t *j<"y 11 %i
e* 1983
EPA COMPLEX TERRAIN MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Description of a Computer Data Base
from Small Hill Impaction Study No. 1
Cinder Cone Butte, Idaho
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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EPA COMPLEX TERRAIN MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Description of a Computer Data Base
from Small Hill Impaction Study No. 1
Cinder Cone Butte, Idaho
by
Lawrence E. Truppi
and
George C. Holzworth
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's effort to develop
and demonstrate a reliable model of atmospheric dispersion for pollutant
emmissions in irregular mountainous terrain, the Complex Terrain Model
Development Program was initiated. The first phase, a comprehensive tracer
field study, was carried out on Cinder Cone Butte, Idaho, during the autumn
of 1980. Eighteen quantitative tracer experiments were conducted, each
lasting 8 hr at night or early morning. The main tracer gas was sulfur
hexafluoride; a second tracer, Freon 13B1 was used in ten of the eighteen
experiments. Averaged meteorological data were recorded from six towers
near and on the slopes on the hill. Data consisted of direct and derived
measures of temperature, wind, turbulence, solar and net radiation, and
nephelometer coefficent of scattering. Hourly wind profiles were obtained
from pilot balloon observations; tethersonde observations recorded profiles
of wind and temperature.
Tracer gas concentrations were detected by a network of approximately
100 samplers located on the slopes of the hill. The system used to collect
the data, the operational procedures used to run the system, and its
performance record are described. Tables of tracer gas release data have
been included to assist in any modeling effort. All meteorological and
i n
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tracer concentration data have been edited and recorded on magnetic tape and
are now available, upon request, at the National Computer Center, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, either as copies or by interactive computer
access.
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CONTENTS
Abstract i i i
Figures vii
Tables viii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations x
Acknowledgements xi i i
1. Introduction 1
1.1 EPA program 1
1.2 Objective 2
2. Field Study at Cinder Cone Butte 5
2.1 Geographic and meteorological settings 5
2.2 Experimental design 6
3. Tower Meteorological Data 11
3.1 Fixed meteorological network 11
3.1.1 Data acquisition system 21
3.1.2^ Quality assurance plan 23
3.1.3 Data editing 26
3.1.4 Periods of data collection 31
3.2. Meteorological Data Tape Files 32
3.2.1 Tape file index 33
3.2.2 Tape file records 37
3.2.3 Data record types 38
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CONTENTS (Continued)
4. Tracer Gas Data 43
4.1 Tracer gas release system 43
4.2 Tracer gas sampling system 44
4.3 Tracer analysis system 53
4.4 Tracer gas data tape files 59
4.4.1 Tape file index 60
4.4.2 Tape fi 1 e records 60
4.5 Gas chromatograph calibration data tape files 63
4.5.1 Tape file index 64
4.5.2 Tape file records 65
5. Pilot Balloon Wind Data 67
5.1 Pilot balloon wind system 67
5.2 Pilot balloon wind data tape files 69
5.2.1 Tape file index 70
5.2.2 Tape file records 71
6. Tethersonde and Minisonde Data 74
6.1 Tethersonde and minisonde data systems 74
6.2 Tethersonde and minisonde data tape files 75
6.2.1 Tape file index 75
6.2.2 Tape file records 76
7. EPA Complex Terrain Model Development
SHIS #1 Modelers' Data Archive - 1982 81
7.1 Modelers' data archive 81
7.2 Tracer concentration data 82
7.3 Tracer release information 83
7.4 Meteorological data 84
7.5 Archive structure 91
7.6 Modelers' data tape files 92
7.6.1 Tape file i ndex 93
7.6.2 Tape file records - meteorological data .............. 95
7.6.3 Tape file records - tracer concentration data .... 95
7.7 Conclusion 99
References 101
vi
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Topography of Cinder Cone Butte 6
2 Field experiment layout 12
3 Data collection system configuration 25
4 Tracer gas sampler locations 49
5 Reflection mast design 50
6 Tracer gas chromatograph 55
7 Bag sampling and analysis procedures 57
8 Procedures to obtain tracer gas concentrations 58
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TABLES
Number Page
1A Tower Instrumentation and Measures 14
IB Climatronics Instruments Used for Tower
Instrumentation 17
2 Identification of Measurement Codes 18
3 Measurement Range and Resolution Due to Integer
Communication 24
4 Periods of Meteorological Data Collection 32
5 Meteorological Data Set No. 1:
Edited Data with Uncorrected Wind Data Tape
File Numbers - Tape File Numbers 34
6 Meteorological Data Set No. 2:
Edited Data with Corrected Wind Data:
Tape File Numbers 36
7 Data Record Format 37
8 Meteorological Record Types 38
9 Meteorological Data Set No. 1: Sample Printout -
Edited Data with Uncorrected Wind Data 41
10 Meteorological Data Set No. 2: Sample Printout -
Edited Data with Corrected Wind Data 42
11 Tracer Rel ease Data 45
12 Tracer Gas Sampler Network 51
13 Tracer Gas Tape Fi 1 es 60
\/m
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TABLES (Continued)
14 Tracer Data Format 61
15 Tracer Concentration Data - Sample Printout 62
16 Gas Chromatograph Calibration Data Tape Files 64
17 Gas Chromatograph Calioration Data Format 65
18 Gas Chromatograph Calibration Data - Sample Printout ... 66
19 Pilot Balloon Wind Tape Files 70
20 Pi 1 ot Bal 1 oon Wind Data Format 71
21 Pilot Balloon Wind Data -
Sample Printout 73
22A Tethersonde Data Tape Fi 1 es 76
223 Minisonde Data Tape Files 76
23 Tethersonde Data Format 77
24 Tethersonde Meteorological Data -
Sample Printout 78
25 Mi ni sonde Data Format 79
26 Minisonde Meteorological Data -
Sample Pri ntout 80
27 Modelers' Data Tape Files 93
28 Modelers' Meteorological Record Data Format - Tower A .. 94
29 Modelers' Meteorological and Tracer Release Data -
Sample Printout 96
30 Modelers' Tracer Concentration Record Data Format 97
31 Modelers' Tracer Concentration Data -
Sample Printout 98
ix
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
SYMBOL
b . Scattering coefficient - Nephelometer
C Concentration
Fr Froude number
g Acceleration caused by gravity
h Hill height
H Height of the plume center!ine above the ground over
flat terrain
H Critical dividing streamline height
IX, IY, IZ Turbulence intensities alongwind, crosswind, and
vertical
N Brunt-Vaisala frequency
Q Tracer emission rate
r, 9, z CCB polar coordinate system coordinates
a. Standard deviation of horizontal wind direction
B
a Standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations
w
a Standard deviation of alongwind velocity fluctuations
a Standard deviation of crosswind velocity fluctuations
T Average temperature
u Wind speed at source
U, u Uniform wind speed of flow approaching hill
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (Continued)
z. Mixed layer height
z Plume release height
ABBREVIATION
AFB Air Force Base
AID Analytical Instrument Development, Inc.
CCB Cinder Cone Butte
CTMD Complex Terrain Model Development Program
ECL Executive Control Language
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERT Environmental Research & Technology, Inc.
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FMF Fluid Modeling Facility
GC Gas chromatograph
MSL Mean Sea Level
MST Mountain Standard Time
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRTS National Reactor Testing Station
ppb Parts per billion by volume
xi
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (Continued)
ppt Parts per trillion by volume
RTD Resistance Thermometric Device
SHIS Small Hill Impaction Study
TRC TRC Environmental Consultants, Inc.
WPL Wave Propagation Laboratory
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report is partly composed of excerpts from publications and
documents produced by Environmental Research and Technology, Inc. (ERT) the
prime contractor for the Complex Terrain Model Development project, who
compiled the computer data base of magnetic tapes. As referenced in the
text, the First Milestone Report - 1981 by Lavery et al. (1982), was another
important source, as was the Quality Assurance Project Report for Small Hill
Impaction Study No. 1 by Greene and Heisler (1982). Section 7 of this
report is a reproduction of a document by Strimaitis and DiCristofaro of ERT
describing a special Modelers' Data Base they developed from data acquired
at Cinder Cone Butte. The magnetic tape files containing observed and
computed values derived to assist any modeling effort were included in the
computer data base and made accessible along with all other tape files.
All credit for creation of the computer data base and documentation of
the effort must go to the scientists and investigators at ERT. The purpose
of this report was to condense available documentation into one volume that
would serve as a convenient handbook for any investigators who might acquire
and use this valuable computer data base.
XT 11
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EPA PROGRAM
The extensive development of energy resources, especially in the
mountainous terrain of the western United States, has generated concern
about the resulting impact on air quality (as well as on water and land).
Even in relatively simple situtations, it has been difficult to produce
reliable calculations of atmospheric transport and diffusion. In complex
terrain, mathematical modeling is confounded because the physical processes
are more complicated and meteorological measurements are less
"representative" than in level terrain settings. Responding to this
fundamental problem, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
embarked upon the Complex Terrain Model Development (CTMD) Program, a major
program to develop and demonstrate reliable models of atmospheric dispersion
for emissions in mountainous terrain.
An early step in the development of this program was the convening of a
workshop on problems in modeling atmospheric dispersion over complex
terrain. In concert with recommendations of the workshop report (Hovind et
al., 1979), EPA's CTMD Program involves a coordinated effort in mathematical
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model development, field experimentation, and scaled physical modeling. The
Program's basic objective is the production of practical models with
demonstrated reliability. Initially the CTMD Program has focused on the
problem of stable plume impaction/interaction with elevated terrain. This
phenomenon was singled out because of the likelihood of relatively high
concentrations and because models that are in use have been challenged
extensively. The approach has been to study stable plume interactions first
in relatively simple terrain settings and subsequently in more complex
situations.
EPA's prime contractor for carrying out the CTMD program is
Environmental Research and Technology, Inc. (ERT). Significant
contributions are also being provided by EPA's Fluid Modeling Facility (FMF)
and by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's Wave
Propogation Laboratory (WPL) through their sophisticated measurement
capabilities. A comprehensive tracer field study was carried out on Cinder
Cone Butte (CCB), near Boise, Idaho, during the autumn of 1980'(Small Hill
Impaction Study No. 1, SHIS #1). Based on those data, several models of
plume impaction have been tested and some relatively new modeling concepts
have been introduced (Lavery et al., 1982; Strimaitis et al., 1983).
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this report is to describe the data that were collected
in the tracer field study on CCB and to publicize their availability. These
data offer a wealth of information for model development/testing, which is
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continuing in the EPA Program. This report is based on three other reports
which provide further details and trace the history and refinement of the
data. The first two are program milestone reports (Lavery et a!., 1982;
Strimaitis et al. , 1983), while the third is a very thorough report on
quality assurance (Greene and Heisler, 1982). In spite of the publication
dates, these documents were written in the order mentioned above. They
should be consulted for details beyond those provided here.
This report describes the setting of CCB, the experimental approach,
and the following data archived on magnetic tape in seven sets of data
files:
Tower (six) wind and temperature measurements (unaltered but
flagged), solar and net radiation at one location, and
nephelometer data;
Tower wind data refined by applied quality assurance procedures;
Tracer gas concentrations and release data;
Winds based on pilot balloon data;
Winds, temperatures, and moisture measured from tethersondes;
Winds, temperatures, and moisture measured from balloon-borne
minisondes; and
The modelers' archive of derived wind and temperature values at
tracer release locations and measured tracer concentrations
(tracer values in this file differ from those in data file 3; here
averages are taken of colocated samplers, reanalyzed samples, and
10-min samples during a given hour).
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In the first set of data files, the nephelometer measurements were taken at
three locations near the top of CCB. These data (5-min averages of
backscatter) are listed with Tower B data. A preliminary evaluation of
these measurements indicates that they are qualitatively useful for
determining when and where plume impact occurs. Although lidar measurements
(by WPL) and extensive photography were made of the oil fog plumes, those
data are not available for publication at this time. Pertinent scaled
physical modeling studies by EPA's FMF are being published as they become
available.
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SECTION 2
FIELD STUDY AT CINDER CONE BUTTE
2.1 GEOGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL SETTINGS
Cinder Cone Butte is an isolated small hill in the Snake River Valley,
located about 50 km SSE of Boise and 25 km NW of Mountain Home Air Force
Base, Idaho. Near CCB the main axis of the valley is SE-NW. Mountains
begin to rise sharply at roughly 20 km NE and SW of CCB. Immediately east
of CCB some summer farming is done for potatoes, sugar beets, and grain.
The butte is on the eastern boundary of a National Guard training range.
The soil is mostly sandy and rocky with some grass as tall as 0.5 m and
sparse scrub brush that rarely reaches 2 m.
Figure 1 illustrates the topography of CCB. Contours are shown in 10-m
intervals. The base (zero) contour is at an elevation of 945 m (3100 ft)
above sea level. Both rectangular and polar coordinates, with origins at
the center of CCB, have been used. Cinder Cone Butte is a two-peaked,
roughly axisymmetrical hill, about 95 m high. The nearly circular base is
about 1 km in diameter. The upper part of the butte has slopes that are
generally around 25 degrees. There are several roads near the base of CCB
and one to the top to service a permanent FAA tower on the northern peak.
Several photographs of CCB are presented in the report by Lavery et al.
(1982).
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CINDER CONE BUTTE, ID
TOWER "A" 3S2DEG 2.3KM
W I
: TOWER'
... , I -/F A A TOWER / I I TOWER
i'1
\ \
\ TOWER "E" TOWER "B"
CONTOUR INTERVAL = 10M
OATUM=3100FT CONTOUR (945MIMSL
METERS
150
300 450
600
Figure 1. Topography of Cinder Cone Butte
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General meteorological information indicated a high frequency
throughout the year of nights with marked temperature inversions. The
autumn season was targeted for the field study in order to operate during
longer nights but before the normal onset of winter storms. Summaries of
hourly wind observations from nearby Mountain Home AFB indicated predominant
surface air flow from either the southeast or northwest, along the valley's
axis.
2.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The field study was designed so that tracer releases from a platform
lifted by a large crane would impact on or interact with CCB. Sixty
sequential bag samplers were deployed over the butte to collect up to twelve
1-h samples each during each experiment. Twenty samplers were programmed to
collect 10-min samples. Seventy of these samplers were in fixed locations
and ten were moved according to meteorological conditions. In addition, a
small number of samplers were used for background determination, for
colocation, and for vertical sampling at two or three levels on four 6-m
"reflection" masts (operated during experiments 203 to 218). Except for 3-
or 6-m levels on masts, the sampler intakes were nominally at 1 m above
local ground.
During Phase I, September 16 to 27, 1980, ten "shakedown" and strictly
visualization experiments were conducted. During Phase II, October 16 to
November 12, 1980, eighteen quantitative tracer experiments (numbers 201 to
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218) were carried out. Each lasted 8 h and was conducted at night or early
morning. The main tracer was sulfur-hexafluoride (SFfi). An oil fog, for
visualization of the plume, was generated within 1 m (horizontally) of the
SFg release point. A second tracer, Freon 13B1 (CF-Br) was released
simultaneously at a different elevation (usually lower) in nine experiments
(numbers 208, 210, 211, and 213 to 218). The tracer gas concentrations in
the bags were measured by gas chromatography. The lowest quantifiable
limits of detection were 20 parts per trillion (ppt) of SFg and 220 ppt of
Freon. More than 14,000 bag samples (1-h and 10-min) were analyzed. In
cases where it was clearly demonstrated that the tracer gas(es) did not
reach the bag samplers, most of those bags were not analyzed. In one tracer
experiment (number 212) the wind was so variable that it was not possible to
align the release system upwind of the sampler array. The visible oil fog
plume was never observed to hit the hill. No concentrations of SFC were
b
above 5 ppt, indicating a lack of background contamination. No
meteorological data are included in the files for experiment 212. The
tracer release and analysis procedures and quality assurance program are
discussed extensively in the three documents mentioned previously and in
other appropriate sections of this report.
A lidar (operated by WPL) took backscatter measurements through
vertical sections of the oil fog plume but those data are not included in
the archive described here. Nephelometer measurements were collected at
three locations near the top of CCB. These data (5-min averages) are
qualitatively useful for determining plume impact. An attempt was made to
collect nephelometer data from instruments hung from a crane, but the data
were not usable and are not included in the archive.
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The arrangement of the meteorological monitoring equipment is shown in
Figure 1. There were six towers. Tower A, 150 ni tall, was instrumented at
eight levels with a resistance thermometric device, at five of those levels
with triaxial propeller anemometers, and at three of the latter levels with
cup-and-vane wind instruments. Fast-response thermistors were operated at
two levels for determining standard deviations of temperature. Tower A was
located 2 km north of CCB, where scaled modeling studies at EPA's FMF had
shown it to be outside the region of flow disturbed by the butte in the
frequent stable southeasterly or northwesterly flows. A pyranometer and a
net radiometer were located 40 m WSW of the tower base.
Tower B, 30 m tall, was located on top of the south knoll of CCB. It
was instrumented at three levels with resistance thermometric devices and
triaxial propellers and also at the two upper levels with cup-and-vane
instruments.
Towers C through F, 10 m tall, were located on CCB near the 70-m
contour, except F was about 10 m lower. Each was instrumented at two levels
with resistance thermometric devices and triaxial propellers and also at the
upper level with cup-and-vane instruments. The sampling frequency for all
tower-mounted meteorological instruments was 4 Hz, which was used in real
time to calculate 5-min and 1-h average values for automatic storage in the
computer and display at the command post. Differences in the operating
characteristics of the two wind systems and refinement of the measurements
are discussed in detail in the quality assurance document mentioned earlier
(Greene and Heisler, 1982). The base of the FAA tower was used to install a
nephelometer instrument.
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A tethersonde was operated at one of two sites (depending on wind
direction) located about 1.3 km NW and SE from the butte center; the sondes
were released from the more upwind of the two sites. Ascent and descent
measurements were made of temperature, pressure, wind direction and speed,
and moisture, normally at 1-h intervals during tracer releases. When winds
were too fast to operate the tethersonde or the tethersonde system was
inoperable, data were obtained from minisondes tracked by theodolite. In
addition, double-theodolite pibals were taken at hourly intervals between
tethersonde soundings.
Temperature and wind instruments 1 m above ground were deployed at five
locations along the east-facing draw on CCB in order to document low-level
drainage winds. However, the records and some instruments were stolen from
the site and have not been recovered.
In addition to the lidar, the WPL also operated a frequency-modulated,
continuous-wave radar to determine winds aloft and two monostatic acoustic
sounders to determine stability structure aloft. However, these data are
not yet available.
Further details on the CCB data archive are given in other appropriate
sections of this report and in the reports by Lavery et al. (1982),
Strimaitis et al. (1983), and Greene and Heisler (1982).
10
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SECTION 3
TOWER METEOROLOGICAL DATA
3.1 FIXED METEOROLOGICAL NETWORK
Six meteorological towers, designated A through F, were deployed at the
CCB site as shown in Figure 2 (Lavery et al., 1982). Tower A, the 150-m
"profile" tower, was located about 2 km north of the butte, where tow-tank
experiments at EPA's FMF had shown it would be outside the region of flow
disturbed by the butte in the predominantly NW and ESE nocturnal winds of
the Snake River Basin. Tower B, 30 m high, was located on the top of the
south peak of the butte. Towers C through F were 10 m h'igh, based within
the 62- to 78-m contours (see Figure 1), and deployed approximately at 90
degree intervals from the center of the butte.
Meteorological data are identified in the computer data base by a code
of four to six characters, the first of which identifies the tower, A
through F, the second and third the level on the tower, and the remainder
the type of data. Because the heights of the nine instrument levels on
Tower A extend to 100 m and beyond, the levels are coded as simple
identifiers, LO to L8. For the other towers, the level codes are the level
heights in meters above the tower base. Table 1 (Lavery et al. , 1982)
11
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S- .
O 0)
i
o
ur>
0)
-C V
P J-
(0
Ul
3 O
O
&U
r- 0)
P O
C 4->
E E
i- i
S- O
0) PO
Q.
X
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illustrates the arrangement of instrumentation on each tower, and Table 2
(Lavery et al., 1982) identifies the codes used for each type of
meteorological data measured.
Tower A was a Unarco-Rohn Model 80 with a Tower Systems elevator that
lifted the instrument booms to 10, 40, 80 and 150 m. It was instrumented
with temperature sensors at eight levels and wind sensors at five levels. A
net ^adiometer and pyranometer were located about 1 m above the ground and
roughly 40 m WSW of the tower base. The tower was surrounded by fairly
sparse prairie grass about 50 cm high except near its base, where the grass
had been trodden down by people and vehicles during installation and
maintenance.
There were two temperature sensors on Tower A at both the 10- and 150-m
levels. One was a standard platinum resistance thermometric device (RTD),
giving temperature differences from the 2-m level, and one fast response
thermistor bead, installed for the purpose of calculating the standard
deviation cf temperature. Both sensors at either level were mounted in the
same aspirated shield. All aspirators were installed with the intake end
facing north.
Tower B, a Unarco-Rohn Model 55 on top of the butte, was instrumented
with wind and temperature sensors at the 2-, 10-, and 30-m levels. The area
around its base was fairly smooth, soft rock and soil without vegetation.
Very sparse grass, 10 to 20 cm long, and small stones covered the slopes of
the nil! away from this tower.
The other four towers, C through F, were identically instrumented
Unarco-Rohn Model 45's; wind and temperature sensors were mounted at 2- and
13
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TABLE 1A. TOWER INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASURES
Site
Instrument*
Direct Measures**
Derived Measures*
Tower A
Level 0 (1 m)
Level I (2 m)
Level 2 (10 m)
Level 3 (20 m)
Level 4 (40 m)
Level 5 (60 m)
Level 6 (80 m)
Level 7 (100 m)
Level 8 (150 m)
Pyranometer
Net radiometer
Triaxial props
Cup-and-vane
RTD
Insolation
Net radiation
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ
UX, VX
T
Triaxial props U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ
Cup-and-vane UX, VX, MS, MD, SD
RTD TD
Fast bead thermistor T, ST
RTD
Triaxial props
RTD
RTD
Triaxial props
RTD
RTD
Triaxial props
Cup-and-vane
RTD
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ
TD
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ
TD
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ
UX, VX
TD
Fast bead thermistor T, ST
WS, WD
SP, DR
WS, WD
SP, DR
TC
WS, WD
TC
WS, WD
TC
WS, WD
SP, DR
TC
(continued)
14
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TABLE 1A. (Continued)
Site
Instrument*
Direct Measures**
Derived Measures*
Tower B
Level 2 (2 m) Triaxial props
RTD
Level 10 (10 m) Triaxial props
Cup-and-vane
RTD
Level 30 (30 m) Triaxial props
Cup-and-vane
RTD
(1.5 m) Nephelometer
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ WS, WD
T
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ WS, WD
UX, VX SP, DR
TD TC
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ WS, WD
UX, VX SP, DR
TD TC
ANEPH
Towers C, D, E, F
Level 2 (2 m) Triaxial props
RTD
Level 10 (10 m) Triaxial props
Cup-and-vane
RTD
Tower D
(1.5 m) Nephelometer
FAA Tower (north peak)
(1.5 m) Nephelometer
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ WS, WD
T
U, V, W, IX, IY, IZ WS, WD
UX, VX SP, DR
TD TC
CNEPH
BNEPH
(continued)
15
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TABLE 1A. (Continued)
*A11 temperature sensors were mounted in aspirated radiation shields; an RTD
is a Resistance Thermometric Device.
**"Direct" measures are those calculated by the data station microprocessors
from the outputs of the instrument translators. The turbulence data (IX,
IY, IZ, SD, ST) were calculated for both 5-min and 1-h data periods. All
direct measures were updated once per min by the data stations. UX and
VX are the westerly and southerly components of the wind calculated from
the cup-and-vane outputs at the 4 Hz sampling frequency.
+"Derived" measures are those calculated by the data collector computer from
the 5-min averages provided by the data stations. These derived measures
comprise 5-min average values of the measures indicated as well as 1-h
averages of all direct and derived measures except the turbulence data,
1-h averages of which were calculated by the data stations.
Tower elevations - datum = 944.9 m MSL
Tower A = -03.5 m
Tower B = 98.0 m
Tower C = 69.0 m
Tower D = 69.4 m
Tower E = 78.8 m
Tower F = 61.8 m
FAA Tower = 94.9 m
16
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TABLE IB. CLIMATRONICS INSTRUMENTS USED FOR TOWER INSTRUMENTATION
Type
Model no.
UVW component anemometer - Triaxial props
(23 cm styrofoam propellers)
Cup-and-vane windset
Platinum resistance thermometric device - RTD
Fast response bead thermistor probe
Motor aspirated temperature probe
Solar radiation sensor - pyranometer
Net radiation sensor - net radiometer
WC-13
F460
100826
100093-4
TS-10
1000484
100881
17
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TABLE 2. IDENTIFICATION OF MEASUREMENT CODES
Code Units
SR ly/nri n
NR ly/min
U, V, W m/s
WS m/s
WD degrees
IX, IY, IZ percent
Instrument
pyranometer
net radiometer
propellers
propellers
propellers
propel lers
Measurement
solar radiation
net radiation
westerly, southerly
vertical wind
components
vector resultant wi
speed
vector resultant wi
direction
>
nd
nd
alongwind, crosswind,
UX, VX
SP
DR
T
TD
TC
TF
m/s
m/s
degrees
°C
°C
°C
°C
cup-
cup-
cup-
RTD
RTD
T &
bea<
bead thermistor
and vertical
intensity of
turbulence
westerly and southerly
wind components
vector resultant wind
speed
vector resultant wind
direction
dry bulb temperature
temperature difference
from 2-m level
calculated temperature
dry bulb temperature
(continued)
18
-------
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Code
ST
MS
MD
SD
ANEPH,
BNEPH,
CNEPH
Units
°C
m/s
degrees
degrees
bSCAT'
nT1
Instrument
bead thermistor
cups
vane
vane
nephelometer
Measurement
standard deviation of
dry bulb temperature
scalar mean wind
speed
scalar mean wind
direction
standard deviation of
wind direction
scattering coefficient
10 m. Tower C, to the NE of the butte's center, was based on a steep slope
covered with sparse, short grass, small stones and soil. Tower D was to the
SE of the center of the butte and located approximately 20 m north of the
crest of the ridge coming down from Tower B. Here the grass was somewhat
longer (20 to 30 cm) and thicker than it was around the other towers on the
butte, particularly on the steep slope NE of this tower. The ground around
Tower E, on the other hand, was nearly free of vegetation except for some
sagebrush and large rocks up to 0.5 m in diameter and half that in height.
Tower F sat on a small, fairly level spot on the ridge to the S of the NW
draw. The ground around it was quite variable, mostly short sagebrush below
it and to the N on the slope of the draw, with short grass and small rocks
in other directions.
19
-------
Because the sites of the four 10-m towers were sloped, and the
different wind instruments at the 10-m level were separated from one another
by crossarms, the heights of the sensors above the ground must be regarded
as "nominal".
Sites were established for three nephelometer instruments to detect the
impact of the oil-fog plume on CCB. Nephelometer-A was located at the base
of Tower 8 on the south peak, nephelometer-B on the north peak near the FAA
Tower, and nephelometer-C at the base of Tower D. All instrument sample
intakes were approximately 1.5 m above the ground. Data were recorded as a
scattering coefficient (b t) and placed in Tower B data tape files.
Certain of the measures in the CCB data base require explanation. With
the exception of measurements made at 10 m on Tower A, all wind speeds and
directions are horizontal vector resultant values whether derived from
triaxial propeller anemometers or from cup-and-vane sets. These measures
are derived from the propellers simply by averaging the u (westerly) and v
(southerly) component values from the respective propellers. The
measurements from the cup-and-vane sets were resolved into westerly and
southerly components as the data were taken at the 4-Hz sampling frequency.
Only at the 10-m level on Tower A were the cup mean speed (MS) and vane mean
direction (MD) recorded in the traditional, single-sensor fashion. Standard
deviation of vane direction (SD) was also calculated only for this site.
The other measures requiring explanation are the intensities of
turbulence, IX, IY, and II, respectively, the alongwind, crosswind, and
vertical intensities. These are approximately au/0, av/U, and ow/U, where U
is the mean horizontal wind speed. The CCB measures, however, are
20
-------
calculated from the signals of the propeller anemometers by means of the
following algorithms:
TY - l r Iy + 2ZUZVZUV -, .
IX - ( [ 2 J} - U
(lu) + (Iv)
IY = {1 [Zu2 + Zv2 - (^)2 lu2 + iZv)2 Zv2 + 2ZUZVZUV
+ Zv^
IZ =
2 2
where U = ^ N Vis the vector resultant mean wind speed, N is the
number of samples in the calculations, and u, v, and w are the instantaneous
wind component speeds from the triaxial propeller anemometers.
3.1.1 Data Acquisition System
Each of the 89 instrument transmitters in the fixed meteorological
network was sampled four times a second. This sampling was done by nine
microprocessors (ERT Data Station Model No. DS-00) installed with the
instrument translators and power supplies in the two shelters provided, one
to the west of the 150-m tower and one between the two peaks of the butte,
which served the five shorter towers. The microprocessors converted the 0-
to 5- volt instrument outputs to digital values, calculated the intensities
of turbulence and standard deviations of temperature and wind direction,
resolved the cup-and-vane data into westerly and southerly components, and
-------
made 5-min averages of 142 measurements. All calculations were updated once
per minute by the microprocessors.
The 5-min data were collected by a minicomputer located in ERT's base
trailer approximately 3 km E of the butte. This data collector was a Data
General Nova 3 equipped with two disk drives, a tape drive, and a Digital
Equipment Corporation Decwriter as interactive console. The data collector
polled each microprocessor channel every 5 min for the 5-min data and every
hour for the turbulence quantities. It did parity and range checks on the
data received (flagging faulty data), resolved the vector component wind
data into speeds and directions, calculated temperatures at elevated tower
locations by adding AT's to 2-m T's, wrote a selected subset of 5-min data
on the console for experiment control, accumulated hour averages of the 142
measurements provided by the microprocessors, and wrote the data to disk.
On the hour it also requested the 1-h turbulence quantities from the
microprocessors and made the same calculations from its accumulated hour
averages that it did from each 5-min scan of data.
The scan of the microprocessors' 142 channels took longer than 1 min so
that all the data associated with a particular time are not necessarily
representative of the same 5-min period. Consequently a calculated
temperature (TC) may sometimes not equal the sum of the 2-m temperature (T)
and the temperature difference (TD) because the T value was requested again
by the data collector just before the calculation of the higher level TC.
At least once per hour (every 20 minutes during the later experiments)
the Data General M-600 at ERT's office in Concord, MA, requested the 5-min
data (and 1-h data if appropriate) from the Nova and wrote it to disk for
archive.
22
-------
The microprocessors in the instrument shelters and the data collector
in the trailer communicated via cables. The microprocessors transmitted
their data as integers between 0 and 1,023. The resolution of the
transmitted data was therefore slightly better than 0.1% of full range. The
range and resolution of each of the measurements is listed in Table 3
(Lavery et a!., 1982). The data collector and the computer in Concord
communicated via telephone line. Figure 3 (Lavery et al. , 1982) is a
schematic of the data acquisition system.
3.1.2 Quality Assurance Plan
ERT's quality assurance plan (Greene and Heisler, 1982) for the fixed
meteorological measurements was based on careful, documented calibration of
the instruments before installation; a calibration check shortly before
Phase 2, the complete tracer experiments that started in the middle of
October; a calibration check at take-down in mid-November; and the
performance audit by TRC. Additional automatic quality control (QC) checks
for parity and range were done by the data collector computer in real time
(see Section 3.1.1 above).
The instruments could not be completely checked out and calibrated, as
planned in the ERT laboratory in Ft. Collins prior to installation because
the period between receipt of the instruments from the manufacturer and
startup was too brief. The field calibration done at installation, however,
incorporated most of the laboratory procedures. The output of the cup and
propeller anemometers was checked when spun with a synchronous motor and
when held stationary, the bearings of the vanes and anemometers were checked
23
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-------
for proper performance, and vane output was checked when pointed towards and
away from known landmarks. Temperature sensors were immersed in cold and
warm stirred water baths whose temperatures were measured with NBS-traceable
precision thermometers. All instrument translator cards were tuned to give
correct output voltages at various calibration points.
3.1.3 Data Editing
ERT has performed two types of editing on the data from the fixed
meteorological network. The first was an examination of each 5-min value to
flag data that were identified as incorrectly transmitted to the data
collector or that were taken from a malfunctioning sensor. The second
editing process-was correction of the data for consistent and significant
calibration errors, for misorientation of wind sets to true north as
determined by TRC's audit, for instrument response characteristics, and for
effects of tower wakes.
The first data editing, or validation, was largely necessitated by two
types of equipment failures. Shielded cable had been specified by ERT for
the data links from the microprocessors in the instrument shelters to the
data collector, but it could not be obtained from vendors in time for the
startup of the experiments, and unshielded cable was used. This resulted in
frequent communication errors in spite of parity checks done on both the
data requests from the data collector and the data transmissions from the
microprocessors. The second type of equipment failure was a loss of
response of a UVW component propeller. Sometimes a propeller would stop
turning almost completely, in which case the fault was easy to identify.
26
-------
More frequently, however, che failure was more subtle - a slight
"stiffening" of the instrument identified by an unusually low ratio of
crosswind intensity of turbulence, IY, to alongwind intensity of turbulence,
IX, or by changes in the relative values of U or V components with respect
to an adjacent cup-and-vane set in similar conditions of wind speed and
direction but separated by an hour or more.
The communication problems resulting from the unshielded cable caused
two major types cf errors. The first type was a miscommunication from a
data station to the data collector that was not always picked up by the
parity checking on the transmission. Such an error resulted in a value that
looked peculiar in the time series of values for the measure affected. From
the redundant wind measurements (both cup-and-vane and UVW propellers),
errors of this type could be fairly easily verified for wind speed and
direction except at the 40- and 80-m levels of Tower A, where propellers
were alone and vertically separated by 30 m or more from the nearest source
of data for comparison. Because of the strong thermal layering during many
experiments, it was often unfeasible to verify a communications "hit" by
comparison to these levels, and the determination that a value was suspect
or in error depended entirely on whether it was unreasonable or out of place
in the time series. Calculated temperatures at 10 m and 150 m could be
validated by comparison with the values from the fast-response thermistors
at these sites. Temperatures and temperature differences at other heights
on Tower A were validated by comparison with temperatures above and below
the height being validated.
27
-------
Fortunately, few errors of communication from the data stations to the
data collector resulted in values that were in the range of possible values.
Most were recognized as faulty by the data collector and identified by an
"M" flag.
A more difficult communication problem occurred in the data requests
from the data collector to the data stations. A request for a wind
component might, for example, be received as a request for a temperature,
and the temperature would therefore be returned to the data collector and
put into the data base as the wind value. All measured values were
transmitted to the data collector as integers (called "counts") between 0
and 1,023 inclusively. The data collector converted them to proper
engineering units by interpolation in the range of the measure. A
temperature transmitted in error as a wind component would therefore not
appear in the data base as the value of temperature that was sent but rather
as the value of the wind component appropriate to the number of counts
corresponding to the temperature. Consequently, one could look through all
the data for the 5-min scan in which the suspect value occurred for another
measure value that had the same associated counts. If such a measure was
found, the suspect value was regarded as bad.
To expedite the time-consuming error check through all measurements
taken during the experiments, the 5-min data were retrieved from the data
base in time-series files for each experiment. In general, each of these
files included all the 5-min measures for one level on a tower; there are 19
files per experiment in this "edit" format. A set of data flags for
identifying the quality of the data was established as follows:
28
-------
" " (blank): Both the editor and the data system concur that the
value is valid.
"M" (missing): Both the editor and the data system concur the value
is invalid.
"U" (unavailable): The value is unavailable because of data collector
or data station failure.
"B" (bad): The editor believes the value is invalid but the data
system did not catch the error; this flag is therefore associated
either with instrument malfunction or communication problems.
"R" (restored): The editor believes the value is valid although the
data system had flagged it "M".
"C" (calculated): The editor calculated a derived measure (WD, WS,
SP, DR, TC), usually from "R" flagged values; the only exceptions
are nonzero solar radiation values in a string of zeros at night,
for which a 0.000 was inserted and flagged "C".
"S" (suspect): The editor believes the data are somewhat in error but
cannot confirm either an instrument malfunction or communication
failure.
"L" (at limit): The measure is at the upper limit of its range and
the "true" value exceeds that shown. The instrument ranges were
not themselves exceeded during the experiment, and this flag is
necessary only for the turbulence data (IX, IY, IZ, SD) in very
light and variable winds.
29
-------
No data have been estimated and inserted into the data base.
In this validation editing, ERT tried to maintain a balance between the
premise that all data are potentially valid and the premise that no data are
above suspicion. Consequently, if no instrument failure or communications
error could be verified, a value was regarded as valid unless it appeared to
be unreasonable with respect to comparable values adjoining it in time and
space. This is generally not a difficult judgement to make, but in some
situations a value may look peculiar but not completely unreasonable and
might indicate a significant phenomenon. Such data are left unflagged if
they will not be misleading and are flagged "S" if they are substantially
removed from the general trend.
The different characteristics of propeller wind sets and cup-and-vane
systems are well demonstrated in the CCB data. In general, the vector
resultant wind speed (WS) from the propellers was less than the vector
resultant wind speed (SP) from a cup-and-vane set at the same location. The
ratio of WS to SP decreased from 0.8 to 0.9 in high-speed smooth flows down
to 0.5 or less in light and variable winds. In near-calm conditions, the
props were observed to be more responsive to gentle puffs than the vanes, so
that a 5-min wind direction (WD) and wind speed (WS) resolved from the props
might be 175° at 0.2 m/sec, whereas the corresponding cup-and-vane direction
and speed might be 245° at 0.5 m/sec. Both these pairs of wind measurements
may appear in the validated data .vithout any error flag because there was no
indication of instrument malfunction or communication error. The
differences between the measurements are attributable to the differences in
the instruments.
30
-------
Similarly, the response of propeller sansors is direction-dependant.
Often the difference between WD and DR at the site changed markedly when WD
passed through a cardinal direction such as 0°, 45°, 90°, or 135°. Again,
the measures were both retained as valid in the data base.
The differences between the speeds and directions from the two kinds of
instruments show general consistency with the differences anticipated as a
result of the departure of the UVW systems from the cosine response curve,
as discussed by Horst (1973). Furthermore, the horizontal intensities of
turbulence IX and IY tend to become more nearly equal when the average angle
of attack of the wind is approximately equal on both propellers (i.e.,
directions near 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°), whereas IX tends to exceed IY when
the average angles of attack are substantially different (i.e., directions
near 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°). This consistency suggested that the quality of
the UVW data might significantly improve if corrections were applied similar
to those described by Horst (1973), which were derived from comparisons of
R. M. Young propeller data and sonic anemometer data. Although ERT was
unable to find any similar comparative analysis of data for the Climatronics
is! "*
system, corrections for .moncosine response were applied to all data from
wind component propeller sensors, and a separate file of wind data was
produced.
3.1.4 Periods Of Data Collection
Table 4 illustrates the dates and times of the experiments and the
concurrent periods of meteorological tower data collection. No
meteorological tower data collected during experiment 212, November 11,
31
-------
1980, 1700 to 2400 MST have been included in the data base because the
tracer gas never hit the sampler array on the butte.
TABLE 4. PERIODS OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA COLLECTION
Experiment
no.
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
213
214
215
216
217
218
1980
Date
10/16
10/17
10/20
10/21
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/27
10/28
10/30
10/31
11/04
11/05
11/06
11/09
11/10
11/12
Experiment
hours (MST)
1700 to 2300
1700 to 2300
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
1700 to 0100
1700 to 0100
0000 to 0740
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
0200 to 1000
0000 to 0600
0000 to 0700
0200 to 1000
0200 to 1000
Stability
E
E
E to F
E to F
E
E
E to F
E to F
F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E
NOTE: NO DATA COLLECTED FOR EXPERIMENT 212.
3.2 TOWER METEOROLOGICAL DATA TAPE FILES
Data are stored at the National Computer Center, Environmental Research
Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina on Sperry UNIVAC 1100/83
systems magnetic tape, nine track, odd parity, ASCII-quarter word mode,
density 6250 BPI, tape number 004700. Record length is 132 characters, and
the block size is 1320 words or 40 records per block. Each file has three
blocks. UNIVAC users may assign the tape, @ASG,T CCB.U9S//////Q,004700 using
32
-------
UNIVAC Executive Control Language (ECL). Upon request, copies can be
furnished and translated into formats acceptable to any computer using nine
track tape drives.
3.2.1 Meteorological Data Tape File Index
Two sets of meteorological data files are recorded on tape number
004700. The first set of files, numbers 1 to 323, are edited but
uncorrected data; data editing procedures and flags were performed as
described. Table 5 illustrates hew individual tape files are related to
tower sites, record types, and experiment number in the first set of files.
The second set of files, numbers 324 to 612, are derived from the same
wind speed and direction observations as set number one, except that the
data have been corrected to account for audited misalignment of wind sets,
for consistent errors in instrument calibration, for noncosine response of
the wind component propeller sensors, and for the effect of tower wakes on
wind speeds.
Wind speed and directions from the Climatronics F460 cup-and-vane
anemometers were corrected for erroneous calibration, misalignment to true
north, and mean nonlinearity in vane response. Wind speeds and directions
derived from the UVW propeller anemometers were corrected for noncosine
response, misalignment to true north, and consistent calibration errors that
were greater than the resolution of the measurement provided by the data
acquisition system. In addition, corrections were applied to wind speeds
derived from both types of wind instruments to account for tower wakes.
These corrections result in substantially improved correspondence between
speed and direction data from the two types of wind sets.
33
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-------
No corrections were made to the temperature data because of
inconsistencies between results of two independent audits. The differences
between audit or calibration values and output measurements were quite small
for most of the temperature sensors. All but two indicated errors were less
than 0.2 °C in magnitude, and it appeared that the magnitude of the errors
was close to the resolution of the auditing procedures.
No corrections were made to the turbulence intensity data. Certainly
these data are in error -because of the response characteristics of the
propeller sensors, but no satisfactory justifiable corrections were found to
apply. In most cases, the intensity of turbulence data is probably too low.
Other errors that remain in the corrected data are the effects of the
wake of one instrument on another and the effects of tower wakes on
turbulence measurements and wind direction. Installation of propeller
sensors on the north side of the towers resulted in a region between 90° and
125° in which the propeller speed was about 40% of cup anemometer speed.
Data users should be advised to give precedence where possible to wind
measurements from instruments that are clearly out of the wakes. A
comprehensive discussion of this problem is presented in Greene (1982).
The second set of meteorological data files, numbers 324 to 612,
contains a corrected version of wind data that are in the first set of tape
files. Since no corrections were applied to temperature data, record type 1
from Tower A and record type 4 from Tower B were omitted from the second set
of files. Table 6 illustrates the relationship of files to experiments.
35
-------
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36
-------
3.2.2 Tape Data Records
The first record of the first block of each file contains alphabetic
ASCII characters of column headings for the data fields in the records that
follow. This first record may be considered to have a FORTRAN statement,
format (132A1). Column headings are coded in four or five characters, such
as AL2TD, where the first three characters are tower and level identifiers,
and the last one or two identify the meterological data. Here the "A"
identifies Tower A, "L2" identifies level 2 (10 m), and the "TD" specifies
the meteorological data, the value of temperature difference between the
10-m level and the 2-m level reference temperature. Table 7 lists the codes
for towers, levels, and meteorological measurements.
All data records following the first record have data fields arranged
as illustrated in Table 7.
TABLE 7. DATA RECORDS FORMAT
Position
1 to 4
6 to 8
10 to 11
13 to 16
17 to 24
25
26 to 132
Contents FORTRAN format
Year 1980
Day (Julian) 290 to 315
Hour (MST) 00 to 23
Seconds 0, 300, 600, 1500,
1800, 2100, 2400,
2700, 3000, 3300
Meteorological data
Data quality flag
Meteorological data
& data flag fields
14
13
12
14
F8.3
Al
F8.3, Al
37
-------
3.2.3 Data Record Types
Meteorological data acquired during each experiment was classified into
19 separate files, of 13 different record types, according to tower, level
and data type.
Table 8 classifies the record types of the first set of files, numbers 1 to
323, edited but uncorrected data.
TABLE 8. METEOROLOGICAL RECORD TYPES
No. of Meteorological
Type data fields data Data codes
Tower A
1 12 Temperature profile, 2 to 150 m T, TD, TC
2 9 Solar radiation, fast response NR, SR, TF,
temperature, cup-and-vane wind ST, MS, MD,
statistics SD
3 12 Wind data, 2-m level U, V, W, WS,
WD, IX, IY, IZ,
UX, VX, SP, DR
4 12 Wind data, 10-m level U, V, W, WS,
WD, IX, IY, IZ,
UX, VX, SP, DR
5 12 Wind data, 150-m level U, V, W, WS,
WD, IX, IY, IZ,
UX, VX, SP, DR
6 8 Wind -.'ata, 40-m level U, V, W, WS,
WD, IX, IY, IZ
7 8 Wind data, 80-m level U, V, W, WS,
WD, IX, IY, IZ
(continued)
38
-------
TABLE 8. (Continued)
No. of Meteorological
Type data fields data Data codes
Tower B
1 8 Wind data, 2-rn level U, V, W, WS,
WD, IX, IY, IZ
2 12 Wind data, 10-m level U, V, W, WS,
WO, IX, IY, IZ,
UX, VX, SP, DR
3 12 Wind data, 30-m level U, V, W, WS,
WD, IX, IY, IZ,
UX, VX, SP, DR
4 8 Temperature profile, T, TO, TC, ANEPH,
2 to 30 m BNEPH, CNEPH
Tower C, 0, E, F
1 11 Temperature profile, 2 to 10 m & U, V, W, WS,
Wind data, 2-m level WD, IX, IY, IZ,
T, TD, TC
2 12 Wind data, 10-m level U, V, W, WS,
WD, IX, IY, IZ,
UX, VX, SP, DR
For the second set of files, numbers 324 to 612, corrected wind data,
only 17 separate files were required for each experiment since no
temperature data were corrected, thus record type 1 from Tower A and record
type 4 for Tower B were omitted. Otherwise, the classification of files by
record type is the same as in the first set of files as shown in Table 8.
39
-------
Table 9 is a printout of the first five records from the first seven
filss-from the first set of meteorological data files, numbers 1 to 323. It
illustrates how the first alphabetic record of each file identifies with
headings of the meteorological data that follows in the data records in the
remainder of the file. The seven files shown represent the seven different
record types used to record data from Tower A.
Table 10 is a printout of the first five records from the first seven
files from the second set of meteorological data files, numbers 324 to 612.
Since temperature profile data were omitted from this set of files, only six
record types were used for Tower A, and the seventh file shown is wind data
from Tower B. If wind data are required from Cinder Cone Butte, only the
second set of files should be used if ERT's corrections are considered
satisfactory. The first set of files, edited but uncorrected data, are
available for application of other corrections and for comparative purposes.
Only the temperature profile data are considered reliable.
Further refinements of propeller anemometer data may/be possible when
results of more wind tunnel studies are analyzed and when comparisons are
made between propeller and sonic anemometer data from colocated systems
operated at Small Hill Impaction Study No. 2 at Hogback Ridge, New Mexico
during 1982.
40
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EC O- O O 0-
42
-------
SECTION 4
TRACER GAS DATA
4.1 TRACER GAS RELEASE SYSTEM
Two tracer gases, SFg and Freon, were released at different heights
from the boom of a mobile crane. The mobility of the release system
resulted in a higher number of successful hours per test (normally six or
seven hours out of eight) in which significant tracer concentrations were
recorded on the hill. In only one experiment (212) were the wind patterns
so variable that it was not possible to align the release system upwind of
the hill.
The SFg and Freon tracer gases were stored in individual compressed gas
cylinders kept at ground level; flexible Tygon tubing, approximately 100 m
long, led from the gas cylinders to different release heights on the crane
boom. For the first nine experiments (201 to 209), the tracer release tube
was attached to the smoke generator platform at the smoke release height but
from 0.5 m to 1 m away, horizontally. For the last nine experiments (210 to
218), the tracer release tube was on a separate pulley system independent of
the smoke generator platform and about 1 m away, horizontally, from the
smoke release. The gas flow was monitored by separate rotameters on the SF/-
43
-------
and Freon cylinders, and each cylinder's weight loss was monitored by a
separate electronic digital scale.
Because of the difficulty in calibrating rotameters with 100 m of
tubing attached, the rotameters were used simply to monitor a constant
tracer flow rate; the weight loss of the cylinders (as recorded by the
digital scale) was used to determine the emission rate of each tracer. The
scales could be read accurately only to the nearest 0.05 Ib, and because the
SFfi flow rate was initially as low as 0.06 g/sec (0.5 Ib/h), the possible
uncertainty in the hourly emission rate determination could be up to 10%.
This problem was alleviated in the later experiments by increasing the SF..
b
flow rate to about 0.18 g/sec (1.5 Ib/h), thus reducing the emission rate
uncertainty to about 3%. Table 11 presents the average tracer release rates
in each experiment; release rates ranged from 0.06 g/sec to 0.20 g/sec for
SFg and from 0.86 g/sec to 0.98 g/sec for Freon.* Table 11 (Greene and
Heisler, 1982) also identifies locations of tracer release points. Release
point range (r) and azimuth (0) are determined with respect to the center of
CCB. , Elevation at release point (z) is determined with respect to CCB datum
(3100 ft. or S44.9-m MSL), and the heipht of release (Ht) is determined with
respect to local ground elevation.
4.2 TRACER GAS SAMPLING SYSTEM
Tracer sampling was accomplished by means of approximately 100
individual battery-operated samplers capable of either 10-min or 1-h
sequential operation. Each sampler contained 12 individual pumps, each of
*In analysis by electron-capture gas chromatography, Freon is about 20 times
less sensitive than SF_.
44
-------
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47
-------
which intermittently** filled a Tedlar bag over the time period of interest.
Thus, each sampler could take sequential 1-h samples over a 12~h period or
sequential 10-min samples over a 2-h period. Normally, 1-1 bags were used
for both hourly and 10-min samples. Except for samples taken from
reflection masts (described below), all samples were taken at 1 m above
ground level.
Figure 4 (Lavery et al., 1982) shows the locations of the 70 fixed
samplers and also the 10 movable samplers that were placed on either the NW
or SE side of the hill, depending on the prevailing wind direction. Of
these 80 samplers, typically 60 were used for 1-h average samples and 20
were used for 10-min average samples. Another 20 samplers were used for
reflection masts, for background ambient air samples, and for colocated
samplers. Table 12 presents the locations of samplers with regard to range
and azimuth and Cartesian coordinates using the center of CCB as origin.
Elevations of samplers are also presented with regard to a datum of 944.9-s-i
MSL.
The design of a reflection mast is shown in Figure 5 (Lavery et al.,
1982). Air samples were drawn in from 3 m and 6 m (in addition to the
normal 1-m height) and also at an uphill site equal in elevation to the 6-m
height. The purpose of this sampling strategy was to determine if tracer
concentrations would "reflect" off the surface as predicted by some
disperson models. Four of these reflection masts were used during Cases 203
to 218. Normally, the 3-m height was sampled on only one of the reflection
masts; the other masts were sampled at 6 m and 1 m, in addition to the
uphill site.
**For a 1-h average sample, a pump sampled intermittently for about 1 sec
every 15 sec.
48
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Background air was sampled during each experiment by at least one
sampler upwind of the tracer release point. At two locations during each
test, an extra sampler was placed next to the normal sampler and set to
sample at the same time. These colocated samplers were used to assess the
variability in the sampling technique.
The mechanical reliability of the samplers was relatively poor, with a
typical pump breakdown rate of about 20% during each test. During the
earlier experiments, the mechanical breakdown problems, when combined with
sampler crew mistakes in setting the sampler times, resulted in fairly
low data capture for some of the experiments. However, as the sampler crew
gained experience, the data capture during the later experiments was limited
mainly by mechanical problems.
The sampling system design is proved to be a good compromise between
total system flexibility and personnel endurance. For example, it was not
possible to operate many more 10-min samplers because bags had to be
manually changed by the sampler crew every two hours for each 10-min
sampler. The utility of the reflection mast system cannot be properly
assessed at present because a more detailed study of the results is
necessary.
4.3 TRACER ANALYSIS SYSTEM
The analysis of the bag samples was done by means of chromatographic
separation and electron capture detection at the NAWC gas analysis
laboratory in Boise. Seven gas chromatographs (GCs) were originally used in
53
-------
3
the laboratorythree Baseline Industries units, three S Inc. units, and
one AID (Analytical Instrument Development, Inc.) unit. The output of all
but the AID GC was evaluated by electronic integraters (with strip chart
backup) to give the area under tracer gas peaks. The AID's output was
recorded on a strip chart and evaluated by measuring peak height. The AID
differed from the other GCs in that it operated with several attenuation
factors ranging up to 64 x 10 . It was the only instrument whose molecular
sieve column could separate SFg, Freon, and oxygen successfully;
consequently all Freon analyses were done on the AID GC.
The GCs were numbered 1 through 8 for simplicity of identification,
although no instrument was designated number 4, due to the requirements of
the electronic integrators, each of which processed the output from several
instruments. The Baseline units were removed from service after the first
five experiments; two more S instruments replaced them after the twelfth
experiment as GCs numbers 1 and 2 because of drift problems. The detection
limit of the GCs was about 5 parts per trill on (ppt) for SFg and about 100
ppt for Freon.
A chromatograph showing a good separation of the tracer gases using a
5A molecular sieve column is illustrated in Figure 6 (Lavery et al. , 1982).
The SFfi and Freon separate before the large oxygen peak, with a total
analysis time of about 4 min per sample. The SF& areas were calculated by
an electronic digital integrator (the area under the peaks is directly
proportional to concentration). With six chromatographs and an average of 4
min per sample, a total of 90 samples per hour could be analyzed.
54
-------
T
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For quality assurance, about 3% of the bag samples from each experiment
were analyzed again, usually on a chromatograph different from that used in
the first analysis; all Freon analysis, of course, had to be done on GC #8
(AID). These "recount" data have been used for estimates of the precision
of the analytical procedures. Most analyzed bags were then flushed two
times with nitrogen and returned to the field. The exceptions were bags
that contained high tracer concentrations (greater than 1 part per billion
SFg or greater than 10 part per billion Freon); these bags were discarded to
prevent possible contamination caused by tracer desorption from the bag
walls. Figure 7 (Lavery et al., 1982) illustrates the flow of procedures
followed in the bag sampling and analysis.
Calibrations were performed on each GC at the start and finish of each
analysis day. Nine calibration gases, ranging from about 10 ppt to 40 ppb
SF- and from about 200 ppt to 800 ppb Freon, were used to calibrate each GC
in the early experiments. The calibration points were reduced to seven (10
ppt to 10 ppb SFg) in later experiments because no SFg tracer concentration
greater than 10 ppb was ever detected in the field studies. A check with
one calibration gas (usually.100 ppt SFg) was performed every four hours on
every GC; information (date, time, and integrator area) was then written on
the same data sheet. Because of the large number (more than 14,000) of
tracer analyses performed w'th these data, the actual calculation of
concentrations, Figure 8 (Lavery et al. , 1982), from GC responses was done
by computer at ERT's office in Concord, MA. Experiment, bag, and sampler
numDers, sampler location code, and sampling time were entered into the
computer system from the sampler log sheets by means of a remote terminal in
NAWC's laboratory in Boise. GC calibration data (GC number, time and date
-------
Field
Samplers
1
GC Analysis
Recounts
Bag Flushing
High
Concentrations
Figure 7. Bag sampling and analysis procedures.
57
-------
Field
Sampler
Data Sheets
Recounts
Computer
i
Concentrations
GC Calibrations
Calibration
Data Entry
Figure 8. Procedures to obtain tracer gas concentrations.
58
-------
of calibration, calibration gas concentrations, and GC responses) were
similarly entered from calibration log sheets. After sample analysis, GC
number, bag number, experiment number, analysis time and date, and GC
responses were entered and merged with sampler data. The concentration in
the bag was then calculated from the GC response (peak height or peak area)
by means of curves fit to the calibration data.
In view of the huge number of tracer samples and the operation of the
gas chromatographs for 16 h per day, the tracer analysis system worked quite
well. All samples were analyzed within 48 h of sample collection. The main
deficiency was that only one chromatograph could analyze both SFg and Freon.
The only major instrument problem occurred during the early experiments when
it was difficult to obtain reproducible results from three of the
chromatographs. These chromatographs were subsequently replaced, and the
analysis proceeded smoothly. The preliminary recount statistics show good
reproducibility of the tracer analysis system.
4.4 TRACER GAS DATA TAPE FILES
Data are stored at the National Computer Center, Environmental Research
Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina on Sperry UNIVAC 1100/83
systems magnetic tape, nine track, odd parity, ASCII-quarter word mode,
density 6250 BPI, tape number 004700. Record length is 132 characters, and
the block size is 1320 words, or 40 records per block.
UNIVAC users may assign the tape, @ASG,T CCB.U9S//////Q,004700 using
UNIVAC ECL. Upon request, copies can be furnished and translated into
formats acceptable to any computer using nine-track tape drives.
59
-------
4.4.1 Tape File Index
There are 18 tape files, one for each experiment, numbered 613 to 630
following the corrected meteorological tower data on tape number 004700.
Table 13 shows how tape files are related to experiments and dates of
operation.
TABLE 13. TRACER GAS TAPE FILES
File no.
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
Exp. no.
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
Date 1980
10/16
10/17
10/20
10/21
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/27
10/28
10/30
10/31
11/02
11/04
11/05
11/06
11/09
11/10
11/12
Exp. hours
(MST)
1700 to 2300
17CO to 2300
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
0000 to 0800
1700 to 0100
1700 to 0100
1700 to 0100
0000 to 0800
1700 to 2400
0000 to 0800
0200 to 1000
0000 to 0700
0000 to 0700
0200 to 1000
0200 to 1000
Stability class
E
E
E to F
E
E
E
E to F
E to F
F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E to F
E
4.4.2 Tape File Records
Table 14 shows the tracer data formats on each data record within the
files. The first two records of the first block of each file contain
alphabetic characters for the column headings for the data records that
follow. Table 15 is a printout of the first block (40 records) of the first
tracer data file (Experiment 201). Tracer concentrations of SFg are
60
-------
TABLE 14. TRACER DATA FORMAT
Position
1 to
5 to
14 to
20 to
24 to
32 to
38 to
44
46 to
56 to
63
66 to
77 to
82 to
93 to
102 to
113
118 to
129
3
12
16
22
29
35
41
53
59
75
80
91
96
110
126
Contents
Experiment number
Sample collection date
Collection location
Sampler ID
Bag Number
Sampling start time
Sampling end time
Sample flag
Analysis date
Analysis time
Gas chromatograph
GC response
to SF6
GC attenuation
for SF6 analysis
GC response
to Freon
GC attenuation
for Freon analysis
SF6 concentrations
Data reduction flag
Freon concentration
Data reduction flag
Heading
EXP
SAMPLING DATE
SITE
SID
BAG
SAMPLING START
SAMPLING END
QF
ANALYSIS DATE
ANALYSIS TIME
GC #
SF6 RESPONSE
GC AT
FREON RESPONSE
GC AT
SF6 PPT
QF
FREON PPT
QF
Comments
mm/dd/yy
characters
characters
6 digits
hhmm (MST)
hhmm (MST)
G = valid sample
R = recount sample
Q = questionable
sample
B = bad sample
S = suspect sample
mm/dd/yy
hhmm (MST)
F10.2 FORTRAN
format
FORTRAN integer
zero if GC is
not AID
F10.2 FORTRAN
format
FORTRAN integer
F9.1 FORTRAN format
Always "E"
F9.1 FORTRAN format
Blank if no
Freon analysis;
"E" otherwise
Notes:
1. Headings occupy first two records of the file.
2. Records are sorted by sampling location, sample collection date, sampler ID
and sample flag, in that order.
61
-------
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contained in record positions 102 to 110 (F9.1 FORTRAN format), and Freon
concentrations are located in positions 118 to 126 (F9.1 FORTRAN format). A
quality flag accompanies each concentration that must be "E" to validate the
value. Since no Freon tracer was released until Experiment 208, the "0"
values listed in the records in Table 15 do not have an "E" flag indicating
no measured value rather than a zero Freon concentration.
An overall evaluation of the sample quality is indicated in record
position 44 where an appearance of "G", "Q", "B" or "S" indicates quality.
An "R" in this flag position indicates the sample is one that has been
analyzed twice or "recounted".
Four reflection mast sampler systems were used during Experiments 203
to 218. Air samples were drawn in from 3 m and 6 m (in addition to the
normal 1-m height) and also from an uphill site equal in elevation to the
6-m height. Normally, the 3-m height was sampled on only one of the
reflection masts; the other masts had two samplers, 1-m and 6-m, in addition
to the uphill sampler. All reflection mast systems are recorded under one
collection location identification in tape record position 14 to 16; each
sampler in the mast system is recorded with a separate number in record
position 20 to 22. The uphill sampler is denoted "900", 1-m height "901",
3-m height "903", and 6-m height "906".
4.5 GAS CHROMATOGRAPH CALIBRATION DATA TAPE FILES
Calibration data observed on GC's during all experiments are stored on
eight files, 631 to 638, immediately following the tracer gas data tape
63
-------
files on the same tape reel and with the same tape block and record
specifications.
4.5.1 Tape File Index
There are eight tape files, one for each GC employed in tracer gas
analysis. Nine calibration gases were used to determine responses in each
GC in early experiments, but this number was reduced to seven or less in
later experiments when no SFg tracer concentration greater than 10 ppb was
ever detected. GC number 8, the AID instrument, has calibration data on two
files, 637 and 638; the first has calibrated responses for SFg and the
second for Freon. No GC was assigned number 4. Table 16 shows how tape
files 631 to 638 related to calibration data.
TABLE 16. GAS CHROMATOGRAPH CALIBRATION DATA TAPE FILES
File no.
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
GC
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
8
no.
(SF6)
(Freon)
64
-------
4.5.2 Tape File Records
Table 17 shows the formats for each data record. The first record of
each calibration procedure contains alphabetic characters to identify and
supplement the calibration data that follows. Table 18 is a printout of the
first block, 40 records, of the first file.
TABLE 17. GC CALIBRATION DATA FORMAT
Position
Contents
Comments
1 to 5
7 to 16
18 to 27
Attenuation
GC response
Calibration gas
concentration
15 FORTRAN format, always
"1" except for GC #8
where measured value is
presented
F10.2 FORTRAN format, area
under tracer gas peaks
on GC except GC #8 where
peak height is measured
F10.2 FORTRAN format
Notes:
1. The header record that precedes each calibration is in the format:
"GC" - GC number
"COL" - molecular sieve column number
"GAS" - 1=SF6, 2= Freon
"mm/dd/yy" - date of calibration
"hhmm" - hour and minute of calibration (MST)
2. The last record for each calibration contains a value of -1 in each field.
65
-------
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SECTION 5
PILOT BALLOON WIND DATA
5.1 PILOT BALLOON WIND SYSTEM
North American Weather Consultants (NAWC) operated pilot balloon
systems from the more upwind of two locations about 1.3 km NW and SE of the
center of CCB (see Figure 2). Wind profiles are derived from double
theodolite measurements of trajectories from pilot balloons (pibals) or
minisonde balloons released approximately once an hour.
Two theodolites were positioned a known distance apart, and both
theodolites were aligned to true north. The positions of the theodolites
are determined by the azimuth and elevation angles of theodolite station 2
as observed by theodolite station 1. After the balloon is released, both
theodolite stations take simultaneous measurements of the balloon's
position, which is recorded as an azimuth and an elevation angle as observed
from each station. Thus, at each data point, two rays are defined. The
first ray is the ray Rl from Theodolite 1 to the balloon described by the
angles AZ1 and ELI. The second ray R2 is described by the angles AZ2 and
EL2 and is analogous to the ray Rl. Theoretically, these two rays will
intersect at the exact location of the balloon but experimental errors
generally cause the two rays to be skew and not intersect at all. Based on
67
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two such nom'ntersecting rays, the position of the balloon is analyzed as
follows.
It is necessary to find the line segment AB connecting a point A on Rl
with a point B on R2 such that the segment AB is the shortest possible line
segment with endpoints on the two rays. This constrains the segment AB to
be perpendicular to both Rl and R2. Now let Rl no longer be a ray of
infinite length, but be a vector originating at Theodolite 1 and ending at
the Point A. Similarly, R2 becomes a vector originating at Theodolite 2 and
ending at the Point B. Because the experimental error in determining the
balloon's position is an error in the measurement of an angle, the resulting
linear error in balloon position is directly proportional to the distance
from the point of observation to the balloon. Therefore, the point chosen
as the most probable location for the balloon is the Point C lying on the
line segment AB such that the ratio of the distances AC/BC is equal to the
ratio R1/R2. Thus, if the origin of the coordinate system is taken as
Theodolite 1 and the vector AB is taken as the vector originating at the
Point A (Point A is now synonymous with Rl) and ending at the Point B, the
balloon position C can be expressed by the following equation:
C = Rl + (--) A3
R1+R2
The quantity reported in the column labeled "error" in the heading records
of each tape file is actually the length of the line segment AB.
The values listed as "direction correction" in the heading records have
been applied to both the observed angles and the computed wind directions.
68
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The wind directions and speeds are midpoint averages. For example, the wind
at min 3.5 is taken from the midpoint of the balloon position at min 3 and
min 4. If min 4 was missing and it was necessary to use min 3 and min 4.5,
then the resultant wind would really be representative of min 3.75 instead
of min 3.5.
In situations where only one theodolite was operative or where one
theodolite lost track of the balloon, an assumed balloon ascent rate was
employed to determine vertical distance. If one theodolite lost track near
the end of the run, then calculations were based on a continued constant
vertical velocity. In all such cases, the assumed ascent rate is indicated
in the heading records and the requirement of a continued vertical velocity
noted by a special record at the end of wind profile data records.
b.2 PILOT BALLOON WIND DATA TAPE FILES
Data are stored at the National Computer Center, Environmental Research
Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina on Sperry UNIVAC 1100/83
systems magnetic tape, nine track, odd parity, ASCII-quarter word mode,
density 6250 BPI, tape number 004700. Record length is 132 characters, and
the block size is 1320 words, or 40 records per block.
UNIVAC users may assign the tape, @ASG,T CCB,U9S//////Q,004700 using
UNIVAC ECL. Upon request, copies can be furnished and translated into
formats acceptable to any computer using nine track tape drives.
69
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5.2.1 Tape File Index
*
There are 21 tape files, 9 containing wind profiles for 9 days
preceeding the days with tracer gas release, and 18 with data from
experiments 201 to 218. Files are numbered 639 to 665 following the gas
chromatograph calibration data on tape number 004700. Table 19 shows how
tape files are related to experiments and dates of operation.
TABLE 19. PILOT BALLOON WIND TAPE FILES
File no.
Exp. no.
Date 1980
Release location
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
9/17
9/19
9/20
9/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/26
9/27
10/16
10/17
10/20
10/21
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/27
10/28
10/30
10/31
11/02
11/04
11/05
11/06
11/09
11/10
11/12
NW
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
NW
NW
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
NW
NW
SE
SE
NW
SE
SE
SE
NW
SE
SE
70
-------
5.2.2 Tape File Records
The ffrst seven records of each pilot balloon ascent are alphabetic
characters that identify and describe the observation. The next two records
are alphabetic characters of column headings for the data record that
follow. A blank record separates each balloon ascent during an experiment.
Table 20 illustrates the data formats on each data record within the files.
TABLE 20. PILOT BALLOON WIND DATA FORMAT
Position Contents
Comments
Heading (FORTRAN Format)
1 to 5 Time from release
10 to 15 Azimuth angle,
theodolite 1
19 to 24 Elevation angle,
theodolite 1
29 to 34 Azimuth angle,
theodolite 2
38 to 43 Elevation angle,
theodolite 2
46 to 51 Linear error of balloon
position
56 to 60 E-W coordinate of balloon
position
65 to 69 N-S coordinate of balloon
position
74 to 78 Ht. of balloon above
datum, 944.9 m
82 to 86 E-W component of wind
speed
90 to 94 N-S component of wind
speed
98 to 102 Vertical speed
106 to 110 Wind speed
115 to 117 Wind direction
TIME (MIN)
AZ.l (DEC)
EL.l (DEC)
A2.2 (DEC)
EL.2 (DEC)
ERROR (M)
X (M)
Y (M)
Z (M)
U (MRS)
V (MRS)
W (MPS)
SPEED (MPS)
DIRN (DEC)
F5.2, min.sec
F6.2, degrees.tenths
F6.2, degrees.tenths
F6.2, degrees.tenths
F6.2, degrees.tenths
F6.1, meters.tenths
15, meters
15, meters
15, meters
F5.1, meters per sec
F5.1, meters per sec
F5.1, meters per sec
F5.1, meters per sec
13, degrees
71
-------
Table 21 is a printout of the first block, 40 records, of the first
file. It illustrates a situation where only one theodolite was operative
and an assumed ascent rate was used.
72
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
-------
SECTION 6
TETHERSONDE AND MINISONDE DATA
6.1 TETHERSONDE AND MINISONDE DATA SYSTEMS
North American Weather Consultants (NAWC) operated tethersonde and
minisonde systems from the same two locations NW and SE of CCB from which
the pilot balloons were released. The tethersonde was operated in an
ascent-descent sequence yielding profiles of temperature, pressure, wind
speed and direction at intervals of once an hour (or more frequently) to
heights of at least 200 m above the local terrain. Release times were
scheduled 30 min after the pilot balloon soundings to obtain wind profiles
every half hour.
The principal quality control check performed by NAWC, other than
routine operational checks before each flight, was a comparison of the
output from the sonde package with data taken concurrently from the 150 m
tower. Three profiles taken when the sonde was flown from the NW sounding
site, about 1.5 kn SSW of Tower A, have been compared with tower data taken
during experiment 201. Averaged data for the period of 15 min at a constant
altitude near 80 m are also compared with tower data at that level. The
temperature data from the sonde appear to be about 1° C high, although the
profiles are still useful in defining gradients. The wind speed data
compared favorably with the now corrected tower data.
74
-------
Minisonde flights were conducted when wind speeds were too high to
allow tethersonde operation, or when the tethersonde system was not working.
The minisonde was operated as a free release balloon sounding to heights as
high as 500 mb or 5.5 km. Sometimes the balloon was tracked to serve as a
pilot balloon for wind profiles. Minisonde data consisted of profiles of
temperature, wet bulb temperature and pressure.
6.2 TETHERSONDE AND MINISONDE DATA TAPE FILES
Data are stored at the National Computer Center, Environmental Research
Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina on Sperry UNIVAC 1100/83
systems magnetic tape, nine track, odd parity, ASCII-quarter word mode,
density 6250 BPI, tape number 004700. Record length is 132 characters, and
the block size is 1320 words, or 40 records per block.
UNIVAC users may assign the tape, @ASG,T CCB.U9S//////Q,004700 using
UNIVAC ECL. Upon request, copies can be furnished and translated into
formats acceptable to any computer using nine track tape drives.
6.2.1 Tape File Index
There are 17 tape files, 10 containing tethersonde data, and 7 with
minisonde data. Files are numbered 666 to 675 for tethersonde data, 676 to
682 for minisonde data. Tables 22A and 22B show how tape files are related
to experiments and dates of operation.
75
-------
TABLE 22A. TETHERSONDE DATA TAPE FILES
File no.
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
Exp. no.
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
212
Date 1980
10/16
10/17
10/20
10/21
10/23
10/24
10/25
10/27
10/28
11/02
Release location
NW
NW
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
NW
NW
NW
TABLE 22B.
MINISONDE DATA TAPE
FILES
File no.
676
677
678
679
630
681
682
Exp. no.
211
213
214
215
216
217
218
Date 1980
10/31
11/04
11/05
11/06
11/09
11/10
11/12
Release location
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
SE
Note: No valid tethersonde or minisonde data from Experiment 210, 10/30.
6-2.2 Tape File Records
The first six records of each tethersonde ascent-descent are alphabetic
characters that identify and describe the observation. The next two records
are alphabetic characters of column headings for the data records that
follow. A blank record separates each tethersonde ascent-descent during an
experiment. Table 23 contains the data formats on each data record within
the files.
76
-------
TABLE 23. TETHERSONDE DATA FORMAT
Position
1
11
19
26
33
40
47
54
62
70
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
7
15
23
30
37
43
51
58
66
73
Contents
Time of observation
Barometric pressure
Height of obs. AGL
Temperature
Rel. humidity
Mixing ratio
Wind direction
Wind speed
Potential temperature
Voltage
Heading
TIME
PRES
HT.
TEMP
(MIN)
. (MBS)
(M)
(O
RH (%)
M.R.
DIRN
SPD.
P.T.
. (DEC)
(MPS)
(K)
VOLTS
Comments
(FORTRAN Format)
F7.
F5.
F5.
F5.
F5.
F4.
F5.
F5.
F5.
F4.
4,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
HH.MMSS
millibars. tenths
meters. tenths
degrees Celsius. tenths
percent. tenths
ratio. tenths
degrees. tenths
meters per second.
tenths
degrees kelvin. tenths
volts. tenths
Table 24 is a printout of the first block, 40 records of the first
file. It illustrates a tethersonde ascent from the surface to 309 m, with
the first block of records containing the identification and heading records
and data records up to 151.2 m.
The first four records of each minisonde ascent are alphabetic
characters that identify and describe the observation. The next two records
are alphabetic characters of column headings for the data records that
follow. A blank record separates each minisonde ascent during an
experiment. This instrument was used when high winds prevented use of the
tethersonde, and in all experiments after 212, when the tetersonde system
did not operate. Data recorded were not subject to quality assurance
procedures as were the pilot balloon data or the tethersonde data. Table 25
contains the data formats on each data record within the files.
77
-------
Q.
1-lr-trHi-ii-lr-lr-lrHrH
U O> I
-» U. O O I
UJ (O IO i-l I
(Q 2 ^" O* O* ff* ^ ^* O* Iff* 9* O*
UJ 13 O UJ UJ
Z UJ 2: o n
O CO UJ Z Z __
bj uj o (ft
o: ao n.Q,K>tnr^ x:
§P f- OJ «^
M HI (Q
M H M U- £
~ <<-K1Z(3
_...."
h- - S X
uj M M .. in [!: oO>OOOOOOO
>-ZC3C3 cV5h~ r^i^f^Mi-ifHM
§>- 5 g a 10
c: 5 5 = uj
t o o o uj o:
HE
< O O
a. M co
CHS
-JON. tf> ir>
_/ M -.
-J O UJ
< n i- z: r^ ' ' '
UJCJ ^t^J.HH^^^p^f-I^^Mi
78
-------
TABLE 25. MINISONDE DATA FORMAT
Position
Contents
Headi ng
Comments (FORTRAN Format)
1 to 6 Time from release
Time (SEC)
9 to 13 Temperature TEMP. (C)
18 to 22 Wet bulb temperature WET BULB (C)
F6.1, MM.SEC(tenths);
8.9=8:54; 9.0=9:00;
9.2=9:12
F5.1, degrees Celsius.tenths
F5.1, all data unusable
29 to 33 Barometeric pressure PRESSURE (MBS) F5.1, mil 1ibars.tenths
Note: Altitude of observation must be developed from pilot balloon profile
that tracked minisonde ascent. Balloon ascent rate and time from
release will yield altitude.
Table 26 is a printout of the first block, 40 records, of the first
file. It illustrates the beginning of a minisonde ascent with observations
of temperature and pressure at 6- or 12- second intervals. The presence of
erroneous wet bulb data is also evident.
79
-------
OS
a.
UJ
_l
a.
o
CD
O
O
LU
UJ
K
5
UJ
O
o
to
uj
s
K
UJ
9
UD
CM
CQ
-» co uj
r:»- \ 3
U rO
_i O V
! _j o a. i
M r-( ^ U
I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I F I I I I I I t I I I I I
80
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SECTION 7
EPA COMPLEX TERRAIN MODEL DEVELOPMENT
SHIS #1 MODELER'S DATA ARCHIVE - 1982
by
David G. Strimaitis*
Sonald C. DiCristofaro*
7.1 MODELERS' DATA ARCHIVE
The present modelers' data archive for the first Small Hill Impaction
Study (SHIS #1) of the CTMD program contains observed 1-h average tracer
concentration data, tracer release information, and meteorological variables
and derived parameters estimated at release height for each of the hours
during SHIS #1 in which either SFg or Freon tracer gas was released. The
method of estimating meteorological data appropriate to the release heights
of the tracer gases relies on a few central assumptions, and is objectively
applied to all the data with few exceptions. Those assumptions and a
description of the procedures are presented in the following sections.
Because the meteorological data contained in the archive are spatial
estimates of the meteorological conditions affecting the transport and
dispersion of the tracer gases, they should be viewed as approximate. At
*Environmental Research & Technology, 696 Virginia Road, Concord, MA 01742.
Section 7.1 to 7.5 and Section 7.7.
81
-------
best, the data could adequately represent conditions at the release point.
At worst, the data could be misleading. This is particularly evident in the
estimated wind direction. For example, the wind set at the 40-m level on
Tower A was partially operational during all of Experiments 205, 206, 210,
and 211. Some data from this instrument are recoverable, but winds are
estimated at this level only by making an assumption about the variability
in wind directions between 40 m and 80 m. At times, the assumption may not
represent the real situation. With the scale of CCB, a resulting wind
direction error of 10° could at times cause the modeled plume to miss the
hill entirely during a period when the actual plume produced significant
concentrations on the hill. Potential users of this archive should be aware
that subjective estimates of the most appropriate wind directions as derived
from evidence of actual plume transport directions are in preparation, and
will be included in a second version of this archive when available.
7.2 TRACER CONCENTRATION DATA
Methods of collection and analysis of SFg and Freon tracer gas data are
described by Lavery et al. (1982), and revised calibration procedures are
described by Strimaitis et al. (1983). Procedures and results of quality
assurance analyses of the tracer data are described by Greene and Heisler
(1982).
Tracer gas concentration data from the SHIS #1 data base available
through EPA include data from 1-h samplers, colocated 1-h samplers, 10-min
samplers, and reflection mast samplers (a subset of the 10-min samplers),
82
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and "recount" concentration data resulting from re-analyzing a subset of all
bag samples as part of the quality assurance program. The data base also
provides additional information on the sampler location and the quality of
each individual sample.
Tracer gas data contained in the modeler's data archive have been
assembled from these data. All values are reported as 1-h averages. These
averages include concentrations from all 1-h sampling bags labeled as good,
the average of good concentrations obtained from the two samples collected
at co-located sampler sites, the average of the two concentrations obtained
from samples included in the recount analyses, the average of good 10-min
concentrations at standard 10-min sampler sites, and the average of good
10-min concentrations obtained at the foot of the sampling mast locations.
In the case of the 10-min samples, hourly concentration averages are
included only if no more than one 10-min period was missing from the hour.
The position of each sampler is included in the archive along with the
1-h average tracer gas concentration. The coordinate system is a Cartesian
system with origin at the center of Cinder Cone Butte, x-axis oriented
toward the E, and y-axis oriented toward the N. The sampler position
identification code for each concentration is also included. A map of CCB
identifying each sampler position is presented in Figure 4.
7.3 TRACER RELEASE INFORMATION
The modeler's data archive contains the average emission rate of the
tracer gas source, the polar coordinates of the source position is the
33
-------
elevation of the base of the source crane, the height of the source above
the ground, and the times at which the tracer gas was turned on and turned
off.
As discussed in Greene and Heisler (1982), the emission rate is an
average mass release rate (g/s) from the time at which the release valve was
opened to the time at which it was shut off. In some cases, this period of
time was less than 1 h, but in most cases it was several hours. The start
and stop times for the release are referenced to the beginning and ending
time of each experiment hour, respectively. A start time of -10 (min)
indicates that the tracer was released 10 min before the start of the
sampling hour, and a time of -5 (min) indicates a release ended 5 min before
the end of the hour.
Coordinates of the source position are expressed in the hill coordinate
system, a polar grid centered on CCB. The zero height contour in this
system corresponds to the 3100-ft elevation MSL (944.9 rn). Release
elevations are presented in meters above the ground, and the elevation of
the ground at the release position is given as the difference in meters from
944.9 m MSL. A topographical map of CCB is shown in Figure I.
7.4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA
Meteorological data contained in the modelers' data archive differ from
those contained in the SHIS #1 data base in that all quantities apply to the
release height of the tracer gas rather than to the height of fixed
instrument levels, derived parameters computed from the meteorological data
84
-------
base are included, and 1-h averages are constructed. Background information
on the design of the SHIS #1 meteorological data system can be found in
Lavery et al. (1982), and information on the adjustments applied to the data
in preparing the refined data base can be found in Strimaitis et al. (1983)
and Greene and Heisler (1982).
A "spline under tension" method is used to interpolate meteorological
variables between instrument levels on Tower A (Cline, 1974). This method
produces a linear interpolation when a tension factor of 50 is specified,
and a cubic spline curve through the data when a tension factor of zero is
specified. The suggested nominal tension factor of 1.0 produces a smooth
curve through all data points in a profile without the cusps and regions of
high curvature between data points common with the cubic spline. After
inspecting a number of profiles produced with tension factors between 0.5
and 3.0, the factor 1.2 was selected. This factor produces slightly greater
curvature near instrument levels than does a factor of 1.0, but it also
reduces the magnitude of local maxima/minima between data points in regions
where the vertical gradient of the profile quantity must change sign.
Meteorology representative of release height is assumed to be
equivalent to data taken from the Tower A vertical profile at the same
height above the surface as the height of release even though the surface
elevation at the release point generally differs from the surface elevation
at Tower A. This approximation is consistent with the spatial resolution of
the meteorological instrumentation because the release locations lie between
1 and 2.5 km from Tower A, because differences in surface elevations between
the base of Tower A and release locations vary between -6.1 m and 1.5 m with
85
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a mean difference of -3.7 m, and because the vertical resolution of wind
measurements on Tower A is 30 m or greater above 10 m (wind sets are located
at 2, 10, 40, 80, and 150 m).
The 5-min sequence of data in the modeler's data archive is constructed
as follows:
Tower A wind speeds, wind directions, and temperatures contained
in the refined data base are scanned for missing data. If missing
5-min values are found, they are replaced with values estimated
using linear interpolation in time. Only UVW prop wind data are
used to develop wind information because the F460 cup-and-vane
instruments were placed at the 2-, 10-, and 150-m levels while
most release heights are between 20 m and 60 m.
The temperature, the vertical component of the wind speed, and the
horizontal wind speed and direction are estimated at release
height by "spline under tension" interpolation with a tension
factor of 1.2. Horizontal speeds and directions are first broken
into wind components, and the components are interpolated to
obtain the wind direction at release height. The speeds are
interpolated directly. The -"rO-m level wind data are incomplete in
four of the experiments (205, 206, 210, 211) leaving the
undesirable prospect of having to interpolate the profile between
10 m and 80 m. However, the u-component (E) of the wind data from
40 m is available, and the mean winds were approximately SE during
86
-------
each of these experiments rather than nearly N or S. Assuming
that the directional wind shear was small (between 40 m and 80 m)
at Tower A during these four experiments, estimates of the wind
speed at 40 m are made with the 40-m u-component and the 80-m wind
direction. The resulting wind speed profiles indicate that the
speeds estimated at 40 m are generally reasonable, and so these
speed and direction estimates of 40-m level winds are used in the
interpolation procedure for nearly all 5-min periods when the 40 m
v-component was unavailable. Because the wind directions near 40
m appear to differ substantially from those at 80 m during the
first hour and twenty minutes and the last hour of Experiment 211,
the spline interpolation is used for these periods of time.
Turbulence data are estimated at release height by employing a
linear interpolation rather than the spline interpolation. The
turbulence velocity scales a , a , and a are obtained from the
turbulence intensity values contained in the refined data base by
multiplying by the wind speed. Unlike wind and temperature data,
missing turbulence data are not filled in by interpolating in
time. However, estimates of a are prepared for those experiments
W
in which one of the horizontal wind speed props malfunctioned at
the 40-m level. In these instances (205, 206, 210, 211) reported
values of I in the refined data base are flagged as bad because
the reported wind speed is incorrect, but because the w-prop was
working, the a values are not necessarily deficient. a is
w vv
S7
-------
recovered by multiplying the original value of I by the original
value of the wind speed. A prop response correction derived from
the work of Horst (1973) is applied. More information on its
application to CCB data can be found in Strimaitis et al. (1983).
No prop response corrections are applied to a or a .
The Brunt-Vaisala frequency, N, is estimated at source height by
interpolating the temperature profile in the immediate vicinity of
the release height to obtain the local temperature gradient.
The critical streamline height, H , is obtained from the splined
C*
profiles of temperature and wind speed by means of the integral
formula presented in Lavery et al. (1982). A bulk Hill Froude
number is calculated for the layer between H and the top of the
tower, 150 m, and also for the layer between 2 m and 150 m. The
hill height in both calculations is the difference between 95 m
and the height of the bottom of the layer.
The Turner dispersion stability class is calculated from net
radiation and wind speed data by means of the method of Williamson
and Krenmayer (1980). Wind speeds measured by the cups at the
10-m level on Tower A (reported as scalar averages) and the net
radiation data are interpolated in time whenever missing values
are encountered. The stability class is calculated as a number
between 1 and 6, where 1 denotes stability class A. Both the
88
-------
stability class and the 10-m wind speed are included in the data
archive.
Most 1-h average data in the modelers' data archive are obtained from
this sequence of 5-min average data interpolated to release height. Only
stability class data are not obtained in this way. The 1-h stability class
is found from the 1-h average net radiation and 10-m wind speed. In a
second method for computing the hourly stability class, the 10-m 1-h average
wind speed is combined with cloud information according to the Turner
objective method. Because cloud observations were not recorded as part of
the SHIS #1 data base, we are providing the 1-h average 10-m wind speeds as
part of the modelers' archive so that other users of the archive may obtain
the cloud cover data from Mountain Home AFB or Boise, Idaho and determine
the stability class.
The remaining 1-h average data in the modeler's data archive are
constructed as follows:
The wind speed and direction are calculated as both vector and
scalar averages. Two versions of the scalar wind direction are
calculated. One is a scalar average of the 5 min vector resultant
wind directions. The second is a vector average of unit vectors
along each 5-min vector resultant wind direction so that all
directions have equal weighting, as in the scalar average, but the
averaging is performed with vector arithmetic.
89
-------
Temperatures and parameters calculated from the splined profiles
of the 5-min temperature and wind data (N, H , Fr) are simply
averaged to provide 1-h average values.
Horizontal turbulence data, a and a , are computed for 1-h
periods by adding the contribution due to the 5-min turbulence
values to the contribution due to the variability of the 5-min
average winds. Let (a),.,, ,. denote the total 1-h value of the
ou, u
standard deviation, let (a)5 Q denote the total 5-min standard
deviation, and let (d)60 5 denote the standard deviation of the
5-min average winds over a 1-h period. Then:
Note that although prop response corrections are not applied to
the (a)g Q values, they are implicity contained in Men c because
the 5-min wind data in the refined data base include corrections
for prop response and wake effects. Also, because no time inter-
polation is performed on the 5-min turbulence data, less than a
full set of 12 values may be available during some hours. In
2
these cases the average of the (o")r n values will be incomplete.
o, u
The number of (a),- 0 values contained in each hour are denoted by
N(su), N(sv), and N(sw) in the archive.
The vertical turbulence a is computed for 1-h averaging periods
W
in the same way as a and a , but the prop response correction
90
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suggested by Horst (1973) is also applied. Neither the (a ),- n or
W 3 U
the (a )cn r. data used in the formula for (a )cri n have the cor-
w bU,o w bU,u
rection already applied. Rather, the correction is applied
directly to (a ),-0 Q. Also, the construction of (
-------
metaorology file. Concentrations are given in ppt, followed by a data
quality flag (they should all be G) and a column indicating whether the
concentration is from a 1-h sample (0), or made up of five or six individual
10-min samples. The Cartesian coordinates of the sampler position follow
(*, y, z), expressed in meters.
7.6 MODELERS' DATA TAPE FILES
Data are stored at the National Computer Center, Environmental Research
Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina on Sperry UNIVAC 1100/83
systems magentic tape, nine track, odd parity, ASCII-quarter word mode,
density 6250 BPI, tape number 002689. Record length is 132 characters, and
the block size is 1320 words, or 40 records per block.
UNIVAC users may assign the tape, @ASG,T CCBTR.U9S//////Q,002689
using UNIVAC ECL. Upon request, copies can be furnished and translated into
formats acceptable to any computer using nine track tape drives.
7.6.1 Tape File Index
There are four tape files; for each tracer gas, there is one file of
combined meteorological data and tracer release data and one file of tracer
gas concentrations. Table 27 shows how the tape files are an anged on the
tape.
92
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TABLE 27. MODELERS' DATA TAPE FILES
File no.
1
2
3
4
Experiment no.
201 to 218
201 to 218
208 to 218
208 to 218
Comments
SFg meteorological and tracer
release data
SFg tracer concentration
Freon meteorological and
release data
Freon tracer concentrati
data
tracer
on data
7.6.2 Tape File Records - Meteorological and Tracer Release Data
The first record of the file is composed of alphabetic characters that
identify the experiment, hour and tracer. The second record has alphabetic
characters that reveal the tracer release data with regard to emission rate,
position of the mobile crane, height of emission release, and start and stop
time of the release. The third record is a blank, and the fourth has
alphabetic characters that are column headings for 12 records of
meteorological data that follow. A blank record follows the meteorological
records, and eight alphabetic records follow, containing hourly averages of
meteorological data. Table 28 illustrates the data formats of the
meteorological records.
Table 29 is a printout of the first block, 40 records, of file no. 1,
the first file of combined meteorological and tracer release data related to
SFfi gas. The first block contains data from the first hour of the first
experiment, 201, as well as data from part of the second hour. File no. 3
93
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TABLE 28. MODELERS' METEOROLOGICAL RECORD DATA FORMAT - TOWER A
Position
1 to
5 to
8 to
20 to
27 to
37 to
44 to
53 to
63 to
76 to
89 to
3
6
11
15
23
30
33
40
48
50
57
59
70
72
83
85
96
Contents Heading
Day (Julian)
Hour
Seconds
Stability class
10-m wind speed, C&V
Average temp, (splined)
Number of data points
in Tower A profile
Average wind speed
(splined)
Average wind direction
(splined)
Number of data points
in Tower A profile
Average vertical wind
(splined)
Number of data points
in vertical wind
Tower A profile
Turbulence velocity
u-component (along-
wind)
Number of data points
interpolated in
Tower A profile
Turbulence velocity
v-component (cross-
wind)
Number of data points
interpolated in
Tower A profile
Turbulence velocity
w-component
(vertical)
DAY
HR
SEC
SC
MS(10)
TEMP
#
WS
WD
#
W
#
Sigma-U
#
Sigma-V
#
Sigma-W
Comments (FORTRAN Format)
13
12
14
11
F4.1,
F4.1,
11
F4.1,
F5.1,
11
F5.3,
11
F8.3,
11
F8.3,
11
F8.3,
meters per second
degrees eel si us
meters per second
degrees
meters per second
meters per second
meters per second
meters per second
(continued)
94
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TABLE 28. (Continued)
Position
Contents
Heading
Comments (FORTRAN Format)
98
102 to 105
110 to 114
Number of data points
interpolated in
Tower A profile
Height of critical
streamline
Hill Froude number
118 to 122 Froude number
126 to 130 Brunt-Viasala
frequency
II
HC F4.1, meters
FR(HC) F5.1, calculated for the
layer HC to 150 m
FR F5.1, calculated for the
layer 2 m to 150 m
N F5.4
is similar to file no.l except the tracer release data are associated with
another gas, Freon, and meteorological parameters are estimated for
different release heights.
7.6.3 Tape File Records - Tracer Concentration Data
The first record of the file is composed of alphabetic characters that
identify the experiment, hour, and tracer concentrations. Data records
follow the first record and continue until another alphabetic identification
record is encountered to indicate another hour begins. Table 30 shows the
data formats for the tracer concentration records.
95
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
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TABLE 30. MODELERS' TRACER CONCENTRATION RECORD DATA FORMAT
Position
1 to 3
4 to 6
7 to 10
12 to 14
16 to 17
20 to 23
27 to 34
37
43
46 to 53
56 to 63
67 to 73
Contents Comments (FORTRAN
Sampler ID
Tracer ID
Year 1980
Day (Julian)
Hour
Second-ending
Concentration, PPT
Quality flag (G)
Number of samples in 1-h aver.
X-coordinate (E-W)
of sampler relative to
center of CCB
Y-coordinate (N-S)
of sampler relative to
center of CCB
Z-Height of sampler
above datum, 944.9 m
A3
A3
A4
13
12
14
F8.3
Al
11
F8.3,
F8.3,
F7.3,
Format)
meters
meters
meters
Table 31 is a printout of the first block, 40 records, of file no. 2,
the first file of tracer concentration data. The first block contains
tracer concentrations, SFg, as 1-h averages collected as 1-h samples (0), or
averaged from 5 or 6 individual 10-min samples. File no. 4 is similar to
file no. 2 except the tracer gas concentrations are of Freon and the tracer
release was started at Experiment 208.
97
-------
o
I
II
0=
0.
o
o
z
LU
O
o
o
a:
LU
o
K
a
o
ro
ca
i-tcooinoooo-oooLntoinooo-Too i-toainoor-iiooirioior^ooo^o
1-4 IO in to co v> tn t") tD o to to to to to to vt in vi tn v? en in to irt co or
-------
7.7 CONCLUSION
The present contents of the modelers' data archive for SHIS #1 cover
all experiment hours in which either SFC or Freon tracer concentrations are
o
quantifiable at locations on Cinder Cone Butte, and in which these gases are
released for a significant part of an hour. Meteorological data are
estimated at tracer gas release height by means of data measured at Tower A,
the 150-m tower erected approximately 2 km north of the hill. The method of
estimation is applied objectively, and relies on few assumptions. Tracer
gas concentrations for all available samplers are reported as 1-h averages.
Users of this archive should pay particular attention to the starting
and stopping times included with the tracer gas release information.
Observed tracer gas concentrations are not equivalent to modeled 1-h tracer
gas concentrations if the release began well after the start of the hour, or
if the release terminated well before the end of the hour. However, in some
cases adjustments to the modeled 1-h tracer gas concentrations could be
designed to take account of the actual release period, and the travel time
from the source to the sampler array. In any case, it is the user's
responsibility to screen out those periods which are inappropriate for
driving his model.
The user should also consult the modeling work presented in the first
and recond CTMD milestone reports. These will give the user some idea of
the representativeness of the interpolated wind directions contained in the
archive for 45 of the experiment hours. Note, however, that the other
meteorological data presented in those reports were not derived explicitly
from the data contained in this archive. Present and future CTMD modeling
will make use of the archive data.
99
-------
Finally, two hours of the original 45 hours contained in the CTMD first
milestone report have since been considered inappropriate for Gaussian model
development. Experiment-hour 205-5 displays an SF, concentration pattern
which appears to be inconsistent with the release height when compared to
the pattern during the previous hour. Experiment-hour 209-7 contains a
slowly propagating abrupt wind shift which clearly passes Tower A well
before it passes the tracer gas release location, so Tower A data are not
representative of the meteorological conditions at the release location.
100
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REFERENCES
1. Cline, A.K. Scalar- and planar-valued curve fitting using splines under
tension. Comm. of Association for Computing Machinery. 17: 4, 218-220
1974.
2. Greene, 8.R. and Heisler, S. EPA Complex terrain model development:
Quality assurance project report for small hill impaction study no. 1.
ERT Document no. P-B348-350, Environmental Research and Technology,
Inc., Concord, MA, 1982. 72 pp.
3. Horst, T.W. Corrections for response errors in ,- th1"-*-1?-component
propeller anemometer. J. Appl. Meteorol. 12: 716-725, 1973.
4. Hovind, E.I. , Edelstein, M.W., and Sutherland, V.C. Workshop on
atmospheric dispersion models in complex terrain. EPA-600/9-79-041.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1979.
5. Lavery, T.F., Bass, A., Strimaitis, D.G., Venkatram, A., Greene, B.R.
Drivas, P. J. , and Egan, B.A. EPA Complex terrain model development:
first milestone report-1981. EPA-600/3-82-036. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1982. 304 pp.
101
-------
REFERENCES (Continued)
6. Strimaitis, D.G,, Venkatram, A., Greene, B.R., Hanna, S. , Heisler,
Lavery, T.F., Bass, A. and Egan, B.A. EPA Complex terrain model
development: Second milestone report-1982. EPA-600/3-83-015. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1982. 375
PP-
7. Williamson, H.J. and Krenmayer, R.R. Analysis of the relationship
between turner's stability classifications and wind speed and direct
measurements of net radiation. Paper presented at the 2nd Joint
Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Am. Meteorol.
Soc., Boston, MA, March 24-27, 1980.
102
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITUE AND SUBTITLE
I I I UK f+IVLJ ^UD 1 I I U.&
EPA COMPLEX TERRAIN MODEL DEVELOPMENT. Description
of a Computer Data Base from Small Hill Impaction
Study No. 1 Cinder Cone Butte, Idaho
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Lawrence E. Truppi and George C. Holzworth
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
CDTA1D/09-3062 (FY-84)
Same as 12.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
ABSTRACT
As part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's effort to develop and
demonstrate a reliable model of atmospheric dispersion for pollutant emissions in
irregular mountainous terrain, the Complex Terrain Model Development Program was
initiated. The first phase, a comprehensive tracer field study, was carried out on
Cinder Cone Butte, Idaho, during the autumn of 1980. Eighteen quantitative tracer
experiments were conducted, each lasting 8 hr at night or early morning.' The main
tracer gas was sulfur hexafluoride; a second tracer, Freon 13B1 was used in ten of
the eighteen experiments. Averaged meteorological data were recorded from six towers
near and on the slopes of the hill. Data consisted of direct and derived measures of
temperature, wind, turbulence, solar and net radiation, and nephelometer coefficient
of scattering. Hourly wind profiles were obtained from pilot balloon observations;
tethersonde observations recorded profiles of wind and temperature.
Tracer gas concentrations were detected by a network of approximately 100 sam-
plers located on the slopes of the hill. The system used to collect the data, the
operation procedures used to run the system, and its performance record are described.
Tables of tracer gas release data have been included to assist in any modeling effort.
All meteorological and tracer concentration data have been edited and recorded on
magnetic tape and are now available, upon request, at the National Computer Center,
R.T.P., NC, either as copies or by interactive computer access.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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