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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
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The nine series are:
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
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health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
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essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
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This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-79-242
November 1979
POLLUTANT MEASUREMENTS IN PLUMES FROM
POWER PLANTS AND CITIES
St. Louis Area, July 1976
A Project MISTT Report
by
John A. Ogren
Jerry A. Anderson
Donald L. Blumenthal
Meteorology Research, Inc.
Altadena, California 91001
Contract No. 68-02-2411
Project Officer
William E. Wilson, Jr.
Regional Field Studies Office
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for pub-
lication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
Airborne measurements of aerosols and pollutant gases in urban
and power plant plumes were conducted during July, 1976, in the vicinity
of St. Louis, Missouri. These measurements, performed as part of
Project MISTT, were designed to characterize the physical and chemical
behavior of these plumes under a variety of meteorological conditions.
Analyses of the aircraft data were directed towards gaining a better
understanding of the factors affecting the transport, transformation,
and removal of primary and secondary pollutants, particularly those
containing sulfur.
Conditions were found to be favorable for the long-range (>300 km)
transport of SO3 in stable power plant plumes aloft on over half of the
nights in July, 1976. One such plume was sampled 75 km downwind of
the plant, at which distance a peak SQa concentration of over 0. 85 ppm
was measured. This behavior is markedly different from that observed
during the day, when increased vertical mixing caused a rapid dilution
of the plume.
Analyses of the physical and chemical properties were primarily
conducted by other members of the Project MISTT team. Among the re-
sults of these analyses summarized in this report are that:
SOa conversion rates ranged from 1 to 4 percent per hour
at midday to less than 0. 5 percent per hour at night;
Submicron aerosol size distributions were found to be bi-
modal, with a nuclei mode below 0. 05 ^m diameter and an
accumulation mode in the diameter range 0. 05 to 1.0
Nucleation rates in the plume from the Labadie power
plant ranged from 1700 crri~3s~ to 1 cm~3s~1, depending on
the time of day and distance from the source. The aerosol
volume going into the nuclei mode from gas-to-particle
conversion was about 5 percent of the volume which went
directly into the accumulation mode, and this fraction was
independent of the nucleation rate;
Enhanced ozone levels in a power plant plume (relative to
background) were observed on at least two days during July,
1976. This enhancement was observed only during daytime
when the plume was very dilute (peak SO-3 concentrations
<50ppb).
iii
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This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 68-02-2411
by Meteorology Research, Inc. under the sponsorship of the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period from
June, 1976 to December, 1977 and work was completed December, 19770
IV
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CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures vi
Tables vii
Acknowledgment viii
1. Introduction 1
2. Summary of Results and Conclusions 5
Results 5
Conclusions 10
3. Program Description 12
4. Experimental Methodology 17
Aircraft Description 17
Flight Plans 18
Calibration 18
Data Processing 20
5. Meteorological Analyses 21
Summary of Meteorological Conditions 21
Description of Analyses 27
Case History Analysis-18 July 1976 28
References 37
Project MISTT Bibliography 39
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FIGURES
Number
Example of ozone bulge in Labadie Power Plant
Plume
Traverse flight pattern for plume sampling ........ 19
Cross Section of SO2 concentrations (ppm) in the
Labadie plume made from sampling traverses
between 1525 and 1600 CDT at 25 km downwind
(ground level 150 m) 29
Isopleths of constant wind speed as a function of height
(m msl) and time (CDT) for 1900 CDT 18 July to
0900 CDT 19 July 1976 30
Cross section of SO2 concentrations (ppm) in the
Labadie plume made from sampling traverses
between 2107 and 2233 CDT at 25 km downwind .... 31
Cross section of SO2 concentrations (ppm) in the
Labadie plume made from sampling traverses
between 2246 and 2318 CDT at 50 km downwind .... 33
SO2 concentration at 760 m msl at downwind distances
of 25, 50, and 75 km for traverses made north of
the plant in Labadie plume between 2225 and 2400
CDT, 18 July 1976 34
VI
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Project MISTT Participants 3
2 Urban Plume Sampling Summary 14
3 Labadie Plume Sampling Summary 15
4 Meteorological Summary . . . 22
VII
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work has been supported by the Federal Interagency Energy/
Environment Research and Development program through the EPA Division
of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Aerosol Research Branch. We ap-
preciate the guidance provided by Dr. William Wilson, Director of Project
MISTT. We also appreciate the technical support provided by Dr. R. Husar
and Dr. N. Gillani of Washington University, Dr. B. Cantrell and Dr. K.
Whitby of the University of Minnesota, and the other members of the Project
MISTT team. The meteorological and trajectory analyses -were performed
by Dr. T. Smith, Mr. S. Howard, and Mr. W. Knuth of MRI. Finally, the
contributions of the MRI staff are gratefully acknowledged.
Vlll
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
In order to formulate effective air pollution control strategies, it is
necessary to understand the physical and chemical properties of the pollu-
tants to be controlled. One pollutant of particular interest is sulfur, because
of its potential adverse effects on human health, vegetation, materials, and
visibility. The long-range transport and transformation of sulfur compounds
in the atmosphere has been the subject of numerous investigations. One ma-
jor program, conducted under the direction of the USEPA, is Project MISTT
(Midwest Sulfur Transformation and Transport). Project MISTT was a mul-
ti-yearteam project involving numerous research groups. This report de-
scribes research performed by Meteorology Research, Inc. (MRI) as part of
MISTT in 1976.
The principal objective of the MRI sampling programs was to character-
izethe physical and chemical behavior of plumes (bothurban andpower plant)
under a variety of meteorological conditions. Particular areas of interest
were to
measure primary and secondary pollutant mass fluxes in the
plume at a number of distances downwind of the source, and
characterize plume behavior during daytime (we 11-mixed) and
nighttime (stable) regimes.
As part of Project MISTT, MRI per formed airborne measurements down-
wind of urban and industrial sources of sulfur dioxide. Analyses of the air-
craft data were directed towards gaining a better understanding of the factors
affecting the transport, transformation, and removalof primary and second-
ary pollutants, particularly those containing sulfur. Among these factors
were temperature, solar radiation, humidity, vertical mixing, wind velocity,
background pollutant concentrations, and trace element (catalyst) concentra-
tions.
Preliminary measurements for Project MISTT began in 1973, followed
by large-scale field programs in 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1977. This reportis
concerned with the 1976 program; descriptions of the other programs are
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presented in White et al (1976) and Ogren et al (I978a). The 1976 field pro-
gram was designed to provide additional information on long-range plume
transport ( > ZOO km), plume behavior at night, and changes in the physical
and chemical properties of plumes during the early morning transition per-
iod. Most of the measurements in 1976 were made in the plume of the coal-
fired Labadie power plant near St. Louis, Missouri.
The primary aerosol sampling platformfor the work performed under
this contract was an instrumented Cessna 206, operated by MRI. Measure-
ments obtained by the Cessna 206 included SO2, NO, NOX, O_ , light-scat-
tering coefficient (bSCAT ), condensation nuclei, aerosol charge acceptance,
aerosol size distributions, temperature, dewpoint, pressure, and position.
The aircraft was equipped to collect aerosol samples for elemental and chem-
ical analyses using cascade impactors anda size-segregating sequential fil-
ter sampler, as well as hydrocarbon samples in stainless steel canisters.
Data from the instruments, as well as several status indicators, were re-
corded on magnetic tape cartridges approximately once per second.
Several other mobile sampling platforms were employed during the
July 1976 field program to support and complement the Cessna 206. These
included a Rockwell Grand Commander instrumented to measure SO2 , O3 ,
b condensation nuclei, aerosol charge acceptance, pressure, and posi-
tion, as well as collect aerosol filter samples for sulfate analysis (operated
by Washington University); a Piper Cherokee equipped with a correlation
spectrometer (COSPEC) for measurements of SO2 and NO2 overhead burdens
(operated by Environmental Measurements, Inc. ); a C-45 aircraft equipped
with a downward-looking LIDAR system for remote sensing of the plume at
night (operated by EPA-Las Vegas ); and a mobile van equipped to measure
most of the parameters measured by the Cessna 206 (operated by the Uni-
versity of Minnesota). A separate relay aircraft was also operated by Wash-
ington University to allow long-range communications among the sampling
aircraft, ground-based units, and the operations headquarters at Washing-
ton University.
Project MISTTwas a multi-year effort involving ateamof several re-
search groups. Organizations that participated in Project MISTT are listed
in Table 1, along with a brief description of their responsibilities. Overall
program direction was provided by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency at Research Tri-
angle Park, North Carolina. The field programs in the St. Louis area were
coordinated by Washington University.
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TABLE 1.
PROJECT MfSTT PARTICIPANTS
Airborne Research Associates:
Argonne National Laboratory:
Battelle Columbus Laboratories:
California Institute of Technology:
Crocker Nuclear Laboratory
(University of California, Davis):
Environmental Measurements,
Inc. :
Environmental Quality Research:
EPA-Las Vegas:
EPA-Research Triangle Park:
Florida State University:
IIT Research Institute:
Meteorology Research, Inc. :
University of Minnesota:
Northrop Services, Inc. :
Rockwell International Science
Center:
Stanford Research Institute:
University of Texas:
Washington State University:
Washington University:
University of Washington:
Electric Field Measurements, Scout Aircraft.
Boundary Layer Structure and Dynamics, Dry
Deposition Rates. (ANL work was co-sponsored
by ERDA. )
Outdoor Smog Chamber Measurements of Sul-
fate Formation Rates in St. Louis, Gas Chro-
matographic--Mass Spectrometric Measure-
ments of Organic Vapors.
Development of a Supersensitive Sulfate Measure-
ment Technique, Sulfate Measurements- - 1 974.
Aerosol Sample Analysis using IEXE techniques.
COSPEC Measurements.
Forecasting and other Meteorological Support,
Dry Deposition Studies.
Helicopter Measurements, Winter 1976, Aircraft
Lidar Observations, Summer 1976.
Program Management, Instrument Calibration,
Data Transfer, Measurements in EPA Mobile
Lab.
Aerosol Measurements Using the FSU "Streaker"
Sampler with PIXE Analysis.
Optical and Electron Microscopy.
Aircraft Measurements, Data Analysis, Meteo-
rological Interpretation.
Aerosol Size Distribution Measurements, Aerosol
Dynamics , Ground Measurements, Data Analysis,
and Interpretation.
Instrument Calibration, Program Coordination--
1977.
Pilot Balloon Operations.
Ground-Mobile Lidar Operations.
Effects of Charge on Aerosol Deposition, Reactive
Plume Models.
Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis, Interpretation of
Ozone and Hydrocarbon Data.
Field Program Direction, Scout Aircraft Operations,
Data Analysis and Interpretation, Data Management
and Model Development, Sulfate Determinations.
Ground-Based Measurements and Data Interpretation,
Sulfate Species Measurement, Air Mass Trajectories.
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This report describes the field program conducted during July 1976
in the St. Louis area. The emphasis is to describe the work done by MRI
in the field, including experimental techniques, and to summarize the re-
sults and conclusions of analyses of the aircraft data. In addition, the re-
sults of detailed meteorological analyses performed by MRI are presented.
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
RESULTS
Airborne sampling was performed by MRI on sixteen days during the
July 1976 MISTT field program. Approximately 70 percent of the sampling
hours were devoted to measurements of the coal-fired Labadie power plant
plume, with the remaining time spent characterizing the urban plume of St.
Louis. Data fromthese flights were processed to final form (calibrated and
verified) by MRI, and supplied to the other program participants for use in
their analyses. This section summarizes both the results of analyses per-
formed by MRI and the results of analyses performed by other investigators
using data collected by MRI. The analyses primarily emphasize the behav-
ior of power plant plumes; a discussion of the results of Project MISTT re-
lated to urban plumes can be found in Ogren et al (1978a).
Plume Transport
Meteorological analyses by Smith et al (1978) revealed that conditions
in the St. Louis area were favorable for the long-range transport of SO2 in
stable plumes aloft on at least eighteen of the thirty-one nights in July 1976.
The mechanism for such transport was the formation of stable layers (> 400
m agl) with high wind speeds. These "jets" occurred after the nighttime
surface radiation inversionhad formed, effectively isolatingthe plume from
the surface. Under such conditions, during the night a plume could travel
nearly 300 km from the source with relatively little dilution enroute. Separa-
tion of the plume from the surface would eliminate the surface removal me-
chanism for SO2 , thereby enhancing the potential for high ground level SO 2
concentrations far from the source when the radiation inversionis destroyed
by solas heating the following morning and the plume is ventilated to the ground.
Even without long-range transport, conditions were favorable almost
every night during the July sampling program for the trapping of stable high
concentration plumes in elevated layers. Thus, the nighttime regime is al-
so important for the accumulation of sulfur in the atmosphere and for the
multiday buildup of sulfur compounds in an air mass.
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In contrast to the nighttime regime, conditions during the midday were
characterized by strong vertical mixing and rapid dilution of the plume. As
a consequence, long-range plume transport (i.e., greater than 200km) at
concentrations >10 to 20 ppb was not observed during the day. Plumes emit-
ted in the afternoon tended to rise higher than plumes emitted at other times ,
due to the neutral or slightly unstable conditions typical of that time.
Pollutant Transformations
Analyses of the pollutant transformation mechanisms affecting the plume
from the coal-fired Labadie power plant were primarily performed by inves-
tigators at Washington University and the University of Minnesota. Their re-
sults, which are based in part on data collected by the Cessna 206, are sum-
marized below.
1. The conversion rate of SO, to SO^ranged from 1-4 per-
cent per hour at midday to less than 0. 5 percent per hour
at night. Excess particulate sulfur in the plume (i.e.,
above background) correlated with excess light scatter-
ing by particles in the plume, indicating that most of the
particulate sulfur was formed in the light scattering size
range (nominally 0. 1-1 jim diameter). The dry removal
rate for sulfur in plumes from tall stacks is greatest at
midday, when the strongest vertical mixing occurs (Husar
et al, 1978).
2. Dry deposition velocities for sulfur dioxide were 1. 5-2. 0
cm s~^ during the day for two of the days studied (Gil-
lani, 1978).
3. The ratio of particulate sulfur to total sulfur in the plume
(gaseous plus particulate) was correlated with the total
dosage of solar radiation, i.e., the amount of radiative
solar energy received by the plume (Gillani et al, 1978).
For the two days analyzed, linear correlation coefficients
(r2) were 0.85 and 0. 92.
4. Aerosol size distributions were measured in both the
plume and the surrounding background air mass. Char-
acterization of these distributions was done in terms of
two additive log-normal functions : one describing nuclei
less than 0. 05 «m diameter, and the second describing
accumulation mode aerosol between 0. 05 and 1. 0 /u m .
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On the average, results show that distribution of the nu-
clei volume for aerosol size less than 0. 05 ^in in both
plume and background can be paramaterized with a geo-
metric mean size of 0. 021 _+ 0. 005 nm and a geometric
standard deviation of 1.5 j_ 0.1. Total nuclei volume
was found to be about 1 percent of total submicron aero-
sol volume. For aerosols larger than 0. Ub (a.m, the geo-
metric mean size of aerosol volume distributions in the
plume was found to be 0. 18 _+ 0. 02 nm. This is signif-
icantly different from the 0. 23 _+ 0. 01 Mm measured for
background air. The dispersion of the distribution in
this size range, measured by a geometric standard devi-
ation of 1.92 _+ 0. 04, does not change significantly from
in-plume to background. Integral aerosol volume con-
centrations, however, varied greatly from as much as
"71 o o
90 p. m cm in the plume to 4 ^ m cm in the back-
ground, depending on the meteorology and time of day
measurements were taken (Cantrell and Whitby, 1978).
5. Nucleation rates in the Labadie plume ranged from 1700
cm s~ at 0630 near the plant to values near 1 cm" s
when the plume was well-mixed at some distance from
the plant, and at night. Nucleation rates in background
*\ 1 *\
air ranged from 2-4 cm" s during the day to 0. 7 cm
s"1 at night. The aerosol volume going into the nuclei
mode from gas-to-particle conversion was about 5 per-
cent of the volume which went directly into the accumu-
lation mode, and was independent of the nucleation rate
(Whitby et al, 1978).
6. The ratio of the rate of aerosol volume formation to aver-
o
age plume SCL concentration ranged from 9 to 130 ^m
cm~^hr-1ppm-1for the two days analyzed in detail. There
are indications that this ratio increases with increasing
distance from the stack, which suggests a change in the
dominant precursors resulting in aerosol formation as
the plume becomes more dilute (Whitby et al, 1978).
7. The total aerosol number concentration (NT) and the
number concentration in the accumulation mode (Na) was
found to be
NT w 10 (Na)°'9°4
This relationship was observed to hold for both plume
and background air (Whitby et al, 1978).
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8. Nuclei concentrations in the plume can be correlated
with ultraviolet radiation for the two days analyzed. Nu-
clei concentrations increased as ultraviolet radiation in-
creased (Cantrell and Whitby, 1978).
9. Estimated SO3 conversion rates fora daytime plume un-
der relatively uniform meteorological conditions show a
significant increase with plume age up to two hours: 0.4
jh 0. 2 percent per hour in the first hour and 1.1 +_ 0.4
percent per hour in the second. In a night-to-day trans-
ition period during which the mixing height was rising
(with resultant enhanced rate of dilution in the plume),
the conversion rate was constant at 0. 5 +_ 0.2 percent
per hour for the first two hours in the atmosphere. In-
sufficient measurements have been obtained to permit
extension of these results to plume ages greater than
two hours (Cantrell and Whitby, 1978).
10. A net production of ozone within the Labadie plume was
observed on two of the sampling days. On 9 July 1976,
an increase in ozone from about 60ppbin the background
to 11 0 ppb in the plume was reported by Gillani et al (1978).
On 18 July 1976, a similar (although less pronounced)ozone bulge was
observed 25 km downwind of the Labadie plant by the MRI aircraft (Figure
1). In this case, the bulge represented a 10 ppb increase over the 50 ppb
background ozone level. Strong plume dilution was observed along with the
ozone bulge; peak plume SO2 concentrations were about 50 ppb.
Plume NO concentrations were virtually the same as in background
air, however, a rise in NO2 concentration of 5-10 ppb was observed in the
plume along with the ozone bulge. Although uncertainties in the zero of the
NO/NOX analyzer prevent verification of the consistency of the O3 /NO/NO2
concentrations with the photo stationary state (Leighton, 1961), the small
rise in the NOa/NO ratio along with the Oa bulge supports the claim that the
measured ozone bulge was real and not just an artifact of the data.
Ozone formation in power plant plumes has been a major area of in-
vestigation for researchers at the University of Maryland (Davis et al, 1974).
Their results indicated that the following conditions are conducive to ozone
production in the plume (Keifer, 1977):
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100
o
C/)
50
LU
O
oc
bJ
Q.
0
SYMBOL PARAMETER FULL SCALE
NO,
°3
SOr
0.05 ppm
0.10 ppm
0.10 ppm
0
so,
EXCESS OZONE
4
POWER PLANT PLUME-
0
DISTANCE, km
50
77-28"t
Figure 1. Example of Ozone Bulge in Labadle Power Plant Plume. Data
collected on 18 July 1976 at 1540 CDT, 25 km downwind of plant.
Traverse elevation 910 m msl, ground elevation 140 m msl.
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Surface temperature at least 26°C(79°F)
High solar radiative flux
Ample reactive hydrocarbon concentrations
These conditions, although highly qualitative, can be used as a basis for
comparing the Maryland measurements with the MISTT measurements.
Average surface temperatures near the Labadie plant on 9 and 18 July
1976, between 11 00 and 1700 CDT, were 34 degrees and 30 degrees Centi-
grade, respectively. These values meet the criterion for temperature. Al-
though solar fluxes were not measured by MRI, skies on 9 July were most-
ly clear in St. Louis, and were cloud-free on 18 July. Thus, sufficient so-
lar flux probably was present to meet the Maryland criterion. On both days,
the Labadie plume was on the edge of the St. Louis urban plume, and thus
the potential for entrainment of hydrocarbons was high. Therefore, condi-
tions on the two days on which power plant plume ozone bulges were observed
in the St. Louis area were similar to the days on which ozone bulges were
observed by the Maryland researchers, indicating that the results from both
locations are in qualitative agreement.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of measurements performed in July 1 976 lend further sup-
port to conclusions reported in earlier Project MISTT reports, in particu-
lar, that air pollution in the midwest United States must be considered as a
regional problem in the formulation of air pollution control strategies. Power
plant plumes can be transported 1 00-200 km from the source during the day,
although vertical mixing causes considerable dilution. At night, the frequent
occurrence of stable layers with high wind speeds provides the potential for
long-range transport of power plant plumes up to 300 km, and possibly more,
downwind of the stack with very little dilution.
Chemical transformation and removal processes are primarily day-
time events. Dry deposition of SO2 occurs preferentially during the day be-
cause of the strong vertical mixing caused by solar heating; at night, for-
mation of the surface radiation inversion effectively decouples the plume
from the ground. The conversion of SOg to SO4~ proceeds more rapidly dur-
ing the day than at night. Measurements made during July 1976 can be used
to support the contention that the primary aerosol formation mechanism in-
volves photochemical reactions, however, other potential mechanisms cannot
10
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be excluded from consideration. The sulfate that is formed from SOs con-
version is found in the particle size range that contributes most to light scat-
tering by particles; hence, sources of SOs can be important contributors to
visibility reduction by aerosols. This contribution generally occurs far re-
moved from the source because of the long time needed to oxidize SO2.
Finally, power plants are capable of increasing ozone levels above back-
ground values downwind of the stack. Ozone bulges in power plant plumes
can be observed under certain conditions; specifically, when the plume is
very dilute, solar radiation is present, temperatures are high, and reactive
hydrocarbons are present.
11
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SECTION 3
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
The July 1976 MISTT field program was conducted in the vicinity of St.
Louis, Missouri. Flight operations were based at the Spirit of St. Louis Air-
port, while technical direction during sampling missions and planning and de-
briefing meetings took place at the operations headquarters at Washington Uni-
sity.
Both urban and coal-fired power plant plume sampling missions were
performed. The Labadie power plant, located 55 km west of the St. Louis Gate-
way Arch, was the subject of the power plant plume measurements. This plant,
rated atabout 2400megawatts gross load, was chosen because of its large size
and because the plume from its 200m stacks is generally distinct from the St.
Louis urban plume. Moreover, measurements in this plume provided continu-
ity for measurements made in the 1974 and 1975 MISTT field programs. Ur-
ban plume measurements were performed downwind of St. Louis. This plume
was chosen for study in order to provide continuity with previous measurement
programs, and because it is a relatively isolated plume located in flat terrain.
In addition, the presence of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) sampling
network provided additional support for the MISTT program.
The program was a team effort involving researchers from EPA-ESRL,
Washington University, University of Minnesota, Washington State University,
Environmental Measurements, Inc. , EPA-Las Vegas, and Environmental Qual-
ity Research, as well as MRI. The field calibration system for the gaseous
monitors on the aircraft was supplied by EPA-ESRL, which also provided tech-
nical direction for the projectand on-site data processing facilities. Washing-
ton University provided the second instrumented aircraft, relay aircraft, and
operations headquarters facilities. The aerosol size distribution measurement
system on the MRI Cessna 206 was maintained by the University of Minnesota,
which also operated an instrumented van to study ground-level plume impact.
Correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) measurements were performed from an
aircraft operated by Environmental Measurements, Inc., while the aircraft-
based LIDAR system used to help locate the plume at night was operated by
EPA-Las Vegas. Hydrocarbon sample analyses were performed by Washing-
ton State University. Meteorological support (forecasting and winds aloft mea-
surements )was provided by Environmental Quality Research. Descriptions of
the work performed by these other team members can be found in the sources
listed in the Bibliography.
12
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The contribution of MRl to the field program was the operation of the
Cessna 206 sampling aircraft. Plume measurements were performed by
MRI between 1 July and 30 July 1976. A total of thirty-three sampling flights
were made by the 206, covering sixteen of the thirty days during the period.
Approximately 70 percent of the total flight time was devoted to power plant
plume measurements and 30 percent to urban plume measurements. Sum-
maries of the MRI urban and coal-fired power plant plume sampling mis-
sions are presented in Tables 2 and 3.
13
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16
-------
SECTION 4
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
Operations of the MRI sampling aircraft were coordinated closely
with participants in the program. Key elements in the coordination scheme
included technical direction by radio from senior investigators at the oper-
ations headquarters (OHQ), long-range commuaications capabilities provid-
ed by relay aircraft located between the sampling area and OHQ, and fre-
quant planning meetings and mission debriefing sessions.
In general, the two heavily instrumented aircraft (Cessna 206 and Rock-
wellGrand Commander) were used to complement each other while the other
two sampling aircraft (CO3PEC and LTDAR measurement systems) were
used as scouts. The Cessna 206 sampled at slower speeds and measured
a greater number of pollutant and meteorological parameters, while the
Grand Commander was capable of high-speed sampling and was equipped
with a high-sensitivity SOg monitor. Accordingly, one mode of operations
was to use the Cessna 206 for detailed near-source (within < 100 km)
plume characterizations, while the Grand Commander attempted to track
the plume as far from the source as possible, performing less detailed
plume characterizations at more widely spaced distances downwind. The
other general mode of operations was to use the two aircraft sequentially
to allow plume sampling for extended periods of time (24 hours or more).
In this mode, one aircraft would sample while the crew of the other
aircraft rested and prepared for the next mission.
The experimental methodology related to the operation of the Cessna
206 is described in this chapter. Additional information on experimental
methodology canbe found in White et al (1976), Ogren et al (1978a), and Blu-
menthal et al (1978). Descriptions of the experimental methods used by
other program participants, as well as the manner in which the various sam-
pling platforms were coordinated by the operations headquarters, can be
found in the references in the Project MISTT bibliography (Page 39).
AIRCRAFT DESCRIPTION
An instrumented Cessna 206 was used as the primary sampling plat-
form for aerosol measurements. The 206 instrumentation for this contract
17
-------
was similar, with slight refinements, to that used during earlier MISTT
programs. A detailed discussion of the Cessna 206 airborne sampling sys-
tem can be found in Blumenthal et al (1978).
FLIGHT PLANS
The basic flight plans for both urban and power plant plumes consisted
of a combination of constant-altitude traverses flown through the plume per-
pendicular to its longitudinal axis* and vertical spirals (soundings) flown over
a given point. These patterns allowed a detailed characterization of the
plume at a particular downwind distance. In addition, horizontal traverses
were flown outside the plume to characterize the background environment
(Figure 2).
After the plume was located at the desired downwind distance, ground
reference points were chosen to allow traverse paths approximately perpen-
diculartothe plume axis. The 206 then made a number of traverses between
the endpoints at various altitudes. The number of traverses at each down-
wind distance depended on the vertical extent of the plume, but was usually
at least three, and sometimes five or more.
Following the plume traverses, a spiral was usually made as close to
the plume centerline as possible. This spiral extended from as near the
ground as possible to well above the plume (power plants) or mixing layers
(urban plumes). This completed the plume characterization at that distance,
and the aircraft then moved downwind and repeated the process. While trans-
iting between downwind distances, the aircraft flew outside the plume and
performed background measurements.
CALIBRATION
Calibrations were performed by MRI personnel using a system provid-
ed by EPA. A discussion of this system and calibration procedures is in-
cluded in Blumenthal et al (1978).
* - It should be noted that it was frequently difficult to ensure that a given
traverse was normal to the plume's longitudinal axis due to plume wan-
dering, and because the plume was essentially invisible except for near-
stack sampling traverses.
-------
OEVENT ON, TIME, ALTITUDE AND
ROUTE NOTED. 1MPACTOR ON
EVENT OFF. IHPALTOR OFF
Figure 2. Traverse flight pattern for plume sampling. Points A, B, C,
and D are readily identifiable ground reference points which
are determined to allow traverse paths perpendicular to the
phi/rie axis.
19
-------
DATA PROCESSING
Processing of the MRI aircraft data was performed in two phases:
preliminary processsing in the field and final processing after the field pro-
gram. On-site initial processing allowed a rapid evaluation of the results of
a mission and helped in the planning of additional missions. Preliminary
data processing consisted of copying the field tapes into computer disk stor-
rage and producing stripchart plots of important parameters, hard-copy
raw data listings, and a 1/2-inch industry-compatible magnetic tape for use
in further processing. The stripchart plots were used for the initial analy-
sis of the results of the mission, and the data listings were used to pro-
vide inputs for further processing of the data after the field program.
Final processing of the aircraft data was performed by MRI and the
University of Minnesota (UM). The size distribution data were reduced to
final form and analyzed by UM; all other data were processed by MRI.
Final data processing at MRI consisted of converting the raw voltage data
to engineering units (e.g., parts per million by volume of O^ , NO, NOX ,
SOa), flagging inoperative instruments and applying calibration corrections.
Plots of the final data were prepared to assist in data analysis. In ad-
dition, a final data tape was prepared and submitted to EPA as the data vol-
ume for the project. Supporting documentation for this tape, specifically
weather summaries, sampling maps, and flight outlines are included with
the detailed meteorological analyses for the project (Ogren et al, 1978b).
20
-------
SECTION 5
METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSES
A firm under standing of the meteorological factors affecting plume be-
havior was the goal of analyses performed by MRI for the 1976 MISTT pro-
gram. In addition, meteorological conditions on several days selected for
analysis by other MISTT program participants were documented in detail as
part of the MRI analyses.
SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
The storm track during the month of July 1976 was located over the
Canadian - United States border, which is its normal location for July. To
the south, over the central and eastern portion of the country, the weather
was governed by migrating high-pressure cells, or ridges, moving from
west to east. Occasionally a cold front extended south from the storm track,
but the fronts were weak and either turned stationary over Iowa or the Gulf
Coast or dissipated entirely.
The high-pressure ridges were primarily responsible for changes in
stability temperature advection, flow direction, and, consequently, plume
behavior. The position of the ridge and the location of its axis were found to
exert the primary influence on mixing heights, stability, and winds in the
sampling region. All five sampling periods selected for detailed analysis
occurred either uiderneath or to the west of an existing or building high
pressure center aloft.
Measurable rainfall fell in St. Louis on six of the thirty-one days in
July. A trace of precipitation was reportedat St. Louis during the sampling
period of 5-6 July. All other periods analyzed in detail were characterized
by clear to partly cloudy weather with no rainfall within the sampling area.
Meteorological conditions during the sampling period are summarized
in Table 4. The table utilizes RAPS temperature soundings and pibal data
available every six hours to determine stability, wind and temperature char-
acteristics in the layer from the surface to 1800 meters AGL. Except where
otherwise stated, the information listed is derived from RAPS Station 142
near the Labadie power plant. All wind directions are in trae degrees and
wind speeds are in meters per second.
21
-------
TABLE 4. METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY
Date
6/29/76
6/30/76
7/01/76
7/02/76
7/03/76
7/04/76
7/05/76
Time
(CDT)
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1900=1'
2300
0700*
1100
1900*
2300
0500**
1100**
1700**
2300**
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours
General Stability Type
Stratified- stable, Precipitation
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped, Precipitation
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped to Unstable
Well mixed-capped becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, rapidly to Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
No Data Available
No Data Available
No Data Available
Well mixed-capped
No Data Available
Stratified- stable
No Data Available
Unstable
No Data Available
Stratified- stable
Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
Well mixed-capped
Wind
Dir/Vel
245/6
260/11
275/10
325/13
330/11
325/9
325/7
345/6
355/3
300/2
210/2
210/6
220/8
205/9
180/7
--
_ _
-_
060/7
--
060/8
--
025/8
--
025/6
010/5
360/8
055/9
Temp
(C°)
+20
+21
+20
+ 14
+ 12
+ 12
+ 14
+ 14
+ 14
+ 15
+ 18
+ 17
+ 16
+ 16
+ 14
--
..
__
+ 15
--
+ 14
--
+ 15
--
+ 17
+ 18
+ 19
+ 18
(%) Cloud
Coverage
100
70
85
35
0
30
65
15
0
0
70
50
65
95
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
50
65
40
0
0
15
35
* - Salem, Illinois
** - RAPS 141 (Downtown St. Louis)
22
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
Date
7/06/76
7/07/76
7/08/76
7/09/76
7/10/76
7/11/76
7/12/76
Time
(CDT)
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2200
0700*
1100
1900*
2300
0700*
1100
1900*
2300
0500
1100
1700
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours
General Stability Type
Stratified- stable
Unstable
Unstable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Deep- stable to Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable, becoming
Slightly mixed
Unstable
Well mixed-capped, Precipitation
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed , becoming Well
mixed- cappe d
Unstable
Unstable, becoming Stratified-
s table
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed
Slightly mixed
No Data Available
Stratified- stable
No Data Available
Slightly mixed, to Well mixed-
capped
No Data Available
Deep- stable, to Stratified- stable
No Data Available
Well mixed-capped
No Data Available
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed- capped, with Unstable
and Precipitation
Wind
Dir/vTl
055/5
035/4
005/2
275/4
260/10
260/8
240/10
260/15
295/11
310/3
265/3'
255/7
240/8
225/7
210/6
230/10
260/8
--
245/7
--
275/12
_-
255/8
--
295/12
310/7
330/4
Temp
(C°>
+ 16
+ 17
+20
+ 19
+ 18
+ 19
+22
+21
+ 19
+20
+23
+22
+20
+21
+23
--
+25
--
+24
--
+22
_.
+23
--
+21
+23
+23
(%) Cloud
Coverage
0
0
25
25
0
35
25
90
40
5
20
60
20
45
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
60
20
10
10
50
* - Salem, Illinois
23
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
Date
7/12/76
(Con't)
7/13/76
7/14/76
7/15/76
7/16/76
7/17/76
7/18/76
Time
CDT)
Z300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300*-
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours
General Stability Type
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped
Stratified- stable
Deep-stable to Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed-capped
Unstable
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
Well mixed-capped
Stratified- stable, becoming
Slightly mixed
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed- capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed- capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Stratified- stable
Wind
Dir/Vel
315/4
340/5
275/4
250/3
245/8
270/9
270/6
245/3
255/9
250/10
270/9
250/12
265/9
305/10
330/8
320/6
335/7
345/7
325/4
305/3
305/3
255/2
165/4
190/4
190/6
Temp
(C°)
+23
+20
+22
+24
+24
+23
+24
+26
+24
+23
+22
+22
+ 18
+ 17
+ 16
+ 18
+15
+ 14
+ 14
+ 17
+ 17
+ 16
+ 17
+22
+ 18
** - RAPS 141 (Downtown St. Louis)
(%) Cloud
Coverage
90
85
55
35
5
0
0
20
10
30
65
70
70
95
35
5
0
0
0
95
35
0
0
0
0
24
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
Date
7/19/76
7/20/76
7/21/76
7/22/76
7/23/76
7/24/76
Time
(CDT)
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours
General Stability Type
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
'Well mixed-capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped, to Unstable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Slightly mixed, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Unstable
Well mixed-capped, Precipitation
Stratified-stable, becoming Well
mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Unstable
Unstable
Unstable, becoming Stratified-
stable
Stratified-stable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Unstable
Unstable
Unstable, becoming Stratified-
stable
Stratified-stable
Well mixed- capped
Well mixed-capped
Stratified-stable
Wind
Dir/Vel
220/7
200/5
190/4
210/9
235/13
240/9
220/7
240/12
265/12
260/7
240/5
250/9
255/11
265/9
240/8
235/11
245/10
265/5
280/4
300/5
290/10
310/6
345/7
035/7
Temp
(C°)
+ 19
+20
+23
+21
+20
+22
+25
+23
+21
+22
+24
+22
+22
+24
+27
+26
+22
+23
+26
+31
+24
+25
+25
+21
(%) Cloud
Coverage
0
50
70
60
25
25
90
25
95
80
35
85
100
100
85
20
0
0
25
5
0
0
30
65
25
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
Date
7/25/76
7/26/76
7/27/76
7/28/76
7/29/76
7/30/76
Time
(CDT)
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
0500
1100
1700
2300
Boundary Layer (Surface to =1800 m AGL)
Conditions During Previous Six Hours
General Stability Type
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Unstable, Precipitation, becoming
Stratified- stable
Stratified- stable
Well mixed-capped, to Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
Unstable, to Stratified- stable
Stratified-stable
Well mixed-capped, becoming
Unstable
Unstable, Precipitation
Unstable, Precipitation, becoming
Stratified-stable
Stratified-stable, to Well mixed-
capped
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped
Stratified-stable
Stratified-stable
Well mixed-capped
Well mixed-capped, to Unstable
Unstable, to Stratified- stable
Wind
Dir/Vel
035/6
040/4
085/3
150/7
210/8
245/7
265/1
240/6
235/10
215/7
200/5
205/8
235/13
250/9
255/5
295/6
245/5
275/4
060/2
135/4
220/6
285/6
215/4
230/12
Temp
(C°)
+20
+21
+24
+21
+21
+24
+27
+24
+24
+23
+23
+23
+23
+23
+25
+23
+20
+20
+21
+21
+20
+22
+24
+24
(7o) Cloud
Coverage
0
0
35
0
0
0
5
85
100
65
90
45
0
5
35
100
50
100
65
30
0
55
90
65
26
-------
The six basic "stability types" depicted are:
"Deep Stable"
'Stratified Stable"
"Slightly Mixed"
"Well Mixed'
"Unstable'
1' Pr e cipitation''
-- Stable lapse rates extending from
the surface through at least 1000
meters.
-- One or more stable layers in be-
tween neutral layers.
-- Lapse rates are between isother-
mal and adiabatic with surface
heating causing some vertical ed-
dies.
-- Lapse rates are nearly adiabatic
through a deep layer(at least 1000
meters)
-- Adiabatic or super adiabatic lapse
rates, considerable vertical mo-
tion.
-- Rain occurring presently or with-
in past two hours. Precipitation
widespread enough to have affec-
ted plume configuration.
DESCRIPTION OF ANALYSES
Two types of meteorological analyses were performed: routine anal-
yses for each sampling day and detailed analyses for selected days. Includ-
ed in the routine meteorological analyses are synoptic weather maps, forward
and back air mass trajectories (twice daily), and summary tables of temper-
ature, dewpoint, cloud cover, wind speed and direction, and stability. These
analyses, along with flight maps and sampling summaries, are included as
Part A of the detailed meteorological analyses for the project (Ogren et al,
1978b).
Several days were selected for detailed analyses by the principal in-
vestigators for Project MISTT. These days were selected based on the par-
ticular meteorological conditions and plume configuration encountered, and
the validity and completeness of data obtained by the aircraft. The days
analyzed in detail are 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 18, 23 and 24 July 1976. Analyses
included in-depth evaluation of the synoptic and mesoscale factors affecting
the plume, and calculation of plume trajectories for most sampling runs
2.7
-------
made by the MRI Cessna 206 and Washington University Rockwell Grand
Commander. These analyses were supplied to the other program partici-
pants for use in their analyses of the aircraft data. Part B of the meteoro-
logical analyses (Ogren et al. , 1978b) contains discussions of the synoptic
and mesoscale meteorological conditions as well as the results of plume tra-
jectory aiidlysv. s fur ihe days hbtecl abovi-,
Case. History Analyai s- 1 8 July 1 q7o
One important result of the detailed meteorological analyses was an un-
derstanding of the potential for long-range transport of elevated plumes at
night. A case history analysis of the plume measurements obtained on 1 8
July 1976 was presented by Smith et al (1978). Excerpts from that paper
are included here to illustrate the meteorological factors which create the
potential for long-range transport at night and inhibit it during the day.
On 18 July 1976, the St. Louis area, along with much of the eastern
United States was underthe influence of alarge, dry, high pressure system.
During the afternoon, the temperature lapse rate was adiabatic and strong
thermal mixing existed. However, since the relative humidity at the sur-
face was only 35 percent, no clouds developed. Winds aloft were southerly
at about 4-6 m/s from the surface to 900 m above mean sea level (msl),
shifting slightly southwesterly and decreasing to about 3 m/s from 900-2000
m msl. The light daytime winds caused slow transport of the effluent along
the plume centerline. Although transport was slow, strong mixing rapidly
dispersed the plume both vertically and horizontally as the pollutants moved
downwind. The daytime SO2 plume was well mixed from the surface to
greater than 1400 m msl and had a maximum measured concentration of 60
ppb at 25 km.
Figure 3 is a cross section of the daytime plume SO2 concentration
between 1520 and 1608 Central Daylight Time (CDT) 25 km downwind of the
plant (about 2-1/2 hours travel). This figure, as well as Figures 5 and 6,
was constructed fromhorizontal traverses perpendicular to the plume axis.
It is not a "snapshot," but a composite constructed from data collected by
the Cessna 206 aircraft.
To drawthe contours, instantaneous data values (one each two seconds
or~60 m) were superimposed on the traverse path (dashed lines). Using
these values to fix the location of contour lines at each traverse, smooth con-
tours were extrapolated, based on meteorological constraints and an ap-
proximate match of the flux from the power plant. Contours outside the tra-
verse range and those which intersect only one level are presented as dashed
lines to clearly indicate the extrapolation,
28
-------
V)
I
UJ
CO
tr
UJ
(C
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8
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er
UJ
g I
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-------
In the evening, a surface radiation inversion formed, thermally driven
mixing ceased, and the lapse rate aloft became more stable. Although winds
^at the surface were less than 4 m/s during the night, a low level jet gradual-
ly formed aloft. Figure 1 shows a time-altitude cross section ofwind speed
for the night of 18 July. It was constructed from radiosonde data taken from
Station 142 of the RAPS network. The maximum velocity in the jet was about
15 m/s at about 520mmsl (350m,agl). The jet maintained velocities greater
than 12 m/s from 2300 CDT on 18 July to 0800 CDT on the morning of
19 July.
Figure 5 is a cross section of the SO3 plume measured at night 25 km
downwind fromthe plant, the same distance as the daytime measurement of
Figure 3. Two distinct SO2 plumes are apparent in the figure.
Trajectory analysis using pibal and radiosonde data show that the
upper one had been emitted fromthe plant two to three hours prior to sampl-
ing. It is in a region of light winds and was released before the atmosphere
had become well stabilized and the jet had become established. The lower
SO2 plume was emitted from the same plant, only about an hour prior to
sampling (one to two hours after the upper plume). It became confined in a
more stable atmosphere and in a region of much higher wind velocity.
The height of each plume and difference between the two plumes is at-
tributable to interaction of buoyancy effects of the plume with the wind speed
and stability regime at release tims. The SO3 plumes are offset from one
another due to directional shear. At a single distance from the plant, both
the rermants of a late-daytime SO2 release and a night release were detec-
ted. At the same distance, the late daytime SO2 release has dispersed to
one-half the concentration of the lower nighttime SO3 release.
Figure 6 is an SOg cross section obtained between 2246 and 2318 CDT
that is made up of three passes, varying slightly in distance from the plant,
but all within 5 km of 50 km. The SO3 plume is seen to be elongated due to
slight directional shear. The peak instantaneous value measured at this dis-
tance exceeded 1 ppm.
Figure 7 shows the measured SQ, concentrations for three traverses
in the stable night plume, ranging from 25 to 75 km downwind. All three
traverses were made 760 m msl. (Note that the 25 and 50 km SO2 traces
30
-------
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1000 -
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E
o
LU
I
500 -
TRAVERSE PATHS
1000 -
i.o
0.1
500-
0 5 10
DISTANCE PERPENDICULAR TO
WIND DIRECTION (km)
2250 CDT
RAMS
SOUNDING
ADIABATIC
LAPSE RATE
14 18 22
TEMPERATURE (*C)
Figure 6. Cross section of SO concentrations (ppm) in the Labadie
plume made from sampling traverses between 2246 and
2318 CDT at 50 km downwind. (The plume was emitted
arou.id 2150 CDT.) Contours outside the traverse range
and those which intersect only one level are represented
as dashed lines to indicate extrapolations.
33.
-------
l-O-i
0.0
0 10
DISTANCE PERPENDICULAR TO WIND DIRECTION (km)
Figure 7. SO2 concentration at 760 m TLS! at downwind distances of 25,
50, and 75 km for traverses made north of the plant in Labadie
plume between 2225 and 2400 CDT, 18 July 1976.
34
-------
are the data used for the contour levels at 760 m in Figures 5 and 6, re-
spectively. ) At 75km, the SOa concentration in Figure 7 still exceeded 0. 5
ppm, and an orbit at 75km indicated a maximum concentration of over 0.85
ppm. The SO2 is seen to remain very concentrated with little dilution after
after initial buoyancy effects have dissipated prior to 25km.
Even with the high wind speeds, mixing was minimal. A good indica-
tor of mixing is the turbulence measured in the aircraft. The aircraft tur-
bulence probe indicated between 0.5 and 1 cm33 sec"1 in the plume. For
comparison, "light" turbulence (i.e., barely noticeable) registers 2 to 3
cms/3 sec"1 (MacCready, 1966).
Although the stable, concentrated SO3 plume shown in Figure 7 was
not actually followed farther than 75 km, the wind data in Figure 4 suggest
that much greater transport was likely. From Figure 4, at 76Om msl, the
wind speed remained about lOm/s (36 km/hr) until 0400 CDT, and then av-
eraged at least 8 m/s (29 km/hr) until 0600 CDT. Four hours of additional
transport at 1 0 m/s and two hours at 8 m/s would put the plume at a down-
wind distance of about 275km by 0600 CDT. Although the wind data in Fig-
ure 4 -were obtained near the plant, the synoptic meteorology of the 18th and
pilot balloon data taken downwind during the night suggest that the vertical
wind structure was not appreciably different over the potential 275 km dis-
tance.
The measured concentration data show a dramatic contrast between
day and night dispersion and transport of SO3 . During the day the SQj be-
came vertically well mixed through the mixing layer. With relatively con-
stant wind direction and minimal shear the SOs plume maintained its iden-
tity. The light daytime wind contributed little to long distance transport.
During the day, the SOg plume mixed to the ground, allowing removal of
SO2 by deposition. As the stable night conditions set in and wind speeds
above the ground level increased, the residual daytime SO2 plume became
decoupled fromthe ground and was transported with little dilution over long
distances.
The SO2 emitted at night remained decoupled from the ground and ex-
perienced much less dilution. High concentrations of SOa and other pollu-
tants were transported upto 300 km before daytime, reaching the ground the
next morning. TheSO2in these night plumes is isolated from deposition and
is thus available for conversion to sulfate at least during the night and into
the next morning.
Sampling on otherdays showed that, as solarheating eroded the radi-
ation inversion, these stable plumes were mixed to the ground and added to
surface SOa concentrations over 200 km from their source. Stable plumes
35
-------
of this type have also been reported to impact on high terrain at night,
causing extensive vegetation damage (Long and Williams;, 1977).
Biackadar (1957, 1976) has indicated that nocturnal low-level jets,
such as the one which occurred on 1 8 July 1976, are a common occurrence
over much of the world. He has shown that the jets are a result of interac-
tion between the geostrophic w4.nd field and the radiationally induced daily
cycle of the turbulence intensity in the boundary layer.
In July, 1976, conditions in Ihf SI. Louis ^.rea were favorable for the
long-range transport oi SO2 in stable plumes aloft on at least eighteen out of
thirty-one nights. On at least three different occasions, power plant plumes
were actually tracked to distances greater than 200 km. during the night and
early morning hours . The nighttime regime thus provides a mechanism for
the transport of SOS from a single source over a synoptic scale region.
Even without long-range transport, conditions were favorable almost
every night daring the July sampling program for the trapping of stable high
concentration plumes in elevated layers. Thus, the nighttime regime is al-
so important for the accumulation of sulfur in the atmosphere and for the
multiday buildup of sulfur compounds in an air mass.
36
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REFERENCE"
Blackadar, A. K. , 1976. Modeling the nocturnal boundary layer.
Presented at the Third Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence
Diffusion and Air Quality. Raleigh, North Carolina. October
19-22.
Blackadar, A. K. , 1957. Boundary layer wind maxima and their
significance for the growth of nocturnal inversions. Bull Amer.
Meteor. Soc. , 38. No. 5, May, pp. 283-290.
Blumenthal, D. L. , J. A. Ogren, and J. A. Anderson, 1978. Air-
borne sampling system for plume monitoring. Atmos. Envi-
ron. , 12: pp. 613-620.
Cantrell, B.K. and K. T. Whitby, 1977. Aerosol size distributions
and aerosol volume formation rates fora coal-fired power plant
plume. Atmos. Environ., 12: pp. 323-333.
Davis, D. D., G. Smith, and G. Klauber, 1974. Trace gas analy-
sis of power plant plumes via aircraft measurements: O3, NOx.
and SO2 chemistry. Science, 186; pp. 218-225.
Gillani, N. V., 1978. Project MISTT: Mesoscale plume modeling
of the dispersion, transformation and ground removal of SOg.
Atmos. Environ., 12; pp. 569 - 588.
Gillani, N. V., R. B. Husar, J. D. Husar, and D. E. Patterson,
1978. Project MISTT: kinetics of particulate sulfur formation
in a power plant plume out to 300 km. Atmos. Environ., 1 2:
pp. 589-598.
Keifer, W.S., 1977. The generation of ozone in plumes from large
point sources. Ph. D. thesis, University of Maryland.
Leighton, P. A. , 1961. Photochemistry of Air Pollution. Academic
Press. New York, N. Y.
37
-------
Long, J.H. and D. R. Williams, 1977. Aerial photographic survey
of vegetation damage caused by an air pollution incident. Pre-
sented at the Aerial Techniques for Environmental Monitoring,
Topical Symposium of the American Nuclear Society, Las Ve-
gas, Nevada. March 7-11.
MacCready, P. B. , Jr. , 1966. Operational application of a univer-
sal turbulence measuring system. AMS / AIAA Paper No. 66-
364.
Ogren, J. A., D. L. Blumenthal, and W. H. White, 1978a. Pollu-
tant Measurements in Plumes from Power Plants and Cities--
Summer, 1975, February, 1976, and February, 1977. Project
MISTT Report. EPA - 600/7-78-041.
Cgren, J. A. , D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, S. Howard, and
T. B. Smith, 1978b. Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation
and Transport Project: Detailed Meteorological Analyses,
July, 1976. MRI 78 R-1587.
Smith, T. B., D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, and A. H. Van-
derpol, 1977. Transport of SO3 in power plant plumes: day and
night. Atmos. Environ., 12; pp. 605-611
White, W. H. , J. A. Anderson, W. R. Knuth, D. L. Blumenthal,
J. C. Hsiung, andR.B. Husar, 1976. Midwest Interstate Sul-
fur Transformation and Transport Project: Aerial Measure-
ments of Urban and Power Plant Plumes, summer of 1974.
EPA-600/3-76-110.
38
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PROJECT MISTT BIBLIOGRAPHY
PUBLICATIONS
Bower, Kide (J. R. Brock). A Method of Modelling Chemically Re-
active Plumes. M.S. Thesis. University of Texas, Austin,
Texas. August, 1976.
Chatfield, R. , and R. A. Rasmussen, 1977. An Assessment of the
Continental Lower Tropospheric Ozone Budget. International
Conference on Photochemical Oxidant Pollution andlts Control
Proceedings. EPA - 600/3-7-OOla, p. 121.
Cunningham, P. T. , and S. A. Johnson, 1976. Spectroscopic Obser-
vation of Acid Sulfate in Atmospheric Particulate Samples.
Science, 191 ; pp. 77-79.
Fondario, D. A. (W. E. Wilson and H. Jeffries). An Analysis of a
High Sulfate Episode at Wheeling, West Virginia. M.S. Thesis.
University of North Carolina. August, 1976.
Husar, J. D. , R. B. Husar, and P. K. Stubits, 1975. Determin-
ation of Submicrogram Amounts of Atmospheric Particulate
Sulfur. Anal. Chemistry, 47; p. 2062.
§Husar, J. D. , R. B. Husar, E. S. Macias, W. E. Wilson, Jr.,
J. L. Durham, W. K. Shepherd, and J. A. Anderson, 1976.
Particulate Sulfur Analysis : Application to High Time-Resolu-
tion Aircraft Sampling in Plumes. Atmospheric Environment,
10_: pp. 591-595.
Husar, R. B., 1976. Thermal Analysis of Aerosols. J. Thermal
Anal. , 10: p. 2.
§ - Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
39
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Husar, R. B., D. E. Patterson, C. C. Paley, N. V. Gillani. Ozone
in Hazy Air Masses. 1977. International Conference on Photo-
chemical Oxidant Pollution and Its Control Proceedings. EPA-
600/3-7-OOla, p. 275.
Cgren, J. A., D. L. Blumenthal, and W. H. White. 1978. Pollu-
tant Measurements in Plumes from Power Plants and Cities--
Summer 1975, February 1976, and February 1977. Project
MISTT Report. EPA - 600/7-78-041 .
Rasmussen, R. A., and R. Chatfield. 1977. Hydrocarbon and Cxi-
dant Chemistry Observed at a Site Near St. Louis. EPA-600/
000.
Wesely, M. L. , B. B. Hicks, W. P. Dannevik, S. Frisella, and
R. B. Husar. An Eddy-Correlation Measurement of Particulate
Deposition from the Atmosphere. Submitted to: Atmospheric
Environment.
Whitby, K. T. , B. K. Cantrell, R. B. Husar, N. V. Gillani, J. A.
Anderson, D. L. Blumenthal, W. E. Wilson, Jr. Aerosol For-
mation in a Coal-Fired Power Plant Plume. Submitted to: At-
mospheric Environment.
White, W. H. , J. A. Anderson, W. R. Knuth, D. L. Blumenthal,
J. C. Hsiung and R. B. Husar. 1976. Midwest Interstate Sul-
fur Transformation and Transport Project: Aerial Measure-
ments of Urban and Power Plant Plumes, Summer of 1974.
EPA-600/3-76-110.
White, W.H., J. A. Anderson, D. L. Blumenthal, R. B. Husar,
N. V. Gillani, J. D. Husar, and W. E. Wilson, Jr. 1976.
Formation and Transport of Secondary Air Pollutants: Ozone
and Aerosols in the St. Louis Urban Plume. Science, 1 94; pp.
187-189.
White, W. H. , D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, R. B. Husar,
and W. E. Wilson, Jr. 1977. Ozone Formation in the St. Louis
Urban Plume. International Conference on Photochemical Oxi-
dant Pollution and Its Control Proceedings. EPA - 600/3-7-
OOla, p. 237.
- Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
40
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White, W. K. , 1977. NOX - O3 Photochemistry in Power Plant
Plumes: Comparison of Theory with Observation. Environ.
Sci. fc Technol. , 11; 10, pp. 995-1000.
Wilson, W. E., Jr., R. J. Charlson, R. B. Husar, K. T. Whitby,
and D. L. Blumenthal, 1977. Sulfates in the Atmosphere: A
A Progress Report on Project MISTT. EPA - 600/7-77-021.
Wilson, W.E., Jr., 1977. Sulf ate Formation in Power Plant Plumes :
A Critical Review. EPA - 600/000.
PRESENTATIONS
1973 Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Pa-
cific Northwest International Section. Seattle, Washington. Novem-
ber, 1973.
Blumenthal, D. L. Measurement of Physical and Chemical Plume
Parameters Using an Airborne Monitoring System.
Division of Environmental Chemistry American Chemical Society.
Los Angeles, California. March-April, 1974.
Husar, R. B., D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, and W. E. Wil-
son, Jr. The Urban Plume of St. Louis.
68th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association. Boston,
Massachusetts. June, 1975.
Vaughn, W. M. , R. Sperling, N.V. Gillani, and R. B. Husar. Hori-
zontal SO2 Mass Flow Rate Measurements in Plumes: A Com-
parison of Correlation Spectrometer Data with a Dispersion and
and Removal Model.
White, W.H. , and D. L. Blumenthal. The Stability and Long Range
Transport of Ozone or Ozone Precursors.
- Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
41
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International Symposium on the Development of Nuclear-based Tech-
niques for the Measurement, Detection, and Control of Environmen-
tal Pollutants. March 15-19, 1976. Vienna, Austria.
Cunningham, P. T., and B. D. Holt. Stable Isotope Ratio Measure-
ments in Atmospheric Sulfate Studies.
171st National American Chemical Society Meeting. New York, New
York. April 1976. In: Proceedings of the Division of Environmen-
tal Chemistry.
Draftz, R. G. , J. Graf, and G. Yamate. Microscopical Analysis of
Aerosols Transported from St. Louis.
Draftz, R. G., and J. Graf. Microscopical Analysis of St. Louis
TSP.
Husar, R. B., J. D. Husar, N. V. Gillani, S. B. Fuller, W.H.
White, J. A. Anderson, W. M. Vaughan, and W. E. Wilson, Jr.
Pollutant Flow Rate Measurement in Large Plumes: Sulfur Bud-
get in Power Plant and Area Source Plumes in the St. Louis
Region.
Whitby, K. T., B. K. Cantrell, R. B. Husar, N. V. Gillani, J. A.
Anderson, D. L. Blumenthal, and W. E.Wilson, Jr. Aerosol
Formation in a Coal-Fired Power Plant Plume.
White, W. H. , J. A. Anderson, D. L. Blumenthal, R. B. Husar,
N. V. Gillani, S. B. Fuller, K. T. Whitby, and W. E. Wilson,
Jr. Formation of Ozone and Light-Scattering Aerosols in the St.
Louis Urban Plume.
Wilson, W. E. , Jr. , R. B. Husar, W. H. White, K. T. Whitby, D. B.
Kittleson. Chemical Reactions in Power Plant Plumes.
Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
42
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69th Annual Meeting. Air Pollution Control Association. Portland,
Oregon. June, 1976.
Draftz, R. G. Aircraft Collection and Microscopical Analyses of
Ambient Aerosols from Urban Atmospheres.
Wilson, W. E. , Jr., R. J. Charlson, R. B. Husar, K. T. Whitby,
D. L. Blumenthal. Sulfates in the Atmosphere.
Symposium on Radiation in the Atmosphere. Garmisch-Partenkirche
Germany. August, 1976.
Husar, R. B. Determination of Ambient EU SO4 and its Ammonium
Salts by In situ Aerosol Thermal Analysis.
Husar, R. B. , N. V. Gillani, J. D. Husar, C. C. Paley. Large
Scale Haziness over Midwestern and Eastern United States.
White, W. H. , D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, R. B. Husar, and
W. E.Wilson, Jr. Formation and Transport of Light-Scattering
Aerosols in the St. Louis Urban Plume.
International Conference on Stable Isotopes. August 4-6, 1976.
Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
Holt, B.D. , P.T. Cunningham, and A. G. Engelkemeir. Application
of Oxygen-18 Analysis to the Study of Atmospheric Sulfate For-
mation. In Press.
Symposium on Aerosol Science and Technology. 82nd National Meet-
ing of American Institute of Chemical Engineers . Atlantic City, New
Jersey. September, 1976.
Husar, R. B., N. V. Gillani, and J. D. Husar. Particulate Sulfur
Formation in Power Plant, Urban and Regional Plumes.
Whitby, K. T. , and B. K. Cantrell. Size Distribution and Concen-
tration of Atmospheric Aerosol.
- Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
. 43
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NATO/CCMS 7th Technical Meeting.on Air Pollution Modeling and
Its Applications. Airlie, Virginia. September, 1976. (Proceedings
to be issued).
Gillani, N. V., and R. B. Husar. Analytical-Numerical Model for
Mesoscale Transport, Transformation and Removal of Air Pol-
lutants .
Husar, R. B. , N. V. Gillani, and J. D. Husar. A Study of Long-
Range Transport from Visibility Observations, Trajectory Anal-
ysis and Local Air Pollution Monitoring Data.
Overton, J. H. , B.K. Lamb, and F. H. Shair. A Dual Tracer Study
for Validation of Models with Respect to High and Low Altitude
Sources,
3rd Symposium on Atmo spheric Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Qual-
ity. American Meteo_ro 1 ogical Society. Raleigh, North Carolina_.
October,~T976T ~
Dannevik, S., S. Frisella, L, Granat, and R. B. Husar. SO3 Depo-
sition Measurements in the St. Louis Region.
Gillani, N. V. , and R. B. Husar. Mesoscale Model for Pollutant
Transport, Transformation and Ground Removal.
Husar, R, B. , N. V. Gillani, J. D. Husar, C. C. Paley, and P,
N. Turcu. Long - Range Transport of Pollutants Observed
Through Visibility Contour Maps, Weather Maps and Trajectory
Analysis.
Wilson, W. E., Jr., R. B. Husar, N. V. Gillani, S. B. Fuller,
W. H. White, J. A. Anderson, and D, L. Blumenthal. Charac-
terization of Urban Plumes.
Non-Urban Tropospheric Composition Symposium. M:'.ami Beach,
Fl_orida_._ November 1 0^1 2, 1976 .
Rasmussen, R, A. , R.B. Chatfield, and M, W. Holden. Transport
of Hydrocarbon and Oxidant Chemistries Observed at a Rural
Mid-West Site.
Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
44
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4th National Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Society of
American Foresters /American Meteorology Society. St. Louis,
Missouri. November, 1976. Proceedings to be issued.
Gillani, N. V. , and R. B. Husar. , Coptic Haziness Over the Eastern
United States and Its Long Range Transport.
American Nuclear Society Topical Symposium. Aerial Techniques
for Environmental Monitoring. Las Vegas, Nevada. March 7-11,
1977.
* v
Markson, R. , D. L. Blumenthal, and J. Sedlacek. Atmospheric
Electrical Plume Detection: Theory and Field Measurements.
83rd National Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engi-
neers. Houston, Texas. March 20-24, 1977.
Durham, J. L., W. E. Wilson, V. P. Aneja, J. H. Overton, Jr.,
D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, S. Frisella, W. Dannevik,
L. Hull, and R. Woodford. Sulfate Aerosol Formation Rate in
in an Oil-Fired Power Plant Plume.
5th National Symposium of the Air Pollution Control Division of The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Pittsburgh, Pennsylva-
nia. May H-12, 1977.
§Blumenthal, D. L. , and W. H. White. Transport of Oxidant and Oxi-
dant Precursors.
International Symposium on Sulfur in the Atmosphere. Dubrovnik,
Yugoslavia. September, 1977. Proceedings published in Atmos-
pheric Environment, 12, 1978.
Invited Papers -
Charlson, R. J. Chemical Properties of Sulfur Aerosols.
§ Husar, R. B. Project MISTT - Sulfur Budget in Large Plumes.
Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
45
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International Symposium on Sulfur in the Atmosphere. Dubrovnik,
Yugoslavia. September, 1977. Proceedings published in Atmos-
pheric Environment, 12, 1978. (Continued)
Invited Papers (Continued)
Whitby, K. T. The Physical Characteristics of Sulfur Aerosols.
§ Wilson, W.E. Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation and Trans-
port Study (MISTT): Summary.
Contributed Papers -
§Blumenthal, D. L. , J. A. Ogren, and J. A. Anderson. Airborne
Sampling System for Plume Monitoring.
Cobourn, G. , R. B. Husar, J. D. Husar. Monitoring of Ambient
HgSO4 and its Ammonium Salts by In situ Aerosol Thermal An-
alysis .
I Cantrell, B. K. , and K. T. Whitby. Aerosol Size Distributions
and Aerosol Volume Formation Rates for Coal-Fired Power
Plants.
} Gillani, N. V., R. B. Husar, J. D. Husar, D. E. Patterson. Pro-
ject MISTT: Kinetics of Particulate Sulfur Formation in a
Power Plant Plume out to 300 km.
^ Gillani, N.V. Project MISTT: Mesoscale Plume Modeling of the
Dispersion, Transformation, and Ground Removal of SOa .
Kittelson, D. B., M. Veermersch, B.Y.H. Liu, D. Y.H. Pui, K.T.
Whitby, and R. L. McKenzie. Total Sulfur Aerosol Detection
with an Electrostatically Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector
System.
Leslie, A.C.D., M. S. Ahlberg, J. R. Winchester, and J.W. Nel-
son. Aerosol Characterization for Sulfur Oxide Health Effects
Assessment.
§ - Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
46
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International Symposium on Sulfur in the Atmosphere. Dubrovnik,
Yugoslavia. September, 1977. Proceedings published in Atmos-
pheric Environment, 12, 1973. (Continued)
Contributed Papers (Continued) -
Liu, B. Y. H. , D. Y. H. Pui, K. T. Kittelson, D. B. Kousaka,
Y. Kousaka, and R. L. McKenzie. The Aerosol Mobility Chro-
matograph: A New Detector for Sulfuric Acid Aerosols.
Lyons, W. A., E. M, Rubin, K. T. Whitby. Satellite Detection of
Long Range Pollution Transport and Sulfate Aerosol Hazes.
Smith, T. B., D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, A. H. Vanderpol,
and R. B. Husar. Long Range Transport of SO3 in Power Plant
Plumes: Day and Night.
Whitby, K. T. , B. K. Cantrell, D. B. Kittelson. Nuclei Formation
Rates in a Coal-Fired Power Plant Plume.
MRI DATA VOLUMES
Anderson, J. A., et al, 1976. Vol. I: Sampling Summary: Air-
craft Monitoring Support for an Aerosol Characterization Study
in St. Louis - 1975 Program. Vol. II: 1975 MISTT Data Vol-
ume. Report No. MRI 76 FR-1417.
Anderson, J. A., et al, 1977. Airborne Measurements in Oil-
Fired Power Plant Plume--Tampa Study. Report No. MRI 77
FR-1491.
Ogren, J. A. , D. L. Blumenthal, J. A. Anderson, S. Howard, and
T. B. Smith, 1978. Midwest Interstate Sulfur Transformation
and Transport Project: Detailed Meteorological Analyses,
July, 1976. Report No. MRI78R-1587.
White, W. H. , J. A. Anderson, et al, 1975. Summary Report -
Aircraft Monitoring Support for an Aerosol Characterization
Study in St. Louis. Report No. MRI 75 FR-1335.
Denotes analyses of MRI aircraft data collected as part of the
July, 1976, field program.
47
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(1'ieaie ri'id Instructions on the reverse before completing!
1 REPORTED.
EPA-600/7-79-242
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE POLLUTANT MEASUREMENTS IN PLUMES FROM
POWER PLANTS AND CITIES
St. Louis Area, July 1976
A Project MISTT Report
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5 REPORT DATE
November 1979
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
John A. Ogren, Jerry A. Anderson, Donald L. Blumenthal
MRI 78 FR-1586
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Meteorology Research, Inc.
3402 Mendocino Avenue
Santa Rosa, California 95401
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE625 EA-07 (FY-77)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2411
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory - RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Final July 1976
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Airborne measurements of aerosols and pollutant gases in urban and power
plant plumes were conducted during July 1976 in the vicinity of St. Louis,
Missouri. The measurements, performed as part of Project MISTT, were designed
to characterize the physical and chemical behavior of these plumes under a
variety of meteorological conditions. The airborne data were analyzed to gain
a better understanding of the factors affecting the transport, transformation,
and removal of primary and secondary pollutants, particularly those containing
sulfur.
The field program and experimental techniques are described, and the re-
sults and conclusions of the analyses of the airborne measurements and meteoro-
logical data are presented.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*Air pollution
*Aerosols
*Sulfates
*Sulfur dioxide
*Sulfuric acid
Electric power plants
*Plumes
Conversion
*Measurements
Airplanes
Project MISTT
St. Louis, MO
07D
07B
10B
21B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19 SECURITY CLASS /This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO OF PAGES
56
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22 PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVOUS
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