EPA-450/3-74-035
January 1974
USER'S MANUAL
COMPUTER ASSISTED AREA
SOURCE EMISSIONS
GRIDDING PROCEDURE (CAASE)
USER'S MANUAL
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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EPA-450/3-74-035
COMPUTER ASSISTED AREA
SOURCE EMISSIONS
GRIDDING PROCEDURE (CAASE)
USER'S MANUAL
by
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Contract Number 68-02-1014
EPA Project Officer: Charles C. Masser
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
January 1974
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report technical
data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are available free of charge
to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations -
as supplies permit from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee,
from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
the Research Triangle Institute, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1014.
The contents of this report are reproduced herein as received from the
Research Triangle Institute. The opinions, findings, and conclusions
expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Mention of company or product names is not to be
considered as an endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-035
11
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This manual was prepared by the Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, for the Environmental Protection Agency under Contract 68-02-
1014. The research is under the direction of personnel in the National Air Data
Branch (NADB).
The development of the CAASE system, and its application to fifteen (15) Air
Quality Control Regions (AQCR's) thus far, has been largely a team veffort with
Dr. J. Hammerle and Mr. C. Masser of EPA/NADB contributing heavily to the development
of the system.
The work has been conducted under the direction of Mr. Charles Masser, who is
the EPA Project Officer for the contract.
RTI staff members principally participating in developing the system and applying
it are as follow:
H. L. Hamilton, Laboratory Supervisor
R. C. Haws, Project Leader
R. E. Paddock, Systems Analyst
S. K. Burt, Programmer
M. F. Dworschak, Programmer
A. B. Murray, Programmer
P. B. Daniel, Secretary-Research Assistant.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Number
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ill
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES X
1.0 INTRODUCTION I
1.1 Purpose 1
1.2 General Background 1
1.3 The CAASE Method 4
2.0 CAASE1 PROGRAM 11
2.1 Program Description 11
2.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 11
2.3 Input Information 12
2.4 Output Information 12
3.0 CAASE2 PROGRAM 21
3.1 Program Description 21
3.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 22
3.3 Input Information 22
3.4 Output Information 23
4.0 CAASE3 PROGRAM 29
4.1 Program Description 29
4.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 29
4.3 Input Information 29
4.4 Output Information 30
5.0 CAASE4 PROGRAM 37
5.1 Program Description 37
5.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 39
5.3 Input Information 40
5.4 Output Information 40
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page Number
6.0 CAASE5 PROGRAM 49
6.1 Program Description 49
6.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup 53
6.3 Input Information 53
6.4 Output Information 54
7.0 SUBROUTINE PROGRAMS 69
7.1 CED009 Subroutine 69
7.1.1 Subroutine Description 69
7.1.2 Inputs to Subroutine 70
7.1.3 Outputs from Subroutine 70
7.1.4 Other Subroutines Used 70
7.2 GTGR Subroutine 71
7.2.1 Subroutine Description 71
7.2.2 Inputs to Subroutine 72
7.2.3 Outputs from Subroutine 72
7.2.4 Other Subroutines Used 72
7.3 POPMAP Subroutine 72
7.3.1 Subroutine Description 72
7.3.2 Inputs to Subroutine 73
7.3.3 Outputs from Subroutine 73
7.3.4 Other Subroutines Used 74
7.4 POPBOX Subroutine 76
7.4.1 Subroutine Description 76
7.4.2 Inputs to Subroutine 76
7.4.3 Outputs from Subroutine 77
7.4.4 Other Subroutines Used 77
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page Number
7.5 READ1 Subroutine 77
7.5.1 Subroutine Description , 77
7.5.2 Inputs to Subroutine . . 77
7.5.3 Outputs from Subroutine 77
7.5.4 Other Subroutines Used 78
7.6 OUTPT1 Subroutine 78
7.6.1 Subroutine Description ... 78
7.6.2 Inputs to Subroutine 78
7.6.3 Outputs from Subroutine 78
7.6.4 Other Subroutines Used 78
7.7 OUTPT2 Subroutine 79
7.7.1 Subroutine Description 79
7.7.2 Inputs to Subroutine 79
7.7.3 Outputs from Subroutine 79
7.7.4 Other Subroutines Used 79
7.8 OUTPT3 Subroutine 80
7.8.1 Subroutine Description 80
7.8.2 Inputs to Subroutine 80
7.8.3 Outputs from Subroutine 80
7.8.4 Other Subroutines Used 80
7.9 CIRCLE Subroutine 80
7.9.1 Subroutine Description 80
7.9.2 Inputs to Subroutine 81
7.9.3 Outputs from Subroutine 81
7.9.4 Other Subroutines Used 81
vii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page Number
8.0 OFF-LINE GRIDDING PROCEDURE 83
8.1 Objective 83
8.2 Required Data 83
8.3 Procedure 83
9.0 OBJECTIVE APPORTIONING FACTORS AND SUBJECTIVE OVERRIDING 89
WEIGHTING FACTORS
APPENDIX A: LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS CAASE1 (and Subroutines) . . . A-l
APPENDIX B: LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS CAASE2 (and Subroutines) . . . B-l
APPENDIX C: LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS - CAASE3 (and Subroutines) . . . C-l
APPENDIX D: LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS CAASE4 (and Subroutines) . . . D-l
APPENDIX E: LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS CAASE5 (and Subroutines) . . , E-l
Vlll
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Page Number
1 Flowchart of CAASE System 9
2 Example of Deck Configuration for the CAASE
Programs 14
3 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE1 15
4 Example of a Printout from CAASE1 19
5 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE2 24
6 Example of a Printout from CAASE2 27
1 Example of a Plotter Output from CAASE2 28
8 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE3 31
9 Example of a Plotter Output from CAASE3 34
10 Example of a Printer Output from CAASE3 35
11 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE4 42
12 Example of a Printout from CAASE4 47
13 Plot of Core Storage Requirements Vs. the Number
of Grid Squares in a County 51
14 JCL and Input Data Cards for CAASE5 56
15 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 1, Apportioned
Fuels 60
16 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 2, Apportioned
Fuels 61
17 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 3, Apportioned
Fuels 62
18 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 4, Apportioned
Fuels 63
19 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 5, Apportioned
Fupls 64
20 Example of CAASE5 Output Table 1, Apportioned
Emissions, Particulates 65
21 Contribution of Each Source-Category-Pollutant
Combination to the County Total 66
22 Example of CAASE5 IPP Card Output 67
23 Example of a Completed County Grid, Washington
County, Ohio 88
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Page Number
1 Table of Input Variables, CAASE1 17
2 Input Card Layout, CAASE1 18
3 Table of Input Variables, CAASE2 25
4 Input Card Layout, CAASE2 26
5 Table of Input Variables, CAASE3 32
6 Input Card Layout, CAASE3 33
7 Area Source Emissions Category Numbers 38
8 Table of Input Variables, CAASE4 . . 45
9 Input Card Layout, CAASE4 46
10 Table of Input Variables, CAASE5 58
11 Input Card Layout, CMSE5 59
12 Area Source Emissions Category Numbers and
Objective Apportioning Factor 90
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
The National Air Data Branch of EPA has the responsibility for developing an
accurate emissions inventory for all designated pollutants for the entire United
States. The emissions inventory data must be in a format suitable for use as input
to existing computer programs for displaying air quality, or for evaluating State
Implementation Plans. Key computer programs which require emissions inventory data
are the Air Quality Display Model (AQDM) and the Implementation Planning Program (IPP).
Point Sources of emissions present no difficulties with regard to the formatting
of data for use with AQDM or IPP. Area source emission data, however, present
problems. Usually, the smallest geographic unit for which accurate primary data
(e.g. annual residential* fuel consumption) are available is the county. These data
must be disaggregated and appropriately allocated (as emissions) to smaller areas to
provide an adequately detailed input for AQDM or IPP.
The CAASE pTCgtams (CAASE1 through CAASE5) with associated subroutines and off-
line procedures provide an objective method for allocating county-level data to grid
squares selected on the basis of demographic features and sized to give appropriate
detail for input to air quality modeling programs. CAASE is an acronym made up of
the first letters of Computer .Assisted Area Source Emissions gridding.
1.2 General Background
The attainment of acceptable air quality within an Air Quality Control Region
requires the implementation of appropriate strategies for the control of emissions
of pollutants from individual sources of classes of sources. The probable success of
candidate control strategies can be evaluated through the use of computer simulation
models. These models manipulate the characteristics of the many sources, e.g.
location, annual emissions, height and temperature of emissions, and meteorological
conditions, e.g. wind direction and speed distribution with associated thermal
stability conditions, to produce a distribution of ambient air pollutant concentrations
over the region being considered.
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Simulation models frequently used are based on Gaussian plume formations and
accept as inputs either point sources, or area sources (which are converted to virtual
point sources). Point sources are those individually identifiable boiler stacks,
process vents, etc., emitting more than some arbitrarily specified mass of pollutant
each year. Area sources, however, include the more ubiquitous, individually small
sources which cannot be specifically located.
The objective of the CAASE method is the improvement of the characterization
of area sources. Basic data for the determination of area source emissions seldom,
if ever, are available for geographic or political units or areas smaller than the
county, or in some cases, the large city which functions politically independently
of the surrounding county. These basic data are in the form of, for example, annual
fuel consumption, by fuel type, for residential, for commercial and institutional,
and for industrial heating; acreage burned by forest fires; landing-takeoff cycles
for military, for commercial and for civil aircraft; gasoline or diesel fuel
consumed by light, heavy and off-highway vehicles, or vehicle miles traveled by road
classification; etc. These data can be converted to pollutant emissions by the
application of appropriate emission factors.
The geographic size of a county, however, is too large for practical use in
simulation models for AQCR's. Logical procedures are required for distributing
the county totals basic data or derived emissions data to smaller areas. Further
constraints imposed by the simulation models require that these small areas be squares,
although they need not be of uniform size. Various criteria have been proposed as
bases for selecting the sizes and distribution of the emission area squares.
Urbanization, land use, housing counts, and population have all been used subjectively
to grid AQCR's into emission area squares (hereafter called grid squares) and
subsequently to apportion county totals of pollutant emissions into each grid square.
In general, the philosophy followed has required that urbanized or industrialized
portions of the county or AQCR be gridded into small squares to provide for detailed
representation of concentration of pollution sources. Conversely, rural areas with
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few pollution sources are adequately represented by large grid squares. Essentially,
application of this philosophy results in apportioning county total emissions to grid
squares according to subjective estimates of the distribution of population. Since
air pollution derives from human activity this procedure provides a reasonable approach
to developing area source emission distributions.
The development of the CAASE programs began as an effort to reduce the subjec-
tivity inherent in distributing population into pre-selected grid squares. Success
in this effort would concurrently reduce the time and effort required to complete the
area source emission distribution.
The Bureau of the Census of the U.S. Department of Commerce has prepared a
modified Master Enumeration District List (MEDList) which includes, in addition
to the district identification, population count, housing count, etc., the
geographic coordinates of the center of area of each of the enumeration districts. A
computer plot of these population centers, coded to graphically represent population
count used in conjunction with U.S. Geological Survey maps providing topographic and
terrain features, furnishes a relatively detailed information base for constructing a
county grid square system.
The procedures described in this manual have evolved from a feasibility study
(Contract CPA 70-147) in which three AQCR's, 145 (Lancaster, Gage, and Jefferson
Counties, Nebraska), 99 (South Central Kansas), and 130 (Metropolitan Fargo-Moorehead)
were gridded. In this study the ambient air quality indicated by the AQDM simulation
model, based on a previously prepared (by another EPA contractor) area source
emissions grid and a corresponding simulation based on the CAASE grid were
compared. Because smaller grid squares were used by the CAASE method for central urban
areas where the plotted population data showed concentrations of people higher
peak values of ambient pollutant concentrations were shown for the cities, and sharper
gradients of pollutant concentrations appeared in the urban to rural transition zone.
In rural areas ambient pollutant concentrations did not differ with the change in the
grid system.
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Subsequent to the demonstration of feasibility of the CAASE method, fifteen
AQCR's have been gridded and area source emissions have been determined for each grid
square (Contract 68-02-1014). From this experience, the CAASE method as described in
this manual has evolved.
1.3 The CAASE Method
CAASE has five computer programs associated with it and various subroutines
called by these programs. Off-line gridding is done in the procedure steps between
the execution of the second and third programs. For convenience the programs have
been numbered CAASE 1 through CAASE 5 and they perform the following functions:
*
CAASE1 strips the MED-X census tape files for all of the enumeration district
population entries for all counties in the Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) being
processed. CAASE1 also converts the coordinates of the center of each enumeration
district from latitude and longitude (in degrees) to Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) coordinates which are used in dispersion modeling programs. CAASE1 also writes
tape files to be used as input to the CAASE2 and the CAASE4 programs.
The CAASE2 program, using edited tape files written by CAASE1 and a line-drawing
plotter (in this application a CALCOMP plotter), plots circles with their radii
proportional to the population counts. A circle is plotted for each enumeration
district with its center at the geographical center of the enumeration district. This
plotted output can then be overlayed onto the standard USGS map(s). The maps and
scaling used have been the USGS 1:250,000 with a 1-inch radius representing 4,000
people. CAASE2 plots a separate chart (map) for each county in the AQCR. This
procedure is used because the primary purpose of the gridding is to select grid
squares within a county so that total emissions (or total fuels) for the county can
be apportioned into these grid squares. When all counties for a particular AQCR have
been processed through CAASEl and CAASE2, a grid for the entire AQCR must be determined
using partly subjective means (see Section 8). In order to make this determination a
Master Enumeration District Listing extended with geographic coordinates (MED-X).
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light-table is used and the population plots are overlayed onto a USGS map(s) contain-
ing all counties for the AQCR. A grid is selected for the entire AQCR with each grid
square having a side length which can range from 1 km to 30 km. Any size could be
selected, but it is generally agreed that this is the range which will best depict the
area source inputs for dispersion modeling, i.e. it provides enough resolution, but
does not generate more resolution than the models warrant (which would result in a
waste of computer time when dispersion modeling programs are run). Because determining
the sizes of the grid squares and where they should be placed is partially subjective,
the technical personnel performing this step should have had some experience in gridding
area source emissions using other techniques or should have been trained to use this
technique. That is to say, the CAASE1 and CAASE2 programs have simply produced, in
graphical form, a representation of where the people are located within the counties.
After all grid squares have been constructed for the entire AQCR being processed,
a card deck is prepared describing this grid for input to the CAASE3 program.
Specifically, the grid squares are numbered in some orderly way, preferably sequentially
by county. A load sheet is then prepared for keypunching a card associated with each
grid square. On this load sheet the grid identification number (ID), the UTM coordinates
of the lower left-hand corner of the grid square, and the side length of the square are
entered. The county, state, and AQCR are also entered for identification purposes. It
is very easy, during this step, to introduce clerical errors in the recording of
coordinates and side lengths. Htewever, the CAASE3 program offers an opportunity to
find keypunch errors not discovered while verifying.
The CAASE3 program uses the input grid description cards and draws, to scale, a
map of the entire AQCR. The map drawn by CAASE3 portrays the grid, and it is helpful
in isolating any errors which may have been introduced when preparing the load sheets
or in keypunching and verifying the cards. All grid elements must be square and errors
of omission or the incorrect recording of a coordinate(s) are quite obvious when this
map is visually checked. A symbol, in this application an "X," is optionally plotted
at the center of each grid square to help in the location of errors.
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After the grid description cards have been corrected, if necessary, for any
errors found by using the CAASE3 program, the next step in the procedure is to use the
CAASE4 program which assigns apportioning values to each of the grid squares. For each
area source emission category included on the area source input form (EPA (DUR) 219
3/72), an apportioning factor has been assigned using objective data when possible.
Bureau of the Census MED-X data tapes contain a population count, a housing count,
and a rural/urban classification for each enumeration district. Each grid description
card includes the side length of the grid square from which the area is calculated.
County totals for most of the area source emissions categories can be objectively
apportioned using population, housing, area, or a combination of these three measurements.
One obvious exception is the apportioning of emissions from aircraft operations which
would require a knowledge of airport locations and, if more than one airport was
located within a county, their relative operations activity.
The CAASE4 program logic has been written to permit the user to subjectively
override any of the objective apportioning factors. The actual apportioning factor
for each source category used within the program, is the product of a weighting
factor and the assigned objective factor. This allows the user to override the
programmed (or objective) apportioning factor within any particular county (or
counties) if information to do so is available. The output of the CAASE4 program
includes binary tape files which are used as input files to the CAASE5 program.
CAASE4 output files contain, for each grid square and source category combination for
each county, a number which can be used to apportion a fraction of the county total
into each grid square within the county. Each county within the AQCR is processed
separately through the CAASE4 program using the grid squares associated with the
county, the MED-X census data and any overriding weighting factors provided as
additional input data.
The CAASE5 program, using "fuel" totals for each of the emission source categories
for area sources, apportions these "fuels" into the individual grid squares. CAASE5
uses the same methods as those used in the EPA program NE03 to calculate the emissions
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using fuel totals and emission factors for each of the source emissions categories.
The term "SMEAR" has generally been used when describing the process of apportioning
the total emissions for a county into the grid squares within a county. The CAASE5
program does the "SMEARING" by using apportioning factors assigned by CAASE4. CAASE5
first "SMEARS" the "fuel" for each of the categories into each of the grid squares and
outputs (prints) a tabular listing (and writes a binary magnetic tape) for all grid
squares within the county for each emissions source category. For each area source
emissions category, each grid square receives a fraction of the county total that
fraction being the number associated with that particular grid square and "fuel"
category divided by the sum of all apportioning numbers for that "fuel" category
within the county. For any area source category, the apportioning fractions summed
over all grid squares for that county equals unity.
Procedurely, the pollutant emissions are calculated for the county totals and
then "SMEARED." This procedure is used, rather than calculating emissions for each
grid square using "SMEARED" fuels, because the calculations for "SMEARING" do not
require as much computer time as the calculations of the emissions. For each source
category, emissions are calculated for the five pollutants: suspended particles
(SP), sulfur dioxide (SO ), oxides of nitrogen (NO ), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon
Z. X
monoxide (CO). As emissions of each pollutant are calculated and "SMEARED," a tabular
listing is output (printed) of the "SMEARED" emissions for each pollutant as was done
with the fuels. The county totals for each emissions source category are output to
indicate the contribution of each of them to the total emissions for each pollutant.
For each grid square the "SMEARED" emissions from all source categories are summed
for each pollutant for output in the Implementation Planning Program (IPP) expanded
card format for area source inputs. A binary magnetic tape is also written containing
all data items in the tabular listings and card decks. The output from CAASE5, then,
includes tables of "SMEARED" fuel totals and "SMEARED" emissions for each of the five
pollutants of interest, where for each grid square a separate value is printed for
each source category. Also, a card deck is punched in the IPP format, containing, for
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each grid square, the total suspended particles, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen,
hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions "SMEARED" into each grid square for all
source categories. At the request of EPA the IPP input card format was expanded to
include all five pollutants and the state and county code numbers. The county totals
for each of the five pollutants are also printed and were used during the development
and application of the CAASE method to compare CAASE program outputs with the total
emissions for each county which were calculated by the EPA program NE03. A detailed
description of each of these five main CAASE programs, their subroutines, the off-
line gridding procedure, and the use of overriding apportioning factors, are contained
in other sections of this manual.
Figure 1 is a flow chart of the overall CAASE system.
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[INPUT VARIABLES
TO CONTROL PROGRAM
AND IDENTIFY
OUTPUT
j^ _ _ _
PROGRAM CAASE1
STRIPS CENSUS FILES AND
CONVERTS COORDS. FROM
LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
TO UTM
' ERROR MESSAGES
AND INPUT
INFO. NECESSARY/
FOR PROGRAM
CAASE2
PROGRAM CAASE2
PLOTS POPULATION DATA
TO SCALE, ONE COUNTY
PER PLOT PICTURE
rERROR MESSAGES
AND
DIAGNOSTICS
/
INPUT VARIABLES
TO CONTROL
PROGRAM AND
IDENTIFY OUTPUT
INPUT VARIABLES
TO CONTROL PROGRAM
AND IDENTIFY
OUTPUT
» ["HANI>- I
, . I DRAWN
1 GRID
SQUARE
IDENTIFIERS
PROGRAM CAASE3
DRAWS AREA SOURCE
GRID SQUARES FOR
ENTIRE AQCR
ERROR MESSAGES
EXPEDITE
CORRECTION
01 ANY ERRONEOUS/
GRID COORDS.
'INPUT VARIABLES
TO CONTROL PROGRAM
|{, IDENTIFY OUTPUT &
IDATA FOR OVERRIDING
OBJ. APPORTIONING!
FACTORS j
PROGRAM CAASE4
ASSIGNS APPORTIONING
VALUES TO EACH OF
THE GRID SQUARES
IMPLEMENTATION
PLANNING PROGRAM
CARD DECK
PRINTOUT OF TABLES
OF APPORTIONED FUELS
AND EMISSIONS
L'1 SMEARED
FUELS TOTALS
"SMEARED"
EMISSIONS,
& IPP CARD
IMAGES
PROGRAM CAASE5
APPORTIONS "FUELS" AND
EMISSIONS INTO THE
INDIVIDUAL GRID
SQUARES
FILE OF
APPORTIONING
FACTORS FOR
EACH GRID
SQUARE IN
AQCR
ERROR MESSAGES
,^/AND INPUT INFO.
^1 NECESSARY FOR
/ PROGRAM CAASE5
'FUELS'
TOTALS FROM
STRIPPED NEDS
FILES AREA
SOURCE CATEGORY
EPA(DUR) 219 3/7
INPUT VARIABLES TO
CONTROL PROGRAM AND
IDENTIFY OUTPUT
Figure 1. Flowchart of CAASE System
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2.0 CAASE1 PROGRAM
2.1 Program Description
This program performs several functions which include the editing, conversion
of coordinates (from geographic latitude and longitude to the universal transverse
mercator (UTM) system), flags those counties which cross (straddle) two UTM zones,
and calculates the length of the X and Y axes necessary for the subsequent plot-
ting of the population at enumeration district centers. The program will process
one or several counties contained in one or more states making up an Air Quality
Control Region. Because the counties are dealt with in later programs as separate
entities, CAASE1 generates a separate file for each county. The program uses two
types of input data, (1) the Bureau of the Census MED-X data tape (MEDList with
latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates added), and (2) punched cards to specify
the values of variables for the county (or counties) being processed. Outputs include
an edited, or stripped, file for each county, diagnostic messages, error messages
when necessary, and information to aid in the execution of the next program in the
series. In addition to systems subprograms, the subroutine CED009, described in
Section 7.1 is used for converting coordinates. A logical flow chart describing
CAASE1 is included in Appendix A.
2.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of a deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. Using the
Parkersburg-Marietta AQCR as an example, the associated JCL and input data cards are
illustrated in Figure 3. The JCL cards illustrated assume the following:
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a. The program is in object deck form.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the variables are in
the input job stream.
c. The MED-X census data are on magnetic tape.
d. The number of counties to be processed is nine and are located
in two states (Ohio and West Virginia).
e. The output of census data is on magnetic tape with a separate
file created for each county.
2.3 Input Information
A description of the punched card input variables appears in Table 1. It
includes the scaling factor, the name of the selected Air Quality Control Region,
the number of states in the AQCR, the name of each state, the number of counties
in each state, the Federal county code number, and the name of each county. The
scaling factor, which has the same value as one which will be used in the plotting
of the population centers in CAASE2, is used with the differences between the
minimum and maximum UTM coordinates of the easting and northing for UTM zone(s)
associated with the county being processed to calculate the size of the plot
"picture" needed. The scaling factor, although variable, has been calculated for
a scale of 1:250,000 for all processing done in the applications thus far
using the CAASE method. The input card layout is described in Table 2.
2.4 Output Information
Printed output from the program includes the Air Quality Control Region,
state(s), and county(ies) being processed. Also output for each UTM zone in the
county (most counties include only one zone), is the zone number, the minimum and
maximum easting and northing UTM coordinate, and the minimum X axis and Y axis
(in inches, using the scale factor (GCALEX) that was read in), necessary to portray
all population centers on a computer drawn map. When all records for a county of
interest have been processed, the county name, its number, and the number of
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records written on the output tape are printed. A magnetic tape is written with
a separate file created for each county processed. Once the county of interest is
found on the MED-X tape, a record is written for each input record except for the
population data summary. The summarization of enumeration district population counts
can be recognized by the program because the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates
are zero. Error messages are printed and, if they are fatal, the program operation
is terminated. The census data record written by CAASE1 is essentially the same as
the MED-X input record with the UTM zone number and the easting and northing UTM
coordinates for each population center appended. Figure 4 is an example of a
printout from CAASE1.
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END OF DATA SET CARD
INPUT DATA SET
JCL CARDS FOR DATA SET DEFINITION
END CARD FOR OBJECT MODULE
PROGRAM OBJECT DECK
JCL CARDS FOR LOAD
" AND EXECUTE
Figure 2. Example of Deck Configuration for the CAASE Programs
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16
-------
TABLE 1. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE1
VARIABLE NAME
SCALEX
NSTAT
AQCR
NCNTY
STATE
ICNTY
CNTY
DEFINITION
Scaling factor used to convert the
distance in kilometers to plotter
inches.
Number of states in AQCR
Name of selected Air Quality Control
Region
Number of counties in state
Name of selected state
Federal county code number for
selected county
Name of selected county
17
-------
TABLE 2. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE1
CARD TYPE COLUMNS FORMAT VARIABLE NAME
1 1-12 F12.0 SCALEX
2 1-4 14 NSTAT
5-24 5A4 AQCR
*
3 1-4 14 NCNTY
5-24 . 5A4 STATE
4 1-4 14 ICNTY
5-24 5A4 CNTY
*
CARD TYPE 3 is repeated after the set of CARD 4's If the AQCR contains more than one
state, and is followed by the necessary CARD 4's.
CARD TYPE 4 is repeated depending on the number of counties in the state.
18
-------
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19
-------
-------
3.0 CAASE2 PROGRAM
3.1 Program Description
The purpose of this program in the CAASE system is to graphically portray the
population centers within the county, both as to location and to number of people in
each of the enumeration districts. The program is also used to resolve the problem
presented when an Air Quality Control Region straddles a UTM zone boundary. Because
the gridding of an AQCR requires a common reference point, when more than one UTM zone
lies within the AQCR, one of the zones must be declared the primary zone. The primary
zone may be either the westernmost or the easternmost of the two; an input variable is
used to indicate which. In most applications thus far, when an AQCR straddled a zone
boundary, the western zone has been declared the primary zone and the points falling
in the eastern zone have been converted using the subroutine GTGR obtained from EPA.
In some cases, to declare the eastern zone the primary zone could yield negative
easting coordinates which, at the time of this application, were unacceptable to the
Implementation Planning Program (IPP).
Several counties may be processed during a single computer run with this program
but the processing is done in series with a separate plotter output picture (map) for
each county. A standard picture size of 10.5 inches for the south to north axis and
14.0 inches for the west to east axis usually will be sufficient for plotting a county
using a map scale of 1:250,000. Provisions are made in the program to use overriding
input variables to produce a picture with a south to north axis up to 29.5 inches.
The west to east axis may be of any practical length because the plotter paper is on
a continuous roll. When these overriding picture size options are used an "operator
message" is issued to enable the operator to change paper on the plotter. Prudence
would suggest not mixing standard size plots with "special case" (wide paper) plots.
In addition to the subroutine GTGR, which converts coordinates from one UTM zone to
another, CAASE2 uses the subroutine POPMAP which places a small triangle in the center
of each enumeration district and draws a circle, with radius proportional to the
21
-------
population, around the triangle. The subroutine POPMAP is described in Section 7,,3.
The CAASE2 program uses two types of input data, (1) the edited MED-X data tape output
from CAASE1, and (2) punched cards to specify the values of variables including
scaling factors, optional picture size, and labeling information for the county (or
counties) being processed. Outputs include a plotted map depicting the location and
population of each enumeration district in a county. This map is drawn to the scale
of the map which will be used when selecting the grid for the AQCR being processed.
Also output from this program are diagnostic messages, error messages when necessary,
and a summary of records plotted for each county processed. A logical flow chart
describing CAASE2 is included in Appendix B. Subroutine GTGR is described in Section
7.2.
3.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of the deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The JCL
cards associated with an example to plot Washington County, Ohio, in the Parkersburg-
Marietta AQCR, are illustrated in Figure 5. The JCL configuration illustrated assumes
the following:
a. The program is in object deck form.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the variables are in the job
input stream.
c. The population data are on magnetic tape, and were output from
CAASE1 on reel number RED087 as file number four.
d. The number of counties to be processed is one and can be plotted
using the standard 10.5 inches by 14.0 inches plotting picture.
e. The tables used by the GTGR subroutine are on a disk (not needed
for this AQCR, but JCL cards are included in the example).
3.3 Input Information
The punched card input variables appear in Table 3. They include the number of
counties to be plotted for the AQCR during this computer run, the total number of
22
-------
counties in the AQCR, the AQCR name, the primary UTM zone, the east-west direction
to convert coordinates to the primary zone when the AQCR straddles a UTM zone boundary,
the scaling factors to convert population to the radius of a circle (in plotter space
inches), and the spacing between axes tick-marks. Also input for each county to be
plotted are cards containing the UTM coordinates for an appropriate origin, the county
code, county name, state code and state name, and an axes flag to indicate whether the
standard axes lengths will be used. For a county requiring longer axes than standard,
input cards are necessary specifying the length (in inches of plotter space) of the X
and Y axes and the number of tick-marks required. The input card layout is described
in Table 4.
3.4 Output Information
Output from CAASE2 includes the printing of the AQCR name, total number of counties
in the AQCR, and the number of counties plotted. Also output on the printer are the
distance and population scaling factors, and any error messages returned from sub-
routines POPMAP and GTGR. At the end of the processing of all counties for any
computer run, the county names, their numbers, and the number of records plotted for
each county are also printed. See Figure 6 for an example of the printed output for
Washington County, Ohio and Figure 7 for the plotter output.
23
-------
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-------
TABLE 3. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE2
VARIABLE NAME
NCNTY
ITOT
AQCR
IZONE
EW
SCALEX
SCALEP
TICINC
XXZERO
YYZERO
ICNTY
XCNTY
IAXES
ISTAT
XSTAT
XLONG
YLONG
XTIC
YTIC
DEFINITION
Number of counties to be plotted
Number of counties in the AQCR
Name of Air Quality Control Region
Primary UTM zone
Direction of coordinate point
conversion for primary zone when
AQCR straddles UTM zones
Scaling factor to convert distances
in kilometers to plotter inches
Scaling factor to convert population
to circle radius in inches
Distance between axes tick-marks in
inches
Lower left-hand X coordinate of the
selected county
Lower left-hand Y coordinate of the
selected county
Federal county code for selected county
Name of selected county
Axes flag signifying whether the
standard axes will be used
Federal state code number for selected state
Name of selected state
Length of X axis if standard X axis
is too short
Length of Y axis if standard Y axis
is too short
Number of tick-marks on lengthened X
axis
Number of tick-marks on lengthened Y
axis
25
-------
TABLE 4. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE2
CARD TYPE
COLUMNS
1-4
5-8
9-28
31-35
36-40
1-12
13-24
25-36
1-10
11-20
21-24
25-48
51-52
1-4
5-16
1-10
11-20
21-25
26-30
FORMAT
14
14
5A4
15
F5.0
F12.0
F12.0
F12.0
F10.0
F10.0
14
6A4
12
14
3A4
F10.0
F10.0
15
15
VARIABLE NAME
NCNTY
ITOT
AQCR
IZONE
EW
SCALEX
SCALEP
TICINC
XXZERO
YYZERO
ICNTY
XCNTY
IAXES
ISTAT
XSTAT
XLONG
YLONG
XTIC
YTIC
t
CARD TYPES 3 and 4 are repeated depending on number of counties to be plotted.
CARD TYPE 5 is used ONLY if the county requires longer axes.
26
-------
AIR QUALITY CHNTRi'l M-GMN IS PAP KCP
TOTAL NU. OF fituS r, v A'- W/NT
'W HTTTA -
MAP SCALT- IS t.3fA U^r^ "'UTS/KM.
CI'-CLL" SCALh IS 1 irj. KA,;1US / 4CT 0. Pr PP L L"
THI"S COUNTY ! S WA
AN t w , r K .- w , M ipi\n: w - U.H^IJ i.'t ui u.jo'ji^ur u/. u. ^ :, ^uuui: uu
XNFW, YNTU , PQPNbW =
XN[.
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W , Y N L W , P 0 P N C W =
W, Yh'LW.PPPNrw =
W» Yf>'L ',','» POPNE W =
w.YNt^pr-PNrw =
W, VNf-WtPOP,Mr^ =
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W,YN!- W, PPPMF^ =
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167
GOOIJ FINISH
Figure 6. Example of a Printout from CAASE2
27
-------
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4.0 CAASE3 PROGRAM
4.1 Program Description
The CAASE3 program is designed to draw area source grid squares for any given
AQCR. It uses a set of data cards that define, for each grid square within the AQCR,
the coordinates of the lower left-hand corner and the side length. The program is
useful for identifying clerical errors or keypunching errors and for describing the
locations and sizes of each of the grid squares within an AQCR. A scaling factor
appropriate for the map with which the grid will be used may be input; the only
restriction is the physical limitations of the plotter paper width. CAASE3 calls the
subroutine POPBOX and provides to it the necessary information to drive the plotter
to draw the AQCR grid. Subroutine POPBOX is described in Section 7.4. Because most
AQCR's contain several counties, the 30-inch-wide paper probably will be necessary
for CAASE3 plotting and an "operator message" requesting the wide paper is issued by
the program in all cases. A flow chart of the program logic of CAASE3 appears in
Appendix C.
4.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of a deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The JCL
cards associated with an example for the Parkersburg-Marietta AQCR are illustrated in
Figure 8. The JCL configuration illustrated assumes the following:
a. The program is in object deck form.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the variables are in the
job input stream.
c. The punched cards describing the grid squares and their locations
are in the job input stream.
d. Only one Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) is to be plotted.
4.3 Input Information
All input to the CAASE3 program is through punched cards in the input stream.
The punched card input variables appear in Table 5. Input variables define the
29
-------
scaling factor, the UTM coordinates of the lower left-hand corner of the entire AQCR,
the AQCR name, the length in plotter space inches of both the X and Y axes, the number
of tick-marks wanted on both the X and Y axes, the spacing of the tick-marks, and a
card for each grid square in the AQCR which contains the identification number of the
grid square, the UTM coordinates of the lower left-hand corner, and the side length
of the grid square. The input card layout is described in Table 6.
4.4 Output Information
In addition to a computer driven plotter output of all grid squares (see Figure
9 for an example) within the AQCR drawn to scale, error messages, when necessary, and
a listing of input data are printed. Figure 10 is an example of the printed output.
30
-------
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TABLE 5. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE3
VARIABLE NAME
SCALEX
TICINC
XZERO
YZERO
AQCR
XLONG
YLONG
IXTIC
IYTIC
IBOX
XPT
YPT
S
CNTY
DEFINITION
Scaling factor to convert distances
in kilometers to plotter inches
Distance between axes tick-marks
in inches
Lower left-hand X coordinate for
entire AQCR
Lower left-hand Y coordinate for
entire AQCR
Name of selected Air Quality Control
Region
Length of X axis
Length of Y axis
Number of tick-marks on X axis
Number of tick-marks on Y axis
Area source grid square number
Lower left-hand X coordinate for
the grid square
Lower left-hand Y coordinate for
the grid square
Length of the side of the grid square
Name of county to which grid square
belongs
32
-------
TABLE 6. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE3
CARD TYPE COLUMNS FORMAT VARIABLE NAME
1 1-12 F12.0 SCALEX
13-24 F12.0 TICINC
2 1-10 F10.0 XZERO
11-20 F10.0 YZERO
21-40 5A4 AQCR
3 1-10 F10.0 XLONG
11-20 F10.0 YLONG
21-25 15 IXTIC
26-30 15 IYTIC
4 1-10 110 IBOX
11-20 F10.0 XPT
21-30 F10.0 YPT
31-40 F10.0 S
71-78 2A4 CNTY
5 A blank card indicating no more grid squares for this AQCR.
6 A blank card indicating no more AQCR's to be gridded.
*
CARD TYPE 4 is repeated for each grid square in the AQCR.
33
-------
Figure 9. Example of a Plotter Output from CAASE3
(Figure Optically Reduced)
-------
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35
-------
-------
5.0 CAASE4 PROGRAM
5.1 Description of Program
The CAASE4 apportioning factor program uses the edited MED-X data files, with
UTM coordinates (output from CAASE1) and cards describing the lower left-hand corner
and side length of each area source grid square and processes the census data to sum
all of the population and housing counts for all enumeration districts with centers
falling within each individual grid square. The area of each grid square is also
calculated. Because the MED-X data locates the geographical center of the enumera-
tion district, the basic question is whether the center falls within the geographic
outline of the grid square. These population summations, housing summations, and
areas for each grid square are; objective factors used in the apportioning of total
county emissions, for each of the source emissions categories, into grid squares of
unequal size which have been subjectively located using graphical outputs from CAASE2.
Because there are source categories, e.g. airports, which do not lend themselves to
objective apportioning based on population, housing, or area, provisions are made in
the CAASE4 program to input, as overriding weighting factors, any information known
to the technical personnel gridding the county (or counties) within the AQCR and
apportioning the county total emissions. These weighting factors override the
objective apportioning factors. A detailed discussion of the objective apportioning
factors and the overriding apportioning weighting factors, their rationale, and how
to apply them, are included in Section 9.0 of this manual.
For convenience, the several fields of "fuel" data on the Area Source Input Form
EPA (DUR) 219 3/72 have been sequentially numbered for category number, major
classification (residential fuel, industrial fuel, etc.), and minor classification
(anthracite coal, bituminous coal, distillate oil, etc.). Table 7 relates the
category number to its major and minor classifications, and the method of introducing
overriding apportioning factors is discussed in Section 5.3, Input Data.
The CAASE4 program also relates all locations to a common origin, i.e., in using
the CAASE1 output tape of census data, more than one UTM zone may be encountered;
37
-------
TABLE 7. AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS CATEGORY NUMBERS
CATEGORY
NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
MAJOR
CLASSIFICATION
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
RESIDENTIAL FUEL
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
INSTITUTIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL
& INSTITUTIONAL
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
ON-SITE INCINERATION
ON-SITE INCINERATION
ON-SITE INCINERATION
OPEN BURNING
OPEN BURNING
OPEN BURNING
GASOLINE FUEL
GASOLINE FUEL
GASOLINE FUEL
DIESEL FUEL
DIESEL FUEL
DIESEL FUEL
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
VESSELS
VESSELS
VESSELS
VESSELS
EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION
MEASURED VEHICLE MILES
MEASURED VEHICLE MILES
MEASURED VEHICLE MILES
MEASURED VEHICLE MILES
DIRT ROADS TRAVELED
DIRT AIRSTRIPS
CONSTRUCTION LAND AREA
ROCK HANDLING & STORING
FOREST FIRES*
SLASH BURNING*
FROST CONTROL'
STRUCTURE FIRES
COAL REFUSE BURNING***
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
**
MINOR
CLASSIFICATION
ANTHRACITE COAL
BITUMINOUS COAL
DISTILLATE OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
NATURAL GAS
WOOD
ANTHRACITE COAL
BITUMINOUS COAL
DISTILLATE OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
NATURAL GAS
WOOD
ANTHRACITE COAL
BITUMINOUS COAL
COKE
DISTILLATE OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
NATURAL GAS
WOOD
PROCESS GAS
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL FUEL
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL FUEL
LIGHT VEHICLE
HEAVY VEHICLE
OFF-HIGHWAY
HEAVY VEHICLE
OFF-HIGHWAY
RAIL LOCOMOTIVE
MILITARY
CIVIL
COMMERCIAL
ANTHRACITE COAL
DIESEL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
GASOLINE
SOLVENT PURCHASED
GASOLINE MARKETED
LIMITED ACCESS ROADS
RURAL ROADS
SUBURBAN ROADS
URBAN ROADS
AREA-ACRES
AREA-ACRES
ORCHARD HEATERS
NUMBER PER YEAR
SIZE OF BANK
* , ** ***
Tons/acre also reported; Days/yr. fired also reported; Number/yr. also reported.
38
-------
therefore, a primary zone is declared on an input card and those points falling
outside the primary zone have their UTM coordinates converted to the primary zone.
The conversion is made using subroutine GTGR which is described in Section 7.2.
In the CAASE4 program objective apportioning factors have been assigned for all area
source emission categories, even though emission factors have not yet been determined
for some. CAASE4 will not require modification (except to change the coefficient from
zero) when these emission factors are determined. The tons per acre coefficients
reported on the Area Source Form No. EPA (DUR) 219 3/72 for forest fires and slash
burning is used to calculate total county "fuels" for those source categories and are
therefore not subject to apportioning; their numeric value is included in CAASE4
outputs for use by CAASE5. The number of days orchard heaters are fired for frost
control and the number of burns/year of coal refuse banks are also output without
change for use by CAASE5. A logical flow chart describing CAASE4 is included in
Appendix D.
5.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of a deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The JCL
cards associated with an example for the Parkersburg-Marietta AQCR are illustrated
in Figure 11. The JCL configuration illustrated assumes the following:
a. The program is in object deck form.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the variables are in the
job input stream.
c. Population data, output from CAASE1, are on magnetic tape as
files 1 through 9 on reel number RED087.
d. The number of counties to be processed is nine.
e. The tables used by the GTGR subroutine are on disk volume
"RTIEES" with data set name (DSN) of "GRDTB66."
f. No overriding apportioning weighting factors are input.
g. Output of apportioning factors is on binary tape as files 1
through 9 on reel number RED141 (for later use by CAASE5).
39
-------
5.3 Input Information
The punched card input variables appear in Table 8. They include the county,
region, political subdivision, county name, primary UTM zone number, a print switch
option variable, and a direction variable to convert coordinates when an AQCR
straddles UTM zone boundaries. The same grid square identification cards which were
used as input to the CAASE3 program are used as input to CAASE4; that is, a card is
input for each grid square containing its sequential identification number, UTM
coordinates of the lower left-hand corner, and its side length in kilometers.
Overriding weighting factor cards are read in until a blank card is encountered.
Each weighting factor card includes the identification number of a grid square, a
source category number, and the weighting value to be assigned. A card is necessary
for each grid square and source category combination for which an overriding weighting
factor is to be input. The edited MED-X tape, output from CAASEl, is read by the
program a record at a time, and the housing counts and population counts are summed
into the grid square into which each enumeration district center falls. If a decision
is made at processing time to assign equal weighting factors to some normally overridden
source category, such as railroads, then it is suggested that the FORTRAN source
language statement be inserted near the end of the weighting factor initialization
loop to set the coefficient (weighting factor) to 1.0 instead of 0. This will preclude
the necessity of inputting a large volume of cards. The description of the input card
layout appears in Table 9.
5.4 Output Information
Error messages, diagnostic messages, information necessary to control the CAASE5
program, and a magnetic tape with grid square descriptors and their weighted apportion-
ing factors are output. The county, region, political subdivision, and county name from
the input information are printed. For each county, the grid square number, category
number, and weighting factor number for each overriding weighting factor read in are
printed; the total count of overriding weighting factors is also printed. The total
40
-------
number of grid squares for each county is printed. Error and diagnostic messages (and
suggested responses) include: the number of grid squares for a county exceeds the
program dimensions (increase the dimensions and rerun); a category number on an
overriding weighting factor input card is out of range (correct it); the grid square
number on an overriding weighting factor card does not match any of the set
for the county being processed (correct the set or the card); a message when the
county number on the tape input file and the one on the input card do not match (JCL
or input card error, correct it); any error messages from grid-to-grid coordinate
conversion routine GTGR (see Section 7.2.3); and an optional print of census data and
UTM coordinates. If an enumeration district's coordinates are not located inside any
grid square uniquely assigned to the county being processed, its county number, UTM
coordinates, population, and housing counts are printed. The coordinates should be
checked on the total AQCR grid against the following possibilities: 1) the coordinates
are not located within the county and are therefore incorrect on the census record,
2) the grid square in which the coordinates are located was either assigned to the
wrong county, was not included in the deck, or was keypunched wrong, 3) it was not
possible to draw a grid square at the county border without including an enumeration
district from an adjacent county and a compromise was made. The apportioning factor
computed for each grid square can also be optionally printed. Figure 12 is an example
of the printout from the processing of the Parkersburg-Marietta AQCR.
41
-------
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TABLE 8. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE4
VARIABLE NAME
ICNTY
IREGN
IPOLT
CNTY1
KZON
ITEST
EW
ID
X
SIDE
IDNUM
ICAT
WEIGHT
DEFINITION
Federal county code number for selected
county
Code number of selected AQCR
Code number of political subdivision
of AQCR
Name of selected county
Primary UTM zone number
Print switch option
Direction to convert coordinates when
AQCR straddles two UTM zone boundaries
Area source grid square number
Lower left-hand X coordinate of the
grid square
Lower left-hand Y coordinate of the
grid square
Length of the side of the grid square
Area source grid square number for
overriding weighting factor
Source category number for overriding
weighting factor (see Table 7)
Overriding weighting factor for
selected grid square-source category
45
-------
TABLE 9. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE4
CARD TYPE COLUMNS FORMAT VARIABLE NAME
1 1-10 110 ICNTY
12-14 A3 IREGN
16-20 15 IPOLT
22-25 A4 CNTY1
26-30 15 KZON
31-35 15 ITEST
36-40 F5.0 EW
21" 1-10 110 ID
11-20 F10.0 X
21-30 F10.0 Y
31-40 FLO.O SIDE
3 A blank card signifying no more gi'ids for this county.
4§ 1-10 ILO IDNUM
11-20 110 ICAT
21-30 F10.0 WEIGHT
5' A blank card signifying no more overriding weighting
factors for this county.
*
CARD TYPE 1 is repeated for each county in the AQCR and follows CARD TYPE 5.
CARD TYPE 2 is repeated for each grid square in the county..
§
"CARD TYPE 4 is repeated for each overriding weighting factor for the county's grid
squares.
A blank card follows CARD TYPE 5 when there are no more counties in the AQCR.
46
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6.0 CAASE5 PROGRAM
6.1 Program Description
The CAASE5 emissions calculation and apportioning program uses the apportioning
factors output from CAASE4, the "fuels" totals from the NEDS file for each county,
and the emissions factors for each emissions source category. It calculates the
total emissions for the county, and then apportions ("SMEARS") them into the grid
squares within the county according to the apportioning factors output from CAASE4.
If so little is known about an emission source category that the associated emission
factor has not been determined, that emission factor is set as zero in the CAASE5
program. If in the future an emission factor is determined for the source category,
the zero is easily replaced by the new factor. The CAASE5 program calculates the
same total emissions for a county as does the NE03 program. The program uses
subroutines READ1, OUTPT1, OUTPT2, and OUTPT3 which are described in other sections
of this manual. Emissions factors, by source category and by pollutants are defined
in FORTRAN DATA statements. In the FORTRAN source language code, the DATA statement
named "EFHV" defines the ^missions factors for highway vehicles, and the DATA
statements "EMFAC1," "EMFAC2," "EMFAC3," "EMFAC4," and "EMFAC5" define the emission
factors, scaled for units of fuel, that are used in calculating the emissions.
Because some of the fuels are reported in tens of tons, hundreds of tons, thousands
of gallons, etc., the emission factors include these scaling factors. For example,
if 20 Ibs. of suspended particles are produced by the burning of a ton of fuel, and
the fuels totals are reported in tens of tons, then the emission factor would be
multiplied by ten but, because the output is in tons of pollutant, the resulting
number would then be divided by 2,000 which would yield a coefficient of .10,
indicating that for every ten tons of fuel burned, .1 tons of particulates would be
produced. If the units for reporting the fuel totals are ever changed, then the
change would have to be reflected in these scaled emission factors.
49
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When the CAASE5 program and its I/O subroutines were first written, the assump-
tion had been made that 200 grid squares would adequately apportion emissions in any
county being processed and that most counties could be adequately described with less
than 100 grid squares. The total computer core storage requirements for a "job" was
one of the terms included in the algorithm for computing computer charges on the
system used to develop and apply the CAASE system; priority, volume of input/output,
and the class of peripherals used were other terms. In early applications, the
dimension terms in the storage arrays that were a function of the number of grid
squares in a county were modified in the source language deck if any county being
processed required more than 100 grid squares. The CAASE5 program was later modified,
to its present form, whereby a five-statement "driving" program is used to set the
dimensions for CAASE5 and its subroutines. CAASE5 is then, technically, a subroutine
to the dimension setting "main" (driving) program; the main program has been compiled
for each computer run using the variable "NDIM" as the maximum number of grid squares
in any county being processed. In the processing of several AQCR's with a wide range
of the number of grid squares within each county, a linear relationship was plotted
of the actual core storage used by the load module (in thousands of bytes) and the
maximum number of grid squares (denoted by the variable "NDIM") in any county being
processed during a particular computer run; the regression line plotted in Figure 13
has been successfully used to estimate core storage requirements. As can be seen by
inspecting Figure 13 the approximate core storage requirements, in K bytes, equals
0.45 times NDIM +60, i.e. a slope of 0.45 and an intercept of 60K bytes. Figure 14
is an example of a run where the county being processed (Washington County, Ohio)
contained 92 grid squares; the driving program dimensions which were a function of the
number of grid squares were set to 100 and the variable NDIM passed these adjustable
dimensions to CAASE5 and its subroutines through the "call argument lists."
The sequence of steps performed by the CAASE5 program is repeated for each county
being processed and is described as follows: First, identification information for
50
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51
-------
the state, county, AQCR, and the number of grid squares in the county are read in
from cards. Cards with labeling information are then read in and the subroutine
READ1, which is described in Section 7.5, is called to read the "fuels" totals for
the county from magnetic tape. If READ1 does not return an error condition, proces-
sing continues. The weighted apportioning factors are then read from a magnetic tape
which was output from the CAASE4 program. The apportioning factor sums are then
developed and become the denominators for apportioning each of the source categories.
The program iterates ("loops") through the number of grid squares for the county being
processed and through all of the "fuel" categories. For each fuel category, the
number in each grid square is used as the numerator and the sum of all apportioning
values, for all grid squares, for that category is used as the denominator. This
fractional portion of the total "fuel" within the county is later apportioned to the
grid square. For example, if there are 50 grid squares within the county being
processed, the first fuel category (residential fuel-anthracite coal) is apportioned
into the 50 grid squares based on the fractional apportioning value assigned to each
grid square as explained in Sections 1.3, 5.1, and 9.0. A summation of these fractions,
for all grid squares, for each category, yields unity, i.e. , summing all of the
numbers for each grid square within the county for "Fuel Category 1" will equal the
first denominator. After the fuels have been apportioned for all categories, the
subroutine OUTPTl is called which causes the printing of tables; OUTPT1 is described
in Section 7.6. The CAASE5 program then calculates total emissions for each of the
five pollutants of interest (SP, SCL, NO , HC, and CO) for each of the fuel categories.
The mobile source categories are dealt with in the same way that the EPA NE03 program
calculates them measured vehicle miles by speed categories are used, if available,
and the ratios for vehicle classes are calculated using estimates of miles per gallon
of fuel used for each of the different vehicle classes. The emissions are then
apportioned one pollutant at a time to limit the core storage requirements. The total
emissions for all fuel categories, for the county, is summed and printed for comparison
with the total emissions recorded on the NEDS USER'S file. The five emissions for
52
-------
all fuel categories are summed for each grid square and saved for the IPP cards which
will be output later using the OUTPT3 subroutine described in Section 7.8 of this
manual. The apportioned emissions are printed in tabular form using the subroutine
OUTPT2 which is described in Section 7.7 of this manual. After apportioned emissions
are output for all five pollutants the IPP cards are produced by calling the OUTPT3
subroutine. A binary tape is written containing all table entries. Flow charts of
the program logic of CAASE5 and its subroutines appear in Appendix E.
6.2 Job Control Language (JCL) and Deck Setup
An example of the deck setup configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The JCL
cards associated with the example are illustrated in Figure 14. The JCL configuration
illustrated assumes the following:
a. The program is in object deck form except for the dimension
setting driving program.
b. The punched cards assigning values to the input variables
are in the job input stream.
c. Apportioning factor data are on magnetic tape, reel number
RED141, output from CAASE4 as file number four.
d. The fuels totals for the county being processed are on
magnetic tape, reel number ADC519, and represent a stripped
file from the NEDS emissions data base.
e. Output of apportioned emissions and fuels are output on the
printer file and are written on magnetic tape, reel number
RED143, as file number four.
6.3 Input Information
The punched card input variables appear in Table 10. The state, county, and
AQCR numbers are input. The number of grid squares for the county being processed,
the county name, and the EPA county number are also input. The EPA assignment of
county numbers is not the same as the Federal county's assignment on the census
53
-------
tapes; therefore, when referring to the county number, the Federal county code number
is used for census data, and the EPA county number is used when searching the "fuels"
total tape.
The end of processing for a particular computer run is signaled by a "0" in
the input card field specifying the number of grid squares within a county (the
variable "NAREAS"). The subroutine READ1 is used for reading the "fuels" totals
tape. The grid square identification, the county, the apportioning factor for each
grid square-source category combination (a 54 by N array where N is the number of
grid squares within the county), the UTM coordinates of the lower left-hand corner
of each grid square, and its side length, are input from a binary tape created in
CAASE4. The input card layout is described in Table 11.
6.4 Output Information
Output from the CAASE5 program includes diagnostic messages, error messages,
tables of apportioned fuels, tables of apportioned emissions for each of the five
pollutants of interest, an IPP card deck, and a binary tape containing the arrays
used in outputting the tables. As explained in Sections 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8 the
apportioned emissions and the apportioned fuels are output as tables where OUTPT1
output tables are for apportioned fuels, OUTPT2 tables are apportioned emissions
(and separate tables are produced for each of the five pollutants). OUTPT3 also
produces the card images in the IPP input format for the five pollutants. A binary
tape is produced of the apportioned fuels, emissions, and IPP card variables so that:
they are available for any additional computer applications which may arise. Figures
15 through 19 are examples of tables of apportioned fuels for Washington County, Ohio;
five tables are always necessary to output apportioned fuels for all source categories.
Apportioned emissions tables are output in a format similar to the apportioned fuels
tables, and Figure 20 is an example of the first page of the first table for particu-
late emissions for Washington County, Ohio. Figure 21 is an example of the table
printed by the CAASE5 program to depict the contribution of each source category to
54
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the county total for each pollutant; pollutants numbered 1 through 5 represent SP,
SO , NO , HC, and CO, respectively, and each table is read row-wise for the 54
categories; the last line in the figure appears in the output on a separate page
(it was placed in the figure to conserve space) and represents the total particulate
emissions for the county for all area source categories and was compared with the total
area source emissions from the NEDS USER'S file computed by the EPA NE03 program
during the application of the CAASE system. The county total for each pollutant is
output just prior to the output of the apportioned emissions tables for that pollutant.
Five tables for apportioned "fuels" are output with a maximum of 45 grid squares on
each page, and five tables are output for each of the five pollutants with a maximum
of 45 grid squares on each page. Information output on IPP cards is also printed;
see Figure 22 for an example.
55
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TABLE 10. TABLE OF INPUT VARIABLES, CAASE5
VARIABLE NAME
XSTATE
ICNTY
XAQCR
NAREAS
CNTY
KOUNTY
IPOLIT
IREGN
HDG
DEFINITION
EPA state code of selected state
Federal county code of selected county
Code number of selected Air Quality
Control Region
Number of grid squares in selected
county
Name of selected county
EPA county code of selected county
Political subdivision of selected Air
Quality Control Region
Code number of selected Air Quality
Control Region
Page heading including name of county
and state of interest
58
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TABLE 11. INPUT CARD LAYOUT, CAASE5
CARD TYPE COLUMNS FORMAT VARIABLE NAME
1* 1-10 F10.0 XSTATE
11-20 110 ICNTY
21-30 F10.0 XAQCR
31-40 110 NAREAS
47-50 A4 CNTY
51-60 110 KOUNTY
70 Al IPOLIT
78-80 A3 IREGN
2* 1-80 20A4 HDG
3 A blank card used only when there are no more counties
in the AQCR to be processed during the computer run.
CARD TYPES 1 and 2 make a set which is repeated for each county in the AQCR.
59
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7.0 SUBROUTINE DESCRIPTIONS
7.1 CED009 Subroutine
7.1.1 Subroutine Description
The CED009 routine is used for the conversion of coordinates expressed in
latitude and longitude to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates and was
obtained from the Mathematics and Computation Laboratory, National Resource Evaluation
Center; it is described in NREC Technical Manual No. 187, dated July 1966. The program
will convert coordinates worldwide. CED009, as originally received, used five
spheroid models which were (1) International; (2) Clarke, 1866; (3) Clarke, 1880;
(4) Everest; and (5) Bessel. Tables of coefficients necessary for the conversion
equations are contained in a FORTRAN BLOCK DATA Subroutine. In order to conserve
computer core storage requirements, and because the standard spheroid used in the
United States for dispersion modeling is the Clarke 1866, the routine has been
modified to deal only with the Clarice 1866 spheroid. The BLOCK DATA Subroutine was
modified to remove all tables of coefficients which were not related to the Clarke
1866 spheroid. The routine will convert geodetic latitudes from 80°»south of the
Equator to 80° north of the Equator, with those south of the Equator being considered
negative. The routine will convert any longitude from 180° west to 180° east of
Greenwich, with those west of Greenwich being considered negative; therefore, the
CAASE calling program, CAASEl, sets the longitudes from the MED-X census data tapes
to a negative value because all of the AQCR's lying within the contiguous United
States have west longitudes. Input variables to this subroutine are communicated
through the arguments in the "railing list" except for the tables of coefficients which
arc communicated through FORTRAN labeled COMMON and arc set in the BLOCK DATA Subroutine.
All output is through the subroutine "call argument list." The routine, as received was
coded in FORTRAN for the Control Data CDC 3600 as single precision; however, because
the CDC 3600 uses a computer word containing 60 binary bits and because the routine
was to be run on an IBM 370/165 system, where a single precision FORTRAN word
69
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contains 32 binary bits, all calculations involving numbers with more than six
significant decimal digits were modified to use double precision, thereby yielding a
FORTRAN word of 64 binary bits. The coefficients for the conversion equations in the
BLOCK DATA Subroutine were also converted to double precision for the IBM 370 version.
CED009 permits the entry of the geodetic location in radians or seconds with two
different scaling factors for each. For consistency, the calling program, CAASE1,
calls CED009 with latitude and longitude in seconds scaled by 10 .
7.1.2 Inputs to Subroutine
Inputs through the "call argument list" include longitude, latitude, and
an indicator of longitude and latitude units. Latitudes are expressed as positive
north of the Equator and longitudes are expressed as negative west of Greenwich and
east of 180° longitude.
7.1.3 Outputs from Subroutine
All outputs from the subroutine are passed through the "call argument list"
and include an integer UTM zone number from 1 to 60 corresponding directly to succes-
sive 6° intervals of longitude moving eastward from 180° longitude. The UTM
parameters for "northing" and for "easting," in meters, corresponding to the 500,000
meters values assigned to the Central Meridian of each zone, are returned to the
calling program. An error condition indication is returned to the calling program
where a value of 0 denotes "no error" and values of 1 or 2 represent errors in the
range of latitude or longitude; 3 indicates an error in units.
7.1.4 Other Subroutines Used
A BLOCK DATA Subroutine is used to initialize the variables in the FORTRAN
labeled COMMON "CORD," which are in FORTRAN DOUBLE PRECISION, and are a table of
coefficients used in the equations to convert from coordinates expressed as latitude
and longitude to UTM coordinates. It contains the FORTRAN statements: EQUIVALENCE,
DATA, DOUBLE PRECISION, and COMMON.
70
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7.2 GTGR Subroutine
7.2.1 Subroutine Description
This grid to grid conversion routine, obtained from EPA, is used when an
Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) straddles a UTM zone boundary. It is necessary, in
order to construct a grid made up of contiguous squares of unequal size, for a
common origin to be established for the entire AQCR; that is, to establish a lower
left-hand corner for the entire grid, then to relate all grid squares for the AQCR to
this common origin. The mathematical formulae to convert coordinates from one UTM
zone to another are those contained in the Department of the Army Technical Manual
TM-5-241-8, entitled "Universal Transverse Mercator Grid" (July 1958), Chapter 5,
Section 31. Tables used in the GTGR subroutine are from the Department of the Army
Technical Manual TM 5-241-2. Calculations are carried out in FORTRAN DOUBLE
PRECISION arithmetic and the tables for making the conversion are in a FORTRAN DEFINE
FILE statement and reside on disk; on2y a portion of the tables are read in to central
core, depending on where the point to be converted is geographically located. The
subroutine permits the grid to grid conversion from east to west, or from west to east;
that is, one can express the coordinates in the eastern zone as points relative to the
western zone, or conversely, can express the points in the western zone as coordinates
relative to the eastern zone. The CAASE system will permit either UTM zone to be
declared the "primary zone" but the user is cautioned that when selecting the eastern
zone as the primary zone it is possible to generate negative east-west UTM coordinates
which, at this time, are unacceptable to the Implementation Planning Program (IPP).
For the CAASE applications thus far, the western zone has been declared the "primary"
zone with one exception. However, because a distortion error is introduced when
converting from one zone to another, and is directly proportional to the distance the
point is located outside of the primary zone, the user should be aware that if most
of an AQCR lies in the eastern zone, but if a small portion of it extends into the
western zone, less distortion w: 1J be introduced by making the eastern zone the
"primary" zone. The introduction of negative easting coordinates must still be
avoided.
71
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7.2.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All inputs to subroutine GTGR are passed through the "call argument list,"
or read from a disk file. Inputs through the "call argument list" are the UTM
"northing" coordinate, the UTM "easting" coordinate, and a variable indicating whether
to convert east-to-west or west-to-east. The input UTM coordinates are modified and
therefore are changed from their input values.
7.2.3 Outputs from Subroutine
All outputs from subroutine GTGR are passed to the calling program through
the "call argument list" and are modified input values for the "easting" and "northing"
UTM coordinates, and represent their position relative to the new (primary) zone. An
error flag is set if the point to be converted lies outside the range of the tables.
7.2.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
7.3 POPMAP Subroutine
7.3.1 Subroutine Description
POPMAP is a population map plotting routine and is called by CAASE2 to draw
a map depicting centers of population and their relative population. The routine "opens"
(starts) a plotter picture of the specified size, draws X and Y axes, places tick-marks
along these axes, and labels the map, in addition to plotting the population data.
Using scaling factors passed to the subroutine through a FORTRAN COMMON statement, a
map of any practical scale can be produced. For the CAASE applications thus far, a
scale of 1:250,000 has been used. For demonstrational purposes, other scales were
tested. The first POPMAP subroutine call for each county causes the axes and labeling
information to be produced. For each call to the routine, a triangle (it could be any
of several symbols) is plotted at the center of the enumeration district, and a circle
is drawn around it with its radius proportional to the population of the enumeration
district. The scale used in this application was 1 inch of radius for each 4,000
people. Subroutine CIRCLE is described in Section 7.9.
72
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7.3.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All inputs are through the FORTRAN labeled COMMON "SCALES." The inputs
include the name of the state, the name of the county, the UTM coordinates of the lower
left-hand corner of the county, the scale factor for the radius of each circle, the
value of the scale factor for the map, the UTM coordinates of the point to be plotted,
the population to be depicted at the point, the length of the X and Y axes in inches,
the FORTRAN I/O unit number for the printer, the number of X and Y tick-marks wanted on
the axes, and the incremental distance in inches between tick-marks. Also, an indicator
is passed denoting whether it is the first call to the routine for that county; that
is, must the map axes and labels be drawn. An input variable also determines whether
the standard sized picture (a Y axis of 10.5 inches and an X axis of 14.0 inches) can
be used. The "default" paper size on the CALCOMP plotter used in this application was
11 inches wide. Therefore, if the standard picture did not provide sufficient space
there were two options: (1) that a 10.5 inch Y axis was sufficient, but that the X axis
length must be increased (which did not require operator action), and (2) that the
operator needed to change to the 30-inch wide paper on the plotter which made a Y axis
up to 29.5 inches possible and in which case an operator message had to be issued by the
POPMAP routine. In using the CAASE system and a scale of 1:250,000, most counties
could be plotted with a 10.5-inch south-to-north and a 14-inch west-to-east plotter
picture. Mixing the requirements for 30-inch and 11-inch wide plotter paper on the
same computer run is not recommended.
7.3.3 Outputs from Subroutine
POPMAP outputs a map, drawn to scale, with axes and labeling and with a
triangle representing each enumeration district center and a circle with radius
proportional to its population. Error and diagnostic messages are output if necessary.
As explained above, an operator message is issued when non-standard width plotter paper
is needed.
73
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7.3.4 Other Subroutines Used
Subroutines used include systems plotter routines which, although
performing standard line-drawing plotter functions, may have modifications and aliases
which are unique to the system that CAASE was developed on. The Triangle Universities
Computer Center (TUCC), located in the Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, is the
computer complex used in the development of CAASE. Plotter routines, their names, the
functions they perform, and their "call argument list" requirements are briefly
described as follows:
a. PICSIZ PICSIZ is used to open a picture on the plotter and has
"call list arguments" to specify the dimensions of the picture in inches along the
X axis and the Y axis, respectively. A call to the PICSIZ subroutine with the
arguments (0.0, 0.0) is necessary to close the plotter file at the end of each
computer run.
b. PENMSG The PENMSG subroutine is used to generate, on the plotter
file, a computer console message to the operator at the plotter terminal. Its use
in this system has been to inform the operator to place 30-inch wide paper on the
plotter.
c. ORIGIN The ORIGIN routine is used to redefine the origin in
plotter space, and is commonly used when moving the origin from the lower left-hand
corner of the "picture" to an internal point to draw axes and tic-marks, etc. ORIGIN
can either be progressive, i.e. cumulative, or the new origin can be relative to the
corner of the total picture, which has been the application used in the CAASE system.
d. PLOT The PLOT program moves the plotter pen from one location
within the plotter picture to another location and does it in one of the following ways:
with the pen up, or with the pen down. The "call list arguments" of PLOT are an X
coordinate or an array of X coordinates, followed by a Y coordinate or an array of Y
coordinates, followed by an indicator to either move to the location with the pen up
(if the third argument has the value 1), or denotes the size of the arrays if the
third argument is greater than 1. The coordinates are expressed as floating point
numbers, and represent inches in plotter space. For example, if the pen was at the
74
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origin, i.e the picture had just been opened, and the pen was to be moved to the
location 4.0 in the X direction and 5.0 in the Y direction in an up position, the
subroutine call would be "CALL PLOT (4.0, 5.0, 1)." However, ±f a line from the
origin to 4.0 in X and 5.0 in Y was desired, arrays for-X and Y are necessary, where
X(l) = 0.0, X(2) = 4.0, Y(l) = 0.0, Y(2) = 5.0, N = 2, the call then is "CALL PLOT
(X,Y,N)." Arrays of any reasonable size are possible, the only limitations being
available core storage and the required plotting time.
e. SYMBOL This routine draws letters or other symbolic characters
on the plotting paper. Any character available on an IBM 029 keypunch can be plotted;
additionally, many special characters are available (for example, the Greek alphabet).
Any character string can be plotted, provided it ends with an "underscore" symbol which
is found on the upper case "W" on an IBM 029 keypunch, and also provided the character
string is enclosed in quotes.
f. WHERE This routine is used to find the current location of the
plotter pen, its "call list arguments" return to the calling program the present
location of the pen in X and Y coordinates in plotter space inches. It has been used
in the CAASE application to insert variable information in labeling a plotter chart
after a string of standard characters has been drawn.
g. NUMBER This routine's "call list arguments" include an X coordinate,
a Y coordinate, a character height expressed in inches, the name of a variable
containing a floating point number, the angular displacement in degrees from the X axis,
and the number of significant digits desired to the right of the decimal point. It is
used to convert a floating point number to EBCDIC characters and to then draw it on
the plotter it uses "SYMBOL" after the conversion.
h. MARK This routine is used to plot a special character or symbol
with its center at the current pen location. Its "call list arguments" include the
symbol number (from a table), and the desired height of the symbol in inches. Its use
in CAASE has been to draw a triangle at the center of each enumeration district, and
optionally, to draw an "X" at the center of each grid square.
75
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i. CIRCLE This routine was obtained from the North Carolina State
University Computer Center, and is described in Section 7.9 of this manual.
7.4 POPBOX Subroutine
7.4.1 Subroutine Description
This grid drawing subroutine is called by the CAASE3 program and is used
to create the plotter file for drawing a map, to scale, for the entire AQCR, once the
grid has been selected off-line using outputs from the CAASE2 program. Communication
with the subroutine is through the FORTRAN labeled COMMON "BOXES." The program causes
a message to be issued to the operator to replace the standard 11-inch wide plotter
paper with 30-inch wide paper. POPBOX is given the coordinates of the lower left-
hand corner of each grid square, and its side length and it calculates the other three
corners. It then causes a line to be drawn through the five points (the lower left-
hand corner being both the starting and ending point). Optionally, an "X" can be
drawn at the center of the grid square to aid in error checking. The axes and reference
tick-marks are drawn and labeled. A map can be drawn to any scale, the only limitation
being the physical size of the available plotter space. In the CAASE applications,
thus far, the scale 1:250,000 has been used but, for demonstration purposes, a subset
of the grid of an AQCR (ST. LOUIS) was drawn on a scale of 1:24,000. The scale
factor is an input variable to the calling routine.
7.4.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All inputs are passed through the FORTRAN labeled COMMON "BOXES," and
include the UTM coordinates of the lower left-hand corner of the AQCR, the name of
the AQCR, the side length of each grid square, the length of the X and Y axes, the
number of tick-marks on each axis (the tick-mark increment spacing has been set for
5 km and is developed by using the scale of the map to calculate the distances in
plotter space), the total number of grid squares in the AQCR, and an indicator
selecting the option to draw an "X" at the center of each grid square if desired.
76
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7.4.3 Outputs from Subroutine
Outputs from the subroutine include a labeled map, drawn to scale, outlining
all grid squares within the Air Quality Control Region being processed, diagnostic
messages, and operator messages.
7.4.4 Other Subroutines Used
The plotter systems subroutines PICSIZ, PENMSG, ORIGIN, PLOT, SYMBOL, NUMBER,
and WHERE are used, and are briefly described in Section 7.3.4 above.
7.5 READ1 Subroutine
7.5.1 Subroutine Description
This routine reads the "fuel" totals tape for the county being processed.
All communication with the routine is through FORTRAN labeled COMMON. A "fuel's
total" record from an edited NEDS Area Source file is read for the state, county, and
AQCR of interest. The FORTRAN labeled COMMON "WHICH" is used for identification
variables, the labeled COMMON "FUELS" is used to pass to the routine the variables read
from the "fuels record," and the labeled COMMON "IOUNIT" is used to pass to the routine
the I/O unit number assignments. This subroutine is called by the CAASE5 program.
7.5.2 Inputs to Subroutine
Although three FORTRAN labeled COMMON statements are provided, not all of
the variables in these labeled COMMON'S are used by READ1. The tape I/O unit number,
state, county, and AQCR numbers are used. From the "fuels" tape this routine reads all
of the variables appearing on the Area Source Form EPA (DUR) 219 3/72. These variables
include identification information and "fuels" totals for all of the source categories
currently defined.
7.5.3 Outputs from Subroutine
Outputs from this routine are passed through FORTRAN labeled COMMON and
include the "fuels total record," an error indication if an "END OF FILE" condition
is encountered on the tape without finding the county of interest, and an error message
on the printer if the county is not found.
77
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7.5.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
7.6 OUTPT1 Subroutine
7.6.1 Subroutine Description
This routine, called by the CAASE5 program, formats and prints a tabular
listing of the apportioned ("SMEARED") county fuel totals for all source categories
on Form No. EPA (DUR) 219 3/72. All communication with the calling routine is through
FORTRAN labeled COMMON statements. Five tables are produced, and apportioned fuels
for up to 45 grid squares are printed on each output page. A binary tape record is
written for each grid square.
7.6.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All inputs are through FORTRAN labeled COMMON statements and include the
apportioned fuel totals, grid square identifications, labeling information, and I/O
unit assignment numbers.
7.6.3 Outputs from Subroutine
Apportioned fuel totals, with identification and labeling information, are
printed in tabular form. Five tables are produced and data for up to 45 grid squares
are printed on each page. Table 1 contains identification information, apportioned
fuels, and the first of six source categories, Table 2 contains abbreviated identification
information and apportioned fuels for source categories 7-20, Table 3 contains
abbreviated identification information and apportioned fuels for source categories 21-32.
Table 4 contains abbreviated identification information and apportioned fuels for source
categories 33-45, Table 5 contains abbreviated identification information and apportioned
fuels for source categories 46-54. A binary tape record is written for each grid
square-source category combination and includes the identification data.
7.6.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
78
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7.7 OUTPT2 Subroutine
7.7.1 Subroutine Description
This routine, called by the CAASE5 program, formats and prints the
apportioned emissions for each source category on Form No. EPA (DUR) 219 3/72. It
is called by CAASE5 five times during the processing of each county and outputs the
apportioned ("SMEARED") emissions for one of the five pollutants each time it is
called. The only communication with the routine that is not passed through FORTRAN
labeled COMMON is a variable indicating which of the five pollutants the emissions
array contains. This variable is also used to control the labeling of the tables. With
the exception of formatting and labeling, OUTPT2 is very similar to OUTPT1. The routine
is called by the CAASE5 program as each pollutant's emissions are calculated and
"SMEARED;" this technique is used so that a larger storage array is not required, i.e.
one containing all five pollutants.
7.7.2 Inputs to Subroutine
With but one exception, inputs are through FORTRAN labeled COMMON statements
which provide I/O unit assignment numbers, identification information, and an array
containing emissions for each source category-grid square combination. A pointer is
passed through the "call argument list" to indicate which of the five pollutants the
emissions array contains.
7.7.3 Outputs from Subroutine
Tabular listings of emissions, by source category-grid square combinations,
are output from this routine. Up to 45 grid squares are printed on each page and, in
order to deal with all source categories on Form No. EPA (DUR) 219 3/72, five tables
are produced each time the routine is called. The table numbers and the source categorie
contained therein are the same as those described in Section 7.6.3 (OUTPT1 outputs) but
the table entries are apportioned emissions instead of apportioned fuels.
7.7.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
79
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7.8 OUTPT3 Subroutine
7.8.1 Subroutine Description
This routine, called by the CAASE5 program, converts the total emissions
apportioned to each grid square, from all source categories, from tons/year to tons/day
for each of the five pollutants being processed. The routine outputs a printer line
and a punched card in the Implementation Planning Program (IPP) format which was
expanded to include additional data as described in Section 7.8.3 below.
7.8.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All communication with the subroutine is through FORTRAN labeled COMMON
statements which contain location and labeling information, I/O unit assignment numbers,
total sulfur dioxide, suspended particles, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and
carbon monoxide emissions for each grid square.
7.8.3 Outputs from Subroutine
A card is punched for each grid square in the expanded IPP format for area
sources, the card image is printed on the line printer, and the data elements are
written on binary tape as a separate record for each grid square.
7.8.4 Other Subroutines Used
No non-systems routines are used.
7.9 CIRCLE Subroutine
7.9.1 Subroutine Description
This routine is used for drawing circles with the plotter and was obtained
from the North Carolina State University Computer Center; the exact origin of the routine
is unknown. All communications with the routine are through the "call argument list."
The routine has been modified to prevent the pen from leaving the plotter picture when
working near the edge. CIRCLE is called by the POPMAP routine and is used to draw a
circle proportional to the population count with its center at the center of an enumera-
district. It is possible for the center of an enumeration district, represented by the
coordinates from the edited MED-X census tapes, to be within the plotter picture and
80
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yet have a circle developed which would leave the picture, i.e., part of the arc along
the circumference of the circle would be outside the picture. To keep this from
happening, because it generates error messages from the computer's "operating system,"
the routine has been modified to test for the condition- and the arc of the circle is
truncated at the edge of the picture. This procedure still provides the user a
graphical representation of the relative population because at least 180° of the arc
depicting the radius of the circle would be drawn.
7.9.2 Inputs to Subroutine
All arguments in the call list are input variables. They include the X
and Y coordinates of the center of the circle to be drawn, the beginning angular
displacement from the positive X axis, the final displacement angle from the X axis,
the beginning radius, the ending radius, the maximum plotter distance on the X axis,
the maximum plotter distance on the Y axis, and a variable used for controlling the
drawing of either solid lines or dashed lines. For the CAASE application, the
beginning and ending radius were equal, and the beginning and ending angular displace-
ments from the X .ixis were 0° and 360°, respectively.
7.9.3 Outputs from Subroutine
The subroutine writes plotter records to draw a circle.
7.9.4 Other Subroutines Used
The subroutine PLOT is used; it is described in Section 7.3.4 of this
manual.
81
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8.0 OFF-LINE GRIDDING PROCEDURE
8.1 Objective
The objective of the off-line gridding is to provide a legically determined set
of grid squares to which area source emissions can be allocated on the basis of
characteristics of the grid square or on the basis of subjectively, or objectively
determined weighting factors. Pertinent grid square characteristics are: contained
population (or its inverse), area side length, contained housing units, and housing
per unit area (or its inverse). These characteristics and the introductory discussion
in Section 1.0, above, indicate the dominance of population as a basis for the
distribution of area source emissions.
8.2 Required Data
The gridding procedure requires, as a primary input, the plotted charts of
population centers graphically showing the location and population of each enumeration
district in each county of the subject AQCR. These charts are produced as output
from the CAASE2 program, and are scaled to match an appropriate base map which
presents topographic features, terrain characteristics, and political boundaries.
The U.S. Geological Survey, 1:250,000 scale, maps have been very satisfactory as base
maps for the gridding.
8.3 Procedure
While several approaches can be taken in preparing a grid for a multi-county AQCR,
the following sequence has proved to be satisfactory. Alternative methods or explanatory
information is given as appropriate.
a. Select appropriate Geological Survey 1:250,000 scale maps to
cover all counties of the AQCR. Outline each county using a
felt-tipped pen of contrasting color (blue has been satisfac-
tory). On the edges of each map where they will adjoin other
83
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map sections, extend the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate
*
tick-marks into the map area (to preserve their location when the
border is trimmed or unfolded).
b. Orient, align, and join the maps required on a working surface of
**
suitable size. Position maps for convenient use of a drafting
machine or continuously parallel ruler. When orientation has
been established with regard to the UTM coordinate system, secure
the maps against further movement.
c. Using the UTM grid system, draw and label gridlines on each
separate map. One horizontal (east-west) and one vertical
(north-south) gridline on each map should be sufficient. These
gridlines are used to orient the county plots of population
centers, and to serve as guides for properly joining adjacent
maps. Accordingly, the same UTM coordinate gridline should
extend from one map to another. Where an AQCR includes more than
one UTM zone, the practice has been established within the CAASE
programs of relating all coordinates to the westernmost zone. Thus,
the UTM grid system of the western portion of the AQCR is extrapolated
with straight lines over the eastern portion of the AQCR; UTM tick-
marks on maps of the eastern portion of the AQCR are ignored. An
exception to this practice occurs if most of the area of the AQCR
lies in the eastern UTM zone and a significantly smaller portion of
the AQCR area is in the western UTM zone.
d. Overlay the Geological Survey maps with tracing paper on which
the grid square system will be drawn. Fasten down the tracing
paper in a manner which will allow county population charts to be
*
Indicated by blue tick-marks at 10,000-meter intervals on the four edges of each U.S.
Geological Survey 1:250,000 scale map.
**
A light-table, preferably with an illuminated area of approximately 3x3 feet, is
considered essential as a working surface.
84
-------
inserted and aligned between the maps and the tracing paper. Trace
the UTM grid lines constructed under c, above, onto the tracing
paper as guides to proper register as work continues.
e. Using the UTM grid, draw lightly a system of 10 km x 10 km
coordinates over the entire AQCR. These will be used as guides
to the construction of the detailed grid.
f. Arbitrarily select an initial county and trace its border onto
the tracing paper (blue pencil). Insert, orient, and temporarily
affix the appropriate county population chart between the map and
the tracing paper.
g. Examine the relationship between the 10 km square grid drawn in
e, above, and the county boundaries and the population centers.
Visualize the 10 km grid displaced 5 km north, 5 km east, or both.
Select the actual or visualized grid that will (1) most closely
approximate the county boundary and (2) permit the largest number
of rural population centers to be located near the center of a
10 km x 10 km grid square. If a displaced grid appears most
appropriate for the county, construct it, again lightly in
pencil, but retain the original 10 km x 10 km grid.
h. Proceed to draw grid squares, using the 5 km, or 10 km square
grid and the 5 km ticks plotted on the margins of the population
chart as guides. Grid squares with sides less than 5 km long are
constructed by direct measurement from an existing gridline. On
the 1:250,000 scale map 4 mm equals 1 km.
Considerable judgement must be exercised in selecting the
size grid squares to be used. Topography, urbanization, foresta-
tion, transportation systems and similar features depicted on the
Geological Survey maps all influence the determination of the grid
square system. Some isolated population centers can readily be
85
-------
"framed" by squares with 10, 15, 20, 25, or even 30 km sides,
without including other centers in the square. Whenever
possible, these large grid squares should be used to keep the
number of squares designated as small as possible. This saves
both clerical time and computer requirements in later steps
in the CAASE system. It is not essential that only one popula-
tion center be enclosed in a grid square. Two or more population
centers can fall into one grid square, provided that the map
features (or more direct knowledge of the area being gridded)
suggest that population distribution throughout the grid square
is relatively uniform.
In gridding urban areas containing many enumeration districts,
small size grid squares are used to provide a resolution compatible
with the data points available. Small size squares are also used
where necessary to provide a close approximation of the county
boundary. However, even when the smallest practicable grid square,
i.e. 1 km by 1 km, is used, occasional inclusion of population
centers from the adjacent county occur, as do exclusion of
population centers from the county being gridded. This is not
considered serious since only small fractions of a percent of
the total county population are involved.
Other occurrences of population centers falling outside
the county boundaries occur as a result of errors in the location
coordinates assigned to the center. Although these misplaced
centers are immediately apparent when the population center
chart is placed under the overlay on which the county borders
have been traced, determination of the source of error usually
is not feasible. If the misplaced center is not far from the
county border, and is not superimposed on a population center(s)
of the adjacent county the grid system being constructed possibly
86
-------
may be expanded to include the misplaced center. In at least one
instance, all centers within a county were obviously displaced
those near the county borders by greater distances .than those near
the center of the county area. This situation suggested an error
in a factor related to distance from the county center and a
proportional correction factor was determined and applied to all
coordinates. Ad hoc decisions must be made for each location
error situation occurring in the plotted population charts since
the position coordinates cannot be readily traced to primary
source data.
i. When the grid square system for one county has been completed, a
contiguous county population chart is selected and the process is
repeated. No particular pattern of county selection seems
preferable. Gridding of an AQCR can be done with equal facility
starting with a central county, or an eastern, western, southern,
or northern border county.
Figure 23 is an example of a completed county grid.
87
-------
88
-------
9.0 OBJECTIVE APPORTIONING FACTORS AND SUBJECTIVE OVERRIDING WEIGHTING FACTORS
A basic concept in the development of the CAASE procedures was to use objective
techniques, where possible, to select a grid and to apportion the area source emis-
sions from county totals for each source category into each grid square. It was
recognized that many of the source categories were amenable to apportioning as
functions of the distribution of population and housing within counties. Ideally,
objective methods could be used throughout the processing of area source emissions
using computer processable data sources already available in computer compatible
data bases. It was obvious that there were certain categories of usable data available
for some counties which were not always available for other counties; further, that
much of these data existed only in source document or tabular form, e.g. land use maps,
traffic counts, airport operations activity, etc. A great deal of effort would be
necessary to assemble these data and to incorporate them into a computer processable
data base for objective apportioning. Such an effort, practical or not, was beyond
the scope of the project undertaken. It appeared, however, that area source emissions
for most categories were amenable to distribution by objective techniques to the grid
squares of a county.
For convenience, the several fields of "fuel" data on the Area Source Input Form
EPA (DUR) 219 3/72 have been sequentially numbered for category number, major classifi-
cation, e.g. residential fuel, industrial fuel, etc., and minor classification, e.g.
anthracite coal, bituminous coal, distillate oil, etc. Table 12 relates the category
number to its major and minor classifications. Although the majority of emission
source categories can be apportioned using objective techniques, provisions are made
in the CAASE4 program to override any or all source categories for each grid square
where available information indicates that the objective apportioning factor will not
yield valid results. In order to facilitate the use of any available data for
apportioning, the apportioning factor program (CAASE4) logic has been written to
optionally input subjectively determined apportioning factors for any area source
emissions category on EPA form number 219 (Durham 3/72) for any area source grid
89
-------
TABLE 12. AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS CATEGORY NUMBERS
AND THEIR OBJECTIVE APPORTIONING FACTOR
CATEGORY MAJOR
NUMBER CLASSIFICATION
1 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
2 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
3 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
4 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
5 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
6 RESIDENTIAL FUEL
7 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
8 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
9 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
10 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
11 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
12 COMM'L & INSTITL FUEL
13 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
14 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
15 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
16 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
17 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
18 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
19 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
20 INDUSTRIAL FUEL
21 ON-SITE INCINERATION
22 ON-SITE INCINERATION
23 ON-SITE INCINERATION
24 OPEN BURNING
25 OPEN BURNING
26 OPEN BURNING
27 GASOLINE FUEL
28 GASOLINE FUEL
29 GASOLINE FUEL
30 DIESEL FUEL
31 DIESEL FUEL
32 DIESEL FUEL
33 AIRCRAFT
34 AIRCRAFT
35 AIRCRAFT
36 VESSELS
37 VESSELS
38 VESSELS
39 VESSELS
40 EVAPORATION
41 EVAPORATION
42 MEASURED VEH MILES
43 MEASURED VEH MILES
44 MEASURED VEH MILES
45 MEASURED VEH MILES
46 DIRT RDS TRAVELED
47 DIRT AIRSTRIPS
48 CONSTRUCT T,AND AREA
49 ROCK HANDLG & STORAGE
50 FOREST FIRES
51 SLASH BURNING
52 FROST CONTROL
53 STRUCTURE FIRES
54 COAL REFUSE BURNING
MINOR
CLASSIFICATION
ANTH. COAL
BITUM. COAL
DIST. OIL
RESID. OIL
NAT. GAS
WOOD
ANTH. COAL
BITUM. COAL
DIST. OIL
RESID. OIL
NAT. GAS
WOOD
ANTH. COAL
BITUM. COAL
COKE
DIST. OIL
RESID. OIL
NAT. GAS
WOOD
PROCESS GAS
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMM'L & INSTITL
RESIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL
COMM'L & INSTITL
LIGHT VEHICLE
HEAVY VEHICLE
OFF HIGHWAY
HEAVY VEHICLE
OFF HIGHWAY
RAIL LOCOMOTIVE
MILITARY
CIVIL
COMMERCIAL
ANTH. COAL
DIESEL OIL
RESID. OIL
GASOLINE
SOLVENT PURCHASED
GAS MARKETED
LIMITED ACCESS RDS
RURAL ROADS
SUBURBAN RDS
URBAN ROADS
AREA-ACRES
AREA-ACRES
ORCHARD HEATERS
NO. YEAR
SIZE OF BANK
OBJECTIVE
APPORTIONING FACTOR*
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
HOUSING UNITS
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
HOUSING UNITS
POPULATION
POPULATION
HOUSING UNITS
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
POPULATION
L/POPULATION DENSITY
POPULATION
1/POPULATION DENSITY
GRID SQ. SIDE LENGTH
AREA
AREA
AREA
GRID SQ. SIDE LENGTH
GRID SQ. SIDE LENGTH
GRID SQ. SIDE LENGTH
GRID SQ. SIDE LENGTH
POPULATION
POPULATION
I/POPULATION DENSITY
I/POPULATION DENSITY
POPULATION
POPULATION
1/POPULATION DENSITY
I/POPULATION DENSITY
AREA
AREA
I/POPULATION DENSITY
I/POPULATION DPZNSITY
I/POPULATION DENSITY
POPULATION
AREA
*Each of the above apportioning factors is multiplied by a weighting factor where some
are initialized as zero for all grid squares and some are initialized as 1.0 for all
grid squares. These initial weighting factors can be overridden with input data if
desired.
90
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square in the county(ies) being processed. The most extreme use of this option would
be to subjectively determine the fraction of the "fuels" for each and every area
source emission category, for each and every grid square being processed, and thus
override all the objective terms (apportioning factors) in CAASE4; the grid used
could even be one developed independently of the CAASE system CAASE4 would simply
perform some calculations for the user and provide compatible inputs to CAASE5 which
would then calculate emissions and apportion them with the apportioning factors
output from CAASE4.
An attempt has been made to assign an objective apportioning factor to each area
source emissions category reported on EPA form number (DUR) 219 3/72. Candidate
*
objective apportioning factors available on the Bureau of the Census MED-X tapes,
include population, housing counts, and an urban-rural classification. After the grid
is established, each grid square area and side length is also available. During the
attempt to assign objective apportioning factors to all source categories, the
conclusion was reached that some categories, e.g. apportioning of the residential
heating source categories by housing counts, were quite amenable to objective methods,
while others, e.g. airport operations, were not amenable to objective apportioning
and should be subjectively determined and "overridden" (provided off-line as inputs)
in all cases.
Although the CAASE system permits subjective weighting factors to be assigned
for any source category, from a practical standpoint they should be limited to those
categories where acceptable objective data, in a computer processable form, are not
available. A large number of technical personnel man-hours could be expended to
"better" apportion a source category which may contribute only one or two percent of
the total area source emissions and as little as one-tenth of one percent of the
AQCR's total emissions (when point sources are included). To apportion emissions
*
Master Enumeration District Listing (MEDList) extended to include geographic
coordinates.
91
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from airport operations as a function directly proportional to the area of each grid
square introduces a small error; however, one can quickly determine which grid squares
in a county contain airports, or appear to be affected by them. On the other hand, a
large amount of time could be spent in preparing overriding weighting factors for
railroad operations in an urban county containing a large number of grid squares and
heavy railroad activity (e.g. St. Clair County, Illinois, in the Metropolitan St.
Louir AQCR) where an objective apportioning factor may yield comparable results to
apportion railroad activity as a function of grid square size may introduce
insignificant and therefore acceptable percentage errors.
An important point to keep in mind when assigning overriding apportioning factors
is that the factor is developed by dividing the weight assigned to the particular grid
square (for a particular source category) by the sum of the weights assigned to all
grid squares in the county. Therefore, whether the total refers to housing counts,
area, population, or a combination of these and/or other factors will in no way
modify the total emissions in the county which are to be apportioned to the individual
grid squares. For each source category, the apportioning value represents each grid
square's proportional share of the county total. This apportioning value is used as a
numerator for the fraction of total fuels or total emissions which will be apportioned
to that particular grid square for that particular source category. To sum all of the
fractions for a particular source emissions category associated with each individual
grid square within the county would yield unity. In order to permit the overriding
of any source category-grid square combination, the apportioning number which is used
is actually the product of a weighting factor and an objective apportioning factor.
The weighting factors for most source categories are initially set to 1.0 (others are
set to zero) by the CAASE4 program for all grid squares, which essentially removes
their effect on the apportioning; that is, apportioning is totally controlled by the
objective apportioning factor (value) assigned by the program (e.g. housing units),
because each grid square is given the weight of 1.0. However, in the case of airport
operations (source category numbers 33, 34, and 35), the weighting factors for all
92
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grid squares are initially assigned the value zero. This zero weighting factors
assignment means that no emissions associated with aircraft operations will be
apportioned to a grid square unless the technical personnel processing the county
through the CAASE system assigns a non-zero weighting factor to a grid square(s).
For aircraft operations the objective apportioning factor used is area which is then
multiplied by the weighting factor (generally zero for most grid squares) to apportion
the "fuels" and emissions into the grid squares where, in the user's opinion, aircraft
operations contribute to pollution. Therefore, a grid square which has a large area
would be apportioned more emissions than a grid square which has a smaller area (but
both would have the same emissions per unit area), providing they both had equal
weighting factor coefficients. The technical personnel dealing with emissions from
aircraft operations could, for example, assign a 1.0 weighting factor to any grid
square being affected by aircraft operations and leave the zero weighting factor
in all other grid squares; the CAASE4 program would then apportion fuels and emissions
strictly as a function of area; that is, a grid square of one square kilometer area
would be apportioned only one twenty-fifth (l/25th) of the emissions apportioned to
a five-by-five kilometer grid square representing 25 square kilometers. Or, the user
could assign a value, e.g., 3.0, to the grid squares nearest an airport, 2.0 to the
adjacent grid squares, and 1.0 to the furthermost grid squares being affected by
aircraft operations, and leave zeroes in the remaining grid squares. This would
cause both the area of the grid squares and their proximity to the airport (and
aircraft operations areas) to be determining factors as to where these categories of
source emissions should be apportioned within the county. It is possible, of course,
to change the initialization value (in the CAASE4 program deck) for source categories
33, 34, and 35, and to simply assign a "default" weighting factor of 1.0. This would
have the effect of apportioning the emissions and fuels from aircraft operations
equally (emissions per unit area) throughout the county whereby grid squares with
large areas would be apportioned proportionally larger portions of the emissions. It
would, in effect, be analogous to an additional background concentration factor when
93
-------
used in a dispersion model. It is suggested that emissions from these types of
activities be apportioned to grid squares which they affpct where information and
technical man-hours are available. The method of introducing overriding apportioning
weighting factors is discussed in Section 5.3, Input Data CAASE4.
Source emissions categories, which can be described as linear, i.e. with only
length considered, are objectively apportioned as being directly proportional functions
of grid square side lengths. Emissions from railroad locomotives and waterborne
vessels, especially in non-urban areas, should be apportioned based on the linear
variable "grid square side length" rather than the second degree variable, area.
Using railroad tracks as an example (with no consideration of the relative traffic
activity), if a track(s) spans a grid square then, for source emissions apportioning
purposes, the basic consideration is the length of the track(s) lying within the
grid square being considered. Any objectively assigned apportioning, or subjectively
determined weighting, factor will be used for the later determination of the grid
square's fractional contribution to the county total source emissions for railroad
locomotive categories. With these goals in mind, the largest distance across a grid
square is the diagonal distance through the opposite corners (e.g. northwest corner
to southeast corner), and mathematically is the square root of twice the square of
V2 2
x + y where x and y are equal and for which the
distance becomes d = \2x or\2 x. The constant V2 appears for each grid square in
any summation for all non-zero apportioned grid squares and can therefore be dropped
when weighing each grid square's contribution to the county total. If railroads are
to be assigned subjectively determined (or alternative objective) overriding weighting
factors when processing a county, then the following approaches are suggested: A
scale of zero to ten (or any convenient scale) can be established whereby, for each
grid square, the overriding subjectively determined weighting factor is a combination
of the number of tracks crossing the grid square and what fraction of the maximum
possible distance across the grid square each track represents. A single railroad
track crossing the grid square coincident with one of the maximum possible distances
could then, for example, be assigned the overriding apportioning factor of 1.0; two
94
-------
parallel tracks crossing there could then be assigned the value 2.0. One track
crossing a grid square along a path one-half the distance of the maximum possible
distance could be assigned the overriding factor 0.5 and if two tracks were being
considered, then they could be assigned twice this value, i.e. 1.0.
As explained in other sections of this manual, a great deal of resolution
(sophistication) can be introduced in the assignment of subjectively determined
(or alternative objective) overriding weighting factors, but the CAASE system's
user should weigh the anticipated benefits in resolution and accuracy versus the
gross assumptions of annual averaging of total emissions, meteorological conditions,
and the source category's percentage contributions to the total emissions; an
unwarranted amount of technical-personnel time could be expended to obtain fractional
percentages of change in the total air quality modeling output? as functions of the
apportioned area source inputs.
95
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APPENDIX A
LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS CAASE1 (and Subroutines)
A-l
-------
CAASE 1
C START J
2
SET FORTRAN INPUT-OUTPUT
UNIT NUMBERS FOR COMPUTER
SYSTEM BEING USED
IND1=4 FOR SUBROUTINE CED009
ICNT=1 FOR NUMBER OF STATES
IN AQCR
SCALEX
NSTAT,AQCR
REWIND
OUTPUT
TAPE
READ
SCALING
FACTOR
READ NO. OF
STATES IN
AQCR AND
AQCR NAME
PRINT AQCR
NAME AND
NUMBER OF
/STATES IN AQCRJ
NSTAT,
AQCR
A-3
-------
CAASE 1, p.2
NCNTY,STATE
ICNTY(N),CNTY(M,N)
100
INITIALIZE
END-OF-FILE
VARIABLE
(IEND=0)
READ NO. OF
COUNTIES IN
STATE AND
STATE NAME
READ FEDERAL /
'COUNTY CODE AND/
COUNTY NAME /
OF EACH COUNTY/
IN THE STATE /
PRINT STATE
NAME AND
NUMBER OF
COUNTIES FOR
THIS STATE
STATE,
NCNTY
J(LOOP ENDS AT 150)
V
£
LOOP ON NUMBER V OF COUNTIES IN STATE
I
INITIALIZE
RECORD COUNTER
TO ZERO FOR
EACH COUNTY
(IREC=0)
150
END OF y LOOP
A
.J
A-A
-------
G>
SET VARIABLES
IND1-USED BY
SUBROUTINE CED009
IWHER=1-DENOTING
RECORD MUST BE
READ FROM MED-X TAPE
155 LOOP JJTIMESi
£(L"OOP~ENDS AT 160)
^
INITIALIZE
MINIMUM AND
MAXIMUM X
AND Y VALUES
160 END OF V LOOP
CAASE 1, p.3
INITIALIZE
ZONES
IZONE(l)
IZONE(2)
INITIALIZE
VARIABLE "MTCH"
TO ZERO. WILL
BE SET WHEN
COUNTY MATCH
IS MADE
PRINT
NAME OF
COUNTY
HAS
IRST RECORD
OF COUNTY BEEN
READ?
A-5
-------
CAASE 1, p. 4
1490
SET END-OF-FILE
VARIABLE TO 1,
INDICATING ALL
COUNTIES FOR
THIS STATE HAVE
BEEN PROCESSED
HAS
AN END-
OF-FILE BEEN
ENCOUNTERED?
210 ' IS
'COUNTY CODE
ON TAPE EQUAL
COUNTY CODE
IN
A A..LT.
P.3
is
"MTCH"
EQUAL 1, INDICATING
COUNTY MATCH
SET "MTCH"
EQUAL 1
320
'THERE LAT. &
LONG. COORDINATES
FOR THIS DISTRICT
(SUMMARY DATA,
DO NOT INCLUDE)
CONVERT
LATITUDE TO
SECONDS
CONVERT LONGITUDE
TO SECONDS AND
NEGATE FOR
WESTERN HEMISPHERE
A-6
-------
CAASE 1, p. 5
CALL
SUBROUTINE
CED009
331
INDICATOR
VARIABLE IS
GT.4 OR LT.O
PRINT
INDICATOR
NUMBER
IS
HERE AN
ERROR RETURN
FROM THE
SUBROUTIN
9
WHAT
IS THE
ERROR
NUMBER
LATITUDE
IS GREATER
THAN 80°
PRINT
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
IS GREATER
THAN 180°
PRINT
LONGITUDE
A-7
-------
CAASE 1, p. 6
400
CONVERT FROM
METERS TO
KILOMETERS
NORTHING
CONVERT FROM
METERS TO
KILOMETERS
EASTING
T
MATCH ZONE
NUMBERS, SET
IZONE EQUAL
TO FIRST
ZONE
SET ZONE1
EQUAL ZONE
OF THIS
RECORD
SET ZONE2
EQUAL ZONE
OF THIS
RECORD
DOES
ZONE1=
ZONE OF THIS
RECORD
FIRST TIME
THIS ZONE?
MATCH ZONE
NUMBERS, SET
IZONE EQUAL
TO SECOND
ZONE
DOES
ZONE2=
ZONE OF THIS
RECORD
FIRST TIME
THIS ZONE?
TROUBLE WITH
UTM ZONES-
(MORE THAN
TWO ZONES EN-
COUNTERED)
PRINT ZONES
A-f
-------
CAASE 1, p. 7
440
©
FIND MINIMUM
AND MAXIMUM
X AND Y VALUES
FOR THIS ZONE
EDITED FILE
IMAGES
WRITE
ACCEPTED
RECORD ON
OUTPUT
TAPE
EDITED
FILES WITH
UTM
COORDS.
APPENDED
INCREMENT
COUNTY
RECORD
COUNTER BY I
IS
NUMBER OF
RECORDS GT
10
PRINT
THIS
RECORD
A-9
-------
CAASE 1, p.8
IS
"MTCH"
EQUAL ZERO,
SIGNIFYING NO
COUNTY MATCH
MADE
EDITED
FILES WITH
UTM
COORDS.
APPENDED
WRITE END-
OF-FILE ON
THE OUTPUT
TAPE
SET NUMBER OF
ZONES AVAILABLE
VARIABLE TO
TWO
COMPUTE
MINIMUM X
AND Y AXES
FOR THIS ZONE
DOES
THIS COUNTY
STRADDLE UTM
ZONES?
SET ZONE
VARIABLE
TO 1.
FOR ZONE 1 AND/OR
2, PRINT COUNTY
NAME, ZONE#,
MINIMUM AND
MAXIMUM X AND Y
AXES
COMPUTE
MINIMUM X
AND Y AXES
FOR ZONE 2
A-10
-------
CAASE 1, p.9
HAVE
ALL COUNTIES
BEEN COMPLETED
FOR THIS
STATE
INCREMENT
COUNTY COUNTER
BY 1.
HAS
DESIRED
NUMBER OF
COUNTIES FOR THIS
STATE BEEN
COMPLETED
SET "IWHER" = 2,
DENOTING FIRST
RECORD 'OF THIS
COUNTY HAS ALREADY
BEEN READ
A-11
-------
CAASE 1, p.10
1500
PRINT HEADING
FOR SUMMARY
OF STATE
COMPLETED
STATE, COUNTY
NAME, COUNTY
CODE, NO. OF
RECORDS ON
TAPE
LOOP__ON_NUmER_OFV COUNT IE S_IN_THIS STATE
£(LOOF₯NDS~ AT rt 15051 '
A
|_1_505_
'PRINT COUNTY
NAME, COUNTY
CODE, AND
NUMBER OF
RECORDS WRITTEN
FOR THIS COUNTY
END OFV LOOP
CNTY, ICNTY,
IREC
INCREMENT
STATE
COUNTER
BY 1.
INCREMENT INPUT
TAPE UNIT NUMBER
BY 1 TO OBTAIN
NEXT STATE OF
INTEREST
1600
ALL ACCEPTABLE
RECORDS HAVE
BEEN WRITTEN
PRINT "GOOD
FINISH"
MESSAGE
HAVE
ALL STATES
BEEN COMPLETED
FOR THIS
AQCR
REWIND
OUTPUT
TAPE
( END )
A-12
-------
(SUBROUTINE A
CED009 J
CAASE 1
SUBROUTINE CED009
INPUT THROUGH LIST
INCLUDES LONGITUDE, LATITUDE,
AND THEIR UNITS. OUTPUT
THROUGH LIST INCLUDES UTM
ZONE, METERS NORTHING,
METERS EASTING, AND
ERROR INDICATOR.
1
INITIALIZE UNITS
ERROR CONDITION
VARIABLE TO ZERO.
SET ERROR
VARIABLE
TO 1.
RETURN TO
CALLING
PROGRAM
COMPUTED "GO TO"
DEPENDING ON
VALUE OF LONGITUDE
AND LATITUDE UNITS
VARIABLE .
1
NOT APPLICABLE
TO CAASE.
I
NOT APPLICABLE
TO CAASE.
I
NOT APPLICABLE
TO CAASE.
I
UNITS USED
IN CAASE
IS 4.
I
-------
NORTHERN
HEMISPHERE?
SET LATITUDE
SIGN POSITIVE
ACCEPT
LATITUDE
AS SIGNED
IS
LATITUDE
WITHIN
RANGE?
SET ERROR
CONDITION
VARIABLE
TO 2
IS
LONGITUDE
SIGNED
POSITIVE?
RETURN TO
CALLING PROGRAM
SET LONGITUDE
SIGN POSITIVE
ACCEPT
LONGITUDE
AS SIGNED
SET ERROR
CONDITION
VARIABLE
TO 3
COMPUTE
UTM ZONE
NUMBER
IS
LONG.I < 180
SET
UTM = 1
CAASE 1
SUBROUTINE CED009
p.2
-------
CAASE 1
SUBROUTINE CED009
p.3
STATEMENTS 25 THROUGH 220(-1)
SELECT LATITUDE
GROUP AND
CALCULATE
VARIABLE TERMS
T
STATEMENTS 220(-1) THROUGH 225(-1)
CALCULATE
UTM EASTING
AND NORTHING
WAS
LATITUDE
IN NORTHERN
HEMISPHERE?
SET NORTHING
FOR SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE
ACCEPT
NORTHING
UTM
c
RETURN TO
CALLING PROGRAM
A-15
-------
APPENDIX B
LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS - CAASE2 (and Subroutines)
B-l
-------
CAASE 2
f START J
^
SET I/O UNIT NUMBERS
FOR COMPUTER SYSTEM
BEING USED (IREAD,
IPRINT, INPUT TAPE
UNIT NO.)
I
INITIALIZE COUNTY
FILE INDICATOR TO
SELECT FIRST
COUNTY ON TAPE
(IFILE=1)
I
NCNTY
ITOT
AQCR
IZONE
H
READ NO. OF COUNTIES TO BE
PLOTTED FOR THIS AQCR, NO.
OF COUNTIES IN AQCR, AQCR
NAME, PRIMARY UTM ZONE,
AND DIRECTION FOR UTM ZONE
TRANSFER
I
r
SCALEX
SCALEP
TICINC
READ SCALING FACTOR TO
CONVERT DISTANCES IN
KILOMETERS TO PLOTTER
INCHES; SCALING FACTOR
TO CONVERT POPULATION
TO CIRCLE RADIUS IN
INCHES; AND THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN AXES
TIC-MARKS IN INCHES
B-3
-------
CAASE 2, p.2
PRINT AQCR NAME,
TOTAL NO. OF COUNTIES
IN AQCR, AND NO. OF
COUNTIES TO BE PLOTTED
AQCR, ITOT,
NCNTY
PRINT DISTANCE /
SCALE AND /
PLOTTER SCALE /
fs
V3
SCALEX,
SCALEP
^^
LOOP ON NO. OF COUNTIES TO BE PLOTTED (1, NCNTY)
"~"
LAST COUNTY)
1
XXZERO(N)
YYZERO(N)
ICNTY(N)
IAXES(N)
ISTAT(N)
XSTAT(M,N)
INPUT
READ LOWER LEFT-HAND
COORDINATES, COUNTY
CODE, COUNTY NAME,
AXES FLAG IF STANDARD
AXES TOO SMALL, STATE
CODE, AND STATE NAME
END _OF LOOP
LOOP ON NUMBER OF
(LOOPENDS
AT 150)
COUNTIES TO BE PLOTTED
INITIALIZE ARRAY OF
COUNTERS THAT WILL
TOTAL THE NO, OF
RECORDS READ IN EACH
COUNTY
(IREC(K)=0)
[ 150 END_OF_A_ LOOP
y
INITIALIZE INDICATOR
TO SELECT THE FIRST
INPUT COUNTY CODE
(1=1)
B-4
-------
CAASE 2, p.3
INITIALIZE 1ST
RECORD MATCH TO
ZERO UNTIL A COUNTY
MATCH BETWEEN TAPE
AND INPUT IS MADE
(IFST=0)
200
EDITED
MED-X
TAPE
FROM
CAASE1
READ STATE CODE,
COUNTY CODE,
POPULATION, AND
COORDINATES OF
EACH POPULATION CENTER
PRINT MESSAGE
THAT THIS
COUNTY FILE
MUST BE
SKIPPED
IS
THIS THE
END OF THIS
COUNTY
FILE?
300
HAS
1ST RECORD MATCH
BEEN SET INDICATING
THAT THIS IS
COUNTY OF
INTEREST?,
IS
TATE CODE
OF THIS FILE
= STATE CODE
OF THIS INPUT
COUNTY?
INCREMENT INPUT
COUNTY INDICATOR
BY 1 TO SELECT
NEXT COUNTY
(1=1+1)
B-5
HAS
AQCR BEEN
COMPLETED
-------
CAASE 2, p.4
0
320
J~~(LOOP ENDS AT* 330)"
V
LOOP JlAXIMUM_20pO_^ '_TIME_S_TO _SKIP_ THIS_FILE
EDITED
MED-X
TAPE
FROM
CAASE1
READ NEXT
RECORD OF
THIS COUNTY
FILE
HAS
END OF
FILE BEEN
ENCOUNTERED
NO
END OF K7 LOOP
INCREMENT
COUNTY FILE
INDICATOR BY
1 TO SELECT
NEXT FILE
(IFILE=IFILE+1)
IS
THERE
ANOTHER
COUNTY
FILE
B-6
-------
CAASE 2, p.5
400>
"COUNTY CODE
ON TAPE=CODE OF
PRESENT INPUT
COUNTY
SET FLAG TO INDICATE
THAT THE 1ST RECORD
ON THIS FILE MATCHES
PRESENT INPUT COUNTY.
ALL RECORDS ON THIS
FILE WILL BE PLOTTED
(IFST=1)
I
INITIALIZE PLOT
FLAG TO ZERO SO
THAT SUBROUTINE
POPMAP WILL OPEN
NEW PICTURE FOR
THIS COUNTY
USE VALUE OF INPUT
COUNTY INDICATOR
TO SELECT THE
CORRESPONDING
LOWER LEFT-HAND
COORDINATES FOR
THIS COUNTY
I
SET VARIABLE
EQUAL TO THE
CORRESPONDING
AXIS-FLAG FOR
THIS COUNTY
INCREMENT COUNTY
FILE INDICATOR
BY 1 TO SELECT
NEXT FILE
(IFILE=IFILE+1)
HAS
AQCR BEEN
COMPLETED
-------
CAASE 2, p.6
WILL
STANDARD
SIZE PICTURE
BE USED
7
LOOP 6 TIMES TO ^7 GET STATE & COUNTY NAME
READ LENGTH
OF X AND Y
AXES AND NO.
OF TIC-MARKS
ON X AND Y,
AXES
i (LOOP ENDS AT 470)
V
! 470
SET COUNTY NAME
FROM THE ARRAY,
4 LETTERS AT A
TIME-MAXIMUM
COUNTY NAME
24 LETTERS
SET STATE NAME
FROM THE ARRAY,
4 LETTERS AT A
TIME-MAXIMUM
STATE NAME
12 LETTERS
END OF V LOOP
YES
HAS
LOOP BEEN
PERFORMED MORE
THAN 3 TIMES
B-8
-------
CAASE 2, p.7
500
"DOES
AQCR
STRADDLE UTM
ZONES
7
DOES
ZONE ON THIS
RECORD=PRIMARY
ZONE READ IN
FIND THE DISTANCES
OF X AND Y FROM
LOWER LEFT ORIGIN
OF THIS COUNTY
T
CALL SUBROUTINE
POPMAP TO PLOT
THIS POPULATION
CENTER
I
INCREMENT RECORD
COUNTY FOR THIS
COUNTY BY 1
B-9
-------
CAASE 2, p.8
0
CONVERT X AND Y
COORDINATES TO
DOUBLE PRECISION
TO BE USED IN
SUBROUTINE GTGR
I
INITIALIZE ERROR
MESSAGE INDICATOR
TO ZERO
(IBAD=0)
CALL SUBROUTINE
GTGR TO CONVERT
THESE COORD. TO
THEIR POSITION
RELATIVE TO PRIMARY
ZONE
PRINT ERROR
MESSAGE AND
X AND Y
COORDINATES/
WAS
THE ERROR
INDICATOR
SWITCHED BY
SUBROUTINE
z
ERROR MESSAGE
XOUT, YOUT
CHANGE THE TRANSLATED
X AND Y COORDINATES
BACK TO SINGLE
PRECISION
B-10
-------
CAASE 2, p.9
600
REACHED AN END
OF FILE ON THE
INPUT TAPE.
INCREMENT FILE
COUNT BY 1.
(IFILE=IFILE+1)
HAVE
ALL FILES
IN THIS AQCR
BEEN CHECKED
9
RESET COUNTY MATCH
INDICATOR TO ZERO
BEFORE LOOKING FOR
NEXT COUNTY
A
INCREMENT COUNTY
INDICATOR BY 1.
(1=1+1)
ARE
THERE
MORE INPUT
COUNTIES
9
B-ll
-------
CAASE2, p.10
700
AQCR COMPLETED
PRINT HEADING
FOR SUMMARY
PAGE
AQCR
J~(LOOP ENDS AT 750)
LOOP ON NUMBER OF VCOUNTIES PLOTTED (l.NCNTY)
1
750
G>
/PRINT COUNTY NAME,/
'COUNTY CODE AND
'NO. OF RECORDS
/PLOTTED FOR THIS
COUNTY
END OF\7 LOOP
PRINT
"GOOD FINISH"
(MESSAGE INDICATING^
SUCCESSFUL RUN
OF PROGRAM
1000
REWIND
INPUT
TAPE
I
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINE
PICSIZ TO
CLOSE PLOTTER
PICTURE
XCNTY,
ICNTY,
IREC
y
C END J
B-12
-------
CAASE2
SUBROUTINE GTGR
(SUBROUTINE A
GTGR J
INITIALIZE
CONSTANTS
FOR THESE
COORDINATES
_LOOP _ON_NO._OF
~(END~AT" 40)
TABLE S (61)
FIND NORTHING
BLOCK NUMBERS
IN TABLES
L
\
40 END \
< NO A
f OF LOOP |
SET ERROR
FLAG INDICATOR
TO 1
50
SET DISK
DATA SET
RECORD
NUMBER
WANTED
OBTAINED FROM EPA WITHOUT DOCUMENTATION
R-13
-------
CAASE2
SUBROUTINE GTGR
p.2
MAGNETIC
DISK
rREAD TABLES
FOR THIS
BLOCK
IS
DIRECTION
CONVERSION
FROM EAST
TO WEST
CALCULATE
COORDINATES
RELATIVE TO
NEW UTM ZONE
3-14
-------
CAASE 2
SUBROUTINE POPMAI
SUBROUTINE
POPMAP
IS
THIS THE
1ST RECORD FOR
THIS COUNTY
LONGER Y AXIS
NEEDED
WHAT
IS VALUE
OF AXES
FLAG
LONGER X AXIS
NEEDED
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINES
PICSIZ AND
PENMSG -
WIDER WIDTH
PAPER NEEDED
STANDARD VALUES
FOR AXES AND
TIC-MARKS
WILL BE USED
25
COMPUTE
PLOTTER
BOUNDARIES
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINES
PICSIZ TO ALLOCATE
PLOTTER SPACE, AND
ORIGIN TO SET
ORIGIN
PRINT NAME
OF COUNTY
BEING
PLOTTED
r^
CNTY
B-15
-------
PLOTTER DRAWS
SOUTHERN X AXIS
& WESTERN Y AXIS,
PLACES TIC-MARKS
AND SET AXES
FLAG TO 1
©
SUBROUTINE POPMAP
p.2
INITIALIZE
COUNTY RECORD
COUNTER AND
AXES FLAG TO
INDICATE NO
AXES DRAWN
PLOTTER DRAWS
NORTHERN X AXIS
& EASTERN Y AXIS
AND PLACES
TIC-MARKS
LABEL
THE
PLOT
I
SET PICTURE FLAG
TO 1 TO INDICATE
THAT AXES FOR
THIS COUNTY HAVE
BEEN DRAWN AND
LABELED.
PLOT REMAINING
POINTS (SET
AXES FLAG TO 1)
CONVERT
COORDINATES &
POPULATION TO
PLOTTER UNITS
INCREMENT
RECORD
COUNTER BY 1
IS
RECORD
COUNTER >
10?
PRINT COORDS.,
POPULATION IN
PLOTTER
INCHES
XNEW,
YNEW,
POPNEW
B-16
-------
CAASE 2
SUBROUTINE POPMAP
p.3
ARE
X,Y COORDS
WITHIN PLOT
PICTURE?
PRINT ERROR
MESSAGE AND
COORDINATES
THAT LEFT
THE PICTURE
MESSAGE,
KNEW,
YNEW
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINES
PLOT & MARK
TO DRAW A
"A" TO REPRESENT
THIS POPULATION
CENTER
YES
IS
SCALED
POPULATION
< 0?
CALL SUBROUTINE
CIBCLE TO DRAW A
CIRCLE WITH RADIUS
INCH EQUALING
4000 PEOPLE
('RETURN TO ~N
CALLING )
PROGRAM .V
B-17
-------
CAASE 2
SUBROUTINE CIRCLE
(SUBROUTINE
CIRCLE
INITIALIZE TO ZERO
THE SWITCH VARIABLE
TO STOP DRAWING CIRCLE
WHEN POINTS LEAVE PLOT
PICTURE, AND INITIALIZE
CENTER OF CIRCLE VARIABLE
102
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINE
PLOT TO MOVE
PEN TO STARTING
POINT
INITIALIZE
CONTROL VARIABLES
AND CHANGE DEGREES
TO RADIANS FOR
CONSTRUCTION
OF CIRCLE
CALCULATE THE X
COORDINATE OF
THE STARTING
POINT OF THE
CIRCLE
CHANGE ARC
LENGTH TO
POSITIVE
NO(-)
T
YES
104
CALCULATE THE
Y COORDINATE
OF THE STARTING
POINT OF THE
CIRCLE
B-19
-------
CAASE 2
SUBROUTINE CIRCLE
p.2
I (END AT 200)
V
CALCULATE THE
RADIUS OF
THE CIRCLE
SET PLOTTING
SWITCH VARIABLE
TO 1, INDICATING
THAT THESE POINTS
ARE NOT TO BE
PLOTTED
ARE
X AND Y
COORDINATES
WITHIN PLOT
PICTURE
190,
DOES
PLOTTING SWITCH
EQUAL 0, INDICATING
THESE POINTS SHOULD
BE PLOTTED?
SET PLOTTING
SWITCH VARIABLE
TO ZERO
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINE
PLOT TO DRAW
THIS ARC LENGTH
END OFtfLOOP
RETURN TO
CALLING
PROGRAM
B-20
-------
APPENDIX C
LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS - CAASE3 (and Subroutines)
C-l
-------
CAASE 3
( START J
SET I/O
UNIT NUMBERS
FOR COMPUTER
SYSTEM BEING
USED.
(IREAD,IPRINT)
I
ISCALEX
TICINC
IXER
READ PLOTTER SCALING
FACTOR AND NUMBER OF
INCHES BETWEEN TIC-MARKS,
AND VARIABLE DENOTING
THAT AN X SHOULD BE
DRAWN IN THE CENTER OF
EACH PLOTTED GRID SQUARE
READ X AND
Y ORIGIN
AND AQCR
NAME
HAVE
ALL AQCR'S
BEEN COMPLETED
XLONG,YLONG,
IXTIC.IYTIC
READ LENGTH OF
X AND Y AXES
AND NUMBER OF
TIC-MARKS ON
BOTH AXES
I
PRINT
'HEADING
FOR PAGE/
7
HDG
C-3
-------
CAASE 3, p.2
LOOP ON MAXIMUM NO.
(LOOP ENDS AT 200)
[BOX,XPT,YPT,
I,CNTY(J)
OF GRID SQUARES (+1)
READ GRID SQUARE NO.,
X AND Y COORDINATES
OF LOWER LEFT-HAND
SIDE, SIDE LENGTH,,
AND COUNTY NAME
PLACE GRID SQUARE
NUMBER IN AN ARRAY
NAMED ID
HAVE
ALL GRID
IDENTIFIERS
BEEN READ
CONVERT X AND Y
COORDINATES AND
LENGTH OF SIDES
TO PLOTTER UNITS
SPRINT GRID SQUARE
10., X AND Y COORDINATES
)F LOWER LEFT-HAND SIDE.
SIDE LENGTH AND COUNTY
NAME
IBOX,XPT,
YPT, S, CNTY
^200 END_^ OF LOOP
' "
C-4
-------
CAASE 3, p.3
IBOX,XPT,
YPT,S
SREAD GRID
QUARE ID OF,
NEXT CARD
230
THERE ARE
MORE GRID
SQUARES THAN
SPACE ALLOCATED.
PRINT ERROR
MESSAGE
B
HAVE FILLED X
AND Y ARRAYS FOR
AQCR. SET COUNTER
TO NUMBER OF
GRIDS FOR AQCR
(N = 1-1)
CALL SUBROUTINE
POPBOX TO PLOT
GRID
C-5
-------
1500
0
1000
PRINT
'"GOOD FINISH"
MESSAGE
INDICATING
SUCCESSFUL
RUN OF PROGRAM
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINE
PICSIZ TO
CLOSE PLOT
PICTURE
V
( END J
CAASE 3, p.4
C-6
-------
CAASE 3
SUBROUTINE POPBOX
(^SUBROUTINE A
POPBOX J
\
r
COMPUTE
PICTURE
BOUNDARIES
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINES
PICSIZ & ORIGIN
TO ALLOCATE PLOTTER,
SPACE & SET ORIGIN
SET PICTURE
FLAG TO
ZERO
PLOTTER DRAWS
SOUTHERN X
AXIS & WESTERN
Y AXIS AND PLACES
TIC-MARKS. SET
PICTURE FLAG TO
1
PLOTTER DRAWS
NORTHERN X AXIS
& EASTERN Y AXIS
AND PLACES TIC-MARKS
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINE
SYMBOL
TO LABEL'THE PLOT
C-7
-------
CAASE 3
SUBROUTINE POPBOX
P.2
LOOP ON NO. OF AREA^ SOURCE GRID SQUARES
AT 300)
NO
COMPUTE THE
COORDINATES IN
PLOTTER UNITS
NEEDED TO DRAW
THIS GRID SQUARE
CALL SYSTEM
SUBROUTINE
PLOT
TO DRAW THIS
GRID SQUARE
AND PLACE AN "X"
IN CENTER
THIS ONE OF
THE FIRST 10 GRID
SQUARES PLOTTED
300 ^
/PRINT X,Y COORD. /
AND SIDE LENGTH / ^
PLOTTER UNITS /
1_ ENDJ
XRAY,YRAY
SIDE
\^S
$
(RETURNTO\
CALLING )
PROGRAM J
C-8
-------
APPENDIX D
LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS CAASE4 (and Subroutines)
D-l
-------
-------
CAASE 4
( START J
(INPUT)
DIMENSION
DOUBLE PRECISION
SPECIFICATIONS
ICNTY
IREGN
IPOLT
CNTY1
KZON
EW
ITEST
INPUT
ASSIGN I/O UNIT
NUMBERS FOR COMPUTER
SYSTEM BEING USED
10
READ COUNTY NUMBER,
AQCR, POLITICAL
SUBDIVISION, COUNTY
NAME, PRIMARY UTM ZONE
AND PRINT OPTION
VARIABLE
HAS
AQCR BEEN
COMPLETED
YES
PRINT COUNTY NO., AQCR,/
POLITICAL SUBDIVISION I
AND COUNTY NAME /
FOLLOWING LOOPS INITIALIZE SUMS
MAY LATER BE OVERRIDDEN FOR ANY OR
LOOP ON MAXIMUM NO. OF
^"(LOOP ENDS AT 100)
ICNTY, IREGN,
IPOLT, CNTY1
& SPECIAL APPORTIONING WEIGHTING, WHICH
ALL GRIDS AND CATEGORIES.
AREA SOURCE GRIDS IN A COUNTY
INITIALIZE SUMS
FOR HOUSING
& POPULATION
D-3
-------
CAASE4, p.2
CATEGORIES
(LOOP ENDS AT 50)
^
SET SPECIAL
WEIGHTING
FACTOR
COEFFICIENT
TO 1.0
END
ENDS AT 60)
OTLOOF
ATEGORIES
__LOOP 40-53
(LOOP ENDS"
AT 70)
SET SPECIAL
WEIGHTING
FACTOR
COEFFICIENT
TO 1.0
D-4
-------
CAASE 4, p.3
LOOP ON MAXIMUM ^7 AREA SOJJR£E_GRIDS + l
LOOP ENDS AT 175)1, ~$
'READ TRIO SQLARF
COORDINATES
AND S!DE !KNGTHS/
/
I
1
y ^
/'in
>;
Y
SIDE /
HAS
OUNTY
BEEN COMPLETED
PRINT ERROR MESSAGE
THAT NO. OF GRID
SQUARES EXCEED
DIMENSION
SPECIFICATION,
200
SET NO. OF AREA
SOURCE IDENTIFIERS
READ IN
(NAREAS = 1-1)
LOOP_ON AREA_
^"(LOOP ENDS
SOURCE ID'S
AT 225)
CALCULATE X UPPER
COORDINATES FOR THIS
GRID SQUARE
CALCULATE Y UPPER
COORDINATES FOR THIS
GRID SQUARE
_j
TV-5
-------
LOOP ON 54 CATEGORIES ^
(LOOP ENDS AT 240)
^
/ s
WEIGHTING
FACTOR
DECK ,
/READ ID,
& WEIGHTI
f TIMES MAX. NO.
'
CATEGORY, /
NG FACTOR/
OF G
IS
THIS THE LAST
WEIGHTING FACTOR
CARD?
CATEGORY
INSIDE
RANGE OF 54
POSSIBILITIES
PRINT ERROR/
MESSAGE /
/PRINT ID,
CATEGORY,
& WEIGHTING
FACTOR
IDNUM,
ICAT,
WEIGHT
D-6
-------
AREA SOURCE GRIDS
LOOP N NO. OF
AT 235)
DOES
ID NO. ON
THIS CARD =
THIS AREA SOURCE
GRID SQUARE
NO.
CAASE 4. p.5
245
_2_40 END_A_OF_LOOP _ A
INITIALIZE COUNTY
MATCH VARIABLE TO
ZERO - COUNTY
MATCH NOT MADE
I
COMPUTE NO. OF
WEIGHTING FACTOR
CARDS READ IN
(I = I-D
I
250
I
^
SPRINT NO. OF /
IGHTING FACTOR/
"* / CARDS READ IN /
'PRINT ERROR
MESSAGE THAT
DATA WAS OUTSIDE
RANGE
7000
1
r END J
D-7
-------
CAASE 4, p.6
READ COUNTY NO.,
HOUSES COUNT,
POPULATION COUNT,
LATITUDE, LONGITUDE,
ZONE & X,Y COORDS.
EDITED
MED-X
TAPE FROM
CAASTtt
HAS
COUNTY
MATCH BEEN
MADE
END-
OF-FILE
ENCOUNTERED
IS
THIS THE
PRIMARY UTM
ZONE
PRINT ERROR
MESSAGE -
DEALING WITH
WRONG COUNTY
CONVERT X AND Y
COORDINATES TO
DOUBLE PRECISION
INITIALIZE ERROR
MESSAGE VARIABLE
TO ZERO
D-8
-------
CAASE 4, p.7
CALL
GTGR
ZONE
SUBROUTINE
FOR ZONE TO
CONVERSION
WAS
ERROR
RETURNED FROM
SUBROUTINE
261
SET ZONE
EQUAL TO
PRIMARY
ZONE
PRINT
ERROR
MESSAGE
SET X AND Y
COORDINATES
TO SINGLE
PRECISION
JCNTY
HOUSES
PEOPLE
MZON
XCORD
YCORD,
PRINT COUNTY CODE,
NO. OF HOUSES,
POPULATION, ZONE,
AND X AND Y
COORDINATES
IS
THIS
RECORD TO
BE PRINTED
IS
THIS THE
COUNTY OF
INTEREST
COUNTY
SET
MATCH
MATCH MADE,
COUNTY
VARIABLE
TO 1.
D-9
-------
CAASE 4, p. 8
LOOP ON NO. OF
(END AT 300)
AREA SOURCE GRIDS
DOES
X COORDINATE
FOR THIS POPULATION
CENTER EXCEED X
RANGE OF
GRID
DOES
Y COORDINATE
FOR THIS POPULATION
CENTER EXCEED Y
RANGE
GRID
SUM
HOUSING
UNITS
SUM
POPULATION
UNITS
PRINT MESSAGE
THAT POPULATION
CENTER IS NOT
'LOCATED IN ANY GRID
SQUARES ASSIGNED TOj
THIS COUNTY
JCNTY, YCORD,
YCORD, PEOPLE,
HOUSES
TV-10
-------
CAASE 4, p.9
2005 LOOP ON NUMBER OF ^ AREA SOURCEJ3RID SQUARES
1(END AT 2100)
COMPUTE AREA BY
SQUARING SIDE
LENGTH OF THIS
GRID
SET VARIABLE
"SUM1" EQUAL
HOUSING TOTAL
FOR THIS GRID
I
SET VARIABLE
"SUM2" EQUAL
POPULATION
TOTAL FOR
THIS GRID
INITIALIZE
INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL
VARIABLE TO
ZERO
IS
POPULATION
TOTAL EQUAL
ZERO
COMPUTE
INVERSE
"POPULATION
DENSITY"
VARIABLE
D-ll
-------
CAASE 4, p.10
(END AT 2010)
- 1ST tf 6 CAT. RES. FUEL
SET APPORTIONING FACTORS
WHICH ARE FUNCTIONS OF
HOUSING UNITS FOR
THIS CATEGORY
END OF LOOP
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR CAT. 21 (RES. FUEL,!
ON-SITE INCINERATION)
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR CAT. 24 (RES. FUEL,
OPEN BURNING)
CAT. 7-20
AT2015)
_
T
SET APPORTIONING FACTORS
WHICH ARE DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO
POPULATION FOR THIS CAT. OF
COMM. & INST. AND IND. FUEL
2015
D-12
-------
LOpP_2jTIMES
AT 2020)
CAASE 4, p.11
CAT. 22-23
SET
APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY
(END AT 2025)
CAT. 25-28
SET APPORTIONING FACTORS
FOR THIS CATEGORY
END OF LOOP
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR CATEGORY 29
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO POPULATION DENSITY
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR CAT. 31 INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL TO POPULATION
DENSITY
I
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR CAT. 30 DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO
POPULATION DENSITY
D-13
-------
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR CAT. 32 PROPORTIONAL
TO SIDE LENGTH
LOOP 3 TIMES^ CAT. 33-35
AT 2027)
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY PROPORTIONAL
TO AREA
END
LOOP 4 TIMES
(END AT 2030)
OF LOOP
CAT. 36-39
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY PROPORTIONAL
TO SIDE LENGTH
LOOP_J_TIMES^ CAT. 40-41
AT 2035)""
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO POPULATION
END
LOOP
CAASE 4, p.12
D-14
-------
LOOP 2 TIMES
AT 2040)
CAT. 42-43
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO POPULATION DENSITY
6 2040 ENDjloFLOOP
LOOPJ2JTIMES A CAT. 46-47
AT 2045)
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO POPULATION DENSITY
^.2045 END 2. OF LOOP_
LOOP_3_riMES & CAT. 50-52
(END AT 2050)
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
TO POPULATION DENSITY
END
_LOOP_ 2JTIMES'
(END AT 2055)
CAT. 44-45
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
TO POPULATION DENSITY
ENDOFLOOP
CAASE 4, p.13
D-15
-------
CAASE 4, p.14
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR CATEGORY 53
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
TO POPULATION
_LOOP_ 2JTIMES i_ CAT. 48-49
AT 2060) |
V
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR THIS CATEGORY
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
TO AREA
OFLOOP
SET APPORTIONING FACTOR
FOR CATEGORY 54
TOTALLY SUBJECTIVELY
I
WRITE APPORTIONING,
FACTORS FOR
THIS GRID
OUTPUT
TAPE
FOR INPUT
TO CAASE5
ARE
FACTORS TO
BE PRINTED
D-16
-------
CAASE 4, p.15
'PRINT COUNTY NO.,
GRID NO., &
APPORTIONING FACTOR
JCNTY, ID,
FACTOR
END OF LOOP
'PRINT SUMMARY OF
COUNTY FILE -
COUNTY NAME,
NO. OF GRIDS
FOR COUNTY
1
PLACE AN
'END-OF-FILE
ON TAPE
DENOTING
END OF COUNTY
D-17
-------
O-
6950
'PRINT "GOOD FINISH",
MESSAGE INDICATINGj
SUCCESSFUL RUN
OF PROGRAM
6990
REWIND
INPUT
TAPE
REWIND
OUTPUT
TAPE
7000
f END J
CAASE 4, p.16
D-18
-------
APPENDIX E
LOGICAL FLOW CHARTS CAASE5 (and Subroutines)
E-1
-------
CAASE 5
(DRIVER)
( START J
SET
DIMENSIONS
FOR THIS RUN
CALL
SUBROUTINE
CAASE5
V
f END J
E-3
-------
(SUBROUTINE A
CAASE5 J
CAASE 5
(INPUT)
DIMENSIONS
DOUBLE
PRECISION
SPECIFICATIONS
ASSIGN I/O
UNIT NUMBERS
FOR COMPUTER
SYSTEM BEING
USED
XSTATE
ICNTY
XAQCR
NAREAS
CNTY
KOUNTY
IPOLIT
IREGN
100
READ EPA STATE CODE,
FEDERAL COUNTY CODE,
NO. OF GRID SQUARES,
COUNTY NAME, EPA
COUNTY CODE,
POLITICAL SUBDIVISION,
AQCR CODE
HAS
AQCR
BEEN COMPLETED
I.E., WAS IT
BLANK
READ PAGE
HEADING
INITIALIZE ERROR
FLAG VARIABLE
TO ZERO
CALL SUBROUTINE
READ1 TO
READ "FUEL" TOTALS
FOR COUNTY OF
INTEREST
E-4
-------
WAS
THERE AN
ERROR RETURN
FROM THE
SUBROUTINE
CAASE 5, p.2
NO
LOOP_ ON_DIMENSION
""(LOOP ENDS AT
READ
WEIGHTED
APPORTIONING
FACTORS
OUTPUT
TAPE
FROM
CAASE4
HAS
AN END-OF-
FILE BEEN
ENCOUNTERED
IS
THIS THE
COUNTY OF
INTEREST
9
YES
OF LOOP
E-5
-------
LOOP__0£_54
ENDS AT
CAASE 5, p.3
CATEGORIES
400)
INITIALIZE
APPORTIONING
TOTAL ARRAY TO
ZERO FOR
CATEGORY OF
INTEREST
LOOPONNO.'
>OF_GRID SQUARES
' 375)"
CALCULATE
APPORTIONING
FACTOR SUMS OF
THIS CATEGORY
FOR THIS GRID
SQUARE
375_ENDJZ_OF JLOOP
END_QF LOOP
SQUARES
LOOP_ON_5_4 rV CATEGORIES
(END AT 500)
(END AT 500)
DOES
APPORTIONING
TOTAL FOR THIS
CATEGORY =
0?
APPORTION FUEL
FOR THIS
CATEGORY AND
AREA SOURCE GRID
RESET
APPORTIONED
FUEL ARRAY
TO ZERO
END OFLOOP
E-6
-------
CAASE 5, p.4
CALL SUBROUTINE
OUTPT1 TO OUTPUT
APPORTIONED FUEL
TOTALS
LOOP ON 5 t
(END AT 600)
LOOP ON 1ST 6^
r POLLUTANTS
3,
i_ CAT. OF RESIDENTIAL
FUEL
(END AT 600)
^J500
COMPUTE
POLLUTANT TOTALS
FOR CATEGORY
OF INTEREST
END
ON 1ST 4 CAT. ,
END AT 610
r OF RESIDENTIA1
MODIFY
FOR THE SULFUR
CONTENT TERM OF S02
CALCULATION FOR
CATEGORY OF INTEREST
END
-QF_ LOOP
^ POLLUTANTS
AT 700) "*
LOOP_ON 6_ CAT_._0_F_^_ COMMERCIAL_&_INSTITUTIONAL FUEL
AT 700)
COMPUTE
POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR
CATEGORY OF
INTEREST
E-7
-------
CAASE 5, p.5
LOOP_ON __
(END AT 710)
. FUEL (7-8)
SET SUBSCRIPT
EQUAL TO
CATEGORY OF
INTEREST
MODIFY FOR THE
ASH CONTENT TERM
FOR SP CALCULATIONS
FOR THE CATEGORY
OF INTEREST
MODIFY FOR THE
SULFUR CONTENT
TERM FOR S02
CALCULATIONS FOR
CATEGORY OF
INTEREST
END OFLOOP
(END AT 720)
LOOP ON 2ND TWO^ CAT. OF COMM-INST. FUEL (9-10)
SET SUBSCRIPT
EQUAL TO
CATEGORY OF
INTEREST
MODIFY FOR THE
SULFUR CONTENT TERM
FOR S02 CALCULATIONS
FOR CATEGORY OF
INTEREST
END
OFLp
EQ
-o
-------
CAASE 5, p.6
LOOP ON IST TOO_CAT_I_PF_£IOTUSTRIAL_FUEL (12-14)
(END AT 800)
SET SUBSCRIPT
EQUAL TO CATEGORY
OF INTEREST
MODIFY FOR THE ASH
CONTENT TERM FOR
SP CALCULATIONS FOR
CATEGORY OF INTEREST
MODIFY FOR THE SULFUR
CONTENT TERM FOR SO
CALCULATIONS FOR
CATEGORY OF INTEREST
.LOOP _ON__LAST
AT 800)
3 POLLUTANTS
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS OF INTEREST
FOR INDUSTRIAL FUEL
OF INTEREST
END_OF L£OP
LOOP_ON_5
~END~AT~ 850 ~
POLLUTANTS
NO FACTOR FOR COKE
(CAT. 15) OF IND.
FUEL, SET POLLUTANT
TOTAL TO ZERO
LOOP
E-9
-------
CAASE 5, p.7
LOOP_ON_ 5.
^"(END AT 900)
LOOP ON LAST_5 tf CAT. OF IND^ FUEL (16-20)
AT 900)
POLLUTANTS
COMPUTE EMISSIONS TOTAL OF
CATEGORY OF INTEREST FOR
POLLUTANT OF INTEREST
9_00 END _OF_0_LOOP ^
MODIFY FOR THE
SULFUR CONTENT TERM
FOR NO CALCULATIONS
FOR CATEGORY 16
I
MODIFY FOR THE
SULFUR CONTENT TERM
FOR HC CALCULATIONS
FOR CATEGORY 17
LOOP ON_CAT._OF_ ON
^"(END AT 1000)
V _S_ITE_INCINERATION & OPEN BURNING (21-26)
^T(END AT 1000)
LOOP ON ^ 5 POLLUTANTS
COMPUTE POLLUTANT TOTALS
FOR CATEGORY OF
INTEREST
1000
END V OF LOOP
E-10
-------
CAASE 5, p.8
LOOP_ON 5_ POLLUTANTS
£(LOOP ENDS AT 1200) "
LOOPJ N CAT.
27-41
(END AT 1050)
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS (SOME
HAVE ZERO EMISSION
FACTORS)
^1050 _END_£OF LOOP
46-49
AT IIOO
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS (SOME
HAVE ZERO EMISSION
FACTORS)
1100 END y OF LOOP
-^
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR
CAT. 50
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR
CAT. 51
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR
CAT. 52
E-ll
-------
CAASE 5, p.9
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR
CAT. 53
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR
CAT. 54
END OF V LOOP
COMPUTE MILES PER
GALLON FOR LIGHT
VEHICLE GASOLINE
COMPUTE MILES PER
GALLON FOR HEAVY
VEHICLE GASOLINE
COMPUTE MILES PER
GALLON FOR HEAVY
VEHICLE DIESEL OIL
SUM MILEAGE FOR
THE MOBILE
SOURCES
E-12
-------
CAASE 5, p.10
COMPUTE RATIO FOR
THE LIGHT DUTY GAS
CLASS OF
VEHICLES
COMPUTE RATIO FOR
THE HEAVY DUTY GAS
CLASS OF
VEHICLES
COMPUTE RATIO FOR
HEAVY DUTY DIESEL
OIL CLASS OF
VEHICLES
INITIALIZE MEASURED
VEHICLE MILES
VARIABLE TO
ZERO
LOOP ON 4 CAT.O OF MEASURED VEHICLE MILES (42-45)
AT 1210)
SUM THE TOTALS
OF THE CAT. OF
MEASURED VEHICLE
MILES
END OFLOOP
E-13
-------
CAASE 5, p.11
IS
SUM EQUAL TO
ZERO, I.E.
VEHICLE MILES
MISSING?
^"(END AT 1220)
LOOP ON 4 CAT.y OF MEAS. VEH. MI.
SET SUBSCRIPT EQUAL
TO CATEGORY
OF INTEREST
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR
CATEGORY OF
INTEREST
LOOP
E-14
-------
CAASE 5, p.12
LOOP ON 11 POSSIBLE
(END AT 1255)
DENSITY CODES
COMPARE COUNTY
DENSITY CODE
WITH THIS
POSSIBILITY
WAS
CODE EQUAL
TO THIS
POSSIBILITY
WAS
T THE IS
POSSIBILITY,
I.E. WAS IT
BLANK?
SET COUNTY
DENSITY CODE
EQUAL TO 9
'PRINT MESSAGE
THAT COUNTY
DENSITY CODE
WAS MISSING
1254
SET NUMERIC
COUNTY DENSITY
CODE VARIABLE
D
END OFLOOP
E-15
-------
CAASE 5, p.13
0
COMPUTE FRACTION
OF COUNTY WHICH
IS URBAN
COMPUTE FRACTION
OF COUNTY WHICH
IS RURAL
(END AT 1275)
SET EMISSIONS
TOTALS FOR CAT.
42 TO ZERO
SET POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR CAT.
43 TO ZERO
COMPUTE POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR CAT. 44
BASED ON ESTIMATED
MEASURED MILES
END
OF LOOP
LOOP_ON_
(END AT 1291)
POLLUTANTS
PRINT TOTALS
BY SOURCE CAT.
(54) FOR THIS
EMISSION /
K,POLTOT
END
OF LOOP
E-16
-------
CAASE 5, p.14
LOOP _ON_5 _PqLLUTANTS _
(END AT 2000)
LOOP_ON_
(END AT 1300)
54 CATEGORIES
APPORTION THE
POLLUTANTS
ACCORDING TO
THE APPORTIONING
FACTORS
DOES
APPORTIONING
FACTOR EQUAL
ZERO
_LOOP_0_N_ NO ._OF J _AREA_SOURCE _GRID SQUARES
(END AT 1300)
YES
APPORTION
FUEL FOR
THIS GRID
SQUARE
1295
INITIALIZE
APPORTIONED
FUEL TO
ZERO
^ ^_1300_ ^END ^ OF _LOOP
Lopp_qM
AT 1310)
54 CATEGORIES
SUM ALL SOURCE
CATEGORIES,
THIS POLLUTANT,
THIS COUNTY
END <7 OF LOOP
E-17
-------
CAASE 5, p.15
PRINT TOTAL
EMISSION FOR
THIS POLLUTANT
/
/
LOOP ON NO
,_OF _AREA _SOURCE A _GRK)_SQUARES
(END AT 1350) ^ ~^
POLHDG,
SUNK
INITIALIZE
FUEL SUM
VARIABLE TO
ZERO
LOOT ON _5_4_O ^CATEGORIES
^"(END"AT 1325) ^
SUM POLLUTANT
TOTALS FOR
THIS GRID
SQUARE , A
qF_LOOP_J
SAVE TOTAL
IN OUTPUT
ARRAY FOR
IPP CARDS
END
LOOP
^2000
CALL SUBROUTINE
OUTPT2 FOR
THIS
POLLUTANT
END
E-18
-------
CAASE 5, p.16
CALL SUBROUTINE
OUTPT3 TO OUTPUT
IFF CARDS
FOR THIS
COUNTY
8000
'PRINT ERROR MESSAGE
"WANTED COUNTY,
GOT COUNTY." /
6950
PRINT MESSAGE
THAT THE
LAST COUNTY
HAS BEEN
COMPLETED;
L>i__. {
7000 ^T '
/REWIND .
INPUT /
TAPE/
A
/REWIND
OUTPUT/
TAPE/
\j
(RETURN TO
CALLING
PROGRAM
7
/
)
E-19
-------
CAASE 5
SUBROUTINE READ1
"FUELS" TOTALS
FROM STRIPPED
NEDS FILES
AREA SOURCE
CATEGORY EPA
(DUR)219,3/72
SUBROUTINE
READ1
SET ERROR
FLAG TO
ZERO
READ
-$J INPUT
/ RECORD
HAS
AN END-OF
FILE BEEN
ENCOUNTERED
IS
THIS THE
COUNTY OF
INTEREST
REWIND
INPUT
TAPE
ERROR ENCOUNTERED
SET ERROR
FLAG TO 1.
'PRINT ERROR MESSAGE
THAT EOF ENCOUNTERED
BEFORE CORRECT COUNTY
FOUND (CARDS OUT OF
ORDER OR JCL ERROR)/
0
RETURN T
CALLING
PROGRAM
)
E-21
-------
CAASE 5
SUBROUTINE OUTPT1
(SUBROUTINE A
OUTPT1 }
G>
50
INITIALIZE
CONSTANTS
ps
SET VALUES FOR
STARTING, ENDING,
PAGE COUNT, AND
TABLE NO.
75
'PRINT
PAGE
HEADING
HDG
ITABLE
COMPUTED "GO TO"
OUTPUT GRID
IDENTIFIERS AND
APPROPRIATE
CATEGORIES
100
200
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
1ST SIX
CATEGORIES
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
CATEGORIES,
7-20
300
f
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
CATEGORIES
21-32
400
'RINT GRID
NUMBER AND
CATEGORIES,
33-45
500
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
CATEGORIES,
46-54
'600-
INCREMENT TABLE
NO. FOR THIS SET
OF GRID SQUARES
HAVE
5 TABLES
BEEN
COMPLETED
HAVE
ALL GRID
SQUARES BEEN
DONE
-------
CAASE 5
SUBROUTINE OUTPT1
p.2
700
rWRITE APPORTIONED /
FUELS TOTALS
FOR THIS COUNTY
APPORTIONED
FUELS
TOTALS
(RETURN T0^\
CALLING )
PROGRAM >/
E-24
-------
G>
100
200
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
1ST SIX
CATEGORIES
(SUBROUTINE
OUTPT2
T
INITIALIZE
CONSTANTS
50
SET VALUES FOR
STARTING, ENDING,
AND PAGE COUNT,
AND TABLE NO.
^
'PRINT
HEADING/
/
- ____
COMPUTED "GO TO"
OUTPUT GRID
IDENTIFIERS
AND APPROPRIATE
CATEGORIES
300
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
CATEGORIES
7-20
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
CATEGORIES
21-32
CAASE 5
SUBROUTINE OUTPT2
HDG
ITABLE
IPAGE
400
500
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
CATEGORIES
33-45
PRINT GRID
NUMBER AND
CATEGORIES,
46-54
600
INCREMENT TABLE
NO. FOR THIS
SET OF GRID
SQUARES
HAVE
5 TABLES
BEEN COMPLETED
HAVE
ALL GRIDS
BEEN DONE
E-25
-------
CAASE 5
SUBROUTINE OUTPT2
P.2
700
'WRITE APPORTIONED /
EMISSIONS FOR
THIS COUNTY
I
APPORTIONED
EMISSIONS
(RETURN TOX
CALLING )
, PROGRAM J
E-26
-------
CAASE 5
SUBROUTINE OUTPT3
(SUBROUTINE A
OUTPT3 J
INITIALIZE VALUES
FOR POLITICAL
JURISDICTION,
STACK HEIGHT,
AND REGION
LOOP ON NO.
(END AT 100)
OF AREA SOURCE GRIDS
IPP DECK
100
SCALE, X, Y,
AREA AND
CONVERT TO
INTEGERS
7
/PUNCH
IPP
CARDS
'PRINT IPP
CARD
LISTING
/
'WRITE IPP
rCARD IMAGES/
ON TAPE
END7 OF
PLACE END-
OF-FILE ON
TAPE - END
OF COUNTY/
1
(
RETURN TO
CALLING
PROGRAM
E-27
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/3-74-035
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Computer Assisted Area Source Emissions
5. REPORT DATE
January 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Richard Haws
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1014
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Rppnrt.-.laniiary 1Q74
. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE"
14.
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The National Air Data Branch of EPA has the responsibility for developing an
accurate emissions inventory for all designated pollutants for the entire United
States. The emissions inventory data must be in a format suitable for use as
input to existing computer programs for displaying air quality, or for evaluating
State Implementation Plans.
Point Sources of emissions present no difficulties with regard to the formatting
of data for modeling. Area source emission data, however, present problems. Usually
the smallest geographic unit for which accurate primary data are available is the
county. These data must be disaggregated and appropriately allocated to smaller
areas to provide an adequately detailed input.
The Computer Assisted Area Source Emissions gridding programs with associated
subroutines and off-line procedures provide an objective method for allocating
county-level data to grid squares selected on the basis of demographic features
and sized to give appropriate detail for input to air quality modeling programs.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Modeling
Area Sources
Point Sources
Gridding
Computer Modeling
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
21. NO. OF PAGES
iffn
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
E-28
------- |