OCTOBER 1986
I i v / ///
THE HANFORD 67-SERIES: ATMOSPHERIC FIELD DIFFUSION MEASUREMENTS
Mlcrometeorological and Tracer Data Archive
Set 003 Documentation Report
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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THE HANFORD 67-SERIES: ATMOSPHERIC FIELD DIFFUSION MEASUREMENTS
Mlcrometeorological and Tracer Data Archive
Set 003 Documentation Report
by
J. G. Droppo Jr.
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Rich!and, Washington 99352
Contract Number 68-02-4063
Project Officer
John Irwin
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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Notice
The information in this document has been funded wholly
or in part by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency under Contract Number 68-02-4063 to Battelle,
Pacific Northwest Laboratories. It has been approved
for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
An archive for micrometeorological and tracer dispersion data has been
developed by Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. The archive is designed to make the results
of extensive field tests readily accessible to EPA for model testing,
development, and verification efforts.
This report provides documentation for one volume of data sets, the
Hanford 67-Series Atmospheric Dispersion Experiments. The entries in this
documentation report are as follows: data set fact summary, narrative
description of experiment and data, special information, references,
description of archive data files, contacts (names, addresses, and phone
numbers) and standard experiment summary table.
111
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CONTENTS
Abstract lit
Acknowl edgment vi
1. Introducti on 1
2. Data Set Documentation Entri es 2
Data Set Fact Summary 2
Narrative Description of Experiment and Data 2
Special Information 24
Documentation - Hanford 67-Series 25
File Description 29
Contacts - Hanford 67-Series 42
Standard Experiment Summary 43
References 47
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This archive volume is dedicated to the memory of Paul Nickola. These
were his experiments, and these are his data. Without the efforts of Paul
Nickola, these data would not exist. •
The author also wishes to acknowledge the foresight of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory in
initiating a project with the intent of preserving valuable data bases in a
form that is readily available to the technical community. John S. Irwin's
contribution in conceiving and guiding the effort as Project Officer is
gratefully acknowledged.
vi
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The Meteorology and Assessment Division of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA's) Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory has
initiated a project to develop and establish an archive of original
experimental data and documentation for use by atmospheric dispersion and
boundary layer researchers. The archive of data sets will be useful for
evaluating and improving dispersion models, ensuring the retention of these
data for the future, and making the data more readily available to the research
community.
This report documents the micrometeorological and tracer (M&T) data
archive for the Hanford 67-Series atmospheric field dispersion experiments.
Section 2 provides listings of the data set documentation entries, which are
also provided in ASCII text files on the data archive tape.
The archive includes both documentation and data. A data set
documentation report is prepared for each archived data set. The archive is
contained in five or more files on magnetic tape. These files consist of a
header file, three documentation files, and one or more data files.
•
The data are entered into the archive in as close to original form as
possible to maintain a clear link with original records. The archived data
are contained within a well-defined structure called a data map. The data
map allows data to be entered in original formats, while providing the user with
a machine-readable pathway for accessing the diverse data formats.
Detailed information that the user will find helpful, if not essential,
is contained in the data archive introduction report, "Introduction to
Micrometeorological and Tracer Data Archive Procedures" (Droppo and Watson,
1985). That report provides an overview of the archive and specific guidance
for using it. In addition, that report provides a brief summary of all the
data sets in the archive.
Questions about the archive that are not answered by this report or the
data introduction report (Droppo and Watson, 1985) should be directed to:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory
Meteorology Assessment Division
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
1
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SECTION 2
DATA SET DOCUMENTATION ENTRIES
The data set documentation entries for the Hanford 67-Series atmospheric
field diffusion measurements are given below.
DATA SET FACT SUMMARY
Archive Set Title: M&T DATA ARCHIVE 003
Experiment Type: Atmospheric dispersion, tracer, planetary boundary layer
Name: Hanford 67-Series
Purpose: To examine the dispersion of various tracers under stable atmospheric
conditions
Location: Southeastern Washington State, on the U.S. Government's Hanford
Reservation
Time: 1967 to 1973
Number of Tests: 104 tracer releases during 54 release periods
Nature of Experiment: Tracer dispersion experiments were conducted over
relatively flat terrain. Multitracer releases (generally from different
elevations) were made during most experimental periods. Release heights varied
from ground level to an elevation of 111 m. Tracers were sampled simultaneously
on as many as 10 arcs at distances of up to 12.8 km from the tracer release
point. As few as 63 and as many as 718 field sampling locations were employed
during some of the experiments. Vertical profiles of concentration were
monitored on towers during 23 of the 54 release periods.
Meteorological Conditions: Tracer releases under both daytime unstable
conditions and nighttime with generally stable atmospheric conditions.
Meteorological Measurements: Wind speed and direction, the standard deviation
of the wind direction, and temperature were all measured at eight levels on a
121.9-m (400-ft) tower.
Measurement Methods: For particulate tracers (zinc sulfide fluorescent
particulate 2210, fluorescein, and rhodamine B), filter samplers were deployed
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on the arcs at 1.5 m above ground level and on sampling towers at various
heights. Krypton-85 was monitored using Geiger-Muller tubes (Model 18546)
manufactured by Amperex Electronic Corporation, Hicksville, New York.
NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT AND DATA
The Hanford-67 Series experiments were conducted on what is now the U.S.
Department of Energy's Hanford site. Hanford is located in a 40-km-wide basin
in southeastern Washington State (latitude 46 deg. 34'N, longitude 119 deg.
36'W, elevation 733 feet). The site is bordered on the north and east by the
Columbia River and on the west and south by the Rattlesnake Hills and the
Yakima River. The climate of the region is semiarid. The experiments were
conducted on the relatively flat Hanford Dispersion Grid at an elevation of
roughly 200 m above sea level. The vegetation on the grid is composed primarily
of steppe grasses and sagebrush. A typical roughness length for the area is
3 cm.
Four different tracers were released during the Hanford-67 Series. The
particulate tracers used in the Hanford-67 Series were zinc sulfide fluorescent
particulate 2210, fluorescein, and rhodamine B. The fourth tracer was
krypton-85, an inert gas whose radioactivity could be monitored.
To determine concentrations, the three particulate tracers were collected
on membrane filters for subsequent laboratory analysis. Krypton-85 was
monitored using Geiger-Muller tubes.
The reported data include data for both unstable and stable atmospheric
conditions. Tracer concentrations normalized by dividing by the release rate
are provided on a series of progressively more distant surface arcs. In some
tests, vertical profiles of normalized tracer concentrations are given. The
table for each set of concentration data contains the run name, tracer name,
date, start time and stop time, release height, arc distance, and wind speed
at (or near) the release height. Following the concentration tables,
meteorological data are given. These meteorological tables contain vertical
profiles of temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and wind direction standard
deviation over the time of release for each test.
The following detailed description of the Hanford-67 Series field studies
is provided from documentation given by Nickola (1977). To avoid inadvertent
changes in meaning, only minimal changes from the original text have been
made. These changes are indicated by text enclosed in square brackets. The
requirement that this archive documentation report be a machine-printable
copy precluded inclusion of figures - the reader is directed to the original
sources for the figures (Nickola, 1977 or, alternatively, Nickola et al.,
1983; Ramsdell, Glantz, and Kerns, 1985). The references for this section
have been incorporated into the reference list for this data archive
documentation report.
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Introduction
During the period 1959 to 1973, more than 300 atmospheric field
diffusion experiments have been conducted at the Hanford reservation near
Richland, Washington. This volume documents 103 of the more recent of
these experiments. Both diffusion and current meteorological data are
presented in, hopefully, user-oriented format.
Prior to this volume [Nickola, 1977], some of the earlier of the 300
experiments have been described in reports or journal articles. The 1959
experiments, dubbed the Green Glow diffusion program, were documented by
Barad and Fuquay (1962). They included detailed diffusion and
meteorological data for the 27 Green Glow field tests. Green Glow tracer
releases were from an elevation of 2 to 3 meters. Sampling included both
ground-level and tower arrays.
These near ground-level tracer releases with both horizontal and
vertical sampling arrays continued at Hanford with a series of 42 field
experiments in I960, 1961, and 1962 known as the Hanford 30-Series.
Selected ground-level diffusion data and meteorological data from both
the Green Glow and 30-Series experiments were tabulated by Fuquay, Simpson
and Hinds (1962) in a journal article. Only the more "reliable" tests
were considered in the journal article—16 Green Glow and 30 Series-30
experiments.
Concurrent with the 30-Series, another group of field experiments
began at Hanford. These more than 200 tracer releases, beginning in the
fall of 1960, were primarily elevated source experiments. The individual
experiments (or subgroups of experiments) in this total of 200 were
designed to investigate a variety of specific areas in the more general
realm of diffusion. Results of these investigations have been presented
in a variety of forums—including annual reports (Hales, 1977) to the
sponsors, the Atomic Energy Commission and more recently the Environmental
Research and Development Administration. However, measurements made
during these field experiments have pertinence in areas beyond the narrower
original objectives. It is with this thought in mind that this current
data volume is published.
The diffusion experiments documented in this volume are the portion
of those described in the preceding paragraph which were carried out at
Hanford since July 1967. These have been rather arbitrarily labeled the
Hanford 67-Series. Following publication of this report, there remain
approximately 100 Hanford field diffusion experiments (carried out between
1960 and June 1967) which have not been documented in a fashion convenient
for general research use. The experiments considered in the 67-Series
have been selected primarily on the basis of being more recent, and hence
having pertinent diffusion/meteorology data more readily accessible to
the author than the pre-July 1967 experiments.
The 103 tracer releases of the Hanford 67-Series were carried out
during 54 different experimental periods. Multitracer releases (generally
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from two different elevations) account for the fact that the number of
tracer releases is greater than the number of experimental periods.
Meteorological measurements made during the tracer releases include
vertical profiles of wind speed, wind direction, and temperature. Release
duration was generally 30 minutes. As few as 63 and as many as 718 field
locations were employed in sampling tracer concentration during a given
release. In 32 of the 103 releases, ten or more towers were employed
downwind of the source in an attempt to define vertical concentration
distributions. Tower height varied from 27 m to 62 m. As few as two and
as many as ten sampling arcs, concentric about the release point, were
used in the deployment of tracer samplers. The radii of these arcs varied
from 0.2 km to 12.8 km from the source. Tracer was released at an
elevation of 1 m, 2 m, 26 m, 56 m, or 111 m. Details of the meteorology
and of tracer dispersal and sampling for each experiment follow in the
body and appendices of this report.
The Field Grid
The Hanford reservation is located in a semi arid region in the
southeast of the state of Washington. The natural vegetation in the area
is sagebrush 1 to 2 m in height interspersed with steppe grasses. Figures
1, 2, 3, and 4 [in Nickola (1977)] give some idea of the nature and density
of the vegetation.
The center of the reservation is about 200 m above mean sea level.
Although the reservation is nearly surrounded by hills or bluffs on all
sides (some reaching as high as 1,000 m msl), the field diffusion grids
are located near the center of this approximately 40-km-diameter basin.
Figure 5 [in Nickola (1977), also published as Figure 1 in Ramsdell,
Glantz, and Kerns (1985)] shows the diffusion sampling grids superimposed
on a contour map. The bulk of the sampling arcs are located on a
relatively flat area where the extremes in elevation range from 200 m to
230 m msl. The most distant tracer sampling arc, 12.8 km from the source,
is at an elevation about 35 m lower than the nearer-source sampling arcs.
The primary or "ground-level" sampling on the Hanford diffusion
grids is done at an elevation of 1.5 m, an elevation that approximates
the breathing height of man. About 1,000 ground-level sampling locations
are instrumented with vacuum sources.
Power for field vacuum pumps is supplied by hundreds of gasoline- or
propane-fueled internal combustion engines. A single engine/pump assembly
draws vacuum for one to nine sampling stations, with the number depending
on the flow rate required at the stations. Flow at each sampling station
is controlled by inserting a critical flow orifice in the vacuum line just
downstream of the filter-filter holder assembly upon which the particulate
tracers are collected. Flow through each sampler is constant as long as
the pressure drop across the control orifice is greater than half an
atmosphere. This pressure drop is monitored for each engine/pump assembly
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by inserting a vacuum gauge in the vacuum line immediately downstream of
the orifice at the most remote sampler serviced by that assembly.
The ground-level sampling can be supplemented by 365 tower-mounted
sampling stations. The towers, as tall as 62 m and as far removed as 3.2
km from the tracer release point, are discussed in more detail later in
this section. Vacuum and flow control to the towers are accomplished in
a manner similar to that already described for the ground-level sampling.
•
The vacuum/filter field system described in the preceding paragraphs
is employed in the collection of particulate tracers. A much less
extensive but more sophisticated sampling network was also deployed on
portions of the Hanford field grids during the 67-Series. This system
(Ludwick et al., 1968; Nickola, Ludwick and Ramsdell, 1970; Nickola,
1971) employed Geiger-Muller tubes at up to 127 field locations to monitor
the concentration of the inert gas krypton-85 during nine field
experiments. Although the inert gas system recorded the real-time history
of tracer concentration at all Geiger tube locations, only the
time-integrated concentrations (exposures) are reported in this volume.
An earlier data volume (Nickola, Ramsdell, and Ludwick, 1970) reported
real-time concentration measurements for five of the nine krypton releases
summarized in the current volume.
The sampling grid(s) used during the 67-Series evolved from grids laid
out in 1959 and 1960. The grids were designated the "U" and the "S" grids
because their original use was restricted to either thermally unstable
(U) or thermally stable (S) atmospheres. The U-grid is laid out in a
series of arcs of circles concentric about a 122-m tower. This
configuration is evident in Figures 2 and 3 [in Nickola (1977)]. Several
arcs concentric about the U-source on these figures are labeled with the
letter "U" followed by the radial distance in meters from source to arc.
The arcs of the U-grid actually used in one or more of the 67-Series
experiments, the crosswind extent of those arcs and other grid design
specifications are given in Table 1 [in Nickola (1977)]. The intent is
not to imply that all arcs or even the complete angular extent of a
selected arc were employed during each field experiment. Experimental
objectives, meteorological conditions, and manpower available all were
factored into decisions as to which samplers should be activated.
The S-grid source, used with only near ground-level tracer releases,
is located 100 m due south of the U-grid source. This location was
selected so as to minimize the wake effect of buildings at the base of
the 122-m tower. Figure 4 [in Nickola (1977)] is a view looking "upwind"
from the S-source. The S-source is also indicated on Figures 2 and 3 [in
Nickola (1977)]. Fewer concentric arcs were instrumented about the
S-source. The three arcs closest to the S-source are darkened and labeled
on Figure 3 [in Nickola (1977)]. S-grid arcs used during the 67-Series
were S200, S800, S1600, S3200 and radial distance in meters from S-source
to sampling arc. Further detail on the S-grid is given in Table 1 [in
Nickola (1977)].
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Two more "arcs" of opportunity were laid out with azimuths related
to the U-source. These so-called arcs were not arcs of circles, but were
merely tracer sampling stations set out along existing roads or trails.
They were dubbed the U5000 and U7000 arcs in correspondence with the
approximate source-to-sampler distances involved. The specific
source-to-sampler distance is tabled in Appendix A [in Nickola (1977)]
each time a U5000 or U7000 sampler intercepted tracer. Figure 5 [in
Nickola (1977)] shows the configuration of the U5000 and U7000 arcs.
For reasons of economy, efficiency or experimental design, it
frequently became advantageous to activate parts of the S- and U-grids
simultaneously. (For instance, a wider range of acceptable experiment
wind directions was possible.) However, tracer sampling stations located
at a constant distance and evenly spaced in azimuth on, say, the S-course,
were at varying distances and azimuth spacing with respect to the U-source.
This nonconcentric effect is most significant at distances close to the
source, as is evident in comparing locations of the U200 and S200 arcs on
Figures 2 and 3 [in Nickola (1977)]. U and S sampling arcs become more
nearly congruent at greater distances as is exemplified by the U1600 and
S1600 arcs in Figure 3 [in Nickola (1977)]. When displacement of the
tracer release source from the center of the employed sampling grid
occurred, it was considered in the azimuths and distances reported—with
the exception of the sampling at the S12800 arc. Even when release was
from the U-source, the S12800 diffusion data were reported without
correction since the 100-meter maximum error in distance and the less than
one-half degree maximum error in stated azimuth were deemed of minimal
importance.
Twenty towers were instrumented for tracer sampling on the S-grid.
These towers were placed at azimuths of 98 degrees, 106 degrees, 114
degrees, 122 degrees, and 130 degrees on the S200, S800, S1600, and S3200
arcs. Tower heights were 27, 42, 62 and 62 m at the S200, S800, S1600
and S3200 arcs, respectively.
The 100-m separation of the S- and U-sources caused some complication
when vertical sampling was desired with an elevated release. Elevated
release was not possible from the S-source, and the geometry of the field
grids was such that a release of tracer at the U-source could likely not
be sampled on both the S200 towers and the more distant S-grid towers.
A curved trajectory would have been necessary. The problem was solved
to a great extent by the erection of five towers on the U200 arc. These
towers at azimuths of 102 degrees, 110 degrees, 118 degrees, 126 degrees,
and 134 degrees align reasonably well on a radial from the U-source through
the S-tower arrays at the greater distances. The U200 towers, 33 m in
height, were used in only the eight "V" experiments conducted after the
summer of 1972.
Tracer Release, Sampling and Assay
Four different tracers were released during the Hanford 67-Series.
Small particulate tracers employed were zinc sulfide fluorescent powder
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(ZnS FP), fluorescein, and rhodanrine B. The fourth tracer, krypton-85,
is an inert gas. The three particulate tracers were collected on membrane
filters, and the concentrations determined in laboratory procedures which
depended upon the fluorescent properties of the tracers. Assessment
techniques were discriminatory to the extent that collection of ZnS and
fluorescein or ZnS and rhodamine on a common filter proved no problem.
Krypton-85, by virtue of its radioactivity, was monitored in situ by
Geiger-Muller tubes.
Zinc Sulfide Fluorescent Particulate 2210
Use of fluorescent paint pigment (FP) as an atmospheric tracer was
initiated in 1946 and documented in 1955 (Leighton, 1955) at Stanford
University under the auspices of the U.S. Army Chemical Corps. The Hanford
meteorology group began investigation of the use of such fluorescent
pigments in 1952, and made use of FP field techniques on a relatively
modest scale through 1958. The development in 1958 of an
optical-electronic device (Barad and Fuquay, 1962; Rankin, 1958) (which
obviated the need for a tedious "man-and-microscope" sample assay
procedure) facilitated the laboratory assay of the large number of FP
samples collected during the Green Glow and through subsequent Hanford
field diffusion programs.
The FP selected for use in the Hanford technique is Helecon
Fluorescent Pigment 2210 manufactured by U.S. Radium Corp., Morristown,
New Jersey. It is ZnS with an activator placed interstitially in its
crystalline structure. These particulates have a specific gravity of
4.1. Based on optical microscope sizings at 1000X magnification, the
number median (geometric mean) diameter of FP 2210 is about 2.1 urn.
Using methods detailed by Green and Lane (1957), the geometric standard
deviation (sigma-g) and the mass median diameter can be computed. (Sigma-g
is defined as the standard deviation of the logarithms of the particle
radii about the mean. The mass and number sigma-g values are identical
for log normal size distributions.) The mass median diameter and sigma-g
for the FP 2210 used in the 67-Series are 4.1 urn [the urn is used to
represent micro-meters] and 1.6 urn, respectively. Presuming Stokes1 law
for spheres applies, the number and mass diameters translate to terminal
fall velocities of 1.9 m/hr and 7.6 m/hr, respectively.
The ZnS tracer was dispersed to the atmosphere through a commercial
insecticidal sprayer. Two of these dispersal devices are shown on Figure
4 [in Nickola, 1977], A measured quantity of the tracer (generally about
1 to 4 kg) was added to a known volume of the liquid carrier (generally
about 150 L). ZnS is insoluble in the liquid carrier. The tracer was
maintained in suspension by insertion of a heavy-duty industrial propeller
into the approximately 200 L cylindrical tank (Figure 4) in which the
tracer-liquid carrier was mixed. The tracer-carrier suspension was drawn
directly from the cylindrical tank by the commercial sprayer unit. In
the sprayer, the suspension was pumped to a nozzle assembly where it was
atomized by mixing with a jet of heated air and dispersed to the
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atmosphere. The total tracer dispersed was determined by measuring the
liquid level in the cylindrical tank before and after tracer dispersal.
The temperature of the air used in the atomization was approximately
400 degrees C. This high temperature was instrumental in producing a
spray that was sensibly dry a few meters from the generator nozzle. The
evaporation of the liquid carrier aided in the dissipation of heat so
that the effluent from the generator felt dry and thermally comfortable
to the hand within 1 to 2 m from the nozzle.
In the early years of use of this Hanford tracer dispersal technique,
the liquid carrier used was water. Some concern developed over the
possibility that, under high humidity conditions, the evaporation of the
water carrier in the nozzle spray might take place so slowly that there
would be a significant gravitational settling. Therefore, a more volatile
carrier, trichloroethane (CHjCC^), was frequently employed as the liquid
carrier in many of the later experiments. The difficulty in use of
trichloroethane was that it did not act as a lubricant (as water apparently
did) in the insecticidal sprayer. Many more mechanical difficulties or
failures of the tracer dispersal equipment occurred when trichloroethane
was used. Although it is difficult to assess any field differences that
might be due to a difference in carrier used, it can be qualitatively
stated that at Hanford there was no obvious effect attributable to the
carrier used in the dispersal process.
In the 67-Series, trichloroethane was used in the dispersal of ZnS
in all experiments except four. In tests V5, V6 and V7, water was used
as the carrier. In the final test of the series, V8, a commercially
available dry FP tracer dispenser was used.
This dry dispenser, manufactured by Metronics Associates,
Incorporated, of Palo Alto, California, is described by Leighton et al.
in a journal article (Leighton et al., 1965). This device evolved from
the early Stanford University work with FP. In the early 1950s, a Hanford
dry dispenser was built from prints obtained from the Stanford group.
Hanford personnel were unable to obtain a constant tracer dispersal rate
with this early model dry dispenser. This problem led to the more
cumbersome wet dispersal technique which has already been described. A
constant dispersal rate was demonstrated with the wet dispersal technique.
Further details of the dispersal rate determination—and of the wet
dispersal technique—are given in Chapter V of the Green Glow documentation
(Barad and Fuquay, 1962).
The possibility was considered that the wet dispersal technique would
result in a significant agglomeration of individual tracer particles.
However, in the years preceding development of a semi-automated device
for assessment of FP 2210 at Hanford, a great number of filters were
examined and particles were visually counted with the aid of a microscope
and ultraviolet illumination. Very few agglomerates were observed during
these microscopic examinations. The wet dispersal technique was in use
at that time.
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A comment should be made regarding the high temperatures to which the
ZnS fluorescent particulates were subjected during the dispersal process.
There was concern that the 400 degrees C temperature might alter the
fluorescent properties of the tracer even though the high temperature was
experienced for only a fraction of a second. Nickola (1963) subjected
samples of FP 2210 to temperatures of 1000 degrees C for periods up to 20
sec without discernible changes between the pre-heated and post-heated
masses indicated when the samples were assayed on the soon-to-be-discussed
Rankin counter assay device.
It was also demonstrated by Nickola and Scoggins (1964) that FP 2210
was not affected by exposure to bright sunlight—as has been observed
(Eggleton and Thompson, 1961) for other fluorescent powders. Filters
were selected from a field experiment in which tracer dispersal, field
sampling and filter retrieval from the field all occurred during hours of
darkness. The filters were stored in an opaque box until they were assayed
for FP 2210. Subsequent to the original assessment, the filters were
exposed to bright sunlight for more than 7 hours before reassessment.
(The Rankin counter assessment used does not destroy or alter the field
samples.) There was no reduction in the measured mass of FP on the
filters.
The filter employed in collecting particulate tracers was a polyvinyl
chloride membrane filter designated type VM-1 by the manufacturer, the
Gelman Instrument Company of Ann Arbor, Michigan. This filter offers a
compromise between the opposing requirements of minimal restriction to
flow through the filter and of a flat surface upon which to retain the
sampled ZnS. (The latter requirement is germane to the ZnS assay procedure
which will be discussed presently.)
The 47-mm-diameter filter is inserted into a polyethylene filter
holder assembly which leaves a circular arc 41 mm in diameter exposed for
tracer collection. Figure 6 [in Nickola (1977)] shows several of these
assemblies in place in the turntables of the assay device (Rankin counter).
Between the counters, two of the filter assemblies are shown turned face
down to display the ribbed nozzle which can be inserted in a neoprene
grommet at each field sampling location. A dust cap (as on the assembly
marked "a-122" on Figure 6) is placed over the filter-filter holder
assembly during handling and storage. In order to minimize tracer
contamination from experiment to experiment, all filter-filter holder
assemblies are used only once before being discarded.
Membrane filters from the field were assayed for ZnS FP2210 by the
Rankin counting method (Barad and Fuquay, 1962; Rankin, 1958) developed
at Hanford in 1958. An assembled Rankin counter is shown at the right in
Figure 6. A Rankin counter with top removed to expose a turntable is
shown at the left. After the dust cap is removed from a field sampler,
the remaining filter-filter holder assembly is inserted into a circular
cavity in the turntable. Several filters can be seen in these cavities
on Figure 6 [in Nickola (1977)]. The exposed filter is rotated until it
lies directly below a multiplier phototube. Here a 200-microcurie
Plutonium source, in the shape of an annulus about the face of the
10
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phototube, bombards the face of the filter with alpha particles. If
there is any FP on the filter face, it is excited to fluorescence by the
alpha bombardment, and the scintillations are monitored by the phototube,
amplified and counted by a sealer. The VM-1 filter, which retains the bulk
of the FP on its surface rather than allowing deeper penetration, enhances
the probability of the short-range alpha particles reaching the FP and of
the resulting scintillations being seen by the photomultiplier. The
Rankln counter calibration is specific for the type of filter employed.
Design of the counting pig permits the operator to insert or remove
a filter from the turntable at the same time another filter is being
counted under the phototube. This procedure was a significant time saver
in view of the large number of filters assayed for each experiment.
Normal counting time employed during the 67-Series was one minute for
each filter. The count rate on unexposed filters was generally zero.
Field exposed background filter count rates were from 0 to about 6
counts/min due,, presumably, to some foreign fluorescent material in the
ambient atmosphere. Despite precautions, infrequently there was strong
evidence of contamination of some exposed filters with the ZnS tracer.
This contamination was generally associated with tower samples where it
was more difficult to minimize the handling of filter assemblies during
field deployment and collection.
The Rankin counter underwent a primary calibration against a series
of filters of well established mass several times during the Hanford
67-Series. The calibration in effect at the end of the series was
M = (2.06 x 10"10) C ,
where M is mass of ZnS FP 2210 in grams and C is Rankin/counts min. If
the level of detection with confidence is considered as 20 counts/min
(about 3 times the maximum field background) the corresponding mass was
about 4 x 10~ grams. Count rate reproducibility is good with the Rankin
counter, particularly at the higher count rates. The ratio of count rate
standard deviation to mean count rates of 100, 1000, 10,000, and 100,000
counts/min are 0.16, 0.048, 0.038 and 0.012, respectively.
The Rankin counter was also checked (and tuned electronically, if
necessary) against a standard filter left continually in one of the twelve
turntable cavities. Inasmuch as the standard filter was counted each
time it passed beneath the photomultiplier, this secondary calibration
occurred once for each 10 field filters assayed. (A background filter
occupied the twelfth turntable cavity.)
One difficulty with the Rankin counting technique is the atmospheric
dust—or carbon from the internal combustion engines associated with the
field vacuum system—can collect on the filter face and degrade the
scintillations monitored by the photomultiplier. Accordingly, a series
of previously assayed filters with ZnS thereon, but which had a clean
appearance, were intentionally subjected to tracer-free but dust-laden
11
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air. The filters were ranked subjectively from 1 (clean) to 10 (extremely
heavy dust load) according to their post-dust visual appearance. It was
found that assay of filters with dust nomenclature of 4 or less was
essentially unaffected by the dust. With successively higher dust
nomenclature, increasingly greater count rate degradation was observed.
Therefore, in the exposures for ZnS listed in Appendix A of this report
[(Nickola, 1977)], dust nomenclature is indicated for filters graded 5 or
greater. This point will be discussed further in the section entitled
"The Experiments."
Perhaps it should be pointed out that a liquid scintillation counting
technique (Barad and Fuquay, 1962; Ludwick and Perkins, 1961) is available
which to a large extent overcomes the ZnS assay problems caused by
dust-laden filters. However, the laboratory procedure is a much more
tedious "wet" procedure than the simple Rankin counting approach. This
fact, plus the relatively few dusty filters encountered during the
67-Series, led to the decision not to employ this more elaborate assay
technique.
In order for a filter to sample particles carried in a fluid stream
properly, the fluid velocity at the filter face should equal the ambient
fluid stream velocity. In this isokinetic flow situation, the fluid
streamlines neither diverge nor converge at the filter. Therefore, the
particles imbedded in the fluid are sampled properly. However, if the
face velocity at the filter is substantially greater or less than the
ambient fluid velocity, the particles carried by the fluid will not (by
virtue of their greater density than the fluid) faithfully follow the
fluid streamlines in the vicinity of the filter. In the case of the
Hanford field vacuum grid, the filter face velocities were essentially
always less than ambient wind speed, resulting in subisokinetic sampling.
Sehmel (1966), in a wind tunnel study, investigated nonisokinetic
sampling effects using ZnS FP 2210 and the standard Hanford field filter.
He derived corrections for nonisokinetic flow which are functions of wind
speed and filter flow rate. Sehmel's corrections have been applied to
all the ZnS data presented in this report.
Fluorescein
An atmospheric tracer technique using uranine dye, the sodium salt
of fluorescein, was reported by Robinson, et al. (1959) The possibility
of using this dye as a tracer to complement the existing ZnS FP 2210
technique was first investigated at Hanford in (Ludwick, 1961) with early
field results reported by Nickola (1965) and by Ludwick (1966). The term
fluorescein, rather than the specific salt, uranine, has been applied to
the dye in Hanford nomenclature. This dye is available through industry
chemical suppliers.
The fluorescein used during the Hanford 67-Series was labeled "Uranine
Cone., Code 1801" by the vendor, Allied Chemical Company, San Francisco,
California. These particulates have a specific gravity of 1.53. Based
12
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on microscope sizing at 1000X magnification, the specific batch of
fluorescein used had a number median diameter of 1.4 urn, a mass medium
diameter of 18.6 um and a sigma-g of 2.5. The number and mass median
diameters translate to terminal fall velocities of about 0.4 and 64 m/hr
if Stokes1 law is applied.
As with the ZnS, dispersal of fluorescein was by means of a commercial
insecticidal sprayer. The liquid carrier used in the dispersal tank was
trichloroethane. Fluorescein is insoluble in this liquid. The dispersal
process used in all but two 67-Series fluorescein releases was as described
for the ZnS releases.
During Tests U91 and U92, the fluorescein dispersal technique was
altered. In these two tests, the liquid in the mixing tank was water.
Fluorescein was added to give an approximate 2.6% solution of fluorescein
in water. This solution was dispersed to the atmosphere at a rate of
about 95 L/hr. Although no particle-size measurements were made during
field tests U91 and U92, the manufacturer specifications on the
insecticidal sprayer indicate that a droplet size of about 25 um diameter
should be generated with the sprayer control settings employed and the
liquid consumption rate observed. Stein et al. (1966) measured the density
of fluorescein particles generated through nebulization as 0.58 g/cc.
Presuming this density and the parent droplet size of 25 um apply, the
resultant diameter of the dry fluorescein particle during Tests U91 and
U92 was 8.8 um with an associated Stokes1 terminal velocity of 5.0 m/hr.
The lack of a measured size distribution of particles or droplets precludes
further detail.
The filter employed for collection of the fluorescein tracer has
already been described in the discussion of the ZnS tracer. In the cases
where both ZnS and fluorescein were dispersed and sampled, the ZnS assay
on the dry filter was carried out first. The filters were then placed
individually in glass vials. Distilled water was added to dissolve the
fluorescein particulates on the filter, leaving the insoluble ZnS imbedded
on the filter. The fluorescing solution was then assayed with a previously
calibrated spectrophotofluorometer with excitation and emission wavelengths
tuned for optimum performance. The fluorometer employed was model number
4-8202 manufactured by the American Instrument Company of Silver Spring,
Maryland, The analytical technique is explained in greater detail by
Ludwick (1961, 1966).
Although less than 1 x 10 gram of fluorescein was detectable under
laboratory conditions, field pollutants and filter-to-filter background
variance resulted in a more realistic field-detection limit of about 5 x
10" grams. The greater variance in background made definition of the
tails of crosswind or vertical tracer distributions less certain with
fluorescein than with ZnS.
In contrast to the deleterious effect that the dust-ZnS combination
displayed with the ZnS assay, the laboratory assessment of the fluorescein
in solution was minimally affected by dust.
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Although no laboratory tests were made to directly investigate the
possible effects of the subjection of fluorescein to high temperatures
during dispersal, Nickola (1965) found that ZnS and fluorescein released
from the same location gave compatible downwind field concentrations.
Reduction of fluorescence due to mixture for a fraction of a second with
air at 400 degrees C caused no obvious problems in these 1964 field tests.
No corrections have been attempted for nonisokinetic sampling of
fluorescein on field filters.
Rhodamine B
Use of another soluble fluorescent dye, Rhodamine B, began at Hanford
in 1968 (Wolf and Dana, 1969). This dye, dissolved in methanol, was
dispersed in only six of the Hanford 67-Series experiments. The 1%
rhodamine solution was dispersed to the atmosphere by means of a pari or
ultrasonic nozzles. This technique, described by Dana (1971) generates
particles of small diameter. No heat was supplied during the dispersal
process.
Measurements made during Tests VI, V2 and V3 with Anderson cascade
impactors revealed a mass median particle size of about 1 urn and a sigma-g
of 3.2. Although no measurement of the specific gravity of the
ultrasonically generated particles was made, the specific gravity of the
parent powder particulate (before solution) was 1.38. This contrasts
with the specific gravity of 1.53 of the fluorescein parent particulate.
Assuming the 1.38 specific gravity is applicable to the 1-um particles,
and that Stokes1 law applies (electron micrography displayed spherical
particles), the terminal velocity of the mass median rhodamine particles
was 0.14 m/hr. If it is presumed that the density of the nebulized
particles is only 38% of the parent powder (as was the case with
fluorescein), the 1-um rhodamine particle should have a Stokes1 fall
velocity of 0.05 m/hr. In either event, the terminal velocity of the
rhodamine tracer particles should be negligibly small.
Rhodamine was sampled on the same filter as was ZnS. The assessment
procedure for rhodamine'was essentially identical to the procedure employed
for fluorescein. Since fluorescein and rhodamine were not paired in field
release, no tracer discrimination was required from the fluorometer.
As with fluorescein, the detection limit for rhodamine under ideal
laboratory conditions was much lower than for field exposed filters. The
respective laboratory and field detection limits were approximately 5 x
10 and 2 x 10 g. Again, as with fluorescein, specification of the
tails of field tracer distributions was more difficult with rhodamine
than with ZnS.
Also, as with fluorescein, dust collected on field samples offered
no obvious assay problem with rhodamine.
14
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No corrections for nonisokinetic flow were applied to the masses of
rhodamine collected on field filters. However, the small particle size
would have made such corrections minimal in any event.
To some degree with all the paniculate tracers, there are opposing
objectives in dispersal. On the one hand, there is the desire to disperse
large masses of tracer to the atmosphere so that downwind sampling problems
will be minimized. On the other hand, the desire is to disperse the
particulate as individual small particles and avoid effects due to
dispersal technique (as opposed to effects due to atmospheric turbulence
and diffusion). The dispersal of rhodamine B as 1-um [micron] particles
tended to minimize dispersal problems and to maximize field detection
problems. About 100 g of rhodamine were released during each test, whereas
typical ZnS or fluorescein releases were from 1000 g to 3000 g.
Krypton-85
A field system for measuring atmospheric concentrations of the inert
radioactive gas krypton-85 was developed and deployed in the field at
Hanford in 1967. Ludwick et al. (1968) and Nickola et al. (1970b) have
described this system in reasonable detail. A data volume including
time-histories of concentration at 63 field locations for eight
instantaneous (puff) releases and for five continuous releases (Tests Cl
to C5 of the 67-Series) has been published (Nickola et al., 1970a).
Among the advantages of this noble gas tracer technique are that
krypton has minimal interaction with structures and vegetation, and will
not react with other atmospheric constituents. And although only
"continuous" releases are considered in this report, the field technique
does include the capability of releasing instantaneous puffs by the simple
procedure of dropping a brick on a quartz vial of the gaseous tracer.
Among the disadvantages of this tracer technique are the cost of each
field sampling unit and the necessity of running a signal cable from each
sampler to a central signal processing station.
During the five experiments of the 67-Series prefixed with the letter
"C," krypton was released from a pressurized cylinder. A minimal volume
of krypton-85 had been inserted into the argon carrier in the cylinder.
Release rate of the krypton was about 1 Ci/min. The rate of the
krypton/carrier gas dispersal was monitored by a rotameter, and valving
was manually adjusted to maintain a nearly constant rate of release.
During the six krypton-release experiments prefixed with the letter
"V", the flow rate from the pressurized source cylinder was automatically
held to a constant rate by an electronic mass flow control device.
Dispersal rate during the V-tests was about 0.6 Ci/min.
Airborne krypton concentration was monitored by Geiger-Muller tubes
(Model 18546) manufactured by Amperex Electronic Corporation, Hicksville,
New York. These detectors are of the end window type with a window
15
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diameter of greater than 50 mm. These field detectors were calibrated by
a procedure involving support of the detector inside a large meteorological
balloon into which a known amount of krypton-85 had been inserted. The
Geiger counters were calibrated in two modes. In the mode where the
open face of the detector was exposed to the atmosphere, a krypton
concentration of 1 uCi/m corresponded to a count rate of 9.7 counts/sec.
In a mode where a remote control valve was open, a concentration of 1
uCi/m resulted in a count rate of 5.5 counts/sec. (The weatherproof
valves were used primarily on tower-mounted tubes where manual removal of
between-experiment protective covers was impractical.)
During the prefix C experiments, a total of 63 detectors were deployed
on portions of arcs S200 and S800. Three S200 towers were instrumented
to elevations of 10.7 m, and three S800 towers were instrumented to
elevations of 21.3 m. A series of 38.4-sec end-to-end concentration
measurements was made.
During the prefix V experiments, a total of 127 detectors were
deployed on portions of the U200, S800 and S1600 arcs. All ten towers on
the U200 and S800 arcs were instrumented to their tops—32.8 m and 42.0
m at S200 and S800, respectively. The time increment for which
short-period concentrations were recorded during the V-tests was 10.0 sec.
Description of Experiments and Data
The Hanford 67-Series experiments were carried out during 54 separate
days. During most of the experiments, two or more tracers were
released—generally from different elevations above the same point. Zinc
sulfide tracer was released on 50 occasions. Fluorescein, rhodamine B,
and krypton-85 were released on 38, 6, and 9 occasions, respectively.
Tracer sampling equipment was activated before tracer dispersal began and
was continued for a period deemed long enough for the bulk of the tracer
to pass before deactivation. (The deactivation time was based on the
wind speed at 15 meters. A time period 2-1/2 times as long as necessary
for uninhibited transport to the sampling arc of interest was generally
allowed.)
The cataloging of the field diffusion and meteorological measurements
in this volume [Nickola (1977)] follows (with three exceptions) the
chronological sequence of experiments. Table 2 [in Nickola (1977)]
introduces the 54 experiments/103 releases of the 67-Series in the near
chronological order. [The data in this table is given in the first data
subset in the archived data.] This table identifies the tracer release
point, the type tracer, the release elevation, several pertinent
meteorological measurement, and the extent of sampling during each test.
Tables 2 to 5 and Tables/Figures C-l to C-4 [in Nickola (1977)] are
intended to be largely self-explanatory. The intent of these tables and
figures is to enable a researcher to conveniently pinpoint the specific
experiments in the appendices that are pertinent to his area of interest.
16
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If these tables and figures do their intended job, much of the narrative
in this section can be considered of minimal importance.
Tables 3 and 4 [in Nickola (1977)] give the frequency of releases from
various elevations and show the number of times sampling was attempted at
various distances. These tables also place a qualitative specification
on the overall sampling results for specific locations.
Table 5 [in Nickola (1977)] is divided into four parts on the basis
of tracer release height. These four tables give some detail on the
location and quality of sampling for each field tracer release. The
symbols indicating the degree of success at each sampling arc are based
on slightly less severe standards than are the symbols which are associated
with the quantitative summaries listed in Appendix B [in Nickola (1977)].
For reasons which will be pointed out later, there are many instances
when it was felt that estimates should be supplied for "bad" or missing
data. However, no effort has been made to change the general character
of the observations merely because the observed data were unexplainable.
For instance, consider field test D4. Both fluorescein and ZnS were
released from the same point. Yet on three of the towers at a distance
of 200 m, complete vertical distributions of ZnS were observed, but no
fluorescein was detected at all.
As has been mentioned in the section describing the ZnS tracer
technique, sampling of particulates on filters opens the door to
nonisokinetic sampling errors. Even though corrections have been applied
to the ZnS data in an attempt to compensate for this error, it is felt
that the wind tunnel-determined empirical corrections do not always perform
an adequate adjustment. Furthermore, no isokinetic corrections are
attempted with the fluorescein or rhodamine assessments. The result can
be a "roller-coaster" effect in the situation where arcs of relatively
low flow rate are interspersed with those of higher flow rate. Both ZnS
and (especially) fluorescein for field test U83 offer such an example.
The U400 (high flow rate), S800 (low flow rate), U1200 (high), S3200
(low), U2200 (high) sequence of sampling results in normalized measured
concentrations at these arcs which appear to be low, high, low, high and
low, respectively. Let it be stressed that flow rate has been factored
into the calculations.
The uncertainty as to which values of concentration are most proper
is disconcerting. (It is the author's opinion that inasmuch as the higher
flow rates required a smaller correction, they generate more nearly correct
values.) In defense of what may seem to be poor field technique, the
roller coaster effect would never have been observed had the same flow
rate been used at all sampling arcs—or had a higher flow rate been used
at each succeeding arc. Such flow arrangements would not necessarily
have made the measured concentrations any closer to the correct values,
but merely would have given results more pleasing to the eye.
Before proceeding with the description of the method of presentation
of the individual field experiments, a mention of near-source wake effects
17
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seems in order. Although the ideal experiment would entail a point source
release into an undisturbed ambient atmosphere, such releases are
impossible. Perhaps the experiments with the least disturbance in the
upwind fetch were the four prefix D experiments. Figure 4 [in Nickola
(1977)] shows the upwind fetch for these four experiments. During the C
experiments, the particulate dispersal equipment shown in Figure 4 was
placed on a low, flatbed trailer about 6 m in length which was parked
about 4 m upwind of the source. The ZnS during Test C5 was dispersed
from this trailer. The krypton during the C experiments was released
from the cement pad shown in Figure 4, and thus had the trailer and
associated equipment forming a lattice-like cross section of about 8 to
10 m in the upwind fetch.
All elevated releases were undoubtedly affected to some degree by the
wake induced by the 122-m tower from which release took place. This
tower is a rather sturdy structure, triangular in cross section, and
about 3.6 m on each side. Some idea of the appearance of this structure
can be gained by examination of Figure 2 [in Nickola (1977)].
The near ground-level releases from the U-source (Tests U56 to U70)
were subjected to perhaps the worst wake situation. First, the dispersal
equipment (Figure 4 [in Nickola (1977)]) was mounted on a small trailer;
secondly, the wake of the 12-m tower a few meters away no doubt added to
the turbulence; and third, a small 4 m x 4 m x 3 m building stood near
the base of the tower. (The bulk of the building complex shown in Figure
4 at the base of the tower was dismantled prior to the start of the
67-Series.)
The Appendix A Diffusion Data
Appendix A [in Nickola (1977)] gives the individual field diffusion
measurements. These data form the bulk of this data volume [and comprise
the data contained in the archive subsets 2,3,4, and 5]. The 54
experiments are presented in the order given in Table 2 [in Nickola (1977)
and in the standard experiment summary given below]. Dual tracer release
data are presented side-by-side. Some general comments pertinent to each
field experiment precede listing of the individual field measurements.
The date and time of release height are included in a heading preceding
each arc or tower of measurements.
The body of the Appendix A tables gives AZIMUTH with respect to the
source in the first column, and DISTANCE from the source in the last
column. In instances where S-grid arcs combined with portions of U-grid
arcs) were employed with U-source releases, the nonuniformity of the
samplers with respect to these sources is reflected in these first and
last columns. For example, during field test U71 fluorescein indicates
that all sampling at the 400-m arc was actually done on the U-grid inasmuch
as azimuths increment evenly by 4 degrees, and all distances are listed
as 400 m. However, on the 800m arc, the samplers exposed between 61.0
degrees and 97.0 degrees were on the U-grid (3-degree increments and 800
m distance), while those exposed between 97.1 degrees and 110.7 degrees
18
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were on the S-grid (uneven azimuth increments and distances not 800 m).
As mentioned earlier in the description of the grid, the data from the
S12800 arc are not "corrected" for the variation in distance and direction
resulting from release from the U-source. The 100-m separation of U- and
S-sources is considered of minimal importance at this distance.
The second column in the Appendix A tables lists EXPOSURE. (For
towers, a column specifying sampling HEIGHT precedes the EXPOSURE column.)
The EXPOSURE data for particulate tracers evolves from division of the
mass of tracer measured on each filter by the flow rate through the filter
(Table 1 [in Nickola (1977)]). Inasmuch as no normalization to source
strength is made in the EXPOSURE column, the magnitude of the individual
numbers are directly related to the mass of tracer collected on each
filter, and are therefore related to the confidence that can be placed in
each sample. For the krypton tracer, the EXPOSURE column is the integral
of concentrations measured over all the shorter time increments. Magnitude
here is also related to the confidence that can be placed in an individual
sample.
The EXPOSURE column has been left in digital format (as opposed to
scientific notation as in the subsequent 2 columns) in order to give an
analog appearance to concentration distribution across an arc (or up a
tower). In most cases the shape of the crosswind (or vertical)
distribution is relatively obvious with a glance at the column.
In the column headed E/Q, exposure has been normalized by dividing
by the total mass emitted (or total curies in the case of the krypton
emissions).
EU/Q is the exposure normalized to both unit emission and unit wind
speed. The mean wind speed (U) used in this normalization is that listed
in the heading immediately preceding each arc (tower) of data. It is the
mean wind speed at the release height during the period of release. (In
the cases where more than one tracer was released at the same time but
release periods differed, the U used in the EU/Q column resulted from
measurements over the longer release period.)
In many cases, a one-character symbol precedes the azimuth column in
Appendix A. These symbols indicate that something less than ideal was
associated with the sample. A detailed explanation of the alphabetical
symbols is given at the beginning of Appendix A. The numerical symbols
were mentioned earlier in the subsection entitled "Zinc Sulfide Fluorescent
Particulate 2210." It was stated that filters with visual dust
nomenclature of 4 or less appeared to give no problems. However, the
indicated mass of zinc sulfide on a filter was reduced when a visual dust
rating of 5 or more was observed. The experiment upon which this
conclusion was based was severe, however. It involved collecting tracer
on a filter followed by the collection of dust. If the dust had been
collected first, leaving the tracer "on top" of the dust, the degrad$ion
of the zinc sulfide assessment might not have been as severe. In any
event, the observation of a 5 or greater dust loading can be associated
with a reduction in indicated ZnS, but it is not necessarily so in all
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cases. It should be pointed out that in many cases dust nomenclature of
less than 5 is indicated on the Appendix A data. These are vestiges of
laboratory assessment notes made before the mentioned dust loading
experiments were made, and can thus be ignored.
Since each 1.5-m sample was used in the computation of CROSSWIND
INTEGRATED concentrations following each arc of data (and in other
statistics to be found in Appendix B), it was deemed wiser to substitute
a reasonable estimate for an obviously erroneous sample than to have an
erroneous number go into computations. These estimates are frequently
merely interpolations or extrapolations of data collected on the same
arc. At times it was necessary to plot areal distributions of tracer to
interpolate concentrations on a mid arc from arcs closer to or farther
from the source than the arc in question.
In some instances, the amount or quality of data on an arc is so low
that no estimations were attempted. Also, since no vertical moments or
vertical crosswind sums were computed, the incentive to supply estimates
for poor tower samples was not as great as it was for the poor 1.5-m
samples. Thus the poorer tower measurements are frequently reported
directly with an accompanying remark symbol other than "E" for "estimate".
The Appendix B Diffusion Summaries
Appendix B [in Nickola (1977)] summarizes the ground-level data for
each of the 103 releases. [These summary data are not contained in the
archive.] Presented first is a repeat of the specific experiment remarks
from Appendix A. A heading then identifies the specific tracer and gives
pertinent release information.
The first column of the tabular data indicates DISTANCE FROM SOURCE.
The next four columns give statistics relating to the CROSSWIND
DISTRIBUTION. The first of these columns gives the location of the MEAN
of the crosswind distribution. The STANDARD DEVIATION (sigma-y) and
COEFFICIENT of SKEWNESS and KURTOSIS for the crosswind distribution follow.
The next three columns give the AZIMUTH and the magnitude of the three
largest exposures measured at each arc. E/Q is exposure normalized to
source strength, and EU/Q is exposure further normalized to wind speed,
U, at tracer release height. Three values of exposure are given in order
to reduce the change of considering a "sport" or somehow erroneous
measurement as representative of plume centerline.
The last two columns give CROSSWIND INTEGRATED values for the source
and source/wind speed-normalized EXPOSURES.
Tabulated data followed by the symbol "?" indicate some uncertainty
in the data. The uncertainty may involve estimates in the Appendix A
data. Perhaps there was some question on the performance of the laboratory
assay equipment. The symbol is intended to alert a user of the data to
the fact that something not completely routine went into the generation
20
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of the associated number. An examination of the remarks preceding the
table or scanning of the appropriate Appendix A field data should display
the reason for the symbol. Where estimates of missing data were on the
tails of a distribution, or where a broad distribution made one large
estimate of minimal consequence, a "?" may not have been appended in the
Appendix B data. Admittedly some subjectivity went into the decision as
to whether to append the symbol or not, and a second review of the data
would not result in precisely the same tagging. The symbol is intended
primarily as a convenience to the data user.
Appending of the symbol "X" to Appendix B data symbolizes a much more
serious difficulty with the data. The data are either incomplete or
invalid. For instance, the computation of a mean, sigma-y, skewness,
kurtosis and crosswind integrated exposure from a badly truncated
distribution lacks significance. An "X" is then appended. (However, if
the truncated distribution is such that there is-little doubt that the
plume center!ine was observed, no "X" is appended in the MAXIMUM EXPOSURE
columns.)
The qualification for a "clean bill of health" in Appendix B was a
bit more strict than was the case in Table 5 [in Nickola 1977)]. Thus a
"?" may be found in Appendix B whereas a "C," indicating no problems, may
have been listed for the same data in Table 5.
The Appendix C Meteorological Data
[The data in Appendix C of Nickola (1977) are contained in the sixth
subset of the archived data.] Vertical profiles of temperature, wind speed
and wind direction were measured on the 122-m tower at the U-source during
the Hanford 67-Series. In addition, wind speed and direction were measured
on a second tower—also generally near the tracer release point.
Temperature measurements on the 122-m tower were made by Foxboro
thermohms. The aspirated thermohms were exposed at elevations of 0.9,
15.2, 30.5, 45.7, 61.0, 76.2, 91.4 and 122 m (3, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,
300 and 400 ft). During the eight prefix-V tests, an additional thermohm
was exposed at an elevation of 6.1 m (20 ft). Recording was a series of
points on a strip chart. About 3-1/2 min were required to cycle through
all temperature sensors. Inasmuch as most field tests were 30 min in
duration, eight on nine measurements were available to compute the mean
temperature for a given elevation as presented in Table C-l and Figure
C-l of Appendix C [in Nickola 1977].
Wind speed and direction on the 122-m tower were measured by seven
Aerovane anemometers mounted at elevations of 2.1, 15.2, 30.5, 45.7,
61.0, 91.4, and 122 m (7, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400 ft). The
starting speed for Aerovane propellers is approximately 1 m/sec. The
Aerovane is a rather large streamlined vane/anemometer assembly about 80
cm in length. The assembly has a distance constant of about 4.5 m for
speed and about 10 m for direction.
21
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The Aerovane outputs were recorded on strip charts moving at the
rate of 7.6 cm/min (3 inches/min). The strip chart traces were averaged
(means) by eye for 20-sec increments, and the resulting digitized data
were used in computing mean speeds, mean directions, and standard
deviations of wind direction for the period of tracer release.
For the bulk of the field tests, wind speed and direction were
measured at six levels on a 25-m tower located about 25 m west of the
S-source. (During Tests U84 to U92, these sensors were mounted on the
tower at 106 degrees on arc S1600.) The system for measuring and recording
winds on this tower has been described by Ratcliffe and Sheen. The wind
speed sensors were Beckman and Whitley Model Ml564 three-cup anemometers.
These cups have a startling threshold of less than 0.4 m/sec and a distance
constant of about 1.5 m. Circuitry was arranged to permit accumulation
of an integrated wind speed for 3.5 sec, after which 1.5 sec were consumed
in signal processing and recording. In each minute, 12 such recorded
segments of wind speed were accumulated for each anemometer.
Wind direction transducers employed on the 25-m tower were Beckman and
Whitley Model Ml565 vanes. These vanes respond to winds of less than 0.4
m/sec and have a distance constant of about 1.5 m. The output signals
from these light-weight vanes were smoothed by a filter having a 5-sec
time constant. The filter output was sampled for 60 msec once each 5
sec, digitized and recorded. The digitized data were used for computing
mean directions and standard deviations of direction, sigma-theta.
The Beckman and Whitley cups and vanes were mounted at elevations of 0.76,
1.5, 3.0, 6.1, 12.2, and 24.4 m (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ft) during
most of the field experiments. During Tests U84 to U92 they were mounted
at elevations of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 36 m. Thus, the spacing between
wind sensors on the shorter towers was closer than was the spacing between
Aerovanes on the 122-m tower. Wind speeds indicated by the Beckman and
Whitley cups frequently averaged slightly higher than those computed from
the Aerovanes, although the shapes of the profiles in the area of common
measurement were in excellent agreement. The wind speeds reported on
Table C-2 and Figure C-2 [in Nickola 1977] of Appendix C are based
primarily on the cup measurements at the lower elevations, and on the
Aerovane measurements above the measurements level of the cups.
The sets of wind direction and wind direction standard deviation
(sigma-theta) data were developed. One set is based on the Aerovane
measurements, and one set follows the Beckman and Whitley vane
measurements. These measurements are found in Tables C-3 and C-4 of
Appendix C, and are graphed in Figures C-3 and C-4 [in Nickola 1977].
With a few exceptions during light wind cases, these data show that
agreement between Aerovane and Beckman and Whitley data is reasonably
good. The agreement in mean direction profiles is rather expected.
However, in view of the difference in physical characteristics of the
large Aerovane and the relatively lightweight Beckman and Whitley vane,
and the difference in the method of digitizing direction, the agreement
in profiles is more surprising.
22
-------
It has been the author's experience that the orientation of a wind
vane is not a simple matter. If only one vane is exposed, one may feel
confidence in the orientation. Exposure of a second vane at an elevation
differing form the first essentially always results in a difference in
mean direction that can logically be explained by wind direction shear
with height. However, addition of a third, a fourth, and more vanes at
additional elevations seems to inevitably lead to mean direction profiles
that have repetitive kinks that should not logically be there. This
observation is made as a partial or likely explanation of some of the
similarly shaped wind profiles observed at times in the 67-Series.
Aerovane direction profiles for the upper elevations during Tests U84,
U85 and U86 are an example (Figure C-3) [in Nickola 1977].
The data presented on Tables C-l to C-4 and Figures C-l to C-4 are
based on measurements made during tracer release. In the event that two
or more tracers were released during the same experiment and the periods
of release did not coincide, the meteorological data apply to the longer
tracer release period.
Note that on Figure C-l, which depicts vertical profiles of
temperature, the vertical scale is linear. On the companion Figures C-2,
C-3 and C-4 [in Nickola 1977], the vertical scale is logarithmic. Heights
of tracer release are indicated on all these figures by the symbols F, K,
R and Z for fluorescein, krypton-85, rhodamine B and zinc sulfide,
respectively. It is recognized that use of Figures C-l to C-4 [in Nickola
1977] in a quantitative sense would be difficult. However, the intent of
these figures is to aid in picking out features in the vertical profiles
that otherwise might not be obvious. Once a characteristic of interest
is observed on the analogs of Figures C-l to C-4, absolute values can be
obtained from Tables C-l to C-4.
23
-------
SPECIAL INFORMATION
The main reference for the archived data is Nickola (1977). For further
information on these and other experiments on the Hanford Dispersion Grid,
see Nickola et al. (1983), Barad and Fuquay (1962), Nickola, Ramsdell and
Ludwick (1970), Hinds (1967 and 1969) and Nickola et al. (1983), Ramsdell,
Glantz and Kerns (1985).
The question of tracer deposition in the early Hanford data was considered
by Simpson (1961) and discussed by Irwin (1983). The tracer release methods
were improved over the course of the Hanford studies, and the question of
tracer deposition should be treated on a study-by-study basis.
24
-------
DOCUMENTATION - Hanford 67-Serles
This section provides a list of related documents for the Hanford 67-
Series data. References cited in this report may not be included in the
following documentation list, but they will be included in the reference list
at the end of the report.
The main reference for the data and documentation of the Hanford 67-Series
is:
Nickola, P. W. "The Hanford 67-Series: A Volume of Atmospheric Diffusion
Measurements." PNL-2433, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington,
1977. [This document is the published source of all the data contained in
Micrometeorological and Tracer Data Archive Sets 003, 004, 005, and 006.]
Other related documents of interest are:
Barad, M. L. and J. J. Fuquay (Eds.), The Green Glow Diffusion Program.
Geophysical Research Papers No. 73, Vols. I and II, AFCRL-62-251 (I and II),
Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, MA, [also as HW-71400 (I
and II), Hanford Laboratories, General Electric Co., Richland, Washington],
(I) Jan. and (II) Apr. 1962.
Dana, M. T., "Calibration of an Ultrasonic Nozzle for Aerosol Generation."
In: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1970 to the USAEC Division
of Biology and Medicine, Vol. II: Physical Sciences, Part I, Atmospheric
Sciences. BNWL-1551, Vol. II, Part 1: 98-101, Pacific Northwest Laboratory,
Richland, Washington, June 1971.
Eggleton, A. E. J. and N. Thompson, "Loss of Fluorescent Particles in
Atmospheric Diffusion Experiments by Comparison with Radio-xenon Tracer."
Nature 192:935-936, Dec. 1961.
Fuquay, J. J., and C. L. Simpson and W. T. Hinds, "Prediction of Environmental
Exposures from Sources Near the Ground Based on Hanford Experimental Data."
J. of Appl. Meteorol. 3(6) .-761-770, Dec. 1962.
Glantz, C. S., R. K. Woodruff, J. G. Droppo, "The Hanford 1964 Atmospheric
Boundary Layer Experiment, Micrometeorological and Tracer Set 002 Documentation
Report." EPA 600/3-85/055, 1985.
Green, H. L. and W. R. Lane, "Particulate Clouds: Dusts, Smokes and Mists."
E. & F. N. Spon, Ltd., London, England, 1957.
Hales, J. M. and Staff, Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1976,
to the ERDA Assistant Administrator for Environment and Safety, Part 3,
Atmospheric Sciences. BNWL-2100 PT3, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland,
Washington, August 1977. Pertinent reports previously issued in this series
are as follows:
25
-------
Annual Report for
1975 BNWL-2000, PT 3
1974 BNWL-1950, PT 3
1973 BNWL-1850, PT 3
1972 BNWL-1751, Vol. II, PT 1
1971 BNWL-1651, Vol. II, PT 1
1970 BNWL-1551, Vol. II, PT 1
1969 BNWL-1307, Vol. II, PT 1
1968 BNWL-1051, Vol.11, PT 1
1967 BNWL-715, Vol. II, PT 3
1966 BNWL-481, Vol. II, PT 1
1965 BNWL-235, Vol. I
1964 BNWL-36-I
1963 HW-81746
1962 HW-77609
1961 HW-73337
1960 HW-70050
Hinds, W. T., "On The Variance of Concentration in Plumes And Wakes."
BNWL-SA-1435, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 1967.
Hinds, W. T., "Peak-to-Mean Concentration Ratios from Ground Level Sources in
Building Wakes." Atmos. Environ., 3:145-156, 1969.
Irwin, J. S., "Estimating Plume Dispersion - A Comparison of Sigma Schemes."
J. of Climate and Appl. Meteor., 22:92-114, 1983.
Leighton, P. A., "The Stanford Fluorescent-Particle Tracer Technique." [Defense
Documentation Center, AD 91-94], Dept. of Chemistry, Stanford University,
Palo Alto, California, June 1955.
Leighton, P. A., W. A. Perkins, S. W. Grinnell and F. X. Webster, "The
Fluorescent Particle Atmospheric Tracer." J. Appl. Meteorol. 4(3):334-348,
June 1965.
Ludwick, J. D. and R. W. Perkins, "Liquid Scintillation Techniques Applied to
Counting Phosphorescence Emission." Anal. Chem. 33(9): 1230-1235, 1961.
Ludwick, J. D., "Dual Atmospheric Tracer Techniques for Diffusion Studies
Using Phosphorescence - Fluorescence Analysis." HW-70892, Hanford Atomic
Products Operation, General Electric Co., Richland, Washington, March 1961.
Ludwick, J. D., "Atmospheric Diffusion Studies with Fluorescein and Zinc Sulfide
Particles as Dual Tracers." J Geophys. Res. 71(6):1553-1558, Mar. 1966.
Ludwick, J. D., J. J. Lashock, R. E. Connally and P. W. Nickola, "Automatic
Real Time Air Monitoring of 85Kr Utilizing the 4096 Memory of a Multiparameter
Analyzer." Rev. Sci. Inst. 39(6):853-859, June 1968.
26
-------
Nickola, P. W. and M. F. Scoggins, "Atmospheric Tracer Technology." In:
Hanford Radiological Sciences Research and Development Annual Report for 1963,
HW-81746: 1.43-1.51, Hanford Atomic Products Operation, General Electric
Co., Richland, Washington, Jan. 1964.
Nickola, P. W., "Field Testing of a Fluorescein-Zinc Sulfide Dual Atmospheric
Tracer Technique." BNWL-103, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland,
Washington, Aug. 1965.
Nickola, P. W., J. V. Ramsdell, Jr., and J. D. Ludwick, "Detailed Time-Histories
of Concentrations Resulting from Puff and Short-Period Releases of an Inert
Radioactive Gas: A Volume of Atmospheric Diffusion Data." BNWL-1272, Pacific
Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, Feb. 1970.
Nickola, P. W., J. D. Ludwick and J. V. Ramsdell, Jr., "An Inert Gas Tracer
System for Monitoring the Real-Time History of a Diffusing Plume or Puff."
J. App. Meteorol. 9(4):621-626, Aug. 1970.
Nickola, P. W., "Measurements of the Movement, Concentration and Dimensions
of Clouds Resulting from Instantaneous Point Sources." J. Appl. Meteorol.
10(5):967-973, Oct. 1971.
Nickola, P. W., J. V. Ramsdell, C. S. Glantz and R. E. Kerns, "Hanford
Atmospheric Dispersion Data: 1960 Through June 1967." NUREG/CR-3456, PNL-4814,
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., 1983.
Ramsdell, J. V., C. S. Glantz, and R. E. Kerns, "Hanford Atmospheric Dispersion
Data: 1959-1974." Atmos. Environ., 19:83-86, 1985.
Rankin, M. 0., "A Zinc Sulfide Particle Detector." HW-55917, Hanford
Laboratories, General Electric Co., Richland, Washington, 1958.
Ratcliffe, C. A. and E. M. Sheen, "An Automatic Data Collection System for
Meteorological Tower Instrumentation." J. Appl. Meteorol. 3(6):807-809, Dec.
1964.
Robinson, E., J. A. MacLeod and C. E. Lapple, "A Meteorological Tracer Technique
Using Uranine Dye." J. of Meteorol. 16:63-67, Feb. 1959.
Sehmel, G. A., "Subisokinetic Sampling of Particles in an Air Stream."
BNWL-217, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington, Mar. 1966.
Simpson, C. L., "Some Measurements of Deposition of Matter and its Relation
to Diffusion from a Continuous Point Source in a Stable Atmosphere." Hanford
Atomic, Products Operation, HW-69292-REV-26PPE [Available from the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia], 1961.
Stein, F., N. Esman and M. Corn, "The Density of Uranine Aerosol Particles."
Am. Indust. Hyg. Ass. J. 27(5) .-428-430, Sept.-Oct. 1966.
27
-------
Stone, W. A.f and J. M. Thorp, 0. P. Gifford and D. J. Hoitink, "Climatology
Summary for the Hanford Area." PNL-4622, Pacific Northwest Laboratory,
Richland, Washington, 1983.
Wolf, M. A. and M. T. Dana, "Experimental Studies in Precipitation Scavenging."
In: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1968 to the USAEC Division
of Biology and Medicine, Vol. II: Physical Sciences, Part I, Atmospheric
Sciences, BNWL-1051, Part 1: 18-25, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland,
Washington, Nov. 1969.
28
-------
FILE DESCRIPTION
Overview
The Hanford 67-Series diffusion data are archived in six subsets as shown
below. The first subset contains summary information on all the diffusion
tests based on Table 2 in Nickola (1977). The next four subsets contain the
tracer concentration data from Nickola's Appendix A and comprise the bulk of
the data in the archive. The tracer concentration data are archived in four
subsets corresponding to natural divisions in the data. The sixth, and final
subset, contains profiles of meteorological conditions during the diffusion
tests based on data in Nickola's Appendix C.
CONTENTS OF M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3
SUBSET
NUMBER
CONTENTS
SOURCE
Summary information
on all tracer tests
Surface and tower tracer
concentration data for
D and C series tests,
Dl to D4, and Cl to C5
Surface concentration
data for U series,
U56 to U86
Surface and tower tracer
concentration data for
U series, U87 to U92
Surface and tower tracer
concentration data for
V series, VI to V8
Profiles of Meteor-
ological conditions
during tracer tests
Table 2 in
Nickola (1977)
Appendix A in
Nickola (1977)
Appendix A in
Nickola (1977)
Appendix A in
Nickola (1977)
Appendix A in
Nickola (1977)
Appendix C in
Nickola (1977)
The tracer concentration data in the second, third, fourth, and fifth
subsets all have exactly the same tabular format. As a result, the data maps
for all these subsets are identical with the exception of the record numbers
where they occur.
29
-------
The tracer concentration data appears sequentially by date in the archive.
All the tracer tests for test Dl occur first, followed by all the tracer data
for test D2, and so forth. The various tracer tests for each test period
appear in a consistent order. The order in which tracer data is presented is
zinc sulfide, fluorescein, rhodamine B, and krypton-85.
The series of tables given below describe the contents of M&T Data Archive
Set 3. These tables are data variables listing, data subset summary, data
subset variables listings, and data file characteristics.
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3
NAME
UNITS
RECORD DEFINITION
AZMANG
AZMANG
AZMANG
AZMANG
COMMENTS
COMMENTS
COMMENTS
CONCQ
CONCQ
CONCQ
CONCQ
CONCQ4
CONCQ4
CONCQ4
CONCQ4
CONCUQ
CONCUQ
CONCUQ
CONCUQ
CONCUQ4
CONCUQ4
CONCUQ4
CONCUQ4
DAY
DAY
DAY
DAY
DELTEMPHI
DELTEMPLO
DIST
DIST
\DEG
\DEG
\DEG
\DEG
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
XS/CU.M
XS/CU.M
\S/CU.M
\S/CU.M
\S/CU.M
XS/CU.M
XS/CU.M
XS/CU.M
Xl/SQ.M
Xl/SQ.M
Xl/SQ.M
Xl/SQ.M
Xl/SQ.M
Xl/SQ.M
Xl/SQ.M
Xl/SQ.M
XNO UNITS
\NO UNITS
XNO UNITS
XNO UNITS
\DEGF
\DEGF
\M
\M
\00382
\06646
X23876
X26754
\00392
\06656
X23886
\00385
X06649
X23879
X26757
\00389
\06653
X23883
X26761
\00386
\06650
X23880
X26758
\00390
\06654
X23884
X26762
\00366
X06630
X23860
X26738
\00232
\00231
\00375
X00387
XAzimuth angle for data on this line
\Azimuth angle for data on this line
XAzimuth angle for data on this line
XAzimuth angle for data on this line
XComments on run from Nickola (1977)
XComments on run from Nickola (1977)
XComments on run from Nickola (1977)
XE/Q, Normalized exposure
XE/Q, Normalized exposure
XE/Q, Normalized exposure
XE/Q, Normalized exposure
XE/Q, Crosswind integrated value
XE/Q, Crosswind integrated value
XE/Q, Crosswind integrated value
XE/Q, Crosswind integrated value
XEU/Q, Normalized exposure times wind
XEU/Q, Normalized exposure times wind
XEU/Q, Normalized exposure times wind
XEU/Q, Normalized exposure times wind
XEU/Q, Crosswind integrated value
XEU/Q, Crosswind integrated value
XEU/Q, Crosswind integrated value
XEU/Q, Crosswind integrated value
XDay of month
XDay of month
XDay of month
XDay of month
XTemperature difference 15 to 61 m
\Temperature difference 0.9 to 30 m
XMeasurement arc distance (typical)
\Measurement distance
speed
speed
speed
speed
30
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 (cont.)
NAME
DIST
DIST
DIST
DIST
DIST
DIST
DISTINNER
DISTOUTER
DURATIONF
DURATIONK
DURATIONR
DURATIONZ
ELEV
ELEV
ELEV
ELEV
EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
FACTOR
FACTOR
FACTOR
FACTOR
GRIDSOURC
HGTMEASUR
HGTMEASUR
HGTMEASUR
HGTMEASUR
HGTRELEAF
HGTRELEAK
HGTRELEAR
HGTRELEAZ
HGTTEMPEE
HGTTEMPEM
HGTUDIRE
HGTUDIRM
UNITS
\M
\M
\M
\M
\M
\M
\M
\M
\MIN
\MIN
\MIN
\MIN
\M
\M
\M
\M
\G*S/CU.M
\G*S/CU.M
\G*S/CU.M
\G*S/CU.M
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\M
\M
\M
\M
\M
\M
\FEET
\M
\FEET
\M
RECORD
\06639
\06651
\23869
\23881
\26747
\26759
\00222
\00223
\00216
\00220
\00218
\00214
\00373
\06637
\23867
\26745
\00384
\06648
\23878
\26756
\00379
\06643
\23873
\26751
\00213
\00383
\06647
\23877
\26755
\00217
\00221
\00219
\00215
\35306
\35304
\35321
\35319
DEFINITION
\Measurement arc distance (typical)
\Measurement distance
\Measurement arc distance (typical)
\Measurement distance
\Measurement arc distance (typical)
\Measurement distance
\Sampling distance from source,m - nearest
\Sampling distance from source, m - farthes
\Release duration for fluorescein
\Release duration for krypton-85
\Release duration for rhodamine B
\Release duration for Zinc Sulfide
\Elevation of tracer release
\Elevation of tracer release
\Elevation of tracer release
\Elevation of tracer release
\Exposure multiplied by FACTOR as defined
table
\Exposure multiplied by FACTOR as defined
table
\Exposure multiplied by FACTOR as defined
table
\Exposure multiplied by FACTOR as defined
table
\EXPOSURE multiplied by this factor
\EXPOSURE multiplied by this factor
\EXPOSURE multiplied by this factor
\EXPOSURE multiplied by this factor
\Grid source ( U = unstable grid, S = stab
\Measurement height for data
\Measurement height for data
\Measurement height for data
\Measurement height for data
\Release height for fluorescein
\Release height for krypton-85
\Release height for rhodamine B
\Release height for zinc sulfide
\ 9\TEMPERATU (air temperature) measuremen
heights
\ 9\TEMPERATU (air temperature) measuremen
heights
\13\UDIR (wind direc.) measurement heights
\13\UDIR (wind direc.) measurement heights
arc
t arc
for
for
for
for
le grid)
t
t
31
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 (cont.)
NAME UNITS RECORD DEFINITION
HGTUDSTDE
HGTUDSTDM
HGTUSPEED
HGTUSPEED
HGTUSPEED
HGTUSPEED
HGTUSPEED
HGTUSPEEE
LABELTEXT
MONTH
MONTH
MONTH
MONTH
REMARK
REMARK
REMARK
REMARK
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
SIGMAT1.5
SIGMAT62.
TEMPERATU
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TIMESTART
TIMESTART
TIMESTART
TIMESTART
TIMESTOP
TIMESTOP
TIMESTOP
TIMESTOP
\FEET
\M
\M
\M
\M ,
\M
\M
\FEET
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\SET
\SET
\SET
\SET
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS.
\NO UNITS
\DEG
\DEG
\DEG F
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\HHMM
\HHMM
\HHMM
\HHMM
\HHMM
\HHMM
\HHMM
\HHMM
\35329-
\35327
\00377
\06641
\23871
\26749
\35311
\35313
\35302
\00365
\06629
\23859
\26737
\00381
\06645
\23875
\26753
\00212
\00225
\00364
\06628
\23858
\26736
\35308
\35315
\35323
\35331
\00229
\00230
\35309
\00362
\06626
\23854
\26732
\00368
\06632
\23862
\26740
\00369
\06633
\23863
\26741
\13\UDSTD (wind direc. std. deviation) measurement
heights
\13\UDSTD (wind direc. std. deviation) measurement
heights
\Height for preceding wind speed
\Height for preceding wind speed
\Height for preceding wind speed
\Height for preceding wind speed
\11\USPEED (wind speed) measurement
\11\USPEED (wind speed) measurement
\Text label for table
\Month (text format)
\Month (text format)
\Month (text format) .
\Month (text format)
\REMARK as defined for SET
\REMARK as defined for SET
\REMARK as defined for SET
\REMARK as defined for SET
\Experiment run label
\Experiment run label
\Name of test run
\Name of test run
\Name of test run
\Name of test run
\Run
\Run
\Run
\Run
\Wind direction standard deviation
and Whitley V
\Wind direction standard deviation
\ 9\Air temperature profile
\HEADER
\HEADER
\HEADER
\HEADER
\Tracer release ~ start time
\Tracer release ~ start time
\Tracer release — start time
\Tracer release — start time
\Tracer release — end time
\Tracer release — end time
\Tracer release -- end time
\Tracer release ~ end time
heights
heights
1.5m, Beckman
62. m, Aerovane
32
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 (cont.)
NAME
TIMEZONE
TIMEZONE
TIMEZONE
TIMEZONE
TOWERNUM
TRACERNAM
TRACERNAM
TRACERNAM
TRACERNAM
UDIR
UDIR
UDSTD
UDSTD
USPEED
USPEED
USPEED
USPEED
USPEED1.5
USPEED61.
USPEEDA
USPEEDBW
YEAR
YEAR
YEAR
YEAR
UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\DEGREES
\DEGREES
\DEGREES
\DEGREES
\M/S
\M/S
\M/S
\M/S
\M/S
\M/S
\DEG F
\DEG F
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
RECORD
\00370
\06634
\23864
\26742
\00224
\00372
\06636
\23866
\26744
\35324
\35325
\35332
\35333
\00376
\06640
\23870
\26748
\00227
\00228
\35316
\35317
\00367
\06631
\23861
\26739
:========:
:===============================================
DEFINITION
\Time zone
\T1me zone
\Time zone
\T1me zone
\Total number of towers active (less for some
tracers)
\Name of tracer used
\Name of tracer used
\Name of tracer used
\Name of tracer used
\ 7\W1nd direction profile (Aerovanes)
\ 6\Wind direction profile (Beckman- Whit ley Vanes)
\ 7\Wind direction standard deviation profile
(Aerovanes)
\ 6\Wind direction standard deviation profile
(Beckman-Whitley Vanes)
\Wind speed
\Wind speed
\Wind speed
\Wind speed
\Mean wind speed measured at 1.5m
\Mean wind speed measured at 61. m
\ 6\Wind speed profile (Primarily Beckman-Whitley
Cups)
\ 5\Wind speed profile (Primarily Aerovanes)
\Year
\Year
\Year
\Year
33
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 - SUBSET 1
NAME
UNITS
RECORD DEFINITION
DELTEMPHI
DELTEMPLO
DISTINNER
DISTOUTER
DURATIONF
DURATIONK
DURATIONR
DURATION!
GRIDSOURC
HGTRELEAF
HGTRELEAK
HGTRELEAR
HGTRELEAZ
RUN
RUN
SIGMAT1.5
SIGMAT62.
TOWERNUM
USPEED1.5
USPEED61.
\DEGF
\DEGF
\M
\M
\MIN
\MIN
\MIN
\MIN
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\M
\M
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\DEG
\DEG
\NO UNITS
\M/S
\M/S
\00232
\00231
\00222
\00223
\00216
\00220
\00218
\00214
\00213
\00217
\00221
\00219
\00215
\00212
\00225
\00229
\00230
\00224
\00227
\00228
\Temperature difference 15 to 61 m
\Temperature difference 0.9 to 30 m
\Sampling distance from source, m - nearest arc
\Sampling distance from source ,m - farthest arc
\Release duration for fluorescein
\Release duration for krypton-85
\Release duration for rhodamine B
\Release duration for Zinc Sulfide
\Grid source ( U = unstable grid, S =
\Release height for fluorescein
\Release height for krypton-85
\Release height for rhodamine B
\Release height for zinc sulfide
\Experiment run label
\Experiment run label
Wind direction standard deviation 1.
and Whitley V
\Wind direction standard deviation 62
\Total number of towers active (less
tracers)
\Mean wind speed measured at 1.5m
\Mean wind speed measured at 61. m
stable grid)
5m, Beckman
.m, Aerovane
for some
34
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 - SUBSET 2
NAME
AZMANG
COMMENTS
CONCQ
CONCQ4
CONCUQ
CONCUQ4
DAY
DIST
DIST
ELEV
EXPOSURE
FACTOR
HGTMEASUR
HGTUSPEED
MONTH
REMARK
RUN
TEXT
TIMESTART
TIMESTOP
TIMEZONE
TRACERNAM
USPEED
YEAR
UNITS
\DEG
\NO UNITS
XS/CU.M
XS/CU.M
U/SQ.M
U/SQ.M
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\M
\G*S/CU.M
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\NO UNITS
\SET
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\HHMM
\HHMM
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\M/S
\NO UNITS
RECORD
\00382
\00392
\00385
\00389
\00386
\00390
\00366
\00375
\00387
\00373
\00384
\00379
\00383
\00377
\00365
\00381
\00364
\00362
\00368
\00369
\00370
\00372
\00376
\00367
:===============================================
DEFINITION
\Azimuth angle for data on this line
\Comments on run from Nickola (1977)
\E/Q, Normalized exposure
\E/Q,Crosswind integrated value
\EU/Q, Normalized exposure times wind speed
\EU/Q,Crosswind integrated value
\Day of month
\Measurement arc distance (typical)
\Measurement distance
\Elevation of tracer release
\Exposure multiplied by FACTOR as defined for
table
\EXPOSURE multiplied by this factor
\Measurement height for data
\Height for preceding wind speed
\Month (text format)
\REMARK as defined for SET
\Name of test run
\HEADER
\Tracer release -- start time
\Tracer release — end time
\Time zone
\Name of tracer used
\Wind speed
\Year
35
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 - SUBSET 3
NAME UNITS RECORD DEFINITION
AZMANG
COMMENTS
CONCQ
CONCQ4
CONCUQ
CONCUQ4
DAY
DIST
DIST
ELEV
EXPOSURE
FACTOR
HGTMEASUR
HGTUSPEED
MONTH
REMARK
RUN
TEXT
TIMESTART
TIMESTOP
TIMEZONE
TRACERNAM
USPEED
YEAR
\DEG
\NO UNITS
XS/CU.M
XS/CU.M
U/SQ.M
U/SQ.M
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\M
\G*S/CU.M
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\NO UNITS
\SET
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\HHMM
\HHMM
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\M/S
\NO UNITS
\06646
\06656
\06649
\06653
\06650
\06654
\06630
\06639
\06651
\06637
\06648
\06643
\06647
\06641
\06629
\06645
\06628
\06626
\06632
\06633
\06634
\06636
\06640
\06631
\Azimuth angle for data on this line
\Comments on run from Nickola (1977)
\E/Q, Normalized exposure
\E/Q,Crosswind integrated value
\EU/Q, Normalized exposure times wind
\EU/Q,Crosswind integrated value
\Day of month
\Measurement arc distance (typical)
\Measurement distance
\Elevation of tracer release
\Exposure multiplied by FACTOR as defi
table
\EXPOSURE multiplied by this factor
\Measurement height for data
\Height for preceding wind speed
\Month (text format)
\REMARK as defined for SET
\Name of test run
\HEADER
\Tracer release — start time
\Tracer release — end time
\Time zone
\Name of tracer used
Wind speed
\Year
speed
ned for
=============================================================================
36
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 - SUBSET 4
NAME UNITS RECORD DEFINITION
AZMANG
COMMENTS
CONCQ
CONCQ4
CONCUQ
CONCUQ4
DAY
DIST
DIST
ELEV
EXPOSURE
FACTOR
HGTMEASUR
HGTUSPEED
MONTH
REMARK
RUN
TEXT
TIMESTART
TIMESTOP
TIMEZONE
TRACERNAM
USPEED
YEAR
\DEG
\NO UNITS
XS/CU.M
\S/CU.M
U/SQ.M
U/SQ.M
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\M
\G*S/CU.M
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\NO UNITS
\SET
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\HHMM
\HHMM
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\M/S
\NO UNITS
\238-76
\23886
\23879
\23883
\23880
\23884
\23860
\23869
\23881
\23867
\23878
\23873
\23877
\23871
\23859
\23875
\23858
\23854
\23862
\23863
\23864
\23866
\23870
\23861
\Azimuth angle for data on this line
\Comments on run from Nickola (1977)
\E/Q, Normalized exposure
\E/Q,Crosswind integrated value
\EU/Q, Normalized exposure times wind
\EU/Q,Crosswind integrated value
\Day of month
\Measurement arc distance (typical)
\Measurement distance
\Elevation of tracer release
speed
\Exposure multiplied by FACTOR as defined for
table
\EXPOSURE multiplied by this factor
\Measurement height for data
\Height for preceding wind speed
\Month (text format)
\REMARK as defined for SET
\Name of test run
\HEADER
\Tracer release — start time
\Tracer release ~ end time
\Time zone
\Name of tracer used
Wind speed
\Year
37
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 - SUBSET 5
NAME
AZMANG
CONCQ
CONCQ4
CONCUQ
CONCUQ4
DAY
DIST
DIST
ELEV
EXPOSURE
FACTOR
HGTMEASUR
HGTUSPEED
MONTH
REMARK
RUN
TEXT
TIMESTART
TIMESTOP
TIMEZONE
TRACERNAM
USPEED
YEAR
UNITS
\DEG
XS/CU.M
XS/CU.M
U/SQ.M
U/SQ.M
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\M
\G*S/CU.M
\NO UNITS
\M
\M
\NO UNITS
\SET
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\HHMM
\HHMM
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\M/S
\NO UNITS
RECORD
\26754
\26757
\26761
\26758
\26762
\26738
\26747
\26759
\26745
\26756
\26751
\26755
\26749
\26737
\26753
\26736
\26732
\26740
\26741
\26742
\26744
\26748
\26739
DEFINITION
\Azimuth angle for data on this line
\E/Q, Normalized exposure
\E/Q,Crosswind integrated value
\EU/Q, Normalized exposure times wind speed
\EU/Q,Crosswind integrated value
\Day of month
\Measurement arc distance (typical)
\Measurement distance
\Elevation of tracer release
\Exposure multiplied by FACTOR as defined for
table
\EXPOSURE multiplied by this factor
\Measurement height for data
\Height for preceding wind speed
\Month (text format)
\REMARK as defined for SET
\Name of test run
\HEADER
\Tracer release — start time
\Tracer release — end time
\Time zone
\Name of tracer used
\Wind speed
\Year
38
-------
DATA VARIABLES LISTING FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3 - SUBSET 6
NAME
UNITS
RECORD DEFINITION
HGTTEMPEE
HGTTEMPEM
\FEET
\M
\35306
\35304
\
\
9UEMPERATU
heights
9\TEMPERATU
(air
(air
temperature)
temperature)
measurement
measurement
HGTUDIRE
HGTUDIRM
HGTUDSTDE
\FEET
\M
\FEET
HGTUDSTDM \M
HGTUSPEED
HGTUSPEEE
LABELTEXT
RUN
RUN
RUN
RUN
TEMPERATU
UDIR
\M
\FEET
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\NO UNITS
\DEG F
\DEGREES
\35311
\35313
\35302
\35308
\35315
\35323
\35331
\35309
\35324
UDIR
UDSTD
UDSTD
USPEEDA
USPEEDBW
\DEGREES
\DEGREES
\DEGREES
\DEG F
\DEG F
heights
\35321 \13\UDIR (wind direc.) measurement heights
\35319 \13\UDIR (wind direc.) measurement heights
\35329 \13\UDSTD (wind direc. std. deviation) measurement
heights
\35327 \13\UDSTD (wind direc. std. deviation) measurement
heights
\11\USPEED (wind speed) measurement heights
\11\USPEED (wind speed) measurement heights
\Text label for table
\Run
\Run
\Run
\Run
\ 9\Air temperature profile
\ 7\Wind direction profile (Aerovanes)
\35325 \ 6\Wind direction profile (Beckman-Whitley Vanes)
\35332 \ 7\Wind direction standard deviation profile
(Aerovanes)
\35333 \ 6\Wind direction standard deviation profile
(Beckman-Whitley Vanes)
\35316 \ 6\Wind speed profile (Primarily Beckman-Whitley
Cups)
\35317 \ 5\Wind speed profile (Primarily Aerovanes)
39
-------
HEADER FILE OF DATA TAPE, MICROMETEOROLOGICAL AND TRACER DATA ARCHIVE SET
NUMBER 3, REVISION 1, HANFORD-67 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION EXPERIMENTS
TAPE
FILE
FILE#1
FILE#2
FILE#3
FILEI4
FILE#5
FILE
CONTENTS
HEADER FILE,
DOCUMENTATION REP.
VARIABLES LIST
EXPER. SUMMARY (SES)
HANFORD-67 DATA
BLOCK
SIZE
BYTES
2600
2600
2600
2600
2600
LOGICAL
RECORD
LENGTH
130
130
130
130
130
LINES
PER
BLOCK
20
20
20
20
20
FILE
TOTAL
LINES
13
3565
61
135
35588
FILE
TOTAL
CHAR
ODD
CHECK-
SUM
EVEN
CHECK-
SUM
(Checksum Is sum of print
able ASCII bytes on each
line excluding trailing
blanks on the right.)
2317562 28641 43028
40
-------
REVISION LOG FOR M&T DATA ARCHIVE SET 3
ARCHIVE REVISION
NUMBER NUMBER DATE NOTES
003 000 04-30-86 Draft Data Archive
003 001 09-02-86 Final Data Archive
41
-------
CONTACTS - Hanford-67 Series
Clifford S. Glantz
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories
P.O. Box 999
Rich!and, WA 99352
509/376-8753
J. Van Ramsdell
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories
P.O. Box 999
Richland, WA 99352
509/376-8626
42
-------
STANDARD EXPERIMENT SUMMARY
The following is a list of values for variables of common interest in
studies of this type that may be used to determine the relative utility of
the Subject data set or individual runs within the data set. This list does
not represent all variables in the Hanford-67 Series data set. The full nature
of the data set is outlined above and is defined precisely in the data map.
The tables below are based on the summary table given by Nickola (1977).
SUMMARY OF HANFORD-67 SERIES TESTS
TRACER ZN-SUL FLUORO RHOD-B KRY-85 MEAS. MEAS. ACTIVE
CLOSE FAR NUMBER
RUN TIME HT TIME HT TIME HT TIME HT DIST. DIST. OF
# RUN GRID min m min m min m min m m m TOWERS
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Dl
D2
D3
D4
Cl
C2
C3
C4
C5
U56
U57
U58
U59
U60
U61
U62
U63
U64
U65
U66
U67
U68
U69
U70
U71
S 30
S 30
S 30
S 16
S 0
S 0
S 0
S 0
S 20
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
U 30
002
002
002
002
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
30 002
30 002
30 002
16 002
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
30 26
30 26
30 26
30 2
30 2
15 2
20 2
25 2
20 2
30 2
30 2
30 2
30 2
0 0
30 2
15 56
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
15
14
10
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
001
001
001
001
001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
400
400
800
800
800
800
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
3200
3200
3200
3200
800
800
800
800
800
3200
3200
3200
12800
12800
12800
12800
12800
7000
12800
7000
7000
12800
12800
12800
12800
20
20
20
20
6
6
6
6
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43
-------
SUMMARY OF HANFORD-67 SERIES TESTS (cont.)
TRACER ZN-SUL FLUORO RHOD-B KRY-85 MEAS. MEAS. ACTIVE
CLOSE FAR NUMBER
RUN TIME HT TIME HT TIME HT TIME HT DIST. DIST. OF
# RUN GRID m1n m min m min m min m m m TOWERS
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
U72
U73
U74
U75
U76
U77
U78
U79
U80
U81
U82
U83
U84
U85
U86
U87
U88
U89
U90
U91
U92
VI
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V8
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 111
U 30 111
U 30 111
U 26 111
U 30 111
U 30 111
U 30 111
U 30 111
U 30 111
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 29 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 30 26
U 10 26
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
0
30
30
0
16
30
4
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
0
56
56
0
56
56
56
56
56
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
30
30
31
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
26
26
26
26
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
0
30
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
0
0
26
26
26
0
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
7000
12800
7000
12800
7000
12800
7000
12800
3200
12800
12800
7000
12800
12800
12800
12800
12800
12800
12800
12800
12800
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
3200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
20
20
17
20
20
20
20
44
-------
SUMMARY OF HANFORD-67 SERIES TESTS (cont.)
RUN
1
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
RUN
Dl
D2
D3
D4
Cl
C2
C3
C4
C5
U56
U57
U58
U59
U60
U61
U62
U63
U64
U65
U66
U67
U68
U69
U70
U71
WIND
AT 1.5m
m/s
1.1
1.6
2.4
1.2
1.2
3.9
7.6
3.8
2.6
1.6
1.3
2.9
1.8
1.2
5.0
5.2
2.9
1.4
2.7
1.3
2.1
2.1
2.6
4.6
1.5
SPEED
AT 61m
m/s
3.9
6.6
4.7
4.8
5.8
999.0
999.0
999.0
7.5
6.0
3.4
6.9
3.9
5.7
10.1
9.2
7.5
5.3
6.7
3.9
5.3
6.0
5.8
8.7
4.3
SIGMA-THETA
AT 1.5. AT 61m
deg deg
22
10
33
37
7
6
10
13
7
22
9
8
15
14
6
6
6
5
15
31
11
13
9
8
15
10
5
17
4
3
999
999
999
3 •
5
4
6
8
6
3
6
2
2
7
9
5
4
5
5
11
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
BETWEEN HEIGHTS OF
.9-30m 15-16m
deg F deg F
1.7
6.4
1.9
1.3
6.9
-1.6
-3.2
-4.6
1.0
2.1
5.9
1.7
1.3
4.1
0.4
-0.4
1.2
6.7
0.5
2.6
0.2
1.4
0.6
0.1
1.3
0.7
2.0
0.6
0.6
6.9
-1.2
-2.4
-2.3
999.0
2.3
0.7
0.6
0.1
1.5
0.0
-0.5
0.6
5.5
0.1
1.7
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.3
45
-------
SUMMARY OF HANFORD-67 SERIES TESTS (cont.)
RUN
#
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
WIND SPEED
AT 1.5m AT 61m
RUN m/s m/s
U72
U73
U74
U75
U76
U77
U78
U79
U80
U81
U82
U83
U84
U85
U86
U87
U88
U89
U90
U91
U92
VI
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V8
1.9
2.7
1.7
1.3
3.2
1.6
3.8
1.9
0.9
2.8
1.1
1.5
0.9
3.0
0.8
1.0
1.3
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
3.5
2.8
2.5
1.8
1.2
2.9
3.2
1.8
6.2
6.7
6.5
2.5
7.2
3.7
7.4
6.8
2.9
7.1
4.5
6.7
5.1
8.3
5.0
3.6
7.6
3.1
4.3
3.8
4.8
6.1
4.9
4.3
2.9
7.4
8.8
4.6
3.4
SIGMA-THETA
AT 1.5. AT 61m
cleg deg
20
8
10
6
9
9
6
7
16
14
22
7
11
13
11
30
11
26
13
12
8
14
12
10
11
14
6
20
9
5
4
3
8
5
4
2
4
7
11
5
3
5
6
5
17
3
14
6
10
4
8
11
8
5
3
4
19
4
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
BETWEEN HEIGHTS OF
.9-30m 15-16m
deg F deg F
2.1
0.9
2.3
5.4
0.8
0.3
-0.5
2.5
6.7
1.3
6.3
6.1
2.0
-0.4
5.4
5.4
2.0
5.9
6.6
2.8
3.4
-3 ,,4
-1.0
-2.1
-0.2
4.9
1.7
-4..1
-0..9
1.1
0.7
1.3
3.9
0.8
0.0
-0.3
2.1
3.4
1.3
3.1
5.2
1.2
1.3
2.3
1.7
4.2
1.0
0.5
1.2
1.1
-1.6
-1.0
-1.4
-1.2
3.3
2.1
-2.0
-0.7
46
-------
REFERENCES
Barad, M. L. and J. J. Fuquay (Eds.). The Green Glow Diffusion Program.
Geophysical Research Papers No. 73, Vols. I and II, AFCRL-62-251 (I and II),
Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, Massachusetts, (also as
HW-71400 (I and II), Hanford Laboratories, General Electric Co., Richland,
Washington), (I) Jan. and (II) Apr. 1962.
Dana, M. T. Calibration of an Ultrasonic Nozzle for Aerosol Generation. Pacific
Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1970 to the USAEC Division of Biology
and Medicine, Vol. II: Physical Sciences, Part I, Atmospheric Sciences.
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Ludwlck, J. D. Atmosperhic Diffusion Studies with Fluorescein and Zinc Sulfide
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Wolf, M. A. and M. T. Dana. Experimental Studies in Precipitation Scavenging.
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