EPA Report ^ ^ ' /
November 1984
AIRBORNE LIDAR MONITORING OF
FLUORESCENT DYE PARTICLES
AS A TRACER TO CHARACTERIZE
TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION:
A FEASIBILITY STUDY
Final Report
November 1984
By: Edward E. Uthe
William Viezee
Bruce M. Morley
Remote Sensing Program
Atmospheric Science Center
SRI International
Menlo Park, California 94025
Prepared for:
Jason K.S.Ching
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Contract No. 68-02-3791
SRI Project 5782
SRI International
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025-3493
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NOTICE
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract NO. 68-02-3791
to SRI International. It has been subject to the Agency's peer and admini-
strative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA docu-
ment. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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EPA Report
November 1984
AIRBORNE LIDAR MONITORING OF
FLUORESCENT DYE PARTICLES
AS A TRACER TO CHARACTERIZE
TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION:
A FEASIBILITY STUDY
By:
Edward E. Uthe, William Viezee, and Bruce M. Morley
Atmospheric Science Center
SRI International
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025
Contract No. 68-02-3791
Project Officer
Jason K.S. Ching
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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ABSTRACT
During October 1983, SRI International (SRI) conducted a field experiment
to study the feasibility of using airborne lidar to remotely monitor and map
the long-distance transport and dispersion characteristics of a cloud of
nontoxic fluorescent dye particles (FDP) in various release scenarios. The
ALPHA-1 (Airborne Lidar Plume and Haze Analyzer) system installed in SRI's
Beechcraft Queen Air aircraft was used in the study. Laser energy was trans-
mitted vertically downward at wavelengths of 0.53 ym and 1.06 ym, simultane-
ously, and the ALPHA-1 two-wavelength receiver system was used to detect
range-resolved FDP fluorescent scattering at 0.60 ym and aerosol scattering at
1.06 pm. The ALPHA-1 system was made available for this program by the
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
The ALPHA-1/FDP feasibility experiment was conducted within the same time
period as the Cross Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX '83). The lidar
aircraft operated out of Akron-Canton airport, Ohio. FDP tracer releases were
made by a commercial cropduster. Successful lidar mapping of FDP releases
occurred on six separate days during the period 14 through 21 October.
The system proved capable of providing detailed range resolution of both
a cloud of FDP particles and the background aerosol distribution, the latter
for obtaining concurrent information on atmospheric stratification and
convective structure. On one occasion, an FDP cloud was released above the
mixed layer and subsequently tracked over a total distance of 327 km. The 3~
dimensional tracei—cloud trajectory showed detailed characteristics that
differed from the trajectory calculations which utilized twice-daily soundings
from the synoptic-scale network. On another occasion, an initially-released
circular cloud reached an 8-to-1 (l6-to-2 km) length-to-width ratio two hours
after release, and a 12-to-1 (30-to-2.5 km) length-to-width ratio about four
hours after release. ALPHA-1/FDP tests also were made in connection with a
power plant plume, convective cumulus clouds, and a tracer trajectory across
Lake Ontario.
The study successfully demonstrated that airborne lidar observations of
FDP tracer clouds released in the mixed and free tropospheric layers can
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identify local and regional processes of horizontal and vertical transport and
dispersion, can provide the precise verification data required to test and
validate model trajectory calculation schemes, and can provide input to
studies of cloud venting.
vi
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CONTENTS
Abstract v
Illustrations viii
Tables x
Acknowledgments xi
1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 1
2. BACKGROUND 3
Fluorescent Dye Particle (FDP) Lidar Technique 3
ALPHA-1 Lidar System 3
Fluorescent Particle Characteristics 7
ALPHA-1 Modification for FDP Technique 7
3. PRELIMINARY TESTS 8
Ground Testing 8
Local Airborne Testing 8
4. SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF FIELD PROGRAM AND DATA COLLECTION ... 10
5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF LIDAR TRANSPORT OBSERVATIONS . . 16
Case I: Long-Range Tracking of FDP-Cloud 3-D
Trajectory 16
Case II: Long-Range Tracking of FDP-Cloud Shape
and Size 24
Case III: FDP-Puff Release Near Power Plant Plume .... 36
Case IV: FDP-Cloud Releases at Different Altitudes ... 38
Case V: FDP Tracking Across Lake Ontario 41
Case VI: FDP Experiment Near Convective Cumulus
Clouds 49
6. QUALITY CONTROL EVALUATION ACCOUNT 56
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 59
References 61
Appendix: Data Tabulations and Plots 62
vii
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1 ALPHA-1 Aircraft Used in Fluorescent Dye Particle (FDP)
Tracer Experiment 4
2 Example of Steam Plume and Background Aerosol Distributions
Observed by ALPHA-1 in the Geysers Geothermal Area of Northern
California 6
3 Loading and Release of FDP Tracers by Cropduster Aircraft 11
4 Example of Gray-Scale Facsimile Record Showing Two Lidar
Cross-sections Obtained by ALPHA-1 while Traversing an FDP
Tracer Plume 12
5 Geographic Locations and Horizontal Transport Trajectories
Associated with Six ALPHA-1/FDP Experiments Conducted in the
CAPTEX area during October 1983 15
6 Observed FDP-cloud Trajectory Compared with Computed Isen-
tropic Air Trajectory 17
7 Vertical Plane of Observed FDP-cloud Trajectory with Under-
lying Terrain Contour 18
8 Gray-scale Facsimile Record of Lidar Data Showing FDP Cloud
Above the Mixing Layer 19
9 Surface Weather Chart 21
10 Location of FDP Tracer Cloud with Streamlines of the Wind .... 26
11 Gray-scale Facsimile Record of Lidar Data 27
12 Height above Ground Level of FDP Tracer Cloud Determined by
Airborne Lidar from Tracer Release Point to End of ALPHA-1/FDP
Experiment 28
13 FDP-Cloud Structure Observed by ALPHA-1 Two Hours after Release
on 16 October 1983 30
14 FDP-Cloud Structure Observed by ALPHA-1 Four Hours after Release
on 16 October 1983 31
15 Surface Weather Charts Valid at 16 and 17 October 1983 33
viii
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16 Wind Direction and Speed (knots) for Each Minute of Radiosonde
Ascent at Dayton, Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on
16 October 1983 .......................... 34
17 Vertical Profiles of Relative Humidity for Dayton, Ohio, and
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania near the Time that the First FDP-
Cloud Structure was Observed by the ALPHA-1 ......... 35
18 Samples of Lidar Data Transverse to a Power Plant Plume
Recorded During the ALPHA-1 /FDP Experiment at the Conesville
Power Plant ........................... 37
19 Area of ALPHA-1 /FDP Study of Tracer Clouds Released at
Two Different Altitudes Below the Lidar Aircraft on
19 October 1983 ............ . ............ 40
20 Time Series of Top and Bottom FDP Tracer Clouds Observed by
ALPHA-1 in an Area of Northeast-to-Southwest Wind Flow ...... 42
21 Lidar Observations of the Height above Ground Level for the
Top and Bottom FDP Tracer Clouds during the 3-Hour Period
after the Tracer-Cloud Release on 19 October ........... H3
22 Track of FDP Tracer Cloud Across Lake Ontrario after its Release
from Location North of Buffalo, New York
23 Surface Weather Chart Showing Location of ALPHA-1 /FDP Experiment
across Lake Ontario ....................... 46
24 Time Series of FDP Tracer Cloud Along its Trajectory Across Lake
Ontario on 21 October 1983 .................... 47
25 Altitude above Ground Level of FDP Tracer Cloud Observed by the
ALPHA-1 during the ALPHA-1 /FDP Experiment across Lake Ontario . . 48
26 Size of FDP Tracer Cloud Transverse to Transport Direction
Observed by the Lidar as a Function of Time ........... 50
27 Sample of Lidar Data, 4 Minutes Apart, after FDP Tracer
Cloud Release in the Mixing Layer at a Location between
Cumulus Clouds .......................... 52
28 Time Series of Lidar Data during ALPHA-1 /FDP Experiment in Area
of Convective Cumulus Clouds near Johnstown, PA ......... 53
29 Six-Minute Time Series of Lidar Data Showing Release of FDP
near Top of Cumulus Clouds (1410 EOT) and Rapid Dispersion in
the Boundary Layer at 200 m to 300 m above Ground Level (1416 EOT).
(Convective Cloud Experiment, 21 October 1983) .......... 54
ix
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LIST OF TABLES
1 Queen Air Aircraft Flight Log: ALPHA-1 FDP Demonstration/
CAPTEX Experiments
2 Trajectory Characteristics ................... 24
3 Diffusion Characteristics of FDP Tracer Puff Obtained
from ALPHA-1 Observations .................... 39
x
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research has been funded as part of the National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program by the Meteorology and Assessment Division, Environmental
Sciences Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
The authors express their appreciation to Dr. Jason K.S. Ching, EPA
Project Monitor, for his continued interest and technical guidance during the
field experiment and the data analysis phases of the project.
We also acknowledge the contribution made by Mr. Tom Freitas, pilot of
the lidar aircraft, whose interest and dedication made it possible to success-
fully complete all scheduled research flights.
Mr. Norman Nielsen, SRI Field engineer, participated in the modification,
field preparation, and initial testing of the ALPHA-1/FDP system.
The EPRI ALPHA-1 airborne lidar was made available for the feasibility
study by Dr. Glenn Hilst of EPRI.
xi
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
Anthropogenic pollutants, such as acidic precursors, oxidants, and parti-
culates, can arrive above a convective mixed layer by penetrative convective
cloud activity (venting) or by air mass convergence. These pollutants are
then displaced along paths that are not necessarily horizontal, and can subse-
quently re-enter the mixed layer by either entrainment, subsidence, or in pre-
cipitating systems. The development of improved long-range transport models
will require consideration of the transport and dispersion processes in both
the mixed and free tropospheric layers.
These processes in the free troposphere are not adequately documented or
understood, and are generally ignored in current trajectory calculation
schemes and source-to-receptor models. This, of course, is primarily due to
the unavailability of adequate measurement techniques or air parcel tracking
technology for this application. For example, tetroons are set to drift along
constant density surfaces; however, free tropospheric transport is more
likely to occur along isentropic surfaces. The use of chemical tracers
requires in situ sampling by aircraft, but logistical requirements make
Lagrangian tracking extremely difficult on long-range transport scales. Thus,
adequate and precise verification data to test and validate model trajectory
calculation schemes (that use twice daily routine soundings from the synoptic-
scale network) are still unavailable.
To address this problem, a technique to track free tropospheric pollutant
transport was recently developed as part of the National Acid Precipitation
and Analysis Program (NAPAP). The airborne two-wavelength ALPHA-1 lidar
system (Uthe et al., 1980) was modified to track the movement, and to charac-
terize the dispersion, of a cloud of nontoxic fluorescent dye particles (FDP)
in various release scenarios. This system is capable of making range-resolved
measurements of both a cloud of FDP particles and aerosol distributions. The
latter obtains concurrent information on atmospheric stratification and con-
vective structure. Initial field tests were conducted in conjunction with the
Cross Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX '83) tracer study.
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The ALPHA-1/FDP feasibility study was carried out by SRI for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-02-3791. The ALPHA-1
airborne lidar was made available to SRI by the Electric Power Research Insti-
tute (EPRI). This report presents the highlights of an analysis and interpre-
tation of ALPHA-1 observations of FDP tracer clouds released on six separate
occasions in the general CAPTEX area. On each occasion, a specific scenario
which related to atmospheric transport and dispersion was emphasized.
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SECTION 2
BACKGROUND
FLUORESCENT DYE PARTICLE (FDP) LIDAR TECHNIQUE
Studies of atmospheric transport and dispersion have used lidar tech-
niques to map the downwind structure of aerosol tracers or plumes emitted into
the atmosphere by local and regional sources. These lidar observations,
however, can be used along the downwind transport trajectory only as long as
the backscatter signal received from the tracer or plume remains above that of
the background aerosols. When the backscatter signal from the tracer or plume
equals that of the background aerosols, the tracer can no longer be distin-
guished. This restriction can severely affect the useful application of
backscatter-type lidar observations to long-range transport studies.
Rowland and Konrad (1979) have demonstrated a different technique that
uses a lidar system to excite fluorescent particles released into the atmo-
sphere, and to monitor the emitted fluorescent light. When the lidar receiver
is spectrally filtered, the fluorescent light can be detected separately from
the radiation which is elastically backscattered by background aerosols at the
wavelength of the incident laser light. Thus, this technique allows the
fluorescent particles to be remotely detected in the presence of an
atmospheric aerosol background, even in low concentrations.
The objective of the study described in this report was to field test the
fluorescent dye particle (FDP) lidar technique using the ALPHA-1 airborne
lidar system for long-range transport and diffusion observations.
ALPHA-1 LIDAR SYSTEM
The ALPHA-1 (Airborne Lidar Plume and Haze Analyzer) was designed and
constructed for the Electric Power Research Institute (Uthe et al., 1980). It
is a downward-looking lidar flown aboard a twin-engine Beechcraft Queen Air
aircraft with specialized navigational instrumentation and facilities for
lidar applications. Figure 1 shows a view of the research aircraft, and an
interior view of the lidar operation.
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(a) IN FLIGHT
(b) INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING ALPHA-1 ELECTRONICS,
DISPLAY UNIT, AND OPERATORS
FIGURE 1 ALPHA-1 AIRCRAFT USED IN FLUORESCENT DYE PARTICLE (FDP)
TRACER EXPERIMENT
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The ALPHA-1 was constructed using an Nd:YAG laser transmitter emitting
pulses at a wavelength of 1.06 pm. By placing a frequency-doubling crystal in
the beam path, laser pulses can be simultaneously transmitted at the primary
wavelength of 1.06 pm, and at the frequency-doubled wavelength of 0.53 pm.
Elastic backscatter at the near infrared wavelength (1.06 pm) is sensitive to
subvisible particulate pollution because of the larger ratio of aerosol-to-
molecular scattering at longer-than-visible wavelengths. Elastic backscatter
measurements at the frequency-doubled wavelength (0.53 Mm) allow a two-wave-
length analysis of backscatter signatures in terms of aerosol extinction and
concentration (Uthe et al., 1982). Also, the short wavelength data can be
used to derive visibility information because 0.53 pm is at the peak of the
human visual response-function curve.
The ALPHA-1 data system uses dual microprocessors to record data at high
collection rates, and to process lidar backscatter signatures in terms of
height/distance facsimile displays of atmospheric and terrain features in real
time. The lidar can be operated at pulse rates up to 1 0 s for a horizontal
resolution of about 6 m. The backscatter signature at each wavelength result-
ing from each pulse transmission was digitized to provide 1000 values with
vertical resolution as small as 1.5 m. The fine vertical and horizontal
resolution data are plotted in pictorial form, and are available in real time
for directing the data collection. The signatures are also recorded on nine-
track magnetic tape for later analysis of atmospheric behavior and aerosol
physical and optical properties. Other details of the ALPHA-1 lidar system
are documented elsewhere (Uthe et al., 1980).
Figure 2 shows an example of a steam plume and background aerosol distri-
butions which were observed with the 1.06 pm wavelength of ALPHA-1 at the
Geysers geothermal area of northern California. The top of the boundary layer
and elevated aerosol layers indicate terrain-induced air motion. At the
source, the steam plume is clearly detected in the aerosol background.
However, as the plume is transported downwind, its density can rapidly
decrease to the point where it becomes difficult to distinguish the plume
structure from background aerosol concentrations.
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FIGURE 2 EXAMPLE OF STEAM PLUME AND BACKGROUND AEROSOL
DISTRIBUTIONS OBSERVED BY ALPHA-1 IN THE GEYSERS
GEOTHERMAL AREA OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA (UTHE,
1983)
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FLUORESCENT PARTICLE CHARACTERISTICS
The fluorescent particles used in the FDP-tracer experiment were trans-
parent organic resin particles containing a dye with a fluorescent orange
color. The orange color (dominant wavelength of 0.61 ym) is produced by
converting energy absorbed at the green wavelength (0.53 ym) of ALPHA-1.
During daytime, fluorescence can be excited by solar energy as well as by
laser light. However, because of the large energy density of the laser pulse,
the laser-induced fluorescent light is larger than that induced by the sun.
The fluorescent dye particles (FDP) have an average diameter of 3«5~
JJ.O ym and a density of 1.36 g cm~3. Measurements at SRI indicated a mean
particle diameter of 2 ym. Using Stokes' Law, the fall velocity of these
particles in air near the top of the boundary layer is about 0.6 mm sec .
FDP for the lidar experiment were obtained in 50-lb bags from the Day-Glo
Color Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio. (The color is designated as "Fire Orange"
by Day-Glo).
ALPHA-1 MODIFICATION FOR FDP TECHNIQUE
The ALPHA-1 has two independent receivers that measure the elastically
backscattered radiation at 1.06 ym and 0.53 ym. For application to the
fluorescent particle technique, the interference filter of the 0.53 urn
receiver was replaced with a filter that blocked 1.06 ym and 0.53 ym
backscattered radiation but transmitted 0.61 ym fluorescent (orange) light.
Because the fluorescent spectrum is relatively wide, a wide bandwidth
filter was needed to pass the fluorescent signal. The wide bandpass filter,
however, also passes a large amount of background (solar reflected) light. On
the basis of ground tests, two interference filters were considered. One
filter used a bandwidth of about 500 A bandpass, but also passed a small
percentage of the elastic backscatter at 0.53 ym and/or 1.06 ym. The second
filter had a 1500 A bandpass and had more blocking at 0.53 ym, but the
increased background radiation resulted in a lower overall signal-to-noise
ratio during daylight hours. Therefore, most of the data was collected with
the 500 A filter. The 1500 A filter was used only on a convective cloud
experiment where greater receiver rejection of the primary radiation at
0.53 ym and 1.06 ym was needed. 7
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SECTION 3
PRELIMINARY TESTS
GROUND TESTING
During July 1983, preliminary ground tests were conducted at SRI's Menlo
Park facility. During these tests, the ALPHA-1 lidar system was used in its
surface-based configuration to observe FDP releases from a tall stack. The
objectives were to optimize transmitter and receiver components to best
observe the FDP-release, and to evaluate capabilities and limitations of the
ALPHA-1/FDP technique, before the system was committed to aircraft operations.
The ground tests demonstrated the feasibility of the ALPHA-1/FDP tech-
nique. Three receiver filters were evaluated, and two were chosen for future
tests. It was shown that the FDP fluorescent backscatter cross section was
only about four times greater than the particle elastic backscatter cross
section, so that relatively large FDP quantities would be needed for long-
range transport studies. However, because the FDP receiver is filtered so as
not to observe lidar elastic backscatter, the technique would be particularly
useful in hazy atmospheric conditions. Several techniques were investigated
for releasing large quantities of FDP from aircraft platforms. Release of
about 100-lbs in a few minutes could only be accomplished economically by use
of a cropduster aircraft.
LOCAL AIRBORNE TESTING
During August/September 1983, the ALPHA-1 lidar was installed within the
SRI Queen Air aircraft for observing FDP releases from the tall stack and from
a second aircraft platform. The objectives of these tests were to demonstrate
the ALPHA-1/FDP technique using an aircraft-mounted sensor and FDP release
system, and to gain experience with tracking the generated FDP clouds.
The local airborne testing demonstrated that FDP could be released in
large quantities from a cropduster aircraft, and that the FDP release could be
observed with the ALPHA-1 for at least several hours. It was determined that
lidar detectability of FDP is proportional to inverse distance squared and,
therefore, is best observed at shorter distances. Moreover, because of laser
8
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eye-safety considerations, the ALPHA-1/FDP technique is best suited for higher
altitude FDP releases.
Increased 0.53 ptn wavelength laser emission was needed to obtain greater
signal from generated FDP clouds. An extensive evaluation was conducted of
various harmonic crystals used to generate 0.53 yni wavelength energy from the
primary 1.06 ym laser emissions. High-efficiency crystals were found to be
unreliable — sometimes lasting for only one hour of operation. A compromise
crystal was finally decided upon that provided adequate output energy and
appeared to have sufficient reliability to be used during a two-week field
program.
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SECTION 4
SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF FIELD PROGRAM AND DATA COLLECTION
The ALPHA-1/FDP feasibility study was conducted within the same time
period as the Cross Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX '83) with the
expectation to take advantage of additional meteorological observations to
evaluate the study results. The Akron/Canton airport, about 200 km (125
miles) northeast of Dayton, Ohio, was selected as the base of operations for
the ALPHA-1 lidar aircraft since this location was expected to be downwind of
the CAPTEX tracer releases made from Dayton. The commercial cropduster
aircraft, used for FDP releases, was stationed 43 km (27 miles) to the
southwest at the Wayne County (Wooster) airport. FDP tracer material (50-lb
bags) was brought in from Cleveland.
Based on considerations of laser eye-safety, the ALPHA-1 operated at
flight levels between 2100 m and 2900 m (7000 ft and 9500 ft) ASL. On the
average, FDP releases were made by the cropduster at altitudes 450 to 600 m
(1500 to 2000 ft) below the ALPHA-1 flight level. Figure 3 shows the loading
of the cropduster, and an FDP release in the form of a doughnut-shaped cloud
of 3/4 km diameter and a thickness of about 50 m. Typically, 100-lbs of FDP
(at a cost of about $500) was released for each test.
Figure 4 shows an example of lidar data displayed on a gray-scale fac-
simile record. The darker areas represent greater backscatter on a logarith-
mic scale. The data present two cross-wind traverses (2032-2036 EOT and 2036-
2040 EOT) of an elongated FDP tracer plume observed in eastern Ohio by the
ALPHA-1 from a flight altitude of 2900 m ASL, during the evening of 16
October. The upper part of the gray-scale presentation represents elastic
backscatter data at 1.06 pm. It shows terrain contours, the ground-based
aerosol (haze) layer (about 1500 m thick), and the infrared backscatter from
the FDP cloud in a vertical plane perpendicular to the transport direction.
The lower part shows terrain contours, and the fluorescent backscatter at
0.6 pm received from the FDP after illumination by 0.53 pm laser radiation.
Terrain contours are shown in the fluorescent channel because of filter
leakage of strong 0.53 um lidar backscatter signals from ground surfaces
(Section 2.4). 10
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FDP LOADING OF COMMERCIAL CROPDUSTER
FDP RELEASE BY CROPDUSTER BELOW ALPHA-1 LIDAR AIRCRAFT
FIGURE 3 LOADING AND RELEASE OF FDP TRACERS BY CROPDUSTER AIRCRAFT
11
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2032 EOT
2036 EOT
2040 EOT
TOP
HAZE
LAYER
TERRAIN-
TERRAIN'
ELASTIC BACKSCATTER (1.06 Mm)
S*FK~r *f<, ;->v/ -,"54?.> •';*'< ••
FLUORESCENT BACKSCATTER
(0.53 Mm TRANSMITTED,
0.60 Mm RECEIVED)
1200m
1200m
FIGURE 4 EXAMPLE OF GRAY-SCALE FACSIMILE RECORD SHOWING TWO LIDAR CROSS
SECTIONS OBTAINED BY ALPHA-1 WHILE TRAVERSING A FDP TRACER PLUME.
Upper part represents aerosol background and plume cross sections from elastic
backscatter. Lower part shows fluorescent tracer plume. 16 October 1983,
eastern Ohio, 2032-2040 EOT. Lidar aircraft altitude: 2900 m ASL.
No elastic backscatter from the atmospheric aerosol background is detected at
this wavelength. The lidar observations of Figure H clearly demonstrate that
the FDP cloud is detected above the near-surface haze layer, and that its
height above the terrain, and its shape and size, can be accurately determined
by remote measurements. This figure also shows that the FDP cloud can be
observed with the 1.06 pm lidar receiver as well as the 0.6 urn receiver,
provided interfering atmospheric background aerosol concentrations are
sufficiently low at the FDP-cloud location.
12
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Table 1 lists the significant experiments carried out during the field
program period of 10 October through 21 October 1983. During this period,
only one CAPTEX experiment from Dayton took place on 14 October. The
experiments that are encircled in Table 1 represent those that provided
significant ALPHA-1/FDP feasibility data for various scenarios. Case studies
for these six experiments are described in detail later in this report.
Figure 5 shows the geographic locations where the six FDP tracer releases
were made, and the distances and general areas over which the tracer clouds
were tracked by the ALPHA-1. The arrowhead at the end of each track indicates
the general transport direction. Tracks 1 and 2 cover long distances of 327
km and 236 km, respectively. In these two cases, tracers were released under
cloud-free conditions above the mixing layer. Case 3 represents an FDP
release made in connection with the plume of the Conesville power plant north
of Zanesville, Ohio. The behavior of FDP tracer clouds released from a point
north of Columbus, Ohio, at two different altitudes above ground level was
investigated in Case 4. Case 5 followed a low-altitude tracer release from a
point north of Buffalo, New York, across Lake Ontario. During the afternoon
of the same day, another experiment (Case 6) involved convective cumulus
clouds, and was carried out near Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Except for Cases 5
and 6, all releases were made in Ohio.
13
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1 14 Oct., 1802-2305 EOT; FDP cloud tracked over 327 km
, 2 16 Oct., 1650-2359 EOT; FDP cloud tracked over 236 km
3 17 Oct., 2142-2337 EOT; Conesville power plant ',
4 19 Oct., 0920-1238 EOT; multiple-altitude tracer cloud exp.
5 21 Oct., 0708-0929 EOT; over Lake Ontario
6 21 Oct., 1332-1530 EOT; convective cloud exp.
FIGURE 5 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS AND HORIZONTAL FDP-TRANSPORT TRAJECTORIES
ASSOCIATED WITH SIX ALPHA-1/FDP EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED IN THE
CAPTEX AREA DURING OCTOBER 1983
15
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SECTION 5
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF LIDAR TRANSPORT OBSERVATIONS
CASE I: LONG-RANGE TRACKING OF FDP-CLOUD 3-D TRAJECTORY
Scenario
The ALPHA-1/FDP experiment conducted on 14 October 1983, 1802-2305 EOT,
demonstrated the feasibility of determining the long-range 3~dimensional
transport trajectory of an FDP tracer cloud with high spatial and temporal
resolution. The data analyses are described in the following paragraphs.
FDP-Cloud Track
On 14 October, a donut-shaped cloud of fluorescent dye particles about
3/4-km in diameter, was released from Lancaster, Ohio (45 km SE of Columbus),
at 1750 EOT. Meteorological conditions were controlled by a high pressure
system. Release height was 2290 m ASL, nearly 900 m above the mixing layer,
and above a subsidence inversion in relatively dry air. The ALPHA-1 tracked
the FDP cloud over a total distance of 327 km from Lancaster southeastward
through West Virginia (Clarksburg) to just across the Shenandoah Mountains.
At this point, the cloud became fragmented, and was lost by the tracking
aircraft. The cloud trajectory (A-B and C-D) is shown in Figures 6 and 7.
The lidar aircraft was refueled at point B, and contact with the FDP cloud was
reestablished at C. FDP-cloud altitude decreased from 2290 m ASL upon release
(A), to 1570 m ASL in the lee of the mountains (D).
Lidar Data
Figure 8 shows a gray-scale facsimile record of lidar data of three
consecutive traverses across the FDP cloud at 2151, 2154, and 2157 EOT,
y
obtained over a 25-km horizontal distance. These data are at a location
In Figure 8, and in all other vertical cross-sections of lidar data
presented in this project report, time increases from left to right
i.e., the lidar aircraft crosses the underlying terrain from left to right
16
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50 100 150 200 250
DISTANCE FROM RELEASE — km
300
350
FIGURE 7 VERTICAL PLANE OF OBSERVED FDP-CLOUD TRAJECTORY
(A-B) AND C-D) WITH UNDERLYING TERRAIN CONTOUR.
E-F AND E-G REPRESENT COMPUTED AIR-PARCEL
TRAJECTORY ON THE ISENTROPIC AND ISOBARIC SURFACE,
RESPECTIVELY, STARTING ON THE FDP-CLOUD TRACK AT
POINT E (14 October 1983, 1802-2305 EDT).
18
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19
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approximately 230 km downwind from the FDP-release point (just before the
high-elevation mountains shown in Figure 7). The upper part of the figure
presents elastic backscatter data at 1.06 ym. It shows terrain contours, the
near-surface haze layer (about 900-1000 m thick), and the infrared backscatter
£
from the FDP cloud. The lower part shows terrain contours and the fluore-
scent backscatter at 0.6 pro. No elastic backscatter from the atmospheric
aerosol layers is received at this wavelength.
Meteorological Data
Figure 9 presents the surface weather map (surface weather reports,
isobars, and fronts) at 14 October 1983, 08:00 EOT. At this time, West
Virginia and Ohio (outlined) were located between a high-pressure system cen-
tered in Tennessee and a low-pressure area north of the Great Lakes. This
situation persisted throughout the day, so that westerly winds prevailed in
the area of the ALPHA-1/FDP experiment.
Further meteorological analyses for the area of the FDP cloud were made
using rawinsonde data from the synoptic-scale network stations of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania (PIT), Dayton, Ohio (DAY), Huntington, West Virginia (HTS), and
Washington, D.C. (DCA) at the standard radiosonde release time of 1900 EOT
£$
(2300 GMT). The upper-air observations near the average altitude of the
cloud (2000 m ASL) were made at about 1907 EOT. This time is the same as that
associated with the location of the FDP cloud at the point E indicated in
Figures 6 and 7.
The temperature, pressure, and wind at point E were determined by linear
interpolation of the 1900 EOT rawinsonde data from PIT and HTS. Thus, these
The top of the ground-based haze layer is an indicator of the mixing depth
only during convective periods.
**
A CAPTEX experiment was conducted on 14 October, but the CAPTEX sampling
aircraft flight paths and the cooperative rawinsonde ascents were to the
north of the West Virginia area of the lidar/FDP track.
20
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quantities characterize an air parcel at the location of the FDP-cloud at 1907
EDT. The trajectory of this air parcel was computed both on the isentropic
surface (constant potential temperature) corresponding to the potential tem-
perature at E (9 = 295° K) and on the isobaric surface (constant pressure)
corresponding to the pressure at E (P = 794 mb).
Air Parcel Trajectories
Using the 1900 EDT (2300 GMT) rawinsonde data of PIT, DAY, HTS, and DCA,
the field of the Montgomery streamfunction for 9 = 295 was analyzed for the
area of the FDP experiment. The isentropic trajectory starting at point E was
constructed assuming steady state conditions — i.e. the Montgomery stream-
function field was held constant and the air parcel at E was moved with the
interpolated winds parallel to the streamfunction isolines for the nearly 4-
hour time period extending from 1907 EDT until 2305 EDT (the end time of the
FDP-cloud track at D). In a similar manner, an isobaric trajectory was
calculated on the isobaric surface of P = 794 mb, assuming steady state
conditions for the 4-hour transport period.
Figure 6 shows the trajectory comparison in the horizontal plane. The
dashed line E-F represents the computed isentropic air trajectory. It termi-
nates at F about 52 km northeast of the FDP track endpoint D. The average
transport speed along the isentropic trajectory is 36 knots. The dash-dot
line E-G represents the isobaric trajectory. It terminates at the point G
which is 24 km north of F. The average velocity along the isobaric trajectory
is 36 knots. Its general direction (279°) is more westerly than that of the
isentropic path (284°). The isentropic air trajectory agrees quite favorably
with the FDP track, except during the second half of the time period when the
FDP track veers about 10° toward the south. This could be interpreted as a
curvature induced by the mountains, the effect of diabatic processes such as
radiative cooling on the air parcel transport, or inaccuracy in the simplified
isentropic trajectory calculation. The lines connected by open circles
indicate the path of a tetroon released at Dayton, Ohio, at 1500 EDT. The
various times of the tetroon position are shown along its track.
22
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Figure 7 shows the trajectory comparison in the vertical plane, together
with the underlying terrain topography. The general descent of the FDP cloud
is evident as well as its up-and-down transport across the mountains. The
calculated isentropic trajectory shows a gradual descent; the isobaric tra-
jectory does not show any descending motion.
Using the average diameter of the fluorescent dye particles (3.5 to 4.0 ym),
and a value for specific gravity of 1.36 g cm~', the fall velocity (settling
rate) computed from Stokes' Law equals 0.6 mm sec . The possible clustering
of individual dye particles during an FDP-cloud release could increase the
mean diameter by a factor of 3 (for example, 9 particles clustering
together). Such effect would increase the fall velocity by a factor of 9 to
5.4 mm sec or 0.54 cm sec . Even this worst-case fall velocity would not
explain the lidar-observed 4.3 cm sec" downward motion of the FDP tracer
cloud.
The altitude of the tetroon trajectory, located 75 km north of the FDP
experiment area, decreased from 2149 m ASL at 1600 EOT to 1785 m ASL at 2140
EOT (see data listing in Appendix). When it is assumed that this descent is
entirely due to atmospheric motion, the tetroon data suggest an average down-
ward motion along the tetroon trajectory equal to 1.8 cm sec .
From their common location at E, the lidar-observed and calculated trans-
port trajectories diverge in both the vertical and horizontal plane. The
observed small-scale features of the FDP trajectory in comparison with the
computed synoptic-scale air-parcel trajectories are most evident in Figure 7.
The overall trajectory characteristics are summarized in Table 2.
23
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TABLE 2
TRAJECTORY CHARACTERISTICS
(14 October 1983, 1802-2305 EOT)
Trajectory
Tetroon (1600-21 40 EOT)
FDP
Isentropic
Isobaric
Mean
Direction
(degrees)
279
290
284
279
Horizontal
Transport
Velocity
(knots)
41
35
36
36
Mean Vertical
Transport
Velocity*
(cm sec )
-1.8
-4.3
-1.0
0
*Negative represents descending motion.
CASE II: LONG-RANGE TRACKING OF FDP-CLOUD SHAPE AND SIZE
Scenario
The ALPHA-1/FDP experiment conducted on 16 October 1983, 1650-2359 EOT,
established the feasibility of evaluating FDP-cloud height, shape, and size
with high spatial resolution. These data can be used to determine dispersion
rate along, and transverse to, the transport direction, and to identify small-
scale features in the transport circulation. These experimental results are
described in the following paragraphs.
ALPHA-1/FDP Track
On 16 October, an FDP cloud was released from Delaware, Ohio (about 40 km
north of Columbus), at 1650 EDT. A high pressure system prevailed in the
area. Release height was 2300 ra ASL at about 500 to 800 m above the mixing
layer. Relative humidity at the release level was 10-205L The cloud was
tracked by the ALPHA-1 over a total distance of 236 km through eastern Ohio to
a point between Youngstown, Ohio, and New Castle, Pennsylvania. Underlying
24
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terrain was relatively flat, varying in elevation between 274 and 305 m (900-
1000 ft ASL). The ALPHA-1/FDP track is shown in Figure 10 together with the
streamlines of the wind near the average altitude of the tracer cloud (2250 m
AGL). Two aircraft runs were made to map the shape or structure of the FDP
cloud by flying the ALPHA-1 back-and-forth within the tracer cloud in a
stationary north-to-south vertical plane while the FDP cloud moved through
this plane from west to east. The locations of the structure runs indicated
in Figure 10 at 1908 EDT and 2105 EDT are based on data from the aircraft
navigational system.
Lidar Data
Figure 11 shows 4 cross-sectional ALPHA-1 observations of the tracer
cloud centered at the indicated times at a location between the two "struc-
ture" runs. These lidar data are in a vertical plane perpendicular to the
transport direction of the FDP cloud. The cross-sectional cloud shape and
size are identified by both the elastic backscatter return at 1.06 \xn (upper
part of the figure), and the fluorescent signal at 0.6 urn (lower part of
figure). The background aerosol at 1.06 ym clearly identifies a 1500-m deep
surface-based haze layer, the top of which is below the transport level of the
tracer cloud. The top of this layer normally indicates the maximum mixing
depth attained on this day.
Using lidar data of the type illustrated in Figure 11, the height of the
FDP cloud above the underlying terrain was determined along the entire 236-km
transport distance. Figure 12 presents these height data. The downwind
distances at which the structure of the tracer cloud was determined are
indicated at 95 km (first run) and at 151 km (second run). After the second
structure run was completed, contact with the FDP cloud was reestablished with
some difficulty. Subsequent lidar observations indicate that the cloud became
diffuse and disorganized.
Up to 150 km downwind distance, the height of the tracer observations
suggests a non-horizontal FDP cloud at a mean altitude of 2250 m AGL. A
linear regression fit to all lidar-determined height points including those of
25
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85° W
T-DP-CLOUD
STRUCTURE
EXPERIMENTS
No. 2
FIGURE 10 LOCATION OF FDP TRACER CLOUD WITH STREAMLINES OF THE WIND AT
2250m ABOVE TERRAIN.
Cloud structure runs by the ALPHA-1 were made at 1908 EOT and 2105 EOT.
Streamlines are based on wind observations from standard radiosonde network.
26
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STRUCTURE RUNS
No. 1 No. 2
2500
2000
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DOWNWIND DISTANCE — km
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FIGURE 12 HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND LEVEL OF FDP TRACER CLOUD DETERMINED
BY AIRBORNE LIDAR FROM TRACER RELEASE POINT TO END OF
ALPHA-1/FDP EXPERIMENT (236 km DOWNWIND DISTANCE)
Note evidence of non-horizontal motion along transport trajectory; location of the
structure runs; and linear regression indicating mean ascending motion of 0.47 cm s~1.
28
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the two structure runs, indicates a mean ascending motion of the FDP cloud
equal to 0.4? cm sec"1.
Rate of Change of Cloud Shape and Size
Figure 13 shows the shape of the FDP tracer cloud obtained from the first
structure run made at 95 km downwind (2-hour travel time) from the release
point. The data are obtained from the vertical lidar cross sections recorded
along a fixed flight-path perpendicular to the transport direction while the
tracer plume moved below the flight path. Figure 13(a) presents a computer-
generated view of the FDP cloud cross-sections from a position above the front
of the tracer cloud. Figure 13(b) shows a view from a position off to the
side. The FDP-cloud cross section #1 represents the front, and cross section
#11 represents the tail end of the FDP cloud. Figure 14 shows a data
presentation similar to that of Figure 13. but constructed from lidar observa-
tions of cross cloud structure recorded at a downwind distance of 151 km
(about 4 hours of travel time) from release. Several features of interest are
evident from these unique observations:
• Two hours from release time, the tracer cloud is about 16 km long and
2 km wide (distance along the X-axis is evaluated from mean cloud
speed).
• Four hours after release, the cloud is about 30 km long and shows
variable width of 1 to 5 km which indicates continued elongation along
the transport direction. However, the variation in cross-sectional
area along the length of the FDP tracer cloud may indicate that the
tracer ribbon is beginning to break up into separate elements.
• At both times during which structure runs were made, the FDP cloud
showed wave structure along the mean transport direction.
• Considering that the FDP release was in the form of a circular cloud
of 3/4 km diameter and 50 m thickness (see Figure 3), the lidar
observations demonstrate a rapid and continued elongation of the
tracer material along the transport-wind direction into a narrow
ribbon-type shape.
• The top views of Figure 13(a) and Figure I4(a) show a tendency for the
tracer ribbon to develop a V-shape in the horizontal (X-Y) plane. A
suggestion as to the cause will be presented below in connection with
the discussion of the meteorological analysis.
• The lidar observations contain all information necessary to compute
the volume and the growth rate of the tracer cloud.
29
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II
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FIGURE 13 FDP-CLOUD STRUCTURE OBSERVED BY ALPH-1 TWO
HOURS AFTER RELEASE ON 16 OCTOBER 1983,
1845 TO 1908 EOT
(a) is top view of lidar data along entire FDP-cloud length
(No. 1 through No. 11). (b) is side view of lidar cross sections.
Transport direction is along the X-axis.
30
-------
Z-axis
-17
5 -
10-
15-
25-
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• Y-axis
5 10 15 20 25 km
11
10
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TRANSPORT
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X-axis
(a) VIEW FROM ABOVE
TRANSPORT
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Z-axis
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X-axis
15 16
17
13
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
km
5 10 15 20 25
km
Y-axis
(b) VIEW FROM SIDE
FIGURE 14 FDP-CLOUD STRUCTURE OBSERVED BY ALPHA-1
FOUR HOURS AFTER RELEASE ON 16 OCTOBER 1983,
2009 TO 2105 EOT.
(a) Top view of vertical lidar cross sections along the
entire FDP-cloud length (No. 1 through No. 17).
(b) Side view of lidar cross sections.
Transport direction is along the X-axis.
31
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Meteorological Analysis
Figure 15 presents two available surface weather charts for 16 October,
0800 EOT, and 17 October, 0800 EOT. It is evident from these charts that
during the period of the ALPHA-1/FDP experiment, a cold front approached Ohio
from the west, and that the high pressure system which prevailed over Ohio
during the daytime hours was moving toward the East Coast.
Further meteorological analyses were made using the standard (synoptic-
scale) rawinsonde data of 1900 EOT (rawinsonde launch time) for Dayton, Ohio
(DAY), Huntington, West Virginia (HTS), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (PIT), and
Buffalo, New York (BUF).
Figure 16 shows vertical profiles of the horizontal wind for DAY and PIT
for 16 October 1983, 1900 EOT. The height interval within which the FDP
tracer cloud was transported, is indicated. Winds in this altitude range were
obtained at about 1907 EOT — i.e. 7 minutes after the rawinsonde launch.
Referring back to Figure 10 which shows the FDP track, it is seen that the
first structure run occurred near 1907 EOT about halfway between DAY and
PIT. The rawinds of Figure 16 show vertical directional shear in the FDP-
cloud layer, and suggest a trough in the wind field. The trough line was
analyzed at the position of the first structure run and, therefore, the bend
in the tracer cloud seen in Figure 13(a) may have been directly on the wind
trough. Furthermore, the increased V-shape of the FDP cloud evident in the
lidar observations of 2 hours later, Figure 11(a), suggests that the FDP cloud
was transported through the wind trough between 1908 EOT and 2105 EOT (i.e.,
the tracer cloud moved faster than the trough).
Figure 17 shows vertical profiles of relative humidity for DAY and PIT.
Relative humidities at the altitude of the FDP cloud are 10-20?. Thus, the
transport observations were made during dry, cloud-free conditions.
32
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SOURCE: Daily Weather Maps, Weekly Series, NIOAA, NES, Data and Information Service.
FIGURE 15 SURFACE WEATHER CHARTS (SURFACE WEATHER REPORTS, ISOBARS, AND
FRONTS) VALID AT 16 OCTOBER 1983, 0800 EOT (UPPER CHART) AND AT
17 OCTOBER 1983, 0800 EOT (LOWER CHART).
Area (Ohio) where ALPHA-1/FDP experiment took place is outlined. During period
of experiment, Ohio was under the influence of a high-pressure system with a cold
front approaching from the west.
33
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FIGURE 16
WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED (KNOTS) FOR
EACH MINUTE OF RADIOSONDE ASCENT AT
DAYTON, OHIO (DAY) AND PITTSBURGH,
PENNSYLVANIA (PIT) ON 16 OCTOBER 1983,
1900 EOT (2300 GMT). Altitude interval of FDP
tracer cloud is indicated by dashed lines together
with interpolated winds at halfway points between
DAY and PIT. FDP cloud was located at halfway
point at 1907 EOT.
34
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DAYTON. OHIO
PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
3000
£ 2000
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RELATIVE HUMIDITY — percent
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FIGURE 17
VERTICAL PROFILES OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FOR
DAYTON, OHIO AND PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
NEAR THE TIME THAT THE FIRST FDP-CLOUD
STRUCTURE WAS OBSERVED BY THE ALPHA-1.
Data are from the standard radiosonde ascent of
16 October 1983, 1900 EOT (2300 GMT).
35
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CASE III: FDP-PUFF RELEASE NEAR POWER PLANT PLUME
Scenario
The ALPHA-1/FDP experiment conducted on the evening of 17 October 1983,
2142-2338 EOT, investigated the feasibility of tracking an FDP tracer-puff
released near a power plant plume at 500-600 m above ground level. The power
plant plume and the tracer cloud were observed by ALPHA-1 for nearly 2
hours. The lidar observations were made to show the diffusion of the plume
and tracer puff transverse to the transport wind direction. In addition, the
FDP tracer can provide information on "puff" dimensions in the downwind
direction.
FDP-Cloud Track
On 17 October, 2142 EOT, an FDP tracer-puff was released on top of the
plume of the Conesville Power Plant located about 80 km (50 miles) east of
Columbus, Ohio. The release height was 600 m above ground level which corre-
sponded to the top of the haze layer, as indicated by the lidar data. Lidar
cross-sections of the power plant plume and of the released tracer puff were
recorded along the west-to-east distance shown in Figure 5 (Section 4.0).
Winds were southwesterly in advance of a cold front approaching from the
west. The experiment took place during darkness, and little or no visual
contact was made with either the plume, or the tracer cloud. Using the lidar
backscatter signals as guidance, the lidar aircraft was directed along flight
paths transverse to the power plant plume, — i.e., transverse to the
transport wind.
Lidar Data
Figure I8(a) shows lidar data of the power plant plume before FDP release
about 1.5 km downwind from the power plant. The lidar observations are in a
vertical plane transverse to the transport wind. The plume lies on top of
the haze layer, and no fluorescent light from the plume or background aerosols
is evident on the fluorescent channel. Figure I8(b) shows the puff of fluo-
rescent tracer shortly after it was released on top of the plume near 2142
36
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EOT. At the backscatter wavelength of 1.06 ym [upper part of Figure I8(t>)],
the tracer puff is difficult to locate in the plume background. The fluores-
cent channel, however, identifies the location and shape of the tracer puff
[lower part of Figure I8(b)] without interference by the plume and the
background aerosol. The plume is about 3.7 km wide, and the FDP puff is about
300 m wide at 1.6 km downwind from the power plant, assuming the aircraft
traverse is truly perpendicular to the transport direction. At 2205 EOT (1.1
km downwind), the tracer puff has grown in the transverse direction to 1300 m
as shown by the fluorescent channel data in Figure I8(c). Observations of the
type presented in Figure 18 were recorded by the ALPHA-1 over a 2-hour period.
Diffusion of FDP-Tracer Puff
Table 3 lists the size of the tracer cloud in a direction transverse to
the power plant plume as a function of travel time (time after release) to a
distance of about 29 km downwind from the release point. Since no visual
contact with the tracer cloud was possible because of darkness, it is unknown
whether or not the transverse direction of lidar observation was perpendicular
to the longitudinal plume axis. At 1 hour and 16 minutes after release (20 km
downwind), the length of the FDP-tracer cloud was between 2 and 3 km estimated
from lidar observations made along a fixed transverse direction while the
tracer cloud passed by below the aircraft flight level. Table 3 does not
suggest that the tracer puff diffused into a "ribbon" along the direction of
the power plant plume as in Case Study II. The radiosonde ascents at Dayton
and Pittsburgh for 1900 EOT showed west-south-west winds at 8-10 knots (4-5
msec"1) near the height of the Conesville plume. Toward the end of the
observation period, clouds began to move in at 1500 m above ground level, and
prevented a continuation of the experiment.
38
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CASE IV: FDP-CLOUD RELEASES AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES
Scenario
On 19 October 1983, 0920-1238 EOT, FDP clouds were released at two
different altitudes in a northeast-to-southwest wind flow regime. By tracking
the top (2200 m AGL) and the bottom (1500 m AGL) tracer clouds, the ALPHA-1
observed large directional wind shear between these altitudes. Individual FDP
cloud observations also showed wind shear effects and descending motion during
the 3-hour lidar-tracking period. Cloud location was lost after an extended
refueling stop.
Table 3
DIFFUSION CHARACTERISTICS OF FDP TRACER PUFF
OBTAINED FROM ALPHA-1 OBSERVATIONS
Time
After Release
0
1 1 min
16 min
22 min
1 hr 16 min
1 hr 21 min
1 hr 51 min
FDP Size
Transverse
to Plume
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.3
—
3.7
3.9
FDP
Length
(km)
0.3
—
—
—
2.0-3.0
—
—
Distance Downwind
From Power pi ant
(km)
1.6
4.2
6.0
7.7
20.5
21 .2
28.6
FDP-Cloud Track
On 19 October 1983, 0920 EOT, two FDP tracer clouds were released, one at
2200 m AGL, and the other at 1600 m AGL. The transport and dispersion of
these two clouds were observed by the ALPHA-1 flying near an altitude of 2700-
2800 m AGL for nearly 3 hours over a distance of 132 km downwind of the
release point. Figure 19 shows the release and tracking area between Columbus
and Mansfield, Ohio. The tracer releases took place at nearly the same
39
-------
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FIGURE 19 AREAOF ALPHA-1/FDP STUDY OF TRACER CLOUDS RELEASED AT TWO
DIFFERENT ALTITUDES BELOW THE LIDAR AIRCRAFT ON 19 OCTOBER
1983, 0920-1238 EOT.
1: Release location
2 and 3: Trajectory of top FDP cloud
4 and 5: Trajectory of bottom FDP cloud
Thin lines with arrow represent mean trajectories with direction in degrees.
40
-------
location (location #1 in Figure 19). About 35 minutes after release, the
horizontal trajectories of the top and bottom FDP-clouds were observed to
separate. The top cloud followed the tracks indicated by #2 and #3, while the
bottom cloud followed the trajectory indicated by #4 and #5. This separation
with altitude identified a vertical directional shear of the horizontal wind
equal to 21 degrees (4.2 degrees per 100 m).
Lidar Data
Figure 20 shows a time series of lidar observations over a period of
about 3 hours. Both the top and bottom cloud undergo a strong shearing effect
with parts of the cloud sheared off in a horizontal direction. This effect is
especially evident in the lidar observations of the top cloud by comparing the
period 0947-0953 EOT [Figure 20(b)] with the period 1132-1134 EOT [Figure
20(c)j. Shearing effects on the bottom cloud are seen in Figure 20(d). It is
also seen that both tracer clouds descend in altitude.
Figure 21 shows the lidar-observed height above ground level of the top
and bottom tracer clouds during the nearly 3-hour period of observations.
Linear regression fits to the data points indicate a mean descending motion of
1.6 cm sec for the bottom cloud and 4.1 cm sec" for the top cloud. These
numbers suggest that the downward motion decreases toward the top of the haze
layer where, most likely, it approaches zero.
Unique information such as shown in Figures 19 through 21 can be applied
to validate and develop sub-synoptic scale transport models.
CASE V: FDP TRACKING ACROSS LAKE ONTARIO
Scenario
On 21 October 1983, 0708-0929 EOT, a low-altitude FDP tracer cloud was
released north of Buffalo, New York, on the east shore of Lake Ontario during
easterly wind flow. The tracer cloud was transported across the lake, and its
dispersion characteristics were observed by the ALPHA-1 for over 2 hours.
Subsidence was observed over the lake, and a strong rising motion was observed
41
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BOTTOM TRACER CLOUD
(MEAN DESCENDING MOTION: 1.6 cm s"1)
0900
FIGURE 21
1000
1100
TIME — EOT
1200
1300
LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND LEVEL FOR
THE TOP AND BOTTOM FDP TRACER CLOUDS DURING THE 3-HOUR
PERIOD AFTER THE TRACER-CLOUD RELEASE ON 19 OCTOBER,
0920 EOT NORTH OF COLUMBUS, OHIO. Note mean descending motion of
the tracer clouds indicated by linear regression fits to the data points.
43
-------
when the tracer cloud approached the west shore in an area of cumulus clouds
during onshore wind flow.
FDP-Cloud Track
On 21 October, 0708 EOT, an FDP cloud was released on the east shore of
Lake Ontario north of Buffalo, New York. The release was made before sunrise
at an altitude of 360 m above ground level. Figure 22 shows the tracer cloud
trajectory across the lake from the U.S. to the Canadian shore over a distance
of about 95 km (2.3 hours of travel time).
Figure 23 represents the surface weather map at 0800 EOT — i.e., about
one hour after release of the FDP cloud. Lake Ontario is located in an area
of predominantly easterly wind flow, on the southern side of a high-pressure
system. These surface winds cause off-shore flow on the eastern (U.S.) shore,
and on-shore flow along the western (Canadian) shoreline.
Lidar Data
Figure 2*J shows a time series of lidar data. The location of these
backscatter data correspond to the location of the heavy dots along the FDP
cloud trajectory of Figure 22. Shortly after release [Figure 24(a)], the FDP
cloud is observed to be about 800 m wide across the east-to-west transport
direction. Two hours later, when the cloud is in the proximity of the west
shore, the width is close to 3 km [Figure 2i|(d)]. The cross-sectional
structure of the tracer cloud is clearly identified in the lidar observations.
The height of the tracer cloud as observed by the ALPHA-1 along the cloud
trajectory is shown in Figure 25. Observed cloud height is presented as a
function of distance downwind from the release point. From the release point
to the east shore, a slight increase in cloud height (ascending motion) is
evident. A distinct mean descending cloud motion (1.5 cm sec ) is observed
along the over-water trajectory. Upon approaching the west shore, a strong
upward motion (10 cm sec ) of the tracer cloud occurs which continues to the
west shoreline. Cumulus clouds were present in this area, and were, most
likely, associated with the on-shore flow and solar heating of the land
surface 2 hours after sunrise.
44
-------
45°
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SOURCE: Daily Weather Maps, Weekly Series, NOAA, NES, Data and Information Service.
FIGURE 23 SURFACE WEATHER CHART (SURFACE WEATHER REPORTS, ISOBARS, AND
FRONTS) SHOWING LOCATION OF ALPHA-1/FDP EXPERIMENT ACROSS
LAKE ONTARIO IN AN AREA OF EASTERLY WINDS ON THE SOUTHERN
SIDE OF A HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM. WEATHER CHART IS VALID AT
21 OCTOBER 1983, 0800 EOT ABOUT ONE HOUR AFTER RELEASE OF FDP
CLOUD NORTH OF BUFFALO, NEW YORK.
46
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FIGURE 25 ALTITUDE ABOVE GROUND LEVEL OF FDP TRACER CLOUD OBSERVED
BY THE ALPHA-1 DURING THE ALPHA-1/FDP EXPERIMENT ACROSS
LAKE ONTARIO ON 21 OCTOBER 1983, 0708 TO 0929 EOT. Note descend-
ing motion over lake surface and strong ascending motion of FDP cloud as it
approaches the west shore during on-shore wind flow conditions.
48
-------
Diffusion of FDP Cloud
The growth rate of the FDP cloud observed by the ALPHA-1 in a general
direction transverse to the east-to-west transport wind is illustrated in
Figure 26. The growth rate is large along the over-water trajectory. By
fitting a linear regression to the 15 data points over the lake surface, a
mean growth rate of 27 m min is obtained.
CASE VI: FDP EXPERIMENT NEAR CONVECTIVE CUMULUS CLOUDS
Scenario
During the afternoon of 21 October 1983, 1332-1538 EOT, FDP tracers were
released at various positions with respect to convective cumulus clouds near
Johnstown, Pennsylvania. An FDP cloud released in the mixing layer in a clear
area halfway between the base and tops of surrounding convective cumulus
clouds rapidly disappeared by turbulent mixing after about 4 minutes. When an
FDP release was made near the base of cumulus clouds, the lidar aircraft fly-
ing above the clouds could not monitor the tracer cloud because of a contin-
ually obstructed line-of-sight. However, the FDP was visually observed to
rapidly disperse within the boundary layer. FDP releases above the top of
cumulus clouds tended to descend downward across the cloud layer to become
mixed within the turbulent boundary layer.
FDP-Cloud Track and Lidar Data
During the afternoon of 21 October, FDP releases were made around convec-
tive cumulus clouds near Johnstown, Pennsylvania (about 120 km east-south-east
of Pittsburgh). Johnstown is located on the western slope of the Allegheny
Mountains at an elevation of 2282 ft. ASL. According to the radiosonde
ascents made at Pittsburgh, the winds in the FDP experiment area were south-
easterly at 20-25 knots. Thus, Johnstown was located on the lee side of the
mountains. Cloud bases were 500 m and cloud tops were 800 to 1000m above
ground level.
49
-------
I
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POINT
EAST
SHORE
WEST
SHORE
I I
0700
0800
0900
1000
TIME — EOT
FIGURE 26 SIZE OF FDP TRACER CLOUD TRANSVERSE TO
TRANSPORT DIRECTION OBSERVED BY THE LIDAR
AS A FUNCTION OF TIME DURING THE ALPHA-1/
FDP EXPERIMENT ACROSS LAKE ONTARIO ON
21 OCTOBER 1983, 0708 TO 0929 EOT
50
-------
Figure 27 shows cross sections of lidar data at two times after FDP
tracers were released in the mixing layer at a height of 600 to 700 m AGL
between the base and tops of the cumulus clouds. In both cross sections, time
increases from left to right — i.e., the lidar aircraft proceeds from left to
right. The left-hand cross-section shows the FDP cloud and surrounding
cumulus at 1*112 EDT. The fluorescent channel separates the FDP cloud from the
surrounding cumulus and aerosols. The FDP tracer cloud is 500 to 600 m above
the terrain. Four minutes later, at 1416 EDT, the tracer cloud has moved
downwind, and is 200 m above the terrain and dispersing rapidly. Surrounding
cumulus clouds dissipated in the descending wind flow on the lee side of the
mountains. The strong subsiding motion is evident from the lidar observa-
tions. In this case, strong mixing processes are observed in the boundary
layer.
At 1449 EDT, an FDP release was made near the base of the cumulus
clouds. This release, however, could not be observed with the ALPHA-1 because
of obstructed line-of-sight and the very rapid dilution of the FDP tracer
cloud within the boundary layer.
At 1509 EDT, an FDP release was made above the cumulus clouds. Figure 28
shows vertical cross-sections of lidar data at three different times during a
30-minute period when the release was observed by the ALPHA-1. The FDP tracer
cloud is seen above the cloud tops in Figure 28(a). At 1529 EDT [Figure
28(b)], the tracer cloud has moved downwind to an area without clouds, and is
located on top of the mixing layer. Cumulus clouds had dissipated in the
descending air flow on the lee side of the mountains. The shape of the tracer
cloud about 30 minutes after release is shown in Figure 28(c). In the
vertical plane of the lidar observations, the tracer cloud covers a horizontal
distance of nearly 5 km. The tracer cloud, however, is clearly identifiable
in contrast to the earlier tracer release (Figure 27) which took place within
the mixing layer, and which showed that the FDP disappeared in about 4
minutes.
Another FDP release above cumulus cloud tops was monitored by the ALPHA-1
lidar during a 6-minute time period as shown in Figure 29. After release at
about 600 m above the underlying terrain at 1410 EDT, the tracer cloud follows
51
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a descending trajectory into the turbulent boundary layer where it is rapidly
diluted 6 minutes later at an altitude of 200 m to 300 m above ground level.
Although the ALPHA-1/FDP experiment in the area of convective cumulus
clouds was relatively difficult because it was located on the lee side of the
mountains, it provided some interesting observational data on the effect of
the transport wind on FDP tracers compared to the effect on the cumulus
clouds. The lidar observations emphasized the large turbulent flow in the
mixing layer compared to the laminar-type flow in the free troposphere above.
55
-------
SECTION 6
QUALITY CONTROL EVALUATION ACCOUNT
SUMMARY
The Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) activities associated
with the experimental data collection were primarily concerned with perfor-
mance of the ALPHA-1 lidar, and with verifying that data recording was
proceeding in a proper manner. Although no standard QA/QC activities have
been defined for lidar, the following control activities were performed:
1. Laser transmitted energy levels were determined both before and
after the field program. The green wavelength energy had
decreased from 15 mj to 7 mj.
2. Data tapes were periodically checked to assure that data were
being recorded. All data were found to be recorded on tape.
Subsequent data processing verified all data were recorded.
3. Data tapes were periodically played back to assure that stored
data provided results identical to the real-time records. In
all cases, recorded data matched the real-time records.
4. Linearity of the lidar detector/log amplifier was calibrated.
Linearity was found to be within _^ 1 dB over a 30 dB range.
5. Aircraft location instrumentation (LORAN-C) was periodically
checked with map values. RNAV values were checked with air-
port locations. These data indicate position accuracies of
about 0.3 nmi. However, because of lag time of the RNAV
computer, larger errors can occur following aircraft turns.
56
-------
6. All accessible optics were cleaned at the start of each air-
craft data collection mission.
7. The aircraft was kept in a hangar during non-flight times to
reduce environmental effects on lidar performance. Previous
studies have shown that excessive heat can result in conden-
sation of water on optical surfaces as the aircraft altitude is
increased.
8. FDP was stored in air-tight bags to prevent moisture problems
that could cause the particles to stick together.
9. The Biomation digitizers were calibrated at the manufacturers
to provide correct range resolutions of 7.5 m.
10. Almost daily communications were made with the EPA Technical
Monitor to make sure the ALPHA-1/FDP experiments best followed
EPA objectives.
11. All lidar supplies and data tapes were stored in a specially-
rented, environmentally-controlled, secure area. No equipment
or data were lost.
QA/QC Problems
The major QA/QC problem was the performance of the non-linear crystal
used to generate 0.53 ym laser energy. Backup units were available, but it
was difficult to determine crystal performance in the field environment. This
problem was solved with limited success by making 0.53 yrn (FDP) wavelength
lidar measurements before the receiver was tuned to the 0.60 ]im (FDP fluores-
cence) wavelength region. A receiver optical filter was used that passed a
small amount of the 0.53 ym energy, thereby giving a surface return as a
constant indicator of crystal performance.
57
-------
One lidar failure resulted because a lens came loose, and went out of
alignment. This problem was diagnosed by conversations with available techni-
cians at SRI, and was repaired in the field without loss of data.
QA/QC Evaluations
The quality of the recorded data was evaluated during the data analysis
program. All data were recorded in the expected format. All data tapes could
be read by the computer system,
QA/QC Deliverables
Generated facsimile records from recorded data (magnetic tapes) provide
information on data quality. Several of these facsimile records were
presented and discussed in this report. All facsimile records are evaluated
at SRI. No major data recording problems or data quality problems were
encountered.
58
-------
SECTION 7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The feasibility of using airborne lidar to observe the three-dimensional
distribution of fluorescent dye particle (FDP) tracers in long-range atmos-
pheric transport and dispersion studies has been successfully demonstrated on
the basis of field experiments conducted in the CAPTEX '83 area during October
1983. FDP tracers were released in or above the mixing layer on six separate
occasions under various conditions of atmospheric wind and temperature. The
following results and conclusions were obtained:
• The three-dimensional trajectory of an FDP tracer cloud released
in the free troposphere above the mixing layer was tracked by the
lidar during a 5-hour period (327 km distance) over relatively
complex terrain. The observed trajectory showed features not
available from calculations of air-parcel trajectories that are based
on upper-air data from the standard radiosonde network. This tracer
experiment provides adequate and precise verification data to further
develop and validate model trajectory calculation schemes.
• A circular FDP tracer cloud released in the free troposphere during
westerly wind flow was observed to develop a high rate of stretching
along its transport direction. Two hours after release (95 km
downwind), the tracer cloud was 16 km long but only 2 km wide. Four
hours after release (151 km downwind), the tracer cloud had elon-
gated further to a length of 30 km and a width variable from 1 to 5 km.
These tracer observations provide input to studies of longitudinal
versus transverse atmospheric dispersion as a function of transport
travel time.
• An FDP tracer puff released on top of a power plant plume under
relatively light wind conditions showed large diffusion transverse to
the transport direction but did not exhibit disproportionate stretch-
ing in the longitudinal direction.
59
-------
• Vertical directional wind shear and differential vertical motion were
observed during an event when tracers were released at different
altitudes above the mixing layer. Also, tracer clouds released
during convective cloud activity clearly showed the presence of
strong turbulent flow in the convective mixing layer versus the more
laminar flow above the mixing layer. FDP tracers released above
cumulus cloud tops were transported downward across the convective
cloud layer and were mixed within the turbulent boundary layer close
to ground level. These data provide insight into the transport
processes that affect particulates and anthropogenic pollutants that
arrive in the free troposphere above the convective clouds.
• By observing the vertical motion of a low-level FDP tracer cloud
along its transport trajectory across Lake Ontario shortly after
sunrise, the large difference in boundary-layer stability between the
water of the interior lake surface and the shoreline became apparent.
Upward motion of 10 cm sec" was calculated from the lidar observa-
tions when the tracer cloud approached the on-shore wind side of the
lake.
This study demonstrated that the airborne lidar/FDP technique represents
a powerful tool for supporting research programs related to isentropic trans-
port, cloud venting, boundary layer and free tropospheric transport and dis-
persion, and complex terrain effects. However, before the technique can be
implemented to its fullest capability, more information is needed on the
characteristics of an FDP cloud: for example, particle growth in a high
humidity environment and sunlight-induced flourescence. Also, evaluation of
the minimum detectable FDP concentration is needed to determine release
amounts for a given test objective. Improved lldar signals should be possible
by better matching receiver optical filters with the fluorescent spectrum.
During the field experiment, the tracer cloud was lost about 50% of the
time after aircraft refueling, limiting the tracking period. Improved real-
time aircraft navigation equipment is recommended, as well as a reserve pilot
to extend the aircraft tracking periods.
60
-------
REFERENCES
Rowland, J.R., and T.G. Konrad, 1979: "A New Technique for the Study of
Power Plant Plume Behavior Using Fluorescent Dye as Tracers and Lidar
as the Remote Sensor", Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins
University, Technical Report SIR79U-003.
Uthe, E.E., W.L. Jimison, and N.B. Nielsen 1980: "Development of an
Airborne Lidar for Characterizing Particle Distribution in the
Atmosphere", EPRI EA-1538, RP 1308-2, Final Report (September)
Paperbound, from Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Uthe, E.E., B.M. Morley, and N.B. Nielsen, 1982: "Airborne Lidar
Measurements of Smoke Plume Distribution, Vertical Transmission, and
Particle Size", Applied Optics, 21, 3, 460-463.
Uthe, E.E., 1983: "ALPHA-1/ALARM Airborne Lidar Systems and Measurements",
Reprint Volume of Extended Abstracts, Ninth Conference on Aerospace and
Aeronautical Meteorology, June 6~9, Omaha, Nebraska. Published by the
American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.
61
-------
APPENDIX
DATA TABULATIONS AND PLOTS
This appendix contains numerical tablulations and graphical representa-
tions of the positions of the FDP tracer clouds in space and time for each
case study for which lidar observations are analyzed. In the numerical
listings, observation time is given from the release time or the first time of
lidar observation, to the time of the last lidar observation. The geographi-
cal positions of the tracer clouds are tabulated in terms of latitude and
longitude. Distance represents the distance downwind from the release
point. Altitude is height above the terrain (AGL). The numerical data
listing for each case is followed by several graphical data presentations.
62
-------
Case I: 14 OCTOBER 1983, 1802-2305 EOT
63
-------
Date
10-14-83
Observation
18
18
IB
18
18
18
18
18
18
13
18
18
IB
18
18
18
18
18
18
IB
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Time
: 1:52
: 3: ',36
: 4:52
: 6:41
: s:i6
:io:is
.-12:13
.'14.-19
.'16.-22
:is:34
:2o:29
:23.'52
:26:36
:32."43
.•35:20
:37:is
:39:34
:41.*26
.-45: 6
:4?:45
:so: 7
: 2:35
: 4:36
: 7:51
: 9:47
.-19:11
:2o:so
.-23: is
:24.'58
:27: o
:2s:4o
.-30:34
:32: 9
.'33 .'51
.'36 .'48
:38:si
.-44:53
.-47:13
20:50:12
20
21
21
21
21
21
:53:i6
: 2:56
: 5:23
: 7:40
: 9:39
:i2:so
--rctLCHac-----
TiMC Position
1?:50: 0 39.667N 82.500W
Observation Distance Altitude
Lat-Lona
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
0.
0.
0.
0.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
39.
662N
662N
658N
655N
650N
648N
640N
642N
635N
637N
628N
618N
607N
592N
590N
585N
56BN
565N
562N
552N
553N
OOON
OOON
OOON
OOON
327N
328N
317N
313N
307N
308N
317N
300N
297N
297N
282N
257N
260N
272N
280N
230N
210N
200N
172N
145N
82.508W
82.48314
82.46714
82.442M
82.42014
82.395W
82.36714
82.33814
82.31314
82.290W
82.26314
82.21014
82.172W
82. 09214
82.07714
82.045W
82.00014
81.97814
81.93214
81.89714
81.87014
O.OOOW
O.OOOW
O.OOOW
O.OOOW
80.843W
80.843W
80.797W
80.785W
80.745W
80.750W
80.743W
80.707W
80.675W
80.665W
80.613W
80. 525 W
80.520W
80.512W
80.497W
80.353W
80.305W
80. 268 W
80.235W
80.185W
(KM)
0.
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
14.
16.
18.
20.
25.
28.
35.
37.
40.
44.
46.
50.
53.
55.
0.
0.
0.
0.
147.
147.
151.
152.
156.
155.
156.
159.
162.
163.
167.
176.
176.
176.
177.
191.
195.
199.
202.
207.
904
531
000
160
096
213
795
119
368
289
711
414
908
969
263
035
230
124
099
284
462
000
000
000
000
425
374
609
681
211
745
048
604
340
173
930
050
363
702
707
165
811
177
860
892
(Meters )
2016.
1884.
1860.
1872.
1956.
1944.
1836.
1788.
1884.
1956.
1968.
1932.
1884.
1884.
1968.
1992.
1872.
1848.
1932.
1884.
1908.
1560.
1500.
1692.
1644.
1692.
1716.
1752.
1692.
1668.
1680.
1692.
1656.
1656.
1644.
1728.
1608.
1644.
1668.
1668.
1740.
1692.
1560.
1548.
1464.
Delta-t
(hours)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
198
227
248
278
304
338
370
405
439
476
508
564
610
712
756
788
826
857
918
962
002
210
243
297
330
486
514
554
583
617
644
676
703
731
730
814
916
954
003
054
216
256
294
327
381
--RNAV--
Dist.
61.90
4.08
4.82
6.12
7.23
10.75
11.49
16.49
16.12
19.27
19.27
27.43
28.72
37.43
37.43
40.40
46.33
46.52
51.70
54.48
56.71
137.51
138.62
139.92
140.10
149.55
145.66
153.07
113.23
157.15
155.11
152.89
2.97
6.49
7.04
11.12
18.53
17.98
20.94
21.87
35.40
38.92
42.44
45.22
51.33
Theta
68.60
290.70
299.40
290.50
289.00
236.60
289.40
289.20
285.90
287.60
284.70
290.70
289.90
289.90
291.00
290.90
292.10
292.70
290.70
291.70
290.20
294.50
293.60
291.70
292.20
290.70
293.70
291.10
167.90
291.90
292.90
290.10
265.10
274.30
235.90
282.90
•286.30
281.30
287.50
283.00
290.50
290.90
291.70
294.90
296.40
64
-------
21:15:22
21:23: 2
21:30:20
21:44:21
21:47:19
21:50:52
21:53:47
21:57:42
22: i: o
22: 9136
22:12:15
22:15:29
22:23:56
22:28:17
22:36:28
22:40:41
22:53: o
23: 0:27
23: 5:14
39.082N
39.125N
39.115N
39.103N
39.073N
39.043N
39.002N
39.028N
38.968N
38.925N
38.968N
38.985N
38.867N
38.847N
38.803N
38.837N
38.755N
38.757N
38.678N
B0.157W
80. 035 W
80.008W
79.915W
79.863M
79.795W
79.757W
79.732H
79.668M
79.563M
79.563W
79.570W
79.388H
79.335W
79.233W
79.248M
79.082W
79.037W
78.945H
212.463
220.997
223.543
231.680
236.975
243.670
248.319
249.436
256.822
267.086
265.490
264.344
283.701
288.857
298.901
296.370
313.264
316.893
327.575
1440.
1452.
1440.
1380.
1200.
1260.
972.
1152.
780.
852.
936.
1080.
1008.
828.
996.
1272.
768.
960.
1140.
3.423
3.634
3.672
3.906
3.955
4.014
4.063
4.128
4.183
4.327
4.371
4.425
4.566
4.638
4.774
4.845
5.050
5.174
5.254
56.89 302.90
64.86 294.10
68.20 294.50
74.68 293.70
80.43 295.20
86.92 295.70
91.36 298.20
93.40 295.00
101.00 298.20
110.45 298.50
107.67 296.00
107.30 295.60
127.69 298.40
131.58 298.90
145.66 300.30
139.55 297.80
154.93 300.10
159.75 298.50
166.42 303.00
65
-------
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71
-------
Case II: 16 OCTOBER 1983, 1650-2359 EOT
72
-------
Date
10-16-83
Observation
Time
16:56:14
16:59:38
17: 1:38
17: 3:14
17: 5:23
17: 7:47
17:10: 2
17:12:16
17:14:43
17:17:18
17:20:16
17:23:22
17:25:50
17.-33.' 5
17:35:16
17:36:22
17:37:39
17:39:29
17:41:19
17:43:25
17:45:59
17:43:26
17:50:12
17:52:17
17:54:27
17:57:10
17:59:47
IB: 2: 4
IB: 4:22
IB: 6:43
IB: s: 4
18:10:42
18:14:26
ie:i5: 6
13:19:27
18:20: 9
18:23:57
13:26:37
18:29:11
18:32:12
18:33M2
18.'37:i7
18:39: i
13:40:50
18:43:11
13:45: 7
ie:47: 3
Time Position
16:50: 0 40.290N 83.138W
Observation Distance Altitude
Lat-Lons
40.2B5N
40.298N
40.305N
40.307N
40.312N
40.315N
40.325N
40.327N
40.335N
40.338N
40.347N
40.350N
40.355N
40.365N
40.375N
40.368N
40.375N
40.372N
40.378N
40.380N
40.388N
40.387N
40.392N
40.387N
40.398N
40.393N
40.39BN
40.395N
40.403N
40.395N
40.407N
40.407N
40.408N
40.408N
40.408N
40.415N
40.417N
40.418N
40.420N
40.415N
40.428N
40.422N
40.427N
40.425N
40.430N
40.430N
40.425N
B3.078M
83.043M
B3.018M
83.01814
82.980U
82.967U
82.945M
82.913U
82. 893 W
82.863M
82.828M
B2.805M
82.797W
82.723M
82.68214
82. 688 W
82.652U
82.653U
82.64514
82.64514
82.592W
82.56014
82.54714
82.533W
82.505M
82.477W
82.462M
82.43314
82.417W
82.40814
82.380W
82.355W
82.327W
82.357W
82.31714
82.263M
82.22014
82.202W
82.182M
82.153M
82.120W
82.107M
82.09714
82.075M
82.058W
82.04214
82.04014
(Km)
5.120
8.110
10.312
10.343
13.639
14.818
16.845
19.505
21.361
23.919
27.016
29.024
29.839
36.135
39.822
39.106
42.295
42.078
42.927
42.969
47.572
50.148
51.367
52.356
54.967
57.200
58.553
60.833
62.392
62.912
65.505
67.581
69.970
67.477
70.802
75.369
79.009
80.567
82.265
84.540
87.556
88.550
89.471
91.251
92.727
94.119
94.174
(meters)
2124.
2124.
2100.
2124.
2184.
2160.
2124.
2136.
2100.
2160.
2124.
2088.
1992.
2016.
2136.
2064.
2172.
2076.
2088.
2040.
2244.
2292.
2292.
2328.
2376.
2352.
2292.
2280.
2268.
2184.
2316.
2280.
2316.
2184.
2232.
2232.
2244.
2280.
2292.
2184.
2196.
2220.
2196.
2160.
2112.
2184.
2124.
Delta-t
(hours)
0.104
0.161
0.194
0.221
0.256
0.296
0.334
0.371
0.413
0.455
0.504
0.556
0.597
0.718
0.754
0.773
0.794
0.825
0.855
0.890
0.933
0.974
1.003
1.038
1.074
1.119
1.163
1.201
1.239
1.279
1.301
1.345
1.407
1.418
1.491
1.503
1.566
1.610
1.653
1.703
1.728
1.788
1.817
1.847
1.886
1.919
1.951
--RNAV—
Dist. Theta
82.47 81.70
6.30 257.90
8.90 247.10
9.45 254.70
11.68 248.60
13.71 256.40
15.57 258.00
17.79 254.80
19.64 256.10
22.61 249.40
25.02 254.90
27.98 257.30
27.61 255.10
34.47 257.10
38.55 256.10
37.43 259.10
40.21 256.30
39.47 258.90
40.96 256.30
40.96 258.10
47.07 258.40
48.18 259.50
50.22 258.60
50.59 260.60
53.74 258.80
55.23 260.50
57.08 259.70
58.75 261.20
60.78 259.90
60.60 261.80
63.75 259.80
65.79 261.40
68.20 261.80
65.60 261.20
68.94 261.50
72.65 261.60
75.05 261.90
78.21 262.70
79.50 262.60
81.36 263.10
84.51 262.20
85.99 263.50
88.21 262.70
89.32 263.90
90.81 263.20
92.47 263.90
92.29 263.50
73
-------
18:49122
i8:5i :36
18:54:19
18:55:43
18:59: 3
19: 0:44
19: 3:12
19: 5:14
19: s: 3
19:32:33
19:35:43
19:38:39
19:40:43
19:56:17
19:58:47
20: i: 3
20: 4: i
20: 6.'52
20: 9:57
20:12:53
20:15: I
20:17:25
20:19:29
20:21:53
20:24:15
20:26:39
20:29:33
20:33:18
20:37:11
20:41:51
20146:41
20:49:49
20:55:35
20:59:15
21: 2:26
21 : 5:20
22:22:40
22:30:19
22:39:45
23:53.'56
o: 0:21
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
.417N
.423N
.430N
.442N
.442N
.450N
.455N
.463N
.473N
.428N
.430N
.445N
.447N
.453N
.458N
.452N
.460N
.453N
.458N
.453N
.457N
.452N
.453N
.448N
.445N
.443N
.452N
.470N
.482N
.522N
.530N
.558N
.588N
.610N
.643N
.640N
.738N
.843N
.693N
.958N
.99BN
82.
82.
82.
82.
82.
82.
82.
82.
82.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
81.
80.
80.
80.
80.
040W
037W
032M
048W
020W
025H
032W
03BM
030W
703W
655W
613M
583W
472W
452M
440M
408W
397H
385M
378U
367M
367M
358W
362W
367U
375W
367M
377W
362M
382M
363M
372W
383U
405W
397W
415U
045W
920W
762M
525W
430U
94.
94.
94.
93.
96.
95.
95.
95.
95.
122.
126.
130.
132.
142.
143.
144.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
150.
151.
151.
150.
150.
150.
150.
151.
150.
152.
152.
151.
150.
152.
150.
183.
196.
205.
231.
240.
042
426
953
771
131
870
414
033
940
432
511
193
731
183
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821
578
479
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980
699
364
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190
980
357
766
700
368
199
861
581
108
525
275
483
329
687
545
2112.
2028.
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2052.
2040.
2040.
2076.
2052.
2112.
2136.
2160.
2208.
2256.
2340.
2436.
2436.
2448.
2412.
2280.
2292.
2328.
2304.
2280.
2340.
2340.
2316.
2256.
2316.
2280.
2220.
2184.
2196.
2316.
2316.
2256.
2292.
2184.
1884.
2412.
1896.
2268.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
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4.
4.
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179
220
254
301
709
762
811
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105
146
184
234
281
332
381
417
457
491
533
571
611
661
722
786
864
945
997
093
154
207
256
544
672
829
066
173
92.10
92.10
92.85
92.85
94.33
93.77
93.77
93.22
93.77
119.72
124.16
128.43
130.47
139.55
141.58
142.14
145.48
145.66
146.77
147.51
148.63
148.44
149.00
148.63
148.07
147.51
148.44
147.33
149.00
148.07
150.29
149.18
149.37
148.81
150.48
148.44
181.98
195.51
203.85
231.28
239.99
264.40
263.40
263.40
262.20
262.80
261.50
261.70
260.70
260.40
265.90
266.10
265.60
265.90
266.20
265.90
266.40
264.30
266.60
266.80
266.80
266.30
267.00
266.40
267.10
266.90
267.00
267.00
266.00
266.30
263.40
261.90
262.20
260.70
259.90
258.20
258.40
257.60
255.30
261.60
255.00
254.20
74
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Case III: 17 OCTOBER 1983, 2142-2338 EOT
81
-------
D^t e
10-:7-S3
- R E L E
Time
20: o: o
ASE
Position
40.187N 81.8S2W
2t:57.'42
22: 4:39
22:26:47
22:29:55
22:54:16
22:55:55
l-l ~ p " • 4 /
j.w . o . 16
13 .' 33 : 39
23:37:10
Observation
Lat-Lons
4C.1S5N 61.663W
40.193N 61.S60W
40.197N 81.633W
40.207N 81.815W
40.2ION S1.797W
40.227N 81.730W
40.212N 61.707W
40.215N B1.647W
40.206N ei.64Zi4
40.Z30N 81.63BW
40.245N S1.553W
40.243N 61.537W
Distance
(h w;
1.565
1.984
4.253
6.062
7.670
13.622
15.118
20.201
20.522
21.211
28.611
29.952
Al tit .ids
(meters)
1332.
1440.
136B.
1416.
1476.
1543.
1560.
1476.
1536.
1524.
1140.
1044.
Deita-t
(h o u r s >
1.713
1.727
1.891
—RNAV--
Dist. Theta
27.24 192.90
29.10 194.00
29.10 197.50
1.962 30.21 201.60
2.077 30.95 204.40
2.446 15.57 262.50
2.49? 16.49 269.20
2.905 21.50 271.90
2.962 22.24 274.30
3.054 22.61 265.50
3.561 30.56 2c7.70
3.622 31.13 266.50
82
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Case IV: 19 OCTOBER 1983, 0920-1238 EDT
89
-------
Date
30-19-83
Observation
Tiwe
9:20: o
9:20:57
9:2i:i2
9:23.'46
9:27:18
9:27:52
9:31:42
9:32:33
9:38.'33
9:39:44
9:42: 5
9:45.' 2
9:48.'54
9:50:25
9:53126
9:55:29
9: SB: 35
10: 7; s
10:11:10
10:14:12
10:17:15
10:20: 2
10:24:13
io:2s: 6
10:30:41
io:3s: o
10:43: 4
10:51:45
10:54:56
10:57:16
n: 3:41
11: 5:47
i i : i i : 42
II:IB: 4
11:21:29
11:29:21
11:32:33
11:36:37
11:43:20
11:59:15
12: 7:54
12:21:58
12:34:22
12:37:30
Time Position
9:15: 0 40.333N 81.917W
Observation Distance Altitude
Lat-Lona (f;«)
40.32BN
40.318N
40.820N
40.BOSN
40. SOON
40.785N
40.772N
40.777N
40.742N
40.752N
40.745N
40.707N
40. 71 EN
40.683N
40.673N
40.693N
40.675N
40.617N
40.600k
40.633.N
40.623N
40.565N
40.527N
40.533N
40.525N
40.4B5N
40.528N
40.50BN
40.512N
40.4B5N
40.473N
40.475N
40.462N
40.327N
40.298N
40.275N
40.2BON
40.273N
40.205N
40.350N
40.350N
40.313N
40.293N
40.293N
81.917W
81.92314
61.935W
81.94Ew
81.972*
81.947W
81.953W
81.992W
81.973W
£2.03014
82.048W
81.99714
82.063*
E2.020W
E2.023W
62.115*'
62.140W
E2.072W
82.090k
82.230W
82.25EW
82. 13214
82.150(4
82.157W
62.15714
82.200W
S2.437W
52.500W
82.53314
E2.550W
B2.595W
82.612W
82.657W
82.39714
B2.433W
82.46714
B2.460W
82.468W
82.55314
BS.OOBw
83.05714
83.17814
83.28214
63.30014
0.556
1.760
2.140
3.851
5.930
5.938
7.520
8.921
11.255
13.175
14.816
15.615
18.995
18.817
19.936
22.846
25.781
27.415
29.787
34.549
37.104
34.929
39.391
39.040
39.836
45.5^5
55.512
61.139
63.221
66.099
69.961
71.016
75.015
69.495
73.883
77.661
76.875
77.895
88.343
106.957
110.547
121.599
130.413
131.795
(meters)
2064.
2112.
1464.
1500.
1524.
2088.
2136.
1548.
2172.
1452.
1428.
2088.
1440.
20E9.
2040.
1404.
1452.
1872.
1824.
*! £ nQ
1428.
18E4.
1800.
1824.
1812.
1752.
1332.
1366.
1320.
1380.
1344.
1344.
1356.
1812.
173B.
1812.
1624.
1348.
1740.
136S.
1296.
1344.
130B.
1296.
Delta-t
(hours)
0.083
0.099
0.103
0.146
0.205
0.214
0.278
0.292
0 . 392
0.412
0.451
0.501
0.565
0.590
0.641
0.675
0.726
0.869
0.936
0.9S7
1 . 036
1.054
1.154
1.218
1.261
1.383
1.468
1.613
1.666
1 . 704
1.811
1.846
1.945
2.051
2.108
2.239
2.293
2.360
2.556
2.737
2.882
3.116
3.323
3.375
—RNAM—
Dist. Theta
2.04 343.70
2.41 6.90
2.78 30.30
5.00 28.40
7.04 48.70
7.04 24.30
8.52 25.00
10.01 46.70
12.05 31.70
14.06 49.30
15.57 49.00
17.05 25.70
19.64 52.00
20.01 30.50
21.13 29.00
23.72 50.40
27.24 49.60
28.91 32.90
30.95 32.60
35.40 53.70
3E.36 55.40
35.56 35.10
40.40 34.20
39.47 36.20
40.59 34.50
46.70 36.60
56.52 56.40
62.27 57.90
64.49 60.30
66.90 57.50
70.79 59.30
71.72 60.70
75.98 61.30
70.42 39.70
74.87 40.60
7E.39 41.40
77.65 41.20
75.56 41.30
BE.95 42.20
107.86 63.80
111.19 65.10
122.31 65.90
130.28 67.60
132.50 67.30
90
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96
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Date
10-19-S3
-•servation
Time
9:20: o
9:20:57
9127:52
9:31M2
9:36.'33
9145: 2
9:50:25
9:53:26
10 : 7: B
10:11:10
J0.'20: 2
10:24:13
30.-25: 6
10:30:41
io:3s: o
n:ia: 4
11:21:29
11:29:21
11:32:33
11:26:37
11 : 49:20
--KiLtHat-----
Tifne Position
9:15: 0 40.833N 81.917W
Observation Distance Altitude
Lat-Lona (Sir. )
40.82BN
40.B1SN
40.7S5N
40.772N
40.742N
40.707N
40.683N
40.673N
40.617N
40.600N
40.565N
40.527N
40.533N
40.525N
40.435N
40.327N
40.29EN
40.275N
40.280N
40.273:\;
40.205N
81.917W
61.923W
81.947W
S1.953W
81.973W
81.997W
82.020W
82.023W
62.072W
S2.090W
B2.132W
82.150W
82.157W
82.157W
B2.200W
82.3971*
82.433W
B2.467K
E2.460W
E2.46SK
82.553k
0.556
1.760
5.938
7.520
1 1 . 255
15.615
18.817
19.93fc
27.415
29.787
34.929
39.331
39.040
39.836
45.545
69.495
73.863
77.661
76. £75
77.695
8E.343
(meters )
2064.
2112.
2088.
2136.
2172.
20EE.
2088.
2040.
1872.
1824.
1884.
1800.
1824.
1612.
1752.
1812.
1738.
1612.
1824.
1S43.
l 740 .
Deits-t
(hours ;
0.083
0.099
0.214
0.278
0.392
0.501
0.590
0.641
0.869
0.936
1.084
1.154
1.218
1.26:
1.3S3
2.051
2.108
2.239
7 n O';
2.360
2.556
--RNAU--
Dist.
2.04
2.41
7.04
8.52
12.05
17.05
20.01
21.13
28.91
30 . 95
35.58
40.<0
39.47
40.59
46.70
70.42
74.87
78.39
77.65
7E.58
8B.95
Theta
343.70
6.90
24.30
25 . 00
31.70
25.70
30 . 50
29 . 00
32.90
32 . 60
35.10
34 . 20
36.20
34 . 50
36.60
39.70
40.60
41.40
41.20
41.30
42.20
97
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Date
JO-19-83
Goseruat ion
Time
9:2i:i2
9:23:46
9:27:iS
9:32:33
9:39:44
9:42: 5
9:42:54
9:55:29
9:58135
10:14:12
10:17:15
10:43: 4
10:51:45
10:54:56
10:57:16
n: 3:41
n: 5:47
i i : i i : 42
11:59:15
52: 7:54
12:21:50
12:34:22
12:37:30
--KtLEHSJt-----
Tifite Position
9:15: 0 40.633N 81.917W
Observation Distance Altitude
Lat-Lona
40.B20N
40.BOBN
40. BOON
40.777N
40.752N
40.745N
40.71SN
40.693N
40.675N
40.633N
40.623N
40.52SN
40.50BN
40.512N
40.465M
40.473N
40.475N
40.462N
40.350N
40.350N
40.313N
40.293N
40.293N
B1.935W
81.946W
81.972W
81.99214
B2.030H
B2.04BW
S2.083W
B2.115W
B2.140W
B2.230U
B2.25BM
62.437W
82.500W
82.533W
82.550W
E2.595W
82.612K
82.657W
63.006*1
B3.057W
83.176*1
E3. 2821s
83.300*
( Km)
2.140
3.851
5.930
8.921
13.175
14.816
18.995
22.846
25.781
34.549
37.104
55.512
61.139
63.221
66.099
69.961
71.016
75.015
106.9S'/
11 0.547
121.599
130.413
131.795
(meters )
1464.
1500.
1524.
1548.
1452.
1428.
1440.
1404.
1452.
1428.
1425.
1332.
1368.
1320.
1390.
1344.
1344.
1356.
136B.
1296.
1344.
1308.
1296.
Delta-t
(hours)
0.103
0.146
0.205
0.292
0.412
0.451
0.565
0 . 675
0.726
0.9B7
1.038
1.468
1.613
1.666
1.704
i.eii
1.846
1.945
2.737
2.SE2
3.116
3 . 323
*3 T7S
w . 1-1 / %/
—RNflV—
Dist. Theta
2.78 30.30
5.00 28.40
7.04 48.70
10.01 46.70
14.06 49.30
15.57 49.00
19.64 52.00
23.72 50.40
27.24 49.60
35.40 53.70
38.36 55.40
56.52 56.40
62.27 57.90
64.49 60.30
66.90 57.50
70.79 59.30
71.72 60.70
75.98 61.30
107.66 63.50
111.19 65..0
122.31 65.90
130.28 67.60
132.50 67.30
104
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Case V: 21 October 1983, 0708-0929 EDT
111
-------
- - - -
Dais
3 0-21-33
b s s r ',•• si ion
Time
7: E: 9
7:10:11
7:12:36
7 .' 14 .'38
7:17:25
7:21:23
7:23:23
/:26: 9
7:25:32
7:30:46
/ • M W • W W
?:36:is
7:35:33
7.'4i:50
7:44:40
7:47:27
7:49:50
7:52:31
7 : R 5 : s
~> • c ~> • t 1
/ • fc/ » W O
B: i :4£
i; 4:44
•: 7:36
e:n: 9
s : 13:47
E : 1 7 : 3 1
5:19:45
:::22:i9
P • - 4 • ^ =
W . .. T . w v'
E :26."23
2:31 : 45
5:35:25
P "3C • ID
W • W 3 . W W
8:42:22
s:46:i5
8:49:22
5:52:35
£.'56:31
8:59:44
9: 7:37
9:11:25
9:14:56
9 : i s : i 6
9:25:31
- - R E L
Ti.ne
7: o: o
E P S E -
_ _ _ _
Position
43.29SN1 79.520KI
Observation
Lat-L.
43.303N
43.312N
43.312N
43.515N
43.322N
43.320N
43. 330N
43.337N
43.333N
43.340N
43.340N
43.350N
43.343N
43.353N
43.353N
43.363N
43.360N
43.36E\-
43.365N
43.372N
42.373N
42.350N
43.377^
43.358N
43.3S2N
43.3S5N
43.393N
43.39SN
43.392N
43.400M
43.395N
43.4C2N
43.39SN
43.405N
43.388X
43.407N
43.405N
43.405N
43.397M
43.40SN
43.402N
43.412N
42.402N
43.405M
ona
78.563w
73.585W
7S.59SW
7S.617W
78.637W
76.668w
75.690i\
7B.707w
75.725W
7S.742W
7S.762i4
73.7S5W
7B.79SW
7B.620W
7S.B50W
7B.66SW
75.S67W
73.905w
76.92714
7S.942W
7S.332U
79.C03X
79.022/1
79.057«
79.080W
79.107*
79.127W
79.:5£w
79.173W
79.205U
79.232s*
79.260W
79.292W
79.322W
79.358fc
79.3S3W
79.415W
79.445k1
79.477W
79.545W
79.582w
79.612W
79.645W
79.732W
Distance
(Kti)
3.550
5.4t4
6.509
6.038
9.786
12.2*0
14.194
15.667
17.031
16.516
20.065
22.184
23.057
25.015
27.373
29.072
30.426
32.079
33.699
35.045
33.235
40.104
41.471
44.505
46.196
48.375
50.143
52.755
54.195
56.749
58.497
60.678
63.329
65.839
6S.477
70.774
73.266
75.660
78.064
83.697
86.536
89.075
91.610
96.599
Altitude
Ur.eters )
372.
360.
360.
348.
372.
384.
384.
372.
372.
360.
372.
372.
364.
40E .
396.
405.
372.
384.
396.
254 •
w / *i i
WWW*
360.
372.
336.
300.
3«B.
343.
312.
345.
326.
336.
312.
345.
312.
346.
34E.
312.
336 .
372.
408.
456.
444.
5i,4.
Deita-t
(hours /
0.126
0.170
0.210
0.244
0.290
0.356
0.390
0.436
0.476
0.513
0.565
0.605
0.642
0.697
0.744
0.791
0.821
0.875
0.91S
0.959
1.030
1.079
1.127
1.156
1.230
1.292
1.329
1.372
1.415
1.473
1.529
1.590
1.644
1 . 706
1.772
1.823
1.876
1 . 942
1.996
2.127
2.190
2.249
2.304
2.475
--RNAV--
Dist. Theta
4.63 100.70
6.15 1C3.6C
7.75 106.90
10.1" 103.30
12.23 109.40
11.86 103.20
16.68 lOS.lO
17.05 111.00
15.72 106.20
21.66 109.60
22.61 106.40
26.50 106.00
24.28 107.40
25.94 110.50
25.35 109.00
31.50 n.;-.20
30.95 109.50
35.03 108.50
34.65 109.90
37.81 109.70
39.47 105.20
42.44 108.30
42.Si 105.90
46.70 lOe.SO
47.63 108.90
49.45 108.90
51.15 109.20
54.48 10S.60
55.19 105.40
55.19 i08.80
60.04 107.70
62.32 107.70
64.49 105.40
67.46 107.60
69.68 106.40
73.94 105.50
75.61 106.30
78.39 105.20
79.32 106.60
85.60 105.60
86.95 104.80
91.36 105.50
93.77 104.50
99.52 105.50
112
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118
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TETROON POSITION DATA, 14 OCTOBER 1983
119
-------
DAYTON RELEASE AT 1200, 1330, 1500 EOT
Transponder 24
October 14, 1983
ALTITUDE (MSL)
TIME LAT LON MBAR METERS FEET
1600 395289* 833628 769.0 2149 7050
1838 394907 811961 768.0 2154 7068
1955 394790 801658 769.0 2149 7050
2140 392368 783782 811.0 1785 5854
0043 384815 763745 0.0 0 0
* 39° 52.89'
120
------- |