOLOGY A-06241, A-l 1916,
G-01426, G-04927, G-04983, G-06288,
G-08031, G-10203, G-11942, G-12403,
G-13215, G-14112, G-19880, G-24392,
G-24720, G-29415, G-31319, G-32607,
G-33505, G-33511, G-33766, G-36411,
G-36723, G-37569, G-38106, G-40920,
G-44362, G-48068, G-49164, G-49756,
G-50371, G-54302, G-56931, G-56934,
G-56959, G-57024, G-60625, G-62596,
G-66668, G-68520, G-71948, G-74822,
G-74823, G-78873, G-80857, H-04850,
H-04923, H-05004, H-10843, H-12540,
H-12554, H-12556, H-32588, H-48167,
H-49434, H-65103, H-66715, K-08420,
K-36823, N-20495
HEMOGLOBIN G-06288, G-12403,
G-14112, G-29415, G-32607, G-33511,
G-33766. G-36411, G-49756, G-74822,
H-32588, H-66715
HERBICIDES C-69152, H-01800, H-03395,
H-03616, H-03860, H-22789, H-40202,
H-49779
HERBS E-64013, H-03873, H-24330,
H-31208, H-36994, H-39493, H-79972,
H-80067
HEXANES K-51057, K-74109
HEXENES H-03629
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-02312, C-03527,
C-03550, C-12451, C-22517, C-22812,
C-24603, C-35108, C-39022, C-48916,
C-51762, D-19966, D-26026, D-33858,
D-43317, D-52811, G-19215, K-08420,
L-24481, N-042I2
HIGHWAYS A-76274, C-39762, D-31371,
D-33425, G-47807, H-26055, H-26092,
H-40368, H-56637
HISTAMINES C-67116
HISTOLOGY G-80857, H-79633
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
563
HISTORICAL ASPECTS K-79255
HOGS G-03394, G-44594, H-00600,
H-11466, H-13159, H-13203, H-18271,
H-28679, H-43226
HORMONES B-02541, G-08702, H-00600,
H-03860, H-08884, H-31733
HOT SOAK L-09677
HOUSTON L-17614
HUMIDITY A-31581, A-80507, B-38775,
B-42083, B-48480, B-61741, C-06338,
C-07710, C-09770, C-10632, C-29771,
C-29887, C-35956, C-48392, C-68944,
D-23862, D-40896, E-04987, E-05054,
E-30126, G-01674, G-26274, G-49756,
G-68583, H-00301, H-08884, H-1I157,
H-19539, H-23295, H-23386, H-24064,
H-25273, H-26055, H-26711, H-28446,
H-28474, H-28476, H-28899, H-30301,
H-31733, H-32535, H-32536, H-33716,
H-38568, H-39466, H-40341, H-41189,
H-41696, H-42923, H-42958, H-45007,
H-45160, H-46923, H-47014, H-53376,
H-55654, H-56240, H-60961, H-64427,
1-00695, 1-07553, 1-27060, 1-40833,
1-46606, 1-47291, 1-54961, L-40889
HUNGARY B-83134, L-76397, L-83965
HYDRAZINES C-04458, C-06279,
C-06494, C-06983, C-08077, C-09770,
C-69152, C-80259, E-33092, G-06288,
G-27895, G-71948, G-72961
HYDRIDES A-18449, H-00301
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-08816,
A-09799, A-11590, A-11876, A-12773,
A-12889, A-17464, A-18449, A-26254,
A-29532, A-29786, A-30218, A-30517,
A-31315, A-31529, A-32855, A-36377,
A-37562, A-37721, A-39460, A-40344,
A-42676, A-42680, A-47048, A-47963,
A-48116, A-48231, A-48572, A-49738,
A-50242, A-50381, A-50938, A-50961,
A-51102, A-52508, A-54622, A-55601,
A-60421, A-60727, A-60728, A-61570,
A-71615, A-74262, A-77522, A-80238,
A-81745, A-82192, B-02541, B-06587,
B-07549. B-07552, B-08344, B-22943,
B-24033, B-26745, B-27282, B-33554,
B-35106, B-36532, B-37536, B-38439,
B-38504, B-41378, B-42104, B-44638,
B-44716, B-45707, B-47054, B-47256,
B-47466, B-47680, B-48805, B-49023,
B-49929, B-49979, B-50154, B-50435,
B-50868, B-50937, B-51101, B-52852,
B-56078, B-56531, B-59230, B-59845,
B-60864, B-61259, B-62165, B-64070,
B-64696, B-66592, B-68795, B-70537,
B-71412, B-71841, B-72139, B-73031,
B-74480, B-74483, B-76008, B-76512,
B-77475, B-78814, B-78890, B-79657,
B-79711, B-80500, B-81772, B-82446,
B-83613, B-83667, C-04458, C-05078,
C-06962, C-17128, C-20030, C-22877,
C-23162, C-24970, C-26122, C-27769,
C-28126, C-32631, C-32643, C-35108,
C-35737, C-36125, C-38280, C-39136,
C-39719, C-41489, C-41719, C-41763,
C-43985, C-44238, C-45760, C-46034,
C-47096, C-47218, C-48492, C-48674,
C-49509, C-49992, C-50337, C-50470,
C-50876, C-51762, C-52992, C-60419,
C-61851, C-61993, C-61995, C-63848,
C-64779, C-65846, C-66606, C-66753,
C-68944, C-69152, C-69174, C-71044,
C-73127, C-74221, C-74942, C-75058,
C-79842, C-79843, C-80573, C-80935,
D-31371, D-31396, D-50744, D-66083,
D-79343, F-20932, F-55415, F-62189,
F-68048, G-3I319, G-34398, G-41036,
G-48068, G-57299, G-72961, G-84260,
H-06395, H-08884, H-17710, H-19949,
H-25865, H-28474, H-28475, H-28477,
H-30473, H-32343, H-32714, H-32854,
H-32982, H-35964, H-36742, H-39190,
H-39537, H-39782, H-41699, H-42954,
H-45007, H^15022, H-45130, H-45345,
H-45557, H-49778, H-50677, H-50780,
H-51953, H-52102, H-52928, H-65394,
H-67026, H-67056, H-67304, H-67348,
H-67457, H-68575, H-70776, H-84290,
1-23108, 1-39031, 1-40510, 1-46606,
1-47291, 1-56143, 1-58585, 1-65935,
J-38409, K-33107, K-34063, K-38197,
K-42039, K^M377, K-51057, K-60887,
K-68582, K-72151, K-78880, L-17188,
L-17472, L-17614, L-24481, L-29504,
L-29818, L-32354, I,-35795, L-37747,
L-38669, L-39749, L-40461, L-40889,
L-42021, L-42874, L-44054, L-73839,
L-82278, N-04212, N-50748, N-63463,
N-64937, N-66750
HYDROCYANIC ACID A-22875, A-32855,
A-36377, A-48116, A-48572, A-50938,
B-38504, B-49023, B-52852, B-79711,
C-17128, C-21881, C-26122, C-32476,
C-35737, C-36125, C-39719, C-43985,
C-43986, C-44253, C-46303, D-35764,
G-26274, G-41036, G-48068, G-71948,
G-80197, G-84260, H-52928, 1-23108,
L-17188, L-82278
HYDRODESULFURIZATION A-61154,
B-35106, B-38299
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-00375,
A-01125, A-05090, A-05871, A-06371,
A-07650, A-08486, A-08816, A-08882,
A-09799, A-11916, A-17471, A-17883,
A-18449, A-23561, A-24370, A-26254,
A-26329, A-29532, A-29786, A-30218,
A-30296, A-30517, A-31134, A-31144,
A-31315, A-31581, A-31935, A-33735,
A-36377, A-37562, A-37721, A-40344,
A-43816, A-44490, A-44566, A-44605,
A-45858, A-46119, A-46558, A-48048,
A-48116, A-48231, A-48572, A-48849,
A-49617, A-49738, A-49886, A-50242,
A-50381, A-50938, A-51282, A-52277,
A-52508, A-52664, A-53874, A-54622,
A-55407, A-55601, A-58334, A-58370,
A-59921, A-60281, A-60421, A-61564,
A-61570, A-63661, A-66955, A-68807,
A-69309, A-71615, A-72125, A-74262,
A-79280, A-79511, A-81745, A-82192,
B-04853, B-05567, B-07190, B-07549,
B-07552, B-08344, B-09773, B-13676,
B-15322, B-15372, B-I6555, B-16962,
B-18698, B-18699, B-19487, B-20436,
B-21034, B-22598, B-22853, B-22913,
B-22923, B-22943, B-23370, B-24033,
B-24110, B-24116, B-24834, B-26244,
B-26317, B-26401, B-26674, B-26745,
B-27569, B-28783, B-30276, B-30519,
B-30814, B-31567, B-31708, B-31889,
B-32384, B-33554, B-36532, B-37164,
B-37402, B-37509, B-37536, B-37544,
B-38439, B-38593, B-38874, B-40251,
B-40414, 6^11932, B-42078, B-42083,
B-42104, B-42458, B-43299, B-44343,
B-44638, B-44716, B-44838, B-45078,
B-45468, B-45707, B-47054, B-47095,
B-47186, B-47256, B-47466, B-47731,
B-47821, B-48480, B-48805, B-48879,
B-49031, B-49420, B-49979, B-50154,
B-50435, B-50868, B-50937, B-51101,
B-51755, B-51845, B-52094, B-53603,
B-53620, B-53867, B-53875, B-54310,
B-55046,
B-59230,
B-60075,
B-61741,
B-64506,
B-66592,
B-68795,
B-71472,
B-73031,
B-75138,
B-77475,
B-79711,
B-81773,
B-83667,
C-04458,
C-04757,
C-06983,
C-07871,
C-11691,
C-18230,
C-21855,
C-23657,
C-24222,
C-24970,
C-26121,
C-28126,
C-28738,
C-29738,
C-30793,
C-32476,
C-35108,
C-37463,
C-39871,
C-41763,
C-44238,
C-46784,
C-48492,
C-49992,
C-52992,
C-58278,
C-61993,
C-65846,
C-69174,
C-71044,
C-73471,
C-76030,
C-79842,
C-8J357,
C-84499,
D-23862,
D-33108,
D-37502,
D-41979,
D-49118,
D-69744,
D-78954,
E-29774,
F-04768,
F-20932,
F-62189,
G-10333,
G-24392,
G-28199,
G-30387,
G-325%,
G-33276,
G-35569,
G-37240,
G-41684,
G-44867,
G-52686,
G-59073,
G-66668,
G-83179,
H-04679,
H-04732,
B-56078,
B-59679,
B-60206,
B-62165,
B-64696,
B-66618,
B-69191,
B-71623,
B-73175,
B-75 204,
B-78814,
B-80356,
B-81995,
B-84391,
C-04540,
C-05078,
C-07710,
C-09560,
C-15355,
C-20540,
C-22812,
C-23907,
C-24315,
C-25180,
C-26952,
C-28285,
C-29198,
C-29887,
C-30958,
C-32631,
C-35737,
C-37515,
C-40409,
C-43981,
C-44253,
C-470%,
C-48674,
C-50337,
C-53876,
C-59814,
C-61995,
C-66606,
C-69668,
C-72015,
C-74346,
C-79003,
C-79843,
C-81439,
D-09590,
D-26086,
D-34008,
D-37823,
D-47976,
D-50550,
D-73835,
D-79343,
E-43855,
F-13998,
F-46162,
F-68048,
G-11444,
G-24580,
G-28754,
G-30841,
G-32601,
G-33509,
G-36411,
G-40597,
G-41685,
G-45683,
G-52764,
G-60748,
G-71617,
G-84260,
H-04683,
H-04984,
B-56531,
B-59845,
B-61259,
B-62786,
B-64898,
B-67217,
B-70537,
B-71841,
B-74480,
B-76008,
B-78890,
B-80500,
B-82446,
C-04038,
C-04686,
C-06279,
C-07763,
C-10632,
C-16801,
C-21730,
C-23162,
C-23947,
C-24372,
C-25487,
C-27330,
C-28374,
C-29220,
C-29966,
C-31115,
C-32643,
C-36125,
C-38670,
C-40705,
C-43986,
C-44933,
C-47218,
C-49476,
C-51551,
C-53987,
C-60553,
C-64090,
C-68944,
C-69675,
C-73127,
C-74471,
C-79389,
C-80423,
C-82273,
D-17986,
D-28771,
D-35764,
D-39182,
D-47982,
D-50744,
D-74121,
E-04987,
E-76047,
F-18427,
F-52013,
F-69599,
G-11467,
G-25160,
G-29043,
G-31319,
G-32606,
G-33511,
G-36751,
G-41036,
G-41686,
G-48068,
G-57024,
G-61146,
G-74369,
H-03766,
H-04688
H-05324
B-57706,
B-59861,
B-61273,
B-64070,
B-64977,
B-68633,
B-71412,
B-72656,
B-74483,
B-76512,
B-79657,
B-81772,
B-83198,
C-04105,
C-04690,
C-06397,
C-07860,
C-11574,
C-17128,
C-21806,
C-23573,
C-24118,
C-24399,
C-25647,
C-27769,
C-28530,
C-29737,
C-30432,
C-31712,
C-33632,
C-36800,
C-39719,
C-41489,
C-44083,
C-46303,
C-48392,
C-49509,
C-52206,
C-56244,
C-61851,
C-64779,
C-69152,
C-70686,
C-73349.
C-75058,
C-79835,
C-80935,
C-84214,
D-19145,
D-30705,
D-36806,
D-39737,
D-48850,
D-66083,
D-77485,
E-05054,
E-79132,
F-18863,
F-55415,
G-04983,
, G-12282,
, G-26461,
, G-30385,
, G-32152,
G-32607,
G-33561,
G-36947,
G-41224,
G-41688,
G-50318,
G-57299,
G-64484,
G-81181,
H-04678,
, H-04728,
, H-05421,
-------
564
H-05485,
H-08513,
H-11456,
H-13247,
H-16152,
H-16385,
H-17163,
H-18704,
H-19863,
H-21189,
H-23214,
H-23661,
H-23988,
H-24533,
H-26055,
H-26717,
H-28437,
H-29206,
H-30297,
H-30368,
H-31448,
H--32282,
H-32536,
H-33089,
H-35613,
H-37346,
H-38407,
H-38754,
H-39537,
H-39902,
H-40472,
H-41696,
H-42907,
H-43622,
H-45130,
H-45474,
H-46051,
H-46733,
H-48022,
H-48798,
H-50163
H-51905
H-52698
H-54597
H-56240
H-56625
H-60760
H-64427
H-65558
H-68575
H-70984
H-74588
H-79129
H-80067
H-81495
H-83797
H-84545
1-27060,
1-47291,
J-39910,
K-27010
K-41266
K-51229
K-60887,
L-17614,
L-29421,
L-35795,
L-42021,
L-47380,
L-73839,
L-84415,
N-49170,
HYDROGEN
A-29532,
B-12465,
B-38775,
H-05667, H-06395, H-06413,
H-09683, H-10673, H-11452,
H-11466, H-11650, H-12155,
H-13985, H-15213, H-15404,
H-16222, H-16244, H-16245,
H-16399, H-16567, H-17109,
H-17449, H-17710, H-18268,
H-18770, H-19211, H-19657,
H-19949, H-20158, H-21000,
H-21194, H-21422, H-22499,
H-23222, H-23295, H-23386,
H-23794, H-23874, H-23986,
H-24036, H-24064, H-24402,
H-25273, H-25750, H-25865,
H-26175, H-26491, H-26711,
H-26800, H-26916, H-27805,
H-28600, H-28647, H-29010,
H-29736, H-30142, H-30225,
H-30298, H-30299, H-30301,
H-30805, H-30806, H-31I24,
H-31527, H-31733, H-32280,
H-32334, H-32343, H-32535,
H-32714, H-32771, H-32854,
H-33716, H-34121, H-35578,
H-35964, H-35992, H-36742,
H-38017, H-38343, H-38404,
H-38412, H-38417, H-38419,
H-39190, H-39363, H-39466,
H-39684, H-39782, H-39887,
H-39932, H-39986, H-40202,
H-40899, H-41362, H-41439,
, H-41698, H-41904, H-42601,
, H-42954, H-42958, H-43492,
, H-44595, H-45007, H-45009,
, H-45214, H-45345, H-45467,
, H-45557, H-45776, H-45781,
, H-46338, H-46557, H-46721,
, H-47286, H-47385, H-47806,
, H-48377, H-48403, H-48639,
, H-49561, H-49644, H-50157,
, H-50780, H-51109, H-51470,
H-51953, H-52409, H-52574,
, H-52928, H-53376, H-53903,
, H-54755, H-54910, H-56204,
, H-56241, H-56521, H-56584,
, H-56655, H-58381, H-60560,
H-61410, H-63442, H-64166,
H-64588, H-64758, H-65394,
, H-66714, H-66983, H-67457,
, H-70487, H-70745, H-70776,
, H-71931, H-73172, H-73510,
H-75027, H-76233, H-76715,
, H-79586, H-79633, H-79972,
, H-80083, H-80575, H-81288,
, H-83082, H-83145, H-83723,
, H-83885, H-84089, H-84290,
, H-84557, H-84651, 1-23108,
1-39031, 1-40510, 1-46606,
1-56143, 1-65935, J-38409,
J-55161, K-17375, K-19750,
, K-33107, K-34063, K-37472,
, K-41295, K-42039, K-44310,
K-58638, K-58899, K-60180,
K-78880, L-06734, L-17188,
L-24481, L-27677, L-28349,
L-29504, L-29818, L-32789,
L-37747, L-38669, L-40889,
L-42188, L-44054, L-46586,
L-50180, L-67888, L-73836,
L-76965, L-77234, L-77817,
N-04212, N-44066, N-46820,
N-50748, N-64937, N-65407
A-00640, A-02312, A-22875,
A-58402, A-63661, B-09902,
B-20857, B-31708, B-37544,
B-60864, B-79711, B-80213,
C-00264, C-00941, C-01313, C-01349,
C-04405, C-11041, C-24315, C-24359,
C-25223, C-28102, C-31115, C-31827,
C-39719, C-47096, C-56865, C-60419,
D-52578, E-05054, F-14970, F-59528,
F-80516, G-00165, G-01794, G-36947,
G-79848, H-00187, H-00265, H-00266,
H-00301, H-00788, H-00920, H-01506,
H-02200, H-03572, H-19539, H-19703,
H-28888, H-38017, H-56515, K-41295,
N-63463
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-00220, A-08882,
A-09785, A-17344, A-18449, A-23561,
A-23865, A-26254, A-31315, A-32060,
A-32702, A-32855, A-34018, A-36045,
A-36377, A-38657, A-39460, A-39862,
A-40344, A-40471, A-40600, A-42682,
A-43270, A-44566, A-45145, A-46925,
A-47143, A-47962, A-49852, A-49924,
A-50938, A-60281, A-60866, A-66977,
A-67806, A-80238, B-02541, B-07549,
B-08344, B-15322, B-22943, B-24033,
B-26908, B-29403, B-29680, B-30519,
B-31889, B-32190, B-35106, B-36532,
B-41378, B-42078, B-43299, B-44793,
B-45707, B-45846, B-47054, B-47680,
B-48480, B^t9031, B-60864, B-61741,
B-62165, B-63474, B-64898, B-68633,
B-79711, C-02681, C-03527, C-05586,
C-06112, C-09983, C-11574, C-15171,
C-16109, C-17092, C-20595, C-20650,
C-22517, C-22812, C-22877, C-24603,
C-25223, C-26122, C-27044, C-28126,
C-29771, C-30840, C-31I15, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32643, C-35108, C-35441,
C-35737, C-35956, C-38280, C-38670,
C-39719, C-39871, C-40422, C-41763,
C-42926, C-42928, C-43981, C-43985,
C-43986, C-44253, C-44933, C-45760,
C-46034, C-46303, C-47218, C-48392,
C-48492, C-50337, C-50922, C-51762,
C-58278, C-59814, C-60553, C-61103,
C-61993, C-65118, C-65846, C-66606,
C-68944, C-69174, C-74471, C-74942,
C-79842, C-80103, C-80573, C-83592,
C-84471, C-84660, D-09658, D-18537,
D-25593, D-26702, D-31371, D-31396,
D-32679, D-33108, D-33425, D-34008,
D-39737, D-41979, D-44799, D-49860,
E-04987, E-29774, E-40271, F-52013,
F-68048, G-00165, G-03394, G-07098,
G-18988, G-19148, G-24153, G-28199,
G-34398, G-36751, G-38616, G-43323,
G-44867, G-46085, G-48068, G-68583,
G-71536, G-79848, G-80857, H-00301,
H-03395, H-04984, H-08884, H-12042,
H-12155, H-13474, H-17710, H-20158,
H-23188, H-23295, H-23516, H-28475,
H-30473, H-32982, H-35613, H-36742,
H-39537, H^t0202, H-41362, H-416%,
H-41699, H-41983, H-42923, H-45345,
H-47014, H-49778, H-49779, H-51526,
H-52928, H-67457, 1-00695, 1-07553,
1-23108, 1-27060, 1-46606, 1-58585,
1-69995, K-03582, K-08420, K-10168,
K-11414, K-19750, K-19818, K-27010,
K-28466, K-37472, K-44310, K-47672,
K-51057, K-51212, K-51229, K-68582,
K-72151, L-06349, L-06734, L-06754,
L-17188, L-17472, L-17614, L-29504,
L-29818, L-33722, L-40461, L-40889,
L-41455, L-44054, L-47380, L-48719,
L-50180, L-73839, N-04212, N-46820,
N-49170, N-64937, N-65407, N-66750
HYDROGENATION A-22875, B-38299
HYDROLYSIS A-05811, A-08486,
A-11916, B-43972, C-04463, C-08077,
C-28530, C-30007, C-37799, G-24720
HYDROSPHERE D-33017, D-62438,
E-30126, E-43424
HYDROXIDES B-46086, B-56591,
B-59861, B-60075, B-60255, B-61954,
C-06338, C-08077, C-24970, C-44177,
E-33579, F-62189
HYGROMETERS C-09770
HYGROSCOPICITY C-57079
HYPERSENSITIVITY G-07098, G-61467
I
ICE D-33017, F-18863
ILLINOIS A-00896, D-24736, D-33080,
D-52578, H-13474, L-09677
IMMUNOLOGY G-43636, G-57024,
G-61467, H-04544, H-68575
IMPINGEMENT A-31529, A-40471,
A-43816, B-22913, B-22943, B-26745,
B-29680, B-37914, C-00126, C-00626,
C-00636, C-00941, C-01313, C-01593,
C-02042, C-02681, C-03550, C-04038,
C-05439, C-06962, C-07710, C-07871,
C-11574, C-11779, C-22517, C-22812,
C-22877, C-24603, C-25487, C-28285,
C-29426, C-29771, C-30300, C-30432,
C-34125, C-34126, C-35956, C-39022,
C-42926, C-43986, C-44881, C-47218,
C-48916, C-60951, C-61957, C-68086,
C-71245, C-76212, C-82273, D-19966,
D-28771, D-39182, G-06485, G-08031,
H-00631, H-18319, H-30142, L-24481
IMPINGEMENT PLATE TOWERS
C-66753
INCINERATORS (REFUSE) A-05601,
A-08816, A-09785, A-11590, A-11876,
A-12773, A-12889, A-23865, A-25305,
A-29552, A-29786, A-30218, A-31529,
A-34018, A-34334, A-36377, A-37562,
A-40344, A-40401, A-42675, A-45858,
A-47048, A-47143, A-47188, A-47963,
A-482U, A-50013, A-50381, A-50938,
A-50961, A-51100, A-51102, A-52508,
A-52741, A-53295, A-54622, A-55601,
A-60727, A-67940, A-71262, A-71615,
A-74262, A-80994, A-81745, A-81917,
A-82192, B-24683, B-29680, B-35111,
B-36552, B-37536, B-38439, B-44716,
B-47680, B-49929, B-49979, B-50154,
B-50937, B-51101, B-56078, B-59845,
B-61259, B-61954, B-64696, B-68795,
B-70840, B-71796, B-73031, B-74480,
B-74483, B-78814, B-78890, B-79657,
B-79711, B-80500, B-80950, B-81256,
B-82446, B-83667, C-22812, C-35956,
C-40211. C-44238, C-52992, C-75339,
C-80935, D-25593, D-37994, G-31319,
G-32607, H-42923, 1-65935, J-48171,
K-37472, K-51212, K-51229, K-72151,
K-78880, L-09677, L-32173, L-32245,
L-32272, L-40461, L-48788
INCINERATORS (WASTE GASES)
A-12476, A-40180, A-40344, A-41650,
A-42751, A-43270, A-47962, A-47963,
A-48231, A-48849, A-52912, A-64926,
A-67940, B-07549, B-28502, B-29680,
B-30519, B-35111, B-42172, B-44638,
B-45846, B-51845, B-58879, B-69131,
B-70840, B-76512, L-24122, L-77234
INDIA B-81772, B-81773
INDIANA L-09677
INDOOR A-63661, C-79003, E^t4030,
G-84233, H-56521
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
565
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-13615, A-31315,
A-40471, A-46558, A-47061, A-52277,
A-58334, A-67940, A-68703, A-74512,
B-38476, C-11915, C-18344, C-20701,
C-24222, C-25487, C-26713, C-39762,
C-40705, C-60410, D-07579, D-09590,
D-10619, D-17102, D-19145, D-19966,
D-26026, D-28771, D-31371, D-31396,
D-33108, D-33576, D-34008, D-35764,
D-37502, D-37607, D-37823, D-37994,
D-39182, D-41979, D-43317, D-47976,
D-47982, D-48791, D-48850, D-49260,
D-50550, D-51929, D-53889, D-54881,
D-56792, D-58339, D-58427, D-63526,
D-66083, D-69144, D-69744, D-70500,
D-77485, D-78954, E-37639, E-49433,
E-64013, G-06675, G-10333, G-12282,
G-12532, G-14477, G-18988, G-19215,
G-19880, G-23763, G-26274, G-28199,
G-28754, G-29043, G-29415, G-30183,
G-30788, G-31234, G-32152. G-32596,
G-33766, G-37282, G-37569, G-38106,
G-38942, G-40920, G-44867, G-47905,
G-47906, G-48030, G-48636, G-48697,
G-49164, G-49271, G-50371, G-56931,
G-56933, G-62177, G-62596, G-64484,
G-66044, G-68520, G-74369, G-79634,
G-79980, G-81181, H-03116, H-12533,
H-12554, H-17163, H-17449, H-17697,
H-18269, H-18507, H-18704, H-20573,
H-20917, H-22930, H-23188, H-23295,
H-24036, H-27091, H-28437, H-29597,
H-30142, H-35880, H-36883, H-36994,
H-36996, H-36998, H-37480, H-38574,
H-39607, H-39627, H-39895, H-40472,
H-40599, H-41362, H-41698, H-41699,
H-41904, H-41983, H-42601, H-46217,
H-46733, H-46997, H-47385, H-48167,
H-48193, H-48377, H-48556, H-48941,
H-50959, H-51109, H-51470, H-51484,
H-51754, H-52574, H-55066, H-56584,
H-56874, H-56885, H-57475, H-58506,
H-58507, H-58777, H-58941, H-59327,
H-60907, H-61000, H-64166, H-64758,
H-65103, H-65179, H-65394, H-65715,
H-66798, H-68394, H-69488, H-74459,
H-74588, H-76233, H-77377, H-77421,
H-81288, H-81771, H-82208, H-82498,
H-83258, H-84650, 1-00695, 1-58585,
J-32706, K-33107, L-06349, L-09677,
L-17614, L-29598, L-31492, L-32354,
L-38573, L-41455, L-44054, L-81399,
L-82278, L-83965, M-68522
INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMICAL
PLANTS A-76411, B-81772, B-81773
INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL
INCINERATORS A-80994
INERTIAL SEPARATION B-29114,
B-29403, B-35106, B-49023, B-70840
INFECTIOUS DISEASES G-43636,
G-61467, H-46733, K-78880
INFLUENZA G-08702, G-11942
INFRARED RADIATION C-44238,
C-50337, C-66753, C-75058, K-19818
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY A-48116,
C-02681, C-22877, C-24603, C-26729,
C-29198, C-31115, C-35108, C-39022,
C-41489, C-43979, C-43985, C-43986,
C-46034, C-48315, C-48492, C-49752,
C-49879, C-49992, C-50337, C-51762,
C-58278, C-63848, C-69174, C-74942,
C-75058, C-79843, C-83495, C-83592,
E-04987, E-43855, F-02517, F-04468,
F-04674, F-32952, F-81496, G-01096,
H-02516, H-07255, H-12032, 1-00085,
K-08420, L-17472
INGESTION
F-26990,
G-23763,
G-28037,
G-38942,
G-44593,
G-61646,
G-84266,
H-04918,
H-04925,
H-17620,
H-24944,
H-28031,
H-29736,
H-38417,
H-64427,
H-80064
INHALATION
C-29220,
G-04983,
G-25946,
G-37569,
G-39799,
G-44594,
G-62177,
H-01092,
H-04919,
H-04997,
H-18268,
H-25735,
H-28035,
H-33906,
H-39607,
H-66035,
D-13838,
G-14112,
G-26461,
G-37684,
G-39813,
G-47807,
G-64484,
H-04544,
H-04923,
H-05004,
H-18269,
H-26734,
H-28258,
H-35877,
H-40201,
H-68770,
F-07714,
G-22551,
G-28019,
G-37795,
G-39931,
G-56931,
G-81018,
H-04917,
H-04924,
H-10711,
H-18270,
H-26742,
H-29206,
H-38407,
H-48167,
H-76297,
G-79623, H-76297, H-80064
INHALATION THERAPY G-01426,
G-10362, G-33276, G-33505, G-33872
INHIBITION D-26026, F-22219, G-01728,
G-04927, G-24720, G-41685, G-41687,
G-41688, G-43277, G-44594, G-54968,
G-79796, H 03570, H-04728, H-06342,
H-07046, H-08513, H-10843, H-14678,
H-21498, H-21500, H-23794, H-26175,
H-28437, H-39098, H-44345, H-45160,
H-47806, H-52306, H-54597, H-56204,
H-56963, H-62548, H-71931
INORGANIC ACIDS A-00340, A-00375,
A-01125, A-03129, A-03450, A-04068,
A-05090, A-05871, A-06371, A-07650,
A-08116, A-08486, A-08816, A-08882,
A-09214, A-09321, A-09332, A-09785,
A-09799, A-11590, A-11876, A-11916,
A-12749, A-12773, A-12809, A-12813,
A-12889, A-12933, A-13242, A-17076,
A-17464, A-17471, A-17883, A-18323,
A-18449, A-21380, A-23561, A-23865,
A-24370, A-26254, A-26329, A-29532,
A-29786, A-30218, A-30296, A-30517,
A-31134, A-31144, A-31315, A-31529,
A-31581, A-31935, A-32060, A-32702,
A-32855, A-33735, A-36377, A-37562,
A-37721, A-39460, A-39862, A-40344,
A-42676, A-42680, A-43816, A-44490,
A-44566, A-44605, A-45858, A-46119,
A-46558, A^t7048, A-47963, A-48048,
A-48116, A^18231, A-48572, A-48849,
A-49617, A-49738, A-49852, A-49886,
A-49924, A-50242, A-50381, A-50938,
A-50%1, A-51102, A-51282, A-52277,
A-52508, A-52664, A-53874, A-54622,
A-55212, A-55407, A-55601, A-58334,
A-58370, A-59921, A-60281, A-60421,
A-60727, A-60728, A-61564, A-61570,
A-63661, A-66955, A-68807, A-69309,
A-71262, A-71615, A-72125, A-74262,
A-75089, A-77522, A-79280, A-79511,
A-80238, A-81745, A-82192, B-02541,
B-04853, B-05567, B-06587, B-07190,
B-07549, B-07552, B-08344, B-09773,
B-13676, B-15322, B-15372, B-16555,
B-16962, B-17485, B-18698, B-18699,
B-18826, B-19487, B-20436, B-21034,
B-22598, B-22853, B-22913, B-22923,
B-22943, B-23370, B-24033, B-24110,
B-24116, B-24834, B-25038, B-25178,
B-26244, B-26317, B-26401, B-26674,
B-26745, B-27282, B-27569, B-27835,
B-28783, B-30276, B-30519, B-30814,
B-31567, B-31708, B-31889, B-32231,
B-32384, B-32461, B-33554, B-33620,
B-33918, B-35106, B-35111, B-36532,
B-36716, B-37080, B-37164, B-37402,
B-37509,
B-38439,
B-40251,
B-42078,
B-43299,
B-44716,
B-45254,
B-46086,
B-47256,
B-47821,
B-48879,
B-49929,
B-50868,
B-51845,
B-53620,
B-54799,
B-57706,
B-59679,
B-60206,
B-61741,
B-64070,
B-64977,
B-67137,
B-68795,
B-70537,
B-71841,
B-73175,
B-75204,
B-78814,
B-80356,
B-81995,
B-83667,
C-01593,
C-04458,
C-04757,
C-06%2,
C-07860,
C-10632,
C-16801,
C-20030,
C-21806,
C-23162,
C-23947,
C-24315,
C-25180,
C-26122,
C-28126,
C-28738,
C-29738,
C-30793,
C-31712,
C-33632,
C-36693,
C-38280,
C-39871,
C-41719,
C-43985,
C-44238,
C-45760,
C-47096,
C-48674,
C-50337,
C-51762,
C-53987,
C-60419,
C-61993,
C-64779,
C-69152,
C-70686,
C-73349,
C-74471,
C-79003,
C-79843,
C-80935,
C-84214,
D-17986,
B-37536,
B-38504,
B-40414,
B-42083,
B-43972,
B-44793,
B-45468,
B-47054,
B-47466,
B-48143,
B-49023,
B-49979,
B-50937,
B-52094,
B-53867,
B-55046,
B-58466,
B-59845,
B-60864,
B-62165,
B-64506,
B-66592,
B-67217,
B-69131,
B-71412,
B-72139,
B-74480,
B-76008,
B-78890,
B-80500,
B-82446,
B-84391,
C-03119,
C-04540,
C-05078,
C-06983,
C-07871,
C-11574,
C-17128,
C-20540,
C-21855,
C-23573,
C-24114,
C-24372,
C-25487,
C-26952,
C-28285,
C-29198,
C-29887,
C-30840,
C-32476,
C-35108,
C-36800,
C-38670,
C-40409,
C-41763,
C-43986,
C-44253,
C-46034,
C-47218,
C-49476,
C-50470,
C-52206,
C-56244,
C-60553,
C-61995,
C-65846,
C-69174,
C-71044,
C-73471,
C-74942,
C-79389,
C-80103,
C-81357,
C-84499,
D-19145,
B-37544,
B-38593,
B-41378,
B-42104,
B-44343,
B-44838,
B-45707,
B-47095,
B-47680,
B-48480,
B-49031,
B-50154,
B-51101,
B-52852,
B-53875,
B-56078,
B-58632,
B-59861,
B-61259,
B-62786,
B-64696,
B-66618,
B-67846,
B-69191,
B-71472,
B-72656,
B-74483,
B-76512,
B-79657,
B-81772,
B-83198,
C-00626,
C-04038,
C-04686,
C-06279,
C-07710,
C-09560,
C-11691,
C-18230,
C-20595,
C-22812,
C-23657,
C-24118,
C-24399,
C-25647,
C-27330,
C-28374,
C-29220,
C-29966,
C-30958,
C-32631,
C-35737,
C-37463,
C-39136,
C-40705,
C-42928,
C-44083,
C-44881,
C-46303,
C-48392,
C-49509,
C-50876,
C-52992,
C-58278,
C-61103,
C-63848,
C-66606,
C-69668,
C-72015,
C-74221,
C-75058,
C-79835,
C-80423,
C-81439,
D-09590,
D-23862,
B-37914,
B-38874,
B-41932,
B-42458,
B-44638,
B-45078,
B-45846,
B-47186,
B-47731,
B-48805,
B-49420,
B-50435,
B-51755,
B-53603,
B-54310,
B-56531,
B-59230,
B-60075,
B-61273,
B-63540,
B-64898,
B-67136,
B-68633,
B-69965,
B-71623,
B-73031,
B-75138,
B-77475,
B-79711,
B-81773,
B-83613,
C-0094I,
C-04105,
C-O4690,
C-06397,
C-07763,
C-09983,
C-15355,
C-18264,
C-21730,
C-22877,
C-23907,
C-24222,
C-24970,
C-26121,
C-27769,
C-28530,
C-29737,
C-30432,
C-31115,
C-32643,
C-36125,
C-37515,
C-39719,
C-41489,
C-43981,
C-44177,
C-44933,
C-46784,
C-48492,
C-49992,
C-51551,
C-53876,
C-59814,
C-61851,
C-64090,
C-68944,
C-69675,
C-73127,
C-74346,
C-76030,
C-79842,
C-80573,
C-82273,
D-0%58,
D-26086,
-------
566
D-28771, D-30705, D-31371, D-31396, H-51470, H-51526, H-51905, H-51953,
D-33108, D-34008, D-35764, D-36806, H-52102, H-52409, H-52574, H-52698,
D-37502, D-37823, D-39182, D-39737, H-52705, H-52928, H-53376, H-53903,
D-41979, D-43317, D-47976, D-47982, H-54597, H-54755, H-54910, H-56204,
D-48850, D-49118, D-50550, D-50744, H-56240, H-56241, H-56521, H-56584,
D-66083, D-69744, D-73835, D-74121, H-56625, H-56655, H-58381, H-60560,
D-77485, D-78954, D-79343, E-04987, H-60760, H-61410, H-63442, H-64166,
E-05054, E-29774. E-43855, E-76047, H-64427, H-64588, H-64758, H-65394,
E-79132. F-04768, F-13998, F-18427, H-65558, H-66714, H-66983, H-67026,
F-18863, F-20932, F-41543, F-46162, H-67056, H-67304, H-67348, H-67457,
F-52013, F-55415, F-62189, F-68048, H-68575, H-68770, H-70487, H-70745,
F-69599, G-03394, G-04983, G-06675, H-70776, H-70984, H-71931, H-73172,
G-10333, G-11444, G-11467, G-12282, H-73510, H-74588, H-75027, H-76233,
G-18988, G-24392, G-24580, G-25160, H-76451, H-76715, H-79129, H-79586,
G-26461, G-26873, G-27379, G-28199, H-79633, H-79972, H-80067, H-80083,
G-28754, G-29043, G-30385, G-30387, H-80575, H-81288, H-81495, H-83082,
G-30841. G-31319, G-32152, G 32596, H-83145, H-83723, H-83797, H-83885,
G-32601, G-32606, G-32607, G-33276, H-84089, H-84290, H-84545, H-84557,
G-13509, G-33510, G-33511, G-33561, H-84651, 1-07553, 1-23108, 1-27060,
G-34398, G-35569, G-36411, G-36751, 1-39031, 1-40510, 1-46606, 1-47291,
G-16947, G-37240, G-38721, G-40597, 1-52320, 1-56143, 1-58585, 1-65935,
G-41036, G-41224, G-41684, G-41685, J-30696, J-38409, J-39910, J-55161,
G-41686, G-41688, G-44867, G-45683, K-08420, K-10168, K-17375, K-19750,
G-48068, G-50318, G-50916, G-52686, K-27010, K-28466, K-33107, K-34063,
0-52764, G-57024, G-57299, G-59073. K-36823, K-37472, K-38197, K-41266,
G-60748, G-61146, G-64484, G-66668, K-41295, K-*1682, K-42039, K-44310,
G-68583, G-71536, G-71617, G-72%1, K-44377, K-47672, K-51057, K-51212,
G-73658, G-74369, G-81181, G-83179, K-51229, K-58638, K-58899, K-60180,
G-84260, H-03766, H-04678, H-04679, K-60887, K-66916, K-68582, K-72151,
H-04683, H-04688, H-04728, H-04732, K-78880, L-06349, L-06734, L-17188,
H-04984, H-05324, H-05421, H-05485, L-17472 L-17614 L-24481 L-27677
H-05667, H-06395, H-06413, H-08513, L-28349, L-29421 I.-29504, L-29818,
H-08884, H-09683, H-10673, H-11452, L-32354 1-32789 1-35795 L-37747
H-H456, H-11466, H-11650, H-12155, L-38669! L-39749* L-4046l! L-40889!
H-13247, H-13985, H-15213, H-15404, L-41455, L-42021 L-42188 L-42874,
H-16152, H-16222, H-16244, H-16245, L-44054, L-46586, L-47380, L-48788,
H-16385, H-16399, H-16567, H-17109, L-50180, L-67888, L-73836, L-73839,
H-17163, H-17449, H-17710, H-18226, L-76965, L-77234 L-77817 L-82278,
11-18268, H-18319, H-18704, H-18770, L-84415, N-04212, N-44066, N-46820,
H-19211, H-19657, H-19863, H-19949, N-49170, N-50748, N-63463, N-64937,
H-20158, H-21000, H-21189, H-21194, N-65407 N-66750
H-21422, H-22499, H-23214, H-23222, INSECTS H-77377, H-80079, H-83145,
H-23295, H-23386, H-23661, H-23794, H-83182, H-83258. H-84080, H-84Q89,
H-23874, H-23986, H-23988, H-24024. H-84477, H-84527, H-84541, H-84545
H-24036, H-24064, H-24402, H-24533, INSPECTION A-48429, A-60421, B-15372,
H-25273, H-25750, H-25865, H-26055, L-39749, L-40461, L-59722, L-60630
H-26175, H-26491, H-26711, H-26717, INSPECTORS D-26702, L-39749, L-59722
H-26800, H-26916, H-27805, H-28437, INSTRUMENTATION C-00626, C-00636,
H-28474, H-28475, H-28477, H-28600, C-01349, C-03503 C-04405, C-04685,
H-28647, H-29010, H-29206, H-29736, C-04689, C-04691, C-06279, C-06338,
H-30142, H-30225. H-30297, H-30298, C-06983, C-07871, C-14288, C-22879,
H-30299, H-30301, H-30368, H-30473, C-24118, C-28671, C-32643, C-32966,
H-30805, H-30806, H-31124, H-31448, C-35737, C-35956 C-36002, C-39871,
H-31527, H-31733, H-32280, H-32282, C-40211, C-42926 C-43570, C-44253,
H-3J334, H-32343, H-32535, H-32536, C-44933, C ^17193, C-47218, C-48392,
H-32714, H-32771, H-32854, H-32982, C-49879, C-50337, C-50470, C-50876,
H-3<089, H-33716, H-34121, H-35578, C-50922, C-52629, C-55125, C-57079,
H-35613, H-35964, H-35992, H-36742, C-59814, C-60419, C-61103, C-61993,
H-36998, H-37346, H-38017, H-38343, C-61995, C-64090, C-65118, C-69152,
H-38404, H-38407, H-38412, H-38417, C-69675, C-71231, C-71244, C-71245,
H-38419, H-38574, H-38754, H-39190, C-74346, C-75058 D-29040, D-32679,
H-39363, H-39466, H-39537, H-39627, D-50307, E-04987, F-04768, F-07714,
H-39684, H-39782, H-39887, H-39902, F-52013, G-08030, H-03549, H-06459,
H-39932, H-39986, H-40202, H-40472, H-46557, H^I8374, J-42746, L-33495
H-40899, H-41362, H-41439, H-41696, INTERMITTENT MONITORING C-02681,
FI-41698, H-41699, H-41904, H-42601, C-11574, C-21855, C-22458, C-22879,
H-42907, H-42954, H-42958, H-43492, C-26122, C-29426, C-36002, C-43979,
H-43622, H-44595, H-45007, H-45009, D-22348, D-23845, D-37994, D-40896,
H-45022, H-45130, H-45214, H-45345, H-32897, H^11370, L-33495
H 45467, H-45474, H-45557, H 45776, INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
H-45781, H-46051, H-46338, H-46557, A-20134, A-29786, A-34018, A-48946,
H-46721, H-46733, H-46997, H-47286, A-49924, B-07549, B-35111, C-26713,
H-47385, H-47806, H-48022, H-48167, C-35108, D-25593, D-34008, L-09677,
H-48377, H-48403, H-48639, H-48798, L-24122
H-49561, H-49644, H-49778, H-50157, INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES B-80213
H-50163, H-50677, H-50780, H-51109, INTESTINES G-04983, G-16874, G-32606
INVERSION A-07650, A-09785, A-31333,
A-32702, A-44566, B-25195, D-09590,
D-26086, D-33309, D-33858, D-39182,
D-40896, D-48791, E-05054, E-14897,
E-59234, G-18785, G-18988, G-30788,
G-36751, G-40597, G-44867, G-49756,
H-57810, H-78580, 1-07553, L-82278,
N-49170
INVERTEBRATES G-81250, H-77377,
H-80079, H-83145, H-83182, H-83258,
H-84080, H-84089, H-84477, H-84527,
H-84541, H-84545
IODIDES A-29786, B-61954, C-07860,
C-23096, C-25223, C-43234, E-78933,
F-02517, G-16047, H-00301
IODIMETRIC METHODS A-31529,
C-02681, C-17092, C-20595, C-22812,
C-24603, C-26122, C-27248, C-29198,
C-31115, C-32476, C-35956, C-39022,
C-39719, C-43985, C-43986, C-48916,
C-49992, C-60419, C-83495
IODINATED HYDROCARBONS F-02517,
F-03062
IODINE A-76638, A-81343, C-11626,
C-22458, C-24118, C-32966, C-80227,
E-79132, F-28428, G-71933, H-41362,
H-45022, L-25542. L-29818
IODINE COMPOUNDS A-29786, B-61954,
C-07860, C-23096, C-25223, C-27294,
C-43234, D-33017, D-52578, D-56464,
E-29910, E-78933, F-02517, F-28428,
G-16047, H-00301, H-52397, H-79976,
K-51057
ION EXCHANGING B-78245
IONIZATION B-71841, C-27962, C-36125,
C-47096, D-34008, F-21389, 1-54961
IONIZATION CHAMBERS C-06279
IONS A-08882, A-53955, A-79511,
B-71625, C-00260, C-00264, C-02042,
C-04465, C-05439, C-08077, C-12334,
C-17082, C-19076, C-23654, C-24279,
C-25668, C-26259, C-30007, C-30793,
C-3I712, C-32450, C-32534, C-33711,
C 36800, C-37579, C-44174, C-44177,
C-44238, C-44552, C-45802, C-47096,
C-47193, C-55125, C-64779, C-80495,
C-82273, C-84209, D-77485, E-30126,
F-07714, F-21389, F-34948, F-41543,
G-04927, G-24720, G-28037, G-41685,
G-50318, G-79796, G-79980, G-84236,
H-02041, H-45160, H-83797, K-41266
IRELAND E-29023, L-80894
IRIS H-79635, H-83723
IRON A-11916, A-17471, A-26136,
A-30296, A-31935, A-35592, A-38657,
A 39460, A-40159, A-40180, A-40182,
A-41650, A-41877, A-42682, A-42683,
A 42751, A-45858, A-47962, A-49617,
A 49924, A-52912, A-59775, A-60866,
A-61564, A-64926, A-67806, A-69039,
B-04794, B-05567, B-06587, B-07664,
B-08344, B-10618, B-192IO, B-23182,
B-32627, B-33918, B-40892, B-43108,
B-45078, B-47125, B-47677, B-50652,
B-58380. B-58879, C-49391, C-53625,
C-58842, C-60951, C-68086, D-09590,
D-09658, D-39737, D-49260, D-49860,
D-63526, G-01096, G-28556, G-48697,
G-66044. H-08884, H-32282, H-38568,
H-50959, H-65715, 1-00085, 1-07553,
1-23108, 1-39031, 1-40510, 1-40833,
1-46606, 1-54961, 1-63871, J-29923,
J-30696, J-39910, J-48171, L-29598,
L-38573, L-39749, L-59722, N-21287
IRON AND STEEL FOUNDRIES
A-82944, B-83198
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
567
IRON COMPOUNDS A-09785, A-11916,
A-27314, A-42731, A-50938, A-51100,
A-52741, A-54622, A-61564, A-75077,
A-79567, A-80238, A-80994, A-81169,
A-81931, B-32461, B-58879, B-75204,
B-77838, C-230%, C-24114, C-24331,
C-28126, C-39136, C-39516, C-42928,
C-50936, C-55789, C-75339, C-80227,
D-21419, D-31371, D-49260, D-50307,
D-51929, D-76890, D-83399, E-29910,
E-43424, G-04145, G-39833, G-52029,
H-00979, H-08884, H-30368, H-35880,
H-45160, H-50959, H-51754, H-65179,
H-67348, H-71078, H-84290, 1-47291,
K-74109
IRON OXIDES A-17471, A-27930,
A-41877, A-49617, A-71477, A-82279,
B-07552, B-07664, B-24834, B-32627,
B-43863, G-08201, G-16916, G-52638,
H-16567, 1-07553, K-58638
ISOBUTANES E-76047, F-25636
ISOTOPES A-17883, A-59921, B-12127,
C-04405, C-07860, C-27294, C-32534,
C-32966, E-33579, E-40271, E-77970,
F-04674, G-10247, G-33561, G-41685,
H-02382, H-04683, H-05399, H-10150,
H-50503, H-50505
ITALY A-13701, A-23865, A-40600,
A-55601, A-80334, B-46086, C-25223,
C-30793, C-30958, C-32631, C-37579,
C-41624, C-43570, C-45760, C-49992,
C-83495, C-8447J, D-18537, D-21419,
D-23392, D-40896, G-11444, G-13215,
G-14112, G-14319, G-32152, G-37282,
G-40635, G-56538, G-79980, H-11456,
H-24035, 1-24308, J-30226, K-68582,
L-25427, L-44598, L-46586
JAPAN A-00375, A-17405, A-26136,
A-28652, A-29532, A-31144, A-31935,
A-32855, A-36377, A-37721, A-40182,
A-42054, A-43816, A-46558, A-47945,
A-49617, A-52277, A-52664, A-53874,
A-58334, A-58370, A-58402, A-60421,
A-61564, A-61570, A-72125, A-74512,
A-76274, A-77522, A-81745, A-82269,
A-82353, A-82944, A-83543, A-84542,
B-07549, B-14444, B-16555, B-19210,
B-19212, B-28783, B-28786, B-30814,
B-31889, B-33918, B-33971, B-35106,
B-36475, B-37164, B-37809, B-38115,
B-38504, B-42083, B-44343, B-47054,
B-47125, B-47256, B-47341, B-47731,
B-48480, B-48879, B-49420, B-50435,
B-50868, B-52445, B-53867, B-53868,
B-53875, B-56531, B-58380, B-5%79,
B-60075, B-60255, B-61741, B-61935,
B-62165, B-64898, B-64977, B-65640,
B-66624, B-68633, B-69191, B-70658,
B-70659, B-71412, B-71472, B-72038,
B-72139, B-73175, B-82032, B-83198,
B-83613, C-03908, C-06112, C-12451,
C-I5I71, C-19500, C-20650, C-21806,
C-21855, C-26121, C-26122, C-26952,
C-28102, C-28126, C-28530, C-28738,
C-29220, C-29467, C-29966, C-31115,
C-32476, C-32534, C-33711, C-35108,
C-35737, C-36002, C-37463, C-37515,
C-38670, C-38905, C-38917, C-39136,
C-39516, C-40138, C-40409, C-41719,
C-41763, C-44253, C-44552, C-47096,
C-47218, C-48315, C-48492, C-48674,
C-49509, C-49752, C-50093, C-50470,
C-50876,
C-55789,
C-60419,
C-69174,
C-74221,
C-77492,
C-84182,
C-84660,
D-31371,
D-36806,
D-41979,
D-48791,
D-50550,
D-54881,
D-66083,
D-71348,
D-76890,
D-78954,
E-33579,
G-04145,
G-26846,
G-30183,
G-40920,
G-47906,
G-49271,
G-50414,
G-56931,
G-57701,
G-62177,
G-71484,
G-74821,
G-79619,
G-81018,
G-83798,
H-16385,
H-20708,
H-28149,
H-30368,
H-32714,
H-40899,
H-42601,
H-48639,
H-50157,
H-50505,
H-52102,
H-52928,
H-58777,
H-61834,
H-70279,
H-71078,
H-74722,
H-77325,
H-77421,
H-79633,
H-79974,
H-80079,
H-82146,
H-82520,
H-8372I,
H-83849,
H-83885,
H-84527,
H-84551,
H-84579,
1-58585,
K-34063,
K-44310,
K-51057,
K-72151,
L-27677,
L-29598,
L-32884,
L-37943,
L-44054,
L-73836,
L-77234,
C-50936,
C-58278,
C-61851,
C-70638,
C-74346,
C-80227,
C-84209,
D-26026,
D-33108,
D-37502,
D-43317,
D-48850,
D-50744,
D-58339,
D-67690,
D-71362,
D-77485,
D-79343,
E-49185,
G-04734,
G-28754,
G-38106,
G-43323,
G-48636,
G-49607,
G-50419,
G-56933,
G-60228,
G-64484,
G-74369,
, G-74822,
, G-79623,
, G-81181,
, G-84266,
, H-16399,
, H-21189
, H-28647
, H-30805
, H-33716
, H-41904
, H-48291
, H-48941
, H-50163
, H-51754
, H-52135
, H-53903
, H-5894I
, H-64758
, H-70357
, H-71098
, H-76838
, H-77329
, H-78681
, H-79635
, H-79976
, H-80083
, H-82208
, H-83145
, H-83723
, H-83851
, H-84048
, H-84541
, H-84553
, H-84650:
K-19818,
, K-36823,
, K-44377,
, K-58899,
, K-74109,
L-28349,
L-29818,
L-33722,
L 38669,
L-50180,
L-73839,
L-81220,
C-53625,
C-58842,
C-61896,
C-71044,
C-74471,
C-80935,
C-84213,
D-27254,
D,33576,
D-37994,
D-44267,
D-49118,
D-51929,
D-58427,
D-69744,
D-73835,
D-77512,
D-83399,
E-49433,
G-19215,
G-29043,
G-38942,
G-45683,
G-48637,
G-50318,
G-50916,
G-56934,
G-61146,
G-68520,
G-74380,
G-74823,
G-79634,
G-83177,
G-84531,
H-19211,
, H-21194,
, H-29443,
, H-30806,
, H-35964,
H-41983,
, H-48377,
, H-49434,
, H-50415,
, H-51953
, H-52409
, H-54066
H-59327
, H-64824
, H-70745,
, H-74459,
, H-76901
H-77390,
, H-79309.
H-79972,
H-80064.
, H -80085
H-82435:
, H-83182
, H-83730.
, H-83854,
, H-84080,
, H-84545.
, H-84557.
, H-84651,
K-31968,
, K-38197,
, K-46081,
, K-68582,
, K-80854,
L-29421,
L-30620,
L-35795,
L-42021,
L-52026,
L-76847,
L-81399,
C-53876,
C-59814,
C-64779,
C-73349,
C-74942,
C-84175,
C-84214,
D-28771,
D-35764,
D-39054,
D-47976,
D-49260,
D-53889,
D-61140,
D-70500,
D-74121,
D-78193,
D-84625,
G-03246,
G-23003,
G-29415,
G-40527,
G-47905,
G-49164,
G-50371,
G-52029,
G-56959,
G-61467,
G-71324,
G-74580,
G-76902,
G-797%,
G-83179,
H-10342,
H-20707,
H-23988,
, H-29597,
H-31124,
, H-38754,
H-42086,
H-48556,
H-49573,
H-50503,
, H-52096,
, H-52698,
, H-54597,
, H-61410,
, H-65715,
, H-70776,
, H-74721,
, H-77050,
. H-77391,
, H-79586,
, H-79973,
, H-80067,
, H-81671,
, H-82498,
. H-83258,
, H-83797,
, H-83856,
. H-84089,
, H-84548,
, H-84558,
, 1-23108,
K-33107,
K-42039,
, K-47672,
, K-72145,
L-17188,
L-29504,
L-32789,
L-37747,
L-42188,
L-64940,
L-76965,
L-82278,
M-68522, N-04212, N-50748, N-50867,
N-64937
JET AIRCRAFT G-72961
K
KANAGAWA PREFECTURE B-65640,
C-39136, D-76890, H-48941, H-51754,
H-70279, H-71078, H-77329
KENTUCKY D-56465, L-09677
KETONES A-00220, A-09785, A-23561,
A-31315, A-31529, A-32855, A-42680,
A-71262, A-79280, B-42078, B-60864,
C-04405, C-04463, C-20650, C-42928,
C-44933, C-45802, C-65118, C-80259.
C-83592, F-02337, G-04927, G-26274,
G-30841, G-84260, H-04544, K 41682,
K-51057, L-32173, L-32245
KIDNEYS A-81169, C-07719, C-20701,
G-03246, G-04849, G-04983, G-06288,
G-07917, G-08030, G-08031, G-11000,
G-11467, G-12987, G-21455, G-25946,
G-28I99, G-36751, G-49223, G-49448,
G-54302, G-79619, G-79796, H-01092,
H-04923, H-05004, H-26742, H-39627,
H-42907, H-49434
KILNS A-02653, A-06371, A-09214,
A-09541, A-09651, A-09692, A-17344,
A-17377, A-28652, A-31134, A-34096,
A-36212, A-37752, A-39460, A-40159,
A-42677, A-43272, A-49852, A-58370,
A-60421, A-61183, A-69353, A-70069,
A-79774, B-02962, B-19177, B-30814,
B-32231, B-37164, B-44121, B-44838,
B-48879, B-52445, B-53868, B-55678,
B-56591, B-63775, B-66947, B-70537,
C-17098, C-35956, C-38905, C-46443,
C-55858, C-60278, C-60410, D-49860,
G-12987, H-05421, H-08884, H-19147,
H-29443, H-29597, H-30142, H-31733,
H-36998, H-38568, H-39537, H-46733,
H-5041S, H-64824, H-68122, H-80575,
L-09677, L-67888, N-21287, N-69692
KONIMETERS C-22877
KRAFT (SULFATE) PULPING A-03129,
A-26254, A-36377, A-40344, A-45858,
A-46558, A-47963, B-44979, B-45544,
B-45707, B-47731, C-35956, D-09658,
D-33108, J-48171, K-51212, L-20273,
L-37747, L-47380
L
LABORATORY ANIMALS A-00375,
A-00640, A-02312, A-11916, A-81169,
B-02541, C-00126, C-01793, C-07719,
G-00165, G-01047, G-01426, G-01794,
G-02539, G-03246, G-03394, G-04734,
G-04927, G-06288, G-07013, G-07917,
G-08030, G-08031, G-08201, G-10247,
G-10333, G-10362, G-11000, G-12282,
G-12403, G-13215, G-13700, G-14126,
G-14319, G-16047, G-18809, G-21455,
G-23711, G-24392, G-28041, G-30145,
G-30385, G-30387, G-30841, G-32256,
G-32596, G-32601, G-32606, G-33276,
G-33505, G-33510, G-33511, G-33561,
G-33872, G-36411, G-36723, G-39799,
G-39810, G-39813, G-39924, G-39931,
G-40635, G-41036, G-41685, G-41686,
G-41687, G^»1688, G-43277, G-44593,
G-44594, 0^15055, G-45683, G-49223,
G-52147, G-52686, G-57024, G-59073,
G-61467, G-72961, G-74821, H-00600,
H-00944, H-01092, H-031I6, H-04544,
-------
568
H-12540, H-12551, H-12553, H-12556,
H-39627, H-39895, H-42857, H-54597,
K-03582, N-04212
LABORATORY FACILITIES A-11916,
A-48116, C-07710, C-09983, 1-00695
LACHRYMATION C-67116, G-08031
LACQUERS A-37190, 1-40833
LAKES B-28502, E-29910, E-43424
LAND USE PLANNING A-48849,
H-48022, H-50415, H-72762, L-46561,
N-65407
LANDFILLS A-22875, A-47048, A-50381
LAPSE CONDITION A-44566
LARYNGITIS G-11942
LASERS C-49879, C-50337, C-79842,
C-80227, F-46162
LATIN AMERICA A-43403, G-44590,
G-44867, G-49756
LAUNDRIES N-04212
LEAD A-00375, A-30447, A-42676,
A-43014, A-45858, A-55212, A-60728,
B-48S11, C-09770, C-09983, G-11467,
H-08884, H-11157, H-32291, H-48167,
H-50959, 1-00695, 1-40510, 1-46606,
J-30696, K-08420, K-36823, L-06734,
L-35795, L-37747, L-59722
LEAD ALLOYS A-30447
LEAD CHLORIDE L-84415
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-00375, A-09785,
A-23561, A-27595, A-29786, A-30447,
A-30517, A-31315, A-34018, A-37190,
A-37721, A-40344, A-42054, A-43014,
A-45145, A-47143, A-47959, A-48849,
A-49924, A-50938, A-51100, A-52741,
A-57231, A-59494, A-60421, A-60729,
A-60866, A-66977, A-71477, A-73078,
A-74262, A-75077, A-76638, A-80238,
A-80334, A-80994, A-81343, A-81931,
B-18826, B-45380, B-45707, B-45757,
B-50868, B-58879, B-65640, B-72139,
B-75387, B-77838, B-80950, C-06112,
C-09983, C-11626, C-23096, C-23657,
C-24603, C-26707, C-27294, C-28126,
C-29771, C-32476, C-32534, C-36125,
C-35771, C-38670, C-39136, C-39516,
C-39719, C-39762, C-41719, C-41763,
C-42928, C-43985, C-45760, C-49509,
C-49879, C-49992, C-50876, C-50936,
C-53523, C-55789, C-61692, C-61851,
C-61957, C-64779, C-72017, C-75339,
C-82552, C-83442, D-28097, D-313%,
D-33576, D-34008, D-36806, D-41979,
D-49260, D-50307, D-50690, D-51929,
D-60574, D-63186, D-69144, D-73286,
D-76890, D-78193, D-83399, E-29910,
E-77970, F-34948, G-11467, G-16345,
G-18988, G-19148, G-26274, G-27379,
G-31319, G-38616, G-38721, G-39833,
G-43277, G-44867, G-46085, G-47807,
G-49756, G-50419, G-50916, G-52029,
G-55517, G-57701, G-60625, G-61146,
G-66044, G-67440, G-68583, G-71484,
G-71536, G-71933, G-73658, G-79848,
G-80197, G-80857, H-04544, H-08884,
H-11157, H-11452, H-13159, H-13474,
H-19604, H-26055, H-26092, H-30225,
H-32736, H-35880, H-38332, H-39328,
H-40368, H-41699, H-42857, H-42924,
H-43226, H-45467, H-47014, H-47286,
H-48167, H-48193, H-48374, H-49316,
H-50729, H-50959, H-51754, H-54297,
H-54597, H-60760, H-61496, H-65103,
H-65179, H-66715, H-67348, H-67453,
H-68770, H-71078, H-76297, H-77325,
H-79976, H-84290, J-30696, K-08420,
K-10168, K-14772, K-19750, K-28466,
K-33107, K-34063, K-36823, K-38197,
K-41682, K-42039, K-44310, K-44377,
K-46081, K-47672, K-51057, K-51212,
K-58638, K-58899, K-60180, K-68224,
K-69550, K-72145, K-72151, K-74109,
K-79255, K-80854, L-06734, L-17472,
L-25542, L-28349, L-29421, L-30620,
L-32789, L-32884, L-33495, L-35795,
L-38669, L-41455, L-42188, L-42873,
L-47380, L-48719, L-64940, L-76965,
L-82278, L-84415, N-04212, N-17260,
N-46820
LEAD PRIMARY SMELTING AND
REFINING B-83134
LEATHER 1-07553, 1-24308, 1-27060
LEAVES A-02312, A-12095, A-13615,
A-31144, A-31935, A-48048, A-61564,
A-83543, B-02541, B-09664, C-00260,
C-00636, C-01349, C-05586, C-06398,
C-11915, C-18016, C-18230, C-18264,
C-24966, C-28441, C-28462, C-39762,
C-43981, C ^44174, C-44177, C-61896,
D-09590, D-26026, D-28188, D-32666,
D-53889, D-71272, D-77485, D-84625,
E-70747, G-01338, G-01674, G-01728,
G-48030, G-50318, H-00240, H-00266,
H-00301, H-00631, H-00633, H-00788,
H-00920, H-01250, H-01506, H-01557,
H-01664, H-01705, H-01800, H-01809,
H-02200, H-02379, H-03395, H-03612,
H-03766, H-03860, H-03873, H-04683,
H-04728, H-04732, H-04816, H-04904,
H-04984, H-05398, H-05399, H-05485,
H-06404, H-07047, H-08884, H-10342,
H-10673, H-11157, H-11456, H-11466,
H-11650, H-12042, H-14247, H-15404,
H-15501, H-15838, H-16222, H-16472,
H-16894, H-16896, H-17449, H-18266,
H-18704, H-19124, H-19147, H-19358,
H-19539, H-19656, H-19657, H-19949,
H-20158, H-20573, H-21500, H-21501,
H-21687, H-22084, H-22085, H-22092,
H-22284, H-22624, H-22887, H-22930,
H-23188, H-23222, H-23386, H-23576,
H-23794, H-23852, H-23950, H-23986,
H-23988, H-24036, H-24330, H-24395,
H-25273, H-25499, H-26691, H-26711,
H-26717, H-26800, H-26861, H-27021,
H-27030, H-27091, H-27785, H-27805,
H-28149, H-28437, H-28477, H-28483,
H-28600, H-28899, H-29277, H-29443,
H-29597, H-29616, H-30142, H-30297,
H-30473, H-30805, H-30806, H-31527,
H-32282, H-32334, H-32343, H-32535,
H-32539, H-32714, H-32771, H-32897,
H-33089, H-33606, H-33906, H-34121,
H-35613, H-35880, H-35964, H-36159,
H-36742, H-36994, H-37346, H-38568,
H-38754, H-39183, H-39190, H-39328,
H-39363, H-39493, H-39932, H-39986,
H-40202, H-4D899, H-41189, H-41439,
H-41698, H-41904, H-42923, H-42954,
H-42958, H^M345, H-44411, H-44595,
H-45007, H-45160, H-45474, H-45663,
H-46051, H-46338, H-46719, H-46923,
H-47014, H^»7385, H-48291, H-48403,
H-48556, H-48639, H-48941, H-50157,
H-50163, H-50677, H-51109, H-51271,
H-51470, H-51754, H-52096, H-52102,
H-52574, H-52829, H-53370, H-53903,
H-54066, H-54710, H-54910, H-56240,
H-56428, H-56637, H-57475, H-57716,
H-58506, H-58777, H-59327, H-60559,
H-60560, H-60907, H-60913, H-60961,
H-61410, H-62597, H-63167, H-63442,
H-64166, H-64588, H-64824, H-64860,
H-66714, H-68122, H-69800, H-69966,
H-70487, H-70607, H-70752, H-71078,
H-73518, H-74459, H-74588, H-74617,
H-77329, H-77391, H-78058, H-78580,
H-78956, H-79309, H-79338, H-79586,
H-79972, H-80064, H-80067, H-80083,
H-80189, H-80493, H-80575, H-82146,
H-82435, H-82498, H-82520, H-83082,
H-83145, H-83182, H-83258, H-83721,
H-83723, H-83730, H-83854, H-83885,
H-84048, H-84089, H-84558, H-84579,
H-84650, K-07605
LEGISLATION A-00896, A-01687,
A-02312, A-03129, A-03450, A-11453,
A-20134, A-30517, A-32060, A-36377,
A-38657, A-51282, A-65064, B-24033,
B-29680, B-46050, B-49023, C-31115,
C-45760, C-46034, C-49992, D-35764,
G-71484, H-23624, H-38574, K-14772,
K-34063, K-36823, K-38197, K-42039,
K-44310, K-47672, K-58899, K-79255,
L-06349, L-09677, L-17188, L-19064,
L-20273, L-24122, L-28349, L-29421,
L-29504, L-29598, L-29818, L-30620,
L-32789, L-32884, L-35795, L-37747,
L-38669, L-39306, L-39749, L-40461,
L-41455, L-42188, L-42874, L-44054,
L-47380, L-48719, L-60630, L-76847,
L-76965, L-77817, L-80894, L-81399,
N-12307, N-20040, N-50867
LETTUCE B-02541, H-00187, H-00265,
H-00266, H-00301, H-01800, H-05724,
H-17449, H-28437, H-30142, H-31208,
H-45007, H-67026, H-84651
LEUKOCYTES A-06241, G-10203,
G-13215, G-33872
LICHENS H-76233, H-78402, H-80189,
H-84548
LIFE SPAN G-39931, H-51905
LIGHT REFRACTION C-66753, N-66750
LIGHT SCATTERING F-62189
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES A-00375,
A-09785, A-12557, A-23561, A-23865,
A-29786, A-31315, A-32060, A-34018,
A-36577, A-42054, A-47143, A-48946,
A-68703, A-69309, A-76274, B-02541,
B-07549, B-35106, B-37402, B-47731,
C-35108, D-27254, D-33108, D-34008,
D-49860, D-73835, G-30788, G-31319,
G-50161, H-45130, H-76297, 1-23108,
J-30696, K-19818, K-71991, K-72151,
L-17472, L-19434, L-24122, L-27677,
L-31492, L-32789, L-77234, N-04212,
N-21287, N-32254
LIME KILNS A-17344, A-39460, A-40159,
A-42677, A^t3272, B-44121, B-44838,
B-55678, B-63775, B-70537, C-35956,
C-38905, C-55858, C-60278, C-60410,
D-49860, H-08884, H-19147, H-31733,
H-36998, H-39537, H-64824
LIME/LIMESTONE PROCESSES
B-78814, B-79079
LIMESTONE A-09214, B-06587, B-10618,
B-12288, B-22484, B-23182, B-24333,
B-24355, B-28889, B-30276, B-37603,
B-43863, C-23947, C-25816, G-08201,
H-07255, H-24548, H-45160, H-80575,
1-07553
LIPIDS G-36723, H-02382, H-10150
LIQUIDS A-39862, B-07552, B-26244,
B-27282, B-29H4, B-33971, B-38439,
B-41932, B-46086, B-47054, B-47341,
B-47821, B-49929, B-55524, B-66592,
B-69528, B-71412, B-76512, B-79711,
C-01793, C-04463, C-15355, C-25806,
D-33425, F-13998, F-19175, F-21632,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
569
F-34948, F-62189, G-06485, G-26743,
G-28019, G-37569, G-37795, G-43896,
G-45055, H-22496, H-28031, H-33290,
H-37403, H-46923, H-64427, 1-00085,
1-07553, 1-40510
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS A-52741,
A-75077, B-12465, B-38445, C-75339,
F-04468, F-21632, G-71933
LITIGATION A-07650, H-36787, L-24010,
L-25642, L-45783
LIVER A-81169, C-07719, G-03246,
G-04849, G-04983, G-06288, G-07917,
G-08030, G-08031, G-11000, G-21455,
G-25946, G-28199, G-32601, G-32605,
G-32606, G-33505, G-36751, G-41685,
G-49223, G-54302, G-79619, H-04850,
H-04923, H-05004, H-11452, H-39627,
H-79633
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS B-72139,
C-31115, D-35764, D-54881, K-42039,
K-44310, L-09677, L-I9064, L-20273,
L-32884, L-33495, L-38669, L-41455,
L-42188, L-59722, L-80894
LONDON A-00375, A-32060, C-16801,
H-16244, N-04212, N-64545
LOS ANGELES A-00375, A-09785,
A-33853, E-29774, G-28199, H-0030I,
H-01809, H-03629, H-06459, H-07255,
H-11407, H-16244, H-27030, H-33089,
H-33127, H-33468, 1-00695, K-11414,
K-38197, L-0%77, L-17614, L-44054,
N-04212, N-28923, N-63463
LOUISIANA A-00375, K-37472
LOWER ATMOSPHERE C-28374,
C-29887, C-79843, D-28097, E-78933,
E-79132, G-40597, H-32339, H-39183
LUBRICANTS A-37190
LUNG CANCER A-00375, A-22973,
B-19177, G-07961, G-11942, G-16345,
G-22628, G-27379, G-37791, G-39494,
G-41706, G-48693, G-48697, G-73658,
G-74290, H-42857, N-49170
LUNG CLEARANCE G-07013, G-10247,
G-10362, G-30841, G-32256
LUNGS C-07719, G-00165, G-01047,
G-02539, G-04849, G-04983, G-06288,
G-07013, G-07344, G-07917, G-07%1,
G-08030, G-08031, G-08201, G-10247,
G-10362, G-11000, G-11467, G-12532,
G-18809, G-21455, G-25946, G-28429,
G-28556, G-29415, G-30788, G-30841,
G-31319, G-32256, G-32596, G-32605,
G-32607, G-33276, G-33505, G-335II,
G-33872, G-36751, G-40597, G-41684,
G-41706, G-44867, G-48637, G-49164,
G-49223, G-52686, G-57024, G-66668,
G-79619, G-79623, G-79980, G-84260,
H-04923, N-64545
LYMPHOCYTES G-10203, G-11000,
G-43277
MAGNESIUM
1-40510
MAGNESIUM
A-09799,
A-42731,
A-64926,
B-28709,
B-40712,
C-83442,
F-34948,
G-84236,
H-16567,
M
A-30517, C-09770, 1-00085,
COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-27617, A-32702, A-34096,
A-43403, A-51100, A-52741,
A-75077, A-79567, B-12465,
B-37603, B-38188, B-40381,
C-09560, C-42928, C-75339,
D-21419, E-43424, F-22219,
G-04145, G-26743, G-52029,
H-00979, H-08884, H-15213,
H-24282, H-26175, H-30368,
H-39098, H-47806, H-52306, H-52651,
H-60560, H-64824
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
F-44721
MAINTENANCE A-35985, A-37752,
A-46925, A-48048, A-48429, A-60421,
A-71262, B-18698, B-30276, B-31567,
B-33918, B-33971, B-35448, B-35513,
B-38115, B-43533, B-47677, B-48480,
B-49477, B-50868, B-55046, B-60255,
B-64977, B-66624, B-70428, B-73031,
C-59814. J-30696
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL D-26702,
L-06754
MANGANESE A-I1916, H-08884
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-11916, A-27930, A-49617, A-51100,
A-52741, A-57231, A-60866, A-61564,
A-64926, A-74262, A-75077, A-80238,
A-81169, A-81931, A-82279, B-12465,
B-28709, B-40381, B-40712, C-09983,
C-24359, C-28126, C-39136, C-39516,
C-42928, C-43985, C-50936, C-53523,
C-55789, C-61957, C-75339, C-82552,
C-83442, D-17102, D-33017, D-33309,
D-36806, D-49260, D-50307, D-51929,
D-76890, D-83399, E-299JO, E-43424,
G-36723, G-38616, G-52029, G-71933,
H-08884, H-13474, H-30368, H-35880,
H-44345, H-48374, H-50959, H-51754,
H-52306, H-60560, H-71078, K-10168,
K-28466, K-41682, K-51057, K-68224,
K-74109, L-44054
MANUAL C-07871, C-23546, C-26122,
C-71232, C-80573
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
A-00896, A-01528, A-02312, A-02988,
A-03129, A-05139, A-05140, A-05871,
A-09214, A-09690, A-09695, A-09696,
A-09785, A-09799, A-11541, A-11916,
A-13353, A-13699, A-17344, A-17357,
A-17464, A-17471, A-20134, A-22547,
A-22973, A-23865, A-24370, A-25305,
A-26136, A-26254, A-26258, A-26329,
A-77314, A-27930, A-28282, A-29786,
A-30447, A-30517, A-31283, A-31333,
A-31935, A-32139, A-32855, A-33735,
A-34018. A-35592, A-35985, A-36377,
A-37752, A-37996, A-38657, A-39460,
A-39635, A-40159, A-40180, A-40182,
A-40344, A-41650, A-41877, A-42675,
A-42682, A-42683, A-42751, A-43014,
A-43270, A-43272, A-43816, A-44681,
A-45858, A-46119, A-46558, A-47143,
A-47954, A-47963, A-48429, A-49617,
A-49924, A-53955; A-55212, A-55407,
A-55601, A-58939, A-59775, A-60281,
A-60283, A-60728, A-60827, A-63661,
A-66977, A-67748, A-70069, A-70727,
A-71262, A-71477, A-74512, A-75206,
A-76122, A-76190, A-76411, A-76459,
A-77367, A-77522, A-77993, A-79280,
A-79511, A-79774, A-80334, A-81169,
A-81745, A-81861, A-81916, A-81917,
A-82269, A-82279, A-82353, A-82944,
A-83637, A-84479, B-04368, B-04794,
B-06587, B-07664, B-07815, B-10372,
B-10618, B-15813, B-17485, B-18536,
B-19210, B-20436, B-21034, B-21795,
B-22598, B-22913, B-23182, B-24033,
B-24117, B-24355, B-24683, B-25038,
B-25433, B-25638, B-25658, B-26674,
B-26908, B-26911, B-27569, B-27835,
B-28034, B-28786, B-29680, B-32231,
B-32232, B-32384, B-32627, B-32712,
B-33918, B-36405, B-36475, B-36532,
B-36716, B-37080, B-37115, B-37603,
B-37745, B-37914, B-38587, B-39104,
B-40251, B-40414, B-40892, B-41378,
B-41418, B-42172, B-43108, B-43533,
B-43863, B-43972, B-44716, B-44793,
B-44979, B-45004, B-45078, B-45254,
B-45544, B-45707, B-46086, B-47095,
B-47125, B-47256, B-47731, B-48143,
B-48811, B-48814, B-49023, B-49031,
B-5043S, B-51720, B-51755, B-52094,
B-52838, B-52852, B-53603, B-S3620,
B-54310, B-55524, B-56057, B-58466,
B-58632, B-59459, B-59679, B-60206,
B-60282, B-61273, B-63474, B-64092,
B-65923, B-66592, B-67136, B-67137,
B-67742, B-70428, B-70658, B-70659,
B-70840, B-71472, B-76232, B-77475,
B-77816, B-79079, B-802I3, B-80863,
B-81040, B-81645, B-81772, B-81773,
B-81944, B-81995, B-82918, B-83134,
B-83198, B-84418, C-13056, C-14288,
C-18230, C-20701, C-28530, C-29220,
C-35956, C-36693, C-40211, C-40409,
C-43570, C-61896, C-80935, C-82552,
C-82650, C-84463, D-06809, D-09590,
D-0%58, D-24801, D-25093, D-28188,
D-31371, D-33108, D-33858, D-37994,
D-39737, D-40896, D-47982, D-48791,
D-49260, D-49860, D-53889, D-56464,
D-66083, D-70500, D-71272, D-83399,
E-29315, E-37037, E-49433, E-59075,
F-15927, G-04145, G-07098, G-11467,
G-12547, G-12550, G-15040, G-15555,
G-16874, G-25469, G-26846, G-28139,
G-29415, G-30183, G-32607, G-33510,
G-33511, G-36751, G-38106, G-39219,
G-40527, G-40920, G-44362, G-44597,
G-44867, G-47906, G-49271, G-50371,
G-50414, G-56931, G-56933, G-62177,
G-625%, G-64484, G-68583, G-74369,
G-74822, G-79634, G-81181, G-83798,
G-84233, H-08884, H-09553, H-10342,
H-11650, H-12529, H-12538, H-12552,
H-12553, H-12554, H-15838, H-18226,
H-18270, H-18272, H-19656, H-20707,
H-21422, H-23661, H-24330, H-24395,
H-25499, H-27021, H-27030, H-28446,
H-28830, H-28899, H-29277, H-29736,
H-30301, H-32282, H-32291, H-32339,
H-32588, H-32897, H-33290, H-33906,
H-36787, H-38017, H-38404, H-38417,
H-38574, H-39537, H-39627, H-39923,
H-40201, H-40472, H-40599, H-44428,
H-45007, H-45130, H-46217, H-46719,
H-47385, H-49561, H-49647, H-50415,
H-50959, H-52829, H-52994, H-53025,
H-53370, H-54066, H-55066, H-56874,
H-58777, H-58941, H-59935, H-60690,
H-61000, H-65715, H-66983, H-70752,
H-73518, H-74459, H-74624, H-77050,
H-77377, H-77391, H-77421, H-79129,
H-7%33, H-79635, H-80064, H-80079,
H-80083, H-80189, H-80575, H-81288,
H-81771, H-82208, H-83258, H-83730,
H-83851, H-83854, H-84080, H-84551,
H-84553, 1-07553, 1-23108, 1-39031,
J-28805, J-29923, J-30226, J-30696,
J-39910, J-48171, J-67865, J-76213,
K-10168, K-51212, K-58899, K-66916,
K-81864, K-84395, L-06754, L-09677,
L-19434, L-20273, L-24010, L-29421,
L-37747, L-37943, L-39749, L-40461,
L-43007, L-47380, L-48788, L-77817,
L-78484, L-81399, L-84415
MAPPING A-68912, E-37037, E-64013,
H-58507, L-32354
MARYLAND D-56792, H-70487
-------
570
MASS SPECTROMETRY A-48116,
A-48572, A-49738, A-53955, A-75077,
C-23907, C-31827, C-35956, C-39719,
C-49391, C-53523, C-66753, C-67116,
C-69765, C-71044, C-75339, C-79032,
C-80495, D-52578, E-04987
MASS TRANSPORTATION A-47143
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-23022,
A-55407, A-75146, A-77993, B-09664,
B-12465, B-29403, B-59459, B-71412,
C-00941, C-11041, C-17117, C-27248,
C-31827, C-44174, C-44285, D-22359,
E-02325, E-29315, E-29774, E-44030,
E-59234, E-79132, F-21632, G-05504,
G-52638, H-04925, K-44377, K-69550,
L-24122, N-17260, N-63463
MATHEMATICAL MODELING A-75146,
B-09664, B-12465, B-29403, C-27248,
C-44285, E-02325, E-29315, E-59234,
L-24122, N-17260, N-63463
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-00896,
A-03129, A-17344, A-27930, A-31315,
A-31333, A-33735, A-37190, A-37721,
A-47410, A-47959, A-79511, B-19177,
B-25135, B-25638, B-38476, C-41719,
D-06809, D-24736, D-33576, D-37823,
D-47982, D-54881, G-01794, G-06485,
G-12282, G-32596, G-32601, G-32605,
G-32606, G-33509, G-33510, G-33511,
G-33561, G-34398, G-35569, G-36947,
G-37139, G-38721, G-41684, G-41685,
G-41686, G-41687, G-41688, G-50161,
G-66668, G-71617, H-02379, H-23624,
H-23986, H-29991, H-30297, H-40916,
H-65558, K-11414, K-17375, K-19750,
K-27010, K-28466, K-33107, K-34063,
K-36823, K-41266, K-41267, K-41295,
K-41682, K-51057, K-51212, K-51229,
K-60180, K-60887, K-68582, L-06349,
L-06734, L-06939, L-09677, L-29504,
L-31492, L-32789, L-32884, L-35795,
L-37747, L-38669, L-41455, L-44054,
L-46586, L-78484
MBTH METHOD (ALDEHYDES)
C-32476, C-43985
MEAT PACKING PLANTS A-26254,
A-34018, A-43270, B-26911, B-44716,
C-66753
MEAT PRODUCTS INDUSTRY A-26254,
A-34018, A-43270, A-80334, B-26911,
B-44716
MEDICAL FACILITIES G-10362
MEETINGS A-48849, D-30705, H-79338,
K-38197, N-37027
MEMBRANE FILTRATION A-11877,
C-04038, C-07871, C-11404, C-11574,
C-12334, C-22517, C-22812, C-22877,
C-23096, C-23657, C-24603, C-25180,
C-26707, C-28285, C-28738, C-29426,
C-30958, C-32476, C-34125, C-37579,
C-39022, C-40409, C-41624, C-42926,
C-44083, C-44238, C-48674, C-48916,
C-49992, C-56244, C-61957, C-64090,
C-71244, C-71245, C-74234, C-76212,
D-30058, D-33858, D-39182, D-52578,
D-58427, D-66083, F-34948, H-24362,
N-64545
MEMBRANES C-36771, C-37579, G-30841,
G-43636, G-44590, G-44594, G-79623,
G-84233, H-00654, H-23624, H-39363,
H-56625, H-80536, K-41295
MERCAPTANS A-20134, A-26254,
A-39460, A-44566, A-45145, A-71262,
B-08344, B-14692, B-26908, B-45707,
C-35956, C-39136, C-39719, C-47218,
C-71044, D-31371, D-33425, D-41979,
E-04987, G-41706, H-05421, H-45022,
H-51526, 1-58585, K-72151, L-29504,
N-65407
MERCURY F-21389, L-37747
MERCURY COMPOUNDS A-09695,
A-11590, A-11876, A-12773, A-12889,
A-23561, A-39460, A-47959, A-57231,
A-59257, A-73078, A-74262, A-75077,
A-76638, A-80238, A-80994, A-81343,
B-18826, B-32461, B-45707, B-48805,
B-55180, B-62165, B-75204, B-75387,
B-77838, B-79711, B-80950, C-09560,
C-11626, C-28126, C-32476, C-32534,
C-38670, C-39136, C-39516, C-44285,
C-46034, C-50936, C-51762, C-53523,
C-55789, C-61957, C-75339, C-82552,
C-83442, C-84660, D-31371, D-62438,
F-44721, G-39833, G-46085, G-50419,
G-50916, G-57701, G-71933, G-73658,
G-79848, G-80197, H-04984, H-13474,
H-17710, H-20158, H-36159, H-36742,
H-40202, H-42857, H-42923, H-45022,
H-48374, H-50780, H-67056, H-67457,
K-10168, K-28466, K-41682, K-68224,
L-44054
METABOLISM B-26911, F-28428,
G-01674, G-04983, G-06497, G-10842,
G-12403, G-14126, G-26461, G-28037,
G-36723, G-38106, G-40920, G-41685,
G-41688, G-48068, G-49448, G-49607,
G-50371, G-51473, G-59073, G-79623,
H-00654, H-00737, H-00920, H-02200,
H-02382, H-04728, H-04919, H-04923,
H-05004, H-05398, H-05399, H-05744,
H-07046, H-10841, H-10843, H-11100,
H-16399, H-19656, H-19657, H-19703,
H-20400, H-21000, H-22496, H-23624,
H-23950, H-23988, H-24366, H-24533,
H-24852, H-26717, H-27785, H-29616,
H-30234, H-30805, H-30806, H-31124,
H-33716, H-34880, H-35877, H-36159,
H-37403, H-38332, H-38568, H-40341,
H-41189, H-11362, H-41699, H-42924,
H-46719, H-58506, H-59198, H-66714,
H-68575, H-69488, H-79972
METAL COMPOUNDS A-00375, A-04068,
A-05601, A-06241, A-09214, A-09541,
A-09695, A-09697, A-09785, A-09799,
A-11590, A-11876, A-11916, A-12095,
A-12476, A-12773, A-12889, A-12919,
A-17471, A-17883, A-18449, A-23561,
A-26258, A-27314, A-27595, A-27617,
A-27930, A-29532, A-29786, A-30296,
A-30447, A-30517, A-31315, A-32060,
A-32702, A-33853, A-34018, A-34096,
A-35592, A-37190, A-37721, A-37752,
A-39460, A-39587, A-40180, A-40182,
A-40344, A-42054, A-42677, A-42682,
A-42731, A-43014, A-43272, A-43403,
A-45145, A-47048, A-47143, A-47959,
A-48849, A^I9617, A-49852, A-49924,
A-50381, A-50938, A-51100, A-52741,
A-53955, A-54622, A-55212, A-57231,
A-59257, A-59494, A-59921, A-60421,
A-6Q728, A-60729, A-60866, A-61564,
A-61570, A-64926, A-66977, A-71262,
A-71477, A-73078, A-74154, A-74262,
A-75077, A-75089, A-76411, A-76638,
A-79567, A-80238, A-80334, A-80994,
A-81169, A-81343, A-81931, A-82279,
B-10372, B-11686, B-12127, B-12465,
B-18536, B-18826, B-21034, B-22598,
B-24110, B-24117, B-24355, B-25178,
B-25433, B-25658, B-28709, B-28783,
B-28786, B-28889, B-28945, B-29114,
B-30276, B-30519, B-30814, B-3170S,
B-31889,
B-36532,
B-38188,
B-38593,
B-42172,
B-43972,
B-46086,
B-48480,
B-49929,
B-55180,
B-56591,
B-59459,
B-61954,
B-65640,
B-75204,
B-80950,
C-02042,
C-04692,
C-07710,
C-09983,
C-12760,
C-23517,
C-24018,
C-24124,
C-24359,
C-24966,
C-25952,
C-27248,
C-28251,
C-30793,
C-34125,
C-38280,
C-39719,
C-41064,
C-43234,
C-44177,
C-46443,
C-49879,
C-51762,
C-61851,
C-69152,
C-80103,
C-83442,
D-21419,
D-30058,
D-33309,
D-36806,
D-41979,
D-50307,
D-54881,
D-58427,
D-69144,
D-83399,
E-40271,
F-04468,
F-26990,
G-00165,
G-04145,
G-07344,
G-10362,
G-16345,
G-18988,
G-26274,
G-28139,
G-31319,
G-32606,
G-33872,
G-38721,
G-39833,
G-44867,
G-48637,
G-50419,
G-54302,
G-60625,
G-67440,
G-71933,
B-32384,
B-36716,
B-38439,
B-40381,
B-42287,
B-45380,
B-47086,
B-48805,
B-50652,
B-55678,
B-58380,
B-59861,
B-62165,
B-66947,
B-75387,
B-81645,
C-04405,
C-06112,
C-07860,
C-10632,
C-13056,
C-23573,
C-24022,
C-24279,
C-24456,
C-24970,
C-26707,
C-27294,
C-29738,
C-32476,
C-36125,
C-38670,
C-39762,
C-41719,
C-43981,
C-44285,
C-48674,
C-49992,
C-53523,
C-61859,
C-72017,
C-80227,
C-84660,
D-23845,
D-31371,
D-33576,
D-39182,
D-43317,
D-50690,
D-56463,
D-60574,
D-73286,
E-29910,
E-43424,
F-13998,
F-34948,
G-01794,
G-04927,
G-07961,
G-11000,
G-16874,
G-19148,
G-26743,
G-28199,
G-32152,
G-33276,
G-34398,
G-39799,
G-41686,
G-46085,
G-49271,
G-50916,
G-54968,
G-61146,
G-68583,
G-72961,
B-32461,
B-37509,
B-38445,
B-40712,
B-43299,
B-45707,
B-47186,
B-48879,
B-50868,
B-56064,
B-58879,
B-60075,
B-62786,
B-70428,
B-77838,
B-84391,
C-04463,
C-06279,
C-09560,
C-11626,
C-16801,
C-23657,
C-24050,
C-24310,
C-24546,
C-25223,
C-26729,
C-27331,
C-29771,
C-32534,
C-36771,
C-39136,
C-41020,
C-41763,
C-43985,
C-45760,
C-49509,
C-50876,
C-55789,
C-61957,
C-74346,
C-82552,
D-09590,
D-27254,
D-31396,
D-33858,
D-39737,
D-49260,
D-51929,
D-56464,
D-62438,
D-76890,
E-33092,
E-62869,
F-21632,
F-41543,
G-03246,
G-06485,
G-10203,
G-11467,
G-18809,
G-23563,
G-26846,
G-28429,
G-32256,
G-33505,
G-36723,
G-39810,
G-41687,
G-47807,
G-49756,
G-52029,
G-55517,
G-61467,
G-71484,
G-73658,
B-32963,
B-37603,
B-38504,
B-41418,
B-43863,
B-45757,
B-47256,
B-49023,
B-53620,
B-56528,
B-58993,
B-60255,
B-64898,
B-72139,
B-79711,
C-00264,
C-04687,
C-06494,
C-09770,
C-12593,
C-23096,
C-23683,
C-24114,
C-24331,
C-24603,
C-25617,
C-26744,
C-28126,
C-29887,
C-33632,
C-37799,
C-39516,
C-41063,
C-42928,
C-44083,
C-46034,
C-49752,
C-50936,
C-61692,
C-64779,
C-75339,
C-82650,
D-17102,
D-28097,
D-33017,
D-34008,
D-40896,
D-49860,
D-52578,
D-56465,
D-63186,
D-78193,
E-33579,
E-77970,
F-22219,
F-44721,
G-03394,
G-07098,
G-10247,
G-14126,
G-18987,
G-23763,
G-27379,
G-28556,
G-32605,
G-33561,
G-38616,
G-39813,
G-43277,
G-48636,
G-50161,
G-52638,
G-57701,
G-66044,
G-71536,
G-79848,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
571
G-80197, G-80857,
H-00137, H-00301,
H-02200, H-02382,
H-03873, H-04544,
H-04919, H-04925,
H-05004, H-06342,
H-08884, H-10342,
H-11157, H-11452,
H-13474, H-15213,
H-16567, H-17710,
H-19539, H-19604,
H-24282, H-24395,
H-24944, H-25366,
H-25665, H-25750,
H-26175, H-26800,
H-28443, H-28446,
H-29597, H-30225,
H-32673, H-32736,
H-35992, H-36159,
H-37346, H-38332,
H-39098, H-39328,
H-40368, H-41699,
H-42924, H-42958,
H-43622, H-44345,
H-45345, H-45467,
H-47014, H-47286,
H-48193, H-48374,
H-49778, H-50729,
H-51526, H-51754,
H-52651, H-52928,
H-56788, H-60560,
H-61496, H-62597,
H-65103, H-65179,
H-67347, H-67348,
H-68770, H-70279,
H-76297, H-77325,
H-83145, H-83721,
1-08076, 1-27060, I
1-47291, 1-58585, J
K-10168, K-14772,
K-31968, K-33107,
K-38197, K-41682,
K-44377, K-46081,
K-51212, K-58638,
K-68224, K-68582,
K-72151, K-74109,
L-06349, L-06734,
L-25542, L-27677,
L-29504, L-29818,
L-32884, L-33495,
L-41455, L-42188,
L-47380, L-48719,
L-64940, L-76847,
L-82278, L-84415,
N-46820, N-63463,
METAL FABRICATION
A-82279, B-41418,
H-80083
METAL INDUSTRIES
A-05871, A-17344,
A-30447, A-31333,
A-38657, A-39635,
A-41877, A-42682,
A-45858, A-49617,
A-76122, A-76190,
A-82269, A-82353,
B-04794, B-06587,
B-23182, B-24683,
B-25658, B-29680,
B-42172, B-43108,
B-76232, B-77475,
B-81995, B-82918,
C-80935, C-82552,
G-40920, G-74369,
G-84233, H-29736,
H-74459, H-77050,
G-84137, G-84236, H-77421, H-79129, H-79633, H-80064,
H-00631, H-00979, H-80189, H-82208, H-83258, H-83730,
H-03360, H-03860, H-83851, H-84080, H-84551, H-84553,
H-04672, H-04683, J-29923, J-76213, K-81864, K-84395,
H-04984, H-04997, L-09677, L-19434, L-78484, L-81399
H-06354, H-06681, METAL POISONING G-04145, G-11467,
H-10841, H-10843, G-44867, G-49756, G-56933, G-61146,
H-13159, H-13213, H-04544, H-08884, H-23624, H-26092,
H-15838, H-16150, H-32291, H-32736, H-60760, H-66715,
H-18269, H-18271, H-67453, H-68770, H-76297, K-31968
H-20158, H-22092, METALS A-00375, A-01687, A-03129,
H-24548, H-24787, A-05090, A-05601, A-06241, A-07650,
H-25499, H-25661, A-08102, A-08748, A-09799, A 11341,
H-26055, H-26092, A-11877, A-11916, A-12470, A-12474,
H-27907, H-28409, A-12476, A-12587, A-12622, A-12676,
H-28475, H-29443, A-12692, A-12740, A-13615, A-13701,
H-30368, H-32539, A-17116, A-1747!, A-18656, A-23022,
H-33606, H-35880, A-24370, A-26136, A-30296, A-30447,
H-36742, H-36998, A-30517, A-31283, A-31333, A-31935,
H-38404, H-38407, A-34018, A-35592, A-38657, A-39460,
H-39902, H-40202, A-40159, A-40180, A-40182, A-41650,
H-42857, H-42923, A-41877, A-42676. A-42680, A-42682,
H-43226, H-43492, A-42683, A-42731, A-42751, A-43014,
H-45022, H-45160, A-44490, A^t4605, A-45858, A-47061,
H-46719, H-46721, A-47962, A-49617, A-49886, A-49924,
H-47806, H-48167, A-50018, A-52912, A-53874, A-55212,
H-48413, H-49316, A-55407, A-58939, A-59775, A-60728,
H-50780, H-50959, A-60866, A-61564, A-64926, A-67806,
H-52306, H-52397, A-68807, A-68823, A-69039, A-75077,
H-54297, H-54597, B-04368, B-04794, B-05567, B-06587,
H-60760, H-60961, B-07664, B-07815, B-08344, B-09902,
H-63442, H-64824, B-10618, B-13676, B-15372, B-16962,
H-66715, H-67056, B-17463, B-17485, B-18144, B-18641,
H-67453, H-67457, B-18698, B-18699, B-19210, B-19487,
H-71078, H-71098, B-22853, B-23182, B-23370, B-24116,
H-79976, H-80067, B-25135, B-25195, B-26279, B-26317,
H-84290, 1-07553, B-28320, B-28786, B-30519, B-31567,
-40510, 1-40833, B-32627, B-32712, B-32963, B-33918,
-30696, K-08420, B-35111, B-35513, B-36552, B-36755,
K-19750, K-28466, B-37293, B-37544, B-37603, B-38082,
K-34063, K-36823, B-38188, B-38445, B-38593, B-38775,
K-42039, K-44310, B-38874, 8^10414, B-40892, B-41418,
K-47672, K-51057, B-42287, B-43108, B-43299, B-43840,
K-58899, K-60180, B-44343, B^t4638, B-44838, B-45078,
K-69550, K-72145, B-45380, B-47125, B-47256, B-47463,
K-79255, K-80854, B-47677, B-48805, B-48811, B-48814,
L-17472, L-20273, B-49477, B-19929, B-50652, B-51755,
L-28349, L-29421, B-51845, B-52094, B-52172, B-52179,
L-30620, L-32789, B-52838, B-53603, B-53620, B-53875,
L-35795, L-38669, B-54310, B-55524, B-56057, B-56528,
L-42873, L-44054, B-57706, B-58380, B-58879, B-58993,
L-50180, L-52026, B-59459, B-59679, B-60206, B-60255,
L-76965, L-80894, B-60864, B-61273, B-67954, B-69191,
N-04212, N-17260, B-70659, B-73031, C-02042, C-04038,
N-66750 C-09770, C-09983, C-10632, C-I7098,
A-05871, C-28530, C-29220, C-29738, C-30793,
B-44979, G-81181, C-30958, C-38905, C-40409, C-40705,
C-41064, C ^13570, C-44689, C-49391,
A-00896, A-01528, C-49476, C-52206, C-53625, C-58842,
A-17464, A-17471, C-60951, C-68086, C-75339, D-07579,
A-32139, A-37752, D-09590, D-09658, D-13838, D-14066,
A-40182, A-40344, D-17642, D-27254, D-32666, D-33108,
A-43014, A-43272, D-33309, D-33858, D-37823, D-39182,
A-74512, A-75206, D-39737, D-48791, D-49260, D-49860,
A-77522, A-81861, D-53889, D-63526, D-66083, E-14897,
A-82944, A-83637, E-37013, E-37639, E-49433, E-59075,
B-07664, B-10618, E-64013, F-21389, F-32952, F-39861,
B-25433, B-25638, G-00165, G-01096, G-07098, G-10203,
B-40892, B-41378, G-10333, G-11000, G-11467, G-13215,
B-44979, B-45544, G-13700, G-14112, G-14319, G-15040,
B-80213, B-81645, G-19215, G-19880, G-23003, G-26846,
B-83134, B-83198, G-28556, G-28754, G-294I5, G-30183,
D-39737, D-40896, G-31319, G-33766, G-37282, G-37569,
G-74822, G-83798, G-37684, G-38106, G-38942, G-39799,
H-40599, H-73518, G-40527, G^t0635, G-40920, G-44362,
H-77377, H-77391, G-47906, G-48697, G-49271, G-50371,
G-50414, G-56931, G-56933, G-62177,
G-62596, G-64484, G-66044, G-68520,
H-00979, H-03116, H-08884, H-09553,
H-10342, H-11157, H-13203, H-14678,
H-15604, H-18269, H-18270, H-18704,
H-19124, H-19358, H-20872, H-21062,
H-21422, H-22085, H-22092, H-22496,
H-22930, H-23386, H-23579, H-23580,
H-26978, H-29277, H-32282, H-32286,
H-32289, H-32291, H-32344, H-32516,
H-32535, H-32536, H-32539, H-32672,
H-32673, H-32897, H-33906, H-36883,
H-36996, H-37480, H-38017, H-38404,
H-38417, H-38568, H-39159, H-39684,
H-39895, H-39923, H-40201, H-40472,
H-40599, H-44428, H-45604, H-45663,
H-46217, H-46719, H-46721, H-48167,
H-49561, H-50959, H-52829, H-52994,
H-53025, H-58506, H-58777, H-58941,
H-60690, H-61000, H-65715, H-77377,
1-00085, 1-00695, 1-07553, 1-08076,
1-23108, 1-24308, 1-27060, 1-39031,
1-40510, 1-40833, 1-46606, 1-54961,
1-58585, 1-63871, 1-65935, 1-69995,
J-29923, J-30696, J-39910, J-48171,
K-08420, K-36823, K-51212, K-66860,
L-06349, L-06734, L-06754, L-20273,
L-24010, L-28014, L-29598, L-35795,
L-37747, I.-38573, L-39749, L-45783,
L-46561, L-46586, L-59722, L-66700,
N-14783, N-21287
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
A-31581, C-09770, C-26713, C-35956,
C-48392, D-01872, E-04987, H-46557
METEOROLOGY A-00220, A-00375,
A-02312, A-03450, A-06241, A-07650,
A-08882, A-09785, A-23561, A-28652,
A-30218, A-31144, A-31315, A-31581,
A-32060, A-32576, A-32702, A-34334,
A-37190, A-44566, A-46119, A-47061,
A-48048, A-50018, A-66955, A-68703,
A-74154, A-76274, A-79511, A-80507,
B-10618, B-19571, B-25195, B-26911,
B-28034, B-38775, B-42083, B-45468,
B-48480, B-61741, C-00126, C-06279,
C-06338, C-07710, C-09770, C-10632,
C-18344, C-22877, C-23286, C-26713,
C-28251, C-29771, C-29887, C-35956,
C-36693, C-36800, C-39239, C-39243,
C-42926, C-44177, C-44285, C-48392,
C-51599, C-65118, C-65846, C-66606,
C-68944, C-69174, D-01872, D-09590,
D-21419, D-22348, D-23760, D-23845,
D-23862, D-24717, D-26086, D-26702,
D-29040, D-30705, D-31371, D-32666,
D-33017, D-33108, D-33309, D-33858,
D-34008, D-36806, D-37502, D-39054,
D-39182, D-39737, D-40896, D-41979,
D-43170, D-43317, D-44267, D-44799,
D-48791, D-49860, D-50550, D-50744,
D-54881, D-56792, D-58218, D-58427,
D-69144, D-70500, D-71348, D-73835,
D-77485, E-02325, E-04987, E-05054,
E-14897, E-29023, E-29774, E-29910,
E-30126, E-33092, E-37013, E-37037,
E-37639, E-40271, E-43424, E-44277,
E-49433, E-59075, E-59234, E-72995,
E-76047, E-78793, E-78933, G-01674,
G-01794, G-12555, G-18785, G-18987,
G-19148, G-23763, G-26274, G-32607,
G-33510, G-34398, G-38616, G-39219,
G-40597, G-41706, G-48030, G-49756,
G-68583, G-74369, H-00301, H-05724,
H-08884, H-10673, H-11157, H-11452,
H-16567, H-19147, H-19539, H-20917,
H-22930, H-23222, H-23295, H-23386,
-------
572
H-23852, H-24064, H-24282, H-25273,
H-25661, H-25750, H-25769, H-26055,
H-26711, H-27030, H-28149, H-28446,
H-28474, H-28476, H-28479, H-28647,
H-28899, H-30301, H-31527, H-31733,
H-32535, H-32536, H-32714, H-33290,
H-33716, H-36994, H-36996, H-36998,
H-38412, H-38568, H-38574, H-39466,
H-40202, H-40341, H-40472, H-41189,
H-41696, H-42601, H-42923, H-42924,
H-42954, H-42958, H-45007, H-45160,
H-46198, H-46923, H-47014, H-48798,
H-51470, H-52705, H-53376, H-55654,
H-56240, H-56428, H-58777, H-60907,
H-60961, H-61000, H-62597, H-64427,
H-68394, H-69162, H-70984, H-80064,
H-82435, 1-00695, 1-07553, 1-24308,
1-27060, 1-40833, 1-46606, 1-47291,
1-52320, 1-54961, J-32706, J-44672,
J-55161, K-10168, L-17614, L-25542,
L-39306, L-40889, L-64940, N-04212,
N-28923, N-44066, N-46820, N-49170,
N-51942, N-63776, N-69692
METHANES A-18449, A-40600, A-49738,
B-79711, C-39719, C-41719, C-50337,
C-66753, C-80103, F-16218, G-28041,
G-30145, G-79848, G-84260, H-36742,
L-29818, N-20495, N-66750
METROPOLITAN AREAS A-00220,
A-08882, A-09785, A-11453, A-13615,
A-22973, A-23865, A-25305, A-31315,
A-32060, A-32855, A-34334, A-36377,
A-37190, A-37996, A-40471, A-42054,
A-46558, A-47061, A-47143, A-47945,
A-52277, A-52664, A-55922, A-58334,
A-66955, A-66977, A-72079, A-76274,
A-80334, B-28502, B-38476, B-44638,
B-45468, B-84391, C-11915, C-12334,
C-18344, C-20701, C-22812, C-24222,
C-25487, C-26713, C-31115, C-38905,
C-39762, C-40705, C-44174, C-44177,
C-44285, D-07579, D-09590, D-10619,
D-17102, D-17986, D-I8537, D-19145,
D-19966, D-21419, D-22348, D-22359,
D-23392, D-23845, D-24736, D-25093,
D-26026, D-26086, D-27254, D-28097,
D-28771, D-31371, D-31396, D-33080,
D-33108, D-33309, D-33425, D-33576,
D-34008, D-35764, D-36806, D-37473,
D-37502, D-37607, D-37823, D-37994,
D-39054, D-39182, D-39737, D-40896,
D-41979, D-42760, D-43170, D-43317,
D-44267, D-44799, D-47976, D-47982,
D-48791, D-48850, D-49260, D-49860,
D-50307, D-50550, D-50690, D-50744,
D-51929, D-52575, D-52578, D-52811,
D-53889, D-54881, D-55187, D-56792,
D-58339, D-58427, D-63186, D-67690,
D-71362, D-77512, D-78193, D-78954,
D-79343, D-83399, E-29774, E-37639,
E-49185, E-49433, E-72995, G-06675,
G-10333, G-12282, G-12532, G-14477,
G-18988, G-19215, G-19880, G-23763,
G-26274, G-28199, G-28754, G-29043,
G-29415, G-30183, G-30788, G-31234,
G-32152, G-32596, G-32607, G-33766,
G-34398, G-37282, G-37569, G-37791,
G-38106, G-38616, G-38721, G-38942,
G-40920, G-41706, G-44867, G-47905,
G-47906, G-48030, G-48636, G-48697,
G-49164, G-49271, G-50318, G-50371,
G-50419, G-56931, G-56933, G-57701,
G-61646, H-03116, H-08884, H-12533,
H-12554, H-17163, H-17449, H-17697,
H-18269, H-18507, H-18704, H-20573,
H-20917, H-22930, H-23188, H-23295,
H-24036, H-27030, H-27091, H-28437,
H-29597, H-30142, H-32672, H-33127,
H-35880, H-35964, H-36883, H-36994,
H-36996, H-36998, H-37480, H-38574,
H-39607, H-39627, H-39895, H-40472,
H-41362, H^tl904, H-41983, H-43226,
H-45540, H^»6198, H-46217, H-46733,
H-46997, H^I7385, H-48167, H-48193,
H-48374, H-48377, H-48556, H-48941,
H-50959, H-51109, H-51470, H-51484,
H-51754, H-52574, H-54597, H-55066,
H-56584, H-56637, H-56874, H-56885,
H-57475, H-58506, H-58507, H-58777,
H-58941, H-59327, H-70279, H-72762,
H-73518, H-77050, H-82498, H-83258,
H-84548, 1-00695, 1-46606, 1-47291,
1-52320, 1-54961, 1-58585, 1-73616,
J-30696, J-32706, J-60298, K-17375,
K-33107, K-36823, K-38197, K-44310,
K-46081, K-69550, K-80854, L-06349,
L-09677, L-17614, L-29598, L-29818,
L-31492, L-32354, L-33495, L-33722,
L-35795, L-37747, L-37943, L-38573,
L-38669, L-40889, L-41455, L-42021,
L-42874, L-46561, L-60630, L-73836,
L-80894, L-82278, L-83965, N-16400,
N-32254, N-50748, N-63463, N-65407
MEUSE VALLEY A-00375, G-18785,
G-30788, G-39219, G-40597, N-66750
MEXICO G-44867, G-49756
MICE A-00375, C-07719, G-01426,
G-03394, G-04927, G-07917, G-08031,
G-10333, G-14319, G-28041, G-30841,
G-40635, G-41036, G-44594, H-04544
MICHIGAN D-37473, D-42760, D-49860,
H-02200, L-0%77, L-17614
MICROMETEOROLOGY A-23561,
B-45468, C-36693, C-48392, D-33108,
E-14897, E-29910, H-00301, H-16567,
H-22930, H-36994, H-39466, H-42923,
H-51470
MICROORGANISMS A-00375, A-32702,
B-28502, C-22812, C-35956, C-43981,
D-19966, D-29040, F-28428, F-52013,
G-01794, G-02539, G-07098, G-30788,
G-61467, H-00137, H-00240, H-12042,
H-16617, H-17705, H-21501, H-32334,
H-33127, H-38568, H-40341, H-45214,
H-45776, H-46338, H-51526, H-56241,
H-57859, H-60559, H-62275, H-67348,
H-80575, H-84484, 1-07553, K-74109
MICROSCOPY B-13771, C-00264, C-23657,
C-23907, C-43234, F-15927, G-01047,
G-04145, H-00265, H-01664, H-07047,
H-18226, H-22284, H-56625, 1-00695,
1-08076
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE C-79843,
E-40271, E-77970
MILK A-28282, A-37190, C-18264,
G-12547, G^»7807, H-01092, H-04997,
H-09553, H-13203, H-29277, H-31208,
H-32291, H-37480, H-46997, H-48167,
H-48193, H^9316, H-61000
MINERAL PROCESSING A-02312,
A-02988, A-04068, A-05090, A-05871,
A-09541, A-09693, A-09694, A-09697,
A-12095, A-15452, A-17344, A-17377,
A-21380, A-22875, A-23865, A-26136,
A-26254, A-30296, A-30447, A-30517,
A-31144, A-31333, A-31581, A-31935,
A-32139, A-32702, A-33735, A-34018,
A-36377, A-37190, A-38657, A-39460,
A-40159, A-40344, A-42677, A-43272,
A-45858, A^t6558, A-47143, A-47188,
A-47954, A-47962, A-47965, A-48048,
A-49852, A^I9924, A-51137, A-52277,
A-52664, A-58334, A-58370, A-58402,
A-60729, A-60866, A-66977, A-68703,
A-69353, A-76152, A-76644, B-02962,
B-07190, B-09902, B-10372, B-19177,
B-19210, B-24834, B-30814, B-37164,
B-43481, B-43863, B-44793, B-44979,
B-45078, B-46050, B-51845, B-52445,
B-53603, B-53867, B-55678, B-56591,
B-61935, B-63540, B-63775, B-64428,
B-65640, C-12100, C-23683, C-26729,
C-30432, C-46443, C-49391, C-60951,
C-61896, C-68086, D-25093, D-41979,
D-42760, D-47982, D-49860, D-52811,
E-37037, G-04734, G-06485, G-06675,
G-07098, G-07344, G-07961, G-11467,
G-12532, G-24392, G-26846, G-37791,
G-73658, H-05421, H-11157, H-16567,
H-20707, H-23624, H-23874, H-27021,
H-29443, H-29597, H-32344, H-35880,
H-36998, H-38017, H-38404, H-38417,
H-39493, H-39537, H-40201, H-42601,
H-43492, H-45130, H-52651, H-65715,
J-30696, J-39910, J-48171, K-34063,
L-06939, L-09677, L-19434, L-25642,
L-37747, L-39306, L-39749, L-40461,
L-48788, N-63776
MINERAL WOOL N-66750
MINING A-02312, A-17344, A-22875,
A-26254, A-30517, A-31581, A-40159,
A-46558, A-47143, A-47188, A-47962,
A-67940, A-75089, B-44979, C-23683,
D-52811, D-78193, G-04734, G-07098,
G-07344, G-07961, G-11467, G-37791,
L-47380, L-48788
MISSILE AND SPACECRAFT LAUNCH
VEHICLES A-00640, A-19400,
A-27595, A-50242, B-42287, B-76008,
C-06279, C-06494, C-07719, C-69152,
E-02325, F-04468, G-01047, G-010%,
G-11000, G-12403, H-16617, H-46051,
H-57859
MISSOURI A-00640, C-00260, C-00626,
C-01349, C-02565, D-24736, D-52578,
F-01677, G-01096, G-04145, H-00265,
H-00266, H-01705, 1-00085, 1-00695,
L-09677
MIST ELIMINATORS B-82032, B-83198
MISTS A-04068, A-12476, A-12747,
A-15452, A-18323, A-29532, A-31529,
A-32702, A-34334, A-36045, A-40344,
A-43014, A-60283, A-75089, B-05567,
B-07190, B-07552, B-13771, B-18826,
B-23310, B-24110, B-26745, B-27282,
B-36532, B-38439, B-44979, B-45707,
B-46086, B-70840, B-75204, C-10632,
C-28671, C-35956, C-36693, C-43985,
C-48392, D-28771, G-27379, G-28199,
G-33510, G-33872, G-50916, G-73658,
H-06395, H-35964, H-67026, 1-58585,
K-36823, K-51212, K-51229, L-29818,
N-04212
MOLYBDENUM 1^0510
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-49617, A-52741, A-76638, A-81343,
C-82552, D-50307, D-69144, E-29910,
G-27379, G-47807, G-52029, G-80857,
H-04544, H-11452, H-13159, H-13474,
H-28475, H-42924, H-43226, H-43492,
H-48374, H-60760, 1-08076
MONITORING A-02312, A-02847,
A-03565, A-05040, A-05139, A-05140,
A-05587, A-05601, A-08102, A-08116,
A-08748, A-09214, A-09321, A-09332,
A-09541, A-09651, A-09690, A-09692,
A-0%93, A-0%94, A-09695, A-09696,
A-09697, A-11341, A-11541, A-11590,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
573
A-11876, A-12470, A-12474, A-12587,
A-12676, A-12740, A-12741, A-12747,
A-12749, A-12750, A-12773, A-12809,
A-12813, A-12822, A-12828, A-12884,
A-12886, A-12888, A-12889, A-12919,
A-12929, A-12931, A-12933, A-13353,
A-22875, A-30218, A-3H44, A-31529,
A-35985, A-40600, A-42751, A-45145,
A-55922, A-59921, A-60283, A-65064,
A-66977, A-67748, A-67834, A-68823,
A-69353, A-70069, A-70727, A-74586,
A-75206, A-76152, A-79043, A-81861,
A-81916, A-81917, A-81931, A-81935,
B-07664, B-24683, B-28034, B-29680,
B-37293, B-42458, B-43533, B-49031,
B-59459, B-70428, B-72139, B-75204,
B-77816, C-01593, C-02681, C-03527,
C-05078, C-05317, C-06112, C-06279,
C-06397, C-06494, C-06983, C-07710,
C-11041, C-11574, C-11678, C-11779,
C-12451, C-12593, C-14288, C-15171,
C-16109, C-16969, C-18696, C-20650,
C-21855, C-21881, C-22458, C-22877,
C-22879, C-23575, C-23767, C-23907,
C-24118, C-24279, C-24372, C-24399,
C-25223, C-25487, C-25647, C-26121,
C-26122, C-26396, C-26692, C-26713,
C-26981, C-27248, C-27294, C-27430,
C-27769, C-28102, C-28671, C-29198,
C-29426, C-29737, C-29738, C-30007,
C-30958, C-31115, C-31712, C-32534,
C-32643, C-35108, C-35737, C-35956,
C-36002, C-36125, C-36693, C-37579,
C-38280, C-38670, C-39022, C-39871,
C-40211, C-40409, C-41489, C-41624,
C-42375, C-42926, C-43570, C-43979,
C-43986, C-44238, C-44253, C-44285,
C-44689, C-45344, C-46034, C-47218,
C-48392, C-48492, C-49391, C-49509,
C-49752, C-49879, C-50337, C-50470,
C-50876, C-51762, C-52206, C-52992,
C-53876, C-53987, C-55367, C-55858,
C-56572, C-56681, C-58278, C-59513,
C-59814, C-60278, C-61103, C-63848,
C-65118, C-65846, C-66606, C-68086,
C-68944, C-69152, C-69174, C-69526,
C-69675, C-69765, C-70638, C-73127,
C-74221, C-74471, C-75058, C-79389,
C-79842, C-80935, C-81439, C-82552,
C-83442, C-83495, C-84463, D-Q1872,
D-06809, D-09658, D-10619, D-22348,
D-23845, D-26026, D-26702, D-30058,
D-31396, D-34008, D-37502, D-37994,
D-39737, D-408%, D-44267, D-44799,
D-48850, D-49118, D-60574, D-63526,
E-04987, E-59075, G-01096, G-10333,
G-29807, G-30385, G-31234, G-33510,
G-33561, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41688, G-43277, G-43896, G-52764,
G-66044, H-01250, H-03549, H-06459,
H-22789, H-28149, H-31448, H-32897,
H-36742, H-41370, H-52409, H-52994,
H-59947, 1-00695, J-39910, J-42746,
K-13173, K-26738, K-66860, K-80854,
K-81864, L-17472, L-20273, L-24481,
L-25542, L-27677, L-32354, L-33495,
L-40889, L-52026, L-57270, L-59722,
L-66700, L-73839, L-81220, L-82278,
N-50867, N-65407
MONTANA A^I8048, B-18144, H-45604,
H-51484, H-52829, H-52994, H-58507,
H-80535, K-51212
MONTHLY A-28652, A-49617, C-25816,
D-09590, D-23845, D-26026, D-27254,
D-30058, D-31396, D-33576, D-33858,
D-37502, D-39054, D-39182, D-47982,
D-48791, D-50744, E-49433, H-25499,
H-30142, H-30297, H-38417, H-45160,
H-70745, H-77325, K-19750
MORBIDITY D-47976, G-02539, G-03394,
G-05833, G-06497, G-06675, G-07344,
G-11942, G-16345, G-30841, G-36751,
G-37791, G-38616, G-39833, G-49164,
G-56933, G-57701, G-68520, G-74369,
G-84137, H-04544, H-23624, H-56240,
H-7739!, H-84477
MORTALITY A-00640, A-27595, B-0%64,
C-72017, D-31396, D-37607, G-01047,
G-03394, G-05833, G-07013, G-07961,
G-16345, G-18809, G-18988, G-24580,
G-30387, G-30841, G-33505, G-36723,
G-36751, G-37791, G-38616, G-39799,
G-39810, G-39813, G-39924, G-40597,
G-41036, G-44593, G-44594, G-44867,
G-48697, G-66044, G-74369, G-84260,
H-04544, H-23624, H-51905, H-78681,
H-84477, J-30226, N-46820
MOSSES H-76233
MOTTLING C-18230, G-03246, H-00633,
H-01250, H-01800, H-03676, H-04732,
H-04904, H-14%8, H-17822, H-21687,
H-22496, H-23188, H-30368, H-35964,
H-38407, H-39902, H-39986, H-44595,
H-54597, H-56625, H-57810
MOUNTAINS C-44177, D-31396, D-66083,
G-68520, H-29991, H-45604
MOUTH G-10203, G-45055, H-04997
MULBERRIES H-80079, H-80493,
H-82520, H-83I45, H-83182, H-83258,
H-83856, H-84080, H-84089, H-84527,
H-84541, H-84545
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
B-29680
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS A-81745,
B-78890, B-81256
MUTAGENESIS C-67116, G-25160,
G-37240, G-54968, G-57701, H-03729,
H-06681, H-16900, H-25618, H-29010
N
NASHVILLE A-00375
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK
(NASN) C-12334, D-24736, D-37473,
D-50307, D-52575, D-55I87, K-80854
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS A-01528,
A-03450, A-38657, C-45760, D-30705,
D-56792, H-12045, K-14772, K-33107,
K-47672, L-19064, L-24122, L-28349,
L-29421, L-32884, L-33495, L-38669,
L-40461, L-47380, L-48788, L-76397,
L-7696S, N-12307, N-21287
NATURAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-32576, A-39862, A-40600, A-43403,
A-49738, A-79567, A-82944, D-23862,
D-66083, E-40271, E-77970, F-20932
NATURAL GAS A-04068, A-09785,
A-40344, A-41877, A-45858, A-46925,
A-47188, A-47410, A-59775, A-69353,
B-35111, B-44793, B-60849, B-60864,
B-71796, C-22812, D-09590, G-36751,
H-08884, L-24122
NAUSEA G-16874, G-29043, G-84233
NECROSIS A-02988, A-46119, A-70727,
C-OOI26, G-48030, G-51473, G-74290,
H-00301, H-00631, H-00633, H-00979,
H-01250, H-01506, H-01557, H-01800,
H-02041, H-02049, H-02537, H-03395,
H-03571, H-03873, H-04403, H-04678,
H-04732, H-04816, H-04904, H-05398,
H-05399, H-05667, H-06404, H-07047,
H-10342, H-10673, H-13804, H-14247,
H-14678, H-14968, H-15213, H-15838,
H-16387, H-16472, H-16894, H-17109,
H-17749, H-17822, H-19147, H-19539,
H-19656, H-19949, H-20400, H-21687,
H-22084, H-22092, H-22284, H-22624,
H-23386, H-23576, H-23794, H-23852,
H-23874, H-24852, H-25273, H-25499,
H-26055, H-27303, H-27785, H-29277,
H-29616, H-30298, H-30368, H-31733,
H-32282, H-32339, H-32535, H-32536,
H-32539, H-32771, H-32854, H-34121,
H-36742, H-36994, H-38411, H-38568,
H-39183, H-39466, H-39902, H-39986,
H-41362, H-41439, H-41699, H-42958,
H-45007, H-45540, H-46051, H-46338,
H-46923, H-48403, H-50415, H-51109,
H-51271, H-51470, H-52651, H-53903,
H-54597, H-54910, H-56204, H-56240,
H-56625, H-57810, H-58941, H-59184,
H-60907, H-60913, H-60%1, H-62597,
H-63167, H-64166, H-64427, H-66714,
H-68122, H-69966, H-70487, H-70607,
H-74617, H-76451, H-76715, H-78580,
H-80493, H-83797
NEEDLES H-78058, H-78580, H-80493,
H-83082, H-84558, H-84579
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-00375, G-04983,
G-12282, G-16874, G-28041, G-32601,
G-32605, G-32606, G-33511, G-33561,
G-36411, G-36723, G-36751, G-41224,
G-41685, G-41688, G-44867, G-48068,
G-49756, G-66668, G-74823, G-84260,
H-04923, H-08884, H-41439, H-49434,
H-66715
NETHERLANDS A-64926, C-59049,
C-69526, C-69675, E-76047, E-78943,
G-44590, H-39923, H-45214, H-46338,
H-46557, H-5475S, 1-40833, 1-46606,
K-68582, L-46586
NETWORKS L-76397, L-81220
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
A-75077, C-11626, C-26952, C-28441,
C-28462, C-43979, C-53523, C-69765,
C-75339, D-33017, D-62438, E-43424,
H-60595
NEW JERSEY A-07650, H-00301,
H-01800, H-06395, H-67026, H-70984,
H-80493, J-55161, L-09677, L-44598
NEW MEXICO H-48374
NEW ORLEANS A-00375
NEW YORK CITY A-00375, 1-00695,
K-38197, L-09677, L-17614, N-04212
NEW YORK STATE A-00375, H-06395,
1-00695, K-27010, K-38197, L-06349,
L-09677, L-17614, L-44054, L-44598,
N-04212
NEW ZEALAND B-76232, H-76233
NICKEL C-09770, F-32952, H-08884,
1-00085, 1-08076, 1-40510, 1-40833,
1-46606
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-27595, A-49617, A-51100, A-52741,
A-57231, A-59257, A-74262, A-75077,
A-76638, A-80238, A-81343, A-81931,
A-82279, B-12465, B-75204, C-09560,
C-39136, C-39516, C-42928, C-50936,
C-55789, C-61957, C-75339, C-82552,
D-50307, D-76890, E-29910, G-36723,
G-39833, G-52029, G-71933, G-84137,
H-08884, H-13474, H-48374, H-51754,
H-67348, H-71078, H-77325, K-51057,
K-68224, L-29504
NITRATES A-00375, A-12557, A-23561,
A-39460, A-47143, A-48429, A-81931,
B-18536, B-45254, B-55180, B-60075,
-------
574
B-81040, B-84391, C-00126, C-04463,
C-04687, C-04689, C-04692, C-04757,
C-05892, C-22458, C-230%, C-35441,
C-38280, C-43979, C-43985, C-49752,
C-50337, C-50936, C-67116, C-80259,
D-09590, D-23845, D-30058, D-33425,
D-50307, D-50550, D-51929, D-55187,
D-58218, E-76047, F-34948, G-01728,
G-26274, G-27895, G-43277, G-52029,
G-61146, G-73658, H-00654, H-00737,
H-00979, H-01800, H-01809, H-02537,
H-03472, H-05342, H-05485, H-07255,
H-11157, H-12042, H-12045, H-12155,
H-13474, H-14%8, H-17749, H-19656,
H-19713, H-20157, H-21364, H-23516,
H-25865, H-26055, H-27303, H-28437,
H-28474, H-28475, H-30473, H-31527,
H-32714, H-33127, H-33468, H-41699,
H-41983, H-44411, H-45214, H-45345,
H-45533, H-45540, H-45557, H-45776,
H-46198, H-46262, H-48639, H-49778,
H-49779, H-50780, H-51321, H-51526,
H-52102, H-52135, H-52409, H-52928,
H-53903, H-54755, H-56655, H-63626,
H-66714, H-67026, H-67056, H-67304,
H-67348, H-67457, H-68575, H-68602,
H-70776, H-70984, H-72762, H-76451,
H-76452, H-84557, H-84651, 1-69995,
J-32706, J-43002, J-43547, J-44672,
K-07605, N-20040, N-66718
NITRATION C-66753, N-66750
NITRIC ACID A-01125, A-03129, A-17076,
A-23865, A-26254, A-30517, A-39460,
A-42680, A-49924, B-07552, B-09773,
B-32231, B-45254, B-45846, B-47680,
B-54799, B-60864, B-69131, C-04458,
C-22877, C-50337, C-79842, C-79843,
D-43317, D-50744, H-18226, H-36742,
H-39627, H-41362, H-41696, H-45022,
1-40510, 1-58585, K-37472, K-51057,
K-60180, L-29818, L-48788
NITRIC ANHYDRIDE (N2O5) A-1I916,
F-04674, 1-58585
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-00220, A-01125,
A-09785, A-15452, A-17357, A-22875,
A-23561, A-29532, A-29786, A-45145,
A-61570, A-82279, B-07549, B-15322,
B-20436, B-38504, B-42172, B-56531,
B-61741, B-64898, B-68633, C-01349,
C-05078, C-11574, C-17128, C-20030,
C-20540, C-22517, C-22877, C-26122,
C-29198, C-30840, C-32534, C-35108,
C-38280, C-39719, C-43985, C-43986,
C-44238, C-49509, C-50337, C-50936,
C-58278, C-60553, C-61692, C-65846,
C-66606, C-68944, C-75058, C-79835,
C-80259, C-80573, D-27254, D-33576,
D-36806, D-37994, D-44267, D-50307,
D-50550, D-78193, D-83399, E-76047,
E-78943, E-79132, F-16218, F-53153,
F-62189, F-81069, G-30788, G-32607,
G-50318, H-06459, H-07255, H-11407,
H-18319, H-21364, H-23516, H-31527,
H-32714, H-35964, H-45009, H-46338,
H-56204, H-71931, 1-58585, J-41121,
K-36823, K-60180, L-29818, L-40461,
L-40889, L-81220, N-20495
NITRILES B-14692, C-83592, G-72961,
K-51057
NITRITES C-22458, C-38280, C-39719,
G-04927, G-52029
NITROGEN A-18449, A-37721, A-50961,
A-59257, A-71477, B-07664, B-67742,
C-01349, C-09770, C-39719, C-50936,
C-79032, D-52578, F-04674, F-13565,
F-25636, F-81069, G-01096, G-28041,
G-79848, G-84260, H-00301, H-00979, A-12474, A-12557, A-12773, A-12889,
H-01664, H-04924, H-16399, H-23988, A-15452, A-17357, A-20134, A-22875,
H-30368, H-83721, 1-54961, L-57270, A-23561, A-23865, A-24039, A-26329,
N-63463 A-27314, A-27617, A-27930, A-28282,
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-00220, A-29519, A-29532, A-29786, A-31315,
A-01125, A-09785, A-11916, A-17357, A-31529, A-32060, A-32519, A-32702,
A-23561, A-23865, A-27314, A-29519, A-32855, A-33853, A-34018, A-36045,
A-29532, A-29786, A-31529, A-36377, A-36377, A-37721, A-39460, A-40344,
A-45145, A-47959, A-49738, A-63661, A-40401, A-40471, A-41650, A-41877,
A-67806, A-76274, A-82279, B-07549, A-42054, A-42680, A-42682, A-42685,
B-07552, B-12465, B-15322, B-16555, A-43014, A-43270, A-43272, A-44490,
B-20436, B-36532, B-42083, B-56531, A-45145, A-46925, A-47143, A-47410,
B-61741, B-64898, B-68633, B-68795, A-47954, A-47959, A-47963, A-47966,
B-75204, C-00126, C-02681, C-03527, A-48231, A-48946, A-49738, A-49924,
C-04458, C-05078, C-05914, C-06279, A-50381, A-50961, A-51100, A-51102,
C-08077, C-09770, C-09983, C-11574, A-59494, A-60281, A-60283, A-60827,
C-17128, C-20030, C-20540, C-20650, A-60866, A-61007, A-61154, A-61570,
C-22517, C-22812, C-23162, C-24970, A-63661, A-66977, A-67806, A-69309,
C-26121, C-26122, C-26707, C-27294, A-69353, A-69422, A-71262, A-71477,
C-28126, C-29198, C-30840, C-31115, A-72125, A-72133, A-74262, A-76274,
C-32534, C-35737, C-38280, C-38670, A-77367, A-77522, A-79280, A-81169,
C-39719, C-40422, C-43985, C-43986, A-81745, A-81861, A-82192, A-82279,
C-44238, C^t8392, C-48916, C-50337, B-02541, B-07549, B-07552, B-08344,
C-56572, C-58278, C-61692, C-61851, B-09773, B-12465, B-15322, B-16555,
C-61993, C-65846, C-66606, C-66753, B-19571, B-20436, B-24033, B-26911,
C-68944, C-79842, C-80259, C-80573, B-27569, B-29680, B-29725, B-32190,
D-19966, D-23392, D-26086, D-26702, B-32231, B-33554, B-35106, B-36405,
D-27254, D-30705, D-31396, D-33576, B-36532, B-36552, B-36716, B-38504,
D-34008, D-36806, D-37994, D-44267, B-41378, B-41569, B-42083, B-42172,
D-44799, D-50307, D-50550, D-50690, B-42991, B-43299, B-45707, B-45757,
D-56792, D-60574, D-63186, D-74121, B-45846, B-47086, B-47680, B-47731,
D-78193, D-83399, E-33092, E-76047, B-49023, B-50937, B-51101, B-54799,
E-78943, E-79132, F-04674, F-16218, B-56531, B-59845, B-60282, B-60849,
F-16370, F-32952, F-53153, F-78035, B-61259, B-61741, B-61935, B-63474,
G-00165, G-16345, G-16916, G-18988, B-64696, B-64898, B-65638, B-65640,
G-28139, G-41036, G-43277, G-50318, B-67700, B-68633, B-68795, B-69131,
G-68583, G-74580, G-80857, G-84260, B-71841, B-74480, B-75138, B-75204,
H-04544, H-05342, H-06404, H-06459, B-75387, B-78245, B-83613, B-84391,
H-07255, H-11407, H-12042, H-12045, C-00126, C-01349, C-02681, C-03119,
H-13474, H-14968, H-17109, H-18319, C-03527, C-04458, C-05078, C-05586,
H-21364, H-25865, H-26055, H-27303, C-05914, C-06112, C-06279, C-06338,
H-30473, H-31527, H-32714, H-35964, C-06494, C-06983, C-08077, C-09770,
H-45009, H-45533, H-45540, H-46051, C-09983, C-11574, C-12593, C-15171,
H-46262, H-46338, H-49778, H-50677, C-17128, C-20030, C-20540, C-20650,
H-52102, H-52135, H-53903, H-54755, C-22517, C-22812, C-22877, C-23162,
H-56204, H-56655, H-63626, H-65928, C-23907, C-24603, C-24970, C-26121,
H-66714, H-67304, H-70776, H-71931, C-26122, C-26707, C-26713, C-27248,
H-73510, H-75027, H-77325, H-79338, C-27294, C-28102, C-28126, C-29198,
H-82520, H-84557, 1-00695, 1-23108, C-30014, C-30840, C-31115, C-32476,
1-58585, J-32706, J-42746, J-43547, C-32534, C-35108, C-35441, C-35737,
K-07605, K-08420, K-11414, K-19750, C-35956, C-36125, C-38280, C-38670,
K-27010, K-31968, K-36823, K-41682, C-39136, C-39719, C-40422, C-41719,
K-44310, K-47672, K-58638, K-58899, C-41763, C-42926, C-42928, C-43979,
K-60180, K-60887, K-69550, K-71991, C-43985, C-43986, C-44238, C-44253,
K-72145, K-80854, L-06734, L-06754, C-44285, C-45760, C-46034, C-46303,
L-17188, L-24481, L-29504, L-29818, C-47218, C-48392, C-48916, C-49509,
L-32173, L-33495, L-40889, L-44054, C-49752, C-49879, C-49992, C-50337,
L-47380, L-76847, L-81220, N-04212, C-50936, C-51762, C-56572, C-56681,
N-20040, N-20495, N-64937 C-58278, C-59513, C-59814, C-60419,
NITROGEN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS C-60553, C-61103, C-61692, C-61851,
A-01125, A-11916, A-32060, A-39460, C-61993, C-63848, C-64779, C-65118,
A-43270, A-46925, A-71273, A-79280, C-65846, C-66606, C-68944, C-69152,
B-24683, B-29403, B-41932, B-60864, C-69174, C-70686, C-71044, C-74221,
B-79711, B-80950, B-81040, C-06279, C-74346, C-74471, C-74942, C-75058,
C-17128, C-20030, C-32534, C-36125, C-79835, C-79842, C-80103, C-80259,
C-38670, C-39136, C-39719, C-42928, C-80573, C-83495, C-84471, C-84660,
C-45802, C-61103, C-65118, C-80259, D-17102, D-18537, D-19966, D-23392,
C-83592, F-16218, F-68048, G-04927, D-25593, D-26086, D-26702, D-27254,
G-12403, G-34398, G-41706, G-52029, D-28097, D-30705, D-31371, D-31396,
G-71948, G-72961, H-00301, H-04728, D-33425, D-33576, D-34008, D-35764,
K-41682, K-51057, K-72151, L-29504, D-36806, D-37994, D-39737, D-40896,
L-57270 D-43317, D-44267, D-44799, D-48850,
NITROGEN OXIDES A-00220, A-00375, D-49860, D-50307, D-50550, D-50690,
A-01125, A-01687, A-02312, A-08882, D-56792, D-60574, D-63186, D-73286,
A-09692, A-09785, A-11341, A-11590, D-74121, D-78193, D-78442, D-78954,
A-11876, A-11877, A-11916, A-12470, D-83399, D-84625, E-29774, E-33092,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
575
E-59234, E-76047, E-78943, E-79132,
F-04674, F-16218, F-16370, F-32952,
F-4472I, F-53153, F-57580, F-5758I,
F-62189, F-68048, F-78035, F-81069,
G-00165, G-01794, G-02539, G-03394,
G-06675, G-07098, G-16345, G-16916,
G-18785, G-18988, G-19148, G-24153,
G-26274, G-27379, G-27895, G-28041,
G-28139, G-30788, G-32607, G-33510,
G-38616, G-38721, G-39494, G-41036,
G-41706, G-43277, G-43323, G-43636,
G-46085, G-48068, G-49756, G-50161,
G-50318, G-50916, G-52029, G-55517,
G-61467, G-66044, G-68583, G-71484,
G-73658, G-74290, G-74580, G-78873,
G-80857, G-84260, H-00301, H-00979,
H-01809, H-03395, H-04544, H-05342,
H-05421, H-05485, H-06404, H-06459,
H-06557, H-07255, H-08884, H-11157,
H-11407, H-12042, H-12045, H-13474,
H-14968, H-17109, H-17710, H-18319,
H-19604, H-21364, H-23295, H-23516,
H-25865, H-26055, H-26158, H-27303,
H-28474, H-30473, H-31527, H-32714,
H-32982, H-33127, H-33468, H-33716,
H-35613, H-35964, H-38574, H-40341,
H-40368, H-41362, H-41983, H-45007,
H-45009, H-45022, H-45130, H-45345,
H-45467, H-45533, H-45540, H-45776,
H-46051, H-46198, H-46262, H-46338,
H-47014, H-49644, H-49778, H-49779,
H-50677. H-50780, H-51526, H-51953,
H-52102, H-52135, H-53903, H-54755,
H-56204, H-55428, H-56655, H-59028,
H-60913, H-63626, H-65928, H-66714,
H-667I5, H-67056, H-67304, H-67348,
H-67457, H-70776, H-71931, H-73510,
H-75027, H-76233, H-76451, H-76452,
H-77325, H-78580, H-79338, H-79976,
H-82520, H-84290, H-84557, 1-00695,
1-23108, 1-46606, 1-54961, 1-58585,
J-30226, J-30696, J-32706, J-41121,
J-42746, J-43547, J-44672, J-67865,
K-07605, K-08420, K-11414, K-14772,
K-19750, K-27010, K-28466, K-31%8,
K-34063, K-36823, K-41682, K-44310,
K-46081, K-47672, K-51229, K-58638,
K-58899, K-60180, K-60887, K-68582,
K-69550, K-7I991, K-72I45, K-7215I,
K-79255, K-80854, L-06734, L-06754,
L-09677, L-17188, L-24122, L-24481,
I.-25427, L-25542, L-29504, L-29818,
L-30620, L-32173, L-32245, L-32789,
L-33495, L-35795, L-40461, L-40889,
L-41455, L-42188, L-42873, L-42874,
L-44054, L-47380, L-48719, L-50180,
L-73836, L-73839, L-76397, L-76847,
L-77234, L-81220, N-04212, N-20040,
N-20495, N-37027, N-44066, N-46820,
N-49170, N-50748, N-50867, N-63463,
N-64937, N-65407, N-66750
NITROGEN TRIOXIDE (NO3) C-32534,
C-66753, D-27254, H-00979
NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER PLANTS
B-81040
NITROMETHANE H-01809, H-l 1157
NITROUS ACID C-24970, C-61103,
H-18226
NITROUS ANHYDRIDE (N2O3) N-04212
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) A-15452,
B-36532, C-39719, C-50337, C-61103,
| C-61692, F-57580, F-57581, G-02539,
G-28041, G-84260
NON-DISPERSIVE INFRARED
SPECTROMETRY C-83495
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-00220, A-00340,
A-00640, A-01687, A-02312, A-03129,
A-03450, A-05090, A-08816, A-09785,
A-11590, A-11876, A-12631, A-12773,
A-12889, A-17357, A-17464, A-19400,
A-22875, A-23561, A-26254, A-27595,
A-31529, A-32139
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A-32139
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-32576, A-32702,
A-32855, A-34334, A-35985
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A-35985
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-36377, A-37190
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A-379%
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-37996, A-39460
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A-39587
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-39587, A-39862
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A^f0182
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-40182, A-40401,
A-40471, A-40600, A-42675, A-43403,
A-46925, A-47048, A-47143, A-47188,
A-47954, A-47959, A-48048
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A-48048
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-48231, A-48849,
A-49738, A-49924, A-50242, A-50381,
A-50938, A-50961, A-51100, A-51102,
A-51137, A-55922, A-59494, A-68912
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A-74154, A-74262
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-79567
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A-80334
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION A-82944
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) A-83543
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-02541, B-06587,
B-08344, B-09664, B-18144, B-24117,
B-24683
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-24683
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-25038
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-25038
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-25638, B-269I1
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-28320
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-28320
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-28502
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-28502, B-32231,
B-32232
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-32232
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-35111, B-36716,
B-40251
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-40251, B-41569
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-41569, B-42287,
B-43840
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-43840
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-44716
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-47677
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-47677
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-47680
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-47680, B-47731
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-47731
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-47821
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-47821
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-49023
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-49023
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-49031
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-49031
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-49929, B-50154,
B-50937, B-5110I, B-51845
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-51845
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-55180, B-56057
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-56057
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION B-58879, B-59845
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) B-79657
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION C-06279, C-06494,
C-07719, C-23518
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) C-23518
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION C-23683, C-35956,
C-36002
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) C-36002, C-38280
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION C-38670
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) C-38670, C-44710
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION C-44710, C-47193
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) C-47193
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION C-50936
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) C-50936
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION C-58278
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) C-58278
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION D-09590, D-23862,
D-25593, D-26086, D-26702
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) D-30058
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION D-30058, D-31371
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) D-31371
-------
576
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION D-33108
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) D-33108
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION D-33309, D-34008,
D-35764, D-37502, D-37994, D-41979
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) D-41979, D-44267
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION D-44267, D-49860,
D-56465
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) D-56465
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION D-56792, D-66083,
E-02325, E-40271
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) E-77970
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION E-77970, F-04468,
F-20932, G-01047, G-01096, G-01794,
G-05833, G-06497, G-07098, G-10842,
G-11000, G-12403, G-30788, G-31234,
G-31319
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) G-32152
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION G-32152, G-32601
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) G-32601
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION G-38721, G-39494
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) G-39494
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION G-43323
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) G-43323, G-46085
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION G-46085
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) G-52557
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION G-52557, H-00137,
H-00301, H-01398, H-08884, H-09553,
H-16617, H-21062, H-21I89, H-22092,
H-23624, H-23661, H-23988, H-24282,
H-24366, H-25366, H-25499
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) H-32291
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION H-32291, H-32536,
H-32539
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) H-32673
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION H-32673
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) H-32736
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION H-32736
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) H-33290
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION H-33290, H-33606,
H-35992
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) H-35992
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION H-36998, H-37403
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) H-37403, H-37567
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION H-37567, H-37792,
H-38568, H-39190
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) H-39923
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION H-39923, H-40460,
H-43226, H-46051, H-50415, H-57859
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) H-71098
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION 1-07553, 1-23108
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) 1-23108, 1-39031
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION 1-39031, 1-56143,
J-30696, K-10168, K-37472
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) K-37472, K-74109
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION L-09677, L-19434,
L-25427, L-27677
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) L-27677, L-28349
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION L-28349
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) L-2942I
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION L-29421, L-32173,
L-32245, L-32272, L-32354, L-32884,
L-37747, L-37943
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) L-43007, L-48788
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION L-48788
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) L-73836, L-77234
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(STATION L-80894, N-04212,
N-12307, N-16400, N-21287, N-32254,
N-46820
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
(NEC) N-63463
NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONS
N-66750
NON-METROPOLITAN AREAS A-11453,
A-22973, B-26911, C-119I5, C-12334,
C-18344, C-14174, C-60410, D-17986,
D-19966, D-24736, D-31396, D-33080,
D-34008, D-37607, D-50307, D-52811,
D-55187, G-14477, G-19215, G-19880,
G-23763, G-26846, G-28754, G-30183,
G-38942, G-56931, G-68520, G-84266,
H-00737, H-10711, H-17163, H-19604,
H-20157, H-20573, H-20707, H-20708,
H-24282, H-26795, H-27030, H-30142,
H-32672, H-36994, H-37567, H-40599,
H-42601, H-43226, H-50959, H-51754,
H-55066, H-60760, H-65103, H-66983,
H-68394, H-70279, H-73518, H-74588,
H-80064, 1-54961, J-32706, J-60298,
J-67865, K-69550, L-06349, L-24010,
L-25642, L-33495, N-12307, N-16400
NORTH CAROLINA H-52651
NORWAY A-49886, A-55407, B-49477,
B-52179, B-71297, C-44083, C-49476,
C-52206, G-84233, H-38412, H-52705,
H-80189, J-48171, L-38573, L-44598,
L-46586
NOSE C-36771, G-06288, G-10203,
G-23003, G-33509, G-33511, G-41684,
G-83177
NOX CONTROL B-81256
NUCLEAR POWER A-59921, B-24683,
C-57079, E-59234
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS A-17464,
A-17883, A-32139, A-47410, A-47966,
A-81931, B-12127, B-24683, B-26911,
D-56464, F-13998, H-23624, L-19434,
L-57270
NUCLEAR REACTIONS E-40271
NUCLEATION A-08882, A-32060,
B-29114, H-46338
NUCLEIC ACIDS H-04728, H-06413,
H-06681, H-13247, H-16900, H-21498,
H-25618
NYLON B-59230, D-09590, 1-07553,
1-40510
o
OAK TREES H-80067, H-80493
OATS B-02541, G-01728, H-00654,
H-01800, H-05744, H-11466, H-16222,
H-22624, H-32854, H-45776, H-71931,
H-81495, K-07605
OCEANS A-37996, A-83543, D-09658,
D-33017, D-62438, E-30126, E-43424,
F-44721, G-67325, H-16150, H-28149
ODOR CONTROL A-32855, A-48231,
A-54622, B-14692, B-26908, B-26911,
B-35111, B-45707, B-51845, B-60864,
L-39306
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-32855,
A-48231, A-54622, B-14692, B-26908,
B-269H, B-35111, B-45707, B-51845,
B-60864, L-39306
ODORIMETRY A-32855, C-35956,
C-36771, C-49879, C-66753, D-31371,
G-33509, K-31968
ODOROUS POLLUTANTS A-32060,
A-40344, A-79280, F-52013, L-80894
ODORS A-01528, A-02312, A-02988,
A-09785, A-09799, A-11916, A-17344,
A-17464, A-17471, A-26254, A-27314,
A-27930, A-30447, A-30517, A-31283,
A-31935, A-39460, A-40180, A-40182,
A-41650, A-42683, A-42751, A-45858,
A-49924, A-53955, A-55212, A-55407,
A-58939, A-59775, A-60728, A-60827,
A-66977, A-71477, A-81169, B-04368,
B-07815, B-10372, B-21795, B-28786,
B-32627, B-32712, B-36532, B-37603,
B-40414, B-45078, B-47125, B-47256,
B-48811, B-48814, B-49023, B-50435,
B-51755, B-52094, B-52838, B-52852,
B-53603, B-53620, B-54310, B-55524,
B-56057, B-59459, B-60206, B-61273,
B-66592, B-70428, B-70658, B-70659,
B-81645, C-13056, C-29220, C-40409,
C-43570, C-66753, D-06809, D-25093,
D-33108, D-33858, D-39737, D-48791,
D-49860, D-53889, D-56464, D-66083,
E-49433, E-59075, G-04145, G-07098,
G-11467, G-12547, G-12550, G-15040,
G-15555, G-25469, G-28139, G-29415,
G-30183, G-32607, G-38106, G-40527,
G-44362, G-44597, G-47906, G-49271,
G-50371, G-50414, G-56931, G-56933,
G-62177, G-62596, G-64484, H-08884,
H-10342, H-11650, H-12529, H-12538,
H-12552, H-12553, H-12554, H-18270,
H-18272, H-21422, H-27030, H-29277,
H-32282, H-32291, H-32339, H-44428,
H-46217, H-46719, H-49561, H-50415,
H-50959, H-52829, H-52994, H-53025,
H-58777, H-58941, H-60690, H-61000,
H-65715, 1-23108, 1-39031, J-29923,
J-30696, J-39910, J-48171, K-10168,
K-51212, K-58899, L-06754, L-24010,
L-37747, L^M)461, N-66750
OHIO D-09590, D-23845, D-24736,
D-39737, D-52578, D-56463, D-63526,
G-28199, L-09677, L-44598
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
577
OIL BURNERS A-45858, B-38476
OKLAHOMA G-44590, K-37472
OLEFINS A-03129, A-09785, A-18449,
A-39460, A-44566, A-48572, B-02541,
B-26911, B-28502, B-59230, B-62165,
C-17128, C-27769, C-38670, C-39719,
C-50337, C-67116, E-29774, E-43855,
E-76047, F-02337, F-03062, F-25636,
F-59528, G-26274, G-28041, G-45683,
G-48068, G-72961, G-79848, G-84260,
H-00737, H-01809, H-02537, H-03395,
H-03472, H-03611, H-03612, H-03613,
H-03616, H-03629, H-03766, H-04544,
H-04984, H-05342, H-05421, H-05485,
H-05724, H-08884, H-11100, H-12042,
H-12045, H-12155, H-13474, H-17710,
H-17749, H-17779, H-20157, H-20158,
H-21364, H-22789, H-25865, H-26055,
H-26158, H-26861, H-30473, H-33127,
H-40202, H-41699, H-41983, H-42923,
H-45130, H-45214, H-45540, H-46262,
H-46338, H-48413, H-49779, H-50780,
H-52102, H-52409, H-52698, H-52928.
H-54755, H-56655, H-60907, H-65928,
H-67026, H-67056, H-67304, H-67348,
H-67457, H-70984, H-78580, H-84651,
J-32706, J-55161, K-03582, K-07605,
K-47672, K-51057, K-71991, L-44054,
N-63463
OLFACTION C-66753
ONIONS H-84553
OPEN BURNING A-01687, A-40344,
A-47143, B-26911, B-44979, C-23683,
C-35956, D-09590, D-26702, H-01398,
H-21189, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
N-12307
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-00375,
A-01528, A-26254, A-41877, A-42682,
A-45858, A-47%2, A-49617, A-60866,
B-05567, B-06587, B-23182, B-25433,
B-29680, B-32627, D-39737, L-09677,
L-38573
OPERATING COSTS B-77475, J-7&213
OPERATING CRITERIA A-02847,
A-03S65, A-05040, A-05139, A-05140,
A-05587, A-08102, A-08116, A-08748,
A-09651, A-09690, A-09692, A-09693,
A-09694, A-09695, A-09696, A-09697,
A-11341, A-11590, A-11876, A-11877,
A-12470, A-12474, A-12587, A-12676,
A-12692, A-12740, A-12741, A 12747,
A-12750, A-12809, A-12813, A-12822,
A-12828, A-12884, A-12886, A-12888,
A-12889, A-12919, A-12929, A-12931,
A-12933, A-41877, A-44490, A-59921,
A-67748, A-67834, A-75206, A-76152,
A-76190, A-81861, B-25638, C-48492,
C-49509, C-49992, G-71324, K-71991,
L-09677, L-32884, L-33722, L-59722,
L-77817
OPERATING VARIABLES A-05871,
A-18656, A-21380, A-33853, A-35985,
A-37752, A-39635, A-40180, A-40344,
A-42751, A-43014, A-48429, A-61007,
A-61183, A-61800, A-67834, A-68823,
A-75089, A-75206, A-76152, A-76190,
A-77993, B-10618, B-18830, B-20857,
B-22484, B-26279, B-26317, B-26745,
B-26911, B-28034, B-31567, B-31889,
B-33554, B-35448, B-37544, B-38188,
B-38874, B-40712, B-40892, B-43533,
B-45380, B-45544, B-45757, B-47186,
B-47463, B-47466, B-47677, B-48480,
B-48814, B-49420, B-49929, B-51101,
B-52852, B-53603, B-72656, B-75387,
B-76008, B-76232, C-20030, C-21806,
C-23654, C-24022, C-24050, C-24399,
C-26729, C-35956, C-37515, C-38741,
C-41064, C-41491, C-43979, C-43985,
C-43986, C-48674, C-50337, C-51599,
C-52629, C-74234, C-82650, D-24801,
F-39861, G-27895, H-20157, K-51212
OPINION SURVEYS M-68522
OPTICAL METHODS B-13771, C-00264,
C-23657, C-23907, C-43234, C-79835,
F-15927, G-01047, G-04145, H-00265,
H-01664, H-07047, H-18226, H-22284,
H-56625, 1-00695, 1-08076
ORANGES H-82146
ORCHARDS A-02312, E-70747, G-01674,
H-00187, H-00265, H-00301, H-10342,
H-15604, H-16385, H-24024. H-28446,
H-28476, H-32339, H-32539, H-32771,
H-39537, H-42958, H-44345, H-53370,
H-60907, H-73518, L-32173, L-32245,
L-32272
OREGON A-05601, H-00301, H-22084,
H-22092, H-26718, L-09677, L-44598,
L-66700
ORGANIC ACIDS A-02312, A-09785,
A-22875, A-30517, A-31529, A-32855,
A-34018, A-36377, A-37190, A-42680,
A-43270, A-48116, A-48572, A-50938,
A-51100, A-71262, B-26745, B-38504,
B-45846, B-49023, B-52852, B-60864,
B-73031, B-79711, C-00264, C-03478,
C-J7128, C-20701, C-21881, C-24018,
C-24331, C-25441, C-26122, C-26485,
C-29771, C-32476, C-35737, C-35956,
C-36125, C-39719, C-42928, C-43985,
C-43986, C-44253, C-46303, C-59513,
C-67116, D-31371, D-35764, F-28428,
G-01338, G-10362, G-26274, G-41036,
G-48068, G-71536, G-71948, G-80197,
G-84260, H-04728, H-05398, H-10150,
H-12032, H-28427, H-28474, H-36742,
H-40202, H-42907, H-52928, H-59198,
H-67457, 1-23108, 1-40510, 1-65935,
K-41682, L-17188, L-29504, L-82278
ORGANIC DISEASES G-48068
ORGANIC WASTES A-71262, C-36002,
H-40460, K-78880, L-37747
ORGANOMETALLICS A-37721, A-75077,
C-04463, C-24310, C-45802, C-61692,
C-61957
ORSAT ANALYSIS A-09651, A-0%96,
A-09697, A-12587, A-12773, A-12889,
C-35956, C-46034, C-59513
OSAKA D-61140, K-74109
OVERFIRE AIR B 59230
OXIDANI'S A-00220, A-02312, A-08882,
A-09785, A-34018, A-36377, A-39460,
A-71273, A-76274, B-2%80, C-01349,
C-03527, C-04405, C-05892, C-24118,
C-25223, C-27248, C-27294, C-28102,
C-30840, C-32476, C-32534, C-39022,
C-41763, C-42926, C-43985, C-43986,
C-46034, C-47218, C-48916, C-51762,
C-58278, C-61692, C-61851, C-61993,
C-65118, C-65846, C-66606, C-66753,
C-67116, C-69174, C-74346, C-74471,
C-83495, C-84660, D-09590, D-26086,
D-26702, D-28097, D-33425, D-33576,
D-34008, D^»8850, D-49860, D-50307,
D-56792, D-73835, D-78954, D-84625,
E-04987, E-05054, F-55415, G-03394,
G-05833, G-27379, G-38616, G^»3636,
G-49756, G-61467, G-73658, G-74580,
G-80857, H-01250, H-01398, H-01800,
H-01809, H-02379, H-02537, H-03395,
H-03611, H-03612, H-03613, H-03616,
H-05342, H-05560, H-06459, H-08884,
H-11157, H-11407, H-16617, H-17779,
H-21093, H-22789, H-23516, H-26158,
H-26861, H-27303, H-33716, H-35964,
H-41189, H-41699, H-42923, H-45130,
H-45533, H-46262, H-49778, H-49779,
H-51321, H-51526, H-53903, H-54297,
H-56885, H-61834, H-65928, H-67056,
H-67304, H-69800, H-73518, H-74624,
H-76233, H-76452, H-76715, H-78580,
H-79976, 1-00695, 1-54961, 1-58585,
j_44672, J-55161, J-60298, J-67865,
K-07605, K-08420, K-14772, K-19750,
K-27010, K-31968, K-37472, K-47672,
K-51212, K-51229, K-58899, K-66916,
K-69550, K-72145, K-80854, L-06349,
L-06734, L-33495, L-42188, L-42874,
L-47380, L-50180, L-73839, L-76847,
N-12307, N-44066, N-50748, N-66750
OXIDATION A-00640, A-08486, A-44566,
B-49031, C-00126, C-09770, C-80573,
E-33579, G-04145, G-08030, H-06459,
H-07046, H-07047, H-07255
OXYGEN A-09214, A-09321, A-09332,
A-0%97, A-11541, A-11590, A-12587,
A-12773, A-12889, A-22875, A-65064,
B-29680, B-42172, B-79711, C-22458,
C-24008, C-27341, C-39719, C-60553,
C-66753, C-80259, D-52578, E-05054,
E-29774, E-33579, F-13565, F-39861,
F-78035, G-01047, G-18785, G-23711,
G-24153, G-79848, G-84236, H-03570,
H-03571, H-03572, H-06459, H-11100,
H-27303, H-35964, H-69966. 1-07553,
N-66750
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION D-31371,
H-03570, H-03571, H-17970
OXYGEN LANCING B-07664, J-29923
OZONE A-00375, A-08882, A-09785,
A-12557, A-15452, A-23561, A-24039,
A-27314, A-27930, A-36045, A-39460,
A-47143, A-60827, A-71262, A-71477,
A-81169, A-82279, B-02541, B-04853,
B-19571, B-84391, C-00126, C-01349,
C-02681, C-05892, C-06112, C-06352,
C-06983, C-15171, C-20030, C-20540,
C-20595, C-22812, C-23683, C-23907,
C-24118, C-24603, C-25223, C-26122,
C-27044, C-27248, C-28126, C-29198,
C-29771, C-30840, C-32476, C-35441,
C-39022, C-39719, C-42926, C-42928,
C-43672, C-43979, C-43981, C-43986,
C-44285, C-48916, C-49879, C-50337,
C-56681, C-61692, C-65118, C-65846,
C-66606, C-66753, C-67116, C-68944,
C-70686, C-79842, C-80103, C-80259,
C-84660, D-09590, D-32679, D-33425,
D-34008, D-56792, E-29774, E-33579,
E-72995, E-76047, E-79I32, F-78035,
G-00165, G-01728, G-01794, G-02539,
G-03394, G-05833, G-07098, G-16916,
G-19148, G-27379, G-30788, G-34398,
G-43277, G-43323, G-49756, G-68583,
G-73658, G-79848, G-84260, H-00654,
H-00737, H-01398, H-01800, H-01809,
H-02379, H-02537, H-03395, H-03611,
H-03613, H-03616, H-03629, H-03766,
H-04544, H-05342, H-05421, H-05485,
H-05724, H-06459, H-06557, H-07255,
H-08884, H-11157, H-11407, H-12042,
H-12045, H-12155, H-13474, H-14968,
H-16894, H-17749, H-17779, H-18507,
H-19656, H-19713, H-20157, H-21364,
H-22789, H-23295, H-23516, H-24533,
H-25769, H-25865, H-26055, H-26861,
H-27303, H-28437, H-28475, H-30473,
H-31527, H-32714, H-33127, H-33468,
H-35877, H-40341, H-41189, H-41699,
-------
578
H-41983, H-43622, H-44411, H-45009,
H-45214, H-45345, H-45533, H-45540,
H-45557, H-45776, H-46198, H-46262,
H-46338, H-48639, H-49644, H-49647,
H-49778, H-49779, H-50157, H-50677,
H-50780, H-51321, H-51526, H-52102,
H-52135, H-52409, H-52698, H-52928,
H-53903, H-54755, H-56204, H-56655,
H-57810, H-59028, H-62275, H-63626,
H-65928, H-66714, H-67026, H-67056,
H-67304, H-67348, H-67457, H-68575,
H-68602, H-70776, H-70984, H-71931,
H-72762, H-73510, H-76233, H-76451,
H-76452, H-76715, H-77325, H-77329,
H-78580, H-79338, H-80575, H-82520,
H-84557, H-84651, 1-00695, 1-07553,
1-27060, 1-46606, 1-58585, J-32706,
J-43002, J-43547, J-44672, K-07605,
K-11414, K-36823, K-51057, K-58638,
K-60180, K-71991, L-25542, L-29818,
L-32245, L-33495, L-40889, L-44054,
L-47380, L-50180, N-04212, N-20040,
N-44066, N-49170, N-66750
PACKED TOWERS A-05090, A-09332,
A-09799, B-06587, B-08344, B-22040,
B-22484, B-24033, B-24110, B-24355,
B-26317, B-26745, B-28320, B-28783,
B-30276, B-31889, B-32461, B-35448,
B-36532, B-37914, B-38504, B-42287,
B-43299, B-45078, B-47054, B-47086,
B-48879, B-49420, B-49929, B-52838,
B-52852, B-60075, B-80356, G-40527,
L-24481, L-33722
PAINTS G-18988, 1-07553, 1-24308,
1-27060, 1^(0833
PAINTS AND ALLIED PRODUCTION
A-40344, A-45858, A-47963
PAPER B-61954
PAPER AND ALLIED MANUFACTURING
A-03129, A-20134, A-26254, A-30517,
A-36377, A-39460, A-40159, A-40344,
A-45858, A-46558, A-47963, B-33918,
B-44979, B-45544, B-45707, B-47731,
C-35956, D-09658, D-33108, D-70500,
G-74369, H-39537, J-48171, K-51212,
L-20273, L-29421, L-37747, L-47380
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY C-01313,
C-39288, H-12032, H-21498, 1-07553,
1-24308, 1-27060
PAPER MILLS A-03129, A-20134,
A-30517, A-39460, A-40159, A-45858,
A-47963, B-33918, B-45707, C-35956,
D-70500, G-74369, H-39537, J-48171,
L-29421, L-37747, L-47380
PARIS A-11453, G-30788, N-64545
PARTICLE COUNTING C-22877,
C-43234, C-47218, C-48916, C-52206,
C-61957
PARTICLE GROWTH A-09799, A-28038,
B-33971, B-38188, B-47341, B-71841,
F-15927
PARTICLE INVESTIGATION METHODS
A-11877, A-31529, A-33853, A-40471,
A-42731, A-43816, B-22913, B-22943,
B-26745, B-29680, B-37914, B-47466,
C-00126, C-00626, C-00636, C-00941,
C-01313, C-01593, C-02042, C-02681,
C-03550, C-04038, C-05439, C-06962,
C-07710, C-07871, C-11404, C-11574,
C-11779, C-12334, C-22517, C-22812,
C-22877, C-23096, C-23657, C-24603,
C-25180, C-25487, C-26707, C-28285,
C-28738, C-29426, C-29771, C-30300,
C-30432, C-30958, C-32476, C-32534,
C-34125, C-34126, C-35956, C-37579,
C-39022, C-39719, C-40409, C-41624,
C-42926, C-43234, C-43979, C-43985,
C-43986, C-44083, C-44238, C-44881,
C-47218, C-48674, C-48916, C-49992,
C-52206, C-56244, C-60951, C-61957,
C-64090, C-68086, C-71244, C-71245,
C-74234, C-76212, C-82273, D-19966,
D-28771, D-30058, D-33858, D-39182,
D-52578, D-58427, D-66083, E-04987,
F-34948, G-06485, G-08031, H-00631,
H-18319, H-24362, H-30142, K-08420,
L-24481, N-64545
PARTICLE SEPARATION A-11877,
A-31529, A-40471, A-43816, B-22913,
B-22943, B-26745, B-29680, B-37914,
C-00126, C-00626, C-00636, C-00941,
C-01313, C-01593, C-02042, C-02681,
C-03550, C-04038, C-05439, C-06962,
C-07710, C-07871, C-11404, C-11574,
C-11779, C-12334, C-22517, C-22812,
C-22877, C-23096, C-23657, C-24603,
C-25180, C-25487, C-26707, C-28285,
C-28738, C-29426, C-29771, C-30300,
C-30432, C-30958, C-32476, C-34125,
C-34126, C-35956, C-37579, C-39022,
C-40409, C-41624, C-42926, C-43986,
C-44083, C-M238, C-44881, C-47218,
C-48674, C^»8916, C-49992, C-56244,
C-60951, C-61957, C-64090, C-68086,
C-71244, C-71245, C-74234, C-76212,
C-82273, D-19966, D-28771, D-30058,
D-33858, D-39182, D-52578, D-58427,
D-66083, F-34948, G-06485, G-08031,
H-00631, H-18319, H-24362, H-30142,
L-24481, N-64545
PARTICLE SHAPE A-27617, G-04145
PARTICLE SIZE A-06371, A-09799,
A-22875, A-23561, A-27617, A-32702,
A-42731, A-44566, A-44605, A-47954,
A-64926, A-76122, B-07552, B-13771,
B-22943, B-24110, B-27282, B-29403,
B-32627, B-33971, B-38439, B-46050,
B-59459, B-77838, B-78245, B-81645,
C-03527, C-07871, C-22517, C-23096,
C-27248, C-30300, C-30432, C-35956,
C-43234, C-44881, C-52206, C-69152,
C-81357, C-81439, D-21419, D-28771,
D-58218, D-71348, F-15927, G-04734,
G-11000, G-28199, G-28429, K-31968,
N-04212, N-17260, N-46820
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
A-76152, A-82353
PARTICULATE CLASSIFICATION
METHODS A-01528, A-02312,
A-03129, A-06371, A-09785, A-09799,
A-11876, A-20134, A-22875, A-22973,
A-23561, A-26254, A-27617, A-30218,
A-32702, A-32855, A-34018, A-37190,
A-37562, A-37996, A-40180, A-41650,
A-41877, A-42680, A-42731, A-42751,
A-44490, A-44566, A-44605, A-47143,
A-47954, A-48231, A-48946, A-52508,
A-54622, A-66977, A-67940, A-71262,
A-71273, B-07552, B-13771, B-14692,
B-22943, B-24110, B-25638, B-26908,
B-26911, B-27282, B-29403, B-32627,
B-33971, B-38439, B-42104, B-45544,
B-46050, B^17680, B-51845, B-59459,
C-03527, C-06112, C-07871, C-16109,
C-22517, C-23096, C-27248, C-30014,
C-30300, C-30432, C-35956, C-36771,
C-41719, C ^12928, C-43234, C-44881,
C-46034, C-48492, C-49879, C-52206,
C-52992, C-59814, C-61692, C-69152,
C-69174, C-74346, D-09590, D-23845,
D-28771, D-31371, D-33108, D-35764,
D-41979, D-49860, D-56792, D-58218,
D-78442, F-15927, G-04145, G-04734,
G-11000, G-12282, G-28199, G-28429,
G-33509, G-33511, G-41224, G-41688,
G-49223, H-19656, H-43226, H-70776,
J-41121, J-42746, J-48171, K-03582,
K-31968, K-37472, K-66916, K-72151,
L-06349, L-09677, L-17188, L-24122,
L-27677, L-32354, L-37747, L-37943,
L-39306, L-42810, L-42873, L-42874,
L-50180, L-52026, L-61705, L-73836,
N-04212, N-16400, N-17260, N-20495,
N-32254, N-46820
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-02312,
A-03565, A-06371, A-08748, A-09695,
A-11341, A-11590, A-11876, A-11877,
A-12470, A-12474, A-12587, A-12676,
A-12692, A-12740, A-12773, A-12889,
A-65064, B-41418, C-03119, C-03527,
C-03550, C-04038, C-05317, C-06112,
C-07871, C-11574, C-11779, C-22877,
C-23546, C-23657, C-27044, C-28738,
C-29738, C-30958, C-33711, C-35956,
C-38741, C-39288, C-40409, C-42926,
C-43234, C-44083, C-44552, C-48674,
C-49476, C-49752, C-50876, C-55125,
C-59049, C-60278, C-60951, C-61957,
C-68086, C-70686, C-71244, C-71245,
C-72015, C-74234, C-76212, C-81439,
C-82552, C-84214, D-09590, D-32679,
D-33017, D-43317, D-58218, D-66083,
E-04987, G-06485, H-20708, K-08420,
L-24481
PASSIVE SMOKING N-66750
PATHOLOGICAL INCINERATORS
K-78880
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
F-07714, G-01047, G-01426, G-04849,
G-07917, G-08031, G-11000, G-12555,
G-18809, G-27895, G-30788, G-30841,
G-32601, G-32605, G-33511, G-33561,
G-36751, G-39799, G-39813, G-39924,
G-39931, G-40635, G-41224, G-56538,
G-57024, G-59073, H-01092, H-03860,
H-04917, H-04918, H-05004, H-06681,
H-07047, H-08884, H-12540, H-12554,
H-20690, H-25945, H-26734, H-39627,
H-40341, H-49434, H-56625, H-76901
PEARS H-82435, H-83849
PEAS H-81495
PENELEC PROCESS A-43014, A-60728,
B-18826, B-26908, B-69965, C-61103
PENNSYLVANIA A-00375, A-32060,
D-24736, D-52578, G-18785, G-24580,
G-28199, G-30788, H-00301, K-08420,
K-19750, L-06734, L-09677, L-17614,
L-44598, N-04212, N-28923
PENTANES C-06494
PEPPERS H-81495
PERCHLORIC ACID C-24114, C-44177,
G-26873
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS A-01687,
A-03129, A-29519, A-340%, A-36377,
A-37190, A-38657, A-41650, A-42683,
A-47963, A-68823, A-70069, A-70727,
B-19212, B-25638, B-40414, B-47054,
B-49031, B-53875, B-55678, B-56057,
B-65640, B-78814, B-81256, C-35108,
C-36800, C-41719, D-25593, D-28188,
D-41979, D^(2760, G-44597, G-47807,
G-71484, G-71617, H-44295, H-69162,
J-30696, K-14772, K-33107, K-34063,
K-36823, K-37472, K-38197, K-42039,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
579
K-44310, K-44377, K-46081, K-47672,
K-51212, K-51229, K-58899, K-60180,
K-66860, K-66916, K-68582, K-71991,
K-72151, K-74109, K-78880, K-79255,
K-80854, K-81864, K-84395, L-06938,
L-06939, L-0%77, L-19064, L-19434,
L-20273, L-28349, L-29421, L-31492,
L-32173, L-32245, L-32272, L-32884,
L-33722, L-35795, L-37747, L-38669,
L-39306, L-42021, L-42188, L-42873,
L-44054, L-46586, L-47380, L-48719,
L-48788, L-50180, L-66700, L-73839,
L-77817, L-81399, N-50748, N-64545
PERMEABILITY B-26745, C-11691,
G-80197, H-19949, H-45022
PERMITS L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-37747, L-38669, L-40461, L-67888
PEROXIDES A-11453, C-04692, C-24310,
C-24359, C-42928, C-67116, G-68583,
H-04544, 1-46606
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE A-12557,
A-23561, B-84391, C-05892, C-50337,
C-67116, D-09590, D-33425, E-76047,
G-01728, G-26274, G-43277, G-61146,
H-00654, H-02537, H-03472, H-05342,
H-05485, H-12042, H-12045, H-13474,
H-14968, H-1%56, H-19713, H-20157,
H-21364, H-25865, H-26055, H-27303,
H-28437, H-28474, H-28475, H-30473,
H-31527, H-32714, H-33127, H-41699,
H-41983, H-44411, H-45214, H-45533,
H-45540, H-45557, H-46262, H-48639,
H-50780, H-51321, H-51526, H-52102,
H-52135, H-52409, H-52928, H-53903,
H-54755, H-63626, H-66714, H-67026,
H-67056, H-67304, H-67348, H-67457,
H-68575, H-68602, H-70776, H-72762,
H-76451, H-76452, H-84557, J-32706,
J-43002, J-44672, N-66718, N-66750
PEROXYACYL NITRATES A-00375,
A-12557, A-23561, A-47143, B-84391,
C-00126, C-05892, C-35441, C-50337,
C-66753, C-67116, D-09590, D-33425,
E-76047, G-01728, G-26274, G-43277,
G-61146, H-00654, H-00737, H-01800,
H-01809, H-02537, H-03472, H-05342,
H-05485, H-07255, H-11157, H-12042,
H-12045, H-12155, H-13474, H-14968,
H-17749, H-19656, H-19713, H-20157,
H-21364, H-23516, H-25865, H-26055,
H-27303, H-28437, H-28474, H-28475,
H-30473, H-31527, H-32714, H-33127,
H-33468, H-41699, H-41983, H-44411,
H-452I4, H-45345, H-45533, H-45540,
H-45557, H-45776, H-46198, H-46262,
H-48639, H-49778, H-49779, H-50780,
H-51321, H-51526, H-52102, H-52135,
H-52409, H-52928, H-53903, H-54755,
H-56655, H-63626, H-66714, H-67026,
H-67056, H-67304, H-67348, H-67457,
H-68575, H-68602, H-70776, H-70984,
H-72762, H-76451, H-76452, H-84557,
H-84651, J-32706, J-43002, J-43547,
J-44672, K-07605, N-20040, N-66718
PEROXYBUTYL NITRATE N-66750
PERSONNEL B-37603, B-51845, C-36002,
C-46034, C-84463, D-26702, D-29040,
G-30183, G-32152, L-06754, L-24122,
L-24481, L-39749, L-52026, L-59722,
N-37027
PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS L-60630
PEST CONTROL (BUILDINGS) N-12307
PESTICIDES A-23561, A-42680, A-44566,
A-45145, A-47959, A-71262, A-71273,
B-26911, B-45707, B-51845, B-60864,
C-26203, C-27248, C-52629, C-61692,
C-67116, G-24392, G-26274, G-39497,
G-43277, G-57701, G-61467, H-04544,
H-08884, H-17710, H-24282, H-39782,
H-49647, H-56637, H-56788, H-83145,
K-69550, L-48788, N-66750
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
A-43014, B-24033, B-67700
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY A-09785, A-13699,
A-23865, A-24370, A-25305, A-29786,
A-39460, A^t0159, A-40344, A-42675,
A-45858, A-47143, A-47963, A-49924,
B-26908, B^t4979, B-45707, B-49031,
D-31371, D-37994, D-40896, D-49860,
G-36751, G-44867, G-68583, H-40472,
H-45130, 1-07553, J-48171, K-58899,
L-39749, L ^13007, L-47380
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION A-40344,
A-47143, L-25427, L-32173, L-32245
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-02312,
A-30517, A^»0159, A-46558, A-47143,
L-47380
PETROLEUM REFINING A-09785,
A-13699, A-23865, A-24370, A-25305,
A-29786, A-39460, A-40159, A-40344,
A-42675, A-45858, A-47143, A-47963,
A-49924, B-26908, B-44979, B-45707,
B-49031, D-31371, D-37994, D-40896,
D-49860, G-36751, G-44867, G-68583,
H-40472, H-45130, 1-07553, J-48171,
K-58899, L-39749, I.-43007, L-47380
PETUNIA D-09590, H-01800, H-02537,
H-12042, H-21364
PH A-00640, A-31315, A-72133, A-74154,
B-17463, B-24834, B-36475, B-37164,
B-38445, B-40712, B-41418, B-47086,
B-47463, B-56057, C-00260, C-08077,
C-18283, C-23654, C-24124, C-24331,
C-24546, C-26485, C-27331, C-28374,
C-37463, C-37515, C-41491, C-45802,
C-48315, C-53625, C-64912, C-68944,
C-80573, D-2I4I9, D-30058, D-39054,
D-44799, F-34948, G-24392, G-32152,
G-74380, H-01705, H-15404, H-16399,
H-16567, H-16673, H-28149, H-29736,
H-36998, H-3740"", H-38412, H-39098,
H-39183, H^)2086, H-42954, H-42958,
H-45160, H^»5467, H-64824, H-82498,
1-40833, L-25542
PHENOLS A-32855, A-37190, A-39460,
A-48116, A-52664, A-66977, A-79280,
B-14692, B-62165, B-75204, C-09983,
C-20030, C-311I5, C-38670, C-39136,
C-39516, C42928, C-47218, C-48392,
C-50936, C-61103, C-67116, D-17102,
D-39737, D-50690, D-60574, D-63186,
G-84260, H-07046, H-15404, H-25366,
H-47014, H-84484, K-28466, K-74109,
N-65407
PHENYL COMPOUNDS A-34334,
A-47048, A-48572, A-T2133, C-17128,
C-32534, H-42857, K-51057, L-29504
PHENYI.S A-34334, A-48572, A-72133,
C-32534, H ^12857, K-51057
PHILADELPHIA D-24736, D-52578,
L-17614, L-44598
PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER PLANTS
A-76411, A-76459, A-79511, A-82269,
A-82353, A-82944, A-84479, B-80863,
B-81772, B-81773, B-81944, C-80935,
G-79634, G-83798, H-79635, H-80064
PHOSPHINE C-79003, F-68048, L-82278
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-00340, A-05090,
A-08116, A-09214, A-09321. A-09332,
A-12749, A-12809, A-12813, A-12933,
A-21380, A-30517, A-39460, A-40344,
A-45858, A-46119, A-75089, B-06587,
B-07190, B-07552, B-17485, B-22913,
B-25038, B-26674, B-31708, B-32231,
B-33918, B-36716, B-37080, B-37914,
B-44793, B-47680, B-54799, B-58466,
B-58632, B-67846, B-69131, C-44881,
H-46997, 1-40510, K-66916, L-29504
PHOSPHORIC ACID PLANTS A-76459,
B-80863
PHOSPHOROUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A-42731, B-47466, C-35956, C-47218
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-00340,
A-02019, A-02847, A-03129, A-03450,
A-03565, A-04068, A-05040, A-05090,
A-05139, A-05140, A-05587, A-08116,
A-09214, A-09651, A-09690, A-09692,
A-09693, A-09694, A-09695, A-09697,
A-10706, A-11541, A-12631, A-12741,
A-12747, A-12749, A-12750, A-12809,
A-12813, A-12822, A-12828, A-12884,
A-12886, A-12888, A-12919, A-12929,
A-12931, A-12933, A-13242, A-13353,
A-15452, A-17076, A-18449, A-26258,
A-26329, A-28282, A-30517, A-31529,
A-35592, A-35985, A-36377, A-43816,
A-44681, A-48429, A-52741, A-63661,
A-65064, A-76411, A-76638, A-80238,
A-81343, B-02962, B-06587, B-07190,
B-09664, B-09902, B-17485, B-18144,
B-18536, B-22598, B-23310, B-24117,
B-24355, B-24834, B-32231, B-32232,
B-32384, B-36475, B-36716, B-37080,
B-37115, B-37745, B-38299, B-38587,
B-39104, B-40251, B-43533, B-43972,
B-46086, B-47095, B-51720, B-51845,
B-58466, B-58632, B-65923, B-67742,
B-84418, C-09560, C-11678, C-12100,
C-14288, C-16801, C-22458, C-23573,
C-24018, C-24114. C-26744, C-38280,
C-39719, C-43979, C-61859, C-68086,
C-79003, C-83442, D-01872, D-28188,
D-52578, E-37037, F-13565, F-16218,
F-22219, F-34948, F-68048, G-04983,
G-06675, G-14126, G-26743, G-28037,
G-33561, G-39833, G-80197, H-00979,
H-01705, H-04544, H-04918, H-04919,
H-04925, H-05004, H-06342, H-06354,
H-07046, H-08513, H-10841, H-15501,
H-21000, H-21498, H-24282, H-25750,
H-26795, H-28446, H-28899, H-30301,
H-30368, H-32673, H-33290, H-36787,
H-37403, H-37567, H-38404, H-38417,
H-38568, H-40201, H-51321, H-51484,
H-51526, H-59935, H-75027, H-80536,
J-39910, K-10168, K-28466, K-41682,
K-44310, K-66916, L-29504, L-82278
PHOSPHORUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
K-74109
PHOSPHORUS PLANTS A-76411
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-00220, A-00375, A-08882, A-09785,
A-12557, A-23561, A-28038, A-29786,
A-32060, A-36045, A-45145, A-47143,
C-00126, C-09770, D-26702, D-34008,
E-29774, E-77970, F-02337, F-02517,
F-25636, F-53153, F-80516, G-19148,
G-74290, H-01800, H-02379, H-05342,
H-06557, H-07255, H-08884, H-12042,
H-12415, H-19604, H-27303, H-29736,
H-41699, H-45130, H-46198, H-46262,
H-46338, H-51321, 1-27060, K-07605,
N-49170
PHOTOELECTRIC PHENOMENA
C-61993, F-46162, F-53153, H-06459
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS C-56865,
H-07047, H-46721, H-53903, H-70752
-------
580
PHOTOIONIZATION D-34008
PHOTOLYSIS E-77970, F-25636, F-53153,
F-80516, H-27303, K-07605
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS A-30218,
A-42731, C-01313, C-01593, C-02681,
C-04685, C-04687, C-04689, C-04692,
C-04757, C-05439, C-05620, C-07763,
C-10632, C-12100, C-17082, C-17092,
C-18264, C-23767, C-24310, C-24315,
C-24372, C-27248, C-28126, C-28671,
C-29966, C-31115, C-32534. C-37350,
C-38741, C-40211, C-41719, C-42926,
C-43979, C-43986, C-44238, C-46443,
C-47218, C-48492, C-48916, C-49391,
C-49879, C-63848, C-71245, C-73471,
C-78426, C-82273, C-83495, D-48850,
E-04987, H-79974, L-17472, N-64545
PHOTOOXIDATION A-29786, C-00126,
C-09770, D-34008, E-29774, F-02S17,
H-12042, H-41699
PHOTOSYNTHESIS B-02541, C-05892,
G-01674, H-01664, H-01800, H-02379,
H-03395, H-03611, H-03629, H-05324,
H-06459, H-07255, H-08884, H-10673,
H-16244, H-16245, H-16387, H-16399,
H-19656, H-21093, H-22496, H-23950,
H-23988, H-26711, H-27091, H-27324,
H-27785, H-28888, H-30234, H-30806,
H-31124, H-32714, H-33089, H-33468,
H-33716, H-35964, H-36883, H-37403,
H-38332, H-39466, H-39537, H-41189,
H-41362, H-41696, H-41699, H-44345,
H-45022, H-47014, H-48798, H-50415,
H-55654, H-56204, H-56428, H-56655,
H-60913, H-60961, H-62548, H-68575,
H-69800, H-71931, H-78058, H-84290,
K-07605
PHTHALIC ACID A-30517, B-45846
PHYSICAL THERAPY C-66753
PHYSIOLOGY G-80857
PHYTOTOXICANTS A-00220, A-02653,
A-12557, A-45145, C-00126, C-02042,
C-04687, C-04689, C-04757, C-11915,
C-18283, C-28441, C-28462, C-67116,
C-69152, D-10619, H-00240, H-00301,
H-00964, H-00979, H-01250, H-01800,
H-01809, H-02041, H-02049, H-03116,
H-03395, H-03549, H-03611, H-03612,
H-03613, H-03616, H-03629, H-03729,
H-03860, H-04904, H-06413, H-06557,
H-07255, H-08884, H-10673, H-11407,
H-12042, H-12045, H-12155, H-16900,
H-22789, H-25099, H-28476, H-32854,
H-36994, H-38419, H-39782, H-40202,
H-40341, H-41189, H-48798, H-49779,
H-70487, H-78580
PILOT PLANTS B-07664, B-17485,
B-24333, B-24355, B-26279, B-29680,
B-33191, B-35111, B-37544, B-38587,
B-40712, B-47086, B-56528, B-64696,
B-65638, B-75387, B-76008
PINE TREES G-81181, H-78058, H-79635,
H-80493, H-81771, H-82498, H-84558,
H-84579
PINTO BEANS D-09590, H-00240,
H-02382, H-03629, H-04728, H-05724,
H-10150, H-12042, H-14247, H-17705,
H-19657, H-21000, H-21364, H-21501,
H-22284, H-23386, H-39098, H-45007,
H-56241, H-60559
PITTSBURGH L-17614, N-04212
PLAINS H-51754
PLANNING AND ZONING A-03450,
A-32519, A-47954, A-48849, B-09664,
B-26911, D-23392, D-37607, H-21062,
H-35964, H-41696, H-45345, H-46198,
H-48022, H-50415, H-72762, K-10168,
K-33107, L-09677, L-17614, L-32884,
L-38573, L-46561, L-60630, L-81220,
N-65407
PLANT DAMAGE A-00220, A-00375,
A-01687, A-02653. A-02988, A-11453,
A-12557, A-13699, A-17405, A-22973,
A-26258, A-26329, A-28652, A-31144,
A-31333, A-31935, A-32060, A-34018,
A-34334, A-37190, A-45145, A-46119,
A-52664, A-54622, A-58334, A-60281,
A-70727, A-71262, A-71273, B-06587,
B-09664, B-10618, B-15372, B-24033,
B-25195, B-26911, B-28034, B-28502,
B-28889, B-30814, B-38476, B-48879,
C-00126, C-00941, C-04691, C 05586,
C-06398, C-11915, C-18230, C-18283,
C-24970, C-26713, C-27130, C-29426,
C-33929, C-36800, C-39022, C-43981,
C-56865, D-09590, D-23760, D-25093,
D-26026, D-26086, D-26702, D-33108,
D-35764, D-37473, D-37607, D-39737,
D-42760, D-44799, D-48791, D-49860,
D-52811, D-53889, D-56792, D-77485,
D-78193, D-83399, D-84625, E-37037,
E-49433, E-76047, F-55415, G-01338,
G-01674, G-03246. G-05504, G-05833,
G-11444. G-19055, G-19148, G-19215,
G-22628, G-24580, G-26846, G-29043,
G-32607, G-35569, G-36947, G-38616,
G-40527, G-48030, G-48697, G-49448,
G-51473, G-55517, G-60625, G-67325,
G-67440, G-68551, G-74290, G-74369,
G-78873, G-79980, G-8H81, G-81250,
H-00137. H-00187, H-00240, H-00265,
H-00301, H-00600, H-00631, H-00633,
H-00737, H-00788, H-00920, H-00979,
H-01250, H-01398, H-01506, H-01557,
H-01664, H-01705, H-01800, H-01809,
H-02041, H-02049, H-02379, H-02537,
H-03116, H-03360, H-03395, H-03472,
H-03549, H-03571, H-03572, H-03611,
H-03612, H-03613, H-03616, H-03629,
H-03676, H-03729, H-03766, H-03860,
H-03873, H-04403, H-04672, H-04678,
H-04679, H-04732, H-04816, H-04904,
H-04984, H-05324, H-05398, H-05399,
H-05485, H-05585, H-05667, H-05724,
H-06395, H-06404, H-06413, H-06557,
H-07046, H-07047, H-08884, H-10342,
H-10673, H-11456, H-11466, H-11650,
H-12042, H-12045, H-12155, H-12415,
H-13203, H-13474, H-13804, H-14121,
H-14247, H-14678, H-14968, H-15213,
H-15501, H-15838, H-16150, H-16222,
H-16244, H-16245, H-16385, H-16387,
H-16399, H-16472, H-16617, H-16673,
H-16894, H-16896, H-17109, H-17163,
H-17449, H-17684, H-17697, H-17705,
H-17710, H-17749, H-17779, H-17822,
H-17892, H-18226, H-18265, H-18267,
H-18319, H-18704, H-18770, H-19124,
H-19147, H-19211, H-19358, H-19539,
H-19604, H-19656, H-19657, H-19713,
H-19863, H-19949, H-20157, H-20158,
H-20400, H-20708, H-20917, H 21062,
H-21189, H-21194, H-21364, H-21500,
H-21501, H-21687, H-22084, H-22092,
H-22284, H-22496, H-22499, H-22624,
H-22789, H-22887, H-22930, H-23188,
H-23214, H-23222, H-23295, H-23386,
H-23516, H-23576, H-23580, H-23639,
H-23794, H-23852, H-23874 H-23950,
H-23986, H-24024, H-24035, H-24036,
H-24064, H-24358, H-24366, H-24395,
H-24402, H-24533, H-24566, H-24787,
H-24852, H-24933, H-25273, H-25499,
H-25618,
H-25865,
H-26691,
H-26861,
H-27030,
H-27785,
H-28476,
H-28483,
H-28888,
H-29443,
H-30225,
H-30368,
H-31448,
H-32286,
H-32344,
H-32539,
H-32982,
H-35716,
H-35578,
H-35964,
H-36787,
H-37346,
H-38332,
H-38412,
H-39183,
H-39537,
H-3!>902,
H-40341,
H-41362,
H-41696,
H-42086,
H-42958,
H-44295,
H-45007,
H-45214,
H-45540,
H-45781,
H-46262,
H-46733,
H-47385,
H-48377,
H-48639,
H-49M7,
H-50163,
H-51109,
H-51754,
H-52135,
H-52(598,
H-52994,
H-54066,
H-54910,
H-56240,
H-56625,
11-56874,
H-57810,
H-59184,
H-60560,
H-60961,
H-62597,
H-64166,
H-64824,
H-65394,
H-66798,
H-67347,
H-68394,
H-69596,
H-70752,
H-74588,
H-747'1,
H-76715,
H-77391,
H-79309,
H-799^3,
H-80083,
H-80711,
H-82435,
H-25661,
H-26055,
H-26711,
H-26978,
H-27303,
H-27805,
H-28477,
H-28647,
H-28899,
H-29597,
H-30298,
H-30473,
H-31733,
H-32334,
H-32516,
H-32714,
H-33089,
H-33906,
H-35613,
H-35992,
H-36883,
H-37403,
H-38343,
H-38419,
H-39190,
H-39684,
H-39932,
H-40472,
H-41370,
H-41698,
H-42601,
H-43492,
H-44345,
H-45022,
H-45345,
H-45557,
H-46051,
H-46338,
H-46923,
H-47806,
H-48403,
H-48798,
H-49778,
H-50415,
H-51271,
H-51953,
H-52409,
H-52705,
H-53370,
H-54297,
H-55066,
H-56241,
H-56637,
H-56885,
H 57859,
H-59327,
H-60907,
H-61410,
H-63167,
H-64427,
H-64860,
H-65558,
H-67026,
H-67348,
H-68575,
H-70279,
H-70984,
H-74617,
H-74722,
H-76838,
H-78580,
H-79338,
H-79974,
H-80189,
H-81495,
H-82520,
H-25750,
H-26158,
H-26717,
H-27006,
H-27324,
H-28437,
H-28479,
H-28802,
H-29206,
H-29616,
H-30299,
H-30805,
H-32280,
H-32339,
H-32535,
H-32771,
H-33127,
H-34121,
H-35877,
H-36159,
H-36994,
H-37792,
H-38407,
H-38568,
H-39363,
H-39782,
H-39986,
H-40599,
H-41439,
H-41699,
H-42923,
H-43622,
H-4441I,
H-45130,
H-45467,
H-45604,
H-46198,
H-46557,
H-47014,
H-48022,
H-48413,
H-49561,
H-49779,
H-50677,
H-51321,
H-52096,
H-52574,
H-52829,
H-53376,
H-54597,
H-55654,
H-56428,
H-56655,
H-56963,
H-58941,
H-59935,
H-60913,
H-61834,
H-63442,
H-64588,
H-65179,
H-65928,
H-67056,
H-67457,
H-68602,
H-70487,
H-72132,
H-74624,
H-76451,
H-77325,
H-78681,
H-79635,
H-79976,
H-80493,
H-81671,
H-83145,
H-25769,
H-26491,
H-26800,
H-27021,
H-27526,
H-28475,
H-28480,
H-28830,
H-29277,
H-30142,
H-30301,
H-31124,
H-32282,
H-32343,
H-32536,
H-32854,
H-33468,
H-34880,
H-35880,
H-36742,
H-36998,
H-38017,
H-38411,
H-38574,
H-39466,
H-39887,
H-40202,
H-40899,
H-41482,
H-41983,
H-42954,
H-43663,
H-44595,
H-45160,
H-45474,
H-45776,
H-46217,
H-46719,
H-47286,
H-48193,
H-48556,
H-49644,
H-50157,
H-50780,
H-51470,
H-52102,
H-52651,
H-52928,
H-53903,
H-54755,
H-56204,
H-56584,
H-56788,
H-57475,
H-59028,
H-60559,
H-60957,
H-62275,
H-63626,
H-64758,
H-65380,
H-66714,
H-67304,
H-68122,
H-6916?.,
H-70607,
H-73518,
H-74626,
H-76452,
H-77390,
H-78956,
H 79972,
H-80067,
H-80575,
H-82208,
H-83721,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
581
H-83730, H-83797, H-84048, H-84089,
H-84290, H-84527, H-84545, H-84553,
H-84557, H-84558, H-84650, H-84651,
1-24308, J-32706, J-38409, J-43002,
J-43547, J-44672, J-55161, J-60298,
J-67865, K-03582, K-07605, K-08420,
K-13173, K-26738, K-31968, K-67267,
K-71991, L-06754, L-24010, L-25642,
L-41455, L-42021, L-42188, L-44598,
L-78484, L-81399, N-04212, N-12307,
N-17260, N-20040, N-28923, N-44066,
N-64545, N-64937, N-65407, N-66718
PLANT GROWTH B-28034, B-39104,
C-16109, H-04544, H-08513, H-28830,
H-69966, L-37747
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
H-76452, H-81495, H-81771, H-84290,
H-84484, H-84553
PLANT INDICATORS A-13353, A-83543,
B-15372, B-25195, C-05586, C-11915,
C-26400, C-26909, C-29771, C-36693,
C-36800, C-38278, C-39022, C-39762,
C-43981, C-72017, D-24717, D-27254,
D-58427, D-71272, E-76047, G-05504,
G-48030, G-57299, H-04732, H-06557,
H-10673, H-13804, H-14678, H-16385,
H-16387, H-16567, H-17697, H-17779,
H-17892, H-19211, H-19604, H-20476,
H-21364, H-21422, H-22789, H-22887,
H-23222, H-23576, H-23794, H-23950,
H-23986, H-24035, H-24036, H-24358,
H-24362, H-24533, H-24566, H-25230,
H-25499, H-25661, H-25865, H-26158,
H-26718, H-26861, H-27030, H-27091,
H-28437, H-28477, H-30297, H-30473,
H-32280, H-32854, H-33089, H-38419,
H-39328, H-39782, H-41370, H-41698,
H-42923, H-42954, H-45345, H-45540,
H-46198, H-46338, H-46721, H-48291,
H-48639, H-50157, H-51754, H-52096,
H-52409, H-52705, H-54597, H-57716,
H-57810, H-58777, H-59184, H-59327,
H-59947, H-60690, H-61834, H-65179,
H-66714, H-67304, H-67347, H-67480,
H-68575, H-68602, H-69488, H-70279,
H-70752, H-70776, H-71078, H-71098,
H-72762, H-73518, H-74459, H-74624,
H-74721, H-74722, H-78402, H-79635,
H-80067, H-80083, H-80085, H-81771,
H-82146, H-82498, H-83723, H-84290,
H-84548, H-84551, H-84579, H-84650,
1-24308, 1-63139, K-13173
PLASTICS A-03129, A-08486, A-08816,
A-34334, A-37562, A-47048, A-48231,
A-48572, A-50938, A-50961, A-51102,
A-61570, A-71615, A-72133, B-08344,
B-33918, B-49929, B-50435, B-55046,
B-59230, B-60864, B-61259, B-61954,
C-04540, C-08077, C-66753, D-09590,
G-01096, G-24153, G-45683, H-69966,
1-39031
PLASTICS MATERIALS AND RESINS
PLANTS A-79280
PLASTICS MATERIALS AND SYNTHETIC
PLANTS A-79280
PLASTICS PRODUCTION A-79280
PLATING AND POLISHING A-09785,
B-36532, B-66592, G-81181, 1-39031,
L-37747
PLUME BEHAVIOR B-04853, C-04691,
C-05586, C-22877, C-48392, E-78793,
F-04768, H-00631, H-00633, H-00788,
H-00920, H-01705, H-02200, H-03549,
H-03571, H-03572, H-03616, H-04678,
H-04679, H-04683, H-04688, H-04728,
H-04732, H-04984, H-05398, H-05585,
H-05724, H-06413, H-08513, H-08884,
H-16244, H-16399, H-26800, H-29616,
L-19064, L-80894
PNEUMOCONIOSIS A-22875, B-19177,
C-30432, G-07344, G-18809, G-18987,
G-32256
PNEUMONIA A-63661, D-33309, G-01047,
G-41684
POINT SOURCES D-09590, D-23760,
D-24717, D-49860, E-44277, E-78943,
H-80189, H-80575, L-40889
POLAND A-79511, A-84479, H-84477
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS A-75077,
B-29680, C-09983, C-27248, C-30793,
C-32534, C-35956, C-39719, C-39762,
C-43985, C ^16034, C-47218, C-49509,
C-53523, C-53625, C-53987, C-64779,
C-74346, C-75339, D-28097, E-04987,
H-39328, H-50729
POLLEN COLLECTORS C-42926
POLLENS A-00375, A-32702, A-34018,
A-69039, A-71273, C-67116, D-19966,
G-01794, G-07098, G-38721, G-61467,
H-47806, N-66750
POLLUTION PRECURSORS A-13615,
B-02541, C-00126, C-05892, C-18230,
C-66753, D-26026, G-01674, H-00187,
H-00633, H-00737, H-01250, H-01664,
H-01705, H-01800, H-02379, H-03360,
H-03395, H-03472, H-03611, H-03629,
H-03860, H-04678, H-04679, H-05324,
H-05744, H-06342, H-06459, H-07255,
H-08884, H-09683, H-10342, H-10673,
H-11100, H-11407, H-14247, H-14678,
H-15213, H-15501, H-16092, H-16222,
H-16244, H-16245, H-16387, H-16399,
H-16472, H-16567, H-16673, H-16896,
H-16900, H-17749, H-18265, H-18267,
H-18507, H-19656, H-19657, H-20708,
H-21000, H-21093, H-21498, H-21501,
H-21687, H-22496, H-22624, H-23188,
H-23214, H-23639. H-23794, H-23950,
H-23988, H-2436f, H-24548, H-25499,
H-25618, H-26055, H-26158, H-26175,
H-26711, H-26861, H-26978, H-27091,
H-27303, H-27324, H-27526, H-27785,
H-27805, H-28409, H-28427, H-28443,
H-28483, H-28802, H-28888, H-29206,
H-30225, H-30234, H-30368, H-30806,
H-31124, H-31448, H-32516, H-32536,
H-32539, H-32714, H-32771, H-33089,
H-33468, H-33716, H-34880, H-35578,
H-35964, H-36883, H-36994, H-3f,996,
H-37403, H-38332, H-38568, H-39363,
H-39466, H-39537, H-41189, H-41362,
H-41370, H-41696, H-41698, H-41699,
H-42086, H-42923, H-43493, H-44345,
H-45022, H-45160, H-45474, H-45557,
H-46262, H-46338, H-47014, H-47385,
H-47806, H^»8022, H-48556, H-48798,
H-50157, H-50415, H-51953, H-52651,
H-52705, H-54910, H-55066, H-55654,
H-56204, H-56428, H-56637, H-56655,
H-56874, H-56885, H-56963, H-57475,
H-57810, H-59327, H-60913, H-60%1,
H-61410, H-62275, H-62548, H-63167,
H-63442, H-64860, H-68575, H-69488,
H-69800, H-70487, H-71098, H-71931,
H-74617, H-74626, H-75027, H-78058,
H-78402, H-79338, K-07605, N-66750
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-00375,
A-29786, A-34018, A-38657, A-41877,
A-46925, 8^5707, B-75204, C 01593,
C-04463, C-06112, C-26707, C 27294,
C-35956, C-39762, C-48916, C-67116,
C-84660, D-28097, D-31396, D-32666,
D-34008, D-50307, G-07098, G-11942,
G-31319, G-41706, G-49756, G-60625,
G-71484, G-73658, G-78873, G-84233,
H-39328, J-42746, L-33495, L-84415,
N-04212, N-17260, N-46820, N-49170,
N-65407
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS A-37190,
A-43403, A-51100, A-52741, A-75077,
A-76411, A-79567, A-80994, B-30276,
B-32384, B-77838, C-04692, C-07860,
C-09770, C-12593, C-23096, C-24018,
C-25223, C-26729, C-75339, C-83442,
D-33017, E-40271, E-43424, G-00165,
H-00979, H-15213, H-16150, H-24282,
H-28446, H-30368, H-39098, H-45160,
H-47806, H-52651, H-63442
POTATOES (IRISH) G-11444, H-04984,
H-11466, H-15604, H-22624, H-30805,
H-52306, H-80536
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS A-61564,
A-75077, B-29680, C-07871, C-08077,
C-12334. C-12760, C-18344, C-20892,
C-20895, C-21156, C-25210, C-27341,
C-27962, C-28374, C-28843, C-29198,
C-31712, C-33632, C-35956, C-37350,
C-37579, C-39008, C-39022, C-39243,
C-39719, C-39762, C-41064, C-41491,
C-43979, C-43985, C-43986, C-44933,
C-47218, C-51599, C-51762, C-52629,
C-57781, C-58278, C-59049, C-60951,
C-61896, C-61995, C-63848, C-64912,
C-68229, C-69174, C-69675, C-69765,
C-70638, C-71232, C-71245, C-73349,
C-74221, C-75339, C-77427, C-83495,
D-61140, G-71324, G-74380, H-39328,
H-42946
POULTRY G-03394, H-00600, H-04544,
H-13159, H-13203, H-28679, H-37480,
H-43226, H-67453
PRECIPITATION A-00220, A-07650,
A-30218, A-31144, A-31315, A-44566,
A-47061, A-48048, A-74154, A-80507,
B-10618, B-25195, C-18344, C-39239,
C-39243, C-44177, C-48392, C-51599,
C-68944, C-69174, D-09590, D-21419,
D-23760, D 23862, D-24717, D-30705,
D-33309, D-39054, D-39182, D-44799,
D-50744, D-71348, D-77485, E-05054,
E-29774, E-29910, E-37013, E-37639,
E-40271, E-43424, E-78933, G-74369,
H-10673, H-16567, H-19147, H-19539,
H-20917, H-24282, H-25769, H-27030,
H-30301, H-32535, H-32536, H-33290,
H 36998, H-38574, H-42954, H-45007,
H-52705, H-56428, H-61000, H-62597,
I 46606, 1-54961, J-55161, K-10168,
L-25542, N-04212, N-66750
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) C-68944,
G-68583, H-31733
PRIMARY SMELTING AND REFINING OF
NONFERR A-83637, B-76232,
B-80213, B-81995, B-83134, G-83798,
G-84233, H-79129, H-83730, H-83851,
J-76213, K-81864, K-84395
PRIMATES (NON-HUMAN) G-03394,
G-30841
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-04068,
A-11590, A-17377, A-33853, A-37562,
A-42683, A-42751, A-44566, A-46925,
A-47048, A 47188, A-47962, A-48231,
A-48429, A-49852, A-50381, A-52912,
A-55601, A 60281, A-60866, A-61154,
A-64926, A-84479, B-07664, B-15322,
B 18144, K-18826, B 18830. B-19177,
B 21795, B-24116, B-25523, B-26911,
B-29680, B-33554, B-35111, B-36532,
-------
582
B-36716, B-37164, B-37914, B-38775,
B-40892, B-42172, B-43108, B-43840,
B-44638, B-44979, B-45380, B-45707,
B-47125, B-47731, B-49031, B-49929,
B-51845, B-55180, B-58380, B-58993,
B-59230, B-60282, B-61259, B-62165,
B-62786, B-65640, B-70428, B-71796,
B-72656, B-76232, B-77816, B-77838,
D-25593, H-00301, N-46820, N-64545,
N-64937
PROFANES E-76047, G-28041, G-44867,
G-84260
PROPENES B-59230, H-52409, H-52928
PROPOSALS D-14066, K-84395, L-48719,
N-16400
PROTEINS A-11916, C-03478, C-42928,
F-22219, G-01338, G-01426, G-52638,
G-74822, G-80197, H-04728, H-05398,
H-05399, H-19703, H-52306, H-62548,
H-79972, H-83723
PUBLIC AFFAIRS A-32855, A-44566,
A-47143, B-09664, B-26911, B-28034,
D-30705, D-47976, G-29043, G-49164,
G-50371, L-06938, L-29598, L-37943,
M-68522, N-04212, N-28923
PUBLIC INFORMATION A-44566,
B-26911, B-28034, N-04212
PULMONARY EDEMA A-00375, G-00165,
G-01047, G-08702, G-11467, G-21455,
G-30788, G-30841, G-33276, G-33505,
G-40597, G-50916, G-79619, H-04544,
H-08884, H-11452, K-41267
PULMONARY FUNCTION A-00375,
A-17405, G-00165, G-01047, G-07013,
G-08702, G-12403, G-12532, G-23003,
G-26846, G-28139, G-28754, G-32256,
G-38106, G-60228, G-79980, H-03766,
H-17749
PULMONARY RESISTANCE A-00375
PULP MILLS A-03129, A-26254, A-36377,
A-40344, A-45858, A-46558, A-47963,
B-44979, B-45544, B-45707, B-47731,
C-35956, D-09658, D-33108, J-48171,
K-51212, L-20273, L-37747, L-47380
PULSE RATE G-01426, G-23711
PULVERIZED FUELS A-32702, B-33554
PYRENES A-00375, A-29786, A-34018,
A-38657, C-26707, C-27294, C-39762,
C-48916, C-84660, D-28097, D-32666,
D-34008, D-50307, G-11942, G-41706,
G-49756, G-60625, G-71484, H-39328,
L-84415, N-04212, N-46820
PYRIDINES A-39460, C-80259, L-29504
PYROLYSIS A-48116, A-48572, B-43972,
B-79711, B-82446, C-04463, C-06279,
C-24008, C-24456, C-24546, C-31712,
F-01677, G-08702
QUALITY ASSURANCE C-84499
QUARTZ A-39460, C-l 1404, C-18264,
C-43234, G-08201, G-10362, G-32256,
G-52638, G-68583
QUENCHING A-41877, C-06397, C-24124,
C-25668, C-31827
QUESTIONNAIRES A-02312, A-55212,
B-59459, D-47976, G-40920
QUINONES C-04405, C-04463
R
RABBITS C-07719, G-01426, G-03246,
G-03394, G-07917, G-08031, G-10247,
G-13215, G-24392, G-33510, G-36723,
G-40635, G-44594, G-49223, G-70519,
H-12540
RADIATION COUNTERS C-04405,
C-07860, K-19818
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
C-04405, C-07860, C-26707, C-35956,
C-36125, C-64779, D-30058, D-33080,
E-33579, H-50503, H-50505, K-19818
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION A-32060,
A-32139, A-37996, A-44566, A-45145,
A-59921, A-79043, A-81931, B-28320,
B-45468, B-55180, B-71841, C-04405,
C-07860, C-l 1626, C-17117, C-26707,
C-27294, C-32534, C-32966, C-35956,
C-42375, C-44710, C-50093, C-53523,
C-64779, C-68944, C-82650, D-07579,
D-19966, D-30058, D-34008, D-52578,
D-56463, D-56464, D-56465, E-30126,
E-33579, E-40271, F-69599, G-02539,
G-03394, G-07013, G-07961, G-28429,
G-33561, G-37791, G-38721, G-39833,
G-43323, G-49164, G-61467, H-02382,
H-04544, H-05399, H-10150, H-42857,
H-50503, H-50505, K-10168, L-06349,
L-25542, L-57270, N-66750
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS C-07860,
C-32966, E-30126, E-33579, G-33561,
H-02382, H-05399, H-10150
RADIOGRAPHY G-06485, G-06497,
G-06675, G-07344, G-08702, G-10203,
G-10247, G-30183, G-36947, G-38942,
G-40920, G-44590, G-49164, G-50371,
H-01092, H-05004, H-25945
RADIOSONDES C-26713
RADON C-27294, E-77970, G-07961,
G-37791
RAGWEED POLLEN G-01794
RAILROAD VEHICLES A-09785, H-39537
RAIN A-07650, A-30218, A-31144,
A-31315, A-44566, A-47061, B-25195,
C-18344, C-48392, C-51599, C-69174,
D-21419, D-23760, D-24717, D-30705,
D-39054, D-39182, D-50744, D-71348,
D-77485, E-05054, E-43424, G-74369,
H-10673, H-16567, H-19147, H-19539,
H-20917, H-24282, H-27030, H-30301,
H-33290, H-36998, H-56428, 1-54961,
J-55161, N-04212
RANKINE CYCLE ENGINES B-75138
RAPPING B-32627, B-38115, B-45544,
B-64977, B-66624
RATS A-11916, B-75138, C-07719,
G-01047, G-01426, G-03394, G-04734,
G-06288, G-07013, G-07917, G-08030,
G-08031, G-08201, G-10362, G-12282,
G-12403, G-13700, G-14126, G-14319,
G-16047, G-23711, G-28041, G-30145,
G-30841, G-32256, G-33276, G-33510,
G-33511, G-36411, G-40635, G-41036,
G-41224, G-41684, G-41685, G-41686,
G-41687, G-41688, G-44593, G-44594,
G-45055, G-45683, G-49223, G-52147,
G-52686, G-59073, G-66668, G-71948,
G-72083, G-79619, G-79623, G-79796,
H-54597
REACTION KINETICS A-05811, A-27930,
A-77993, B-24355, B-38587, C-31827,
C-39719, F-01677, F-02337, F-02517,
F-16370, F-46162, F-53153, F-78035,
F-80516, F-81069, G-28037, H-10150,
H-71931
REACTION MECHANISMS A-05811,
A-05871, A-36045, A-49886, A-55407,
A-61800, B-67136, C-04405, C-26259,
C-26729, C-29771, C-39719, D-34008,
E-29774, E-37037, F-01677, F-02337,
F-02517, F-03062, F-22219, F-32952,
F-39861, F-41543, F-53153, F-59528,
F-69599, G-01728, G-28037, G-34861,
G-60748, H-26055, H-28888, H-52397,
H-56241
REACTORS (NUCLEAR) B-12127,
D-56464, F-13998, H-23624
RECOMBINATION C-31827
RECORDING METHODS B-60849,
C-01313, C-06279, C-11041, C-11779,
C-20540, C-25647, C-28530, C-48392.
C-49879, C-56865, D-32679, E-04987,
H-07047, H-41370, H-46721, H-53903,
H-70752, N-64545
RECREATION AREAS C-l 1915, D-37607,
G-14477, K-69550, L-06349
REDUCTION A-01125, A-18656, B-11686,
B-12465, B-24116, B-47680, B-60282,
B-60864, B-63474, C-01349, C-09770,
E-33579, F-41543, G-08030, H-06459,
H-07047, H-23950, 1-00695
REFRACTORIES A-17377, A-42677,
A-43272
REFUSE SYSTEMS A-03450, A-05601,
A-08816, A-09785, A-11590, A-11876,
A-12773, A-12889, A-22875, A-23865,
A-25305, A-26254, A-29532, A-29786,
A-30218, A-31529, A-32702, A-32855,
A-34018, A-34334, A-35981!, A-36377,
A-37562, A-40344, A-40401, A-42675,
A-45858, A-47048, A-47143, A-47188,
A-47954, A-47963, A-48231, A-50013,
A-50381, A-50938, A-50961, A-51100,
A-51102, A-51137, A-52508, A-52741,
A-53295, A-54622, A-55601, A-60727,
A-67940, A-71262, A-71615, A-74262,
A-80994, A-81745, A-81917, A-82192,
B-24683, B-25038, B-25638, B-29680,
B-32232, B-35111, B-36552, B-36716,
B-37536, B-38439, B-43840, B-44716,
B-44979, B-47677, B-47680, B-49929,
B-49979, B-50154, B-50937, B-51101,
B-51845, B-55180, B-56078, B-58879,
B-59845, B-61259, B-61954, B-64696,
B-6S795, B-70840, B-71796, B-73031.
B-74480, B-74483, B-78814, B-78890,
B-79657, B-79711, B-80500, B-80950,
B-81256, B-82446, B-83667, C-22812,
C-25683, C-35956, C-36002, C-40211,
C-4t238, C-52992, C-75339, C-80935,
D-09590, D-25593, D-37994, D-49860,
D-71272, G-31319, G-32607, H-01398,
H-40460, H-42923, 1-65935, J-30696,
J-48171, K-10168, K-37472, K-51212,
K-51229, K-72151, K-78880, L-09677,
L-29421, 1.-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-37747, L-40461, L-48788, L-77234
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS D-09590,
D-26702, D-35764, K-33107, K-42039,
L-19064, L-27677, L-29421, L-29598,
L-32884, I.-42188, L-47380, L-52026,
L-81399
REGULATIONS A-01528, A-01687,
A-OU29, A-03450, A-22547, A-32139,
A-31853, A-35985, A-36377, A-41650,
A-41877, A-42675, A-42680, A-43014,
A-44490, A-76274, B-25135, B-25638,
B-46050, B-72139, B-81040, C-31115,
C-39516, C-41763, D-25593, D-26702,
D-47976, H-43622, K-19750, K-42039,
K-58899, L-06938, L-06939, L-09677,
L-19064, L-19434, L-27677, L-29504,
L-29818, L-31492, L-32173, L-32245,
L-32272, L-32354, L-32789, L-32884,
L-33722, L-35795, L-37747, L-37943,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
583
L-38669, L-39306, L-41455, L-42021,
L-42188, L-42873, L-46561, L-46586,
L-47380, L-48719, L-57270, L-60630,
L-73839, L-76965, L-77817, N-21287,
N-46820
REINLUFT PROCESS A-34334, B-26908
REMOTE SENSING C-79842, C-79843,
C-83495
RENDERING PLANTS, GREASE AND
TALLOW A-09785, A-22973,
A-71262, L-09677
REPRODUCTION (BIOLOGICAL)
B-09664, G-30385, G-37240, G-44593,
G-56934, G-57701, G-64484, G-74823,
G-79980, H-01092, H-04997, H-05004,
H-06353, H-06354, H-18269, H-24944,
H-27526, H-27805, H-31448, H-49573,
H-51905, H-56521, H-64427
RESEARCH INSTITUTES D-29040,
D-34008, L-06754, L-42810
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES B-43863,
C-02042, C-19076, C-49476, D-50307,
D-62438, G-16345, G-28037, G-36947,
G-49607, H-00137, H-02049, H-05421,
H-17684, H-24035, H-27006, H-35992,
H-36785, H-37792, H-38419, H-39782,
H-40460, H-46262, 1-00695
RESEARCH PROGRAMS A-01528,
A-39460, A-44566, A-47143, A-47188,
B-25038, B-26911, B-47086, B-47731,
B-72139, C-61692, D-14066, D-83399,
G-02539, H-16385, H-16673, H-18507,
H-40368, H-43226, H-45557, H-50157,
L-06754, L-42188, L-42810, L-43007,
L-44598, L-48719, L-48788, L-52026,
L-61705, L-77234, L-84415, N-37027
RESIDENTIAL AREAS C-25487, D-09590,
D-23392, D-31371, D-37502, D-37607,
D-47982, D-69744, G-14477, G-18988,
G-29415, G-31234, H-32672, H-41904,
H-48941, H-51754, L-06349, L-09677,
L-44054
RESIDENTIAL SOURCES L-80894
RESIDUAL OILS A-29519, A-29786,
A-31144, A-56192, A-61154, B-60255,
B-60849, B-61935, D-33108, D-39054,
D-39737, D-40896, K-31968, L-29598,
L-32884, L-37747
RESPIRATION (PLANTS) H-01250,
H-01800, H-03570, H-03571, H-03572,
H-03611, H-03629, H-04728, H-05398,
H-05744, H-06459, H-07046, H-10150,
H-11100, H-14121, H-15404, H-16245,
H-16387, H-16399, H-17970, H-26711,
H-26800, H-27091, H-27324, H-28427,
H-28888, H-2%16, H-30234, H-30368,
H-31124, H-32897, H-33716, H-35964,
H-36742, H-39098, H-39190, H-39466,
H-39902, H-41699, H-45022, H-50415,
H-56204, H-60907, H-78058, H-83723,
K-07605
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-00375,
A- 7357, A-22875, A-22973, A-28038,
A-34018, A-63661, A-69039, A-72079,
A-79511, B-19177, C-30432, D-17642,
D-31396, D-33108, D-33309, D-47976,
G-00165, G-01047, G-01794, G-02539,
G-05833, G-06675, G-07013, G-07344,
G-07961, G-08702, G-10203, G-11467,
G-11942, G-16345, G-16874, G-18785,
G-18809, G-18987, G-18988, G-21455,
G-28139, G-28199, G-29043, G-30788,
G-30841, G-32256, G-33276, G-33505,
G-33872, G-35569, G-36751, G-38616,
G-39494, G-40597, G-40920, G-41684,
G-41706, G-43636, G-44867, G-47905,
G-48068, G^18636, G-48637, G-49164,
G-50371, G-50916, G-52638, G-57024,
G-60228, G-61467, G-66044, G-73658,
G-74290, G-74369, G-79619, G-83798,
G-84137, G-84233, H-03766, H-04544,
H-08884, H-11452, H-32982, H-42857,
J-30226, K-41267, L-83965, N-20040,
N-64937
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A-17357,
A-27314, A-63661, C-07719, C-36771,
G-00165, G-01047, G-02539, G-04849,
G-04983, G-06288, G-06497, G-07013,
G-07098, G-07344, G-07917, G-07961,
G-08030, G-08031, G-08201, G-10203,
G-10247, G-10362, G-11000, G-11467,
G-11942, G-12532, G-18809, G-19880,
G-21455, G-22551, G-22628, G-23003,
G-25946, G-28199, G-28429, G-28556,
G-29415, G-30788, G-30841, G-31319,
G-32256, G-325%, G-32605, G-32607,
G-33276, G-33505, G-33509, G-33511,
G-33872, G-35569, G-36751, G-38616,
G-38721, G-40597, G-41684, G-41688,
G-41706, G-44594, G-44597, G-44867,
G-45055, G-48068, G-48637, G-49164,
G-49223, G-49448, G-49756, G-52686,
G-57024, G-61467, G-66668, G-79619,
G-79623, G-79980, G-83177, G-84260,
H-00788, H-04923, H-08884, H-49434,
L-29818, N-64545
RETENTION A-17405, A-74512, A-79043,
B-33554, B-84391, C-37350, C-39762,
C-60410, C-72017, D-53889, D-77485,
E-49433, G-10247, G-10362, G-13700,
G-14126, G-19880, G-225S1, G-22629,
G-28556, G-32256, G-32601, G-32606,
G-37569, G-37684, G-41686, G-44593,
G-44597, G-49607, G-50318, G-52686,
G-54302, G-59073, G-60625, G-60748,
G-61646, G-62177, G-64484, G-74580,
G-80857, H-04917, H-04918, H-04919,
H-04923, H-04924, H-13213, H-13474,
H-15213, H-16152, H-18704, H-20015,
H-20872, H-23661, H-23988, H-24282,
H-25099, H-26742, H-26876, H-26916,
H-30301, H-32539, H-32673, H-34880,
H-35880, H-36883, H-36994, H-37480,
H-37567, H-38332, H-38417, H-39183,
H-39328, H-39493, H-39986, H-40368,
H-40899, H^t0916, H-41189, H-41439,
H-42601, H-42946, H-43493, H-44428,
H-45009, H-45604, H-48193, H-4S291,
H-48374, H-48403, H-48556, H-48798,
H-48941, H-50163, H-50959, H-51271,
H-51484, H-51754, H-52096, H-52102,
H-52397, H-52829, H-52994, H-53025,
H-53370, H-54066, H-54297, H-54597,
H-56213, H-56240, H-56515, H-58506,
H-58507, H-58941, H-60595, H-63442,
H-65179, H-67480, H-68394, H-70279,
H-70357, H-70745, H-74459, H-74617,
H-74721, H-74722, H-77377, H-79129,
H-81288, K-17375
RHODE ISLAND L-09677
RICE G-81181, H-79309, H-79586,
H-79972, H-80064, H-80083, H-83730,
H-83849, H-83851, H-83854, H-84553,
H-84651
RINGELMANN CHART A-44490,
C-35108, C-52992, C-59513, D-39737,
L-0%77, L-32173, L-32272, L-66700
RIVERS B-24683, B-28034, C-44710,
D-09590, D-30058, D-42760, H-369%
ROADS A-36377, A-76274, C-39762,
D-18537, D-22348, D-31371, D-33425,
G-47807, H-26055, H-26092, H-40368,
H-41904, H-48941, H-54597, H-56637,
L-29421, L-29598
ROOTS H-79972, H-80085, H-80575,
H-83885
ROSE H-80067, H-83721
ROTARY ENGINES D-34008
ROTARY PISTON ENGINES D-34008
RUBBER A-37190, A-40344, A-45858,
B-59230, C-29771, D-09590, E-29774,
H-40368, 1-07553, 1-24308, 1-27060,
1-40510, 1-46606, J-30696
RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS
PLASTICS PRODUC A-40344,
A-45858, A-79280, B-44979, D-40896,
1-23108
RUBBER PRODUCTION A-40344,
A-45858, A-79280, B-44979, D-40896,
1-23108
SAFETY EQUIPMENT A-27314, C-04405,
G-01096
SALTZMAN METHOD (NOX) A-40471,
C-22812, C-22877, C-26122, C-27248,
C-30014, C-32476, C-43985, C-49509,
C-49992, C-61993, D-19966, H-07255,
H-18319, K-08420
SAMPLERS A-02312, A-11877, A-31529,
A-40471, A-42731, A-43816, A-50018,
B-22913, B-22943, B-26745, B-29680,
B-37914, B-47466, C-00126, C-00626,
C-00636, C-00941, C-01313, C-01593,
C-02042, C-02681, C-03527, C-03550,
C-04038, C-04540, C-04687, C-05317,
C-05439, C-06962, C-07710, C-07871,
C-09983, C-11404, C-11574, C-11779,
C-12334, C-12451, C-22517, C-22812,
C-22877, C-23096, C-23657, C-24603,
C-25180, C-25487, C-26707, C-28251,
C-28285, C-28374, C-28738, C-29426,
C-29771, C-30300, C-30432, C-30958,
C-32476, C-34125, C-34126, C-35108,
C-35956, C-37579, C-37799, C-38278,
C-39008, C-39022, C-39288, C-40409,
C-40705, C-41624, C-42926, C-43986,
C-44083, C-44238, C-44881, C-47218,
C-48674, C-48916, C-49476, C-49752,
C-49992, C-50922, C-51762, C-52206,
C-53987, C-56244, C-60278, C-60410,
C-60419, C-70638, C-70686, C-71244,
C-72015, C-80573, C-82650, C-8417S,
C-84463, D-01872, D-09590, D-19966,
D-26026, D-28771, D-30058, D-30705,
D-33858, D-39182, D-43317, D-49260,
D-52578, D-52811, D-58427, E-04987,
F-34948, G-06485, G-08031, G-19215,
H-00631, H-18319, H-24362, H-30142,
H-60907, 1-00695, K-08420, L-24481,
N-04212
SAMPLING PROBES A-12692, A-30218,
A-40600, C-05317, C-06494, C-35956,
C-39008, C-52206, C-63848, C-82650,
H-02379
SAN FRANCISCO A-47143, D-26702,
H-00301, H-01809, H-68394, L-09677
SANITARY SERVICES A-03450, A-05601,
A-08816, A-09785, A-11590, A-11876,
A-12773, A-12889, A-22875, A-23865,
A-25305, A-26254, A-29532, A-29786,
A-30218, A-31529, A-32702, A-32855,
A-34018, A-34334, A-35985, A-36377,
A-37562, A-37996, A-W344, A-40401,
A-42675, A^*5858, A-47048, A-47143,
A-47188, A-47954, A-47963, A-48231,
-------
584
A-50013, A-50381, A-50938, A-50961,
A-51100, A-51102, A-S1137, A-52508,
A-52741, A-53295, A-54622, A-55601,
A-60727, A-67940, A-71262, A-71615,
A-74262, A-75077, A-75146, A-80994,
A-8I745, A-81917, A-82192, B-246S3,
B-25038, B-25638, B-28502, B-29680,
B-32231, B-32232, B-35111, B-36552,
B-36716, B-37536, B-38439, B-43840,
B-44716, B-44979, B-47677, B-47680,
B-49929, B-49979, B-50154, B-50937,
B-51101, B-51845, B-55180, B-56078,
B-58879, B-59845, B-61259, B-61954,
B-64696, B-68795, B-70840, B-71796,
B-73031, B-74480, B-74483, B-78814,
B-78890, B-7%57, B-79711, B-80500,
B-80950, B-81256, B-82446, B-83667,
C-22812, C-23683, C-35956, C-36002,
C-40211, C-44238, C-52992, C-75339,
C-80935, D-09590, D-25593, D-37994,
D-41979, D-49860, D-71272, G-31319,
G-32607, H-01398, H-25366, H-40460,
H-42923, H-43226, 1-07553, 1-39031,
1-65935, J-30696, J-48171, K-10168,
K-37472, K-51212, K-51229, K-72151,
K-74109, K-78880, L-09677, L-25427,
L-29421, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-37747, L-40461, L-48788, L-77234
SCANDINAVIA A-00220, A-00640,
A-05090, A-49886, A-55407, A-74262,
B-15372, B-25195, B-49477, B-52179,
B-67742, B-71297, C-00126, C-00260,
C-00264, C-01313, C-01349, C-02042,
C-02565, C-04405, C-04463, C-11626,
C-44083, C-49476, C-52206, D-01872,
D-78442, F-01677, F-02337, F-02517,
F-03062, G-01096, G-01728, G-02539,
G-03394, G-04145, G-84233, H-00301,
H-00631, H-01800, H-02041, H-02379,
H-02382, H-03571, H-32982, H-38412,
H-38574, H-52705, H-80189, H-81771,
1-00085, J-48171, K-68582, L-38573,
L-44598, L-46586
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC) A-08882,
N-51942
SCOTCH PINE TREES H-81771
SCRAP YARDS A-47048, A-64926,
B-58879
SCREEN FILTERS B-24110
SCRUBBERS A-00340, A-01125, A-01687,
A-02847, A-04068, A-05040, A-05090,
A-05139, A-05140, A-05587, A-05601,
A-06371, A-08116, A-09214, A-09321,
A-09332, A-09651, A-09690, A-09692,
A-09693, A-09694, A-09695, A-09697,
A-09799, A-11341, A-11541, A-11590,
A-11876, A-12470, A-12474, A-12476,
A-12622, A-12676, A-12741, A-12747,
A-12749, A-12750, A-12809, A-12813,
A-12822, A-12828, A-12884, A-12886,
A-12888, A-12889, A-12919, A-12929,
A-12931, A-12933, A-15452, A-17076,
A-21380, A-22547, A-26136, A-31529,
A-31935, A-32139, A-35985, A-37562,
A-40159, A-40180, A-40344, A-40471,
A-41650, A-41877, A-42751, A-43014,
A-43270, A-43272, A-44490, A-46119,
A-47962, A-47963, A-47966, A-48231,
A-48429, A-52664, A-53874, A-55601,
A-58939, A-60281, A-60727, A-60827,
A-60866, A-63661, A-65064, A-70069,
A-71262, A-71615, A-74154, A-74586,
A-76122, A-76152, B-02962, B-04368,
B-04794, B-06587, B-07190, B-07664,
B-07815, B-08344, B-09773, B-09902,
B-11686, B-12288, B-13676, B-15322,
B-15372, B-15813, B-16962, B-17463,
B-17485, B-18144, B-18641, B-18698,
B-18699, B-18826, B-18830, B-19177,
B-19212, B-21034, B-22040, B-22484,
B-22598, B-22853, B-22913, B-22923,
B-22943, B-23370, B-24033, B-24110,
B-24116, B-24355, B-24834, 3-25135,
B-25195, B-26244, B-26279, B-26317,
B-26401, B-26674, B-26745, B-27282,
B-27835, B-28034, B-28320, B-28783,
B-28786, B-29114, B-29680, B-29725,
B-30276, B-30519, B-30814, B-31567,
B-31708, B-31889, B-32231, B-32232,
B-32384, B-32461, B-32712, B-33191,
B-33918, B-33971, B-35106, B-35448,
B-35513, B-36405, B-36475, B-36532,
B-36552, B-36716, B-36755, B-37080,
B-37115, B-37293, B-37402, B-37509,
B-37544, B-37809, B-37914, B-38082,
B-38115, B-38188, B-38439, B-38504,
B-38587, B-38593, B-38874, B-40251,
B-40414, B-40712, B-41378, B-41418,
B-42104, B-42287, B-42458, B-43299,
B-43481, B-43533, B-44343, B-44638,
B-44716, B-44838, B-44979, B-45004,
B-45078, B-45380, B-45544, B-45707,
B-45757, B-45846, B-46050, B-46086,
B-47054, B-47086, B-47095, B-47186,
B-47256, B-47341, B-47463, B-47466,
B-47677, B-47680, B-47821, B-48143,
B-48805, B-48879, B-49023, B-49031,
B-49420, B-49477, B-49929, B-49979,
B-50154, B-50652, B-50868, B-50937,
B-51101, B-52094, B-52172, B-52179,
B-52838, B-52852, B-53620, B-53867,
B-53868, B-53875, B-54310, B-54799,
B-55180, B-55524, B-55678, B-56057,
B-56064, B-56078, B-58879, B-59230,
B-59845, B-59861, B-60075, B-60255,
B-60282, B-61259, B-61273, B-61741,
B-63474, B-63540, B-63775, B-63784,
B-64092, B-64696, B-64898, B-64977,
B-65638, B-65640, B-66592, B-67136,
B-67137, B-67700, B-67742, B-68633,
B-69131. B-69965, B-70428, B-70658,
B-70840, B-71472, B-71796, B-72038,
B-72656, B-73031, B-73175, B-74483,
B-76008, B-76512, B-79657, B-80213,
B-80356, B-81040, B-81256, B-81772,
B-81773, B-82032, B-83134, B-83198,
B-83613, B-83667, B-84418, C-00126,
C-11041, C-23575, C-26692, C-28251,
C-39022, C-52206, C-66753, D-30058,
E-29315, F-44721, G-01674, G-40527,
H-18319, 1-39031, 1-65935, J-29923,
J-30226, J-39910, J-48171, K-66860,
K-66916, K-78880, L-24481, L-32884,
L-33722, N-46820
SEA BREEZE C-66753, D-48791, H-28149,
H-32714
SEA SALTS A-48849, D-66083, H-16150,
H-21189, 1-40833, 1-54961, 1-58585
SECONDARY AIR A-37562, A-48231,
A-49852
SECONDARY SMELTING AND REFINING
OF NONFE A-82269, A-82353,
A-82944, A-83637, B-77475, B-81645,
B-82918, C-80935, G-83798, G-84233,
H-79633, H-80064, H-80189, H-82208,
H-83730, H-83851, H-84551, H-84553,
J-76213, L-81399
SEDIMENTATION (CONTROL) B-29403,
B-47677
SEDIMENTATION PHENOMENA
A-32060, B-29114, B-29403, B-29725,
B-32963, B-35106, B-38188, B-47677,
B-47821, B-49023, B-62786, C-27044,
D-32679
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS A-60729,
A-68912, A-73078, A-75077, A-76638,
A-80238, A-81343, B-18826, B-32461,
B-75204, C-27294, C-55789, C-75339,
D-S2578, D-69144, G-36723, G-48068,
G-52029, G-57701, G-71933, G-73658,
G-80857, H-48374, 1-08076, K-51057,
K-68224, L-29504
SENATE HEARINGS C-44710, F-44721
SERVICE INDUSTRIES A-09785,
A-34018, A-40344, A-45858, A-47143,
N-04212, N-12307
SETTLING CHAMBERS A-15452,
A-60827, B-29403, B-35106, B-38115,
B-40251, B-45078, B-49023, B-53868,
B-70428, B-70840
SETTLING PARTICLES A-00896,
A-01528, A-02312, A-04068, A-05601,
A-06371, A-08882, A-09785, A-11453,
A-12622, A-15452, A-17076, A-17116,
A-17344, A-17471, A-20134, A-22875,
A-26254, A-28282, A-29519, A-29532,
A-29786, A-31144, A-32060, A-3^9,
A-32519, A-32702, A-34018, A-34334,
A-36377, A-37190, A-37562, A-37752,
A-37996, A-38657, A-39460, A-40180,
A-40182, A-40344, A-41877, A-42675,
A-42676, A-42677, A-42680, A-42682,
A-42683, A-42685, A-42731, A-42751,
A-44490, A-44566, A-44605, A-46558,
A-46925, A-47048, A-47188, A-47410,
A-47945, A-47954, A-47962, A-47963,
A-47965, A-47966, A-48231, A-48429,
A-48849, A-48946, A-49617, A-49852,
A-49924, A-50013, A-50381, A-50938,
A-51100, A-52508, A-52741, A-52912,
A-53295, A-59257, A-59494, A-59775,
A-60281, A-60283, A-60727, A-60728,
A-60729, A-60827, A-60866, A-61007,
A-6I154, A-61570, A-63661, A-64926,
A-66955, A-66977, A-67940, A-68703,
A-69039, A-69309, A-70727, A-71273,
A-71615, A-72079, A-72125, A-72133,
A-74262, A-75089, A-76274, A-76411,
A-76638, A-77367, A-77522, A-80334,
A-80994, A-8I169, A-81343, A-81931,
A-82192, A-82269, B-02541, B-04368,
B-04794, B-07549, B-07664, B-08344,
B-09902, B-10618, B-11686, B-13676,
B-15322, B-17463, B-18144, B-18698,
B-18699, B-18826, B-19177, B-19571,
B-21795, B-22484, B-22943, B-23370,
B-24110, B-25433, B-25590, B-25638,
B-26279, B-26745, B-26911, B-27282,
B-28786, B-29680, B-29725, B-30276,
B-30519, B-30814, B-32231, B-32384,
B-32461, B-32627, B-32963, B-33620,
B-33918, B-33971, B-35106, B-35111,
B-35513, B-36405, B-36716, B-37402,
B-37603, B-37914, B-38082, B-38115,
B-38439, B-38593, B-38874, B-40414,
B-40892, B-42104, B-43108, B-44638,
B-44716, B-45004, B-45380, B-45468,
B-45544, B-45707, B-47086, B-47125,
B-47256, B-47341, B-47463, B-47821,
B-48805, B-48811, B-49023, B-49979,
B-50154, B-55524, B-60255, B-60282,
B-60849, B-60864, B-61259, B-63474,
B-63784, B-64977, B-65638, B-65640,
B- 66624, B-67700, B-67742, B- 67954,
B-70428, B-70658, B-70840, B-71796,
B-72038, B-72139, B-74480, B-74483,
B-78814, B-79079, B-79657, B-79711,
B-80356, B-80500, B-81040, B-81256,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
585
B-81773, B-82446, B-83198, C-00450,
C-01593, C-03527, C-09983, C-11915,
C-16801, C-17098, C-20595, C-20892,
C-22877, C-23575, C-26729, C-28671,
C-29737, C-29738, C-30300, C-30432,
C-32534, C-35108, C-35441, C-38741,
C-41064, C-41763, C-43234, C-43570,
C-44238, C-46443, C-48392, C-49509,
C-49752, C-52206, C-52992, C-53625,
C-55367, C-58278, C-58842, C-59814,
C-61851, C-66606, C-68944, C-70686,
C-76212, C-84660, D-09590, D-17102,
D-19966, D-21419, D-22348, D-25593,
D-28097, D-31396, D-32666, D-33017,
D-33108, D-33309, D-33576, D-33858,
D-34008, D-35764, D-39054, D-39182,
D-39737, D-40896, D-44799, D-47976,
D-49260, D-49860, D-50690, D-54881,
D-56464, D-56792, D-60574, D-62438,
D-63186, D-66083, D-67690, D-69144,
D-70500, D-73286, D-73835, D-78193,
D-78442, D-78954, D-79343, D-83399,
E-29774, E-29910, E-33579, E-59234,
E-62869, E-78933, F-59528, G-01794,
G-02539, G-03394, G-04145, G-04734,
G-06485, G-07013, G-07098, G-07344,
G-07961, G-08201, G-08702, G-10362,
G-11000, G-12532, G-14319, G-18809,
G-18987, G-26274, G-28556, G-30183,
G-30788, G-30841, G-31319, G-32605,
G-32607, G-34398, G-37791, G-38721,
G-39494, G-40527, G-40635, G-41706,
G-43323, G-43636, G-48697, G-49164,
G-49756, G-50318, G-50414, G-50916,
G-52638, G-60228, G-60625, G-61146,
G-61467, G-68583, G-72961, G-84137,
G-84233, H-03116, H-03860, H-08884,
H-11157, H-12533, H-16150, H-16673,
H-19604, H-20707, H-20708, H-21189,
H-27021, H-27324, H-28474, H-29736,
H-30225, H-30805, H-32588, H-32982,
H-35613, H-35964, H-36996, H-36998,
H-37346, H-38332, H-38411, H-38417,
H-38574, H-39190, H-39466, H-40368,
H-41439, H-41983, H-42086, H-42601,
H-42857, H-43622, H-45007, H-45160,
H-45467, H-46338, H-46719, H-47014,
H-47286, H-47385, H-48941, H-51754,
H-52928, H-54297, H-54597, H-56637,
H-56655, H-56885, H-60957, H-60961,
H-61496, H-67453, H-68575, H-69596,
H-69800, H-74626, H-77329, H-77391,
H-79976, H-80575, H-81288, H-81671,
H-81771, H-82520, H-83145, H-83258,
H-84080, H-84290, H-84548, 1-00695,
1-24308, I^t0833, 1-54961, 1-58585,
1-63139, J-48171, K-08420, K-19750,
K-27010, K-28466, K-31968, K-33107,
K-34063, K-36823, K-38197, K-41682,
K-42039, K-51057, K-51212, K-60180,
K-68582, K-72151, K-80854, L-06349,
L-06734, L-06754, L-09677, I.-17188,
L-17472, L-17614, L-19434, L-25542,
L-25642, L-27677, L-28349, L-29421,
L-29504, L-29598, L-29818, L-30620,
L-32173, L-32245, L-32272, L-32789,
L-3288 , L-35795, L-37747, L-37943,
L-3866? L-39306, 1-40461, L-41455,
L-42021, L-42873, L-42874, L-44054,
L-48719, L-52026, L-76397, L-76847,
L-77234, L-80894, L-81220, N-04212,
N-16400, N-21287, N-37027, N-50867,
N-51942, N-64545, N-64937, N-65407
SEWAGE TREATMENT A-22875,
A-32855, B-28502, 1-07553, 1-39031,
K-74109
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS A-11590, A-H876,
A-22875, A-32855, A-37996, A-75077,
A-75146, B-24683, B-28502, B-32231,
B-43840, B-80500, D-41979, H-25366,
H-43226, 1-07553, 1-39031, K-10168,
K-74109, L-25427, L-29421
SEWERS A-37996, D-41979, L-29421
SHEEP A-71273, G-03394, G-l 1467,
G-15040, G-35569, H-00600, H-04544,
H-11469, H-13159, H-17620, H-18271,
H-25945, H-26795, H-30297, H-32291,
H-43226, H^(4428, H-67453
SHRUBS , H-76297
SILICATES A-06371, A-09785, A-28282,
A-39460, A-44681, A-82279, B-51720,
C-04405, C-23657, C-38280, C-45760,
C-46443, C-56244, F-20932, G-04145,
G-04734, G-06485, G-39799, G-39924,
G-71536, G-80197, H-24548, H-39887
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-02653,
A-04068, A-05090, A-06371, A-09785,
A-18449, A-21380, A-28282, A-30517,
A-31134, A-39460, A-42731, A-44681,
A-48048, A-50938, A-51100, A-52741,
A-53955, A-61564, A-75077, A-79511,
A-80994, A-81169, A-82279, B-06587,
B-07552, B-08344, B-09902, B-19177,
B-22913, B-26674, B-30519, B-31708,
B-32384, B-36405, B-37745, B-38587,
B-42287, B-43299, B-43863, B-45004,
B-45254, B-46086, B-47054, B-48143,
B-51720, B-53603, B-60075, B-63540,
B-80356, C-00126, C-04405, C-04686,
C-04687, C-04690, C-09983, C-18230,
C-23657, C-33929, C-38280, C-39719,
C-41763, C-45760, C-46443, C-56244,
C-60010, C-60553, C-61851, C-64779,
C-75339, C-80227, C-83442, D-17102,
D-47982, D-52578, F-16218, F-20932,
G-04145, G-04734, G-06485, G-16874,
G-36723, G-37791, G-39799, G-39924,
G-52764, G-54302, G-71536, G-80197,
H-00301, H-04672, H-11456, H-16399,
H-19539, H-24548, H-26055, H-30142,
H-30368, H-35992, H-36998, H-39887,
H-41904, H-43622, H-45160, H-47286,
H-52928, K ^42039, L-29504, L-32789,
L-35795, L-37747, L-38669
SILICON DIOXIDE A-11916, A-40182,
A-40344, A-60727, A-64926, A-71477,
B-24834, B-37745, B-45757, B-46086,
C-09983, C-36693, C-42928, C-49992,
D-39737, F-20932, G-04734, G-08201,
G-10362, G-32256, G-37791, G-48697,
G-52638, H-16567, H-40202
SILICOSIS B-19177, C-30432, G-07344,
G-18809, G-18987
SILVER COMPOUNDS A-09785, A-51100,
A-75077, A-76638, A-81343, C-04405,
C-09770, C-23096, C-30793, C-34125,
C-75339, D-09590, E-29910
SILVER IODIDE C-04405
SIMULATION A-35985, A-75146, E-29315,
E-29774, G-27379, H-11157, H-23516,
L-73839
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
B-29680
SINTERING A-17344, A-17464, A-17471,
A-30447, A-31333, A-37752, A-38657,
A-39635, A-40182, A-40344, A-41877,
A-43014, A-43272, A-45858, A-49617,
A-75206, A-76122, A-76190, A-77522,
A-81861, B-06587, B-10618, B-23182,
B-24683, B-25433, B-25658, B-29680,
B-40892, 6^12172, D-39737, L-19434
SINUSES G-23003
SKIN (ANATOMY) A-00640, A-13701,
B-28945, C-07719, G-01047, G-01794,
G-03246, G-04983, G-06288, G-06485,
G-07098, G-07344, G-08030, G-08031,
G-10203, G-14319, G-18987, G-19880,
G-23003, G-35569, G-37282, G-37795,
G-40597, G-40635, G-44594, G-44597,
G-49164, G-49223, G-56538, G-59073,
G-84266, H-01092, H-12554, H-24944,
K-41267, K-41295
SKIN CANCER A-00375
SKIN TESTS G-06675, G-07098
SLAUGHTERING PLANTS A-26254,
A-34018, A-43270, B-26911, B-44716
SLUDGE A-11590, A-11876, A-75146,
B-28502, B-32231, B-80500
SLUDGE INCINERATORS B-78890
SMOG A-00220, A-00896, A-01528,
A-08882, A-09785, A-24039, A-29786,
A-32060, A-32702, A-47143, B-02541,
B-04853, C-24118, C-24279, C-43981,
D-26702, D-48791, D-73835, D-84625,
E-04987, E-29774, E-76047, G-01794,
G-11467, G-19148, G-24580, G-26274,
G-27379, G-28199, G-40597, G-41706,
G-50916, G-60625, G-71484, G-74290,
G-74369, G-84260, H-00301, H-01398,
H-01800, H-02379, H-02537, H-03395,
H-03472, H-03549, H-03611, H-03613,
H-03616, H-04544, H-05485, H-05724,
H-07255, H-08884, H-11157, H-11407,
H-12045, H-12415, H-16244, H-17710,
H-19604, H-20157, H-21364, H-22789,
H-23516, H-23794, H-24358, H-24366,
H-25865, H-26158, H-26861, H-28437,
H-28475, H-28888, H-33089, H-33468,
H-35613, H-39466, H-40341, H-43622,
H-46198, H-49647, H-51953, H-52135,
H-69800, H-79976, H-84651, 1-07553,
1-27060, 1-54961, J-43002, L-17614,
L-42188, L-50180, L-73839, L-81220,
L-82278, N-04212, N-17260, N-28923,
N-46820, N-49170, N-50867
SMOG INDEX A-00896
SMOKE SHADE A-33853, A-41650,
A-44490, A-67748, A-67834, A-68823,
C-01593, C-22877, C-35108, C-49879,
C-52992, C-59513, C-69152, D-39737,
K-03032, K-37472, K-51212, K-51229,
K-66860, K-84395, L-09677, L-32173,
L-32272, L-66700
SMOKEMETERS C-01593, C-32534,
C-35108, C-49391, C-49879, C-59513,
D-33309
SMOKES A-00220, A-01528, A-02312,
A-08882, A-09785, A-17377, A-31144,
A-32060, A-32702, A-36045, A-36377,
A-39460, A-40180, A-47188, A-59494,
A-60827, A-71273, A-71477, B-19177,
B-26908, B-28786, B-30814, B-35106,
B-42172, B-43481, B-44121, B-44979,
B-45707, B-49023, B-49031, B-60255,
B-81645, C-01593, C-03119, C-03527,
C-22877, C-26713, C-28671, C-35108,
C-41763, C-43981, C-49879, C-59513,
C-80103, D-19145, D-21419, D-30705,
D-33309, D-39737, D-41979, D-54881,
G-11467, G-16345, G-26274, G-34398,
G-38721, G-39494, G-61146, G-84137,
H-00301, H-04816, H-08884, H-11157,
H-11452, H-11650, H-12552, H-16092,
H-16567, H-16673, H-19604, H-21189,
H-23295, H-23874, H-27021, H-28802,
H-28888, H-30225, H-30368, H-32343,
H-35964, H-36742, H-36998, H-39190,
H-39466, H-39537, H-39684, H-39887,
-------
586
H-39902, H-41370, H-41696, H-43492,
H-45467, H-48022, H-48167, H-48193,
H-48413, H-52928, H-56428, H-57475,
H-65103, H-68770, H-69800, H-73172,
H-79976, H-81671, H-83145, H-83854,
H-83856, K-03032, K-27010, K-31968,
K-51212, K-74109, L-06349, L-09677,
L-17188, L-19064, L-27677, L-29421,
L-29504, L-29598, L-30620, L-32884,
L-42021, L-44054, L-48788, L-76965,
L-80894, N-16400, N-64545
SMOKING A-00375, A-69039, G-08702,
G-38721, G-39494, G-43636, G-84137
SNOW A-44566, C-18344, C-48392,
C-51599, D-33309, H-16567, H-36998,
N-04212
SOAP AND DETERGENT PLANTS
A-40344, A-45858, A-47963
SOAP MANUFACTURING A-40344,
A-45858
SOCIAL ATTITUDES B-09664, M-68522,
N-28923, N-49170
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-45145,
B-09664, B-25178, B-36405, B-47731,
B-52094, G-34398, G-84137, H-13474,
H-48022, H-49647, H-70984, J-30226,
J-30696, J-60298, K-71991, L-42810,
L-77234, N-49170, N-66750
SODIUM CARBONATE B-30276, B-38188,
B-38504, B-48480, C-13056, C-48674,
D-39182, H-16150
SODIUM CHLORIDE A-09799, C-24022,
C-43234, C-80103, G-03394, G-10362,
H-16150, H-39902, L-29818
SODIUM COMPOUNDS A-04068,
A-09799, A-18449, A-27617, A-33853,
A-43403, A-51100, A-52741, A-64926,
A-79567, A-80994, B-18536, B-24117,
B-30276, B-30814, B-31708, B-32384,
B-37509, B-38188, B-38439, B-38445,
B-38504, B-38593, B-45757, B-48480,
B-48879, B-56064, B-60075, B-60255,
B-64898, B-75387, B-77838, C-00264,
C-04463, C-04687, C-04692, C-07860,
C-09770, C-10632, C-13056, C-24022,
C-24114, C-24124, C-24310, C-24966,
C-26729, C-29738, C-29887, C-43234,
C-44083, C-48674, C-61859, C-75339,
C-80103, C-83442, D-33017, D-39182,
E-40271, E-43424, F-04468, F-13998,
G-03246, G-03394, G-04927, G-06485,
G-10362, G-16874, G-23563, G-26846,
G-32152, G-32605, G-32606, G-39799,
G-39810, G-39813, G-41686, G-54968,
H-00137, H-00631, H-02382, H-03360,
H-03860, H-03873, H-04672, H-04683,
H-04997, H-06342, H-06354, H-06681,
H-13474, H-16150, H-18269, H-18271,
H-24282, H-24548, H-24787, H-27907,
H-35992, H-37346, H-38407, H-39902,
H-42958, H-43622, H-47806, H-60961,
H-63442, H-80067, H-83721, L-20273,
L-29818
SODIUM HYDROXIDE B-30814, B-38439,
B-38504, B-48480, B-48879, B-56064,
B-64898, C-24966
SODIUM PROCESSES B-78814
SODIUM SULFITE A-33853, B-60255,
H-83721
SOILING A-34018, A-60281, 1-07553,
1-27060, K-07605
SOILING INDEX C-50922, D-50307,
D-63526, L-47380
SOILS A-11453, A-37190, A-48048,
A-68912, A-74512, A-83543, B-64428,
C-25617, C-38670, C-39I36, C-44710,
C-57781, D-3137), D-56465, D-71348,
G-11945, G-43323, G-48697, G-67325,
G-71933, H-05724, H-06353, H-11157,
H-14678, H-19604, H-19873, H-22624,
H-23579, H-23950, H-24282, H-24358,
H-24366, H-24548, H-24787, H-24933,
H-26092, H-26795, H-28647, H-29206,
H-32289, H-32736, H-32771, H-36742,
H-36996, H-36998, H-37403, H-37567,
H-38404, H-38412, H-38417, H-38568,
H-39183, H-40202, H-40472, H-41189,
H-41696, H^tl904, H-42086, H-42923,
H-42958, H^»3492, H-43493, H-44295,
H-44428, H-45007, H-45467, H-45776,
H-46217, H-47286, H-48022, H-48374,
H-48941, H^I9647, H-50503, H-50505,
H-50959, H-51526, H-52651, H-52705,
H-56428, H-56963, H-61496, H-64427,
H-65179, H-71098, H-80085, H-81288,
H-82498, H-84484, J-38409, L-28349,
L-29421, L-37943
SOLAR RADIATION A-23561, A-80507,
B-45468, C-48392, E-72995, F-44721,
F-62189, G-18987, G-19148, G-38616,
G-49756, H-00301, H-19539, H-31527,
H-32714, H-40202, H-41189, H-47014,
H-48798, H-64427, 1-27060, 1-46606,
N-66750
SOLID WASTE FUELS B-80950, B-82446
SOLVENTS A-09785, A-30517, A-37996,
A-40344, A-44566, A-47143, A-79280,
B-32190, B-36532, B-37536, B-45707,
B-47125, B-49023, B-70428, C-45802,
D-49860, F-13998, G-57701, 1-40510,
L-09677, L-32173, L-32245, L-80894
SOOT A-11453, A-20134, A-29519,
A-29786, A-36377, A-39460, A-4U344,
A-44566, A-46925, A-49617, A-49852,
A-49924, A-59494, A-72133, A-77522,
B-38593, B-45707, B-65640, B-66624,
B-71796, B-72139, B-82446, C-09983,
C-35108, C-41763, C-48392, C-49752,
C-84660, D-17102, D-33108, D-34008,
E-33579, F-59528, G-18987, G-31319,
G-39494, G-41706, G-43323, G-43636,
G-50318, G-60625, H-03116, H-11157,
H-19604, H-30225, H-38332, H-39190,
H-39466, H^I2601, H-47014, H-47286,
H-52928, H-69800, J-48171, K-27010,
K-28466, K-34063, K-38197, K-41682,
K-72151, K-80854, L-28349, L-29421,
L-29504, L-30620, L-32789, L-35795,
L-37943, L-38669, L-39306, L-42021,
L-52026, L-76847, L-77234, N-04212,
N-16400, N-21287, N-65407
SOOT FALL C-24603, D-37502, G-18785,
L-17614
SORGHUM H-81495
SOURCE MONITORING A-02847,
A-03565, A-05040, A-05139, A-05140,
A-05587, A-08102, A-08116, A-08748,
A-09214, A-09321, A-09332, A-09651,
A-09690, A-09692, A-09693, A-09694,
A-09695, A-09696, A-09697, A-11341,
A-11541, A-11590, A-11876, A-12470,
A-12474, A-12587, A-12676, A-12740,
A-12741, A-12747, A-12749, A-12750,
A-12773, A-12809, A-12813, A-12822,
A-12828, A-12884, A-12886, A-12888,
A-12889, A-12919, A-12929, A-12931,
A-12933, A-22875, A-30218, A-31144,
A-31529, A-40600, A-42751, A-59921,
A-60283, A-65064, A-67748, A-67834,
A-68823, A-69353, A-70069, A-70727,
A-75206, A-76152, A-79043, A-81861,
A-819I6, A-8I9I7, A-81931, A-81935,
B-43533, B-59459, B-70428, B-75204,
B-77816, C-05317, C-06397, C-20650,
C-22877, C-23575, C-25647, C-29198,
C-29737, C-29738, C-30958, C-35108,
C-35737, C-35956, C-37579, C-38670,
C-41624, C-44238, C-46034, C-50337,
C-52206, C-52992, C-53876, C-53987,
C-55367, C-59513, C-59814, C-63848,
C-68086, C-69765, C-70638, C-73127,
C-74221, C-75058, C-81439, C-83442,
D-37994, E-59075, J-39910, K-81864,
L-24481
SOUTH AFRICA N-66750
SOUTH DAKOTA H-68602
SOUTH PACIFIC A-49886, A-55407,
B-17485, B-21034, B-29403, B-41418,
B-76232, B-S0950, C-09560, E-79132,
H-76233, L-44598
SOX CONTROL A-00896, A-15452,
A-18323, A-22875, A-32519, A-34096,
A-34334, A-38657, A-42675, A-43014,
A-46925, A-47188, A-47962, A-47965,
A-47966, A-55212, A-57231, A-60727,
A-60728, A-60866, A-63661, B-12288,
B-15322, B-16555, B-17463, B-18641,
B-18826, B-18830, B-20436, B-22943,
B-23182, B-24033, B-24333, B-25038,
B-25178, B-25638, B-26908, B-27282,
B-28709, B-28889, B-29680, B-29725,
B-30276, B-30519, B-30814, B-31889,
B-33620, B-33918, B-35106, B-35111,
B-35513, B-36755, B-37603, B-38299,
B-38476, B-40381, B-40712, B-41378,
B-42083, B-42104, B-43108, B-44716,
B-44793, B-44838, B-45707, B-45846,
B-47054, B-47086, B-47256, B-47341,
B-47731, B-48480, B-48805, B-48811,
B-48879, B-50937, B-51101, B-51845,
B-52445, B-53603, B-53620, B-53868,
B-54799, B-56057, B-56591, B-59679,
B-60075, B-60255, B-60849, B-60864,
B-61935, B-63474, B-64977, B-65640,
B-67700, B-68795, B-69965, B-71472,
B-72656, B-74480, B-74483, B-75387,
B-78814, B-79079, B-80500, B-81256,
B-83134, B-83198, C-00126, C-21806,
C-22877, C-23575, C-29426, C-55858,
C-61103, C-66753, D-35764, D-47976,
D-49860, E-14897, F-44721, H-39537,
H-41696, H-69966, J-29923, L-24122,
L-39306, L-42873, N-50867, N-64545,
N-64937
SOYBEANS A-31144, H-00788, H-00920,
H-05398, H-05399, H-12032, H-15404,
H-20708, H-21500, H-31124, H-34880,
H-39363, H-42601, H-42907, H-56213,
H-70607, H-79972, H-81495
SPACECRAFT ATMOSPHERES B-12465
SPAIN G-84137
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-49924,
B-07549
SPECIFIC ION ELECTRODE C-79032,
C-79389, C-84499, H-79368, H-79973
SPECTROMETRY A-48116, A-48572,
A-49738, A-50013, A-53955, A-75077,
C-02681, C-09560, C-20650, C-22812,
C-22877, C-23907, C-24603, C-26209,
C-26729, C-27248, C-29198, C-31115,
C-31827, C-32476, C-32534, C-35108,
C-35956, C-39022, C-39136, C-39719,
C-41063, C-41489, C-42375, C-43979,
C-43985, C-43986, C-45802, C-46034,
C-47096, C-48315, C-48492, C-49391,
C-49509, C-49752, C-49879, C-49992,
C-50093, C-50337, C-50470, C-51762,
C-53523, C-58278, C-61859, C-61957,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
587
C-63848, C-64779, C-67116, C-69174, A-05139, A-05140, A-05587, A-05871,
C-69765, C-71044, C-74942, C-75058, A-08102, A-08116, A-08748, A-09214,
C-75339, C-79032, C-79835, C-79843, A-09321, A-09332, A-09541, A-09651,
C-80227, C-80259, C-80495, C-82552, A-09690, A-09692, A-09693, A-09694,
C-82650, C-83442, C-83495, C-83592, A-09695, A-09696, A-09697, A-09799,
D-52578, E-04987, E-43424, E-43855, A-11341, A-11590, A-11876, A-11877,
F-02517, F-04468, F-04674, F-32952, A-12470, A-12474, A-12587, A-12622,
F-41543, F-62189, F-80516, F-81496, A-12676, A-12692, A-12740, A-12747,
G-01096, H-00964, H-02516, H-07255, A-12750, A-12773, A-12809, A-12822,
H-12032, H-50503, 1-00085, K-08420, A-12828, A-12884, A-12886, A-12888,
L-17472 A-12889, A-12919, A-12929, A-12931,
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-31529, A-12933, A-15452, A-17344, A-22875,
A-41877, A-42731, A-48116, A-75077, A-23022, A-24039, A-26329, A-28652,
B-29680, C-00264, C-02681, C-03478, A-29519, A-30218, A-30517, A-31144,
C-05914, C-06397, C-07871, C-09560, A-31315, A-31529, A-32519, A-33735,
C-11574, C-12451, C-15171, C-16801, A-33853, A-34334, A-35985, A-37190,
C-16969, C-20540, C-20595, C-20778, A-37562, A-40344, A-40401, A-42675,
C-22J12, C-22877, C-22879, C-23286, A-42676, A^2677, A-42680, A-42682,
C-23517, C-23518, C-23546, C-23569, A-42683, A-43816, A-45858, A-46925,
C-23573, C-23654, C-24008, C-24022, A-47945, A-47962, A-47966, A-49886,
C-24050, C-24124, C-24222, C-24456, A-50018, A-52277, A-52508, A-52912,
C-25487, C-25668, C-25816, C-25952, A-53295, A-54622, A-55407, A-57231,
C-26122, C-26259, C-26485, C-26707, A-58334, A-58370, A-58402, A-58939,
C-26744, C-27131, C-27294, C-27927, A-59494, A-60281, A-60727, A-60728,
C-28126, C-28285, C-28441, C-28462, A-60866, A-61154, A-61183, A-61570,
C-30014, C-30958, C-31115, C-31827, A-63661, A-65064, A-67748, A-67834,
C-34126, C-35956, C-38670, C-39008, A-68703, A-68823, A-69309, A-69422,
C-39719, C-40138, C-40705, C-41624, A-70069, A-70727, A-71615, A-72125,
C-43985, C-470%, C-47193, C-48392, A-74154, A-75089, A-76274, A-76644,
C-48916, C-49752, C-49879, C-50936, A-77367, A-77522, A-79043, A-80994,
C-51762, C-52101, C-53523, C-55789, A-81861, A-81917, A-81935, A-82192,
C-61957, C-64779, C-66753, C-67116, B-04794, B-07664, B-08344, B-10618,
C-69174, C-71232, C-74221, C-74346, B-15322, B-16555, B-17463, B-17485,
C-74942, C-75339, C-79389, C-82650, B-18641, B-18698, B-18699, B-18826,
D-28097, D-39182, D-48850, D-52578 B-18830, B-19177, B-21034, B-22040,
E-04987, F-02517, G-01096, G-04734, B-22484, B-22598, B-22943, B-23182,
G-08030, G-23563, G-27755, G-31234, B-24110, B-24333, B-24355, B-24834,
H-00788, H-18319, H-21498, H-32854, B-25195, B-25433, B-25658, B-26317,
H-39902, H-40368, K-08420 B-26401, B-27569, B-28709, B-29403,
SPINACH B-02541, H-00187, H-01800, B-29680, B-30276, B-30519, B-30814,
H-28437, H-28483, H-30142, H-31208, B-31567, B-31708, B-31889, B-32232,
H-36994, H-41699, H-45007, H-84553 B-32384, B-32461, B-32627, B-32712,
SPORES D-19966, D-29040, G-01794, B-32963, B-33918, B-35106, B-35111,
G-07098, G-61467, H-33127, H-62275 B-36716, B-37402, B-37544, B-37603,
SPOT TESTS C-00260, C-43234, C-43981, B-37809, B-38082, B-38I15, B-38439,
C-48315, E-04987, H-00187, H-48556 B-38476, B-38504, B-38587, B-38593,
SPRAY TOWERS A-05090, A-05601, B-40251, 6^40381, B-40712, B-40892,
A-09651, A-11341, A-12476, A-12622, B-41378, B-42078, B-42083, B-42104,
A-12676, B-02962, B-06587, B-08344, B-42172, 6^12287, B-43108, B-43481,
B-15372, B-15813, B-18699, B-22484, B-43533, B-44121, B-44716, B-45078,
B-22913, B-24116, B-24834, B-26401, B-45254, B-45846, B-47054, B-47086,
B-28786, B-29680, B-36532, B-37544, B-47095, B-47125, B-47186, B-47256,
B-38587, B-40712, B-42104, B 43533, B-47341, B-47463, B-47466, B-47821,
B-45078, B-47054, B-47341, B-49023, B-48143, B-48805, B-48811, B-48814,
B-50652, B-52838, B-55524, B-60075, B-48879, B-49031, B-49420, B-49477,
B-61741, B-64898, B-71472, B-73175, B-49979, B-50154, B-50652, B-51101,
B-76512, B-80356, B-81772, B-81773, B-51720, B-51755, B-51845, B-52179,
B-84418, G-40527, L-24481, L-33722 B-52445, B-52838, B-52852, B-53620,
SPRAYS B-38874, B-70840, H-03860 B-53867, B-53868, B-54310, B-54799,
SPUTUM G-83798 B-55678, B-56057, B-56078, B-56528,
ST LOUIS A-00640, C-00260, C-00626, B-56531, B-56591, B-58380, B-58466,
C-01349, C-02565, D-24736, D-52578, B-58632, B-58879, B-58993, B-S9230,
F-01677, G-01096, G-04145, H-00265, B-59679, B-59845, B-59861, B-60075,
H-00266, H-01705, 1-00085, 1-00695, B-60206, B-60255, B-60849, B-61259,
L-09677 B-61273, B-61741, B-61935, B-62165,
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) A-07650, B-62786, B-63474, B-63540, B-63775,
A-09785, A-31333, A-32702, A-44566, B-63784, B-64070, B-64092, B-64428,
A-48048, B-25195, D-09590, D-26086, B-64506, B-64696, B-64898, B-64977,
D-33309, D-33858, D-39182, D-40896, B-65640, B-66592, B-66624, B-66947,
D-48791, D-58218, E-05054, E-14897, B-67136, B-67137, B-67217, B-67700,
E-59234, G-18785, G-18988, G-30788, B-68633, B-68795, B-69131, B-69528,
G-36751, G-40597, G-44867, G-49756, B-69965, B-70428, B-70537, B-70658,
H-36996, H-38412, H-57810, H-78580, B-70659, B-70840, B-71297, B-71472,
1-07553, L-82278, N-49170, N-69692 B-71623, B-71796, B-71841, B-72038,
STACK GASES A-00896, A-01125, B-72656, B-73031, B-73175, B-74480,
A-01528, A-02847, A-03565, A-04068, B-74483, B-75387, B-77475, B-77816,
B-78814, B-78890, B-79079, B-79657,
B-80500, B-81256, B-81645, B-81772,
B-81773, B-83198, B-83667, C-03119,
C-06112, C-06397, C-18230, C-22812,
C-22877, C-23575, C-25223, C-26713,
C-29737, C-30793, C-30958, C-31115,
C-32631, C-33632, C-35108, C-35737,
C-35956, C-37463, C-37579, C-38670,
C-39136, C-41624, C-43570, C-44238,
C-49391, C-49476, C-52992, C-53876,
C-55367, C-55858, C-59049, C-59513,
C-60278, C-60553, C-60951, C-61103,
C-61896, C-67528, C-68086, C-69174,
C-70638, C-70686, C-72015, C-73349,
C-74221, C-75058, C-76212, C-79842,
C-82650, C-84182, D-23760, D-25093,
D-26702, D-33858, D-37502, D-41979,
D-56463, D-77485, D-77512, E-14897,
E-29774, E-33579, E-37639, E-44277,
E-59075, E-59234, E-78943, F-44721,
G-18785, G-31319, G-32601, G-32607,
G-33510, G-33511, G-39219, G-40527,
G-40597, G-40635, G-44597, G-67325,
G-67440, G-74369, H-08884, H-11452,
H-18226, H-21189, H-21422, H-23214,
H-23295, H-23386, H-23950, H-24024,
H-24064, H-24395, H-25865, H-26734,
H-28647, H-29736, H-31733, H-32535,
H-32539, H-32714, H-36787, H-37480,
H-38017, H-38404, H-38412, H-38417,
H-38574, H-39493, H-39537, H-39684,
H-41370, H-41696, H-41698, H-42601,
H-42857, H-43492, H-44295, H-45160,
H-46198, H-47385, H-51109, H-51321,
H-56874, H-57475, H-58777, H-59327,
H-59935, H-60690, H-60913, H-65179,
H-67453, H-69596, H-74588, H-74624,
H-76233, H-77377, H-77391, H-81288,
1-58585, 1-65935, J-38409, J-39910,
J-41121, K-34063, K-36823, K-37472,
K-58899, K-66860, K-66916, K-68582,
K-78880, L-09677, L-17188, L-19064,
L-19434, L-20273, L-24481, L-29421,
L-30620, L-33722, L-38573, L-38669,
L-39306, L-39749, L-48719, L-59722,
L-64940, N-63776, N-64545, N-64937,
N-65407
STACK HEIGHT B-77816, B-81772
STACK MONITORING A-02847, A-03565,
A-05040, A-05139, A-05140, A-05587,
A-08102, A-08116, A-09214, A-09321,
A-09332, A-09651, A-09690, A-09692,
A-09693, A-09694, A-09695, A-09696,
A-09697, A-11341, A-11541, A-11590,
A-12470, A-12474, A-12587, A-12676,
A-12740, A-12741, A-12747, A-12749,
A-12750, A-12773, A-12809, A-12813,
A-12822, A-12828, A-12884, A-12886,
A-12888, A-12889, A-12919, A-12929,
A-12931, A-12933, A-22875, A-31529,
A-42751, A-65064, A-69353, A-70069,
A-79043, B-43533, B-70428, C-05317,
C-06397, C-20650, C-22877, C-23575,
C-25647, C-29198, C-29737, C-30958,
C-35737, C-35956, C-37579, C-38670,
C-41624, C-44238, C-52206, C-52992,
C-53987, C-59513, C-63848, C-68086,
C-70638, C-75058, C-81439, E-59075,
L-24481
STACKS A-09214, A-17377, A-24039,
A-26329, A-34096, A-36212, A-40344,
A-44566, A-45858, A-47061, A-60827,
A-68703, B-19177, B-25195, B-25638,
B-27569, B-29680, B-35106, B-37402,
B-38082, B-44121, B-49031, B-49979,
B-50154, B-65640, B-70428, B-70840,
-------
588
B-77816, B-81772, C-06112, C-06397,
C-10966, C-22877, C-35956, C-44238,
D-35764, D-42760, D-47976, H-00301,
H-17620, H-18226, H-38412, H-39537,
H-41370, H-41696, H-41698, 1-39031,
K-37472, K-44377, K-47672, L-17614,
L-29504, L-29598, L-39306, L-42873,
L-67888, N-46820, N-63776, N-64937,
N-69692
STAGNATION D-09590, D-58218, H-369%
STANDARD GASES E-77970
STATE GOVERNMENTS A-03450,
B-24683, B-25638, D-25593, K-08420,
K-19750, K-47672, L-06349, L-06938,
L-06939, L-0%77, L-19064, L-19434,
L-24481, L-32354, L-33495, L-48788,
L-59722, L-76847, L-76965, N-32254
STATISTICAL ANALYSES A-11916,
A-23865, A-40344, A-42685, C-05586,
C-06338, C-24279, C-25474, C-26909,
C-60410, C-73349, D-33858, F-15927,
G-18988, G-23003, H-04848, H-05612,
H-09553, H-25230, H-48941, H-51754,
H-58777, H-70745, J-28805, J-30696,
J-32706, N-66750
STEAM B-3811S, B-42078, B-49031,
B-65638, B-71297, C-19076, C-24114,
C-44552, H-54066
STEAM ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
A-09785, A-17464, A-24039,
A-29519, A-47410, A-47966, A-61007,
A-67940, A-68703, A-69422, A-80334,
A-80507, A-81343, A-81917, A-81931,
A-81935, B-10618, B-24683, B-25038,
B-40381, B-41378, B-45078, B-65638,
B-67700, B-80500, C-44238, D-09590,
D-33309, F-44721, H-69596, H-70487,
1-56143, K-37472, L-17472, L-29421,
L-29598
STEAM ENGINES B-75138
STEEL A-17471, A-26136, A-30296,
A-31935, A-35592, A-39460, A-40159,
A-40182, A-41877, A-42682, A-45858,
A-47962, A-49617, A-49924, A-52912,
A-60866, A-61564, A-67806, A-69039,
B-04794, B-05567, B-06587, B-07664,
B-08344, B-10618, B-19210, B-23182,
B-32627, B-33918, B-40892, B-43108,
B-47677, B-58380, C-49391, C-53625,
C-58842, C-60951, C-68086, D-09590,
D-09658, D-39737, D-49260, D-49860,
D-63526, G-01096, G-28556, G-48697,
G-66044, H-32282, H-38568, H-50959,
H-65715, 1-00085, 1-07553, I-3903I,
1-40510, 1-40833, 1-46606, 1-54961,
1-63871, J-29923, J-30696, J-39910,
J-48171, L-29598, L-39749, L-59722,
N-21287
STILBENE C-17128
STIPPLING H-01250, H-01SOO, H-14968,
H-21364, H-44595, H-51109, H-56625,
H-57810, H-78580
STOMACH G-04983, G-37795, H-48193
STOMATA H-79972, H-80085
STONE A-39460, A-42677, A-43272,
A-47965, A-60729, B-64428, 1-07553,
1-24308, 1-46606, 1-52320, I-56I43,
1-73616, L-37747
STONE, CLAY, GLASS, AND CONCRETE
PRODUCT A-79280, A-79774,
A-81745, B-77816, B-79079, C-82650,
C-84463, D-83399, H-80079, H-80575,
L-77817
STREETS A-36377, D-18537, D-22348,
H-40368, H-41904, H-48941, H-54597,
H-56637, L-29421, L-29598
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS A-51100,
A-60729, A-75077, A-76638, A-81343,
C-09770, C-61859, C-75339, D-33017,
H-47806
STRUCTURES A-31134, B-04853,
C-01349, C-20701, C-27330, C-28251,
D-09590, E-37639, E-44030, F-04768,
G-OI674, H-00187, H-00265, H-00301,
H-00979, H-01705, H-05324, H-06413,
H-07255, H-16222, H-18770, H-20917,
H-26711, H-28802, H-30298, H-30299,
H-35880, H-44345, H-77325, 1-73616
STUDENTS G-30183, G-32152
STYRENES A-48572, A-72133, K-51057
SULFATES A-00375, A-01125, A-09785,
A-27617, A-33853, A-37752, A-39460,
A-43403, A-69353, A-71262, A-75089,
A-81931, B-02541, B-36475, B-38188,
B-45757, B^t9023, B-55180, B-60255,
C-01593, C-04463, C-07860, C-09560,
C-22458, C-23096, C-24018, C-24279,
C-26485, C-26729, C-38280, C-43234,
C-43985, C-44174, C-45802, C-49752,
C-49992, C-74354, C-80103, D-21419,
D-27254, D-37994, D-39182, D-43170,
D-50307, D-50550, D-51929, D-55187,
D-58218, E^t0271, E-49185, G-11000,
G-33276, G-73658, H-13474, H-16150,
H-23295, H-28474, H-35880, H-36742,
H-39098, H^I1699, H-45007, H-45467,
H-54597, H-60760, K-08420, K-19750,
K-47672, K-51212, K-51229, L-06734,
L-25542
SULFATION-OF-LEAD METHODS
C-H574, C-12451, C-22517, C-24603,
C-297/1, C-35108, C-39022, C-47218,
C-49879, D-09590, D-09658, D-23392,
D-26026, D-33309, D-37502, D-39054,
D-44267, D-48850, D-49118, 1-00695
SULFIDES A-00220, A-08882, A-09785,
A-17344, A-I8449, A-20134, A-23561,
A-23865, A-26254, A-31315, A-32060,
A-32702, A-32855, A-34018, A-36045,
A-36377, A-38657, A-39460, A-39862,
A-40344, A-40471, A-40600, A-42682,
A-43270, A-44566, A-45145, A-46925,
A-47143, A-47%2, A-49617, A-49738,
A-49852, A-49924, A-50938, A-53751,
A-60281, A-60866, A-66977, A-67806,
A-71262, A-80238, B-02541, B-07549,
B-08344, B-15322, B-22943, B-24033,
B-26908, B-29403, B-29680, B-30519,
B-31889, B-32190, B-35106, B-36532,
B-41378, B-42078, B-43299, B-44793,
B-45707, 6^15846, B-47054, B-47680,
B-48480, B-49031, B-60864, B-61741,
B-62165, B-63474, B-64898, B-68633,
B-79711, C-02681, C-03527, C-05586,
C-05914, C-06112, C-09983, C-11574,
C-15171, C-16109, C-I7092, C-20030,
C-20595, C-20650, C-22517, C-22812,
C-22877, C-230%, C-24603, C-25223,
C-26122, C-27044, C-28126, C-29771,
C-30793, C-30840, C-31115, C-31712,
C-32476, C-32534, C-32643, C-35108,
C-35441, C-35737, C-35956, C-38280,
C-38670, C-39719, C-39871, C-40422,
C-41763, C-42926, C-42928, C-43981,
C-43985, C-43986, C-44253, C-44933,
C-45760, C-46034, C-46303, C-47218,
C-48392, C-48492, C-50337, C-50922,
C-51762, C-58278, C-59814, C-60553,
C-61103, C-61993, C-65118, C-65846,
C-66606, C-68944, C-69174, C-74471,
C-74942, C-79842, C-80103, C-80573,
C-83592, C-84471, C-84660, D-09590,
D-09658, D-18537, D-25593, D-26086,
D-26702, D-31371, D-31396, D-32679,
D-33108, D-33425, D-34008, D-39737,
D-41979, D-44799, D-49860, E-04987,
E-29774, E-40271, F-16218, F-34948,
F-52013, F-68048, G-00165, G-01794,
G-02539, G-03394, G-04734, G-07098,
G-18988, G-19148, G-24153, G-28199,
G-34398, G-36751, G-38616, G-43323,
G-44867, G-46085, G-48068, G-68583,
G-71536, G-79848, G-80857, G-84260,
H-00301, H-03395, H-04984, H-08884,
H-12042, H-12155, H-13474, H-17710,
H-20158, H-23188, H-23295, H-23516,
H-28475, H-29597, H-30473, H-32982,
H-35613, H-36742, H-39537, H-40202,
H-41362, H-41696, H-41699, H-41983,
H-42923, H-45345, H-47014, H-49778,
H-49779, H-51526, H-52928, H-67457,
1-00695, 1-07553, 1-23108, 1-27060,
1-46606, 1-58585, 1-69995, K-03582,
K-08420, K-10168, K-11414, K-19750,
K-19818, K-27010, K-28466, K-37472,
K-44310, K-47672, K-51057, K-512i2,
K-51229, K-68582, K-72151, L-06349,
L-06734, L-06754, L-17188, L-17472,
L-17614, L-29504, L-29818, L-33722,
L-40461, L-40889, L-41455, L-44054,
L-47380, L-48719, L-50180, L-73839,
N-04212, N-46820, N-49170, N-64937,
N-65407
SULFIDINE PROCESS N-66750
SULFITES B-30814, B-61954, C-45802,
C-71044, H-28474
SULFONIC ACID L-29504
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-00220,
A-00375, A-00896, A-01125, A-08882,
A-09785, A-11453, A-17344, A-17377,
A-18323, A-18449, A-20134, A-23561,
A-23865, A-26254, A-27617, A-28038,
A-31315, A-32060, A-32139, A-32702,
A-32855, A-33853, A-34018, A-36045,
A-36377, A-37752, A-38657, A-39460,
A-39862, A-40344, A-40471, A-40600,
A-41877, A-42682, A-43270, A-43403,
A-44566, A-45145, A-46925, A-47143,
A-47962, A-49617, A-49738, A-49852,
A-49924, A-50938, A-51102, A-52741,
A-53751, A-59257, A-60281, A-60866,
A-66977, A-67806, A-69353, A-71262,
A-75089, A-79774, A-80238, A-80994,
A-81931, B-02541, B-07549, B-08344,
B-15322, B-22943, B-24033, B-24333,
B-24683, B-25178, B-26908, B-29403,
B-29680, B-30519, B-30814, B-31889,
B-32190, B-35106, B-36475, B-36532,
B-38188, B-41378, B-42078, B-43299,
B-44793, B-45707, B-45757, B-45846,
B-47054, B-47677, B-47680, B-48480,
B-49023, B-49031, B-55180, B-60255,
B-60849, B-60864, B-61741, B-61954,
B-62165, B-63474, B-64898, B-65640,
B-67700, B-68633, B-79711, B-80950,
C-01593, C-02681, C-03527, C-04463,
C-05586, C-05914, C-06112, C-07860,
C-09560, C-09770, C-09983, C-11574,
C-15171, C-16109, C-17092, C-17117,
C-20030, C-20595, C-20650, C-22458,
C-22517, C-22812, C-22877, C-23096,
C-23517, C-24018, C-24279, C-24603,
C-25223, C-26122, C-26203, C-26485,
C-26729, C-27044, C-27248, C-28126,
C-29771, C-30007, C-30793, C-30840,
C-31115, C-31712, C-32476, C-32534,
C-32643, C-35108, C-35441, C-35737,
C-35956, C-38280, C-38670, C-39136,
C-39719, C-39762, C-39871, C-40422,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
589
C-41763, C-42375, C-42926, C-42928,
C-43234, C-43981, C-43985, C-43986,
C-44174, C-44253, C-44933, C-45760,
C-45802, C-46034, C-46303, C-47218,
C-48392, C-48492, C-49752, C-49992,
C-50337, C-50876, C-50922, C-51762,
C-52629, C-58278, C-59814, C-60553,
C-61103, C-61692, C-61851, C-61993,
C-65118, C-65846, C-66606, C-68944,
C-69174, C-71044, C-72017, C-74354,
C-74471, C-74942, C-79842, C-80103,
C-80227, C-80573, C-83442, C-83592,
C-84471, C-84660, D-09590, D-09658,
D-18537, D-21419, D-23760, D-25593,
D-26086, D-26702, D-27254, D-31371,
D-31396, D-32679, D-33017, D-33080,
D-33108, D-33425, D-34008, D-37994,
D-39182, D-39737, D-40896, D-41979,
D-43170, D-44799, D-49860, D-50307,
D-50550, D-51929, D-52578, D-55187,
D-56464, D-56792, D-58218, E-04987,
E-29023, E-29774, .Z-33579, E-40271,
E-49185, F-13565, F-16218, F-32952,
F-34948, F-52013, F-68048, F-78035,
G-00165, G-01794, G-02539, G-03394,
G-04734, G-07098, G-11000, G-18988,
G-19148, G-24153, G-28199, G-33276,
G-34398, G-36751, G-38616, G-43323,
G-44867, G-46085, G-48068, G-48697,
G-68583, G-71536, G-73658, G-79848,
G-80197, G-80857, G-84260, H-00301,
H-03395, H-04984, H-08884, H-12042,
H-12155, H-13474, H-16150, H-17710,
H-20158, H-23188, H-23214, H-23295,
H-23516, H-25366, H-28474, H-28475,
H-29597, H-30473, H-32982, H-35613,
H-35880, H-36742, H-39098, H-39328,
H-39537, H-40202, H-41362, H-41696,
H-41699, H-41983, H-42923, H-43492,
H-45007, H-45160, H-45345, H-45467,
H-47014, H-48413, H-49778, H-49779,
H-50959, H-51526, H-51754, H-52102,
H-52928, H-54297, H-54597, H-59327,
H-60760, H-65179, H-67457, H-70279,
H-71078, H-77325, H-77329, H-82498,
H-84290, H-84484, 1-00695, 1-07553,
1-08076, 1-23108, 1-27060, 1-40833,
1-46606, 1-54961, 1-58585, 1-69995,
J-29923, K-03582, K-08420, K-10168,
K-11414, K-19750, K-19818, K-27010,
K-28466, K-33107, K-37472, K-41682,
K-44310, K-47672, K-51057, K-51212,
K-51229, K-68582, K-72151, I.-06349,
L-06734, L-06754, L-0%77, L-17188,
L-17472, L-17614, L-25542, I.-29504,
L-29818, L-33722, L-40461, L-40889,
L-41455, L-44054, L-47380, I.-48719,
L-50180, L-60630, L-73839, I.-77234,
L-83965, N-04212, N-46820, N-49170,
N-63463, N-64937, N-65407
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-00220, A-00375,
A-00896, A-01125, A-01528, A-01687,
A-02019, A-02312, A-04068, A-07650,
A-08748, A-08882, A-09651, A-09693,
A-09785, A-11341, A-11453, A-11590,
A-11876, A-11877, A-12470, A-12474,
A-12557, A-12773, A-12889, A-17076,
A-17344, A-17357, A-17464, A-17471,
A-18323, A-20134, A-22973, A-23561,
A-23865, A-24039, A-24370, A-27314,
A-28282, A-29519, A-29532, A-29786,
A-30218, A-30447, A-30517, A-31315,
A-31333, A-31529, A-32519, A-32702,
A-32855, A-33853, A-34096, A-35985,
A-36045, A-36212, A-36377, A-37190,
A-37752, A-37996, A-38657, A-39587,
A-39862, A-40159, A-40182, A-40344,
A-40401, A-40471, A-41650, A-42675,
A-42676, A^t2680, A-42682, A-42685,
A-44566, A-46119, A-46558, A-46925,
A-47410, A-47945, A-47959, A-47962,
A-47963, A-47965, A-47966, A-48231,
A-48849, A-48946, A-49852, A-49924,
A-50381, A-50938, A-51100, A-52508,
A-52664, A-54622, A-55212, A-59775,
A-59921, A-60283, A-60728, A-60827,
A-60866, A-61007, A-61154, A-61183,
A-66977, A-67806, A-67940, A-68703,
A-69309, A-69353, A-69422, A-71273,
A-72079, A-74262, A-75089, A-79043,
A-79567, A-79774, A-80334, A-81861,
A-81916, A-81931, A-81935, A-82192,
B-05567, B-07549, B-07552, B-08344,
B-10618, B-12465, B-14692, B-15322,
B-16962, B-18641, B-18698, B-18826,
B-19177, B-19571, B-21795, B-25590,
B-26908, B-26911, B-27569, B-28502,
B-29403, B-29680, B-30519, B-32190,
B-32231, B-33554, B-33918, B-33971,
B-35106, B-35513, B-36405, B-36475,
B-37536, B-37809, B-38115, B-38476,
B-38504, B-38593, B-40892, B-41378,
B-41569, B-42991, B-43299, B-44838,
B-44979, B-45380, B-45468, B-45544,
B-45707, B-45846, B-47086, B-47341,
B-47680, B-47731, B-47821, B-48805,
B-48811, B-48879, B-49023, B-49031,
B-49477, B-49929, B-49979, B-50154,
B-50435, B-50937, B-51101, B-53603,
B-55678, B-59845, B-60849, B-60864,
B-61259, B-61741, B-62165, B-64696,
B-64898, B-67742, B-67954, B-68633,
B-68795, B-69131, B-70428, B-71412,
B-71796, B-71841, B-73031, B-74480,
B-75204, B-75387, B-76512, B-78245,
B-78890, B-79711, B-81772, B-81773,
B-82446, B-83134, B-83667, C-00126,
C-01593, C-02681, C-03119, C-03527,
C-05078, C-05586, C-06962, C-09983,
C-10632, C-11574, C-17092, C-20030,
C-20595, C-20650, C-22812, C-22877,
C-22879, C-23162, C-23907, C-24399,
C-24603, C-24970, C-25223, C-26121,
C-26707, C-26713, C-26729, C-27044,
C-27294, C-28102, C-28126, C-28671,
C-29198, C-29771, C-30014, C-30840,
C-31115, C-32476, C-32643, C-35108,
C-35737, C-36800, C-38280, C-38670,
C-39022, C-39136, C-39719, C-39762,
C-39871, C-42926, C-42928, C-43672,
C-43979, C-43981, C-43985, C-43986,
C-44238, C-44253, C-44285, C-45760,
C-46034, C-46303, C-48392, C-48492,
C-49391, C-49879, C-49992, C-50337,
C-51762, C-52992, C-56572, C-56865,
C-58278, C-59814, C-60553, C-61103,
C-61993, C-63848, C-65118, C-65846,
C-66606, C-66753, C-67116, C-68944,
C-70686, C-71044, C-72017, C-73127,
C-74221, C-74346, C-74354, C-75058,
C-79032, C-79842, C-79843, C-80103,
C-80259, C-80573, C-83592, C-84660,
D-09590, D-09658, D-17102, D-17642,
D-19145, D-19966, D-21419, D-22348,
D-22359, D-23392, D-23760, D-23845,
D-25593, D-26026, D-26086, D-26702,
D-27254, D-30705, D-31371, D-313%,
D-32666, D-32679, D-33108, D-33309,
D-33425, D-34008, D-36806, D-37502,
D-37607, D-37994, D-39737, D-40896,
D-41979, 0^12760, D-43170, D-44799,
D-49860, D-50307, D-50550, D-50690,
D-56463, D-56792, D-60574, D-63186,
D-63526, D-67690, D-70500, D-73286,
D-74121, D-78193, D-78442, D-84625,
E-04987, E-14897, E-29315, E-29774,
E-33579, E-37037, E-49185, E-59234,
E-78943, E-79132, F-16218, F-52013,
F-53153, F-55415, F-57580, F-57581,
F-80516, F-81496, G-01794, G-03394,
G-05504, G-05833, G-06675, G-07098,
G-07961, G-11467, G-11942, G-16345,
G-18785, G-18987, G-18988, G-24153,
G-24392, G-24580, G-26274, G-28199,
G-30788, G-31319, G-32607, G-33509,
G-33510, G-33511, G-34398, G-38616,
G-38721, G-40597, G-41684, G-41706,
G-43277, G-43323, G-43636, G-48068,
G-49756, G-50318, G-55517, G-57299,
G-60625, G-61146, G-61467, G-66044,
G-67440, G-71536, G-73658, G-74290,
G-74580, G-79848, G-80857, G-84260,
H-00301, H-00737, H-01250, H-01398,
H-01800, H-01809, H-02041, H-02537,
H-03116, H-03395, H-03472, H-03611,
H-03612, H-03616, H-03676, H-03766,
H-04732, H-04984, H-05342, H-05421,
H-05485, H-05560, H-05724, H-06395,
H-06557, H-11157, H-12042, H-12155,
H-12415, H-13159, H-13474, H-13804,
H-14968, H-16244, H-16385, H-16673,
H-17449, H-17697, H-17710, H-17779,
H-18319, H-18507, H-19604, H-19656,
H-19703, H-19713, H-19949, H-20157,
H-20158, H-20476, H-21189, H-21194,
H-21364, H-21422, H-22284, H-22789,
H-22930, H-23188, H-23214, H-23295,
H-23386, H-23624, H-23794, H-23950,
H-23986, H-24035, H-24036, H-24064,
H-24366, H-24533, H-24852, H-24933,
H-25769, H-25865, H 26055, H-26158,
H-26175, H-26491, H-26861, H-27021,
H-27091, H-27324, H-27785, H-28149,
H-28437, H-28474, H-28475, H-28476,
H-28477, H-28479, H-28480, H-28647,
H-28802, H-28888, H-30225, H-30368,
H-30473, H-31527, H-32280, H-32334,
H-32343, H-32516, H-32714, H-32854,
H-33089, H-33127, H-33716, H-35877,
H-35880, H-35964, H-36159, H-36742,
H-36994, H-36998, H-38332, H-38412,
H-38419, H-38574, H-39190, H-39328,
H-39466, H-39537, H-39782, H-40341,
H-40368, H-40472, H-40899, H-41189,
H-41362, H-41370, H-41696, H-41698,
H-41699, H-41983, H-42086, H-42923,
H-42924, H-42954, H-43492, H-43622,
H-44411, H-45007, H-45009, H-45022,
H-45130, H-45214, H-45345, H-45467,
H-45533, H-45540, H-45557, H-45776,
H-46198, H-46262, H-46338, H-46557,
H-46721, H-47014, H-47286, H-47385,
H-48022, H-48193, H-48413, H-48798,
H-49644, H-49647, H-49779, H-50157,
H-50677, H-50780, H-51109, H-51321,
H-51470, H-51526, H-51953, H-52102,
H-52135, H-52409, H-52574, H-52698,
H-52705, H-52928, H-53903, H-54297,
H-54755, H-54910, H-55066, H-56204,
H-56428, H-56584, H-56655, H-56874,
H-56885, H-57475, H-57810, H-59028,
H-59184, H-60913, H-60957, H-61410,
H-61834, H-62275, H-63626, H-64166,
H-64860, H-65394, H-65928, H-66714,
H-66715, H-67026, H-67056, H-67304,
H-67348, H-67457, H-68575, H-68602,
H-69488, H-69596, H-69800, H-69966,
H-70487, H-70776, H-70984, H-71931,
-------
590
H-72762, H-73172, H-73510, H-74588,
H-74624, H-74626, H-75027, H-76233,
H-76451, H-76715, H-77325, H-77329,
H-78402, H-78580, H-78956, H-79338,
H-79972, H-79976, H-80575, H-81671,
H-83145, H-83849, H-84048, H-84545,
H-84548, H-84557, H-84651, 1-00695,
1-07553, 1-23108, 1-24308, 1-27060,
1-40510, 1-46606, 1-47291, 1-52320,
1-56143, 1-58585, 1-63139, 1-63871,
1-65935, 1-69995, 1-73616, J-30226,
J-38409, J-41121, J-42746, J-43002,
J-43547, .M4672, J-48171, J-55161,
J-67865, K-03032, K-07605, K-08420,
K-11414, K-19750, K-27010, K-28466,
K-31968, K-33107, K-36823, K-37472,
K-41682, K-47672, K-51212, K-58638,
K-58899, K-60180, K-66916, K-68582,
K-69550, K-71991, K-72145, K-80854,
L-06349, L-06734, L-06754, L-09677,
L-17188, L-17472, L-17614, L-19064,
L-19434, L-24481, L-25427, L-25542,
L-29421, L-29504, L-29598, L-29818,
L-31492, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-32884, L-33495, L-39306, L-40461,
L-40889, L-41455, L-44054, L-48788,
L-60630, L-73839, L-76397, L-76847,
L-80894, L-81220, L-83965, L-84415,
N-04212, N-12307, N-16400, N-20040,
N-20495, N-21287, N-28923, N-32254,
N-37027, N-46820, N-49170, N-51942,
N-64545, N-65407, N-66718, N-66750
SULFUR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A-08882, A-20134, A-26254, A-39460,
A-44566, A-45145, A-46925, A-47962,
A-66977, A-71262, B-08344, B-14692,
B-26908, B-38299, B-45707, B-60864,
B-75204, C-35956, C-39136, C-3971i,
C-42928, C-47218, C-48492, C-71044,
D-31371, D-33425, D-41979, E-04987,
G-41706, H-05421, H-45022, H-51526,
1-58585, K-41682, K-72151, L-17614,
L-20273, L-29504, L-32354, N-65407
SULFUR OXIDES A-00220, A-00375,
A-00896, A-01125, A-01528, A-01687,
A-02019, A-02312, A-04068, A-07650,
A-08748, A-08882, A-09651, A-09693,
A-09785, A-11341, A-11453, A-11590,
A-11876, A-11877, A-12470, A-12474,
A-12557, A-12773, A-12889, A-15452,
A-17076, A-17344, A-17357, A-17464,
A-17471, A-18323, A-20134, A-22973,
A-23561, A-23865, A-24039, A-24370,
A-26254, A-26329, A-27314, A-27617,
A-28038, A-28282, A-29519, A-29532,
A-29786, A-30218, A-30447, A-30517,
A-31315, A-31333, A-31529, A-32060,
A-32519, A-32702, A-32855, A-33853,
A-34018, A-34096, A-35985, A-36045,
A-36212, A-36377, A-37190, A-37752,
A-37996, A-38657, A-39460, A-39587,
A-39862, A-40159, A-40182, A-40344,
A-40401, A-40471, A-41650, A-41877,
A-42054, A-42675, A-42676, A-42680,
A-42682, A-42685, A-43272, A-44490,
A-44566, A-45145, A-46119, A-46558,
A-46925, A-47143, A-47410, A-47945,
A-47954, A-47959, A-47962, A-47963,
A-47965, A-47966, A-48231, A-48849,
A-48946, A-49617, A-49852, A-49924,
A-50381, A-50938, A-51100, A-51102,
A-52277, A-52508, A-52664, A-54622,
A-55212, A-58334, A-59775, A-59921,
A-60281, A-60283, A-60728, A-60827,
A-60866, A-61007, A-61154, A-61183,
A-61570, A-63661, A-66955, A-66977,
A-67806, A-67940, A-68703, A-69309,
A-69353, A-69422, A-71262, A-71273,
A-72079, A-74262, A-75089, A-76122,
A-76274, A-77367, A-77522, A-79043,
A-79280, A-79567, A-79774, A-80334,
A-81745, A-81861, A-81916, A-81917,
A-81931, A-81935, A-82192, B-05567,
B-07549, B-07552, B-08344, B-10618,
B-12465, B-14692, B-15322, B-16962,
B-18641, B-18698, B-18826, B-19177,
B-19571, B-21795, B-24033, B-25590,
B-26908, B-26911, B-27569, B-28502,
B-29403, B-29680, B-30519, B-32190,
B-32231, B-32627, B-33554, B-33918,
B-33971, B-35106, B-35513, B-36405,
B-36475, B-36552, B-36716, B-37536,
B-37809, B-38115, B-38476, B-38504,
B-38593, B-40381, B-40892, B-41378,
B-41569, B-42991, B-43299, B-44121,
B-44838, B-44979, B-45380, B-45468,
B-455^4, B-45707, B-45757, B-45846,
B-46050, B^t7086, B-47256, B-47341,
B-47677, B-47680, B-47731, B-47821,
B-48805, B^t8811, B-48879, B-49023,
B-49031, B-49477, B-49929, B-49979,
B-50154, B-50435, B-50937, B-51101,
B-53603, B-55046, B-55678, B-59845,
B-60282, B-60849, B-60864, B-61259,
B-61741, B-61935, B-62165, B-63474,
B-63775, B-64696, B-64898, B-65638,
B-65640, B-66624, B-66947, B-67742,
B-67954, B-68633, B-68795, B-69131,
B-70428, B-70840, B-71412, B-71796,
B-71841, B-73031, B-74480, B-75204,
B-75387, B-76512, B-78245, B-78890,
B-79711, B-81772, B-81773, B-82446,
B-83134, B-83613, B-83667, B-84391,
C-00126, C-01593, C-02681, C-03119,
C-03527, C-05078, C-05586, C-06112,
C-06962, C-09983, C-10632, C-11574,
C-12593, C-15171, C-17092, C-20030,
C-20595, C-20650, C-22517, C-22812,
C-22877, C-22879, C-23162, C-23575,
C-23907, C-24399, C-24603, C-24970,
C-25223, C-26121, C-26122, C-26707,
C-26713, C-26729, C-27044, C-27248,
C-27294, C-28102, C-28126, C-28671,
C-29198, C-29771, C-30014, C-30840,
C-31115, C-32476, C-32643, C-35108,
C-35441, C-35737, C-35956, C-36800,
C-38280, C-38670, C-39022, C-39136,
C-39719, C-39762, C-39871, C-41719,
C-41763, C-42926, C-42928, C-43672,
C-43979, C-43981, C-43985, C-43986,
C-44238, C-44253, C-44285, C-45760,
C-46034, C^16303, C-47218, C-48392,
C-48492, C^19391, C-49509, C-49752,
C-49879, C-49992, C-50337, C-51762,
C-52992, C-56572, C-56681, C-56865,
C-58278, C-59513, C-59814, C-60419,
C-60553, C-61103, C-61851, C-61993,
C-63848, C-65118, C-65846, C-66606,
C-67116, C-68944, C-69174, C-70686,
C-71044, C-72017, C-73127, C-74221,
C-74346, C-74354, C-74471, C-74942,
C-75058, C-79032, C-79842, C-79843,
C-80103, C-80259, C-80573, C-82650,
C-83495, C-83592, C-84471, C-84660,
D-09590, D-09658, D-17102, D-17642,
D-19145, D-19966, D-21419, D-22348,
D-22359, D-23392, D-23760, D-23845,
D-25593, D-26026, D-26086, D-26702,
D-27254, D-30705, D-31371, D-31396,
D-32666, D-32679, D-33108, D-33309,
D-33425, D-33576, D-33858, D-34008,
D-35764, D-36806, D-37502, D-37607,
D-37994, D-39054, D-39737, D-408%,
D-41979, D-42760, D-43170, D-43317,
D-44267, D-44799, D-4797f, D-48791,
D-48850, D-49118, D-49860, D-50307,
D-50550, D-50690, D-54881, D-56463,
D-56792, D-60574, D-63186, D-63526,
D-67690, D-69144, D-70500, D-73286,
D-73835, D-74121, D-78193, D-78442,
D-78954, D-79343, D-83399, D-84625,
E-04987, E- 14897, E-29315, E-29774,
E-33579, E-37037, E-49185, E-59234,
E-78943, E-79132, F-16218, F-41543,
F-52013, F-53153, F-55415, F-57580,
F-5758I, F-80516, F-81496, G-01794,
G-03394, G-05504, G-05833, G-06675,
G-07098, G-07961, G-11467, G-11942,
G-16345, G-18785, G-18987, G-18988,
G-19148, G-24153, G-24392, G-24580,
G-26274, G-27379, G-28199, G-30788,
G-31319, G-32607, G-33509, G-33510,
G-33511, G-34398, G-38616, G-38721,
G-39494, G-40597, G-41684, G-41706,
G-43277, G-43323, G-43636, G-48068,
G-49756, G-50318, G-55517, G-57299,
G-60625, G-61146, G-61467, G-66044,
G-67440, G-71484, G-71536, G-73658,
G-74290, G-74580, G-79848, G-80857,
G-84260, H-00301, H-00737, H-01250,
H-01398, H-01800, H-01809, H-02041,
H-02537, H-03116, H-03395, H-03472,
H-03611, H-03612, H-03616, H-03676,
H-03766, H-04732, H-04984, H-05342,
H-05421, H-05485, H-05560, H-05724,
H-0639J, H-06557, H-11157, H-12042,
H-12155, H-12415, H-13159, H-13474,
H-13804, H-14968, H-16244, H-16385,
H-16673, H-17449, H-17697, H-17710,
H-17749, H-17779, H-18319, H-18507,
H-19604, H-19656, H-19703, H-19713,
H-19949, H-20157, H-20158, H-20476,
H-21189, H-21194, H-21364, H-21422,
H-22284, H-22789, H-22930, H-23188,
H-23214, H-23295, H-23386, H-23624,
H-23794, H-23950, H-23986, H-24035,
H-24036, H-24064, H-24366, H-24533,
H-24852, H-24933, H-25769, H-25865,
H-26055, H-26158, H-26175, H-26491,
H-26861, H-27021, H-2709I, H-27324,
H-27785, H-28149, H-28437, H-28474,
H-28475, H-28476, H-28477, H-28479,
H-28480, H-28647, H-28802, H-28888,
H-29443, H-30225, H-30368, H-30473,
H-31527, H-32280, H-32334, H-32343,
H-32516, H-32714, H-32854, H-32982,
H-33089, H-33127, H-33716, H-35613,
H-35877, H-35880, H-35964, H-36159,
H-36742, H-36994, H-36998, H-38332,
H-38412, H-38419, H-38574, H-39190,
H-39328, H-39466, H-39537, H-39782,
H-40341, H-40368, H-40460, H-40472,
H-40899, H-41189, H-41362, H-41370,
H-41696, H-41698, H-41699, H-41983,
H-42086, H-42923, H-42924, H-42954,
H-43492, H-43622, H-44411, H-45007,
H-45009, H-45022, H-45130, H-45214,
H-45345, H-45467, H-45533, H-45540,
H-45557, H-45776, H-46198, H-46262,
H-46338, H-46557, H-46721, H-47014,
H-47286, H-47385, H-48022, H-48193,
H-48413, H-48798, H-48941, H-49644,
H-49647, H-49778, H-49779, H-50157,
H-50677, H-50780, H-51109, H-51321,
H-51470, H-51526, H-51754, H-51953,
H-52102, H-52135, H-52409, H-52574,
H-52698, H-52705, H-52928, H-53903,
H-54297, H-54597, H-54755, H-54910,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
591
H-55066, H-56204, H-56428, H-56584,
H-56655, H-56874, H-56885, H-57475,
H-57810, H-59028, H-59184, H-59327,
H-60913, H-60957, H-61410, H-61834,
H-62275, H-63626, H-64166, H-64860,
H-65394, H-65928, H-66714, H-66715,
H-67026, H-67056, H-67304, H-67348,
H-67457, H-68575, H-68602, H-69488,
H-69596, H-69800, H-70487, H-70776,
H-70984, H-71931, H-72762, H-73172,
H-73510, H-74588, H-74624, H-74626,
H-75027, H-76233, H-76451, H-76452,
H-76715, H-76838, H-77325, H-77329,
H-78402, H-78580, H-78956, H-79338,
H-79972, H-79976, H-80575, H-81671,
H-82435, H-82520, H-83145, H-83849,
H-84048, H-84080, H-84545, H-84548,
H-84557, H-84651, 1-00695, 1-07553,
1-23108, 1-24308, 1-27060, 1-40510,
1-46606, 1-47291, 1-52320, 1-54961,
1-56143, 1-58585, 1-63139, 1-63871,
1-65935, 1-69995, 1-73616, J-30226,
J-30696, J-38409, J-41121, J-42746,
J-43002, J^t3547, J-44672, J-48171,
J-55161, J-60298, J-67865, K-03032,
K-07605, K-08420, K-11414, K-14772,
K-19750, K-27010, K-28466, K-31%8,
K-33107, K-34063, K-36823, K-37472,
K-41682, K-44310, K-44377, K-46081,
K-47672, K-51212, K-51229, K-58638,
K-58899, K-60180, K-66916, K-68582,
K-69550, K-71991, K-72145, K-72151,
K-80854, L-06349, L-C6734, L-06754,
L-09677, L-17188, L-17472, L-17614,
L-19064, L-19434, L-24481, L-25427,
L-25542, L-27677, L-28349, L-29421,
L-29504, L-29598, L-29818, L-30620,
L-31492, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-32789, L-32884, L-33495, L-35795,
L-37943, L-38669, L-39306, I.-40461,
L-40889, L-41455, L-42021, L-42188,
L-42873, L-42874, L-44054, L-47380,
L-48719, L-48788, L-50180, L-59722,
L-60630, L-73836, L-73839, L-76397,
L-76847, L-76965, L-80894, L-81220,
L-82278, L-83965, L-84415, N-04212,
N-12307, N-16400, N-20040, N-20495,
N-21287, N-28923, N-32254, N-37027,
N-44066, N-46820, N-49170, N-50867,
N-51942, N-63463, N-64545, N-64937,
N-65407, N-66718, N-66750
SULFUR PRODUCTION A-79511
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-01125, A-09693,
A-09785, A-15452, A-17344, A-17357,
A-18323, A-29532, A-29786, A-30218,
A-31315, A-32702, A-33853, A-34096,
A-36045, A-36212, A-49852, A-52508,
A-54622, A-60283, A-61183, A-63661,
A-66977, A-69353, A-69422, A-74262,
A-75089, A-81861, B-07552, B-32231,
B-32627, B-33554, B-40381, B-41378,
B-46050, B-47086, B-48805, B-63775,
B-66624, B-68795, B-70428, B-71412,
B-73031, B-74480, B-76512, B-81772,
B-81773, B-82446, C-01593, C-11574,
C-20030, C-20595, C-22877, C-23575,
C-24603, C-24970, C-42928, C-44238,
C-49992, C-50337, C-63848, D-09658,
D-34008, D-37502, D-39054, D-48791,
E-29774, E-33579, F-41543, G-26274,
G-28199, O-32607, G-40597, G-84260,
H-24035, H-39537, H-40460, H-52102,
H-52574, H-52928, H-76451, 1-07553,
1-46606, 1-58585, 1-65935, K-03032,
L-17472, L-29504, L-29818, N-04212,
N-64937
SULFURIC ACID A-01125, A-03129,
A-03450, A-04068, A-11916, A-13242,
A-17076, A-18323, A-23865, A-24370,
A-26254, A-26329, A-29532, A-29786,
A-30517, A-31935, A-32060, A-32702,
A-32855, A-39460, A-42680, A-44566,
A-45858, A-49852, A-49924, A-55212,
A-63661, A-71262, B-02541, B-05567,
B-06587, B-07552, B-18826, B-22943,
B-24UO, B-25178, B-32461, B-33620,
B-33918, B-35111, B-36532, B-36716,
B-38439, B-44793, B-45707, B-45846,
B-46086, B-47680, B-52852, B-54799,
B-55046, B-60864, B-63540, B-69131,
B-69965, B-75204, B-76512, C-00626,
C-00941, C-01593, C-03I19, C-09983,
C-18264, C-20595, C-24970, C-30840,
C-36693, C-42928, C-43981, C-43985,
C-44177, C-49992, C-80103, D-09658,
D-34008, D-43317, D-50744, E-29774,
E-76047, F-41543, G-03394, G-06675,
G-11467, G-18988, G-26873, G-27379,
G-28199, G-32607, G-33510, G-34398,
G-38721, G-40597, G-50916, G-71536,
G-73658, H-05421, H-11452, H-18226,
H-18319, H-25750, H-35964. H-36742,
H-36998, H-38574, H-39190, H-39627,
H-41362, H-41696, H-48167, H-52705,
H-52928, H-68770, H-70487, H-76451,
H-84557, 1-07553, 1-23108, 1-39031,
1-40510, 1-46606, 1-52320, J-30696,
K-08420, K-10168, K-19750, K-27010,
K-28466, K-36823, K-37472, K-47672,
K-51057, K-51212, K-51229, K-58899,
K-60180, L-06349, L-06734, L-29504,
L-29818, L^0461, L-41455, L-48788
SULFURIC ACID PLANTS B-81772,
B-81773
SUPERPHOSPHATE PLANTS A-79511,
A-84479, B-81772, B-81773, B-81944,
C-80935
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-09785, A-32855, A-37190, A-379%,
A-40344, A-45858, A-58939, B-52852,
H-40201, J-30696, L-32173, L-32245
SURFACE COATINGS A-27930, A-32855,
A-37190, B-43481, C-26209, G-04145,
G-18988, 1-07553, 1-24308, 1-27060,
1-40833, 1-58585, J-30696
SURFACE PROPERTIES A-32060,
B-26745, B-33918, B-46086, B-57706,
E-29774, F-26990, F-57580, F-57581,
G-28037, 1-00085, 1-00695
SURFACTANTS B-18830
SURVEY METHODS A-69309, B-09664,
C-36693, C-56572, C-58278, D-49118,
D-50307, D-60574, K-72145, L-29598,
L-40889, L-57270
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-00220,
A-00375, A-00896, A-01125, A-01528,
A-01687, A-02312, A-03129, A-04068,
A-05601, A-06241, A-06371, A-08882,
A-09785, A-09799, A-11453, A-11876,
A-12476, A-12747, A-15452, A-17377,
A-18323, A-I8656, A-22875, A-23561,
A-24039, A-27314, A-27930, A-29519,
A-29532, A-29786, A-31144, A-31283,
A-31529, A-32060, A-32139, A-32576,
A-32702, A-34018, A-34334, A-36045,
A-36377, A-39460, A-40180, A-40344,
A-41877, A-42751, A-43014, A-44490,
A-44605, A-46925, A-47143, A-47188,
A-47945, A-47954, A-48231, A-49617,
A-50013, A-52508, A-53751, A-57231,
A-59494, A-60281, A-60283, A-60727,
A-60827, A-61564, A-61800, A-68703,
A-69039,
A-75077,
A-82279,
B-07190,
B-07815,
B-13771,
B-23310,
B-25433,
B-26745,
B-28783,
B-32712,
B-35513,
B-38115,
B-41418,
B-43533,
B-45707,
B-47821,
B-52094,
B-58879,
B-70428,
B-74480,
C-01593,
C-16801,
C-24118,
C-35108,
C-41763,
C-44710,
C-53523,
C-71044,
C-81439,
D-19145,
D-24736,
D-27254,
D-33309,
D-36806,
D-44267,
D-50307,
D-56464,
D 67690,
D-76890,
E-29774,
G-01794,
G-08702,
G-18988,
G-24580,
G-28199,
G-34398,
G-40597,
G-50414,
G-60625,
0-71484,
G-74580,
H-01398,
H-03116,
H-03611,
H-04544,
H-06395,
H-11407,
H-12415,
H-16244,
H-18270,
H-20157,
H-23295,
H-23874,
H-26158,
H-28475,
H-30225,
H-33468,
H-36742,
H 39466,
H-39902,
H-42086,
H-43622,
H-46198,
H 48193,
H-49647
A-71273,
A-75089,
B-02541,
B-07549,
B-09773,
B-18826,
B-24110,
B-25590,
B-26908,
B-28786,
B-33971,
B-36532,
B-38188,
B-42104,
B-43863,
B-46086,
B-488Q5,
B-52172,
B-59230,
B-70658,
B-75204,
C-03119,
C-18230,
C-24279,
C-35956,
C-43672,
C-48392,
C-59513,
C-74471,
D-06809,
D-I9%6,
D-26026,
D-28771,
D-33576,
D-39737,
D-47976,
D-51929,
D-58218,
D-69144,
D-79343,
E-30126,
G-04145,
G-11467,
G-19148,
G-26274,
Ci-30788,
G-38721,
G-41706,
Ci-50916,
G-61146,
G-73658,
G-84137,
H-01800,
H-03395,
H-03613,
H-04816,
H-07255,
H-11452,
H-1 2552,
H-16567,
H-19539,
H-21189,
H-23516,
H-24358,
H-26861,
H-28480,
H-30368,
H-35613,
H-36998,
H-39537,
H-40341,
H-42857,
H-43663,
H-47806,
H-48374,
H-51953,
A-71477,
A-79567,
B-04853,
B-07552,
B-10618,
B-19177,
B-24116,
B-25658,
B-27282,
B-30814,
B-35106,
B-36552,
B-38439,
B-42172,
B-44121,
B-47256,
B-49023,
B-52179,
B-60255,
B-70840,
B-77838,
C-03527,
C-22517,
C-26713,
C-36693,
C-43981,
C-49879,
C-67116,
C-75339,
D-09590,
D-21419,
D-26086,
D-30705,
D-33858,
D-41979,
D-48791,
D-52575,
D-58339,
D-73835,
D-84625,
E-76047,
G-06485,
G-16345,
G-24126,
G-27379,
(i-33510,
G-39494,
G-49607,
G-52638,
G-61467,
G-74290,
G-84260,
H-02379,
H-03472.
H-03616,
H-05485,
H-08884,
H-11650,
H-12554,
H-16673,
H-19604,
H-21364,
H-23624,
H-24366,
H-27021,
H-28802,
H-32343,
H-35964,
H-38332,
H-39684,
H-41370,
H-42954,
H-44295,
H-48022,
H-48413,
H-52135,
A-74586,
A-81343,
B-05567,
B-07664,
B-11686,
B-22853,
B 25038,
B-26244,
B 28502,
B-32232,
B-35448.
B-36755,
B-41378,
B-43481,
B-44979,
B-47341,
B-49031,
B-57706,
B-64092,
B 71412,
B-81645,
C-10632,
C-22877,
C-28671,
C 39022,
C-43985,
C-52206,
C-69174,
C-80103,
D-17986,
D-23845,
D-26702,
D-31371,
D-35764,
D-43317,
D-49260,
D-54881,
D-58427,
D-74121,
E-04987,
F-44721,
G-07098,
G-18809,
G-24392,
G-28139,
G-33872,
G-40527,
G-50318,
G-60228,
(}-66044,
G-74169,
H 00301,
H-02537,
H-03549,
H-0%76,
H-05724,
H-11157,
H 12045,
H-16092,
H-17710,
H 19949,
H-22789,
H 23794,
H-25865,
H-28437,
H-28888,
H-53089,
H-35992,
H-39190,
H-39887,
H-41696,
H-43492,
H-45467,
H-48167
H-49644,
H 52928,
-------
592
H-56428, H-56874, H-56885, H-57475,
H-64860, H-65103, H-67026, H-68770,
H-69800, H-70487, H-73172, H-79976,
H-81671, H-83145, H-83854, H-83856,
H-84651, 1-07553, 1-27060, 1-39031,
1-54961, 1-58585, J-43002, K-03032,
K-07605, K-08420, K-19750, K-27010,
K-31968, K-36823 K-46081, K-47672,
K-51212, K-51229, K-58899, K-69550,
K-72145, K-74109, K-80854, L-06349,
L-06734, L-09677, L-17188, L-17614,
L-19064, L-24010, L-24481, L-27677,
L-29421, L-29504, L-29598, L-29818,
L-30620, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-32884, L-33495, L-37943, L-42021,
L-42188, L-44054, L-47380, L-48788,
L-50180, L-52026, L-73836, L-73839,
L-76847, L-76965, L-80894, L-81220,
L-82278, N-04212, N-16400, N-17260,
N-28923, N-46820, N-49170, N-50748,
N-50867, N-64545
SWEDEN A-00220, A-00640, A-05090,
A-74262, B-15372, B-25195, B-67742,
C-00126, C-00260, C-00264, C-01313,
C-01349, C-02042, C-02565, C-04405,
C-04463, C-11626, D-01872, F-01677,
F-02337, F-02517, F-03062, G-01096,
G-01728, G-02539, G-03394, G-04145,
H-00301, H-00631, H-01800, H-02041,
H-02379, H-02382, H-03571, H-32982,
H-38574, 1-00085, K-68582, L-46586,
N-66750
SWEET PEA H-16222
SWITZERLAND A-83637, B-83667
SYNERGISM A-39587, A-69039, B-26911,
B-38476, C-18283, D-26086, G-02539,
G-03394, G-08201, G-27379, G-28139,
G-33276, G-33509, G-33511, G-41036,
G-41684, G-41706, G-43636, G-48693,
G-60625, G-66668, G-68583, G-73658,
G-74290, G-74580, H-04544, H-23624,
H-23950, H-26158, H-32736, H-38412,
H-38568, H-45022, H-45557, H-46262,
H-52135, H-52698, H-52928, H-54910,
H-56637, H-61834, H-62275, H-67056,
H-71931, H-76451, H-77329, H-79338,
H-80575, 1-58585, K-41682, N-51942,
N-6^937
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-03129, A-40344,
A-45858, B-37402, B-45707, B-55046,
B-59230, B-60864, C-04540, D-09590,
H-48377, 1-07553, 1-40510
SYNTHETIC RUBBER A-37190, A-40344,
A-45858, B-59230, 1-07553
SYNTHETIC RUBBER PLANTS A-79280
TALL STACK ISSUE L-80894
TAPE SAMPLERS (TRANSMITTANCE)
C-11574, E-04987
TAR (MATERIAL) A-38657, A-72133,
B-16962, B-38593, B-38874, B-67700,
B-71796, C-35956, D-51929, G-26274,
H-11157, H-23661, H-28477, H-30225,
H-36742, H-41696, H-45022, H-50677
TARS (POLLUTANTS) A-44490, B-30519,
B-40414, B-47680, C-80103, D-33309,
D-39182, G-71948, G-72961, H-28475,
H-32344, H-45007
TAXATION K-37472
TEA H-84579
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES K-19818,
N-37027
TEETH G-83177, G-83798
TEFLON A-47048, B-55046, B-59230,
G-45683, 1-39031
TELLURIUM COMPOUNDS A-76638,
A-81343
TEMPERATURE A-08486, A-09214,
A-09321, A-09332, A-11541, A-18323,
A-27930, A-30218, A-31581, A-33853,
A-34096, A-37562, A-39635, A-40344,
A-43403, A-45858, A-48116, A-48231,
A-48572, A-54622, A-58370, A-65064,
A-76411, B-07552, B-07664, B-12465,
B-18826, B-18830, B-22923, B-24355,
B-32461, B-33554, B-37544, B-37809,
B-38115, B-38188, B-38504, B-40381,
B-41378, B-42078, B-44716, B-45004,
B-47125, B-47466, B-48480, B-55046,
B-61741, B-66624, B-67217, C-02565,
C-04458, C-08077, C-09770, C-22879,
C-24008, C-24114, C-24886, C-25806,
C-27769, C-29771, C-31827, C-35956,
C-41064, C^M083, C-44238, C-44552,
F-01677, F-18427, F-19175, F-21632,
F-32952, F-57580, F-57581, F-62189,
G-04145, G-08030, G-08702, G-45683,
G-68583, H-00265, H-06342, H-06459,
1-08076, 1-40510, 1-54961
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-09785, A-34334, A-48048, A-80507,
B-45468, C-06279, C-06338, C-07710,
C-48392, C-68944, D-09590, D-40896,
D-44799, E-04987, E-37037, E-44277,
G-01674, G-68583, H-05724, H-22930,
H-25273, H-26711, H-28446, H-28474,
H-28476, H-30301, H-32535, H-32536,
H-33716, H-38568, H-40202, H-40341,
H-41189, H^42923, H-48798, H-53376,
1-00695, 1-27060, 1-46606, L-40889,
N-04212, N-66750
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS A-31581, C-26713,
C-35956, N-20495
TENNESSEE A-00375, B-02962, D-26086,
D-56464, H-17697, H-24282, H-38404,
L-44598
TETRAETHYL LEAD A-29786, A-31315,
C-36125, D-34008, G-26274, G-44867,
H-41699
TEXAS G-26743, G-44590, K-37472,
L-17614, L-24481
TEXTILE MILLS A-34018, A-40344,
A-45858, A-47963, A-49924, A-66977,
B-24033, B-45707, D-09590, D-40896,
K-10168, L-37747, L-48788
TEXTILES A-03129, A-40344, A-43272,
A-45858, A-69039, B-05567, B-07552,
B-37402. B-45707, B-55046, B-59230,
B-60864, C-04540, D-09590, G-07098,
G-24153, H^(8377, 1-07553, 1-24308,
1-27060, 1-40510, 1-46606, L-48788
THERMAL RADIATION B-32461,
F-32952, F-62189, L-48788
THERMISTORS C-35956
THERMOCOUPLES C-35956
THERMODYNAMICS A-05811, B-18826,
B-32627, B-38587, B-44716, F-01677,
F-03062, F-04468, F-13998, F-18863,
F-19175, F-20932, F-21389, F-21632,
F-57580, F-57581, 1-00085
THERMOMETERS C-35956
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
B-29680, C-06338, C-26707, C-79032,
H-02382
THRESHOLDS A-01687, A-28038,
A-50242, A-51282, B-02541, B-38476,
B-47680, C-24222, C-27131, C-35956,
C-80103, E^t4030, G-01047, G-06288,
G-12282, G-27895, G-28139, G-29807,
G-32596, G-32605, G-33561, G-34398,
G-36947, G-37791, G-38721, G-41224,
G-41684, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41688, G-49223, G-52147, G-57024,
G-68551, G-74821, G-79848, H-04984,
H-07047, H-16244, H-19211, H-19949,
H-21687, H-23576, H-23794, H-23950,
H-24064, H-24366, H-25273, H-28476,
H-28479, H-36785, H-38407, H-38412,
H-38754, H-40201, H-41370, H-41904,
H-42924, H-42958, H-51905, H-62548,
H-65558, H-66035, H-66798, H-67453,
H-68575, H-76838, H-84290, K-17375,
K-58638, K-60887
THROUGHPUT K-78880
THUNDERSTORMS H-25769
TIMED FUEL INJECTION L-24122
TIN B-48811, 1-00695, 1-40510
TIN COMPOUNDS A-18449, A-51100,
A-60728, A-64926, A-75077, A-76638,
A-80994, A-81343, B-45380, B-58879,
B-80950, C-75339, C-82552, D-50307,
E-29910, K-68224
TIP BURN A-31144, D-23760, D-37473,
H-00631, H-00979, H-01250, H-01398,
H-01506, H-02049, H-03676, H-03873,
H-04679, H-04732, H-04904, H-05485,
H-05585, H-10342, H-14968, H-16150,
H-16399, H-17163, H-17697, H-17822,
H-19358, H-22496, H-23188, H-23794,
H-24566, H-25499, H-28830, H-29277,
H-30368, H-31124, H-32280, H-32282,
H-38411, H-38568, H-39183, H-39466,
H-39902, H-40599, H-41699, H-44345,
H-44595, H-50415, H-51109, H-54597,
H-57810, H-58941, H-62597, H-76715
TISSUE CULTURES G-32596, G-43277,
H-21364
TISSUES C-00626, C-00941, C-03503,
C-04691, C-04757, C-25441, C-26744,
C-50093, C-55789, C-68559, D-77485,
G-01338, G-04849, G-04983, G-07013,
G-07098, G-07917, G-08030, G-10842,
G-11000, G-23763, G-25946, G-28041,
G-28199, G-32596, G-33276, G-33561,
G-35569, G-37684, G-41685, G-43277,
G-49164, G-49756, G-52638, G-54302,
G-56934, G-56959, G-66668, G-74823,
G-84236, H-00187, H-00265, H-00266,
H-00633, H-00737, H-00944, H-01092,
H-03570, H-03571, H-03572, H-04728,
H-04923, H-04997, H-05004, H-06354,
H-06404, H-10841, H-10843, H-13203,
H-24944, H-26734, H-26742, H-26861,
H-34121, H-40916, H-42907, H-42924,
H-46338, H-46719, H-54710, H-69162,
H-76901, H-77377, N-64545
TITANIUM B-73031, 1-00085, 1-65935
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-51100, A-53955, A-64926, A-81343,
C-09560, D-50307, E-29910, E-43424
TITRIMETRIC METHODS C-83495
TOBACCO A-69039, B-02541, C-00626,
D-09590, E-76047, H-01800, H-01809,
H-04984, H-12042, H-12045, H-21364,
H-23386, H-62548, H-67304, H-68602,
H-79976
TOKYO A-32855, B-07549, C-15171,
G-50419, K-36823, L-29818, L-33722
TOLUENES A-32855, B-62165, C-31115,
C-38670, C-39136, C-80259, F-68048,
G-80197, K-51057
TOMATOES C-00626, C-00941, C-04757,
H-00631, H-00964, H-01506, H-01800,
H-02200, H-03629, H-03729, H-03873,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
593
H-04683, H-04728, H-04984, H-06413, G-10333, G-10842, G-11444, G-12282,
H-10673, H-13247, H-15213, H-16245, G-12403, G-1255Q, G-13215, G-14112,
H-16900, H-17449, H-19863, H-21000, G-14319, G-15040, G-16345, G-18809,
H-22284, H-22624, H-23222, H-23386, G-19055, G-19148, G-19215, G-22628,
H-24358, H-24852, H-25099, H-26717, G-22629, G-23711, G-24153, G-24494,
H-28483, H-28600, H-34880, H-36787, G-25469, G-26274, G-26846, G-27379,
H-41699, H-42958, H-56241, H-79972, G-27895, G-28139, G-28199, G-28429,
H-80067, H-83885, H-84651, K-26738 G-29415, G-30145, G-30841, G-32152,
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS G-32596, G-32601, G-32605, G-32606,
A-00375, A-02312, A-09785, A-23561, G-32607, G-33276, G-33505, G-33509,
A-48048, B-25195, C-42926, D-23760, G-33510, G-33511, G-33561, G-33872,
D-26086, D-26702, D-31371, D-33309, G-34398, G-34861, G-35569, G-36411,
E-33092, G-01794, G-19148, G-39219, G-36723, G-36751, G-36947, G-37139,
G-48030, H-11452, H-15604, H-25769, G-37282, G-37795, G-38106, G-38616,
H-32289, H-36996, 1-07553, J-32706, G-38721, G-39219, G-39494, G-39497,
L-17614, N-49170 G-39799, G-39810, G-39813, G-39924,
TOXIC TOLERANCES A-00640, A-47410, G-39931, G^t0527, G-40635, G-41036,
A-50242, B-02541, B-06587, B-19571, G-41224, G-41686, G-41687, G-41706,
C-24970, G-00165, G-01047, G-01096, G-43323, G-43896, G-44589, G-44594,
G-02539, G-03246, G-03394, G-04734, G-44867, 0^15055, G-45683, G-46085,
G-04983, G-07917, G-08031, G-10842, G-47807, G-48068, G-48636, G-48637,
G-21455, G-22628, G-23003, G-30387, G-48693, G-49223, G-49271, G-49448,
G-34398, G-35569, G-37139, G-39813, G-49607, G-49756, G-50161, G-50371,
G-41036, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687, G-50414, G-51473, G-52029, G-52147,
G-41688, G-48030, G-56933, G-60228, G-52638, G-52686, G-52764, G-54302,
G-72%1, G-73658, H-00301, H-00944, G-55517, G-56933, G-57024, G-57701,
H-01092, H-01398, H-01705, H-03395, G-59073, G-60228, G-60625, G-60748,
H-04919, H-05004, H-09553, H-10673, G-67325, G-67440, G-68583, G-71484,
H-10711, H-10841, H-10843, H-13474, G-71933, G-71948, G-72083, G-72961,
H-13985, H-16245, H-17620, H-17697, G-73658, G-74580, G-79848, G-80197,
H-17749, H-18319, H-18507, H-18704, G-83179, G-84266, H-02516, H-04544,
H-20400, H-20690, H-21687, H-22496, H-04848, H-04917, H-04918, H-04919,
H-22930, H-23188, H-23576, H-23794, H-04923, H-04984, H-05004, H-05421,
H-23986, H-24036, H-24064, H-24852, H-06459, H-07047, H-08513, H-08884,
H-25865, H-26055, H-26175, H-26734, H-10150, H-10673, H-10711, H-10841,
H-28031, H-28479, H-28480, H-28483, H-10843, H-12540, H-12552, H-12553,
H-28679, H-28802, H-28888, H-29206, H-13203, H-13474, H-13985, H-16399,
H-30298, H-32282, H-32343, H-32344, H-16472, H-16617, H-168%, H-19539,
H-32771, H-34880, H-35877, H-36159, H-19949, H-20690, H-23386, H-23576,
H-36785, H-37346, H-38017, H-38407, H-23624, H-23794, H-23950, H-24944,
H-38568, H-39190, H-39466, H-39607, H-25366, H-26718, H-26734, H-26742,
H-39887, H-39902, H-39932, H-39986, H-26861, H-27303, H-27907, H-27923,
H-40202, H-40916, H-41439, H-41696, H-28035, H-28443, H-28446, H-28679,
H-41699, H-41904, H-42924, H-42958, H-2%16, H-32289, H-32291, H-33906,
H-43663, H-44595, H-45007, H-45022, H-35992, H-36159, H-36785, H-36883,
H-45345, H-45533, H-45557, H-45776, H-36994, H-36996, H-37346, H-38017,
H-46198, H-46217, H-46557, H-48022, H-38332, H-38343, H-38568, H-38754,
H-48403, H-48798, H-49561, H-49778, H-39183, H-39190, H-39607, H-39627,
H-50157, H-50163, H-50780, H-51109, H-39895, H-39923, H-40201, H-40341,
H-51470, H-51905, H-52102, H-52397, H-40599, H-40899, H-40916, H-42857,
H-52698, H-53376, H-53903, H-56655, H-42924, H-42958, H-43492, H-43663,
H-56963, H-58507, H-59184, H-60913, H-44345, H^t5533, H-45781, H-46051,
H-60957, H-60961, H-61834, H-62275, H-46198. H-46217, H-46262, H-46338,
H-64166, H-64427, H-65558, H-65928, H-46719, H-46997, H-47385, H-48022,
H-66714, H-66798, H-67056, H-67348, H-48167, H-48193, H-48377, H-48403,
H-67453, H-67457, H-67480, H-69488, H-48413, H-48639, H-49316, H-49561,
H-69800, H-69%6, H-70607, H-71931, H-49644, H-49778, H-49779, H-50157,
H-73172, H-73510, H-74617, H-74624, H-50163, H-504I5, H-50677, H-50780,
H-74626, H-74722, H-75027, H-76452, H-51109, H-51321, H-51470, H-51905,
H-76838, H-78681, H-80189, H-81495, H-52102, H-52135, H-52306, H-52397,
1-24308, K-31968, K-51057 H-52574, H-52698, H-52705, H-52928,
TOXICITY A-12548, A-17405, A-18449, H-53376, H-53903, H-54297, H-54755,
A-27314, A-27595, A-27930, A-31333, H-54910, H-55654, H-56204, H-56240,
A-34334, A-36045, A-37190, A-37721, H-56655, H-56963, H-57859, H-59028,
A-37996, A-39460, A-42054, A-47048, H-59935, H-60559, H-60560, H-60760,
A-47061, A-47954, A-47959, A-48849, H-60907, H-60913, H-60957, H-60961,
A-49924, A-50242, A-51282, A-52664, H-61000, H-62275, H-63626, H-64758,
A-55601, A-60421, A-60728, A-60866, H-65380, H-65394, H-65558, H-65928,
A-61570, A-69039, A-71262, A-71273, H-66035, H-66798, H-67056, H-67347,
A-71477, A-79511, B-09664, B-38476, H-67348, H-67453, H-67480, H-68575,
B-47731, B-60864, B-72139, B-75138, H-68770, H-69488, H-695%, H-69800,
C-06494, C-07719, C-24222, C-46303, H-70607, H-73172, H-74624, H-74626,
C-48492, C-64090, C-67116, E-05054, H-74721, H-74722, H-75027, H-76451,
E-33092, E-64013, F-52013, F-55415, H-76452, H-76715, H-76838, H-81771,
G-05504, G-05833, G-06288, G-06485, H-83797, H-84089, H-84477, K-17375,
G-06497, G-07013, G-07917, G-08201, K-26738, K-36823, K-38197, K-47672,
K-51057, K-58638, K-60887, K-71991,
L-25642, L-38669, L-42188, L-44598,
N-17260, N-20040, N-44066, N-46820,
N-49170, N-50867, N-51942, N-63463,
N-64545, N-64937, N-66750
TRACE ANALYSIS A-09695, A-0%97,
A-57231, A-59257, A-75077, A-81343,
C-11691, C-12451, C-15355, C-21806,
C-23517, C-24018, C-26713, C-27331,
C-27927, C-32534, C-32966, C-40422,
C-42926, C-44253, C-44596, C-53523,
C-55789. C-61993, C-68559, C-69765,
C-75339, D-07579, D-33017, D-33858,
D-62438, E-43424, H-28443, H-33290,
H-45467, H-48374, H-50959, H-65179,
N-20495
TRACERS C-07860, C-27248, C-32966,
C-35956, E-30126, E-33579, E-43855,
E-78793, E-78943, G-33561, G-41685,
H-02382, H-05399, H-10150
TRACHEA G-10247, G-40597, G-49223
TRACHEAL CANCER G-07961
TRANSMISSOMETERS C-32534, C-49879,
C-59513
TRANSPORT A-15452, A-23561, A-36045,
A-42054, A-44566, A-70727, C-23286,
C-44177, D-49860, D-58218, D-77485,
E-37013, E-78793, E-78933, G-36947,
G-67325, H-19949, H-23661, H-45009,
L-428IO, N-52010
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) C-06494,
C-07871, C-16801, C-32476, C-48492,
G-01096
TRAY TOWERS A-12476, A-12676,
B-43299, B-45078, B-47054, B-47466,
B-52838, B-60075
TREATED FABRICS B-77475, C-60278,
C-60410, C-66753, D-66083
TREES A-13353, A-13615, A-34018,
A-52664, A-61564, A-83543, B-09664,
B-19571, B-38476, B-45468, B-48879,
B-84391, C-04757, C-05892, C-11915,
C-20540, C-23683, C-24970, C-33929,
C-56865, D-23760, D-25093, D-37607,
D-53889, D-56792, E-49433, G-01338,
G-50318, G-81181, G-81250, H-00301,
H-00737, H-01398, H-01557, H-01800,
H-01809, H-02049, H-02379, H-03116,
H-03395, H-03676, H-03766, H-03860,
H-04672, H-04904, H-05560, H-OS585,
H-07255, H-08884, H-10342, H-10673,
H-11407, H-11456, H-11466, H-11650,
H-12042, H-13203, H-15501, H-15604,
H-15838, H-16092, H-16152, H-16222,
H-16385, H-16673, H-17697, H-17710,
H-17822, H-18267, H-18507, H-19124,
H-19539, H-21062, H-21189, H-21194,
H-2I364, H-21687, H-22084, H-22085,
H-22092, H-22887, H-22930, H-23188,
H-23214, H-23295, H-23516, H-23576,
H-23639, H-23661, H-23950, H-23986,
H-24024, H-24064, H-24330, H-24366,
H-24566, H-25099, H-25499, H-25750,
H-25769, H-26175, H-26491, H-26691,
H-27091, H-28476, H-28802, H-29277,
H-30298, H-32286, H-32334, H-32344,
H-32516, H-32535, H-32714, H-32897,
H-33716, H-35877, H-35880, H-35964,
H-35992, H-37346, H-38574, H-39183,
H-39190, H-39537, H-39684, H-39887,
H-39932, H-40341, H-40472, H-40599,
H-40899, H-41439, H-41482, H-41904,
H-41983, H-42086, H-42954, H-43492,
H-43663, H-45007, H-45130, H-45160,
H-45474, H-45540, H-45557, H-45604,
H-45663, H-45776, H-46198, H-46217,
-------
594
H-46338, H-46557, H-46719, H-46733,
H-47286, H-47385, H-48022, H-48291,
H-48377, H-48556, H-48941, H-50157,
H-50780, H-50959, H-51109, H-51271,
H-51321, H-51754, H-52102, H-52651,
H-52829, H-52994, H-54297, H-54910,
H-55654, H-56584, H-56637, H-56788,
H-56874, H-56885, H-57475, H-57810,
H-58506, H-58507, H-59028, H-59327,
H-60913, H-60961, H-62597, H-64860,
H-68122, H-69966, H-70279, H-70487,
H-71078, H-72132, H-73172, H-73518,
H-74459, H-74588, H-74617, H-74624,
H-75027, H-77050, H-77325, H-77329,
H-77390, H-77391, H-78058, H-78580,
H-78681, H-79309, H-79635, H-80067,
H-80189, H-80493, H-81288, H-81771,
H-82498, H-83082, H-84558, H-84579,
1-63139, K-26738, L-06754, L-31492,
L-46561
TRENDS A-43014, A-60727, A-60728,
A-60729, A-60866, A-61007, B-43108,
B-60849, B-60864, B-612S9, C-66753,
D-70500, D-73286, D-77485, D-78193,
D-79343, G-41706, H-71098, H-74459,
H-77050, J-67865, K-80854, L-41455,
L-42188
TRUCKS A-12557, B-07549, 1-23108,
J-30696, K-72151
TUBERCULOSIS D-17642, G-06675,
G-07961, G-11942, G-18987, G-36751,
G-44867, J-30226
TUMORS G-02539, G-07013, G-07961,
G-11000, G-19055, G-66044, G-73658,
G-74580, H-11452
TUNED LASER SPECTROMETRY
C-79835
TURBIDIMETRY A-33853, C-32534,
C-35956, C-39719, C-43979, C-43985,
E-04987, K-08420
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-44566, C-22877, C-44177, E-29774,
E-33092, E-43855, E-79132, N-04212
TURNIPS H-80067
u
ULTRASONICS A-09799, C-44881
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION A-27930,
B-45468, C-22879, C-26485, C-44238,
C-66753, C-80103, C-80573, E-72995,
F-02337, F-02517, F-80516, G-27379,
G-31319, G-32607, H-51321, K-19818
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
C-20650, C-22812, C-32534, C-39719,
C-43979, C-43986, C-49509, C-50470,
C-63848, C-66753, C-69174, C-83495,
F-02517
UNDERFIRE AIR A-46925
UNITED KINGDOM A-00375, A-00896,
A-06371, A-17377, A-27314, A-27930,
A-31134, A-31283, A-32060, A-34334,
A-44605, A-47061, A-51282, A-58939,
B-07664, B-24033, B-26908, B-30519,
fl-35513, B-36716, B-37536, B-49023,
B-52179, B-67217, B-67846, B-70428,
C-1680J, C-17092, C-17117, C-21730,
C-24222, C-26203, C-30007, C-34125,
C-34126, C-49879, C-82552, D-06809.
D-52811, D-58218, E-64013, F-19175,
F-39861, F-57581, F-78035, G-15040,
G-18987, G-39494, G-43896, G-79848,
H-11157, H-13213, H-16244, H-19604,
H-24366, H-39493, H-40472, H-56428,
H-70607, H-78402, H-79129, H-80189,
L-17614, L-39306, L-39749, L-"-""~ ,
L-44598, L-46586, N-04212, N-37027,
N-64545
UNITED STATES A-00220, A-00340,
A-00375, A-00640, A-00896, A-02019,
A-02312, A-03450, A-05601, A-07650,
A-088S2, A-09785, A-12095, A-32060,
A-33853, A-39862, A-40159, A-47143,
A-48048, A-67806, A-689!2, A-79567,
B-02962, B-04853, B-07190, B-09664,
B-18144, C-00260, C-00626, C-01349,
C-02565, C-26909, C-44710, D-09590,
D-09658, D-23760, D-23845, D-24736,
D-24801, D-26086, D-26702, D-28188,
D-33080, D-37473, D-39737, D-42760,
D-49860, D-50307, D-52578, D-55187,
D-56463, D-56464, D-56465, D-56792,
D-63526, E-29774, E-33092, E-37037,
F-01677, G-01096, G-04145, G-04849,
G-18785, G-23763, G-24580, G-26743,
G-28199, G-30788, G-44590, H-00265,
H-00266, H-00301, H-01092, H-01705,
H-01800, H-01809, H-02200, H-03613,
H-03616, H-03629, H-03766, H-04848,
H-05342, H-06395, H-06404, H-06459,
H-07255, H-11407, H-12045, H-I3474,
H-16244, H-16896, H-17697, H-20573,
H-22084, H-22092, H-22887, H-24282,
H-26718, H-27030, H-28031, H-28830,
H-28899, H-33089, H-33127, H-33468,
H-37403, H-38404, H-44345, H-45604,
H-48374, H-51484, H-52651, H-52829,
H-52994, H-53370, H-58507, H-59935,
H-67026, H-68394, H-68602, H-70487,
H-70984, H-80493, H-80535, 1-00085,
1-00695, J-43002, J-44672, J-55161,
K-03582, K-08420, K-11414, K-19750,
K-27010, K-36823, K-37472, K-38197,
K-47672, K-51212, K-51229, K-58638,
K-68582, L-06349, L-06734, L-06938,
L-06939, L-09677, L-17614, L-24122,
L-24481, L-32173, L-32245, L-32272,
L-44054, L-44598, L-48788, L-66700,
N-04212, N-28923, N-63463
UPPER ATMOSPHERE E-40271
URANIUM COMPOUNDS A-17883,
A-59921, A-75077, A-76638, A-81343,
B-12127, B-50652, C-04463, C-25952,
C-75339, D-30058, D-56463, D-56464,
D-56465, G-28429, 1-08076
URBAN AREAS A-00220, A-08882,
A-09785, A-11453, A-13615, A-22973,
A-23865, A-25305, A-31315, A-32060,
A-32855, A-34334, A-36377, A-37190,
A-37996, A-40471, A-42054, A-46558,
A-47061, A-47143, A-47945, A-52277,
A-52664, A-55922, A-58334, A-66955,
A-66977, A-72079, B-28502, B-38476,
B-44638, 6^)5468, C-11915, C-12334,
C-18344, C-20701, C-22812, C-24222,
C-25487, C-26713, C-31115, C-38905,
C-39762, C^f0705, C-44174, C-44177,
C-44285, D-07579, D-09590, D-10619,
D-17102, D-17986, D-18537, D-19145,
D-19966, D-21419, D-22348, D-22359,
D-23392, D-23845, D-24736, D-25093,
D-26026, D-26086, D-27254, D-28097,
D-2877I, D-3137I, D-31396, D-33080,
D-33108, D-33309, D-33425, D-33576,
D-34008, D-35764, D-36806, D-37473,
D-37502, D-37607, D-37823, D-37994,
D-39054, D-39182, D-39737, D-40896,
D-41979, D-42760, D-43170, D-43317,
D-44267, D-44799, D-47976, D-47982,
D-48791, D^48850, D-49260, D-49860,
D-50307, D-50550, D-50690, D-50744,
D-51929, D-52575, D-52578, D-52811,
D-53S89, D-54881, D-55187, D-56792,
D-58539, D-58427, D-63186, D-67690,
D-7H62, D-77512, D-78193, E-29774,
E-37639, E-49185, E-49433, E-72995,
G-06675, G-10333, G-12282, G-12532,
G-14477, G-18988, G-19215, G-19880,
G-23763, G-26274, G-28199, G-28754,
G-29043, G-29415, G-30183, G-30788,
G-31234, G-32152, G-32596, G-3260/,
G-33766, G-34398, G-37282, G-37569,
G-37791, G-38106, G-38616, G-38721,
G-38942, G-40920, G-41706, G-44867,
G-47905, G-47906, G-48030, G-48636,
G-48697, G-49164, G-49271, G-50318,
G-50371, G-50419, G-56931, G-56933,
G-57701, G-61646, H-03116, H-08884,
H-12533, H-12554, H-17163, H-17449,
H-17697, H-18269, H-18507, H-18704,
H-20573, H-20917, H-22930, H-23188,
H-23295, H-24036, H-27030, H-27091,
H-28437, H-29597, H-30142, H-32672,
H-33127, H-35880, H-35964, H-36883,
H-36994, H-36996, H-36998, H-37480,
H-38574, H-39607, H-39627, H-39895,
H-40472, H-41362, H-41904, H-41983,
H-43226, H-45540, H-46198, H-46217,
H-46733, H-46997, H-47385, H-48167,
H-48193, H-48374, H-48377, H-48556,
H-48941, H-50959, H-51109, H-51470,
H-51484, H-51754, H-52574, H-54597,
H-55066, H-56584, H-56637, H-56874,
H-56885, H-57475, H-58506, H-58507,
H-5S777, H-58941, H-59327, H-70279,
H-72762, H-73518, H-77050, 1-00695,
1-46606, 1-47291, 1-52320, 1-54961,
1-58585, 1-73616, J-30696, J-32706,
J-60298, K-17375, K-33107, K-36823,
K-38197, K-44310, K-46081, K-69550,
K-80854, L-06349, L-09677, L-17614,
L-29598, L-29818, L-31492, L-32354,
L-33495, L-33722, L-35795, L-37747,
L-37943, L-38573, L-38669, L-40889,
L-41455, L-42021, L-42874, L-46561,
L-60630, L-73836, N-16400, N-32254,
N-50748, N-63463, N-65407, N-66750
URINE A-00220, A-00375, A-01687,
A-02312, A-02653, A-02988, A-03450,
A-17116, A-17405, B-02541, C-00126,
C-00260, C-00264, C-00626, C-00636,
C-00941, C-01349, C-OI793, C-03503,
C-18264, C-26744, C-43570, C-47193,
C-60410, C-77492, D-47982, F-07714,
F-34948, G-01338, G-01674, G-01728,
G-01794, G-06485, G-06497, G-10203,
G-129S7, G-14112, G-14477, G-19880,
G-23563, G-24126, G-24392, G-24720,
G-26461, G-26846, G-26873, G-27753,
G-27755, G-28754, G-29415, G-29807,
G-31234, G-32601, G-32606, G-33505,
G-33511, G-33766, G-36947, G-37569,
G-37684, G-38106, G-38942, G-40920,
G-44362, G-44590, G-44593, G-44594,
G-47905, G-48636, G-48637, G-49164,
G-49607, G-50318, G-50371, G-50419,
G-52686, G-54302, G-56931, G-62177,
G-62596, G-71324, G-74380, G-74821,
G-74822, G-76902, G-79619, G-79623,
G-79634, G-79796, G-81181, G-83177,
G-83798, H-00187, H-00240, H-00265,
H-00266, H-00301, H-00600, H-00631,
H-00633, H-00654, H-00788, H-00920,
H-00944, H-00964, H-00979, H-01092,
H-01250, H-01398, H-01506, H-OI557,
H-01664, H-01705, H-01800, H-01809,
H-02041, H-02049, H-02200, H-02379,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
595
H-02382, H-02537, H-03116, H-03360,
H-03395, H-03472, H-03549, H-03570,
H-03571, H-03572, H-03611, H-03612,
H-03613, H-03616, H-03629, H-03676,
H-03729, H-03860, H-03873, H-04816,
H-04924, H-05612, H-06353, H-06354,
H-12554, H-18268, H-18269, H-18270,
H-20015, H-20707, H-25735. H-26734,
H-28031, H-28035, H-32736, H-39493,
H-40201, H-40368, H-46997, H-48167,
H-48193, H-49434, H-65103, K-03582
USSR A-04068, A-08486, A-11916,
A-17076, A-23022, A-26329, A-42731,
A-53955, A-63661, A-68807, A-76411,
A-81169, B-13771, B-23310, B-26279,
B-26317, B-27569, B-32384, B-37115,
B-37544, B-37745, B-38188, B-38775,
B-38874, B-40414, B-41932, B-45380,
B-47821, B-58632, B-66618, B-80356,
B-80863, C-02565, C-04105, C-10632,
C-27131, C-32450, C-36125, C-36771,
C-37799, C-41064, C-46303, C-46784,
C-48392, C-51551, C-56572, C-65118,
C-73471, C-74354, C-76030, C-79835,
D-07579, D-17642, D-34008, D-37823,
E-29910, F-15927, F-21632, F-68048,
G-06675, G-08201, G-10247, G-10333,
G-11942, G-12282, G-32596, G-32601,
G-32605, G-32606, G-33510, G-33511,
G-33561, G-35670, G-36411, G-37139,
G-41224, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-45055, G-52147, G-59073, G-66668,
G-68583, G-72083, H-22496, H-22930,
H-23188, H-23295, H-26978, H-27091,
H-36159, H-63167, H-75027, H-84484,
K-10168, K-11414, K-27010, K-28466,
K-41682, K-58638, K-68582, L-44054
UTAH A-02312, G-04849, G-23763,
H-00301, H-01092, H-04848, L-44598
VALLEYS D-09590, D-33309, D-39182,
E-14897, E-33092, G-24580, G-30788,
G-40597, H-00301, H-15604, H-16567,
H-24395, H-29991, H-32289, H-32535,
H-32536, H-36996, H-46997, 1-07553,
1-63871
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-27314, A-49617, A-52741, A-59257,
A-74154, A-75077, A-76638, A-80238,
A-81343, A-81931, C-41064, C-53523,
C-55789, C-61957, C-82552, D-50307,
D-78193, E-29910, E-33579, E-43424,
G-34398, G-36723, G-52029, G-61146,
G-71484, G-71933, G-80857, H-13474,
1-47291, K-4I682, K-51057, K-68224,
K-72145
VAPOR PRESSURE A-05811, A-31581,
A-77993, B-51755, C-01349, H-25273,
1-00085
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS A-60281,
B-18641, B-33971, B-39104, B-42078,
B-49031
VAPORS A-08882, A-27314, A-32702,
A-39862, A-40180, A-43403, A-59494,
A-65064, A-71477, A-74262, A-76411,
A-80507, B-16962, B-25523, B 25590,
B-26674, B-28783, B-33971, B-37536,
B-38115, B-38593, B-42078, B-47186,
B-49031, B-65638, B-66618, B-70840,
B-71297, B-84418, C-16801, C-19076,
C-24114, C-36125, C-41020, C-44552,
C-44933, C-80259, E-44030, F-18427,
F-62189, G-28199, G-33276, G-34398,
G-71933, H-23661, H-25750, H-28477,
H-36742, H-50780, H-54066
VARNISHES AND SHELLAC A-32855,
J-30696
VEGETABLES A-11453, B-02541,
B-37402, C-00626, C-00941, C-04757,
C-18230, C-18264, C-29467, D-09590,
G-05504, G-11444, G-13700, G-19215,
G-43896, G-83177, H-00187, H-00240,
H-00265, H-00266, H-00301, H-00631,
H-00964, H-01506, H-01800, H-02200,
H-02382, H-03395, H-03571, H-03612,
H-03613, H-03616, H-03629, H-03729,
H-03873, H-04683, H-04728, H-04732,
H-04984, H-05724, H-06413, H-06557,
H-08513, H-08884, H-09683, H-10150,
H-10673, H-11100, H-11466, H-12042,
H-13203, H-13247, H-14247, H-15213,
H-15604, H-16245, H-16387, H-16900,
H-17449, H-17705, H-18266, H-19657,
H-19863, H-20400, H-20872, H-21000,
H-21364, H-21501, H-22284, H-22624,
H-23222, H-23386, H-24330, H-24358,
H-24366, H-24548, H-24852, H-25099,
H-26717, H-27805, H-28427, H-28437,
H-28446, H-28480, H-28483, H-28600,
H-29443, H-29597, H-30142, H-30805,
H-31208, H-32339, H-34880, H-35880,
H-36787, H-36994, H-36996, H-37346,
H-39098, H-39159, H-40202, H-40599,
H-41439, 11^11699, H-42958, H-43492,
H-45007, 11^17286, H-50157, H-52306,
H-52698, H-56241, H-56521, H-58777,
H-60559, H-67026, H-76838, H-77390,
H-78956, H-79972, H-80064, H-80067,
H-80536, H-80575, H-81495, H-83854,
H-83885, H-84551, H-84553, H-8465V,
K-07605, K-26738, L-06754, L-24010
VEHICULAR TRAFFIC A-76274,
D-78193, E-76047
VENTILATION A-00640, A-04068,
A-06371, A-22875, A-27314, A-27930,
A-42751, A-48429, A-500I8, A-68807,
A-71477, A-82279, B-15372, B-23370,
B-28945, B-30519, B-32231, B-32712,
B-33191, B-35513, B-36532, B-37293,
B-38082, 8^4838, B-52179, B-80213,
D-06809, E-44030, G-00165, G-01096,
G-16916, K-10168
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-38942,
G-84266
VENTURI SCRUBBERS A-01125,
A-05090, A-09332, A-09693, A-12889,
A-35985, A-41650, A-41877, A-47962,
A-60827, A-65064, A-71615, A-76122,
A-76152, B-04794, B-06587, B-07815,
B-09902, B-I5813, B-21034, B-22484,
B-22913, B-29680, B-29725, B-32232,
B-33971, B-36552, B-37914, B-38115,
B-41418, B-43299, B-43481, B-44716,
B-44838, B-45078, B-45380, B-45544,
B-45707, B-47054, B-47086, B-49023,
B-49929, B-51101, B-52172, B-52838,
B-60075, B-64092, B-64696, B-76512,
B-81256, B-83667, E-29315, G-40527
VESSELS (MARINE) A-09785, D-33017,
D-42760, G-28139, L-25427, L-29421
VETERINARY MEDICINE H-01092,
H-12533, H-12554
VIRUSES A-32702, G-02539, G-30788,
H-00240, H-17705, H-21501, H-33127,
H-60559, H-62275, H-80575
VISIBILITY A-02312, A-08116, A-09785,
A-28038, A-32060, A-34018, A-36045,
A-60281, A-75206, A-76152, A-81861,
C-39022, C-69152, D-09590, D-26702,
D-39737, G-19148, 1-24308, K-07605,
K-58638, L-32173, N-44066, N-66750
VISIBLE RADIATION C-22879, C-80259,
H-11157, H-24064
VISUAL PROPERTIES H-78580
VOLATILITY A-18449, A-33853, A-44681,
A-57231, A-71273, A-75146, A-77993,
A-79511, B-22923, B-55180, B-56528,
C-24114, C-44933, C-57079, H-29597
VOLCANOES A-32576, A-39862, A-40600,
A-43403, A-49738, A-79567, A-82944,
D-23862, D-66083, E-40271, F-20932
VOLTAGE C-04685, C-08077, 1-00695
VOLTMETERS C-01313
w
WASHINGTON (STATE) A-00375,
C-26909, D-23760, H-00301, H-02200,
H-22887, L-44598
WASHINGTON D C D-24736, D-52578,
G-26743, H-OI809, L-09677
WASHOUT A-44566, B-10618, E-29774,
H-56428, H-62597
WASTE GAS CONTROL A-00896,
A-15452, A-18323, A-22875, A-32519,
A-34096, A-34334, A-38657, A-42675,
A-43014, A-46925, A-47188, A-47962,
A-47965, A-47966, A-55212, A-57231,
A-60727, A-60728, A-60866, A-63661,
A-82192, B-12288, B-15322, B-16555,
B-17463, B-18641, B-18826, B-18830,
B-20436, B-22943, B-23182, B-24033,
B-24333, B-25038, B-25178, B-25638,
B-26908, B-27282, B-28709, B-28889,
B-29680, B-29725, B-30276, B-30519,
B-30814, B-31889, B-33620, B-33918,
B-35106, B-35111, B-35513, B-36755,
B-37603, B-38299, B-38476, B-40381,
B-40712, B-41378, B-42083, B-42104,
B-43108, B-44716, B-44793, B-44838,
B-45707, B-45846, B-47054, B-47086,
B-47256, B-47341, B-47731, B-48480,
B-48805, B-48811, B-48879, B-50937,
B-51101, B-51845, B-52445, B-53603,
B-53620, B-53868, B-54799, B-56057,
B-56591, B-59679, B-60075, B-60255,
B-60849, B-60864, B-61935, B-63474,
B-64977, B-65640, B-67700, B-68795,
B-69965, B-71472, B-72656, B-74480,
B-74483, B-75387, B-77816, B-78814,
B-78890, B-79079, B-80500, B-81256,
B-81995, B-83134, B-83198, C-00126,
C-21806, C-22877, C-23575, C-29426,
C-55858, C-61103, D-35764, D-47976,
D-49860, E-14897, F-44721, H-39537,
H-41696, J-29923, L-24122, L-39306,
L-42873, N-50867, N-64545, N-64937
WASTE GASES A-00896, A-01125,
A-01528, A-02847, A-03565, A-04068,
A-05139, A-05140, A-05587, A-05871,
A-08102, A-08116, A-08748, A-09214,
A-09321, A-09332, A-09541, A-09651,
A-09690, A-09692, A-09693, A-09694,
A-09695, A-09696, A-09697, A-09799,
A-11341, A-11590, A-11876, A-11877,
A-12470, A-12474, A-12587, A-12622,
A-12676, A-12692, A-12740, A-12747,
A-12750, A-12773, A-12809, A-12822,
A-12828, A-12884, A-12886, A-12888,
A-12889, A-12919, A-12929, A-12931,
A-12933, A-15452, A-17344, A-22875,
A-23022, A-24039, A-26329, A-28652,
A-29519, A-30218, A-30517, A-31144,
A-31315, A-31529, A-32519, A-33735,
-------
596
A-33853, A-34334, A-35985, A-37190, C-60553, C-60951, C-61103, C-61896,
A-37562, A-40344, A-40401, A-42675, C-67528, C-68086, C-69174, C-70638,
A-42676, A-42677, A-42680, A-42682, C-70686, C-72015, C-73349, C-74221,
A-42683, A-43816, A-45858, A-46925, C-75058, C-76212, C-79842, C-82650,
A-47945, A-47%2, A-47966, A-49886, C-84182, C-84214, D-23760, D-25093,
A-50018, A-52277, A-52508, A-52912, D-26702, D-33858, D-37502, D-4I979,
A-53295, A-54622, A-55407, A-57231, D-56463, D-77485, D-77512, E-14897,
A-58334, A-58370, A-58402, A-58939, E-29774, E-33579, E-37639, E-44277,
A-59494, A-60281, A-60727, A-60728, E-59075, E-59234, E-78943, F-44721,
A-60866, A-61154, A-61183, A-61570, G-18785, G-31319, G-32601, G-32607,
A-63661, A-65064, A-67748, A-67834, G-33510, G-33511, G-39219, G-40527,
A-68703, A-68823, A-69309, A-69422, G-40597, G^t063S, G-44597, G-67325,
A-70069, A-70727, A-71615, A-72125, G-67440, G-74369, G-79848, G-83179,
A-74154, A-75089, A-76274, A-76644, H-08884, H-11452, H-18226, H-21189,
A-77367, A-77522, A-79043, A-79511, H-21422, H-23214, H-23295, H-23386,
A-80994, A-81861, A-81916, A-81917, H-23950, H-24024, H-24064, H-24395,
A-81931, A-81935, A-82192, A-82353, H-25865, H-26734, H-28547, H-29736,
A-82944, B-04794, B-07664, B-08344, H-31733, H-32535, H-32539, H-32714,
B-10618, B-15322, B-16555, B-17463, H-36787, H-37480, H-38017, H-38404,
B-17485, B-18641, B-18698, B-18699, H-38412, H-38417, H-38574, H-39493,
B-18826, B-18830, B-19177, B-21034, H-39537, H-3%84, H-41370, H-41696,
B-22040, B-22484, B-22598, B-22943, H-41698, H-42601, H-42857, H-43492,
B-23182, B-24110, B-24333, B-24355, H-44295, H-45160, H-46198, H-47385,
B-24834, B-25195, B-25433, B-2S658, H-51109, H-51321, H-56874, H-57475,
B-26317, B-26401, B-27569, B-28709, H-58777, H-59327, H-59935, H-60690,
B-29403, B-29680, B-30276, B-30519, H-60913, H-65179, H-67453, H-69596.
B-30814, B-31567, B-31708, B-31889, H-74588, H-74624, H-76233, H-77377,
B-32232, B-32384, B-32461, B-32627, H-77391, H-80067, H-80079, H-81288,
B-32712, B-32963, B-33918, B-35106, H-81671, H-81771, H-83258, H-83854,
B-35111, B-36716, B-37402, B-37544, H-83856, 1-58585, 1-65935, J-38409,
B-37603, B-37809, B-38082, B-38115, J-39910, J-41121, J-76213, K-34063,
B-38439, B-38476, B-38504, B-38587, K-36823, K-37472, K-58899, K-66860,
B-38593, B-40251, B-40381, B-40712, K-66916, K-68582, K-78880, K-80854,
B-40892, B-41378, B-42078, B-42083, K-81864, L-09677, L-17188, L-19064,
B-42104, B-42172, B-42287, B-43108, L-19434, L-20273, L-24481, L-29421,
B-43481, B-43533, B-44121, B-44716, L-30620, L-33722, L-38573, L-38669,
B-45078, B-45254, B-45846, B-47054, L-39306, L-39749, L-48719, L-59722,
B-47086, B-47095, B-47125, B-47186, L-64940, N-63776, N-64545, N-64937,
B-47256, B-47341, B-47463, B-47466, N-65407
B-47821, B-48143, B-48805, B-48811, WATER A-39862, B-07552, B-26244,
B-48814, B-48879, B-49031, B-49420, B-33971, B-41932, B-46086, B-47341,
B-49477, B-49979, B-50154, B-50652, B-47821, B-55524, B-66592, B-69S28,
B-51101, B-51720, B-51755, B-51845, B-71412, B-79711, C-01793, C-04463,
B-52179, B-52445, B-52838, B-52852, C-15355, C-25806, D-33425, F-19175,
B-53620, B-53867, B-53868, B-54310, F-21632, F-62189, G-06485, G-26743,
B-54799, B-55678, B-56057, B-56078, G-28019, G-37569, G-37795, G-43896,
B-56528, B-5653K B-J6591, B-58380, G-45055, H-22496, H-28031, H-33290,
B-58466, B-58632, B-58879, B-58993, H-37403, H-46923, H-64427, 1-40510
B-59230, B-59679, B-59845, B-59861, WATER BODIES A-32139, A-35985,
B-60075, B-60206, B-60255, B-60849, A-37996, A-39587, A-40182, A-48048,
B-61259, B-61273, B-61741, B-61935, A-74154, A-74262, A-80334, A-83543,
B-62165, B-62786, B-63474, B-63540, B-24683, B-25038, B-28320, B-28502,
B-63775, B-63784, B-64070, B-64092, B-32232, B^t0251, B-41569, B-43840,
B-64428, B-64506, B-64696, B-64898, B-47677, B-47680, B-47731, B-47821,
B-64977, B-65640, B-66592, B-66624, B-49023, B-49031, B-51845, B-56057,
B-66947, B-67136, B-67137, B-67217, B-79657, C-23518, C-36002, C-38280,
B-67700, B-68633, B-68795, B-69131, C-38670, C-44710, C-47193, C-50936,
B-69528, B-69965, B-70428, B-70537, C-58278, D-30058, D-31371, D-33108,
B-70658, B-70659, B-70840, B-71297, D-41979, D-44267, D-56465, G-32152,
B-71472, B-71623, B-71796, B-71841, G-32601, G-39494, G-43323, G-46085,
B-72038, B-72656, B-73031, B-73175, G-52557, H-32291, H-32673, H-32736,
B-74480, B-74483, B-75204, B-75387, H-33290, H-35992, H-37403, H-37567,
B-76232, B-77475, B-77816, B-78814, H-39923, H-71098, 1-23108, 1-39031,
B-78890, B-79079, B-79657, B-79711, K-37472, K-74109, L-27677, L-28349,
B-80213, B-80500, B-80863, B-81256, L-29421, L-43007, L-48788, L-73836,
B-81645, B-81772, B-81773, B-81944, L-77234, N-63463
B-81995, B-82032, B-82446, B-82918, WATER POLLUTION A-32139, A-35985,
B-83198, B-83667, C-03119, C-06112, A-37996, A-39587, A-40182, A-48048,
C-06397, C-18230, C-22812, C-22877, A-74154, A-74262, A-80334, A-83543,
C-23575, C-25223, C-26713, C-29737, B-24683, B-25038, B-28320, B-28502,
C-30793, C-30958, C-31115, C-32631, B-32232, B-40251, B-41569, B-43840,
C-33632, C-35108, C-35737, C-35956, B-47677, B^t7680, B-47731, B-47821,
C-37463, C-37579, C-38670, C-39136, B-49023, B^f9031, B-51845, B-56057,
C-41624, C-43570, C-44238, C-49391, B-79657, C-23518, C-36002, C-38280,
C-49476, C-52992, C-53876, C-55367, C-38670, C-44710, C-47193, C-50936,
C-55858, C-59049, C-59513, C-60278, C-58278, D-30058, D-31371, D-33108,
D-41979, D-44267, D-56465, G-32152,
G-32601, G-39494, G-43323, G-46085,
G-52557, H-32291, H-32673. H-32736,
H-33290, H-35992, H-37403, H-37567,
H-39923, H-71098, 1-23108, 1-39031,
K-37472, K-74109, L-27677, L-28349,
L-29421, L-43007, L-48788, L-73836,
L-77234, N-63463
WATER VAPOR A-76411, A-80507
WAVELENGTHS C-80227, C-80259
WEATHER MODIFICATION A-34334,
E-72995, G-38616, H-46198, 1-24308,
N-66750
WEIGHT C-83495
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD (SO2)
C-00126, C-02681, C-05078, C-11574,
C-22877, C-30014, C-32476. C-39022,
C-43985, C-61993, K-08420
WEST VIRGINIA D-09590, D-56792,
L-09677
WET CYCLONES A-01687, A-05090,
A-09697, A-09799, A-63661, B-04368,
B-04794, B-06587, B-07I90, B-07815,
B-08344, B-09773, B-09902, B-15813,
B-17463, B-22943, B-29680, B-32231,
B-37914, B-38082, B-40414, B-43299,
B-45078, B-47054, B-47095, B-52838,
B-60075, B-81773, B-84418
WETTING H-42946
WHEAT B-02541, C-20701, H-11466,
H-17710, H-20158, H-29277, H-32854,
H-42958, H-56213, H-56963, H-63442,
H-70607, H-81495
WIND ROSE D-37502
WIND TUNNELS A-53874, A-66955
WINDS A-00220, A-07650, A-09785,
A-28652, A-31581, A-32576, A-32702,
A-48048, A-50018, A-66955, A-68703,
A-79511, B-19571, B-25195, B-42083,
B-45468, C-07710, C-22877, C-29771,
C-36800, C-44177, C-48392, C-68944,
D-01872, D-09590, D-22348, D-23760,
D-26086, D-31371, D-32666, D-33017,
D-33108, D-33858, D-36806, D-37502,
D-39054, D-40896, D-43170, D-43317,
D-44267, D-44799, D-48791, D-50550,
D-54881, D-58218, D-58427, D-73835,
D-77485, E-02325, E-05054, E-29023,
E-33092, E-37013, E-37037, E-37639,
E-44277, E-49433, E-76047, E-78793,
G-33510, H-16567, H-25661, H-28149,
H-28647, H-30301, H-31527, H-32714,
H-36996, H-38412, H-42601, H-51470,
H-58777, H-60907, H-69162, H-80064,
H-82435, 1-47291, L-40889, N-04212,
N-63776, N-69692
WISCONSIN L-44598
WOOD (MATERIAL) A-36377, A-40344,
A-45858, A-69039, C-23096, 1-63139,
J-48171
WOOLS A-43272, B-05567, B-07552,
1-07553
WYOMING K-51229
X
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
SPECTROMETRY C-79032, C-83442
X-RAYS C-32534, C^12375, C-53523,
C-64779, C-82650, D-52578, G-07013,
G-49164
XYLENES C-38670, C-80259, K-51057
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SUBJECT INDEX
597
YOKOHAMA H-48941
ZINC A-17471, A-30517, A-40182,
A-42676, A-43014, A-45858, A-49924,
A-55212, A-60728, B-07815, B-28786,
B-51755, C-09770, D-09590, H-08884,
H-21422, H-48167, 1-23108, 1-40510,
1-40833, 1^16606, J-30696, L-59722
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-09785, A-09799,
A-27314, A-30447, A-30517, A-32702,
A-37190, A-40344, A-43014, A-50938,
A-51100, A-52741, A-54622, A-60728,
A-60729, A-61564, A-64926, A-71477,
A-74262, A-75077, A-76638, A-80238,
A-80994, A-81343, A-81931, B-25178,
B-28786, B-32461, B-45380, B-58879,
B-80950, C-28126, C-32476, C-39136,
C-39516, C-39719, C-42928, C-50936,
C-55789, C-72017, C-75339. C-82552,
D-49260, D-50307, D-69144, D-83399,
G-34398, G-36723, G-38721, G-52029,
G-54302, G-71933, H-04544, H-08884,
H-11452, H-13474, H-28475, H-32736,
H-35880, H-38332, H-43492, H-45467,
H-47286, H-48167, H-48193, H-50729,
H-50959, H-51754, H-614%, H-65103,
H-65179, H-67348, H-68770, H-71078,
H-76297, H-77325, H-84290, K-44310,
K-51057, K-68224, K-74109, L-17472,
L-41455, L-82278
ZINC PRIMARY SMELTING AND
REFINING B-83134
ZIRCONIUM 1-40510
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO. '
EPA-450/1-76-003
4. TITLf AND SUBTITLE
FLUORINE, ITS COMPOUNDS, AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5 REPORT DATE
December 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
,3. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of -EPA1s Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards prepared, selected and compiled the approximately
2600 abstracts in this bibliography. The abstracts are arranged within 14 general
subject categories. The abstracted documents are thought to be representative of
available literature. Subject and author indexes are included. The indexes refer
to the abstracts by a category code and abstract number. The author index lists
all authors individually; primary authorship is indicated by an asterisk. Generally,
higher abstract numbers have been assigned to more recent documents. The aim of this
bibliography is to bring together these abstracts which were previously scattered
throughout "Air Pollution Abstracts" (1970-1976).
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Fluorine
Fluorides
Hydrofluoric Acid
Bibliographies
Abstracts
Indexes (Documentation)
Information Retrieval
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Fluorosis
c. COSATI Field/Group
13 B
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page/
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
Ml '. bLJVE HNftNT hMINTINb uf t I It - - 1 9 ' ?- - 740- 1 04/406
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