EPA-600/7-79-074
March 1979
WESTERN ENERGY
SULFATE/NITRATE l^DNITORING NETWORK
PROGRESS REPORT
by
Michael J. Pearson
Marc Pitchford
Robert Snelling
Monitoring Operations Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
P. 0. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
ENVIRONMENTAL MDNITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory-Las ^gas, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
Protection of the environment requires effective regulatory actions
which are based on sound technical and scientific information. This
information must include the quantitative description and linking of
pollutant sources/ transport mechanisms, interactions, and resulting
effects on man and his environment. Because of the complexities involved,
assessment of specific pollutants in the environment requires a total
systems approach which transcends the media of air, water, and land. The
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas contributes to
the formation and enchancement of a sound monitoring data base for
exposure assessment through programs designed to:
. develop and optimize systems and strategies for moni-
toring pollutants and their impact on the environment
. demonstrate new monitoring systems and technologies by
applying them to fulfill special monitoring needs of
the Agency's operating programs
There is increasing evidence relating atmospheric sulfate and nitrate
aerosols to health effects and visibility degradation. In many areas of
the country, however, sulfates and nitrates are not routinely monitored.
This report describes a program which has enriched the quantity and quality
of the sulfate and nitrate data for an eight-state region in the western
United States.
GeorgaB .Morgan
Director'
Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory
111
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m WESTERN ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AREA
AREA OF PRIMARY INTEREST
Figure 1. Western Energy Resource Development Area
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CONCLUSIONS
The primary tasks of this program have been to inprove the distri-
bution and quality of sulfate and nitrate data available for the WERDA.
Projections for 1978 show a substantial increase in sulfate-nitrate
monitoring and itrproved geographic coverage. Through the Western Energy
Quality Assurance program, data quality is being assessed. The results of
this program indicate an improvement in data quality. Finally, data
reported show some detectable regional variations and a strong contrast
with data reported for the eastern United States.
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NETOORK DEVELOPMENT
EMSL-LV is engaged in a multi-year program which began in 1975 and
was designed to evaluate the air quality impacts of energy-related develop-
ments in the WERDA. The primary objectives of the program are to establish
an energy-related air quality baseline, evaluate air quality trends, assess
the impacts of specific energy-related development activities, and predict
the impact of proposed energy developments.
Early in this program particulate SO^j and N03 were recognized as pol-
lutants of major concern. A survey of SO^ and NC>3 data collected in the
WERDA during 1975 was conducted. The results of this survey are presented
in Column 1 of Table 1. In terms of the numbers of reporting stations,
Arizona and North Dakota were the only states which had a significant level
of SO^/NO-D monitoring activity. A map showing the distribution of the
SO^/NCs monitoring stations (Figure 2) illustrates the poor geographic
coverage provided by the 103 stations reporting SC^/NOo data in 1975.
Based on this type of data survey it was apparent that a program was re-
quired to increase the amount of SO,/NCs data gathered.
Such a program was initiated early in 1976. Since there was an
abundance of high volume particulate samplers being operated by a variety
of groups throughout WERDA, it was not necessary to establish new sampling
locations. Filter samples which were being gravimetrically analyzed for
total suspended particulates could also be analyzed for SO^/NO . State air
pollution control agencies operate the majority of particulate samplers in
the WERDA. The EMSL-LV also operates a large high volume particulate
sampling network in the southwest through a contract with the Ute Research
Laboratory (URL) (see Figure 3).
With the exception of Arizona and New Mexico, the states which comprise
the WERDA are in EPA Region 8. Representatives of Region 8 were contacted
concerning augmentation of the state operated particulate sampling net-
works for SCh/NO,. analysis. The regional representatives suggested that
the states of Montana, Colorado, North Dakota, and South Dakota could per-
form this analysis on filter samples from their networks with a modest
increase in their grant funding. The states of Utah and Wyoming would
require considerable additional support to perform S04/N03 analysis, but
would be willing to send samples elsewhere for that analysis.
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TABLE 1. NUMBER OF STATIONS REPORTING
Sulfate Nitrate
Projected Projecte*
75 76 77 78 75 76 77 78
Arizona 56 43 42 61
Colorado 3 3 31 34
Montana 4 8 5 19
New Mexico 1355
North Dakota 29 36 36 36
South Dakota 2206
Utah 5 6 8 18
Wyoming 3 2 0 13
TOTAL 103 103 127 192
19 14 17 26
2 1 31 33
4 4 0 14
1155
30 37 37 37
2206
5 6 8 18
3 2 0 13
66 67 98 152
*Based on data in the National Aerometric Data Base on May 4, 1978,
a station is counted if it reports data during any portion of
the year.
-------
Figure 2. Sulfate-nitrate sampling in the WERDA, 1975
-------
n
CANYONLANDS
NAT L PARK
D
• UTE NETWORK SITE
• EXISTING POWER PLANT
D EXPANDING POWER PLANT
D PROPOSED POWER PLANT
ZION NAT L PARK
GRAND CANYON
NAT L PARK
LAKE MEAD NAT L
RECREATION AREA
Figure 3. Ute Research Laboratory Hi-Vol sampler network
Funds were transferred in the surtmer of 1976 from the EMSL-LV to
Begion 8 so that the state grants to Montana, Colorado, North Dakota, and
South Dakota could be increased to support SO^/NO^ analysis. Augmentation
of the URL network for SO^/NC^ analysis was accomplished by expanding their
scope of work and furnishing them with the equipment and training required.
Arrangements were made for samples to be sent from the states of Utah and
Wyoming to the URL for analysis.
Analysis for SO^/NO^ by a number of laboratories was delayed. The
majority of the program outlined above was operational by June, 1978. The
remainder of the laboratories were performing SO^/NOo analysis by the end
of 1978. The effects of this program are to nearly double the number of
locations reporting SC^/NOo data (see Table 1) and to provide much better
geographic coverage of WERDA (see Figure 4).
-------
/—•
Figure 4. Sulfate-nitrate sampling in the WERDA, 1978
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QUALITY ASSURANCE
In order to compare the data collected by the various laboratories in
the WERDA, the quality of the various data sets most be known. A quality
assurance program was developed to evaluate the sample collection and
analysis performed by each laboratory and to provide technical assistance
in areas that would improve data quality. A portion of this program
directly relates to the quality of the sulfate and nitrate data. The par-
ticipants in this program are Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico,
North Dakota, Northern Testing Laboratory and Ute Research Laboratory.
During the last quarter of 1976, Rockwell International under a con-
tract monitored by the Quality Assurance Branch of the Environmental Moni-
toring and Support Laboratory at Research Triangle Park (EMSL-RTP) , began
a series of interlaboratory cross comparisons. Among these comparisons
were checks of high volume sampler (Hi-Vol) flow calibrations and sulfate
and nitrate analysis. In order to be consistent with the quality assurance
program, an anonymous laboratory code is used to report the results of the
various audits for the laboratories. Only the results of Rockwell compari-
sons with EMSL-RTP are identified in the report.
The first portion of the comparisons affecting the data quality is the
high volume sampler flow-calibration performance check. A calibration kit
containing a series of "unknown" orifice plates is sent to the participating
laboratories. With this equipment mounted on a Hi-Vol sampler, measurements
of the pressure drop across the various plates and the flow using the labor-
atory's flow meter are made. These values and the ambient pressure and
temperature are reported to Rockwell International. The flows are then
computed and a report sumnarizing the results of all the participating
laboratories is compiled.
In order to evaluate the analysis capabilities of each participating
laboratory a set of four-to-six filter strips spiked with varying amounts
of sulfate and nitrate ions is sent to each laboratory on a quarterly
basis. Each laboratory analyzes the filter samples and reports the results
to Rockwell International. Rockwell analyzes a minimum of ten filter sets
to establish the sample values using the methyl-thymol blue procedure for
sulfate and the copperized cadmium reduction method for nitrate. The
results of the individual laboratory analyses are compared with Rockwell's
results and a summary report is compiled.
The results of the Hi-Vol flow calibration and the sulfate and nitrate
analyses are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. These tables give the mean
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TABLE 2. HI-VOL FLOW CALIBRATION - PERCENT DIFFERENCE
Lab
1st Half 1977
Mean SD
2nd Half 1977
Mean SD
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
- 3
- 9
19
- 2
-11
1
- 1
.4
.5
.8
.2
.7
.9
.5
10
3
9
3
2
1
2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.0
.7
.2
0
- 5
2
- 3
0
- 4
10
.6
.6
.4
.4
.1
.6
.4
3.
6.
12.
2.
1.
0.
6.
2
1
2
8
8
9
2
TABLE 3. QUALITY ASSURANCE AUDITS - PERCENT DIFFERENCE
1976
4th Quarter
Lab
A
B
C
D
E
r
G
EV!SL-RTP
Mean
119.2
- 9.3
- 5.6
34.7
53.5
- 16.2
- 0.2
SD
123.4
12.4
21.4
54.1
63.0
18.0
2.0
1976
4th Quarter
Lab
A
B
C
D
£
F
EMSL-RTP
Wean
5885.0
14.5
0.9
35.7
63.1
1.2
SD
7835.2
11.6
6.0
42.0
88.8
1.0
1977
1st Quarter
Mean
12.3
- 5.0
9.0
12.6
2.5
5.9
3.4
1977
SD
8.5
3.9
5.1
14.3
7.9
3.7
2.3
1st Quarter
Mean
31.7
- 11.2
- 0.1
20.8
- 11.3
9.3
SD
23.9
4.3
22.2
13.1
4.5
4.1
SULFATE
1977
2nd Quarter
Mean
131.5
- 25.9
- 0.5
- 14.6
7.3
10.8
- 13.3
- 1.2
NITRATE
1977
SD
31.3
18.5
12.6
19.2
4.5
9.7
9.5
8.3
2nd Quarter
Mean
105.1
- 8.6
157.3
5.8
29.4
- 18.6
- 7.7
ED
6.5
10.8
350.2
17.0
6.3
9.0
2.4
1977
3rd Quarter
He an
3.
9.
- 20.
- 19.
6.
3.
- 18.
2.
3rd
He an
22.
15.
4.
- 16.
0.
6.
1.
9
9
8
0
8
2
7
9
1B77
SD
13.8
4.6
31.1
33.7
3.4
3.2
36.5
3.5
Quarter
2
7
4
5
1
7
9
sn
7.4
4.6
12.3
10.2
8.6
11.0
1.9
1977
4th Quarter
Mean
4 .1
- 1.9
- 22.3
26.5
13.3
20.3
- 18.9
1977
SD
10.0
13.3
45.6
66.7
18.5
52.4
29.2
4th Quarter
Mean
12.8
21.9
- 41.8
9.5
5.9
- 0.5
SD
16.2
12.9
6.2
6.0
8.4
17.4
10
-------
and standard deviation (SD) of the percent difference between the results
of Rockwell and the individual laboratories. Additional information is
provided in the annual report prepared for EMSL-KEP by Rockwell.
In general, the quality assurance program results indicate an improve-
ment with time. The results of the Hi-Vol flow calibration audits, pre-
sented in Table 2, show a decrease in the percent difference. The majority
of the laboratories show a mean percent difference of 5% or less for the
second half of 1977. The sulfate and nitrate results, presented in
Table 3, show a similar irtproving trend, with percent differences of
approximately 25% or less for the fourth quarter of 1977. The extreme
values in Table 3, which may indicate serious problems with analysis pro-
cedures, appear to have been eliminated during the course of this program.
11
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DATA ANALYSIS
The data reported to the National Aerometric Data Base for the WERDA
for 1975 through the present are presented in Table 4. These data are
the result of a retrieval made on May 4, 1978, and provide the basis for
the analysis presented in this report. Further station information is pro-
vided in Appendix A. It should be noted that this data base is a dynamic
system and modifications can occur at anytime. Therefore, retrievals made
at other times may result in different quarterly means and different
stations reporting.
In computing the quarterly means, the retrieval program used half the
assumed minimum detection limits for all reported values less than that
detection limit 0.5 yg/m3 for sulfate and 0.05 yg/m3 for nitrate. Mean
values are then rounded to the nearest 1 yg/nr for sulfate and 0.1 yg/m3 for
nitrate.
While analyzing the data for North Dakota, a possible error was de-
tected. Approximately 20 of the state-operated stations reported zero
values for July through September 1975 and higher values before and after
this period. Nine additional stations reported zero values from September
1975 through June 1976 with higher values before and after this period.
This was reported to EPA Region 8 and data correction is pending further
investigation. Since data values reported in this area are generally less
than 3 yg/m3, these data should have little effect on the analysis presented
in this report.
As mentioned in earlier sections, the density and geographic distri-
bution of stations reporting sulfate and nitrate data in 1975 are inadequate
for detailed regional analysis and trend assessment. Only Arizona and
North Dakota reported enough data to draw regional conclusions. Since 1975,
the amount and coverage of these data have shown continuous improvement. Even
so, significant gaps still exist in the 1977 data. Until late 1976, the
quality and intercomparibility of the data reported were unknown.
To overcome the data deficiencies and provide an analysis on a regional
scale, a series of assumptions were required. It was assumed that the
temporal variability of the data could be ignored, thereby allowing mixing
of 1975 data with 1976 and 1977 data. Quarterly means were all weighted
equally, regardless of how many samples were included in the mean. Finally,
the quality and intercomparability of the data were assumed to be adequate
for the purpose of this analysis.
12
-------
Given these assumptions, the means for each quarter were displayed in a
series of maps. These maps were used to develop a composite map of the
mean values based on all available data. A series of arbitrary ranges
were then selected to classify the data. Areas lacking data were left
blank, while data areas were shaded to indicate the data range. The re-
sults of this analysis are presented in Figures 5 and 6.
The sulfate composite map (Figure 5) shows a number of regional
characteristics. The North Dakota area reports values from 1 to 3 yg/m
with small areas (probably related to local sources) reporting in the
3 to 6 yg/m range. Data in the 1 to 3 yg/m3 range are also reported in
northern Arizona, southern Utah, northwestern New Mexico, and southeastern
Colorado. In contrast, the remainder of Colorado reports large areas in
the 3 to 6 yg/m3 range and southern Arizona reports values from 3 yg/m3
to greater than 15 yg/m . With the exception of southern Arizona the region
as a whole lies in the range from 1 to 6 yg/m3.
The sulfate composite map also shows the significance of point sources.
The Salt Lake City area in northern Utah is a dramatic example. A single
point source is the probable cause of the greater than 15 yg/m3 sulfate
area on the western edge of Salt Lake City. This effect appears to drop
off rapidly to the 3 to 6 yg/m3 range. Similarly, each of the high sulfate
areas in southern Arizona can be linked to large point sources.
The sulfate data for the WERDA sharply contrast values reported for
the eastern United States. In 1975 Mitre (Greeley et al., 1975) reported
mean sulfate values in the West ranging from 2.6 yg/m3 in rural areas to
6 yg/m3 in urban areas. With the exception of the point source areas already
pointed out, sulfate in the WERDA is consistently below the 6 yg/m3 figure.
In contrast, Mitre reported eastern mean values ranging from 8 yg/m3 in
non-urban areas to 13 yg/m3 in urban areas.
The nitrate data, presented in Figure 6, show somewhat poorer
coverage than the sulfate data. Mean values range from 1 yg/m3 to 5 yg/m3
with only one area reporting greater than 5 yg/rn^. The composite map also
shows greater variability than was seen in the sulfate area. As one might
expect, major urban areas report higher nitrate values and show greater
variability over small geographic areas. Rural areas, on the other hand,
report lower and more uniform values. Although the categories used to
classify nitrate data were small, it is likely that this urban variability
is real and source-related. Aside from the high urban values, no regional
contrasts are apparent.
The quality and intercomparability of the data deserve some further
consideration. It should be noted that data comparison within an area con-
trolled by a single agency may not be drastically affected by the question
of data quality. All data values should be subject to the same quality
control and should result in long term means that can be compared with
other means for the laboratory. However, comparison of different laboratory
regions could have some definite problems. If today's quality assurance
program can be considered representative of the past, then errors of 20%
13
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-------
Figure 5. Regional composite map of sulfate concentrations,
1975-1977
25
-------
j:;!;:;!;: 0-1 ug/m3
1-2 ug/m3
»;•{••»*
2-3 ug/m3
34 ug/m3
4-5 ug/m3
>5 ug/m3
Figure 6. Regional composite map of nitrate concentrations,
1975-1977
26
-------
to 50% are most likely. However, as can be seen in Table 3 errors in
excess of 100% have occurred and could significantly alter the regional
comparisons.
At this tine, the data do not provide adequate regional coverage.
However, projections for 1978 suggest considerable improvement in data
coverage. The addition of data in Wyoming, and the expansion of sulfate
analysis in Montana, Utah, and Arizona should provide the data base needed
for detailed regional analysis. A continuation of this data reporting for
2 to 3 years should also provide sufficient data to assess regional trends
in the WERDA.
27
-------
REFERENCES
1. Charlson, R. J., A. P. Waggoner, J. F. Thielke, Visibility Protection
for Class I Areas: The Technical Basis. (Publication Pending) April,
1978.
2. Environmental Protection Agency, Position Paper on Regulation of
Atmospheric Sulfates, EPA-450/2-75-007, September, 1975.
3. Greeley, R. S., R. P. Ouellette, J. T. Stone, S. Wilcox, Sulfates and
the Environment - A Review, Mitre Corporation MTR-6895. March, 1975.
28
-------
APPENDIX A
STATION LISTS AND
Appendix A has been provided to facilitate the location of each station
referenced in the report. The first portion of this appendix lists the
station codes used in this report along with their corresponding station
names and SAROAD numbers. The map coordinates provided in column 4 can be
used to locate the station on the state maps following this list. Addi-
tional information on the individual stations is available from the
National Aerometric Data Base using the SAEOAD system.
29
-------
CODE
STATION
SAROAD ID.
MAP COORDINATE
ARIZONA
1 Ajo
2 Teec Nos Pos
3 Redrock
4 Eager
5 ' Casa Grande
6 Chandler
7a Douglas
7b Douglas
7c Douglas
8 Paul Spur
9 Page
10 Kaibeto
11 Coppermine
12 Bodaway
13 Tsai Skizzi
14 Tuba City
15 Flagstaff
16a Hayden
16b Hayden
17a Miami
17b Miami
18 Glendale
19 Grand Canyon
National Park
20 Morenci
21 Kingman
22 Carefree
23 St. Johns
24 Guadalupe
25 Litchfield
26 Mesa
27 Davis Dam
28 Moccasin
29 Lake Havasu
30 Mineral Park
31 Bacabi
32 Show Low
33a Nogales
33b Nogales
34 Paradise Valley
35 Phoenix
36 Lee's Ferry
37a Phoenix
37b Phoenix
030020001
030040001
030040003
030040005
030100001
030120001
030180003
030180004
030240004
030180005
030200004
030200010
030200011
030200012
030200013
030200014
030280001
030300001
030300901
030300003
030480902
030320001
030370001
030380001
030420001
030440006
030440007
030440008
030440009
030460002
030500006
030500009
030500013
030500014
030520003
030520007
030540002
030540003
030570002
030600002
030200007
030600004
030600010
F2
A6
A6
D6
E4
E3
G6
G6
G6
G6
A4
A4
A4
A4
A5
B4
C4
E5
E5
E5
E5
E3
B3
E6
Cl
D3
E3
E3
E3
E4
Bl
A3
Cl
Bl
B5
D5
G4
G4
E3
E3
A4
E3
E3
30
-------
CODE
STATION
SAROAD ID.
MAP COORDINATE
37c Phoenix
38a Phoenix
38b Phoenix
39 Organ Pipe
National Monument
40 Green Valley
41 Rillito
42 Rillito
43 Tucson
44a Twin Buttes
44b Twin Buttes
45 Florence
46 San Manuel
47 Prescott
48 Safford
49a Scottsdale
49b Scottsdale
50 Sierra Vista
51 South Tucson
52 Sun City
53 Superior
54a Tucson
54b Tucson
54c Tucson
54d Tucson
55a Tucson
55b Tucson
56 Tucson
COLORADO
1 Red Mesa
2 Ignacio
3 Towaoc
4 Adams City
5 Sand Dunes N. M.
6 Brush
7 Colorado Springs
8 Cortez
9 Craig
10 Delta
11 Denver
12 Denver
13 Denver (Gates Rubber)
14 Denver (CARIH)
15 Fort Collins
16 Glenwood Springs
030600014
030600011
030600013
030620005
030620007
030620009
030620010
030620011
030620015
030620016
030640001
030640003
030660001
030680001
030740003
030740004
030760001
030780001
030790002
030800003
030860001
030860002
030860009
030860012
030860007
030860008
030860013
061300002
061300003
061600004
060020001
060060001
060280001
060380004
060440002
060480001
060540001
060580001
060580002
060580003
060580009
060820001
060920001
E3
E3
E3
G3
G4
F4
F4
F4
G4
G4
E4
F5
C3
F6
E3
E3
G5
F4
E3
E4
F4
F4
F4
F4
F5
F5
G5
G2
G3
Gl
B6
F5
B8
D6
Gl
A3
D2
C6
C6
C6
C6
A6
C3
31
-------
CODE
STATION
SAROAD ID,
MAP COORDINATE
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
Grand Junction
Greeley
Gunnison
Walden
La Junta
Love land >»
Mesa Verde N. P.
Mesa Verde N. P.
Pueblo
Pueblo
Meeker
Rangely
Steamboat Springs
Sterling
Johnstown
La Salle
Platteville
Erie
Loveland
MONTANA
Missoula
Missoula
Missoula
Missoula
Missoula
Frenchtown
Glacier National Park
Helena
Ft. Howes
Ashland
Decker
Billings
Butte
Ekalaka
Lindsay
Lindsay
Helena
Helena
Poplar
Colstrip
NEW MEXICO
Dulce
Huerfano
Chaco Canyon N.M.
060980010
061000006
061020001
061120002
061220001
061480002
061530002
061530003
061820001
061820003
061860001
061860002
061920003
062080001
062220003
062220004
062220005
062220006
061220002
271100001
271100009
271100016
271100017
271100015
271100014
270570001
270720001
271240008
271360026
270060009
270080006
270160005
270200002
270360002
270360003
270760903
270860002
271340001
271360027
320920003
321000007
321Q00011
Dl
B6
E4
A4
F8
B6
Gl
Gl
E7
E7
B2
Bl
B3
A8
B6
B6
B6
B6
B6
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
A3
D4
E9
E9
F9
E7
E4
Dll
CIO
CIO
D4
D4
BIO
E9
A3
B2
B2
32
-------
CODE
STATION
SAROAD ID,
MAP COORDINATE
4 Burnham
5 Albuquerque
NORTH DAKOTA.
la Maryvale
Ib Valley City
2 Medora
3a Bismarck
3b Bismarck
4 Bowman
5 Bismarck
6a Fargo
6b Fargo
6c Fargo
7 Devils Lake
8a Dickinson
8b Dickinson
9 Mandaree
10 Halliday
lla Grand Forks
lib Grand Forks
12 Glen Ullin
13 Mott
14 New England
15a Jamestown
15b Jamestown
16 Grassy Butte
17 Garrison
18 Washburn
19 Mandan
20 Beulah
21 Beulah
22 Minot
23 New Salem
24 Parshall
25 Stanton
26a McClusky
26b McClusky
27 Valley City
28 Wahpeton
29 Lake Darling
30 Williston
SOUTH DAKOTA
1 Black Hills National
Forest
321000012
320040001
350040001
350040002
350080001
350100001
350100002
350160001
350200001
350220001
350400001
350400002
350260001
350300001
351140001
350340001
350340002
350480001
350480002
350520001
350560001
350560002
350580001
351180001
350700001
350720001
350720002
350740001
350760001
350760002
350780001
350800001
350820001
350860001
351060001
351060002
351240001
351260001
351300001
351360001
430110001
B2
D4
D8
D8
Dl
E5
E5
El
E5
E10
E10
E10
B7
D2
D2
D3
D3
CIO
CIO
E4
E3
E2
E7
E7
D2
C4
D5
E5
D4
D4
B4
E4
C3
D4
D5
D5
E8
F10
B4
Bl
El
33
-------
CODE
STATION
SAROAD ID.
MAP COORDINATE
2 Sioux Falls
3 Pierre
4 Newell
5 Hot Springs
6 Lemmon
UTAH
1 Escalante
2 Henrieville
3 Glen Canyon City
4 Kearns
5 Magna
6 Ogden
7 Salt Lake City
8 Navajo Mt.
9 Oljato
10 Aneth
11 Bloomington
12 St. George
13 Ogden
14 Vernal
15 Price
16 Mills
17 Lyndyl
18 Green River
19 Moab
20 Emery
21 Huntington
22 Bryce Canyon
National Park
WYOMING
1 Casper
2a Cheyenne
2b Cheyenne
3 Yellowstone
National Park
4 Converse Co.
5 Riverton
6 Rock Springs
7 Granger
8 Douglas
9 Gillette
10 Newcastle
11 Buffalo
12 Lusk
13 Wheatland
431480001
431340001
430240001
430780001
431320001
460300002
460300003
460400003
460440001
460520001
460680001
460920001
460960001
460960002
460960003
461280001
461280002
460680004
461200001
460280004
460140001
460300001
520120001
520140001
520140001
520860001
520180001
520600001
520620001
520700001
520180006
520080001
520820001
520060001
520500001
520540001
Ell
C6
C2
El
A3
H4
H3
14
C3
C3
B4
C4
15
16
17
II
II
B4
C6
E5
E3
E3
F6
F7
F4
E5
H3
D7
G8
G8
Al
D7
D4
F3
F2
D8
B8
C9
B6
D9
F8
34
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MONTANA
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NEW MEXICO
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38
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- A
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NORTH DAKOTA
39
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WYOMING
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42
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-074
2.
3, RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
WESTERN ENERGY SULFATE/NITRATE MONITORING
NETWORK PROGRESS REPORT
5, REPORT DATE
March 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Michael J. Pearson. Marc Pitchford, and Robert Snellincj
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas, NV 89114
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE833
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12, SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency-Las Vegas
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, NV 89114
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD
Prooress
14. SPONSORING AGENCY
EPA/600/07
/ERED
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Interest in sulfate and nitrate aerosols has been on the increase largely due to
studies relating sulfate and nitrate to health effects and visibility degradation and
to changes in our national energy policy. The present and planned utilization of
coal resources in the western United States will add to the sulfate-nitrate burden.
However, little sulfate-nitrate data are available to establish a baseline and
evaluate the impact of this development.
A program was initiated by the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
at Las Vegas to increase the number of locations monitoring sulfate and nitrate in
the Western Energy Resource Development Area. This was accomplished primarily by
augmenting the existing particulate sampling networks. This program has resulted
in doubling the number of locations reporting sulfate and nitrate data and improving
the geographic coverage. To evaluate and improve the quality of these data, a
quality assurance program has also been established.
The sulfate-nitrate network resulting from this program was fully operational
at the end of 1978. The data reported thus far indicate generally low values in
this area. Typically, sulfate values are less than 6 micrograms per cubic meter
(yg/m3) and nitrate values are less than 3 yg/m3. The data presented in this
report cover the sampling period from January 1975 to December 1977.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air pollution
Sulfates
Nitrates
Particulates
Monitoring services
Energy
Western Energy Resource
Development Area
(WERDA)
43E
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