April 1985
TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS IN PLUMES AND PEPES
A Study of Transport of Pollutants in
Power Plant Plumes, Urban and Industrial Plumes,
and Persistent Elevated Pollution Episodes.
DfVfclc,
Of
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
-------
TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS IN PLUMES AND PEPES
A Study of Transport of Pollutants in
Power Plant Plumes, Urban and Industrial Plumes,
and Persistent Elevated Pollution Episodes.
by
William M. Vaughan
Environmental Measurements, Inc,
University City, MO 63124
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411
Project Officer
Francis Pooler, Jr.
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
-------
The information in this document has been funded wholly
or in part by"the United States Environmental Protection
Agency under EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411 to Environmental
Measurements, Inc. It has been subject to the Agency's
peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for
publication as an EPA document.
11
-------
ABSTRACT
With the increased concern for the regional nature of
secondary air pollutants (e.g. sulfates, nitrates, oxidants,
aerosols, etc.) the U.S. EPA sponsored a major field program
in the northeastern United States during the summer of 1980.
Two EPA field programs were actually carried out simultaneously.
One addressed persistent elevated pollution episodes (PEPEs)
as an outgrowth of power plant studies and the other continued
the 1979 Northeast Regional Oxidant Study (NEROS) in developing
part of the data base for the Regional Oxidant Model (ROM).
Activity centered out of Columbus, Ohio.
Ten research aircraft and several mobile and stationary
surface monitoring platforms from three EPA contractors,
seven federal agencies and four universities participated in
the intensive measurement program between 16 July and 15
August 1980. Pollutants monitored include SO?/ NO, NOX/
03, sulfate, nitrate, hydrocarbons and aerosols.
This report summarizes the contractor measurement
activities. Their aircraft logged over 350 flight hours in
100 mission surveys ranging as far east as Laconia, NH,
south to Montgomery, AL, west to Texarkana, AR and north to
Saginaw, MI.
Descriptive analyses are summarized for urban plume
missions and regional missions. The quality assurance
program is described showing the efforts made to develop a
well-coordinated data base.
The report indicates the work to date with the data
base and sources for reports and data. Many subsets of the
data base can be used in model development for transport,
transformation and removal processes.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
No. 68-02-3411 by Environmental Measurements, Inc. under the
sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
This report covers a period from February 1980 to September
1984 and work was completed as of 15 September 1984.
Zll
-------
CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Acknowledgment vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Participants 3
3. Platforms 8
4. Parameters 12
5. Operations and Flights 15
6. Quality Assurnace Activities 23
6.1 External Audits 23
6.2 Internal Audit Activities 23
7. PEPE-NEROS Data Base 25
7.1 Data Formats 26
7.2 The General Distribution Data Base 27
7.3 Availability 31
8. Overview of Selected Missions 32
8.1 Urban Plume Descriptive Analysis 32
8.2 Regional Descriptive Analysis 33
9. PEPE-NEROS Related Publications 39
10. Implications for Further Research 40
References 41
Appendicies
A. Magnetic Copy Archive 43
B. Hard Copy Archive 46
C. Bibliography 51
v
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The scope of the PEPE-NEROS program involved many
organizations. The overall cooperation was excellent and
facilitated the smooth running of this large field program.
Particular appreciation must be expressed to EMI's
three principle subcontractors, AeroVironment, Inc. (especially
Michael Chan, Ivar Tombach, Bob Baxter and Kurt Bumiller),
SRI-International (especially Bruce CantrelX/ Bill Viezee
and Walt Dabberdt) and WUTA (especially Noor Gillani). The
special cooperation of the personnel from Ohio State University,
at the airport and the dormitory, simplified the overall
logistics.
The eager participation of senior scientists from the
universities, federal agencies and national labs sitmulated
all personnel to give their maximum effort. We thank them all.
VI
-------
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
Increasing concern for the regional nature of secondary
pollutant (e.g. sulfates, nitrates, oxidants, aerosol, etc.)
formation and transport, has led the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct major field studies since
the mid 1970s. This report describes activities during the
summer of 1980 which addressed the occurrence of persistent
elevated pollution episodes (PEPEs) and continued the
Northeast Regional Oxidant Study (NEROS). These activities
are known as the 1980 PEPE-NEROS study.
The PEPE phase of the operations grew out of the EPA's
STATE program (Sulfur Transport and Transformation in the
Environment; Schiermeier, et.al. 1979). This program
addressed the relationship between sulfur and nitrogen oxide
emissions and the formation of sulfates and nitrates in
power plant plumes while beginning to consider the regional
scale impact of these pollutants. The need for a regional
perspective on special air quality measurements was further
indicated fay broad regions of haze associated with large
stagnant air masses. Satellite imagery has shown these
masses (Lyons et.al., 1978) as have reports of degraded
visibility and air quality (Husar,et.al., 1976a, Husar
et.al. 1976b; Wolff et.al.1981). This PEPE phase of the
study was sponsored by the EPA's Regional Field Studies
Office(RFSO).
EPA's Meteorology and Assessment Division has been
addressing the regional scale transport of oxidants. The
focal point of that program is the development and application
of the Regional Oxidant Model(ROM) in conjunction with the
Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project(NECRMP). The
ROM (Lamb,1983) is a regional-scale Eulerian transport and
photochemistry simulation model that is intended to provide
inflow boundary conditions of ozone and precursors for
application of urban scale air quality simulation models to
cities in the northeastern U.S. The model is formulated to
treat those processes which are thought to affect photo-
chemical oxidant concentrations over diurnal time scales
(e.g. nocturnal chemistry and wind shear, the role of
clouds in perturbing photochemical reactions and venting of
pollutants from the boundary layer, etc.). The area being
-------
modeled extends east from about Dayton, Ohio and north from
northern Virginia through southern Maine and Ontario. ROM
will assess the impact of current sources within this region
on oxidant concentrations in the northeast corridor, as well
as the impact of oxidant control strategies for individual
cities on regional concentrations.
As part of the 1980 NEROS program EPA's Meteorology and
Assessment Division supported some field sampling activity
to clarify and parameterize essential processes simulated in
various modules of the ROM. Several sampling scenarios were
followed to provide necessary inputs to the model. Simultan-
eously, EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
conducted intensive NECRMP measurements along the East Coast
from Washington to Boston, and the Meteorology and Assessment
Division obtained detailed surface and airborne measurements
in the Baltimore-Washington urban plume. These activities
were loosely coordinated with PEPE-NEROS activities out of
Columbus, Ohio. The results are archived in separate EPA
data bases (Possiel and Freas, 1982; Tichler, 1983).
The resources and sampling platforms necessary to
support the PEPE and NEROS programs were combined and coordin-
ated as the 1980 PEPE-NEROS study, using a common headquarters
in Columbus, Ohio from 16 July through 15 August 1980. In
this way a common weather forcasting, data processing and
communications center could serve both projects. In addition,
when conditions were not optimum for one project's scenario
but suitable for the other, measurement platforms could be
easily shifted to carry out those measurements.
This report describes the participants (Section 2), the
measurement platforms (Section 3) and the parameters surveyed
(Section 4). Examples of the general measurement activity
are provided in Section 5. The contractor team's quality
assurance program is reviewed in Section 6. The data base
established by this study is introduced in Sections 7-9 as
the contents of the Special Studies Data Center at Washington
University are described, the descriptive analyses from
urban plume and regional measurement scenarios are highlighted
and, finally, a bibliography of reports from the study is
presented.
This report concludes with highlights of potential
areas for further analysis and research within the overall
data base.
-------
SECTION 2
PARTICIPANTS
The PEPE-NEROS study involved a mix of contractors,
government agencies, and universities, as well as intern-
national experts. Table 2.1 lists the participating organ-
izations. The contractor team of four organizations provided
measurement platforms, general support, and overall coordina-
tion. The contractor team consisted of Environmental
Measurements, Inc. (EMI), AeroVironment Inc. (AV), SRI-
International (SRI), and Washington University Technology
Associates (WUTA). William M. Vaughan of EMI served as
Project Director, Ivar Tombach of AV and Bruce Cantrell of
SRI as Co-Directors, and Michael Chan of AV as Field Manager.
Seven governmental agencies were involved in management,
measurement, and field support roles. The RFSO and Meteor-
ology Division of EPA's Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory (ESRL) provided technical direction and support
activities from Francis Pooler and William E. Wilson, Jr. of
RFSO, and from Ken Demerjian, Jason Ching, and John Clarke
of the Meteorology Division. Also involved from EPA were
the Environmental Monitoring Support Laboratories (EMSL) in
North Carolina and Las Vegas.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) provided support from their Boulder Laboratories and
the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). The Boulder
Labs specialized in turbulence, land use, and energy budget
measurements, while the crew from INEL released and tracked
small tetroons. EPA supported extra radiosonde launches by
NOAA to achieve a six-hour sounding schedule at 10 sites
within the general northeastern study area (See Figure 2.1).
Additional irregular radiosondes were supported by EPA in
Boston, New York and Washington,D.C. as part of parallel
NECRMP activity.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided funding
to the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) for
studies of precipitation processes near the PEPE-NEROS study
area.
-------
u
o
co
CO
§ £
CO CO
So _i as
z < ui
ac z >
j i- 2 S
< Z H =3
I- UJ <
S I I i
Z O UJ I-
z as i- co
§ > J5 5
«- O I Z
> OS CO
z uj os <
LU
co ca
LU UJ
Q- =31
CO
Ul
UJ
CO
(3
O
OS
> > Z
t- H- I
fc- Ul
CO 13 CO >
as uj as -i
ui _i LU j-
> -i > o
o LU
^C «-> ^ 06
g
Ul
O
co i- >
z >- co co
i uj ae
z > o uj
co CK ~ i
< < z i-
:s =c o o
1
<
z
o
tM
H
<
Z
ae
LU
1-
z
z
c5
u.
0
UJ
u
>
as
LU
oo
t-
z
UJ
2£
O
as
>
UJ
o
as
Ul
z
a.
to
o
1
Z
u
as
<
Ul
CO
UJ
ca
Of
Ul
(O
z
JU>
Uw
or
ca
LU
o
z
_j
»^
JC
ac
z
<
LU
Q
OS
0
O
>
1-
=3
1
H
CO
z
CO
^
T
<5
Q
O
Z
CO
LU
Z
<
>
Q
LU
Q
Z
O
M
Ul
CO
CO
X.
o
Ij (=»
^^
z: =
TABLE 2.1 PARTICIPANTS
CO
Ul
iS
00
ra
H TRIANGLE PARK
u
ae
Ul
CO
UJ
as;
_i
as:
oo
UJ
ii
ae
c$
Ul
CO
<
5
z
o
to
UJ
ae;
i
_1
ul
CO
CO
Ul
to
3
_l
S
CO
V*
z
M*
I
u
as
Ul
a.
CO
1
a
<
u
»
i
LU
(^
_J
Z
o
H
^
to
Ul
&
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
_i
<
o
H
i
<
Q
O
te*
h-
Q
O
U_
Ul
O
LU
U
00
_J
z
o
»>^
t-
<
R FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCI
LU
H-
LU
t_J
-J
Z
O
H
<
OS
CO
M
z
1
Ul
u
<
a.
CO
a
to
u
£
=>
<
o
as
UJ
z
CJ
as
UJ
CO
LU
on
LU
LU
CO
J
LABORATORY
z
o
»
CO
-1
=>
a.
0
as
Q_
H
Ul
3
a
z
to
»«4
CO
a.
3
_i
^
>
CO
as
LU
z
UJ
u.
o
1-
LU
as
<
a.
UJ
c=>
AL LABORATORY
z
o
H
<
UJ
z
o
CO
5
ADMINISTRATION
z
o
H
<
1
<
as
Ul
a
Ul
u_
AUTHORITY
AL PROTECTION AGENCY
> i
UJ Z
-1 Ul
_1 Z
< z
> 0
LU 2
Ul >
CO Z
CO LU
LU
Z O
Z
£5
-------
Figure 2.1
Radiosonde stations indicated by open circles
are existing NWS sites which took radiosondes
at 6-h intervals during the 1980 study. The
site in central Pennsylvania indicated by a
solid circle was a special 6-h station
established for the study.
-------
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) facilities were
used to track EPA's large tetroons, which were equipped with
aircraft transponders. This tracking effort was staffed and
coordinated by SRI-International at various FAA centers
across the greater northeast.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) flew several airborne lidar systems for ozone and
aerosols. NASA also flew an in situ sampling aircraft, and
operated several advanced ground-based meteorological systems.
The Department of Energy, through Argonne National
Laboratory (ANL), made turbulent dry deposition measurements
at Croton, Ohio (NE of Columbus). At the same location,
NASA conducted many of its ground-based operations, namely,
tethered balloon and microwave atmospheric remote sensor
(MARS).
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) provided one of
its monitoring helicopters to carry EPA instruments for
urban air mass characterization. The Ohio Environmental
Protection Agency cooperated with PEPE-NEROS participants in
the use of their laboratory space and monitoring facilities.
In addition to Washington Universtiy's involvement
through WUTA, there were other university groups involved in
PEPE-NEROS. Washington University's Center for Air Pollution
Impact and Trend Analysis (CAPITA) provided regional dis-
persion modeling output and specialized plots of National
Weather Service data. The University of Minnesota operated
its mobile laboratory, designed for sophisticated aerosol
and chemical measurements, at the ANL/NASA site. Harvey
Mudd College provided specialized measurements related to
oxidant photochemistry at two EPA ground monitoring sites.
Ohio State University provided general meteorological and
tetroon trajectory support in addition to airport and
operational facility support. Several other university
researchers participated indirectly through various agencies.
Private contractors and consultants, outside the main
contractor team were involved as well. Battelle Columbus
Laboratories provided support for three NO-NOX ground
stations and EPA's mobile gas chromatography laboratory.
MESOMET, Inc., which was in daily contact with the project's
weather room, provided verbal interpretation and hard copy
information from the GOES satellites, and digitally archived
meteorological conditions during the study period (Lyons and
Calby, 1981). Research Triangle Institute (TRI) and PEDCO
Environmental (PEDCO) provided internal system audits (Arey
et al., 1981).
-------
International participation in PEPE-NEROS came from
several countries. The Atmospheric Environment Service
(AES) of Canada was involved on a daily basis by providing
hard copies of trajectory, SC^/ and sulfate predictions from
the Canadian LRTAP trajectory and concentration model (Olson
and Oikawa, 1980). Bertin and Cie of France shipped a
Doppler acoustic sounder to the Columbus, Ohio area for
continuous operation during the field study. Individuals
from Canada (Millan M. Millan) and the Netherlands (N.D.
van Egmond) provided advisory guidance in the planning stages
of the overall program.
-------
SECTION 3
PLATFORMS
The participants (Table 2.1) carried out air quality
and meteorological measurements from surface platforms
(fixed, mobile, and moving) and airborne platforms. Some
provided support services involving data acquisition and
archiving at the field headquarters. Table 3.1 provides a
summary of these measurement platforms and data centers,
indicating the organization and principal investigator
responsible for each set of data gathered.
Most platforms operated were based in the vicinity of
Columbus, Ohio. The major exceptions were the NEROS opera-
tions in the Baltimore-Washington, D.C. corridor (only
loosely coordinated out of Columbus, Ohio) and the NCAR
precipitation chemistry measurements, which operated in the
greater Northeast but were not coordinated with the bulk of
the program. Figure 3.1 indicates when the program platforms
were operating, with the exception of the two activities
mentioned above. If any measurements were made on a given
day, the appropriate date column is marked.
3
-------
TABLE 3.1 PLATFORMS AND DATA CENTERS OPERATED
DURING PEPE/NEROS,
AIRBORNE LABORATORIES SJIUB££
CHEM-1 (CHEMISTRY AIRCRAFT) EMI
CHEM-2 (CHEMISTRY AIRCRAFT) AV
SCOUT (CHEMISTRY AIRCRAFT) SRI
ELECTRA (LIDAR SYSTEM) NASA
CHEM-3 (CHEMISTRY AIRCRAFT! NASA
LAS* QUEENAIR
EPA-LIDAR
TURBULENCE AIRCRAFT
' MASA-JPL
EPA-Us VEGAS
NOAA-BOULDER
CLOUD CHEMISTRY AIRCRAFT NCAR
CHOPPER EPA-TVA-EMI
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
WILLIAM VAUGHAN
IVAR TOMBACH
BRUCE CANTRELL
ED BROWELL CUV-DIAL*)
JEFFREY SCROGA (HSRL*)
GERALD GREGORY
MIKE SCHUMATE
JIM MCELROY
BRAD BEAN
AL LAZRUS
WILLIAM VAUGHAN
SURFACE-BASED LABORATORIES
MOVING LABORATORY
DOPPLER SODAR 1 AND 2
AEROSOL LABORATORY
LIDAR VAN
SMALL TETROON TRACKING
LARGE TETROON TRACKING
GC LABORATORY
SPECIAL PHOTOCHEMISTRY
PRECURSORS
TETHERED BALLOON
NOX, OZONE NETWORK
SOURCE
EMI
AV
UNIV. OF MINN,
SRI
NOAA-IDAHO
SRI
ESRL-RTP
HARVEY MUDD
COLLEGE
NASA
EMI-BCL
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
GARY KLAUBER
MICHAEL CHAN
PETER McMuRRY
ED UTHE
GENE START
WALT DABBERDT
WILLIAM LONNEMAN
GREGORY KOK
OTTO YOUNGBLUTH
WILLIAM VAUGHAN
-------
TABLE 3,1 CONT,
SURFACE-BASED LABORATORIES SOURCE
BERTIN SODAR BERTIN & CIE
DRY DEPOSITION
EXPERIMENT
MARS*
SUN PHOTOMETRY
DATA CENTER
WEATHER CENTER
ANL
NASA-JPL
NASA-U, OF MIAMI
WUTA
SRI
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
PIERRE HUGUET
MARVIN WESLEY
BRUCE GARY
JOE PROSPERO
NOOR GILLANI
WILLIAM VIEZEE
* UV-DIAL » ULTRAVIOLET-DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION LIDAR
HSRL - HIGH SPECTRAL RESOLUTION LIDAR
LAS = LASER ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER
MARS = MICROWAVE ATMOSPHERIC REMOTE SENSOR
10
-------
o
K
w
04
w
tn
C
-H
w
e
n
o
M-4
-P
C
o
H
4J
01
cu
o
4-1
o
CO
0)
M
d
en
H
CM
0)
c
o
^
<
CM 2 f°
^ H H ^
UJ O UJ UJ tO
X O -I X <
O CO UJ O _J
-LIDAR
2
UJ
UJ
BULENC
CE
ID
1-
CE
UJ
CL
CL
O
T.
O
TD
c
o
2E
CE
Q
O
CO
CM
CE
Q
0
CO
-Q
o
"o
O
k_
^
C
or
g
_i
c
o
o
1
CO
c
o
o
0>
o
>^
-oboratoi
o
CD
e
O)
o
o
o
a>
a.
oo
c
o
"5
CD
T3
0}
QJ
£
nj
F
k_
0
-o
0 c
aj a3
Z CD
c
p
in
0
a.
0)
Q
>\
Q
CO
CE
<
5
^
^_
Photomei
c
3
CO
a>
O
_o
"o
Q
k_
O)
0)
75
>
11
-------
SECTION 4
PARAMETERS
A diverse mixture of measurements is possible from the
platform list (Table 3.1). Within the collection of measure-
ments from PEPE-NEROS is information on gaseous pollutants
(particularly S02, NO, NOX, 03 and hydrocarbons); aerosol
indicators (£>scat' S04' Aitken nuclei count, aerosol filters,
chemical analyses, and particle size distribution); and
meteorological parameters (multiple tetroon trajectories,
temperature, wind speed, dew point, and mixing height (.from
the various lidar measurements)). All the aircraft automat-
ically recorded their position (_x,y,z) and time (CDT) so
that spatial and temporal linking of the data base is possible.
A total of 353 flight hours were logged by CHEM-1, CHEM-2,
SCOUT, and CHOPPER in 100 missions flown by the EPA contractor
teams.
Vertical profiles of most meteorological and air quality
parameters were obtained from spiral flights and ramping
flights (i.e. changing altitude while moving horizontally as
opposed to staying over one spot.). Several of the measurements
involved remote sensing instruments which also provided
profiles. These included the NASA Electra's use of a multi-
purpose DIAL system for measurement of ozone and aerosol
profiles (Browell, et al., 1983) and a high spectral resolution
lidar for aerosols alone (Sroga, et al., 1983) which used
reflected laser pulses at different wavelengths to quantify
various parameters. EPA also operated a dual wavelength
lidar to determine aerosol back scatter and to infer some
information on rough size distribution in the profile. SRI's
surface based lidar gave the aerosol profile which was also
used to estimate mixing height. .Acoustic remote sensors
(AV's Sodar-1 and 2 along with the Bertin unit) were used to
obtain profiles of wind speed and direction. Finally, the
Microwave Atmospheric Remote Sensor (MARS) used microwaves
to obtain an estimate of temperature and dewpoint profiles
in the lower atmosphere. The remote sensing correlation
spectrometers obtained the vertical integral of the S02
profile known as the S02 burden.
Table 4.1 indicates which air quality and meteorological
parameters were recorded by each platform. Not all parameters
12
-------
TABLE 4.1. AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
AVAILABLE FOR EACH PLATFORM
Airborne
CHEM-la
CHEM-2
SCOUT
ELECTRA
CHEM-3
LAS
TURBULENCE
CHOPPER
EPA LIDAR
Surface-based
MOVING LAB
SODAR 1
SODAR 2
Aerosol Laba
LIDAR Van
Special
Photochemical
Tethered
balloon
Network
Bertin
Sodar
Dry Dep.
MARS
2-8 X X
12 , x X
0.4 X '
1-60 ,
10 '
10-30,
*l'
5 ,
815 i-t-TWPl X
300^ '
300I 1
1 x ' x
,INT
30 ,
,900*
1 X
600
XX XX
1 x ' x 1
, PRO , PRO?
' ' X ' HTD1
INT
X ' '
11 'PROS '
. X XX
1 X ' X ' X e X '
1 1 PRO
X
, X , X
1 x 1 1 I
XX XX
X X , X . X | i
X X ' X X
1 X ' X
X ' X '
x , , ,
PRO
1 PBOI 1
X X
, PRO, PRO.
t i x
PRO' PRO
PRO PRO
v, ]
X' '
1 i
XXX
PRO PRO
ippoi PPD
PRO, PRO
PRO, PRO
X X
INT
a
b
X * Point measurement available.
PRO « Profile showing variations with altitude.
HTD * Heated nephelometer.
SO A * Continuous readings from a modified Meloy 285.
Integrated burden (for SO? these measurements were from
correlation spectrometers!
Aerosol size distribution measurements were conducted as well.
Hydrocarbon cannisters were analysed in EPA's GC Laboratory
in Columbus, Ohio.
Filters were collected with a 3.5 micron cut point and
analysed for SOT and NOj.
Seven second readings reported as 15-minute averages.
The lidar signal is not a true profile of the parameter "bgcat"
but is related to it since it records the backscatter of light
from layers of atmospheric aerosol. It gives a good indication
of mixing depth.
d
e
13
-------
were necessarily recorded for each day, but most parameters
for most days should be generally available.
WUTA's Data Center provided 24-hour processing of data
tapes from the principal contractor aircraft (CHEM-1, CHEM-2,
and SCOUT) to rapidly pinpoint problem areas with instrument-
ation. This activity assured timely repair so that there
would be maximum recovery of data on each parameter. SRI's
weather center archived the NWS observations, soundings,
maps, progs, and satellite photos received during the program.
These real-time records are complemented by a computerized
satellite and weather service data base compiled during the
program by MESOMET, Inc., using the University of Wisconsin
McIDAS system.
14
-------
SECTION 5
OPERATIONS AND FLIGHTS
A full operational headquarters was set up in a dormitory
on the Ohio State University campus. Included in this
headquarters were a complete radio and phone communications
center; a complete weather center with multiple NWS wire
service imputs, including GOES satellite imagery and facsimiles
from AES Canada; a computer center; project office; and
space for general briefings.
The daily schedule involved gathering information on
platform status for each parameter (Table 4.1) and on forecast
weather conditions. Platform operators and the data center
provided information on those platforms that could be deployed
for a survey mission. The study's forecaster and his staff
prepared a forecast of local (Columbus, Ohio) and regional
weather conditions expected for the next 24-48 hour period.
Input from the senior scientists in the field was utilized
to plan the next day's mission, taking advantage of operating
instruments, weather conditions, and various PEPE and NEROS
monitoring objectives.
The NEROS missions for urban and regional studies
involved release of small tetroon clusters at various
altitudes (some 97 releases were tracked by NOAA-Idaho) and
a large EPA tetroon to be tracked by FAA centers. These
tetroons helped define the transport conditions during
measurements. Figure 5.1 illustrates the tracks of 10 of 13
large EPA tetroons (Clarke, et al. ,1983a,b). Their positions
could be phoned to the field headquarters from the FAA
centers for plotting and tracking during actual operations.
Once the transport field was marked with tetroons, the
aircraft and mobile platforms were deployed to document the
air quality and mixing conditions in the air mass. CHOPPER
and NOAA-Turbulence were fairly heavily dedicated to urban
plume surveys. EPA Lidar carried out mostly plume-oriented
studies, but occasionally conducted regional studies outside
Ohio. Moving Lab conducted frequent ground-level surveys
near Columbus, but also was deployed to West Virginia and
Kentucky for PEPE-oriented regional surveys.
NEROS regional measurements were carried out to char-
acterize the northeastern grid used in the ROM between
15
-------
Figure 5.1 Flight tracks of tetroons with positions every
three hours marked by (+).
16
-------
about 70°W and 85°W longitude, and 38°N and 45 N latitude.
SCOUT, CHEM-1, and CHEM-2 provided frequent in situ surveys
across various parts of this NEROS box. They were usually
vectored back to the location of the large EPA tetroon, in
order to follow the aging of the air mass in the vicinity of
this specific marker. Moist air masses moving in from the
west and south west, and Canadian polar air masses were
characterized by these flights.
ELECTRA was deployed for its regional surveys out of
Wallops Island, Va., in support of NEROS and PEPE regional
objectives. CHEM-3 provided correlative in situ measurements
at selected locations below ELECTRA*s flight path, as it had
done earlier in the program for LAS-Queenair flights (Gregory
et al. 1981).
PEPE regional surveys were less restricted, and involved
flights into stagnant air masses Ctwo to five days old) or
into moving air masses that experienced regional visibility
degradation, as reported by FAA and NWS wire services and by
satellite imagery. These regional surveys extended into New
York and New England during the first week in August 1980,
following development of large-scale haziness in the area.
In the middle of the second week in August, several flights
into Tennessee, Alabama, and Arkansas were carried out to
characterize a maritime tropical air mass, associated with
an extension of the Bermuda High, that had stagnated over
Georgia and Tennessee for four days. Measurements also were
made as this aged air mass swept out to the Atlantic. On
two occasions, 24-25 July and 10-11 August, tetroons were
placed in or near power plant plumes, (Figure 5.1 Tracks 2
and 3 for 25 July and 7 and 8 for 11 August) and flights
were made to characterize the mixing of these plumes into
the general air mass.
A summary of the types of missions flown during the
study period is shown in Table 5.1. It is obvious that with
the resources available to the project, limited urban plume
flights could be carried out while regional surveys were in
progress. This calendar starts on 20 July, because coordi-
nated mission-oriented activity did not start until then.
Figures 5.2-5.5 show sample flight routes of CHEM-1,
CHEM-2 and ELECTRA. They indicate the range of a typical
urban plume mission on 31 July (Fig.5.2) and the scale of
PEPE flights on 10-11 August (Figs.5.3-5.5) .
17
-------
TABLE 5.1. SCHEDULE OF MISSIONS FLOWN
July
20 23 24 25 26 29 30 31
Urban Plume
Limited
Full Scale
Regional
PEPE
NEROS
X X
X
p
p
X
X X
p
August
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15
X X
B
X
X
XXX
XXX
X X
X X P
X
X
X X
p
(X)
X
P = Power plant plumes were specifically monitored in the
course of regional measurements.
B = Urban plume budget measurements.
()= Poor data recovery from aircraft.
18
-------
Q
W
in
o
CN
CN
O
00
>1
r-l
3
r-l
ro
C
O
r-l
,c
rt
i-(
fa
I
s
u
CN
in
0)
3
cn
H
19
-------
COLUMBUS, OHIO
NWS RAO8 SITE
200 300
Aircraft: Chem 2
Date: 8/10/80
Flight: 2
Figure 5.3 CHEM-2 Flight 2 on 10 August 1980, 1656-2029 EDT.
20
-------
COLUMBUS, OHIO
NWS RAOB SITE
Q 100 200 300
Z' * ' T"""^
SCALE (km)
i » '
Figure 5.4 CHEM-1 Flight on 11 August 1980, 1115-2348 EDT.
21
-------
Figure 5.5 ELECTRA Flight on 10 August 1980, 0555-1020 EDT
22
-------
SECTION 6
QUALITY ASSURANCE ACTIVITIES
A thorough quality assurance program was followed
throughout the program that involved at least one level of
outside auditing. In the case of the contractor team there
was a second layer of independent audits in addition to the
routine calibration and internal quality assurance procedures
followed by the individual groups.
6.1 External audits
External audits were performed for EPA's Quality
Assurance Division (QAD) by Research Triangle Institute and
their sub-contractor, Pedco. RTI verified the accuracy of
their audit system either at QAD's facility or at RTI's
Audit System Verification Center (ASVC). These verifications
occurred both before and after the actual field audits.
Audits were conducted for the major platforms and sites
in the Columbus area and for some NECRMP components along
the East Coast. The audits for the contractor team specifically
evaluated 30 criteria parameters (namely, parameters associated
with monitoring criteria pollutants) in addition to light
scattering measurements by nephelometer. Of the criteria
parameters audited when instruments were functional, 56% had
excellent agreement with the audit concentration and 26%
were satisfactory. Only 4 parameters Cor 17%) were unsatis-
factory; and one of these was an experimental instrument and
two were reaudited as satisfactory at a later time. The
detailed results appear in the RTI audit report (Arev et al.
1981).
6.2 Internal audit activities
The contractor team platforms received additional audit
attention from the AeroVironment Quality Assurance Department
which reported directly to the Project Director, William M.
Vaughan. AV established their master calibration system as
an appropriate transfer standard through a direct performance
evaluation audit of personnel, equipment and procedures at
QAD's facilities at Research Triangle Park, just as RTI had
done. All parameters checked in this pre-study audit agreed
within 5% of the QAD standards and many within 2.5%.
23
-------
In the field AV completed two to three audits on most
contractor platforms thus cross checking each crew's quality
assurance procedures and calibration results. Each crew
operated an independent calibration and QA activity which
was cross-checked by these internal auditors. For a few
sites as an extra task order/ AV's QA team provided audit
calibrations during the field program. These sites included
CHOPPER, (03, NO, NOX), CHEM-3 (Oo), Harvey Mudd's WCVO Site
(NO, NO ) and NASA's ozonesonde at Croton, Ohio.
j£
The AV QA team took on the additional task of evaluating
the altitude response and time response of some instruments
and establishing a common data processing protocol to account
for these responses (Tombach and Pettus, 1982). This
effort combined with the more traditional auditing tied
together these critical platforms in measurement and processing
functions.
One special activity and evaluation required by the
internal QA program was the execution of parallel flys of
the team's three principal fixed wing aircraft - CHEM-1,
CHEM-2 and SCOUT. Three attempts were made at such flights
ending in good comparisons of CHEM-1 and CHEM-2 on 31 July
and all three on 4 August. A comparison with about 12
minute separation was conducted by CHEM-2 and SCOUT on 13
August. These in-flight intercomparisons in the same air
mass indicated generally good tracking of variations in
parameters with occasional minor offset differences. These
flights further helped establish the comparison between
separate instrument readings which would be audited on the
ground and cross-checked those which could not be rigorously
audited.
The AV QA report describes these activities and evalu-
ations in more detail (Pettus and Tombach 1984) . An overall
evaluation of the quality of the data is also provided in
that report. Such an evaluation is important because measure-
ments made with fast response times and short averaging
times, under conditions of varying temperature and pressure,
accompanied by vibration and less-than-perfect electrical
power, often with modified or experimental instruments,
could well be expected to be of significantly poorer accuracy
and precision than those made by standard pollutant analyzers
in a fixed network. Nevertheless, with a few exceptions, the
quality of the data that have been incorporated into the
data base is quite good -in many cases of quality comparable
to that of fixed networks.
24
-------
SECTION 7
PEPE-NEROS DATA BASE
The data collected during this study has been gathered
together in one location - the Special Studies Data Center
(the Data Center) at Washington University under the direction
of Dr. Noor Gillani. In addition the contractor team's data
base has been centralized at AeroVironment. It was decided,
that these data should also be brought to a common format
which is easy to use. This format is a variation of the
STATE-10 format developed for the EPA's Sulfur Transport and
Transformation in the Environment program (Schiermeier, et
al. 1979).
Security for the data base is provided in a decentralized
manner as all participants also retain a final copy of their
data and the contractor team's data base has been separately
centralized at AeroVironment.
The PEPE-NEROS archive in the Washington University
Data Center consists of the following major components:
1. The Field Data Base - the raw and partially processed
aircraft data acquired by the on-site data center
during the field study itself;
2. The Original Data Base - the processed data submitted
to the Data Center by the individual data collecting
organizations;
3. The Intermediate Data Base - the original data base
reformatted into internal direct access format
compatible with EDITR (the Data Center's display/edit
software package);
4. The Final Data Base by Organization - the original
data base reformatted into the standardized STATE
(-20 and -VS) formats;
5. The Final Data Base by Day - the final data base
reorganized to group the data of all organizations
for each day into a daily data base subset;
6. The PEPE-NEROS software library;
25
-------
7. The PEPE-NEROS hard copy data base.
The General Distribution Data Base (GDDB) (See Section
7.2) is essentially complete and ready for distribution. The
GDDB is composed chiefly of the Final Daily Data Base (5),
with some supplementary items out of the Final Data Base by
Organization (4) .
Appendix A presents a tabulation of the current status
of the overall PEPE-NEROS archive at the Data Center in a
synopsis form. The only significant data collections not
resident in the archive as of May 1984 are the bulk of the
AES-Canada data and the detailed data of the EPA-LV lidar.
Appendix B lists the hard copy documents in the Data
Center as of May 1984. Much of the hard copies contain
graphic presentation of the same data as in the magnetic
form. The hard copy documents do include reports from AES-
Canada and EPA-Las Vegas lidar.
Certain other data sets are currently in the general
archive, but are not included in the GDDB on the grounds
that they are not judged to be of general interest. This
category includes the following:
5 Hz data of the UV-DIAL aerosol backscatter profiles
(NASA) ;
1-min average UV-DIAL ozone profiles (NASA);
40 Hz data of the Turbulence Aircraft (NOAA-ERL);
the raw SRI ground lidar aerosol data (SRI).
These data sets are extremely voluminous, and largely in raw
form. They will be made available to serious, interested
users upon specific request. These data sets, though not
generally in standardized formats, are nevertheless, reason-
ably we11-documented.
7.1 Data Formats
The GDDB is in a highly standardized form. All data
sets, except the routine NWS surface and upper air data, are
in one of two standard formats - the STATE-20 and the
STATE-VS. The former is most suited to data of the time-
series type (the majority of the PEPE-NEROS data), and the
latter is most suited to the data of vertical soundings.
STATE-20 is well known to most potential PEPE-NEROS data
users and is an upgraded version of the STATE format promul-
gated during the Tennessee Plume Study. STATE-VS has been
26
-------
formulated by the Data Center specifically for the PEPE-
NEROS data base. Complete documentation of the STATE
formats can be found in Gillani, 1983.
The NWS surface and upper air data formats are long-
standing and quite familiar to many potential users, who
probably also have specific software to handle these formats.
For this reason, it was decided that routine NWS data be
left in their NWS formats. Documentation of these formats
are also included in Gillani, 1983. All physical records in
the STATE and NWS formats are 80 character card images in
simple FORTRAN formats.* Logical record lengths are variable
for the different data sets.
7.2 The General Distribution Data Base
The GDDB consists of two major components:
the Final Daily Data Base (data grouped by day)
other data not broken up into day files.
The files in the Daily Data Base are identified and defined
in Table 7.1 along with the identification of the format
type for each file. The remaining data files (those not
broken up by day) are listed in Table 7.2.
Since not every platform was operational each day, the
actual files present in any given daily data group constitute
a subset of the total possible day file group outlined in
Table 7.1. Table 7.3 outlines, in matrix form, the actual
files existent for each day of the period 7/15/80 through
8/15/80. The information in the matrix elements actually
identifies the specific file number for each platform for
each day.
The first file for each day is a summary file (SUMARY.
MOD) which explicitly lists the actual data files extant for
that day which make up the rest of the data base of that
day.
The Daily Data Base can be packed into 2 industry-
standard 1/2-inch mag tapes (2400 ft). These tapes are 9
track. The data density is 1600 bpi. The data coding is in
ASCII. The data are blocked in variable sizes which are
given in Gillani 1983.
A third tape would contain the non-daily data files
(listed in Table 7.2). The tape format is similar to that
of the other two tapes. All files in this tape, with the
*Exception: NWS surface data records are 128 characters long,
27
-------
FILENAME
TABLE 7.1
PEPE-NEROS 1980
LIST OF FILES ON DAILY DATA BASE TAPES
ORGANIZATION
PLATFORM/DATA
FORMAT
SUMMARY. MOD
EMIAxx
AVNAxx
SRIAXX
CHOPxx
LASA01
UVDAxx
HRLAXX
ERLUXX
ERLFxx
EMIGxx
UMCGXX
UMPGxx
UMSDxx
ANLGxx
MUDDxx
SP8G01
SP4G01
RMSG01
PMRG01
ARLxxx
EPAOxx
STBGVS.MDD
CORAVS.MDD
CRTAVS.MDD
CCLAVS.MDD
CLTAVS.MDD
AVPI01.MDD
A VP 10 2. MOD
AVAS01.MDD
AVAS02.MDD
BERTIN.MDD
UAWIND.MDD
UATEMP.MDD
V
EMI
AV
SRI
EPA/EMI
NASA/JPL
NASA-LaRC
NASA/U.WIS
NOAA-ERL
NOAA-ERL
EMI
U.MINN
U.MINN
U.MINN
ANL
H.MUDD
NASA-GSFC
NASA-GSFC
NASA/JPL
HASA/JPL
NOAA-ARL
EPA/FAA/SRI
NASA-LaRC
NASA-LaRC
NASA-LaRC
NASA-LaRC
NASA-LaRC
AV
AV
AV
AV
BERTIN
NWS
NWS
LIST OF FILES FOR GIVEN DATE
CHEM I AIRCRAFT DATA
CHEM II AIRCRAFT DATA
SCOUT AIRCRAFT DATA
CHOPPER HELICOPTER DATA
QUEEN AIR LAS DATA
ELECTRA UV-DIAL DATA
ELECTRA HSRL DATA
TURBULENCE AIRCRAFT (UNFILTERED)
TURBULENCE AIRCRAFT (FILTERED)
AQML DATA
UMHL CONTINUOUS (SUMMARY)
UMHL PARTICULATE (SUMMARY)
UMHL SIZE DISTRN (SUMMARY)
SURFACE FLUX DATA
SPECIAL PHOTOCHEM LAB
8-CH. RADIOMETER NETWORK
4-CH. SUN-PHOTOMETER
MARS - REMOTE SPECTROMETER
MARS - PASSIVE SPECTROMETER
SMALL TETROON DATA
LARGE TETROON DATA
SMALL TETHERED BALLOON DATA
CHEM III B_rAT, 0, CORRELATIVE WITH
UVDIAL &C A J
CHEM III TEMP CORRELATIVE WITH UVDIAL
CHEM III BSCAT, 03 CORRELATIVE WITH LAS
CHEM III TEMP CORRELATIVE WITH LAS
SODAR 1 PIBAL DATA
SODAR 2 PIBAL DATA
SODAR 1 AIRSONDE DATA
SODAR 2 AIRSONDE DATA
3-D SODAR DATA
UPPER AIR WIND DATA
UPPER AIR TEMP DATA
STATE- 10
STATE- 10
STATE- 10
STATE- 10
STATE-10
STATE- 10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE-10
STATE- VS
STATE-VS
STATE-VS
STATE-VS
STATE-VS
STATE-VS
STATE-VS
STATE-VS
STATE-VS
STATE-VS
NWS-WIND
NWS -TEMP
Notes;
xx,xxx = variable numerical identifiers of specific missions
MOD = Date (Month,Day), e.g. MDD=724 indicates July 24.
28
-------
TABLE 7.2
SUPPLEMENT
PEPE/NEROS 1980
(*)
TO DAILY DATA BASE
FILENAME
AVNA28
AVNA29
AVNG01
AVNG02
AVNG03
AVNGJ34
HCFTHS
HCWJEF
HCWCVO
HCEMI
HCAV
HCSRI
HCCHOP
ORGANIZATION
AV
AV
AV
AV
AV
AV
EPA-GKPB
EPA-GKPB
EPA-GKPB
EPA-GKPB
EPA-GKPB
EPA-GKPB
EPA-GKPB
NWS
NWS
NWS
NWS
DATA DESCRIPTION FORMAT
CHEM II - FILTER AEROSOL DATA STATE-10
CHEM II - HYDROCARBON DATA STATE-10
SODAR1, DOPPLER WIND SPEED STATE-10
SODAR1, DOPPLER WIND DIRN STATE-10
SODAR2, DOPPLER WIND SPEED STATE-10
SODAR2, DOPPLER WIND DIRN STATE-10
HYDROCARBON DATA, FT. HAYES STATE-10
HYDROCARBON DATA, W. JEFF. STATE-10
HYDROCARBON DATA, WCVO STATE-10
HYDROCARBON DATA, CHEM I STATE-10
HYDROCARBON DATA, CHEM II STATE-10
HYDROCARBON DATA, SCOUT STATE-10
HYDROCARBON DATA, CHOPPER STATE-10
SURFACE COLUMBUS, OH NWS/SWON
WEATHER MANSFIELD, OH NWS/SWON
OBSERVATION CINCINNATI, KY NWS/SWON
NETWORK DAYTON, OH NWS/SWON
(*) The files listed above individually contain data of the entire field
period (7/15 - 8/15/80). These data sets are not included in the
daily data base, and are supplementary to the daily data base.
29
-------
M
ill
m
f-
W
H
O < f
CO °-i
o> >
r- (0 a
r i ^^ »
w w z
n C O
_ UJ yj
Z u
i d
U,.
a. <
LU H
a. <
o
o
oe
2
S
3
(A
3
Os
It
N
-»
in
V
*>
N
-
I
|
-
5
S!
=
3
Os
H
N
-*
Vn
V
"I
N
-
1
If
r
jw
5
a
~
?
^
*.
K
s>
VA
^
N
-
|
3*
3
*
<5
N
V
-,
V
5
5
N
V
^
5
^H
*&
(*1
%
#1
«
^
«
t
ni
X
1
"1
"1
1
V
n
«
rt
S
K
4
rt
X
3
U
S
*
^
j;
H
*
V;
n
^
^
^
»N
&
t«
^
rs
1
m
H
i
i
^
\
\
\
^
S.
\
\
\
\
i
i
a
IT
r
\
^
\ *^
» 1
^ 0
^ S
\\\^
\^\
^^\^
\^\^«
\ \
\
. w
\ *1
>
-3
\ §>
\
\ i
\ 5'
\ *
s ^
\
S |
V J
\ 1^
^
V
\
* »
V
N.
V
V
V
ii»5
]| si
j. f
*
i ^ \
N \\
«
|
!
i\ \
^ \\
*
\ \
\ \
$
» \ \
£ » \
\
A 0
a a
J V W
^ o o
l. >«n -
S
\
t
,
U
**H
* XN
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
V
V
\
i
\
^
X
^
r
\
\
\
^
\
k i
\
k \
k \
^ S^
k \
i, N^
w \
, \
^ \
^ \
^ \
1
^ 1
M tf
< <
9 mo
3 J.
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
1
CL
mo
V J
\
\
\
\
\
v.
S
\
V
f
.
Lsr
\
\
s
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
S.
\
\
\
s
\
\
\
\
\
7 V"
\
\
\
\
S,
\
S
\
\
\
\.
\
\
N
\
\
\
\
N
\
\
\
\
\
\
S
\
\
\
\
\
V
>i.
s
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
S
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
if.
MN
t
a
a
1
V
M
H
U
3
2
*
i
9
a
X
a
*4
a
1
m
u
to
0
a
u fl
o at
JZ **
H -H
*4 >s
3*
>W W
O O
u
ai a
M
at
« JS
n
u a
5 S
41
S a
41
k4
M
30
-------
exception of the NWS surface weather data, are in STATE-20
format.
7.3 Availability
This highly usable and standardized data base is
available for immediate use. Further information on its
distribution is available from:
Noor N.V. Gillani, Sc.D.
Washington University
Campus Box 1185
St. Louis, MO 63130
314/889-6079 or
Joan Novak
Chief, Data Management Branch
Meteorology and Assessment Div.
EPA-ESRL (MD-80)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919/541-4545
31
-------
SECTION 8
OVERVIEW OF SELECTED MISSIONS
With the size of the data base generated by this work,
it is difficult to know where to begin in processing,
reviewing, analysing and utilizing the data. To begin the
whole process, the contractor team focused on a few priority
days that appeared to have the largest data recovery and
seemed to involve multiple platforms. These days were:
Priority I -to be processed completely by all three
platforms
30 July-4 August 1980
Priority II -Would have been processed completely in order
if funds remained (Platforms in parenthesis
completed processing of that day.)
5-6 August (CHEM-1)
26 July
25 July (CHEM-2)
24 July (CHEM-2)
15 August (CHEM-2)
Priority Ill-Marginal days not really worth processing.
20, 21, 18, 17, 23 July (with the latter
three being shakedown days).
These days were grouped according to mission type,
either urban plume or regional (See Table 5.1), for selecting
the best days for carrying out descriptive analyses.
Within that framework AV prepared a descriptive analysis
report for the urban plume surveys on 30-31 July and 4, 12
and 13 August 1980. (B.M. Muller, et al. 1984). Because of
budget constraints they could only focus on the activities
of CHEM-2. SRI prepared a regional descriptive analysis for
the regional missions on 1 August and 7-11 August 1980 (B.
Cantrell et at. 1984). These reports will be introduced
below with a brief synopsis.
8.1 Urban Plume Descriptive Analysis
AV closely reviewed data from CHEM-2 for chemical
32
-------
information and incorporated data from LIDAR VAN, SODAR-1,
SODAR-2, and NWS soundings from Dayton along with tetroon
releases to evaluate the meteorological data. AV constructed
air parcel trajectories for the five urban plume days noted
above. They also summarized the air quality parameters
measured by CHEM-2 when they felt it was indeed in the urban
plume.
The vertical extent of the plume was determined from
reported aircraft soundings and used to select the altitude
range of winds for trajectory calculations. The horizontal
extent of the urban plume was presented graphically to show
average concentration in the plume, maxima, mean and "back-
ground" values to either side and upwind of Columbus.
Seven air quality parameters were evaluated and values
tabulated for each CHEM-2 urban plume traverse. These
values for the plume were sometimes difficult to determine
since the gradients were quite small and often required
subjective judgements. A sample figure from the AV report is
shown in Figure 8-1 to illustrate the display of ozone data
for the 30 July traverses. Ozone was used as the best indicator
of the urban plume.
In developing the descriptive analysis for each day AV
provides a meteorological overview and a condensation of
other contractor platform activity.
On several occasions trajectory evaluation indicates
that measurements may well have been made to the side of the
urban plume. Those measurements that did occur within the
urban plume indicate that higher ozone levels tend to occur
lower in the plume and that the plume width, as defined by
elevated ozone values, doesn't vary all that much, averaging
25-30 km. Some farther distances show apparently narrower
ozone plumes (13-18 km), probably because only the more
concentrated, narrow core of the plume is distinguishable.
Of course, data from other platforms may improve the overall
plume resolution as more traverses are tabulated.
The plume was definitely easier to track with a clean
continental air flow from the northwest than under southwesterly
flow when Cincinnati and Dayton plumes form the background
air mass.
8.2 Regional Descriptive Analysis
SRI carried out the regional descriptive analysis for
11 August and 7-11 August 1980. Their report (B. Cantrell,
et al. 1984) includes a separate meteorological description
focused on these two time periods that sets the tone for the
measurement discussion to follow. An extensive array of
meteorological data are evaluated for each period including
33
-------
Conosvllle
Power Plant
Pickaway
Power
/Tim* o( mttimum plum* cone. (CDT)\
V^ Allllud» at uwuett
-------
probabilistic treatment of trajectories which were transport-
ing air to several receptor regions.
SRI summarizes the general measurement activity of
relevant platforms in the air and at the surface. Graphic
summaries of platform survey areas are provided such as
shown in Figure 8-2 and 8-3 for 8 August. Tables summarize
the average, maximum and minimum of up to six air quality
parameters (03, NO , S02, bscat' sulfate/ and nitrate) along
various segments or the surveys.
The 1 August measurements, primarily by CHEM-2, involved
following a region of low visibility which was exiting the
East Coast. It did not linger long enough to become a major
PEPE over the Ohio valley.
Air sampling proceeded from "cleaner" air into the
"dirtier" trailing edge of that air mass. Because the
flight was approximately parallel to the westerly transport
wind, their measurements were made in older air parcels
originating in Ohio 6-12 hours earlier. Definite trends of
increasing ozone, sulfate, nitrate and light scattering show
the penetration of aged air parcels. Ozone went from about
90 ppb in eastern Ohio to about 115 ppb in eastern Pennsylvania
and New Jersey, while bsc t went from 1 to 5x10 m,
aerosol sulfate went from about 23 peaking at about 50 and
dropping to about 32 yg/m , and nitrate went from 3 to
about 8 ppb. Vertical profiles showed little stratification
within the mixed layer. The return flight documents the
"cleaner" air to the west but also, within that trend, an
indication of "dirtier" air toward the surface. Aerosol
sulfate dropped from about 35 yg/m^ in New Jersey to about
15 yg/m3 in central Pennsylvania but increased to about
Slug/in-3 below 900m in eastern Ohio.
Meteorological conditions of 7-11 August led to a broad
region over the general southeastern region of relatively
stagnant air which was strongly influenced by the diurnal
heating cycle. Horizontal transport was slow during this
period. Vertical dynamics due to diurnal heating distributed
the lower visibility air into a thick layer. This mixing
prevented the buildup of aerosols in a layer near the surface
which could have led to worsening visibility conditions.
This, coupled with thunderstorm and associated wash out
events led to a patchy pattern of low visibility and elevated
pollutants.
The northern part of the stagnant air was systematically
monitored on 7-8 August initially following a RAMC (Regional
Air Mass Characterization) scenario with a shift to Regional
PEPE missions as the stagnant air mass developed. The PEPE
missions were conducted through 11 August when a cold front
35
-------
Airborne Platforms
8 August 1980
CHEM-1
CHEM-2
SCOUT
EPA LIDAR
Cessna 402
DC-3
Figure 8-2 Deployment of airborne platforms participating in
the PEPE/NEROS regional mission on 8 August 1980.
36
-------
4
j
14
[!
\
i
i
1
i
Surface Based Platforms
8 August 1980
1 - Moving Lab
2 - Small Tetroon
3 - NEROS, Rawinsonde and Urban Networks
4 - Canadian Lidar Van
SI - SODAR-1, SODAR-2
j A - Canadian Surface Monitors
Figure 8-3 Deployment of surface based platforms participating
in the PEPE/NEROS regional mission on 8 August 1980.
37
-------
terminated the episode. Upwind air mass was characterized by
SCOUT. Other contractor and NECRMPS platforms characterized
three regions of low visibility and high ozone over the
Washington, D.C. to New York corridor, the southeast portion
of the Ohio Valley and finally into northern Alabama. Ozone
values in the PEPE proper were generally above 90 ppb and
reached 150 ppb in some areas. Light scattering coefficients
ranged over a factor of five from 1 to 5xlO""Vm. In the
1 August episode there was little daytime vertical stratifi-
cation in the mixed layer.
38
-------
SECTION 9
PEPE-NEROS RELATED PUBLICATIONS
While this report has focused on the activities of
EPA's contractor team, the discussion of Sections 2, 3 and
5 indicates the breadth of activities involved. Several
groups have had an opportunity to report on their activity,
measurements and/or analyses since the summer of 1980.
Appendix C provides a bibliography of all those reports to
facilitate the further integration of the many components
of this data base.
39
-------
SECTION 10
IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
The extensive and relatively homogeneous and easy to
access data base which now exists as a result of this large
field program is primed for further evaluation. It is a
uniquely valuable data base because great care was taken to
integrate it into a useable whole from the design through
implementation.
To be sure, the weather did not cooperate and provide
dramatic regional episodes to be probed while headlines were
made. To be sure, the Columbus urban plume's gradients were
broad and shallow for most pollutants and difficult to
define under the summer 1980 transport conditions.
But here is a singular collection of atmospheric
measurements that can and do speak to:
Transformation processes associated with acid rain
issues.
Transport processes with oxidant and visibility
implications.
Mixing and removal mechanisms.
Aerosol growth by heterogeneous and homogeneous
mechanisms.
The interaction of forecasts and realtime trajectories
to field sampling strategies.
. . .and a score of other topics to be defined as atmospheric
chemists and modelers become aware of this resource.
It is appropriate to present these data to the air
pollution and meteorological communities with the challenge
to mine them for all their value and in so doing to improve
their potential value as new insights develop.
40
-------
REFERENCES
Arey, F.K., R.C. Shores, and R.W. Murdock, 1981: Performance
Audits of NEROS/PEPE Sites (Revised Report). RTI Report No.
1808/98, March 1981.
Browell, E.V., A.F. Carter, S.T. Shipley, R.J. Allen, C.F.
Butler, M.N. Mayo, J.H. Siviter, Jr., and W.M. Hall, 1983:
NASA Multipurpose Airborne DIAL System and Measurements of
Ozone and Aerosol Profiles. Applied Optics 22 (4), February
15, 1983, pp. 522-534.
Clarke, J.F., J.K.S. Ching, T.L. Clark, and N.C. Possiel,
1983a: Regional-Scale Transport Studies in the Northeastern
United States. Proceedings of the 14th International Meeting
of Air Pollution Modeling and its Application (NATO, CCMS),
Copenhagen, Denmark, September 27-30, 1983.
Clarke, J.F., T.L. Clark, J.K.S. Ching, P.L. Haagenson, R.B.
Husar, and D.E. Patterson, 1983b: Assessment of Model
Simulation of Long Distance Transport. Atmospheric Environment
r/(12), 2449-2462, 1983.
Gillani, N.V. 1983: Documentation in Support of PEPE-NEROS
1980 General Distribution Data Base. Submitted to the
Meteorology and Assessment Division of EPA, August 1983.
Gregory, G.L., S.M. Beck, and J.J. Mathis, Jr., 1981: In
Situ Correlative Measurements for the Ultraviolet Differential
Absorption Lidar and High Spectral Resolution Lidar Air-
Quality Remote Sensors: 1980 PEPE/NEROS Program. NASA
Technical Memorandum, NASA TM-83107, April 1981.
Husar, R.B., N.V. Gillani, C. Paley, and P. Turca, 1976a:
Long Range Transport of. Pollutants Observed Through Visibility
Contour Maps, Weather Maps, and Trajectory Analysis.
Preprints, Third Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence,
Diffusion and Air Quality (Raleigh, N.C.), AMS, Boston, pp.
344-347.
Husar, R.B., N.V. Gillani, and J.D. Husar, 1976b: Study of
Long Range Transport from Visibility Observations, Trajectory
Analyses and Local Air Pollution Data. Proceedings, 7th
Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Applica-
tions, NATO/CCMS, Airlie, Va., 7-10 September 1976.
41
-------
Lamb, R.G. 1983: A Regional Scale (1000 km) Model of
Photochemical Air Pollution - Part I: Theoretical Formulation.
U.S.EPA Technical Report (EPA-600/3-83-035) Research Triangle
Park, NC.
Lyons, W.A., J.C. Dooley, and K.T. Whitby, 1978: Satellite
Detection of Long-range Pollution Transport and Sulfate
Aerosol Hazes. Atoms. Environ. 12, 621.
Lyons, W.A./ and R.H. Calby, 1981: Remote Sensing Technology
as Used in Studies of Persistent Elevated Pollution Episodes
(PEPEs). Presented to the Environmetrics '81 Conference,
Washington, D.C. 8-10 April 1981.
Olson, M.P., and K.K. Oikawa, 1980: Trajectory and Concentra-
tion Forecasts for the PEPE Project. Report No. AQRB-81-017-
T., Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada, Downsview,
Ontario, Canada.
Pettus, K., and I.H. Tombach, 1984: The Quality Assurance
Program for Moving Platforms in PEPE-NEROS. AeroVironment
Report No. FR-83/516B, June 1984.
Possiel, N.C., and W.P. Freas, 1982: Northeast Corridor
Regional Modeling Project Description of the 1980 Urban
Field Studies. EPA Report No. 450/482018, Research Triangle
Park, NC.
Schiermeier, F.A., W.E. Wilson, F. Pooler, J.K.S. Ching, and
J.F. Clarke, 1979: Sulfur Transport and Transformation in
the Environment (STATE): A major EPA research program.
Bull. Am. Metereol. Soc., 60, 1303-1312.
Sroga, J.T., E.W. Eloranta, S.T. Shipley, F.L. Roesler, and
P.J. Tyron, 1983: High Spectral Resolution Lidar to Measure
Optical Scattering Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols. 2:
Calibration and Data Analysis. Applied Optics, Vol.23,
December 1, 1983, pp.3725-3732.
Tichler, J. 1983: NEROS 1980 Baltimore Plume Study. Part A-
Data Base Format Description. Brookhaven National Laboratory
Report BNL 31641R.
Tombach, I., and K. Pettus, 1982: Altitude Effects, Calibration,
and Quality Assurance for Airborne Air Pollutant Measurements
During the PEPE-NEROS Program. Presented at the APCA Specialty
Meeting on In-Situ Air Quality Monitoring from Moving Platforms,
January 18-21, 1982, San Diego, CA.
Wolff, G.T., M.A. Kelly, and M.A. Ferman, 1981: On the
Sources of Summertime haze in the Eastern United States.
Science, 211, 703.
42
-------
Appendix A
Magnetic Copy Archive
PEFE/NESOS
DATA BASE STATUS REPORT
UU/EPA Special Studies Data Center
Washington University
Data
Classification Organization
AIRBORNE EMI
PLATFORM
(In-situ
measurements)
AV
SRI
EPA/ EMI
NASA-LaRC
IICAR
NOAA-Boulder
AES-Canada
Platform/File I.D.
Chem I Chemical Aircraft
EMIAxx
Chem II Chemical Aircraft
AVNAxx
SCOUT Chemical Aircraft
SRLAxx
Chopper (TVA helicopter)
CHOPxx
Chem III Chemical Aircraft
(Correlative with UV-DIAL
& LAS)
CORA.CRTA (UV-DIAL)
CCLA.CLTA (LAS)
Cloud Chemiatry Aircraft
Turbulence Aircraft
ERLUxx (unfiltered)
ERLFxx (filtered)
Chemical Aircraft
May 1984 St. Louis, MO
Page 1 of 3
TABLE I
Data Description Archive Form & Availability
12 flight days
Continuous data: Time, location, altitude, temp, dew point
(Every 2 see.) SOj, NO/SO^, Oy » HjSO,.;
Intermittent: Aerosol sill distribution: EAA, OPC
(Knollenbarg) ,
Detelled hydrocarbons (Grab samples).
Sulfates, nitrates, ammonium,
ammonia, nitric acid (Filter semples)
14 flight days
Continuous: Time, location, altitude, temp, dew
(Every 12 soc.) point, turbulence, SO,, NO/NO , 0.,
a AM/. en a en L. * J
Bscet' AHCl "V W
Intermlttenc: Detailed hydrocarbons (Grsb samples)
sulface, nitrates (Filter samples)
13 flight days
Continuous: Time, location, altitude, temp, dew
(Every sec.) point, SOj, Oj, B^^;
Intermittent: Detailed hydrocarbons (Grab samples)
Sulfates, nitrates (Filter samples)
15 flight days
Continuous: Time, altitude, temp, dew point, NO/NO ,
°3" "scaf
Intermittent: Detailed hydrocarbons (Grab samples)
16 correlative missions
Continuous vertical profiles: Temp, dew point
Average vertical profiles: Ozone. B heated
(average of multiple co-located profiles)
10 days in N.E. US, 3 days in Ohio
Parameters: Temp, dew point, WS, WD, (gas phase
SO., NO, NO., 0.. NH-, HMO., H,0,,
2* 2* 3' 3* 3* .1 2*
HCL), (Aerosol NH4 , Ca , Mg , Ma ,
SO " NH ~ a.", NO,"}, (Rain/cloud
+ -H- ++ -I* +
water NH^ , Ca . Mg , K , Na , pH.
conductivity, S04". NO ~ Cl~, PO,")
15 flight days (Aug. 4-25, 1980)
40 per sec.: u, v, w, p , T LJ ,
water vapor ambient
Tvi ual' 0_, Radiometer (upward -looking,
downward-looking)
1 per sec.: Time, location, altitude, pressure
airspeed, heading, wind speed (north, east)
Statistical averages for each "event" (aircraft traverse of
variable duration) Time, altitude, vertical eddy fluxes
(p w , T'w , u'w* , O'w1)
9 flight days
(20 sec averages): Time, location, altitude, temp, RH,
S02, N0/N0x, 03, Bscat
Mag tape /
Data volume (D.V.) /
Overview volume /
Not Processed
Mag tape /
Tabulation in D.V. /
Mag tape /
Data volume /
Overview volume /
Hag ^tape /
/
Mag tape /
Data volume /
Overview volume /
Mag tape /
Tabulation in D.V. /
Mag tape /
Data volume
Overview volume /
Mag tape /
Meg tape /
Report /
Partial tabulated *
data for 8/13/80 only
All other data X
from this set
are not available.
Mag tapes x
" X
Tabulated in
Data volume
i
i
Mag tape x
43
-------
WU/EFA Special Studies Data Center
Washington University
St. Louis, HO
Page 2 of 3
Data
Classification Organization
Platform/File I.D.
Data Description
Archive Form i. Availability
AIRBORNE
PLATFORM
(Remote-
aenslng
measurements)
Lidar Aircraft
KASA-URC Lldar Aircraft (Electra)
UV-DIAL
(Differential Absorption
Lidar)
14 flight Missions Hag tapes
Detailed data: Time, location, aircraft ground speed,
ground temp, dual frequency lidar return
data at 20 ft intervals
( 10.000 ft to ground level)
Plight nape, photographic data plots Data volumi
14 flight (lesions
(lldars looking dovn from 10,000 ft)
5 min. averages: Tine, location, altitude, aerosol nixed Mag tape
layer height (mean & s.d.), lowest cloud
condensation level, maximum cloud height.
top of upper stable layer.
AIRBORNE
PLATFORMS
(Tetroona)
CROUND
PLATFORM
(In-sltu
mobile)
GROUND
PLATFORM
(In-sltu
stationary)
UVDAxx
UV03VS.MDD
Down-looking
lidar systems
HRSL
(High Resolution
Spectral Lldar) HRLAxx
NASA/JPL Lldar Aircraft (Queen Alre)
LAS LASAD1
(Laser Absorption Spectrometer)
NOAA-ERL Small tetroone and
pilot balloone tracked by
mobile radars AKLxxx
EPA/SRI/FAA Large tetroone tracked
by FAA fixed radars EPAO^
EMI AQML (Mobile Lab)
EMICxx
U. MINN. UMML (Mobile Lab)
OMMH (Mobile Home)
Moat U. MINN, data were
collected in the stationary
mode at the Croton site
a) UMCCxx
b) UMSDxx
c) UMPGxx
EMI/EPA 1. Ft. Hayes Monitoring
Station HCFTHS
2. N. Albany (WCVO)
Monitoring Station
KCUCVO
3. CC Lab at W. Jefferson
HCUJEFP
Harvey Mudd 1. Special Photochem. Lab.
College (W. Jeff)
2. Special Photochem. Lab.
1 min average: Vertical profile of ozone
1 sec. data: Tiae, location, aerosol return signal*
( 100 crave!) at vertical interval* of about IS a
Dec* plots: Vertical profiles of aerosol and ozone
2 ain averages: Tine* aerosol layer height (mean & s.d.)
15 fliia averages: Tin*, vertical profile of aerosol
backscatter. ratio of particulate to
okolecular backscacter, aerosol optical
depth
6 flight missions (correlative with Chen III)
Tlae, Location, altitude, vertically-
integrated ozone burden under 15-30 ka
flight legs
110 releases tracked
Date, time, location, tetroon height,
ground elevation, WS, WD
13 release* tracked
Date, time, location, tetroon height
14 days
Continuous: Tine, location, SO., NO/NO , 0., B
( 10 see Aerosol sulfate, CO SPEC -SO, (integrated
intervals) overhead burden)
Grab aanples: Detailed HC
Filter samples: Sulfate, nitrate
13 days
(1 nin. UV and broadband radiation, WS, WD,
averages) S02> HO/NO^, Oj, ANC, B9caC, EAA-RH
^-'sc./
a) Cont. data summary: (as above)
(Event averagea)
b) Particulate data: Aerosol size distribution data for
each bag fill (based on EAA and
ROYCC-OPC) .
c) Part, data summary: Derived aerosol parameters (e.g.
aerosol volume distribution, mass
Bean diameter, etc.)
NO/NO^, 0}, UV, Detailed NMHC, eld.
Oj, NO/NO^ (July 18-20 only)
NO/NO^, Oj, CO, CH4, Detailed NMHC, aid.,
VIS, SOLAR RAD (UV. Broadband), WS, WD, T, DP
High sensitivity NO/NO , UV
H202, HCHO, UV
Mag tape /
Mag tapes (8) '
Deta Report /
Mag tape /
Meg tape /
Report /
Mag tape /
Mag tape /
Meg tape /
at*
Data volume /
Overview volume /
Mag tape /
Report/Data Volume /
Mag tape /
Mag tape /
Mag tape /
J
Mag tape /
Report /
44
-------
WU/EPA Special Studies Data Center
Washington University
St. Louis. MO
Page 3 of 3
Data
Classification
GROUND
PLATFORM
(In-sltu
stationary)
CROUHO
PLATFORMS
(vertical
soundings)
GROUND
PLATFORMS
(Remote-
sensing
measurements)
SYNOPTIC
WEATHER
DATA
QUALITTt
ASSURANCE
REPORTS
DATA
REVIEW
Organization
EPA/U. at
S. Fla.
ANL
AES
NASA/LaRC
AT
BEKIIN-CIE
AES, Canada
SRI
AES, Canada
SASA-JPL
8ASA-CSFC
SRI
MESOHET
WU
(Washington
University)
RTI/PEDCO
AV
WU
AV
SRI
Footnote : / -
X-
X -
Platform/File I.D.
1. Croton site
2. EMI Chen I
Croton site
ANLGxx
Ground filter packs
Small tethered balloon
»
("Hed Guppy", 4m )
(STBGVS.MDD)
Large tethered balloon
("Gre«t Whtt«", 100 n3)
LTBCxx
Sodar/Mlnijonde AVPI81, t^
AVAStl.62
AVHG»3,»4
3-0 Sodar BERTIN.MDD
Minisonde
Mark-IX Ground Lidar
(Stationary and mobile modes)
Ground Lldar
was
(Microwave Atmospheric
Route Sensor) RMSGM
PMRC01
Sun Photometer Network
stuin
Sun TransBlasoBMter
SP8GW
PEPE/HEROS Weather Center
-
PEPE/NEROS Data Center
UAUIND, UATEM?
Audit Lab
_
-
_
Data Description
NH_, UNO. and aerosol HH*. N0~
-MM-
Surface ftux measurements on 14 day*
Time, temp, dew point. WS, WD, Radiation, UA. H
(sensible heat flux)* 0^, 0^ deposition flux
6h averages at 3 sites:
Tine, location, S02> HNO^, aerosol sulfate
81 launches (ascents & descents) at Croton. OH
Vertical profile data: Altitude, temp, RH, WS. WD, 0
up to 900 a
89 launches (ascents & descents) at Aberdeen, MD
Vertical profile data: Altitude, tsnp, dew point, WS,
WD, Oj up to 1500 a
Vertical profiles of WS, WD, T, RH
Vertical profiles of ECHO, WS. WD, W (vertical wind)
Vertical profiles of WS, WD. T. RH
Lldar aerosol backseat ter data - vertical profiles
Boundary layer aerosol distribution - time-height plane
profiles
11 days. 54 profiles: Time, location, aerosol profile
12 Biaeloas; vertical profiles of ten?, dew point
5 mission*: prccipi table water vapor colum
Archive Form & Availability
Report
tn EMI Data
Volume
Mag tape
Report
Mag tape
Report
Mag tape
Report
Mag tape
Mag cape
Mag tape
Mag tapes
Photo Album
Report
Mag tape
Report
9 stations across eastern U.S.: 4-channel aerosol optical Mag tape
depth
At GSFC: 8-chennel aerosol optical depth
Meteorological Overview; Synoptic weather description
with emphasis on winds, 3-D air
parcel trajectories, cloudiness
and precipitation; Original
Weather Center archives
Synoptic Data Archive
NAFAX analyses and forecast products; DIFAX products;
NWS numerical forecasts; Computer Surface Data Plots;
24-h NWS Surface & Radiosonde Data Listings; GOES
satellite data
Synoptic weather plots based on NWS Surface Weather Obs.
(Wind vectors, contours of pressure, temp, dew point,
Be,t'
Mission Control Logs
Chen I, Chesi II, SCOUT Data Voluncs
HWS Upper Air and Surface Weather Observation Data
PEPE/NEROS Project Performance Audits (External)
Project QA report
Copies of viewgraphs presented at the 1st PEPE/NEROS
Data Review Meeting, Quail Roost, NC; Sept. 1981
Descriptive Analysis of Urban Plume Missions
Descriptive Analysis of Prevailing Synoptic
Conditions
Data is available in the archive form
Tabulation of
Not submitted
&
Report
Overview
Volume
Original Mid
Material
To be maintained and
/
/
X
/
/
J
J
/
/
/
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
/
1984
distributed by MESOMET
(catalog of available
products Is in PEPE Central
Data Box)
Plots
Original material
from field study
period
Mag tape
Report
Report Mid
Viewgraph
copies
Report
Report
indicated.
/
/
/
/
1984
/
/
/
part of the data for 8/13/80 only.
45
-------
tH
01
4J
c
01
u
Cfl
a
CO
3} >*
H -U
T3 -H
3 M
U )-l
CO 0)
H 1-1
18 C O
H 3 2
a
§5
^^
M
M CO
CO
4-1
4J 01
a*
a-V^
C U
CO iH
,C IH
oo n
3
cfl
> O
3*
3
M
*» *
= 01
01 g
E 3
3 rH
rH O
0 >
>
CO
Cfl W
W CO
CO Q
Q
M
M M
1 1
H H
33 K
O U
< 03
X X
H -H
O T3
C C
01 01
a. a.
Q. O.
< oo
en oo c^
OO CT> rH
«T> rH
rH ^*i
CO
00 2
4J 3
CX< ^v
01 M
M~s
* M ^
X-N y
5 -^ -H
C/l CO
^^
rH 4-1
rH CO 01
Cfl
4-1 C
W 01 CO
01 -C
C 00
rH Cfl 3
H A CO
(U 00 >
l-i 3
4J CO
C > 3
CO
0 3° r"
0)
3
r" e o
01 3 >
3 O CO
rH > U
O CO
> tfl Q
4J
CO CO CQ
U Q <
CO J
Q Pi
u o
H OH Z
b 0- M
O O >
O SB O
cfl u 2
u a u
2 -H -H
"B "c "c
0) 01 0)
a. a. a
a. a. a.
m
oo
CT\
i>H
^
m r-4
GO 3
« i
M
01 ^v
C >
3 <
^ ^
W M
y"V
IH rH
Pi CO
C/)
"* ' 4J
0)
01
4-1 O
*ID *rt
W CQ
M
3
*
IB *
ca :
4-1 01
e E
01 3
§f^
o
M >
3
ca co
CO J-l
01 cfl
2 O
Pi «N
< 1
O Pi
"} S
rJ Q
0
a to
01
co -a
CO C
-Q tO
01 rH
U 1
CCt PH
V%
3 O
to co
[14 CJ)
X X
H -H
a TJ
c c
01 0)
ex a.
D. CX
< >
^J IJ
4-1 CD
3 -H
rH CJ
iH O
O C/}
rH
T3 Cfl
0) U
^J ,_J
to oo
> O
0) iH
rH O
O
W 0)
C *J
01 0)
to"2
H C
co co
M U
Ql *f^
PH (H
>H E
0 «3
>» C
a -H
3 -U
4-1 01
tO rH
rH
< 3
r CQ
OH
CO
O
w
Z
w
PH
OH
^4
m
o
^
M
3
r^
N'
co
^
cfl
Q
C
O
H
co
CO
H
2
M
4J
H
»H
O
H
>H
OH
01
H
OH
CO
rO
M
<
4-1
C
01
E
H
0)
B.
X
,«^
rH
,»)
M
O
^H
*
Q^
00
*,
*-^
m
00
3
^^
CQ
^
RJ
Q
C
O
H
ca
m
H
2
M
4J
H
O
H
IH
OH
rH
0)
B
00
01
pi
CQ
s~l
to
e
o
o
M
4J
01
H
0)
00
M
CO
N»^
^H
00
^4
«
M
n)
21
A
rs.j
CO
cd
H
$
H
v<
O
cfl
H
e
0
o
4-1
0)
H
2?
En
B
O
4-1
I-l
O
o.
01
CA
O
ao
rH
O
01
o
»
iH
(!)
3
CO
*s^
^
(^
ca
CJ
»t
cd
4J
CO
Q
c
o
4J
CO
CO
01
X
H
b-
0
0)
f)
IH
to
o
Pi
Cd
Z
Cd
OH
U
OH
00
IH
O
a
Pi
CO
> Pi
-------
CO
4-1
O
cu
CX '
co oc
< o\
rH
tfl
C 4J
O CX
H 0)
4J CO
tfl
Id
o» o
O -^
m
03
4J
0 2
0) H
t-i 1
0 <
h co
PM <
Z
CO
O -
OS tO
Z 3
^-. TJ
W C
PM OJ
Cd CQ
PM
O *->
oo
o*\ p£
-d
TD
01 C
s: ra
4J
C Id
H n
c -
O cfl
H 0)
4J ,_,
CO TJ
CXTJ
H tfl
O 2
H
4J .
Id iJ
tfl
PM u
<£
CO
^
z
cu
H
O
Id
<^
tfl
4-1
CO
O
CN
4J 00
CJ O\
CU -H
r~)
0 >>
Id rH
PM 3
CO
o -
PC ON
Cd 00
2Z ^d
. C*)
Cd 00
PM
CM H
1
0
H
^, J
O tfl
PM 4-i
Oi
rH
0 -
CO rH
0 rH
Id 01
CU 3
< 0
Id
TJ £Q
C
">
01
C W
o
o
01
Id Id
O 01
<4d .C
CX
0) O
4-1 4-1
to cd
>, Id
CO 4-1
CO
id
a) u
a cu
H 3
^1 Q
,J
cu
C CU
Id £.
0 4J
A
Id C
H -H
^
T)
c e
<: to
T>
CU
C
o
TJ
C
O
«
1-3
t
f-H
iH
O
>
«*
E
3
H
CO
o
a.
5^
CO
cu
C
0
N
o
rH
0 0
H 00
4J C31
S^d
Id
01 60
4J 3
C <
M
>
iH O
cfl CJ
H
C
C Id
Ol 01
Vd TJ
T) rH
tfl 3
3 0
O- CQ
Ol
E
3
O
tO
4-1
to
Q,
+J
C
CU
E
H
Id
01
CX
X
(d
T)
rH
CU
H
fa
CO
s
W
z
Cd
PM
U
cs
O 00
00 ON
ON *-4
i4 >**"
E
O rH
Id to
4-1
CO CU
4-1
tfl .
Q rH
rH
rH tt)
0 3
co o
O Id
Id CQ
01
;>
^ Id
^
a
£>
S3
OO
^d
rH
CO
01
rH
rH
O
ca
^
[d
/~*
CU
3
rH
O
tfl
4-1
tfl
a
ca
01
rH
H
M-J
O
CX
01
£3
O
N
O
t *l
^
M
Q
CO
O
Cd
Z
W
PM
[d
PM
O
00
-<
^
Id
CO
E
g
3
CO
CO
4-1
cd
Q
^
0)
^"1
tfl
^-3
01
rH
^j3
Cfl
4J
CO
^
T) CU
C rH
td ex
H
- 4=
T3 CO
3
O
&
OJ
J-)
1
Id
CO
TJ
H
C
o
H
4-1
cx B
id co
O Id
CO OO-H
,fi o oo
Z ^
£3 ~^*^
td -
J5&S
4-1 PM 1
f*^
id o oo
o oo
<4d cr* y
CO ^ 1
4-1 .<
C Id CO
01 O PC «
H >\
4J >, M
tfl 4J O
rH -H 60
01 rH Ol
Id CO M
Vi 3 O
O O1
0
M _]
3 -H
4J <; rj
H
CO i_J
1 PM
C CO
M 32
and Aerosols
CO
cu
rH
ft »,0
cfl r-
H CTi
Id rH
CO
H
rH O
Cfl CO
O
H -
60 O\
O C^
rH ON
O f)
id r^
0 1
cu X
4-> 1
IS P
o <:
<4d CO
CO Z
4-1
C
cu
Ol Cfl
^4
3
CO 4-1
co cu
Ol
a «
rH
C rH
O 01
O 4J
rH G
rH 01
CO CO
,0
1
TJ i-J
01
M PC
01
4-1
Ol
H
the 1980 PEPE/NEROS
. 1980.
0
C 0)
H O
rd -
01 vr
4J 00
0) 1
E ^
O -<
Id T^
4-1
U ,-4
01 PM
CX i-J
CO
»
C 01
O 4-1
H tfl
4-1 E
CX 3
O CJ
CO CO
CO
M
01 2
CO
CO
-4
0
&4 J3
r> o
eu
f CO
4J 3
^ s
O 3
rH
C 0
o cj
H
4-1 C
tfl -H
H E
O CO
H Id
4J 60
VJ O
CO Id
PM PM
re Profiles during
EPA, JPL 5030-498,
3 0
4J 4J
cd
Id 4J
cu id
CX 0
1 &
&** PC
rH rH
CO Cfl
O C
H -H
I i r»t
^
01 «
Id
<4d 09
O U
9J
H
co pa
cu «
CO 4J
e
cu cu
4-J E
0 -H
E M
cu cu
PC CX
X
O [d
H
Id CO
01 O
J2 PC
CQ Z
o -^.
E td
4-1 PM
< td
PM
Ol
> 0 -H
to oo oo
O -H -d
O CU f*i
H JS Cfl
J.M. Prospero, et al . ,
Miami, Final Report
<4d
ca o
01
a
H 3
CO
O
CX 01
[d U
C
c cu
O -H
H O
4J CO
3
rH O
rH -H
0 Id
PM Ol
.e
C CX
H CO
O
CQ E
4-1 4J
C 4d O\
01 O rH
Q
rH >»
rH O Id
to o cd
U A 3
HOC
4J CO tfl
a -)
O rH
cu
rH -H
01
PC
to
4J
tfl
Q
CO
O
PC
W
Z
td
W
PM
«^
CO
Z
CJ
cc
to
CO
<
cfl
H
2
4-1
O
PC
tfl
-J
co
<
z
47
00
-------
>>
H
l_ ^
to
OS
U
14
Z
3
Z
O
H
U
Z
M
33
CO
T>
3
4-1
CO
a
rH
cu
H
PM
to
§
w
z
u
Cu
U
PH
OC
C
H
l-l
3
a
o
cu
4-1
CO
l-i
at
c
cu
o
CO
rH
CO
H
r-l
CU
4-1
CO
4Lt
to
C
O
H
4-1
CO
U
H
a
3
£2
O
CJ
4-1
14-1
CO
M
a
H
T*
<
s~*
CO
1
CO
00
o
rH
O
l-l
4-1
C
o
cj
c
o
H
CO
CO
H
*£
ca
e
o
H
4-1
CO
U
H
e
3
O
U
cu
u
CO
14-1
l-i
3
CO
x^
J3
1
CO
1?
H
4-1
cc
H
,J
CO
4-1
CO
Q
/~^
CO
1
to
4J
CO
o
r-l
CU
ff
4-1
CO
01
cu
o
CO
U-l
l-l
3
CO
CO
£g
z
CO
AJ
o
1
^1
ex
a
C
H
cu
o
CO
1-
3
CO
a
c
CO
ca
4-1
0
a.
i-i
3
0
4-1
C
o
u
>>
4J
H
rH
H
J3
H
CO
H
>
/-s
.0
1
CO
4-1
O
rH
CM
O
1-1
4J
O
H
T3
0)
l-i
PH
rH
>
*
t 1 *
CM
to
4-1
tO
Q
4-1
14-1
CO
l-l
CJ
r-l
H
<
CN
«,
rH
co
rH
O
ca
> (d
H PM
b Cu
o o
CJ X
CO CJ
M <
ca PM
CO W
y^s /"N
o -o
1 1
CO
rH
CO
H
r-l
cu
4-1
I
r-l
a)
.c
4-1
0
(Quail Roost, Sept. 1981), Record of Proceedings
eo
C
H
4-1
CU
CU
£
3
CU
H
>
CU
ffi
CO
4-1
CO
P
to
o
«i
Cd
Z
W
PM
Cd
CM
/s
CO
CU
H
O.
O
U
X!
PL
CO
r-l
00
2
cu
H
>
O
C
CO
CO
4J
3
O
T3
C
CO
^^^
gical Parameters Pertinent to Regional Air Pollution Episodes'
o
rH
O
r-l
O
CU
4-1
CU
a
U-l
O
CO
a
Jo
s
»
w
a
c
M
CU
4-1
CO
CO
U
/-N
^-1
oo
ON
i 1
4-1
d.
CU
CO
rH
CO
4J
CU
r>,
CO
3
O
rH
rH
O
a
"-j
cu
rC
4-1
r-l
CU
O
CO
r-l
rH
O
a
CU
N
rS
§
4
CO
cu
rH
a
a
0)
4-1
CO
s
rH
CU
C
H
rH
O
CO
o
M
CU
cd
T)
H
O
CO
U
T\
U
3
14-1
iH
3
CO
14-4
o
CO
01
rH
H
14-1
O
U
a.
c
o
H
4-1
CO
rl
4-1
C
01
o
c
0
u
^s
rH
00
CT>
rH
^/
4-1
l-l
O
a.
«s
-------
CO
1
PH
rH
CJ
r-l
Pi
.rf
PH
02
Cd
X
H
0
«
P
«
CU
g
rH
O
CO
CO
P
M
CO
o
02
U
z
. ..
cd
PH
W
PH
CO
C
H
3
P
CO
u
C
0)
e
OJ
IH
3
CO
ca
01
35
VH
cfl
o
rl
rJ
00
C
H
_v{
O
o
l-l
1
o
ca
p
o
p
CU
c
Q
O
rH
1-1
<
>
| "]
1
<£
p t
Cd
^H
oo
o
.
u
0>
p
X
\o
CM
O
CM
00
1
|
1
CO
H
J
CO
w
- ^
<
Of
Cd
M
^H
CO
4-1
OJ
o
l-l
Cd
U
.
rJ
"^
« i
OO
CT>
i*
4-1
a
01
CO
X
/s
co
C
o
o
4J
01
H
r-l
i 1
CO
05
UH
O
ca
4J
o
rH
**
^
O
4J
U
0)
1-1
P-!
H
CO
.C
4-1
CO
4J
r!
00
H
rH
C
o
o
l-l
01
H
W
P-
W
PH
__,
OS
1
^
^
o
"x^
PH
H
02
1
<£
PL,
td
14
00
f ,
^
VH IH
CO Ol
E &
E E
3 01
CO >
0
CO Z
4-1
Cfl
P
0
rH U
CO
u »
H l-i
4-1 CU
CO "O
H r-l
4J 3
CO O
4-1 CO
CO
X , 1
ca pi
W td
C 1
01 <;
E <
Oi O
VH Z
CO >
cfl C
01 O
35 to
C
Ol CO
U X
01 .
rH P
3
IH
3 T3
H C
cfl
01
e c
rH 1-1
o >
.P CO
l-l CJ
H 0
< 2
«
M Cd
M
PS
CO
O
[i]
^
.j
a!
|
,rf
^
o
z
,_ ,
00
a i
3
4J
CO 00
3
CO <
O
eu .
td en
Z -3-
Cd
PL,
Cd O
H, Z
4
4J rH
l-l rP
0 3
O. PH
CU
OS r»>
VH
co C
4-1 4J
Cfl CO
P M
O
r-l CO
O rJ
4J
CO >>
IH 00
O 0
J3 rH
cfl O
,4 C
01 U
rH 0)
H H
O 01
IS rH
a
1 1-1
4J
Cfl VH
4J CO
O PH
CO
01
C
C rH
-H Cfl
4-1
u-i 01
o
1
P-> IH
4J Ol
rl T3
CO CO
VH OS
CU
*H i~3
C
3 P
C
H
X
4
P
O
4J
ca
c _»
rH r*"» *^*
4J U CTi
3 -H O
ri rrj s '
H -rl 00
rl E 00
4J 3
CX*
O -C
U CU CJ
> W,
-~x i-l CO
W 4J 0)
3 cfl co
C rH OJ
01 0) Pi
C ff*
0) rH
00 U-, CO
O O U
E fi
o ca ca
as C *
^ O J3
H 0-
0) 4J O
CO CJ 0)
co c cj
J= 3
PH fa u-i
1 0
CO CO
CO cfl i-l
0 0 S
T3 O >H
C i-l 3
« 4J O
co n
CO M *
3 0 C
O fa O
01 CO
C rH rH
01 O iH
00 CO .1
O O
rl M
01 0) U
4J <;
cu n
X 4J
^- C -0
OJ C
01 -rl CO
CO rO
« e >
J= -5 VH
1 ?*""» *
4J M S
0) CO ^
"o. C "^
O O
rH CJ X
P 0) .
r co PH
ti
rl
p
en
oo
« «
01
c
3
.n
*
oo
o
* 4
m
I
r- <
O
1 1
m
y**\
* i
CO
tj\
,_)
>^
K
0)
oo
0)
rH
rH
O
u
TJ
o
3
^
0)
S
...
*
^
o
J
CJ
oT
4J
1-1
CA
O
f^
^
X
4J
rl
O
a.
0)
m
4J
Cfl
P
CO
o
Bi
Z
(d
PL,
W
PH
a
a
3
s
01
IH
cfl
ft
cfl
CU
VH
^
0
H
A
O
X
ca
3
^
i I
O
O
cu
A
4-1
C
H
a
H
u
<
CJ
H
M
4J
H
Z
"S
CO
cfl
H
C
O
01
4J
cd
i-i
3
U
H
%
Cfl
T)
C
cfl
CO
3
O
0)
ca
CO
CJ
CO
-a
i
o
r-l
fa
CO
U-l
O
r3
^1
2
w
td
i
<
CjQ
O
4-1
4-1
l-l
0
p.
01
Pi
4-1
cfl
p
t
^-l
0)
rH
rH
0)
J3
CO
r-^
H 0
00
"82
CQ
C 4J
CO CJ
e o
r^ **
« ^-v
O
PH
02
C3 C
00 C
CTi fl)
rH rH
o
IH U
oi 35
g
3 3
CO **
T)
c
CO
^
Jri
i j
CO
CJ
*
S3
PS
*
CM
c<9
r-*
CO
i-H
O
*
00
o
rH
CO
4J
Cd
O
01
^
rl
rC
U
<
cfl
4-1
CO
P
H
cfl
rH
01 .
C /-v
01 i-l
cj oo
cr>
O -H
oo «-*
i
co ca
O C
pi o
Cd ^
Z rJ
"w
w
C^ 13
a
s
8
CO
35
H <
o
oo
co
S
Cd
PH
Cd
PH
/"N
VH en
O GO
u-i O\
oo
o <
O Cd
P. O
VH 4J
O
VH
01 O
t) P.
O OJ
n ei
a 1-1
c fa
cd
A
CO >>
O rH
H cd
W CJ
H
a*
o
U 02
cd c
u cd
H
00 CO
O G
rH O
O >.
Ol
S3
H O
Cfl r-l
C O
O P.
H 0)
00 Pi
01
ai 4-1
c -a
c 1-1 o
O O i-l
CO
OJ
I ^
4-1 43 W
CO rH CU
>. cfl [d
CO CJ A,
§X §
H M
4-1 pi U-l
Cfl
4-> -O >s
H (3 "O
P. CO 3
i-l 4J
CJ CO CO
V C
VH O OJ
PL, >> M
rJ Cfl
01 U
H < ca
cj 3 co
oi e
> »1"»
C co cd
o a *J
u o e
H O
oi u u
rH 3
Cfl .0 I
O -H
CO M x-s
0 w en
to co oo
OJ -rl CTv
35 p ,-H
UH OJ
O C <
O CO
4-1 N <
U O 2
cfl
P.-O T3
E cs e
rH CO Cfl
CO
CO C
C co
p cu
rl
o
01
3 Z
CO
o
CO
4J
Cd
8
3
00 O
C VH
H 00
4-1
OJ Cd
OJ PH
2 W
Pi
<
U *^
PH C
< CO
CO rH 0)
CO « 4-1
-H §3
CO C rH
CJ < 01
H 4-1
00 A Cd
O 4J W
o r» UH
u o
S4J
cd co
4-1 C
OJ -O O
5 £U
u-i c cd
O Ol rH
CO 01
co at M
C VH IH
O P. O
H CJ
Cfl OJ CO
0 p. C
H ca 1-1
rH PH «
P. 4-1
P. » C
Cfl r^ O
U
<-> Cfl
H CJ
rH CM
Cfl 00
3 33 (.ft
CT rH
02
IH 0)
H *0 G
< G 3
= CO ".
cj
r-
Cfl
01
CO
OJ
OS
Cfl rH
oo
01 r-t
>% CJ
CU VH
IH Cfl
< E
&6 r*
fa pi
co O
oi oo
4-1 ON
H 4
CO
Cd U
PH 0>
Cd f~*
.
co oo
O CJN
Cd 00
Z O
00
rSC
4-1 rH
U-i OS
o
CO OJ
4J 4J
3
O
^
01
=
cd
u-i cd
V IH
PH H
M
H
oo
49
-------
CM
00
ON
14
««
t-l
CO CJ
TJ 01
O Q
CO
M
u 01
01 U
rH C
O. CO
CX !-i
O fa
a
*
S CO
U -H
U U
H co
y Cu
53
os >
ON
01 O
JS -i
1 1 .
CS
I4H 00
o
/-N
4J
C
O
u
S^
w
EH
-Y1
S
rH
U
M
H
OS
<
PH
OS
U
X
H
0
n
H
oc a
H
to .<-,
CO 2
01 M
U H
0 BeS
l-i U
pu. M
X
>>rH
a ^
3 ai
4-1 E
en C
0
^ u-i
iH ^-*
01
H S
fa CJ
w
CO H
O PS
OS M
U OS
z
"*^. »>
U 4J
0-. 0)
W 3
DH 00
3
X
<
O-, .
U fL,
T>
(U
S
cfl
tJ ±J
A a
O 01
e
0) C
M 0
3 M
.U i-l
U >
3 C
h W
U
co o
rl
rH M
O 0)
w ji co
O D.T3
U a) cO
01 0 C
< B cfl
*J CJ
iH <
cfl
y * o
H 01 -U
AJ -d c
^i 3 O
0) O M
> P O
fa H
o . >
as e
o (a
4J »
4J *>
-^ 0 H
01 rH
fa1 CO
_> 01 <
J=
X 4J «
H 0)
TJ 00 O
q c -H
01 -H >
D. P l-i
S. 3 01
< Q CO
o
u
fc!
S
OS
Cfl
O
cfl
C
CO
CJ
CO
50
-------
Appendix C
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AEROVIRONMENT, INC.
Brick, W.C., and D.W. Allard, Processing and Display of
Aircraft Measurements of the Regional and Plume Scales.
Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on In-Situ Air
Quality Monitoring from Moving Platforms, Sponsored by the
Air Pollution Control Association, San Diego, CA, January
18-21, 1982.
Brick, W.C., M. Chan, R.A. Baxter, and D. Bush, PEPE/NEROS
Program Appendix G: SODAR-1 and SODAR-2 Data Volume.
Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA
Contract No. 68-02-3411, July 1983.
Brick, W.C., M. Chan, and D. Bush, PEPE/NEROS Program Appendix
B: CHEM-2 Data Volume. Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research
Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411, June 1983.
Muller, B.M., R.A. Baxter, I.E. Tombach, and W.C. Brick,
PEPE-NEROS Urban Plume Descriptive Analysis. Prepared for
the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, AeroVironment
Report No. FR-83/581, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411, June
1984.
Pettus, K., and I. Tombach, The Quality Assurance Program
for Moving Platforms in PEPE/NEROS. Prepared for the U.S.EPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC, AeroVironment Report No. FR-
83/516, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411, May 1984.
Tombach, I., and K. Pettus, Altitude Effects, Calibration,
and Quality Assurance for Airborne Air Pollutant Measurements
During the PEPE-NEROS Program. Presented at the APCA Specialty
Meeting on In-Situ Air Quality Monitoring from Moving Platforms,
San Diego, CA, January 18-21, 1982.
Vaughan, W.M., M. Chan, W. Brick, B. Cantrell, and W. Viezee,
An Overview of the PEPE/NEROS Program. Prepared for the
U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-02-
3411, September 1981.
51
-------
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Wesely, M.L., Turbulent Transport of Ozone to Surfaces
Common in the Eastern Half of the United States. Trace
Atmospheric Constituents; Properties, Transformations,
and Fates, ed. S.E. Schwartz, pp. 345-370, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., New York.
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SERVICE OF CANADA
Anlauf, K., P. Fellin, and A. Wiebe, Persistent Elevated
Pollution Episodes (PEPE) Data Report on Field Study: July-
August 1980, Volume I, II, and III. Report ARQA 93-81.
Hoff, R.M., and F.A. Fronde, Lidar Profiles of Vertical
Aerosol Structure Obtained During the PEPE Project, July/
August 1980. Report: AQRB-81-024-T, February 1981.
Olson, M.P., and K.K. Oikawa, Trajectory and Concentration
Forecasts for the PEPE Project. Report: AQRB-81-017-T,
November 1980.
BERTIN AND CIE (Currently REMTECH)
Huguet, P., PEPE NEROS Field Study Processing of the Remtech
Doppler Sodar. Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle
Park, NC, Remtech Report No. DT 82.109, December 1982.
ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS, INC.
Vaughan, W.M., M. Chan, B. Cantrell, and F. Pooler, A Progress
Report on the Study of Persistent Elevated Pollution Episodes
in the Northeastern United States. Presented at the Albany
Conference on Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants, April
27-30, 1981, Albany, NY.
Vaughan, W.M., M. Chan, B. Cantrell, and F. Pooler, A Study
of Persistent Elevated Pollution Episodes in the Northeastern
United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, Vol.63, No.3, March 1982.
Vaughan, W.M., S.B. Fuller, and H.W. Silver, Physical and
Electrical Aspects of Airborne Sampling Systems Optimized
for Leased Aircraft. Proceedings of the Specialty Conference
on In-Situ Air Quality Monitoring from Moving Platforms,
Sponsored by the Air Pollution Control Association, San
Diego, CA, January 18-21, 1982.
52
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS, INC. (.Cont.).
Vaughan, W.M., M. Hendry, P. Miller, J. Kalin, D. Schillinger,
and C. Ziervogel, PEPE/NEROS Project Appendix A: CHEM-1
Data Volume. Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle
Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411, March 1983.
Vaughan, W.M., M. Hendry, P. Miller, J. Kalin, D. Schillinger,
and C. Ziervogel, PEPE/NEROS Program Appendix E: MOVING LAB
Data Volume. Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle
Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411, May 1983.
Vaughan, W.M., P.H. Miller, K. Silver, and G. Schroeder,
PEPE/ NEROS Project Appendix D: CHOPPER Data Volume. Prepared
for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3411, August 1983.
MESOMET, INC. (Currently R*SCAN CORP.)
Calby, R.H., and W.A. Lyons, PEPE/NEROS-80 General Data
Archive Catalog 14 July-15 August 1980, Volume 1 and 2.
Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA
Contract No. 68-02-3429.
Lyon, W.A., and R.H. Calby, Remote Sensing Technology as
used in Studies of Persistent Elevated Pollution Episodes
(PEPEs). Presented at the Environmetrics 1981 Conference,
April 8-10, 1981, Washington, D.C.
Lyons, W.A., and R.H. Calby, Air Quality Applications of
Meteorological Satellite Data. Paper 82-63.3, APCA 75th
Annual Meeting, 1982, New Orleans, LA.
Lyons, W.A., and R.H. Calby, Meteorological Conditions and
Episode Morphology for PEPE/NEROS 1980. Submitted to the
U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-02-
3740, November 1982.
Lyons, W.A., and R.H. Calby, Radar and Satellite, Studies of
the Impact of Mesoscale Convective Precipitation and Wind
Systems on Visibility and Oxidants during Persistent Elevated
Pollution Episodes. Paper 25.1, APCA 76th Annual Meeting,
1983, Atlanta, GA.
Lyons, W.A., R.H. Calby, and K.S. Keen, Impact of Mesoscale
Convective Precipitation Systems on Regional Visibility and
Ozone Distributions. Submitted to J. Applied Meteorology
and Climatology.
Lyons, W.A., R.H. Calby, and M.A. Lazaro, Planetary Boundary
Layer Structure During PEPE/NEROS 1980 using Doppler Acoustic
53
-------
MESOMET, INC. (Currently R*SCAN CORP.). (Cont.)
Sounding. Paper 81-62.4, APCA 74th Annual Meeting, 1981,
Philadelphia, PA.
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Beck, S.M., Navigation and Position Recording Requirements
for In-Situ/Remote Sensing Aircraft. Presented at the APCA
Specialty Meeting on In-Situ Air Quality Monitoring from
Moving Platforms, January 18-21, 1982, San Diego, CA.
Brewer, D.A., E.E. Remsberg, G.R. Loar, and R.J. Bendura,
NASA Participation in the 1980 PEPE/NEROS Project: Data
Archive. NASA Technical Memorandum, NASA TM-83189, July
1982.
Browell, E.V., A.F. Carter, and S.T. Shipley, An Airborne
Lidar System for Ozone and Aerosol Profiling in the Tropo-
sphere and Lower Stratosphere. Pure and Applied Geophysics,
Vol. 117, p. 851, 1980.
Browell, E.V., A.F. Carter, and S.T. Shipley, An Airborne
Lidar System for Ozone and Aerosol Profiling in the Tropo-
sphere and Stratoshpere. Proceedings of the EAMAP Inter-
national Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, August 4-9, 1980.
Browell, E.V., Airborne and Spaceborne Lidar Investigations
of Troposhperic Trace Gases. Presented at the AIAA 19th
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 12-15, 1981, St. Louis,
MO.
Browell, E.V., and S.T. Shipley, Lidar Meteorology. Presented
at the 1981 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium (IGARRSS '81), June 8-10, 1981, Washington, D.C.,
(Avail: IEEE Sumposium Digest, IGARRSS '81.)
Browell, E.V., A.F. Carter, and S.T. Shipley, Measurements
of Ozone and Aerosol Profiles with the NASA Langley Airborne
DIAL Lidar System. Presented at the Conference on Lasers
and Electro-Optics (.CLEO '81), June 10-12, 1981, Washington,
D.C.
Browell, E.V., Airborne Lidar Measurements of Gases and
Aerosols. Presented at the JANNAF Workshop on Remote Detection
of Hazardous Materials, July 20-22, 1981, Gaithersburg, MD.
Browell, E.V., Remote Sensing of Troposhperic Gases and
Aerosols with an Airborne DIAL System. Presented at the US
Army Research Office Workshop on Optical and Laser Remote
54
-------
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION CCont.)
Sensing (Published in Vol. 39 of Optical Science Series),
February 9-11, 1982, Monterey, CA.
Browell, E.V., and S.T. Shipley, Airborne Lidar Investigations
of Ozone and Aerosols in the Nonurban Troposphere. Presented
at the AGU/AMS/NASA Second Sumposium on the Composition of
the Nonurban Troposphere, May 25-28, 1982, Williamsburg, VA.
In Proceedings.
Browell, E.V., and S.T. Shipley, Laser Remote Sensing of
Atmospheric Gases and Aerosols. Presented at the AIAA 20th
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 11-14, 1982, Orlando,
FL. AIAA Paper No. 82-0210.
Browell, E.V., S.T. Shipley, A.F. Carter, and C.F. Butler,
Airborne Lidar Measurements of Ozone and Aerosol Profiles in
the Troposhpere and Lower Stratosphere. Presented at the
AMS/ OSA/IAMAP Eleventh International Laser Radiation
Conference, June 21-25, 1982, Madison, WI. In NASA CP-2228.
Browell, E.V., Remote Sensing of Troposhperic Gases and
Aerosols with an Airborne DIAL System. Book entitled,
Optical and Laser Remote Sensing, O.K. Killinger and A.
Mooradian, Editors, 1983, pp. 138-147.
Browell, E.V., A.F. Carter, S.T. Shipley, R.J. Allen, C.F.
Butler, M.N. Mayo, J.H. Siviter, Jr., and W.M. Hall, NASA
Multipurpose Airborne DIAL System and Measurement of Ozone
and Aerosol Profiles. Applied Optics, Vol.22, No.4, February
15, 1983, pp.522-534.
Browell, E.V., Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements of
the Atmospheric Species. Presented at the OSA/AFOSR Topical
Meeting on Optical Techniques for Remote Probing of the
Atmosphere, January 10-12, 1983, Incline Village, NV. In
Proceedings.
Carter, A.F., E.V. Browell, C.F. Butler, M.N. Mayo, W.M,
Hall, T.D. Wilkerson, and J.H. Siviter, Jr., Remote Measure-
ments of Tropospheric Water Vapor With an Airborne DIAL
System. Presented at the AMS/OSA/IAMAP Eleventh International
Laser Radar Conference, June 21-25, 1982, Madison, WI. In
NASA CP-2228.
Carter, A.F., and E.V. Browell, Airborne DIAL System for
Measurements of Tropospheric Gases and Aerosols. Presented
at the EPA Third Annual National Symposium on Recent Advances
in the Measurement of Pollutants from Ambient Air and
Stationary Sources, May 3-5, 1983, Raleigh, NC.
55
-------
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (Cont.)
Gary, B.L./ Microwave Remote Sensing of Vertical Temperature
Profiles During the 1980 PEPE/NEROS Experiment. Final Report
No. 5030-498, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, May 1981.
Gregory, G.L., S.M. Beck, and J.J. Mathis, Jr., In Situ
Correlative Measurements for the Ultraviolet Differential
Absorption Lidar and High Spectral Resolution Lidar Air Quality
Remote Sensors: 1980 PEPE/NEROS Program. NASA Technical
Memorandum, NASA TM-83107, April 1981. (Avail. NTIS.)
Maddrea, Jr., G.L., and R.J. Bendura, NASA Participation in
the 1980 Persistent Elevated Pollution Episode/Northeast
Regional Oxidant Study (PEPE/NEROS) Project: Operational
Aspects. NASA Technical Memorandum, NASA TM-83170, September
1981. (Avail. NTIS.)
McDougal, D.S., R.B. Lee, and R.J. Bendura, In Situ Ozone
Data for Comparison with Laser Absorption Remote Sensor:
1980 PEPE/NEROS Program. NASA Technical Memorandum, NASA
TM-84471, May 1982. (Avail. NTIS.)
McDougal, D.S., E.V. Browell, S.T. Shipley, M.S. Shumate,
and W.B. Grant, Two-Dimensional Sensing of Ozone and Aerosols:
Comparison Between Remote and In Situ Sensors. Presented at
the APCA 76th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, June 19-24, 1983, Atlanta, GA. APCA Paper No.
83-25.2.
Owens, R.L., R.L. Storey, and 0. Youngbluth, NASA Langley
Research Center Tethered Balloon Systems, NASA Technical
Memorandum, NASA TM-83260, 1982.
Prospero, J.M., D.L. Savoie, and T.H. Snowdon, Aerosol
Optical Depth Measurements in Pollution Episodes. Final
Report for NASA Contract NAS5-26241, Rosensteil School of
Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami,
FL, May 1981.
Remsberg, E.E., and R.J. Bendura, The NASA Participation in
the 1980 EPA PEPE/NEROS Field Measurements Program. Proceed-
ings of the AMS/APCA Third Joint Conference on Applications
of Air Pollution Meteorology, January 11-15, 1982, San
Antonio, TX.
Shipley, S.T., and E.V. Browell, Airborne Differential
Absorption LIDAR Measurements of the Planetary Boundary
Layer. Presented at the American Meteorological Society 5th
Symposium on Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Pollution, March
9-13, 1981, Atlanta, GA.
56
-------
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (Cont.)
Shipley, S.T., and E.V. Browell, Airborne Lidar Measurements
of Mixed Layer Dynamics. Presented at the AMS/OSA/IAMAP
Eleventh International Laser Radar Conference, June 21-25,
1982, Madison, WI. In NASA CP-2228.
Shipley, S.T., and E.V. Browell, Airborne Lidar Potential
for Mixed Layer Measurements and Observations of Long-Range
Transport. Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion International Specialty Conference on Meteorology of
Acidic Deposition, October 16-19, 1983, Hartford, CT.
Shipley, S.T., E.V. Browell, D.S. McDougal, B.L. Orndorff,
and P. Haagenson, Airborne Lidar Observations of Long-Range
Transport in the Free Troposphere. Submitted to Environmental
Science and Technology, 1984.
Shipley, S.T., E.V. Browell, B.L. Orndorff, and D.S. McDougal,
Airborne Lidar Observations of Long-Range Transport in the
Free Troposphere. Presented at the American Meteorological
Society Sixth Symposium on Turbulence and Diffusion-, March
22-25, 1983, Boston, MA.
Shipley, S.T., D.H. Tracy, E.W. Eloranta, J.T. Trauger, J.T.
Sroga, F.L. Roesler, and J.A. Weinman, High Spectral Resolution
Lidar to Measure Optical Scattering Properties of Atmospheric
Aerosols. 1: Theory and Instrumentation. Applied Optics,
Vol.23, December 1, 1983, pp. 3716-3724.
Sroga, J.T., E.W. Eloranta, S.T. Shipley, F.L. Roesler, and
P.J. Tryon, High Spectral Resolution Lidar to Measure Optical
Scattering Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols. 2: Calibration
and Data Analysis. Applied Optics, Vol.23, December 1,
1983, pp. 3725-3732.
Shumate, M.S., Participation of the JPL Laser Absorption
Spectrometer in the 1980 PEPE/NEROS Program in Columbus,
Ohio. Final Report No. 715-84, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Pasadena, CA, July 1980, Revised December 1980.
Shumate, M.S., R.T. Menzies, W.B. Grant, and D.S. McDougal,
Laser Absorption Spectrometer: Remote Measurement of
Tropospheric Ozone. Applied Optics, Vol.20, No.4, February
15, 1981, pp. 545-553.
Youngbluth, 0., R.W. Storey, C.G. Clendenin, S. Jones, and
B. Leighty, Ozone Profiles from Tethered Balloon Measurements
in an Urban Plume Experiment. Presented at IEEE SouthEastCon
'81, Huntsville, AL, April 5-8, 1981.
57
-------
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
Arey, F.K., R.C. Schores, and R.W. Murdoch, Performance
Audits of the NEROS/PEPE Sites. Prepared by Research
Triangle Institute for EPA Contract No. 68-02-3222, TD-98,
RTI Report No. 1808/98, March 1981.
SRI-INTERNATIONAL
Cantrell, B., C. Maxwell, and J. Lee, SRI Scout Data Volume:
PEPE/NEROS Program Appendix C. Prepared for the U.S.EPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411,
September 1983.
Cantrell, B., and W. Viezee, Descriptive Analysis for the
Regional Mission Days of the PEPE/NEROS Study. Prepared for
the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract No.
68-02-3411, June 1984.
Uthe, E.E., Surface-Based Lidar Measurements-1980 PEPE/NEROS
Study Appendix F: Lidar Data Volume. Prepared for the
U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-02-
3411, June 1983.
Viezee, W., Descriptive Analysis of Meteorological Data Base
for the 1980 PEPE/NEROS Experiment-Regional Priority I
Mission Days. Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle
Park, NC, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411, April 1983.
Viezee, W., Descriptive Analysis of Meteorological Data Base
for the 1980 PEPE/NEROS Experiment-Urban Priority I Mission
Days. Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC,
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3411, April 1983.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Behunek, J.L., T.H. Vonder Haar, and P. Laybe, Determination
of Cloud Parameters for NEROS II from Digital Satellite Data.
Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, by
Colorado State University, EPA Report No. 600/S3-84-044.
Clarke, J.F., J.R.S. Ching, T.L. Clark, and N.C. Possiel,
Regional-Scale Pollutant Transport Studies in the Northeastern
United States. Presented at the 14th International Meeting
of Air Pollution Modeling and its Application (NATO,CCMS),
27-30 September 1983, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Clarke, J.F., T.L. Clark, J.K.S. Ching, P.L. Haagenson, R.B.
Husar, and D.E. Patterson, Assessment of Model Simulation of
Long-Distance Transport. Atmospheric Environment, Vol.17
No.12, pp. 2449-2462, 1983:
58
-------
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Cont.)
McElroy, J.L., D.H. Bundy, C.M. Edmonds, E.L. Richardson,
and W.H. Hankins, Airborne Downward Looking Lidar Measurements
During PEPE/NEROS, Data Volume. Prepared for the Environ-
mental Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
NC, December 1981.
McElroy, J.L., J.A. Eckert, D.H. Bundy, C.M. Edmonds, and
E.L. Richardson, Airborne Downlooking Lidar Studies of
Intermediate Transport Processes. In Proceedings of
Symposium on Intermediate Range Atmospheric Transport
Processis and Technology Assessments, October 1-3, 1980,
Gatlinberg, TN.
Westberg, H., W. Lonneman, and M. Holdren, Analysis of
Individual Hydrocarbon Species in Ambient Atmospheres:
Techniques and Data Validity, Identification and Analysis
of Organic Pollutants in Air. Edited by Lawrence H.Keith,
Butterworth Publishers, Woburn, MA, 1984.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
McMurry, P.H., and J.C. Wilson, Droplet Phase (Heterogeneous)
and Gas Phase (Homogeneous) Contributions to Secondary
Ambient Aerosol Formation as Functions of Relative Humidity.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 88^5101-5108.
McMurry, P.H., J.C. Wilson, and D.J. Rader, Laboratory and
Field Studies of Gas-Aerosol Reactions. Submitted for
inclusion in the Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute
on Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems, September
26-October 8, 1983, Corfu, Greece.
Rader, D.J., J.C. Wilson, N.E. Valentine, and K.T. Whitby,
Mobile Laboratory Data Report: PEPE-NEROS Study, Croton,
Ohio July-August 1980. Prepared for the U.S.EPA, Research
Triangle Park, NC, Particle Technology Laboratory Publica-
tion No. 443, August 1981.
Whitby, K.T., Aerosol and Ozone Formation in the Columbus,
Ohio Urban Plume on July 29 and 30, 1980: A Preliminary
Report. Submitted to the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle Park,
NC, September, 1981.
Whitby, K.T., J.C. Wilson, and A. Gupta, Measured and
Calculated BSCAT. Progress Report to EPA Cooperative
Agreement No. 808801-03 (1983).
59
-------
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
Braman, R.S., and T.J. Shelley, Gaseous and Particulate
Ammonia and Nitric Acid in the Columbus, Ohio Area Summer
1980. EPA Report No. PB 81-125 007, October 1980.
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
Gillani, N.V., Documentation in Support of PEPE-NEROS 1980
General Distribution Data Base. Submitted to Meteorology
and Assessment Division of the U.S.EPA, Research Triangle
Park, NC, August 1983.
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS IN PLUMES
AND PEPES A Study of Pollutants in Power Plant
Plumes, Urban and Industrial Plumes, and Persistent
Elevated Pollution Episodes
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
'. AUTHOR(S)
William M. Vaughan
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Measurements, Inc
8505 Delmar Boulevard
University City, Missouri 63124
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
CDTA1D/03-0241 (FY-85)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3411
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Because of the increased concern for the regional nature of secondary air pollu-
tants (e.g., sulfates and oxidants) the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sponsored a major field program in the northeastern United States during the summer
of 1980. Two EPA field programs were actually carried out simultaneously. One
addressed persistent elevated pollution episodes, and the other continued the 1979
northeast regional oxidant study in developing part of the data base for the regional
oxidant model. Field activities were based in Columbus, OH.
Ten research aircraft and several mobile and stationary surface monitoring plat-
forms from three EPA Contractors, seven Federal Agencies and four Universities par-
ticipated in the intensive measurement program between 16 July and 15 August 1980.
Pollutants measured included S02, NO, NOX, 03, sulfate, nitrate, and aerosols. This
report describes the Contractors' activities. Their aircraft logged over 350 flight
hours in 100 missions ranging as far east as Laconia, NH, as far south as Montgomery,
AL, as far west as Texarkana, AR, and as for north as Saginaw, MI.
Descriptive analyses are summarized for urban plume missions and regional mis-
sions. The quality assurance program is described, showing the efforts made to
develop a well coordinated data base. Sources for reports and data are provided.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
-------
------- |