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EPA-450/3-77-009
AMBIENT MONITORING
ALOFT OF OZONE
AND PRECURSORS
NEAR AND DOWNWIND
OF ST. LOUIS
by
C.E. Decker, J.J.B. Worth, L.A. Ripperton,
and W.D. Bach
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Contract No. 68-02-2391
EPA Project Officer: Edwin L. Meyer, Jr.
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
January 1977
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to re-
port technical data of interest to a limited number of readers.
Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizationsas supplies
permitfrom the Air Pollution Technical Information Center,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711; or, for a fee, from the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency
by Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, N.C., in
fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-2391. The contents of this re-
port are reproduced herein as received from Research Triangle
Institute. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are
those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Mention of company or product names is not to
be considered as an endorsement by the Environmental Protection
Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-77-009
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES iv
ABSTRACT v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi
Section
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 2
2.0 PROJECT DaVINCI II 3
2.1 Air Quality Measurements 3
2.1.1 DaVinci II Measurements 3
2.1.2 RTI Measurements 5
2.2 Flight Description 8
2.3 Meteorological Considerations 13
3.0 PRELIMINARY RESULTS 15
4.0 TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS 23
5.0 REFERENCES 25
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A. RTI Air Quality Data (Measurements Prior to
DaVinci II Flight) 27
APPENDIX B. RTI Air Quality Data (Intransit Measurements
During DaVinci II Flight) 45
APPENDIX C. Hydrocarbon and Halocarbon Analysis Results
for Grab Samples Collected Aboard DaVinci II 51
APPENDIX 1). Quality Control Program for Hydrocarbon
Sampling 55
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1 DaVinci II balloon and gondola. 4
2 Photograph of gondola and scientific equipment. 4
3 RTI Environmental Monitoring Laboratory onsite at
Arrowhead Airport. 6
4 DaVinci II flight track - June 8 (0857) to June 8
(2120), 1976. 9
5 DaVinci II flight track - June 8 (0857) to June 9
(0905), 1976. 10
6 RTI mobile van track - June 8 (0902) to June 9
(2111), 1976. 11
7 RTI mobile van track - June 8 (2111) to June 9
(0905), 1976. 12
8 RTI mobile van located adjacent to gondola for post-
flight calibration of DaVinci II analyzers. 13
9 Hourly average ozone concentrations at Arrowhead
Airport (June 1 to June 8, 1976). 16
10 Airborne and ground-level ozone concentrations during
the flight of DaVinci II (June 8-9, 1976). 18
11 Histogram plot of acetylene, isopentane, and Freon 11
concentrations for samples collected onboard the DaVinci
balloon. 20
12 Histogram plot of total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide,
and Z NMHC concentrations for samples collected onboard
the DaVinci II balloon. 21
LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1 Instrumentation and calibration procedures 7
IV
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ABSTRACT
The objectives of this project were to collect air chemistry data in
a Lagrangian frame of reference and to provide quality control for measure-
ments during the Project DaVinci II flight. Project DaVinci II was a
balloon-borne air chemistry experiment sponsored by ERDA and conducted in
the vicinity of St. Louis during the period June 8 to June 9, 1976.
Measurements of constituents (e.g., 0 , NO , SO , SO , and hydrocarbon
compounds) and meteorological variables were conducted onboard the DaVinci II
system and at ground level utilizing several chase vehicles, including the
RTI Environmental Monitoring Laboratory. The DaVinci II balloon was launched
from Arrowhead Airport, at 0857 on June 8, 24 kilometers west of St. Louis.
For the next 24 hours the balloon drifted south, then turned north, and
finally eastward across the southern Illinois plains before landing at
0905 on June 9 in a wheatfield in southwestern Indiana.
Ozone concentrations measured at flight altitude (~ 800 m) during the
3
nocturnal portion of the flight ranged from 230 to 290 yg/m until the monitor
was turned off at 0700 the next morning. Ozone concentrations at the ground
3
showed a rapid decrease with nightfall to a minimum of approximately 60 yg/m .
General meteorological conditionsa subsidence inversion aloft and a strong
radiative inversion based at the groundwere nearly ideal for long distance
transport aloft of ozone and precursors at night. The occurrence of high
3
ozone concentrations (> 250 yg/m ) on the morning of June 9 in a rural area
in southwestern Indiana was attributed to long-distance transport of ozone
in an urban plume from St. Louis, Missouri. This report is based on a
preliminary examination of ozone data collected during the DaVinci II flight.
A more detailed analysis and evaluation of all data collected during the
flight will be conducted in the near future under a separate contract.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was conducted by Research Triangle Institute (RTI),
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, under Contract No. 68-02-2391 for
the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The support of this
agency is gratefully acknowledged as is the advice and guidance of the
Project Officer, E. L. Meyer, Jr., and other staff members of the Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Work on this project was performed by staff members of the Systems arid
Measurements Division of RTI under the general direction of Mr. J. J. B.
Worth, Group III Vice President. Mr. Worth was Laboratory Supervisor for
this program. Mr. C. E. Decker served as Project Leader and was responsible
for the coordination and conduct of the program. Staff members of RTI who
contributed to the field measurement program and to the preparation of this
report are listed in alphabetical order: Dr. W. D. Bach, Mr. C. E. Decker,
Mr. R. B. Denyszyn, Mr. R. W. Murdoch, D. L. A. Ripperton, Mr. J. A.
Scheibe, and Mr. J. J. B. Worth.
VI
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Previous studies of nonurban ozone concentrations have led to the con-
clusion that nonurban ozone is significantly affected by long-range transport
of ozone (refs. 1,2). These studies have suggested that the unique precur-
sor, synthesis, destruction, and transport conditions within a high-pressure
system are conducive to the transport of ozone in large concentrations for
long distances. At night the radiative temperature inversion develops,
stabilizes the air, and inhibits vertical transfer processes. The inversion
effectively insulates the ozone aloft from destruction by contact with the
surface or by reaction with ozone-destructive agents (NO, N0~) that may be
emitted near the ground. Overnight, the air is transported further down-
wind and diffused horizontally. With the advent of solar heating, the
radiative inversion is destabilized from the ground up while ozone is being
synthesized, until the inversion is broken. Vertical mixing is no longer
inhibited and ozone-rich air from aloft may be brought to the ground.
The role of urban ozone and its interactions with rural air quality
background levels through transport and diffusion is important for strategy
decisions relating to regional air quality control. One of the specific
questions yet to be answered is, "How do urban ozone and associated precur-
sors affect the observed high levels of rural oxidant?" The basic strategy
question is whether urban hydrocarbon control will affect oxidant concen-
trations equally in the city and in the downwind rural areas.
To examine the question of urban transport, it is necessary to trace
or move with an air parcel from a highly urban background into a "relatively
clean" rural location. An opportunity for such a definitive field experiment
existed this summer in association with a scheduled ERDA (Energy Research
and Development Administration) experiment, Project DaVinci II.
Project DaVinci II was a manned, balloon-borne scientific experiment
conducted in St. Louis, Missouri, in early June to study the behavior of
air pollutants in the lower atmosphere. The primary emphasis of the experi-
ment was focused upon the chemical processes by which gaseous effluents from
urban areas are transformed into more hazardous pollutants in the atmosphere
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while being transported away from an urban area. Studies of the transforma-
tion of gaseous SO into sulfate (SO.) aerosols in the presence of other
gases were the principal justification for the flight. Measurements of ozone
and ozone precursors in the urban plume were also made to determine changes
in their relative proportions in space and time as the balloon drifted
nearly with the wind.
The balloon-borne measurement program provided an excellent opportunity
to investigate the atmospheric chemistry associated with the long-distance
transport of ozone. It offered these distinct advantages:
(1) Air quality measurements could be made in a Lagrangian frame of
reference (i.e., within a moving air parcel).
(2) The results of chemical processes occurring in an urban air
parcel could be continuously monitored over the time interval
of transport.
(3) Continuous airborne sampling could be conducted within a layer
of air bounded aloft by the subsidence inversion and below by the
ground-based radiation inversion.
(4) This experiment provides the needed data to uniquely document
the contribution of a single city's effluvia to the background
pollution levels within a given air parcel.
1.2 Objectives
The primary objective of the EPA-RTI participation in Project DaVinci
II was to document the role of urban ozone transport and its interactions
with rural air quality background levels by the collection of air chemistry
data in a Lagrangian frame of reference. The secondary objective was to
provide quality control for air quality measurements during the experiment.
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2.0 PROJECT DaVINCI II
The DaVinci II system consists of a double-decked gondola approximately
3 meters square; a 22-m suspension harness that connects the gondola with
the 22-m-diameter balloon; power bay, instrumentation, and telemetry systems;
data receiving systems for the chase vehicles; and navigational and life
support equipment for a crew of four. The payload can be as much as 2955 kg
using the gondola and balloon described. The system was designed to permit
several days of flight for a crew of four with approximately 909 kg of
scientific equipment and power supply onboard.
The flight used an especially worthy and proven balloon (figure 1) that
is constructed of a double layer of clean, 2-mil polyethylene and that has a
3
nominal volume of about 186,000 ft . It has a diameter of about 22 m, a
gore length of 36 m, and 49 load-bearing tapes of 450 kg test. Helium was
used as the lifting gas. Two valves at the balloon apex were operated on
separate electrical systems to vent helium as needed to assist in controlling
the altitude of the balloon. Figure 1 is a picture of the inflated balloon
and gondola just prior to launch.
The gondola was constructed by the Grumman Aircraft Corporation and
certified as airworthy by FAA. It is 3 m square and double tiered. It was
especially designed to protect crew and equipment in event of rough landing
and yet be used again. The lower deck has about 1 m of head room and is
used for batteries, supplies, ballast, life support equipment, and crew
sleeping quarters. The upper deck is fiberglass and is used for flight
operations and for conducting the scientific experiments. The bottom of the
gondola is equipped with a layer of about 0.5-m thickness of impact material
or "crush pads" to provide shock absorption in landings. Scientific
equipment is located throughout the flight train. A closeup photograph of
the gondola and supporting scientific instrumentation is shown in figure 2.
2.1 Air Quality Measurements
2.1.1 DaVinci II Measurements
The following measurements applicable to the study of atmospheric ozone
or ozone precursors were made aboard the gondola of the balloon system by
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Figure 1. DaVinci II balloon and gondola.
Figure 2. Photograph of gondola and scientific equipment.
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the indicated participating organization*:
Spectrometer measurements of ultraviolet and visible solar flux (SL);
ozone (SL, ASL); grab samples for post-flight analyses of CO, NO (SL) ,
light hydrocarbons, C? to C,, and halocarbons (SL, RTI, WSU); temperature,
pressure, water vapor (ASL); relative air velocity (AVC).
Ozone concentration measurements (ASL) and eddy diffusivity measurements
(AVC) were made on an unmanned "down package" suspended below the gondola.
The project protocols called for aircraft measurements of SO , 0 , NO,
NO SO,, temperature, dew point temperature, eddy diffusivity and condensa-
tion nuclei by Washington University (St. Louis). These measurements were
intended to describe the areal variability of the environment about the
moving gondola.
At the ground level, a pair of acoustic sounders (Argonne National
Laboratory) followed and anticipated the track of the balloon in a leap-frog
fashion to measure the thermal structure of the planetary boundary layer.
The RTI mobile van, instrumented to measure 0 , NO, NO , SO , THC, CH , and
CO and temperature, followed the balloon track from launch to landing, and
provided calibration of the balloon instrumentation before and after the
flight.
2.1.2 RTI Measurements
2.1.2.1 Ground Level Measurements
Continuous ozone, nitrogen oxide (NO, NO ), and sulfur dioxide measure-
X
ments and continual (i.e., once every 5 minutes) measurements for THC, CH,,
and CO were made aboard the RTI Environmental Monitoring Laboratory (RTI-
EML) for an approximately 16-day period prior to the launch of the DaVinci
II balloon and during the actual flight. For that period, the RTI-EML was
parked at Arrowhead Airport, located approximately 24 kilometers west of
St. Louis. Sample air was aspirated through a Teflon tube-glass manifold
system from a height of 10 m. Figure 3 shows the RTI-EML onsite at Arrowhead
Airport prior to the launch of DaVinci II. During the in-transit measurement
*SL - Sandia Laboratories; ASL - U.S. Army Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory;
WSU - Washington State University; AVC - AeroVironment Corporation.
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Figure 3. RTI Environmental Monitoring Laboratory onsite at
Arrowhead Airport.
period, sample air was provided to the instruments through a Teflon-glass
manifold. Its inlet was located approximately 3.5 m from the ground and
extended 1 m in front of the RTI-EML. Theoretical calculations and extensive
road tests were conducted to insure that effects due to aerodynamic charac-
teristics of the RTI-EML and vehicular exhausts on the ambient air sample
3
were minimized. A minimum flow of 0.1 m /min was maintained through the
manifold at all times.
Instrumentation and calibration procedures used to obtain ambient air
measurements prior to the flight and in transit during the flight for the
above mentioned pollutants are summarized in table 1. Appropriate quality
control procedures and sufficient instrument calibrations were performed
to obtain high quality data. Quality control procedures included verifica-
tion of calibration procedures, standards, and operating procedures;
performing dynamic calibrations and checks; maintaining adequate records to
describe instrument performance; and thorough training of the instrument
technicians.
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Table 1. Instrumentation and calibration procedures
Parameter
Instrument
Calibration procedure
°3
so2
NO, NO
x
THC, CM, CO
Bendix Chemiluminescent
Thermo-Electron Pulsed-
Fluorescent
Bendix Chemiluminescent
Beckman 6800 Air Quality
Chromatograph
NBKI Method; Gas
Phase Titration
NBS Permeation Tube
NBS SRM (NO in N2)
Gas Phase Titration
for NO
x
CH^ and CO in certi-
fied cylinders
(aluminum construc-
tion)
2.1.2.2 Balloon-Borne Measurements
Instrumentation and equipment were installed on board the DaVinci
gondola by RTI for the collection of integrated samples in Tedlar bags at
hourly intervals for subsequent selected hydrocarbon and halocarbon analyses
at RTI.
Detailed hydrocarbon analyses were performed on grab samples collected
during the flight of DaVinci using a modified Perkin-Elmer Model 900 gas
chromatograph coupled to a Hewlett-Packard Model 2100A computer. Ten
hydrocarbons were analyzed:
ethylene/ethane n-butene
acetylene
propane
propylene
isobutane
Separation of the
1-butene
trans-2-butene
isopentane
cyclopentane
C hydrocarbons were made on a 1.8-m x 0.15-cm
i.d. Durapak n-octane (100-120 mesh) column that was operated at 23° C. The
sum of the 10 nonmethane hydrocarbons analyzed above was computed for each
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grab sample collected on board the DaVinci II system and is hereafter
referred to as Z NMHC. Methane and carbon monoxide concentrations were
measured on each grab sample using a Beckman 6800 Air Quality Chromatograph.
Freon 11 and Freon 12 analyses were performed on grab samples collected
during the DaVinci flight using a Perkin-Elmer Model 900 gas chromatograph
with electron-capture detector. These compounds were separated on a 2-m
glass column-packed with Chromosorb W-H.P. and coated with 10 percent DC-200.
2.2 Flight Description
On June 8, 1976, at 0857 CDT, the DaVinci II balloon was launched from
Arrowhead Airport, 15 miles west of St. Louis, Missouri. For the next 24
hours the balloon drifted south, then turned north, and finally eastward
across the southern Illinois plains before landing in a wheatfield in
southwestern Indiana (see figures 4 and 5). Figure 4 shows the flight
track of the DaVinci II balloon for the first 12 hours in and about the
St. Louis area. Figure 5 shows the entire flight track of the balloon from
launch at Arrowhead Airport to touchdown in Indiana. The flight ended at
0905 CDT on June 9, 1976. During the flight, airborne air chemistry and
meteorological measurements were made aboard the main manned gondola and an
unmanned "down package" suspended 61.5 m below the gondola. Several sup-
porting aircraft, acoustic sounders, and a mobile van followed the balloon,
gathering air quality and meteorological data at flight level and at ground
level beneath the gondola.
During the 24-hour flight, the RTI-EML was used to obtain measurements
of ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, total hydrocarbons, methane, and
carbon monoxide at ground level approximately along and underneath the
balloon track. Figures 6 and 7 show ground tracks for the RTI-EML plotted
on the same scale as those for the balloon track shown in figures 4 and 5.
With the exception of a 2-1/2 hour period of time early in the morning
(~ 0300 to 0600) on June 9, 1976, the RTI-EML was in visual and radio contact
with the DaVinci II balloon. At the conclusion of the flight (0905 CDT,
June 9, 1976), the RTI-EML was within 0.8 km of the landing site. The RTI-
EML was then brought adjacent to the DaVinci balloon for postcalibration
of the Dasibi ozone monitor that was flown aboard the balloon (figure 8).
8
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Figure 8. RTI mobile van located adjacent to gondola for post-flight
calibration of DaVinci II analyzers.
Postcalibration of the analyzer indicated that the analyzer response was
within 3 percent of the preflight calibration.
Each participating organization in Project DaVinci II is responsible
for prompt analysis and interpretation of its own experimental data. A
central clearing point for transfer of data among participants has been
established to facilitate the data exchanges. Since data availability is
beyond the control of RTI, the only data included in this report are the
air quality data obtained aboard the RTI-EML and the results of hydrocarbon
and halocarbon analyses on grab samples collected aboard the balloon.
2.3 Meteorological Considerations
For several days prior to the DaVinci II flight, a high pressure system
dominated the circulation of the midwestern United States. From a position
near Vandalia, Illinois, at 0300 on June 7, the high center drifted west
southwestward over St. Louis at 0900 on June 7 enroute to the Springfield,
Missouri, area, arriving there at 0300 on the morning of June 8. The system
13
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remained nearly stationary for the next 36 hours. Throughout this period
the central pressure tended to decrease and the circulation on the north and
western portions became stronger as a trough of low pressure advanced east-
ward from the western plains. At 850 mb, (1,500 m, 5,000 ft) and at 700 mb
(~ 3,000 m, 10,000 ft) a high pressure center also migrated to the south
southwestward with the surface high. The persistence of a high pressure
system aloft helped keep skies of the lower atmosphere clear, enhancing
radiational cooling at the ground. Nighttime temperatures at weather
stations in southern Illinois fell to the 13-16° C range on the night
preceding the flight and the night of the flight. Those temperatures,
coupled with afternoon temperatures 11° C higher, indicate strong radiational
cooling at night and an active, unstable boundary layer during the day.
The surface winds at Lambert Field (St. Louis) shifted from an easterly
component through calm and into a westerly and southwesterly direction as the
high pressure center moved across the area. After 0900 June 8, surface
winds at Lambert Field remained out of the southwest at 5 knots. At launch
time, winds at the ground over southern Illinois were northwesterly to
northerly, with the high center near Springfield, Missouri. Six hours later,
wind flow was poorly defined as the area lay in a ridge of high pressure.
Nighttime circulation patterns at the ground suggest a weak (< 5 knots),
anticyclonic flow from the north through northwest.
The Salem, Illinois, rawinsonde station, 80 km east of St. Louis,
showed a northeasterly wind at 5 knots at 850 mb (1,558 m) 2 hours before
launch time. At 1900 CDT, on June 8, the wind turned to the north and
increased in speed to 10 knots. By the morning of June 9, the wind direction
at Salem had reversed, becoming south southwest at 10 knots at 850 mb.
Special rawinsonde releases were made at hourly intervals at the Peoria and
Salem, Illinois locations. Those data have not been obtained yet, but
should contain greater detail on the structure of the planetary boundary
layer.
14
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3.0 PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Prior to the launch of the DaVinci II balloon, approximately 16 days of
background data were obtained at the Arrowhead Airport. The data show that
the NAAQS for photochemical oxidants was exceeded on numerous occasions. A
synopsis of these data is as follows:
(1) Fifty-nine hours of the 384 hours of data (i.e., 15.5 percent)
3
exceeded the NAAQS for photochemical oxidants, (i.e., ^ 160 yg/m ).
(2) Ozone concentrations ranged from a measured zero to a maximum
hourly average of 293 yg/m . The mean hourly ozone concentration
was 98 yg/m .
(3) Ozone exceeded the NAAQS every day from June 1 to launch with
8, 3, 5, 1, 3, 10, and 11 hours exceeding the NAAQS for the days
June 1 to 7, respectively.
Oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO ) concentrations were generally low during
X
this period of time. Nitric oxide concentrations ranged from a measured
3
zero to a maximum hourly average concentration of 70 yg/m . The mean hourly
3
NO concentration for the 16-day period was 5 yg/m . The NO concentration
3 X
ranged from a measured zero to 130 yg/m , with a mean hourly concentration of
19 yg/m . Sulfur dioxide concentrations ranged from a measured zero to
3 3
220 yg/m , with a mean SO concentration of 52 yg/m . Hourly average total
hydrocarbon, methane, and carbon monoxide concentrations were 1193, 1107,
and 611 yg/m , respectively, for the period. The hourly average nonmethane
3
hydrocarbon concentration for the period was 86 yg/m . Air quality data for
this period of time are presented in tabular form in appendix A.
Hourly average ozone concentrations obtained at Arrowhead Airport are
plotted in figure 9 for the first 8 days of June. Data presented show several
days (i.e., June 2 to June 4) where maximum hourly average ozone exceeded the
NAAQS and a relatively high minimum ozone concentration remained overnight.
Wind direction measurements indicated flow from the west and north (i.e.,
general flow over rural and suburban areas). Precursor concentrations, i.e.,
NO and hydrocarbons, generally peaked around 10 o'clock in the morning,
X
decreased during the afternoon hours, and increased again, reaching a maximum
about midnight. On June 6 and 7, the wind shifted to the southeast with flow
15
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CJ3
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
o 100
r^i
CD
80
60
40
20
0
6/1 6/2 6/3 6/4 6/5 6/6 6/7 6/8
DAY OF MONTH
Figure 9. Hourly average ozone concentration at Arrowhead Airport
(June 1 to June 8, 1976).
16
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from the St. Louis area. Ozone concentration measurements during these days
exhibited high maximums during the day, with 10 and 11 hours over the NAAQS,
respectively, and low minimums at night. During the afternoon of June 7, the
wind direction shifted to a westerly flow, and a minimum ozone concentration
3
of 50 yg/m was maintained overnight. Wind flow was from a westerly direction
on the morning of the launch. The wind direction and behavior of ozone both
confirmed that on the morning of June 8, 1976, the DaVinci II balloon was
launched into back-ground air coming from a rural-type suburban area.
During the flight of the DaVinci II balloon, the instrumentation
aboard the RTI-EML measured and recorded air quality data along and under-
neath the balloon flight track. Ozone, NO, NO , SO , THC, CH , CO,
X Z- ^T
temperature and dew point data and bus speed were measured and recorded.
Since the objective was to maintain visual contact and stay as nearly as
possible underneath the balloon, the RTI-EML had to make frequent stops to
await the balloon to catch up, especially during the time when the balloon
floated around the city. A detailed log (written and tape recorded) was
maintained to document the position, time, and status of the RTI-EML. Air
quality data obtained during the flight are tabulated in appendix B.
Data collected on board the RTI-EML along the flight track shown in
figures 6 and 7 were tabulated and validated. Selected ozone data were then
utilized to first prepare 15-minute averages and then hourly average values
for comparison to ozone measurements on board the DaVinci II balloon. Hourly
average ozone measurements obtained as described above and 5-minute ozone
concentrations measured on board the balloon on the hour are plotted in
figure 10. Ozone concentrations measured at flight altitude (~ 800 m) remained
3
in the range of 230-290 yg/m from 1700 on the evening of June 8 until the
gondola monitor was turned off at 0700 the next morning, with the exception
of the time interval between 2141 and 2310 on June 8. The ozone concentra-
3
tion measured at flight level at 2219 decreased significantly to 122 yg/m .
The drop in ozone concentration coincided with an observation made by the
flight crew of a pungent hydrocarbon odor. The measured ozone concentration
at 2310 was 240 yg/m . The location of the balloon at 2219 was 30 km down-
wind of a refining and 50 km downwind of a power plant. These measurements
17
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strongly suggest transport aloft with minimum dilution and/or destruction
(i.e., less than 20 percent during the nighttime regime).
The ozone concentrations at the ground show a rapid decrease with night-
3
fall to a minimum of approximately 60 Ug/m . Judging from the balloon track
at 800 m altitude, and the wind pattern at the ground and at 1500 m, a wind-
speed and wind directional shear with altitude are indicated during the
nocturnal phase of the flight. The temperature data strongly indicate that
a well-developed radiation inversion formed and persisted through the night.
The presence of the high pressure system suggests a subsidence inversion
existed at an altitude above the balloon. The strong radiative inversion
would tend to separate the flow aloft from flow at the ground as well as
permit destruction of ozone in the low levels during the night without
permitting downward diffusion from aloft.
Precursor concentrations (hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen)
measured at ground level on board the RTI-EML are tabulated in appendix B.
Results of selected hydrocarbon and halocarbon analyses of grab samples
collected on board the DaVinci II balloon are tabulated in appendix C.
These results are presented in chronological order by time as they were
collected. Concentrations of selected compounds were plotted versus time
and are shown in figures 11 and 12.
Figure 11 is a histogram plot of acetylene, isopentane, and Freon 11
concentrations for these grab samples. Acetylene, isopentane, and Freon 11
were selected because they are anthropogenic pollutants emitted primarily
from automobiles or industrial processes or activities. Figure 12 is a
histogram plot of methane and carbon monoxide concentrations in grab samples
collected on board the DaVinci II balloon, as measured by the Beckman 6800
air quality analyzer and the summation concentration of the nonmethane
hydrocarbons analyzed gas chromatographically. Nonmethane hydrocarbon con-
centrations are plotted in concentration units of parts per million carbon.
Three samples collected during the DaViuci II flight at an altitude of
approximately 800 m had methane concentrations Of 35.5, 112.6, and 36.6 ppm,
respectively. Methane concentrations for the other grab samples averaged
1.6 ppm, which is very close to the geochemical background. Interestingly,
the nonmethane hydrocarbon concentrations (E NMHC analyzed) for these three
19
-------
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20
-------
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samples increased significantly. Carbon monoxide concentrations, however,
did not increase. The acetylene concentration in the sample at 1344 (191.5
ppbv) was a factor of 6 higher than any other sample collected during the
flight. Acetylene for the other two samples was low. Isopentane in that
sample was higher than the average for all samples. Freon 11 was slightly
higher than the average. The high total hydrocarbon and Z NMHC concentra-
tions for these three samples must be related to a point source such as a
refinery or other industrial process.
The concentration of all six pollutants plotted in figures 11 and 12
were high in samples collected onboard the DaVinci II balloon as it floated
above the St. Louis area, until approximately 1500-1600 in the afternoon.
The location of the balloon at this time was approximately 30 km north of
the downtown area. In general, the concentration of all six pollutants
decreased or in the case of methane remained constant as the balloon
drifted eastward until 2200, at which time methane and the Z NMHC concen-
trations increased dramatically. The carbon monoxide concentration for this
sample increased slightly. Grab samples were not collected during the time
interval of 2200 on June 8 to 0200 on June 9. Acetylene, isopentane, and
Freon 11 concentrations generally increased in samples collected from 0200
until the last sample was collected at 0745. Methane, carbon monoxide, and
the Z NMHC concentrations decreased in samples collected from 0220 until
0550, at which time the concentration of methane and the Z NMHC increased
by more than a factor of 10. The sample at 0700 also had a high concentration
of all three components. The carbon monoxide concentration in the 0700 sample
was the highest for any sample. Methane, carbon monoxide, and the Z NMHC
decreased in the remaining samples collected at flight level.
22
-------
4.0 TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS
The tentative conclusions presented in this report are based on pre-
liminary examination of the ozone data collected aboard the balloon and ozone
and precursor data collected aboard the RTI-EML during the flight of DaVinci
II. A detailed analysis and evaluation of all data collected during the
DaVinci II flight will be conducted in the near future under a separate
contract. The tentative conclusions are as follows:
(1) General meteorological conditionsa subsidence inversion aloft
and a strong radiative inversion based at the groundwere nearly
ideal for long-distance transport aloft of ozone and ozone
precursors at night, while keeping them separated from ground
level emissions and destruction and limiting their vertical
mixing.
(2) Ozone concentrations measured aloft above the radiation inversion
remained in the range 230 to 290 yg/m from 1700 on June 8 until
the flight was ended the next day. These measurements strongly
suggest overnight transport of ozone aloft with minimum dilution
and/or destruction (i.e., < 20 percent).
(3) Ozone concentrations measured at the ground show a rapid decrease
3
with nightfall to a minimum of about 60 yg/m .
3
(A) The occurrence of high ozone concentrations (> 250 yg/m ) on the
morning of June 9, 1976, in a rural area in southwestern Indiana
was attributed to long-distance transport of ozone in an urban
plume from St. Louis, Missouri. Long-distance transport is the
most plausible explanation for the high ozone occurrence based
on data available at this time.
(5) To successfully investigate the transport and transformation
phenomena associated with large aerial urban plumes, it is
necessary to optimize three methods of data measurement: ground
stations, aircraft, and unmanned balloons. The aircraft measure-
ments provide discrete time and spatial distribution measurements,
which are essential in identifying boundary conditions for the
plume. The balloon platform can provide a continuous time series
23
-------
analysis of the chemical processes relevant to the physical
stability characteristics of the parcel of air in question, and
the fixed ground stations can perform as truth points for the
calibration and control of the entire field measurement program.
This type of a comprehensive data measurement program is unique
for the air quality plume measurements and should provide
considerable data for subsequent analysis and modeling.
24
-------
5.0 REFERENCES
1. Research Triangle Institute, Investigation of Rural Oxidant Levels
as Related to Urban Hydrocarbon Control Strategies, Environmental
Protection Agency Report No. EPA-450/3-75-035, March 1975.
2. Research Triangle Institute, Study of the Formation of Ambient
Oxidants in the Western Gulf Coast and North-Central and Northeast
Regions of the United States, Environmental Protection Agency
Report No. EPA-450/3-76-033, August 1976.
25
-------
APPENDIX A
RTI AIR QUALITY DATA (MEASUREMENTS PRIOR TO
DaVINCI II FLIGHT)
27
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date:
Time:
May 23, 1976
Central Daylight Time
l-b';r
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (yg/m )
NO
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N0x
19
14
13
7
4
6
9
8
5
3
8
5
7
8
6
°3
67
83
108
138
163
168
171
161
141
128
99
88
83
77
82
THC
1055
997
989
977
957
972
982
977
932
975
978
965
960
958
1032
CH4
975
962
927
977
957
947
926
977
923
975
972
965
960
933
1029
CO
615
899
748
634
600
564
434
477
432
382
398
309
457
557
432
so2
121
55
60
32
24
63
99
74
19
14
48
15
9
34
27
WS
(m/sec)
4
4
5
6
5
4
5
7
7
7
7
6
5
4
4
WD
(°)
42°
60
48
52
77
89
68
46
44
31
29
33
37
27
28
Temperature
(°C)
16
19
20
22
23
23
24
23
22
21
19
]8
17
16
16
T = Test or calibrate.
28
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
May 24, 1976
Date:
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
_i
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (yg/nr)
NO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
9
12
2
C
2
3
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
NOX
17
14
17
30
29
12
16
31
37
41
27
C
12
23
7
5
4
3
3
8
13
13
16
18
°3
54
51
42
17
23
37
30
22
25
37
65
90
141
136
166
169
169
156
149
122
100
91
77
69
THC
1039
1010
985
950
965
950
945
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
1088
1066
1064
1051
1066
1069
1079
1085
1143
1286
CH4
1039
999
953
920
965
950
934
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
1039
1022
1024
1038
1017
1020
1041
1083
1143
1225
CO
555
359
483
513
433
392
376
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
450
406
461
452
368
952
1111
590
851
767
so2
119
81
94
229
202
81
113
183
208
218
126
T
79
166
49
26
18
3
4
29
44
16
8
22
ws
(m/sec)
4
5
5
6
6
4
5
6
6
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
5
5
5
4
3
2
1
2
WD
(°)
22
29
24
20
21
23
24
20
20
62
34
33
59
29
3
16
21
25
24
"1
342
1
48
25
Temperature
(°C)
16
16
15
14
13
11
11
12
12
14
16
18
20
21
22
22
22
22
21
20
17
15
15
13
T = Test or calibrate.
29
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: May 25, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Tims
Eo'ur
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (yg/rn^)
NO
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
6
3
2
T
5
8
5
2
3
2
1
1
0
3
1
2
2
N0x
20
24
23
21
14
14
16
29
18
13
T
20
31
21
11
20
19
10
8
6
20
32
46
30
°3
72
57
48
55
50
82
90
84
76
90
84
76
76
91
116
111
117
1J9
U4
139
116
59
21
32
THC
1207
1186
1347
1202
1308
1278
1237
1169
1108
T
T
1115
1096
1109
T
1076
1060
1060
1074
1076
1122
1268
1356
1378
CH4
1207
1110
1298
1160
1172
1153
1111
1137
1108
T
T
1091
1083
1051
T
1065
1045
1035
1063
1062
1058
1135
1194
1214
CO
910
1446
1161
979
1557
931
872
793
583
T
T
329
303
298
T
340
315
430
457
367
757
825
1091
838
so2
79
70
75
44
32
29
33
31
40
57
35
T
187
133
70
129
109
37
21
16
22
20
31
22
WS
(tn/sec)
5
4
2
2
0
0
0
3
4
5
5
4
4
5
4
5
4
3
3
2
1
0
0
0
WD
(°)
45
42
35
7
39
152
102
14
13
15
11
42
51
21
34
60
109
41
30
6
270
179
215
215
Temperature
(°c)
14
13
11
9
8
7
7
11
12
14
16
17
19
20
21
21
21
21
20
19
16
13
12
12
T = Test or calibrate,
30
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: May 26, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (ug/m )
NO
1
3
26
28
42
70
71
47
62
T
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
14
24
23
NOX
28
34
68
66
78
117
108
92
132
T
17
6
5
3
4
5
11
14
12
22
43
78
92
90
°3
21
7
0
0
0
0
1
13
T
T
120
143
153
158
165
172
167
163
168
136
79
8
1
1
THC
1351
1359
1641
1684
1748
1938
2045
T
2718
T
1153
1096
1084
1074
1080
1083
1101
1072
1093
1132
1236
1343
1492
1808
CH4
1198
1194
1370
1439
1436
1558
1642
T
2250
T
1068
1051
1061
1056
1071
1065
1065
1017
1052
1060
1065
1128
1212
1509
CO
640
712
1145
1187
1213
1628
1648
T
2149
T
582
447
401
372
411
389
448
446
487
543
934
1487
1575
1601
so2
17
21
34
33
34
44
42
T
96
T
42
17
13
20
30
28
68
91
67
51
57
59
75
77
ws
(m/sec)
0
0
l
0
0
0
0
0
i
T
5
5
4
6
4
4
4
4
4
2
1
0
0
0
WD
(°)
210
221
108
247
173
127
125
151
110
T
119
122
119
142
120
120
156
141
125
147
153
82
70
41
Temperature
(°C)
11
10
9
3
/
7
7
11
16
T
21
22
23
23
24
24
23
23
23
22
19
16
16
16
T = Test or calibrate.
31
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date:
May 27, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (yg/m^)
NO
15
0
0
0
0
0
1
14
12
T
T
2
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
N0x
87
22
8
6
5
7
25
59
60
T
T
22
11
9
8
12
16
16
15
28
37
25
31
33
°3
2
70
93
88
85
62
34
19
42
T
87
99
129
139
143
129
118
111
103
74
46
50
44
26
THC
1550
1216
1124
1135
1111
1175
1740
1788
1424
1385
T
T
1089
1091
1081
1063
1109
1159
1099
1327
1322
1403
1262
1344
CH,
1270
1104
1065
1067
1062
1089
1560
1625
1205
1271
T
T
1077
1074
1073
1047
1075
1126
1037
1297
1197
1299
1172
1116
CO
1424
592
367
360
388
456
532
979
1356
1350
T
T
382
413
386
437
500
439
456
555
735
529
688
746
so2
73
37
22
19
17
14
29
49
91
96
T
42
32
32
26
23
22
31
15
26
32
32
45
38
WS
(m/sec)
2
2
1
1
1
0
1
2
3
5
5
4
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
1
0
0
0
WD
(°)
213
232
246
221
92
61
20
31
96
106
107
98
91
78
74
41
41
22
21
42
11
5
251
242
Temp
(°C)
16
16
15
14
14
14
14
16
18
20
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
20
19
17
16
16
15
15
Dew
Point
(°C)
T = Test or calibrate.
32
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: May 28, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (pg/nr)
NO
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
T
T
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
N0x
37
27
12
6
5
5
7
11
16
9
8
T
T
6
8
4
4
14
3
7
7
6
12
11
°3
26
54
86
105
98
101
97
84
72
84
84
T
T
92
91
105
105
92
110
92
86
64
43
46
THC
1317
1166
1059
1065
1070
1060
1047
1069
1087
1078
1066
T
T
1080
1081
1079
1077
1084
1068
1085
1082
1182
1126
1131
CH4
1212
1108
1038
1065
1070
1049
1036
1026
1055
1057
1026
T
T
1063
1055
1053
1040
1063
1052
1048
1055
1119
1097
1093
CO
693
501
334
347
312
311
324
533
577
416
413
T
T
391
402
402
492
489
439
498
436
540
502
477
so2
38
45
35
19
23
35
37
28
30
20
15
T
T
50
55
33
36
78
24
26
29
18
20
22
US
(m/sec)
0
1
2
3
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
T
T
4
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
0
1
0
ViD
(')
298
345
8
30
25
20
14
9
5
1
4
T
T
1
3
358
355
335
348
339
331
271
242
259
Te.np
(°C)
15
15
15
15
15
15
14
15
15
15
15
T
T
16
17
17
18
18
18
18
17
16
16
16
Dsw
Point
(°c)
T
T
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
14
14
15
T = Test or calibrate .
33
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: May 29, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Tii^e
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
_24u_
Concentration (yg/m3)
' NO
2
2
1
3
2
0
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
T
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
N0y
A
14
18
11
13
5
4
4
2
2
1
1
5
4
T
11
8
8
10
15
14
15
16
24
19
°3
40
22
18
7
20
20
19
28
44
69
98
130
160
T
232
229
216
219
188
171
144
117
86
79
THC
1150
1265
1214
1189
1135
1172
1193
1118
1115
1092
1079
1070
1074
T
T
1073
1071
1060
1065
1071
1080
1086
1088
1099
CH4
1079
1102
1098
1136
1100
1114
1135
1082
1088
1065
1049
1048
1023
T
T
1039
1044
1030
1043
1030
1043
1057
1043
1064
CO
493
502
543
563
417
449
471
435
405
390
383
432
545
T
T
464
493
484
463
503
539
500
548
509
so2
24
29
13
14
11
10
5
8
7
25
52
89
88
T
T
91
125
121
86
52
52
55
93
86
ws
(m/sec)
0
1
0
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
4
3
0
WD
(°)
237
218
253
216
219
150
214
234
246
264
226
132
165
127
171
189
162
146
137
165
163
148
147
190
Temp
(°C)
16
14
13
13
13
12
13
13
15
18
21
23
24
26
26
26
26
26
25
24
22
21
20
19
Dew
Point
(°C)
14
13
12
12
12
11
12
13
14
15
16
16
15
13
14
15
15
14
14
15
16
16
16
16
T = Test or calibrate.
34
-------
PROJECT DaVIfJCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: May 30, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (ug/m^)
NO
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
fl°x
13
12
15
5
11
2
4
5
7
15
7
T
11
7
5
4
5
15
9
5
9
15
61
51
°3
79
57
92
142
111
130
155
97
82
76
113
113
129
141
154
145
147
122
122
121
97
61
10
13
THC
1103
1128
1144
1046
1079
1013
1046
1112
1079
1177
1046
1145
T
T
T
1177
1112
1112
1079
1079
1177
1209
1406
1308
CH4
1061
1083
1046
1013
1013
981
981
1046
1013
1046
1013
1074
T
T
T
1046
981
981
981
981
1046
1046
1145
1079
CO
546
561
456
250
285
194
342
285
273
342
285
425
T
T
T
228
331
342
228
171
285
570
1026
912
so2
66
43
33
21
35
14
20
37
31
30
37
T
97
83
73
46
34
101
84
44
30
26
44
85
WS
(m/sec)
2
1
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
2
M
1
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
WD
(°)
290
177
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
161
M
258
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
11
Teiiio
rc)
19
19
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
20
M
23
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Daw
Point
(°C)
17
17
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
17
M
18
M
M
M
M
M
M
. M
M
M
M
T = Test or calibrate.
M = Missing data.
35
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: May 31. 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (ug/rn^)
NO
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
T
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
NOX
15
13
12
9
5
4
4
4
10
11
10
16
6
4
T
12
10
33
32
31
20
18
18
18
°3
80
56
58
58
69
53
66
65
70
76
97
103
121
132
132
125
123
92
98
84
66
51
37
34
THC
1177
1177
1177
1177
1144
1144
1177
1144
1243
1144
1144
1111
1079
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
CH4
1013
1046
1014
1046
1046
981
1046
1013
1079
1046
981
1013
981
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
CO
456
456
513
342
342
285
285
342
400
399
285
228
365
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
so2
59
65
55
55
44
34
34
33
54
97
98
262
197
46
T
65
68
67
69
78
44
31
22
14
WS
(m/sec)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
WD
n
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Ternp
(°C)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Dew
Point
(°c)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
IF = Instrument failure. M = Missing data (computer failure)
36
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: June 1, 1976
DATA
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (ug/m3)
NO
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
T
1
1
1
1
N0x
20
18
10
1
1
1
5
11
5
T
4
3
2
1
14
21
11
13
10
T
11
20
31
54
°3
23
30
55
70
88
93
78
82
119
131
159
175
180
184
162
152
189
209
188
T
159
104
52
14
THC
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
1193
1168
1133
1117
1133
1141
1150
1155
1131
1186
T
1191
1275
1598
CH4
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
1128
1131
1102
1100
1113
1102
1123
1105
1092
1106
T
1130
1165
1420
CO
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
687
580
491
390
378
478
521
593
450
421
T
604
920
1183
so2
16
16
7
5
12
16
13
17
18
21
14
14
10
7
66
102
23
47
42
T
29
30
44
67
WS
(m/sec)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
1
1
3
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
2
1
0
1
UD
(°)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
281
229
229
30
23
43
43
46
38
37
53
151
142
227
Tenip
(°C)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
21
22
24
24
25
25
25
25
24
23
21
19
18
18
Dew
Point
(°C)
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
16
16
15
15
14
14
15
15
15
15
'15
15
15
15
T = Test or calibrate, tl = Missing data (computer failure)
37
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: June 2, 1976
Time: Central Daylicjht Time
Tire
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (yg/m^)
NO
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
T
1
0
0
0
0
N0y
A
52
48
10
5
4
4
4
6
11
13
27
31
26
6
18
9
1
5
T
5
13
15
19
19
°3
2
13
81
93
96
90
81
66
57
59
61
79
121
154
141
170
171
169
T
150
124
97
75
64
THC
1714
1734
1205
1162
1138
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
1030
1027
1068
1127
1187
1334
CM4
1487
1525
1147
1118
1124
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
968
1013
1013
1063
1114
1267
CO
1386
1282
616
662
614
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
298
325
547
574
469
419
so2
71
68
57
36
27
42
29
26
46
52
124
137
137
48
124
72
26
59
T
16
20
25
19
32
WS
(m/sec)
l
2
4
3
3
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
7
4
2
1
2
2
WD
n
26
347
22
17
5
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
16
15
360
26
40
13
Temp
(°C)
18
17
18
17
17
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
24
23
20
19
18
16
Dew
Point
(°C)
15
15
15
14
14
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
9
10
11
12
12
12
T = Test or calibrate.
IF = Instrument failure. M = Missing data (c otnputer failure).
38
-------
PROJECT DaVIHCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date:
June 3, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (yg/nr*)
NO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T
13
10
9
9
9
8
8
NOX
23
16
6
5
10
9
10
12
47
55
14
12
10
10
17
11
T
9
11
11
14
16
17
12
°3
73
82
104
98
69
57
49
65
44
51
114
143
167
170
162
179
T
158
141
139
126
92
79
82
THC
1156
1433
1353
1275
1154
1160
M
M
1183
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
1095
1140
1074
1082
1097
1127
1122
CH4
1085
1318
1301
1236
1075
1063
M
M
1069
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
1063
1135
1057
1064
1080
1090
1114
CO
427
475
334
305
312
334
M
M
451
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
440
403
478
561
540
603
388
so2
70
28
12
21
26
19
20
50
203
245
55
70
67
68
126
94
T
T
45
35
28
23
16
13
WS
(m/sec)
2
3
3
3
2
1
M
M
4
4
4
6
6
6
7
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
WO
C)
29
15
20
7
11
8
M
M
27
16
11
23
18
29
32
28
16
19
20
2
345
19
35
20
Temp
(°C)
16
15
14
13
12
12
M
M
16
18
20
22
23
24
25
24
24
23
23
22
21
19
19
19
Dew
Point
(°C)
11
11
9
8
8
8
M
M
7
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
T = Test or calibrate. IF = Instrument failure. M = Missing data (computer failure)
39
-------
PROJECT DaVIflCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: June 4, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (pg/irP)
NO
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
T
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
14
NOX
10
12
8
6
6
7
11
11
11
23
18
15
T
12
10
12
10
15
21
14
20
25
34
71
°3
84
93
108
103
104
102
90
78
75
74
86
92
101
121
145
152
163
141
138
146
121
89
44
7
THC
1124
1494
1273
1361
1334
1297
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
1255
T
1147
1149
1153
1125
1197
1158
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
CH4
1115
1466
1233
1331
1334
1213
IF
IF
IF
IF
1113
1138
T
1031
1100
1083
1073
1101
1187
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
CO
420
461
416
422
376
462
IF
IF
IF
IF
709
674
T
691
584
637
608
651
891
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
so2
11
24
34
22
26
37
46
60
55
107
94
65
T
41
45
40
33
42
54
48
49
56
57
65
WS
(m/sec)
2
3
2
3
3
3
M
M
M
M
4
4
8
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
2
0
1
WD
(°)
32
46
27
22
30
22
M
M
M
M
71
72
67
58
87
100
90
81
73
80
80
60
69
78
Temp
(°c)
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
21
21
23
24
24
25
24
24
23
22
20
19
18
Dew
Point
Cc)
11
11
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
17
16
16
16
16
16
T = Test or calibrate. IF = Instrument failure. M = Missing data (computer failure)
40
-------
PROJECT DaVIMCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: June 5. 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (yg/m^)
NO
17
1
2
3
10
2
3
5
6
6
6
T
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
4
7
NOX
43
11
13
27
41
16
17
21
24
27
28
T
14
9
9
6
6
5
5
9
14
25
28
35
°3
71
95
66
28
10
39
28
40
65
78
86
120
156
169
178
170
146
135
137
115
97
58
18
15
THC
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
1129
1230
1285
1479
CH4
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
1016
1075
1090
1320
CO
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
T
284
380
575
576
so2
43
26
24
28
41
43
31
50
78
113
159
T
37
30
34
32
25
23
19
14
16
28
27
25
ws
(m/sec)
3
1
0
0
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
1
0
0
WD
(°)
135
89
330
176
35
33
22
56
86
105
110
117
115
112
120
126
122
111
124
117
124
120
58
72
Temp
(°C)
18
17
17
17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24
26
26
26
26
25
25
24
23
21
19
19
Dew
Point
(°C)
16
16
16
15
16
17
17
17
17
18
17
17
17
16
17
17
17
16
16
15
15
15
16
15
T = Test or calibrate. IF = Instrument failure.
41
-------
PROJECT DaVIMCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: June 6, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (vig/m^)
'NO
29
34
26
7
6
6
16
10
7
3
2
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
NOX
79
93
76
58
52
37
49
31
24
20
11
8
9
6
6
7
6
6
8
11
18
30
61
45
°3
1
1
1
16
17
23
15
48
96
135
181
215
213
223
293
245
252
253
245
212
153
109
46
42
THC
1629
1572
1606
1817
1677
1688
1692
1692
T
T
1189
1196
1193
1146
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
1460
CH4
1332
1265
1312
1525
1418
1456
1410
1455
T
T
1114
1107
1062
1071
1064
1066
1081
1080
1080
1079
1079
1079
1209
1265
CO
1093
1144
1018
972
883
756
888
675
T
T
536
498
564
493
508
589
628
630
631
632
634
635
901
1288
so2
42
91
92
90
80
69
66
53
82
62
89
44
40
41
31
22
23
27
28
24
26
25
38
35
WS
(m/sec)
0
2
l
0
0
0
0
0
i
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
1
0
0
1
WD
(°)
114
111
69
335
113
138
115
71
77
123
90
72
110 ,
84
102
94
106
80
43
51
168
208
130
213
Temp
(°C)
17
17
16
16
14
13
14
17
20
22
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
26
26
24
21
20
18
16
Dew
Point
(°C)
15
13
11
11
10
10
12
13
11
10
9
7
7
7
8
8
8
7
7
9
10
10
11
12
T = Test or calibrate. IF = Instrument failure.
42
-------
PROJECT DaVINCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: June 7» 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Concentration (yg/tn^)
NO
2
8
10
5
3
20
27
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
5
3
2
2
2
2
2
NOX
27
46
50
26
14
44
44
10
11
9
7
19
17
14
11
11
11
13
15
15
19
32
14
14
°3
42
5
2
32
40
8
13
46
83
106
187
204
239
369
271
276
256
233
229
213
178
107
121
121
THC
1361
1450
1362
1380
1331
IF
IF
IF
1556
T
1269
1085
1033
997
999
980
987
953
968
1011
1166
1116
1139
1139
CH4
1228
1232
1170
1148
1127
1276
1299
1248
1247
T
962
1051
974
933
928
896
916
953
897
907
1020
933
1017
1017
CO
894
1299
1041
978
724
1124
1982
1280
1283
T
1107
568
601
514
490
497
588
517
488
721
865
834
647
647
so2
29
29
27
27
20
25
27
24
23
T
57
56
48
54
70
83
99
119
141
128
134
110
89
89
WS
(m/sec)
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
M
2
2
1
0
0
1
M
WD
C)
229
219
216
210
208
138
185
209
212
301
199
131
129
188
176
197
M
164
178
204
238
214
195
M
Temp
(°C)
15
15
14
14
13
12
13
15
18
22
25
26
26
27
27
28
M
27
27
26
22
20
19
M
Dew
Point
CO
12
12
11
11
10
10
11
14
14
13
12
11
11
12
12
12
M
11
12
13
14
14
14
M
T = Test or calibrate. M = Missing data.
43
-------
PROJECT DaVIflCI II: AIR QUALITY DATA
Location: Arrowhead Airport
Date: June 8' 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Hour
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
BALI
Concentration (vig/m3)
NO
M
1
1
1
4
2
T
2
DON LAU
N0x
M
16
13
10
18
9
T
8
TCH @ 085
°3
M
78
73
64
52
63
T
122
THC
M
1290
1136
1139
1135
1095
T
3001
RTI VAN
CH,
M
925
1098
997
906
961
T
2937
DEPARTEI
CO
M
983
727
674
653
647
T
5596
@ 0902
so2
M
60
34
27
28
20
T
29
ws
(m/sec)
M
0
1
1
0
1
T
N.D.
WD
(")
M
208
219
209
194
206
T
N.D.
Temp
(°C)
M
16
16
15
14
14
T
20
Dew
Point
(°C)
M
13
13
13
12
12
T
15
T = Test or calibrate. M = Missing data. N.D. = No data,
44
-------
APPENDIX B
RTI AIR QUALITY DATA (iNTRANSIT MEASUREMENTS
DURING DAVlNCI II FLIGHT)
45
-------
Project DaVinci II: Intransit Measurements
Date: June 8, 1976
Tine: Central Daylight Tine
Time
Hour
0900
0915
0930
0945
1000
1015
1030
1045
1100
1115
1130
1145
1200
1215
1230
1245
1300
1315
1330
1345
1400
1415
1430
1445
Concentration (ug/m^)
NO iiOx
T
!
T
423
249
354
360
464
1504
88
25
64
864
80
31
472
82
229
50
74
T
170
32
4
8
531
328
820
588
1148
160
620
148
253
83
T
270
88
20
20
652
03
T
145
21
62
76
103
169
190
172
225
6
205
271
25
237
222
304
267
T
191
177
294
290
172
THC
T
1052
1648
1225
1359
1187
983
1127
996
996
1227
1192
3049
7433
1062
1572
1216
1027
T
941
1134
1288
CH4
T
1023
946
1018
935
965
948
971
960
944
946
959
978
1042
1015
945
928
916
T
899
918
853
CO
T
479
386
402
1198
1521
571
2406
429
1277
1538
1091
986
831
522
1880
1878
473
T
481
1636
1136
S02
Bus
Speed
(m?h)
.
T j 0
38
118
90
316
134
66
165
86
104
484
301
221
391
163
210
110
106
8
58
49
9
25
21
0
0
13
0
15
23
0
38
24
26
14
' ! JLJ
127 J 14
f
230
141
153
155
45
0
0
0
Temp
(°C)
T
22
23
24
26
26
25
26
27
26
29
28
27
29
28
28
28
28
T
27
28
28
29
29
Dew
Point
(°c)
T
14
14
14
12
14
14
13
13
12
12
13
12
10
12
13
13
13
T
12
13
12
11
12
T = Test. = Missing data or measurement problem.
46
-------
Project UaVinci II: Intransit ilcasurenents
Date: June 8, 1976
Time: Centred rayl ight Time
f i ':;e
Hour
1500
1515
1530
1545
1600
1615
1630
1645
1700
1715
1730
1745
1800
1815
1830
1845
1900
1915
1930
1945
2000
2015
2030
2045
f. oncen t ra t i on U ';/"H }
NC
i\0y 03 f THC
68 68 225
1
12
20
60
0
5
0
24
21
24
0
0
0
5
2
3
34
37
1
11
152
67
13
52
20 | 269
20
102
1
23
22
35
36
8
10
15
5
8
5
69
7
11
233
93
71
90
253
230
288
120
249
266
262
294
313
291
268
274
282
270
120
230
208
201
99
166
141
107
1017
1002
1001
986
972
972
964
968
979
1142
1063
1021
982
1301
1466
CH4 CO T SO,
917
972
916
948
928
943
939
957
951
950
1063
1002
979
1063
1140
233
133
124
193
197
211
257
256
444
432
222
336
983
786
1682
183
96
99
123
165
126
199
192
116
114
41
28
45
34
60
82
69
43
31
84
157
118
290
__J
' i It S
Speed
(rrr.h)
0
0
0
36
0
0
0
33
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
0
29
33
14
0
0
Temp
(°C)
29
29
29
29
30
29
30
28
30
29
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
27
D ."./
Po;.<;
(jc)
._.
13
13
12
12
11
11
12
12
11
12
14
14
13
12
12
11
12
14
27 15
26
26
26
26
26
14
15
15
14
13
= Missing data or measurement problem.
47
-------
Project DaVinci II: Incransit fleasurei.ionts
Date: June 8-9, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Time
Hour
2100
2115*
2130*
2145
2200
2215
2230*
2245*
2300
2315
2330*
2345
0000
0015
0030
0045
0100
0115
0130
0145
0200
0215
0230
0245
Concentration (yg/m3)
NO
95
42
148
35
27
55
20
63
22
32
20
35
6
35
38
36
18
37
15
38
27
15
18
48
NOX
188
64
224
43
54
84
60
94
31
78
60
35
12
52
52
20
48
18
45
27
33
37
49
03
35
148
8
85
18
96
98
81
95
57
98
129
99
62
125
161
206
102
87
170
101
60
71
70
THC
1308
1445
1862
1575
1250
1201
3574
8011
1211
1176
3574
1223
1242
1153
991
1457
2094
1082
1006
1120
1116
1088
1657
CH4
1103
1051
1056
1150
1069
1107
1247
1137
1054
1010
1247
1030
1007
968
868
942
1277
913
1099
1004
980
1144
1059
1020
CO
2188
3876
1214
1987
980
646
31092
31092
1305
908
31099
2929
1315
1990
1371
208
2024
1416
1419
679
651
527
514
S02
216
328
384
493
87
164
561
912
133
127
561
340
278
126
108
260
94
92
93
84
83
62
270
201
Bus
Speed
(mph)
31
0
0
16
29
27
0
31
19
13
0
24
47
53
48
0
38
43
30
31
33
40
26
25
Temp
(°c)
26
26
24
23
20
23
24
24
20
20
24
21
20
18
19
20
20
18
19
20
18
17
19
19
Dew
Po i n t
(°c)
12
13
16
15
15
15
12
13
14
15
12
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
15
14
11
13
13
* = Suspected contamination of samole by generator
= Missing data or measurement problem.
exhaust.
48
-------
Project DaVinci II: Intransit Measurements
Date: June 9, 1976
Time: Central Daylight Time
Tiiiie
Hour
0300
0315
0330
0345*
0400*
0415*
0430*
0445*
0500*
0515*
0530*
0545*
0600
0615*
0630
0645
0700
0715*
0730
0745
0800
0815
0830
0845*
Concentration (yg/m^)
NO
16
116
18
43
39
366
35
159
26
108
47
148
18
88
33
132
31
105
20
26
16
31
5
30
NOX
16
19
49
462
47
218
142
52
158
29
120
146
43
03
64
105
70
49
84
7
47
35
82
39
77
39
104
7
68
88
85
44
115
120
132
86
205
171
THC
1184
1415
1829
1069
1259
1400
1772
1236
1031
3369
1402
1043
1095
1151
1277
1272
1282
1399
1162
1253
1219
1070
992
1646
CH4
1125
1174
1498
1069
1148
994
1071
1002
952
1083
1129
1029
1095
1060
1162
1028
1262
1127
1065
1060
1013
983
869
965
CO
484
556
560
2030
1226
1990
2100
2269
1322
393
641
447
996
787
665
746
2735
19191
345
479
549
522
399
819
S02
39
90
77
57
94
138
174
0
59
147
157
68
345
94
76
101
104
81
122
188
274
136
169
Bus
(mph)
0
0
45
53
43
56
26
41
0
16
11
7
59
0
51
29
49
47
0
55
0
0
48
27
Temp
(°C)
16
18
17
17
17
16
17
16
16
16
16
17
18
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
22
23
23
Dew
Point
(°c)
15
15
14
14
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
14
13
15
16
16
15
15
15
14
13
14
14
* = Suspected
= Missing
contamination of sample by generator exhaust.
data or measurement problem.
49
-------
Project DaVinci II: Intransit Measurements
Pa-': June 9, 1976
Tiins: Central Daylight Time
Hour
0900
0915*
0930*
0945*
1000*
fiO
35
137
79
78
86
r;ox
35
134
179
182
Concon
i »-'
1 160
181
125
96
161
cm z. ion
ThC
1265
1203
2669
2707
2784
iv9/m3
Ch4
1006
984
1174
1027
1302
)
CO
1387
1287
8296
1881
4665
SOp
101
150
833
296
329
Bus
Speed
(mph)
38
9
0
0
0
rsmo
(-cj
i
23
24
25
26
27
Dew
P n ^ n +
Cc)
15
14
14
14
14
* = Suspected contamination of sample by generator exhaust. = Missing data or measurement
problem.
50
-------
APPENDIX C
HYDROCARBON AND HALOCARBON ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR
GRAB SAMPLES COLLECTED ABOARD DaVINCI II
51
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
-------
APPENDIX D
QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR
HYDROCARBON SAMPLING
55
-------
APPENDIX D. QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR HYDROCARBON SAMPLING
A quality control program was implemented to determine whether (if)
air samples collected in Tedlar bags for subsequent co~C5 hydrocarbon
analysis would experience significant contamination from the bag material
or constituent loss (by wall permeation or sorption). The sampling
protocol for the program was as follows: (1) all Tedlar bags were purged
with hydrocarbon-free air prior to installation on the DaVinci II gondola;
(2) Tedlar bags were protected from sunlight by an aluminized material
(Scotchpack); (3) samples were stored after collection in air-tight
aluminum suitcases and transported to RTI in the RTI-Environmental Moni-
toring Laboratory (RTI-EML); (4) the mean time between sample collection
and analysis was 8 days; and (5) samples were analyzed in random order as
they came from the shipping containers.
The quality control program consisted of sets of experiments to
determine the potential for contamination of zero air by the Tedlar film
and concentration losses due to sorption or permeation for hydrocarbon
mixtures stored in Tedlar bags. These tests and results are described in
the following paragraphs.
Zero air was analyzed directly from a cylinder purchased from Scott
Environmental and then introduced into a Tedlar bag (Q.C.I). Q.C.I was
analyzed immediately and then shipped to St. Louis in the RTI-EML. Q.C.2
and Q.C.3 were filled using the same zero air cylinder at the field site
on May 20 and June 7. Q.C. bags were returned to RTI and analyzed gas
chromatographically. Results of this study, including the dates of
preparation and analysis, are presented in Table D-l.
The results in Table D-l indicate that contamination of zero air from
hydrocarbon permeation from the outside and from the Tedlar film itself
was insignificant and suggest that hydrocarbon contamination of ambient
air samples should also be similar. Contamination due to halocarbons such
as Freon 11 and 12 was also considered minimal; however, the data show
serious problems with the other halogenated compounds analyzed. Therefore,
the only halogens analyzed and reported in this study are Freon 11 and 12.
56
-------
Table D-l. Contamination Study of Zero Air Stored in Tedlar Bat;s
Condition
Date Filled
Date Analyzed
Elapsed Time (days)
E thane /ethylene
Propane
Propylene
Acetylene
Butane
1-Butene
Trans-2-Butene
Isopentane
Freon 11-
Freon 12
Tricholoroe thane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Concentration
Cylinder
Analysis
5-13-76
5-13-76
0
0.5
N.D.
0.6
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
42.8
N.D.
N.D.
Q.C.
1
5-13-76
5-13-76
0
0.6
0.1
0.3
N.D.
0.2
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
41.3
N.D.
N.D.
Q.C.
2
6-7-76
6-11-76
4
2.2
0.5
0.7
N.D.
1.5
0.6
N.D.
N.D.
9.9
N.D.
43.4
5.0
417.0
Q.C.
3
5-20-76
6-14-76
25
7.8
1.8
0.7
1.2
0.4
N.D.
N.D.
0.2
9.5
N.D.
35.7
6.3
44.3
Q.C.
]*
5-13-76
6-17-76
37
7.0
0.2
N.D.
0.9
0.4
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
15.0
N.D.
29.8
5.3
205.0
Q.C.I was reanalyzed 37 days after filling.
Concentration = ppbV
2/
Concentration = pptV
N.D. = non-detectable, < 0.1 ppbV
57
-------
To examine the storage capability of the Tedlar bags, a blend of
three hydrocarbon mixtures (acetylene, 1-butene, and trans-2-butene) was
used to fill Q.C. bags in the field. The concentration for each hydro-
carbon blended into the bag by dilution of a standard cylinder containing
these hydrocarbons was approximately 71 ppbV. Q.C. 4 was blended at RTI,
analyzed and transported to the field. Six additional Q.C. bags were
blended using the same gases and procedure at the St. Louis field site
immediately prior to the launch of DaVinci II. It is estimated that the
blending accuracy for these bags under field conditions was + 10 percent.
These bags were then returned to RTI for analysis with elapsed times of
10 to 36 days between filling and analysis. Results of this study are
presented in Table D-2.
Table D-2. Stability of Acetylene, 1-Butene, and Trans-2-Butene in
Tedlar Quality Control Bags
Condition/
Constituent
Date Blended
Date Analyzed
Elapse time in days
E thane /e thy lene
Propane
Propylene
Acetylene
Butane
1-Butene
Trans-2-Butene
Isopentane
Concentration*
QC-4
5-13-76
5-13-76
0
1.7
N.D.
0.5
55.3
0.3
74.5
68.6
N.D.
QC-5
6-07-76
6-17-76
10
2.9
0.8
0.5
65.3
0.5
76.4
72.5
N.D.
QC-6
6-07-76
6-17-76
10
2.2
0.2
N.D.
65.8
0.7
72.3
69.8
N.D.
QC-7
6-07-76
6-18-76
11
9.6
0.4
0.6
66.8
1.6
74.1
70.3
N.D.
QC-8
6-07-76
6-30-76
23
6.8
0.4
0.8
58.3
0.9
67.2
64.0
1.0
QC-9
6-07-76
6-30-76
23
1.9
0.4
0.3
55.2
0.4
66.9
61.7
0.4
QC-4**
5-13-76
6-18-76
36
116.6
8.5
2.4
61.4
10.5
69.9
63.9
6.9
**
Concentration = ppbV
t
Sampling bag leaked.
58
-------
The data in Table D-2 show that the stability of acetylene, 1-butene,
and trans-2-butene was quite good in Tedlar bags for up to 23 days. The
deviation of the analysis results is within the estimated accuracy for
blending of the mixtures in most cases. It should be noted that the
matrix in which these compounds were blended was zero air that was free
of hydrocarbons and other reactive pollutants. Changes in the matrix,
i.e., ambient air for field samples may have some effect on stability of
collected field samples.
The data obtained in this study substantiate previously reported work
regarding sampling of hydrocarbons using Tedlar bags in the C^-C,. range
(Ref. D-l). In summation, results of the quality control program indicate
that Tedlar bags were satisfactory for collection of hydrocarbons in the
Cy-C- range and Freon 11 and 12, when samples were protected from the
sunlight and analyzed within two weeks. Sampling bags fabricated from
Tedlar were not satisfactory for the collection of other halogenated
compounds.
D-l. Denyszyn, R. B., L. T. Hackworth, P. M. Grohse, and D. E. Wagoner,
"Hydrocarbon and Halocarbon Measurements: Sampling and Analysis
Procedure." Presented at the International Conference on Photo-
chemical Oxidant Pollution and Its Control, Raleigh, North
Carolina, September 12-17, 1976.
59
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
'ii\t' trud Infirm ln>n\ on the n'\'cr\c hi-forc < <
EPA-450/3-77-009
1 I I I L I ANU SUB Illll
Ambient Monitoring Aloft of Ozone and Precursors
Near and Downwind of St. Louis
7 ALJ I UpHISi , ,
C. E. [Decker, J.J.B. Worth, L.A.Ripperton and
W.D. Bach
a I'L HI-ORMINl, ORC.ANIZA TION NAMl AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAML AND ADDRI SS
U.S. EPA
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
1. HI CII'll NT'S ACCESSION-NO.
RLPOHI DATE
January 1977
R PI HFORMING ORGANIZATION CODfc
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10 PROGRAM E LEMENT NO.
"i"i""cdN"fnA'cT/G"R"AN"f NO. "
68^02-2391
13. TYPL OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGF NCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMt NTAHY NOTbS
16. ABSTRACT
Experimental protocol accompanying the launching and flight of a manned
balloon (Project DaVinci II) to measure primary and secondary pollutants is
described. Measurements obtained concurrently beneath the balloon at the
earth's surface are also described. The flight occurred on June 8-9, 1976, days
characterized by atmospheric stagnation. The data indicate that ozone trapped
aloft by a nocturnal inversion decays slowly. Transport of ambient ozone at
levels exceeding the Federal Air Quality standard is documented for over 150 miles
downwind of St. Louis. These observations strongly support the contention that,
in at least some instances, high levels of rural ozone are importantly influenced
by long range transport from urban areas.
DESCRIPTORS
KLY WOHDS AND DOCUML-NT ANALYSIS
h. IDF N TIH I HS/OPf N LNDLD TERMS
Ozone
Photochemical Air Pollutants
Primary and Secondary Pollutants
Long Range Transport
Atmospheric Stagnations
Atmospheric ozone levels
Ozone formation and
transport
c. COSATI I'iclil/Ciroup
Atmospheric
Photochemistry
Air Pollution
LJI:; i HIHUI ION :;TA i EMI N i
Release Unlimited
19 SICURITY CLASS (I'llix Keptirt)
Unclassified
20 SECURITY CLASS (Tins iMige)
Unclassified
21 . NO. Of PAGES
.59 _
22 PRICE
EPA Form 222O-1 (9-73)
60
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