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                 RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES


Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination  of traditional  grouping  was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields
The nine series are:

    1. Environmental Health Effects Research

    2. Environmental Protection Technology

    3. Ecological Research

    4. Environmental Monitoring

    5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

    6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)

    7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development

    8. "Special" Reports

    9. Miscellaneous Reports

This report has been assigned to the  INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded  under  the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research  and
Development Program. These studies  relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to  assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport  of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects;  assessments of, and development of, control technologies  for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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                                             EPA-600/7-79-242
                                             November  1979
   POLLUTANT MEASUREMENTS IN PLUMES FROM
           POWER PLANTS AND CITIES

          St. Louis Area, July 1976
           A Project MISTT Report
                     by
                John A. Ogren
              Jerry A. Anderson
            Donald L. Blumenthal
         Meteorology Research, Inc.
         Altadena, California 91001
           Contract No. 68-02-2411
               Project Officer
           William E. Wilson, Jr.
        Regional Field Studies Office
 Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
     OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711

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                              DISCLAIMER
      This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  and  approved for pub-
lication.  Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade  names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation  for use.

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                               ABSTRACT

      Airborne measurements of aerosols and pollutant gases in urban
and power plant plumes were conducted during  July, 1976, in the vicinity
of St. Louis, Missouri.   These measurements,  performed as part of
Project MISTT, were designed to characterize the physical and chemical
behavior of these plumes under a variety of meteorological conditions.
Analyses  of the aircraft data were  directed towards gaining a better
understanding of the factors affecting the transport, transformation,
and removal of primary and secondary pollutants, particularly those
containing sulfur.

      Conditions were found to be favorable  for the long-range (>300 km)
transport of SO3 in stable power plant plumes aloft on over half of the
nights in July,  1976.   One such plume was sampled 75 km downwind of
the plant, at which distance a peak SQa concentration of over 0. 85 ppm
was measured.  This behavior is markedly different from that observed
during the day, when increased vertical mixing caused a rapid dilution
of the plume.

      Analyses of the physical and  chemical properties were primarily
conducted by other members of the Project MISTT team.  Among the re-
sults  of these analyses summarized in this report are that:

      •     SOa conversion rates ranged from 1  to 4 percent per hour
           at midday to less than 0. 5 percent per hour at night;

      •     Submicron aerosol size distributions were found to be bi-
           modal, with a nuclei mode below 0. 05 ^m diameter and an
           accumulation mode in the diameter range 0. 05 to 1.0
           Nucleation rates in the plume from the  Labadie power
           plant ranged from 1700 crri~3s~  to  1 cm~3s~1,  depending on
           the time of day and distance from  the source.  The aerosol
           volume going into the nuclei mode from gas-to-particle
           conversion was about 5 percent of the volume which went
           directly into the accumulation mode, and this fraction was
           independent of the nucleation rate;

           Enhanced ozone levels in a power  plant plume (relative to
           background) were observed on at least two days during July,
           1976.  This enhancement was observed only during daytime
           when the plume was very dilute (peak SO-3 concentrations
           <50ppb).

                                   iii

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      This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 68-02-2411
by Meteorology Research, Inc. under the sponsorship of the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency.  This report covers a period from
June, 1976 to December,  1977 and work was completed December,  19770
                                  IV

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                               CONTENTS
Abstract	  iii
Figures	   vi
Tables	vii
Acknowledgment	viii

      1.  Introduction	   1
      2.  Summary of Results and Conclusions	    5
             Results	    5
             Conclusions	10
      3.  Program Description	12
      4.  Experimental Methodology	17
             Aircraft Description	   17
             Flight Plans	   18
             Calibration	18
             Data Processing	   20
      5.  Meteorological Analyses	21
             Summary of Meteorological Conditions	   21
             Description of Analyses	   27
             Case History Analysis-18 July 1976	28

References	   37
Project MISTT Bibliography	   39

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                               FIGURES
Number
           Example of ozone bulge in Labadie Power Plant
               Plume	
           Traverse flight pattern for plume sampling ........  19

           Cross Section of SO2  concentrations (ppm) in the
               Labadie plume made from sampling traverses
               between 1525 and 1600 CDT at 25 km downwind
               (ground level 150 m)	29

           Isopleths of constant wind speed as a function of height
               (m msl) and time (CDT) for 1900 CDT 18 July to
               0900 CDT 19 July 1976	30

           Cross  section of SO2  concentrations (ppm) in the
               Labadie plume made from sampling traverses
               between 2107 and 2233 CDT at 25 km downwind ....  31

           Cross  section of SO2  concentrations (ppm) in the
               Labadie plume made from sampling traverses
               between 2246 and 2318 CDT at 50 km downwind ....  33

           SO2  concentration at  760 m msl at downwind distances
               of 25, 50,  and 75 km for traverses made north of
               the plant in Labadie plume between 2225 and 2400
               CDT,  18 July 1976	34
                                  VI

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                                TABLES







Number                                                           Page




   1          Project MISTT Participants	    3





   2          Urban Plume Sampling  Summary	   14




   3          Labadie Plume Sampling Summary	   15





   4          Meteorological Summary  .  „  . .  „	   22
                                  VII

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                           ACKNOWLEDGMENT
       This work has been supported by the Federal Interagency Energy/
Environment Research and Development program through the EPA Division
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Aerosol Research Branch.  We ap-
preciate  the  guidance provided by Dr. William Wilson,  Director of Project
MISTT.  We also appreciate the technical  support provided by Dr. R. Husar
and Dr.  N.  Gillani of Washington University,  Dr.  B.  Cantrell and Dr.  K.
Whitby of the University of Minnesota, and the other members of the Project
MISTT team. The meteorological and trajectory analyses -were performed
by Dr. T. Smith,  Mr. S.  Howard,  and Mr. W. Knuth of MRI.  Finally, the
contributions of the MRI staff are gratefully acknowledged.
                                  Vlll

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                                SECTION 1

                              INTRODUCTION

      In  order to formulate effective air pollution control strategies,  it is
necessary to  understand the physical and chemical properties of the pollu-
tants to be controlled.  One pollutant of particular interest is sulfur, because
of its potential adverse effects on human  health, vegetation, materials,  and
visibility.  The long-range transport and transformation of sulfur compounds
in the atmosphere has been the subject of numerous investigations. One ma-
jor program,  conducted under the direction of the USEPA, is Project MISTT
(Midwest Sulfur Transformation  and Transport).  Project MISTT was a mul-
ti-yearteam project  involving numerous research groups.  This report de-
scribes research performed by Meteorology Research, Inc. (MRI) as part of
MISTT in 1976.

      The principal objective of the MRI sampling programs was to character-
izethe physical  and chemical behavior of plumes (bothurban andpower plant)
under a variety  of  meteorological conditions.  Particular areas of interest
were to

      •   measure primary and  secondary pollutant mass fluxes in the
          plume at a  number of distances downwind of the source,  and

      •   characterize plume behavior during daytime (we 11-mixed) and
          nighttime (stable) regimes.

      As part of Project MISTT, MRI per formed airborne measurements down-
wind of urban and industrial sources of  sulfur dioxide.  Analyses of the air-
craft data were directed towards  gaining a better understanding of the factors
affecting the transport, transformation,  and removalof primary and second-
ary  pollutants,  particularly those containing sulfur.  Among these factors
were temperature, solar radiation, humidity, vertical  mixing, wind velocity,
background pollutant  concentrations, and trace element (catalyst) concentra-
tions.

      Preliminary measurements for Project MISTT began in 1973, followed
by large-scale field programs in 1974, 1975, 1976,  and 1977.   This reportis
concerned with  the 1976  program;  descriptions of the other programs are

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presented  in White et al (1976) and Ogren et al (I978a).  The  1976 field pro-
gram was  designed  to provide additional information on  long-range plume
transport ( > ZOO km), plume  behavior at night, and changes in the physical
and chemical properties of plumes during the early morning transition per-
iod.  Most of the measurements in 1976 were made in the plume of the coal-
fired Labadie power plant near St. Louis, Missouri.

      The primary aerosol sampling platformfor the work performed under
this  contract was an instrumented Cessna 206, operated by MRI.  Measure-
ments obtained by the  Cessna 206 included SO2, NO, NOX, O_ , light-scat-
tering coefficient  (bSCAT ),  condensation  nuclei, aerosol charge acceptance,
aerosol size  distributions, temperature, dewpoint, pressure,  and position.
The aircraft was equipped to collect aerosol samples for elemental and chem-
ical  analyses using cascade  impactors anda size-segregating sequential fil-
ter sampler,  as well  as hydrocarbon samples in stainless steel canisters.
Data from the instruments,  as well as  several status indicators, were re-
corded on magnetic tape cartridges  approximately once per second.

      Several other mobile  sampling platforms were employed during the
July 1976 field program to support and complement the  Cessna 206.  These
included a Rockwell Grand Commander  instrumented to measure SO2 , O3 ,
b     condensation nuclei, aerosol charge acceptance, pressure, and posi-
tion,  as well as  collect aerosol filter samples for sulfate analysis (operated
by Washington University);   a Piper  Cherokee equipped with a correlation
spectrometer (COSPEC) for measurements of SO2 and NO2 overhead burdens
(operated by Environmental Measurements, Inc. );  a C-45 aircraft equipped
with a downward-looking LIDAR system for remote sensing of the plume at
night (operated by EPA-Las Vegas );  and a mobile van equipped to measure
most of the parameters  measured by  the Cessna  206 (operated by the Uni-
versity of Minnesota). A separate relay  aircraft was also operated by Wash-
ington University  to allow long-range communications among the sampling
aircraft,  ground-based  units, and the operations headquarters at Washing-
ton University.

      Project MISTTwas a  multi-year effort  involving ateamof several re-
search groups.  Organizations that participated in  Project MISTT are listed
in Table 1, along with a brief description of their  responsibilities.   Overall
program  direction was  provided by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory of the U.  S.  Environmental Protection  Agency at Research Tri-
angle Park, North Carolina. The  field programs in the St. Louis area were
coordinated by Washington University.

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    TABLE 1.
PROJECT MfSTT PARTICIPANTS
Airborne Research Associates:

Argonne National Laboratory:



Battelle Columbus Laboratories:




California Institute of Technology:
Crocker Nuclear Laboratory
(University of California,  Davis):

Environmental Measurements,
Inc. :

Environmental Quality Research:
EPA-Las Vegas:


EPA-Research Triangle Park:



Florida State University:


IIT Research Institute:

Meteorology Research, Inc. :


University of Minnesota:



Northrop Services,  Inc. :


Rockwell International Science
Center:

Stanford Research Institute:

University of Texas:


Washington State University:


Washington University:



University of Washington:
          Electric Field Measurements, Scout Aircraft.

          Boundary Layer Structure and Dynamics, Dry
          Deposition Rates. (ANL work was co-sponsored
          by ERDA. )

          Outdoor Smog  Chamber Measurements of Sul-
          fate  Formation Rates  in St. Louis,  Gas  Chro-
          matographic--Mass Spectrometric Measure-
          ments of Organic  Vapors.

          Development of a  Supersensitive Sulfate Measure-
          ment Technique,  Sulfate Measurements- - 1 974.
          Aerosol Sample Analysis using IEXE techniques.
          COSPEC Measurements.

          Forecasting and other Meteorological Support,
          Dry Deposition Studies.

          Helicopter Measurements,  Winter 1976, Aircraft
          Lidar Observations,  Summer 1976.

          Program Management, Instrument Calibration,
          Data Transfer, Measurements in EPA Mobile
          Lab.

          Aerosol Measurements Using the FSU  "Streaker"
          Sampler with PIXE Analysis.

          Optical and Electron Microscopy.

          Aircraft Measurements,  Data Analysis,  Meteo-
          rological Interpretation.

          Aerosol Size Distribution Measurements, Aerosol
          Dynamics ,  Ground  Measurements,  Data Analysis,
          and  Interpretation.

          Instrument Calibration,  Program Coordination--
          1977.
          Pilot Balloon Operations.

          Ground-Mobile Lidar Operations.

          Effects of Charge on Aerosol Deposition,  Reactive
          Plume Models.

          Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis,  Interpretation of
          Ozone and Hydrocarbon  Data.

          Field Program Direction,  Scout  Aircraft Operations,
          Data Analysis and Interpretation, Data Management
          and Model Development, Sulfate  Determinations.

          Ground-Based Measurements and Data Interpretation,
          Sulfate Species Measurement,  Air Mass Trajectories.

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      This report describes  the  field program conducted during July  1976
in the St.  Louis area.   The emphasis is to describe the work done by MRI
in the field,  including experimental techniques,  and to summarize the re-
sults and  conclusions of analyses of the aircraft data.  In addition, the re-
sults of detailed meteorological analyses performed by MRI are presented.

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                              SECTION  2

             SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

RESULTS

      Airborne sampling was performed by MRI on sixteen days during the
July 1976 MISTT field program.  Approximately 70 percent of the  sampling
hours were devoted to measurements of the coal-fired Labadie power plant
plume,  with the remaining time spent characterizing the urban plume of St.
Louis.  Data fromthese flights were processed to final form (calibrated and
verified) by MRI, and supplied to the other program participants for use in
their analyses.  This section summarizes  both the results of analyses  per-
formed by MRI and the results of analyses performed  by other investigators
using data collected by MRI.  The analyses primarily emphasize the behav-
ior of power plant plumes; a discussion of the results of Project MISTT re-
lated to urban plumes  can be found in Ogren et al  (1978a).

Plume Transport

      Meteorological analyses by Smith et  al (1978) revealed that conditions
in the St.  Louis area were favorable for  the long-range transport of SO2 in
stable plumes aloft on at least eighteen of the thirty-one nights in July 1976.
The mechanism for such transport was the formation of stable layers (> 400
m agl) with high wind speeds.   These "jets" occurred after the nighttime
surface radiation inversionhad formed,  effectively isolatingthe plume from
the surface.   Under such conditions,  during the night a plume  could travel
nearly 300 km from the  source with relatively little dilution enroute. Separa-
tion of the plume from the surface would eliminate the surface removal me-
chanism for SO2 , thereby enhancing the  potential for high ground level SO 2
concentrations far from the source when the radiation inversionis destroyed
by solas heating the following morning and the plume is ventilated to the ground.

      Even without long-range transport, conditions were favorable almost
every night during the July sampling program for the trapping of stable high
concentration plumes in elevated layers. Thus,  the nighttime regime is al-
so important for the accumulation of  sulfur in  the atmosphere and for the
multiday buildup of sulfur compounds in an air mass.

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      In contrast to the nighttime regime, conditions during the midday were
characterized by strong vertical mixing and rapid dilution of the plume.  As
a consequence,  long-range  plume transport  (i.e., greater than 200km) at
concentrations >10 to 20 ppb was not observed during the day. Plumes  emit-
ted in the afternoon tended to rise higher than  plumes emitted at other times ,
due to the neutral or  slightly unstable conditions typical of that time.

Pollutant Transformations
      Analyses of the pollutant transformation mechanisms affecting the plume
from the coal-fired Labadie power plant were primarily performed by inves-
tigators at Washington University and the University of Minnesota. Their re-
sults, which are based in part on data collected by the Cessna 206, are sum-
marized below.
       1.   The conversion rate of SO, to SO^ranged from 1-4 per-
           cent per hour at midday to less than 0. 5 percent per hour
           at night.  Excess particulate sulfur in the plume (i.e.,
           above background) correlated with excess light scatter-
           ing by particles in the  plume, indicating that most of the
           particulate sulfur was  formed in the light scattering size
           range (nominally 0. 1-1 jim diameter). The dry removal
           rate for sulfur in plumes from tall stacks  is greatest at
           midday, when the strongest vertical mixing occurs (Husar
           et al,  1978).

       2.   Dry deposition velocities for sulfur dioxide were 1. 5-2. 0
           cm  s~^ during the day for two of  the days studied (Gil-
           lani, 1978).

       3.   The ratio of particulate sulfur to total sulfur in the plume
           (gaseous plus particulate) was correlated with the total
           dosage of solar radiation, i.e., the amount  of radiative
           solar  energy received by the plume (Gillani  et al,  1978).
           For the two days analyzed, linear correlation coefficients
           (r2) were 0.85 and 0. 92.

       4.   Aerosol  size  distributions were  measured in both the
           plume and the surrounding background air mass.  Char-
           acterization of these distributions was done  in terms of
           two additive log-normal functions :  one describing nuclei
           less than 0. 05 «m diameter, and the second describing
           accumulation mode aerosol between 0. 05 and 1. 0 /u m .

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     On the average, results show that distribution of the nu-
     clei volume for aerosol size less  than  0. 05 ^in in both
     plume and background can be paramaterized with a geo-
     metric mean size of 0. 021 _+  0. 005 nm and a  geometric
     standard deviation of 1.5 j_  0.1.  Total nuclei volume
     was found to be about 1 percent of total submicron aero-
     sol volume.  For aerosols larger than 0. Ub (a.m, the geo-
     metric mean size of  aerosol volume distributions in the
     plume was  found to be 0. 18 _+ 0. 02 nm.  This is  signif-
     icantly different from the  0. 23 _+ 0. 01 Mm measured for
     background air.  The dispersion of the distribution in
     this size range, measured by a geometric standard devi-
     ation of 1.92 _+ 0. 04, does not change significantly from
     in-plume to background.   Integral aerosol volume con-
     centrations,  however, varied greatly from as much as
           "71                       o     o
     90 p. m  cm   in the plume to 4 ^ m   cm   in the back-
     ground,  depending  on the  meteorology  and time of day
     measurements were taken  (Cantrell and Whitby, 1978).

5.   Nucleation  rates in the Labadie  plume ranged from 1700
     cm  s~  at  0630 near the plant to values near 1 cm" s
     when the plume was well-mixed at some distance from
     the plant, and at night.  Nucleation rates in background
                            *\   1                          *\
     air ranged  from 2-4 cm"  s  during the day to 0. 7 cm
     s"1 at night.  The  aerosol volume going into  the nuclei
     mode from  gas-to-particle conversion was  about 5 per-
     cent of the volume which went directly into the accumu-
     lation  mode,  and was independent of the nucleation rate
     (Whitby et al, 1978).

6.   The ratio of the rate of aerosol volume formation to aver-
                                                          o
     age plume SCL  concentration  ranged from 9 to 130 ^m
     cm~^hr-1ppm-1for the two days analyzed in detail. There
     are indications  that this ratio increases with increasing
     distance  from the stack, which  suggests a change in the
     dominant precursors  resulting  in  aerosol formation as
    the plume becomes more dilute (Whitby et al, 1978).

7.   The total aerosol  number concentration (NT) and the
    number concentration in the accumulation mode (Na) was
     found to be

                        NT w 10 (Na)°'9°4

     This relationship was observed to hold for both  plume
     and background air (Whitby et al,  1978).

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      8.   Nuclei concentrations in the plume can  be correlated
          •with ultraviolet radiation for the two days  analyzed. Nu-
          clei concentrations increased as ultraviolet radiation in-
          creased (Cantrell and Whitby, 1978).

      9.   Estimated SO3 conversion rates fora daytime plume un-
          der relatively uniform meteorological conditions  show a
          significant increase with plume age up to two hours: 0.4
          jh 0. 2 percent  per hour  in the first hour  and 1.1  +_ 0.4
          percent per hour in the  second.  In a night-to-day trans-
          ition period during which the mixing height was rising
          (with resultant enhanced rate of dilution in the plume),
          the conversion rate was constant  at 0. 5 +_ 0.2 percent
          per hour for the first two hours in the atmosphere.  In-
          sufficient measurements have  been obtained to  permit
          extension of these results  to plume  ages greater than
          two hours (Cantrell and  Whitby, 1978).

     10.  A net production of ozone within the Labadie plume was
          observed  on two of the sampling days.  On 9 July 1976,
          an increase in ozone from about 60ppbin the background
          to 11 0 ppb in the plume was reported by Gillani et al (1978).

      On 18 July 1976, a similar (although less pronounced)ozone bulge was
observed  25 km downwind of the  Labadie plant by the MRI aircraft (Figure
1).  In this case,  the  bulge represented a 10 ppb increase over the 50 ppb
background ozone level. Strong plume dilution was observed along with the
ozone bulge;  peak plume SO2 concentrations were about 50 ppb.

      Plume NO concentrations were virtually the  same as in  background
air, however,  a rise in  NO2  concentration of 5-10 ppb was observed in the
plume along with the ozone  bulge.  Although uncertainties in the zero of the
NO/NOX analyzer prevent verification of the consistency of  the O3 /NO/NO2
concentrations with the photo stationary state (Leighton, 1961),  the small
rise in the NOa/NO ratio along with the  Oa bulge supports the  claim that the
measured ozone bulge was real and not  just an artifact of the  data.

      Ozone formation in power plant  plumes  has been a major area of in-
vestigation  for researchers at the University of Maryland (Davis  et al, 1974).
Their results indicated that the following  conditions  are conducive to ozone
production in the plume  (Keifer, 1977):

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    100
 o
 C/)
    50
 LU
 O
 oc
 bJ
 Q.
     0
        SYMBOL  PARAMETER  FULL SCALE
                     NO,


                     °3

                     SOr
0.05 ppm

0.10 ppm
0.10 ppm
           0
           so,
                                            EXCESS  OZONE

                                                           4
                      •POWER  PLANT PLUME-
        0
                               DISTANCE, km
                                 50

                                77-28"t
Figure 1.   Example of Ozone Bulge in Labadle Power Plant Plume.  Data

           collected on 18 July 1976 at 1540 CDT, 25 km downwind of plant.

           Traverse elevation 910 m msl, ground elevation 140 m msl.

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      •   Surface temperature at least  26°C(79°F)

      •   High solar radiative flux

      •   Ample reactive hydrocarbon concentrations

These conditions, although highly qualitative, can  be used as a basis for
comparing the Maryland measurements with the MISTT measurements.

      Average surface temperatures near the Labadie plant  on 9 and 18 July
1976, between 11 00 and 1700 CDT, were 34 degrees and 30 degrees Centi-
grade, respectively.  These values meet the criterion for temperature.  Al-
though solar fluxes were not measured by MRI, skies on 9 July were most-
ly clear in St. Louis, and were cloud-free on 18 July.  Thus, sufficient so-
lar flux probably was present to meet the Maryland criterion. On both days,
the Labadie plume was on the edge of the St.  Louis urban plume, and  thus
the potential for entrainment of hydrocarbons was high.  Therefore,  condi-
tions on the two days  on which power plant plume ozone bulges were observed
in the St.  Louis area were similar to the days on which ozone bulges were
observed by the Maryland researchers, indicating  that the results from  both
locations are in qualitative agreement.

CONCLUSIONS

      The results of measurements performed in July 1 976 lend further  sup-
port to conclusions reported in earlier  Project MISTT reports,  in particu-
lar, that air pollution in the midwest United States must be considered as a
regional problem in the formulation of air pollution control strategies. Power
plant plumes can be transported 1 00-200 km from the source during the  day,
although vertical mixing causes considerable dilution. At night, the frequent
occurrence of stable layers with high wind speeds provides  the potential for
long-range transport of power plant plumes up to 300 km, and possibly more,
downwind of the stack with very little dilution.

      Chemical transformation and removal processes are primarily  day-
time events. Dry deposition of SO2 occurs preferentially during the day be-
cause of the strong vertical  mixing caused by solar heating;  at night,  for-
mation of the surface radiation inversion effectively decouples  the plume
from the ground.  The conversion  of SOg to SO4~ proceeds more  rapidly dur-
ing the day than at night.  Measurements made during July 1976 can be  used
to support the contention that the primary aerosol formation mechanism in-
volves photochemical reactions, however, other potential mechanisms cannot
                                   10

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be excluded from consideration.   The sulfate that is formed from SOs con-
version is found in the particle size range that contributes most to light scat-
tering by particles; hence, sources of SOs can be important contributors to
visibility reduction by aerosols.  This contribution generally occurs far re-
moved from the source because of the long time needed to oxidize SO2.

      Finally, power plants are capable of increasing ozone levels above back-
ground values downwind  of the stack.   Ozone bulges in power plant plumes
can be observed under certain conditions; specifically, when the plume is
very dilute, solar radiation is present, temperatures are high, and reactive
hydrocarbons are present.
                                    11

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                               SECTION  3

                         PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

      The July 1976 MISTT field program was  conducted in the vicinity of St.
Louis,  Missouri. Flight operations were based at the Spirit of St. Louis Air-
port, while technical direction during sampling missions and planning and de-
briefing meetings took place at the operations headquarters at Washington Uni-
sity.

      Both urban and coal-fired power plant  plume sampling  missions •were
performed. The Labadie power plant, located 55 km west of the St. Louis Gate-
way Arch, was the subject of the power  plant plume measurements. This plant,
rated atabout 2400megawatts gross load, was  chosen because of its large  size
and because the plume from its  200m stacks is generally distinct  from the St.
Louis urban plume.  Moreover, measurements in this  plume provided continu-
ity for measurements made in the  1974 and 1975 MISTT field programs.   Ur-
ban plume measurements were performed downwind of St. Louis.   This plume
was chosen for study in order to provide continuity with previous measurement
programs,  and because it is a relatively isolated plume located in  flat terrain.
In addition, the presence of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) sampling
network provided additional support for the MISTT program.

      The program was a team  effort involving researchers from  EPA-ESRL,
Washington University, University of Minnesota, Washington State University,
Environmental Measurements, Inc. , EPA-Las Vegas, and  Environmental Qual-
ity  Research,  as well as MRI.  The field calibration system for the gaseous
monitors on the aircraft was supplied by EPA-ESRL, which also provided tech-
nical direction for the projectand on-site data processing  facilities.   Washing-
ton University  provided the second instrumented aircraft, relay aircraft, and
operations headquarters facilities.  The aerosol size distribution measurement
system on the MRI Cessna 206 was maintained by the University of Minnesota,
which  also  operated an instrumented van to study ground-level plume  impact.
Correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) measurements were performed from an
aircraft operated by Environmental Measurements, Inc., while the aircraft-
based LIDAR  system used  to help locate the plume at night was operated by
EPA-Las  Vegas. Hydrocarbon sample analyses were performed  by Washing-
ton State University. Meteorological support (forecasting  and winds  aloft mea-
surements )was provided by Environmental Quality Research.  Descriptions of
the  work performed by these  other team members can be found in the sources
listed in the Bibliography.

                                    12

-------
      The contribution of MRl to the field program was the operation of the
Cessna 206  sampling aircraft.  Plume  measurements  were performed by
MRI between 1 July and 30 July 1976.  A total of thirty-three sampling flights
were made by the 206, covering sixteen of the thirty days during the period.
Approximately 70 percent of the total flight time was devoted to power plant
plume  measurements and 30  percent to urban plume measurements.  Sum-
maries of the MRI urban and coal-fired power plant  plume sampling mis-
sions are presented in Tables 2 and  3.
                                    13

-------
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                                       15

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                                   16

-------
                                SECTION 4

                     EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

      Operations  of the  MRI sampling  aircraft were coordinated closely
with participants in the program.  Key elements in the coordination scheme
included technical direction by radio from senior investigators at the  oper-
ations headquarters (OHQ), long-range commuaications capabilities provid-
ed by relay aircraft  located  between the sampling area and OHQ, and fre-
quant planning meetings and mission debriefing sessions.
     In general, the two heavily instrumented aircraft (Cessna 206 and Rock-
wellGrand Commander) were used to complement each other while the other
two sampling aircraft  (CO3PEC  and LTDAR  measurement  systems) were
used as scouts. The  Cessna 206 sampled at slower speeds and measured
a greater number of pollutant and meteorological parameters, while the
Grand Commander was capable of high-speed sampling and was equipped
with a high-sensitivity SOg monitor.  Accordingly, one mode of operations
was to use the Cessna 206 for detailed near-source (within <— 100 km)
plume characterizations, while the Grand Commander attempted to track
the plume as far from the source as possible, performing less  detailed
plume characterizations  at more  widely spaced  distances downwind.  The
other general mode of operations was to use the two aircraft sequentially
to allow plume sampling  for extended periods of time  (24 hours or more).
In this mode, one aircraft would sample while the crew of the other
aircraft rested and prepared for the next mission.
      The experimental  methodology related to the operation of the Cessna
206 is described in this chapter.  Additional information on experimental
methodology canbe found in White et al (1976), Ogren et al (1978a),  and Blu-
menthal  et al (1978).  Descriptions of the experimental methods used by
other program participants, as well as the manner in which the various sam-
pling  platforms were  coordinated  by the operations  headquarters, can be
found in the references in the Project MISTT bibliography (Page 39).

AIRCRAFT  DESCRIPTION

      An instrumented Cessna 206 was used as the primary sampling plat-
form  for aerosol measurements.  The 206 instrumentation for this contract
                                    17

-------
•was similar,  with  slight  refinements,  to that used during  earlier MISTT
programs.   A detailed discussion of the Cessna 206 airborne sampling sys-
tem can be found in Blumenthal et al (1978).
FLIGHT PLANS

      The basic flight plans for both urban and power plant plumes consisted
of a combination of constant-altitude traverses flown through the plume per-
pendicular to its longitudinal axis* and vertical spirals (soundings) flown over
a given point.    These patterns allowed  a detailed  characterization of the
plume at a particular downwind distance.   In addition, horizontal traverses
were  flown outside the  plume to characterize the background environment
(Figure 2).

      After the plume was located at the  desired downwind distance,  ground
reference points were chosen to allow traverse paths approximately perpen-
diculartothe plume axis.  The 206 then made a number of traverses between
the endpoints  at  various  altitudes.   The number of traverses at each down-
wind distance depended  on the vertical extent  of the plume, but was usually
at least three, and sometimes five or more.

      Following the plume  traverses, a spiral was usually made as close to
the plume  centerline as  possible.   This  spiral extended from  as near the
ground as possible to well  above the plume (power plants) or mixing layers
(urban plumes).  This completed the plume characterization at that distance,
and the aircraft then  moved downwind and repeated the process.  While trans-
iting between  downwind  distances,  the  aircraft flew outside the plume and
performed background measurements.
CALIBRATION

      Calibrations were performed by MRI personnel using a system provid-
ed by EPA.  A discussion of this system and calibration procedures is in-
cluded in Blumenthal et al (1978).
*  -  It should be noted that it was frequently difficult to ensure that a given
      traverse was normal to the plume's longitudinal axis due to plume wan-
      dering, and because the plume was essentially invisible except for near-
      stack sampling traverses.

-------
                                              OEVENT ON, TIME, ALTITUDE AND
                                                ROUTE NOTED. 1MPACTOR ON
                                              • EVENT OFF. IHPALTOR OFF
Figure 2.   Traverse flight pattern for plume sampling.  Points A,  B, C,
            and D are readily identifiable ground reference points which
            are determined to allow traverse paths perpendicular to the
            phi/rie axis.
                                     19

-------
DATA PROCESSING

      Processing  of the MRI  aircraft data was  performed  in  two phases:
preliminary processsing in the field and final processing after the field pro-
gram. On-site initial processing allowed a rapid  evaluation of the results of
a mission and helped in the planning  of  additional missions.  Preliminary
data processing consisted of copying the field tapes into computer disk stor-
rage  and producing stripchart plots  of  important parameters,  hard-copy
raw data listings, and a 1/2-inch industry-compatible magnetic tape for use
in further processing.  The  stripchart plots were used for the initial analy-
sis  of the  results  of the mission, and the data listings were  used to pro-
vide inputs for further  processing  of the data after the field  program.

      Final processing of the aircraft data was  performed  by  MRI and the
University of Minnesota  (UM). The  size distribution data were  reduced to
final  form and  analyzed by UM;  all other  data were processed  by  MRI.
Final data processing  at MRI consisted  of converting the raw voltage  data
to engineering units (e.g.,  parts per  million by volume of O^ ,  NO,  NOX  ,
SOa), flagging inoperative instruments and applying calibration  corrections.

      Plots of the final  data were prepared to assist in data analysis. In ad-
dition, a final data tape was  prepared  and submitted to  EPA  as the data  vol-
ume for  the project.   Supporting  documentation for this  tape, specifically
weather  summaries,  sampling  maps,  and flight outlines are included with
the detailed meteorological analyses  for the project  (Ogren  et al, 1978b).
                                    20

-------
                              SECTION 5

                    METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSES

      A firm under standing of the meteorological factors affecting plume be-
havior was the goal of analyses performed by MRI for the 1976 MISTT pro-
gram.  In addition, meteorological conditions on  several days selected for
analysis by other MISTT program participants were documented in detail as
part of the MRI  analyses.

SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

      The storm track during the month of July 1976 was located over the
Canadian - United States border, which is its normal location for July.  To
the south,  over the central and eastern portion of  the country, the weather
was governed  by migrating high-pressure  cells,  or ridges,  moving  from
west to east. Occasionally a cold front extended south from the storm track,
but the fronts were weak and either turned stationary over Iowa or the Gulf
Coast or dissipated entirely.

      The high-pressure ridges were  primarily responsible  for changes in
stability temperature advection, flow direction, and, consequently, plume
behavior. The position of the ridge and the location of its axis were found to
exert the primary influence on mixing heights, stability, and winds in the
sampling region. All five sampling periods selected for detailed analysis
occurred either  uiderneath  or to the west  of an  existing or  building high
pressure center aloft.

      Measurable rainfall fell in St.  Louis on six of the thirty-one days in
July.   A trace  of precipitation was reportedat St. Louis during the sampling
period of 5-6 July.  All other periods analyzed in detail  were characterized
by clear  to partly cloudy weather with  no rainfall within  the sampling area.

      Meteorological conditions during  the sampling period are summarized
in Table 4.  The table utilizes  RAPS temperature soundings and pibal data
available every six hours to determine  stability, wind and temperature char-
acteristics in the layer from the surface to 1800 meters AGL.  Except where
otherwise stated, the information  listed is  derived from RAPS Station 142
near the Labadie power plant.  All wind directions are  in trae degrees and
wind speeds are  in meters per second.

                                   •21

-------
TABLE 4.   METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY



Date
6/29/76




6/30/76





7/01/76





7/02/76



7/03/76



7/04/76



7/05/76





Time
(CDT)
0500
1100

1700
2300
0500
1100

1700
2300

0500
1100

1700
2300

0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1900=1'
2300
0700*
1100
1900*
2300
0500**
1100**
1700**
2300**
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours

General Stability Type
Stratified- stable, Precipitation
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped, Precipitation
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped to Unstable
Well mixed-capped becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, rapidly to Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
No Data Available
No Data Available
No Data Available
Well mixed-capped
No Data Available
Stratified- stable
No Data Available
Unstable
No Data Available
Stratified- stable
Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
Well mixed-capped
Wind
Dir/Vel
245/6
260/11

275/10
325/13
330/11
325/9

325/7
345/6

355/3
300/2

210/2
210/6

220/8
205/9
180/7
--
_ _
-_
060/7
--
060/8
--
025/8
--
025/6
010/5
360/8
055/9
Temp
(C°)
+20
+21

+20
+ 14
+ 12
+ 12

+ 14
+ 14

+ 14
+ 15

+ 18
+ 17

+ 16
+ 16
+ 14
--
..
__
+ 15
--
+ 14
--
+ 15
--
+ 17
+ 18
+ 19
+ 18
(%) Cloud
Coverage
100
70

85
35
0
30

65
15

0
0

70
50

65
95
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
50
65
40
0
0
15
35
* - Salem, Illinois
** - RAPS 141 (Downtown St. Louis)
                  22

-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)



Date
7/06/76




7/07/76




7/08/76





7/09/76



7/10/76




7/11/76



7/12/76






Time
(CDT)
0500
1100
1700
2300

0500
1100

1700
2300
0500
1100

1700
2300

0500
1100
1700
2200
0700*
1100
1900*

2300
0700*
1100
1900*
2300
0500
1100

1700

Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours

General Stability Type
Stratified- stable
Unstable
Unstable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Deep- stable to Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable, becoming
Slightly mixed
Unstable
Well mixed-capped, Precipitation
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed , becoming Well
mixed- cappe d
Unstable
Unstable, becoming Stratified-
s table
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed
Slightly mixed
No Data Available
Stratified- stable
No Data Available
Slightly mixed, to Well mixed-
capped
No Data Available
Deep- stable, to Stratified- stable
No Data Available
Well mixed-capped
No Data Available
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed- capped, with Unstable
and Precipitation
Wind
Dir/vTl
055/5
035/4
005/2
275/4

260/10
260/8

240/10
260/15
295/11
310/3

265/3'
255/7

240/8
225/7
210/6
230/10
260/8
--
245/7

--
275/12
_-
255/8
--
295/12
310/7

330/4

Temp
(C°>
+ 16
+ 17
+20
+ 19

+ 18
+ 19

+22
+21
+ 19
+20

+23
+22

+20
+21
+23
--
+25
--
+24

--
+22
_.
+23
--
+21
+23

+23

(%) Cloud
Coverage
0
0
25
25

0
35

25
90
40
5

20
60

20
45
20
0
0
0
0

0
0
30
60
20
10
10

50

* - Salem, Illinois
                                    23

-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)



Date
7/12/76
(Con't)
7/13/76




7/14/76




7/15/76




7/16/76





7/17/76




7/18/76





Time
CDT)
Z300

0500
1100

1700
2300
0500
1100

1700
2300
0500
1100

1700
2300
0500

1100
1700
2300*-

0500
1100
1700
2300

0500
1100
1700
2300
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours

General Stability Type
Stratified- stable

Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped
Stratified- stable
Deep-stable to Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed-capped
Unstable
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
Well mixed-capped
Stratified- stable, becoming
Slightly mixed
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed- capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed- capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Stratified- stable
Wind
Dir/Vel
315/4

340/5
275/4

250/3
245/8
270/9
270/6

245/3
255/9
250/10
270/9

250/12
265/9
305/10

330/8
320/6
335/7

345/7
325/4
305/3
305/3

255/2
165/4
190/4
190/6
Temp
(C°)
+23

+20
+22

+24
+24
+23
+24

+26
+24
+23
+22

+22
+ 18
+ 17

+ 16
+ 18
+15

+ 14
+ 14
+ 17
+ 17

+ 16
+ 17
+22
+ 18
** - RAPS 141 (Downtown St. Louis)
(%) Cloud
Coverage
90

85
55

35
5
0
0

20
10
30
65

70
70
95

35
5
0

0
0
95
35

0
0
0
0

                                   24

-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
Date
7/19/76




7/20/76




7/21/76




7/22/76






7/23/76





7/24/76



Time
(CDT)
0500
1100
1700
2300

0500
1100
1700
2300

0500
1100

1700
2300
0500

1100

1700
2300

0500
1100

1700
2300

0500
1100
1700
2300
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours
General Stability Type
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
'Well mixed-capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped, to Unstable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Unstable
Well mixed-capped, Precipitation
Stratified-stable, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Unstable
Unstable
Unstable, becoming Stratified-
stable
Stratified-stable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Unstable
Unstable
Unstable, becoming Stratified-
stable
Stratified-stable
Well mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped
Stratified-stable
Wind
Dir/Vel
220/7
200/5
190/4
210/9

235/13
240/9
220/7
240/12

265/12
260/7

240/5
250/9
255/11

265/9

240/8
235/11

245/10
265/5

280/4
300/5

290/10
310/6
345/7
035/7
Temp
(C°)
+ 19
+20
+23
+21

+20
+22
+25
+23

+21
+22

+24
+22
+22

+24

+27
+26

+22
+23

+26
+31

+24
+25
+25
+21
(%) Cloud
Coverage
0
50
70
60

25
25
90
25

95
80

35
85
100

100

85
20

0
0

25
5

0
0
30
65
                                    25

-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
Date
7/25/76




7/26/76




7/27/76



7/28/76





7/29/76




7/30/76



Time
(CDT)
0500
1100
1700
2300

0500
1100
1700
2300

0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100

1700
2300

0500

1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours
General Stability Type
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Unstable, Precipitation, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped, to Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
Unstable, to Stratified- stable
Stratified-stable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
Unstable, Precipitation, becoming
Stratified-stable
Stratified-stable, to Well mixed-
capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Stratified-stable
Stratified-stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped, to Unstable
Unstable, to Stratified- stable
Wind
Dir/Vel
035/6
040/4
085/3
150/7

210/8
245/7
265/1
240/6

235/10
215/7
200/5
205/8
235/13
250/9

255/5
295/6

245/5

275/4
060/2
135/4
220/6
285/6
215/4
230/12
Temp
(C°)
+20
+21
+24
+21

+21
+24
+27
+24

+24
+23
+23
+23
+23
+23

+25
+23

+20

+20
+21
+21
+20
+22
+24
+24
(7o) Cloud
Coverage
0
0
35
0

0
0
5
85

100
65
90
45
0
5

35
100

50

100
65
30
0
55
90
65
                                    26

-------
      The six basic "stability types" depicted are:
       "Deep Stable"
        'Stratified Stable"
       "Slightly Mixed"
       "Well Mixed'
       "Unstable'
       1' Pr e cipitation''
--  Stable lapse rates extending from
    the surface through at least 1000
    meters.

--  One or more stable layers in be-
    tween neutral layers.

--  Lapse rates are between isother-
    mal  and adiabatic  with surface
    heating causing some vertical ed-
    dies.

--  Lapse rates are  nearly adiabatic
    through a deep layer(at least 1000
    meters)

--  Adiabatic or super adiabatic lapse
    rates, considerable vertical mo-
    tion.

--  Rain occurring presently or with-
    in past two hours.  Precipitation
    widespread enough to have affec-
    ted plume configuration.
DESCRIPTION OF ANALYSES
      Two types of meteorological analyses were performed: routine anal-
yses for each sampling day and detailed analyses for selected days.  Includ-
ed in the routine meteorological analyses are synoptic weather maps, forward
and back air mass trajectories (twice daily), and summary tables of temper-
ature, dewpoint, cloud cover, wind speed and direction, and stability. These
analyses, along with flight maps and sampling summaries, are included as
Part A of the detailed meteorological analyses  for the project (Ogren et al,
 1978b).

      Several days were selected for detailed analyses by the principal in-
vestigators for Project MISTT.  These days were selected based on the par-
ticular meteorological conditions and plume configuration encountered,  and
the validity  and completeness of data  obtained by the aircraft.   The  days
analyzed  in detail are  5, 6,  9, 10,  14, 18, 23 and 24 July 1976.  Analyses
included in-depth  evaluation of the synoptic and mesoscale factors affecting
the plume,  and calculation of plume trajectories for most sampling runs
                                    2.7

-------
made by the MRI Cessna 206 and  Washington University Rockwell Grand
Commander.   These analyses were supplied to the other program partici-
pants for use in their analyses of the aircraft data.  Part B of the meteoro-
logical  analyses (Ogren et al. , 1978b) contains discussions of the synoptic
and mesoscale meteorological conditions as well as the results of plume tra-
jectory  aiidlysv. s fur ihe days hbtecl abovi-,
Case. History Analyai s- 1 8 July 1 q7o

      One important result of the detailed meteorological analyses was an un-
derstanding of  the potential for long-range transport of elevated plumes at
night.  A  case  history analysis of the plume measurements obtained on 1 8
July 1976  was  presented by  Smith et al (1978). Excerpts  from that paper
are included here to illustrate the meteorological factors which  create the
potential for long-range transport  at  night and inhibit it during the day.

      On 18 July 1976, the St.  Louis area, along with much of the  eastern
United States was underthe influence of alarge, dry, high pressure system.
During the afternoon,  the temperature  lapse rate was  adiabatic and strong
thermal mixing existed.   However,  since the relative  humidity at the sur-
face was only 35 percent, no clouds developed.  Winds  aloft were  southerly
at about 4-6 m/s from the  surface to  900 m above mean sea level (msl),
shifting slightly southwesterly and decreasing to about 3 m/s  from 900-2000
m msl. The light daytime winds caused slow transport of the effluent along
the plume centerline.   Although transport was slow,  strong  mixing rapidly
dispersed the plume both vertically and  horizontally as the pollutants moved
downwind.   The daytime SO2  plume  was well mixed  from  the surface to
greater than 1400 m msl and had a maximum measured concentration of 60
ppb at  25 km.

      Figure 3  is a cross  section of the daytime plume SO2  concentration
between 1520 and 1608 Central Daylight Time (CDT) 25 km downwind of the
plant (about 2-1/2 hours travel).  This figure,  as well as Figures 5  and 6,
was constructed fromhorizontal traverses perpendicular to the plume axis.
It is not a "snapshot," but a composite constructed from data collected by
the Cessna 206 aircraft.

      To drawthe contours, instantaneous data values (one each two seconds
or~60 m) were superimposed on the  traverse path (dashed lines).  Using
these values to  fix the location of contour lines  at each traverse,  smooth con-
tours were  extrapolated, based on meteorological constraints and an ap-
proximate match of the flux from the power plant.  Contours outside the tra-
verse range and those which intersect only one level are presented as dashed
lines to clearly indicate the  extrapolation,
                                    28

-------
V)


I

UJ
CO
tr
UJ
(C


 I
                                                                     •8
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-------
      In the evening, a surface radiation inversion formed, thermally driven
mixing ceased, and the lapse rate aloft became more stable.  Although winds
^at the surface  were less than 4 m/s during  the night,  a low level jet gradual-
ly formed aloft. Figure  1  shows a time-altitude cross section ofwind speed
for the night of 18 July. It  was constructed from radiosonde data taken from
Station 142 of the RAPS network. The maximum velocity in the jet was about
15 m/s at about 520mmsl (350m,agl).  The jet maintained velocities greater
than 12 m/s from 2300 CDT on 18 July to 0800 CDT  on the morning of
19 July.

      Figure 5 is a cross  section of the SO3 plume measured at night  25 km
downwind fromthe plant, the same distance as the daytime measurement of
Figure 3.  Two distinct  SO2 plumes are apparent in  the figure.

      Trajectory analysis using  pibal  and radiosonde data  show that the
upper one had been emitted fromthe plant  two to three hours prior to sampl-
ing. It is in a  region of light winds and was released before the atmosphere
had become well stabilized and the jet had become  established.  The lower
SO2  plume was  emitted from  the same  plant, only about an hour prior to
sampling (one  to two hours after the upper plume).  It became confined in a
more stable atmosphere and  in a region of much higher wind velocity.
      The height of each plume and difference between the two plumes is at-
tributable to interaction of buoyancy effects of the plume with the wind speed
and stability regime at release tims.  The  SO3 plumes are offset from one
another  due to directional shear.  At a single distance from the plant, both
the rermants  of a late-daytime SO2 release and a night release were detec-
ted.  At the same distance, the late daytime SO2  release  has  dispersed to
one-half the concentration of the lower nighttime SO3 release.

      Figure 6 is an SOg cross section obtained between 2246 and 2318 CDT
that is made up of three passes, varying slightly in distance from the plant,
but all within  5 km of 50 km. The SO3 plume is seen to be elongated due to
slight directional shear. The peak instantaneous value measured at this dis-
tance exceeded 1 ppm.

      Figure 7 shows the measured  SQ,  concentrations for three traverses
in the stable night plume,  ranging from 25 to 75 km downwind.   All three
traverses were made 760 m msl.  (Note that the 25  and 50 km SO2 traces
                                    30

-------
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                         31

-------
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                             32

-------
     1000 -
   to
   E
  o
  LU
  I
     500 -
                 	TRAVERSE  PATHS
                                    1000 -
              i.o
           0.1
                                     500-
         0           5          10
         DISTANCE  PERPENDICULAR  TO
             WIND  DIRECTION  (km)
                                                      2250  CDT
                                                      RAMS
                                                      SOUNDING
                                                      ADIABATIC
                                                      LAPSE RATE
   14   18  22
TEMPERATURE (*C)
Figure 6.   Cross section of SO  concentrations (ppm) in the Labadie
           plume made from  sampling traverses between 2246  and
           2318 CDT at 50 km downwind.  (The plume was emitted
           arou.id 2150 CDT.)  Contours outside the traverse range
           and those which intersect only one level are  represented
           as dashed lines to indicate extrapolations.
                                 33.

-------
                            l-O-i
                           0.0
                              0            10
                     DISTANCE PERPENDICULAR TO WIND DIRECTION (km)
Figure 7.   SO2  concentration at 760 m TLS! at downwind distances of 25,
            50, and 75 km for traverses made north of the plant in Labadie
            plume between 2225  and 2400 CDT,  18 July  1976.
                                     34

-------
are the data used for the contour levels at 760 m in Figures 5 and  6,  re-
spectively.  ) At 75km,  the SOa concentration in Figure 7 still exceeded 0. 5
ppm, and an orbit at 75km indicated a maximum concentration of over 0.85
ppm.  The SO2 is seen  to remain very concentrated with little dilution after
after initial buoyancy effects have dissipated prior to  25km.

      Even  with the high wind speeds, mixing was minimal.  A good indica-
tor of mixing  is the turbulence measured in the  aircraft.   The aircraft tur-
bulence probe indicated between  0.5  and 1  cm33  sec"1 in the plume. For
comparison,  "light"  turbulence  (i.e.,  barely noticeable) registers  2 to  3
cms/3 sec"1 (MacCready, 1966).

      Although the stable, concentrated SO3 plume shown in Figure 7 was
not actually followed farther than  75 km, the wind data in Figure 4 suggest
that much greater transport was likely. From Figure  4,  at 76Om msl, the
wind speed  remained about lOm/s (36 km/hr) until 0400 CDT, and then av-
eraged at least 8 m/s  (29 km/hr) until 0600 CDT.  Four hours of additional
transport at 1 0 m/s and two hours at 8 m/s would put the plume at a  down-
wind distance of  about  275km by  0600 CDT.  Although the wind data in Fig-
ure 4 -were  obtained near the plant, the synoptic  meteorology of the 18th and
pilot balloon data taken downwind during the night suggest that the vertical
wind structure was not appreciably different over the potential 275 km dis-
tance.

      The measured concentration data show a  dramatic contrast between
day and night  dispersion and transport of SO3 .    During the day the  SQj be-
came vertically well  mixed through the mixing layer.  With relatively con-
stant wind direction and minimal shear the SOs  plume maintained its iden-
tity.  The light daytime wind contributed little to long distance transport.
During the  day,  the SOg  plume mixed to  the ground, allowing  removal of
SO2 by deposition.   As the stable night conditions set in and wind  speeds
above the ground level increased, the residual daytime SO2 plume became
decoupled fromthe ground and was transported with little dilution over long
distances.

      The SO2 emitted at night remained decoupled from the ground and ex-
perienced much less dilution.  High  concentrations of SOa and other pollu-
tants were transported upto 300 km before daytime, reaching the ground the
next morning. TheSO2in these night  plumes is isolated from deposition and
is thus available  for conversion to sulfate at least during the night and into
the next morning.

      Sampling on otherdays showed that, as solarheating eroded the radi-
ation inversion, these stable plumes were mixed to the ground and added to
surface SOa concentrations over  200 km from their source.   Stable plumes
                                    35

-------
of this  type  have also been  reported to  impact on high terrain at night,
causing extensive vegetation damage (Long and Williams;, 1977).

      Biackadar  (1957, 1976) has indicated that nocturnal low-level jets,
such as the one which occurred on 1 8 July 1976, are a common occurrence
over much of the world.   He has  shown that the jets are a result of interac-
tion between the geostrophic w4.nd  field and the radiationally induced daily
cycle of the turbulence intensity  in the boundary layer.
      In July, 1976, conditions in Ihf SI.  Louis ^.rea were favorable for the
long-range transport oi SO2 in  stable plumes aloft on at least eighteen  out of
thirty-one nights. On at least three different occasions, power plant plumes
were actually tracked to distances greater than 200 km. during the night and
early morning hours .  The nighttime regime thus provides a mechanism for
the transport of SOS from a single  source over a synoptic scale region.


      Even without long-range transport,  conditions were favorable almost
every night daring the July sampling program for the trapping of stable high
concentration plumes in elevated layers.  Thus, the nighttime regime  is al-
so important  for  the accumulation of  sulfur in the atmosphere and for the
multiday buildup of sulfur compounds in an air mass.
                                    36

-------
                           REFERENCE"

Blackadar, A.  K. ,  1976.  Modeling the nocturnal boundary layer.
    Presented at the Third Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence
    Diffusion and Air Quality.  Raleigh,  North Carolina.  October
    19-22.

Blackadar, A.  K. ,   1957.   Boundary layer wind maxima and their
    significance for the growth of nocturnal inversions. Bull Amer.
    Meteor.  Soc. ,  38.   No.  5, May, pp. 283-290.

Blumenthal,  D. L. ,  J. A. Ogren,  and J. A. Anderson, 1978.  Air-
    borne sampling system for plume monitoring.   Atmos.  Envi-
    ron. , 12:  pp.  613-620.

Cantrell, B.K. and K. T. Whitby, 1977.  Aerosol size distributions
    and aerosol volume formation  rates fora coal-fired power plant
    plume.   Atmos.  Environ., 12:  pp. 323-333.

Davis, D. D.,  G. Smith, and G. Klauber, 1974.  Trace gas analy-
    sis of power plant plumes via aircraft measurements: O3, NOx.
    and SO2 chemistry.  Science, 186; pp. 218-225.

Gillani, N. V., 1978.  Project MISTT: Mesoscale plume modeling
    of the dispersion, transformation and ground removal of SOg.
    Atmos. Environ., 12; pp. 569  - 588.

Gillani, N. V., R.  B. Husar, J.  D. Husar, and D.  E. Patterson,
    1978.  Project MISTT: kinetics of particulate sulfur formation
    in a  power plant  plume out to 300 km.   Atmos. Environ., 1 2:
    pp. 589-598.

Keifer, W.S.,  1977.  The generation of ozone in plumes from large
    point sources.   Ph.  D. thesis,  University of Maryland.

Leighton, P. A. , 1961. Photochemistry of Air Pollution.  Academic
    Press. New  York,  N. Y.
                                  37

-------
Long, J.H.  and D. R. Williams,  1977.  Aerial photographic survey
    of vegetation damage caused by an air pollution incident.  Pre-
    sented at the Aerial Techniques for Environmental Monitoring,
    Topical Symposium of the American Nuclear Society, Las Ve-
    gas, Nevada. March  7-11.

MacCready, P. B. , Jr. , 1966.  Operational application of a univer-
    sal turbulence measuring system.  AMS / AIAA Paper No. 66-
    364.

Ogren,  J. A.,  D. L. Blumenthal, and W.  H.  White,  1978a.  Pollu-
    tant Measurements in Plumes from Power Plants and Cities--
    Summer, 1975,  February, 1976, and February, 1977. Project
    MISTT Report.  EPA - 600/7-78-041.

Cgren,  J. A. , D. L. Blumenthal,  J. A. Anderson,  S. Howard, and
    T. B. Smith,  1978b.   Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation
    and  Transport  Project:  Detailed Meteorological  Analyses,
    July, 1976.  MRI 78 R-1587.

Smith, T. B., D. L.  Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, and A. H. Van-
    derpol, 1977.  Transport of SO3 in power plant  plumes: day and
    night.  Atmos.  Environ., 12; pp. 605-611

White, W.  H. ,   J. A. Anderson, W.  R. Knuth, D.  L. Blumenthal,
    J. C. Hsiung, andR.B. Husar,  1976.  Midwest Interstate Sul-
    fur Transformation and Transport Project:   Aerial Measure-
    ments  of Urban  and  Power Plant Plumes,  summer of 1974.
    EPA-600/3-76-110.
                                 38

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               PROJECT MISTT BIBLIOGRAPHY
 PUBLICATIONS

 Bower, Kide (J. R.  Brock).  A Method of Modelling Chemically Re-
     active  Plumes.  M.S.  Thesis.  University of Texas,  Austin,
     Texas.  August, 1976.

 Chatfield, R. ,  and  R. A.  Rasmussen, 1977. An Assessment of the
     Continental Lower  Tropospheric Ozone Budget.  International
     Conference on  Photochemical Oxidant Pollution andlts  Control
     Proceedings.   EPA - 600/3-7-OOla, p.  121.

 Cunningham, P. T. , and S. A. Johnson, 1976. Spectroscopic Obser-
     vation of Acid  Sulfate  in  Atmospheric Particulate Samples.
     Science,   191 ;  pp.  77-79.

 Fondario, D. A. (W. E.  Wilson and H. Jeffries).  An Analysis of a
     High Sulfate Episode at  Wheeling, West Virginia. M.S. Thesis.
     University of  North  Carolina.   August,  1976.

 Husar, J. D. ,  R.  B.  Husar, and P. K. Stubits,  1975. Determin-
     ation of Submicrogram Amounts of Atmospheric Particulate
     Sulfur.  Anal.  Chemistry, 47; p. 2062.

§Husar, J. D. ,  R.  B. Husar,  E.  S.  Macias,  W.  E.  Wilson, Jr.,
     J. L. Durham, W. K.  Shepherd, and  J.  A.  Anderson,  1976.
     Particulate Sulfur Analysis :  Application to High Time-Resolu-
     tion Aircraft Sampling in  Plumes.  Atmospheric Environment,
     10_:  pp. 591-595.

 Husar, R. B.,  1976.  Thermal Analysis of  Aerosols.   J.  Thermal
     Anal. ,  10: p. 2.
 § -  Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
     July,  1976,  field program.

                                  39

-------
Husar, R. B., D. E. Patterson, C. C. Paley, N. V.  Gillani.  Ozone
    in Hazy Air Masses. 1977. International Conference on Photo-
    chemical Oxidant Pollution and Its Control Proceedings. EPA-
    600/3-7-OOla, p. 275.

Cgren, J. A., D. L. Blumenthal, and W.  H. White.   1978.   Pollu-
    tant Measurements in Plumes from Power Plants and Cities--
    Summer 1975, February 1976, and February 1977.   Project
    MISTT Report.  EPA - 600/7-78-041 .

Rasmussen, R. A., and R. Chatfield.  1977.  Hydrocarbon and Cxi-
    dant Chemistry Observed at a Site Near St. Louis.  EPA-600/
    000.

Wesely,  M.  L. ,   B. B.  Hicks,  W. P. Dannevik,  S. Frisella, and
    R. B. Husar.  An Eddy-Correlation Measurement of Particulate
    Deposition from the Atmosphere.  Submitted  to:  Atmospheric
    Environment.

Whitby, K. T. , B. K. Cantrell, R.  B.  Husar, N.  V. Gillani, J. A.
    Anderson, D. L. Blumenthal, W. E.  Wilson, Jr. Aerosol For-
    mation in a  Coal-Fired Power Plant  Plume. Submitted to: At-
    mospheric Environment.

White, W. H. , J.  A. Anderson, W. R. Knuth,  D.  L.  Blumenthal,
    J. C. Hsiung and R.  B.  Husar. 1976.  Midwest  Interstate Sul-
    fur Transformation  and Transport Project:  Aerial Measure-
    ments of Urban and  Power  Plant Plumes,  Summer of 1974.
    EPA-600/3-76-110.

White, W.H., J.  A. Anderson, D. L. Blumenthal,  R. B. Husar,
    N. V.  Gillani,  J. D. Husar, and  W.  E.  Wilson, Jr.   1976.
    Formation and Transport of Secondary Air Pollutants:  Ozone
    and Aerosols in the  St.  Louis Urban Plume. Science,  1 94; pp.
    187-189.

White, W. H. , D.  L. Blumenthal,  J. A.  Anderson,  R. B. Husar,
    and W.  E. Wilson, Jr. 1977. Ozone Formation in the St. Louis
    Urban Plume. International Conference on Photochemical Oxi-
    dant Pollution and Its Control Proceedings.   EPA - 600/3-7-
    OOla, p. 237.
  - Denotes analyses  of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
    July, 1976, field program.

                                40

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White, W.  K. , 1977.  NOX -  O3 Photochemistry in Power Plant
    Plumes:  Comparison of Theory with  Observation.   Environ.
    Sci. fc  Technol. ,  11; 10,  pp. 995-1000.

Wilson, W. E., Jr.,  R.  J. Charlson, R. B.  Husar, K. T. Whitby,
    and D.  L.  Blumenthal,  1977.   Sulfates in the Atmosphere: A
    A Progress Report on Project MISTT.  EPA - 600/7-77-021.

Wilson, W.E., Jr., 1977. Sulf ate Formation in Power Plant Plumes :
    A Critical Review.  EPA - 600/000.
PRESENTATIONS

1973 Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Pa-
cific Northwest International Section. Seattle, Washington. Novem-
ber, 1973.

Blumenthal, D. L.  Measurement of Physical and Chemical Plume
    Parameters Using an Airborne Monitoring System.

Division of Environmental Chemistry American  Chemical Society.
Los Angeles,  California.  March-April,  1974.

Husar,  R. B., D. L.  Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson,  and W. E. Wil-
    son, Jr.   The Urban Plume of St.  Louis.

68th Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution Control Association.  Boston,
Massachusetts.   June,  1975.

Vaughn, W. M. , R. Sperling, N.V. Gillani, and R. B. Husar.  Hori-
    zontal SO2 Mass Flow Rate Measurements in Plumes: A Com-
    parison of Correlation Spectrometer Data with a  Dispersion and
    and Removal  Model.

White, W.H. ,  and D. L. Blumenthal.  The Stability and Long Range
    Transport of  Ozone or Ozone Precursors.
  -  Denotes analyses of MRI  aircraft data collected as part of the
    July, 1976, field program.
                                 41

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International Symposium on the Development of Nuclear-based Tech-
niques for the Measurement, Detection, and Control of Environmen-
tal Pollutants.   March 15-19, 1976.  Vienna, Austria.

Cunningham, P. T., and B. D. Holt.  Stable Isotope Ratio Measure-
   ments in Atmospheric Sulfate Studies.

171st National American Chemical Society Meeting. New York, New
York.  April 1976.  In:  Proceedings of the Division of Environmen-
tal Chemistry.

Draftz,  R. G. , J. Graf, and G. Yamate.  Microscopical Analysis of
   Aerosols Transported from St.  Louis.

Draftz,  R. G.,  and J.  Graf.  Microscopical Analysis  of St. Louis
   TSP.

Husar,  R. B.,  J.  D.  Husar, N. V.  Gillani, S.  B.  Fuller, W.H.
   White, J. A.  Anderson, W.  M. Vaughan, and W. E.  Wilson,  Jr.
   Pollutant Flow Rate Measurement in Large Plumes: Sulfur Bud-
   get  in Power Plant  and Area Source Plumes  in the St. Louis
   Region.

Whitby, K. T., B. K. Cantrell,  R. B. Husar, N. V. Gillani, J. A.
   Anderson, D. L. Blumenthal,  and W. E.Wilson,  Jr.   Aerosol
   Formation in a Coal-Fired Power Plant Plume.

White,  W. H. ,  J.  A.  Anderson,  D.  L. Blumenthal, R. B. Husar,
   N. V. Gillani,  S. B. Fuller,  K. T. Whitby,  and W.  E. Wilson,
   Jr.  Formation  of Ozone and Light-Scattering Aerosols in the St.
   Louis Urban Plume.

Wilson, W. E. , Jr. , R. B. Husar, W. H. White, K. T. Whitby, D. B.
     Kittleson.   Chemical Reactions in Power Plant Plumes.
     Denotes analyses of MRI  aircraft data collected as part of the
     July, 1976, field program.
                                  42

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69th Annual Meeting. Air Pollution Control Association. Portland,
Oregon.  June,  1976.

Draftz, R. G.   Aircraft Collection and Microscopical Analyses of
    Ambient Aerosols from Urban  Atmospheres.

Wilson, W.  E. , Jr., R. J.  Charlson, R. B. Husar, K. T.  Whitby,
    D. L. Blumenthal.  Sulfates in the Atmosphere.

Symposium on Radiation in the Atmosphere. Garmisch-Partenkirche
Germany. August, 1976.

Husar, R. B. Determination of Ambient EU SO4 and its Ammonium
    Salts by In situ Aerosol Thermal Analysis.

Husar, R.  B. ,  N. V. Gillani,  J. D. Husar,  C. C. Paley.  Large
    Scale Haziness over  Midwestern and Eastern United States.

White, W. H. , D. L. Blumenthal, J. A.  Anderson,  R. B. Husar, and
    W. E.Wilson,  Jr. Formation and Transport of Light-Scattering
    Aerosols in  the St. Louis Urban Plume.

International Conference  on Stable Isotopes.  August  4-6, 1976.
Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

Holt, B.D. , P.T. Cunningham, and A. G. Engelkemeir. Application
    of Oxygen-18 Analysis to the Study of Atmospheric Sulfate For-
    mation.   In Press.

Symposium on Aerosol Science and Technology. 82nd National Meet-
ing of American Institute of Chemical Engineers . Atlantic City, New
Jersey.  September,  1976.

Husar, R.  B.,  N. V.  Gillani, and J.  D. Husar. Particulate Sulfur
    Formation in Power  Plant,  Urban and Regional Plumes.

Whitby, K. T. ,  and B. K.  Cantrell.  Size Distribution and  Concen-
    tration of Atmospheric Aerosol.
  - Denotes analyses  of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
    July, 1976, field program.
                                .  43

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NATO/CCMS  7th Technical Meeting.on Air Pollution Modeling and
Its Applications.  Airlie, Virginia.	September, 1976. (Proceedings
to be  issued).

Gillani,  N. V., and R. B. Husar. Analytical-Numerical Model for
    Mesoscale Transport, Transformation and Removal of Air Pol-
    lutants .

Husar,  R. B. , N. V.  Gillani, and J.  D. Husar.  A Study of Long-
    Range Transport from Visibility Observations, Trajectory Anal-
    ysis and Local Air Pollution Monitoring Data.

Overton, J. H. , B.K. Lamb, and F. H. Shair.  A Dual Tracer Study
    for Validation of Models with Respect to High and Low Altitude
    Sources,

3rd Symposium on Atmo spheric Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Qual-
ity.  American Meteo_ro 1 ogical Society.  Raleigh,  North Carolina_.
October,~T976T                              ~

Dannevik, S., S. Frisella,  L, Granat,  and R.  B. Husar.  SO3 Depo-
    sition Measurements in the St. Louis  Region.

Gillani,  N. V. , and R. B.  Husar. Mesoscale Model for Pollutant
    Transport, Transformation and Ground Removal.

Husar,  R, B. , N. V.  Gillani,  J. D.  Husar,  C.  C. Paley,  and P,
    N. Turcu.   Long - Range Transport  of  Pollutants  Observed
    Through Visibility Contour Maps, Weather  Maps and Trajectory
    Analysis.

Wilson,  W.  E.,  Jr.,  R.  B.  Husar,   N.  V.  Gillani, S. B.  Fuller,
    W. H.  White,  J.  A.  Anderson, and D, L.  Blumenthal.  Charac-
    terization of Urban Plumes.

Non-Urban Tropospheric Composition Symposium.  M:'.ami Beach,
Fl_orida_._  November 1 0^1 2,  1976 .

Rasmussen, R, A. , R.B.  Chatfield, and M, W. Holden.   Transport
    of Hydrocarbon and Oxidant  Chemistries Observed at a Rural
    Mid-West Site.
    Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
     July, 1976, field program.
                                  44

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  4th National Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Society of
  American Foresters /American Meteorology Society.   St. Louis,
  Missouri.  November, 1976.  Proceedings to be issued.

  Gillani, N. V. , and R. B. Husar. ,   Coptic Haziness Over the Eastern
     United States and Its Long Range Transport.

  American Nuclear Society Topical Symposium.  Aerial Techniques
  for Environmental Monitoring. Las Vegas, Nevada.  March 7-11,
  1977.

                                               * v
  Markson,  R. ,  D. L. Blumenthal, and J. Sedlacek.  Atmospheric
     Electrical  Plume Detection: Theory and  Field  Measurements.

  83rd National Meeting of the  American Institute of Chemical Engi-
  neers.  Houston,  Texas.  March  20-24,  1977.

  Durham,  J. L., W. E.  Wilson,  V. P. Aneja, J. H. Overton, Jr.,
     D. L.  Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, S. Frisella, W.  Dannevik,
     L. Hull, and R. Woodford. Sulfate Aerosol Formation Rate in
     in an  Oil-Fired Power Plant Plume.

  5th National Symposium of the Air Pollution Control Division of The
  American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Pittsburgh, Pennsylva-
  nia.  May H-12,  1977.

§Blumenthal, D.  L. , and W. H.  White. Transport of Oxidant and Oxi-
     dant Precursors.

  International Symposium on  Sulfur in the  Atmosphere. Dubrovnik,
  Yugoslavia.  September, 1977. Proceedings published in Atmos-
  pheric Environment, 12, 1978.

  Invited Papers -

  Charlson, R.  J.  Chemical Properties of Sulfur Aerosols.

§  Husar, R. B.  Project MISTT - Sulfur Budget in Large Plumes.
      Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
      July, 1976, field program.
                                   45

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 International Symposium on Sulfur in the Atmosphere.  Dubrovnik,
 Yugoslavia.  September, 1977.  Proceedings published in Atmos-
 pheric Environment,  12, 1978.  (Continued)

 Invited Papers (Continued)

 Whitby, K. T.  The Physical Characteristics of Sulfur Aerosols.

§ Wilson, W.E. Midwest Interstate  Sulfur Transformation and Trans-
     port Study (MISTT): Summary.

 Contributed Papers -

§Blumenthal,  D. L. ,  J. A.  Ogren, and J. A. Anderson. Airborne
     Sampling System  for Plume Monitoring.

 Cobourn,  G. , R. B.  Husar,   J. D.  Husar.  Monitoring of Ambient
     HgSO4 and its Ammonium Salts by In  situ Aerosol Thermal An-
     alysis .

I Cantrell,  B. K. ,  and  K. T. Whitby.  Aerosol Size Distributions
     and Aerosol Volume  Formation Rates  for Coal-Fired Power
     Plants.

} Gillani, N. V., R. B. Husar, J. D. Husar,  D.  E.  Patterson. Pro-
     ject MISTT:   Kinetics  of  Particulate  Sulfur  Formation  in  a
     Power Plant Plume out to 300 km.

^ Gillani, N.V.  Project MISTT: Mesoscale  Plume Modeling of the
     Dispersion,  Transformation,  and Ground Removal of SOa  .

 Kittelson, D. B., M.  Veermersch, B.Y.H. Liu, D. Y.H.  Pui, K.T.
     Whitby, and  R. L. McKenzie.  Total  Sulfur Aerosol Detection
     with an Electrostatically Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector
     System.

 Leslie, A.C.D., M. S. Ahlberg, J. R. Winchester,  and J.W. Nel-
     son. Aerosol Characterization for Sulfur Oxide Health  Effects
     Assessment.
 § - Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft  data  collected as part of the
 July, 1976, field program.
                                   46

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International Symposium on Sulfur in the Atmosphere.  Dubrovnik,
Yugoslavia.  September,  1977. Proceedings published in Atmos-
pheric Environment,  12,  1973. (Continued)

Contributed Papers (Continued) -

Liu, B. Y.  H. ,  D. Y.  H. Pui, K. T. Kittelson,  D. B.  Kousaka,
    Y. Kousaka, and R. L. McKenzie.  The Aerosol Mobility Chro-
    matograph:  A New Detector for Sulfuric  Acid Aerosols.

Lyons,  W. A., E. M, Rubin,  K. T. Whitby.  Satellite Detection of
     Long Range Pollution Transport and Sulfate Aerosol Hazes.

Smith, T. B., D. L. Blumenthal,  J. A. Anderson, A. H. Vanderpol,
     and R. B. Husar. Long Range Transport of SO3 in Power Plant
     Plumes:  Day and Night.

Whitby, K. T. , B. K. Cantrell, D. B.  Kittelson. Nuclei Formation
     Rates in a Coal-Fired Power Plant Plume.
MRI DATA VOLUMES

Anderson,  J. A.,  et al,   1976.   Vol. I:  Sampling Summary:  Air-
     craft Monitoring Support for an Aerosol Characterization Study
     in St. Louis - 1975 Program.  Vol. II:  1975 MISTT Data Vol-
     ume. Report  No.  MRI 76 FR-1417.

Anderson,  J.  A., et al,   1977.   Airborne Measurements in Oil-
     Fired Power Plant Plume--Tampa Study.  Report No. MRI 77
     FR-1491.

Ogren,  J. A. , D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson,  S. Howard,  and
     T. B. Smith,  1978.  Midwest Interstate Sulfur  Transformation
     and  Transport Project:  Detailed  Meteorological  Analyses,
     July, 1976.   Report No. MRI78R-1587.

White, W. H. ,  J.  A.  Anderson,  et al,   1975.  Summary Report -
     Aircraft Monitoring  Support for an  Aerosol Characterization
     Study in St. Louis. Report  No. MRI  75  FR-1335.
    Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
    July, 1976, field program.
                                 47

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (1'ieaie ri'id Instructions on the reverse before completing!
1  REPORTED.
  EPA-600/7-79-242
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE  POLLUTANT MEASUREMENTS IN PLUMES FROM
  POWER  PLANTS AND CITIES
  St. Louis  Area,  July 1976
  A  Project  MISTT  Report   	
                                                         6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
                                                           3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
                                                         5 REPORT DATE
                                                           November 1979
7. AUTHOR(S)
                                                           8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
 John  A.  Ogren, Jerry A. Anderson,  Donald L. Blumenthal
                                                           MRI  78 FR-1586
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

  Meteorology Research, Inc.
  3402  Mendocino Avenue
  Santa Rosa, California  95401
                                                          10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

                                                           1NE625   EA-07    (FY-77)
                                                          11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
                                                           68-02-2411
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
                                                            13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
 Environmental  Sciences Research  Laboratory - RTP, NC
 Office  of Research and Development
 U.S.  Environmental Protection  Agency
 Research  Triangle Park, North  Carolina  27711
                                                           Final     July 1976
                                                          14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                                                           EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
       Airborne measurements  of aerosols and pollutant  gases  in urban and power
  plant plumes were conducted during July 1976 in the vicinity of St. Louis,
  Missouri.   The measurements, performed as part of Project MISTT, were designed
  to  characterize the physical and chemical behavior of these plumes under a
  variety of meteorological  conditions.   The airborne data  were analyzed to gain
  a better understanding of  the factors  affecting the transport, transformation,
  and removal of primary and  secondary pollutants, particularly those containing
  sulfur.

       The field program and  experimental techniques are described, and the re-
  sults and conclusions of the analyses  of the airborne measurements and meteoro-
  logical data are presented.
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                            b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C.  COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Sulfates
*Sulfur dioxide
*Sulfuric acid
 Electric power  plants
*Plumes
Conversion
*Measurements
 Airplanes
Project MISTT
St. Louis, MO
                                                                          07D
                                                                          07B
                                                                          10B
                                                                          21B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
       RELEASE TO PUBLIC
                                               19 SECURITY CLASS /This Report)
                                                UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                        21. NO OF PAGES
                                                                          56
                                               20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)

                                                UNCLASSIFIED
                                                                          22 PRICE
 EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77)    PREVOUS
                                      OBS~> -f " t
                                             48

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