Valley Model User's Guide

EPA-450/2-77-018 September 1977 PROPERTY Of DIVISJOH OF METEOROLOGY VALLEY MODEL USER'S GUIDE NOT TO BE REMOVED! U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Waste Management Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 ------- EPA-450/2-77-018 VALLEY MODEL USER'S GUIDE by Edward W. Burt Monitoring and Data Analysis Division Source Receptor Analysis Branch U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Waste Management Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 September 1977 ------- This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The author, Edward W. Burt, is on assignment to the Environmental Protection Agency from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 Publication No. EPA-450/2-77-018 ------- PREFACE This publication contains information on the techniques and appli- cations of the computer program for the Valley Model which is based on a steady-state, univariate Gaussian formulation. It fulfills the need for a formal discussion to replace a very brief description that has received wide distribution. The last previous version of the computer code was designated C9M3D. For stable atmospheric conditions the present version provides the same results, but can result in significantly greater concentrations for the limited mixing situation because it uses the multiple-reflection formula of Hales-Bierly-Hewson. Version C9M3D used the interpolation technique of Turner as described in his Workbook of Atmospheric Dis- persion Estimates. The Valley Model is one of the atmospheric dispersion models on the User's Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP) system. The UNAMAP system may be purchased on magnetic tape from NTIS for use on the user's computer system, or may be accessed through phone lines and time-share computer terminals. For information on accessing UNAMAP contact: Chief, Data Management Section, Meteorology and Assessment Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Although attempts are made to thoroughly check out computer pro- grams with a wide variety of input data, errors are occasionally found. In case there is a need to correct, revise or update this model, revi- sions will be distributed to those who complete and return the mailing form on page v. A user can be assured that the latest version of the Valley Model is on the UNAMAP system. Comments and suggestions regarding this publication should be directed to: Chief, Source Receptor Analysis Branch, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division (MD-14), EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. However, technical questions regarding execution of the model may be handled by telephone call to the Chief, Modeling Support Section, Source Receptor Analysis Branch in Durham, NC at 919-541-5335 or, using FTS, 629-5335. ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Were it not for the technical and administrative support of Mr. Herschel H. Slater, the Valley Model might not be in use today. His efforts under intensive and extensive pressures have provided a basis for improving the air quality in many areas of our country. Messrs. Jerome B. Mersch, Herschel W. Rorex, and David H. Starr contributed to the programming aspects, and largely prepared Section 4. Mr. Donald Henderson, EPA Regional Meteorologist, Denver, provided many useful comments which have improved the clarity and usefulness of this report. This report and a myriad of communications regarding the Valley Model have been typed by Mrs. Barbara M. Stroud; her timely and congenial assistance in these matters over the past several years is greatly appreciated. IV ------- Chief, Environmental Applications Branch Meteorology and Assessment Division (MD-80) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, MC 27711 I would like to receive future revisions to the Vattay Modzl Guide.. Name Address ZIP Telephone (Optional) ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE Hi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES x 1. MODEL OVERVIEW 1-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 1-2 1.3 SCOPE OF THE MODEL I'4 1.4 GENERAL DATA REQUIREMENTS 1-6 1.4.1 Meteorological Data 1-7 1.4.2 Receptor Data 1~8 1.4.3 Source Data I"8 1.4.4 Control Parameters 1-9 2. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION 2-1 2.1 THE DISPERSION EQUATIONS AND SIMULATION OF COMPLEX 2-1 TERRAIN EFFECTS 2.1.1 Sector Averaging 2-7 2.1.2 Cross-Sector Interpolation 2-7 2.1.3 Vertical Dispersion Coefficient 2-8 2.1.4 Plume Height 2-8 2.1.5 Pollutant Decay or Transformation 2-10 2.1.6 Limited Mixing (Plume Trapping) 2-10 2.2 TIME-AVERAGING OF CONCENTRATION 2-11 2.2.1 Long-Term Average Concentration 2-12 2.2.2 24-Hour Average Concentration 2-14 2.3 URBAN-RURAL CONSIDERATIONS 2-16 2.4 DISPERSION FROM AREA SOURCES 2-17 2.5 COMMENTS 2-20 3. DATA DEFINITIONS 3-1 3.1 INPUT DATA 3-1 3.1.1 Receptor Heights 3-1 3.1.2 Pressure and Temperature 3-1 3.1.3 Computer Run Identification 3-2 3.1.4 Program Control 3-2 3.1.5 Source Data 3-5 3.1.6 Stability and Wind Related Data 3-6 3.2 PROGRAM OUTPUT 3-8 3.2.1 SC Data 3-8 3.2.2 Individual Source Contribution Maps 3-8 3.2.3 Map of Total Impact of All Sources 3-12 3.2.4 Terrain Factor Map 3-12 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) Page 4. COMPUTER USER'S INSTRUCTIONS 4-1 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4.2 OPERATIONS 4-1 4.2.1 Description 4-1 4.2.2 Input Data 4-3 4.2.3 ECL and Deck Setup 4-6 4.2.4 Output 4-13 5. REFERENCES 5-1 APPENDIX A. TEST RUN A-l APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTING B-l APPENDIX C. SIMPLE ACQUISITION OF BASE MAPS C-l APPENDIX D. EVALUATION OF THE VALLEY MODEL D-l vm ------- LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2-1 Depiction of Plume Height in Complex Terrain, as in the Valley "lode!. 2-3 2-2 Schematic of the Virtual Point Source as Projected fron an Area Source. 2-18 4-1 General Flow Diagram 4-2 4-2 Major Program Functions 4-4 4-3 Data Deck Layout 4-5 4-4 Data Card Format 4-10 4-5 ECL Runstream for Compile and Execute 4-14 4-6 ECL Runstream for Previously Compiled Program Execution 4-15 A-l Test Case Input Data Listing A-3 A-2 Output of Test Case Run A-5 IX ------- LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2-1 Constants Used in Calculating the Vertical Diffusion Coefficient 2-9 4-1 Card Input Format 4-7 D-l The Estimated and the Highest and Second Highest Observed 24-Hour S02 Concentrations in the Vicinity of Large Sources Located in Complex Terrain D-3 ------- 1. MODEL OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Valley Model is an analytical technique whose primary use is for estimating the upper limits of 24-hour average pollutant concentra- tions due to isolated sources in rural, complex terrain. Options are provided which allow multiple sources, flat terrain, urban areas, and long-term averages to be considered also. This manual formally docu- ments the Valley Model and supercedes a brief description of earlier versions which received wide distribution. A historical overview on the use of Valley and the scope and general data requirements of this model are included in the remainder of Section 1. The assumptions and mathematical formulations are given in Section 2. Specific data requirements are discussed in Section 3, with input format specifications given in Section 4. Four appendices provide an evaluation of model accuracy, a full test run, a program listing, and a simple data set for testing the runstream deck and for obtaining base maps. 1-1 ------- 1.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The large non-ferrous smelters in the West posed a particularly difficult problem when State Implementation Plans were being evaluated in 1972 and thereafter. They were known to be large emitters of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter and suspected to be substantial emitters of metals of some toxicity (e.g., arsenic, lead, mercury). Their rates of emissions were not well established. Contaminants were emitted from different processes in different ways at different heights and at different times. The smelters are generally isolated and located in areas of complex mountainous terrain. Their effluents are dispersed and transported initially, at least, by local wind systems determined largely by the orientation and configuration of the nearby terrain, atmospheric radiation (which is a function of time of day and season of the year) and the synoptic weather situation. None of the smelter locations had meteorological data available which was adequately representative of the dispersion and transport factors. Finally, ambient air quality data which were representative of the impact of the smelter on the surrounding air environment did not exist. Meteorologists attached to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards were asked to estimate the likely impact of the smelters on the surroundings. Several had a number of years experience estimating the impact of point sources on ambient air quality, forecasting the weather in the mountainous west, and conducting field sampling studies around large point sources, some of which were in complex terrain, A concensus of their judgments based on their considerable experience and training in dispersion meteorology indicated that a smelter located 1-2 ------- in proximity to terrain features in the western mountains would likely cause frequent and greatest threats to an ambient air quality standard under a particular set of meteorological circumstances. The threat was considered to be greatest with light winds, but not calms, when strong inversions with bases at the ground-level, or if elevated, below the crests of nearby ridges, were experienced for several hours of the day. Under these conditions, plumes from smelters were observed to level-off shortly above the stack top and flow in close proximity to elevated terrain in ribbons or sheets. The horizontal spread of the plumes consistently far exceeded the vertical spread. It was anticipated that in complex terrain areas, pollutants emitted from smelter stacks must cause highest ambient 3- to 24-hour average concentrations on the elevated terrain. Due to large uncertainties in the magnitude, height and timing of emissions, and in the representativeness of the existing meteorological data, it was judged that the threat to the standards could be best represented by an analytical routine that would conveniently calculate a 24-hour concentration on elevated terrain during stable atmospheric conditions with light winds. The algorithm was expected to represent a fanning plume which affects an elevated terrain feature, and to provide a reasonable estimate of the second highest 24-hour concentration that would be experienced during a year. Careful review of upper air summaries of wind speeds and stability aloft for the western portion of the U.S. provided a basis for the choice of weather parameters. The Briggs plume rise calculations showed 1-3 ------- that the heights of the smelter plumes in stable air would likely not exceed 400 m above stack base for the conditions evaluated. Wind speeds of 2.5 m/s, ± 1 m/s, occurred at 300 m above the ground one-third or more of the time at most western upper air observing sites. The Valley Model does not provide a rigorous mathematical descrip- tion of the physical circumstances which pertain to flow about a terrain feature. It is an algorithm which describes and associates the meteo- rological parameters that often prevail when high concentrations are anticipated on elevated terrain. It is imperative that the user of any model which is purported to estimate the greatest concentrations due to an elevated source in complex terrain realizes that observed meteorological data suitable for cal- culating these singular events generally do not exist. Hence, the user must generate the meteorological conditions to be used as input to obtain the solution, Needless to say, the user can usually assume a set of reasonably realistic meteorological conditions which will duplicate any observed concentration due to a point source. The real test of a simulation model is an evaluation for several different locations using objective meteorological input data, such as is done in the evaluation herein of the Valley Model (see Appendix D). 1.3 SCOPE OF THE MODEL The Valley Model is an algorithm which produces output to be used in evaluating the impact of a stationary source or sources on air 1-4 ------- quality at ground level. The applicability of the model is bounded by the following operational characteristics: (1) It is generally recognized that short-term air quality stand- ards are the most difficult for a single source to meet in an area of complex terrain. Assuming constant emissions from an isolated, elevated point source, if the short-term standard is not exceeded then the long- term standard is unlikely to be exceeded by the single facility. Valley was developed with this in mind. The treatment by Valley of plumes in rural, complex terrain was specifically intended for a 24-hour period, a single facility of small areal extent, and particularly for stable conditions which are generally conceded to be the worst situation in complex terrain. However, the program may be executed in the long-term mode for a complex terrain situation. An urban mode is optional, wherein terrain is considered to be flat. Multiple facilities may be evaluated during any run if results are carefully interpreted. (2) Source emission data is input as an average per source for the period of concern. A user's option allows for a 24-hour analysis or a long-term analysis (e.g., seasonal or annual). The emission and meteo- rological data are assumed to be uncorrelated with one another when multiple meteorological conditions are input. (3) The source data array is dimensioned to accept a maximum of 50 sources. Sources may be "point" or "area," and may be input in any order. The point sources may include several specific points of emission from an industrial or residential area. Often, however, emissions from 1-5 ------- individual chimneys in residential areas, or specific vents in industrial facilities, cannot be defined except as an average of the multiple emission points. In such cases, the point sources in an area may be grouped for analysis as one or more square area sources. (4) The computer simulation averages the impact of any non-reactive gaseous, liquid, or solid pollutant for which the deposition rate may be considered negligible. However, a half-life option is available for any pollutant whose concentration decreases exponentially as a function of time (i.e., aside from the decrease due to dispersion). (5) The program specifies an array of 112 receptors, fixed by the program in a grid internal to the program. The user preassigns the scale of the region to be depicted on the output maps. (6) The potential ranges of most of the input data are so large as to preclude any meaningful programmed validity checks. For this reason most input data are reproduced on the concentration maps, providing an invaluable aid for post-analysis data verification. Programmed format checks detect and indicate omitted and most erroneously placed input data records; however, they will not detect erroneous ordering within a discrete data subset such as the stability-wind rose (STAR) data. 1.4 GENERAL DATA REQUIREMENTS General data requirements for the Valley Model are indicated in this section; specifics are discussed in Section 3. It should be noted that data sets prepared for earlier versions of Valley require one simple change to be compatible with the computer program documented in this guide (see MWT under Section 3.1.4). 1-6 ------- 1.4.1 Meteorological Data Meteorological data have an important effect on the simu- lated transport and dispersion of air pollutants. The data required are: • STABILITY-WIND SUMMARY t AMBIENT TEMPERATURE • AMBIENT PRESSURE t MIXING HEIGHT • MEAN SPEEDS OF THE WIND SPEED CLASSES The stability-wind data are the frequencies of occurrence of six wind speed classes by 16 wind directions and by six stability cate- gories for the area and time period of concern. These data define the transport and the degree of dispersion of the pollutant. The mixing height determines the depth through which the pollutant may be mixed before being totally reflected downward. Temperature is used in com- puting plume rise. Pressure and temperature are used in the optional conversion of concentrations to standard conditions of pressure and tem- perature. Meteorological data may be acquired from the National Clinatic Center (NCC) at Asheville, North Carolina. The Center is operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The user must determine whether the available data are representative of the area and period of concern. The NCC will supply summaries of long-term stability- wind data (STAR data) and set the charges for its services. The six- stability deck (Pasquill-Gifford stabilities A through F) should be 1-7 ------- specified for use with Valley. STAR data which contain the day/night classifications are not appropriate for use with the model. The sta- bility-wind data for 24-hour analyses must be obtained by other means. (see Section 2.2.2). 1.4.2 Receptor Data A network of 112 receptors is established by the program. The user controls only two factors relative to the network: (1) the geographic spacing of the receptors, through a scaling factor; and (2) the vertical spacing of the receptors through assignment of the terrain elevation at each receptor. These controllable elements are: t SCALING FACTOR t GROUND ELEVATION AT RECEPTORS 1.4.3 Source Data The source data must include some basic information for each source of concern. Each analysis (one run through the program) is restricted to one pollutant. The required source data elements are: • IDENTIFICATION • PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOURCE AND EFFLUENT • HORIZONTAL COORDINATES OF SOURCE • GROUND ELEVATION AT SOURCE • EMISSION RATE ------- The identification elements have no quantitative value, nor do they control any program options. One such element is available to identify each run through the program, and one is available to identify each source evaluated during the run; these elements are printed at appropriate places on the output pages. 1.4.4 Control Parameters Several options and controls are available to the user to select the analytical techniques and output of the program. These options and controls specify: t CONCENTRATIONS JN. SITU OR AT STANDARD CONDITIONS • UNITS OF CONCENTRATION t REPETITION OF SOURCES FOR SUCCESSIVE RUNS • OUTPUT DEVICE IDENTIFICATION • URBAN/RURAL ENVIRONMENT • POLLUTANT HALF-LIFE • CONCENTRATION AVERAGING TIME t FORMAT OF STAR DATA t TYPE OF SOURCE CONTRIBUTION MAPS 1-9 ------- 2. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION The basic treatment of dispersion by the Valley Model is quite similar to that of the Air Quality Display Model (AQDM) and the Imple- mentation Planning Program (IPP); see TRW, Inc. (1969, 1970). However, Valley includes modifications to the techniques used in those models. These modifications include (1) a representation of the effect of terrain on ground-level concentrations, (2) plume rise equations from Briggs (1971, 1972); (3) a different treatment of pollutant reflection from inversions aloft; (4) a rural-area option; (5) a short-term option; and (6) printouts of the spatial distribution of concentrations on equal-area maps. Dispersion equations for Valley and discussions of the assumptions made in the model are presented in this section. 2.1 THE DISPERSION EQUATIONS AND SIMULATION OF COMPLEX TERRAIN EFFECTS The most important aspect of Valley is its treatment of the effects of terrain on concentration. For stable atmospheric conditions, the model assumes that the plume height above stack base remains constant after final plume rise. Thus, as terrain rises the plume approaches the elevated surface; in effect the plume height decreases. Since the terrain elevations may vary from receptor to receptor, an effective plume height must be calculated for each receptor. All concentrations are then estimated as if the receptors were located at actual ground level at the respective geographical locations. However, it is further assumed that the plume centerline comes no closer than 10 m to the 2-1 ------- elevated terrain. If the terrain extends above the original plume height, the plume center!ine is adjusted so that it remains 10 m above the ground. Any plume height which is initially within 10 m of the ground during stable conditions is assumed to remain at its initial height above ground, regardless of downwind terrain elevations. The schematic in the lower half of Figure 2-1 illustrates the treatment of an elevated plume that has encountered terrain during stable conditions. The plume is assumed to be deflected upward and to the side (tending to parallel the axis of tne ridge, for example). Any increase in concentration that would occur on the sides of the terrain obstacle due to lateral deflection of the plume beyond the sector of immediate concern is ignored. Therefore, conservation of rna.ss is net accomplished. Deflection of the plume by terrain during stable conditions is simulated through the attenuation of concentration vn'th height in the sector of immediate concern. This is accomplished by applying a factor based upon the relative elevations of the ground at the receptor and of the center!ine of the undisturbed plume, h , The factor has a value of unity at and below the elevation of the plurne center!ine in free air prior to encountering terrain effects, but decreases linearly with increasing height (from plume level) to zero at and above 400 m above the undisturbed plume center!ine. The attenuation should not be inferred to represent pollutant decay or penetration into the terrain. This is an empirical scheme intended as a general representation of the blocking 2-2 ------- UNSTABLE AND NEUTRAL CATEGORIES FRACTION OF PLUME REMAINING IN SECTOR 2-3 ------- of air flow by significant terrain features. Therefore, in case of such plume impingement no attempt should be made to utilize the concentra- tions that will be calculated for the leeward side of a substantial hill or ridge, because the computer program has no memory regarding upwind terrain features. For unstable/neutral atmospheric stability conditions, the plume is assumed to maintain a constant height above the terrain. The plume parallels the terrain feature by increasing and decreasing its effective height relative to the stack base; this is, in effect, a flat-plane situation as can be visualized from the upper sketch of Figure 2-1. This technique may lead to underestimates of concentration in complex terrain. The dispersion equations used in Valley are presented below; sub- sequent sections provide details of the various factors and terms, and their treatment in Valley. The equations have been developed from the familiar bivariate Gaussian formulation which describes the dispersion of a pollutant from a point source (see, for example, Equation 3.1 of Turner (1970)). One of the two dispersion equations used in the Valley Model is: x(x,y,o;h,L) = 2.03 • 106 Q K ((c-y)/c) ((401-D)/400) C +J I exp {-0.5 [(H+2 N N=-J {exp[-(0.693 x )/(3600 u I)]}/(oz u x) (2.1) 2-4 ------- where only Q and u are input by the user, and: x is concentration in rnicrograms per cubic meter (yg/m3) or parts per million (ppm), always calculated at ground level (see MWT, Section 3.1.4)'. x is the source-receptor distance (m), as projected on the mean wind vector through the source. For area sources, this is the distance from the receptor to the effective point source. Contributions of a point source to a receptor within 20 m of that source are ignored. y is the crosswind distance (m) of the receptor from a line parallel to the mean wind drawn through the source; y <_ c. H is plume center!ine height (m) above the receptor; the receptor is always at ground level. Plume height h above the stack base is calculated internally, or assigned by tne user, and then may be adjusted for terrain elevation at the receptor to provide H. For nonstable conditions, or over flat terrain, H=h . L is mixing height (m) above ground; L remains constant, regardless of topography (see Section 2.1.6). Q is the pollutant emission rate (g/s) of a given source, averaged over the period of concern. If the actual emission rate varies one must consider its correlation with the meteorological conditions specified in the input data. c is the crosswind arc length of the 22.5° wind sector implicit in this formulation (see Section 2.1.2). D is receptor elevation minus plume height, each in meters above mean sea level. The D term simulates the stable-case deflection by terrain of the plume from the sector being evaluated. 1 <_ D £ 401 m {stable conditions} D = 1 m {neutral and unstable conditions} C determines the units of x: C = 1 {for x in ug/m3; required for nongaseous pollutants} C = 0.0831 T/(M P) {for gases only, to obtain x in ppm} 2-5 ------- where: T is ambient air temperature (°K). M is molecular weight of the gas (grams per mole). P is ambient air pressure (millibars). K converts concentrations from on-site to standard conditions of temperature and pressure. K = 1013.2 T/(298 P). \|N\| represents the number of perfect reflections a parcel of air has undergone before reaching the distance of the receptor (see the next paragraph for a discussion of J). a is the standard deviation (m) of the vertical (Gaussian) distribu- tion of the pollutant and o = f(x) (see Section 2.1.3). x is the distance (m) from the receptor to the point source or to P the center of the area source projected to the mean wind direction as was defined for x; for point sources, x - x. u is the mean wind speed (m/s) affecting the plume. I is the half-life (hr), of the pollutant and the exponential containing I is the half-life factor (see Section 2.1.5). The summation term in Equation 2.1 is a special case of the expression developed by Hales (1956), and independently by Bierly and Hewson (1962), to describe concentrations during conditions of plume trapping (see Section 2.1.6)., The limits on l\ determine the accuracy of the term. In Valley, J < 5. However, as a becomes large relative to L, z this low limit on J can result in serious underestimates of x- The error can be reduced to insignificance by equating J to a large value, but with a corresponding increase in computation time. Fortunately, a simple approximation to Equation 2.1 exists for these conditions; for distances beyond which a = 2 L the Valley Model utilizes Equation 5.14 from Turner (1970) in the form: 2-6 ------- x(x,y,o;h,L) = 2.55 - TO6 Q K ((c-y)/c) ((401-D)/400) C {exp[-(0.693 x )/(3600 u I)]}/(L u x). (2.la) This simple equation provides a very good approximation to Equation 2.1 when J is very large and the vertical distribution of pollutants has become virtually homogeneous. 2.1.1 Sector Averaging The constant 2.03 of Equation 2.1 is comprised of the factors 2/(v^7 2 Tr/16). This is obtained when the bivariate Gaussian formulation is converted to the cross-sector averaging form for a 22.5° (i.e., 2 ir/16] sector. Such conversion results in a uniform concentration across the wind sector at a given distance and height. 2.1.2 Cross-Sector Interpolation To eliminate unrealistic discontinuities in concentration between sectors, which would result when wind frequencies differ in adjacent sectors, the essentially linear interpolation factor (c-y)/c is utilized, where y £ c. The result for wind in a single sector is that the sector-averaged concentration is decreased from 100 percent of its value at the sector centerline to zero about the center!ine of the two adjacent sectors. 2-7 ------- 2.1.3 Vertical Dispersion Coefficient The values of QZ calculated by the program are based on the work of Pasquill (1961) as adapted by Gifford (1961). The oz required for each stability category is calculated using: az = a xpb + d (2.2) where a, b and d values are constants for each stability class within three different distance ranges as shown in Table 2-1. Stability classes S = 5 and 6 are associated with nighttime, surface inversion conditions, and the o values for these cases are the smallest normally used. However, because of the thermal and mechanical influences of urban areas, the lowest part of the typical urban atmos- phere is less stable than its rural counterpart. When the urban option is utilized, the a values for S = 4 are always used when the meteo- rological criteria indicate S = 5 or 6 (see Section 2.3). The a for 2 21 /2 stacks less than 50 m high, a', is calculated via a'z = (a + SIGI ) to account for surface effects, where SIGI = (50. - (stack height)) within the limits 0 <_ SIGI <_ 30 m, during S <_ 4. 2.1.4 Plume Height The plume rise equations used in Valley are taken from Briggs (1971, 1972), and are calculated in subroutine 8EH072; the formulations are annotated in the listing presented in Appendix B. 2-8 ------- TABLE 2-1 Constants Used in Calculating the Vertical Diffusion Coefficient. x > 1000 / -» \ STABILITY a b d = A » ' .001 1.89 9.6 B .0476 1.11 2.0 C .119 .915 0 m D E 2.61 52.6 .45 .15 -25.5 -126. F 33.6 .14 -75. 100 m < x < 1000 m STABILITY = a b d A .001 1.89 9.6 B .0476 1.11 2.0 C .119 .915 0 D .187 .755 -1.4 E .1345 .745 -1.1 F .362 .55 -2.7 STABILITY = a b d A .1742 .936 0 x^ P B .1426 .922 0 < 100 m C .1233 .905 0 D .0804 .881 0 E .06 .854 0 F .0434 .814 0 (1) Stability A corresponds to S = 1, stability B corresponds to S = 2, etc, 2-9 ------- Plume rise is calculated as a function of stability. However, the user has the option of assigning a fixed plume rise for any source(s). A fixed plume rise is not adjusted for wind speed by Valley; the effective plume height is simply defined as the sum of plume rise and the physical stack height. However, for analyses in complex terrain the plume height may be adjusted for each receptor depending on terrain elevation, as described in Section 2.1. Also, no matter what plume rise is calculated or assigned, maximum plume height is limited to the mixing height in the short-term mode during nonstable conditions (see Section 2.2.2). 2.1.5 Pollutant Decay or Transformation Through each successive period of travel defined by the half-life, I, the pollutant concentration in a given parcel of air is reduced by 50 percent. This reduction of concentration is due to trans- formation of the pollutant, and should not be confused with the dilution or diffusion of the pollutant. 2.1.6 Limited Mixing (Plume Trapping) For N = 0 Equation 2.1 accounts for the impact of a pol- lutant source on a ground-level receptor as though there were no elevated temperature inversion (i.e., no stable layer aloft) in the atmosphere. The sum for all other values of N accounts for multiple eddy reflections occurring as a result of a plume being trapped between an inversion base and the surface of the earth. The inversion base and earth are con- sidered to be perfect reflectors. This condition is called limited mixing or plume trapping. Equation 2.la is used when the vertical concentration profile is uniform. See also Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. 2-10 ------- A plume with center!ine above the mixing layer is ignored by Valley in the long-term mode, but in the short-term mode the program limits the maximum height of the plume to no greater than the mixing height. For computational purposes the value of L in Equation 2.1 is in effect treated as a very large value by Valley during stable conditions in rural areas, but pollutant dispersion within this layer proceeds only at the relatively slow rate dictated by a for the stable condition being evaluated. The definition of L previously given (i.e., mixing height) may not be considered technically appropriate, nor is Equation 2.la used, for stable conditions in rural areas. For both rural and urban analyses, neutral conditions designated by the STAR data are divided by the computer code into two classes. One class (40 percent) is evaluated for nighttime conditions, and the remainder represents daytime conditions. The mixing height for all daytime neutral conditions is assigned the input value of the mean afternoon mixing height. The nighttime neutral mixing height for rural areas is taken as half that value, whereas for urban areas it is taken as the average of the input mean afternoon and nighttime values. The user inputs the nighttime mixing height used for urban, stable cases. 2.2 TIME-AVERAGING OF CONCENTRATION Concentration averaging time must be specified by the user as either of two options, 24-hour or long-term. The techniques for the 2-11 ------- 24-hour and long-term concentration estimates obtained with Valley are identical except for adjustments (Section 2.2.2) made to emission rate, plume height and mixing depth made in the 24-hour option. Resulting concentrations are highly dependent upon the stability-wind data sup- plied by the user. 2.2.1 Long-Term Average Concentration For a specific receptor (r) and source (s) configuration, a long-term estimate of xrs is obtained by solving Equation 2.1 or 2.la for each meteorological condition assigned by the user, then summing all such concentrations after weighting each by its frequency of occurrence. The expression for average concentration at a receptor due to one source is thus: x rs 16 6 6 d=l n=l S=l FdnS xdnS (2'3) where : F . <. = normalized frequency (from the STAR data) during the period of interest for a discrete case of wind direction d, wind speed n, and stability class S. xHnQ = ground-level concentration calculated from Equation 2.1 or anb 2. la. The concentration xr at a specific receptor for a given pollutant due to all contributing sources is: Xr = I Xr,- (2.4) s rb 2-12 ------- The sum of the STAR frequencies for each long-term analysis (e.g., seasonal or annual) should be very near unity. A 1-hour occurrence of a particular meteorological condition will be included in an annual STAR array as (1 hour/year)/(8760 hours/year) = 0.00011, and in a sea- sonal (quarter-annual) array as 0.00045. The 24-hour analyses (see Section 2.2.2) require a different concept. The representative speeds usually assigned to the six cli- matological wind speed categories (0-3, 4-6, 7-10, 11-16, 17-21 and >21 knots), are 0.67, 2.45, 4.47, 6.93, 9.61, and 12.52 m/s. These are user specified. The six stability categories (S = 1 through 6 in order of increasing atmospheric stability, 4 being neutral) of the STAR data are defined on the basis of the criteria stated by Turner (1964). The classification is based upon ground-level meteorological observations only (surface wind speed, cloud cover, ceiling), supplemented by solar elevation data (latitude, time of day, and time of year); thus the stability estimates can be obtained for any site at which suitable observations have been made. The mixing height, L, exhibits marked diurnal (daily) and seasonal variations at many locations as shown by Holzworth (1972). However, since it is impractical to account for all these variations, a simple procedure reflecting only major changes is included in the long- term option of Valley. The procedure determines mixing height by 2-13 ------- modifying the average afternoon mixing height value according to the stability class being considered. Stability classes S = 1, 2 and 3 are daytime conditions, with S = 1 corresponding to very unstable condi- tions. When S = 1, the value of L is assumed to be 50 percent greater than the climatological value that is input. For S = 2 and 3 the cli- matological value is used. Stability class S = 4 is a neutral stability condition which usually occurs either with high wind speeds or with cloudy conditions. Because neutral conditions can exist in both the daytime and nighttime, in rural or urban areas, the afternoon mixing height values are averaged with the nighttime mixing height for 40 percent of the class S = 4 occurrences; the remaining 60 percent of the class utilizes the climatological value of the mean afternoon mixing height. Mixing height is assigned a very large value for stable conditions in rural areas; in urban areas the user-assigned nighttime value is used, with a default value of 100 m, for stable cases. For the long-term analysis, Valley ignores a plume which is higher than the mixing height. It is assumed that such a plume will be contained in the stable layer aloft and will not affect ground-level concentrations. 2.2.2 Short-Term Average Concentration The intended use of this option is to estimate and locate the maximum 24-hour concentration due to a single source in complex terrain under stable conditions. For a frequency of occurrence input 2-14 ------- as 1.0 the model assumes that that particular meteorological condition exists for any 6 hours of a 24-hour period. Since the frequency desig- nates a discrete wind sector, a particular source can affect only one sector during those 6 hours. The source contributes nothing to that sector for the remaining 18 hours. This is accomplished within the model by reducing the input emission rate to 6/24 of its actual value. One must be careful in assigning the mixing height when the short-term option is used, for no plume heights are permitted to exceed the mixing height. If the effective stack height is greater than the mixing height it is automatically reassigned a height equal to the afternoon mixing height. The plume is then treated as though it were fully contained within the mixed layer. The user must construct a special STAR deck for the 24-hour option. For the case when a stable atmosphere in mountainous ter- rain is suspected of causing the maximum 24-hour concentration, the STAR frequency distribution is assigned all zero values except those for elements of stability, wind speed and wind direction that are of concern. They are assigned a value of 1.0 . Multiple wind directions may be specified for a given run, but one must be aware that in such cases the resulting concentration at a receptor may result from several sources in different directions if multiple sources are input. This potential pro- blem can be avoided by assigning only one wind direction per run. For example, one might input 1.0 in the STAR deck for stability F (S = 6), a wind speed of 2.5 m/s (n = 2) and a westerly wind direction (d = 13); all other elements of the STAR deck are input as zero. In this case, 2-15 ------- finite concentrations occur only to the east (± 22.5°) of the source. Concentrations at all other directions are indicated to be zero. The user should input only single directions for multi-source, 24-hour analyses until the implications of multi-directional analyses are fully understood. 2.3 URBAN-RURAL CONSIDERATIONS Light winds and clear skies usually produce stable atmospheric conditions at night near ground level in rural areas. The simultaneous stability in adjacent urban areas tends to be more unstable because of the heat-island effect. However, stable conditions can remain aloft over the city. These differences are important in the consideration of pollutant dispersion, and are accounted for in Valley through simple measures. According to Turner's stability criteria, S = 5 and 6 (stable) can occur only when nighttime conditions are conducive to the formation of a surface-based inversion. A shallow layer of nonstable air has been found to occur in urban areas while adjacent rural areas are stable. Thus, for the long-term option only, the vertical dispersion coeffi- cients of S = 4 (neutral) are substituted in Valley for those of S = 5 and 6 for urban analyses. This change is intended to more closely represent the actual dispersion rate for plumes in the urban area pro- vided the plume remains in the shallow, nonstable layer. The user may assign the depth of this mixed layer, or may rely on the default value of 100 m. The concept of mixed layers was discussed in Section 2.1.6. 2-16 ------- The conversion of stable conditions to neutral for urban analyses in turn affects the interpretation of terrain relief by Valley. For neutral atmospheric conditions the plume center!ine in Valley is always terrain-following. Hence, Valley output for the urban area option is based on the assumption of flat terrain. This may lead to underesti- mates of concentration in urban areas with significant terrain features. 2.4 DISPERSION FROM AREA SOURCES Valley computes area source contributions using Equations 2.1 and 2.la. The total segment of each area source lying in the sector of concern is converted to an effective point source which lies upwind of the actual source. In the conversion process, both the downwind distance and the resultant source strength are dependent on the particular source-receptor configuration. The following discussion of area sources is adapted from the AQDM manual (TRW, Inc., 1969). If the total emissions were assumed to be concentrated at the center of an area source, concentrations downwind would be overcalcu- lated, especially for nearby receptors. Since uniform spread of the plume across the sector is assumed, it is logical to proceed a step further and assume an effective point source at such distance upwind that the 22.5° sector subtends an effective area width as illustrated in Figure 2-2. The half-life factor and the vertical spread are cal- culated using x , the downwind distance from the centroid of the frac- tion of the area source affecting the receptor for a given wind direc- tion. However, the vertex of the horizontal angular spread lies at 2-17 ------- A'= AREA "SEEN"BY RECEPTOR 2 22.5° SECTOR VIRTUAL SOURCE LOCATION FORA WIND DIRECTION RECEPTOR 1 SOURCE AREA A (TOTAL SQUARE) Figure 2-2. Schematic of the Virtual Point Source as Projected from an Area Source (After TRW, Inc., 1969). 2-18 ------- distance x from the receptor; that is, at the effective source. This should clarify the need for the two distances, x and x , in Equations 2.1 and 2.la. Note that in these equations x assumes the value of x for point source analyses. Also, when the calculated value of x for area sources is less than 100 m, x is reset to 100 m. The geometric treatment of an area source depends on whether the receptor lies within outside but near, or distant from the source area. When a receptor lies within a source area, only a fraction of the area emissions could affect the receptor for any assigned wind direc- tion. The program determines this fraction and applies it to the con- centration calculated using total emissions at the effective point source of the source area subtended by a 22.5° sector with vertex at the receptor. For a given receptor in a given area source, the sum of the fractions for all 16 sectors should be unity; that is, a receptor lying within a ground level area source is never free of the effects of that source. In a similar manner, nearby receptors are affected by emissions from only a portion of the area source at a given time, and would show excessive concentration values if the total area emission value were used. To correct this, the source emission rate is multiplied by an area utilization factor, Q, which is the ratio of that portion (A1) of the source area lying within a 22.5° sector upwind of the receptor to the total area (A). For example, in Figure 2-2, Receptor 1 would use the total area emission value, Q, while Receptor 2 would use the pro- portional amount, QQ <* A(A'/A). Note that in this figure the effective 2-19 ------- point source for Receptor 2 would be defined by the effective area width. Area sources may be considered in either the flat-plane mode or the complex terrain mode of Valley. 2.5 COMMENTS Valley should only be applied when competent meteorological advice is available to interpret the techniques of the model. Comments on the model are given next. Many of the limitations are not unique to Valley. (a) The basis of the model calculations, the Gaussian diffusion formula, was developed to represent the behavior of plumes from point sources. The field data available for development of plume dispersion parameters were primarily obtained from open, flat terrain and for travel distances of no more than a few kilometers. Thus, the model has some potential weaknesses: (1) plume behavior during horizontal transport of more than a few kilometers is not well known; (2) plume behavior in regions of varying thermal and surface- roughness characteristics has not been systematically observed; (3) area sources are only imperfectly simulated by effective point sources; and (4) few real sources are truly point sources. (b) The climatological data available for long-term calculations are generally obtained from airport weather observing sta- tions. The character of the atmosphere may vary significantly between the meteorological site and the area of concern in the program analysis. (c) The use of observed surface meteorological data to describe the transport and dispersion of pollutants from elevated sources during stable conditions in complex terrain is likely the greatest source of error in the application of Valley or any other model available today. (d) The reliability and representativeness of emissions and source data are often overlooked when applying dispersion models. Valley uses average emission rate data. However, significant diurnal and seasonal variabilities in emission rates often occur. Such variabilities may be significantly correlated with the stability and wind data and this can invalidate an analysis made with Valley. 2-20 ------- (e) Only 112 receptors are utilized. During stable conditions in complex terrain situations, very large gradients of concen- tration may exist in the vertical on slopes. The user should be aware that, due to the fixed receptor network, the maximum concentration attainable using Valley may not fall at any of the 112 receptors of a particular run. (f) If one uses Valley to pinpoint the location of the estimated maximum short-term concentration attainable on a slope, a sampler placed at that location during a period matching the conditions of the simulation may well not record the maximum occurring on the slope at that time. The simplicity of the model does not justify a 1-to-l comparison of observed and estimated concentrations at a point. Rather, the estimated maximum 24-hour concentration should be used as an indication that during two 24-hour sampling periods of a given year the estimated maximum concentration may be equalled or exceeded in the vicinity of the location of the estimated maximum. (g) It is generally recognized that if continuous pollutant controls are utilized at a source in order to assure that the 24-hour air quality standard (e.g., for SCU) is not exceeded as a result of that source alone, then the long-term standard will very likely not be exceeded. Hence, the use of Valley to estimate maximum 24-hour concentrations for complex terrain situations is the most important application of this model. (h) If the plume height slightly exceeds the terrain in question, even during stable conditions, the pollutants may be drawn downward to the lee of the crest and create a pollution problem at ground level. If the source itself lies in the lee of 3 hill5 a similar result may occur. Valley does not simulate these situations. (i) Straight--line transport of pollutants is assumed. Hence, curvature of the plume due to pressure gradients induced by topographic features is not simulated. (j) For Valley Model calculations a is determined from the line of best fit of widely scattered data values obtained over flat terrain. The bulk of interpretations of limited data obtained in complex terrain indicate larger az's than over flat areas, at least during stable conditions. The assumption is utilized in Valley that a statistical average of az for a given stability over flat terrain (i.e., the familiar Pasquill- Gifford values) may be used to represent the lower limit of dispersion in complex terrain, particularly for stable conditions, 2-21 ------- (k) Because of assumed plume behavior for nonstable cases, the assumption of flat terrain for urban areas may result in underestimates of concentrations on hillsides in urban areas. The same problem may exist on any elevated terrain during nonstable conditions with elevated plumes. (1) The description of meteorological conditions by step func- tions i.e., discrete classes, creates discontinuities in concentration from one meteorological category to the next. These discontinuities are smoothed in Valley across wind- direction classes only. (m) The model is not appropriate for evaluating atmospheric situations consisting of flow across an urban/rural boundary when the rural area is stable. (n) The sloping-plume concept of Briggs is used in Valley. In the long-term mode of Valley, when a plume center!ine height reaches a point where it exceeds the mixing height the con- tribution of that plume to all ground-level receptors downwind of that point is considered to be zero. This results in an underestimate of concentration, for some of the pollutant will remain in the mixing layer and affect all downwind receptors within the mixing layer, while the remainder of the pollutant will be transported in or above the stable layer aloft and potentially affect receptors on terrain above the inversion base. (o) Valley cannot be used to evaluate fumigation. Such conditions can cause high, short-term, ground-level concentrations. In some topographic situations, fumigation can occur with relative regularity. (p) The impingement of stable plumes on elevated terrain is treated by Valley as though the receptor lies on a slope facing the pollutant source, regardless of the actual orientation of the slope. Hence, concentrations calculated for receptors not located on windward slopes should be ignored. The limitations of Valley cited in the comments above are not intended to imply that the Valley Model be kept from use. On the contrary, improved models can be developed only when significant experience with present formulations has been achieved, and when data which justify the use of more complex analytical techniques become available. 2-22 ------- 3. DATA DEFINITIONS Detailed descriptions of input and output information follow; the variable names used in the program code are shown in capital letters. 3.1 INPUT DATA 3.1.1 Receptor Heights (RECHT) --RECHT is an array containing the ground elevation (feet above msl) at each of the program-designated receptors. The use of an English unit for this parameter in an otherwise metrically oriented program was chosen so as to be identical with that on the more readily available topographic charts. The 16 records containing receptor elevations must be entered as blanks if a flat-plane analysis is desired. Each record contains the heights for the seven receptors lying on one radial from the center of the output maps, beginning with the radial directed northward from map center. If at least one receptor height is entered as a positive value, a map containing ground elevation differences (in meters) between each receptor and the first source input by the user will be output. The receptor locations are at the decimal point of the concentrations printed on the 16 radials of the output map. Each of the 16 records containing RECHT represents one direction, beginning with north and proceeding clockwise through north-northwest of map center. The first RECHT on each card corresponds to the innermost receptor on the respective radial, and successive values on that card pro- gress outward along the radial. 3.1.2 Pressure and Temperature (P, TEMP, PRESS) --P is the ambient pressure in millibars (mb) used in the conversion from yg/m3 to ppm, and in the conversion from on-site to standard conditions; zero or blank defaults to 960 mb. --TEMP is the average ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin (°K) used in the plume rise calculation, in the conversion from yg/m3 to ppm, and in the conversion from on-site to standard conditions; zero or blank defaults to 293°K. 3-1 ------- --PRESS is an option-control parameter. 0 - The concentrations printed will be for on-site conditions of pressure and temperature. >0 - The concentrations printed will be for standard conditions (1013.2 mb and 293°K), provided the user -has called for concentration in units of yg/m3. Note that a given concentration expressed in ppm will not change with the temperature and pressure. The concentration of non-gaseous pol- lutants should not be called for in units of ppm. 3.1.3 Computer Run Identification (TITLE) --TITLE is an alphabetic title of up to 80 characters which is supplied by the user. This identification label is printed on each map that is output for a given run through the program, with a line feed between columns 20 and 21. Sources are identified individually (see below); TITLE is therefore available for general identification of the analysis performed, but may be blank. 3.1.4 Program Control (GRID, MHT, DMIX, ISOR, DUPSOR, K, IUR, ICONT, DMNI, HLIFE, ISHORT) --GRID is the required map scaling factor which scales the printed output maps to geographical reality. However, there is no variation in the size of the maps produced. This dis- cussion of map scaling applies to printers with ten characters and six lines per inch. If a printer has a ratio that differs from 10:6, the output maps will not be of equal-area projection, A scale of kilometers is printed on each output map, and one character space always equals GRID (m). Any value of GRID may be used when the flat-plane mode is invoked. However, if the complex-terrain mode is used, GRID must remain constant for all runs of a given computer job or the receptor heights will differ from the actual ground elevations. If the output map is to be overlayed on a topographic chart having dimensionless scale ratio l:n, then the user must specify GRID as: GRID (meters) = .002538 n For example, for a direct overlay of the map on a chart of scale 1:24000, GRID = 60.9 m. A user might wish to obtain better resolution (i.e., more dense receptor network) in a region of complex topography around or near a source in an area for which a topographic chart of suitable scale is not 3-2 ------- available. In such cases the user may manually or photo- graphically change the map size (i.e., as output by the program) to a factor p of its original size, overlay the new size map on a chart scale of 1:n to obtain receptor heights, and calculate GRID for use as input data using: GRID (meters) = .002538 n p. For example, if the overlay map has been reduced to p = 1/2 the size of a computer map, and is overlayed on a chart of scale 1:62500 to obtain receptor heights, then the user must specify the input value of GRID as 79.3. The scale of the output map from such a run is 1 inch = 793 m, or 1:31250, and the map should not be overlayed directly on the topo- graphic chart from which the receptor heights were obtained. --MWT determines whether output concentrations (x) are to be expressed as pg/m3 or as ppm. 0 - Indicates that x will be in yg/m3. >0 - Is accepted by the program as the molecular weight of a gaseous pollutant, and the factor 0.0831 TEMP/(MWT P) is used to convert x to units of ppm. Users of former versions of Valley (e.g., C9M3D) should note that this is a change from those versions. This modification is the sole reason that data sets prepared for former versions may not be compatible with the requirements of the present version. Unmodified older data sets will be accepted by the present version, but may result in erroneous concen- trations. --DMIX is the required mean maximum afternoon mixing height, in meters, for long-term analyses, or the required mean mixing height for the critical period of concern for short- term analyses. The input mixing height remains constant for the short-term analyses, but is changed internally according to stability for the long-term mode. For the rural mode DMIX is in effect set to a very large value for stable cases. If plume height exceeds DMIX in the short-term mode during nonstable conditions, it is reset to DMIX. —ISOR is the number of sources, not to exceed 50, to be evaluated during the run. Point and area sources may be intermixed. --DUPSOR is an option control. 3-3 ------- 0 - Indicates the user must input a source data set for each run. >0 - Indicates that a number of STAR data sets will be analyzed in turn using only one source data set. --K is the numerical indicator of the computer peripheral unit which is to receive the output. The output format is such that when the printer is specified, scaled maps are printed. —IUR is an option control indicating source environment. 0 - Programmed abort. 1 - Indicates urban. 2 - Indicates rural. --ICONT is an output control. 0 - Specifies that only the sum of all source contributions is to be output. 1 - Specifies that the individual source contributions and the sum are to be output. 2 - Specifies that only the individual source contributions are to be output. --DMNI is the night-time mixing height, required only for the urban mode of analysis. Blank or zero defaults to 100 m. This parameter is not used in the rural mode. --HLIFE is the half-life, in hours, of a pollutant which decays exponentially with time. A zero or blank entry defaults to infinite half-life. A half-life decay should not be confused with the reduction of concentration due to dilution of the pollutant. --ISHORT is an averaging-time control. 0 - Indicates that the meteorological and source emissions data and resulting concentrations are for a long- term period, say for a season or year. 1 - Indicates the resulting concentrations are for a 24-hour period. 3-4 ------- 3.1.5 Source Data (INAME); (QSOT, HST, TS, VS, D, VF, SHOT, SVET, SORHT, WT, GT) --INAME is a 24-character alphabetical array available for each source for identification. --QSOT is the required emission rate, in grams per second, of each point or area source. --HST is the required physical height of emission, in meters, of each source. This is the stack height, vent height, etc., above ground. --TS is the source gas exit temperature, in degrees Kelvin. If plume rise calculations are requested for a given source, and TS £ TEMP (i.e., a cold plume), the analysis proceeds with plume rise set to zero and a warning is output. --VS, D and VF are the source effluent exit velocity in meters per second, diameter of exit in meters, and effluent volume flow rate in cubic meters per second, respectively. Each may be input as zero or blank. However, if plume rise calculations are requested by the user (see variable GT below), either VS and D, or VF, must be greater than zero; otherwise, the analysis proceeds with plume rise set to zero, and a warning is output. VF is calculated internally when VS and D are input as non-zero. --SHOT and SVET are the coordinates of each source, in units of the programmed grid. The location of an area source is defined by the lower left-hand (southwest) corner of the square area. The user's value of GRID determines the scale of the output map of normalized concentrations. The value of GRID (meters) corresponds to 1/10 inch on the face of the map and to one unit of measurement in the coordinate system of the map. Hence, GRID is required to calculate, as follows, the source coordinates to be input by the user: SHOT (horizontal coordinate) - 460. + (X/GRID) SVET (vertical coordinate) = 60. + (Y/GRID) where X and Y (meters) are the east-west and north-south geographic distances, respectively, of the source from the center of the map. Y is negative if to the south of center, and X is negative if to the west of the center of the map. The center of the map lies at SHOT = 460, SVET * 60. For most analyses, the major or only source will likely be 3-5 ------- assigned coordinates (460, 60); however, there are no restric- tions on source location. There may be situations when the user may wish to obtain better spatial resolution of estimated concentrations than can be obtained by keeping the source location on the map; in such cases, the values of GRID and the source coordinates may be chosen so that the source lies well off the map, with the map representing a small area remote from the source. Receptor locations are program assigned in units of the programmed grid system. --SORHT is the ground elevation in feet above mean sea level at the location of the source. SORHT has no meaning unless at least one receptor elevation is input as non-zero positive. —WT is the width in meters of the source. A zero or blank entry signifies that the emissions emanate from essentially a point source. Any non-zero positive entry is interpreted as the length of a side of a square area source; the source is then evaluated using an effective point source technique. There are no restrictions on the sizes of the area sources. —GT is the assigned fixed plume rise in meters. It is independent of wind speed; however, plume height remains a function of receptor elevation during stable conditions. If zero or blank, the program calculates plume rise via a sub- routine. Hence, to evaluate a source with a known plume rise of zero, input for GT any insignificant positive number (e.g., 0.1). 3.1.6 Stability and Wind Related Data (WSA, SCFMT, SC) —WSA is an array for assigning six wind speeds in meters per second. These speeds are applied respectively to the six frequencies of occurrence of each record in the SC data set (see below). Since the dispersion technique is not appropriate for calm conditions, the program produces zero concentration for each zero value assigned to WSA. Although extremely small wind speeds are acceptable to the program, they may not be appropriate for use with the Gaussian concept of dispersion simulation. The wind speeds usually associated with the six speed categories in the STAR decks are 0.67 2.45, 4.47. 6.93, 9.61 and 12.52 m/s. --SCFMT is the required user-assigned format of SC and is input as a 72-character array. The program calls for suc- cessive SC records on the basis of inferred DO loops in the READ statement. Hence, SCFMT consists simply of six F codes enclosed in parenthesis, with appropriate indications of fields which should be skipped in the available SC records. 3-6 ------- --SC is a required 96-record data set of decimal frequencies of occurrence for 576 possible combinations of wind speed, wind direction, and atmospheric stability. Data sets for long-term periods from surface observation sites may be obtained from the National Climatic Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N. C. (refer to the STAR program in communications to the Center). Obtain six stability groups; they can be used in the urban or rural mode. Do not obtain the day/night classifications. The frequencies in a data set generated by STAR total about unity. The long-term STAR data are obtained by an objective inter- pretation of meteorological data observed at airport weather stations. However, the probability is great that such data will not be representative of the conditions affecting trans- port and dispersion of pollutants in complex terrain. Even on~site meteorological measurements made at ground level have a high probability of deviating significantly from those that might be made at elevated plume height, particularly during the critical stable conditions in complex terrain. Hence, the emphasis in the development and application of the Valley Model by the EPA has been on the 24-hour average, with meteorological conditions specified objectively as is discussed in Appendix D. The user must construct an artificial SC data set for short- term analyses to fit the conditions he wishes to evaluate. Valley assumes that the meteorology of the discrete condition represented by the ith entry in the SC array occurs during any 6 SC(i) hours of the day in this mode. For example, for a 24-hour analysis a speed category under one stability class might be assigned a frequency of 1.0 for each of the 16 directions available, with all other SC values zeroed out. In this case, with the source at the center of the map, the concentrations along any single radial could occur on the appropriate day, and the concentrations depicted along all other radials would be invalid for that day. Care must be exercised in summing contributions at a given receptor from multiple sources at different locations when utilizing the type of short-term data described in this example; one can obtain erroneous results (overestimates) by summing contributions which would not occur simultaneously with the single wind direction implied in the short-term mode. In some cases the only alternative is to execute 16 runs, using one wind direction each; often, however, the user can judge tn advance which single direction will result in the maximum concentration. 3-7 ------- 3.2 PROGRAM OUTPUT With the output unit designated as a printer by the user, the output will be discussed in the next few subsections in the order the information is printed. The program forces overflow of irrelevant data, resulting in asterisks being printed in place of a numerical value for any parameter not used in the respective analysis. 3.2.1 SC Data The stability-wind rose data (SC) are listed by wind speed for each direction, grouped by the six stability categories. The first 20 characters of the input TITLE are included for identification. The summation of the frequencies for long-term periods (e.g., seasonal and annual) should be approximately 1.0; the short-term sum is dependent upon the intention of the user. 3.2.2 Individual Source Contribution Maps These maps are output only when requested by the user via the input variable ICONT. Each map contains normalized concentrations at the 112 receptors which are located approximately on 16 radials (seven receptors each) at increments of 22.5° angular separation around the center of the map, beginning at north (toward page top). The decimal point of each printed concentration indicates the receptor loca- tion. The receptors along a given radial are not spaced equally, except due east and west, because of the space required for printing concentra- tions and the impossible matching of three coordinate systems involved (equal area for the internal grid, rectangular-integer for the printer, and 16-direction polar for the desired receptor network). 3-8 ------- The concentrations are printed in four-digit (plus decimal point) fixed format. The program normalizes all concentrations on a given map equally, by order of magnitude, so that the maximum concen- tration printed contains a significant digit in the left-most position of the print area. The order-of-magnitude factor required to reinstate the output concentrations on each map to the proper units is printed on each map. For example, if the maximum concentration is 0.1328 ppm, the number 132.8 will be printed at the appropriate receptor location, and _o the order-of-magnitude factor 1.0-03 (meaning 10 ) will appear on the map; all concentrations on that map must be multiplied by 10" . Each source contribution map includes a good part of the information relevant to that analysis. The important exceptions are the stability-wind data and receptor heights, which are presented elsewhere in the output and discussed elsewhere in this section. The statements and labels on the maps are listed immediately below, in the order they are output. Self-explanatory output is included, but not elaborated. --RELOCATE 2/3 INCH UP: The outermost concentration on the radial due north of center must be moved northward 2/3 inch (four printer lines) from its printed location. A similar statement applies to the outermost concentration on the south radial (requiring 2/3-inch relocation southward). Otherwise, the decimal point of the concentration value represents the position of the receptor used in the cal- culations . --The source identifier (INAME) is printed. --The run identification (TITLE) is printed, with a line feed following column 20 of the input record. --HLIFE = MRS. 3-9 ------- —CONCTR CORRCTD TO STD COND VIA FACTOR : The concen- trations presented have been converted to standard conditions (1013.2 mb, 298°K) via the factor shown. A factor of 1.0 implies no conversion. --MAX TOWARD DEG.: Indicates the direction of the maximum concentration from the center of the map. —NORTH TOWARD TOP —PLOT : This is the maximum concentration appearing on the map. It can be used as an abbreviated identifier for the map. —The center of the programmed receptor network is indicated by a decimal point, and enclosed with asterisks; the center coordinates (460, 60) are listed. —MULTIPLY PRINTED VALUES BY 1.0 + ii TO GET CONC. IN (units). In this statement, the multiplier "1.0 + ii" must be interpreted as "10. to the power + ii," and must be applied to each concentration. The units will then be in either ppm or yg/m3, as specified in the statement. --SOR ELEV: The input ground elevation at the source. --COORDX and COORDY: The input coordinates of the source. —STK HT: The input source emission height above ground. —Q(GM/SEC): The emission rate, in scientific notation. For example, 2.321+03 is interpreted as 2321. --FIXED DH: The input fixed plume rise. Asterisks in place of a numerical value indicate the user elected to use plume rises computed via the subroutine. --BRIG.E and BRIG.F: The plume rises, in meters, for stability E and F, respectively. These are the last values returned by the plume rise subroutine during the source analysis. Hence, they are the calculated rises at the last receptor evaluated, and for the last finite wind speed used. --DMIX: The input afternoon mixing height for long-term analyses, or the fixed mixing height for short-term analyses, 3-10 ------- --OMNI: The input nighttime mixing height for the urban environment. Zero defaults to 100 meters. --STAR F: The sum of all the input frequencies of the stability-wind data set used in the analysis. --WIDTH: The input width of the square area source. --BRIGUN: The calculated plume rise factor for nonstable atmospheric conditions. Divide by wind speed in meters per second to obtain plume rise in meters at the last receptor evaluated. --P: The input value of pressure, or the default value. --MWT: Molecular weight of the gaseous pollutant; used in calculating concentration in ppm. --VV MEAN WIND SPDS VV: The input wind speeds are listed on the next line of output. --AIR T: The input ambient temperature, or the default value. --GAS T: The input effluent temperature. --DIAM: The input stack diameter. --GAS V: The input effluent exit velocity. --FLOW: The input effluent volume flow rate, or that cal- culated by the program, in cubic meters/second. --A line scale of geographical distances is output. --RURL MODE or URBN MODE: Indicates the environment option specified by the user, i.e., rural or urban. —LONG-TERM MODE or SHRT-TERM MODE: Indicates the averag- ing-time mode specified by the user. SHRT-TERM is intended to represent a 24-hour period. —SLOPING TERRAIN CONCEPT or FLAT-PLANE CONCEPT: Indicates whether the user had or had not, respectively, input at least one finite, positive value in RECHT. If none was entered, the segment for plume height adjustment during stable conditions was skipped during the analysis. 3-11 ------- 3.2.3 Map of Total Impact of All Sources If the user has specified via ICONT that a map be printed of the total impact of all sources, a listing is first provided of all source data (except volume flow rate) and of the plume rises and plume rise factor uAh of each source for the last receptor and meteorological condition evaluated for each source. The program then prints a map entitled "SUM CONC DUE TO ALL SRCS"; this phrase replaces INAME, and indicates the values represent the sum of concentrations due to all sources evaluated during the run through the program. Irrelevant parameters are printed as asterisks, except that Q = 0. Otherwise, the format is the same as the individual source contribution maps. 3.2.4 Terrain Factor Map A terrain-factor map is output if the user specified as non- zero any receptor elevation. The map is of basically the same format as the concentration maps. However, the height difference between the ground elevation at the first source and each receptor is output in place of the concentration. INAME is replaced in the program by the statement "GROUND ELEVATION DIFFERENCE." Also printed are the state- ments "NORTH TOWARD TOP. (1/10)((SOURCE HT(1))-(RECPTR HT(N))), HTS IN METERS.", and "MULTIPLY PRINTED VALUES BY 1.0 + 01 (i.e., multiply by 10) TO GET GROUND ELEV DIFF IN M." Irrelevant parameters are printed as asterisks, except Q = 0. 3-12 ------- 4. COMPUTER USER'S INSTRUCTIONS 4.1 INTRODUCTION Valley is a single, batch-oriented computer program requiring card input and producing output on standard paper on a line printer. The program consists of a main program and two subroutines (see Appendix B for a program listing). The main program calls for the input data and calculates concentra- tions at the 112 receptors whose locations are internally defined. The main program calls the subroutine for calculating plume rise and the subroutine for printing the output maps. Detailed instructions required for program execution are presented in this section. It is assumed that the user has read the first three chapters of the manual and is familiar with the technical applications of the model as well as the acquisition and significance of the input data required for program execution. A test run is presented in Appen- dix A. 4.2 OPERATIONS 4.2.1 Description The generalized program flow diagram given in Figure 4-1 is presented to illustrate the simple operational nature of the program. No peripheral files are required for operation of the program. Valley is written in Standard FORTRAN and is designed to operate on a UNIVAC 1110. The program requires 56K words of memory and has an execution time of a few seconds per source. 4-1 ------- CARD INPUT VALLEY MODEL PROGRAM FORTRAN STANDARD PAPER ON LINE PRINTER Figure 4-1. General Flow Diagram 4-2 ------- The major functions of the program are shown in Figure 4-2. The program is used to calculate the air quality concentrations at 112 receptors resulting from as many as 50 sources of pollutant. These concentrations will be output in their geographically appropriate positions on a line printer as shown in Figure A-2. 4.2.2 Input Data The data deck layout for the input data, including control data, is shown in Figure 4-3. Note that two cards are required to identify each source along with its stack parameters. Up to 50 sources may be input during a single run. The program also requires 16 receptor height cards for the internally specified 112 receptors. If any recep- tor elevation is non-zero a map depicting ground level differences between each receptor and the first source input will be output. Special note must be taken of the Stability Class (SC) Format card and the SC cards. There are 96 SC cards required for each run. There must be six data values on each card. The definition of the data on each card is best described by the output shown in Figure A-2, except no alphabetical characters need appear on the SC data cards. A line of printout represents the data on a single SC input card. If one follows the definitions in this figure and orders the cards in the same manner as shown, the 96 SC cards (6 stabilities times 16 directions) will be properly defined and sequenced. The SC Format card referred to earlier is the FORTRAN format statement which tells the program where the six SC values are located on each card; outer paren- theses must be included. Refer to Figure A-l for an example of this card. 4-3 ------- Figure 4-2. Major Program Functions 4-4 ------- ONE PAIR OF CARDS FOR < EACH SOURCE 96 SC CARDS SC FORMAT CARD WIND SPEED CARD SOURCE DATA CARD n 'SOURCE IDENTIFICATION CARDn o o - O - SOURCE DATA CARD 1 SOURCE IDENTIFICATION CARD 1 PROGRAM CONTROL CARD RUN IDENTIFICATION CARD PRESSURE & TEMP. CARD 16 RECEPTOR HEIGHT CARDS Figure 4-3. Data Deck Layout 4-5 ------- Through proper arrangement of the input data cards the program will perform multiple model runs during one execution on the computer. This can be effected by immediately following the 96th SC card with a new Run Identification Card and all succeeding cards down to the last SC card. As many additonal runs as desired may be made fol- lowing this repetitive scheme. Note that the receptor height cards and pressure/temperature card are input only once per computer execution. An error-free exit from the computer system will occur only if an "end of file" card is read in place of the Run Identification Card. For quick reference, Tables 4-1 give the punched card formats for all required input data parameters. The parameter names and descriptions are also given. Decimal points for all numeric data are implied and designated by the symbol A . The 96 SC data cards are not illustrated since they are usually obtained from the National Climatic Center or they are constructed by the user to fit the conditions of the analysis. Since the input data involves many different formats of punched cards, input forms have been designed to assist the user in the preparation of the input data cards. The forms are illustrated in Figures 4-4. Note that this figure arbitrarily allows for the entry of three sources, but as many as 50 sources may be input per run. No form is presented for SC data, because the user controls the format. 4.2.3 ECL and Deck Setup The runstream deck required for execution of the Valley Model consists of the Executive Control Language (ECL) cards, the program 4-6 ------- TABLE 4-1 Card Input Format (A desionates implied decimal point) RECEPTOR HEIGHT CARDS Card Col . 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 1 7 13 - 5 - 10 - 15 - 20 - 25 - 30 - 35 - 6 - 12 - 18 Format XXXXXA XXXXXA XXXXXA XXXXXA XXXXXA XXXXXA XXXXXA XXXXXXA XXXXXXA XXXXXXA Parameter RECHT RECHT RECHT RECHT RECHT RECHT RECHT PRESSURE & P TEMP PRESS RUN I DENT 1 Ground 2 Ground 3 Ground 4 Ground 5 Ground 6 Ground 7 Ground TEMPERATURE Level Elev Level Elev Level Elev Level Elev Level Elev Level Elev Level Elev CARD Description . (ft.) . (ft.) . (ft.) . (ft.) • (ft.) . (ft.) . (ft.) at Receptor at Receptor at Receptor at Receptor at Receptor at Receptor at Receptor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pressure (mb) Temperature (°K) Control Variable for Conversion to Standard Conditions IFICATION CARD 1 - 80 80A TITLE Alphabetic Identification 4-7 ------- TABLE 4-1 (cont.) Card Input Format (A designates implied decimal point) CONTROL CARD Card 1 - 6 - 13 - 19 - 22 - 25 - 28 - 31 - 34 - 38 - 42 - Col. 5 12 18 21 24 27 30 33 37 41 44 Format XXXXAX XXXXXXXA XXXXXXA XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXXXA XXXXA XXX SOURCE Parameter Description GRID MWT DM IX ISOR DIJPSOR K IUR I CONT DM MI HLIFE I SHORT IDENTI Control for Scale Molecular Height of ^as; or Zero Mean Maximum Afternoon Mixing Depth (IT) Number of Sources (<50) Mode of Operation Line Printer Designator Urban or Rural Output Degree Night DMIX for Urban Only (m) Half Life of Pollutant (hr) Option Control for Averaging Time F I CAT I ON CARD 1 - 24 24 A I NAME Alphabetic Source Identification 4-8 ------- TABLE 4-1 (cont.) Card Input Format (A designates implied decimal point) SOURCE DATA CARD (each such card must be prececed by a Source Identification Card) Card 1 - 8 - 15 - 22 - 29 - 36 - 43 - 50 - 57 - 64 - 71 - 1 - 11 - 21 - 31 - 41 - 51 - Col. 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 10 20 30 40 50 60 Format XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXA XXXXXXXyy XXXXXXXA XXXXAXXXXXX XXXXAXXXXXX XXXXAXXXXXX XXXXAXXXXXX XXXXAXXXXXX XXXXAXXXXXX Parameter qsoT HST TS MS D VF SHOT SVET SORHT WT GT HIND SPEED WSA (1) WSA (2) WSA (3) WSA (4) WSA (5) WSA (6) SC FORMAT Description Emission Rate (gai/s) Physical Height of Stack (m) Effluent Temperature (°K) Effluent Velocity (if/s) Stack Diameter (Hi) Volumetric Flow Rate Easterly Coordinate Northerly Coordinate Ground Elevation at Width of Square Area Fixed Plume Rise (fli) CARD Mean Mind Speed (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (ra/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) CARD (m3/s) of Source of Source Source (ft} Source (nt) 1 - 72 72A SCFMT Stability Wind Frequency Format 4-9 ------- n DC < 1- I Z S K UJ UJ * - . K T LU CC 1- I UJ ^_ X UJ \- LU X UJ t- UJ \- X UJ S £ ^ £; K !C £ C K ^ £ 2 S K S s id 3 S S S s 5 K S K S Ji K S S en $ S s s 5 3 S 3 S £3 S K to S S R Pi n S S S R S cQ S S3 K S3 S Z 03 2 ™ 2 » 2 S ~ <= er> 00 1~ to tfi ->• c-> CM - Q CC O UJ CC 1- CC LU 1- UJ S3 UJ 0. 03 LU CC 5 UJ a. ;i s ™ :c x ;c s: " R ^ S 3 to S S Ul 3 S a s s cri S K Ul ^ S K K ^ S S S ^ ',", "S ^ ^ ^ 5 S S S K s s s; s s ^ a s s K; S S ^ K R! ^ S 2 in - :£ — s r^ ~ " ^ ^ ~ •^ to •" •» ^ ~ " CC O i- u u_ \- z UJ Q Z D — trt CQ < o o s i — £ to V _l UJ H K •3 S S 5 S S ^ H K ~ = SS ™ S S n-^ S 3 S 3 S tn S £; S S S S S S S ? s 5 ^ i? 5 3 ^ ^ CJ s s P; ^ S s X ™ ^ s OJ s fc s ^ K K Rj ^ S C71 •» ^ t:; s ->• „, ~ - ° m «, r- u, „, " ,-, CM - Q < CJ O CC o o s < C3 O a. fc o (/) LL _\| I z 5 h- Z U X ^/ DC bi O !2 X S Q CC o ~ ~ ~ ^ ^ ~^ — -s: ^ ~^ — — TT ~ — — =. — CO ~ J ^ ., -1 r^ - ~ m « ^ _= ^ » „ ^ ~^ -, C-. m r~ ro S -r S P! S If ~ K S 0, "s w K ^ = 01 CO ^ hS LO " m Ei — •= 01 „ r- t.-. ^l «• .T CM - 1 - ~ u 4- L_ O 1 1 -a o CD (0 Q . xl 1 0 rj CD •— 4-10 ------- c O O I •si- CD 13 O) 4-11 ------- (O < « in < 0 < u Q LU C/3 Q 5 S < * m < S (N < S — <£ U5 3 s si X] £ s !S s r> R K g ff) 3 S X n s 3 a 3 S s s s s s s K K S a s s s * s 3 3 S 7 S ^ 3 R S rn S R Rj « S a s K S a a CNI Ki S S tn ao s s in •* 2 S s s m CO r- u. u. -> CO CN, - •^ £ s >. Q = IE S o £ 5 ' i I s 1 o ^ u. — o % s s s £ (A S a 10 s s s s s s s S3 M ^ S S S 5 S m 3 y CNJ 5 S S Jo fo kO no ro X PJ ,0 CO S S [R c5 C^J a £3 R! ?: S 01 S - UI 1^1 2 — ^ — 2 en °° ~ u= Ul •» m CXJ — O U en 4-12 ------- source deck and the data input cards. The data input deck has been explained in the previous section and the program source statements can be found in Appendix B. The ECL cards required for a compile and execute run are illustrated in Figure 4-5. If the underlined parameters on the first card are not known or understood, the ADP representative for the user's organization should be contacted. All other underlined parameters on subsequent cards may be chosen by the user at his discretion. Once the procedure of Figure 4-5 has been executed, the user then may use the procedure illustrated in Figure 4-6 for all runs using the same file name, FN., and element name, FN.E, chosen when executing the procedure in Figure 4-5. 4.2.4 Output The output of Valley consists of a stability-wind data listing, various receptor maps, and potentially a listing of all source data used for the simulation. The receptor maps may include individual source contribution maps, a map of the total impact of all sources, and a terrain factor map. Examples of all output formats are shown in Figures A-2 of Appendix A. A simple data set for obtaining base maps that will be of use in acquiring ground elevations at receptor locations is shown in Appendix C. It is emphasized that the only lines of recep- tors which are equally spaced lie due east and due west of center; the only lines of receptors which do not deviate somewhat from the radials are those in the four cardinal directions. 4-13 ------- @FIN IATA CARDS QT FN.E f @HDG,N X,M,66,2,2 END IN FN.E @MAP,IN DUMMY.FN.E @EOF @FOR,E FN.E FORTRAN PROGRAM DECK FOLLOWED BY @EOF @ELT,I FN.E @ASG,CP FN. @RUN,D/R ID,ACCOUNT, PROJECT.2 NOTE: Underlined names are user supplied. Figure 4-5. ECL Runstream for Compile and Execute 4-14 ------- @FIN DATACARDS @XQT FN.E @HDG,NX,M,66,2,2 @ASG,A FN. @RUIM,D/R ID,ACCOUNT, PROJECT,2 NOTE: Underlined names are user supplied. 7 / Figure 4-6. ECL Runstream for Previously Compiled Program Execution 4-15 ------- 5. REFERENCES Bierly, E.W., and E.W. Hewson, 1962: Some restrictive meteorological conditions to be considered in the design of stacks. J. Applied Meteorol.. 1:3, 383-390. Briggs, G.A., 1971: Some recent analyses of plume rise observations. Proc. of the Second International Clean Air Congress; edited by H.M. Englund and W.T. Berry. Academic Press, N.Y. , 1972: Discussion on chimney plumes in neutral and stable surroundings. Atmos. Envir., 6_, 507-510. Gifford, F.A., 1961: Uses of routine meteorological observations for estimating atmospheric dispersion. Nuclear Safety, 2^4, 47-51. Hales, J.V., 1956: Calculated Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations for a Proposed Smelter. Intermountain Weather, Inc., Salt Lake City. Holzworth, 6.C., 1972: Mixing Heights, Wind Speeds, and Potential for Urban Air Pollution Throughout the Contiguous United States. AP- 101, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Pasquill, F., 1961: The estimation of dispersion of windborne material. Meteorol. Mag.. 9^, 1063, 33-49. Turner, D.B., 1964: A diffusion model for an urban area. J. Applied Meteorol., 3_:1, 83-91. , 1970 (Rev.): Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates. AP-26, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C. TRW, Inc., 1969: Air Quality Display Model. Prepared for NAPCA, PHS, U.S. DHEW, Washington, D.C. (Available from NTIS as PB-189-194). , 1970: Air Quality Implementation Planning Program. Prepared for NAPCA, EPA, Washington, D.C. (Available from NTIS as PB-189-299 and -300). 5-1 ------- APPENDIX A. TEST RUN Consider a facility located on a broad, flat area in the country- side near the base of an extended ridge. A particular pollutant is emitted from a stack and a series of relatively low-level vents located in a 20 m x 20 m area surrounding the stack. Vent emissions are about air temperature of 283°K, and are released at very low vertical velocity about 20 m above ground at a rate of 300 g/s; the vents are treated as one area source. The stack is 75 m tall, with an internal diameter of 3.2 m ; the exit velocity is 4.8 m/s, the effluent temperature is 375°K, and the pollutant emission rate is 1200 g/s. The terrain height at the facility is 3800 ft (1158 m) above mean sea level (msl). The major concern is for air quality on a daily basis. Hence, the Valley model is executed in the short-term (24-hour) mode, using as input stability F (moderately stable atmosphere) and 2.5 m/s for the windspeed. These conditions are assumed by the model to exist for 6 of 24 hours when the short-term mode is specified, and when the frequency of occurrence is input as 1.00. Since the facility is arbitrarily located at the center of the output map, each line of fixed receptors (located along a given radial from center) is affected by virtually only one wind direction. The analysis for all 16 wind directions can thus be accomplished in one computer run, but each direction represents conditions for one par- ticular day. We can assume this only because the map scale chosen A-l ------- relegates the area source to essentially a point source as pertains to wind direction effects; however, the area source is still treated as a virtual (or effective) point source by the model. The source data is input so that the area source effluents (i.e., those from vents) have a fixed plume rise of near zero. The plume rise of the stack effluent is calculated by the model. The input data listing is shown in Figure A-l. The first column indicates the sequential card number, and is not part of the input data. Note that some records are omitted from the SC subset in the' figure to conserve space; those records are blank, but all 96 SC cards are re- quired input. Handwritten notations are added to the data listing and maps for clarification, so as to be distinguishable from the computer output. Finite frequencies of occurrence of meteorological data have been input for only six wind directions (ENE, E, ESE, WSW, W, and WMW), and only the ground elevations for receptors affected by the sources for those directions have been input. This is sufficient input to permit comparison of the simulated terrain effects (eastward of map center) with a flat-plane situation (due west of map center), and simplifies preparation by any user desiring to duplicate the test case. The output listing is shown, page per page, in Figure A-2. The entire SC data subset is always listed, but only the non-blank stability category is included here. The SC data are followed in turn by (1) a map of estimated ambient pollutant concentrations due to each source; A-2 ------- ft COLUMN 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 \ 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 f 3867 4213 4450 4650 3867 4213 4550 4900 3867 4213 4500 4750 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 870. 283. 870. TEST RUN -- S02 60.9 2 MAIN STACK 1200. 75. 375. VENTS. (AS AREA SRC) 300. 20. 2.5 (6F2.1) } BLANK CARDS w//yo DI&. \ i. — £N£ i __L\| _^ C l.' — ES? T/Vt A£F 1. — WJw' 1. — W l. — WMW 5040 5400 4900 5600 5270 4950 5170 5630 5200 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 621 4.8 3.2 LAST U Ct- fOR STA8IUT PARTIAL WIND ROSE FOR EASY DUPLICATI 3. 1 460. 60. 3800. 459.84 59.84 3800. 20. .001 Figure A-l. Test Case Input Data Listing. Notations Are Handwritten to Avoid Confusion with the Data. A-3 ------- (2) a listing of source data; (3) a map of the total contribution due to all sources; and (4) a map of relative terrain elevations at the receptors. Compare the patterns of concentrations with the pattern of topo- graphic relief sketched on the output maps. Note the concentration isopleths are omitted on the lee of the ridge; calculated concentrations are not appropriate for that area. The area to the west of the facility (to the left of map center) is flat; the ridge crest is oriented north- south and lies to the east of the facility. The differences in con- centration at any two radials are due primarily to the simulated effects of terrain; these effects are quite apparent, particularly for the main stack. Some of the difference, particularly for the low-level area source and near the center of the map, can also be due to the fact that receptor spacing may differ from radial to radial. The receptor locations used for the calculations are depicted by the decimal points of the seven concentrations printed along each radial. For the map scale selected, the 20 x 20 m area source representing the multiple vents lies totally within 0.025 inch of the center of the maps. A-4 ------- c> 0 cr tr r r, c c> c> C' n r c o c c c tr r or r-c. crrrrr. ernen onc-e-' C C. Ci O C CrCCOC'OCOOCiOOC c c c r c c r o r c r c c- r r r r n c r. c r- c c c. r c c. t t, c-< c c c. n o cr c> c c o r 0 O O O cere c cr c c. o r c c c c. o c c. c c r c c c c o c no c; c C' c a o c, o o o o t:. o c c o co r: ci c> n cr o c- cr tr cr tr r o c° c cr or cr r1 r o r o o c. tr r. r r o «r> o er O C c c n o cr o r o t-i r c: c a c: o o o c c c tr C' r. £•• fj o o r- cr o c- o o c o cr, nccerrarrrnoc'rcrj r- r> r c c c c- tr- r> o r c n r r c c- t- D c n o c> o c c c- o cr o o c> o o o a C (A 0) (0 c, c c C' O O r r. t r; o c r-. r~. r? r> c § c, n r~> r> t t r» n r r c .~, r. ri c1 c- r c< o o c- ci r- t> r- c- t.! c c c_ c ci c.- t.' t • n c r- f- n c r' r. n o c. Ci o c c o cr. r-i 0) 4-1 o tv c in i i V c c c o a IT- * (M r' fj t,i r c- o o o r c: r c moon o r> cj C O <-) C~ C: C r o n Uj N c cr cj 0 cr r> t c. rn c e^ c- t~ t"1 c~ o nocrrrcnocooocts c c c c c c o o o r c c a c c. o oo c; o or: cr c c c n cr n c en o c, c o r- n r cr o c tr, n n c c, o oor'CTooocoor>tr»oooo 3 P. 4J 3 O CM 00 in c CL 37 Q- tr . UJ LL. IT tririn ~? 7 tn A-5 ------- ; u. ft a o o CM < A-6 ------- ------- ------- £ O O CO S- 3 o> A-9 ------- /r C\J < cu O) A-10 ------- APPENDIX B PROGRAM LISTING B-l ------- oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:: UJ • (T H- Q:< •> •• s x UJ • t- u 2: I- 3 -UJ X.UJ •• '3 OO2 •• CT CE'CL «-2« Z -UJ "Z. »-» UiO >-i - » 2 _l .< o cc t- _i in » : UJ < •XUJ C£ U. O — I- •• Q. «• I/) - -»-i »-. 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II K II X O X X C> O i-t X in _l .flllCM •«-! < _J X • »liJ'H_l _!>-• < in • . ------- ooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo «-icMio.d-ir>\or-coooHc\iK) (\IcvJCVJC\jc\jc\JC\lt\jcvjrotOroro <-f«-l«-4i-l«- 'H -l-l .UJ t- X .0 UJ UJ U- > u. CO .»-! UJ .CVl I- • •• .O —I O ,d- UJ :»-l O .HO '^ O. II IO.II. • K) O Q..O Q- »l I O _l X _l X Z S x_o x o,< < a. cc X X H- X II t- O II O II ^-13 — _i -i i/) H- a U_liJCXtiJXO X U..H UJ 2 i-HQlDOXO X XQtrUJ CO O O »H OJ ------- APPENDIX C SIMPLE ACQUISITION OF BASE MAPS The following data set will produce three maps that can be used for transferring the fixed receptor sites of the program to their geogra- phical locations on topographical charts for acquiring terrain eleva- tions at the receptors. CARD DATA 1-18 blank 19 col. 1-3: 10. col. 21 : 3 col. 27: [user's printer code] col. 30: 2 col. 33: 1 20-26 blank 27 col. 1-7: (6F1.0) 28-123 blank 124 end-of-file or finish C-l ------- APPENDIX D EVALUATION OF THE VALLEY MODEL by Edward W. Burt and Herschel H. Slater This paper, with appendix, is contained in the Preprint Volume for the Joint AMS/APCA Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, November 29-December 2, 1977. Salt Lake City, Utah D-1 ------- EVALUATION OF THE VALLEY MODEL Edward W. Burt* and Herschel H. Slater Monitoring and Data Analysis Division Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 0n Assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1. BACKGROUND The large non-ferrous smelters in the West posed a particularly difficult problem for air pollution control agencies when State Implemen- tation Plans were being evaluated in 1972 and thereafter. They were known to be large emitters of su-lfur dioxide (SOp) and particulate matter and suspected to be substantial emitters of metals of some toxicity (e.g., arsenic., lead, mercury). Their rates of emissions were not well established. Contaminants were emitted from different processes in different ways at dif- ferent heights and at different times. The smelters were generally isolated and located in areas of complex, mountainous terrain. Their effluents were dispersed and transported, initially at least, by local wind systems deter- mined largely by the orientation and configura- tion of the nearby terrain, thermal radiation and the synoptic weather situation. None of the smelter locations had meteorological data avail- able which adequately represented the dispersion and transport factors. Finally, ambient air quality data which were representative of the maximum impact of the smelters on the surrounding air environment did not exist. 2. METEOROLOGICAL RATIONALE Meteorologists attached to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, were asked to estimate the likely impact of the smelters on ambient air quality. Several of them had a number of years experience estimating the impact of point sources on ambient air quality, forecasting the weather in the moun- tainous West, and conducting field sampling studies around large point sources, sore of which were in complex terrain. A concensus of their judgments, based on their considerable experience and training in dispersion rreteorology, indicated that a smelter located in proximity to terrain features in the western mountains would likely cause frequent and greatest threats to an ambient air quality standard under a particu- lar set of meteorological circumstances. The threat was considered to be greatest on days with a fanning plume. It was judged that the greatest threat to the ambient air quality stan- dards was likely to occur on nearby elevated terrain during inversion conditions with light winds. In these circumstances the plumes from smelters were observed to level-off shortly above stack top and to flow toward, around or over elevated terrain in ribbons or sheets. Due to the complexity of the terrain, there were large uncertainties in the representativeness of the available meteorological data. Similarly, the magnitude, height and timing of the emissions were poorly specified. Further, the short-term 24-hr primary standard for S0£ was most likely the controlling standard. The 3-hr secondary standard for SO- did not apply to the evalua- tion of the Plans at the tine, because attain- ment dates were not specified. A computer program used in an earlier study in complex terrain by EPA (1972a) was modified to repre- sent the short-term impact of polluting facilities, and to include the plume rise formulations recommended by Briggs (1971). The program became known as the Valley Model [EPA (1977)]. Careful review of upper air summaries of wind speeds and stability aloft for the western portion of the U.S. provided a basis for the choice of weatner parameters to be used in the analyses undertaken by EPA (1972b). The Briggs plume rise calculations showed that the heights of the smelter plumes in stable air would not exceed 400 m above stack base for the conditions evaluated. Wind speeds of 2.5 mps, +_ 1 mps, occurred at 300 neters above ground one-third or more of the time at nost western upper air observing sites. On an annual basis, ground- based inversions occur in the morning in the Rocky Mountain area over 75-'= of the time. Most D-2 ------- of them are at least 250 meters deep [EPA (1973)1. The critical wind speed was chosen to be 2.5 rips. The vertical dispersion coefficient was selected to represent moderately stable circumstances. The smelter plumes were assumed to be constrained horizontally by the terrain and terrain influ- enced flow and to be uniformly distributed hori- zontally in a 22.5 degree Die-shaped sector. It was arbitrarily assumed that the Diume centerline (with respect to the vertical) would not approach nearer than 10 meters to a terrain feature. Based on peak-to-mean concentrations derived from the work of Montgomery, et a]. (1971) ana later supported by Mills and SteVn (1975) and by Martin and Reaves (1977), the 24-nr estimate was assumed to be one-fourth the shorter-term estimate. This may be interpreted as an indication that the plune affects an area for 6 hr, not necessarily contin- uous, of a 24-hr period. Finally, the half life of SO- was assumed to be 3 hr. It was expected that the estimates derived by the technique would provide a reasonable estimate of the threat to the 24-hr ambient air quality standard for SO,,; i.e., the second highest SO, concentration that would occur during a year. The analytical routine was not proposed as a rigorous mathematical description of the physical circumstances which pertain to flow about a terrain feature. 3. COMPARISONS OF ESTIMATED AND OBSERVED DATA The model was expected to provide estimates of maximum credible threats to 24-hr standards. It was not intended for short-term, day-by-day or hour-by-hour comparisons between estimated and observed concentrations. It is only appropriate to compare estimates of the model with maximum concentrations observed at locations near the height of an elevated stabilized olume. However observed air quality data which enable an unqualifiec comparison with estimated concentra- tions in ccmplex terrain situations are diffi- cult to acquire. Pasr stud'es suffer from two shortcomings: limitsd duration, apd a limited number of ironitoring 3'tes. The data in Fable 1 compare the estimated dnd tr.e highest and second highest observed 24-hr SO., concentrations at sites on elevated terrain near large emission sources. All sites were at heights above the stack tops and near the estimated olume heights expected during light wind, stable meteorological conditions. The monitoring 3t the Crusher, Phelps Mine and Jones Ranch sites was performea under the auspices of the EPA. The data are stored in the EPA AEROS data bank. The Lake Point data were furnished by Heaney (1975, 1976), of the Kennecott Copper Corporation. The Nav^-jo data are ava1!- able in a report by Rockwell International, Inc. ejt aj_. (1975). Only the 'lavajo Generating Station emissions were well documented. The Crusher and Lower Lake Point sites were located on the steep slopes of the Oquirrh Moun- tains. The bearings of the sites from the source differ by 125°. Data were also furnished EPA Table 1. The Estimated and the Highest arid Second Highest Observed 24-Hr S0? Concentrations in the Vicinity of Large Sources Located in Comolex Terrain. Site Crusher Lower Lake Pt #105 #107 Phelps Mine Jones Ranch Source Garfie^ Smel ter. Utah Garfield Smelter, Utah Navajo Gen Stn, An zona Navajo Gen Stn, Arizona Morenci Smelter, Arizona Miami Smel ter, Arizona Site- Source Dist. (km) 6.4 4.5 22.8 23.2 4.7 2.9 Period 4/15/73- 1/31/75 2/1/74- 1/31/75 3/8/75- 12/16/75 1/1-25/76 10/1/74- 2/17/75 10/1/74- 2/17/75 1975 1974 1975 Concentration Est.j 2480 2480 1.18 1.18 36 25 15490 8610 8610 Obse Max 2564 6130 2.66 2.71 32 30 2547 2042 2642 -vea 2nd High 2473 3130 1.20 2.14 19 15 2416 1760 1548 Concentrations in pg/m , except those underscored are in ppm. from another site called Upper Lake Point which was within 1 km of Lower Lake Point but 250 meters higher in elevation. The maximum observed 24-hr concentration at Upper Lake Point during the period cited was only 0.02 ppm (vs. 2.71 ppm at Lower Lake Point), apparently as a result of a stratified atmosphere. The calculated value for Upper Lake Point was similarly small. Navajo sites #106 and # 107 were located at the top of the Vermilion Cliffs in northern Arizona, west of the Navajo Generating Station. The Cliffs face the facility and are extremely steep. Some of the terrain between the Cliffs dnd the generating station dips significantly below the stack bases. Several other samplers at the top of the Cliffs and elsewhere at comparable elevations, as well as in a network of sites on the sloping plain on which the power plant is located, did not record such high values of con- centration. Site =-106 was at the southern end of the line of samplers on the Cliffs, and recorded the highest concentration during the study. D-3 ------- Some air quality data from near a Montana smelter were expected to be reasonably representa- tive of the circumstances to which the analytical procedure was designed to apply. Unfortunately, the data were found to contain uncertainties which could not be resolved. 4. OTHER OBSERVATIONS Some observations exist which can be used only qualitatively to indicate that stable, ele- vated plumes can approach very close to elevated terrain as is assumed in the Valley Model. Hewson and Gill (1944) depict concentrations of SOj across the Columbia River Valley near Trail, B.C., Canada; the measurements were obtained by air- craft down-valley of a smelter, and depict well- defined smelter plume centers not infrequently lying very near the nountainside. Scorer (1973) cites observations in three countries of stable elevated plumes either visually impinging on mountainsides or causing damage to vegetation on mountainsides. The high quality data of Start, Dickson, and Wendell (1973) are often cited as evidence that dispersion rates observed over flat terrain during moderately stable conditions result in overestimates of 1-hr concentrations by a factor of 15 when applied in the complex terrain of Huntington Canyon, Utah, This conclusion is drawn from four 30- to 60-minute ground-level tracer releases, and ground-level sampling, made during a 48-hr period. However, the ratios of concentrations estimated using the bivariate Gaussian formulation (with the flat-terrain dispersion rate) to the maximum concentration observed at each sampling arc (distances 2.12, 2.8, 4.2, and 6.2 km) are 0.95, 1.1, 2.6, and 1.0; this is a very good relationship, consider- ing the limited tests. The Valley Model uses the concept that the average vertical dispersion coefficients for flat terrain can be used for calculating the upper 1 imit of concentrations in complex terrain, but the model results cannot be compared directly with these Huntington Canyon data because of the differences in averaging times and the brevity of the field study. 5. CONCLUSIONS At four of six sites on mountainous terrain near the height that plumes from major facilities stabilize, it has been shown that the Valley Model provides maximum 24-hr SO,, concentration estimates which are within a factor of two of the second-highest observed concentrations. It is concluded that the Valley Model is a useful screening procedure for identifying potential threats to the 24-hr ambient air quality stan- dard for SO, in complex terrain. 6. REFERENCES Briggs, G.A., 1971: Some Recent Analyses of Plume Rise Observations. Proceedings of the Second International Clean Air Congress, edited by H.H. Englund and W.T. Berry. Academic Press, N.Y. Environmental Protection Agency, 1972a: Helena Valley, Montana, Area Environmental Pollution Study. OAP Publ. No. AP-91. , 1972b: Estimated Impact of Smelting Operations on SO^ Concentrations in the Rocky Mountain Area (Revised). OAQPS Staff Report. _, 1973: Inversion Study Data. Compiled by NOAA, NCC, Asheville, NC. Job No. 13105. , 1977: Valley Model User's Guide. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. Heaney, R.J., 1975: Statement on Behalf of Kennecott Copper Corporation. December 16. , 1976: Air Pollution Emergency Episode, January 21 Through 24, 1976. Kennecott Copper Corporation Tech. Rep. Hewson, E.M., and G.C. Gill, 1944: Meteorological Investigations in the Columbia River Valley, near Trail, B.C. Part III of Report Sub- mitted to the Trial Snelter Arbitral. Tribunal (by R.S. "Dean and R.E. Swain). U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 453. Martin, J.R. and R.W. Reeves, 1977: The Relation- ship Among Observed Short-Term Maximum SO,, Concentrations Near Coal Fired Power Plants. Preprint for APCA 70th Annual Meeting, Toronto. Mills, M.T., and R.W. Stern, 1975: Model Validation and Time-Concentration Analysis of Three Power Plants. U.S. EPA 450/3-76-002. Montgomery, T.L., S.B. Carpenter and H.E. Lindley, 1971: The Relationship between Peak and Mean SOg Concentrations. Preprint for AMS Conference on Air Pollution Meteorology, Raleigh, NC. Rockwell International; Kateoroloay Research, Inc.; and Systems Applications, Inc., 1975: Ground-Level 50^ Measurements. Vol. IV of Navajo Generating Station Sulfur Dioxide Field Monitoring Program. Scorer, R.S., 1973: Pollution in the Air— Problems, Policies and Priorities. Rutledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston, (see pp. 36 & 46). Start, G.E., C.R.Dickson, and L.L. Wendell, 1973. Diffusion in a Canyon within Rough Mountain- ous Terrain. NOAA TM ERL-38. D-4 ------- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (/'!< as i- 'cad /Miir'u ;i«'M (i'j !>::• rii i AM /•• /, >/<• < omplelinrt 1 'U '"V* T NO EPA-450/2-77-018 4 TiT^L AND SUBTITLE VALLEY MODEL USER'S GUIDE 5. REPORT DATE SEPTEMBER 1977 6 PERFORMING ORGANIZAT ION CODE 7 AUTHUritS) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO Edward W. Burt PERFORMING ORGAN I^ATtON NAME AND ADORE S3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Waste Management Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Same as item 9 3 RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO 1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. 11 CONTRACT,GRANT NO. 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Final Report 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 200/04 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABS1 RACT The Valley Model is a steady-state, univariate Gaussian plume dispersion model designed for multiple point- and area-source applications. It calculates pollutant concentrations for each frequency designated in an array defined by six stabilities, 16 wind directions, and six wind speeds for 112 program-designated receptor sites on a radial grid of variable scale. The output concentrations are appropriate for either a 24-hour or annual period, as designated by the user. The model contains the concen- tration' equations , the Pasquill-Gifford vertical dispersion coefficients and the Pasquill stability classes, as given by Turner. Plume rise is calculated according to Briggs. Plume height is adjusted according to terrain elevation for stable cases. Technical details of the program are presented, with descriptions of data requirements. Flow diagrams and input data forms are presented. Four appendices include a complete test-case analysis, a complete program listing and a paper in which estimated and observed data are compared at several sites for 24-hour periods durinn which the upper limits of concentrations were observed. KEY WORDS Afs'D DOCUMENT ANALYSIS DESCRIPTORS Air pollution Turbulent diffusion Meteorology Mathematical models Computer models Sulfur dioxide Complex terrain L. Release unlimited b.lDF. MIMlff'J'OPEN ENDED TERMS Dispersion Air Quality Simulation Model 19 SECURITY CLASS C//1.S AJif <,rl/ Unclassified 20 St CUM I Y CLASS i ll.il !>.r.c> COSATI I Iclli/Group 21 NO Of PAGLS 112 22 PRICE E-l ------- m D C o 3] O Tl Tl O in z m < 33 O D =*- 2 co o n m" ro o> 3r~i -~ - _ £ o ° D ^ H -i « o m 13 =r 3 n 6 ~z. • > "0 c CD O > 6 N 2 ~" CD tt> CD Q. ~ Q_ _ Ul CL m 13 tfl o fo 00 D Us O CD S. <' CD CD 13 CO a CD 55 _ CD 13 ~- CT_ CD C Q. O m 2 O P m -£ rn 5 -n > oo 0° oj ui m m CT m -H v> CD rn O -< -------


EPA-450/2-77-018
September 1977
PROPERTY Of
  DIVISJOH
    OF
METEOROLOGY
      VALLEY MODEL USER'S GUIDE
        NOT  TO  BE
         REMOVED!



         U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
             Office of Air and Waste Management
          Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
          Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

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                                      EPA-450/2-77-018
VALLEY MODEL  USER'S GUIDE
                          by

                      Edward W. Burt

                Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
                 Source Receptor Analysis Branch
              U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                 Office of Air and Waste Management
              Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
              Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

                      September 1977

-------
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication.  Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.

The author,  Edward  W.  Burt,  is  on assignment to  the  Environmental
Protection  Agency from the  National  Oceanic  and  Atmospheric
Administration,  U.S.  Department of  Commerce.
          This document is available to the public through
          the National Technical Information Service,
          Springfield, Virginia  22151
                 Publication No. EPA-450/2-77-018

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                              PREFACE

     This publication contains information on the techniques and appli-
cations of the computer program for the Valley Model which is based on a
steady-state, univariate Gaussian formulation.  It fulfills the need for
a formal discussion to replace a very brief description that has received
wide distribution.

     The last previous version of the computer code was designated
C9M3D.  For stable atmospheric conditions the present version provides
the same results, but can result in significantly greater concentrations
for the limited mixing situation because it uses the multiple-reflection
formula of Hales-Bierly-Hewson.  Version C9M3D used the interpolation
technique of Turner as described in his Workbook of Atmospheric Dis-
persion Estimates.

     The Valley Model is one of the atmospheric dispersion models on the
User's Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP) system.
The UNAMAP system may be purchased on magnetic tape from NTIS for use
on the user's computer system, or may be accessed through phone lines
and time-share computer terminals.  For information on accessing UNAMAP
contact: Chief, Data Management Section, Meteorology and Assessment
Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC 27711.

     Although attempts are made to thoroughly check out computer pro-
grams with a wide variety of input data, errors are occasionally found.
In case there is a need to correct, revise or update this model, revi-
sions will be distributed to those who complete and return the mailing
form on page v.  A user can be assured that the latest version of the
Valley Model is on the UNAMAP system.

     Comments and suggestions regarding this publication should be
directed to:  Chief, Source Receptor Analysis Branch, Monitoring and
Data Analysis Division (MD-14), EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC  27711.
However, technical questions regarding execution of the model may be
handled by telephone call to the Chief, Modeling Support Section, Source
Receptor Analysis Branch in Durham, NC at 919-541-5335 or, using FTS,
629-5335.

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                          ACKNOWLEDGMENTS







     Were it not for the technical and administrative support of



Mr. Herschel H. Slater, the Valley Model might not be in use today.



His efforts under intensive and extensive pressures have provided



a basis for improving the air quality in many areas of our country.



Messrs. Jerome B. Mersch, Herschel W. Rorex, and David H. Starr



contributed to the programming aspects, and largely prepared Section 4.



Mr. Donald Henderson, EPA Regional Meteorologist, Denver, provided



many useful comments which have improved the clarity and usefulness



of this report.  This report and a myriad of communications regarding



the Valley Model have been typed by Mrs. Barbara M. Stroud; her timely



and congenial assistance in these matters over the past several years



is greatly appreciated.
                                IV

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Chief, Environmental Applications Branch



Meteorology and Assessment Division  (MD-80)



U.S. Environmental Protection Agency



Research Triangle Park, MC  27711





     I would like to receive future revisions to the  Vattay Modzl



       Guide..
Name
Address
                                         ZIP
Telephone (Optional)

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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                   Page

PREFACE                                                             Hi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                                                      iv

LIST OF FIGURES                                                      ix

LIST OF TABLES                                                        x

1.  MODEL OVERVIEW                                                  1-1
     1.1  INTRODUCTION                                              1-1
     1.2  HISTORICAL OVERVIEW                                       1-2
     1.3  SCOPE OF THE MODEL                                        I'4
     1.4  GENERAL DATA REQUIREMENTS                                 1-6
          1.4.1  Meteorological Data                                1-7
          1.4.2  Receptor Data                                      1~8
          1.4.3  Source Data                                        I"8
          1.4.4  Control Parameters                                 1-9

2.  TECHNICAL DISCUSSION                                            2-1
     2.1  THE DISPERSION EQUATIONS AND SIMULATION OF COMPLEX        2-1
            TERRAIN EFFECTS
          2.1.1  Sector Averaging                                   2-7
          2.1.2  Cross-Sector Interpolation                         2-7
          2.1.3  Vertical Dispersion Coefficient                    2-8
          2.1.4  Plume Height                                       2-8
          2.1.5  Pollutant Decay or Transformation                 2-10
          2.1.6  Limited Mixing (Plume Trapping)                   2-10
     2.2  TIME-AVERAGING OF CONCENTRATION                          2-11
          2.2.1  Long-Term Average Concentration                   2-12
          2.2.2  24-Hour Average Concentration                     2-14
     2.3  URBAN-RURAL CONSIDERATIONS                               2-16
     2.4  DISPERSION FROM AREA SOURCES                             2-17
     2.5  COMMENTS                                                 2-20

3.  DATA DEFINITIONS                                                3-1
     3.1  INPUT DATA                                                3-1
          3.1.1  Receptor Heights                                   3-1
          3.1.2  Pressure and Temperature                           3-1
          3.1.3  Computer Run Identification                        3-2
          3.1.4  Program Control                                    3-2
          3.1.5  Source Data                                        3-5
          3.1.6  Stability and Wind Related Data                    3-6
     3.2  PROGRAM OUTPUT                                            3-8
          3.2.1  SC Data                                            3-8
          3.2.2  Individual Source Contribution Maps                3-8
          3.2.3  Map of Total Impact of All Sources                3-12
          3.2.4  Terrain Factor Map                                3-12

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                   TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

                                                                    Page

4.  COMPUTER USER'S INSTRUCTIONS                                     4-1
     4.1  INTRODUCTION                                               4-1
     4.2  OPERATIONS                                                 4-1
          4.2.1  Description                                         4-1
          4.2.2  Input Data                                          4-3
          4.2.3  ECL and Deck Setup                                  4-6
          4.2.4  Output                                             4-13

5.  REFERENCES                                                       5-1

APPENDIX A.  TEST RUN                                                A-l

APPENDIX B.  PROGRAM LISTING                                         B-l

APPENDIX C.  SIMPLE ACQUISITION OF BASE MAPS                         C-l

APPENDIX D.  EVALUATION OF THE VALLEY MODEL                          D-l
                                vm

-------
                          LIST OF FIGURES


Figure                                                           Page

2-1       Depiction of Plume Height in Complex Terrain, as in
          the Valley "lode!.                                        2-3

2-2       Schematic of the Virtual Point Source as Projected
          fron an Area Source.                                   2-18

4-1       General Flow Diagram                                    4-2

4-2       Major Program Functions                                 4-4

4-3       Data Deck Layout                                        4-5

4-4       Data Card Format                                       4-10

4-5       ECL Runstream for Compile and Execute                  4-14

4-6       ECL Runstream for Previously Compiled Program
          Execution                                              4-15

A-l       Test Case Input Data Listing                            A-3

A-2       Output of Test Case Run                                 A-5
                             IX

-------
                          LIST OF TABLES
Table                                                            Page

2-1       Constants Used in Calculating the Vertical
          Diffusion Coefficient                                    2-9

4-1       Card Input Format                                        4-7

D-l       The Estimated and the Highest and Second Highest
          Observed 24-Hour S02 Concentrations in the
          Vicinity of Large Sources Located in Complex
          Terrain                                                  D-3

-------
                        1.  MODEL OVERVIEW

1.1  INTRODUCTION
     The Valley Model is an analytical technique whose primary use is
for estimating the upper limits of 24-hour average pollutant concentra-
tions due to isolated sources in rural, complex terrain.  Options are
provided which allow multiple sources, flat terrain, urban areas, and
long-term averages to be considered also.  This manual formally docu-
ments the Valley Model and supercedes a brief description of earlier
versions which received wide distribution.
     A historical overview on the use of Valley and the scope and
general data requirements of this model are included in the remainder of
Section 1.  The assumptions and mathematical formulations are given in
Section 2.  Specific data requirements are discussed in Section 3, with
input format specifications given in Section 4.  Four appendices provide
an evaluation of model accuracy, a full test run, a program listing, and
a simple data set for testing the runstream deck and for obtaining base
maps.
                                1-1

-------
1.2  HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
     The large non-ferrous smelters in the West posed a particularly
difficult problem when State Implementation Plans  were being evaluated
in 1972 and thereafter.   They were known to be large emitters of sulfur
dioxide and particulate  matter and suspected to be substantial  emitters
of metals of some toxicity (e.g., arsenic, lead, mercury).   Their rates
of emissions were not well established.   Contaminants were  emitted from
different processes in different ways at different heights  and at
different times.  The smelters are generally isolated and located in
areas of complex mountainous terrain.  Their effluents are  dispersed and
transported initially, at least, by local wind systems determined largely
by the orientation and configuration of the nearby terrain, atmospheric
radiation (which is a function of time of day and  season of the year)
and the synoptic weather situation.  None of the smelter locations had
meteorological data available which was adequately representative of the
dispersion and transport factors.  Finally, ambient air quality data
which were representative of the impact of the smelter on the surrounding
air environment did not  exist.
     Meteorologists attached to the Office of Air  Quality Planning and
Standards were asked to  estimate the likely impact of the smelters on
the surroundings.  Several had a number of years experience estimating
the impact of point sources on ambient air quality, forecasting the
weather in the mountainous west, and conducting field sampling studies
around large point sources, some of which were in  complex terrain,  A
concensus of their judgments based on their considerable experience and
training in dispersion meteorology indicated that  a smelter located
                               1-2

-------
in proximity to terrain features in the western mountains would likely
cause frequent and greatest threats to an ambient air quality standard
under a particular set of meteorological circumstances.  The threat was
considered to be greatest with light winds, but not calms, when strong
inversions with bases at the ground-level, or if elevated, below the
crests of nearby ridges, were experienced for several hours of the day.
Under these conditions, plumes from smelters were observed to level-off
shortly above the stack top and flow in close proximity to elevated
terrain in ribbons or sheets.  The horizontal spread of the plumes
consistently far exceeded the vertical spread.  It was anticipated that
in complex terrain areas, pollutants emitted from smelter stacks must
cause highest ambient 3- to 24-hour average concentrations on the
elevated terrain.
     Due to large uncertainties in the magnitude, height and timing of
emissions, and in the representativeness of the existing meteorological
data, it was judged that the threat to the standards could be best
represented by an analytical routine that would conveniently calculate a
24-hour concentration on elevated terrain during stable atmospheric
conditions with light winds.  The algorithm was expected to represent a
fanning plume which affects an elevated terrain feature, and to provide
a reasonable estimate of the second highest 24-hour concentration that
would be experienced during a year.
     Careful review of upper air summaries of wind speeds and stability
aloft for the western portion of the U.S. provided a basis for the
choice of weather parameters.  The Briggs plume rise calculations showed
                               1-3

-------
that the heights of the smelter plumes in stable air would likely not
exceed 400 m above stack base for the conditions evaluated.   Wind speeds
of 2.5 m/s, ± 1  m/s, occurred at 300 m above the ground one-third or
more of the time at most western upper air observing sites.
     The Valley Model does not provide a rigorous mathematical  descrip-
tion of the physical circumstances which pertain to flow about a terrain
feature.  It is an algorithm which describes and associates  the meteo-
rological parameters that often prevail when high concentrations are
anticipated on elevated terrain.
     It is imperative that the user of any model which is purported to
estimate the greatest concentrations due to an elevated source in complex
terrain realizes that observed meteorological data suitable  for cal-
culating these singular events generally do not exist.  Hence,  the user
must generate the meteorological conditions to be used as input to
obtain the solution,  Needless to say, the user can usually  assume a set
of reasonably realistic meteorological conditions which will duplicate
any observed concentration due to a point source.  The real  test of a
simulation model is an evaluation for several different locations using
objective meteorological input data, such as is done in the  evaluation
herein of the Valley Model (see Appendix D).

1.3  SCOPE OF THE MODEL
     The Valley Model is an algorithm which produces output  to be used
in evaluating the impact of a stationary source or sources on air
                               1-4

-------
quality at ground level.  The applicability of the model is bounded by
the following operational characteristics:
     (1)  It is generally recognized that short-term air quality stand-
ards are the most difficult for a single source to meet in an area of
complex terrain.  Assuming constant emissions from an isolated, elevated
point source, if the short-term standard is not exceeded then the long-
term standard is unlikely to be exceeded by the single facility.  Valley
was developed with this in mind.  The treatment by Valley of plumes in
rural, complex terrain was specifically intended for a 24-hour period, a
single facility of small areal extent, and particularly for stable
conditions which are generally conceded to be the worst situation in
complex terrain.  However, the program may be executed in the long-term
mode for a complex terrain situation.  An urban mode is optional, wherein
terrain is considered to be flat.  Multiple facilities may be evaluated
during any run if results are carefully interpreted.
     (2)  Source emission data is input as an average per source for the
period of concern.  A user's option allows for a 24-hour analysis or a
long-term analysis (e.g., seasonal or annual).  The emission and meteo-
rological data are assumed to be uncorrelated with one another when
multiple meteorological conditions are input.
     (3)  The source data array is dimensioned to accept a maximum of 50
sources.  Sources may be "point" or "area," and may be input in any
order.  The point sources may include several specific points of emission
from an industrial or residential area.  Often, however, emissions from
                               1-5

-------
individual chimneys in residential  areas, or specific vents in industrial
facilities, cannot be defined except as an average of the multiple
emission points.  In such cases, the point sources in an area may be
grouped for analysis as one or more square area sources.
     (4)  The computer simulation averages the impact of any non-reactive
gaseous, liquid, or solid pollutant for which the deposition rate may be
considered negligible.  However, a  half-life option is available for any
pollutant whose concentration decreases exponentially as a function of
time (i.e., aside from the decrease due to dispersion).
     (5)  The program specifies an  array of 112 receptors, fixed by the
program in a grid internal to the program.  The user preassigns the
scale of the region to be depicted  on the output maps.
     (6)  The potential ranges of most of the input data are so large as
to preclude any meaningful programmed validity checks.  For this reason
most input data are reproduced on the concentration maps, providing an
invaluable aid for post-analysis data verification.  Programmed format
checks detect and indicate omitted  and most erroneously placed  input
data records; however, they will not detect erroneous ordering within a
discrete data subset such as the stability-wind rose (STAR) data.

1.4  GENERAL DATA REQUIREMENTS
     General data requirements for  the Valley Model are indicated in
this section; specifics are discussed in Section 3.  It should be noted
that data sets prepared for earlier versions of Valley require one
simple change to be compatible with the computer program documented in
this guide (see MWT under Section 3.1.4).
                               1-6

-------
     1.4.1  Meteorological Data
            Meteorological data have an important effect on the simu-
lated transport and dispersion of air pollutants. The data required are:

          •  STABILITY-WIND SUMMARY
          t  AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
          •  AMBIENT PRESSURE
          t  MIXING HEIGHT
          •  MEAN SPEEDS OF THE WIND SPEED CLASSES

            The stability-wind data are the frequencies of occurrence of
six wind speed classes by 16 wind directions and by six stability cate-
gories for the area and time period of concern.  These data define the
transport and the degree of dispersion of the pollutant.  The mixing
height determines the depth through which the pollutant may be mixed
before being totally reflected downward.  Temperature is used in com-
puting plume rise.  Pressure and temperature are used in the optional
conversion of concentrations to standard conditions of pressure and tem-
perature.
     Meteorological data may be acquired from the National Clinatic
Center (NCC) at Asheville, North Carolina.  The Center is operated by
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.  The user must
determine whether the available data are representative of the area and
period of concern.  The NCC will supply summaries of long-term stability-
wind data (STAR data) and set the charges for its services.  The six-
stability deck (Pasquill-Gifford stabilities A through F) should be
                               1-7

-------
specified for use with Valley.   STAR data which contain the day/night



classifications are not appropriate for use with the model.  The sta-



bility-wind data for 24-hour analyses must be obtained by other means.



(see Section 2.2.2).





     1.4.2  Receptor Data



            A network of 112 receptors is established by the program.



The user controls only two factors relative to the network:  (1) the



geographic spacing of the receptors, through a scaling factor; and (2)



the vertical spacing of the receptors through assignment of the terrain



elevation at each receptor.  These controllable elements are:





               t  SCALING FACTOR



               t  GROUND ELEVATION AT RECEPTORS





     1.4.3  Source Data



            The source data must include some basic information for each



source of concern.  Each analysis (one run through the program) is



restricted to one pollutant.  The required source data elements are:







               •  IDENTIFICATION



               •  PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOURCE AND EFFLUENT



               •  HORIZONTAL COORDINATES OF SOURCE



               •  GROUND ELEVATION AT SOURCE



               •  EMISSION RATE

-------
            The identification elements have no quantitative value, nor



do they control any program options.  One such element is available to



identify each run through the program, and one is available to identify



each source evaluated during the run; these elements are printed at



appropriate places on the output pages.








     1.4.4  Control Parameters



            Several options and controls are available to the user to



select the analytical techniques and output of the program.  These



options and controls specify:







          t  CONCENTRATIONS JN. SITU OR AT STANDARD CONDITIONS



          •  UNITS OF CONCENTRATION



          t  REPETITION OF SOURCES FOR SUCCESSIVE RUNS



          •  OUTPUT DEVICE IDENTIFICATION



          •  URBAN/RURAL ENVIRONMENT



          •  POLLUTANT HALF-LIFE



          •  CONCENTRATION AVERAGING TIME



          t  FORMAT OF STAR DATA



          t  TYPE OF SOURCE CONTRIBUTION MAPS
                               1-9

-------
                     2.  TECHNICAL DISCUSSION

     The basic treatment of dispersion by the Valley Model is quite
similar to that of the Air Quality Display Model (AQDM) and the Imple-
mentation Planning Program (IPP); see TRW, Inc. (1969, 1970).  However,
Valley includes modifications to the techniques used in those models.
These modifications include (1) a representation of the effect of
terrain on ground-level concentrations, (2) plume rise equations from
Briggs (1971, 1972); (3) a different treatment of pollutant reflection
from inversions aloft; (4) a rural-area option; (5) a short-term option;
and (6) printouts of the spatial distribution of concentrations on
equal-area maps.  Dispersion equations for Valley and discussions of the
assumptions made in the model are presented in this section.

2.1  THE DISPERSION EQUATIONS AND SIMULATION OF COMPLEX TERRAIN EFFECTS
     The most important aspect of Valley is its treatment of the effects
of terrain on concentration.  For stable atmospheric conditions, the
model  assumes that the plume height above stack base remains constant
after final plume rise.  Thus, as terrain rises the plume approaches the
elevated surface; in effect the plume height decreases.  Since the
terrain elevations may vary from receptor to receptor, an effective
plume height must be calculated for each receptor.   All concentrations
are then estimated as if the receptors were located at actual ground
level  at the respective geographical locations.  However, it is further
assumed that the plume centerline comes no closer than 10 m to the
                                2-1

-------
elevated terrain.  If the terrain extends above the original plume
height, the plume center!ine is adjusted so that it remains 10 m above
the ground.  Any plume height which is initially within 10 m of the
ground during stable conditions is assumed to remain at its initial
height above ground, regardless of downwind terrain elevations.
     The schematic in the lower half of Figure 2-1 illustrates the
treatment of an elevated plume that has encountered terrain during
stable conditions.  The plume is assumed to be deflected upward and to
the side (tending to parallel the axis of tne ridge, for example).  Any
increase in concentration that would occur on the sides of the terrain
obstacle due to lateral deflection of the plume beyond the sector of
immediate concern is ignored.  Therefore, conservation of rna.ss is net
accomplished.
     Deflection of the plume by terrain during stable conditions is
simulated through the attenuation of concentration vn'th height in the
sector of immediate concern.  This is accomplished by applying a factor
based upon the relative elevations of the ground at the receptor and of
the center!ine of the undisturbed plume, h ,   The factor has a value of
unity at and below the elevation of the plurne center!ine in free air
prior to encountering terrain effects, but decreases linearly with
increasing height (from plume level) to zero at and above 400 m above
the undisturbed plume center!ine.  The attenuation should not be inferred
to represent pollutant decay or penetration into the terrain.  This is
an empirical scheme intended as a general representation of the blocking
                                2-2

-------
   UNSTABLE  AND
NEUTRAL CATEGORIES
                                                         FRACTION
                                                         OF PLUME
                                                         REMAINING
                                                         IN SECTOR
                    2-3

-------
of air flow by significant terrain features.  Therefore, in case of such
plume impingement no attempt should be made to utilize the concentra-
tions that will be calculated for the leeward side of a substantial hill
or ridge, because the computer program has no memory regarding upwind
terrain features.
     For unstable/neutral atmospheric stability conditions, the plume is
assumed to maintain a constant height above the terrain.  The plume
parallels the terrain feature by increasing and decreasing its effective
height relative to the stack base; this is, in effect, a flat-plane
situation as can be visualized from the upper sketch of Figure 2-1.
This technique may lead to underestimates of concentration in complex
terrain.
     The dispersion equations used in Valley are presented below; sub-
sequent sections provide details of the various factors and terms, and
their treatment in Valley.  The equations have been developed from the
familiar bivariate Gaussian formulation which describes the dispersion
of a pollutant from a point source (see, for example, Equation 3.1 of
Turner (1970)).
     One of the two dispersion equations used in the Valley Model is:
          x(x,y,o;h,L) = 2.03 • 106 Q K ((c-y)/c) ((401-D)/400) C
                           +J
                           I    exp {-0.5 [(H+2 N
                          N=-J
                           {exp[-(0.693 x )/(3600 u I)]}/(oz u x)    (2.1)
                                2-4

-------
where only Q and u are input by the user, and:

     x is concentration in rnicrograms per cubic meter (yg/m3) or parts
       per million (ppm), always calculated at ground level (see MWT,
       Section 3.1.4)'.

     x is the source-receptor distance (m), as projected on the
       mean wind vector through the source.  For area sources, this
       is the distance from the receptor to the effective point source.
       Contributions of a point source to a receptor within 20 m of
       that source are ignored.

     y is the crosswind distance (m) of the receptor from a line
       parallel to the mean wind drawn through the source; y <_ c.

     H is plume center!ine height (m) above the receptor; the receptor
       is always at ground level.  Plume height h  above the stack base
       is calculated internally, or assigned by tne user, and then may
       be adjusted for terrain elevation at the receptor to provide H.
       For nonstable conditions, or over flat terrain, H=h .

     L is mixing height (m) above ground; L remains constant, regardless
       of topography (see Section 2.1.6).

     Q is the pollutant emission rate (g/s) of a given source, averaged
       over the period of concern.  If the actual emission rate varies
       one must consider its correlation with the meteorological conditions
       specified in the input data.

     c is the crosswind arc length of the 22.5° wind sector implicit
       in this formulation (see Section 2.1.2).

     D is receptor elevation minus plume height, each in meters
       above mean sea level.  The D term simulates the stable-case
       deflection by terrain of the plume from the sector being evaluated.
          1  <_ D £ 401 m {stable conditions}


          D = 1 m {neutral and unstable conditions}

      C determines the units of x:

          C = 1 {for x in ug/m3; required for nongaseous pollutants}

          C = 0.0831 T/(M P) {for gases only, to obtain x in ppm}


                                2-5

-------
          where:

              T is ambient air temperature (°K).

              M is molecular weight of the gas (grams per mole).

              P is ambient air pressure (millibars).

     K  converts concentrations from on-site to standard conditions of
        temperature and pressure.  K = 1013.2 T/(298 P).

    |N| represents the number of perfect reflections a parcel of air
            has undergone before reaching the distance of the receptor
            (see the next paragraph for a discussion of J).


     a  is the standard deviation (m) of the vertical (Gaussian) distribu-
        tion of the pollutant and o  = f(x) (see Section 2.1.3).

     x  is the distance (m) from the receptor to the point source or to
      P the center of the area source projected to the mean wind
        direction as was defined for x; for point sources, x  - x.

      u is the mean wind speed (m/s) affecting the plume.

      I is the half-life (hr), of the pollutant and the exponential
        containing I is the half-life factor (see Section 2.1.5).

     The summation term in Equation 2.1 is a special case of the expression

developed by Hales (1956), and independently by Bierly and Hewson

(1962), to describe concentrations during conditions of plume trapping

(see Section 2.1.6).,  The limits on l\ determine the accuracy of the

term.   In Valley, J < 5.  However, as a  becomes large relative to L,
                                       z

this low limit on J can result in serious underestimates of x-   The

error can be reduced to insignificance by equating J to a large value,

but with a corresponding increase in computation time.  Fortunately, a

simple approximation to Equation 2.1 exists for these conditions; for

distances beyond which a = 2 L the Valley Model  utilizes Equation 5.14

from Turner (1970) in the form:
                              2-6

-------
          x(x,y,o;h,L) = 2.55  - TO6 Q K ((c-y)/c) ((401-D)/400) C
                          {exp[-(0.693 x )/(3600 u I)]}/(L u x).    (2.la)
This simple equation provides a very good approximation to Equation 2.1
when J is very large and the vertical distribution of pollutants has
become virtually homogeneous.
     2.1.1  Sector Averaging

            The constant 2.03 of Equation 2.1 is comprised of the factors
2/(v^7 2 Tr/16).  This is obtained when the bivariate Gaussian formulation
is converted to the cross-sector averaging form for a 22.5° (i.e., 2 ir/16]
sector.   Such conversion results in a uniform concentration across the
wind sector at a given distance and height.

     2.1.2  Cross-Sector Interpolation
            To eliminate unrealistic discontinuities in concentration
between  sectors, which would result when wind frequencies differ in
adjacent sectors, the essentially linear interpolation factor (c-y)/c is
utilized, where y £ c.  The result for wind  in a single sector is that
the sector-averaged concentration is decreased from 100 percent of its
value at the sector centerline to zero about the center!ine of the two
adjacent sectors.
                              2-7

-------
     2.1.3  Vertical Dispersion Coefficient
            The values of QZ calculated by the program are based on the
work of Pasquill (1961) as adapted by Gifford (1961).  The oz required
for each stability category is calculated using:
                    az = a xpb + d                                (2.2)
where a, b and d values are constants for each stability class within
three different distance ranges as shown in Table 2-1.

            Stability classes S = 5 and 6 are associated with nighttime,
surface inversion conditions, and the o  values for these cases are the
smallest normally used.  However, because of the thermal and mechanical
influences of urban areas, the lowest part of the typical urban atmos-
phere is less stable than its rural counterpart.  When the urban option
is utilized, the a  values for S = 4 are always used when the meteo-
rological criteria indicate S = 5 or 6 (see Section 2.3).  The a  for
                                                         2       21 /2
stacks less than 50 m high, a', is calculated via a'z = (a  + SIGI )
to account for surface effects, where SIGI = (50. - (stack height))
within the limits 0 <_ SIGI <_ 30 m, during S <_ 4.

     2.1.4  Plume Height
            The plume rise equations used in Valley are taken from
Briggs (1971, 1972), and are calculated in subroutine 8EH072; the
formulations are annotated in the listing presented in Appendix B.
                                2-8

-------
       TABLE 2-1  Constants Used in Calculating the Vertical



                         Diffusion Coefficient.
x > 1000
/ -» \
STABILITY
a
b
d
= A » '
.001
1.89
9.6
B
.0476
1.11
2.0
C
.119
.915
0
m
D E
2.61 52.6
.45 .15
-25.5 -126.

F
33.6
.14
-75.
                              100 m < x  < 1000 m
STABILITY =
a
b
d
A
.001
1.89
9.6
B
.0476
1.11
2.0
C
.119
.915
0
D
.187
.755
-1.4
E
.1345
.745
-1.1
F
.362
.55
-2.7


STABILITY =
a
b
d


A
.1742
.936
0
x^
P
B
.1426
.922
0
< 100 m

C
.1233
.905
0


D
.0804
.881
0


E
.06
.854
0


F
.0434
.814
0
(1)
   Stability A corresponds to S = 1,  stability B corresponds to S = 2, etc,
                              2-9

-------
Plume rise is calculated as a function of stability.   However,  the user
has the option of assigning a fixed plume rise for any source(s).   A
fixed plume rise is not adjusted for wind speed by Valley;  the  effective
plume height is simply defined as the sum of plume rise and the physical
stack height.  However, for analyses in complex terrain the plume  height
may be adjusted for each receptor depending on terrain elevation,  as
described in Section 2.1.  Also, no matter what plume rise  is calculated
or assigned, maximum plume height is limited to the mixing  height  in the
short-term mode during nonstable conditions (see Section 2.2.2).

     2.1.5  Pollutant Decay or Transformation
            Through each successive period of travel  defined by the
half-life, I, the pollutant concentration in a given parcel of air is
reduced by 50 percent.  This reduction of concentration is  due to  trans-
formation of the pollutant, and should not be confused with the dilution
or diffusion of the pollutant.
     2.1.6  Limited Mixing (Plume Trapping)
            For N = 0 Equation 2.1 accounts for the impact  of a pol-
lutant source on a ground-level receptor as though there were no elevated
temperature inversion (i.e., no stable layer aloft) in the  atmosphere.
The sum for all other values of N accounts for multiple eddy reflections
occurring as a result of a plume being trapped between an inversion base
and the surface of the earth.  The inversion base and earth are con-
sidered to be perfect reflectors.  This condition is called limited
mixing or plume trapping.  Equation 2.la is used when the vertical
concentration profile is uniform.  See also Sections 2.2.1  and 2.2.2.
                             2-10

-------
            A plume with center!ine above the mixing layer is ignored by
Valley in the long-term mode, but in the short-term mode the program
limits the maximum height of the plume to no greater than the mixing
height.
            For computational purposes the value of L in Equation 2.1
is in effect treated as a very large value by Valley during stable
conditions in rural areas, but pollutant dispersion within this layer
proceeds only at the relatively slow rate dictated by a  for the stable
condition being evaluated.  The definition of L previously given (i.e.,
mixing height) may not be considered technically appropriate, nor is
Equation 2.la used, for stable conditions in rural areas.
            For both rural and urban analyses, neutral  conditions
designated by the STAR data are divided by the computer code into two
classes.  One class (40 percent) is evaluated for nighttime conditions,
and the remainder represents daytime conditions.  The mixing height for
all daytime neutral conditions is assigned the input value of the mean
afternoon mixing height.  The nighttime neutral mixing height for rural
areas is taken as half that value, whereas for urban areas it is taken
as the average of the input mean afternoon and nighttime values.  The
user inputs the nighttime mixing height used for urban, stable cases.


2.2  TIME-AVERAGING OF CONCENTRATION
     Concentration averaging time must be specified by the user as
either of two options, 24-hour or long-term.  The techniques for the
                               2-11

-------
24-hour and long-term concentration estimates obtained with Valley are
identical except for adjustments (Section 2.2.2) made to emission rate,
plume height and mixing depth made in the 24-hour option.  Resulting
concentrations are highly dependent upon the stability-wind data sup-
plied by the user.

     2.2.1  Long-Term Average Concentration
            For a specific receptor (r) and source (s) configuration, a
long-term estimate of xrs is obtained by solving Equation 2.1 or 2.la
for each meteorological condition assigned by the user, then summing all
such concentrations after weighting each by its frequency of occurrence.
The expression for average concentration at a receptor due to one source
is thus:
                    x
                     rs
                           16    6    6
                           d=l  n=l  S=l
FdnS xdnS              (2'3)
where :
     F . <. = normalized frequency (from the STAR data) during the period
            of interest for a discrete case of wind direction d, wind
            speed n, and stability class S.
     xHnQ = ground-level concentration calculated from Equation 2.1 or
      anb   2. la.
     The concentration xr at a specific receptor for a given pollutant
due to all contributing sources is:
                         Xr =  I  Xr,-                        (2.4)
                               s   rb
                               2-12

-------
            The sum of the STAR frequencies for each long-term analysis
(e.g., seasonal or annual) should be very near unity.  A 1-hour occurrence
of a particular meteorological condition will be included in an annual
STAR array as (1 hour/year)/(8760 hours/year) = 0.00011, and in a sea-
sonal (quarter-annual) array as 0.00045.  The 24-hour analyses (see
Section 2.2.2) require a different concept.
            The representative speeds usually assigned to the six cli-
matological wind speed categories (0-3, 4-6, 7-10, 11-16, 17-21 and >21
knots), are 0.67, 2.45, 4.47, 6.93, 9.61, and 12.52 m/s.  These are user
specified.
            The six stability categories (S = 1 through 6 in order of
increasing atmospheric stability, 4 being neutral) of the STAR data are
defined on the basis of the criteria stated by Turner (1964).  The
classification is based upon ground-level meteorological observations
only (surface wind speed, cloud cover, ceiling), supplemented by solar
elevation data (latitude, time of day, and time of year); thus the
stability estimates can be obtained for any site at which suitable
observations have been made.
            The mixing height, L, exhibits marked diurnal (daily) and
seasonal variations at many locations as shown by Holzworth (1972).
However, since it is impractical  to account for all these variations, a
simple procedure reflecting only major changes is included in the long-
term option of Valley.  The procedure determines mixing height by
                              2-13

-------
modifying the average afternoon mixing height value according to the
stability class being considered.  Stability classes S = 1, 2 and 3 are
daytime conditions, with S = 1  corresponding to very unstable condi-
tions.  When S = 1, the value of L is assumed to be 50 percent  greater
than the climatological value that is input.  For S = 2 and 3 the cli-
matological value is used.  Stability class S = 4 is a neutral stability
condition which usually occurs either with high wind speeds or with
cloudy conditions.  Because neutral conditions can exist in both the
daytime and nighttime, in rural or urban areas, the afternoon mixing
height values are averaged with the nighttime mixing height for 40
percent of the class S = 4 occurrences; the remaining 60 percent of the
class utilizes the climatological value of the mean afternoon mixing
height.  Mixing height is assigned a very large value for stable conditions
in rural areas; in urban areas the user-assigned nighttime value is
used, with a default value of 100 m, for stable cases.
            For the long-term analysis, Valley ignores a plume which is
higher than the mixing height.   It is assumed that such a plume will be
contained in the stable layer aloft and will not affect ground-level
concentrations.

     2.2.2  Short-Term Average Concentration
            The intended use of this option is to estimate and locate
the maximum 24-hour concentration due to a single source in complex
terrain under stable conditions.  For a frequency of occurrence input
                              2-14

-------
as 1.0 the model assumes that that particular meteorological condition
exists for any 6 hours of a 24-hour period.  Since the frequency desig-
nates a discrete wind sector, a particular source can affect only one
sector during those 6 hours.  The source contributes nothing to that
sector for the remaining 18 hours.  This is accomplished within the
model by reducing the input emission rate to 6/24 of its actual value.
            One must be careful in assigning the mixing height when the
short-term option is used, for no plume heights are permitted to exceed
the mixing height.  If the effective stack height is greater than the
mixing height it is automatically reassigned a height equal to the
afternoon mixing height.  The plume is then treated as though it were
fully contained within the mixed layer.  The user must construct a
special STAR deck for the 24-hour option.
             For the case when a stable atmosphere in mountainous ter-
rain is suspected of causing the maximum 24-hour concentration, the STAR
frequency distribution is assigned all zero values except those for
elements of stability, wind speed and wind direction that are of concern.
They are assigned a value of 1.0 .  Multiple wind directions may be
specified for a given run, but one must be aware that in such cases the
resulting concentration at a receptor may result from several sources in
different directions if multiple sources are input.  This potential pro-
blem can be avoided by assigning only one wind direction per run.  For
example, one might input 1.0 in the STAR deck for stability F (S = 6), a
wind speed of 2.5 m/s (n = 2) and a westerly wind direction (d = 13);
all other elements of the STAR deck are input as zero.  In this case,
                             2-15

-------
finite concentrations occur only to the east (± 22.5°)  of the source.
Concentrations at all other directions  are indicated to be zero.   The
user should input only single directions for multi-source, 24-hour
analyses until the implications  of multi-directional analyses are fully
understood.

2.3  URBAN-RURAL CONSIDERATIONS
     Light winds and clear skies usually produce stable atmospheric
conditions at night near ground  level  in rural  areas.   The simultaneous
stability in adjacent urban areas tends to be more unstable because of
the heat-island effect.   However, stable conditions can remain aloft
over the city.  These differences are  important in the  consideration of
pollutant dispersion, and are accounted for in  Valley through simple
measures.
     According to Turner's stability criteria,  S = 5 and 6 (stable) can
occur only when nighttime conditions are conducive to the formation of a
surface-based inversion.  A shallow layer of nonstable  air has been
found to occur in urban areas while adjacent rural  areas are stable.
Thus, for the long-term option only, the vertical  dispersion coeffi-
cients of S = 4 (neutral) are substituted in Valley for those of S = 5
and 6 for urban analyses.  This  change is intended to more closely
represent the actual dispersion  rate for plumes in the  urban area pro-
vided the plume remains in the shallow, nonstable layer.  The user may
assign the depth of this mixed layer,  or may rely on the default value
of 100 m.  The concept of mixed  layers  was discussed in Section 2.1.6.
                             2-16

-------
     The conversion of stable conditions to neutral  for urban analyses
in turn affects the interpretation of terrain relief by Valley.  For
neutral atmospheric conditions the plume center!ine in Valley is always
terrain-following.  Hence, Valley output for the urban area option is
based on the assumption of flat terrain.  This may lead to underesti-
mates of concentration in urban areas with significant terrain features.

2.4  DISPERSION FROM AREA SOURCES
     Valley computes area source contributions using Equations 2.1 and
2.la.  The total segment of each area source lying in the sector of
concern is converted to an effective point source which lies upwind of
the actual source.  In the conversion process, both the downwind distance
and the resultant source strength are dependent on the particular
source-receptor configuration.  The following discussion of area sources
is adapted from the AQDM manual (TRW, Inc., 1969).
     If the total emissions were assumed to be concentrated at the
center of an area source, concentrations downwind would be overcalcu-
lated, especially for nearby receptors.  Since uniform spread of the
plume across the sector is assumed, it is logical to proceed a step
further and assume an effective point source at such distance upwind
that the 22.5° sector subtends an effective area width  as illustrated
in Figure 2-2.  The half-life factor and the vertical spread are cal-
culated using x , the downwind distance from the centroid of the frac-
tion of the area source affecting the receptor for a given wind direc-
tion.  However, the vertex of the horizontal angular spread lies at
                              2-17

-------
                                 A'= AREA "SEEN"BY
                                    RECEPTOR 2
         22.5° SECTOR
VIRTUAL SOURCE
LOCATION FORA
                                                                     WIND
                                                                   DIRECTION
                                                                 RECEPTOR 1
                       SOURCE AREA A
                       (TOTAL SQUARE)
       Figure 2-2.  Schematic of the Virtual  Point Source as Projected
       from an Area Source (After TRW,  Inc.,  1969).
                                2-18

-------
distance x from the receptor; that is, at the effective source.  This
should clarify the need for the two distances, x and x , in Equations
2.1 and 2.la.  Note that in these equations x  assumes the value of x
for point source analyses.  Also, when the calculated value of x for
area sources is less than 100 m, x is reset to 100 m.  The geometric
treatment of an area source depends on whether the receptor lies within
outside but near, or distant from the source area.
     When a receptor lies within a source area, only a fraction of the
area emissions could affect the receptor for any assigned wind direc-
tion.  The program determines this fraction and applies it to the con-
centration calculated using total emissions at the effective point
source of the source area subtended by a 22.5° sector with vertex at
the receptor.  For a given receptor in a given area source, the sum of
the fractions for all 16 sectors should be unity; that is, a receptor
lying within a ground level area source is never free of the effects of
that source.
     In a similar manner, nearby receptors are affected by emissions
from only a portion of the area source at a given time, and would show
excessive concentration values if the total area emission value were
used.  To correct this, the source emission rate is multiplied by an
area utilization factor, Q*, which is the ratio of that portion (A1) of
the source area lying within a 22.5° sector upwind of the receptor to
the total area (A).  For example, in Figure 2-2, Receptor 1 would use
the total area emission value, Q, while Receptor 2 would use the pro-
portional amount, QQ* <* A(A'/A).  Note that in this figure the effective
                             2-19

-------
point source for Receptor 2 would be defined by the effective area

width.  Area sources may be considered in either the flat-plane mode or

the complex terrain mode of Valley.


2.5  COMMENTS

     Valley should only be applied when competent meteorological advice

is available to interpret the techniques of the model.  Comments on the

model are given next.  Many of the limitations are not unique to Valley.

     (a)  The basis of the model calculations, the Gaussian
          diffusion formula, was developed to represent the behavior
          of plumes from point sources.  The field data available for
          development of plume dispersion parameters were primarily
          obtained from open, flat terrain and for travel distances of
          no more than a few kilometers.  Thus, the model has some
          potential weaknesses:  (1) plume behavior during horizontal
          transport of more than a few kilometers is not well known; (2)
          plume behavior in regions of varying thermal and surface-
          roughness characteristics has not been systematically observed;
          (3) area sources are only imperfectly simulated by effective
          point sources; and (4) few real sources are truly point sources.

     (b)  The climatological data available for long-term calculations
          are generally obtained from airport weather observing sta-
          tions.  The character of the atmosphere may vary significantly
          between the meteorological site and the area of concern in the
          program analysis.

     (c)  The use of observed surface meteorological data to describe the
          transport and dispersion of pollutants from elevated sources
          during stable conditions in complex terrain is likely the
          greatest source of error in the application of Valley or any
          other model available today.

     (d)  The reliability and representativeness of emissions and
          source data are often overlooked when applying dispersion
          models.  Valley uses average emission rate data.  However,
          significant diurnal and seasonal variabilities in emission
          rates often occur.  Such variabilities may be significantly
          correlated with the stability and wind data and this can
          invalidate an analysis made with Valley.
                              2-20

-------
(e)   Only 112 receptors are utilized.   During stable conditions
     in complex terrain situations,  very large gradients  of concen-
     tration may exist in the vertical  on slopes.   The  user should
     be aware that,  due to the fixed receptor network,  the maximum
     concentration attainable using  Valley may not fall at any of
     the 112 receptors of a particular  run.

(f)   If one uses Valley to pinpoint  the location of the estimated
     maximum short-term concentration attainable on a slope, a
     sampler placed  at that location during a period matching the
     conditions of the simulation may well not record the maximum
     occurring on the slope at that  time.  The simplicity of the
     model  does not justify a 1-to-l comparison of observed and
     estimated concentrations at a point.  Rather, the  estimated
     maximum 24-hour concentration should be used as an indication
     that during two 24-hour sampling periods of a given  year the
     estimated maximum concentration may be equalled or exceeded in
     the vicinity of the location of the estimated maximum.

(g)   It is  generally recognized that if continuous pollutant
     controls are utilized at a source  in order to assure that the
     24-hour air quality standard (e.g., for SCU) is not  exceeded as
     a result of that source alone,  then the long-term  standard
     will very likely not be exceeded.   Hence, the use  of Valley to
     estimate maximum 24-hour concentrations for complex  terrain
     situations is the most important application of this model.

(h)   If the plume height slightly exceeds the terrain in  question,
     even during stable conditions,  the pollutants may  be drawn
     downward to the lee of the crest and create a pollution
     problem at ground level.  If the source itself lies  in the  lee
     of 3 hill5 a similar result may occur.   Valley does  not
     simulate these  situations.

(i)   Straight--line transport of pollutants is assumed.  Hence,
     curvature of the plume due to pressure gradients induced by
     topographic features is not simulated.

(j)   For Valley Model calculations a  is determined from  the line
     of best fit of widely scattered data values obtained over
     flat terrain.  The bulk of interpretations of limited data
     obtained in complex terrain indicate larger az's than over  flat
     areas, at least during stable conditions.  The assumption is
     utilized in Valley that a statistical average of az  for a
     given  stability over flat terrain  (i.e., the familiar Pasquill-
     Gifford values) may be used to  represent the lower limit of
     dispersion in complex terrain,  particularly for stable conditions,
                         2-21

-------
     (k)  Because of assumed plume behavior for nonstable cases,  the
          assumption of flat terrain for urban areas  may result in
          underestimates of concentrations  on hillsides  in urban  areas.
          The same problem may exist on any elevated  terrain during
          nonstable conditions with elevated plumes.

     (1)  The description of meteorological conditions by step func-
          tions i.e., discrete classes, creates discontinuities in
          concentration from one meteorological category to the next.
          These discontinuities are smoothed in Valley across wind-
          direction classes only.

     (m)  The model is not appropriate for  evaluating atmospheric
          situations consisting of flow across an urban/rural boundary
          when the rural area is stable.

     (n)  The sloping-plume concept of Briggs is used in Valley.   In
          the long-term mode of Valley, when a plume  center!ine height
          reaches a point where it exceeds  the mixing height the con-
          tribution of that plume to all ground-level receptors downwind
          of that point is considered to be zero.  This  results in an
          underestimate of concentration, for some of the pollutant will
          remain in the mixing layer and affect all downwind receptors
          within the mixing layer, while the remainder of the pollutant
          will be transported in or above the stable  layer aloft and
          potentially affect receptors on terrain above  the inversion  base.

     (o)  Valley cannot be used to evaluate fumigation.   Such conditions
          can cause high, short-term, ground-level concentrations.  In
          some topographic situations, fumigation can occur with relative
          regularity.

     (p)  The impingement of stable plumes  on elevated terrain is treated
          by Valley as though the receptor  lies on a  slope facing the
          pollutant source, regardless of the actual  orientation of the
          slope.  Hence, concentrations calculated for receptors not
          located on windward slopes should be ignored.

     The limitations of Valley cited in the comments  above are not intended

to imply that the Valley Model be kept from use.  On  the contrary, improved

models can be developed only when significant experience with present

formulations has been achieved, and when data which justify the use of

more complex analytical techniques become available.
                               2-22

-------
                       3.  DATA DEFINITIONS


     Detailed descriptions of input and output information follow;  the

variable names used in the program code are shown in capital  letters.


3.1  INPUT DATA


     3.1.1  Receptor Heights (RECHT)

            --RECHT is an array containing the ground elevation (feet
            above msl) at each of the program-designated receptors.
            The use of an English unit for this parameter in  an
            otherwise metrically oriented program was chosen  so as  to
            be identical  with that on the more readily available
            topographic charts.  The 16 records containing receptor
            elevations must be entered as blanks if a flat-plane
            analysis is desired.  Each record contains the heights
            for the seven receptors lying on one radial  from  the
            center of the output maps, beginning with the radial
            directed northward from map center.  If at least  one
            receptor height is entered as a positive value, a map
            containing ground elevation differences (in  meters) between
            each receptor and the first source input by  the user will  be
            output.  The receptor locations are at the decimal point of
            the concentrations printed on the 16 radials of the output
            map.  Each of the 16 records containing RECHT represents one
            direction, beginning with north and proceeding clockwise
            through north-northwest of map center.  The  first RECHT on
            each card corresponds to the innermost receptor on the
            respective radial, and successive values on  that  card pro-
            gress outward along the radial.

     3.1.2  Pressure and Temperature (P, TEMP, PRESS)

            --P is the ambient pressure in millibars (mb) used in the
            conversion from yg/m3 to ppm, and in the conversion from
            on-site to standard conditions; zero or blank defaults  to
            960 mb.
            --TEMP is the average ambient temperature in degrees Kelvin
            (°K) used in the plume rise calculation, in the conversion
            from yg/m3 to ppm, and in the conversion from on-site to
            standard conditions; zero or blank defaults to 293°K.
                              3-1

-------
       --PRESS is an option-control  parameter.

            0 - The concentrations  printed  will  be for on-site
                conditions  of pressure  and  temperature.

           >0 - The concentrations  printed  will  be for standard
                conditions  (1013.2  mb and 293°K),  provided the
                user -has called for concentration  in  units of
                yg/m3.   Note that a given concentration  expressed
                in ppm  will  not change  with the  temperature and
                pressure.   The concentration of  non-gaseous pol-
                lutants should not  be called for in units  of ppm.

3.1.3  Computer Run Identification  (TITLE)

       --TITLE is an alphabetic title of up to 80  characters which
       is supplied by the user.  This identification  label is printed
       on each map that is  output for a given run  through  the
       program, with a  line feed between columns  20 and  21.  Sources
       are identified individually  (see below);  TITLE is therefore
       available for general identification of  the analysis performed,
       but may be blank.

3.1.4  Program Control  (GRID, MHT,  DMIX, ISOR, DUPSOR, K,
                        IUR, ICONT, DMNI, HLIFE,  ISHORT)

       --GRID is the required map scaling factor which scales the
       printed output maps  to geographical  reality.  However, there
       is no variation  in the size  of the maps produced.  This dis-
       cussion of map scaling applies to printers  with ten characters
       and six lines per inch.  If  a printer has  a ratio that differs
       from 10:6, the output maps will  not  be of equal-area projection,
       A scale of kilometers is printed on  each  output map, and one
       character space  always equals GRID  (m).   Any value  of
       GRID may be used when the flat-plane mode  is invoked.
       However, if the  complex-terrain  mode is used,  GRID  must
       remain constant  for all runs of  a given computer job or the
       receptor heights will differ from the actual ground elevations.
       If the output map is to be overlayed on a  topographic chart
       having dimensionless scale ratio l:n, then  the user must
       specify GRID as:

                  GRID  (meters) = .002538 n

       For example, for a direct overlay of the  map on a chart of
       scale 1:24000, GRID = 60.9 m. A user might wish  to obtain
       better resolution (i.e., more dense  receptor network) in a
       region of complex topography around  or near a  source in an
       area for which a topographic chart of suitable scale is not
                         3-2

-------
available.  In such cases the user may manually or photo-
graphically change the map size (i.e., as output by the
program) to a factor p of its original size, overlay the new
size map on a chart scale of 1:n to obtain receptor heights,
and calculate GRID for use as input data using:

             GRID (meters) = .002538 n p.

For example, if the overlay map has been reduced to p = 1/2
the size of a computer map, and is overlayed on a chart of
scale 1:62500 to obtain receptor heights, then the user must
specify the input value of GRID as 79.3.  The scale of the
output map from such a run is 1 inch = 793 m, or 1:31250,
and the map should not be overlayed directly on the topo-
graphic chart from which the receptor heights were obtained.

--MWT determines whether output concentrations (x) are to be
expressed as pg/m3 or as ppm.

         0 - Indicates that x will be in yg/m3.

        >0 - Is accepted by the program as the molecular
             weight of a gaseous pollutant, and the factor
             0.0831 TEMP/(MWT P) is used to convert x to
             units of ppm.  Users of former versions of
             Valley (e.g., C9M3D) should note that this is a
             change from those versions. This modification
             is the sole reason that data sets prepared for
             former versions may not be compatible with the
             requirements of the present version.  Unmodified
             older data sets will be accepted by the present
             version, but may result in erroneous concen-
             trations.

--DMIX is the required mean maximum afternoon mixing height,
in meters, for long-term analyses, or the required mean
mixing height for the critical period of concern for short-
term analyses.  The input mixing height remains constant for
the short-term analyses, but is changed internally according
to stability for the long-term mode.  For the rural mode
DMIX is in effect set to a very large value for stable
cases. If plume height exceeds DMIX in the short-term mode
during nonstable conditions, it is reset to DMIX.

—ISOR is the number of sources, not to exceed 50, to be
evaluated during the run.  Point and area sources may be
intermixed.

--DUPSOR is an option control.
                  3-3

-------
    0 - Indicates the user must input a source data set for
        each run.

   >0 - Indicates that a number of STAR data sets will be
        analyzed in turn using only one source data set.

--K is the numerical indicator of the computer peripheral
unit which is to receive the output.  The output format is
such that when the printer is specified, scaled maps are
printed.

—IUR is an option control indicating source environment.

     0 - Programmed abort.

     1 - Indicates urban.

     2 - Indicates rural.

--ICONT is an output control.

     0 - Specifies that only the sum of all source contributions
         is to be output.

     1 - Specifies that the individual source contributions
         and the sum are to be output.

     2 - Specifies that only the individual source contributions
         are to be output.

--DMNI is the night-time mixing height, required only for
the urban mode of analysis.  Blank or zero defaults to 100 m.
This parameter is not used in the rural mode.

--HLIFE is the half-life, in hours, of a pollutant which
decays exponentially with time.  A zero or blank entry
defaults to infinite half-life.  A half-life decay should
not be confused with the reduction of concentration due to
dilution of the pollutant.

--ISHORT is an averaging-time control.

     0 - Indicates that the meteorological  and source emissions
         data and resulting concentrations  are for a long-
         term period, say for a season or year.

     1 - Indicates the resulting concentrations  are for a
         24-hour period.
                 3-4

-------
3.1.5  Source Data (INAME); (QSOT, HST,  TS,  VS,  D,  VF,  SHOT,  SVET,
                   SORHT, WT, GT)

       --INAME is a 24-character alphabetical  array available for
       each source for identification.

       --QSOT is the required emission  rate, in  grams  per second,
       of each point or area source.

       --HST is the required physical  height of  emission, in  meters,
       of each source.  This is the stack height,  vent  height,
       etc., above ground.

       --TS  is the source gas exit temperature, in degrees  Kelvin.
       If plume rise calculations  are  requested  for a  given  source,
       and TS £ TEMP (i.e., a cold plume), the analysis proceeds
       with plume rise set to zero and  a warning is output.

       --VS, D and VF are the source effluent  exit  velocity  in
       meters per second, diameter of  exit in  meters,  and effluent
       volume flow rate in cubic meters  per  second, respectively.
       Each may be input as zero or blank.  However,  if plume rise
       calculations are requested  by the user  (see  variable  GT
       below), either VS and D, or VF, must  be greater  than  zero;
       otherwise, the analysis proceeds  with plume  rise set  to
       zero, and a warning is output.  VF is calculated internally
       when VS and D are input as  non-zero.

       --SHOT and SVET are the coordinates of  each  source, in units
       of the programmed grid.  The location of  an  area source  is
       defined by the lower left-hand  (southwest)  corner of  the
       square area.  The user's value  of GRID  determines the  scale
       of the output map of normalized concentrations.   The  value
       of GRID (meters) corresponds to  1/10  inch on the face  of the
       map and to one unit of measurement in the coordinate  system
       of the map.  Hence, GRID is required  to calculate, as  follows,
       the source coordinates to be input by the user:

            SHOT (horizontal coordinate) - 460.  +  (X/GRID)

            SVET (vertical coordinate) = 60. + (Y/GRID)

       where X and Y (meters) are  the east-west  and north-south
       geographic distances, respectively, of  the  source from the
       center of the map.   Y is negative if  to the  south of  center,
       and X is negative if to the west  of the center of the  map.
       The center of the map lies  at SHOT =  460, SVET * 60.   For
       most analyses, the major or only  source will  likely be
                         3-5

-------
       assigned coordinates (460,  60); however,  there are no restric-
       tions on source location.   There may be situations when the
       user may wish to obtain better spatial  resolution of estimated
       concentrations than can be  obtained by  keeping the source
       location on the map; in such cases, the values of GRID and
       the source coordinates may  be chosen so that the
       source lies well off the map, with the  map representing a
       small area remote from the  source.  Receptor locations are
       program assigned in units of the programmed grid system.

       --SORHT is the ground elevation in feet above mean sea level
       at the location of the source.  SORHT has no meaning unless
       at least one receptor elevation is input  as non-zero positive.

       —WT is the width in meters of the source.  A zero or blank
       entry signifies that the emissions emanate from essentially
       a point source.  Any non-zero positive  entry is interpreted
       as the length of a side of  a square area  source; the source
       is then evaluated using an  effective point source technique.
       There are no restrictions on the sizes  of the area sources.

       —GT is the assigned fixed  plume rise in  meters.  It is
       independent of wind speed;  however, plume height remains  a
       function of receptor elevation during stable conditions.   If
       zero or blank, the program  calculates plume rise via a sub-
       routine.  Hence, to evaluate a source with a known plume
       rise of zero, input for GT  any insignificant positive number
       (e.g., 0.1).

3.1.6  Stability and Wind Related  Data (WSA, SCFMT, SC)

       —WSA is an array for assigning six wind  speeds in meters
       per second.  These speeds are applied respectively to the
       six frequencies of occurrence of each record in the SC data
       set (see below).  Since the dispersion  technique is not
       appropriate for calm conditions, the program produces zero
       concentration for each zero value assigned to WSA.  Although
       extremely small wind speeds are acceptable to the program,
       they may not be appropriate for use with  the Gaussian
       concept of dispersion simulation.   The  wind speeds usually
       associated with the six speed categories  in the STAR decks
       are 0.67 2.45, 4.47. 6.93,  9.61 and 12.52 m/s.

       --SCFMT is the required user-assigned format of SC and is
       input as a 72-character array.  The program calls for suc-
       cessive SC records on the basis of inferred DO loops in the
       READ statement.  Hence, SCFMT consists  simply of six F codes
       enclosed in parenthesis, with appropriate indications of
       fields which should be skipped in the available SC records.
                         3-6

-------
--SC is a required 96-record data set of decimal frequencies
of occurrence for 576 possible combinations of wind speed,
wind direction, and atmospheric stability.  Data sets for
long-term periods from surface observation sites may be
obtained from the National Climatic Center, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Asheville, N. C. (refer to
the STAR program in communications to the Center).   Obtain
six stability groups; they can be used in the urban or rural
mode.  Do not obtain the day/night classifications.  The
frequencies in a data set generated by STAR total about
unity.

The long-term STAR data are obtained by an objective inter-
pretation of meteorological data observed at airport weather
stations.  However, the probability is great that such data
will not be representative of the conditions affecting trans-
port and dispersion of pollutants in complex terrain.  Even
on~site meteorological measurements made at ground level
have a high probability of deviating significantly from those
that might be made at elevated plume height, particularly
during the critical stable conditions in complex terrain.
Hence, the emphasis in the development and application of the
Valley Model by the EPA has been on the 24-hour average, with
meteorological conditions specified objectively as is discussed
in Appendix D.

The user must construct an artificial SC data set for short-
term analyses to fit the conditions he wishes to evaluate.
Valley assumes that the meteorology of the discrete condition
represented by the ith entry in the SC array occurs during
any 6 SC(i) hours of the day in this mode.  For example, for
a 24-hour analysis a speed category under one stability
class might be assigned a frequency of 1.0 for each of the
16 directions available, with all other SC values zeroed
out.  In this case, with the source at the center of the
map, the concentrations along any single radial could occur
on the appropriate day, and the concentrations depicted
along all other radials would be invalid for that day.  Care
must be exercised in summing contributions at a given receptor
from multiple sources at different locations when utilizing
the type of short-term data described in this example; one
can obtain erroneous results (overestimates) by summing
contributions which would not occur simultaneously with the
single wind direction implied in the short-term mode.  In
some cases the only alternative is to execute 16 runs, using
one wind direction each; often, however, the user can judge
tn advance which single direction will result in the maximum
concentration.
                  3-7

-------
3.2  PROGRAM OUTPUT
     With the output unit designated as a printer by the user, the
output will be discussed in the next few subsections in the order the
information is printed.  The program forces overflow of irrelevant data,
resulting in asterisks being printed in place of a numerical value for
any parameter not used in the respective analysis.

     3.2.1  SC Data
            The stability-wind rose data (SC) are listed by wind speed
for each direction, grouped by the six stability categories.  The first
20 characters of the input TITLE are included for identification.  The
summation of the frequencies for long-term periods (e.g., seasonal and
annual) should be approximately 1.0; the short-term sum is dependent
upon the intention of the user.
     3.2.2  Individual Source Contribution Maps
            These maps are output only when requested by the user via
the input variable ICONT.  Each map contains normalized concentrations
at the 112 receptors which are located approximately on 16 radials
(seven receptors each) at increments of 22.5° angular separation around
the center of the map, beginning at north (toward page top).  The
decimal point of each printed concentration indicates the receptor loca-
tion.   The receptors along a given radial are not spaced equally, except
due east and west, because of the space required for printing concentra-
tions  and the impossible matching of three coordinate systems involved
(equal  area for the internal grid, rectangular-integer for the printer,
and 16-direction polar for the desired receptor network).
                               3-8

-------
            The concentrations are printed in four-digit (plus decimal

point) fixed format.  The program normalizes all concentrations on a

given map equally, by order of magnitude, so that the maximum concen-

tration printed contains a significant digit in the left-most position

of the print area. The order-of-magnitude factor required to reinstate

the output concentrations on each map to the proper units is printed on

each map.  For example, if the maximum concentration is 0.1328 ppm, the

number 132.8 will be printed at the appropriate receptor location, and
                                                _o
the order-of-magnitude factor 1.0-03 (meaning 10  ) will appear on the

map; all concentrations on that map must be multiplied by 10" .

            Each source contribution map includes a good part of the

information relevant to that analysis.  The important exceptions are the

stability-wind data and receptor heights, which are presented elsewhere

in the output and discussed elsewhere in this section.  The statements

and labels on the maps are listed immediately below, in the order they

are output.  Self-explanatory output is included, but not elaborated.

            --RELOCATE 2/3 INCH UP:  The outermost concentration on the
            radial due north of center must be moved northward 2/3 inch
            (four printer lines) from its printed location.  A similar
            statement applies to the outermost concentration on the
            south radial (requiring 2/3-inch relocation southward).
            Otherwise, the decimal point of the concentration value
            represents the position of the receptor used in the cal-
            culations .

            --The source identifier (INAME) is printed.

            --The run identification (TITLE) is printed, with a line
            feed following column 20 of the input record.

            --HLIFE =     MRS.
                                 3-9

-------
—CONCTR CORRCTD TO STD COND VIA FACTOR	:   The concen-
trations presented have been converted to standard conditions
(1013.2 mb, 298°K) via the factor shown.   A factor of 1.0
implies no conversion.

--MAX TOWARD	DEG.:  Indicates the direction of the maximum
concentration from the center of the map.

—NORTH TOWARD TOP

—PLOT	:  This is the maximum concentration appearing on
the map.  It can be used as an abbreviated identifier for
the map.

—The center of the programmed receptor network is indicated
by a decimal point, and enclosed with asterisks; the center
coordinates (460, 60) are listed.

—MULTIPLY PRINTED VALUES BY 1.0 + ii TO GET CONC. IN
(units).  In this statement, the multiplier "1.0 +  ii" must
be interpreted as "10. to the power + ii," and must be
applied to each concentration.  The units will then be in
either ppm or yg/m3, as specified in the statement.

--SOR ELEV:  The input ground elevation at the source.

--COORDX and COORDY:  The input coordinates of the source.

—STK HT:  The input source emission height above ground.

—Q(GM/SEC):  The emission rate, in scientific notation.
For example, 2.321+03 is interpreted as 2321.

--FIXED DH:  The input fixed plume rise.   Asterisks in place
of a numerical value indicate the user elected to use plume
rises computed via the subroutine.
--BRIG.E and BRIG.F:  The plume rises, in meters, for
stability E and F, respectively.   These are the last values
returned by the plume rise subroutine during the source
analysis.  Hence, they are the calculated rises at the last
receptor evaluated, and for the last finite wind speed used.

--DMIX:  The input afternoon mixing height for long-term
analyses, or the fixed mixing height for short-term analyses,
                 3-10

-------
--OMNI:  The input nighttime mixing height for the  urban
environment.  Zero defaults to 100 meters.

--STAR F:  The sum of all  the input frequencies of  the
stability-wind data set used in the analysis.

--WIDTH:  The input width  of the square area source.

--BRIGUN:  The calculated  plume rise factor for nonstable
atmospheric conditions.  Divide by wind speed in meters per
second to obtain plume rise in meters at the last receptor
evaluated.

--P:  The input value of pressure, or the default value.

--MWT:  Molecular weight of the gaseous pollutant;  used in
calculating concentration  in ppm.

--VV MEAN WIND SPDS VV:  The input wind speeds are  listed  on
the next line of output.

--AIR T:  The input ambient temperature, or the default
value.

--GAS T:  The input effluent temperature.

--DIAM:  The input stack diameter.

--GAS V:  The input effluent exit velocity.

--FLOW:  The input effluent volume flow rate,  or that cal-
culated by the program, in cubic meters/second.

--A line scale of geographical distances is output.

--RURL MODE or URBN MODE:   Indicates the environment  option
specified by the user, i.e., rural or urban.

—LONG-TERM MODE or SHRT-TERM MODE:  Indicates the  averag-
ing-time mode specified by the user.  SHRT-TERM is  intended
to represent a 24-hour period.

—SLOPING TERRAIN CONCEPT or FLAT-PLANE CONCEPT: Indicates
whether the user had or had not, respectively, input at
least one finite, positive value in RECHT.  If none was
entered, the segment for plume height adjustment during
stable conditions was skipped during the analysis.
                  3-11

-------
     3.2.3  Map of Total Impact of All Sources
            If the user has specified via ICONT that a map be printed of
the total impact of all sources, a listing is first provided of all
source data (except volume flow rate) and of the plume rises and plume
rise factor uAh of each source for the last receptor and meteorological
condition evaluated for each source.  The program then prints a map
entitled "SUM CONC DUE TO ALL SRCS"; this phrase replaces INAME, and
indicates the values represent the sum of concentrations due to all
sources evaluated during the run through the program.  Irrelevant
parameters are printed as asterisks, except that Q = 0.  Otherwise, the
format is the same as the individual source contribution maps.

     3.2.4  Terrain Factor Map
            A terrain-factor map is output if the user specified as non-
zero any receptor elevation.  The map is of basically the same format as
the concentration maps.  However, the height difference between the
ground elevation at the first source and each receptor is output in
place of the concentration.  INAME is replaced in the program by the
statement "GROUND ELEVATION DIFFERENCE."  Also printed are the state-
ments "NORTH TOWARD TOP.  (1/10)((SOURCE HT(1))-(RECPTR HT(N))), HTS IN
METERS.", and "MULTIPLY PRINTED VALUES BY 1.0 + 01 (i.e., multiply by
10) TO GET GROUND ELEV DIFF IN M."  Irrelevant parameters are printed as
asterisks, except Q = 0.
                             3-12

-------
                      4.  COMPUTER USER'S INSTRUCTIONS

4.1  INTRODUCTION
     Valley is a single, batch-oriented computer program requiring card
input and producing output on standard paper on a line printer.  The
program consists of a main program and two subroutines (see Appendix B
for a program listing).
     The main program calls for the input data and calculates concentra-
tions at the 112 receptors whose locations are internally defined.  The
main program calls the subroutine for calculating plume rise and the
subroutine for printing the output maps.
     Detailed instructions required for program execution are presented
in this section.  It is assumed that the user has read the first three
chapters of the manual and is familiar with the technical applications
of the model as well as the acquisition and significance of the input
data required for program execution.  A test run is presented in Appen-
dix A.

4.2  OPERATIONS
     4.2.1  Description
            The generalized program flow diagram given in Figure 4-1 is
presented to illustrate the simple operational nature of the program. No
peripheral files are required for operation of the program.
            Valley is written in Standard FORTRAN and is designed to
operate on a UNIVAC 1110.  The program requires 56K words of memory and
has an execution time of a few seconds per source.
                              4-1

-------
    CARD INPUT
     VALLEY
  MODEL PROGRAM

           FORTRAN
STANDARD PAPER ON
   LINE PRINTER
Figure 4-1.  General Flow Diagram

       4-2

-------
            The major functions of the program are shown in Figure 4-2.
The program is used to calculate the air quality concentrations at 112
receptors resulting from as many as 50 sources of pollutant.   These
concentrations will be output in their geographically appropriate
positions on a line printer as shown in Figure A-2.

     4.2.2  Input Data
            The data deck layout for the input data, including control
data, is shown in Figure 4-3.  Note that two cards are required to
identify each source along with its stack parameters.  Up to 50 sources
may be input during a single run.  The program also requires 16 receptor
height cards for the internally specified 112 receptors.  If any recep-
tor elevation is non-zero a map depicting ground level differences
between each receptor and the first source input will be output.
            Special note must be taken of the Stability Class (SC)
Format card and the SC cards.  There are 96 SC cards required for each
run.  There must be six data values on each card.  The definition of the
data on each card is best described by the output shown in Figure
A-2, except no alphabetical characters need appear on the SC data
cards.  A line of printout represents the data on a single SC input
card.  If one follows the definitions in this figure and orders the
cards in the same manner as shown, the 96 SC cards (6 stabilities times
16 directions) will be properly defined and sequenced.  The SC Format
card referred to earlier is the FORTRAN format statement which tells the
program where the six SC values are located on each card; outer paren-
theses must be included.  Refer to Figure A-l for an example of this
card.
                              4-3

-------
Figure 4-2.   Major Program Functions
                4-4

-------
ONE PAIR OF
CARDS FOR   <
EACH SOURCE
                                96 SC CARDS
                               SC FORMAT CARD
                             WIND SPEED CARD
                            SOURCE DATA CARD n
'SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
 CARDn
           o
          o
- O -
                    SOURCE DATA CARD 1
                  SOURCE IDENTIFICATION CARD 1
                 PROGRAM CONTROL CARD
               RUN IDENTIFICATION CARD
             PRESSURE & TEMP. CARD
          16 RECEPTOR HEIGHT
             CARDS
                  Figure 4-3.  Data Deck Layout
                          4-5

-------
            Through proper arrangement of the input data cards the
program will perform multiple model runs during one execution on the
computer.  This can be effected by immediately following the 96th SC
card with a new Run Identification Card and all succeeding cards down to
the last SC card.  As many additonal runs as desired may be made fol-
lowing this repetitive scheme.  Note that the receptor height cards and
pressure/temperature card are input only once per computer execution.
An error-free exit from the computer system will occur only if an "end
of file" card is read in place of the Run Identification Card.
            For quick reference, Tables 4-1 give the punched card
formats for all required input data parameters.  The parameter names and
descriptions are also given.  Decimal points for all numeric data are
implied and designated by the symbol A .  The 96 SC data cards are not
illustrated since they are usually obtained from the National Climatic
Center or they are constructed by the user to fit the conditions of the
analysis.
            Since the input data involves many different formats of
punched cards, input forms have been designed to assist the user in the
preparation of the input data cards.  The forms are illustrated in
Figures 4-4.  Note that this figure arbitrarily allows for the entry of
three sources, but as many as 50 sources may be input per run.  No form
is presented for SC data, because the user controls the format.

     4.2.3  ECL and Deck Setup
            The runstream deck required for execution of the Valley
Model consists of the Executive Control Language (ECL) cards, the program
                             4-6

-------
                           TABLE 4-1



                        Card Input Format



              (A desionates implied decimal  point)



                      RECEPTOR HEIGHT CARDS
Card Col .
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
1
7
13

- 5
- 10
- 15
- 20
- 25
- 30
- 35
- 6
- 12
- 18

Format
XXXXXA
XXXXXA
XXXXXA
XXXXXA
XXXXXA
XXXXXA
XXXXXA
XXXXXXA
XXXXXXA
XXXXXXA

Parameter
RECHT
RECHT
RECHT
RECHT
RECHT
RECHT
RECHT
PRESSURE &
P
TEMP
PRESS
RUN I DENT
1 Ground
2 Ground
3 Ground
4 Ground
5 Ground
6 Ground
7 Ground
TEMPERATURE
Level Elev
Level Elev
Level Elev
Level Elev
Level Elev
Level Elev
Level Elev
CARD
Description
. (ft.)
. (ft.)
. (ft.)
. (ft.)
• (ft.)
. (ft.)
. (ft.)

at Receptor
at Receptor
at Receptor
at Receptor
at Receptor
at Receptor
at Receptor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Pressure (mb)
Temperature (°K)
Control Variable for Conversion to
Standard Conditions
IFICATION CARD
1  - 80
80A
TITLE
Alphabetic Identification
                           4-7

-------
                           TABLE 4-1  (cont.)



                        Card Input Format



              (A designates implied decimal  point)




                              CONTROL CARD
Card
1 -
6 -
13 -
19 -
22 -
25 -
28 -
31 -
34 -
38 -
42 -

Col.
5
12
18
21
24
27
30
33
37
41
44

Format
XXXXAX
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXA
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXXXA
XXXXA
XXX
SOURCE
Parameter Description
GRID
MWT
DM IX
ISOR
DIJPSOR
K
IUR
I CONT
DM MI
HLIFE
I SHORT
IDENTI
Control for Scale
Molecular Height of ^as; or Zero
Mean Maximum Afternoon Mixing
Depth (IT)
Number of Sources (<50)
Mode of Operation
Line Printer Designator
Urban or Rural
Output Degree
Night DMIX for Urban Only (m)
Half Life of Pollutant (hr)
Option Control for Averaging Time
F I CAT I ON CARD
1  - 24
24 A
I NAME
Alphabetic Source Identification
                           4-8

-------
                           TABLE 4-1 (cont.)
                        Card Input Format
              (A designates implied decimal point)
                        SOURCE DATA CARD
(each such card must be prececed by a Source Identification Card)
Card
1 -
8 -
15 -
22 -
29 -
36 -
43 -
50 -
57 -
64 -
71 -

1 -
11 -
21 -
31 -
41 -
51 -

Col.
7
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
70
77

10
20
30
40
50
60

Format
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXA
XXXXXXXyy
XXXXXXXA

XXXXAXXXXXX
XXXXAXXXXXX
XXXXAXXXXXX
XXXXAXXXXXX
XXXXAXXXXXX
XXXXAXXXXXX

Parameter
qsoT
HST
TS
MS
D
VF
SHOT
SVET
SORHT
WT
GT
HIND SPEED
WSA (1)
WSA (2)
WSA (3)
WSA (4)
WSA (5)
WSA (6)
SC FORMAT
Description
Emission Rate (gai/s)


Physical Height of Stack (m)
Effluent Temperature
(°K)
Effluent Velocity (if/s)
Stack Diameter (Hi)
Volumetric Flow Rate
Easterly Coordinate
Northerly Coordinate
Ground Elevation at
Width of Square Area
Fixed Plume Rise (fli)
CARD
Mean Mind Speed (m/s)
Mean Wind Speed (ra/s)
Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
CARD

(m3/s)
of Source
of Source
Source (ft}
Source (nt)









1  - 72
72A
SCFMT
Stability Wind Frequency Format
                           4-9

-------























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4-12

-------
source deck and the data input cards.  The data input deck has been
explained in the previous section and the program source statements can
be found in Appendix B.
            The ECL cards required for a compile and execute run are
illustrated in Figure 4-5.  If the underlined parameters on the first
card are not known or understood, the ADP representative for the user's
organization should be contacted.  All other underlined parameters on
subsequent cards may be chosen by the user at his discretion.  Once the
procedure of Figure 4-5 has been executed, the user then may use the
procedure illustrated in Figure 4-6 for all runs using the same file
name, FN., and element name, FN.E, chosen when executing the procedure
in Figure 4-5.
     4.2.4  Output
            The output of Valley consists of a stability-wind data
listing, various receptor maps, and potentially a listing of all source
data used for the simulation.  The receptor maps may include individual
source contribution maps, a map of the total impact of all sources, and
a terrain factor map.  Examples of all output formats are shown in
Figures A-2 of Appendix A.  A simple data set for obtaining base maps
that will be of use in acquiring ground elevations at receptor locations
is shown in Appendix C.  It is emphasized that the only lines of recep-
tors which are equally spaced lie due east and due west of center; the
only lines of receptors which do not deviate somewhat from the radials
are those in the four cardinal directions.
                              4-13

-------
                         @FIN

IATA CARDS
QT FN.E

f
                  @HDG,N X,M,66,2,2
                 END
               IN FN.E
             @MAP,IN DUMMY.FN.E
           @EOF
         @FOR,E FN.E
      FORTRAN PROGRAM DECK
      FOLLOWED BY @EOF
    @ELT,I FN.E
  @ASG,CP FN.
@RUN,D/R  ID,ACCOUNT,
 PROJECT.2
NOTE: Underlined names
      are user supplied.
     Figure 4-5.  ECL Runstream for Compile and Execute
                    4-14

-------
                          @FIN
                      DATACARDS
                  @XQT FN.E
                @HDG,NX,M,66,2,2
              @ASG,A FN.
            @RUIM,D/R  ID,ACCOUNT,
              PROJECT,2  	
          NOTE: Underlined names are
                 user supplied.
7
/
Figure 4-6.  ECL Runstream for Previously Compiled Program Execution
                     4-15

-------
                          5.  REFERENCES
Bierly, E.W., and E.W. Hewson, 1962:  Some restrictive meteorological
     conditions to be considered in the design of stacks.  J. Applied
     Meteorol.. 1:3, 383-390.

Briggs, G.A., 1971:  Some recent analyses of plume rise observations.
     Proc. of the Second International Clean Air Congress; edited by
     H.M. Englund and W.T. Berry.  Academic Press, N.Y.

     , 1972:  Discussion on chimney plumes in neutral and stable
     surroundings.  Atmos. Envir., 6_, 507-510.

Gifford, F.A., 1961:  Uses of routine meteorological observations for
     estimating atmospheric dispersion.  Nuclear Safety, 2^4, 47-51.

Hales, J.V., 1956:  Calculated Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations for a
     Proposed Smelter.  Intermountain Weather, Inc., Salt Lake City.

Holzworth, 6.C., 1972:  Mixing Heights, Wind Speeds, and Potential for
     Urban Air Pollution Throughout the Contiguous United States. AP-
     101, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C.

Pasquill, F., 1961:  The estimation of dispersion of windborne material.
     Meteorol. Mag.. 9^, 1063, 33-49.

Turner, D.B., 1964:  A diffusion model for an urban area.  J. Applied
     Meteorol., 3_:1, 83-91.

     , 1970 (Rev.):  Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates.
     AP-26, EPA, Research Triangle Park, N.C.

TRW, Inc., 1969:  Air Quality Display Model.  Prepared for NAPCA, PHS,
     U.S. DHEW, Washington, D.C. (Available from NTIS as PB-189-194).

     , 1970:  Air Quality Implementation Planning Program.  Prepared
     for NAPCA, EPA, Washington, D.C. (Available from NTIS as PB-189-299
     and -300).
                             5-1

-------
                            APPENDIX A.
                             TEST RUN

     Consider a facility located on a broad, flat area in the country-
side near the base of an extended ridge.  A particular pollutant is
emitted from a stack and a series of relatively low-level vents located
in a 20 m x 20 m area surrounding the stack.  Vent emissions are about
air temperature of 283°K, and are released at very low vertical velocity
about 20 m above ground at a rate of 300 g/s; the vents are treated as
one area source.  The stack is 75 m tall, with an internal diameter of
3.2 m ; the exit velocity is 4.8 m/s, the effluent temperature is
375°K, and the pollutant emission rate is 1200 g/s.  The terrain height
at the facility is 3800 ft (1158 m) above mean sea level (msl).
     The major concern is for air quality on a daily basis.  Hence, the
Valley model is executed in the short-term (24-hour) mode, using as
input stability F (moderately stable atmosphere) and 2.5 m/s for the
windspeed.  These conditions are assumed by the model to exist for 6 of
24 hours when the short-term mode is specified, and when the frequency
of occurrence is input as 1.00.
     Since the facility is arbitrarily located at the center of the
output map, each line of fixed receptors (located along a given radial
from center) is affected by virtually only one wind direction.  The
analysis for all 16 wind directions can thus be accomplished in one
computer run, but each direction represents conditions for one par-
ticular day.  We can assume this only because the map scale chosen
                             A-l

-------
relegates the area source to essentially a point source as pertains to
wind direction effects; however, the area source is still  treated as a
virtual (or effective) point source by the model.
     The source data is input so that the area source effluents (i.e.,
those from vents) have a fixed plume rise of near zero.  The plume rise
of the stack effluent is calculated by the model.
     The input data listing is shown in Figure A-l.  The first column
indicates the sequential card number, and is not part of the input data.
Note that some records are omitted from the SC subset in the' figure to
conserve space; those records are blank, but all 96 SC cards are re-
quired input.  Handwritten notations are added to the data listing and
maps for clarification, so as to be distinguishable from the computer
output.
     Finite frequencies of occurrence of meteorological data have been
input for only six wind directions (ENE, E, ESE, WSW, W, and WMW), and
only the ground elevations for receptors affected by the sources for
those directions have been input.  This is sufficient input to permit
comparison of the simulated terrain effects (eastward of map center)
with a flat-plane situation (due west of map center), and simplifies
preparation by any user desiring to duplicate the test case.
     The output listing is shown, page per page, in Figure A-2.  The
entire SC data subset is always listed, but only the non-blank stability
category is included here.  The SC data are followed in turn by (1) a
map of estimated ambient pollutant concentrations due to each source;
                             A-2

-------
        ft
      COLUMN 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
\
107
108
109
110
111
112

114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
f


3867 4213 4450 4650
3867 4213 4550 4900
3867 4213 4500 4750





3800 3800 3800 3800
3800 3800 3800 3800
3800 3800 3800 3800


870. 283. 870.
TEST RUN -- S02
60.9 2
MAIN STACK
1200. 75. 375.
VENTS. (AS AREA SRC)
300. 20.
2.5
(6F2.1)


} BLANK CARDS

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i. — £N£
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1. — W
l. — WMW





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5600 5270 4950
5170 5630 5200





3800 3800 3800
3800 3800 3800
3800 3800 3800




621

4.8 3.2












LAST U Ct-

fOR STA8IUT







                                      PARTIAL  WIND ROSE  FOR EASY DUPLICATI
                                     3.   1

                                        460.    60.     3800.

                                        459.84 59.84   3800.  20.     .001
Figure A-l.   Test Case Input Data Listing.   Notations  Are Handwritten
 to Avoid Confusion with the Data.


                              A-3

-------
(2) a listing of source data; (3) a map of the total contribution due to
all sources; and (4) a map of relative terrain elevations at the receptors.
     Compare the patterns of concentrations with the pattern of topo-
graphic relief sketched on the output maps.  Note the concentration
isopleths are omitted on the lee of the ridge; calculated concentrations
are not appropriate for that area.  The area to the west of the facility
(to the left of map center) is flat; the ridge crest is oriented north-
south and lies to the east of the facility.  The differences in con-
centration at any two radials are due primarily to the simulated effects
of terrain; these effects are quite apparent, particularly for the main
stack.  Some of the difference, particularly for the low-level area
source and near the center of the map, can also be due to the fact that
receptor spacing may differ from radial to radial.  The receptor locations
used for the calculations are depicted by the decimal points of the
seven concentrations printed along each radial.  For the map scale
selected, the 20 x 20 m area source representing the multiple vents lies
totally within 0.025 inch of the center of the maps.
                             A-4

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  APPENDIX B



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-------
                            APPENDIX C



                  SIMPLE ACQUISITION OF BASE MAPS



     The following data set will  produce three maps that can be used for



transferring the fixed receptor sites of the program to their geogra-



phical locations on topographical  charts for acquiring terrain eleva-



tions at the receptors.



               CARD      DATA



               1-18      blank



                 19      col. 1-3:  10.



                         col. 21 :   3



                         col. 27:   [user's printer code]



                         col. 30:   2



                         col. 33:   1



              20-26      blank



                 27      col. 1-7:  (6F1.0)



             28-123      blank



                124      end-of-file or finish
                              C-l
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                             APPENDIX D

                   EVALUATION OF THE VALLEY MODEL


                                  by

                Edward W. Burt and Herschel H.  Slater
This paper, with appendix, is contained in the Preprint Volume for the
Joint AMS/APCA Conference on Applications of Air Pollution  Meteorology,
November 29-December 2, 1977.  Salt Lake City, Utah
                                 D-1
-------
                                    EVALUATION OF THE VALLEY MODEL
                                Edward W. Burt* and Herschel  H.  Slater
                                 Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
                             Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
                                 U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
                                  Research Triangle Park, N.C.  27711

                                *0n Assignment from the National  Oceanic
                                    and Atmospheric Administration
1.  BACKGROUND

     The large non-ferrous smelters in the West
posed a particularly difficult problem for air
pollution control agencies when State Implemen-
tation Plans were being evaluated in 1972 and
thereafter.  They were known to be large emitters
of su-lfur dioxide (SOp) and particulate matter

and suspected to be substantial emitters of
metals of some toxicity (e.g., arsenic., lead,
mercury).  Their rates of emissions were not well
established.  Contaminants were emitted from
different processes in different ways at dif-
ferent heights and at different times.  The
smelters were generally isolated and located in
areas of complex, mountainous terrain.  Their
effluents were dispersed and transported,
initially at least, by local wind systems deter-
mined largely by the orientation and configura-
tion of the nearby terrain, thermal radiation
and the synoptic weather situation.  None of the
smelter locations had meteorological data avail-
able which adequately represented the dispersion
and transport factors.  Finally, ambient air
quality data which were representative of the
maximum impact of the smelters on the surrounding
air environment did not exist.

2.  METEOROLOGICAL RATIONALE

     Meteorologists attached to the Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, were
asked to estimate the likely impact of the
smelters on ambient air quality.  Several of
them had a number of years experience estimating
the impact of point sources on ambient air
quality, forecasting the weather in the moun-
tainous West, and conducting field sampling
studies around large point sources, sore of
which were in complex terrain.  A concensus of
their judgments, based on their considerable
experience and training in dispersion rreteorology,
indicated that a smelter located in proximity to
terrain features in the western mountains would
likely cause frequent and greatest threats to
an ambient air quality standard under a particu-
lar set of meteorological circumstances.  The
threat was considered to be greatest on days
with a fanning plume.  It was judged that the
greatest threat to the ambient air quality stan-
dards was likely to occur on nearby elevated
terrain during inversion conditions with light
winds. In these circumstances the plumes from
smelters were observed to level-off shortly
above stack top and to flow toward, around or
over elevated terrain in ribbons or sheets.

     Due to the complexity of the terrain, there
were large uncertainties in the representativeness
of the available meteorological data.  Similarly,
the magnitude, height and timing of the emissions
were poorly specified.  Further, the short-term
24-hr primary standard for S0£ was most likely
the controlling standard.  The 3-hr secondary
standard for SO- did not apply to the evalua-

tion of the Plans at the tine, because attain-
ment dates were not specified.  A computer
program used in an earlier study in complex
terrain by EPA (1972a) was modified to repre-
sent the short-term impact of polluting
facilities, and to include the plume rise
formulations recommended by Briggs (1971).
The program became known as the Valley Model
[EPA (1977)].

     Careful review of upper air summaries of
wind speeds and stability aloft for the western
portion of the U.S. provided a basis for the
choice of weatner parameters to be used in the
analyses undertaken by EPA (1972b).  The Briggs
plume rise calculations showed that the heights
of the smelter plumes in stable air would not
exceed 400 m above stack base for the conditions
evaluated.  Wind speeds of 2.5 mps, +_ 1 mps,
occurred at 300 neters above ground one-third or
more of the time at nost western upper air
observing sites.  On an annual basis, ground-
based inversions occur in the morning in the
Rocky Mountain area over 75-'= of the time.  Most
                                                  D-2
-------
of them are at least 250 meters deep [EPA (1973)1.
The critical  wind speed was chosen to be 2.5 rips.
The vertical  dispersion coefficient was selected
to represent moderately stable circumstances.
The smelter plumes were assumed to be constrained
horizontally by the terrain and terrain influ-
enced flow and to be uniformly distributed hori-
zontally in a 22.5 degree Die-shaped sector.  It
was arbitrarily assumed that the Diume centerline
(with respect to the vertical) would not approach
nearer than 10 meters to a terrain feature.
Based on peak-to-mean concentrations derived from
the work of Montgomery, et a]. (1971) ana later
supported by Mills and SteVn (1975) and by Martin
and Reaves (1977), the 24-nr estimate was assumed
to be one-fourth the shorter-term estimate.   This
may be interpreted as an indication that the plune
affects an area for 6 hr, not necessarily contin-
uous, of a 24-hr period.  Finally, the half life
of SO- was assumed to be 3 hr.

     It was expected that the estimates derived
by the technique would provide a reasonable
estimate of the threat to the 24-hr ambient air
quality standard for SO,,; i.e., the second highest
SO, concentration that would occur during a year.
The analytical routine was not proposed as a
rigorous mathematical description of the physical
circumstances which pertain to flow about a
terrain feature.
3.  COMPARISONS OF ESTIMATED AND OBSERVED DATA

     The model was expected to provide estimates
of maximum credible threats to 24-hr standards.
It was not intended for short-term, day-by-day or
hour-by-hour comparisons between estimated and
observed concentrations.  It is only appropriate
to compare estimates of the model with maximum
concentrations observed at locations near the
height of an elevated stabilized olume.  However
observed air quality data which enable an
unqualifiec comparison with estimated concentra-
tions in ccmplex terrain situations are diffi-
cult to acquire.  Pasr stud'es suffer from two
shortcomings:  limitsd duration, apd a limited
number of ironitoring 3'tes.  The data in Fable 1
compare the estimated dnd tr.e highest and second
highest observed 24-hr SO., concentrations at
sites on elevated terrain near large emission
sources.  All sites were at heights above the
stack tops and near the estimated olume heights
expected during light wind, stable meteorological
conditions.

     The monitoring 3t the Crusher, Phelps Mine
and Jones Ranch sites was performea under the
auspices of the EPA.  The data are stored in the
EPA AEROS data bank.  The Lake Point data were
furnished by Heaney (1975, 1976), of the Kennecott
Copper Corporation.  The Nav^-jo data are ava1!-
able in a report by Rockwell International,  Inc.
ejt aj_. (1975).  Only the 'lavajo Generating
Station emissions were well documented.

     The Crusher and Lower Lake Point sites were
located on the steep slopes of the Oquirrh Moun-
tains.  The bearings of the sites from the source
differ by  125°.  Data were also furnished EPA
Table 1.   The Estimated and the Highest arid
Second Highest Observed 24-Hr S0? Concentrations
in the Vicinity of Large Sources Located in
Comolex Terrain.
Site
Crusher
Lower
Lake Pt
#105
#107
Phelps
Mine
Jones
Ranch
Source
Garfie^
Smel ter.
Utah
Garfield
Smelter,
Utah
Navajo
Gen Stn,
An zona
Navajo
Gen Stn,
Arizona
Morenci
Smelter,
Arizona
Miami
Smel ter,
Arizona
Site-
Source
Dist.
(km)
6.4
4.5
22.8
23.2
4.7
2.9

Period
4/15/73-
1/31/75
2/1/74-
1/31/75
3/8/75-
12/16/75
1/1-25/76
10/1/74-
2/17/75
10/1/74-
2/17/75
1975
1974
1975
Concentration*
Est.j
2480
2480
1.18
1.18

36
25
15490
8610
8610
Obse
Max
2564
6130
2.66
2.71

32
30
2547
2042
2642
-vea
2nd
High
2473
3130
1.20
2.14

19
15
2416
1760
1548
Concentrations in pg/m , except those underscored
are in ppm.
from another site called Upper Lake Point which
was within 1 km of Lower Lake Point but 250 meters
higher  in elevation.  The maximum observed 24-hr
concentration at Upper Lake Point during the
period cited was only 0.02 ppm (vs. 2.71 ppm at
Lower Lake Point), apparently as a result of a
stratified atmosphere.  The calculated value for
Upper Lake Point was similarly small.

     Navajo sites #106 and # 107 were located at
the top of the Vermilion Cliffs in northern
Arizona, west of the Navajo Generating Station.
The Cliffs face the  facility and are extremely
steep.  Some of the  terrain between the Cliffs
dnd the generating station dips significantly
below the stack bases.  Several other samplers at
the top of the Cliffs and elsewhere at comparable
elevations, as well  as in a network of sites on
the sloping plain on which the power plant is
located, did not record such high values of con-
centration.  Site =-106 was at the southern end
of the  line of samplers on the Cliffs, and
recorded the highest concentration during the
study.
                                                   D-3
-------
     Some air quality data from near a Montana
smelter were expected to be reasonably representa-
tive of the circumstances to which the analytical
procedure was designed to apply.   Unfortunately,
the data were found to contain uncertainties
which could not be resolved.

4.  OTHER OBSERVATIONS

     Some observations exist which can be used
only qualitatively to indicate that stable,  ele-
vated plumes can approach very close to elevated
terrain as is assumed in the Valley Model.   Hewson
and Gill (1944) depict concentrations of SOj

across the Columbia River Valley near Trail,  B.C.,
Canada; the measurements were obtained by air-
craft down-valley of a smelter, and depict well-
defined smelter plume centers not infrequently
lying very near the nountainside.

     Scorer (1973) cites observations in three
countries of stable elevated plumes either
visually impinging on mountainsides or causing
damage to vegetation on mountainsides.

     The high quality data of Start, Dickson,
and Wendell (1973) are often cited as evidence
that dispersion rates observed over flat terrain
during moderately stable conditions result in
overestimates of 1-hr concentrations by a factor
of 15 when applied in the complex terrain of
Huntington Canyon, Utah,  This conclusion is
drawn from four 30- to 60-minute ground-level
tracer releases, and ground-level sampling,
made during a 48-hr period.  However, the ratios
of concentrations estimated using the bivariate
Gaussian formulation (with the flat-terrain
dispersion rate) to the maximum concentration
observed at each sampling arc (distances 2.12,
2.8, 4.2, and 6.2 km) are 0.95, 1.1, 2.6, and
1.0; this is a very good relationship, consider-
ing the limited tests.  The Valley Model uses the
concept that the average vertical dispersion
coefficients for flat terrain can be used for
calculating the upper 1 imit of concentrations in
complex terrain, but the model results cannot be
compared directly with these Huntington Canyon
data because of the differences in averaging
times and the brevity of the field study.

5.  CONCLUSIONS

     At four of six sites on mountainous terrain
near the height that plumes from major facilities
stabilize, it has been shown that the Valley
Model provides maximum 24-hr SO,, concentration

estimates which are within a factor of two of
the second-highest observed concentrations.   It
is concluded that the Valley Model is a useful
screening procedure for identifying potential
threats to the 24-hr ambient air quality stan-
dard for SO, in complex terrain.
6.   REFERENCES

Briggs, G.A., 1971:  Some Recent Analyses of Plume
     Rise Observations.  Proceedings of the Second
     International Clean Air Congress, edited by
     H.H. Englund and W.T.  Berry.  Academic Press,
     N.Y.

Environmental Protection Agency, 1972a:  Helena
     Valley, Montana, Area Environmental Pollution
     Study. OAP Publ. No. AP-91.

	, 1972b:  Estimated Impact of Smelting
     Operations on SO^ Concentrations in the
     Rocky Mountain Area (Revised). OAQPS Staff
     Report.
    _, 1973:  Inversion Study Data. Compiled by
     NOAA, NCC, Asheville, NC. Job No. 13105.
	, 1977:  Valley Model User's Guide.  Office
     of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
     Research Triangle Park, NC.

Heaney, R.J., 1975:  Statement on Behalf of
     Kennecott Copper Corporation.  December 16.

	, 1976:  Air Pollution Emergency Episode,
     January 21 Through 24, 1976.  Kennecott
     Copper Corporation Tech. Rep.

Hewson, E.M., and G.C. Gill, 1944:  Meteorological
     Investigations in the Columbia River Valley,
     near Trail, B.C.  Part III of Report Sub-
     mitted to the Trial  Snelter Arbitral.
     Tribunal (by R.S. "Dean and R.E. Swain). U.S.
     Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 453.

Martin, J.R. and R.W. Reeves, 1977:  The Relation-
     ship Among Observed  Short-Term Maximum SO,,

     Concentrations Near  Coal Fired Power Plants.
     Preprint for APCA 70th Annual Meeting, Toronto.

Mills, M.T., and R.W. Stern, 1975:  Model
     Validation and Time-Concentration Analysis
     of Three Power Plants.  U.S. EPA 450/3-76-002.

Montgomery, T.L., S.B. Carpenter and H.E. Lindley,
     1971:  The Relationship between Peak and
     Mean SOg Concentrations.  Preprint for AMS
     Conference on Air Pollution Meteorology,
     Raleigh, NC.

Rockwell  International; Kateoroloay Research,
     Inc.; and Systems Applications, Inc.,
     1975:  Ground-Level  50^ Measurements. Vol.
     IV of Navajo Generating Station Sulfur
     Dioxide Field Monitoring Program.

Scorer, R.S., 1973:  Pollution in the Air—
     Problems, Policies and Priorities. Rutledge
     & Kegan Paul, London and Boston,   (see pp.
     36 & 46).

Start, G.E., C.R.Dickson, and L.L. Wendell, 1973.
     Diffusion in a Canyon within Rough Mountain-
     ous  Terrain.  NOAA TM ERL-38.
                                                  D-4
-------
                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (/'!< as i- 'cad /Miir'u ;i«'M (i'j !>::• rii i AM /•• /, >/<• < omplelinrt
 1 'U '"V* T NO
    EPA-450/2-77-018
 4 TiT^L AND SUBTITLE
  VALLEY  MODEL  USER'S GUIDE
                                                           5. REPORT DATE

                                                             SEPTEMBER 1977	
                                                           6 PERFORMING ORGANIZAT ION CODE
 7 AUTHUritS)
                                                           8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
  Edward W.  Burt
PERFORMING ORGAN I^ATtON NAME AND ADORE S3
U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
Office  of  Air  and  Waste Management
Office  of  Air  Quality  Planning and Standards
Research Triangle  Park, NC  27711
 12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS

  Same  as  item 9
                                                           3 RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO
                                                           1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                                                           11 CONTRACT,GRANT NO.
                                                           13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                                            Final  Report
                                                           14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                                                                    200/04
 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 16. ABS1 RACT
               The Valley Model  is  a  steady-state,  univariate Gaussian plume
     dispersion model designed for  multiple  point-  and area-source applications.
     It calculates pollutant concentrations  for each frequency designated in
     an array defined by six stabilities,  16 wind directions, and six wind
     speeds for 112 program-designated  receptor sites on a radial grid of variable
     scale.  The output concentrations  are appropriate for either a 24-hour or
     annual period, as designated by  the  user.   The model contains the concen-
     tration' equations , the Pasquill-Gifford vertical dispersion coefficients
     and the Pasquill stability  classes,  as  given by Turner.  Plume rise is
     calculated according to Briggs.   Plume  height is adjusted according to
     terrain elevation for stable cases.   Technical details of the program are
     presented, with descriptions of  data  requirements.  Flow diagrams and
     input data forms are presented.   Four appendices include a complete
     test-case analysis, a complete program listing and a paper in which
     estimated and observed data are  compared at several sites for 24-hour
     periods durinn which the  upper limits of concentrations were observed.
                                KEY WORDS Afs'D DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
   Air pollution
   Turbulent diffusion
   Meteorology
   Mathematical  models
   Computer models
   Sulfur dioxide
   Complex terrain
L.
   Release unlimited
                                              b.lDF. MIMlff'J'OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                              Dispersion
                                              Air  Quality Simulation
                                                Model
                                            19 SECURITY CLASS C//1.S AJif <,rl/
                                              Unclassified
                                            20 St CUM I Y CLASS i ll.il !>.r.c>
                                                                           COSATI I Iclli/Group
                                                                         21  NO Of PAGLS
112
                                                                         22 PRICE
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