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                 RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES


Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology  Elimination of traditional  grouping was  consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are.

    1. Environmental Health Effects Research

    2. Environmental Protection Technology

    3. Ecological Research

    4. Environmental Monitoring

    5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

    6 Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)

    7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development

    8 "Special" Reports

    9. Miscellaneous Reports

This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded  under the  17-agency Federal  Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from  adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development  of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport  of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects,  assessments of,  and development of, control technologies for  energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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                                                 EPA-600/7-80-008
                                                 January 1980
    POWER PLANT STACK PLUMES IN COMPLEX TERRAIN
Data Analysis and Characterization of Plume Behavior
               Kenneth E. Pickering
                Robert H. Woodward
                  Robert C.  Koch
               GEOMET, Incorporated
                15 Firstfield Road
          Gaithersburg, Maryland  20760
              Contract No. 68-02-2260
                 Project Officer

               George C. Holzworth
       Meteorology and Assessment Division
    Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
  Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711
    ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
        OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
       U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
  RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA  27711

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                              DISCLAIMER
     This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Science Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication.  Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                     n

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                                  ABSTRACT

      Data collected during a 16-month field program  conducted  near  the Clinch
 River Steam Plant in western Virginia were analyzed  to  characterize the
 behavior of a power plant plume  in complex terrain.   Onsite  measurements  and
 synoptic scale meteorological data are summarized for 31  periods  of significant
 S02 measurements and similar meteorological conditions.

      Statistical analyses of S02, NO and NOx concentrations  at  fixed
 monitoring sites and in one of the two plant stacks  revealed significant
 diurnal and seasonal variations.  Ridge sites  showed maximum concentrations at
 night but without a well  defined diurnal  pattern;  valley sites showed a well
 defined late morning maximum hypothesized to be caused  by plume fumigation.
 Cross-section pollutant and meteorological measurements made from a helicopter
 during July were analyzed to show the dimension and  height of  the plume as a
 function of distance from the plant.  Plume heights  calculated  from wind  and
 temperature profiles and plume widths calculated from the standard  deviation of
 wind direction produced improvements over standard estimates.   The  influence of
 terrain features on the shape and path of the  plume  is  clearly  shown when
 assessing the helicopter data and selected case studies of ground monitoring
 data.  Uncertainties in hourly measurements of sulfate  due to  laboratory
 assessment accuracy, random natural deposition, duration  of  ambient exposure,
 and other unexplained factors are undesirably  large; however,  there is evidence
 in the measurements of contributions from both the nearby plant and more
 distant sources.

      Parameters for a Gaussian plume model were modified  on  a  stepwise basis of
 considering the impact of site specific meteorological  and terrain  data.   The
 study showed that the standard flat terrain model and modifications frequently
 used to represent complex terrain influences can be  improved by using data
 available for the Clinch River site.  The Gaussian plume  model  can  provide
 useful estimates of maximum concentrations to  be expected, but  it can not
 represent on an hour-to-hour basis the influences of the  complicated flow
 found in a complex terrain setting.  The  data  obtained  for tie Clinch R-jvpr
 site provide a useful record of  the physical behavior of  a power  plant plume
 in complex terrain and will be useful in testing hypotheses  of  plume behavior
 and in diagnosing plume behavior.
This report was submitted  in  fulfillment  of Contract No.  6H--0?-??60 by
Geoiiict, IIK. under the  '.porisorr.hip  of  the II.'..  I nviroiiiiieiil.-i I  lY
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                             CONTENTS

Abstract	iii
Figures	    vi
Tables	xiii

     1.  Introduction 	     1
     2.  Summary and Conclusions	     3
     3.  Description of the Clinch River Power Plant,
           Terrain and Monitoring Network .... 	     6
     4.  Data Period Analysis	    13
     5.  Statistical Analysis of Plant Emissions and
           Measured Ambient Pollutant Concentrations	    24
     6.  Analysis of Plume Structure	    50
     7.  Development of Profiles of Wind and Temperature,
           Plume Heights, and Plume Trajectories	    82
     8.  Analysis of Plume Impact in Relation to
           Meteorological Conditions	    99
     9.  Sulfate Analysis 	   171
    10.  S02 Dispersion Analysis	187
    11.  Application of Dispersion Model at Another Location.  .  .  .   218

References	   223
Appendices

     A.  Frequency Distributions and Mean Concentrations of
           Mobile Van Data	225
     B.  Frequency Distributions of Meteorological Data 	   241
     C.  Frequency Distributions of S0? and N0y Vs.
           Observed Winds 	  286

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                                 FIGURES

Number                                                               Page

   1      Location of the Clinch River Steam Plant	   7

   2      Topographical  features and fixed monitoring  sites.
           Elevations are in feet above sea level	  8

   3      Diurnal  variation of mean S02 concentrations at Lambert	  39

   4      Diurnal  variation of mean S0£ concentrations at Kents	  39

   5      Diurnal  variation of mean S02 concentration  at Nashs	40

   6      Diurnal  variation of mean S0£ concentrations at Hockey......  40

   7      Diurnal  variation of mean S02 concentrations at Johnson	4]

   8      Diurnal  variation of mean S02 concentrations at Tower	  41

   9      Diurnal  variation of mean S02 concentrations at Munsey	42

  10      Diurnal  variation of mean S02 concentrations at Castlewood..  42

  11      Representative helicopter flight path at  fixed distance
           from the power plant	„	  51

  12      Traverse paths for cross section #18 and  event numbers....„.  55

  13      Traverse paths for cross section #20 and  event numbers	  55


  14      Traverse paths for cross section #24 and  event numbers	  56

  15      Traverse paths for cross section #26 and  event numbers..„...  57

  16      Traverse paths for cross section #28 and  event numbers	  57


  17      Two-minute Hockey 30 m wind directions and locations of
           peak S02 concentrations during cross section #4.
           Numbers indicate the chronological order of the wind
           directions and the traverses	   59
                                     VI

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NumDer

  18     Two-minute Hockey 30 m wind directions and locations  of
           peak S0£ concentrations during cross section #6.
           Numbers indicate the chronological  order of the wind
           directions and the traverses ...............................  60

  19     Plume configuration at 15:36 EST July 26,  1977 with
           helicopter traverse path.  Point A  represents endpoint
           of the 15:36 vector; Point S represents  endpoint of the
           15:00 vector.   Tic marks on axes represent 0.5 km  incre-
           ments of distance from the plant ..........................   62

  20     Plume configuration at 15:40 EST July 26,  1977 with
           helicopter traverse path.  Point A  represents endpoint
           of the 15:40 vector; Point T represents  endpoint of the
           15:02 vector.   Tic marks on the axes represent 0.5  km
           increments of distance from the plant .....................   63

  21     Oy vs. x for cross sections #l-#5 ...........................   73

  22     a  vs. x for cross sections #6-#8 ...........................   73

  23     Oy vs. x for cross sections #15, #17 ........................   74

  24     oy vs. x for cross sections #20, #22 ........................   74

  25     o  vs. x for cross sections #24, #25 ........................   75

  26     ay vs. x for cross sections #26, #28, #29 ...................   75

  27     Example of temperature profile construction methodology .....   88

  28     Plume position at 1428 EST, July 23,  1977  computed by
           trajectory analysis for 60 minutes ........................   97

  29     Munsey wind roses for July-September  1977, for 3-hourly
           periods during  0200-1300 EST .............................  100

  30     Munsey wind roses for July-September  1977, for 3-hourly
           periods during 1400-0100 EST ..............................  101
  3';     SOg pollution roses ....... . .................................  105

  32     Ratio of NO to N02 concentration ............. . ..............  109

  33     Configuration of plume at 2300 EST, December 21, 1976 .......  113

  34     Configuration of plume at 2400 EST, December 21, 1976 .......  114

  35     Configuration of plume at 0100 EST, December 22, 1976 .......  115
                                     VI 1

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Number                                                              page

  36     Wind direction profile at  1017  EST  February 11, 1977, at
           the power plant	  117

  37     Wind speed (m/s)  profile at  1017  EST,  February II, 1977,
           at the power plant	118

  38     Temperature profile based  on fixed  ground station
           temperatures -  February  11, 1977	120

  39     Location of fumigating plume (slash lines) on
           April 19, 1977	122

  40     Wind direction profile at  1228  EST, April 19, 1977, at
           the power plant	123

  41     Wind speed profile at 1228 EST, April  19, 1979, at the
           power plant	124

  42     Temperature (°C)  profile at  1228  EST,  April 19, 1977,
           at the power pi ant	125

  43     Calculated configuration of  plume at 1000 EST, May 15, 1977..128

  44     Calculated configuration of  plume at 1010 EST, May 15, 1977..128

  45     Calculated configuration of  plume at 1020 EST, May 15, 1977..129

  46     Calculated configuration of  plume at 1030 EST, May 15, 1977..129

  47     Calculated configuration of  plume at 1040 EST, May 15, 1977..130

  48     Calculated configuration of  plume at 1050 EST, May 15, 1977.,130

  49     Calculated configuration of  plume at 1100 EST, May 15, 1977..131

  50     Configuration of plume at  0340  EST, June 30, 1977	135

  51     Configuration of plume at  0350  EST, June 30, 1977	135

  52     Configuration of plume at  0400  EST, June 30, 1977	136

  53     Configuration of plume at  0410  EST, June 30, 1977	136

  54     Configuration of plume at  0420  EST, June 30, 1977	137

  55     Configuration of plume at  0430  EST, June 30, 1977	137

  56     Configuration of plume at  0440  EST, June 30, 1977	138
                                   vm

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Mumper                                                              Page
  57     Configuration  of plume  at  0450  EST, June 30, 1977	 139
  58     Configuration  of plume  at  0500  EST, June 30, 1977	 140
  59     Wind speed (m/s) profile at  1005  EST, July  6,  1977 at
           the plant	 144
  60     Wind direction profile  at  1005  EST, July 6,  1977	 144
  61     Temperature (°C) profile at  1005  EST, July  6,  1977	 145
  62     Wind speed (m/s) profile at  1202  EST, July  6,  1977	 146
  63     Wind direction profile  at  1202  EST, July 6,  1977	 146
  64     Temperature (°C) profile at  1202  EST, July  6,  1977	 147
  65     Location of helicopter  cross-section - July 24,  1977 -
           0837-0856 EST	 149
  66     Helicopter cross-section - July 24, 1977 -  0837-0856 EST	 150
  67     Longitudinal  view of  helicopter cross-section  -  July 24,
           1977,  0837-0856 EST	 151
  68     Theoretical volume of air  sampled during helicopter
           traverse	 152
  69     Wind direction profile  at  0847  EST, July 24, 1977 at
           the plant	 154
  70     Wind speed (w/s) profile at  0847  EST, July  24,  1977	 154
  71     Wind direction at 0943  EST,  July  24, 1977	 155
  72     Wind speed (m/s) at 0943 EST, July 24, 1977	 155
  73     Longitudinal  view of helicopter cross-sections  -  July  24 5
           1977 - 0837-0856 EST  and 0915-0947 EST	 156
  74     Location of helicopter  cross sections - July 24,  1977  -
           1202-1304,  1306-1353, 1607-1621 EST	 157
  75     Helicopter cross section - July 24, 1977 -  1202-1304 EST	 158
  76     Longitudinal  view of helicopter cross section  -  July 24,
           1977,  1202-1304 EST	 159

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Numoer                                                              Page

  77     Helicopter cross section  -  July  24,  1977,  1306-1353 EST	 160

  78     Longitudinal  view of helicopter  cross  section  - July 24,
           1977,  1306-1353 EST	 161

  79     Helicopter cross-section  -  July  24,  1977,  1607-1621 EST	 162

  80     Longitudinal  view of helicopter  cross  section  - July 24,
           1977,  1607-1621 EST	 163

  81     Location of helicopter cross-section (dotted line)  - Day
           207, 1510-1619	 166

  82     View of  helicopter cross-section from  plant -  Day 207,
           1510-1619	 167

  83     Longitudinal  view of helicopter  cross-section  - Day 207,
           1510-1619	 168

  84     Wind direction profile at 1536 EST,  July  26, 1977	 169

  85     Wind speed (m/s) at 1536  EST,  July 26, 1977	 169

  86     Average  sulfate concentration  for each wind direction,
           measured at the Hockey  30-m  1 evel	 172

  87     Sulfate  mass due to natural deposition on  filters vs.
           exposure time (solid circles)  and  standard deviation
           (open  circles) of natural fallout  where  multiple
           samples were available	 173

  88     Average  sulfate concentration  for each wind direction,
           measured at the Hockey  30-m  level, for  filters  exposed
           no more than 12 days	 174
           £ (dotted line) and SO* concentrations at Hockey
           July 8, 1977	7	
89     SO? (dotted line)  and SO/i  concentrations  at  Hockey  for
                                                            	  177
  90     SO? (dotted line) and $04 concentrations at Johnson for
           JulyS, 1977	  177

  91     SO? (dotted line) and S04 concentrations at Nashs for
           JulyS, 1977	7	  178

  92     SOo (dotted line) and SO* concentrations at Hockey for
           July 27, 1977	  178

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Number                                                              Page

  S3     SOp (clotted  line)  and  SO*  concentrations at Kents for
           July 27,  1977	179

  94     SOp (dotted  line)  and  S04  concentrations at Hockey for
           August 12,  1977	 179

  95     SOp (dotted  line)  and  S04  concentrations at Kents for
           August 12,  1977	 180

  96     S04 concentration  at Nashs for August  12,  1977  (SO? data
           was missing)	180

  97     S02 (dotted  line)  and  SO,  concentrations at Hockey for
           August 22,  1977	 181

  98     SOp (dotted  line)  and  504  concentrations at Johnson for
           August 22,  1977	 181

  99     SOg (dotted  line)  and  S04  concentrations at Kents for
           August 22,  1977	 182

 100     SO? (dotted  line)  and  SO*  concentrations at Nashs for
           August 22,  1977	 182

 101     SOp (dotted  line)  and  SO^  concentrations at Hockey for
           August 23,  1977	 183

 102     S02 (dotted  line)  and  $04  concentrations at Johnson for
           August 23,  1977	 183

 103     SOp (dotted  line)  and  $04  concentrations at Kents for
           August 23,  1977	 184

 104     SOo (dotted  line)  and  S04  concentrations at Nashs for
           August 23,  1977	7	 184

 105     SOp (dotted  line)  and  $04  concentrations at Hockey for
           August 26,  1977	185

 106     SOp (dotted  line)  and  $04  concentrations at Johnson for
           August 26,  1977	185

 107     SOp (dotted  line)  and  $04  concentrations at Kents for
           August 26,  1977	186

 108     SOp (dotted  line)  and  S04  concentrations at Nashs for
           August 26,  1977	 186

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Number                                                               Page
 109     Cumulative frequency distribution of S02 for Tower	  208
 110     Cumulative frequency distribution of S0£ for Nashs	  209
 111     Cumulative frequency distribution of S02 for Kents	  210
 112     Cumulative frequency distribution of S02 for Johnson	  211
 113     Cumulative frequency distribution of S02 for Lambert	  212
 114     Cumulative frequency distribution of S02 for Munsey	  213
 115     Cumulative frequency distribution of S02 for Hockey	  214
 116     Cumulative frequency distribution of S02 for Castlewood	  215
 117     Chestnut Ridge Monitoring Network	  219
                                    XII

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                                  TABLES

Number                                                               Page

  1      Monitoring Site Characteristics	  10

  2     Summary of Measurements at Fixed Monitoring Sites	  12

  3     Example Classification of Data Periods	  16

  4     Data Period Summary	  17

  5     Percentage of Stability Classes for Local  and Synoptic
          Periods (Based on the 31 Periods with Significant
          Concentrations in Table 4)	  22

  6     Number of Local and Synoptic Periods for Predominant Surface
          Wind Directions (Based on Periods in Table 4)	  22

  7     Most Frequent Ranges of Plant Parameters	  25

  8     Most Frequent Ranges of Generator Load by Time of Day	  26

  9     Mean Pollutant Concentrations over the Monitoring Period	  27

 10     Ten Highest Hourly Average S02 Concentrations Observed at
          Each Moni tori ng Si te	,	  29

 11      Ten Highest Hourly Average NOX Concentrations Observed at
          Each Moni tori ng Si te	  30

 12     Frequency Distribution of S02 vs. Hour from 76286 to 77273,
          Tower Site (Row & Column Headings are High Ends of
          Intervals)	  31

 13     Frequency Distribution of SO? vs. Hour from 76286 to 77273,
          Munsey Site (Row & Column Headings are High Ends of
          Intervals)	  32

 14     Frequency Distribution of S02 vs. Hour from 76286 to 77273,
          Castle Site (Row & Column Headings are High Ends of
          Intervals)	  33

 15     Frequency Distribution of S02 vs. Hour from 76286 to 77273,
          Nashs Site (Row & Column Headings are High Ends of
          Intervals)	  34
                                   XT n

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Number                                                                 Page

  16     Frequency Distribution of SO? vs.  Hour from 76286  to  77273,
           Hockey Site (Row & Column  Headings  are  High  Ends of
           Intervals)	  35

  17     Frequency Distribution of S02 vs.  Hour from 76286  to  77273,
           Lambert Site (Row & Column Headings are High Ends of
           Interval s)	  36

  18     Frequency Distribution of S0£ vs.  Hour from 76286  to  77273,
           Johnson Site (Row & Column Headings are High Ends of
           I nterval s)	  37

  19     Frequency Distribution of SC>2 vs.  Hour from 76286  to  77273,
           Kents Site  (Row & Column Headings are High Ends  of
           Intervals)	  38

  20     Mean Pollutant Concentrations for  Mobile  Van Data	  44

  21     Frequency Distribution of S02 Concentrations Measured in Van
           While in Stationary Mode	  46

  22     Frequency Distribution of NOX Concentrations Measured in Van
           While in Stationary Mode	  46

  23     Frequency Distribution of N02 Concentrations Measured in Van
           While in Stationary Mode	  47

  24     Frequency Distribution of NO Concentrations Measured  in Van
           While in Stationary Mode	  47

  25     Frequency Distribution of 03 Concentrations Measured  in Van
           While in Stationary Mode	  48

  26     Ozone Concentrations Versus Distance from Plant for Mobile
           Van Data	  49

  27     Summary of Helicopter Cross Sections for July 1977	  53

  28     Locations of Center of Mass of Individual Traverses	  58

  29     Comparison of Computed S02 Mass Flux and Plant S02 Emission
           Rates	  64

  30     Location of Center of Mass of Plume	  66

  31     Measured Plume Heights	  68

  32     Plume Dimensions	  71

  33     Turner Stability Class Corresponding to Measured ay Values	  72


                                      xiv

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Number                                                                Page
  34     Vertical  Distribution of S02 Mass Computed from Helicopter
           Traverses	   77
  35     Significant Fixed-Station and Ground Mobile Measurements
           During  Helicopter Cross Sections	   80
  36     Average Difference and Standard Deviation of Differences of
           Temperature and Wind Speed Between Fixed Stations and
           Pi bal /T-Sondes	   83
  37     Average Difference and Standard Deviation of Differences of
           Temperature and Wind Speed for Huntington and Greensboro
           Rawinsondes vs. Pibal/T-Sonde	   84
  38     Power Law Exponents	   89
  39     Comparison of Plume Height Measurements and Estimates	   93
  40     Summary of Plume Heights in Relation to Vertical  Temperature
           Structure, October 12, 1976 - September 30, 1977	   95
  41     Wind  Speeds and °/\ Ranges Associated with Highest S02
           Concentrations	   106
  42     List  of Case Studies	   110
  43     Case  Study I Data	   Ill
  44     Case  Study II Data	   116
  45     Case  Study III Data	   121
  46     Case  Study IV Data	   127
  47     2-Minute  S02 Concentrations at Johnson	  132
  48     Case  Study V Data	  133
  49     2-Minute S02 Concentrations at Hockey	  141
  50     Case  Study VI Data	  142
  51     Case  Study VII Data	  148
  52     Estimated Plume Bearing and Bearing of Center of Mass	164
  53     Case  Study VIII Data	165
                                    xv

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Number                                                                Page

  54     Data on Estimated Bearing of the Plume, Based on 30 M
           Hockey Winds (July 8, 1977)	175

  55     Data on Estimated Bearing of the Plume, Based on 30 M
           Hockey Winds (July 20, 1977)	175

  56     Data on Estimated Bearing of the Plume, Based on 30 M
           Hockey Winds (July 27, 1977)	..175

  57     Data on Estimated Bearing of the Plume, Based on 30 M
           Hockey Winds (August 12, 1977)	176

  58     Data on Estimated Bearing of the Plume, Based on 30 M
           Hockey Winds (August 22, 1977)	176

  59     Data on Estimated Bearing of the Plume, Based on 30 M
           Hockey Winds (August 23, 1977)	176

  60     Data on Estimated Bearing of the Plume, Based on 30 M
           Hockey Winds (August 26, 1977)	177

  61     Distribution of the Joint Occurrences of Classes of Bulk
           Richardson Number and Pasquill Stability	.189

  62     RMSE of Model to Measurement Comparisons for All Stabilities..193

  63     Correlation of Model to Measurement Comparisons for all
           Stabi 1 i ties	194

  64     RMSE of Model to Measurement Comparisons for Unstable
           Conditions	194

  65     Correlation of Model to Measurement Comparisons for Unstable
           Conditions	195

  66     RMSE of Model to Measurement Comparisons for Neutral
           Conditions	195

  67     Correlations of Model to Measurement Comparisons for
           Neutral Conditions	196

  68     RMSE of Model to Measurement Comparison for Stable
           Conditions	196

  69     Correlation of Model to Measurement Comparisons for Stable
           Conditions	197
                                    xvi

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Number                                                                Page

  70     Number of Model  to Measurement Compari sons ................... 198

  71     Comparison of Highest and Second  Highest  1-Hour  S02
           Concentrations Between Modeling Techniques ................. 199

  72     Joint Frequencies of Seven Classes of  SSCTM Calculated and
           Observed Concentrations of SC>2  at Tower and  Castle  Sites... 203

  73     Joint Frequencies of Sevel Classes of  SSCTM Calculated and
           Observed Concentrations of S0£  at Lambert and  Johnson Sites 204

  74     Joint Frequencies of Seven Classes of  SSCTM Calculated and
           Observed Concentrations of S0£  at Hockey and Munsey Sites.. 205
  75     Joint Frequencies of Seven  Classes  of  SSCTM  Calculated  and
           Observed Concentrations of S02 at Kents  and  Nashs  Sites ____ 206

  76     Comparison of Linear and Transport  Curvilinear Models ........ 216

  77     Plant Operating Characteristics .............................. 220

  78     Model to Measurement Comparisons of 1-Hour Averages  for
           Chestnut Ridge - All  Conditions During 1975  (Station
           Locations are Shown in Figure  117) ......................... 222
                                   xvn

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                                    SECTION 1

                                  INTRODUCTION
     In this study we have analyzed aerometric data collected in the vicinity
of a coal-fired power plant located in the complex terrain of southwestern
Virginia.  This report describes the data used in these analyses, the types of
analyses performed and relationships that have been identified between terrain
characteristics, meteorological conditions, plant emissions and the resulting
ground-level pollutant concentrations.  This analytical work represents the third
phase of a three-phase study of the behavior of power plant plumes in complex
terrain.  The first phase (Koch et al. 1977) consisted of a literature review
of the current state of knowledge of plume behavior in complex terrain with
respect to both the transport and diffusion processes and the pollutant trans-
formation and removal mechanisms.  The second phase (Koch et al. 1979) consisted
of an aerometric field study to collect data related to plume behavior in
complex terrain in the vicinity of Clinch River Steam Plant near Carbo, Virginia.
Sixteen months of ground-level pollutant concentration data and meteorological
measurements were gathered in an eight-station monitoring network.  The fixed
stations were supplemented by upper-air meteorological observations, stack
emission measurements, and pollutant monitoring from a mobile van and a helicopter.

     The study as a whole was undertaken due to the generally recognized lack of
complete understanding of plume behavior in complex terrain.  Phase II provided
a set of SOp, sulfate, NO, NO^, and meteorological data from which conclusions
can be ascertained concerning pollutant transport, diffusion and transformation
in mountainous terrain and from which improved dispersion modeling techniques can
be developed.  Accurate prediction of air quality levels in complex terrain is
becoming more critically important than ever before as major power plants
and industrial sources plan to locate in these regions.  For each new major
pollution source studies must be performed to predict the potential air quality
impact of the operation of these sources for the purposes of showing compliance
with Prevention of Significant Deterioration regulations.  Coal-fired electric
power plants are major sources of SO- and NO.  Sulfur dioxide and sulfate,
which is formed from SO^ in the atmosphere, are recognized to produce
adverse health effects.  Also, NO is converted in the atmosphere to NO-,
which has been determined to be a health hazard.

     The Phase III analyses include (1) the identification of data periods con-
taining significant plume impact; (2)  statistical summaries of emissions, ground-
level pollutant concentrations, and meteorological data; (3) statistical summaries
of relationships between concentration and meteorological data; (4) the analysis
of plume cross sections observed by helicopter; (5) the development of vertical
profiles of wind speed, wind direction, and temperature; (6) use of the vertical
wind and temperature profiles for estimating plume heights; (7) an analysis of

                                    1

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observed sulfate data in relation to SO- concentrations and meteorology;  (8)  an
analysis of dispersion model  estimates of SCL concentrations in relation  to
measured values; and (9) a detailed examination of the causes for individual
cases of high SO^ concentrations.

     The data from the Phase II field study were reduced, edited and placed on a
magnetic tape for distribution.  The tape contains 34 files of data which include
8 fixed-station files, 1 sulfate file, 1 upper-air meteorological data file,
7 ground-mobile data files, 16 helicopter data files and 1 plant operating data
file.  A copy of this tape is available from the National Technical Information
Service.  The data formats are described in the Phase II report (Koch et al.
1979).  The Phase III analyses have been based on these data sets along with
additional information contained in field notes and logs, daily weather maps,
and raw data files.

-------
                                SECTION 2

                         SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

     Field observations collected in the vicinity of the Clinch River
Steam Plant in southwest Virginia for a period of about a year were
analyzed to determine relationships which characterize the behavior of
the plume in complex terrain.   The data include measurements from eight
fixed monitoring stations, a mobile van, one of the two plant stacks, a
helicopter, and balloon soundings.  The following conclusions have been
drawn from the data analysis:

     0     There are 31 significant periods of 2 to 20 days' duration
           in which the meteorological conditions are consistent and
           during which high SOg and NOX concentrations indicated that
           the plant plume was observed.

     •     The significant data periods include 16 periods with locally
           dominated flow patterns and 15 periods with synoptically
           dominated flow.  All but one period had a majority of the
           hours having stable conditions as defined by the bulk
           Richardson number.

     t     Valley stations have a diurnal pattern of concentration
           with a maximum in the morning daylight hours.  This differs
           from the diurnal  patterns of ridge stations which do not have
           well defined maxima.  The valley maximum is probably due to
           fumigation of the plant plume which is trapped in nocturnal
           valley inversion layer.

     •     Ridge,.stations are exposed to higher maximum 1-hour con-
           centrations than are valley stations.  The maximum concen-
           trations at ridge stations generally occur at night.  This
           differs from valley stations which have maximum concentra-
           tions during the day.

     t     ~he mobile van was capable of recording plume impac'; with
           greater frequency tnan did any of the fixed monitoring
           stations.  The van measured hourly average S02 concentrations
           greater than 20 ppb approximately 50 percent of the time',
           while the fixed station (Tower) with the greatest number
           of significant readings had concentrations greater than 20
           ppb only 16.5% of the time.  Higher S02 concentrations were
           recorded by the van than by any of the fixed stations.  This
           result indicates that the van was under the plume centerline
           more often than were any of the fixed stations.

-------
The mobile van was also useful in providing data for the
study of the NO/NOg ratio as a function of distance from
the plant.  This ratio had a mean value of 5.6 for measure-
ments within 0.5 km of the plant and was found to decrease
to approximately 0.8 at distances of 3 km to 15 km from
the plant.

The plume cross section for a period of an hour as observed
by helicopter agrees well with dimensions indicated by vari-
ations in wind direction and computed plume paths using
2-minute winds.  These results indicate that wind observations
taken on a 30 m tower at a ground elevation near the height
of the plume are useful in defining the dimensions of the
plume (i.e., during daylight hours when the flow at the
observation height is well mixed to ground level).

The horizontal dispersion parameter o^, as observed by the
helicopter is well represented by Pasquill's suggestion of:

       °y = °A x f(x).

The mean ratio (measured Oy/Pasquill 
-------
•     A major problem with hourly sulfate measurements is the fact
      that there is a large amount of inadvertent deposition on
      the filters when the sampling blower is not operating.
      Future measurements must be directed toward better control
      of this interference.  The data collected in this study
      suggests that the nearby power plant makes some, but probably
      not the major, contribution to sulfate concentrations in the
      vicinity of the plant.

t     The simple Gaussian plume model, when applied using site-
      specific meteorological data to estimate plume dimensions
      (e.g., through standard deviation of wind azimuth observa-
      tions) and local terrain heights to estimate plume height
      above ground, can significantly improve SC^ concentrations
      for estimates made with a flat terrain model and standard
      Pasquill-Gifford dispersion parameters.  The use of terrain
      adjustment factors such as are found in the CRSTER and
      VALLEY models were found to not improve the standard flat
      terrain estimates.

•     The simple Gaussian model cannot be expected to give better
      results on a case by case (specific hour basis) by improved
      model parameter estimates than were found in this study,
      because it cannot be managed with the complex flow pattern
      which is present at least 50 percent of the time at the
      Clinch River plant site.  The data contains numerous ex-
      amples which clearly indicate the presence of a complex
      flow pattern.  However, the Gaussian plume model provides
      valuable guidance regarding what the maximum concentrations
      over a long period of time can be expected to be.

•     The degree of accuracy found by applying the Gaussian
      model with site specific data to central Pennsylvania sites
      was found to be better than the accuracy found at the Clinch
      River site.  Over the stations considered the average model/
      observed ratio for the highest $03 values was 1.23 at Chestnut
      Ridge Monitoring Network compared with 1.58 at the Clinch
      River Network.

•     The data collected from the Clinch River plant site provides
      a valuable source of data for testing hypotheses regarding
      the physical and chemical behavior of power plant plumes in
      complex terrain.  Among the unique data available are hourly
      wind and temperature measurements from eight sites for a
      period of a year, NO and NOX measurements at six sites for
      a period of ayear, several hundred hourly sulfate measure-
      ments, and nearly daily temperature and wind profiles from
      balloon observations.  In addition, there are a large number
      of other observations which are similar to data from other
      sites including a year of S0_2 measurements at eight monitoring
      sites; 24 hourly cross sections of S02, NO, NOX and 03 from
      helicopter measurements; observations from a mobile van; and
      hourly stack emission measurements of NO and S02.

-------
                                SECTION 3

         DESCRIPTION OF THE CLINCH RIVER POWER PLANT,  TERRAIN AND
                           MONITORING NETWORK
     The site chosen for the aerometric field study was the vicinity of the
Clinch River Steam Plant in Carbo,  Virginia,  located approximately 200 km
west-southwest of Roanoke.   This site was chosen because:

     •    It is located in  a nonurban, mountainous, area,  isolated from other
          major sources of  SO-.

     •    Terrain in the vicinity of the plant exceeds 1-1/2 times the stack
          height.

     •    An adequate network of roads existed to facilitate mobile sampling
          and access to fixed monitoring sites.

     •    The power company was  willing to cooperate.

PLANT DESCRIPTION

     The Clinch River Steam Plant has a total generating capacity of 712 MW,
fired by low-sulfur coal in each of three boilers.   Exhaust gases are emitted
through two stacks, 46 m apart,  each 138 m high.  Stack 1  with a diameter of
4.76 m serves boilers 1 and 2, while Stack 2, with  a diameter of 3.81 m serves
boiler number 3.  The boiler water is cooled  through the use of five mechanical
draft cooling towers, each  18.6  m high.

TERRAIN

     The location of the plant in southwestern Virginia is shown in Figure 1.
The details of the surrounding terrain, including the fixed monitoring site
locations are shown in Figure 2.

     The terrain is generally characterized by a series of parallel ridges
and valleys which run southwest  to northeast.  However, numerous pronounced
short valleys run perpendicular  or askew to the larger valleys, making a very
irregular and complex layout of  terrain.  Although  many terrain features are
inaccessible, about half of the  terrain is occupied by small farms and rural
residences.

     The plant elevation is 461  m,  which puts the stacktops at just under 600
m.  There are ridges exceeding 680 m  (2200 ft)  within 3 to 5 km of the plant
in all quadrants of the compass.  Elevations  exceeding 870 m (2900 ft) occur
within 8 km to the northwest and 14 km to the southwest. Clinch Mountain,

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located 14 km southeast of the plant, is the highest terrain in the area.  It
runs northeast-southwest for approximately 25 km and reaches elevations in
excess of 1260 m (4200 ft,).  Big A Mountain, located 20 km northeast of the
plant rises to 1140 m (3,800 ft.).  Flat Top Ridge, situated 8 km northwest of
the plant, is oriented northeast-southwest and reaches elevations up to 915 m
(3,000 ft.).   The major pattern of ridges and valleys trending northeast-
southwest is  transected by many streams running northwest-southeast to form
a truly complex terrain.

     in the immediate vicinity of the plant (within 1 km) ridges extend to
to 100 m above the top of the stacks.  The highest elevations lie to the
east-northeast and to the northwest.  A pronounced ridge also extending 100 m
above the stack is located approximately 2 km to the southeast.  Flow over
these nearby terrain features on windy days causes a pronounced downwash of
the stack plumes.  Further to the southeast is Copper Ridge, which exceeds
the stack top elevation by 200 m.  Buffalo Mountain, also reaching 200 m above
the stack, is located 6 km to the northeast.

MONITORING NETWORK

     The eight fixed monitoring station locations were selected to meet design
criteria for climatology, local topography, existing roadways and utility
services, and the ability to negotiate for the land on which to place the
instrument shelter.  Locations were selected using guidance from dispersion
model calculations and representative climatological data.   The character-
istics of the selected sites are summarized in Table 1.  Initially, only six
stations were operated.  The Lambert site was brought  into operation on
October 27, 1976, and the Johnson site became operational on November 15,
1976.  The Castlewood station washed away in the flood of April 5, 1977,
reducing the number of fixed monitoring sites to 7.  The Lambert instru-
mentation was installed at Castlewood during July  1977.

     At Site No. 1 (Tower) a 30 m tower was installed to measure winds at
two levels and temperature at three levels.  This site was 3.4 km to the
northeast of the plant at an elevation of 585 m.  The site was in open
terrain and air flows in the region were unobstructed by vegetation or
nearby terrain features.  The nearest terrain feature was a ridge located
1 K..I to tne south.  This was the closest site to the power plant.  It had
an elevation of 124 m above the base of the plant.

     Site No. 2 (Munsey) was located 4 km to the southeast of the power
plant.  It was approximately 1/3 of the way up the hillside from the valley
floor to the Hockey site, located 200 m higher.  The two sites are on about
the sa,.,e bearing from the plant and were used to resolve the characteris-
tics of tne plume perpendicular to the ridge on which these two sites were
located.

     Site No. 3 (Nash's Ford) was located approximately 11  km to the east of
the power plant in the Clinch River Valley.  The site was situated on a small
pleteau between the Clinch River and a small creek, and was representative of
upvcjley flews from the power plant due to thermodynamic effects and due to
channeling of the wind.

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     Site No.  4 (Hockey) was located on a ridge (792 m msl)  just above the
Munsey site and on a line with Munsey and the power plant.   This site was
selected to observe the concentration characteristics of the power plant plume
in relation to the ridgetop.

     Site No.  5 (Castlewood) was located approximately 8 km west-southwest of
the power plant.  It was very close to the Clinch River; however, it had an
unobstructed upvalley view so that winds from that direction would be charac-
teristic of drainage flows if they were occurring.  This site was about 10 m
below the plant elevation.  The station washed away in the  flood of April 5,
1977.

     Site No.  6 (Kent's Ridge) was located 30 km east-northeast of the power
plant.  This site was chosen for both its elevation and distance and was the
most distant site from the Power Plant.

     Site No.  7 (Johnson) site which was located south-southwest of the power
plant on a ridge that runs from the west-southwest to the east-northeast.
This is the same ridge line that Hockey was located on.

     Site No.  8 (Lambert) was located approximately one-third of the way up
the side of a valley.  It was chosen to determine the plume characteristics
in that valley.  Thf instrumentation was moved to Castlewood in July 1977.

     A stack monitor was located in the duct work at the base of the Unit 3
stack.  The monitor was between the electrostatic precipitators and the base
of the stack.   Valid data was collected after December 1, 1976.

     Table 2 summarizes the types of data that were available from each of the
fixed stations.  A mobile van monitored S02, NOX, NO, and 03 while moving
under the plume and also at stationary locations within the footprint area of
the plume on many days througnout the field program.  A helicopter flew
traverses through the plume during two 10-day periods also  measuring S02, NOX,
NO, and Og.  The helicopter monitoring periods occurred in  November 1976 and
July 1977?  The fixed-station meteorological data were supplemented by upper
air wind and temperature data obtained by the use of pilot  balloons with
attached T-sondes.  The National Weather Service surface and upper air analyses
were received at the plant by facsimile circuit.
                                      11

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                                SECTION 4

                          DATA PERIOD ANALYSIS
     In order to synthesize the data from the 16-month Clinch River field
study in a form which can be used to identify periods of interest for future
studies, the data were organized into cohesive periods based on observed
characteristics of the airflow.

DATA ORGANIZATION

     The data were organized through the compilation of 11 parameters on a
da'ly basis over the entire monitoring period at the Clinch River Steam Plant.
The following parameters were included in the data listing:

     1.   Predominant Airflow Influence—To determine airflow influence each day
was divided into two~T?-hour periods; daylight (0700 to 1800 local  standard
time) and nighttime (0100 to 0600 and 1900 to 2400 local standard time).
Then, all the hourly fixed station wind directions, with the exception of
Kents Ridge, were analyzed on a daily basis for both daylight and nighttime
by summing the number of wind directions in eight 45° sectors (i.e., 0°-45°,
45°-90°, etc.).  If the sector with the highest frequency consisted of more
than 41  percent of the total cases, then the winds for that 12-hour period were
designated as synoptically influenced; if less than 41 percent, the winds for
that period were designated as locally influenced.  The cutoff value of 41
percent was determined by noting that the mean percentage of observations  in
the prevailing wind direction sector over a sample group of days  was 41 percent.
Lacking any good guidelines, we decided that, if the frequency of the prevail-
ing wind octant exceeded this mean frequency, the wind direction  was relatively
consistent in time arid space and primarily synoptical ly influenced. This
classification scheme resulted in four possible categories for a  day:

         1.  Synoptic daylight and night (S)

         2.  Local daylight and night  (L)

         3.  Synoptic daylight, local night  (SL)

         4.  Local daylight, synoptic night  (LS).

     2.  Fixed Stations Exhibiting Significant Concentrations — For each day
the stations which had significant concentrations of S0~ and NO  were
listed.    The cutoffs for significant concentrations at each station were
determined by assigning a significant concentration to the Tower  site and using
a log-linear decrease with distance from the plant to assign values to other


                                     13

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sites.  The following relationships were used to determine significant concen-
trations of S09 and NO :
              C-       A



     	n^ T*  x 60 ppb = Significant SO,, Concentration at Station X.
       ln(Dx)


       ln(DT)
               x 100 ppb = Significant NO  Concentration at Station X,
       ln(Dx)                            X

       where Dj is the distance from the plant to Tower, and

             DX is the-distance from the plant to Station X

             NOX  is total of N02 and NO concentrations,,
This resulted in the following cutoffs of significant concentrations for each
fixed station:


                     Station            SO^ ppb        NO,, ppb
Tower
Castlewood
Hockey
Munsey
Lambert
Johnson
Kents
Nashs
Diurnal Variation in Vertical
60
35
41
50
36
41
22
31
Temperature
100
58
68
83
--
—
37
52
Difference
of vertical temperature differences measured over the interval 0.5 m to 30 m at
the Tower site were categorized as small (range less than 2.0°c), medium (range
from 2.0°C to 3.2°C) or large (range greater than 3.2CC).  The categories were
established by examining the distribution of the daily ranges over a portion of
the data set.  The categories were selected so that each contains about one-third
of the days


                                     14

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     4.  Ambient Temperature Range - The minimum and maximum temperature
at Hockey observed for each day was listed.  The Hockey site was chosen
because it is the closest fixed station to the majority of the plume heights.

     5.  Total Precipitation - The total amount of precipitation in inches
that fell  during each day was provided.

     6.  Range of UV Eradiation Peaks - The daily maximum UV radiation
measurements in mW/cm  was presented for each day.

     7.  Hind Speed and Direction - The 1200 GMT, 850 mb facsimile maps were
examined for wind speeds and directions for southwest Virginia.  The speeds and
directions were tabulated for each day.

     8.  Percent of Hours:  Unstable, Neutral, Stable - The number of hours
for each stability class was calculated for each day.  The method utilized in
determining stability is discussed in Section 10.0.  The method is based
on the use of the Bulk Richardson Number computed from Tower data.

     9.  Prevailing Circulation - Each day was assigned to one of seven
categories as follows:  strong cyclonic, weak cyclonic, cyclonic, strong
anticyc Ionic, weak anticycIonic, anticycionic, or mixed, based on examination
of the 1200 GMT, 850 mb facsimile maps.

    10.  Prevailing Surface Wind Direction - The 45° sectors of wind directions
which occurred most frequently among the hourly fixed-station observations were
noted for each day.

    11.  Plume Height Distribution - The number of estimated hourly plume heights
falling into four height ranges was tabulated each day for each stack.  The
plume height estimates were made using vertical profiles of temperature and wind
speed.  The method is discussed in Section 7.0.

     Groups of days were then assigned into data periods designated as being
predominantly synoptic or local based on the predominant airflow influence.
For example, if the situation in Table 3 had occurred, the first 5 days would
be classified as a synoptic period, and the last 3 days would be a local
period.
                                     15

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                 TABLE 3.  EXAMPLE CLASSIFICATION OF DATA PERIODS
                  Day                            Classification
March 20, 1977
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
SL
L
S
S
S


Snoptic


L )
LS > Local
SL j

     Table 4 presents the 11 parameters for each of 31 data periods from November
22, 1976 through the end of the field study observed to have a relatively large
amount of significant SO^ and NO  concentrations at the fixed monitoring
stations.  This table was derivea from the complete compilation of data in which
the same parameters were tablulated on a daily basis by considering only those
periods in which significant SO^ or NO  concentrations occurred at more than
one station for at least three-fourths of the days during the period or signifi-
cant SO/, or NO  occurred at four or more stations on at least 2 days during
the period.  Tfte table begins on November 22, 1976 since pollutant instrument
calibration problems existed prior to this date.

     The number of hours in each data period which each station recorded sig-
nificant SCL concentrations are presented in Table 4.   In the table each
fixed station is represented by the first letter appearing in its name (i.e.,
C-Castlewood, T-Tower, etc.) followed by the number of significant concentra-
tion hours.  The two plume height distribution columns of Table 4 apply to
Stack 1 and Stack 2, respectively.  The first number in both columns is the
percentage of estimated hourly plume heights less than 250 m above plant base,
the second number is the percentage between 250 m and 400 m, the third is
the percent between 400 m and 600 m, and the fourth is the percent greater
than 600 m.  For the other parameters the values given in Table 4 are either
maxima and minima of the parameter or the prevailing condition during the
period.

RESULTS

     By examining Table 4, several distinctions between synoptic and local
periods become apparent.  For instance, local periods generally had slightly
lower plume heights; for Stack 1 the mean percent of plume heights lower than
250 m above plant base was 43.2 percent for synoptic periods compared to 50.5
percent for local periods.  However, this difference is not statistically sig-
nificant at the 95 percent confidence level.  Local and synoptic periods also
differed in the frequency distribution of the stability classes as evidenced
                                    16

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by Table 5.  The more frequent incidence of stable conditions for local periods
may have been a contributing factor to the lower plume heights calculated
during these periods.  Table 5 also shows there was a substantial difference in
the frequency of neutral conditions between local  and synoptic periods.  This
difference is significant at the 95 percent confidence level.  The greater
frequency of occurrence of neutral stability during synoptic periods may be
attributed to greater wind speeds and the resulting enhancement of vertical
mixing.


    TABLE 5.  PERCENTAGE OF STABILITY CLASSES FOR LOCAL AND SYNOPTIC PERIODS
      (BASED ON THE 31 PERIODS WITH SIGNIFICANT CONCENTRATIONS IN TABLE 4).


Local
Synoptic
Unstable
9.5%
7.5%
Neutral
13.8%
26.1%
Stable
75.8%
63.3%

     Table 6 shows the frequency distribution of prevailing surface wind direc-
tion sectors for synoptic and local periods.  Synoptic periods are predominantly
associated with a wind direction in the 225°-270° sector.  The most frequently
observed wind direction during local periods is more varied with both the
180°-225e and the 225°-270° sectors being common.  There is a secondary peak in
the 45°-90° sector.


       TABLE 6.  NUMBER OF LOCAL AND SYNOPTIC PERIODS FOR PREDOMINANT
             SURFACE WIND DIRECTIONS (BASED ON PERIODS IN TABLE 4)
                                               Number of Cases
        Wind Direction Sector	Local	Synoptic
0°
45°
90°
135°
180°
225°
270°
315°
- 45°
- 90°
- 135°
- 180°
- 225°
- 270°
- 315°
- 360°
0
5
0
0
8
8
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
12
4
1
                                     22

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     A striking difference between synoptic and local  periods is illus-
trdted in Table 4 for periods between December 18, 1976 and January 2,  1977.
The two local periods during that time had lower plume heights and markedly
less incidence of neutral stability compared to the two synoptic periods.

     A noteworthy period among the periods with the highest frequency of
significant concentrations was the 2-day synoptic period of February 9-10,
19/7.  During this period, all the fixed stations with the exception of
Lambert, had at least 1  hour of a significant SO- concentration.  An
examination of the calculated plume height distribution for this period
revaals that all the plume heights for Stack 1 were less than 400 m and all
;:ha plume heights for Stack 2 were less than 250 m above plant base.  A
contributing factor to the lower plume heights and hence the large concen-
trations may have been the large incidence of stable conditions (79 percent
of the hours were stable) for this period.  The predominant surface wind
direction for this period was 225°-270°.  Six of the eight fixed stations
are downwind when winds  are within this sector or within 20° of this sector.

CONCLUSIONS

     It was possible to  divide the monitoring data into data periods in which
the airflow was locally or synoptically dominated based on the observed char-
acteristics of the winds within the monitoring network.  This delineation
of the data allowed the  identification of periods of significant plume impact
on the fixed-station network.  Differences in frequencies of wind direction
sectors, stability classes and plume heights were noted between the synoptic-
flow and local-flow periods.
                                     23

-------
                                 SECTION 5

                 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PLANT EMISSIONS
              AND MEASURED AMBIENT POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
     General trends and patterns in pollutant data usually are apparent in
joint frequency distributions of concentration and other physical parameters.
Such analyses have been performed with the hourly concentration data from
each of the eight fixed stations and with the plant emission data.  In addi-
tion, the dates and times of the highest S02 and NO  concentrations have
been produced for each station.  Mean pollutant concentrations for the entire
monitoring period were also computed.  A review of these statistics has guided
subsequent analysis of the data.


PLANT EMISSIONS DATA

     For each generating unit the following joint frequency distributions were
produced:


     •    Generator load versus hour

     •    Exhaust gas temperature versus hour

     •    Exhaust flow rate versus hour

     •    Estimated SO^ emission rate versus hour

     •    Estimated NO emission rate versus hour.
 In addition, for Unit #3, frequency distributions of measured SO- emission
 rate versus hour and measured NO emission rate versus hour were generated.

     To typify the Clinch River plant operating conditions, the most frequent
 categories of generator  load, exhaust gas temperature, exhaust flow rate,
 estimated SOp emission rate, and estimated NO emission rate were  identified.
 These ranges appear in Table 7.  The most frequently measured S02 emission
 rates for Unit #3 (Stack 2) were found to be between 250 and 300 g/sec;* the
*  The measured SO- and NO stack concentration distributions were compiled
   in 50 g/sec increments and 25 g/sec increments, respectively.

                                     24

-------
most frequently measured NO emission rate was between 200 ana 225 g/sec.  The
estimated pollutant emission rates for all three units were computed in Phase
II of the study using linear regression formulas derived from the available
measured emission rates for Unit #3 and the generator load and sulfur content
data provided by the power company.  The estimates are useful for periods when
the stack monitors were not available or not working.  For other periods use-
ful emission estimates can be computed by using the ratio of measured
emission to load for Unit #3 to scale the emissions for the other units to
the measured loads.
                TABLE 7.  MOST FREQUENT RANGES OF PLANT PARAMETERS

Exhaust
Temperature
Unit # (°K)
1 280-390
2 390-400
3 380-390
Exhaust
Airf lovs
(n3/sec)
32C-340
360-380
320-340
Generator
Load
(MW)
200-225
225-250
225-250
Estimated
SGp Emission
(g/sec)
300-325
275-300
275-300
Estimated
NO Emission
(g/sec)
200-225
200-225
200-225

     Table 8 shows the typical diurnal variation of generator  loads for each
unit. The pattern indicates a rather abrupt increase  in  load for Unit #1
between 7 a.m. and 8 a.m. and for Unit #2 between 6 a.m. and 7  a.m.  A more
gradual early morning increase is noted for Unit #3.  Most frequently, the
generator load is 200-225 MW from 8 a.m. through 11 p.m. for Unit #1 arid
225-250 Mkf for Units #2 and #3.  Another abrupt change  in  load  frequently
occurs between midnight and 1 a.m. for Units #1 and #3,  when the loads typi-
cally drop from 200-225 MW to 125-150 Mw.  The same drop in load occurs from
11 p.m. to 1 a.m. for Unit #2.

     Table 7 shows that the most frequent SOp emission  rates are 300-325 g/sec
for Unit #1 and 275-300 q/sec for each of Units #2 and  ?3.  Emission rates for
SOp as high as 525-550 g/sec were estimated for Units #1 and $3, while three
cases of SO/, emissions in the 550-575 q/sec range were  estimated for Unit
#2. The majority of the very high SOp emission rates  occurred  in the afternoon
when typically dispersion conditions are best.  The highest estimated NO
emission rates were 300-325 g/sec for Unit #3 and 275-300  g/sec for Units #1
and #2. Similar to SOp, generally the highest NO emission  rates occurred in
the afternoon.

     Exhaust air flow rates and exhaust temperatures  were  generally well cor-
related with the trends in generator load conditions, as peak flow rates and
exhaust temperatures generally occurred in the afternoon.  A few cases of flow
rates as high as 420 m /sec and temperatures as high  as  450° i<  were noted.
                                      25

-------
TABLE 8.  MOST FREQUENT RANGES OF GENERATOR LOAD BY TIME OF DAY

Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Unit 1
Load (MW)
125-150
125-150
125-150
125-150
125-150
125-150
125-150
200-225
225-250
225-250
225-250
200-225
200-225
200-225
200-225
200-225
225-250
200-225
200-225
200-225
200-225
200-225
200-225
200-225
Unit 2
Load (MW)
125-150
150-175
150-175
125-150
150-175
-150-175
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
200-225
150-175
Unit 3
Load (MW)
125-150
125-150
125-150
125-150
125-150
125-150
150-175
200-225
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
225-250
200-225
225-250
200-225
200-225
200-225
200-225
                                 26

-------
AMBIENT POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS AT FIXED STATIONS

     Ambient SO^ concentrations at the monitoring stations never exceeded
the secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 500 ppo averaged over
3 hours, the primary standard of 140 ppb averaged over 24 hours, or the annual
standard of 30 ppb.  The low sulfur coal (generally less than 1 percent sulfur)
burned by the plant was probably a major reason why higher values were not
observed.

        Mean pollutant concentration measurements were computed over the
period for which there is properly calibrated data (i.e., after Julian Day 286
of 1976 for S0? and after Julian Day 324 of 1976 for NO , N02, and NO).
The means appear in Table 9.  The closest station (Tower") recorded the highest
mecn S0? and NO  concentrations while the most distant stations (:
-------
     Much greater confidence can be placed in individual high pollutant
readings.  Tables 10 and 11 contain a tabulation of the 10 highest hourly
average S0~ and NO  concentrations at each of the eight fixed stations.
A particularly interesting feature of the high SO- concentrations is the
fact that at four stations (Tower, Nashs, Castle and Lambert) most of the
high values occurred in the late morning.  For example, all of the 10 high-
est SO- concentrations at Castle occurred between 9 a.m. and noon.  Munsey,
along with the ridge-top stations (Hockey, Johnson, and Kents) do not show
this phenomenon.  It is hypothesized that fumigation of the plume, as early
morning inversions were being eroded from the surface, is the cause of these
results.  Investigation of this hypothesis is fully described in Section 8.
This pattern is less evident with NO ,  although Nashs and Castle each
showed 7 cases of the 10 highest NO Concentrations between 10 a.m. and
noon.  All 10 of the highest concentrations at Hockey occurred between 3 a.m.
and 11 a.m., and all 10 highest NO  values at Munsey occurred between 6 a.m.
and 11 a.m.

     Tables 12 through 19 present the frequency distributions of measured
hourly average SO- concentrations at the eight fixed stations stratified
by hour of the day.  Figures 3 through  10 show the mean S02 concentrations
for each hour of the day for each of the eight stations.  Tower, Castlewood,
Munsey, and Nashs have distinct peaks in the late morning; the maximum aver-
age concentration is reached at 1100 EST at these stations.  Less pronounced
maxima are also noted for Lambert and Kents for 1100 EST.  These results also
support the hypothesis of prolonged fumigation incidents in the late morning
hours as a major cause for elevated SO- levels in the vicinity of the Clinch
River Plant.  With the exception of Kents, which is the most distant station,
all six stations mentioned above are non-ridgetop stations.  The ridgetop
stations, Hockey and Johnson, show substantially different diurnal patterns than
the other six stations.  Johnson's average concentration is the highest during
the hours 0100-0900 EST; a distinct minimum is reached by late afternoon.  At
Hockey two distinct peaks are evident,  one occurring at 0300-0400 EST and the
second occurring from 0900-1000 EST.  The high nighttime concentrations at
these two ridgetop stations are probably caused by stable plumes from the
power plant passing near ridgetop level.  The 0900-1000 maximum at Hockey
may be related to the fumigation phenomenon at the six lower-level stations.

     Listed below are the percent frequencies of occurrence of SO- concen-
trations less than 10 ppb:

                         Tower          75.5%
                         Munsey         89.2%
                         Castle         84.2%
                         Nashs          93.9%
                         Hockey         85.0%
                         Lambert        92.0%
                         Johnson        74.1%
                         Kents          95.7%
                                    28

-------
TABLE id.  TEN HIGHEST HOURLY  iVERAGE SO  CON CENTRA TICNS OBSERVED AT EACH MONITORING SITE




Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10

SO,
Cone.
(?Pb)
344
317
308
274
263
261
260
259
252
251
Tower


Date
7/25/77
"/2S/77
11/25/76
7/18/77
7/25,77
12/25/76
3/14/77
7/6/77
8/7/77
3/1/77



Hour
12
13
10
10
11
2
11
3
10
12

SO
Cone.
(PPb)
318
219
215
190
ISO
152
150
148
146
138
Hockey


Date
6/30/77
12/14/76
7/4/77
10/23/76
12/21/76
10/12/76
12/22/76
7/5/77
2/2/77
11/4/76



Hour
5
9
3
3
24
9
2
3
3
9

SO,
Cone.
(PPb)
200
ISO
134
12-
35
30
~5
71
66
61
Kent


Date
2/22/77
10/23/76
2/22/77
12/10/76
12.' 10/ 76
12/19/76
12/19/76
12/10/76
12/19/75
12/25/76



Hour
13
3
12
9
0
6
7
-
5
6

50 ,
Cone.
(PP'o)
105
••7
76
75
71
70
67
66
66
63
Nash


Date
1/23/77
6/7/77
5 / 17/~*7
11/2/76
2/10/77
2/10/77
1/28/77
6/5/77
11/26/77
6/1/77



Hour
14
12
10
11
13
12
11
11
11
3





Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10

so.
Cone.
C?pb)
268
260
241
21S
197
172
149
141
137
135
Castle


Date
11/2/76
2/8/77
10/29/76
2/3/77
3/21/77
2/8/77
10/29/76
2/11/77
3/21/77
2/11/77



Hour
9
11
11
10
11
12
9
10
12
12

SO
Cone.
(PPb)
182
178
167
135
125
119
119
ill
99
99
Munsey


Date
7/5/77
7/5/77
2/2/77
3/15/77
2/18/77
12/22/76
2/18/77
5/16/77
2/16/77
2/16/77



Hour
3
9
3
15
16
2
15
10
i i
13

SO
Cone.
(PP°)
246
199
197
151
136
131
127
124
110
199
jonnson


Date
3/1/77
5/10/77
5/11/77
A/2/77
5/15/77
3/1/77
1/11/77
1/11/77
3/2/77
1, 11/77



Hour
24
23
3
;
11
23
6
5
3
7

sc
Cone.
(PPb)
77
71
70
63
67
57
43
i4
42
33
Lambert


Date
5/ 16/77
4/19/-7
2/11/7-
1/23/7-
2/16/77
1 ' 23/ 77
2/ 11/77
2/-1, 77
12/23/75
12/1S/76



Hour
1!
11
12
12
10
.2
11
1 3
17
19
                                               29

-------
TEN HIGHEST HOURLY AVERAGE
         AT EACH MONITORING SITE
,0x CONCENTRATIONS OBSERVED



Rar,<
1
7
3
4
D
0
/
3
9
10



Rank.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

NO
Cone.
(opo,
619
549
432
467
457
443
430
420
414
397

NO
Cone.
(ppb)
334
601
553
262
235
229
223
226
211
207
Tower


Date
1/28/ 77
12/30/75
3/15/77
12/30/75
7/7/77
1/26,77
1/23/77
12/23/76
12/30/75
12/23/75
Nasns


Date
8/10/77
6/7/77
8/10/77
2/10/77
7/8/77
2/10/77
7/12/77
2/H/77
6/7/77
5/6/77



-our
1C
'n
] ~
zc
3
f.0
:3
1C
10
^



Hour
16
12
15
12
10
1 1
1C
12
13
10

NO
Cone*
jpC 1
563
399
329
255
219
205
i /U
164
146
130

NO
Cone.
(pob)
316
589
464
435
410
394
375
365
350
290
hockey


ja'.e
5/30/ 77
7; Si 71
8/15/77
6/30/77
7/5/77
7/2/77
4/20/77
3/21/77
5/14/77
7/20/77
Castle


Jat9
2/15/77
2/8/77
2/8/77
2/11/77
2/11/77
2/11/77
2/3/77
2/11/77
2/10/77
2/1 177



-our
0
3
9
d
3
5
d
"j i
i V
•5
J



Hour
15
11
10
9
10
i i
12
12
10
a

NO
X
Lone.
i DDD /
353
103
101
92
89
o3
30
79
79
73

NO
Cone'.
tPP°)
419
408
297
230
275
252
206
186
173
170
,
-------
TABLE 12.   FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF  S0?  VS.  HOUR  FROM  762R6  to  77773, TOWER SITE



(ROW 8, COLUMN HIADINGS ARE HIGH ENDS  OF  INTERVALS)

5.0
1.0 J11
? . fl 7(0
H '•" "'
0 4.!' 717
R "•'' ?
  • » 1 H . (I 714 1 i . '1 ? in 711.0 771 71... M5 7,1.0 711 7 1 . 11 711 71.') 7 4 II pnTM.s 40^0 ?« KOJ VM, 1 0 . 1) 77 76 }(> 14 27 7.6 31 7» 71 1? 15 10 14 37 1? 15 16 17 7» <6 71 7. 741 IH S 1,1 SOE (rg/ 15.0 70.0 6 » 1 9 1 1 11 11 4 14 17 17 HI ^ I ? 15 10 If, 11 16 16 16 16 13 n 33 1 J 16 11 M 15 II IJ 17 11 0 1 6 17 11 14 17 ^ 1 5 1 1 t 1 4 » 715 115 • R1 THAN 0 . m') 7-i.O 4 11 4 5 o 17 0 6 17 6 1 15 17 7 1 1 10 1 1 7 6 4 1 175 .000 10.0 40.0 50.0 776 741 n 4 6 547 1 « 7 1 7 5 1 11 ft 11 11 16 10 11 « it 30 (1 in 71 1 6 16 11 4 16 14 16 17 It 10 15 » 755 441 754 6 7 1 754 751 H 5 4 171 717 155 0 Rfl7 V 60. O 7 0 7 0 4 6 11 U 14 1 3 10 14 1 7 6 1 0 1 1 7 1 1 17 M.lirl 10.0 1 t 7 4 1 4 a 11 ID 10 16 10 tfl • 4 1 ' 1 1 1 7 147 1 MTU 100. n 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 7 n 14 H 10 » 10 4 1 1 1 0 7 7 1 n »1 < TH»M 150.0 7.00.0 1 0 7 1 1 0 1 0 7 1 1 0 7 0 11 7 10 1 1 * 7 1 n 7 7 3 5 I 5 0 3 0 4 0 1 1 7 t 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 t 16 15 600.0 100.0 500.0 0 0 1 0 o 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 o o 0 0 4 1 r, n i 1 t 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 TOIM.R 11 3 719 1 t 1 317 101 inn 107 3 Of) 305 30)1 305 310 110 306 317 317 316 316 116 316 114 114 314 31 3 31

  • -------
               TABLE 13.   FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION  OF S0? VS.  HOUR FROM  76286 TO 77273, MUNSEY  SITE
    
               (ROW & COLUMN  HEADINGS  ARE HIGH ENDS OF INTERVALS)
    
    
                             S02 (ug/m3)
    
                  S.O   10.0  1S.O  70.0  75.n  10.0  40.0  50.n  lln.O  dO.O 100.0  ISO.O 700.0  100.0 500.0 TOT»I,B
    
         1.0     79ft    17
    
         7.0     7»B    71
    
    ^|    J.n     7 B «;    71
    
    0    4.0     ?BS    7"
    u
    R    s-°     "«    '*
         *.0     7B5    7S
    
         7.0     7H7    70
    
         »,0     771    77
    
         1.0     ?Sf>    70
    
        lll.O     711    71
    
        1 t .0     7)1    31
    
        17.0     7 <1    41
    
        H. 0     717    SO
    
        14.0     744    SO
    
        15.0     7S1    40
    
        1H.O     7S4    SO
    
        17.0     7l.fi    41
    
        1».0     771    10
    
        11.0     7»f,    17
    
        20.0     7»)    11
    
        71.1     JOfl    7S
    
        77.0     ?«f,    74
    
        71.1     371    10
    
        71.1     >
    -------
    TABLE 14.  FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF S0? VS. HOUR FROM 76286 TO //?7.i, CASTI E SITE
    
    
    
    (ROW & COLUMN HEADINGS ARE HIGH ENDS OF INTERVALS)
    
    S . 0
    1.1 145
    7.1 143
    H '•" ""
    0 4.0 1 4ft
    u
    n S.O 111
    ft . 0 140
    7. ft 113
    S.1 177
    i . n to?
    10.0 'J t
    1 1 .0 04
    17.0 fi R
    13.1 'M
    14.0 |r>4
    1 S . r) 110
    1ft. n iis
    17.0 1 75
    1 n.o 117
    11.0 IIS
    ?0 . 0 |40
    71.0 140
    77.0 11"
    73. H 117
    74.0 145
    
    lo.o
    IS
    1 7
    27
    17
    
    tft
    17
    71
    74
    71
    7»
    11
    IS
    14
    1 1
    1 ft
    11
    IS
    Ift
    71
    I*
    IR
    70
    11
    1 4
    rtlTHI.S 31Hh 47ft
    it nit? vault s i,
    S02 (ng/m3)
    15.0 ?0.0 75.0
    1 1 4
    1 3 4
    777
    ^ s 1
    
    17 1 7
    It 4 3
    1037
    11 4 3
    11 1 *
    17 1 7
    14 1? IS
    IS 10 1
    1? 10 IS
    15 1 J 7
    17 S 7
    10 fl ft
    1 4 4
    441
    ft 4 7
    ft 7. 7
    417
    ft 3 4
    ft 1 '
    71? 1 )•> 1 in
    FSS THAN It. OOO
    
    30.0 40.0
    1 7
    1 t
    0 t
    0 1
    
    1 0
    1 0
    1 0
    t 0
    t 1
    ft 3
    .1 1
    10 1
    ft 5
    1 ?
    S 1
    1 4
    1 t
    0 1
    0 0
    0 0
    1 0
    o 1
    \ 0
    SS 4ft
    0
    
    50.0 60.0
    0 0
    1 0
    0 0
    0 0
    
    0 0
    0 0
    i o
    1 0
    0 1
    1 0
    * s
    S 0
    3 5
    2 S
    1 0
    6 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 1
    1 0
    0 0
    1 0
    75 14
    
    00.0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    0
    n
    0
    J
    1
    1
    t
    0
    t
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    n
    
    100.0 150.0 700.0
    ooo
    000
    000
    ooo
    
    000
    000
    o o.o
    ,o o o
    030
    5 J 0
    0 ? 1
    } 7 1
    2 ' 0 0
    600
    ft 0 0
    ooo
    000
    1 0 0
    0 1 0
    000
    000
    000
    000
    000
    S It 7
    
    300.0 500.0
    o o
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    
    o o
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    1 0
    1 0
    5 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 I)
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0 0
    0
    4 0
    
    TOT«I
    17S
    I7J
    i n
    177
    
    in
    171
    171
    17o
    U7
    mft
    Ifi7
    IKK
    167
    164
    1 ft 4
    1 rm
    1(7
    U9
    IKK
    Id
    tfifl
    161
    161
    IF.Q
    1 71
    
                                       33
    

    -------
                  TABLE  15.   FREQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION  OF S0? VS.  HOUR FROM  762R6 TO  77273. NASHS  SITF
    
                  (ROW & COLUMN HEADINGS ARE HIGH  ENDS OF INTERVALS)
    
    
    1 k ft
    3.0
    1.0
    4.0
    s.O
    (,.0
    7.0
    fl.O
    O.I)
    10.0
    1 I.O
    17.0
    1 I.O
    14.0
    IS. II
    d . <1
    1 I.O
    1 fi . 0
    10.1)
    70.0
    71.0
    77.0
    71. T
    74.0
    mTM.I
    
    •>.o
    764
    7M
    7*7
    ?M
    760
    7">S
    3*1
    7SS
    741
    371
    III
    1'IB
    700
    371
    711
    7)7
    Tin
    7S7
    7SB
    764
    7**
    7*5
    7*1;
    7<,s
    SO IB
    
    10.0
    17
    11
    17
    14
    11
    34
    14
    44
    1*
    43
    47
    4S
    47
    41
    4n
    44
    10
    10
    in
    11
    i*
    17
    17
    H
    01 1
    SO
    11.0
    7
    1
    4
    1
    7
    •5
    1
    '
    »
    13
    17
    17
    R
    in
    7
    in
    i
    4
    4
    1
    7
    1
    7
    1
    17"
    2 \ v9/
    70.0
    7
    1
    7
    1
    4
    1
    0
    1
    3
    7
    t?
    II
    1!
    •s
    7
    *
    f
    6
    4
    7
    1
    1
    •
    7
    10S
    'm )
    71.'
    7
    1
    7
    n
    0
    7
    1
    1
    1
    f,
    in
    1
    7
    S
    0
    s
    7
    n
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    0
    1
    o
    1
    ss
                                                 n      I     1     o     o     n     o     a     a     i>
    
                                                 looionoooo
    
    H     I.O     7*7     17     47700010     R6000
    
    ^     4.8     ?M     14     1     |      n     I      1     0     I     0     fl     0     0     0     0104
    u
    p     S.O     760     11     740001     10     00000   101
    
                                                 oi     oioonnon   107
    
                                                 i      1     I     I     o     o     n     o     o     o   lol
    
                                                 oool     I     D     oooo   107
    
                                                 i      l     1     o     o     o     n     n     o     OS9<>
    
                                                 1      1     7     I     7     '1     (I     5     n     03 04
    
                                                 B»?2<10000   30}
    
                                                 ^nujjlBood   loo
    
                                                 7(117110000   107.
    
                                                 3      f,     O'l     0     0     I     0     0     0   100
    
                                                 74170(101100   105
    
                                                 0410000000   lot
    
                                                 ol     oooonooo   los
    
                                                 7700000000   10$
    
                                                 ol     oooonooo   loft
    
                                                 01     10000000   10S
    
                                                 onioooonoo   loft
    
                                                 1      1     1     0     0     0     0     0     0     0107
    
                                                 0710000000   10*
    
                                                 '>      1     1     n     o     o     o     n     o     oiofi
    
                                                1*     SS     11    IB    |l     1     1     0     O     0
    
             1  51)7  VAt.HF.S  I,FSS THAN   O.Onn            0  Sri7   VRI.IfP'; r,RRT,FR THUN  ">00.0
                                                        34
    

    -------
    TABLE 16.   FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION  or  S02  VS.  HOUR  FROM  7G2K6  TO  7/2/3, HOCKFY SHE
    
    
    
    (ROW & COLUMN HEADINGS ARE  HIGH  ENDS  OF  INTERVALS)
                      (ug/m3)
    1,0 7.M Ml 1 » <,
    ? , i ? ; 1 M* ) R ft
    i . '» ? 1 ; *"i 1 1 Q
    i , t> y t i »• "i 11 r-
    •j , (1 ? 1 -s M> 17 17
    
    M. J 7 ! S 57 1 *> in
    i ti. f> ;>M in 1 7 in
    11.0. 717 11 1 <) 0
    ,,.r, „, ,0 ?l 7
    ,,S -* 70 M
    ll.l) >'i I 17 Is- M
    1  '• 1 'M 1 < '.
    70.0 7 < P 1 ' 11 11
    71.0 71" 41 77 1 *
    77.1 ) \1 '1 17 ! 1
    ,,.„
    71.3 > i * si ;i 7
    1 f) ^ 1 1 •; n
    A S 1 1 1 7 1
    •. I ) 7 1 7 7 1
    1 H 1 f. 7 1 0
    1 7 7 1 3 1 1
    
    7377071
    oil ) 1 4 4 J
    17 ^ 7 J 1 1 1
    •; 1 1 t, 4 7 o 1
    ft 4 P 1001
    1 r, , 1 | f. .1
    7 7 7 1 n 1 0
    4 1 7 1 1 0 fl
    i i i > o o n
    f, i l 7 l 1 n
    5111111
    ',111100
    ? T S 7 0 ft 0
    ..114701
    ''',-,1771
    1 "
    1 r'
    1 1
    1 o
    1 o
    o n
    n o
    1 n
    1 ]
    7 0
    1 0
    o n
    0 0
    0 0
    n o
    0 1
    o r*
    n f>
    n 'i
    n o
    n o
    n n
    r» i
    i i
    t) o iin
    n n Ml
    1 fl 179
    o n 1 70
    n l 17ft
    n n 177
    n o 177
    0 n 176
    t 0 1 J 1
    o n 175
    o n 174
    0 0 17fi
    r> f> 174
    n o 1 7 1
    i 0 17*
    0 n 1 7 *>
    0 f> 1 ? R
    n 0 1 J *»
    U o 179
    o n 121
    n n l in
    f) n fin
    o 0 Mt
    n n 111
                                       35
    

    -------
    TARLE 17.  FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF S0?  VS.  HOUR  FROM 7f,7Bf, TO //?/!, LAMBERT SITE
    
    
    
    (ROW & COLUMN HEADINGS ARF HIGH ENDS Of  INTFPVAIS)
    
    
    1
    2
    H 3
    n
    U 4
    u
    R 5
    -
    r
    «
    9
    10
    It
    12
    1 J
    14
    IS
    f-
    1 1
    l»
    1 1
    20
    21
    23
    71
    74
    rnrA
    
    
    s.o
    .0 !°2
    .0 1 "1
    .0 !•>/
    
    ,n fi
    
    .0 f»J
    .0 |05
    .0 1 «&
    .0 !»>.
    .0 l»7
    .0 lf.9
    .1) IS1
    .0 1M
    .0 165
    .0 i ;s
    .0 |R*
    .0 117
    .0 1 1 R
    .0 ?l>1
    .n 70 1)
    .0 111
    .0 1 tj
    .0 112
    .0 I OR
    .0 rn
    I/S 4SO|
    0 Sit 7 YAI,
    
    1 1).
    1 1
    R
    12
    
    in
    
    12
    1
    1 t
    1 1
    IS
    IS
    1 7
    11
    in
    10
    t 3
    S
    1?
    7
    «
    q
    R
    17
    \f,
    1 1
    717
    IH-,
    so2
    n ts.o
    q
    •>
    •s
    
    4
    
    4
    7
    4
    1
    7
    9
    1 1
    J
    1 1
    12
    4
    1 1
    4
    R
    S
    4
    7
    10
    1 7
    10
    t«.
    I.FSS IHUN
    ([iQ/ni )
    ?o .rt ?s.n in. 'i
    * ? o
    7 1 0
    1 0 t
    
    4 1 0
    
    7 * ?
    1 4 2
    S 1 0
    ft 7 1
    4 ? 1
    ri 7 1
    911
    in i i
    742
    T 1 7
    7 3 1
    f. 1 0
    S 1 (1
    * 7 n
    1 7 1
    « 1 7
    a 7 7
    04?
    710
    ? ; i
    tin MI ; t
    n .onn
    
    1 o . n s f i . n *o . n n n . n i o r) . o
    n o o o i'.
    o n n o o
    n n o f> (i
    
    n o n o o
    
    n  0 0 It ')
    \ n n o n
    1 o n f) o
    n n n n (i
    M *> i 'i n
    it --.'I f v ni Hi «; t.^pi-1- 11 rii«n
    
    1 so , n ?')(». <»
    ') n
    n o
    n (i
    
    0 1)
    
    f> I>
    O (1
    0 0
    0 0
    .1 0
    n o
    ft 0
    n r>
    f) 0
    n n
    (t ii
    n i)
    fl 0
    O ')
    (1 0
    (1 0
    n f)
    n o
    n (i
    „
    (i n
    M,».n
                                                                                     ) 1 R
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     71 0
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     j ;o
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     7IS
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     71 7
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     7IS
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     71 1
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     717
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     717
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     70D
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     710
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     710
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     7117
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     717
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     770
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     771
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     331
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     77?
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     37?
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     770
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     771
    
    
    
    
    
                                                                                     3 ? '
                                       36
    

    -------
            TABLE  18.   FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF  SO-,  VS.  HOUR FROM  76?86  TO 77273, JOHNSON  SITE
    
    
    
    
            (ROW & COLUMN HEADINGS  ARE HIGH ENDS  OF  INTERVALS)
     I . 0
    
    
    
    
     ?.f>     M 7     is     ?t     1*1     ^     <>     B      ?      i      ?
    
    
    
    
     ?.n     MS     7S     4-5     If.     f.     1     ft      1      n      ?     7      i      i      .1       . n 1 o . it t s . o ?n . n /s . o
    11? is 71 11 i
    Ml f? 11 1 7 9
    M9 7 t 11 7" 7
    1 17 7| «1 71 )
    Ml 7ft 11 11 ||
    |}« 7x 1; in ,1
    177 is n 1 1 it
    171 IP *H 70 7
    t?S 41 M 70 H
    1 16 41 77 17 9
    1^ H i7 9 4
    IS? S? 10 B 2
    I 71 11 |H in 7
    I77 11 7t 1 1
    1 7B 11 3h f, 1
    170 11 14 Q )
    J n . 0 1 (1 .
    (> P
    «. 1
    > 1
    J <
    ^ f-
    S
    1 1
    I 2
    7 •>
    7 9
    < 4
    7 t
    0 7
    < I
    ') 5
    7 7
                                                                             I
    
    
    
    
    I 0 . 0     171    4 f>     * H     7 (t      7     I      2      ?      (I      4     1
    
    
    
    
    11. f>     l?S    4^     M     70      4     7     S      1      1      7
    
    
    
    
    12. f>     Mb    4H     7?     17      9     7     1      7      o      7     '1     0     0      0      n   7 S 7
    
    
    
    
    M.o     t^*>    14     i7      Q      4     i     4      4      n      t     n     n     n      i      n?si
    
    
    
    
    11.D     I ft 7    s ?     i q      n      2     7     i      ?      n      i     o     n     n      n      ti   7 S I
    
    
    
    
    ts.n
    
    
    
    
                                                                       7     i     «     <*      o      n>S1
    
    
    
    
                                                                       1     ')     t>     n      .1      n   7Sfl
    
    
    
    
                                                                       (     (i     0     '»      n      O   ?SR
    
    
    
    
    |9.0     IMl    5J     1Q     t»      7     7     2      7      0      1     "     0     0      n      o   7 5 »
    
    
    
    
    ?O.D     ISf^    SI     73     M      S     ;     1      1      I      1     o     f!     i)      M      M   757
    
    
    
    
    ; 1 . f)     1S1    *"     M     M      9     7     1      *      n      1     o     tt     n      n      n   ;s*
    
    
    
    
    J^.l)     1 1 h    11     II     t«      1     »     S      1      I      'I     1     I'     11      '      n?sft
    
    
    
    
    ?j.o     MS    ^^     11     ;;      1     i      1      i      i      ;     t      t     i      o      "?s"»
       i     ISM   **17    ; 4 2    1*1 i    117    F>I    "'     s^     i?     *'J    ;i
    
    
    
    
        0 •>!)?  Vfll.t!* S  |,S ^S  THAW    0 . ntMi             (I  ','17   V Hl.'ll- ^ ?,«("(•« fltH 'J
                                                      37
    

    -------
    TABLE  19.   FREQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION OF  S0? VS. HOUR  FROM 70280 TO  77^73, KENTS  SI1F
    
    
    
    (ROW & COLUMN HEADINGS  ARE HIGH ENDS  OF  INTERVALS)
    
    
    1 .0
    7.0
    H '•"
    O. n
    " . "
    u
    ft s-"
    ft.O
    7.0
    1.0
    10.0
    11.0
    17.0
    1 1.0
    14.0
    1 S . 0
    1ft. 0
    17.0
    m.o
    11.0
    70.0
    71 .0
    77.0
    71.0
    74. 3
    rOTM.'
    
    s.n
    IOS
    1"1
    ini
    
    7 'If,
    >o
    771
    ?»1
    7R»
    711
    107
    101
    104
    101
    10,
    10B
    10,
    101
    >os
    7171
    S02 (ug/m
    IO.O IS.O 70.0
    127
    J 7 1
    777
    
    7 ft 1
    •ill
    10 IS 1
    in i 4
    17 1 ft
    Ift 7 1
    in 11 4
    71 7 7
    11 II 1
    11 t \
    10 7 1
    10 6 }
    17 4 7
    11 4 4
    951
    441
    0 4 S
    7 -S 1
    » •( 1
    741 110 ft'l
    3)
    7S .0 10.0
    1 0
    7 1
    7 1
    
    7 0
    1 0
    1 7
    1 1
    7 7
    7 0
    4 1
    4 1
    7 1
    0 1
    1 0
    7 0
    1 0
    0 1
    1 1
    7 1
    0 0
    7 0
    1 7
    1» 7(
    
    10, ,
    1
    1
    0
    1
    J
    1
    1
    7
    1
    1
    4
    1
    1
    7
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    1
    7
    1
    11
                                ici.o  *osn  so.o  $0.n  (tn.n  100.o t^o.o 700.0 ino.o soo.o TTTM.R
    
    
    
    
                                             t     n      n     o     o     o     o     017*;
    
    
    
    
                                             o     ?      n     o     o     D     o     o*;n
    
    
    
    
                                             10000(00   *?7
    
    
    
    
                                             1     7000000   1??
    
    
    
    
                                             ^     1      1     0     n     o     o     OUT
    
    
    
    
                                             n     n      ?     i     oooo   170
    
    
    
    
                                             7     ft      7     0     0     0     0     0^(5
    
    
    
    
                                             0     7      0     0     0     0     0     0130
    
    
    
    
                                             I     o      o     o     t     o     n     011%
    
    
    
    
                                             1     1      0     0     0     0     0     QMfi
    
    
    
    
                                             7     «      0     0     0     0     n     0«Mfi
    
    
    
    
                                             70001000   11*
    
    
    
    
                                             t     o      n     o     o     i     o     oii<*
    
    
    
    
                                             n     o      f*     n     o     o     o     0^17
    
    
    
    
                                             0     0      1     0     0     0     0     0^10
    
    
    
    
                                             o     o      n     i     r>     o     o     0*71
    
    
    
    
                                             oooooooo   *?•;
    
    
    
    
                                             i     o      o     o     o     o     o     n   <74
    
    
    
    
                                             l     o      o     n     o     o     o     n   174
    
    
    
    
                                             i     o      o     o     o     o     o     n   i?^
    
    
    
    
                                             I     n      n     o     o     n     o     n   i?s
    
    
    
    
                                             OOOOOOOO   174
    
    
    
                                             t     n      o     o     o     n     n     0174
    
    
    
    
                                             70000000   13S
    
    
    
    
                                            7714      S     I     ?     ?     0     0
    
    
    
    
                                         0  SH7  V M.UF ft t.HPG* R T"fl»l  *0f).0
                                          38
    

    -------
        20
        IS
         16
        14
    
    
    0~  10
           1   2    3   4   5    6   7   5   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16   17  18   19   20  21  22  23
                                                         Hour
    
                            Figure 3.  Diurnal variation ot  mean SO2 concentrations at Lambert.
    "    12
    f   10
            1   2    345   6
                                         39    10 11   12  13   14   15  16  17  IS   19  20
                                                          Hour
                                                                                              21  22   23   24
                             Figure 4.  Diurnal variation ot mean SO^ coucentr^tions at K.enti.
                                               39
    

    -------
        20
    
        13
        16
        14
        12
        10
         3
         6
         4
           1    2    3   45   6   7   3   9   10  11  12   13   14  L5   16   17  IS   19   20  21
                                                         Hour
    
                               Figure 5.  Diurnal variation of mean SO,, concentrations at Nashs.
                                                                                                 22  23  24
        20
        18
        16
    —  14
    j
    S  12
     (M
    8   10
                     345673
                                                 10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17   18  19   20  21
                                                          Hour
                                                                                                  22  23  24
                              Figure 6.  Diurnal variation of mean SO., concentrations at Hockey.
                                                  40
    

    -------
         20
    
         18 |—
         16  _
    3   12
     IN
    '^    10
    ~1
    2     S
    *i
          6
    
          4
                                                                                  J	I
            1   2   3   45    67   39   10  11  12   13   14  15  16  17   18   19 20   21  22  23  24
                                                           Hour
    
                               Figure 7.  Diurnal variation of mean SO,, concentrations at Johnson.
                    3    4   5   6   7   S   9   10   11   12  13   14  15  16  17  18   19  20  2!  22  23  24
                                Figure  S.  Diurnal variation of mean SO-> concentrations at Tower.
    

    -------
         20
    
         18
    
         16
    
    
    s   14
    
    —   12
    
    f   10
    
    I    8
    2
          6
    
          4
    
          2
                I   i   1.1   J    I    i    I    1    I    1    N    1    1   1    I    I    I    1    M    I    1
                2   3  4   5   6   7    3    9   10   11   12   13   14   IS  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24
                                                        Hour
    
                              Figure 9.  Diurnal variation of mean $®2 concentrations at Vtunsey.
         20
    
    
         18
    
    
         16
    
    
         14
    
    S   ,-5
    
    -I
    "oj   10
    O
    Wl
    
    
    
    S    6
    
    
          4
    
    
          2
    
    
          0
    1   I   1   1   1   1   1   I   i   1   1   i    1   1    i    1    1    J    I   i    i   S    II
    2345    6   7   8   9  10  11   12  13   14  IS   16   17   18   19   20  21  22  23  24
                                             Hour
                              Figure 10. Diurnal variation of mean SO^ concentrations at Castlewood.
    

    -------
    These results  Indicate that  during the vast majority of the time the power
    plr-nt plume was not  impacting  a particular station.  Both Johnson,  located
    5.76 km from the plant,  and  the closest station to the plant (Tower) recorded
    tht lowest frequency of  extremely low S0~ concentrations (less than  10 ppb).
    This indicates that either the power plant plume impacted these stations the
    most frecuently or other smaller sources also affected the stations.  The
    Moss No. 3 Coal Preparation  Plant which burns a small amount of low-sulfur
    coal is located 0.84 km  WNW  of the Tower station and may have a small impact
    on SC? concentrations at this  site.   However, no known sources of SO,-,
    existed in the immediate vicinity of the Johnson static1- .
    
         Frequency distributions of S00 concentrations versus various metec-
    roloqical parameters were produced6for the entire monitoring period  and also
    on an individual season  basis.   The relationships between the concentration
    data and the meteorological  conditions are discussed in Section 8.   Differences
    between seasons of the year  nave been no! ed in the distributions, however.  At
    five stations  (Johnson,  Kents,  Lambert, :',unsey and Sashs) the season with  the
    greaipst frequency of m'nn S07 concentre.Lions ('.reator than 1GC ,>pb; was
    wirr>.,r.  The Cctstlev.'ood  results showed the niohe^t fror.uerxv 1-1 sarir.n, while
    Tower ar,d hockey had tneir hpuhest frequency of '.iqb "C , concentrations in
    summer and fail.
    AMBIENT POLLUTION  CONCENTRATIONS - ^OL^! f VAf-'
    
         Trip mcni!*7.  oround  samplinq was conducted u--ina o vari equipped  to  measure
    SO,,, NO,, NO,  N00,  and  0^,  as  well as wind speed, direction, anc'
    temperature.   Dufina  the"earlv portion or t^> field ^tudy the vind directic^n  at the Hockey 30 r l.'.-vol.  Position' voro
    wine's shifted  durino  the day.   A total r,f r:66 hours -T.C' '<•'':'• ."i
    was performed  by the  v^n.   Of  this total, M'P Hours f',rc '> . 'I'in
    fo"med in the  stationery mod?  and ?J7 1"f.iir<, fn^i 37  ifMlr", ^rr
    the van in motion.
         T.ib'f  ?0  presents  i;he ;,ean i:clliit^nf c' frv.
    (fixed) samples,  all  the  mov PQ sa^'plps, JPC! fr'" a1! -iSi
    For each pciliitant  chese  ^eans are rppaff^ than any -f r
    co 'cer.^rdt ions  computed for the eioht fixed station?., "ir
    var, was located under tfie plunf more often t: an were on>
    The means  frr  the stationary samp lino arn qr^ater th^n
    sampling for both SO,, and NO  indicatir'n that the
    the plume  more  often  during ^he stationary samples
    samples or  that the ctat n, orsry same IPS w^^c -lore ri
    center 1 int .
                                         43
    

    -------
                               —«  "^ 3D ./I —t
    Q
    z;
    
    
    
    a
    H
    O
    u,
    
    
    O
    P
    
    PS
    
    2
    w
    u
    
    §
    
    
    h
    
    
    |
    
    -i
    
    
    2
     w
     ~i
     CQ
    -i
    
    t J
    
    
    2
                            44
    

    -------
         The number of significant S0? and NO  measurements also illus-
    trate 'che usefulness of the van in making plume measurements.  Taoles 21
    through 25 present frequency distributions for the five pollutants for the
    stationary sampling events.  Only 49.8% of the sarnnles had mean SO,, con-
    centrations less than approximately 20 ppb, whereas the aercentaqe^for the
    fixed station (Tower) with the least number of hourly average S00 concentra-
    tions less than 20 ppb was 83.5%.  Therefore, a power ulant plume can be
    detected at the ground considerably more often by a van than ny a fixed scat ion.
    
         The mobile van data were also analyzed through the i or struct i or f~or
    eacr, ooliutant of two-way tanles strati fyinc the stationary sample data by the
    following three methods:  (1) distance from the uloni versus elevation; (2)
    hour versus elevation; and (3) distance from the pl^nl; versus Direction fron
    the plant.  These tables, presented in Aopencrix /,, crive the- mean '.oncentrat ion
    ano' number of samples for each combination of distance and elovalion, hour and
    elevation, and distance and direction.  The category with the hiqnesl mean
    SO^ concentration was 0.0 to 0.5 km and 457-488 m MSL (1500-1600 feet MSL)
    (i.e., very close to the plant).  These concentrations may have resulted
    from downwash of the plume near the plant caused by a nearby upwind ridge.
    Seventy-five nercent of the fixed samples were taken from 3 km to 10 km
    from the plant.  The most frequent sampling location was the category 3 to
    5 km from the plant and 518-579 m MSL  (1700 to 1900 feet MSL).  Most of the
    sampling was performed between 0800 and 1800 local standard time.  At dis-
    tances greater than 5 km the direction classes 30° to 60° and 60° to 90°
    contained the highest mean SOp concentrations.  This result may be caused
    by the prevailing southwesterly flow over the region.
    
          The  van  data  are  also useful  in  examining the NO/NO  ratio  as  a
    function  of  distance  from  the plant.   Ground-level NO concentrations are  much
    higher than  N00  close  to the  plant,   in the  0.0 to 0.5 km distance ranoe  and
    457-483 m MSL (1500  to 1600  feet MSL)  category,  the  mean  NO  concentration was
    410  ppb while the  mean N02 concentration  was 73  ppb,  giving  a  mean  ratio
    of  5.6.   In  the  2  to  3 km  range  the mean  NO  to  N02 concentrations  give a  ratio
    of 0.8  in the 518-579  m MSL  (1700  to  1900 feet  MSL)  elevation  category, for
    which  there  are  44 measurements.   The NO  to  N02  ratio  seems  to be  leveled off
    at about  the  0.8 level  for the  remainder  of  the  travel distances,  suggesting
    that the  reaction  rate has greatly slowed down  or reached  some sort of equi-
    librium.   Table  26 presents  the  average ozone  concentrations  for each  of  9
    distance  ranges  and  the number  of  cases  in  each  range.   There  is  the  suggestion
    of  evidence  of ozone  depletion  in  the plume  at  the 1  to  2  km  and 2  to  3 km
    enhance  ranges  as  these ranges  show  lower  03  concentrations  tnan  both shorter
    ana  longer distances  from  the plant.
                                          I1.
    

    -------
    TABLE 21.   FREQUENCY  DISTRIUBTION OF SO   CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED  IN  VAN
                            WHILE IN STATIONARY  MODE
                                UNI is:  pfn
          C JM I'tUlKA I UHJ KftlJdK b
                                                h u U k. N C »
                    <-!23b.
    
    . 2 1
    .bfc
    . 4t
    ,0b
    . b4
    .24
    '.42
    .02
    .bl
    . 20
    . au
    .39
    . yb
    . bB
    . . 	 	 _r
      1
    1 /I
    4i!b
    i JW
    I4b
     93
     I.1 . J
    14.3
    ib.b
                                                                  7 .«
                                                                  4.U
                                                                  i .y
                                                                  U.H
                                                                  U.4
                                                                  0. 3
                                                                  U.b
                                                                  U.b
                                                                  0.3
                                                                  O.U
                                                                  U.U
                                                                  1. /
    TABLE  22.   FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF  NOX CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED  IN VAN
                            WHILE IN STATIONARY MODE
                                  UNUS:
            C J
    393
    430
    4b«
    
    . 1 3
    . 19
    .bl
    .H3
    . Ib
    .4b
    . 7H
    . Ill
    . 42
    . /4
    .Ue>
    . 3H
    . 10
    .02
    
    , 20
    b /
    , y4
    132
    , i fay
    , 20b
    , 244
    , 2« I
    , 11M
    , !'>()
    , 39 i
    , 430
    , 4 b H
    , bOb
    >bOb.
    . i y
    . 3 1
    .H3
    .Ib
    .4b
    . /B
    . 1 0
    . 42
    . / 't
    . Ob
    . *H
    . 10
    . 02
    .34
    34
                                                     0
                                                   44y
                                                   3fa9
                                                   123
                                                    12
                                                     M
                                                     U
                                                     0
                                                    1 1
                                        46
    

    -------
    ;ABLE 23.   FREQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION OF NO? CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN VAN
                            WHILE IN STATIONARY MODE
                 > 1 H A I I UN H
                                  UNJUS:
                                                r K t, 'J u t, iv
                                                                  PK.Ul. KH (
    
    -3
    3
    10
    i ;
    ^4
    31
    3b
    4b
    b^
    by
    bb
    73
    bO
    8 7
    94
    101
    
    
    
    . bH
    . -43
    .4b
    . ^b
    .47
    .44
    .so
    .bl
    .b/.
    .b4
    .bb
    .bb
    . bH
    .by
    .bO
    .bl
    
    
    <-3
    3
    10
    i ;
    /!4
    31
    3a
    4b
    b;
    b^
    bb
    7 3
    ao
    a 7
    y4
    101
    10H
    >10H .
    
    . b» J
    . 43
    .4b
    . 4b
    .47
    . 4y
    .bO
    .bl
    .b/
    .b4
    . bb
    .bb
    . bB
    .b9
    .bO
    .bl
    .b3
    b3
    
    1
    1
    1
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    faO
    oy
    01
    73
    3y
    3b
    i \
    I'l
    1 j
    1 0
    10
    4
    b
    i
    1 1
    
    17.0
    U .b
    10. ;
    7. 7
    t. 1
    *• • /
    i. i
    1.3
    1 .4
    1 . 1
    1 . 1
    0. 4
    O.b
    0.3
    1 . i.
    
    TABLE 24.   FREQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION OF NO CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN
    
                            WHILE IN STATIONARY  MODE
                                   o N1 1 •}:  p t-> h
    
    - J,
    Jbb!«l j
    ^y» . y4 ,
    33J .07,
    3bb. 19,
    3 y H . 3 i ,
    4^
    <~ 3 i . 3 4
    o . 7 y
    33. y^
    fa 7 . Ob
    100.17
    133.30
    lbb.43
    199. bfa
    ***• bt)
    ^y« . 94
    33^.07
    3bb. 19
    39«. 3
     4 . t
     I . H
     0. 1
     0. i
     (I .':
     o. u
     i/..'
     i) . V1
     o. 1
                                        47
    

    -------
    TABLE  25.  FREQUENCY  DISTRIBUTION OF  CONCENTRATIONS  MEASURED IN VAN
                              WHILE  IN STATIONARY MODE
                                    uw 11b: PPM
    
            C JU JLU1 K» 1 iUN KH,,Lil-b                   i- He. JJK'i:. (           ''i-.H',. I- >•! I
    
    
                         -i.4 i                           0                0.0
                -j 13,                     /.4
                iiy.bi,    Jb.Do                          yfe                B •'
                Jb.OO,    40.49                          '1                b- 4
                40.49,    4b.9b                          4H                4-4
                4b.y«,    31.47                          44                4.0
                51.4/,    bb.yb                          3^                -i.y
                bb.yb,    6
                73.43,    7b.9^                           9                0.8
                7b.9ii,S4.41                           y                u>;
                B4.41,   «y.yo                           y                'J-8
                         HW^Wll                           12                1.1
                                            48
    

    -------
                          TAB:;  26.  ozo^t . • iCLNrRAroN:  v^sus
                          DISTANCE FROM PLANT FOR MOBILE vAi\ DAT
         Oistace Ranoe
             (km)
        Averaae l'o
    Concentratior  (
    sumrsr  vi
       Cases
    0.0
    0.5
    1.0
    2.0
    3.0
    5.0
    7.0
    10.0
    
    - 0.5
    -1.0
    -2.0
    - 3.0
    - 5.0
    -7.0
    - 10.0
    - 15.0
    > 15.0
    34
    .?5
    If:
    n
    '/','
    ') "7
    !_/
    i!8
    :c
    ! o
    CONCLUSIONS
    
         Statistics produced from the pollutant monitoring data for the eight
    fixed stations show generally low annual-average concentrations of 502
    and NOX»  The ten highest individual  hourly values of S02 and NOX at the
    non-ridgetop stations show a tendency for the highest concentrations to
    occur in the late morning, suggesting that fumigation of the plume during
    inversion breakup is an important process.  The diurnal  variation pattern
    of the mean S02 concentration at these stations also supports this hypo-
    thesiSo  The mobile van was capable of recording plume impact with greater
    frequency than did any of the fixed monitoring stations,,  The van measure-
    ments of NO and NO? are useful  in studying the NO/N02 ratio as a function
    of distance from trie plant.  This ratio decreased through the first 2 to 3
    from the plant and then leveled off at approximately a value of 0.8.
                                                    km
                                        49
    

    -------
                                     SECTION 6
    
                           ANALYSIS OF PLUhE STRUCTURE
         Except in the situation where two or more fixed stations  are  located
    near enough to each other and at different elevations  such  that  both  are
    affected by the power plant plume simultaneously, fixed stations at ground
    level reveal little concerning the structure of the plume.   In the Clincn
    River monitoring network two fixed stations were situated such that some
    plume structure information could be obtained.  These  were  the Hockey and
    Munsey stations, both located almost on a direct line  from  the plant.  During
    operation of the mobile van, useful data for plume definition were available
    for three points.    Results of the analysis of the Hockey/Munsey relationship
    appear in Section 8, both from a statistical  approach and from individual
    case studies.
    
       The most useful information concerning plume position  and structure is
    available from the plume measurements taken by helicopter.   The  airborne
    observations were gathered during two intensive study  periods  -  November 8
    to 17, 1976, and July 20 to 28, 1977.  The July 1977 data,  however, are of
    much greater value as the entire data set for July is  composed of  plume cross
    sections flown between specific landmarks.  However, these  data  require
    extensive processing to determine the position and dimensions  of the  plume.
    
    DATA PREPARATION
    
         The helicopter data on the Clinch River Oata Tape* contains a great
    degree of detail which must be processed and interpreted  to determine
    representative cloud dimension parameters such as the  Gaussian plume  dimen-
    sions a  and a .  Based on notes taken during the flights  a sot  of plume
    travers^ endpoints was compiled. Coordinates for each  of  these endpoirits were
    obtained from U.S. Geological Survey maps.  The helicopter  dace  were  recorded
    as scans of the instruments at a rate of between 4 and 5  scans per second.
        The data from the Clinch River field study is available from the national
        Technical  Information Service on magnetic tape as LPA Report Number
        EPA-600/7/79-OlOb.
    
                                         50
    

    -------
    Eaci scan  became a separate record on tape identified  by  a time,  based on  the
    coordinate ana time information,  x and y coordinates had  been computed for
    each scan.   An elevation above  sea level was also associated with each recora.
    The first  step in processing the  scan data was to average the data over
    periods  comparable to the response time of the instrument and to adjust the
    data in  time  and space to account for the instrument response ana lag times.
    The lag  time  is the time required to pump the sample gas  into the instru-
    ments from the base of the helicopter.  The data were  separated into identi-
    fiable cross  sections.  A cross section was defined  as a  group of traverses
    flcwn at several different altitudes between a set of  fixed r-ndpoints at a
    particular distance downwind of the power plant (sec hiuure  11).
    
                                               N
                                  N
                                            /
                              777777
           Figure 11. Representative helicopter flight path at fixed distance from the power plant.
                                     51
    

    -------
         Twenty-four plume cross sections were identified in the July 1977 hel • -
    copter data.  Table 27 summarizes the times, altitudes and number of traverses
    for each cross section.  The original scan data in each cross section were
    averaged over each 9 successive data points to obtain a value approximately
    every 2 seconds.  The following instrument response time correction was
    applied to these values:
                                         dC.ft)      «.(!
                       cr(t)-c1(t)ta-^+f._Jr
    where C (t) is the real pollutant concentration at, time t,  C,»t)  is the
    observed concentration at time t, and a and  p  are constants'relatec 10 the
    time constant of the instrument.  Based on information froi:t ttie manufacturers
    the following a and p values were used:
    
    
                     S09                                NOV, NO
                        C~                                  A
    
                    ot 4.9                                  2.0
    
                    B 2.56                                 G.O
    No
    instrument  response  adjustment  was  necessary  for  tne  ozone  data.
         The corrected cross-section data were plotted and examined for any  incon-
    sistencies or problems.  It was noted that in portions of some cross-sections
    the peak SO,,, NO  and NO concentrations as well as the minimum 0- concen-
    trations for eacft traverse appeared to move back and forth along^the cross-
    wind axis with each successive traverse.  In addition, the S0? peak always
    occurred after the NO  peak.  The lag of S0? peak after the No  peak
    averaged 4.5 seconds Tor all traverses except those labeled as events 749-783,
    for which the time difference averaged 10.5 seconds.   It was hypothesized that
    this lag was caused by the delay in SO- gas reaching the instrument vJhich had
    a smaller flow rate than the NO  instrument.  The S00  analyzer drew ?:83
    cm /min, the NO -NO analyzer drew 1000 cm /min, and the ozone analyzer
    drew 275 cm /min.  Using these flow rates and the diameters ana lemjlhs  of
    the tubes, the times required for the gases to reach their respective instru-
    ments were computed.  For S0? this computation resulted in 5.91 oeccnds;
    for NO  and NO the lag time was 1.67 seconds, while for ij , re was only
    0.71 seconds.  The difference  between the S(L lag ana the" NU( lag was
    4.24 seconds which is very close to the 4.5 seconds difference between  the
    S09 and NO  peaks observed in the data.  The much larger difference
    between the times of the S0? and NO  peaks for events  749-7h.i was tun
                               C       A
                                         52
    

    -------
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    1 —
    en
    
    >_
    =
    o
    LJL.
    oo
    SZ
    0
    1— 1
    h-
    C__)
    UJ
    oo
    o
    rv
    (__)
    
    CC
    UJ
    1—
    Q.
    O
    (__}
    »— *
    	 1
    UJ
    ^
    O
    
    >_
    a:
    JE
    :z>
    CO
    
    CM
    UJ
    — 1
    CO
    I—
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    4- oo
    O O)
    00
    S- S_
    
    fcz ^
    ^ i.
    
    O)
    T3 _J
    3 OO
    UJ 4J E
    
    OJ
    13 	 1
    C 3 OO
    •r- 4-J ^~
    cn-i- — -
    OJ 4J E
    CO i — 	 	
    fi3
    __,
    T3 C
    C O)
    UJ >
    O)
    
    C -I-J
    •r- C
    cn oj
    
    CQ OJ
    O)
    "^ E
    C '^
    LU +->
    
    
    •^ O)
    cn E
    O) ••-
    -^ -(->
    
    cu
    _J 	 )
    .13
    c
    tn O s_
    1/1 T- OJ
    O -f-* O
    i- U E
    C-J) OJ Z!
    oo 2:
    OO S3- OO CO LO vO  CO v"O 1-^ LO i—  LO CO CO 'oD CTi  O O  30 vi
                                                o f
                  i— cn  o f-- CM
                     CM  ro 'ct '— cn
                                      O
                                             O '•>
                                                Cxi CO CM
                                                              O  -~O C*1) i
                                                              C\J  CTi CTi
    CNJOJCOLOLO.—  OOrOCOOOOCMLD^jOOi—  ODiO  T vtl OO CT> LO
    O  ' — CM CO S3- O i —
                                                                     i — si-
                                                    cricrii-DCMCNjrooocrii—  co
                                                    LOOrOCMOOOOOOOO
                                                    '>o i—  ro-^-Lor^.ooorO'd-
    'JD CNJ X! oo r^. r^ LO r-. CM  1
    LO OJ ro O C\l ro i — O O
    CTi O O •* s3- co O~i O OJ
                                          r*^ •— O r^O '.D i-O —  X) '£> >. jr, ro  =3-
                                          O -=3- > — -3- • — O sr  OJ > — oo i — i —  o
                                          ^D O LO ^O cr. PO "O  ^r r; r--. cr, CM  ro
    ro
                                                                                         I  I
                                      '— CM co LO
                                                        — CXI CM .XI 'XI CM Aj CM  CXI
                                  53
    

    -------
    result of the use of a new transducer in the S0? analyzer whicn was
    initially very slow in response.
    
         The cross section data were modified in the following manner to  account
    for the lag involved in the gas reaching the instruments.  For all events
    except 749-783 the SCL data was moved 6 seconds (3 records) back  in  time,
    while the NO , NO and N0? data for all traverses were moved 2 seconds  (1
    record) back.  No adjustment was made to the 0,, data.  For events 749-783  the
    S02 data was moved 12 seconds back (6 records) to account for both the
    additional instrument response time and the regular 6 second lag  time.
    
         Nineteen of the 24 cross sections were observed between two  end  points;
    however, Cross Sections #18, #20, #24, #26, and #28 are composed  of  tra-
    verses along more than one line (different sets of checkpoints).  Shifting
    winds during the cross section necessitated changes in the flight path.
    Cross Sections #18, #24, #26, and #28 were flown along three paths,  while
    Cross Section #20 utilized two traverse paths.  Figures 12 through 16  depict
    the multiple-path cross sections and also show the mean Hockey 30 m  wind
    direction for the period of the cross section.
    
    
         After the final adjusted cross section data were plotted, considerable
    movement of the position of the peak concentrations from traverse to  travel se
    was still evident in portions of some cross sections.  The center of mass  for
    each traverse was computed, and the same phenomenon was observed  in  these
    positions.  Movements of the center of mass ranging from 200 to 1000 m  along
    the cross-wind axis were evident between successive traverses.  Table  28
    presents the variation in position of the center of mass from traverse  to
    traverse for three cross sections.  It was hypothesized that the  cause  of  this
    phenomenon was primarily the meander of the wind direction during successive
    traverses which make up the cross section,,  Two approaches were used to
    explore this idea.  The first approach was as follows.  The variation
    in wind direction between successive Hockey 30 m wind data read outs  (2
    minutes apart) were reviewed for two of the cases (Cross Sections #4 and
    #6).  The range of the 2-minute wind directions recorded at the Hockey
    station at the 30 m level (approximately the plume height) during the  cross
    section either equaled or exceeded the range of directions defined by  the
    range of the positions of the peak S02 concentrations of the individual
    traverses (see Figures 17, 18).  In these figures the arrows represent  the
    two-minute wind directions during the cross section while the tic marks on
    the cross section line represent the locations of the S02 peaks of the
    traverses.
    
         The second approach for analysis of the plume shift phenomenon  in-
    volved determining the plume centerline position along the traverse  path
    as defined by the calculated plume configuration at successive 2-minute
    intervals.  The plume configuration is determined through the use of Hockey
    30 m level 2 minute wind data.  A computer program was written to advect
    every two minutes each previous two-minute wind vector, representing
                                         54
    

    -------
              833'
                               Plant
                                             1 Km
    Figure 12.   Traverse paths  for cross  section  *13  and
    event numbers
     Figure  13.   Traverse  paths  for  cross  section *20 aid
     event numbers
                              55
    

    -------
    W
                                   84° Wind
                                                                      2  Km
                        Figure 14.  Traverse oaths  for cross section  ^24 and
                        event numbers
                                             56
    

    -------
    Figure 15.   Traverse paths for cross section ?26 ana
    event numbers
                                                1 Km
     Figure 16.  Traverse paths for cross section s*28 and
     event numbers
                               57
    

    -------
     Cross
    sect ion
     number
    Ait ituae
     (m '-iSL)
      Distance of
     center of mass
    from enapou.t  (nr.j
                                       oc3
                                       762
                                       792
                                       823
                                       853
                                       883
                                       914
                                       833
                                       914
                                       914
                                       944
                                       975
                                       1005
                                       1036
                                          58
    

    -------
                          Plant
                                                    800 m
    Figure 17.   Two-minute Hockey 30 m wind directions  and locations
    of peak SOo concentrations during cross section #4.  Numbers
    indicate tne chronological order of the wind directions and  the
    traverses.
                                59
    

    -------
                                                                        N
                                                                       A
                                                       800 m
    Figure 18.  Two-minute Hockey 30 m wind directions and locations
    of peak SOo concentrations during cross section #6.   Numbers
    indicate the chronological order of the wind directions and the
    traverses.
                                    60
    

    -------
    successive two-minute sections of the plume.  The latest vector represents
    the latest section of the plume to leave the stack.  Printouts were
    obtained depicting the positions of these successive vectors using alpha-
    betic characters.  The procedure is described more fully in Section 7.
    Figures 19 and 20 show plume configurations at times 2 minutes apart during
    Cross Section #15.  A 650 m shift in the plume along the traverse path
    occurred during this interval, based on the Hockey winds.  Cross Section
    #15 was composed of 18 traverses along the same traverse path.  The mean
    shift of the calculated plume configuration between traverses over the
    entire cross section was 290 m, while the mean shift of the peak $62 con-
    centration from  traverse to traverse was 321 m.  The individual shifts in
    plume configuration ranged from 40 m to 1080 m, while the  shifts  in peak
    concentration ranged from 15 m to 850 m.  However, no correlation was found
    between the  individual shifts determined from the  helicopter  data and those
    determined from  the calculated plume configurations, indicating that
    although  the turbulence intensity in the vicinity  of the plume was similar
    in magnitude to  that at Hockey, the particular wind direction shifts
    occurred  at  different times.
    
         The usefulness of the helicopter data can be assessed also by compar-
    ing the total mass flux of S0£ in the plume across the plane of the cross
    section with the  plant emission rate.  The mass flux was computed by inte-
    grating the concentration data across each individual traverse to obtain
    a cross wind integrated concentration (CWIC).  Each CWIC was  then multi-
    plied by a height interval extending from halfway between  the traverse
    elevation and the next lower traverse to halfway between the  traverse
    elevation and the next higher traverse.  The result was a  value of the
    mass of S02 contained in each horizontal strip of the plume per unit meter
    in the downwind  direction.  The mass for each traverse was then multiplied
    by a wind speed  appropriate for each altitude, obtained from  the pibal
    release closest  in time to the cross section (sometimes as much as two
    hours different).  Table 29 presents the computed mass flux for each cross
    section along with the SC>2 emission rates for the corresponding hours.
    
         The  majority of  the mass  fluxes  are considerably  less than  the cor-
    responding emission rates.  The major reason for this  result  is  the lack
    of sampling  by  the  helicopter  of  the  entire  vertical extent  of  tne  plume
    in many cases.   Cross  sections  numbers  9,  10,  11,  18,  25  and  26  show
    reasonably good  comparison between  the  computed fluxes  and the  emission
    rates; these cross  sections were  each composed of  a  "large  numoer  of tra-
    verses, allowing sampling of  the  entire plume.  Reasonable estimates  of  the
    vertical  plume  dimension can  only be made  for  these  particular  cross  sec-
    tions.  The  mass flux  computation  is  also  subject  to error through  the  use
    of wind speed  data  not observed  at  either  the  same time  or ot tne same
    location  as  the  plume  cross section.
    
    PLUME POSITION
    
         The  helicopter data provide  an excellent means  of  determining  tru>  actual
    location  of  the  plume  for the  purposes  of  comparison witn  the location  pre-
    dicted by tne  use of  observed wind  data.   The  nelicoptrr  measurements  are
    not  useful,  however,  for the  ourposo  of obtaining  a<" ar.curaU: r
    
    
                                       61
    

    -------
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    62
    

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         64
    

    -------
    of the structure of the entire plume at a particular instant in time.   Plume
    dimensions averaged over the period of the cross section (10 minutes to 2
    hours) can be derived; these computations are discussed in the subsection
    entitled "Plume Dimensions."
    
         Table 30 presents the locations of the center of mass of the plume
    (computed from the S02 data) in both the horizontal  and vertical.  Distances
    from the plant were computed perpendicular to the paths of the traverses.
    There is considerable difference between the direction in which the center
    of mass of the plume was found by the helicopter and the direction in which
    an hourly average transport vector, based on the Hockey 30 m winds, would
    have carried the plume.  These differences may be attributed to either
    terrain effects on the airflow in the vicinity of the plume or to differ-
    ences in the general flow over the region between Hockey and the location
    of the plume.
    
         Cross sections #1 through #5 all show substantial deviation between
    the location of the plume center of mass and the predicted location based
    on the Hockey 30 m wind data.  Cross sections #1 through #3 were performed
    between 0956 and 1048 EST on July 23, 1977, when winds in the valley may
    still have been showing the effects of early morning inversion conditions
    with associated valley-flow regime.  A pibal released at 1030 EST showed
    winds at approximately 500 m above plant base to be blowing toward a bearing
    of 8° which compares well with the plume being found at azimuths ranging
    from 7° to 19°.  Cross sections #4 and #5 which were performed from 1403
    to 1510 EST show less deviation from the Hockey 30 m flow than was evident
    earlier in the day.
    
         Cross sections #11 and #12 indicated the plume center of mass to be
    at 54°, while the Hockey 30 m transport vector indicated the plume would
    have been at 74° and 93° between 1436 and 1621 EST.   Pibal data from 1527
    EST on July 24, 1977 show winds at plume height to be 252° to 254°, trans-
    porting the plume toward bearings of 72° to 74° respectively in agreement
    with the Hockey 30 m winds.  It is hypothesized that in these cases the
    ridge immediately to the east of the plant diverted the plume to the north-
    east, causing it to be found at 54°, which is along the northeast slope of
    this ridge that parallels Sinkhole Valley (see Figure 2).
    
         On July 27, cross section #18 was performed over a period of approxi-
    mately 2 hours between 0910 and 1109 EST.  Winds were shifting in a clock-
    wise direction during this time, as three separate traverse paths were used
    to complete the cross section.  For this reason, it is difficult to make
    any comparison between the hourly average Hockey winds and the plume center
    of mass.  Cross section #20, performed in the afternoon of the same day,
    showed substantial deviation between actual and predicted plume location
    (325° vs. 277°).  Pibal winds at plume height from a release at 1355 EST
    were blowing toward 270° in approximate agreement with the Hockey winds.
    The ridge immediately to the west of the plant probably diverted the
    plume to the northwest where lower terrain elevations are located.  Later
    

    -------
                              TABLE 30.   LOCATION OF CENTER OF MASS OF PLUME
    
    Cross section
    number
    1
    {
    •j
    n
    5
    (i
    1
    a
    9
    1U
    n
    12
    13
    15
    17
    18
    , ?()
    n
    23
    24
    25
    26
    28
    29
    
    
    Distance of
    cross section
    from plant
    (kin)
    <.(!
    3.0
    3.0
    1.8
    1 . 8
    3.1
    6.2
    18.2
    1.8
    1.8
    8.2
    1.8
    2.3
    1.6
    6.7
    1.7
    3.6
    2.5
    7.6
    7.6
    2.5
    1.8
    5.6
    ?.o
    
    
    Direction towards
    which the Hockey 30 m
    transport wind (deqrees)
    would transport the
    plume
    148
    148
    148
    100
    101)
    3i
    42
    52
    V)
    66
    74
    9!
    184
    165
    176
    296-315
    277*
    253*
    253*
    242*
    19fi*
    26
    6*
    46
    
    
    Bearing' of x-section
    center of mass
    from power plant
    7
    14
    19
    49
    5!>
    34
    v>
    M
    'i4
    ',/
    54
    54
    ??}
    1/5
    179
    353
    325
    267
    272
    270
    257
    13
    28
    19
    
    •
    Altitude
    of center
    of mass (m) MSI
    974
    •",01
    795
    773
    93 I
    823
    902
    790
    895
    855
    I055
    ,",46
    --
    995
    KMtt
    I212
    1448
    487
    H46
    H93
    1044
    1266
    1096
    1 188
    
    Based on Hockey 10 m winds.
                                                   1,1,
    

    -------
    in che afternoon a transport vector based on pibal  winds at plume height,
    (approximately 700 m above plant base) agreed with  the direction of plume
    travel in cross section #24 (approximately 270°), while the Hockey winds
    indicated transport toward 240°.  The pibal  at 1758 EST indicated trans-
    port toward 275° at plume height, agreeing much closer to the location of
    the center of mass (257°) during cross section #25  than the Hockey wind.
    
         On July 28, the location of the center of mass in cross section #29
    deviated by 27° from the Hockey 30 m transport vector.  Pibal data from
    1300 EST indicated transport of the plume toward 26° to 38°, directions
    between the actual plume location and the Hockey transport direction.
    
         The plume may have been almost immediately diverted by ridges close
    to the plant in several cases.  Following the initial diversion, the plume
    traveled along Sinkhole Valley during cross sections #4, 5, 10, 11 and 12,
    indicating some evidence of channelization of the flow in whicn tne plume
    was being transported.  The "lowest traverse (792 m) of cross section #7
    was flown at tree-top level over Buffalo Mountain.   A peak concentration
    of 127 ppb was found dun'nc this traverse; therefore, substantial plume
    impact was likely at ground level on the ridge top.
    
         Cross sections #6 through #8 provide a series  of plume traverses flown
    at three downwind distances from the plant ranging  from 3.1 km to 18.2 km.
    Cross sections #6 and #7 were found at 34° and 35°, respectively, which
    initially places the plume within the valley through which Dumps Creek
    flows down to the Clinch River.  Subsequently, the  plume passed over Buffalo
    Mountain.  Cross section #8 shows the center of mass to be located at a
    bearing of 54° at 18.2 km; the shift to the right may have been caused by
    the plume being diverted around Big A Mountain.
    
         Table 31 presents an analysis of the heights of the plume center of
    mass as computed from the helicopter data.  The plume heights above sea
    levels above plant oase, above stack top, above the highest terrain along
    the traverse, and above the terrain at the center of mass are shown.  Cross
    sections #7 and #8 had the lowest plume heights above the terrain at the plume
    center of mass  (170 m and 58 m, respectively).  Therefore, even tnough
    there was substantial impact of the plume on Buffalo Mountain in cross
    section #7, the plume center!ine remained 170 m above the terrain.  Between
    the locations where cross sections #6 and #7 were performed, 3.1 and 6.2 km
    dowr.wina of the plant, che terrain rose 213 m.  Table 31 indicates that the
    p1u:ne center! ine was 244 ;,i aoove the highest point  along the traverse in
    #6, wrrile in #7 the plume canterline was only 109 m above the highest
    terrain.  This indicates that the plume height above the terrain was reduced
    by 63 percent of the terrain elevation difference as the plume passed over
    Buf-Vio Mountain.  This parameter, the change in plume height in relation
    to the elevation change as a plume approaches a ridge, is important for use
    in dispersion models.  In another case in which the plume approached Buffalo
    Mountain (Cross Sections #26 and #28) the plume height was reduced by 52
    percent of the terrain elevation change.,  Cross Sections #15 and ^17 can be
    used to analyze the approach of the plume toward Copper Ridge south of the
    plant.  A plume height reduction of 71 percent of the terrain change was
    noted in tnis case.
    
                                          67
    

    -------
                                  TABLE 31.  MEASURED PLUME HEIGHTS
    
    Cross
    Section #
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    15
    17
    18
    20
    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    28
    29
    MSL
    Altitude of
    Center of Mass
    (m)
    974
    804
    795
    773
    931
    823
    902
    790
    895
    855
    1055
    845
    *
    995
    1018
    1212
    1448
    987
    1146
    1193
    1044
    1266
    1096
    1188
    Plume Height
    Above
    Plant Base
    (m)
    511
    341
    332
    310
    468
    360
    439
    327
    432
    392
    592
    382
    •M
    532
    555
    749
    985
    524
    683
    730
    581
    803
    633
    725
    Plume Height
    Above
    Stack Top
    (m)
    373
    203
    194
    172
    330
    222
    301
    189
    294
    254
    454
    244
    *
    394
    417
    611
    847
    386
    545
    592
    443
    665
    495
    587
    Plume Height
    Above Highest
    Terrain Along Traverse
    (m)
    242
    133
    124
    175
    333
    244
    109
    58
    297
    257
    457
    247
    Jt
    324
    237
    553
    716
    310
    469
    S16
    367
    717
    303
    517
    Plume Height
    Above Terrain at
    Center of Mast
    (m)
    352
    25S
    246
    249
    382
    335
    170
    58
    346
    306
    506
    296
    i-
    385
    250
    724
    728
    377
    585
    656
    495
    784
    425
    639
    
    * Insufficient data due to instrument malfunction
                                                    68
    

    -------
         Turner stability classes were determined from cloud information rec-
    orded by field team members and Hockey 10 m wind speed data (Turner, 1964)
    for each of the above three cases of plumes approaching ridges:
    
                      Cross Section #     Turner Stability Class
    
                          6, 7                        C
                         15, 17                       B
                         26, 28                       B
    
    The Turner Class C for cross section #6 and #7 may not be appropriate,
    since the plume dimensions (to be discussed in the subsection on "Plume
    Dimensions," which follows) appeared to more closely resemble those of
    stable plumes.  The results of the analyses of the plume height change
    most closely match the plume height adjustments made in the ERT-LAPPES
    dispersion  model (Slowik et a!., 1977) which reduces the plume height
    above elevated terrain for all stability conditions.
    
    PLUME DIMENSIONS
    
         The method described by Whaley (1874) was used to compute  the  Gaussian
    dispersion parameters a  and a  from the helicopter cross-section data.
    First, the coordinates fy~, 1) of the center of mass of the  plume are computed
    for the crosswind and vertical directions  in the following  manner:
    
                                   ZZ C.. Y..
                               " _ 31  13   U
                                    Z Z c
                                    0 i  ij
                                     z z  c
                               - =   3 i	ij
                                      z z  -
                                      3 i   ij
                                               • th
    where C - - is the SO- concentration at the  i  ' point along traverse J..Y-..
    is the distance of the  i   point from a reference endpoint of  the j    1J
    traverse, and I. is the elevation above sea  level of the j    traverse.
    After these coordinates have oeen determined, the followioq equations  are
    used to compute a  and a.
                       az
    i/
    ' zz
    j i
    
    r z z
    j i
    
    C,.j t
    z z c
    j i •
    cu (i
    z z c
    3 i i
    'ij - rf
    ij
    :j-D2
    ij
                                          69
    

    -------
    Horizontal dispersion parameters were computed for  all  cross  sections  while
    CT  values were computed for only those Cdi.es where  good comparison  was
    obtained between the total S0? mass flux observed by  the  helicopter and
    the S0? emission rate, indicating that the full  vertical  extent  of  the
    plume was sampled.  Table 32 presents the computed  a   and a   values
    along with a comparison with Pasquill-Turner values ^Turner*  1970)  and a
    values computed by the method of Pasquill (1976) as described by Irwiri (^979).
    Pasquill's recommendations for predicting a  use measured standard  devia-
    tion of wind direction fluctuations (a,) da^a  (in radians) as follows:
    
    
    
                               ay = Vf(x)
    
    where x is thendownwind1distance in meters and f(x) is  defined-,as
    [(1 + 0.0308 xU^b48)]   for x _< 10 km and as  0.333 (10,000/x)  IL for
    x > 10 km.
    
         Cloud data from field observers' notes, along  with wind  speeds from the
    Hockey 10 m level were used to determine Turner  stability classes  appropriate
    for each cross section.  When ;>) tor very unstable
    conditions.  The curves  arc all  approx imal.c I y parallel, vJilh  llic <  m vr  I or
    measured  values  ind icat. in<| h iqher o  values  Hun Ihr  others.   I  iqur e  ',','
    shows  similar  types  of curves  lor cr'oss  sections //b through  //;;.  ihr
    curve  for  the  C stability cases  shows  o  steeper  slope than the sUnclar.i <.mves.
    Figures 23 through 26  show similar curves  for  cases #lb, #!/, '.ases )*/'0, %'£'•>.
                                          70
    

    -------
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
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                                       71
    

    -------
                    TABLE 33.  TURNER STABILITY CLASS
                   CORRESPONDING TO MEASURED a  VALUES
     Cross Section     Actual Turner         Turner Stability Class
                      Stability Class      Corresponding to Helicopter a
                                                                        y
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    b
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    15
    17
    • 18
    20
    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    28
    29
    A
    A
    A
    A
    A
    C
    C
    C
    C
    B-C
    D
    C
    A
    B
    B
    A-B
    A
    A
    C
    C
    C
    B
    B
    B
    A-B
    F
    A
    B
    «.A
    A-B
     F means more stable than F
                                    72
    

    -------
    io2-
    
                                                      ASME  (very  unstable)
                                                      Pasqulll  -  Gifford
                                                         Class A
         10°            X(Km)—* Id1
          Figure 21.  Jy vs. K  for cross  sections  fr'l—''5.
                      (July  23,  1977)
    10'
    	 1 	 : 	 , 	 , 	
    
    
    
    
    ! 1 i / S
    \ '' ' ! / f
    1 i ' 1 ' ' 1 | , / S /
    1 ( i|l , / /
    . ' • ' i i ! "//'
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    J
    ? / f
    / /
    / //
    S ;'/
    Ss'/
    ;' J /
    / ,' /
    / /Q
    / , ,
    
    Clinch River
    .4SME ^unstable)
    Pasquill - Gifford
    Class C
                         X(Km)i^-»
    
         Figure 22.  3y vs. x  for cross  sections  ''6-<'8.
                     (July  24,  1977)
                                      73
    

    -------
    102  :
                                                       ASME  (unstaole)
                                                       Pasquill - Gifford
                                                          Class  B
      Figure 23.  a  vs. x for cross sections  #15,  'f!7.
               	(July 26. 1977)
    10
      3
    	 1 	 , 	
    
    
    1 ' , . ' . 1
    i ' ' ' !
    i ' ' '
    
    1 i : | i 1
    • i • j ! ' . ;
    : ; , f •>
    / f
    
    Clinch River
    ASME (very unstable
                                                           lass A
          10
    X(Km)
                                  101
      Fizure 24.   r  vs. x  for  cross  sections ''20,  '''22.
                   Quly  27,  1977)
                                          74
    

    -------
    103
    10-
                                 /	
                                                        Pasquill - Gifford
                                                          Class C
                     /L
                                                        Ilinch River
                                                             (unstable)
           '10°
                              X(Kffl)-
    Figura 25.  "y vs .  x for cross  sections
                (July 27, 1977)
                                                 ?24,  ••'25.
    10J
                       x X
                                                         Clinch River
                                                         ASME (unstable)
                                                     Pasquill - Gifford
                                                       Class 3
                                                      1
                             X(Km)
                                   10
        Figure  26.   Jy  vs.  x  for  cross  sections •'/26, '/28, -'29
                     (July  28,  1977)
                                     75
    

    -------
    cases rf24, #25, and cases #26, #28, and ?29.  tach of inese groups o~
    values form curves for classes A, B, and C with substantially different
    slopes than the standard curves.
    
         For the seven cases for which az was computed, the average value of
    the ratio (measured az/Pasquill-Gifford oz) was 1.04, representing very
    little enhancement of the vertical dispersion over that for flat terrain
    for the mostly unstable conditions associated with these cases.  However,
    the ratio ranged from values of 0.56 to 1.74.
    
         Table 34 presents values of S02 mass per unit meter in trie downwind
    direction for each helicopter traverse in the 24 cross sections.  These
    values were obtained by integrating in the crosswind direction and multi-
    plying by the height interval for which each traverse is representative.
    Multiple peaks can be noted in many of these vertical profiles of SO?
    mass.  Well-defined double maxima occurred in cross sections #5, 9,  10,
    17, 28 and 29; it is uncertain whether the double maxima result from the
    separate plumes being emitted from the two stacks and having undergone
    substantially different amounts of plume rise, or whether the phenomenon
    results from reflection from the surface or from a stable layer.  The
    vertical distribution of mass for cross section #7 is unique in that it
    is quite uniform; this is a case of the plume passing over Buffalo Mountain.
    Cross section #6 shows a very compact well-defined plume with e top which
    is much more distinct than the bottom.  Relatively high values of mass were
    noted on the highest elevation traverse in cross sections #10, #12,  #17,
    #20, and #25.  It is uncertain whether this phenomenon indicates a distinct
    plume top or the possibility that the helicopter did not go high enough to
    sample the entire plume.
    
          A  comparison was made  between  the  locations  where  the  Helicopter  found
    the  plume  and  the fixed monitoring  stations  that  were  affected  by  the  plume
    during  this  period.   In addition,  the  ground  mobile  data  were  examined for
    sampling periods corresponding to  times  when  the  Helicopter  was  in  the air.
    Table 35 presents the  available  fixed-station  and  mobile  dat4°  at lb.2  f'n,  respectively.   Trie
    Tower station  was  located  at  46"  at  3.36  km  and  approxinately  200  n UP low ^"it-
    lowest  helicopter traverse  of  cross  section  #7,  yet  it  received  pea* :-;00
    concentrations of 165-176  ppD. The  mobile  van was  located at '-•  kir.  and  at a
    bearing  of  25° during  cross  section  #7,  recording  a  peak  of  orly 28 ppr,.   This
    location was  100 m  lower  in  elevation  than  Tower.   Earlier,  or,  tr.e same cay
    cress section  #6 had  the  Tower site  as  one  of  its  endpoints,  Approximately 80
    m  below  the  lowest  traverse.   Tower  received  an  hourly average:  ot  31 ppn wifi
    a  peak  of  85  ppb during this  time  period.   During  cross  section  ?;10 tne plume
    center  of  mass was  located  at  57°  at  1.8  km  from the  plant.   The mobile var,
    was  located  at the  same bearing  during  this  cross  section but  at 11.2'  Km
    distant;  an  hourly  average  of  37 ppo  was  recorded  which  was  probably most"
    background  since the  peak  was  only  4?  ppb,  indicating  verv little,  if  -mv.
    plume  imoact  at  579 m  elevation  above  sea  level.
                                         76
    i f
    

    -------
    TABLE 34.  VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SO;
         COMPUTED FROM HELICOPTER TRAVERSE!
    MASS
    
    Mass of
    Elevation SO?
    (m) MSL (g/m)
    Cross
    945
    975
    1006
    
    Cross
    762
    793
    823
    853
    
    Cross
    823
    793
    762
    
    Cross
    884
    853
    823
    793
    762
    731
    701
    671
    
    Cross
    701
    732
    762
    793
    823
    853
    884
    914
    945
    975
    1006
    1036
    1066
    1097
    1127
    Section
    9
    9
    7
    
    Section
    12
    11
    17
    6
    
    Section
    7
    11
    5
    
    Section
    6
    5
    5
    5
    5
    11
    8
    3
    
    Section
    3
    4
    4
    4
    3
    4
    6
    8
    9
    4
    5
    5
    8
    5
    6
    #1
    .16
    .47
    .54
    
    #2
    .56
    .92
    .09
    .85
    
    #3
    .29
    .22
    .28
    
    #4
    .31
    .44
    .54
    .18
    .30
    .08
    .75
    .48
    
    #5
    .89
    .49
    .21
    .11
    .97
    .58
    .90
    .97
    .00
    .96
    .35
    .51
    .51
    .69
    .45
    Mass of
    Elevation S02
    (m) MSL (.
    Cross
    762
    793
    823
    853
    883
    914
    
    Cross
    793
    823
    853
    884
    914
    945
    975
    1006
    
    Cross
    853
    793
    732
    
    Cross
    701
    732
    762
    793
    823
    853
    884
    914
    945
    975
    1036
    1067
    1097
    1127
    1158
    1188
    1219
    
    Section
    5
    9
    14
    13
    2
    0
    
    Section
    6
    5
    2
    5
    4
    6
    7
    5
    
    Section
    7
    9
    8
    
    Section
    9
    7
    8
    14
    1
    1
    4
    1
    3
    2
    7
    3
    4
    11
    6
    7
    7
    
    g/m)
    #6
    .25
    .06
    .33
    .25
    .77
    .05
    
    #7
    .61
    .31
    .80
    .41
    .75
    .01
    .37
    .25
    
    #8
    .78
    .08
    .59
    
    #9
    .67
    .33
    .86
    .13
    .26
    .47
    .23
    .42
    .72
    .35
    .09
    .39
    .73
    .41
    .91
    .42
    .79
    
    Elevation
    (m) MSL
    Cross Sect
    1158
    1097
    1037
    975
    945
    914
    884
    853
    823
    793
    762
    732
    701
    671
    
    Cross Sect
    701
    732
    762
    793
    823
    853
    884
    914
    975
    1006
    1036
    1066
    1097
    1128
    1158
    1188
    1219
    1249
    1280
    1311
    
    
    
    
    
    Mass of
    so2
    ('
    ion
    13
    9
    8
    7
    6
    9
    7
    6
    14
    6
    8
    5
    13
    8
    
    ion
    6
    4
    3
    3
    2
    5
    3
    4
    5
    5
    3
    7
    8
    7
    10
    9
    12
    11
    10
    4
    
    
    
    
    
    g/m)
    #10
    .08
    .72
    .30
    .70
    .70
    .59
    .19
    .79
    .18
    .98
    .35
    .35
    .95
    .81
    
    #11
    .78
    .28
    .41
    .24
    .75
    .51
    .64
    .74
    .11
    .74
    .79
    .40
    .23
    .13
    .32
    .58
    .89
    .28
    .25
    .75
    
    
    
    
    
                                                       continued,
                          77
    

    -------
    TABLE 34.  (continued)
    
    
    Elevat
    Mass of
    ion S02
    (m) MSL (g/m)
    Cross
    914
    853
    793
    732
    671
    
    Cross
    701
    732
    762
    793
    823
    853
    884
    914
    945
    975
    1006
    1036
    1067
    
    Cross
    762
    793
    823
    853
    884
    914
    945
    975
    1006
    1036
    1067
    1097
    1127
    1158
    1188
    
    
    
    
    
    Section #12
    38.27
    32.82
    21.44
    12.53
    2.12
    
    Section #13
    2.23
    1.76
    4.10
    4.24
    8.58
    9.99
    9.92
    9.02
    17.69
    11.97
    23.35
    10.70
    12.06
    
    Section #15
    1.70
    1.16
    1.77
    1.95
    11.22
    12.70
    6.37
    16.24
    7.73
    12.95
    11.64
    15.84
    11.00
    13.51
    5.68
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Elevat
    Mass of
    ion s°2
    (m) MSL (g/m)
    Cross
    1097
    1036
    975
    914
    853
    793
    
    Cross
    762
    732
    793
    823
    853
    884
    914
    945
    975
    1006
    1036
    1067
    1097
    1128
    1158
    1188
    1219
    1250
    1280
    1311
    1341
    1372
    1402
    1432
    1463
    1493
    1524
    1555
    1585
    
    
    
    
    
    Section #17
    21.67
    14.06
    2.05
    21.34
    5.67
    1.94
    
    Section #18
    3.06
    4.18
    11.89
    13.13
    12.10
    7.02
    11.17
    11.01
    7.55
    17.63
    10.56
    5.09
    4.67
    0.15
    17.08
    18.96
    44.48
    26.63
    20.54
    24.16
    22.45
    27.12
    20.69
    23.03
    26.30
    8.62
    10.64
    2.86
    2.37
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Mass of
    Elevation S02
    (m) MSL
    Cross
    1524
    1463
    1402
    1341
    1280
    1219
    
    Cross
    1219
    1158
    1097
    1036
    975
    914
    853
    793
    732
    823
    
    Cross
    1036
    1097
    1158
    1219
    
    Cross
    793
    853
    914
    975
    1006
    1036
    1067
    1097
    1127
    1158
    1189
    1219
    1250
    1280
    1310
    1341
    (g/m)
    Section #20
    26.76
    28.94
    14.19
    4.12
    3.92
    2.28
    
    Section #22
    8.63
    3.66
    27.87
    16.15
    12.19
    11.55
    19.08
    2.71
    2.34
    1.47
    
    Section #23
    0.07
    3.14
    13.38
    0.04
    
    Section #24
    0.10
    0.00
    0.00
    0.46
    1.23
    4.94
    1.78
    6.44
    8.28
    4.84
    8.18
    1.24
    2.30
    3.95
    12.98
    4.00
                                      (continued)
            78
    

    -------
    TABLE 34.  (continued)
    
    Elevation
    (m) MSL
    Cross Sect
    1250
    1189
    1127
    1067
    1006
    945
    884
    823
    Cross Sect
    732
    762
    793
    823
    853
    884
    914
    945
    975
    1006
    1036
    1067
    Mass of
    S02
    ion #25
    29.64
    4.60
    10.66
    28.61
    45.27
    28.67
    14.67
    7.89
    ion #26
    2.00
    5.50
    3.86
    0.00
    13.34
    15.02
    24.69
    18.05
    17.24
    23.98
    29.15
    17.66
    Elevation
    (m) MSL
    Cross Sect
    Mass of
    S02
    (g/m)
    ion #26
    (continued)
    1097 7.87
    1128 22.03
    1158 3.05
    1189 12.72
    1219 6.25
    1250 --12.10
    1280 7.34
    1311 6.34
    1341 6.40
    1372 5.55
    1402 14.12
    1432 14.28
    1463 1.93
    Cross Section #28
    823
    884
    945
    1006
    1067
    1127
    12.53
    6.87
    6.90
    9.37
    9.14
    5.12
    Elevation
    (m) MSL
    Mass of
    S02
    (g/m)
    Cross Section #28
    (continued)
    1188 7.28
    1250 8.35
    1311 0.93
    1372 3.07
    1433 0.28
    Cross Section #29
    1433
    1372
    1311
    1250
    1189
    1128
    1067
    1006
    975
    945
    914
    4.06
    10.03
    3.77
    0.78
    1.34
    5.99
    0.35
    8.96
    1.85
    0.46
    1.01
             79
    

    -------
    TABLE 35.  SIGNIFICANT FIXED-STATION AND GROUND MOBILE
       MEASUREMENTS DURING HELICOPTER CROSS SECTIONS
    
    
    
    Cross
    Section #
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    15
    17
    18
    20
    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    28
    29
    
    Dist.
    From
    Hourly Avg SO9/Hourly Peak SO2 „,
    
    Tower Johnson (km)
    _ _
    9/54
    9/54
    15/34
    15/34
    31/85
    38/175 - 4.0
    73/165
    15/34
    11.2
    68/286 ^
    -
    45/82 S.2
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    2.5
    -
    _
    Mobile 1
    Bearing
    From MSL
    Plant Avg/Peak SO2 Begin End Elevation
    (deg) (ppb) Time Time (m)
    
    
    
    
    
    
    25 15/28 0919 1011 488
    
    
    57 37/42 1249 1359 579
    
    
    224 25/71 0955 1102 555
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    340 46/77 0953 1047 482
    
    
                                   80
    

    -------
         On July 26, 1977, Johnson recorded significant S0? concentrations during
    cross section #13 despite being 30° offset from the center of mass as indicated
    by the helicopter at 2.3 km from the plant.  At 5.2 km distant and only 3° off-
    set from the center of mass bearing, the mobile van recorded an hourly average
    of 25 ppb and a peak of 71 ppb.  In this case the van was located approximately
    150 m below the lowest traverse, indicating that the plume extended to lower
    elevations than those flown by the helicopter.
    
    CONCLUSIONS
    
         The cross sections of the plume made by helicopter are useful for deter-
    mining both plume position and plume dimensions and structure.  All of the
    cross sections are representative of daytime neutral to unstable conditions.
    In six cross sections in which the entire plume was sampled the mass flux
    of S02 compared well with the plant S0£ emission rate.  The amount of fluc-
    tuation of the plume from traverse to traverse as observed by the helicopter
    during the cross sections agreed well with the variations in wind direction
    and computed plume configurations using the Hockey 30 m 2-minute data.  Con-
    siderable deviation of the actual plume travel direction as detected by the
    helicopter from the transport direction indicated by the Hockey 30 m wind
    and the pibal winds was noted in about half of the cases.  Many of these
    deviations could be explained by diversion of the plume by particular terrain
    features such as ridges near the plant.  The vertical distribution of S02
    mass in the plume was computed and such features as multiple concentration
    maxima in the vertical and distinct plume tops were noted.
    
         The helicopter cross section results have implications regarding
    dispersion modeling techniques.  The analyses of cross sections observed
    as the plume approached a ridge show reductions of plume height of from
    52 to 71 percent of the terrain elevation change.  The horizontal Gaussian
    plume parameter tfy, as observed by the helicopter is well represented by
    Pasquill's suggestion of:
    
                              °y = CTA * f(x).
    
    However, the standard flat terrain Pasquill-Turner dispersion curves under-
    estimate the observations.
                                        81
    

    -------
                                     SECTION 7
    
                 DEVELOPMENT OF PROFILES OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE,
                      PLUME HEIGHTS, AND PLUME TRAJECTORIES
    
    
         Two important characteristics of plume behavior are its height and
    horizontal  position.   Since these were not directly measured,  except during
    helicopter  observations, procedures were developed for using the available
    data to make estimates of the plume height and position.  An important step
    in making these estimates was found to be the construction of vertical pro-
    files of wind speed and temperature for each hour.
    
    DEVELOPMENT OF PROFILES OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE
    
         As part of the analysis of the Clinch River data, plume rise calcula-
    tions were  needed on  an hourly basis for the duration of the recorded data
    to determine the position of the plume in the vertical.  Briggs' (1975)
    equations,  as applied by Holzworth (1978), were used to determine the final
    plume height (above the stack) at which the plume buoyancy flux equals zero.
    In order to use the Briggs/Holzworth method, a temperature and wind profile
    must be available for every hour of Clinch River data.  Since pibal/T-sonde
    soundings were not performed hourly, a method was developed to estimate
    wind and temperature  profiles.
    
         Several alternatives were available for the development of hourly sound-
    ings; four  types of data were available for use:  (1) regularly scheduled
    12-hourly rawinsonde  data from the four National Weather Service stations
    closest to  the Clinch River Plant (Greensboro, Nashville, Huntington, and
    Washington, D.C.); (2) pibal/T-sonde data observed at the Clinch River plant;
    (3) fixed station data from the Clinch River monitoring network; and (4) data
    from the 30 m mast at the Tower site.  Since rawinsonde observations are
    scheduled twice daily at 0000 GMT and 1200 GMT (1900 and 0700 EST), use of
    this data requires time interpolation to obtain hourly soundings.  In fact*
    the balloons are released 45 minutes before the scheduled observation.  Also,
    a decision  had to be  made concerning which rawinsonde station or stations are
    the best approximation of the actual conditions at Clinch River (i.e.:  the
    radiosonde  data require testing against the pibal/T-sonde data). The pibal/
    T-sonde data are the  best set of data available for representing actual con-
    ditions at  Clinch River.  However, these data are limited by the relatively
    small number of observations; their best use is as a test against other
    methods of  estimating the profiles.  Use of the meteorological data from
                                         82
    

    -------
    the fixed stations to form profiles assumes that the stations can be used to
    represent actual levels in the atmosphere.  The advantage of this method is
    that the data are available continuously as hourly averages.  The disadavan-
    tages are the proximity of the instruments to the ground at the fixed stations
    (both temperatures and winds are affected by the ground surface despite the
    instruments being at the 10 m level) and the fact that the highest station
    is only approximately 350 m above plant base.  The accuracy of this method
    was tested by using the pibal/T-sonde data.  The Tower site had temperature
    sensors at 0.5, 4 and 30 m and vector vanes at 10 m and 30 m.  The parameters
    obtained from these instruments give an estimate of atmospheric stability
    and also can be used in conjunction with other fixed station meteorological
    data to obtain a profile.
    
         A combination of fixed-station meteorological data for the lower levels
    (0 to 350 m above plant base) and time-interpolated radiosonde data above
    350 m has the advantages of having hourly data available for the low levels
    adhere most of the diurnal variation occurs and also of having data to as high
    •an altitude as desired.
    
         All pibctl/T-sonde data were used to test this method by interpolating
    the pibal/T-sonde values to fixed station elevations (above plant base) and
    comparing these values with the fixed station data.  The average difference
    and standard deviation of the difference were computed for wind speed and
    temperature at ea^h station (see Table 36).  The differences were computed
    as station value minus pibal value.  The higher elevation stations (Johnson,
    Kents, Hockey and Hockey 30 m) exhibit a larger standard deviation for wind
    speed difference than the lower stations (Nash's, Munsey, Lamberts, Tower,
    and Tower 30 m).  Also, the higher elevation stations with temperature sensors
    (Kent's, Hockey) exhibit a larger standard deviation for temperature difference
    than the lower stations (Nash's, Munsey, Tower).
        TABLE 36.  AVERAGE DIFFERENCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF DIFFERENCES
      OF TEMPERATURE AND WIND SPEED BETWEEN FIXED STATIONS AND PIBAL/T-SONDES
                                     Wind speed (m/sec)
    Temperature ("C)
    Station
    Nash's
    Munsey
    Lambert
    Tower
    Tower 30 m
    Johnson
    Kent's
    Hcckey
    Hockey 30 m
    Height above
    plant base (m)
    82
    140
    143
    143
    168
    296
    302
    341
    366
    Average
    error
    -1.4
    -1.9
    -1.7
    -0.5
    0.0
    -2.0
    -1.0
    -1.7
    -0.7
    Standard
    deviation
    1.5
    2.2
    2.6
    1.5
    1.8
    5.3
    7.7
    4.8
    3.7
    Average
    error
    -2.3
    C.4
    -1.0
    -
    -
    0.5
    0.2
    Standard
    deviation
    1.9
    1.8
    1.6
    -
    -
    2.8
    3-i
    .0
                                        83
    

    -------
        Data from the two closest rawinsonde stations (Huntington and Greensboro)
    were linearly interpolated in the vertical  to the pibal  observation levels
    and then linearly interpolated in time between the 0000 GMT and 1200 GMT
    soundings to the pibal release times.   The average differences and standard
    deviation of the differences were determined for temperature, wind speed, and
    wind direction for 50 m layers from plant base to 5000 m above plant base.
    Table 37 summarizes the results for the first 500 m and supplies the average
    difference for temperature and wind speed over the first 2000 m.
       TABLE 37.  AVERAGE DIFFERENCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF DIFFERENCES OF
                    TEMPERATURE AND WIND SPEED FOR HUNTINGTON AND
                       GREENSBORO RAWINSONDES VS. PIBAL/T-SONDE
                             Huntington
    Greensboro
    Elevation
    above plant
    (meters)
    0-50
    51-100
    101-150
    151-200
    201-250
    251-300
    301-350
    351-400
    401-450
    451-500
    (Ave.)0-2000
    ^Average
    Difference
    
    WS
    „
    1.0
    1.0
    1.4
    0.3
    0.6
    1.1
    0.5
    1.4
    1.7
    0.95
    
    T
    -4.4
    -1.6
    -2.5
    -1.4
    -1.2
    -2.0
    -0.4
    -0.5
    -1.3
    -0.5
    -0.81
    Standard
    Deviation
    
    WS
    —
    2.3
    2.6
    2.0
    8.5
    12.7
    6.6
    4.8
    3.5
    3.3
    
    
    T
    3.5
    3.7
    2.7
    3.2
    3.9
    3.1
    3.4
    2.8
    6.0
    2.7
    
    *Average
    Difference
    
    WS
    _
    1.3
    1.2
    1.7
    0.9
    0.4
    1.1
    1.6
    1.7
    1.8
    0.18
    
    T
    -3.0
    -1.1
    -0.5
    0.0
    -0.1
    -0.9
    1.1
    0.9
    -0.5
    0.8
    0.35
    Standard
    Dev i at i on
    
    WS
    .
    2.1
    2.1
    2.7
    8.4
    1.7
    6.7
    5.0
    3.6
    3.0
    
    
    T
    4.7
    3.6
    3.4
    4.3
    3.2
    3.2
    3.6
    3.4
    6.1
    3.2
    
    
         Average Difference = Radiosonde value - pibal value.
         WS = Wind Speed, m/sec.
         T  = Temperature, °C
        Comparing Table 36 with Table 37 it is apparent that the average differ-
    ences are about the same for the fixed station vs. pibal test as compared to
    the radiosonde vs. pibal test.  In the lower 2000 m the average wind speed
    difference was positive for both stations but approximately five times larger
    at Huntington; the average temperature difference was approximately twice as
    large in magnitude at Huntington than at Greensboro and of opposite sign.
    
        Within the interval from the surface to 2000 m above plant base both
    radiosondes had stronger winds than were recorded (0.95 m/sec greater for
    Huntington and 0.18 m/sec greater for Greensboro) by the pibal.  Perhaps the
                                        84
    

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    boundary layer winds at Clinch River are decreased due to the complex terrain.
    Both radiosondes had an approximately equal number of layers in which their
    error was smaller.  Huntington was on the average colder than Clinch River by
    0. 81°C.  However, the standard deviation of the individual errors was approxi-
    mately equal for both radiosonde stations for both wind speed and temperature.
    The radiosonde comparisons with the pibal were not as good as the fixed-station
    pibal comparisons in the layer from stack top up to 350 m above plant base.
    
        The time interpolated (linear) Huntington and Greensboro radiosonde
    data were plotted and compared to the pibal/T-sonde data for selected times
    exhibiting varying synoptic conditions.  After examining the plots, it
    appeared that the radiosonde temperatures were accurate above 300 m, but the
    linear time interpolation did not suit the lower 300 m; the morning ground-
    based inversions on the interpolated radiosonde data burned off too slowly
    and their effects were shown throughout the day (i.e., during ocurrences of
    afternoon superadiabatic lapse rates near the surface recorded by the pibal/
    T-sondes, stable layers were interpolated using the radiosonde data).  For
    most layers, especially at Huntington, the interpolated radiosonde wind
    speeds were greater than the pibal/T-sonde wind speeds.  On occasion, the
    interpolated Huntington and Greensboro radiosonde wind speeds exhibited large
    differences with the pibal wind speeds, especially after frontal passages or
    during periods of cyclonic flow.
    
        After reviewing the test results of the fixed station vs. pibal/T-sonde
    and interpolated radiosonde vs. pibal/T-sonde, a methodology was developed
    to incorporate both radiosonde and fixed-station data for determining hourly
    profiles.  The methodology consisted of using the hourly average wind speed
    and temperature values of the fixed stations from stack top to approximately
    200 m above stack height.  Above this layer either the Huntington or^ Greens-
    boro radiosonde data £r a weighted average of the two were used, depending
    on which of the three gives a value at the Hockey elevation which is closest
    to the Hockey observations.  The weighted average for temperature used the
    average difference for the lower 2000 m calculated in the interpolated
    radiosonde vs. pibal analysis (all temperatures in Celsius):
                                T  -  TH *  '' TG
    
                                      1  +  81/35
    where   T =  weighted average temperature
    
           T,, = temperature from Huntington sounding
    
           Tg = temperature from Greensboro sounding
    
          81/35 = ratio of average differences for the lower 2000 m,
                                         85
    

    -------
     The weighted average for wind speed used an inverse square distance weighting
     relationship minus a term which was the inverse square distance weighting of
     the average difference for the lower 2000 m,  calculated in the time-interpo-
     lated radiosonde vs. pibal analysis (all speeds in m/sec):
                (1/DH2) WSH + 0/DG2) WSQ      (l/DH2) 0.95 + 0/Dg2) 0.18
          ws = - - -- - -    -  -- - -
                    1/DH2   +
    2                WS,
             _  (VDH2)  WSH +
                              1/D2
     where    WS  =  weighted  average wind speed
    
            WS^  =  wind  speed from Huntington sounding
    
            WSg  =  wind  speed from Greensboro sounding
    
            DH = Huntington to Clinch River distance
    
            Dg = Greensboro to Clinch River distance
    
            0.95 and 0.18 = average differences between radiosonde and pibal wind
                         speed for the lower 2000 m for Huntington and Greensboro,
                         respectively.
    
    
     Specifically, the  average of the hourly temperature at Tower and Munsey
     and the  hourly wind speed at Upper Tower were used for values at stack top;
     the hourly wind speed at Johnson and the hourly temperature at Kents were
     used for a level 150 m above the stack; and the hourly wind speed at Upper
     Hockey  and the hourly temperature at Hockey were used for the level  200 m
     above the stack (see Table 1 for station elevations).  A determination was
    made as to which time-interpretated radiosonde or weighted average radiosonde
    data were closest to the fixed station temperature and wind speed values at
    200 m above stack top.   The entire temperature or wind speed sounding (above
    stack top plus 200 m) of the best fitting  radiosonde data was then shifted to
    conform to the highest  fixed station  values,  thus providing a smooth transi-
    tion between the fixed  station and radiosonde data.
                                        86
    

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        Figure 27 illustrates the profile methodology and a summary of the metho-
    dology follows.
    
                           Vertical Profile Methodology
    
         1.  Perform linear time interpolation of Huntington and Greensboro
             radiosonde data on an hourly basis.
    
         2.  Determine weighted average of the Huntington and Greensboro data.
    
         3.  Determine which of above-mentioned three soundings is closest to
             the Hockey value for wind speed and temperature, separately.
    
         4.  Shift wind speed or temperature values for the entire selected
             radiosonde sounding so that sounding value at the Hockey level equals
             the measured value at Hockey.
    
         5.  Merge fixed station and radiosonde data:
    
             Elevation above
               stack (m)              Temperature                Wind speed
    
                       0          Average of Tower and       Tower 30 m wind speed
                                    Munsey temperature
                     150          Kent's temperature         Johnson wind speed
                     200          Hockey temperature         Hockey 30 m wind speed
               Above 200          Adjusted radiosonde        Adjusted radiosonde
                                    temperature                wind speed
    
         When wind speed readings are missing below 350 m a power law is applied to
    obtain these values.  The power law exponents are based on values obtained from
    wind observations at O'Neill, Nebraska, Kerang, Australia and several meteoro-
    logical towers at nuclear power plant sites throughout the United States.  An
    exponent has been derived for each of several classes of vertical temperature
    gradient corresponding to the six Pasquill Stability Classes (U.S. AEC, 1972).
    The vertical temperature gradient for the layer up to 350 m is used to determine
    a power law exponent for use in determining a wind speed value for the missing
    level.  Unfortunately, no reliable power law exponents for complex terrain
    exist.
    
    
                                 Um ' U350
    U  is the wind speed for the missing level, U^™ is the wind speed at
    350 m, Z  is the height of the missing level ana p is the exponent chosen
    from Tabfe 38.
                                          87
    

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       500
       400
    "  300
    a.
       200
       100
               O Radiosonde
    
    
              • Shifted Radiosonde
    
    
    
              X Fixed Station
                                                                \ Finalized
    
                                                                  •^Profile
                                               12           13
    
    
    
                                             Temperature (°C)
                                                                                     15
                     Figure 27.  Example of temperature profile construction methodology.
                                                 88
    

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                           TABLE 38.  POWER LAW EXPONENTS
                    AT/AZ(°C/100 m)
    < -1.9
    -1.9 to -1.7
    -1.7 to -1.5
    -1.5 to -0.5
    -0.5 to + 1.5
    0.10
    0.10
    0.10
    (0.12
    )0.21
    0.35
    
    
    
    day
    night
    
                          > +1.5                          0.49
         Profiles of wind speed and temperature were produced on an hourly basis
    for the lower atmosphere at the Clinch River site using the above methodology
    for the period October 12, 1976 through September 30, 1977.  Data collected
    prior to October 12, 1976 is less complete and of less interest because of
    uncertainties and incompleteness in the ground level concentration measure-
    ments.
    
    PLUME HEIGHT ESTIMATES
    
         The Environmental Protection Agency has been using the formulations of
    Briggs (1969, 1975) for estimating plume rise.  The 1975 work presented
    formulas for plume rise through an atmosphere with vertically varying
    profiles of wind speed and temperature.  Holzworth (1978) applied Briggs1
    method in estimating effective stack heights using standard rawinsonde
    observations.  This same technique was applied to the hourly profiles of
    wind speed and temperature which had been generated for the Clinch River
    site.
    
         Briggs1 method of calculating plume rise through variable temperature
    and wind speed profiles consists of following the buoyancy flux of a plume
    segment through successive layers where it is either depleted or enhanced
    until the level is reached where the buoyancy flux is zero.  The initial
    buoyancy at the top of the stack (F ) is:
    
    
                             FQ = 3.7 x 10"10QH
    
    
    where Qn is the heat emission rate in cal/sec, computed from
    
    
                           QH = 83.45QVP0   S T  °
                                        89
    

    -------
    where Q  is the volume emission rate from the stack in m /sec, P  is the
    atmospheric pressure at the top of the stack in mb, T  is the air temperature
    at stack top, and T  is the stack gas exit temperature, both in °K.   Hourly
    values of Qv and T swere available for each unit of the Clinch River Plant
    from the plant emissions file.  Atmospheric pressure was also recorded at the
    plant, while the stack top air temperature was taken from the level  of the
    temperature profile most closely corresponding to the level of the stack
    top.
    
         Each sounding is divided into successive layers in which the change of
    temperature with height [AT/AZ(°C m  )] and wind speed [AU/AZ(s~ }] both are
    constant and linear.  The height above the stack top of the bottom of each
    such layer is specified as Z  , and the top as Z .   Thus, the stack top is
    the bottom of the lowest layer, where Z  , = 0 and FQ becomes F  ,.  The
    buoyancy flux at the top (F ) of each successively higher layer i£ calculated
    until it becomes negative.  For the layer immediately above the last level
    where the buoyancy flux was positive, F  is set equal to zero and the equation
    is solved for the plume rise  (Z ) above the physical stack height. The effec-
    tive stack height equals the  physical stack height plus the plume rise.
    
         There are two sets of equations for calculating F  and Z    The first
    set is for no-wind conditions, e.g., nearly vertically rising plumes, where
    T  (°C) is air temperature and Z (m) is height above the top of the stack.
                       0.265F
                              1/3
      Fn = Fn-l
                             0
                  273 + 0.5
    Zn - Zn-l
    V
    
                    3.77
     n-1.
    : 1/3
    (273
                                           n-1
       )  x
                                                           Zn  -  Zn-l
                                                    VTn-l+0-01
                                          3/8
                                          90
    

    -------
         The second set of equations is  for with-wind  conditions,  i.e.,  nearly
    
    horizontally rising plumes,
                Fn ' Fn-l
                                 0.523
                                Tn - Vl
                           273+0.5(7^7,,.,)
                                            0.01
                         X   U.
                -el
    Vi
                                       Vl
                                       2n  -  Vl
                              Tn  -  Vl  + °'0'(Z
                                         1/3
    
                                   1.91F.
                                                [273 + 0.5(Tn_1
                                      Zn  "  Vl
                                                              1/3
     where U is wind speed (m s   ).   Z ,  is  a preliminary  estimate of the
    
     plume rise above the stack  top.   This step  is  necessary  because the equation
    
     for Z  can be sensitive to  the wind  speed (U O  at  the plume-rise height
     ..    p  .  _  i                               " •
     (i.e.? at Zel).
                                          91
    

    -------
         Specification of sufficiently slow winds for use of the no-wind equations
    is somewhat arbitrary in some cases and is based on the personal  recommendation
    of Briggs.  For layers with U = 0.0,  there is no ambiguity and the no-wind
    equations are used.  For all other layers we interpolate to the level Z ,  at
    which the critical wind speed (U, ) occurs, i.e.,
    If U.  occurs in the particular layer, the no-wind equations are used in the
    sublayer with U £ U,  and the with-wind equations are used in the sublayer
    with U ^> U, .  If, in the particular layer,  all  U > U. ,  the with-wind equa-
    tions are used for the entire layer; if all U 
    -------
    TABLE 39.  COMPARISON OF PLUME HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS AND ESTIMATES
    Plume Center of Mass
    (Helicopter Measurement)
    (m)MSL
    974
    804
    795
    773
    931
    823
    902
    790
    895
    855
    1,055
    845
    995
    1,018
    1,212
    1,448
    987
    1,146
    1,193
    1,044
    1,266
    1,096
    1,188
    Holzworth- Briggs
    Plume Height
    (in) MSL
    792
    800
    800
    999
    999
    769
    809
    750
    910
    929
    927
    921
    908
    925
    761
    958
    816
    816
    934
    934
    . *
    *
    *
    Briggs BEH072
    Plume Height
    (m) MSL
    1,838
    1,494
    1,494
    1,255
    1,255
    828
    816
    784
    781
    832
    866
    1,065
    1,185
    1,100
    1,134
    2,096
    1,566
    1,494
    1,589
    1,522
    1,564
    1,321
    1,537
    Wind speed and temperature profiles not available.
                                         93
    

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    emission for the two stacks.  The mean absolute error for the Holzworth/Briggs
    method was 143 m, while for Briggs BEH072 subroutine the mean absolute error
    was 321 m.  Subsequently, it was determined that if a plume rise enhancement
    factor were included, the mean absolute error for the Holzworth/Briggs method
    would be reduced by 15 m; however, the absolute error for the BEH072 method
    would be increased.
    
         The plume heights based on separate estimates  for each stack were com-
    puted for the entire set of wind speed and temperature profiles (October 12,
    1976 through September 30, 1977).  The statistics in Table 40 were generated
    in comparing the plume heights from the two stacks  with the vertical  tempera-
    ture structure.  The percent of the time that the plume was contained in an
    inversion layer reached a maximum at 0500 EST and a minimum by 1300-1400 EST,;
    this reflects the diurnal cycle of stability in the boundary layer.   Also,  at
    0500 EST the fraction of the time when the plume was below an elevated inver-
    sion was at a minimum.  By 1800-1900 EST a very large percent of the cases  (77
    percent) showed plumes below elevated inversions. No inversion existed in the
    profile least often (1 percent) between 0600 and 0800 EST and most often at
    1300 EST (11 percent).
    
    DEVELOPMENT OF PLUME TRAJECTORIES
    
         The soundings and plume height estimates aid in determining the position
    of the plume in the vertical.  A method is also needed for estimating the
    plume position in the horizontal on a routine basis; therefore, the develop-
    ment of a method of predicting the plume trajectory was needed.
    
         The trajectory development was initiated by reviewing the July 1977
    helicopter data.  Methods of estimating a plume trajectory were tested
    against the position of the plume as determined by  the helicopter cross
    sections.  The Hockey 30 m wind data were found to  be the most reliable in
    estimating the plume position.  Other methods such  as spatial interpolation
    of fixed-station wind data were rejected due to an  inadequate number of
    stations located at or near typical plume heights.
    
         The following plume trajectory criteria were established for the vici-
    nity of the Clinch  River monitoring network whicn  extends to a maximum of
    30 km. from the plant:
    
         For daylight hours
    
         1.  Use hourly average Hockey 30 m wind vector when wine speeds
             are greater than 3.0 m/sec and the standard deviation of the
             wimi direction fluctuations  ( a.) is less  than 25°.
    
         2.  Use the 2-minute raw data from the Hockey  30 m level to con-
             struct a curvilinear trajectory over the period of an hour
             for wind speeds between 1.0 m/sec and 3.0 m/sec and OA
             between 25° and 40°.                                 M
                                         94
    

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    TABLE 40.  SUMMARY OF PLUME HEIGHTS IN RELATION TO VERTICAL TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE,
                 OCTOBER 12, 1976 - SEPTEMBER 30,  1977
    1
    Hour
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    3
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20
    21
    22
    23
    24
    % In Inversion
    Suck 1
    57
    58
    61
    61
    65
    61
    61
    58
    54
    43
    34
    29
    21
    22
    22
    23
    21
    IS
    19
    29
    38
    47
    54
    57
    Stack 2
    55
    56
    57
    59
    60
    57
    59
    57
    53
    41
    32
    30
    22
    20
    25
    25
    20
    15
    19
    29
    39
    46
    53
    54
    % Below
    Inversion
    Stack 1
    32
    32
    32
    33
    30
    32
    32
    35
    35
    46
    53
    55
    58
    62
    64
    61
    65
    72
    71
    57 •
    48
    41
    34
    33
    Stack 2
    39
    38
    39
    39
    38
    39
    39
    40
    43
    51
    58
    58
    61
    66
    64
    63
    69
    74
    75
    62
    53
    45
    40
    39
    % Above
    Inversion
    Stack 1
    7
    6
    5
    4
    3
    5
    6
    5
    8
    8
    7
    9
    10
    6
    6
    8
    7
    6
    5
    10
    11
    8
    8
    6
    Stack 2
    2
    2
    2
    0
    1
    2
    0
    1
    1
    4
    4
    4
    5
    5
    4
    4
    3
    4
    2
    S
    5
    4
    4
    3
    % No
    Inversion
    4
    4
    3
    2
    2
    1
    1
    1
    3
    3
    6
    7
    11
    9
    8
    8
    7
    7
    5
    4
    4
    4
    3
    4
                                               95
    

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         3.  If the wind speed is less than 1.0 m/sec or the a.,  ii
             greater than 40° the trajectory can be categorized  as
             either (i) indefinite or (ii)  a stagnation situation.
    
         For night
    
         1.  For cases when plume rise was  low (plume did not penetrate
             inversion), assume stagnation  conditions.
    
         2.  For cases of high plume rise (i.e., plume above inversion),
             use same criteria as daytime.
    
    Indefinite plume trajectories occur when the plume is transported in myriad
    directions due to highly variable winds.  Stagnation cases occur when the
    plume is trapped beneath a stable layer and there is insufficient wind to
    transport the plume.  In this case, the plume just disperses in all directions
    in the layer below the inversion.
    
         Eighteen percent of the hours in a test sample of 46 days and nights fit
    the criteria for curvilinear trajectories.  An additional 38 percent of the
    hours in the 46 day test sample were determined to be indefinite or stagnation
    situations.  The remaining 44 percent of the hours met the criterion for
    uniform linear flow.  The development of a technique for displaying the plume
    position or configuration at any point in time was considered necessary in
    analyzing the reasons for particular stations showing impact of the effects
    of the terrain on the plume.  To satisfy both the need for curvilinear
    trajectories and the need for "snapshot" representations of the plume, a
    computer program was developed to produce a graphical display of the plume
    configuration using the 2-minute wind observations from the  Hockey 30 m
    level.  The program advects each 2-minute section of the plume arleady in the
    atmosphere using the latest 2-minute wind vector.  The latest vector also
    represents the latest section of the plume to leave the stack.  The program can
    print a "snapshot" of the plume at any  given 2-minute increment of time, using
    the latest set of 30 2-minute observations covering an hour  of time.  During
    the helicopter monitoring period in July 1977 the plume configuration was
    produced for every 2 minutes during severa"1 of the cross section observations.
    For each of the case studies (described in Section 8) one plume configuration
    was computed and displayed for each hour on the hour for a 48-hour period
    containing a case of high pollutant concentration.
    
         Analysis of these printouts can assist in determining if the plume fol-
    lowed the Hockey winds or was affected by the terrain features.  Figure 28
    is an example of the plume configuration displays produced for the period of
    the helicopter cross sections.  The figure shows the plume position at 1428 EST
    on July 23, 1977 during the helicopter cross section #4.  The vector from the
    plant to the second point D at the end of the plume represents the section of
    plume emitted an hour earlier and transported by successive  2-minute vectors to
    its position at 1428 EST.  The graphical displays of the plume configuration were
    produced on the line printer at the same scale as the 7.5 minute U.S. Geological
                                         96
    

    -------
                                                           l/l
                                                           ,
    >
     ifl J3
     a
    a.  -o
         QJ
     cu +->
     E  =5
     a  a.
    
     ol  o
        o
                                                         CO
                                                         CM
    
    
                                                          Cl)
    
    
                                                          3
                                                          CD
    97
    

    -------
    Survey maps (1 in. = 24,000 in.).  An overlay was produced from the USGS
    maps that cover the region surrounding the Clinch River plant for use in
    analyzing the plume position in relation to the terrain.   Tic marks on the
    axes of the graphical displays represent 0.5 km increments of distance from
    the plant.
    
         Description,of the usefulness of this graphical  technique in explaining
    high concentration cases is contained in the Case Studies part of Section 8.
    
    SUMMARY
    
         A method was developed for constructing hourly profiles of temperature
    and wind speed using hourly ground station observations at five sites repre-
    senting three different elevations, and twice daily rawinsonde observations.
    The constructed profile compared favorably with 350 local pibal/T-sonde
    observations.  The root-mean-square-difference in temperature was less than
    2°C up to 200 m above the plant base, about 3°C for the layer from 200 to
    400 m above the plant base, and generally about 4°C (although as high as
    6°C) above 400 m.  The root-mean-square-difference in wind speeds was about
    2 m/sec up to 200 m above the plant base and averaged about 5 m/sec above
    200 m.   The wind speed and temperature profiles were  used to determine plume
    height by a method developed by Holzworth and originally  proposed by Briggs.
    In comparing plume height calculations with helicopter measurements of 20- plume
    cross-sections, we found a mean absolute difference of 130 m and a mean mea-
    sured plume height of 978 m.
    
         An objective method was developed for calculating plume trajectories based
    on average 1-hour winds (linear 1-hour trajectory) or based on 2-minute winds
    (curvilinear trajectory).  Linear trajectories occurred 44 percent of the time
    and curvilinear flow was found 18 percent of the time.  The remaining 38 per-
    cent of the cases were found to consist of irregular and poorly defined flow.
    Most of the irregular flow situations occur during nighttime hours, i.e.,
    about 60 percent of nighttime hours compared to about 16 percent of daytime
    hours.
                                          98
    

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                                      SECTION  8
    
                         ANALYSIS OF  PLUME  IMPACT  IN  RELATION
                             TO METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
          Two  approaches  were  utilized  in  analyzing  the  plume  impact  within  the
     fixed-station  network.   The first  method  was  a  statistical  approach,  which
     involved  producing joint  frequency distributions  of the pollutant  concentra-
     tions in  association with a number of meteorological  parameters.   During  this
     stage of  the.analysis statistics were also  generated  on the meteorological
     data itself.   The second  approach  was a case  study  analysis in which  eight
     specific  high  pollution  incidents  were studied  in depth to  determine  the
     causes for the plume impacts and to gain  a  better understanding  of the  plume
     transport and  diffusion  processes  that were occurring.
    
     METEOROLOGICAL DATfl
    
          Frequency distributions of wind  direction,  speed,  and  a. by hour of  the
     day for each  of the  eight fixed stations  are  presented  in Appendix B.
    
          The  frequency distributions of wind  directions recorded at  each  station
     show a significant influence of the terrain in  the  immediate vicinity.  Examples
     can be cited  to illustrate the  relationship of  prevailing wind directions to
     local terrain  features  shown in Figure 31.  The most  frequent 10°  wind  direction
     class at  Johnson is  310°-320°.  This  class  occurred most  frequently from  late
     morning through late afternoon  and is upslope flow  through  a hollow in  Copper
     Ridge. Lambert shows most frequent wind direction  classes  of 250°-260° and
     260°-270°, indicating channeling of the airflow along Reed's Valley.   Both
     the upper and  lower  levels at Hockey have most  frequent wind directions
     that are  upslope along a  hollow on Copper Ridge.  The upper level  has a
     peak in the distribution  220°-230° class, while the lower level  exhibits  a
     maximum in the 200°-210°  class. Munsey's most  frequent wind direction  is
     120°-130° occurring  mainly in the  morning and evening.  This flow  represents
     drainage  through a hollow in Copper Ridge.  Nash's  shows  the highest  fre-
     quencies  in the adjacent  220°-230° classes  which are oriented along nearby
     Thompson  Creek.  The upper and  lower Tower  levels have highest  frequencies
     of wind directions in the ranges of 220°-260° and 240°-270°, respectively.
     These ranges  are slightly more  frequent from  mid-morning  through late after-
     noon than any other  part  of the day,  suggesting some upslope flow  toward
     the Tower site from  Dumps Creek.   Castlewood's  most frequent wind  directions
     are in the range 280°-310° which  is up-river  flow along the direction of  the
     Clinrh River  Valley.
    
    
         wind  roses have  been  generated from the Clinch  River  wind data by
    •axi"e1l H979).  A particularly  interestinq  terrain  influence on  the air flow
    
                                           99
    

    -------
    is demonstrated by the wind roses for Munsey.   Figures 29 and 30 contain wind
    roses for the months July-September 1977 by individual 3-hour periods of the
    day.  A very pronounced downslope flow (approximately 120°)  develops at night
    at Munsey as demonstrated by the wind roses for hours 0200-0400, 0500-0700, 1700-
    1900, 2000-2200 and 2300-0100 EST.  This phenonemon may be important in bringing
    the elevated power plant plume down to the elevation of Munsey.
            Figure 29.  Munsey wind roses for July-September 1977, for
                       3-hourly periods during 0200-1300 EST.
                                         100
    

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    vtUNSEY 77 182 271 20-22
                                        MUNSEY 77132 273 23-1
                        C 3-1    1-3       5-5     5-10      OVW '.0
       Figure 30.   Munsey  wind roses for July-September 1977,  for
                   3-hourly periods  during  1400-0100  EST.
                                       101
    

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         The most frequent wind speed interval  at most of the stations is either
    0-1 m/sec or 1-2 m/sec.  The exception is the upper level of Hockey which has
    a maximum in the 3-4 m/sec interval.   All stations except Wash's, Castlewood
    and Munsey have 10°-20° as the most frequent standard deviation of wind direc-
    tion (ci ) over periods of 1-hour in length.   The most frequent afl classes
    are 30-40° at Nash's, 50°-60° at Castlewood, and 60°-70° at Munsey.  The
    large a  values at these sites reflect the disruption to the general flow
    caused By the local terrain.
    
         Frequency distributions were also analyzed for the additional meteoro-
    logical data recorded at Tower, including vertical temperature differences
    and wind elevation angle.  The strongest inversion from 0.5 to 30 m was an
    increase of greater than 3.3°C, while the strongest unstable condition was a
    decrease of more than 2.4°C.  Strong lapse conditions between 0.5 and 30 m
    generally occur simultaneously with strong lapse conditions between 0.5 and 4
    m.  However only a few cases existed showing strong inversions occurring
    simultaneously in both layers.  It was difficult to draw conclusions regard-
    ing the temperature gradient from 0.5 to 4 m because the 4 m level was apparently
    reading too high after the sensor was replaced in October of 1976.  The most
    frequent standard deviation of wind elevation angle (a-) values were in the
    range 6°-9° at the lower Tower level.  These values occurred most frequently in
    the morning and evening while the maximum range recorded (36°-39°) occurred at
    midday.  The upper 
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    Copper Ridqe.  For Hockey winds of 180°-210° the preferred Munsey directions are
    centered around 240° and 130°.  These directions represent up-valley flow and
    drainage flow, respectively.  The Munsey direction matches the Hockey direction
    best for the Hockey ranqe 260°-360°.   The Munsey winds are scattered for the
    Hockey ranqe 210°-250°.
    
         The Nash's site is located on a plateau with a steep upslope about
    0.3 km to the SE.  The plateau and ridge are aligned approximately 55° to 235°.
    There is a definite preference for Nash's wind directions to be aligned along
    the axis of the plateau and ridge.  For Hockey wind directions, ranging 0° -
    180° the Nash's most frequent directions occur in the 20°-70° range.  This
    direction corresponds to the axis of the plateau.  A maximum frequency also
    occurs for Nash's winds at 0-20° with Hockey winds at 0-20°.  For Hockey
    directions of 180°-310° a maximum exists for Nash's winds between 190°-260° with
    a secondary maximum between 0°-60°.  This again corresponds to the axis of the
    plateau.  Nash's winds correspond to Hockey's for directions 310° - 360°.  This
    may be due to either the fact that generally northwest winds are stronger or
    that the nearest obstruction to the flow from the northwest is more than 0.5
    km away.
    
         The Lambert site is located at the base of Copper Ridge (to the southeast
    of the site) that is aligned 55° to 235°.  There are no major obstructions to
    the air flow within several kilometers to the N or NE.  There is a preference
    for the wind directions at Lambert to be aligned along the axis of the valley.
    Lambert matches Hockey best for directions of 270°-36b° at Hockey.  This may be
    due to the stronger wind speeds encountered with this direction.
    
         The Tower site is located on a plateau (aligned 55°-235°) with a higher
    ridge approximately (same alignment) 0.4 km to the southeast.  A steep downs lope
    is located about 0.2 km to the northwest.  There is a slight preference for Tower
    30 m winds to be aligned along the plateau; however, Tower 30 m winds generally
    correspond well with the Hockey 30 m winds.  On the average Tower is backed
    about 10° with respect to Hockey for most wind directions.  Tower 10 m winds
    exhibit a slight preference for directions to be aligned along the plateau
    ax i s.
    
         The Johnson site is located near the top of a wide ridge with extremely
    complex terrain in all directions within a kilometer of the station.  There
    appears to be a preference for wind directions at Johnson to be aligned
    along Sexton Hollow (which has an axis of 290°-110°), especially for Hockey
    directions of 270°-360° and as a secondary maximum for Hockey directions of
    120°-230°.
    
         There is some evidence of wind channeling caused by the Clinch River
    vaney at the Castlewood station.
                                         103
    

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    POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS IN RELATION TO OBSERVED METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
    
         Frequency distributions of the measured SO- and NO  data versus
    the simultaneous Hockey 30 m level wind directions werexgenerated.  These
    distributions are found in Appendix C.  Mean S0~ concentrations were also
    computed for each of 12 30° wind direction sectors for each station, using
    the Hockey 30 m transport winds.  Pollution roses were drawn for each station
    (see Figure 31).  All stations show significant impact of the plume for direc-
    tions coming from the plant.  In addition all stations also show elevated
    concentrations with southwest winds whether the plant is located in this
    direction or not, leading to the suggestion that higher background levels
    are associated with this direction than with others.
    
         From an examination of the frequency distribution tables for NO  in
    Appendix C, the Hockey 30 m wind direction ranges associated with thl highest
    recorded NO  readings at each of the stations could be easily obtained.
    These ranges are listed below along with the direction of the plant from
    each station:
    
                                Hockey 30 m
                       Wind Direction Range Associated       Direction of Plant
         Station          with Highest NOx Readings	from Station	
    
        Hockey                    260°-320°                          287°
        Castlewood                200°-240°                           58C
        Nash's                    210°-240°; 260°-300°               244°
        Tower                     200°-270°                          226°
        Munsey                    190°-230°; 300°-340°               291°
        Kent's                    210°-250°                          248°
    
    Hockey, Nash's, Tower, and Kent's appeared to record high NO  concentrations
    with wind directions generally blowing from the direction of the plant.  How-
    ever, Munsey and Castlewood experienced their highest NO  concentrations with
    Hockey's 30 m wind directions much different than the direction straight from
    the plant.  These results indicate that terrain-induced flow regimes may be
    important for transporting the power plant plume to these two stations.  Drain-
    age flows occur in the Clinch River Valley, affecting Castlewood, and downslope
    flow at Munsey may bring the plume down to the Munsey elevation.
    
         The relationships between high SO., concentrations at the eight stations
    and wind speeds and o  as recorded at the Hockey 30 m level were investigated.
    The wind speed ranges and cr. ranges associated with the high SO- values are
    listed in Table 41.  All frequency distributions generated for the pollutant
    data used the ranges listed below:
    
    
                                    0-5   ppb
                                    5-10
                                    10-15   "
    

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             TABLE 41.  WIND SPEEDS AND a  RANGES
          ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHEST S02 CONCENTRATIONS
    Station             Wind speed_ (m/sec)    °A (degrees)
    
    Munsey                   4-7                      0-20
    
    Kent's                   4-6                      0-10
    
    Castlewood               3-5                      0-20
    
    Tower                    1-8                      0-20
    
    Nash's                   2-4                      10-30
    
    Lambert                  2-4                      0-20
    
    Johnson                  1-4                      0-20
    
    Hockey                   1-3                      0-70
                                 106
    

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                                   15-20
                                   20-25
                                   25-30
                                   30-40
                                   40-50
                                   60-80
                                   80-100
                                  100-150
                                  150-200
                                  200-300
                                  300-500
    "High"  Concentrations
    For the purpose of analyzing the meteorological conditions associated with
    high concentrations, the occurrences in the four highest concentration cate-
    gories for each station were considered.  Munsey, Kent's, and Castlewood
    showed highest SO- readings with moderate wind speeds, while Nash's and
    Lambert had their highest readings with slightly lighter winds (2-4 m/sec).
    The ridgetop stations (Johnson and Hockey) had the lightest wind associated
    with their high S02 concentrations.  This result supports the finding that
    high concentrations at the ridgetop stations are associated with nighttime
    stable conditions as demonstrated in Section 4.  The Tower station showed
    no distinct propensity for any particular wind speed for high concentrations
    as high values occurred with speeds from 1 to 8 m/sec.  The high values with
    light winds at Tower may be associated with fumigation incidents after
    nearly calm stable nights, while the higher speeds were most likely asso-
    ciated with the plume passing over the Tower at relatively low heights
    occurring with neutral conditions.
    
         With the exception of Hockey, the highest S02 concentrations occurred
    with relatively low values of o..  At Hockey high values occurred with
    a. as low as the 0°-10° range and as high as the 60°-70° range, indicating
    the possibility that high values occur with both nearly direct hits by narrow
    plumes and also in stagnation situations with rather ill-defined plumes.  The
    Kent's results show that the highest S02 readings occurred with very small
    OQ values (< 10°), indicating that for Kent's to receive a significantly
    high S02 concentration, a very narrow plume was required, which is reasonable
    since Kent's was the most distant station.
    RATIOS OF NO TO N02
    
         An important consideration regarding NO  concentrations in a power plant
    plume is the rate of conversion of NO to NO-.  Since the oxidation of NO- by
    ozone is a very rapid reaction, but the available ozone supply in any volume of
    air is low, the formation of N02 is highly dependent on the turbulent mixing
    process which replenishes the supply of ozone in the plume from the ambient air.
    If there is more turbulence over complex terrain than over flat terrain, it
    may be evident in the rate of conversion of NO to NO-.  We have not attempted
                                         107
    

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     to  investigate  this  question  in detail.   However, we have computed the ratios  of
     mean  NO to mean  NCL  concentrations which  were measured  at the various fixed
     monitoring sites for  each hour of the day.   These ratios are shown in Figure 32
     for the Tower and  Kent's sites.
    
          A pattern  of  diurnal variation in the NO to NO,, ratio  is most clearly
     seen  at the Tower  site, while hour-to-hour variations are least pronounced for
     the Kent's site.   These two sites are closest and furthest  from the plant,
     respectively.   They clearly demonstrate the  decrease in the ratio with dis-
     tance, and thus travel time,  from the plant.  The mean  of 24-hourly ratios is
     1.19  at the Tower  site and  is 0.38 at the Kent's site.  If  the rate of conver-
     sion  from NO to N0? were proceeding at a  constant first-order rate, the
     ratios at the two  sites would be represented by a single exponential decay
     constant.  However,  a constant exponential decay for the ratio at the Tower
     site  is over four  times the decay constant indicated by the ratio at the  Kent's
     site.  It is clear that turbulent mixing  rather than the rate of chemical reac-
     tion  is controlling the rate  of conversion by the time  the  plume reaches  the
     Kent's site.
    
          There is an interesting  bulge in NO  to  NO- ratio at the Tower site
     for the hours of 0800 to 1600.  Since wind speeds are normally stronger during
     daytime hours than during nighttime hours, this would bring the plume to  the
     Tower site faster  and with  less time to convert NO to NO^.  The bulge begins
     earlier in the  day than the normal increase  in wind speea which is most
     commonly apparent  about noon  each day.  A more detailed examination of the
     relationship of the  ratio to  wind speed is warranted to better explain this
     phenomenon.
    
    
    CASE STUDIES
    
         Periods  of high hourly average concentrations at the fixed monitoring
    stations  were examined as possible case study periods.   From this list,  eight
    case study periods  were chosen for detailed plume behavior analysis based on
    their apparent applicability to other complex terrain sites.  Table 42 pro-
    vides a listing of  the case study periods  along with a brief description of
    plume behavior for  each.
    
          Each case  study  is described in detail with special emphasis on the
     interaction of  the plume with terrain features and the  meteorology that  influ-
    enced the plume behavior.  Tables containing pertinent  parameters for a period
    of 5 hours before  to 5 hours  after the pollution episode are provided for each
    case  study.  Table 1 should be referenced for locations and elevations of the
    fixed stations.
    
    Case Study I  (2300 EST, December 21, 1976 - 0200 EST, December 22, 1976)
    
         High S0? concentrations were recorded at both Hockey and Munsey tor  (he
    same hour period during this case study (see Table 43).  Both stations have
    approximately the  same bearing from the plant with Hockey on the crest ol
    Copper Ridge and Munsey on the side of the ridge facing t.he plant,,
                                          108
    

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                          TABLE 42.  LIST OF CASE STUDIES
    Case study
      number
    Date
    Description
        I     2300 EST, Dec. 21, 1976 -
              0200 EST, Dec. 22, 1976
    
       II     0800 EST, Feb. 11, 1977 -
              1400 EST, Feb. 11, 1977
    
      III     1000 EST, April 19, 1977
              1500 EST, April 19, 1977
    
       IV     1000 EST, May 15, 1977 -
              1200 EST, May 15, 1977
    
        V     0400 EST, June 30, 1977 -
              0500 EST, June 30, 1977
    
       VI     0700 EST, July 6, 1977 -
              1000 EST, July 6, 1977
    
      VII     0900 EST, July 24, 1977 -
              1700 EST, July 24, 1977
    
     VIII     1100 EST, July 26, 1977 •
              1700 EST, July 26, 1977
                         Plume rose to cross Copper Ridge
                         Down-valley flow during morning, stable
                         conditions followed by plume fumigation
    
                         Prolonged fumigation at lower elevation
                         stations
    
                         High concentrations on ridge during
                         unstable conditions
    
                         Extremely high concentrations on ridge
                         during stable conditions
    
                         Prolonged fumigation
                         Helicopter cross sections, plume rose
                         to cross ridge
    
                         Helicopter cross section, lower portion
                         of plume channelled by terrain
                                        110
    

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         This case  study  occurred within an 11-hour period  in which  Upper  Hockey
    wind directions  shifted  from 321°  at 1800 EST or, December 21  to  204°  at 0400 EST
    on December 22.   The  weather was being influenced on the synoptic  scale by a
    high pressure system  centered over South Carolina.  During  the case study
    Hockey 30 m wind  speeds  ranged from 2.1 m/s to 3.9 m/s  and  wind  directions
    from 279° to 315°.  These  wind directions would have transported the  plume in
    the general direction of both Hockey and Munsey.  However,  as  illustrated in
    Figures* 33 to 35, the plume position  based on the 30 m 2-minute wind  vectors
    at Hockey are southwest  of both the Hockey and Munsey  sites.   The  calculated
    plume heights for the case study period indicate that  the plume  center line was
    approximately 90  m to 170  m below the 30 m Hockey level.  Wind directions at
    the 10 m Hockey level compared to the 30 m level show  that  the winds  were
    veering with height.  Therefore, during this case study,  the 30 m Hockey wind
    data did not accurately  estimate the position of the plume;  the  estimated
    plume position  was veered  with respect to the actual.
    
         During this  case study the DT3 (30 m temperature  -  0.5 m temperature)
    values at Tower were  strongly positive resulting in the  stability classifi-
    cation to be very stable.   The calculated plume heights  were relatively low,
    ranging from 195  m to 272  m above plant base.  These plume  heights would have
    resulted in the plume centerline being located approximately halfway between
    Hockey and Munsey in  the vertical.  However,  the SCL concentrations at Hockey
    averaged about  twice  as  high as the concentrations at  Munsey.  Therefore, the
    plume centerline  probably rose to cross Copper Ridge.   Wind directions of
    approximately 120° recorded at Munsey  indicate the existence of  downslope flow
    on Copper Ridge.   This flow may have entrained the lower portion of tne plume
    resulting  in the  elevated  concentrations observed at Munsey.
    
    Case Study II (Q800-1400 EST, February 11, 1977)
    
         During this  case study (see Table 44) elevated S0?  hourly average con-
    centrations were  reported  simultaneously at Castlewood,  Lambert, Munsey, Tower,
    and Nash's.  A  high  pressure system off the South Carolina  Coast was  influencing
    the weather pattern  over soutwest Virginia.   A pibal without T-sonde  launched
    at 1017 EST showed the wind flow at 100 m above plant  base  to be light and
    from a direction  of  86°; at approximately 320 m the wind speed was 4 m/s and the
    direction  had veered  sharply to 223°  (Figure  36 and 37).  Winds  at the 30 m
    level at Hockey were  relatively consistent during this period.   Wind speeds
    ranged from 3.2 m/sec to 5.1 m/s, wind directions ranged from 213° to 232°,
    and sigma  azimuths ranged from 4.7° to 10.9°.  Wind speeds  at Castlewood were
    very light and  therefore the wind directions  were probably  not  very indicative
     *NOTE: Figures 33 to 35 and 43 to 58 show snapshots of the plume at the indicated time. Each lettered point
    
     represents an increased travel increment of 2 minutes.  Point A is the location of material which left the stack
    
     2 minutes earlier; Point B is the location of material which left the stack 4 minutes earlier,  el<_.
                                           11?
    

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    Plant
                                                                   Miinsev
                                                                                           Hockey
                      Figure 33.  Configuration of plume at2300EST, December 21,  1976
                                                 113
    

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    Plant
                                                                 Munsey
                                                                                        Hockev
                 \
                      Flgnr* 34.  ConfljuMtton of plnme at 2400 EST, December 21, 1976
                                                  11/1
    

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    Plant
                                                                    •
                                                                  Munsey
                                                                                             *
                                                                                          Hockey
                       Figure 35.  Configuration of plume it 0100 EST, December 22, 1976
                                                    115
    

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                                 Wind speed, m/sec
      Figure VJ.  Wind speed (m/s) profile at 1017 EST, February 11, 1977, at the power plant.
                                            118
    

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    of the plume flow.  The calculated plume heights, with the exception of
    hour 1400 EST, were relatively low, ranging from 197 m to 268 m.  The stability
    was computed to be very stable on hours 0800 to  1100 EST, slightly stable
    on hours 1200 to  1300 EST, and neutral on hour 1400 EST.
    
         From hours 0800 to 1000 EST the elevated S0? concentrations were con-
    fined to Castlewood.  This may be an indication that the plume was entrained
    in a downvalley flow along the Clinch River Valley to Castlewood.  From hours
    1100 through 1400 EST, S0? concentrations at Castlewood decreased while
    significant S0? concentrations were reported at Tower, Nash's, Lambert, and
    Munsey.  This may be the result of a prolonged fumigation incident that
    occurred in the valleys surrounding the plant.  In this case, a very intense
    inversion existed between Nash's elevation and Hockey at 0900 EST and between
    Castlewood and Hockey for 1000 and 1100 EST (see Figure 38).
    
    Case Study III (1000 EST - 1500 EST, April 19, 1977)
    
         This case study is a typical example of an event that occurred frequently
    during the late morning hours  in the vicinity of the Clinch River plant.  As
    evidenced by Tables 12 to 19 in Section 4, the lower elevation stations (i.e.,
    Tower, Castlewood, Munsey, Lamberts and Nashs) show a preference for high SO,
    concentrations between the hours of 0900 EST and 1400 EST.  This phenomenon 1s
    less pronounced at the higher  elevation stations (i.e., Kents, Hockey, and
    Johnson).  Often  a number of fixed monitoring stations at different bearings
    simultaneously recorded significant concentrations during the  late morning
    hours.
    
         In this case study, elevated concentrations of S0? (see Table 45)
    were recorded between 1100 EST and 1300 EST at Tower, cambert, Munsey and
    Nashs.  The weather at Clinch  River was being synoptically  influenced by
    a high pressure system off the North Carolina Coast.  The OT3  values at
    Tower for 0600 EST to 0900 EST indicate the existence of a ground-based
    inversion.  This  inversion probably extended to  a point above  the lower
    elevation stations and inhibited vertical dispersion and plume rise.  This
    is supported by the calculated plume heights for 0600 EST to 0900 EST which
    ranged from 225 m to 232 m.  As a result of the  local flows within the  inver-
    sion, the plume was advected through the valleys and mountain  gaps surrounding
    the plant (Figure 39).  The DT3 values for the period of 1100  EST to 1300
    EST indicate the  inversion was dissipating from the ground up.  This eventually
    resulted in an elevated inversion above plume height, therefore producing a
    fumigating plume.  By 1300 EST the elevated inversion was dissipating, bring-
    ing a conclusion  to the fumigation episode.  This  is supported by a pibal/
    T-sonae launched  at 1228 EST which showed a nearly adiabatic  "lapse rate
    (see Figures, 40, 41 and 42).
    
         To more fully study this  prolonged fumigation phenomenon  at complex
    terrain sites, an extensive pibal/T-sonde network would be needed (i.e.,
    launch sites  in a number of valleys and on ridge tops) with  launchings
                                          119
    

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    Figure 40  Wind direction profile at 1228 EST, April 19,  1977,  at the power pla
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       Figure 41.  Wi nd speed profile at 1228 EST, April 19, 1979, at the power plant.
                                 124
    

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    every 1/2 hour commencing at daybreak.  In this way, an  accurate  account  of
    the behavior of the inversion and the  local wind flow could  be documented.
    However, one of the problems encountered during the Clinch River  Field  Project
    was the propensity of fog to form in the river valley overnight.   Often the
    fog would not dissipate until late morning.  Obviously,  this restricted the
    number of pibal launchings during these hours.  An acoustic  sounder might have
    been one method of sidestepping the fog problem in obtaining the  structure of
    the temperature profile.  Perhaps wind data could have been  obtained  from a
    meteorological tower of at least stack height located near the plant.
    
         There are many questions as to how such a complex phenomenon  as  the  one
    described in this case study could be modeled, as the location of  the fumi-
    gation episodes is a function of the terrain configuration and the local  flows
    transporting the plume.
    
    Case Study IV (1000 EST - 1200 EST, May 15, 1977)
    
         This case study included several hours of high S0?  concentrations  at
    Johnson (see Table 46), a ridge top station; no other fixed  monitoring  sta-
    tion reported elevated concentrations during this period.  The weather  over
    southwest Virginia was being influenced by a weak cold front moving down  from
    the north.  Hockey 30 m wind speeds ranged from 1.4 m/s  to 2.2 m/s, wind
    directions from 359° to 15", and sigma azimuths from 35° to  45°.   These
    wind directions would have carried the plume in the general  direction of
    Johnson.
    
         Figures 43 to 49 show the configuration of the plume based on 2-minute wind
    data from Hockey at specific times between 1000 EST and  1100 EST.   Table  47 pro-
    vides the 2-minute S0? concentrations for the same time  period.   It appears
    the plume swept by the Johnson site during the course of the hour.
    
         For this case study period the calculated plume heights ranged from
    367 m to 443 m above plant base or approximately 150 m above the  Johnson  site.
    The stability classification was slightly unstable for 1000  EST.   Due to  the
    unstable conditions, the high concentrations observed at Johnson  could  be
    explained by a large vertical dispersion or looping of the plume.
    
    Case  Study V  (0400-0500 EST, June  30,  1977)
    
          This case study  involves  the  highest  hourly  average SO- concentra-
    tion  measured  at Hockey (see Table 48); no other  fixed monitoring station
    reported  an elevated S0? concentration.
    
          The  weather over  southwest  Virginia was  influenced  by  a high pressure
    ridge  over the Middle  Atlantic  states  and  a  stationary  front extending  from
    Iowa  to  North  Carolina.  The 30  m  wind speeds were  1.2 m/s  and wind directions
    were  278° and  233°  with sigma  azimuths of  24° and  37°.   Hockey 10m wind
    speeds  were very light  and  hence  directions  were  probably not  indicative
    of  the  plume  transport  direction.  Plume heights  were  computed to be  approxi-
    mately  300 m  and the  stability class  was determined  to  be very stable.
    The relatively small wind  elevation  sigmas  (o,-) observed at  the Tower 30 m
    level  may indicate  that the vertical  extent  or  the  plume was narrow,  i.e.,
    vertical  dispersion was small.
    
                                          126
    

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     West
                               Plant
          Johnson
    Hjrure 43.  Calculated configuration of
    plume at 1000 EST, May 15, 1977.
                                                     West
                                                                            North
                             Plant
                                                          Johnson
    Figure 44.  Calculated configuration of
    plume at 1010 EST, May IS, 1977.
                                             128
    

    -------
     West
                            North
                              i
    
                            Plant
       Johnson
    Figure 45.  Calculated configuration of
    plume at 1020 EST, May IS, 1977.
                                                        West
                                                       Johnson
                                                                          North
                        Plant
                                                                                        c
                                                                                        a.
    Figure 46.  Calculated configuration of
    plume at 1030 EST, May 15,  1977.
                                                129
    

    -------
      West
         Johnson
    
            *
                            North
                            Plant
    Figure 47.  Calculated configuration of
    plume at 1040 EST, May 15, 1977.
                                                     West
                                                                     North
                                                                    Plant
    Johnson
       t
    Figure 48.  Calculated configuration of
    plume at 1050 EST, May 15, 1977.
                                               130
    

    -------
    West
                                      North
                                         I
    
    
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                                   **
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    Figure 49.   Calculated configuration of plume at
     1100 EST, May 15, 1977.
                              131
    

    -------
    TABLE 47.  2-MINUTE S02 CONCENTRATIONS AT JOHNSON
    
    Day Time
    May, 15, 1977 1000
    1004
    1006
    1008
    1010
    1012
    1014
    1016
    1018
    1020
    1022
    1024
    1026
    1028
    1030
    1032
    1034
    1036
    1038
    1040
    1042
    1044
    1046
    1048
    1050
    1052
    1054
    1056
    1058
    1100
    Johnson
    S02 (ppb)
    100
    130
    140
    no
    160
    150
    240
    280
    290
    240
    200
    180
    190
    170
    130
    100
    90
    100
    90
    80
    70
    80
    80
    90
    90
    90
    80
    80
    80
    90
                            132
    

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         Figures 50 to 58 display the conf iguation and direction of the plume
    based on 2-minute scans of Hockey  30 m wind speeds and directions.  When
    the plume configurations in those figures are compared to the corresponding
    2-minute scans of SO- concentrations in Table 49, there appears to be a good
    correlation between plume position and S0? concentrations at Hockey, i.e.,
    generally as the plume approached Hockey, S02 concentrations increased and
    as the plume retreated from Hockey, S0? concentrations decreased.  It can be
    concluded from this analysis that the vector addition of 2-minute winds at
    Upper Hockey predicted the position of the plume reasonably well for this case
    study.
    
         Using the Gaussian relationship,
                        *  -
    where  x  = center! ine concentration at ground
    
          a  = horizontal dispersion coefficient
    
          a  = vertical dispersion coefficient
    
           H = effective stack height
    
           Q = emission rate
    
    for the calculated plume height of 314 m at the plant and for very stable
    conditions, the ground level concentration (x) at Hockey (only 17 m from the
    plume centerline in the vertical) was computed to be approximately 117 x 10^ ppb
    using Pasquill-Gifford dispersion parameters and assuming the plume center-
    line was directly over Hockey.  The peak concentration observed at
    Hockey was 1160 ppb.  If this incident represented a direct hit by the
    plume at the Hockey site, then ay and oz, as determined by Pasquill-
    Gifford, are too small, thus resulting in an overestimation of the plume
    concentration.  Other explanations for the discrepancy are that the
    horizontal position of the plume did not directly intersect the Hockey
    site, or that the plume rose to cross the ridge.
    
    Case Study VI (0700-1000 EST, July 6, 1977)
    
         During this case study elevated $03 hourly average concentrations
    were observed at Hockey and Munsey and slightly elevated concentrations
    were observed at Tower (see Table 50).  The weather over southwest Virginia
    was synoptically influenced by a high pressure ridge extending from the
    Gulf of Mexico to western Pennsylvania.  The stability classifications
    ranged from very stable to unstable as the vertical temperature difference
    became more negative through the morning.  The available Hockey 30 m wind
    data showed the wind speeds to be light, the hourly average directions
    highly variable and the sigma azimuths relatively large.  A pibal/T-sonde
    launched at 1005 EST showed the wind speeds in the lowest 500 m to be
    
                                         134
    

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    TABLE 49.  2-MINUTE SO,, CONCENTRATIONS  AT  HOCKEY
    
    Day Time
    581 0338
    0340
    0342
    0344
    0346
    0348
    0350
    0352
    0354
    0356
    0358
    0400
    0406
    0408
    0410
    0412
    0414
    0416
    0418
    0420
    0422
    0424
    0426
    0428
    0430
    0432
    0434
    0436
    0438
    0440
    0442
    0444
    0446
    0448
    0450
    0452
    0454
    0456
    0458
    0500
    Hockey
    S02 (ppb)
    10
    10
    10
    10
    170
    180
    50
    20
    10
    1090
    1160
    960
    870
    870
    770
    730
    380
    290
    180
    420
    570
    370
    220
    270
    210
    190
    280
    290
    390
    220
    120
    70
    50
    50
    40
    30
    20
    20
    10
    10
                           141
    

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    light and directions backing from 95° at TOO m to 353° at 500 m (Figures
    5S and 60).  As shown in Figure 61, the temperature profile is adiabatic
    to 500 m.  Since the plume height is calculated to be 327 m at 1000 EST,
    the fumigation should be complete as 1s confirmed by the S02 measurements
    at all stations.
    
         THis case study is another example of prolonged plume fumigation.
    In this case the height of the inversion above plant base had exceeded
    the height of all stations.  A possible remnant of the inversion between
    340 and 400 m in the 1005 EST T-sonde suggests the inversion extended to
    at least 400 m.  Nash's did not observe elevated concentrations although
    this site was below both Hockey and Kent's.  In order to understand the
    low concentrations at Nash's, the plume transport wind regime must be
    determined for the case study period.  However, the wind regime is not
    entirely clear since light wind speeds and variable wind directions were
    reported at all stations.  A more detailed analysis has not been per-
    formed.
    
         A pibal/T-sonde released at 1202 EST (Figures 62, 63 and 64) indicated
    the atmosphere had a lapse rate that was approximately adiabatic to a
    height of at least 900 m above plant base.
    
    Case Study VII (0800-1700 EST. July 24, 1977)
    
         This case study included elevated S0£ concentrations at Tower with
    simultaneous helicopter cross sections (see Table 51).  The synoptic
    weather pattern was under the influence of a high pressure system off
    the Virginia coast.  The first helicopter cross-section was performed
    between 0837 and 0856 at a distance of 3.1 km from the plant (Figures
    65 and 66).
    
          Figure 65 shows the major terrain features of the area surrounding
    the plant.  The location of the cross-section is illustrated with a dotted
    line.  Figure 66 presents the cross-section as it would have appeared
    if viewing it from the plant,,  Each point represents an S02 concentration
    (ppo) observed during a helicopter traverse.  Only those points greater
    than  50 ppb and the adjacent points were plotted.  Figure 67 presents the
    cross-section as viewed frora a radial plane eminating from the plant,,
    Each  slash in the vertical represents a helicopter traverse elevation.
    The associated numbar is the total mass (g) of SO^ in a theoretical homo-
    genous volume in which the dimensions were determined by the length of
    the traverses, the vertical spacing of the traverses, and a width of one
    mevar (Figure 68).
    
          The center of mass of the plume was calcualted to be at a bearing
    of 34° and an elevation of 363 m above plant base.  It appears that the
    plume was dispersing into a stable layer thus inhibiting the vertical
    spread of the plume.  The Tower site, which was located in the same
    plane as the cross-section and approximately 600 m laterally from the
    center of mass, had an hourly average S02 concentration of 31 ppb and a
    peak  of 85 ppb for the hour ending 0900 EST.  A pibal without T-sonde
    released at 0847 showed the wind directions to be backing in the lowest
    
    
                                         143
    

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    500 m and veering aloft; wind directions at plume height were observed
    to be 215° (Figures 69 and 70).
    
         Another helicopter cross-section was completed at 0947 at a distance
    of 6.2 km from the plant.  The center of mass for this cross-section was
    calculated to be at a bearing of 34° and an elevation of 442 m above
    plant base.  A pibal  without T-sonde released at 0943 showed wind directions
    to be backing in the lowest 400 m and veering above; wind direction at
    plume height was observed to be 224° (Figure 71).  Figure 73 shows a
    longitudinal view of the two cross-sections ending at 0856 and 0947
    and their relationship to the terrain.   It appears from this figure that
    the plume center!ine rose as it crossed Buffalo Mountain.  This is sub-
    stantiated by the higher elevation of the center of mass computed for
    the latter cross-section.
    
         Figures 74 to 80 pertain to three separate helicopter cross-sections
    done at the same location for different times during this case study.
    These three cross-sections show the plume to have greater spread in the
    horizontal than the cross-section completed at 0856.  Apparently, later
    in the day, the plume shifted positions frequently between helicopter
    traverses.  This assumption is supported by the increases in sigma azimuths
    observed at the 30 m Hockey level over the duration of this case study
    period.  With the exception of 1600 and 1700 EST, Hockey 30 m wind direct-
    ions appear to have correlated well with the horizontal position of the
    plume center of mass as determined by the helicopter cross-sections.
    Perhaps the reason for poor correlation between estimated plume bearing
    and center of mass bearing during 1600 and 1700 EST involves the nature
    of the cross-sections (i.e., the plume shifted positions between traverses,
    the full vertical extent of the plume was not sampled, etc.).  These con-
    clusions are in disagreement with the analysis of the helicopter cross-
    sections conducted by Thompson (1979) in the EPA wind tunnel study at
    Research  Triangle Park.  In that paper Thompson used several helicopter
    traverses to support the wind tunnel findings that with wind directions of
    238° the plume was being deflected to the north by a ridge immediately
    to the northeast of the plant.  However, Thompson based his conclusions
    on the helicopter data that had not been corrected for instrument response
    time and lag time due to the plumbing of the ambient air intake system.
    Also, Thompson examined only several traverses and not the whole cross-
    section.  As illustrated in Figure 75 the location of the plume varied
    significantly between traverses.
    
         Table 52 provides the observed bearing of the center of mass and the
    corresponding estimate of the bearing of the plume as determined by the
    30 m wind directions at Hockey.
                                         153
    

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                      TABLE 52.   ESTIMATED  PLUME  BEARING  AND
                            BEARING OF  CENTER  OF  MASS
    
    
    
    Day
    July 24
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Time
    (EST)
    0900
    1000
    1100
    1300
    1400
    1500
    1600
    1700
    Estimated
    Plume Bearing
    from Hockey Winds
    34°
    42°
    52°
    50°
    66°
    58°
    74°
    93°
    Actual
    
    Center of
    Mass Bear
    34°
    35°
    54°
    54°
    58°
    54°
    54°
    54°
    ing
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Case Study VIII (1100 - 1700 EST. July 26. 1977)
    
         This case study contains moderately elevated concentrations at Johnson
    with simultaneous helicopter cross-sections of the plume (see Table 53).
    Over the case study period hourly averages showed wind speeds ranging from
    3,2 to 5.0 m/s, wind directions of 345° to 4°, and sigma azimuths of 11°
    to 34° at the Hockey 30 m level.  The weather was synoptically influenced
    by a large high pressure system centered over the northern plains.
    
         A helicopter cross-section was performed between 1510 and 1619 EST at
    a distance of 1.6 km from the plant (Figure 81, 82 and 83).  The plume
    center of mass was calculated to be at a bearing  of 175° and an elevation
    of 534 m above plant base.  The calculated plume heights which ranged
    from 407 m to 504 m for the hours of 1500, 1600 and 1700 were a slight
    underestimation of the actual plume height as determined by the center
    of mass of the helicopter cross-section.  The calculated mean of 463 m
    is 13 percent less than observed mean of 534 m.
    
         During this cross-section Johnson recorded only moderately elevated
    concentrations of S02, probably due in part to the high plume heights and
    plume bearing.  Johnson was located at a
    center of mass was at 175°,
    bearing of 191°; the plume
         A pibal without T-sonde released at 1536 EST showed wind directions
    to be veering from 316° to 21° in the lowest 350 m above plant base
    (Figures 84 and 85).  The wind direction at plume height was observed to
    be 3°.  Since Figure 82 presents the plume as it would have appeared to
    an observer viewing it from the plant, the plume center!ine was backing
    with height.  This is in disagreement with the pibal observations made
    during the cross-section.  It is likely that the section of the plume
    below 1000 m was being channeled by a terrain feature, a gap in the first
    ridge south of the plant.
                                         164
    

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    SUMMARY
    
         Terrain influences are evident in the meteorological  observations,
    the ground level measurements of pollutants,  and in helicopter measure-
    ments of the power plant plume.  Frequencies  of occurrence of wind direction
    tabulated at each monitoring site show that each site,  located in a valley
    or a pass where terrain influences are important, experiences a major
    component of air flow that is aligned with terrain features.   Sites in
    valleys have lowered wind speeds than sites on ridges,  and higher
    turbulence levels, as indicated by the standard deviation  of  wind direction
    for a 1-hour period.
    
         Detailed studies of 8 selected cases of measured high SO? incidents
    included 4 situations with high values measured on ridges  with flow directed
    across the ridges, 3 situations with high values measured  in  valleys due
    to prolonged fumigation of the plume into the valleys,  and 1  situation
    of terrain channeling of the flow as shown by helicopter cross-sections.
    These case studies illustrate the nature of the plume behavior problem
    from a descriptive point of view.  The behavior of nitrogen oxide gases
    in the plume were also studied along with the effects of terrain influences.
    The NO/NOX data show evidence of rapid initial transformation of NO to N0£
    within the first 3 km of travel followed by a much slower, almost stagnant
    rate of transformation beyond this distance out to 15 km.
                                        170
    

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                                    Section 9
    
                                 SULFATE ANALYSIS
         Sulfate concentrations were determined from hourly samples of particu-
    late collected using hi-vol type monitors at four fixed stations.   The
    sulfate data were obtained in order to characterize sulfate concentrations
    in the plume and to compare plume concentrations with general background
    levels.  A significant preliminary step in interpreting the sulfate measure-
    ments was to separate interfering effects in the measurement process from
    the influences of ambient air concentrations.
    
         The sulfate measurements include components that were not deposited on
    the filter during active sampling.  One component is the sulfate found in
    the filter before deployment to the field.  This filter background level was
    determined by analyzing the sulfate level for one out of every 50 filters.
    Another component is the fallout of sulfate on the filters after exposure
    to ambient air.   This value was determined by measuring the sulfate level
    on filters that were not exposed to a blower-forced sample of air.  At least
    one such "natural deposition" filter was used with each set of actively
    sampled filters at each fixed monitoring site.
    
         Figure 86 presents sulfate concentration-wind roses for the fixed
    monitoring sites.  The wind directions at the 30 m Hockey level were used
    for these analyses.  There appears to be no clear trend at any fixed station
    for elevated sulfate levels with wind directions that would have transported
    the plume to the station from the plant.  However, each station had either a
    primary or secondary peak of sulfate concentration with wind directions out of
    the west-southwest, the prevailing wind direction.  Perhaps this is an indication
    of long-range sulfate transport.
    
         It can be concluded from Figure 87 that the amount of sulfate that
    accumulated on natural deposition filters was a function of time.   We have
    concluded, based on the information shown from this figure, that the variance
    of the the amount of sulfate fallout on natural deposition filters became toe
    large for useful analysis after approximately 12 days.  The standard error of
    estimate of the data about the linear regression line was 391 yg when con-
    sidering all the plotted data.  However, the standard error of estimate
    decreased to 281 ug when  considering only those cases with exposure times of
    less than 13 days.
    
         Also shown as open circle data points on Figure 87 are the standard devia-
    tions of the fallout for those cases when there were more than one natural
    deposition filter at a site.  In general the standard deviations increased
    with exposure time.  There were 11 cases of multiple natural deposition exposure
    
                                         171
    

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    of which 6 were  less  than  13  days and 5 were 13 days or more.   For  all  11 cases
    the standard deviation  is  209 yg.  For the six cases with  less  than 13  days
    exposure the standard deviation is 100 yg.  The variations  in deposition data
    at a single site  shows  that this accounts for a significant  part  of the variance
    in the regression  analysis of measurements at different sites and times
    Figure 88 presents  pollution  roses based only on those cases in which the
    filters were exposed  to ambient air for 12 days or  less.   It may be noted
    that there is  a  preference for higher sulfate concentrations with wind
    directions from  the west-southwest.
    
         Tables 54 to  60  and Figures 89 to 108 pertain  to seven  cases in which two
    or more fixed  monitoring stations were simultaneously sampling  sulfates, and
    elevated SO. concentrations were observed at one or more of  the stations.
    As illustrated in  these figures, there appears to be little  correlation between
    SO* and SO,, concentrations.   -,It should be noted that in these  figures  SO- con-
    centrations less  than 30 yg/m  are close to the measuring  threshold of  the
    instrument.  Tables 54  to  60  indicate that for these cases  wind directions (30 m
    level at Hockey)  were generally from the southwest.  There  is no  clear  evidence
    of stations downwind  from  the plant receiving higher S04 concentrations.  This
    supports the hypothesis that  some of the observed sulfate  concentrations in the
    area around the  plant came from a distant source, perhaps  to the southwest.
                                                            Sulfati us/*'
    
    
                                                     M - Direction with no samples available
                        Figure 88. Average sulfate concentration for each wind direction, measured at the
                        Hockey 30-m level, for filters exposed no more than 12 diys.
                                          174
    

    -------
     TABLE 54.  DATA ON ESTIMATED BEARING OF THE PLUME, BASED ON 30 M HOCKEY WINDS (JULY b,  1977)
    Date
    July 8, 1977
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Tine
    (EST)
    0900
    1000
    1100
    1200
    1300
    1400
    1500
    1600
    1700
    Wind Speed
    (m/s)
    2.3
    1.6
    2.2
    2.0
    2.1
    2.4
    2.2
    2.4
    2.4
    Direction
    (deg.)
    256
    296
    283
    298
    328
    327
    299
    309
    242
    Sigma Azimuth
    (deg.)
    32
    38
    31
    29
    43
    32
    25
    16
    28
    Estimated Plume
    Bearing (deg.)
    76
    116
    103
    118
    148
    147
    119
    129
    62
    TABLE 55.  DATA ON ESTIMATED BEARING OF THE PLUME,  BASED ON  30 M HOCKEY WINDS (JULY 20, 1977)
    Date
    July 20, 1977
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Time
    (EST)
    1000
    1100
    1200
    1300
    1400
    1500
    1600
    1700
    Wind Speed
    (m/s)
    1.4
    2.6
    1.2
    1.5
    2.3
    2.8
    2.9
    2.8
    Direction
    {deg.)
    297
    311
    308
    325
    327
    285
    296
    305
    Sigma Azimuth
    (deg.)
    34
    16
    62
    56
    28
    30
    22
    14
    Estimated Plume
    Bearing (deg.)
    117
    131
    128
    145
    147
    105
    116
    125
    TABLE 56.  DATA ON  ESTIMATED  BEARING OF THE PLUME, BASED ON 30 M HOCKEY WINDS (JULY  27,  1977)
    Date
    July 27, 1977
    
    
    
    
    |
    Time
    (EST)
    0900
    1000
    1100
    1200
    1300
    1400
    Wind Speed
    (m/s)
    4.6
    4.3
    1.7
    1.7
    0.6
    2.1
    Direction
    (deg.)
    112
    116
    135
    353
    192
    --
    Sigma Azimuth
    (deg.)
    14
    15
    63
    --
    91
    --
    Estimated Plume
    Bearing (deg.)
    292
    296
    315
    173
    12
    --
                                                  175
    

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     TABLE 57.  DATA ON  ESTIMATED BEARING OF THE PLUME. BASED ON 30 M HOCKEY  WINDS  (AUGUST  12,  1977)
    Date
    August 12. 1977
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Time
    (EST)
    0800
    0900
    1000
    1100
    1200
    1300
    1400
    1500
    1600
    Wind Speed
    {m/s}
    3.6
    3.6
    4.6
    2.7
    3.7
    4.1
    2.7
    2.2
    5.2
    Direction
    (deg.)
    224
    222
    232
    284
    238
    219
    304
    245
    302
    Sigma Azimuth
    (deg.)
    11
    10
    16
    31
    20
    15
    44
    44
    39
    Estimated Plume
    Bearing (deg.)
    44
    42
    52
    104
    58
    39
    124
    65
    122
    TABLE 58.  DATA ON ESTIMATED  BEARING OF THE PLUME. BASED ON 30 M HOCKEY WINDS (AUGUST 22.  1977)
    Date
    August 22. 1977
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Time
    (EST)
    1100
    1200
    1300
    1400
    1500
    1600
    1700
    1800
    Wind Speed
    (m/s)
    4.9
    3.7
    2.1
    3.0
    1.8
    2.3
    2.3
    3.0
    Direction
    (deg.)
    295
    307
    275
    225
    246
    321
    312
    318
    Sigma Azimuth
    (deg.)
    12
    31
    34
    26
    35
    18
    18
    17
    Estimated Plume
    Bearing (deg.)
    115
    127
    95
    45
    66
    141
    132
    138
     TABLE 59.  DATA ON ESTIMATED BEARING OF  THE  PLUME,  BASED ON 30 M HOCKEY WINDS (AUGUST 23, 1977)
    Date
    August 23. 1977
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Time
    (EST)
    0900
    1000
    1100
    1200
    1300
    1400
    1500
    1600
    1700
    Wind Speed
    (m/s)
    2.8
    3.5
    4.4
    b.5
    b.l
    b.4
    5.1
    3.9
    2.8
    Direction
    (deg.)
    232
    232
    228
    224
    21 b
    21U
    224
    245
    227
    Sigma Azimuth
    (deg.)
    22
    37
    16
    Estimated Plume
    Bearing (deg.)
    52
    52
    48
    IJ 44
    11
    1 1
    12
    16
    17
    Jb
    .ill
    44
    65
    47
                                                    176
    

    -------
    TABLE  60.  DATA ON ESTIMATED BEARING OF THE PLUME. BASED ON 30 M HOCKEY WINDS (AUGUST 26, 1977}
    Date
    August 26, 1977
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Time
    (EST)
    0800
    0900
    1000
    1100
    1200
    1300
    1400
    1500
    1600
    1700
    1800
    Mind Speed
    (m/s)
    1.1
    0.4
    0.8
    3.4
    4.4
    4.3
    4.4
    4.1
    4.3
    4.7
    4.3
    Direction
    {deg.)
    104
    257
    239
    216
    219
    190
    199
    190
    200
    183
    182
    Sigma Azimuth
    (deg.)
    43
    96
    56
    28
    9
    19
    20
    20
    18
    15
    17
    Estimated Plume
    Bearing (deg.)
    284
    77
    59
    36
    39
    10
    19
    10
    20
    3
    2
          100
           50
       3
    
    
    1
    )900 1000
    —-——-_
    
    1
    1100
    —^ — ' —
    
    1200
    
    
    1300
    
    
    1400
    	 ' 	 " 	 J
    
    1500 1600
    
    
    1700
          100
                                            Ending time of observation (EST)
                      Figure 89.  SO  (dotted line) and SO  concentrations at Hockey for July 8, 1977.
                      (Bearing to plant is 287°)
    
    
    
    00 1
    
    
    
    000 1
    
    
    
    100 1200 1300 1400 1500
    
    
    
    1600
    
    
    ' •
    1
    1700
                                            Ending time of observation (EST)
    
                      Figure 90.  SO  (dotted line) and SO  concentrations at Johnson for July 8,  1977.
                      (Bearing to plant is 11°)
                                               177
    

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                                                183
    

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    -------
                                    SECTION  10
    
                           S02 DISPERSION ANALYSIS
    
    
         The Clinch River pollutant and meteorological data  sets offer  an  oppor-
    tunity for development and validation of dispersion models  appropriate for
    complex terrain.  The major goal of this portion of the  study was to deter-
    mine the modifications to a flat terrain Gaussian model  which would produce
    estimates of SO- concentrations that would best compare  with measured  S0?
    values at the eight fixed stations.
    
         The flat terrain model chosen for the study was  the PTMTP model from the
    EPA UNAMAP (User's Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution) system.
    Assumptions made in this model are:
    
         1.   Meteorological conditions are  steady-state  each hour.
    
         2.   Dispersion parameters are those presented in the  Workbook
              of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates.
    
         3.   Sources and receptors exist in either flat  or  gently rolling
              terrain.
    
         4.   No aerodynamic dowriwash occurs.
    
         5    No wind direction or wind speed shear occurs.
    
         6.   The given stability exists from ground-level to well above
              the top of the plume.
    
    
    Modifications were made to this model to allow a continuous stream  of  hourly
    input values, including wind speed and direction, stability class,  mixing
    height, plume height, and emissions data, and to allow the  output of a file
    of estimated S02 concentrations appropriate for the eight stations.  The
    most important modification was the use of the plume  heights determined from
    sounding data described in Section 6 rather than the  use of the Briggs1 sub-
    routine BEH072.
    
         Wind speed and direction data from  the Hockey 30 m  level were  used as
    model  inputs.  Estimated S0? emissions from Units 1 and  2 of the  plant
    were used along with the measured S0? emissions from  Unit 3.  When  the
    Unit 3 measurements were missing, the estimated values were utilized  (see
    Section 5).
                                          187
    

    -------
         There is general agreement that stability classifications which must
    be determined without a measurement of the boundary layer height should
    be based on the vertical gradient of potential temperature (A3) and the
    wind speed (u) in terms of the ratio AG/U^ (Hanna et al., 1977).  Although
    some T-sonde observations were made and temperature measurements were
    available from several heights, there was only occasionally sufficient
    data to define the depth of the boundary layer.  As an alternative, we
    have used the bulk Richardson number (B), which includes the ratio A0/u2
    in it, as a measure of stability.  Because the scale of this parameter
    is very much dependent on how it is measured, we decided to compare measure-
    ments of B with the Pasquill stability classifications determined by
    Turner's rules (1964) using cloud measurements from Tri-Cities Airport
    and wind speeds from the Tower site.  The bulk Richardson number was deter-
    mined using Tower site measurements as follows:
                                               g
                             =  g(5T/3z  + y)z
    
                                      Tu2
     In this formulation,  the vertical  temperature gradient aT/az was measured
     over the 30 m to 0.5  m layer,  z was taken as 14.75 m,  the 4 m temperature
     was used at T, and u  was the 10 m  wind speed.  T is the dry adiabatic lapse
     rate and equal to -0.00976'C/m.  Stability classes were determined for both
     methods for about 250 hours.  The  distribution of B values for each stability
     class was analyzed in order to establish ranges of B that could be reasonably
     associated with each  class.  The results in Table 61  show how measurements
     of B compare with corresponding measures of Turner-Pasquill stability classes.
    
          Although the joint  distribution  does not show mutually consistent
     stratifications for the  two stability measures,  there  is  a general  trend  among
     major clusters in the table which  shows  that more often than not the  two
     distributors agree as to how stable or unstable  any given hour is.  Out of 255
     observations included in the comparison,  121 observations,  or about half,  are
     mutually consistent under the  selected classifications system shown below.
     Each of the two methods  has advantages,  and one  cannot be certain for any given
     hour which methods best  characterizes what is influencing the exhaust plume
     from the plant. The Richardson number is measured closer  to the source  and may
     reflect the effect of valley fog and  other conditions  which are not present at
     the Tri-Cities Airport.   However,  the tower is low and within the influence of
     roughness elements so that it  does not represent area-wide effects  as well as
     the airport operations.   We have concluded that  the onsite Richardson number
     better represents stability during nighttime and early morning conditions than
     the remote Airport measurements and have used the premeasured to characterize
     stability.  It may be noted that different ranges of Bulk Richardson  would be
     obtained for different tower heights, and the values given here can only  be
     considered representative of this  particular tower height.   One should  not use
     the criteria listed below to classify measurements from other towers  with
     different measurement heights.
                                         188
    

    -------
                 TABLE 61.   DISTRIBUTION OF THE JOINT OCCURRENCES
            OF  CLASSES OF BULK RICHARDSON NUMBER AND PASQUILL STABILITY
                                              Pasquill Stability Class
    Bulk Richardson No.
    <-0.085
    -0.085 to <-0.065
    -0.065 to <-0.045
    -0.045 to <-0.025
    -0.025 to <-0.015
    -0.015 to <-0.005
    -0.005 to O.005
    0.005 to <0.015
    0.015 to <0.025
    0.025 to <0.045
    0.045 to <0.095
    >0.095
    A
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    65
         Based on the results in Table 61, the following ranges of B were
    established for determining an hourly stability class for model input:
            Class          Range of Bulk Richardson Number
    
              A                        B _<  -0.07
    
              B                   -0.07 < B  <  -0.03
    
              '.'                   -().().i •  I!  •   (I.()()S
    
    
              D                  -0.005 -, B ^  0.01
    
              E                    0.01 < B £  0.10
    
              F                        B > 0.10
    
    
    
                                         189
    

    -------
         The parcel method was used to obtain hourly mixing  heights  from the
    temperature profiles described in Section 7.   A profile  of mixing  ratio
    (g/k§) from the same rawinsonde station as the temperature profile was also
    available for each hour for use in determining the mixing  condensation level.
    Below the mixing condensation level  the parcel is lifted dry adiabatically
    and above this level the parcel is lifted moist adiabatically.   When the
    parcel, lifted from the surface becomes 1°C colder than  the profile tempera-
    ture, the mixing height has been determined.
    
         The period modeled extended from Julian Day 287 of  1976 through Julian
    Day 273 of 1977.  The first model run was made with no further modification
    to the program (i.e., this was a flat terrain model run).   The next five
    model runs each involved the implementation of a plume height adjustment over
    terrain elevated above the plant base.  The five models  employed the follow-
    ing five plume height adjustments:
    
    
              1.   CRSTER adjustment (USEPA 1977) - plume height is  decreased
                   by the full amount of the terrain elevation difference
                   between plant and receptor for all stability classes.
    
              2.   NOAA adjustment (Van der Hoven et al. 1972) - plume height
                   is decreased by the full amount of the elevation  difference
                   for stable conditions only.  No adjustment  for neutral and
                   unstable conditions.
    
              3.   VALLEY adjustment (Burt 1977) - plume height is decreased
                   by the full amount of the elevation difference for stable
                   conditions but the plume is not allowed to  approach the
                   terrain any closer than 10 m.  No adjustment for  neutral
                   and unstable conditions.
    
              4.   ERT-LAPPES adjustment  (Egan 1975 and Slowik et al.  1977) -
                   plume height is decreased by half the elevation difference
                   for unstable and neutral conditions and by  the amount Fz
                   for stable conditions, where z is the full  elevation differ-
                   ence and F = 1 for plume heights (H) > 1.7z, F =  0.65 for
                   plume heights (H) < z, and F = 0.65 + H-z for z < H < 1.7z.
                                                         ~2T
    
              5.   GEOMET adjustment (Koch 1978) - plume height is
                   reduced by 60 percent of the elevation difference for
                   stable conditions, but the plume height is  never  allowed
                   to become less than 40 percent of the unadjusted  value.
                   No adjustment for neutral and unstable conditions.
    
    
         After each model run a statistics program was employed to produce a
    cumulative frequency distribution of the estimated concentrations for each
    station.  These distributions could then be compared with  the distributions
                                         190
    

    -------
     of measured  values.  The program  also computed paired  statistics  such  as the
     correlation  coefficient, slope  and  intercept resulting from  linear regression
     and the root-mean-square error.   The highest and  second  highest measured and
     computed concentrations at each station were also compared.  All  statistics
     except the cumulative frequency distributions were computed  separately for
     stable, neutral  and unstable conditions as well as for all stabilities com-
     bined.
    
         The plume height for each  stack was  computed using  a multiple stack
     adjustment,  which was found to  be the best technique.  The LAPPES o  adjust-
     ment (Slowik et  al. 1977) involves  multiplying the appropriate Pasqtnll-
     Gifford value by a factor^of 1.43 for unstable and neutral conditions.  A
     multiplier of (1.43/0.4 u ' }  is  used for stable  conditions, where u is
     the wind speed.  These factors  result from the LAPPES  program conducted in
     Pennsylvania from 1967 to 1971.   The GEOMET o  adjustment (Koch 1978)
     involves the use of a multiplier  of 3.0 for neutral  and  stable conditions and
     a multiplier of  2.0 for slightly  unstable conditions.  No adjustments  are made
     for unstable conditions.  The  values were largely derived from plume measure-
     ments  in the vicinity of Maryland power plants.   The Clinch  River helicopter
     data also provide a basis for  little or no modification  to a  for unstable
     conditions.  A model using these  parameters along with the GtOMET plume height
     adjustment has been validated  against measured concentrations at  several
     Pennsylvania power plants in complex terrain (Koch 1977).
    
         In addition to  the a  adjustments,  the °2  formulation suggested by
    F.B.  Smith  (1972) was  applied,  which for the average  roughness of the terrain
    in the vicinity of the Clinch  River plant is a  factor of 1.5 increase over
    the PasquiH-Gifford values.   An initial  plume  dilution factor and the use
    of a  power  law to extrapolate  the transport wind  speed from the  Hockey 30
    m station elevation  to plume height were  included in  the additional  model
    runs.   The  initial  dilution  factor accounts  for the spread of the plume
    during the  entrainment stage.   A method  proposed  by Pasquill  (1976)  was
    employed which involves modification of  the  vertical  dispersion  parameters
    as follows:
    where °z(l) 1S the original value unmodified by the hot plume entrainment
    process and H is the plume rise.  The wind speed at plume height was
    estimated by extrapolating the Hockey 30 m wind speed to plume height using
    a power law with the exponents (p) dependent on stability class:
                                          191
    

    -------
    where Up is the wind speed at plume height, U^ is the Hockey 30 m wind
    speed, H is the plume height and ZH is the elevation of the Hockey 30 m
    station above the plant.  There is much uncertainty in this procedure as no
    set of exponents appropriate for complex terrain exist.  The following
    exponent values were employed which resulted from the analysis of meteoro-
    logical tower data from several flat-to-rolling-terrain sites (see analysis
    in Section 7 ).
    
    
                            Pasquill-Turner
                            Stability Class          _P	
    
                               A                     0.10
                               B                     0.10
                               C                     0.10
                               D (day)               0.12
                               D (night)             0.21
                               E                     0.35
                               F                     0.49
         The final model run employed the recommendations of Pasqulll (1976)
    for using measured o^.  This method has been described in Section 6; the
    method was employed along with the GEOMET plume height adjustment and the
    wind extrapolation technique.  The standard Pasquill-Gifford oz was
    employed.
    
         Two statistics (root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient)
    from the results of the aforementioned model runs appear in Tables 62
    through 69.  Model calculations could only be performed when all necessary
    input data were available.,  Paired comparisons of measured SOp concentrations
    and model estimates could only be made when both were available.  Table 70
    shows the number of comparisons that were performed for each station and
    for each stability.  Table 71 presents a comparison of the highest and
    second highest 1-hour average S02 concentrations produced for each station
    by four of the modeling techniques along with the highest and second
    highest measured values.
    
         For the purposes of statistical comparison, background S02 concentra-
    tions were added to the model estimates.  A background value was estimated
    for each hour by the following procedure:
    
         1.  All available fixed-station S02 observations for each
             hour were used to compute a mean and standard deviation.
                                         192
    

    -------
    
    
    
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    TABLE 70.  NUMBER OF MODEL TO MEASUREMENT COMPARISONS
    
    Station
    Tower
    Castle
    Hockey
    Munsey
    Lambert
    Johnson
    Kents
    Nashs
    Unstable
    476
    73
    502
    506
    398
    452
    499
    481
    Neutral
    899
    611
    859
    932
    835
    730
    924
    810
    Stable
    2865
    1708
    2834
    2972
    2544
    2284
    2880
    2692
    All
    4240
    2392
    4195
    4410
    3777
    3466
    4303
    3983
                              198
    

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    -------
         2.  All  concentrations greater than the mean  plus  one stan-
             dard deviation for the hour were assumed  to  represent
             impact of the plume from the power plant.  These values
             were therefore eliminated from further consideration in
             the  background computation.
    
         3.  The  mean of the remaining concentrations  for each hour
             was  computed and used as the background for  that hour.
    
    Hourly background concentrations ranged from 0 ppb to 74 ppb with a mean
    of 3 ppb.
    
         The model to measurement comparisons presented in  Tables 64  to 71  show
    the effects of adopting various changes to the basic  flat terrain Gaussian
    plume model as it is represented by the PTMTP model.   The results show the
    performance changes at different monitoring sites  and for different stability
    conditions.
    
         The flat terrain model run showed very large  root-mean-square errors
    (RMSE) for unstable conditions (Table 64) with much smaller values for
    neutral (Table 66) and stable conditions (Table 68).   For stable  conditions
    the model showed linear correlation coefficients (Table 69) greater than
    0.6 at the Munsey, Lambert and Nash's stations.  Corresponding RMSEs for'
    these three stations and for Kent's (Table 68) were the four lowest.
    Particularly poor correlation between measured and model estimated values
    occurred at Castlewood and Kent's for unstable conditions (Table 65), yet
    Castlewood showed the best correlation for neutral stability (Table 67).
    Looking at the correlation coefficients and the RMSE, the flat terrain
    model performed surprisingly well against the measured Clinch River data.
    However, the highest and second highest concentrations were overpredicted
    at all stations except Kent's.  Dilution of the plume due to enhanced
    turbulence caused by the complex terrain may have produced actual con-
    centrations much lower than the flat terrain model indicates.  Also, the
    uncertainty in location of the plume is likely to have been greater at
    farther distances from the plant.
    
         The plume height adjustments for elevated terrain resulted in very
    high concentrations, particularly at the stations  substantially elevated
    above the plant.  For example, use of the CRSTER plume height adjustment
    produced the following frequencies of estimated concentrations greater
    than or equal to 500 ppb:
    
                      Station                   Cases
    
                      Tower                       64
                      Hockey                      50
                      Munsey                      50
                      Johnson                     21
                      Lambert                     12
                      Kents                        8
                      Nashs                        1
                      Castlewood                   0
    
    
                                            200
    

    -------
    Most of these high concentration estimates occurred with stable conditions.
    An analysis of the distribution of the arithmetic error for the CRSTER
    height adjustment run shows that for stable conditions the model overpre-
    dicted by more than 500 ppb with the following frequencies:
    
                      Station                   Cases
    
                      Tower                       27
                      Hockey                      34
                      Munsey                      12
                      Johnson                     16
                      Lambert                      9
                      Kents                        7
                      Nashs                        1
                      Castlewood                   0
    
         Slight improvement in the RMSE occurred with the NOAA height adjust-
    ment was used, but this model allows direct impact of the plume centerline
    on elevated terrain in stable conditions.  Another slight improvement in
    RMSE occurred at three stations with the use of the VALLEY plume height
    adjustment which allows the plume to approach elevated terrain to within
    10 m under stable conditions.  Vast improvement in RMSE was shown with the
    use of the ERT-LAPPES adjustment which maintains the plume above the
    terrain at all times, but lowers the plume height above elevated terrain
    by various fractional amounts for unstable, neutral, and stable conditions.
    The best results were obtained with the GEOMET adjustment which makes no
    reduction of the plume height for neutral and unstable conditions and also
    does not allow the centerline to approach terrain to less than 40% of the
    initial plume height for stable conditions.  The ERT-LAPPES plume height
    adjustment showed a significant improvement over the CRSTER, VALLEY, and
    NOAA adjustments for stable conditions, but the GEOMET adjustment proved
    to show an even greater reduction in the RMSE.  The ERT-LAPPES height
    adjustment was only a very slight improvement over the CRSTER formulation
    for neutral and unstable conditions.  The VALLEY, NOAA, and GEOMET plume
    height adjustment results are equivalent for neutral and unstable conditions
    since all three formulations do not alter the plume height for these con-
    ditions.
    
         The GEOMET and ERT-LAPPES plume height adjustments were each utilized
    in conjunction with both the LAPPES and GEOMET 
    -------
         Two additional  modeling techniques (the F.B.  Smith oz adjustment and
    the Pasquill  initial  dilution factor)  did not produce any improvement over
    the combination of the GEOMET plume height adjustment and ay modifications.,
    However, the use of the power law to extrapolate the Upper Hockey wind
    speed to plume height significantly improved both  the correlations and
    RMSE.
    
         Table 71 compares results for the two model  adjustments which gave
    the best RMSE and correlation results  with measured values, with the
    original model and with the original incorporating CRSTER plume height
    adjustment.,  The results are for the highest and second highest 1-hour S02
    concentration at each of the 8 monitoring sites.   It should be noted that
    the values are not paired values occurring for the same hours.  They are
    the highest and second highest values  over the data period.
    
         Joint frequency tables of estimated concentrations versus measured
    concentrations were produced for each  station and  for each stability
    using the hourly output from one of the model runs which for convenience
    has been abbreviated to SSCTM for Single Source Complex Terrain Model.
    The model used for these comparisons includes the  GEOMET H, GEOMET oy, and
    wind extrapolation adjustments.  Seven categories  of concentration were
    used:
    
                                                  Concentration
                      Category                     Range (ppb)
    
                          1                           0-25
                          2                          25-50
                          3                          50-100
                          4                         100-150
                          5                         150-200
                          6                         200-300
                          7                          > 300
    
         Tables 72 through 75 present these distributions for all stabilities
    combined.  The major deficiency of the SSCTM model is the underprediction
    of S02 concentrations in the 25-50 ppb and 50-100 ppb ranges.  This problem
    was very evident at all stations except Lambert and Kent's.  It appears
    that overprediction was also rather common at several sites.
    
         When results for all stabilities  are reviewed (Table 62) the RMSE
    is lowest at 5 stations (i.e., Tower,  Castle, Munsey, Lambert and Johnson)
    when the Pasquill ay is computed from a/\ (Table 64).  The most substantial
    improvement occurred with unstable conditions where, for example, the
    RMSE at Castlewood was reduced by 19 ppb from the SSCTM run.  Other signif-
    icant RMSE reductions occurred at Tower, Munsey and Johnson.,  Table 71
    indicates that the use of °^ in predicting ay also results in the best
    prediction of the highest and second highest values.  Very little change in
    RMSE and correlations were observed between the SSCTM with the GEOMET cy
    and with the use of ^ for neutral and stable conditions.  Johnson showed
    a significant improvement in RMSE for stable conditions and Lambert's
    correlation improved significantly for stable conditions also.
    
                                         202
    

    -------
           TABLE 72.  JOINT FREQUENCIES OF SEVEN  CLASSES  OF  SSCTM
    CALCULATED AND OBSERVED CONCENTRATIONS OF S02 AT TOWER AND  CASTLE  SITES
    
    Tower Observed
    Calculated
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    1
    3553
    23
    18
    5
    2
    1
    3
    2
    292
    30
    7
    1
    0
    1
    1
    3
    182
    27
    1
    6
    6
    0
    1
    4
    44
    9
    3
    1
    0
    1
    0
    5
    13
    3
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    6
    4
    3
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    
    
    
    Calculated
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    
    i
    1
    2248
    2
    2
    0
    0
    0
    1
    
    
    2
    90
    16
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Castle
    
    3
    13
    7
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Observed
    
    4
    5
    3
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    5
    1
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    6
    2
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
                                      203
    

    -------
            TABLE 730  JOINT FREQUENCIES OF SEVEN CLASSES OF SSCTM
    CALCULATED AND OBSERVED CONCENTRATIONS OF S02 AT LAMBERT AND JOHNSON SITES
    
    
    Calculated
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    
    1
    3651
    51
    15
    5
    1
    1
    0
    
    2
    35
    9
    1
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Lambert
    3
    4
    2
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Observed
    4
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    5
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    6
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    
    
    Calculated
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    
    , 1
    3205
    32
    8
    5
    3
    6
    3
    
    2
    115
    14
    2
    2
    0
    0
    0
    Johnson
    3
    56
    1
    1
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Observed
    4
    8
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    5
    2
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    6
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
                                      204
    

    -------
            TABLE 74.   JOINT FREQUENCIES OF SEVEN CLASSES OF SSCTM
    CALCULATED AND OBSERVED CONCENTRATIONS OF S02 AT HOCKEY AND MUNSEY SITES
    
    
    Calculated
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    
    1
    3829
    48
    36
    25
    6
    7
    3
    
    2
    158
    25
    3
    1
    1
    0
    0
    Hockey
    3
    33
    5
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Observed
    4
    6
    3
    4
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    5
    2
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    6
    2
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    7
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    
    
    Calculated
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    
    1
    4168
    29
    24
    11
    6
    4
    4
    
    2
    98
    26
    2
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Munsey
    3
    18
    10
    2
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Observed
    4
    4
    0
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0
    
    5
    1
    0
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    6
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
                                      205
    

    -------
           TABLE 75.  JOINT FREQUENCIES OF SEVEN CLASSES OF SSCTM
    CALCULATED AND OBSERVED CONCENTRATIONS OF SOg AT KENTS AND NASHS SITES
    
    
    Calculated
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    - 6
    7
    
    1
    4131
    86
    20
    2
    0
    1
    0
    
    2
    35
    12
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Kents
    3
    10
    2
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Observed
    4
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    5
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    6
    1
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    
    
    
    
    Calculated
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    
    1
    3853
    40
    8
    1
    0
    1
    0
    
    2
    43
    16
    2
    0
    0
    0
    0
    Nashs
    3
    6
    10
    2
    0
    0
    I)
    0
    Observed
    4
    1
    0
    0
    0
    I)
    0
    0
    
    5
    0
    0
    0
    0
    u
    0
    0
    
    6
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    (i
    0
    
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
                                     206
    

    -------
         Cumulative frequency distributions of both the measured SO? concen-
    trations and model predicted values were plotted on log probability paper
    for comparison.  The graphs for the eight stations, showing the distribution
    results for the measured data along with those for three models*. appear in
    Figures 109 to 116,  Comparing the CRSTER, SSCTM, and Pasquill c?A_GEOMET
    plume height results to the measured S02 data at Tower show that the CRSTER
    model most accurately predicted the lower concentration values, while the
    Pasquill a/\-GEOMET plume height model performed the best at higher concen-
    trations.  An examination of the frequency distribution graphs for the other
    stations reveals a general pattern of the Pasquill ^ model best repre-
    Scfnting the measured distribution at high concentrations, both the Pasquill
     o/\ and SSCTM models performing the best at moderate concentration levels,
    and only a small difference between models existing at low levels of SO^o
    An exception to this pattern is the close match of the CRSTER distribution
    to the measured distribucion at moderate SOg levels at Johnson.
         The combination of Pasquill's method of estimating Oy from tf/
    the GEOMET plume height adjustment produced the highest correlations
    and che lowest RMSE when the results were compared with the measured S02
    data.   In addition, this model also performed the best in predicting the
    highest and second highest concentrations.  This model was therefore
    judged to have validated the best against the Clinch River data.  However,
    for the purpose of common usage a model that requires a/\ as input is not
    practical since ^ data are scarce and not normally observed at standard
    weather stations.  When a/\ data are not available, other means of specifying
    dispersion parameters must be utilized.,  Therefore, the Single Source Com-
    plex Terrain Model (the combination of the GEOMET plume height and ay
    adjustments and wind extrapolation techniques), which performed almost as
    well as the Pasquill aA model, against the Clinch River data should be
    recommended for use.  However, it has been demonstrated that this model
    shows an under-predicticn of S02 concentrations in the 25-100 ppb range.
    
         The remaining alternative for air quality prediction in complex terrain
    is the use of a numerical ooundary layer flow model.  Several such models
    were reviewed; the feature of these models that is most readily adaptable
    for inclusion in a Gaussian model is the use of a curvilinear plume trajectory.
    It has also been demonstrated at Clinch River that a curvilinear trajectory
    best matches the recorded i lurne position (at least within a few kilometers
    or the Plant) in the frequent high turbulence conditions associated with
    complex terrain (see Sections 7 and 8).  For several hours during two days
    occurring during the July, 1977 helicopter monitoring period, curvilinear
    trajectories were proouced using the method described in Section 7e  Hand
    computations of S02 concentrations resulting from the use of curvilinear
    trajectories were performed using the Gaussian plume equation,.  Downwind
    an.i cross/n'nd distances were determined by plotting the trajectories on
    maps.  The resulting SO^ predictions, along with the measured hourly average
    and peak S02 concentrations, are presented in Table 76.  Improvement over
    the straight-line trajectory was found for hours 0900 EST of July 24 and
                                        207
    

    -------
       999 9«J
        :n
    
                     i
    005 010?   05  1   2     5
                       } _  	.
                       figure  109.  Cumulative fr*.niency dlsti tbut Ion of SO^ tm  Tciwe
                                                  208
    

    -------
    10 ' I	Li  -4L LL-LLULUL1 11._.  _L J. JJ
        001  005010?  05   I    ?     b
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                                              frobablllty of Concentration 
    -------
    100 I   — -
     HJ    OOI   005 0102   05   I    2
                                               |0     20   W   -10   SO   60   70   ftO
                                               Probability of Concentration  < Valti
                                                                                     90    95     98   99
                                   figure  111.  Cumulative  frequency distribution
                                                                210
    

    -------
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            001   005 0102051    2      5
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    -------
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    1000J0050I02051 2 *> 10 ?0 304O5060/0 BO 90 9S «W 99 998999 9999
               Probability of concentr at ton v" V« lue
    
    
    
    
    
    Figure 113   CumuUtivt-  f re juem y d lntr ibut Ian of  SO  fnr  1-in
                                 212
    

    -------
    99 
    -------
    10  001  OO50I02   05   I    2     6
                                                   20   10  4O  50  GO   70   BO      90    96
    
    
    
    
                                             Probability  of  concentration < Value
    
    
    
    
    
                                         US.   Cumulative  frequency distribution of S0? for Hocfc«y
                                                                                               98   9"J      998 
    -------
               3 998       99
                                     9'*     90      ao   m   eo   w
                            i
                                 f-
    
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    OOl  005 0 1 02   05   1    i
                                      5     10      ?O   TO   40   50  6Q   70    80      90
    
    
    
    
    
                                             Probability of concentration 
    -------
    and for 1200 EST on July 26, but no general  trend toward improvement in
    this small set of test cases was noted.  Two alternatives may have potential
    for the improvement of model estimates:  (1) use the trajectories produced
    for every two minutes to make a model  calculation every two minutes, followed
    by averaging of these values for the hour;  or (2) the computation of the
    average position of the plume during the hour using the individual two-
    minute trajectories followed by a single model  calculation.
         TABLE 76.  COMPARISON OF LINEAR AND TRANSPORT CURVILINEAR MODELS
    
    
    
    Date
    7/24/77
    
    
    
    
    
    7/26/77
    
    
    
    Time
    0800
    0900
    1000
    1100
    1200
    1300
    1100
    1200
    S09
    (ppb)
    Linear
    0
    0
    154
    39
    39
    184
    3
    9
    
    S02 (ppb)
    curvil inear
    0
    9
    225
    1
    57
    390
    4
    54
    Measured SO,,
    (ppb) hourly)
    average/peak
    31/135
    31/85
    38/175
    73/165
    21/85
    15/34
    33/82
    45/82
    
    
    Stat ion
    Tower
    Tower
    Tower
    Tower
    Tower
    Tower
    Johnson
    Johnson
    
    SUMMARY
    
         The effectiveness of adjustments to the basic Gaussian plume model in
    improving its capability to estimate ground level  concentrations in complex
    terrain was investigated.  Thirteen modifications or combinations of modifi-
    cations were introduced to the UNAMAP PTMTP program; including adjustments
    to treat the height of the plume above terrain (6 variations including the
    standard and 5 adjustments), the width (4 variations) and vertical thickness
    (3 variations) of the plume, and wind speed (2 variations).  Tne model
    results were compared with measured values to determine correlation co-
    efficients and root-mean-square-error (RMSE).  Based on the model to
    measurement statistics, the highest calculated and measured values and
    plots of frequency distributions, the effectiveness of each model adjust-
    ment was determined at each of the eight monitoring sites, for unstable,
    neutral and stable conditions and for all stability conditions combined.
    The greatest improvement over the unadjusted flat, terrain model occurred
    with the use of a moderate (60 percent of terrain rise) plume height
    reduction under stable conditions, plume width based on hourly wind
    direction fluctuations (o^) as proposed by Pasquill (1976) and wind speed
                                         216
    

    -------
    extrapolated from near surface observations to plume height by a stability
    related power law function.  Without wind direction fluctuation data the
    next best adjustment consisted of the same plume height and wind speed
    adjustments, but empirically increasing the Pasquill-Gifford plume width
    function (ay) by a factor of 2 for moderately unstable conditions and by
    a factor OT 3 for neutral and stable conditions.  These were the two best
    results of 13 adjustments evaluated.  The evaluation presented here is by
    no means exhaustive of ways of adjusting the Gaussian plume model.  One
    area of investigation which particularly needs to be pursued is the
    discrepancy between the hours of measured and calculated high SC>2 con-
    centrations.  Although we have shown that the frequency of occurrence
    of high values is reasonably well predicted over the course of a year,
    using the relationships we tested, the calculated and measured high values
    seldom occur during the same hour.  There is a need to determine whether
    this is due to inadequate model inputs, such as wind direction, or whether
    there is a failure to represent the basic dispersion process; although both
    types of errors may occur, further investigation of the high value cases
    may identify which type of error is more improtant.  A review of a few
    selected cases in Section 8.0 suggests that both types of situations
    occur.  It appears that more detailed modeling approaches than the single
    empirically adjusted plume are required for a significant number of cases.
                                         217
    

    -------
                                    SECTION 11
    
                  APPLICATION OF DISPERSION MODEL AT ANOTHER LOCATION
    
    
         Although the use of a model which employed measured ^ data validated
    the best against the measured S0£ data at Clinch River,  Virginia, such a
    model cannot be used routinely due to a lack of standard CTA observations
    at most locations.  Therefore, for the purposes of testing a model  at
    another site, the SSCTM without the use of ^ values was chosen.  This
    model utilizes the GEOMET plume height adjustment, the GEOMET Oy adjust-
    ment and a wind extrapolation technique.
    
         The region chosen for the test was the area surrounding the Homer City,
    Keystone, Seward and Conemaugh power plants in the vicinity of Johnstown,
    Pennsylvania,,  A network of 17 SO;? monitoring stations exists in the vicinity
    of these plants.  The major terrain features in the area are Chestnut Ridge
    and Laurel Ridge, both oriented in a southwest to northeast direction,,
    Chestnut Ridge lies between the Homer City and the Conemaugh and Seward
    plants.  Laurel Ridge is located to the southeast of all the plants (see
    Figure 117).  Laurel Ridge extends as much as 500 m above the Homer City
    plant base*  The terrain is generally hilly in all directions.
    
         Table 77 summarizes the plant operating characteristics for each of
    the four plants.  Hourly values of S02 emission rate and stack gas exit
    temperature and velocity were estimated from recorded hourly measurements
    of generator load.
    
         S02 monitoring data for the year 1975 were available.  Meteorological
    data for this same period were prepared for model input.  Wind direction
    and speed were observed from the top of a 91 m tower located 10 km south
    of the Homer City plant.  The elevation of the base of the tower is 244 m
    above plant base, putting the wind observation at 335 m above the plant
    base quite close to the normal plume height,,  As a result, the measured
    wind speed was taken as representative of wind speed at plume height and
    the wind extrapolation technique of the SSCTM was not employed,,
    
         Atmospheric stability was characterized as Pasquill Classes 1 to 6
    using the vertical temperature gradient measured on the tower from 12 to
    46 m.  The following criteria were used (U.S. AEC, 1972):
    
                      Class              (°C/100 m)
    
                        A                    < -1.9
                        B              -1.9 to -1.7
                        C              -1,7 to -1.5
                        D              -1.5 to -0.5
                        E              -Oo5 to +1.5
                        F                    > +1.5
                                        218
    

    -------
                      «lltl--
      f
      r
                 V
                                 NL
                            NO
                          N
                               NC
    -\
                                      «ND
                                     N7
                                  N3
    
    Figure 117. Chestnut Ridge Monitoring Network.
                    V
                    a
                    S*
    
                                             S
    
                        219
    

    -------
                        TABLE 77  PLANT OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
    
    Stack Height
    (m)
    Diameter
    (m)
    Exit Velocity
    Homer
    1
    242.6
    7.3
    23.7
    City
    2
    242.6
    7.3
    23.7
    Conemaugh
    1 & 2 identical
    304.8
    8.3
    23.1
    Keystone
    1 & 2 identical
    244. 1
    9.1
    21.3
    Seward
    1 2
    68.7
    4.9
    13.7
    65.2
    2.0
    23.4
    (m/sec) 100% Load
    
    Exit Temperature
    (°K) 100% Load
                          413     413
    Typical SO2 Emission  2043    2043
    Rate 100% Load
        (g/sec)
    Generator Capacity
    AW 100% Load
    600    600
                         405
                                              3499
                                               890
                                                                 404
                                          3300
                                                                 850
    417      421
                                                        135      90
                                             220
    

    -------
    Mixing heights were estimated from twice daily rawinsonde observations
    from Pittsburgh by the DeNardo and MacFarland Weather Service.  These
    estimates were then interpolated to give hourly values.  The interpolation
    is based on the following concept of diurnal mixing height variations.
    The mixing height rises from its early morning minimum to an afternoon
    maximum.  The afternoon maximum remains constant but weakens during the
    evening.  A new mixing height is formed under the weakening old height and
    becomes established by midnight at a height equal to the height indicated
    by the next morning's sounding,,  The interpolation procedure assigns the
    morning mixing height to the hours from 0000 EST to 0600 EST.  The after-
    noon mixing height is assigned to 1400 through 2300 EST.  The morning
    and afternoon mixing heights are linearly interpolated in time between
    0600 and 1400 EST.  Plume heights were estimated using the UNAMAP sub-
    routine BEH072.
    
         The same method of estimating background concentrations was employed
    for the Pennsylvania network as was used at Clinch River.  The mean SO?
    background was much higher in the Chestnut Ridge area (17 ppb) compared
    with Clinch River (3 ppb).
    
         A set of 8760 hourly concentration estimates of S02 were computed
    for each of the 17 monitoring stations.  Each hourly concentration includes
    a contribution from each stack of each of the four plants lying within the
    Chestnut Ridge Monitoring Network.  In addition a background concentration
    was added to the calculated plant contributions.
    
         The results are presented in Table 78 as an analysis of the predictive
    ability of the model for the highest and second highest 1-hour average
    values over all stabilities,,  The highest and second highest values were
    oyerpredicted at 13 stations and underpredicted at 4 stations.  Overpre-
    dictions were particularly evident at the two ridgetop stations (N3 and NG,
    Figure 117).  Over the 17 stations the average model/observed ratio for
    the highest values was Io23.  It is concluded from the limited comparisons
    made with the central Pennsylvania data, that the model calculations com-
    pare more favorably with observed values than was the case with the Clinch
    River observations,,  The major shortcoming appears to be a tendency to
    overestimate concentrations on ridges.  This result is found in the Clinch
    River data as well.  It appears that more meteorologically comprehensive
    models which can more realistically represent flow over ridges will be
    required to obtain improved model performance.
                                          221
    

    -------
    TABLE 78.  MODEL TO MEASUREMENT COMPARISONS OF 1-HOUR AVERAGES
    FOR CHESTNUT RIDGE - ALL CONDITIONS DURING 1975 (STATION LOCATIONS
    ARE SHOWN IN FIGURE 117)
    
    Station
    NA
    .\B
    NC
    ND
    NE
    NF
    NG
    Nl
    NL
    NM
    NN
    NO
    N2
    N3
    \6
    ,\7
    N8
    Highest
    Observed
    787
    607
    524
    543
    612
    724
    859
    987
    638
    508
    838
    535
    1181
    1498
    1064
    1812
    2439
    ( 9/m3)
    SSCTM
    1082
    428
    572
    602
    803
    1015
    1845
    724
    649
    777
    637
    636
    1772
    2585
    1380
    1844
    2318
    Second Highest
    Observed
    683
    607
    439
    529
    484
    710
    649
    798
    494
    407
    630
    489
    1048
    1330
    896
    1601
    2437
    ( 9/m3)
    SSCTM
    1080
    405
    485
    560
    771
    911
    1380
    676
    592
    667
    544
    607
    1700
    2528
    1252
    1772
    2296
                                    222
    

    -------
                                    REFERENCES
    
    
    Briggs, G.A.,  1969.   Plume Rise. USAEC Critical  Review Series, TID-25075,
      82 pp.
    
    Briggs, G.A.,  1974.   "Plume Rise from Multiple Sources," ATDL Contribution
      No. 91, Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
      Tennessee.
    
    Briggs, G.A.,  1975.   "Plume Rise Predictions," Proceedings of the AMS Work-
      shop on Meteorology and Environmental Assessment," American Meteorological
      Society, 296 pp.
    
    Burt, E.W., 1977.  "VALLEY Model User's Guide,"  EPA Office of Air Quality
      Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/
      2-77-018.
    
    Egan, B.A., 1975.  "Turbulent Diffusion in Complex Terrain," Proceedings of
      the AMS Workshop on Meteorology and Environmental Assessment, American
      Meteorological Society, 296 pp.
    
    Hanna, S.R.,  G.A. Briggs, J. Deardorff, B.A.  Egan, F.A. Gifford and F.  Pasquill,
      1977.  "AMS Workshop on Stability Classification Schemes and Sigma Curves —
      Summary of Recommendations," Bulletin of the American Meteorological
      Society. 58, 1305-1309.
    
    Holzworth, G.C., 1978.  "Estimated Effective Chimney Heights Based on Rawin-
      sonde Observations at Selected Sites in the United States," Journal of
      Applied Meteorology 17:153-60.
    
    Irwin, J.S., 1979.   "Estimating Plume Dispersion - A Recommended Generalized
      Scheme," Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Turbulence, Diffusion and
      Air Pollution of the American Meteorological Society, Reno, Nevada.
    
    Koen, R.C., 1977.  "A Study of Ambient S0? from Selected Non-Urban Pennsylvania
      Sources,"  GEOMET Report No. EF-583, Final  Report to Pennsylvania Department
      of Natural  Resources under Contract No. ME-75913, GEOMET, Incorporated,
      Gaithersburg, Maryland.
    
    Koch, R.C., W.G. Biggs, P.H. Hwang, I. Leichter, K.E. Pickering, E.R. Sawdey
      and J.L. Swift, 1978.  "Power Plant Stack Plumes in Complex Terrain,  an
      Appraisal of Current Research," EPA-600/7-77-020, Contract No. 68-02-2260,
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
                                          223
    

    -------
    Koch, R.C., 1978.  "Use of Monitoring Data to Modify M^oro'ogical Disper-
      sion Models for Point Sources," Presented at th'< 84th Nati-.Aui Meeting of
      American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia.
    
    Koch, R.C., W.6. Biggs, D. Cover, H. Rector, P.P. Stenberg and K.E. Pickering,
      1979.   "Power Plant Stack Plumes in Complex Terrain, Description of an
      Aerometric Field Study," EPA-600/7-79-01Qa, Contract No. 68-02-2260,
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
    
    Maxwell, C., 1979..  Personal Communication.
    
    Pasqui11, F., 1976.  Atmospheric Dispersion Parameters in Gaussian Plume
      Modeling, Part II.  Possible Requirements for Change in the Turner Workbook
      Values.  EPA Report Number EPA-600/4-7S-030b, U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,,
    
    Slowik,  A.A., J.M. Austin, and G.N. Pica, 1977.  "Plume Dispersion Modeling
      in Complex Terrain Under Stable Atmospheric Conditions," Presented at the
      '.Oth Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,
      Ontario.
    
    Smith, F.B., 1972.  "A Scheme for Estimating the. Vertical Dispersion of a
      Plume  from a Source Near Grojnd Level," Proceedings of the Third Meeting
      of the Expert Fane! on Air Pollution Modeling, NATO/CCMS.
    
    Thompson, R., 1979.  "Dispei sion of Sulfur Du-x'ide from the Clinch River
      Power  Plant - A Wind Tunnel Study," Preliminary manuscript, U.S. Environ-
      mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
    
    Timer,  D.B., 1970,  "Workbook for  \tmospheric Dispersion Estimates," U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
    
    U.S. Atomic Energy Commissior, 1972.  Safety Guide 23, Onsite Meteorological
      Programs, February 17, 1972.
    
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1977.  "User's Manual for the Single
      Source (CRSTER) Model," EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
      Research Triangle- Park, North Carolina, EPA-450/2-77-013.
    
    Var, der  Hoven, I., G.J.  Ferber, P.A. hamphrey, 3.C. Holzwo^th, J.L. Heffter,
      -nd K,F. Quiring, 1972.  ''Southwest rnergy Study ueport of the Meteorology
      lnork Group," NOAA.
    
    Whcley,  H., 1974.  "The Derivation of Plume Dispersion Parameters: from
      Measured Three-Dimensional Data," Atmospheric Environiaent 8:281-90.
                                         224
    

    -------
                                     APPENDIX A
    
                   FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AND MEAN CONCENTRATIONS
                                OF MOBILE VAN DATA
    
         Two-way classifications of pollutant concentrations, giving the mean
    concentration and frequency of occurrence of each table entry, are presented
    for the stationary samples taken by the mobile van.  The tables are in the
    order listed below.  All distances from the plant are in kilometers and all
    elevations are in feet above mean sea level.
                                  INDEX OF  TABLES
    
         Page               Two-Way Classification
    
          226          Distance  versus  elevation  for  SO
          227          Hour  versus  elevation for  S02
          228          Distance  versus  direction  for  SO
                                                      2
          229         Distance  versus  elevation  for  NO
          230         Hour  versus  elevation  for  NO
          231         Distance  versus  direction  for  NO
          232         Distance  versus  elevation  for  NOp
          233         Hour  versus  elevation  for  NOp
          234         Distance  versus  direction  for  NO-
          235         Distance  versus  elevation  for  NO
          236         Hour  versus  elevation  for  NO
          237         Distance  versus  direction  for  NO
          238         Distance  versus  elevation  for  0^
          239         Hour  versus  eTevation  for  Oo
          240         Distance  versus  direction  for  0^
                                        225
    

    -------
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                                          227
    

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    -------
                                    APPENDIX B
    
                             FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
                              OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA
         This appendix contains 2-way joint frequency distributions of meteoro-
    logical variables observed at fixed monitoring sites.  The following codes
    are used to represent meteorological measurements:
    
         WD1 - Wind direction at 10 meters, deg,,
         WD3 - Wind direction at 30 meters, deg.
         WS1 - Wind speed at 10 meters, m/sec
         WS3 - Wind speed at 30 meters, m/sec
         SGI - Standard deviation of wind direction at 10 meters, deg.
         SG3 - Standard deivation of wind direction at 30 meters, deg.
         DTI - Vertical temperature change from 0.5 to 4 m, °C
         DT3 - Vertical temperature change from 0.5 to 30 m, °C
        HOUR - Hour of the day representing ending of 1-hour average
    
                                  INDEX OF TABLES
         Page
    
          243
          244
          245
          246
          247
          248
          249
          250
          251
          252
          253
          254
          255
          256
          257
          258
          259
          260
          261
          262
          263
          264
    Station
            Parameters
    Hockey
    Hockey
    Hockey
    Hockey
    Lambert
    Lambert
    Tower
    Tower
    Tower
    Tower
    Munsey
    Munsey
    Castle
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    Nashs
    Nashs
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    Hockey
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    WD1
    WD3
    WD3
    WD1
    WD1
    WD1
    WD1
    WD3
    WD3
    WD1
    WD1
    WD1
    WD1
    WD1
    WD1
    WD1
    WD1
    WS1
    WS3
    WS1
    WS1
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    (10 to
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    (10 to
    (190 to
    (10 to
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    (10 to
    (190 to
    (10 to
    (190 to
    (1  to 1
    (1  to 1
    (1  to 1
    (1  to 1
    180) vs. HOUR
     360) vs. HOUR
    180) vs. HOUR
     360) vs. HOUR
    180) vs. HOUR
     360) vs. HOUR
    180) vs. HOUR
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    180) vs. HOUR
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    180) vs. HOUR
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    180) vs. HOUR
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     360) vs. HOUR
    180) vs. HOUR
     360) vs. HOUR
    9) vs. HOUR
    9) vs. HOUR
    9) vs. HOUR
    9) vs. HOUR
                                         241
    

    -------
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    Station
                Parameters
     265
     266
     267
     268
     269
     270
     271
     272
     273
     274
     275
     276
     277
     278
     279
     280
     281
     282
     283
     284
     285
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    Tower
    Tower
    Tower
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    SGI
    SGI
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    SGI
    SGI
    SGI
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    HOUR
    HOUR
    HOUR
    HOUR
    . HOUR
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    . HOUR
    . HOUR
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    . HOUR
    . HOUR
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    . HOUR
    . HOUR
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    HOUR
    HOUR
    . DTI
    SG3
                                    242
    

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    -------
                                    APPENDIX C
    
                     FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF S02 AND NOX VS.
                                   OBSERVED WINDS
         This appendix presents 2-way joint frequencies of occurrence of classes
    of S02 or NOX concentrations with wind directions  observed at the Hockey
    site, 30 meter level  (WD3)0
    
                                  INDEX OF TABLES
          289
          290
          291
          292
          293
          294
          295
          296
          297
          298
          299
          300
          301
          302
          303
          304
          305
          306
          307
          308
          309
          310
          311
          312
          313
          314
          315
          316
    Station
    
    Hockey
    Hockey
    Lambert
    Lambert
    Tower
    Tower
    Munsey
    Munsey
    Castle
    Castle
    Nashs
    Nashs
    Johnson
    Johnson
    Kents
    Kents
    Hockey
    Hockey
    Castle
    Castle
    Nashs
    Nashs
    Tower
    Tower
    Munsey
    Munsey
    Kents
    Kents
                                                     Parameters
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs. S02
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs. S02
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs. S02
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs. S02
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs. S02
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs. S02
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs. S02
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs. S02
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs. S02
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs. S02
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs. S02
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs. S02
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs» SO?
    WD3 '
        (10 to 180) vs. S02
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs. SO?
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs  "
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs.
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs.
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs.
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs,
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs.
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs,
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs.
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs,
                         S02
                        NOX
                         NOX
                        NOX
                         NOX
                        NOX
                         NOX
                        NOv
                         NfL
                        NOXX
                         NO
    WD3 (10 to 180) vs. NOX
    WD3 (190 to 360) vs. NOX
                                         286
    

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                                                            287
    

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                                                                  288
    

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                                       TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                                    .' read liudi'i'Ctioi , ')h the re,ersc before, completing)
    . 1 REPOFT. !\O
                                                               3. RECIPIEN PS ACCESSI Or* NO.
     4 T ITLF ANT SUB". ITLc
      POWER  PL.ANT STACK PLUMES IN COMPLEX  TEKRAII,
    '  Data Analysis  and Characterization of  Plume Behavior
                                                               5. REPORT DAT"
                                                                   January 1980
                                                               6 PERTORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
    
                                                               !    7266
     1 AUTHOR!?!
      Kenneth E.  Pickering, Robert H.  Woodward,
      and  Robert  C.  Koch
                                                               U PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
    |9. PERFORMiM ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRl.SS
    •  GEOMF.T   incorpo--,ted
    s  15  Firs\ifie"o Roaj
    !  GaithersDirg, .-.av
                                                               1 1. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
    
                                                                  IriC&32B   EA-020  (FY-78)
                                                               11. roivJTRACT/GRANT KO.
    
                                                                  68-02-^60
                                                               i
    , 12. SPONSORING AGE'\C" NAME AND AD! HESS
    ]  Environmental  S-iences Research  Lahor.itcry - RIP, 'C     _ 1 "nj±  6/1/78 - 8/17/79
    I  Office  of Resea-ch and Development                        -~:r- -------
      U.S.  Environment;! Protection  Agen
                                                               13 TYPL OF RL 'ORT AND PERIOD COVERED
    
                                                                 _  ! "pji   6/1/78 - 8/'
                                                                4. ".P', ^SOR.NC AGENCY CODE
    5  Research  Iriancs: ?a"k, North Car jli.-.a   27 AH
                                                               I
                                                                   l p''' '
    ;1S SUPPLFMFNT^PY NOTES
     ie.ABSTRACT
                                                   tiioul
                                                   nn in?
                                                          months in the vii.i.iity of  the
                                                          1 complex terrain of southwestern
                                                           ''.oncenti'ations at eight fixed
                                                            sjnfil  Vc.r;aticns.  Ridge sites
                                                            -Jt" !-..efined diurnal pattern;
                                                            ui, ;,,  hypothesized to be caused  by
                                                            .'-ogicel  measurements made  from
                                                            the  plume.   P'i -j^e heights  calcu-
                                                            duhs ca]:ulateo f'"om the standard
               Aeromet.ric'data  were collected LU  "tv  16
    •coal-fired Clinch River  Power P"1'.^-  To;ct^J  ' .  -h
    jVirgim'a.  Statistical 'aaiysts o>  Su9  !V,  a/d  iv\
    {monitoring sites /i ea.ed  significant'"r''jr,-;a"
    ^showed maximum concentrations ?L rr'yl"'  r;' w'
    jvalley s'.tes snowjd a well-deified  •  . - ,..."n\
    jplume fumigation.  Cross-sectien ,'oTUh  ft a,.'1 <  -.te>.
    !a  helicopter were analyzed to shew  ihe u mens'ion; o.
    jlated from wind dm' temperature  pru''i'e  ano  plume  -
     deviation of wind direction produce)'  improve tents "ver standard estimates.   The
    'influence of terrain features on tbe  . .iape ar,J oath of the plume is clearly  shown
     when assessing the helicopter data  enu selected  ^f-se studies of ground monitoring
     data.   Parameters for a  Gaussian piuu  model  were modified in a stepwise manner by
     using sitt specifi^ meteorological  data.  The study showed  Jiat the standard flat
    tterrain mode; and modifications frequontly ^sed  to  represent complex terrain influences
    Scan be improved by judicious Uoe   ' si: p -specific rlata.   The Gaussian plume  model  can
    ^provide useful estimates of maximum concentrations,  but  >t cannot generate reliable
    Incur-by-!1 cur concerur (:iors du? ,o  ivfli!ences  'mposeo  hy a complex terrain setting.
    •The datj obtained tor tin  C"!inr.h_River s ce  ^hou1^  b>^  useful in further diagnosis and
    imoijBl_±£f±ing_n.f pi ump beh^'' i or i n  comrjl^. te_'ra i n.	
    ,17.
                      DESCRIPTORS
                                    KEY WORDS A.ND DOCUTVu
    
                                                 Jb.h'E
                                                         \N, LvSi£
     ""  Air po'l. Lien
     *  Meteoroiogy
     *  Plumes
    ,  Electric  power olarits
    J*  Atmospheric difrusion
    J*  Terrain
    1  Field tests
                              +  SulFur  dioxide
                              *  Nitrogen oxides
                              *  Data  processing
                              *  Mathematical
                                   models
      ." DSTRIBUTION STATEMENT
                          RELEASE  TO PUBLIC
    J i=ND, D TFRMS
    rqinia
    
    
    
    
    
    
    (This Report)
    TFIED
    t J Ms page)
    IFIFD
    C. COSATI 1
    13B
    04 B
    21B
    10B
    04A
    08F
    14B
    icld/Gioup (
    07B ~|
    09B !
    12A i
    I
    
    
    
    21 NO. OF PAGES
    333
    22. PRICE
    EPA Form 22J.O-1 (9-73)
                                                3!5
    

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