March 1984
PROPERTY OF
DIVISION
OF
METEOROLOGY
USER'S GUIDE TO THE MESOPUFF II
MODEL AND RELATED PROCESSOR PROGRAMS
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
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USER'S GUIDE TO THE MESOPUFF II
MODEL AND RELATED PROCESSOR PROGRAMS
by
Joseph S. Scire
Frederick W. Lurmann
Arthur Bass
Steven R. Hanna
Environmental Research & Technology, Inc.
Concord, Massachusetts 01742
Contract No. 68-02-3733
Project Officer
James M. Godowitch
Meteorology and Assessment Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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PREFACE
This publication contains a technical description and instructions for
the use of the MESOPUFF II model and its processor programs. The preprocessor
programs need hourly meteorological surface, twice-daily upper air, and hourly
precipitation (optional) data in the formats archived by the National Climatic
Center in Asheville, North Carolina. The model utilizes the Gaussian puff
superposition approach to simulate a continuous pollutant plume. The model
is capable of multi-day simulations and has algorithms for plume rise,
transport, chemical transformations, dry deposition, and wet removal. Terrain
variations are not accounted for in the model.
The puff superposition approach has not been used extensively in air
quality models for the prediction of pollutant concentrations. MESOPUFF II
is being made available to promote testing and evaluation of the methods and
optional features in the model. MESOPUFF II has no regulatory standing and
its application for regulatory purposes should be considered in light of
EPA's Guideline on Air Quality Models.
The model version (1.0) documented in this publication represents an
attempt to utilize recent scientific information to realistically account for
the relevant physical processes active on the regional to long-range scales.
Modifications may be made in the future based on results by users and findings
from ongoing research programs.
Although attempts have been made to check the computer program code,
errors may be found occasionally. Adjustments to the code to suit different
computer systems may be required. If there is a need to correct, revise, or
update this model, changes may be obtained as they are issued by completing
and sending the form on the last page of this guide.
It is anticipated that MESOPUFF II will be made available in the future
on the User's Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution (UNAMAP) system.
A tape of this model or the UNAMAP system may be purchased from NTIS for use
on the user's computer system. For information on UNAMAP contact: Chief,
Environmental Operations Branch, MD-80, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
iii
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ABSTRACT
A complete set of user instructions are provided for the
MESOPUFF II regional-scale air quality modeling package. The
MESOPUFF II model is a Lagrangian variable-trajectory puff
superposition model suitable for modeling the transport, diffusion,
and removal of air pollutants from multiple point and area sources at
transport distances beyond the range of conventional straight-line
Gaussian plume models (i.e., beyond i> 10-50 km). It is an
extensively modified version of the MESOscale PUFF (MESOPUFF) model
(Benkley and Bass 1979) with refined and enhanced treatment of
advection, vertical dispersion, removal, and transformation processes.
The MESOPUFF II model is one element of an integrated modeling
package that also includes components for preprocessing of
meteorological data (READ56, MESOPAC II) and postprocessing of
concentration data (MESOFILE II). Complete user instructions and test
case input/output are provided for each of these programs.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
No. 68-02-3733 by Environmental Research & Technology, Inc. under
sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report
covers the period from February 11, 1982 to March 15, 1983, and work
was completed as of September, 1983.
IV
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CONTENTS
Preface ill
Abstract iv
Figures vii
Tables viii
Acknowledgements ix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 MESOPUFF II Modeling Package 2
1.3 Major Features of MESOPUFF II 4
1.4 Summary of Required Input Data 8
2. Technical Description 11
2.1 Introduction ..... 11
2.2 MESOPAC II Meteorological Preprocessor 11
2.2.1 Wind Fields 11
2.2.2 Surface Friction Velocity 15
2.2.3 Monin-Obukhov Length 19
2.2.4 Mixed Layer Height 20
2.2.5 Convective Velocity Scale 22
2.2.6 Atmospheric Stability Class 22
2.3 MESOPUFF II Dispersion Model 25
2.3.1 Basic Gaussian Puff Equations . 25
2.3.2 Grid Systems 29
2.3.3 Plume Rise 33
2.3.4 Puff Trajectory Function 34
2.3.5 Dry Deposition - Three-Layer Model 37
2.3.6 Chemical Transformations ... 44
2.3.7 Wet Removal 47
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CONTENTS (Continued)
2.3.8 Puff Sampling Function 50
2.3.9 Urban Plumes 51
3. User's Instructions 52
3.1 READ56 User's Instructions 52
3.2 MESOPAC II User's Instructions 58
3.3 MESOPUFF II User's Instructions 75
3.4 MESOFILE II User's Instructions 96
3.4.1 Subroutine DEFN 98
3.4.2 Subroutine FIND 100
3.4.3 Subroutine SEEK 102
3.4.4 Subroutine AVRG 103
3.4.5 Subroutine ADD1 106
3.4.6 Subroutine ADD2 107
3.4.7 Subroutine STAT 108
3.4.8 Sample Card Inputs for Some Useful
MESOFILE II. Applications 119
3.4.9 MESOFILE II Run Control Parameter
Descriptions 120
References 133
Appendices
A - Program Flow Diagrams 137
B - READ56 Test Case Inputs/Output 139
C - MESOPAC II Test Case Inputs/Output 146
D - MESOPUFF II Test Case Inputs/Output 185
E - MESOFILE II Test Case Inputs/Output 209
VI
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 The MESOPUFF II Modeling Package 3
2 Schematic Representation of Puff Superposition
Approach 5
3 Sample Meteorological, Computational, and
Sampling Grids 32
4 Calculation of the Trajectory of a Puff
Centerpoint 35
5 Bilinear Interpolation of Wind Components 38
6 Optional Three-Layer System Used in MESOPUFF II .. 42
7 Sample READ56 Line Printer Output 53
8 Formatted READ56 Upper Air Data File 54
9 Input Deck Setup for M2SOPAC II 62
10 Input Deck Setup for MESOPUFF II 79
11 Schematic Illustration of the Averaging Process . . 105
12 Sample of Statistical Output Ill
13 Grid Subsets Used in Statistical Calculations . . . 114
14 Flow Chart of Subroutine STAT 115
VII
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Major Features of MESOPUFF II 6
2 Options for Lower and Upper Wind Fields 13
3 Solar Radiation Reduction Factor 13 17
4 Daytime Solar Insolation Classification Scheme ... 23
5 Stability Classification Criteria 24
6 Puff Growth Rate Coefficients a~, by)
az, b2 28
7 Vertical Diffusivity and Puff Growth Rate
Coefficient azt ...... ..... 30
8 Summertime S0£ Canopy Resistances as a
Function of Land Use Type and Stability Class . . 40
9 Default Values of the Scavenging Coefficient,
X (s'1) 48
10 Conversion of Reported Precipitation Type/
Intensity to Precipitation Codes 49
11 Variables in the Binary MESOPAC II Output File ... 59
12 Format of Optional Hourly Ozone Input Data 76
13 Variables in the MESOPUFF II Output
Concentration File 77
14 MESOFILE II Card-Image Inputs and Subroutine
Identifiers 97
15 Statistical Measures Calculated by Subroutine STAT . 112
Vlll
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions made by Drs. A.
Venkatram and R. Yamartino to the development of MESOPUFF II. The
assistance and advice of the EPA project officer, James Godowitch, is
appreciated.
IX
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1,1 Background
The regional and long-range transport and transformation of sulfur
oxides and nitrogen oxides emitted from major point sources are of
increasing concern. Motivated by the need for easily-used, cost-efficient
mesoscale air quality models suitable for regulatory applications, the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sponsored a study by
Environmental Research & Technology, Inc. (ERT) to develop, compare, and
evaluate a set of mesoscale models and related processor programs known as
the MESO-modeis (Benkley and Bass 1979a, b, c; Morris et al. 1979; Scire et
al. 1979). One of these models, the MESOscale PUFF (MESOPUFF) model appears
to be well suited for regulatory use. For this reason, the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has sponsored a second study by ERT to enhance the
capabilities and flexibility of the MESOPUFF model to meet the current and
future needs of EPA in predicting mesoscale transport of pollutants,
especially secondary aerosols.
This report is the second volume of a two-volume set describing the
results of this effort to extend MESOPUFF's capabilities. Extensive
modifications have been made to MESOPUFF in order to refine and enhance its
treatment of advection, vertical dispersion, removal and transformation
processes. The new model has been designated MESOPUFF II. The objective of
this document is to provide a summary of the basic model equations and
provide a complete set of user instructions for the MESOPUFF II model and
its related processor programs (READ56, MESOPAC II, MESOFILE II). The
companion report, entitled "Development of the MESOPUFF II Dispersion Model"
contains a complete description of the scientific and operational bases for
the modifications made to MESOPUFF.
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The next section outlines the MESOPUFF II modeling package and
describes the functions of each program. Section 1.3 contains a summary of
the major modifications made in MESOPUFF II. Section 1.4 defines the input
requirements of the programs. The second chapter contains a technical
description of model algorithms. A complete set of user instructions is
contained in the third chapter. Program flow diagrams are provided in
Appendix A. Test case input and output for each program are contained in
Appendices B-E.
1.2 MESOPUFF II Modeling Package
The MESOPUFF II model is one element of an integrated modeling
package. This modeling package, illustrated in Figure 1, also contains
components for preprocessing of meteorological data (READ56, MESOPAC II) and
postprocessing of predicted concentration results (MESOFILE II). Each
component of the MESOPUFF II modeling package is briefly described below.
READ56 is a preprocessor program that reads and processes the
twice-daily upper air wind and temperature sounding data available from the
National Climatic Center (NCC) for selected stations. READ56 extracts the
data required by the MESOPAC II program from a standard-formatted NCC tape
(TDF3600). READ56 scans the upper air data for completeness; warning
messages are printed to flag missing or incomplete soundings. A file of
processed sounding data is created in a format convenient for possible
editing by the user. This file is subsequently input into the MESOPAC II
program,
MESOPAC II is the meteorological processor program that computes the
time and space interpolated fields of meteorological variables (e.g. ,
transport winds, mixing height) required by MESOPUFF II to describe
mesoscale transport and dispersion processes. MESOPAC II reads the upper
air data files created by READ56 and files of standard-formatted NCC hourly
surface meteorological data (CD144) and precipitation data (TD9657). A
single output file containing the derived meteorological fields is produced
which serves as an input file to MESOPUFF II.
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READ56 Upper Air
Preprocessor Program
Formatted Twice
Daily Rawmsonde
(MESOPAC II
Control Parameter
Inputs
CMESOPUFF II
:ontrol Parameter
Inputs
MESOPAC II Meteorological
Preprocessor Program
i (Optional)
MESOPUFF II DISPERSION MODEL
(MESOFILE II
Control Parameter
Inputs
MESOFILE II
Postprocessor Program
Concentration
Tables
Figure 1 MESOPUFF II Modeling Package
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MESOPUFF II is a Gaussian, variable-trajectory, puff superposition
model designed to account for the spatial and temporal variations in
transport, diffusion, chemical transformation and removal mechanisms
encountered on regional scales. With the puff superposition approach, a
continuous plume is modeled as a series of discrete puffs (Figure 2). Each
puff is transported independently of other puffs. A puff is subject to
growth by diffusion, chemical transformations, wet removal by precipitation,
and dry deposition at the surface. Up to five pollutants may be modeled
simultaneously.
MESOFILE II is a postprocessing program that operates on the
concentration file produced by MESOPUFF II. The postprocessing functions
available with MESOFILE II include flexible time averaging of gridded or
non-gridded (discrete) receptor concentrations, line printer contour plots
of concentration fields, statistical analysis of point-by-point or bulk
differences between concentration fields, and summing and scaling
capabilities.
1.3 Major Features of MESOPUFF II
Tne original MESOPUFF model is a single-layer, two species puff
superposition model. Its meteorological preprocessor (MESOPAC) creates
gridded fields of wind components, mixing height, and stability class from
twice-daily rawinsonde (upper air) data. Chemical transformation of sulfur
dioxide to sulfate is modeled with a spatially and temporally constant
transformation rate. Dry deposition is modeled with a constant deposition
velocity for each pollutant by the source depletion technique.
Table 1 outlines the most important modifications made in MESOPUFF II
and its processor programs. MESOPAC II supplements twice-daily rawinsonde
data with hourly surface data to construct wind fields at two levels. The
greater temporal and spatial resolution of the surface data allows improved
treatment of plume transport. Wind fields are constructed at two
user-selected levels: a lower level to represent boundary layer flow and an
upper level to represent flow above the boundary layer.
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Figure 2 Schematic Representation of Puff Superposition Approach
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TABLE 1. MAJOR FEATURES OF MESOPUFF II
Uses hourly surface meteorological data and upper air
rawinsonde data
Wind fields constructed for two layers (within boundary
layer, above boundary layer)
Boundary layer structure parameterized in terms of
microraeteoro logical variables u*, w*, z^, L
Up to five species (e.g., S02, 804, NOX, HN03,
Space- and time-varying chemical transformations
Space- and time-varying dry deposition; resistance model;
source or surface depletion
Space and time-varying wet removal
Efficient puff sampling function.
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The additional information contained in the surface meteorological
observations allows calculation of important micrometeorological variables
that determine the structure of the boundary layer (i.e., surface friction
velocity, UA, convective velocity scale, w^, Monin-Obukhov length, L,
and boundary layer height, z-). These variables are computed by MESOPAG
II from surface meteorological data and surface characteristics (i.e., land
use, roughness length) provided by the user for each grid point.
MESOPUFF II has been expanded to accommodate up to five pollutants:
sulfur dioxide (SO ), sulfate (S0~), nitrogen oxides (NO = NO + NO,),
4. t X ^
nitric acid (HNO»), and nitrate (N0_) . Chemical transformation
rate expressions have been developed from the results of photochemical
model simulations over a wide range of environmental conditions. The
rate expressions include gas phase NO oxidation, and gas/aqueous
phase S02 oxidation. The HN03/NH3/NH,NO- chemical equilibrium
relationship has also been incorporated into the model.
The dry deposition of pollutants is treated in MESOPUFF II with a
resistance model. The pollutant flux is proportional to the inverse
of a sum of resistances to pollutant transfer through the atmosphere
to the surface. The resistances depend on the characteristics of the
pollutant, the underlying surface, and atmospheric conditions.
MESOPUFF II contains options for the commonly used source depletion
model of dry deposition (i.e., pollutant is removed from the entire
depth of the puff) or the more realistic surface depletion treatment
(i.e., material is removed only from the surface layer) with a 3-layer
submodule.
Precipitation scavenging is frequently the dominant pollutant
removal mechanism during precipitation periods. MESOPUFF II contains
a scavenging ratio formulation for wet removal. The scavenging ratio
depends on both the type and rate of precipitation, and the
characteristics of the pollutant.
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Improvements in MESOPUFF II have been made in the method which
evaluates and sums the contributions of individual puffs to the total
concentration. The model uses an integrated form of the puff sampling
function that eliminates the problem of insufficient puff overlap
commonly encountered with puff superposition models. This development
allows continuous plumes to be accurately simulated with fewer puffs,
thereby saving computational time and reducing computer storage requirements.
1.4 Summary of Required Input Data
The required input data for MESOPUFF II and its preprocessors may be
classified into four types: (1) run control parameters, (2) meteorological
data, (3) surface classification (land use) data, and (4) source and
emissions data. If available, hourly ozone measurements may also be input
to the model. The values of the run control parameters for each program are
selected by the user to define a run. For example, the starting date and
length of a run, the technical options used, and control of input/output
options are all determined by values of the run control parameters chosen by
the user. Chapter 3 contains a complete description of all the run control
parameters for each program.
Tne meteorological data inputs required by MESOPAC II are twice-daily
upper air soundings, hourly surface meteorological observations, and hourly
precipitation measurements. The program is designed to use standard-
formatted meteorological files available from NCC. The upper air soundings
are routinely obtained twice a day at 00 GMT (7 pm EST) and 12 GMT (7 am
EST). The READ56 program extracts the following information for each
s ound ing 1eve1:
• pressure
• height
• temperature
• wind direction
• wind speed.
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The required format for upper air data is the Standard Tape Deck Format 5600
series (TDF5600) .
The hourly surface meteorological data for MESOPAC II consists of the
following information:
• cloud cover
• ceiling height
• precipitation type
• wind speed
• wind direction
• surface pressure
• temperature
• relative humidity
The required format for the surface observations is Card Deck 144 (CD144).
It should be noted that the surface observations must be at hourly intervals.
The CD144 formatted surface observations do not contain hourly
precipitation amounts. However, hourly precipitation data are available at
many surface stations in NCC Tape Deck 9657 (TD9657) format (previously Card
Deck 488). MESOPAC II is designed to read two files for each surface
meteorological station - one file containing CD144 observations and a second
file containing TD9657 data.
The third type of required input data is a classification of the
typical surface characteristics in each grid square. Although the user may
optionally specify detailed information such as roughness length and canopy
resistances, these data may not always be available. Therefore, the program
requires only that land use categories be input for each grid cell. These
data may be obtained from land use maps or digitized land use inventories
available on tape such as the National Land Use and Land Cover Inventory
(Page 1980). Pre-selected surface roughness lengths and canopy resistances
associated with each land use category are then internally assigned to the
grid cells. The land use categories and default values of associated
surface roughness and canopy resistance are listed in Table 8.
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MESOPUFF II models emissions from both point and area sources. The
following information is required for each point source:
• source location (x,y Ln grid units)
e stack height
• stack diameter
• exit velocity
• stack gas temperature
• emission rate for each pollutant.
The area source option is primarily intended to allow modeling of the large
number of small point and non-point sources within urban areas as one or
more sources with an effective height and initial vertical and horizontal
puff size specified by the user. The following information is required for
each area source:
a location (x,y in grid units)
* effective height
• initial puff size (o , a )
y' z
• emission rate for each pollutant.
10
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SECTION 2
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 Introduction
A brief description of the technical aspects of the MESOPUFF II model
and its meteorological preprocessor, MESOPAC II, are contained in the
following sections. The objective is to provide a concise summary of the
basic model equations to aid the user in the selection of model options and
inputs. A full description of the scientific and operational bases for the
model algorithms is contained in a companion document (Scire et al. 1983).
The MESOPAC II meteorological preprocessor is described in
Section 2.2. The components of MESOPUFF II are presented in Section 2.3.
2.2 MESOPAC II Meteorological Preprocessor
2.2.1 Wind Fields
MESOPAC II constructs hourly wind fields at each grid point at two
user-selected vertical levels: a lower level wind field representing
boundary layer flow, and an upper level wind field representing flow above
the boundary layer. The lower level winds are used to advect puffs within
the mixed layer and to determine the plume rise of newly released puffs.
The upper level winds are used to advect puffs above the boundary layer. At
each time step, the appropriate wind field for advection of a puff is
determined by comparison of the height of the puff center with the spatially
and temporally varying mixing height. If the puff center is above (below)
the mixing height at the closest grid point, the entire puff is advected
with the upper (lower) level wind.
11
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Considerable flexibility is allowed in choosing the most appropriate
level or vertically-averaged layer for each wind field. Table 2 contains
the available options. The default instructions are to use the winds
averaged through the mixed-layer for the lower level wind field, and the
wind averaged from the top of the mixed layer through the 700 mb level
('v. 3000 m) for the upper level wind field. However, if desired, the user
may select other levels to determine the wind fields (e.g., surface and
850 mb levels). The model may be made effectively a single wind field model
by specifying the lower and upper wind fields to be the same.
The mixed layer averaged winds are calculated from twice-daily
rawinsonde data from upper air stations and hourly surface data from the
typically much denser network of surface stations. Layer-averaged wind
speed and wind direction computed from the rawinsonde data are used to
adjust the hourly surface winds. The following five step procedure, adapted
from Draxler (1979), is used to determine the mixed-layer wind at each given
point:
(1) A representative rawinsonde sounding (00 or 12 GMT) is selected
based upon the stability class at the nearest surface station to
the grid point and the time of day. Neutral/unstable and stable
conditions are assumed to be represented by the 00 GMT and 12 GMT
sounding, respectively.
(2) Using the sounding selected in Step (1), vertically averaged u
(easterly) and v (northerly) wind components are computed through
the layer from the surface to the grid point mixing height.
(3) The ratio, R, of the layer-averaged wind speed to the surface wind
speed at the rawinsonde station, and the angular difference in
wind direction, A8, between the layer averaged and surface winds
are calculated.
(4) The hourly surface wind data are used to calculate spatially
interpolated surface wind components (u , v ) at each grid
s s
point. Data from all surface stations within a user-specified
1 scan-radius1
according to:
"scan-radius1 of the grid point are used to compute (u , v )
s s
12
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TABLE 2. OPTIONS FOR LOWER AND UPPER WIND FIELDS
Option Meteorological Data
Vertically Averaged Winds
Surface to mixing ht ^' Surface, Rawinsonde
Mixing ht to 850 mb Rawinsonde
Mixing ht to 700 mb^2' Rawinsonde
Mixing ht to 500 mb Rawinsonde
Single Level Winds
Surface Surface
850 mb Rawinsonde
700 mb Rawinsonde
500 mb Rawinsonde
^Default lower-level wind field
o
Default upper-level wind field
13
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a
£ ~^2 • (uk, vk) (2-1)
I,
s s s
where A is the angle between the observed wind direction
S
and the line from the surface station to the grid point).
For equal values of r , alignment weighting causes winds at a
S
station directly upwind or downwind of a grid point to be weighted
twice as heavily as winds for a station at right angles to the
grid point.
(5) The mixed-layer averaged wind at the grid point is calculated by
multiplying the surface wind speed at the grid point computed in
Step (4) by the wind speed ratio, R, at the nearest rawinsonde
site. Similarly, the surface wind direction is adjusted by the
wind direction factor, A9.
The surface wind components (u^, v ) in Step (4) must be computed
S S
each hour regardless of the user's choice of wind fields for advection
because the surface winds are also required in the calculation of
atmospheric stability and the mLcrometeorological parameters described in
Sections 2.2.2 through 2.2.6.
Vertically averaged winds from the mixing height to the 850 mb, 700 mb
or 500 mb levels are computed in the following manner. The 00 GMT and 12
GMT winds at each rawinsonde station are first interpolated in time, and
14
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then vertically averaged through the layer from the grid point mixing height
to the appropriate level (e.g., 700 mb). The winds at grid point (i, j) are
obtained by Equation 2-1, with the summation over rawinsonde stations
instead of surface stations. Only rawinsonde stations within a
'scan-radius' of the grid point are considered. The mixing height must be
lower than the pressure level which defines the top of the layer; otherwise,
an error message is printed and execution of the program is terminated.
If one of the single-level upper air wind fields (850 mb, 700 mb, or
500 mb) is chosen, only the wind data at the selected level is used to
construct the wind field. For example, the 850 mb wind at each grid point
is calculated by interpolating in time the 850 mb winds at each rawinsonde
station, and then applying Equation 2-1 with the summation over the
rawinsonde stations.
2.2.2 Surface Friction Velocity
The surface friction velocity, u^., can be computed from routinely
available meteorological data if the surface roughness characteristics are
known. First, the sensible heat flux is calculated from an estimate of net
radiation. Then u^ is determined from wind speed, surface roughness and
heat flux.
The sensible heat flux, H, is estimated during daylight hours by the
following equations (Maul 1980) :
H = a R + H (2-2)
o
R = 950 6 sin u (2-3)
H = 2.4 C - 25.5 (2-4)
o
15
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where,
-7
H is the sensible heat flux (Wm ~),
H is the heat flux in the absence of solar incoming radiation
(Wm"2) ,
a is a land use constant, (^ 0.3),
-2
R is the incoming solar radiation (Wra ),
g is a radiation reduction factor due to the presence of clouds,
u is the solar elevation angle, and
C is the opaque cloud cover (in tenths).
Table 3 contains default values for the solar radiation reduction factor
(8) due to the presence of clouds. The values of 0 are adapted from
those used by Maul (1980).
Tne sine of the solar elevation angle, sin u, is given by:
sin u = sin sin K, + cos <(> cos K, cos H. (2-5)
d d A
H. = (tr/12) (T - E ) - A (2-6)
A m
E = 12. + 0.12357 sin (D) - 0.004289 cos (D) (2-7)
m
+ 0.153809 sin (2D) + 0.060783 cos (2D)
D = (d-1) (360.7365.242)(u/180) (2-8)
KD = sin'1 (0.39784989 sin (IT a^/180) (2-9)
a. = 279.9348 + D(180/ir) + 1.914827 sin (D) (2-10)
rt.
-0.079525 cos (D) + 0.019938 sin (2D) - 0.00162 cos (2D)
t
where is the latitude (radians),
A is the longitude (radians),
d is the Julian day, and
T is the time of day (hours).
16
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TABLE 3. SOLAR RADIATION REDUCTION FACTOR 3
Cloud Cover (Tenths) J__
0 1.00
1 0.91
2 0.84
3 0.79
4 0.75
5 0.72
6 0.68
7 0.62
8 0.53
9 0.41
10 0.23
17
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With the above estimate of H, the surface friction velocity, u^, can
be estimated during unstable conditions by the method described by Wang and
Chen (1980):
u. = u. {1 + a In [1 + b Q /Q ]} (2-11)
** ** o o
ku
u. = , m, . (2-12)
* In (zm/zo)
z = z - 4 z (2-13)
m ms o
QQ = H/(p c ) (2-14)
Q * 3
^ 9 u*
Q » (2-15)
0 k z
0.128 + 0.005 In (z /z ) z /z < 0.01 (2-16)
o m o m —
a = \
0.107 z /z > 0.01
o m
b = 1.95 + 32.6 (z /z )°'45 (2-17)
o m
where
k is the von Kannan constant (0.4),
c is the specific heat of air at constant pressure
(996 m2/(s2 deg)),
u^ is the surface friction velocity (ra/s),
18
-------
u is the wind speed (m/s) measured at height z (m).
m ms '
z is the surface roughness (m), and
p is the density of air (kg/m ).
During stable conditions, u.,. is determined by the following method
(Venkatrara 1980) :
u =
* 2
"DN In (z /z )
m o
(2-18)
(2-19)
4u2
C = 1 2-^ C^ 0 (2-20)
CDNUm
9 m
u2 = —^ (2-21)
o k A
where y and A are constants with default values of 4.7 and 1100,
respectively, and C is the neutral drag coefficient.
2.2.3 Monin-Obukhov Length
The Monin-Obukhov length, L, is defined as:
L = - ° (2-22)
g k QQ
19
-------
where T is the observed air temperature. During unstable conditions, L
is calculated directly from its definition using values of UA and Q
computed earlier. During stable conditions, L is given by Venkatram (1980b)
as :
L = A
2
J*
(2-23)
The constant, A, has a default value of 1100. It is the same constant that
appears in Equation 2-21.
2.2.4 Mixed Layer Height
During daylight hours, solar radiation reaching the ground produces a
positive (upward) flux of sensible heat which causes the growth of a
well-mixed adiabatic layer. If the hourly variation of H is known, the
mixed layer height, z., at time T + 1 can be estimated from z. at time
t in a stepwise manner (Maul 1980).
(z.) =
1 t+1
, ,2 2H(l+E)At
2! t tlpcp
2(A6)t(zi)t
*1
~| 1/2
(A6)
(2-24)
Ue)
t+1 \ pc
1/2
(2-25)
where
i|» is the potential temperature lapse rate in the
layer above z.,
20
-------
At is the time step (3600 s),
E is a constant (^0.15), and
A9 is the temperature discontinuity at the top of the mixed layer.
The lapse rate, ty, , is determined through a layer Az meters above the
previous hour's convective mixing height. For daytime hours up to 23 GMT,
the morning (12 GMT) sounding at the nearest rawinsonde station is used to
calculate 4* . After 23 GMT, the evening (00 GMT) sounding is used. To
avoid computational problems, ty -, , is not allowed to be less than a
minimum value of 0.001 °K/m.
The neutral (shear produced) boundary layer height is given by
Venkatram (1980) as:
= (2-26)
wnere f is the Coriolis parameter,
B is a constant (/2), and
ND is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency in the stable layer aloft.
JO
The daytime mixing height is the maximum of the convective and mechanical
values predicted by Equations 2-25 and 2-26.
In the stable boundary layer, mechanical turbulence production
determines the vertical extent of dispersion. Venkatram (1980b) provides
the following empirical relationship to estimate z. during stable
conditions.
z. = N u.3/2 (2-27)
where N is a constant with a default value of 2400.
21
-------
2.2.5 Convective Velocity Scale
During convective conditions, turbulence is generated primarily by the
sensible heat flux originating from the ground. The appropriate velocity
scale during these conditions is the convective velocity, w^.
,1/3 (2-28)
^o zi;
o
The convective velocity can be calculated directly from its definition,
since Q and z- were obtained by Equations 2-14 and 2-24, respectively.
2.2.6 Atmospheric Stability Class
The stability class at each grid point is estimated according to the
Turner (1964) method using the solar radiation and reported cloud data at
the nearest surface station and the interpolated surface wind speed at the
grid point. A radiation index, RI, is computed based upon the value of the
solar elevation angle at the nearest surface station (Table 4 (a)). The
radiation index is an indication of potential solar radiation and varies
from a value of 1 for v £ 15° to 4 for v > 60°. The effects of
cloud cover in reducing radiation is included in the daytime insolation
class, 1C, computed from RI, opaque cloud cover, and ceiling height
observations at the nearest surface station (Table 4 (b)). The daytime
stability class is then determined from 1C and the surface wind speed at the
grid point according to Table 5. Nighttime stability is determined by
surface wind speed and opaque cloud cover. Overcast conditions (10/10 cloud
cover) result in neutral (D) stability for both day and night.
22
-------
TABLE 4. DAYTIME SOLAR INSOLATION CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
(a) Radiation Index as a Function of Solar Elevation Angle
Solar Elevation Radiation Index, RI
Angle, u
0° < u <_ 15° 1
15° < u <_ 25° 2
35° < u _< 60° 3
60° < u 4
(b) Calculation of Daytime Solar Insolation Class
Daytime
Cloud Cover, CC Ceiling HT, CH Insolation Class, 1C
Cftl
CC <_ 5/10 - RI
5/10 < CC < 10/10 CH < 7,000 RI-2*
7,000 £ CH < 16,000 RI-1*
16,000 <. CH RI
CC = 10/10 CH < 7,000 0
7,000<.CH< 16,000 RI-2*
16,000 <_ CH RI-1*
*IC is not allowed to be reduced to less than one
(only exception is with CC = 10/10, CH < 7,000 ft).
23
-------
TABLE 5. STABILITY CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
Surface Daytime Insolation Class, 1C
wind speed Strong Moderate Slight Weak Overcast
(knots) (4) (3) (2) (1) (0)
Nighttime
5/10-9/10
Cloud
<5/10
Cloud
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
D
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
F
F
F
E
E
E
D
D
D
D
D
D
F
F
F
F
F
F
E
E
E
E
D
D
24
-------
2.3 MESOPUFF II Dispersion Model
2.3.1 Basic Gaussian Puff Equations
MESOPUFF II is a Gaussian variable-trajectory puff superposition model
designed to account for the spatial and temporal variation in advection,
diffusion, transformation, and removal mechanisms on regional scales. A
continuous plume is simulated as a series of discrete puffs. The trajectory
of each puff is determined independently of preceding or succeeding puffs.
Each puff is subject to space- and time-varying wet removal, dry deposition,
and chemical transformation. The governing equation for a horizontally
symmetric puff with a Gaussian distribution is:
C(s) =
Q(S)
2ira
exp
r2(s)
2a 2(s)
y
(2-29)
g(s) =
n
exp
2nz.)'
i
a 2(s)
z
(2-30)
where,
C(s) is the ground-level concentration,
s is the distance travelled by the puff,
Q(s) is the mass of pollutant in the puff,
a (s) is the standard deviation of the Gaussian
y
distribution in the horizontal,
a (s) is the standard deviation of the Gaussian
Z
distribution in the vertical,
r(s) is the radial distance from the puff center,
z. is the mixed-layer height, and
H is the effective height of the puff center.
€
25
-------
The infinite series in Equation 2-30 converges rapidly for values
2
of T = (a /z.) < 0.6; usually fewer than 3 or 4 terms are
2 1
required for convergence. For T> 0.6, Equation 2-30 is expressed
in an equivalent from using a Fourier series that converges quickly
for large values of T (Schulman and Scire 1980). The vertical term,
g(s), reduces to the uniformly mixed limit of 1/z. for a /z. >_ 1.6.
J. Z 1. ^^
In general, puffs within the daytime mixed-layer satisfy this criterion
about an hour or two after release. The user is permitted to specify an
initial Gaussian vertical distribution (Eq. 2-30) or an immediately uniform
vertical distribution (g(s) = 1/z.) for newly released puffs. MESOPUFF II
allows the effect of dry deposition to be treated with the conventional
source depletion method or a more realistic surface depletion (3-layer)
model. These options are described in more detail in Section 2.3.5.
The dispersion parameters, a and a , are calculated for puff
travel distances up to 100 kilometers with plume growth functions fitted to
the curves of Turner (1970). These functions are of the form:
a x
(2-31)
where
a,b are stability-dependent coefficients, and
x is the total distance travelled.
Equation 2-31 is valid, however, only if the stability class does not change
during the puff's travel. Stability class variations are allowed for by
using a virtual distance, x , instead of x (Ludwig et al. 1977).
26
-------
(o ) - a f(x ) +6x1
y t y [_ v y J
(2-32)
(2-33)
(x ) =
v y
1/b
(2-34)
1/b
(2-35)
where
(a ) , , (a ) .. are the values of a , a (m)
. y t-1' z t-1 y' z
at the previous time step, and
6x is the incremental distance travelled (in).
The values of a , b , a , and b in Equations 2-32 through 2-35 are
those for the current stability class. Thus, x represents the distance
the puff would have travelled to reach its size at time t-1 if, current
stability conditions were in effect throughout its travel. The incremental
distance, 5x, is evaluated from the midpoint of the previous time step's
trajectory to the midpoint of the current trajectory. Table 6
contains the default values of the coefficients a , b a , b stored in
MESOPUFF II.
The time-dependent puff growth equation used for distances greater than
100 kilometers are those given by Heffter (1965):
27
-------
TABLE 6. PUFF GROWTH RATE COEFFICIENTS a , b , a , b
y y z z
Stability Class y y z z
A 0.36 0.9 0.00023 2.10
B 0.25 0.9 0.058 1.09
C 0.19 0.9 0.11 0.91
D 0.13 0.9 0.57 0.58
E 0.096 0.9 0.85 0.47
F 0.063 0.9 0.77 0.42
28
-------
)„ = (a ) + 0.5 6t (2-36)
y t y t-1
a 6t (2-37)
a . 0.5 C2K )l/2 (2-33)
Zt Z
where
6t in the incremental time (s),
t in the total age of the puff (s), and
2
K is the vertical eddy diffusivity (m /s).
Z
The default values of K (and a ) are contained in Table 7. The option
Z Z t
is provided in MESOPUFF II for the user to override any of the default
dispersion coefficient pararaeters5 including the crossover distance to time
dependent growth (Equations 2-36 to 2-38).
MESOPUFF II allows three options for determining growth rates for puffs
above the boundary layer: (1) E stability rates, (2) F stability rates, or
(3) boundary layer stability rates. The default instructions are to use the
E stability growth curves for puffs above the boundary layer (see variable
JSUP in MESOPUFF II inputs).
2.3.2 Grid Systems
A Cartesian coordinate reference frame is employed in MESOPAC II and
MESOPUFF II. Three nested grid systems are used: a meteorological grid, a
computational grid, and a sampling grid. The size of each grid is limited
to 40 x 40 horizontal grid indices.
The meteorological grid is the system of grid points at which
meteorological parameters (wind components, mixing height, etc.) are
29
-------
TABLE 7. VERTICAL DIFFUSIVITY AND PUFF GROWTH RATE
COEFFICIENT a
zt
2.
Stability Class Kz U /s) azt
A 50 5.0
B 30 3.873
C 15 2.739
D 7 1.871
E 3 1.225
F 1 0.707
30
-------
defined. The meteorological grid is determined by inputs to MESOPAC II. It
is the basic reference frame for all spatial input data to both MESOPAC II
and MESOPUFF II (e.g., coordinates of meteorological stations, sources, and
nongridded receptors). The southwest corner of the meteorological grid
defines the point (x,y) = (1.0,1.0).
The computational grid determines the computational area for a MESOPUFF
II run, i.e., puffs are advected and tracked only while within the
computational grid. When the center of a puff is transported outside the
bounds of the computational grid, this puff is eliminated in the next
sampling step. Thus, all sources and receptors must be located within the
computational grid. To avoid possible boundary effects, receptors should be
located away from the edges of the computational grid.
The sampling grid defines the set of gridded receptors. It must be
equal to or a subset of the computational grid. Its resolution is a
multiple of the resolution of the computational (and meteorological) grid.
The range and resolution (grid spacing) of the sampling grid must be defined
as to not exceed a maximum size of 40 x 40. It should be noted that
non-gridded (discrete) receptors are not limited to be within the sampling
grid; they may be placed anywhere within the computational grid.
Computational savings will be realized if the sampling grid is limited only
to areas of interest. The sampling grid may be eliminated entirely if
sufficient coverage can be obtained with non-gridded receptors (see variable
LVSAMP in MESOPUFF II inputs).
Figure 3 illustrates one possible arrangement for the three grids. The
computational grid is a 10 x 8 grid within the 11 x 9 meteorological grid.
The sampling grid extends from coordinates (3.0,2.0) to (10.0,7.0) and has a
resolution twice that of the other grids. In this example, the sampling
grid size is 15 x 11.
31
-------
Meteorological Computational Sampling
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
V 5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
I~~Grid
^
Grid
r
i
Grid
t
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
x
Figure 3 Sample Meteorological, Computational and Sampling Grids
32
-------
2.3.3 Plume Rise
The plume rise, Ah, of each puff is computed by the Briggs (1975)
plume rise equations for final rise. For unstable and neutral conditions
when the puff center does not rise above the top of the boundary layer, Ah
is given by:
Ah = 1.6 F1/3 X,,273 / u (2-39)
r m
(3.5X14 F5/8) F <_ 55 m4 /s3
v = /
* 1(3.5X34.49 F2/5) F > 55 m4 /s3
4 3
where, F is the initial stack plume buoyancy flux (m /s ),
(2-40)
X, is the distance to final plume rise (m), and
is the larger of b<
(m/s) or 1.37 m/s.
u is the larger of boundary layer (lower level) wind speed
The ambient temperature at the closest surface meteorological station to the
source is used in the computation of the buoyancy flux.
If the puff penetrates into the elevated stable layer above the
boundary layer, the Briggs (1975) partial penetration plume rise equation is
used to provide a second estimate of plume rise. The actual plume rise is
taken as the minimum of the two plume rise estimates.
4h . . .
Ah = minimum < _ ,
[1.8 z, + 18.75 F /(u S)] '
o m
where z, is the distance from the stack top, h , to the top of the
boundary layer, z., and
S is the stability parameter (g/T)(39/3z) .
A potential temperature gradient, 39/3z, of 0.0137 K/m is assumed,
yielding a value of S of 4.63 x 10 s
33
-------
For stable conditions, Ah is given by:
1/3 1/3
2.6F /(uS) u>_1.37m/s
1/4 3/8 (2"42)
5.0Fi/4/ SJ/S u < 1.37 m/s
2.3.4 Puff Trajectory Function
Puffs are advected during each sampling step according to a Lagrangian
trajectory function. The change in position of a puff center over a time
interval At is:
ft + At
x(t+ At) = x(t) + Ax = i u[t'; x(t'), y(t')] dt1 V"
11 + A t
y(t+At) = y(t) +Ay = v[t!; x(t'), y(t')] dt1 (2-44)
J t
where, [x(t), y(t)j and [x(t + At), y(t +At)] are the puff center
coordinates at the time t and t + At, respectively; Ax, Ay are the
incremental x and y distances travelled by the puff; and u, v are the
easterly and northerly components of the wind. The integrals in Equations
(2-43) and (2-44) are approximated by a two-step bilinear interpolation in
space and time. The coordinates of a puff center at time t + At are found
by evaluating the vector average of two advection increments. Figure 4
illustrates the advection algorithm. The first increment is evaluated by
assuming the wind components at [x(t),y(t)] are constant for the advection
interval At. Thus,
XL = x(t) + (Ax)x (2-45)
yl = y(t) + (Ay)L (2-46)
(Ax)L = u[t;x(t),y(t)] At (2-47)
(Ay) = v[t;x(t),y(t)] At (2-48)
34
-------
J + 2
Figure 4 Calculation of the Trajectory of a Puff Centerpoint
35
-------
However, because the wind changes in both space and time, a second increment
is calculated using (x,, y,) as the beginning of the trajectory and the
wind components for time t + At at (x, , yi)« Assuming these wind
components are constant for a time interval At, the endpoint of this
increment becomes (x , y«).
X2 = Xl + ^x)2 (2-49)
72 = yl + (Ay)2 (2-50)
(Ax)2 = u[t + At; XL, y ] At (2-51)
(Ay)2 = v[t +At; XL, yj At (2-52)
Weighting each increment equally, the new puff position
[x(t + At),y(t +At)] is the midpoint of the line from [x(t),y(t)]
to (x , y« ) . Thus, the winds at two points in space and in time
are used to evaluate the trajectory of the puff.
x(t + At) = x(t) + 0.5 [(Ax)L + (Ax)2J (2-53)
y(t + At) = y(t) + 0.5 [(Ay)L •*• (Ay)2] (2-54)
The wind components u, v are defined only at the grid points at hourly
intervals. The effective wind components at the puff center at time t are
obtained by the following bilinear interpolation scheme:
u[t;x(t),y(t)] = tx Sy2 5 x2 u[tn; i, j] + t,y5y25x2 "U^, i, j] (2-55)
-i- 5 6X u [t;i + l,j] + t5 6x u [
u tn;,
+ t 6 6x u
where, t = C -tn t <_ t <_ t (2-56)
36
-------
t = 1.0 - t (2-57)
and t , t ... are the times closest to time t at which the wind field is
n n+1
defined. The variables 6x,, 6x2,
-------
(5X2
Figure 5 Bilinear Interpolation of Wind Components
38
-------
The aerodynamic resistance, r , is given by Wesely and Hicks (1977)
3
as :
(k u,) l [ln(zJz ) - 4>J (2-59)
* SOn.
-5z /L 0 < z /L < 1
S S (2-60)
exp [0.598 + 0.39 In (-z /L) - -1 < z /L < 0
s s
0.090 {ln(-z /L)}2]
s
where z is the reference height (10 meters),
S
z is the surface roughness length (m),
u^ is the friction velocity (m/s),
i|» is a function accounting for stability effects, and
ri
k is the von Karman constant.
The surface resistance, r , can be expressed (Wesely and Hicks 1977)
3
as:
(k u
where B is the surface transfer coefficient. For SO , NO , and
-1 X
HNO.,, kB is assigned a default value of 2.6. A constant value of r
_
for the SO, and NO aerosols of 1000 s/m is assumed.
Table 8 contains the default canopy resistances for SO as a function
of land use and stability class for summertime conditions (Shieh et al.
1979). The roughness length associated with each land use category is also
presented. Based upon its high solubility and reactivity, r for HNO.
is assumed to be zero. The default canopy resistance for NO is 1500
39
-------
TABLE 8. SUMMERTIME SO CANOPY RESISTANCES (s/m) AS A
FUNCTION OF LAND USE TYPE AND STABILITY CLASS
Category Land Use Type
1 cropland and pasture
2 cropland, woodland and grazing
land
3 irrigated crops
4 grazed forest and woodland
5 ungrazed forest and woodland
6 subhumid grassland and semiarid
grazing land
7 open woodland grazed
8 desert shrubland
9 swamp
10 marshland
11 metropolitan city
12 lake or ocean
U)
0.20
0.30
0.05
0.90
1.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.20
0.50
1.00
10~4
A,B,C
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
100.
200.
50.
75.
1000.
0.
D
300.
300.
300.
300.
300.
300.
300.
500.
75.
300.
1000.
0.
E
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
1000.
100.
1000.
1000.
0.
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1000
0
0
0
0
Source: Shieh, Wesely, and Hicks (1979).
40
-------
:= —
s/m. Uptake of the SO, and NO- aerosols by plant stomata is less
relevant; therefore, total resistance for SO, and N0_ is
determined by r and r (i.e., r =0).
3 a s c
With knowledge of the concentration and the deposition velocity, the
pollutant flux is determined. MESOPUFF II has two options for treating the
removal of pollutant from the puff. The first option is the commonly used
source depletion approximation. This method assumes that material deposited
is removed from the full depth of the puff. The change in mass is:
Q(t+l) = Q(t) exp d 1 g(s') ds' (2-62)
As
Where Q(t), Q(t+l) is the mass (g) of pollutant in the puff at the
beginning and end of the time step,
s, s •+• A s is the position of the puff at the beginning and end
of the time step, and
g(s) is the vertical term of the Gaussian puff equation as given
by Equation 2-30. For a puff uniformly mixed in the vertical,
g(a) = l/Zi.
The source depletion model effectively enhances the rate of vertical
diffusion of the pollutant because mass removed at the surface is
immediately replaced with material from above. However, in the atmosphere,
the rate of deposition can be limited (mostly during stable conditions) by
the rate of pollutant mass transfer through the boundary layer to the
surface layer. This overall boundary layer resistance is not included in
the aerodynamic resistance. To account for the effect of boundary layer
mixing, MESOPUFF II has the option to treat puffs that have become
vertically well-mixed with a 3-layer model (see Figure 6). The surface
layer is a shallow layer (10 m) next to the ground that rapidly adjusts to
changes in surface conditions. Pollutants in the middle layer are uniformly
41
-------
as
u
-------
mixed up to the top of the current boundary layer. The upper layer consists
of pollutant material above the boundary layer dispersed upward during
previous turbulent activity. The pollutant flux into the surface layer is:
Flux = < (C - C ) / (z. - z ) = v. C (2-63)
m s is d s
2
where K is an overall boundary layer eddy diffusivity (in /s),
C is the concentration in the middle layer, and
m
C is the concentration at the top of the surface layer.
S
During stable conditions, < is given by Brost and Wyngaard (1978) as:
K = k. u.z. (2-64)
i*i
and during neutral or unstable conditions < is:
K = Maximum {k, u. z., k0 w. z.} (2-65)
1*1 / *> i
The constants k and k have default values of 0.01 and 0.1,
respectively.
The term v^ C can be written as v, C , where v, is an
d s d m d
effective deposition velocity taking into account boundary layer mass
transfer.
1 K vd
v, = -f T- (2-66)
d K + v ,(z .- z )
d i s
In the 3-layer model, only material in the surface layer is available
i
for deposition at the surface. The effective deposition velocity, v
is used in Equation 2-62 to evaluate the change in pollutant mass in the
puff due to dry deposition.
43
-------
2.3.6 Chemical Transformations
The chemical processes modeled in MESOPUFF II are the conversion of
sulfur dioxide (SO-) to sulfate (SO,) and the conversion of nitrogen
oxide (NO = NO + N09) to nitrate aerosol (N0~). The formation of
X *^ j
nitrate aerosol involves both photochemical reactions and chemical
equilibrium considerations. NO is oxidized largely photochemically to
X
gaseous nitric acid (HNO~) and organic nitrate (RON09) such as
peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN). In the presence of ammonia, a chemical
equilibrium is established between gaseous HNO gaseous NH and the
ammonium nitrate aerosol:
HN03 (g) + NH3 (g) £ NH4N03 (aq) (2-67)
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is strongly dependent on relative
humidity and temperature (Stelson and Seinfeld 1982). The organic nitrates
formed from NO are not believed to form fine particulate aerosols.
Transformation rate expressions were developed for use in MESOPUFF II
by statistically analyzing hourly transformation rates produced by a
photochemical box model. The model employed the RHC/NO /SO chemical
X X
mechanisms of Atkinson et al. (1982). Plume SO /NO dispersing into
X X
background air containing ozone and reactive hydrocarbons (RHC) was
simulated over a wide range of conditions representing different solar
radiation intensities, temperatures, dispersion conditions, background ozone
and RHC levels, plume NO concentrations and emissions times. The
following equations represent curve fits to the hourly (daytime) conversion
rates predicted by the photochemical model:
k1=36R°'55 [O/'71 S-1'29. 3 x 10-8RH4 (2-68)
k = 1206 [O-]1'5 S"1'41 [NO ]~0'33 (2-69)
w* -> X
k, - 1261 [O,]1'45 S-1'34 [NO f°-12 (2-70)
j j X
44
-------
k,, is the NO to HNO_ + PAN transformation rate (percent
2x3
- is the NO to HNO_ (only) transformation rate (percent
3x3'
where k is the SO to SO, transformation rate (percent per hour),
Ls the NO i
x
per hour),
Ls the NO
x
per hour),
2
R is the total solar radiation (kw/in ),
[0 ] is the background ozone concentration (ppm),
S is a stability index ranging from 2 to 6 (PGT class A. and B=2, C=3,
D=4, E=5, F=6),
RH is the relative humidity (percent), and
[NO ] is the NO concentration (ppm).
x x
—8
An empirically determined aqueous phase S09 conversion term (3 x 10
4 =
RH ) is included in the SO to SO, transformation equation. The
aqueous phase term has a minimum value of 0.2% per hour. Constant
transformation rates of 0.2 and 2% per hour for SO. and NO ,
2 x
respectively, are used as default values for nighttime periods.
The model provides three options for the specification of background
ozone concentrations: (1) hourly ozone data from a network of stations may
be input; (2) a single background ozone concentration may be specified; or,
(3) the default value of 80 ppb may be used. The background ammonia
concentration required for the HNO /NH /NH NO equilibrium calculation may
be specified by the user or the default value of 10 ppb is used.
The parameterized NO oxidation rate depends on the NO
X X
concentration. In situations where puffs overlap, it would be incorrect to
calculate the NO oxidation rate based solely on the puff NO
X X
concentration. Similarly, the nitrate equilibrium should not assume that
all the ambient NH is available for one puff. Therefore, the total
(local average) SO?, NO , and TNO-, (total nitrate = HNO- + N0~)
concentrations due to all puffs and the available ammonia (total ammonia
minus sulfate) are computed. First, the average puff concentration, C,
45
-------
within + 1.5 a and + 1.5 a of the puff center is calculated for each
y - z v _
puff. For an elevated Gaussian puff, C (assuming no ground reflection) is:
C - Q-38 Q
(2 ir)3/2 a2 az (2-71)
For a puff uniformly mixed in the vertical, C is:
- = Q.52 Q
(2 *) o2 z£ (2-72)
The total local average concentration is the puff's own contribution plus
that of nearby puffs (within 1.5 a of the puff center). Average
concentrations are computed separately for puffs within the mixed layer and
for those above the mixed layer.
Although the use of Equations (2-68) through (2-70) are recommended,
several other alternatives are provided in MESOPUFF II, The model allows
optional user-specification of hourly transformation rates for k , k?, and
k., (three arrays of 24 values each), or the following alternative rate
expressions for the SCL oxidation rate.
Gillani et al. (1981) :
k = 0.03 R h [03] (2-73)
where h is the plume depth (m) taken as the minimum of 3 a or z., R
2 z i
is solar radiation (kw/m ) .
Henry and Hidy (1982) - (based on St. Louis data):
= 34. [03J (2-74)
46
-------
Henry and Hidy (1981) - (based on Los Angeles data):
kL = 85. [0 ] (2-75)
2.3.7 Wet Removal
Numerous studies (e.g., Slinn et al. 1978, Scott 1978, 1981) have shown
that precipitation scavenging in an efficient removal mechanism, especially
for particulate pollutants such as SO,. During precipitation events,
wet removal can easily dominate dry deposition in pollutant removal.
MESOPUFF II uses the following simple parameterization of wet removal
processes:
Q(t + 1) = Q(t) exp [ - A At] (2-76)
where Q(t), Q(t + 1) is the mass (g) of pollutant in the puff at the
beginning and end of the time step,
A is the scavenging ratio (s ), and
A t is the time step (s).
Maul (1980) expresses A as:
A = X (R/RX) (2-77)
wnere R is the rainfall rate (mm/hr),
R, is a reference rainfall rate of 1 mm/hr, and
X is a scavenging coefficient (s )•
Table 9 contains the default values of the scavenging coefficient used in
MESOPUFF II. The rainfall rate used in Equation 2-77 in that observed at
the closest surface (TD9657) station to the puff center.
A precipitation cede determined from the surface (CD144) observations
of precipitation type/intensity is used to determine if the value of X for
liquid or frozen precipitation is most appropriate. Precipitation
observations are converted to precipitation codes as shown in Taole 10. The
47
-------
TABLE 9. DEFAULT VALUES OF THE SCAVENGING COEFFICIENT, X (s~l)
POLLUTANT
LIQUID
PRECIPITATION
FROZEN
PRECIPITATION
SO,
SO,
NO
HNO,
NO,
3 x 10
1 x 10
0.0
6 x 10
1 x 10
~5
-5
-4
0.0
3 x 10
0.0
0.0
-5
3 x 10
-5
48
-------
Liquid Precipitation
TABLE 10. CONVERSION OF REPORTED PRECIPITATION
TYPE/INTENSITY TO PRECIPITATION CODES
Frozen Precipitation
Precipitation .
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Type
Rain
Rain
Rain
Rain Showers
Rain Showers
Rain Showers
Freezing Rain
Freezing Rain
Freezing Rain
Not Used
Not Used
Not Used
Drizzle
Drizzle
Drizzle
Freezing Drizzle
Freezing Drizzle
Freezing Drizzle
Intensity
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Light
Moderate
Heavy
-
-
-
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Precipitation
Code
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Type
Snow
Snow
Snow
Snow Pel) ets
Snow Pellets
Snow Pellets
Hot Used
Ice Crystals
Not Used
Snow Showers
Snow Showers
Snow Showers
Not Used
Not Used
Not Used
Snow Grains
Snow Grains
Snow Grains
Ice Pellets
Ice Pellets
Ice Pellets
Not Used
Hail
Not Used
Not Used
Small Hail
Nor Used
Intensity
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Light
Moderate
Heavy
-
*
-
Light
Moderate
Heavy
-
-
-
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Light
Moderate
Heavy
-
*
-
-
*
-
* Intensity not currently reported for ice crystals, hail and small hail.
49
-------
liquid precipitation values of X are used for precipitation codes 1-18;
the frozen precipitation values are used for codes 19-45.
2.3.8 Puff Sampling Function
MESOPUFF II simulates a continuous plume with a series of discrete
puffs. The total concentration is calculated by summing the contributions
of each nearby puff (within 3 a of the receptor). The contribution of
a single puff integrated over the distance of puff travel, As, during the
sampling step is:
C(r,s) =
s +
s
AS Q(s) g(s)
2* a2 (s)
y
-r2 (s)
2a2 (s)
_ y
ds
(2-78)
where g(s) is the vertical term given by Equation 2-30. If it is assumed
that the most significant s dependence during the sampling step is in the
r(s) and Q(s) terms, this integral can be evaluated and expressed as:
C(r,s) =
2n a
[Q i + (Q - Q ) i
I o 1 n o 2
[
TT exp 11/2 (b2/a - c) _ (erf (a + b) - erf ( _b._)]l
2a L J ( /2a /2a >
(2-79)
(2-80)
I. - -b I. +1 exp jl/2 (b2/a - c)| jexp [-1 b2/a]- exp[-l (a+2b+b2/a)]j
2 ~ l a L J ( 2 2 (2^
22 2
a=(Ax +Ay)/a
b = [Ax(xt- xr) + Ay (yt - y^ ] /
c =
t - yr)2] /a 2
81)
(2-82)
(2-83)
(2-84)
where Q , Q is the pollutant mass (g) in the puff at the beginning and
end of the time step,
50
-------
(x , y ) are the receptor coordinates (m),
(x , y ) are the puff coordinates (m) at the beginning of the
sampling step, and,
Ax, Ay are the incremental x and y distances travelled by the puff
during the sampling step.
The exponential variation of Q due to removal and chemical
transformation processes is expressed with a linear function over the
sampling interval. The puff trajectory segment is assumed to be a straight
line. More details of the sampling function derivation are contained in
Scire et al. (1983).
2.3.9 Urban Plumes
Emissions of S0_ and NO and their transformation to particulate
£, X
sulfate and nitrate within and downwind of urban regions can significantly
influence regional scale air quality. MESOPUFF II offers the capability to
model the large number of stationary and mobile sources within an urban area
as one or more area sources. It is assumed that the emission distribution
can be adequately represented by a Gaussian (puff-type) distribution.
User-specified initial size parameters (o , a ) and source height
are required. The urban emissions may be partitioned according to effective
source height and modeled as a number of area sources. Section 3.3 contains
more information on the data requirements of area sources.
51
-------
SECTION 3
USER'S INSTRUCTIONS
3.1 READ56 User's Instructions
READ56 is a preprocessor program designed to read and process a
standard NCC TDF5600 rawinsonde data file into a form for input to
MESOPAC II. The program extracts sounding levels from the surface to a
pressure level specified by the user, flags missing or multiple soundings,
and eliminates or flags entries containing missing data. A formatted file
of pressure, height, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction is created
for possible editing by the user and subsequent input into MESOPAC II. A
separate run of READ56 must be made for each rawinsonde station's data to be
input to MESOPAC II.
Four system channels are required by READ56. Card-image inputs are
read from Logical Unit 5, line printer output is written to Logical Unit 6,
the input TDF5600 data is read from Logical Unit 8, and the formatted
processed data file is written to Logical Unit 9.
The card-image inputs required by READ56 consists of two records. The
first record contains variables used to define the time period of the run,
and the top pressure level to be extracted. The second record contains
control variables determining how missing data are treated. Figure 7 is a
partial listing of the line printer output of a sample READ56 run. Figure 8
contains a portion of the formatted data file created by this run. Each
sounding consists of an identification record followed by several data
records. The identification record contains: (1) a label identifying the
data as series '5600', (2) a station identification number (e.g., 13S97),
(3) the year, month, day, and hour (GMT) of the sounding (e.g., 78080100),
52
-------
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54
-------
(4) the total number of sounding levels in the TDF5600 profile (e.g., 46),
and (5) the number of sounding levels extracted (e.g., 18).
Mandatory pressure levels (850 mb, 700 mb, 500 mb) missing or
eliminated due to missing data are flagged with a warning message in both
the line printer output and the formatted data file. The user must edit the
formatted data file to delete the warning message and to substitute
appropriate values for the missing level. If the control variables were set
to flag (rather than eliminate) levels with missing data, the data field of
the missing variables are flagged with a series of nines. The run must edit
the formatted file to either eliminate the pressure level or replace the
missing variables with appropriate values (e.g., interpolated or persisted
values).
A complete description of the run control variables used in READ56
follows. Appendix B contains sample test case input and output files for
READ56.
55
-------
READ56 INPUTS
CARD 1 - STARTING AND ENDING HOURS, UPPER PRESSURE LEVEL.
Columns Type
* INTEGER
* INTEGER
* INTEGER
* INTEGER
* INTEGER
* INTEGER
* REAL
Variable
IBYR
IBDAY
1BHR
IEYR
1EDAY
IEHR
PSTOP
Description
Two-digit starting year of run
Starting Julian day
Starting hour (00 or 12 GMT)
Two-digit ending year or run
Ending Julian day
Ending hour (00 or 12 GiMT)
Top pressure level (mb) for which
data is extracted. The formatted
READ56 output file will consist of
pressure levels from the surface
to 'PSTOP'-mb. Possible values of
PSTOP are 850 mb, 700 mb, or
500 mb.
*Entered in free format.
56
-------
READS6 INPUTS
CARD 2 - MISSING DATA CONTROL VARIABLES.
Columns Type
* LOGICAL
Variable
LHT
LOGICAL
LTEMP
LOGICAL
LWD
LOGICAL
LWS
Description
Height field control variable. If
LHT = I, a pressure level is eliminated
if the height field is missing. If
LHT = F, the pressure level is not
eliminated due to the missing height,
but will be flagged with a '9999'.
Temperature field control variable. If
LTEMP = T, a pressure level is
eliminated if the temperature field is
missing. If LTEMP = F, the pressure
level is not eliminated due to the
missing temperature, but will be
flagged with a '999.9'.
Wind direction field control variable.
If LWD = T, a pressure level is
eliminated if the wind direction field
is missing. If LWD = F, the pressure
level is not eliminated due to the
missing wind direction, but will be
flagged with a '999' .
Wind speed field control variable. If
LWS = T, a pressure level is eliminated
if the wind speed field is missing. If
LWD = F, the pressure level is not
eliminated due to the missing wind
speed, but will be flagged with a '999'.
*Entered in free format.
57
-------
3.2 MESOPAC II User's Instructions
MESOPAC II is the meteorological preprocessor program that computes
time and space interpolated fields of meteorological variables required by
MESOPUFF II. The meteorological data inputs required by MESOPAC II are the
upper air data files created by READ56 (see Section 3.1), hourly surface
meteorological observations, and hourly precipitation data. MESOPAC II and
READ56 are designed to use standard-formatted meteorological files available
from NCC. The required format for the surface observations is Card Deck 144
(CD144). The surface observations must be at hourly intervals. Because
CD144 surface data do not contain hourly precipitation amounts, provisions
are made in MESOPAC II to read separate precipitation data files. The
format for the precipitation data is Tape Deck 9657 (TD9657), formally
called Card Deck 488. MESOPAC II, therefore, will read up to two files for
each surface meteorological station - one file containing CD144 data and a
second file containing TD9657 data. However, if hourly precipitation
(TD9657) data are not available for a particular station, the program allows
the CD144 surface observations to be entered alone. MSSOPAC II will process
the meteorological data for up to 25 surface stations and for up to 10 upper
air stations.
The following system input channels are required by MESOPAC II:
Logical Unit 5 for card-image inputs, Logical Unit 6 for line printer
output, and Logical Unit 8 for binary processed meteorological data output.
Additional input channels are required for the upper air, surface and
precipitation data files. The user defines the logical unit for each
meteorological data file in the run control inputs (see Card Groups 15, 16).
The MESOPAC II output file consists of three header records followed by
a set of seven records for each hour. Table 11 contains a complete listing
of the variables in each record. The header records contain the date and
length of the run, grid size and spacing, land use categories and surface
roughness lengths at each grid point, as well as other information required
by MESOPUFF II. Each set of seven hourly records contains all the gridded
and non-gridded meteorological data needed by MESOPUFF II.
58
-------
TABLE 11. VARIABLES IN THE BINARY MESOPAC II OUTPUT FILE
HEADER RECORDS - Three records at beginning of output file,
RECORD VARIABLE
TYPE
DESCRIPTION*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
NYR
IDYSTR
IHRMAX
NSSTA
NU5TA
IMAX
JMAX
IBTZ
ILWF
IUWF
DGRID
VK
XSCOOR(25)
YSCOOR(25)
XUCOOR(IO)
YUCOOR(IO)
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
REAL
REAL
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
Starting year
Starting Julian day
Number of hours
Number of surface stations
Number of rawinsonde stations
Number of grid points in X
direction
Number of grid points in Y
direction
Reference time zone
Lower-level wind field code
Upper-level wind field code
Grid spacing (m)
von Karman constant
Surface station X coordinates
Surface station Y coordinates
Upper air station X coordinates
Upper air station Y coordinates
Z0(40,40)
REAL ARRAY
Surface roughness lengths (m)
NEARS(40,40)
INTEGER*2 ARRAY Station number of closest surface
station to each grid point
ILANDU(40,40) INTEGER*2 ARRAY Land use categories (see Table 8)
See run control input section for complete description of variables,
59
-------
TABLE 11. (Continued)
HOURLY RECORDS - Repeated for each hour (i) of run.
RECORD VARIABLE
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
3+i
3+i
3+i
4+i
4+i
5+i
5+i
6+i
6+i
7+i
7+i
8+i
9+i
9+i
9+i
9+i
9 + i
9+i
9 + i
NYR
NJULDY
NHR
UL(IMAX,JMAX)
VL(IMAX,JMAX)
UUP(IMAX,JMAX)
VUP(IMAX,JMAX)
ZI(IMAX,JMAX)
USTAR(IMAX,JMAX)
WSTAR(IMAX,JMAX)
CAPL(IMAX,JMAX)
IPGT(IMAX.JMAX)
AVRHO
PAMT(25)
TEMPK(25)
SRAD(25)
IRH(25)
ICC(25)
IPCODE(25)
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
INTEGER* 2 ARRAY
REAL
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
ISTEGER*2 ARRAY
INTEGER*2 ARRAY
OTEGER*2 ARRAY
Year
Julian day
Hour (00-23)
Lower-level u wind component (m/s
Lower-level v wind component (m/s
Upper-level u wind component (m/s
Upper-level v wind component (m/s
Boundary layer height (m)
Friction velocity (m/s)
Convective velocity scale (m/s)
Monin-Obukhov length (m)
PGT stability class
Average surface air density
(kg/m3)
Hourly precipitation rate*(mm/hr)
Air temperature*( K)
2
Total solar radiation*(W/m )
Relative humidity*(%)
Opaque cloud cover*( tenths )
Precipitation code*(see Table 10)
At surface meteorological stations.
60
-------
Following this section is a complete description of all the run control
variables used in MESOPAC II. Figure 9 shows the required setup of the card
image inputs. Appendix C contains a set of sample test case inputs and
output.
61
-------
r-
\ 1 6) RawmsonCe Slave
Data
Surface Station
Data
Included only if IOPTS (9) = 1
Included only if IOPTS (3) = 1
Included only if IOPTS 161 = 1
Included only if IOPTS 15) = 1
Included only if IOPTS (4) - 1
ncluded only if IOPTS (3) = 1
Included only if IOPTS (2) = 1
Included only if IOPTS (1) = 1
15) Land Use Categories
at Each Grid Point
Figure 9 Input Deck Setup for MESOPAC II
62
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 1 - TITLE
Columns Type Variable
1-80
CHARACTER
ARRAY
TITLE (20)
Description
80-character title.
CARD GROUP 2 - GENERAL RUN INFORMATION
Columns
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
Type
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
Variable
NYR
IDYSTR
IHRMAX
NSSTA
21-25
26-30
INTEGER
INTEGER
NUSTA
IBTZ
Description
Two digit year of run.
Starting Julian day (also see Card Group 6,
IOPTS (10)).
Number of hours in run.
Number of surface meteorological stations
(must be £ 25).
Number of rawinsonde stations (must be
Reference time zone (5 = EST, 6 = CST,
7 = MST, 8 = PST).
CARD GROUP 3 - GRID DATA
Variable
Columns Type
1-5 INTEGER
IMAX
Description
Number of grid points in X (west-east)
direction (must be < 40).
6-10 INTEGER JMAX Number of grid points in Y (south-north)
direction (must be <_ 40)
11-20 REAL DGRID Grid spacing (m).
63
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 4 - OUTPUT OPTIONS
Variable
Columns
1-5
Type
LOGICAL
LSAVE
6-10
LOGICAL
LPRINT
11-15
16-20
INTEGER
LOGICAL
IPRINF
LED
21-25
INTEGER
NDY1
26-30
INTEGER
NHR1
31-35
INTEGER
NDY2
36-40
INTEGER
NHR2
Description
Disk/tape output control variable. If
LSAVE =T, meterological fields are
written to a disk/tape file. If
LSAVE = F, output is not stored on
disk/tape. (LSAVE should be T if
meteorological data is to be used to
run MESOPUFF II).
Printer output control variable. If
LPRINT = T, meteorological fields are
printed every 'IPRINF' hours. If
LPRINT = F, meteorological fields are
not printed.
Printing interval (in hours) of
meterological fields. Used only if
LPRINT = T. (IPRINF >_!).
Control variable for printing of input
meteorological data and intermediate
computed parameters. If LBD = T, these
data will be printed for time periods
specified by NDY1, NHR1, NDY2, and
NHR2. If LBD = F, these data will not
be printed. (Because this information
is not of general interest, LBD should
be F for most applications).
Julian day for which printing or input
meteorological data and intermediate
computed parameters begins. Used only
if LBD = T.
Hour (00-23) for which printing of
input meteorological data and
intermediate computed parameters ends.
Used only if LBD = T.
Julian day for which printing of input
meteorological data and intermediate
computed parameters ends. Used only if
LBD = T.
Hour (00-23) for which printing of
input meteorological data and
intermediate computed parameters ends.
Used only if LBD = T.
64
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 5 - LAND USE CATEGORIES AT EACH GRID POINT (see Table 8). 'JMAX'
cards are required, each card with 'IMAX' land use categories (corresponding
to X-coordinates 1 to IMAX). The first card contains values for Y = JMAX, the
second card for Y = JMAX-1, etc.
Columns Type Variable Description
1-80 INTEGER ILANDU(40,40) Land use categories for each grid point.
ARRAY
Example: 3 4
1 2
Results in ILANDU (1,1) = 1, ILANDU (2,1) = 2
ILANDU (1,2) = 3, ILANDU (2,2) = 4.
65
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 6 - DEFAULT OVERRIDE OPTIONS.
Columns
Type
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
Variable
lOPTS(l)
IOPTS(2)
IOPTS(3)
IOPTS(4)
IOPTS(5)
lOPTS(o)
Description
Surface wind speed measurement height
control variable. If IOPTS (1) = 1, the
user must input the height at which the
surface wind speed was measured (see
Card Group 7). If IOPTS(1) = 0, a
default value of 10.0 m is used.
von Karman constant control variable.
If IOPTS(2) = 1, the user must input a
value of the von Karman constant (see
Card Group 3). If IOPTS(2) = 0, a
default value of 0.4 is used.
Control variable for input of friction
velocity constants (y, A) in
Equation 2-21. If IOPTS(3) = 1, the
user must input values for Y anc^ A.
(see Card Group 9). If IOPTS(3) = 0,
the default variables Y= 4.7,
A = 1100 are used.
Control variable for input of mixing
height constants (B, E, Az,39/3z min, N)
in Equations (2-24)-(2-27). If IOPTS(4)
the user must input values for these
constants (see Card Group 10). If
IOPTS (4)=0, the following default
values are used; B = 1.41, E = 0.15,
Az = 200 m, 39/ 3z min = 0.0010°K/m,
N = 2400.
Control variable for input of wind
field variables RADIUS, ILWF, IUWF.
See Card Group 11 for a description of
these variables. If IOPTS (5)=1 , the
user must input values for these
variables. If IOPTS(5) = 0, the
following defaults are used:
RADIUS = 99 grid units, ILWF = 2,
IUWF = 4.
Control variable for surface roughness
lengths. If IOPTS(6) = 1, the user
must input the roughness length at each
grid point (see Card Group 12). If
IOPTS(6) = 0, the roughness length is
determined by the land use category for
each grid point according to Table 8.
1,
66
-------
CARD GROUP 6 - DEFAULT OVERRIDE OPTIONS.
Columns
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
Variable
IOPTS(7)
IOPTSC8)
IOPTS(9)
10
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
lOPTS(lO)
Description
Option to adjust heat flux estimates
using OOZ sounding data and
Equation 2-24. This option is not
currently active. IOPTS(7) must be 0.
Control variable for input of radiation
reduction factors due to cloud cover.
If IOPTS(8)=1, the user must input
eleven radiation reduction factors
corresponding to possible opaque sky
cover of 0-10 tenths, (see Card Group
14). If IOPTSC8) = 0, the following
default reduction factors are used;
1.00, 0.91, 0.84, 0.79, 0.75, 0.72,
0.68, 0.62, 0.53, 0.41, 0.23.
Control variable for inputs of heat
flux constants of Equation 2-2 at
each grid point. If IOPTS(9) = 1, the
user must input a value of RADC for
each grid point (see Card Group 15).
If IOPTS(9) = 0, a default value of
RADC = 0.3 is assigned to each grid
point.
Option to begin run at point other than
at beginning of surface and upper air
data files. IOPTS(10) must be 1 if the
starting date of the model run does not
correspond to the beginning of the
meteorological files; otherwise,
lOPTS(lO) must be 0.
67
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 7 - WIND SPEED MEASUREMENT HEIGHT (Optional - included only if
lOPTS(l) = 1).
Columns Type Variable Default Description
REAL ZM
1-10
10.0 Surface height above ground (in
meters) at which wind speed
measurements were made.
CARD GROUP 8 - VON KARMAN CONSTANT (Optional - included only if IOPTS(2) = 1)
Columns Type Variable Default Description
1-10 REAL VK 0.4 von Kantian constant.
CARD GROUP 9 - FRICTION VELOCITY CONSTANTS (Optional - included only if
IOPTSC3) = 1).
Columns Type
REAL
1-10
11-20
REAL
Variable Default Description
GAMMA 4.7
CONSTA
Constant y in friction velocity
Equation 2-21.
1100. Constant A in friction velocity
Equation 2-21.
68
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 10 - MIXING HEIGHT CONSTANTS (Optional - included only if
IOPTS(4) = 1).
Columns
1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
Type
REAL
REAL
REAL
REAL
REAL
Variable Default Description
CONSTB 1.41 Constant B in neutral stability
mixing height Equation 2-26.
CONSTE 0.15 Constant E in convective mixing
height Equations (2-25)-(2-26).
DELTZ 200. Depth of layer above current
convective height through which
potential temperature gradient
39/3z is calculated.
DPTMIN 0.001 Minimum 39/3z (°K/m) used in
Equations (2-25)-(2-26).
CONSTN 2400. Constant N in stable (mechanical)
mixing height Equation 2-27.
69
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 11 - WIND FIELD VARIABLES (Optional - included only if
IOPTS(5) = 1).
Columns
1-5
6-10
11-20
Type
INTEGER
INTEGER
REAL
Variable Default Description
ILWF
IUWF
RADIUS
99.
Code for lower-level wind field
(see below).
Code for upper-level wind field
(see below).
Scan radius for wind field
interpolation (in grid units).
Wind Field Code (ILWF, IUWF)
1 - Surface winds (uses CD144 surface data only)
2 - Vertically-averaged winds through layer from ground to mixing height
(uses CD144 surface data and TDF5600 rawinsonde data).
3 - Vertically-averaged winds through layer from mixing height to 850 mb
(uses TDF5600 rawinsonde data only).
4 - Vertically-averaged winds through layer from mixing height to 700 mb
(uses TDF5600 rawinsonde data only).
5 - Vertically-averaged winds through layer from mixing height to 500 mb
(uses TDF5600 rawinsonde data only).
6 - 850 rab winds (uses TDF5600 rawinsonde data only).
7 - 700 mb winds (uses TDF5600 rawinsonde data only).
8 - 500 mb winds (uses TDF5600 rawinsonde data only).
70
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 12 - SURFACE ROUGHNESS LENGTHS (Optional - included only if
IOPTSC6) = 1)
Columns
1-80
(16F5.0)
Type
Real
Array
Variable Default Description
ZO
Surface roughness lengths (m). If
IMAX <16, JMAX cards are
required, each card with IMAX ZO
values (corresponding to X grid
points 1 to IMAX). Cards are in
order of decreasing Y. See
example in description of Card
Group 5. If 16 < IMAX < 32,
2 x JMAX cards are required.
(Each ZO (1,J) starts on a new
card). If IMAX > 32, 3 x JMAX
cards are required.
*Default roughness lengths are determined by the land use category assigned
to each grid point (in Card Group 5) according to Table 8.
71
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 13 - RADIATION REDUCTION FACTORS
IOPTS(8) = 1)
Columns Type Variable Default
1-55 REAL BETA(ll) 1.00, 0.91,
(11F5.0) ARRAY 0.79, 0.75,
0.68, 0.62,
0.41, 0.23
(Optional - included only if
Description
0.84 Radiation reduction factors due to
0.72, presence of clouds (see Equation (2-3)),
0.53, Eleven values corresponding
to opaque sky cover of 0-10
tenths.
CARD GROUP 14 - HEAT FLUX CONSTANT (Optional - included only if IOPTS(9) = 1)
Columns Type Variable
1-80 REAL RADC
(16F5.0) ARRAY
Default
Description
1600*0.3 Heat flux constant, a, of
Equation 2-2, for each grid point. If IMAX
< 16, JMAX cards are required, each card
with IMAX values (corresponding to X grid
points 1 to IMAX). Cards are in order of
decreasing Y. See example in description
of Card Group 5. If 16 < IMAX <_32,
2 x JMAX cards are required. Each RADC
(1,J) starts on a new card. If IMAX >32,
3 x JMAX cards are required.
72
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 15 - SURFACE STATION DATA. 'NSSTA' cards - one for each
CD144/TD9657 surface station
Columns
1-5
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-50
51-55
56-65
66-70
Type Variable
INTEGER IDCD
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL XSCOOR
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL YSCOOR
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL SLAT
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL SLONG
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL SZONE
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER ISUNIT
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER IDPRCP
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER IPUNIT
ARRAY
ELEMENT
Description
Surface station ID for CD144 data (5
digits) .
X-coordinate of station (in grid units).
Y-coordinate of station (in grid units).
Station latitude (decimal degrees).
Station longitude (decimal degrees).
Station time zone (5 = EST, 6 = CST,
7 = MST, 8 = PST).
Logical unit number of CD144 surface data
Surface station ID for TD9657 data (6
digits) .
Logical unit number of TD9657 data
(IPUNIT = 999 if TD9657 data is not
available for this station).
73
-------
MESOPAC II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 16 - RAWINSONDE STATION DATA. 'NUSTA1 cards - one for each
Columns
1-5
6-15
16-25
26-35
36-45
46-50
51-55
TDF5600 Rawinsonde
Type Variable
INTEGER IDTD
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL XUCOOR
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL YUCOOR
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL ULAT
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL ULONG
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL UZONE
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER IUUNIT
ARRAY
ELEMENT
Station
Descriotion
Rawinsonde station identification number
(5 digits).
X-coordinate of station (in grid units).
Y-coordinate of station (in grid units).
Station latitude (decimal degrees).
Station longitude (decimal degrees).
Station time zone (5 = EST, 6 = GST,
7 = MST, 8 = PST) .
Logical unit of processed TDF5600 data.
(READS 6 output)
74
-------
3.3 MESOPUFF II User's Instructions
MESOPUFF II is a variable-trajectory, puff superposition model designed
to account for the spatial ad temporal variations in transport, diffusion,
chemical transformations, and removal mechanisms encountered on regional
scales. Continuous plumes are modeled as a series of discrete puffs. Each
puff is transported independently of other puffs, and is subject to growth
by diffusion, chemical transformation, wet removal by precipitation, and dry
deposition at the surface. MESOPUFF II will model up to five pollutants
(SO , SO,, NO , HNO.,, NO-) simultaneously. Up to twenty point sources and
five area sources are allowed. A maximum of 180 non-gridded (discrete)
receptors and 1600 (40 x 40) gridded receptors is allowed.
The following system input channels are required by MESOPUFF II:
Logical Unit 5 for card-image inputs, Logical Unit 6 for line printer
output, Logical Unit 8 for input of processed (MESOPAC II) meteorological
data, and, if disk concentration output is requested, Logical Unit 20 for
these data. In addition, the chemical transformation submodule (see
Section 2.3.6) allows for the input of hourly ozone measurements at up to 15
stations on Logical Unit 10. Table 12 contains the ozone data input format.
The MESOPUFF II concentration output file consists of a single header
record followed by up to two records per hour containing concentration
data. Table 13 contains a complete listing of the variables in each
record. The header record contains a number of technical option control
parameters and other run control inputs. One or two records per hour follow
the header record. Two records are written each hour if concentrations are
predicted at both gridded and non-gridded receptors. If only one type of
receptor is used, only one record per hour is written.
Following this section is a complete description of all the run control
variables used in MESOPUFF II. Figure 10 shows the required setup of the
card-image inputs. Appendix D contains a set of sample test c^se input and
output.
75
-------
TABLE 12. FORMAT OF OPTIONAL HOURLY OZONE INPUT DATA
Columns
Type
VARIABLE
DESCRIPTION
1-8
(412)
9-68
(15F4.0)
INTEGER IDATE (4) Year, Month, Day, Hour
REAL OZPPB (15) Ozone concentrations (ppb) at up to
ARRAY 15 stations. A '999.' signifies
missing data.
76
-------
TABLE 13. VARIABLES IN THE MESOPUFF II OUTPUT CONCENTRATION FILE
HEADER RECORD - One record at the beginning of the output file
Record
Variable
Type
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
VERSON
LEVEL
NSYR
NSDAY
NSHR
NADVTS
IAVG
NPUF
NSAMAD
IELMET
JELMET
DGRID
I AS TAR
IASTOP
J AS TAR
JASTOP
ISASTR
ISASTP
JSASTR
JSASTP
MESHDN
NPTS
NAREAS
NREC
XREC(180)
YREC(180)
IPRINF
LGAUSS
LCHEM
LDRY
LWET
LPRINT
L3VL
LVSAMP
WSAMP
LSGRID
NSPSC
REAL
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
REAL
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
REAL ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
INTEGER
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
REAL
LOGICAL
INTEGER
Description
MESOPUFF II version number
MESOPUFF II level number
Starting year
Starting Julian day
Starting hour (00-23)
Number of hours
Averaging time (hours)
Puff release rate (puffs/hour)
Minimum sampling rate (samples/hour)
Number of met. grid points (X direction)
Number of met. grid points (Y direction)
Grid spacing (m)
Start of computational grid (X direction)
End of computational grid (X direction)
Start of computational grid (Y direction)
End of computational grid (Y direction)
Start of sampling grid (X direction)
End of sampling grid (X direction)
Start of sampling grid (Y direction)
End of sampling grid (Y direction)
Sampling grid spacing factor
Number of point sources
Number of area sources
Number of non-gridded receptors
X coordinates of non-gridded receptors
Y coordinates of non-gridded receptors
Printing interval
Vertical cone, distribution option
Chemical transformation control variable
Dry deposition control variable
Wet removal control variable
Printer output control variable
Three vertical layer control variable
Variable sampling rate control variable
Reference wind speed for LVSAMP option
Gridded receptor control variable
Number of chemical species modeled
*See run control inputs for a complete description of variables,
77
-------
TABLE 13. (Continued)
HOURLY RECORDS - Repeated for each hour (i) of run.
Record Variable
Type
Description
1+i* IDPOL(4)
INTEGER ARRAY
1+i* ROUT2 (IX,JX)*** REAL ARRAY
2+i** IDPOLC4)
2+i** RINl(NREC)
INTEGER ARRAY
REAL ARRAY
Year, Julian day, ending hour,
and pollutant number
Gridded receptor concentrations
(g/m3)
Year, Julian day, ending hour,
and pollutant number
Non-gridded receptor
concentrations
*Written only if LVSAMP=.TRUE.
**Written only if NREC > 0
***(IX,JX) is the sampling grid size.
78
-------
Included only if IOPTS (6) = 1
Included only if IOPTS (5) = 1
Included only if IOPTS (4) = 1
_ Included only if IOPTS (3)= 1
Included only if NREC >0
Included only if NAREAS > 0
Included only if NPTS > 0
ncluded only if IOPTS (2) = 1
. Included only if IOPTS (1) = I
Figure 10 Input Deck Setup for MESOPUFF II
79
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 1 - TITLE
Columns
1-80
Type
CHARACTER
ARRAY
Variable
TITLE (20)
Description
80-character title
CARD GROUP 2 - GENERAL RUN INFORMATION
Variable
Columns Type
1-5 INTEGER
6-10 INTEGER
11-15 INTEGER
16-20 INTEGER
21-25 INTEGER
26-30 INTEGER
31-35 INTEGER
36-40
INTEGER
Description
NSYR Two-digit year of run.
NSDAY Starting Julian day.
NSHR Starting hour (00-23).
NADVTS Number of hours in run.
NPTS Number of point sources (NPTS <_20).
NAREAS Number of area sources (NAREAS £5).
NREC Number of non-gridded receptors (NREC
<_180).
NSPEC Number of chemical species to model
(NSPEC = 1,2,3 or 5). NSPEC = 1 for S02;
NSPEC = 2 for S02, 804; NSPEC = 3
for S02, SO/;, NOX;
NSPEC = 5 for S02,
NOX, HN03, NOJ.
80
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 3 - COMPUTATIONAL VARIABLES
Columns Type
1-5 INTEGER
6-10 INTEGER
11-15 INTEGER
16-20 LOGICAL
Variable
IAVG
NPUF
NSAMAD
LVSAMP
21-25
26-30
REAL
LOGICAL
WSAMP
LSGRID
31-35
REAL
AGEMIN
Description
Concentration averaging time (hours).
Puff release rate (puffs/hour) for each
source.
Minimum sampling rate (samples/hour).
Control variable for variable sampling
rate option. IF LVSAMP = T, the
sampling rate, NSAM, will be increased
at higher wind speeds according to the
following equation: NSAM = maximum
(NSAMAD, WS/WSAMP + l) where WS is the
wind speed (m/s), and WSAMP is a user
input reference wind speed (see
below). If LVSAMP = F, the sampling
rate is not varied with wind speed.
Reference wind speed used in variable
sampling rate option. Used only if
LVSAMP = T, See description of LVSAMP.
Control variable for concentration
computations at sampling grid points.
If LSGRID = T, concentrations are
calculated at sampling grid points.
(Parameters defining sampling grid are
contained in Card Group 4). If
LSGRID = F, concentrations are not
calculated at sampling grid points.
This option allows significant savings
of computation time if only
concentrations at non-gridded receptors
are of interest.
Minimum age of puffs to be sampled (in
seconds). Puffs released at a time
AGEMCN are not sampled. This option is
intended to eliminate near-field
concentration spikes at receptors
located very close to sources. In
general, AGEMIN should not be larger
than 3600 s.
81
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 4 - GRID INFORMATION (See Section 2.3.2 for description of the
meteorological, computational and sampling grids).
Columns
1-5
Type
INTEGER
Variable
IASTAR
6-10
INTEGER
IASTOP
11-15
INTEGER
J AS TAR
16-20
INTEGER
JASTOP
21-25
INTEGER
ISASTR
26-30
INTEGER
ISASTP
il-35
INTEGER
JSASTR
36-40
INTEGER
JSASTP
Description
Element number of the meteorological
grid defining the beginning of the
computational grid in the X-direction.
(1 <_ IASTAR <_ IMAX, where IMAX is
the meteorological grid size in the
X-direction defined in the MESOPAG II
run) .
Element number of the meteorological
grid defining the end of the
computational grid in the X-direction.
(IASTAR <_ IASTOP <_ IMAX) .
Element number of the meteorological
grid defining the end of the
computational grid in the Y-direction.
(1 <_ JASTAR <_ JMAX, where JMAX is
the meteorological grid size in the
Y-direction defined in the MESOPAC II
run) .
Element number of the meteorological
grid defining the end of the
computational grid in the Y-direction.
(1 <_ ISASTR <_ IASTAR) .
Element number of the meteorological
grid defining the beginning of the
sampling grid in the X-direction.
(1 <_ ISASTR <_ IASTAR) .
Element number of the meteorological
grid defining the end of the sampling
grid in the X-direction.
(ISASTR <_ ISASTP <_ IASTOP) .
Element number of the meteorological
grid defining the beginning of the
sampling grid in the Y-direction.
(1 <_ JSASTR <_ JASTAR) .
Element number of the meteorological
grid defining the end of the sampling
grid in the Y-direction.
(JSASTR < JSASTP < JASTOP).
82
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 4 - GRID INFORMATION (Continued)
Columns
41-45
Type
INTEGER
Variable
MESHDN
Description
Sampling grid spacing factor. Sampling
grid spacing is DGRID/MESHDN, where
DGRID is the meteorological grid
spacing (m) defined in the MESOPAC II
run. NOTE: The sampling grid must be
defined as not to exceed a maximum size
of 40 x 40.
83
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 5 - TECHNICAL OPTIONS
Columns Type Variable
1-5 LOGICAL LGAUSS
6-10
LOGICAL
LCHEM
11-15
16-20
21-25
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
LOGICAL
LDRY
LWET
L3VL
Description
Vertical concentration distribution
option. If LGAUSS=T, a Gaussian
vertical concentration distribution
with reflection terms (Equation 2-30)
is assumed for each puff. If
LGAUSS = F, fumigated puffs immediately
assume a uniform vertical concentration
distribution.
Chemical transformation option. If
LCHEM = T, chemical transformation
processes are modeled. If LCHEM = F,
chemical processes are not modeled.
Dry deposition option. If LDRY = T,
dry deposition is modeled. If
LDRY = F, dry deposition is not modeled.
Wet removal option. If LWET = T, wet
removal is modeled. If LWET = F, wet
removal is not modeled.
Three vertical layer option. L3VL = T,
the 3-vertical layer model described in
Section 2.3.4 is used for puffs that
have become uniformly mixed in the
vertical. If L3VL = F, the single layer
model is assumed. NOTE: L3VL may be T
with LGAUSS = T or F; however, if
LGAUSS = T, the 3-layer treatment does
not begin until the puffs have become
uniformly mixed through the boundary
layer.
84
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 6 - OUTPUT OPTIONS
Columns Type Variable
1-5
LOGICAL
LSAVE
6-10
LOGICAL
LPRINT
11-15
LOGICAL
IPRINT
16-20
LOGICAL
LDB
21-25 INTEGER
NN1
26-30 INTEGER
NN2
Description
Disk/tape output control variable. If
LSAVE = T, concentrations are written
to a disk/tape file. If LSAVE = F,
concentration output is not stored on
tape/disk.
Printer output control variable. If
LPRINT = T, concentrations are printed
every 'IPRINT1 hours. If LPRINT = F,
concentrations are not printed..
Printing interval (in hours) of
concentrations. Used only if
LPRINT = T. IPRINT must be equal to or
an even multiple of IAVG.
Control variable for printing of
computed puff data (puff height,
Oy, az> location, transformation rate,
rate, deposition velocity, wet removal
rate, etc.). If LDB = T, these data
will be printed for time steps NNl to
NN2. If LDB = F, this information will
not be printed. This option will
produce a large quantity of printout,
and, for most applications should be F.
Time step at which printing of
intermediate computed puff data
begins. Used only if LDB = T.
(1 <_ NNl £ NADVTS) .
Time step at which printing of
intermediate computed puff data ends.
Used only if LDB = T.
(NNl < NN2 < NADVTS).
85
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 7 - DEFAULT OVERRIDE OPTIONS
Columns
Type
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
INTEGER
ARRAY
ELEMENT
Variable
IOPTS(1)
IOPTS(2)
IOPTS(3)
IOPTSC4)
IOPTSC5)
Description
Control variable for input of
dispersion parameters. If
lOPTS(l) = 1, the user must input
values of the following parameters
related to dispersion; ay, b
az> bz> azt>
Tm, JSUP (see
Section 2.3.1 for definitions). If
lOPTS(l) = 0, the default values for
the parameters are used.
Control variable for input of vertical
diffusivity constants. Used only if
L3VL = T. If IOPTS(2) = 1, the user
must input values for the constants
k]_, and k2 of Equations
(2-64)-(2-65). If IOPTS(2) = 0, the
default values of k]_ = 0.01 and
k£ = 0.10 are used.
Control variable for input of S02
canopy resistances. Used only if
LDRY = T. If IOPTS(3) = 1, the user
must input S02 canopy resistances
(rc) for the stability/land use
categories in Table 8. If
IOPTS(3) = 0, the default values
contained in the table are used.
Control variable for input of other dry
deposition parameters. Used only if
LDRY = T. If IOPTS(4) = 1, the user
must input values for rc (NOX),
rs (gases), and rs (particles) (see
Card Group 11). If OPTS(4) = 0, the
default values of these parameters are
used .
Control variable for inputs of wet
removal parameters. Used only if
LWET = T. If IOPTS(5) = 1, the user
must input values for X (see
Table 9). If IOPTS(5) = 0, the default
values contained in the table are used.
86
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 7 - DEFAULT OVERRIDE OPTIONS (continued)
Columns Type Variable Description
6 INTEGER IOPTS(6) Control variable for input of chemical
ARRAY transformation method flags and other
ELEMENT chemical variables. See Card Group 13
for a complete description of the
inputs. If IOPTS(6) = 1, the user must
input values of these parameters. If
IOPTS(6) = 0, the default values are
used .
87
-------
CARD GROUP 8 - DISPERSION
lOPTS(l) =
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
PARAMETERS (Optional-included only if
: 1). Six input cards required.
Columns Type Variable Default Description
1-60 REAL
(6F10.5) ARRAY
1-60 REAL
(6F10.5) ARRAY
1-60 REAL
(6F10.5) ARRAY
1-60 REAL
(6F10.5) ARRAY
1-60 REAL
(6F10.5) AURAY
1-10 REAL
AY(6)
BY(6)
AZ(6)
BZ(6)
AZT(6)
TMDEP 100,000
11-20 INTEGER JSUP
Array of horizontal dispersion
coefficients, av, in Equation 2-32
for stability classes A-F, respectively
Array of horizontal dispersion
coefficients, by, in Equation 2-32
for stability classes A-F, respectively,
Array of vertical dispersion
coefficients, az, in Equation 2-33,
for stability classes A-F, respectively,
Array of vertical dispersion
coefficients, bz, in Equation 2-33,
for stability classes A-F, respectively
Array of time-dependent vertical
dispersion coefficients, a^, in
Equation 2-37, for stability classes
A-F, respectively.
Distance (in meters) beyond which the
time dependent Equations (2-36)-(2-37)
are used to determine Oy, cz.
Stability class used to determine
growth rates for puffs above the
boundary layer. JSUP = 5 for E
stability rates, JSUP = 6 for F
stability rates, JSUP = 0 for boundary
layer stability rates.
*See Tables 6, 7 for default values.
88
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 9 - VERTICAL DIFFUSIVITY CONSTANTS. (Optional - included only if
IOPTS (2) = 1)
Columns Type Variable Default Description
1-10 REAL CON1K 0.01 Vertical dispersion constant, k]_, for
stable conditions (Equation 2-64).
11-20 REAL CON2K 0.10 Vertical dispersion constant, k2, f°r
convective conditions (Equation 2-65) .
CARD GROUP 10 - S02 CANOPY RESISTANCES. (Optional - included only if
IOPTS (3) = 1). Twelve input cards required.
Columns Type Variable Default Description
1-40 REAL RCS02(12,4) ** S02 canopy resistances, rc (S02),
(4F10.2) ARRAY in s/m.* Four values on each card for
stability classes (l)A-C, (2)D, (3)E,
and (4)F. Twelve cards required, for
land use categories 1-12. Entered in
order of increasing numerical land use
category.
*Note: Resistance Units are s/m not s/cm.
**See Table 8 for default values.
39
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 11 - OTHER DRY DEPOSITION CONSTANTS. (Optional - included only if
IOPTS(4) = 1),,
Columns Type Variable Default
1-10 REAL RCNOX(l) 130.
ARRAY
ELEMENT
Description
NOX canopy resistance (s/m)* for
stability classes A-C.
11-20 REAL RCNOX(2) 500.
ARRAY
ELEMENT
21-30 REAL RCNOX(3) 1.500.
ARRAY
ELEMENT
31-40 REAL RCNOX(4) 1500.
ARRAY
ELEMENT
canopy resistance (s/m) for
stability class D.
canopy resistance (s/m) for
stability class E.
NOX canopy resistance (s/m) for
stability class F.
41-50 REAL
RSGCON
2.6
51-60 REAL RSPART 1000.
Surface resistance contant for gases
(S02, NOX, HN03).
Surface resistance (s/m) for
particulates
CARD GROUP 12 - WET REMOVAL PARAMETERS. (Optional - included only if
I.OPTS (5) = 1). Two input cards required.
Columns Type Variable Default
1-50 REAL WA(1-5,1) **
(5F10.2) ARRAY
ELEMENTS
1-50 REAL WA(l-5,2) **
(5F10.2) ARRAY
ELEMENTS
Description
Values of X Equation 2-77 for liquid
precipitation for pollutants 1-5,
respectively (S02, S04, NOX,
HN03, NO 3) .
Values of X in Equation 2-77 for
frozen precipitation for pollutants
1-5, respectively.
*Note: Resistance Units are s/m not s/cm.
**See Table 9 for default values.
90
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 13 - CHEMICAL PARAMETERS (Option - included only if
IOPTS(6) = 1) .
Columns Type Variable Default
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
INTEGER MSOX
INTEGER MNOX
INTEGER M03
REAL
C03B
80
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
REAL
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
CTNH3
RNITE(l)
RNITE(2)
RNITE(3)
10
0.2
2.0
2.0
Description
SOX transformation method flag.
0 = no transformation, 1 = user
specified, 2 = ERT theoretical
equation, 3 = Gillani Equation,
4 = Henry equation for St. Louis,
5 = Henry Equation for Los Angeles (See
Section 2.3.6) .
NOX transformation method flag. See
0 = no transformation, 1 = user
specified, 2 = ERT theoretical
equation. (See Section 2.3.6).
03 hourly input option. If M03 = 1,
hourly ozone values are required at
'NOZONE1 stations. If M03 = 0, a
default ozone value (C03B) is assumed.
Default background ozone concentration
(ppb). C03B is used if M03 = 0 or if
M03 = 1 and hourly values are missing.
Background ammonia concentration (ppb) .
Nighttime SC>2 loss rate (%/hour).
Nighttime NOX loss rate (%/hour).
Nighttime HNC>3 formation rate
(%/hour).
91
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 13 - Continued
The following two cards are included only if MSOX=1.
Columns Type Variable Description
1-80 REAL RUSER (1-16,1) User-supplied hourly S02 loss rates
(16F5.2) ARRAY (%/hour) for hours 1-16.
ELEMENTS
1-40 REAL RUSER (17-24,1) User-supplied hourly S02 loss rates
(8F5.2) ARRAY (%/hour) for hours 17-24.
ELEMENTS
The following four cards are included only if MNOX = 1.
Columns Type Variable Description
1-80 REAL RUSSR (1-16,2) User-supplied hourly NOX loss rates
(16F5.0) ARRAY (%/hour) for hours 1-16.
ELEMENTS
1-40 REAL RUSER (17-24,2) User-supplied hourly NOX loss rates
(8F5.0) ARRAY (%/hour) for hours 17-24.
ELEMENTS
1-80 REAL RUSER (1-16,3) User-supplied hourly total NOj
(16F5.0) ARRAY formation rates (%/hour) for hours 1-16.
ELEMENTS
1-40 REAL RUSER (17-24,3) User-supplied hourly NO-j formation
(16F5.0) ARRAY rates (%/hour) for hours 17-24.
ELEMENTS
The following card is included only if M03 = 1
Columns Type Variable Description
1-5 INTEGER NOZONE Number of hourly ozone stations.
NOZONE < 15.
92
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
The following 'NOZONE1 cards are included only if M03 = 1.
Columns
Type
Variable
1-5
6-10
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
X03
Y03
Description
X-coordinate of ozone station (in
meteorological grid units).
Y-coordinate of ozone station (in
meteorological grid units).
CARD GROUP 14 - POINT SOURCE DATA. 'NPTS' cards required - one for each point
Columns
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
31-80
(5F10.2)
source
Type Variable
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
REAL
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
XSTAK
YSTAK
HTSTAK
D
W
TSTAK
EMIS(l-S)
Description
X-coordinate of point source (in
meteorological grid units).
Y-coordinate of point source (in
meteorological grid units).
Stack height (m).
Stack diameter(m).
Exit velocity (m/s).
Stack gas temperature (°K).
Emission rate (g/s) for pollutants
1-5 (S02, S04 NOX, HN03,
N03). Emission rates for
secondary pollutants (e.g. , HNC>3,
NO^) are zero. Leave field blank
if emission rate is zero.
93
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 15 - AREA SOURCE DATA. 'NAREAS1 cards required - one for each area
Description
X-coordinate of area source center (in
meteorological grid units).
Y-coordinate of area source center (in
meteorological units).
Effective height of area source (m).
Initial 0y(m) of area source
emissions.
Initial az(m) of area source
emissions.
Columns
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
source ,
Type
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
REAL
ARRAY
ELEMENT
Variable
XAR
YAR
ttTAR
SIGYAR
SIGZAR
26-75 REAL
ARRAY
(5F10.2) ELEMENTS
EMISAR(l-5) Emission rate (g/s) for pollutants 1-5
(S02, SC-4, NOX, HN03, NOp . Leave field
blank for secondary pollutants with
zero emission rates.
94
-------
MESOPUFF II INPUTS
CARD GROUP 16 - NON-GRIDDED RECEPTOR COORDINATES. 'NREC1 cards required - one
card for each non-gridded receptor.
Columns Type Variable Description
1-10 REAL XREC X-coordinate of non-gridded receptor
ARRAY (in meteorological grid units).
ELEMENT
11-20 REAL YREC Y-coordinate of non-gridded receptor
ARRAY (in meteorological grid units).
ELEMENT
95
-------
3.4. MESOFILE II User's Instructions
MESOFILE II is a postprocessing program that operates on the
concentration file produced by MESOPUFF II. It consists of a set of modular
subroutines that the user explicitly invokes by card (or card-image) inputs
to construct the desired sequence of postprocessing operations. The modular
nature of MESOFILE II provides powerful flexibility. It is possible to
perform a wide variety of postprocessing operations in a sequence
specifically designed to meet the user's particular needs. These features
of modularity and flexibility, however, require a greater degree of user
interface than a simple "black box" postprocessing program. The MESOFILE II
card inputs required for the most common applications of the program are
presented as examples in Section 3.4.8.
The following system channels are required for MESOFILE II: Logical
Unit 5 for card-image inputs, Logical Unit 6 for line printer outputs, and
Logical Unit 25 for MESOFILE II disk output. Logical Unit 25 is a
direct-access file used to store MESOFILE II results for subsequent analysis
and/or plotting. Additional channels, defined by the user, are required for
input of MESOPUFF II concentration files (see inputs to subroutine FIND).
The main program of MESOFILE II reads the user's card inputs and calls
the appropriate subroutines. There are seven subroutines available to
perform a variety of postprocessing functions. Other second-level
subroutines, transparent to the user, are invoked as appropriate by the
user-called subroutines. Table 14 contains a description of the basic form
of the card inputs to MESOFILE II, as well as a list of the subroutines and
their functions that are available to the user. Each subroutine requested
by the user (with subroutine identifier cards) is called, in order, as it
appears in the inputs. There are, however, some restrictions on the order
in which subroutines may be called. For example, the pollutant of interest
must be specified before the concentration data can be located; therefore,
the subroutine identified in Table 14 as belonging to calling order Group A
must precede those in Group B. Likewise, because data must be located
before they can be processed, the subroutines in Group B must be called
96
-------
TABLE 14. MESOFILE II CARD-IMAGE INPUTS AND SUBROUTINE IDENTIFIERS
MESOFILE II CARD INPUTS
• TITLE CARD
Up to 64 characters (columns 1-64) (followed by one set of cards
as specified below for each subroutine requested by the user)
• SUBROUTINE IDENTIFIER CARD
Contains 4-letter subroutine identifier (in Columns 1-4)
• NAMELIST INPUT CARD #1
Read by the subroutine called
• NAMELIST INPUT CARD #2
Read by the line printer plotting routine (needed only if line
printer plots are produced and contour levels other than the
default contour levels are used).
CALLING
SUBROUTINE ORDER SUBROUTINE FUNCTION (see detailed
IDENTIFIER GROUP subroutine descriptions - Sections 3.4.1-3.4.7
• DEFN A Defines Pollutant, Grid Size, and Routes Output
• FIND B Locates First Order Model Output
• SEEK B Locates Higher Order MESOFILE II Output
• AVRG C Averages Arrays
* ADD1 C Suras Arrays within one runstreatn
• ADD2 C Sums Arrays from two runstrearas
• STAT C Calculates Statistics
97
-------
before Che subroutines in Group C. Ac Che end of Che run, subroutine DECODE
is auComatically called as part of Che normal Cermination of MESOFILE II.
DECODE gives a useful summary of all the subroutines called, the values of
the input parameters, the input/output options, and the locations (record
numbers) of the MESOFILE II disk output (on File 25) for this MESOFILE II
run.
As indicated in Table 14, following a title card and the subroutine
identifier card is the NAMELIST card containing the necessary input data.
In FORTRAN NAMELIST formatted inputs, the first character of each input
record must be a blank, followed by an & and the NAMELIST name. The input
data, separated by commas, must appear between the NAMELIST name and an
&END. All the NAMELIST names in MESOFILE II are either "SAME" (in
subroutines called by Che user via subroutine identifier cards) or "DIFF"
(in the line printer plotting subroutines).
The following sections contain a detailed description of the functions,
the required inputs, and the output options of each MESOFILE II subroutine.
Annotated sample inputs follow each subroutine description to demonstrate
each of Che options available to the user. Sample inputs for the most
common applications of MESOFILE II are presented in Section 3.4.8
3.4.1 Subroutine DEFN
Subroutine DEFN allows the user to specify for a particular MESOFILE II
run:
• the concentration grid size,
• the pollutant of interest (S02> S0~ NO , HNO_, N0~) ,
• receptor type processed in this run (gridded or non-gridded
receptors),
• the starting record of the disk output on the MSSOFILE II disk file
(File 25).
98
-------
Although a MESOPUFF II run may generate concentration data for up to
five pollutants, only one pollutant (default = SO ) is processed at a time
by MESOFILE II. The concentration array size, IMAX * JMAX, must be the same
as the sampling grid size specified in the MESOPUFF II model run used to
generate the concentration data.
All MESOFILE II disk output (concentration fields, difference fields,
etc.) is written to the MESOFILE II output File 25. Each output field
requires one record of disk space on File 25. The user must specify the
record where the disk output is to start for a particular MESOFILE II run.
The first output array is written at this record; the second output array is
written at the next record, etc. Each time an array is written to disk, the
disk file pointer is incremented by one. A particular MESOFILE II run, for
example, may write n concentration arrays on Records 1 through n; the user
may wish to save this output, and, on a subsequent MESOFILE II run, the
output may be directed to begin at record n+1.
The starting record number for MESOFILE II disk output is not supplied
with a default value; this helps prevent accidental overwriting of
previously stored data. The user must specify this parameter if the
MESOFILE II run is to generate any disk output. The concentration array
size and pollutant are used in block data; subroutine DEFN must therefore be
called only if:
• any disk output is generated in the MESOFILE II run,
• the concentration array size is different from the default
26 x 26, or
• the pollutant of interest is not SO..
A description of the card inputs to each MESOFILE II subroutine is
contained in Section 3.4.9. The following are sample card inputs.
• Sample Input—Example 2A
TITLE CARD
99
-------
DEFN
&SAME IMAX=40,JMAX=40,IOUT=1,&END
• Sample Input—Example 2B
TITLE CARD
DEFN
&SAME IPOL=2,IOUT=20,&END
The call to subroutine DEFN in Example 2A sets the concentration array size
to 40 x 40. The disk file output pointer, IOUT, is given a value of 1. Any
disk output that may be generated later in the MESOFILE II run, therefore,
will start on Record 1 of File 25. In Example 2B, SO, is specified as
the pollutant of interest. The disk output of this MESOFILE II run will
begin on Record 20. The concentration array size is assumed (by default) to
be 26 x 26.
3.4.2 Subroutine FIND
Subroutine FIND performs the following operations:
• reads user inputs to identify the model output to be located:
- starting hour, day, and year of data
- number of concentration fields
logical unit of concentration data;
• reads the header record of the new concentration file;
• finds the proper position in the file correspondence in the
starting hour; and
• defines the requested set of concentration arrays as runstream
number n, where n = 1 (first call of FIND/SEEK), n = 2 (second
call of FIND/SEEK), etc.
Each call to subroutine FIND defines a runstream (i.e., one or a group
of concentration fields) that can be accessed by other MESOFILE II
subroutines. A runstream number is a sequential internal reference number
associated with a group of concentration arrays located by subroutine FIND
or SEEK and is used to identify these arrays in other MESOFILE II
100
-------
subroutines. FIND is one of two runstreara defining subroutines (subroutine
SEEK is the other). The first set of concentration fields located by FIND
(or SEEK) is referred to as Runstream 1, the second set of concentration
fields defines Runstream 2, etc.
Because subroutine FIND is used to locate the output of any previously
run model, it must be called before an attempt is made to process these data
subsequently with any the MESOFILE II data processing subroutines. Before
any MESOFILE II data processing subroutines of MSSOFILE II are called,
subroutines FIND and SEEK must be used to locate all the model output. The
following are sample card inputs.
• Sample Input—Example 3
TITLE CARD
FIND
&SAME IYEAR= 78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGR1DS=24,NUNIT=10,&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=120,NUNIT=11,&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=120,NUNIT=12,&END
In Example 3, the concentration data referenced by Logical Unit 10 is a
MESOPUFF II run starting at Hour 0, Day 165, Year 78. Because the model
outputs concentration arrays at the conclusion of a time step, the first
concentration array recorded is for Hour 1 on Day 165. The sample input
above specifies Runstream 1 as consisting of 24 hourly concentration arrays,
starting at Hour 1, Day 165 and ending at Hour 0, Day 166. The second call
to subroutine FIND defines Runstream 2 as the set of concentration arrays
output from Logical Unit 11 starting at Hour 1, Day 165, through Hour 0,
Day 170. Runstream Number 3 is specified as the output from the Logical
Unit 12 for the same 120-hour time period.
101
-------
3.4.3 Subroutine SEEK
Each set of data to be accessed by the data processing subroutines of
MESOFILE II must be located and assigned a runstream number. The
concentration data, output directly by the models to disk, are referred to
as "first" order data fields and are located by calls to subroutine FIND.
MESOFILE II, however, has the ability to process first order data and output
the resultant fields (e.g., averaged concentration fields, summed
concentration fields, or several types of concentration difference fields),
to disk File 25 for storage and further processing. These derived fields,
which have undergone at least one level of MESOFILE II processing, are
referred to as "higher" order data fields. The user wishing to reference
higher order data must supply the location (File 25 record number) of the
data to MESOFILE II by a call to subroutine SEEK.
Subroutine SEEK performs the following operations:
• reads user inputs to identify the MESOFILE II output of interest :
- NSTART and
- NSTOP and
• defines the requested set of data fields as runstream number n,
where n = 1 (first call of FIND/SEEK), n = 2 (second call of
FIND/SEEK), etc.
The card input requirements of subroutine SEEK and other MESOFILE II
Subroutines are described in Section 3.4.9. The following are sample card
inputs.
• Sample Input—Example 4
TITLE CARD
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=L66,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=24,NUNIT-10&END
102
-------
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=12,NSTOP=12,&END
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=10,NSTOP=23,&END
As in the previous example, Runstreara Number 1 is defined as a. set of
24 hourly, first order concentration arrays. Runstreams 2 and 3, however,
are composed of higher order data fields. The second runstream consists of
a single data field (record 12 on file 25), whereas Runstream 3 is defined
to be the 14 data arrays contained in records 10 through 23.
3.4.4 Subroutine AVRG
Subroutine AVRG calculates time averages of first order or higher order
concentration data. This subroutine performs the following operations:
• initializes NAMELIST SAME parameters to default values,
• reads user inputs,
• calculates number of arrays in the runstream specified by the user
and determines a repetition factor, IREPF,
• for each array in the runstream, reads array and if requested,
prints the input array and sums arrays,
• after AVETM arrays have been read and summed, divides by AVETM to
obtain average, and performs linear scaling calculation, and
• if requested, writes averaged array to disk (File 25), writes
averaged array on line printer, and plots averaged array-
The user has the option of printing, plotting, or writing the averaged
arrays to disk File 25. The user specifies the runstreara number of the data
set to be averaged and the averaging frequency (in terms of arrays), so that
the appropriate block averages will be computed. A background concentration
factor or a concentration multiplicative scaling factor may be included in
the calculations as well. Each averaged array may be adjusted by the form:
CABJ = a * c + b.
103
-------
The location of all MESOFILE II disk output (File 25) is controlled by
the IOUT variable of subroutine DEFN. The first output grid is written on
record IOUT of file 25, the next grid is written on record IOUT + 1, etc.
The user specifies the location where the disk output is to start; the disk
file pointer is incremented each time a grid is written to disk. The
following are sample card inputs.
• Sample Input—Example 5
TITLE CARD
DEFN
&SAME IOUT=50,&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,1DAY=167,IHOUR=0,IGRIDS=12,NUNIT=10&END
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=1,NSTOP=30,&END
IRUN=1,AVETM=3,DISK=1,PLOT=1,NEWV=1, APE=1,&END
N=5,THR=-l.E-10,0.1E-6,l.E-6,10.E-6,100.E-6,20*0.0,SEND
&SAME IRUN=2,AVETM=30,PRINT=0,DISK=1,PLOT=1,&END
.VRG
&SAME IRUN=2,AVETM=10,PRINTED,DISK=1,PLOT=1,&END
AVRG
&SAME
&DIFF
AVRG
&SA
AVRG
The call to subroutine DEFN sets the disk output pointer IOUT to 50.
The averaged concentration arrays written to disk, therefore, will occupy
records 50 through 50 + n on File 25, where n is the number of arrays output
to disk. Subroutine FIND is called to define a 12-array runstream
consisting of hourly concentration fields, as illustrated schematically in
Figure 11. Runstream Number 2 is defined as the higher order data on
records 1-30 of File 25. The first call to subroutine AVRG averages the
data defined by Runstream 1 into four 3-hour averaged arrays. The maximum
output available to che user is requested. The hourly concentration input
fields and the averaged fields are printed. The averaged fields are also
plotted (with user input contour levels) and written to disk (on
records 50-53). The second call to ^ubroucine AVRG results in one 30-array
104
-------
Runstream
Number
1
(00,167, 78)
(01,167,78)
(02,167,78)
(03, 167, 78)
(04, 167, 78)
(05, 167, 78)
(06, 167, 78)
(07,167, 78)
(08,167,78)
(09, 167, 78)
(10,167,781
(11,167,78)
First Average Call
I 3 Hr. Average [
[ 3 Hr. Average
I 3 Hr. Average I
(HH,DDD,YY) = (Hour, Day, Year)
3 Hr. Average
Runstream
Number
2
File 25
Records
1-30
Second Average Call
30-Array Average
Runstream
Number
2
File 25
Records
1-30
Third Average Call
10-Array Average [
10-Array Average
10-Array Average
Figure 11 Schematic Illustration of the Averaging Process
105
-------
average from the data in Runstream 2. Only two output options are invoked:
line printer plots and disk output. The disk output is routed to Record 54
because the previous AVRG call put arrays into Records 50 to 53. The
contour levels of the line printer plot will be the same as in the previous
AVRG call; when new contour levels are defined (as in the first AVRG call),
the plotting routine will continue to use them until other contour levels
are redefined in a DIFF NAMELIST (see Section 3.4.9). All the parameters in
NAMELIST SAME that have default: values are reset to their default values
each time the subroutine is called. The third AVRG call uses Runstream
Number 2 data to calculate three 10-array averages. The output options are
the same as with the second AVRG call, and the disk output is stored on
Records 55 to 57 of File 25.
3.4.5 Subroutine ADD1
Subroutines ADD1 is used to sum all the arrays in a runstream to yield
a single summed output array. That is,
N
J k=l
where (C ).. is the (i,i) element of the summed array, and
k sum ij fch
(C- .) is the (i,j) element of the k array in the consisting of N
arrays (k = 1...N). The output options include an echo of the input arrays,
line printer gridded output, line printer plots; and disk output and are the
same as those in subroutine AVRG. The adjustment factors a and b for the
summed concentration field are also available. Each call to subroutine ADDl
will initialize the output array to zero before adding to it sequentially
the concentration arrays of the specified runstream, unless the INIT
variable is set to zero in the ADDl input NAMELIST. With INIT = 0, a
cumulative sura can be calculated with successive ADDl calls.
106
-------
The following are sample card inputs.
• Sample Input—Example 6
TITLE CARD
DEFN
&SAME IOUT=50,&END
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=1,NSTOP=6,&END
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=20,NSTOP=22,&END
ADD1
&SAME IRUN=1,DISK=1,&END
ADD1
&SAME IRUN=2,IN1T=0,DISK=1,&END
The call to subroutine DEFN requests that the disk output of this
MESOFILE II run begin at record 50 on disk File 25. Two runstreams are
defined: a six array runstream (Number 1) and a three array runstream
(Number 2). The first call to ADD1 suras the data in Runstream Number 1
(Records 1 to 6) and prints the result on the line printer and record 50.
The second ADD1 call, because INIT = 0, adds the array in Runstream Number 2
to the summed array calculated in the first ADDl call, and the result is
also written on disk (Record 51) and on the line printer.
3.4.6 Subroutine ADD2
Subroutine ADD2 calculates the sum of arrays in two runstreams. That
is,
k k k
D. . = A. . + B. .
where the summation extends over all k = 1...N arrays in runstreams A and B,
and D is the resultant runstream. Two runstream numbers must therefore be
supplied to subroutine ADD2 as input, and both runscrearas
107
-------
must contain the same number of concentration arrays. The other NAMELIST
inputs are the same as the subroutine ADD1 inputs. The following are sample
card inputs.
• Sample Input—Example 7
TITLE CARD
DEFN
&SAME IOUT=50,&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=6,NUNIT=10&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=6,NUNIT=11&END
ADD2
&SAME IRUN1=1,IRUN2=2,DISK=1,PLOT=1,&END
The call to subroutine DEFN requests that disk output start on
record 50 of disk File 25. Six output files of two MESOPUFF runs are
defined as Runstreams 1 and 2 with the calls to subroutine FIND. The arrays
of each runstream are added together, printed, written to disk, and plotted
with the default contour levels. The summary process with the two 6-array
runstreams results in an output runstream of 6 arrays.
3.4.7 Subroutine STAT
Subroutine STAT is designed to produce quantitative as well as
qualitative measures of the point-by-point and bulk differences between two
gridded concentration fields—a 'base1 field and a "test1 or "perturbed"
field. The base concentration fields are reference fields resulting from a
particular model run specified by the user. The test concentration fields
can be any other model output generated with some test parameter of the
model varied; for example, the emission inventory, deposition velocity,
decay rate, time step, or even the mesoscale model used, may be varied and
the results defined as the test concentration fields.
108
-------
When the user has defined a base case and test case concentration field
(or set of fields), line printer plots or gridded tables of the following
fields may be produced:
• the base field, identified as BF ,
• the test field, identified as TF,
• the difference field, identified as DF = C_ - C_,
D i
• the fractional difference field identified as FDF
V CT
the weighted difference field identified as WDF = — — -
CB
where CD is the base field concentration at a particular grid point, C
D I
is the test field concentration at that point, and Cn is defined below.
o
The fractional difference field FDF can be calculated only for grid
points with nonzero base field concentrations, but because the FDF is most
meaningful in comparing base case and test case plumes which overlap exactly
or nearly exactly, the FDF is calculated only for those points in the
intersection of the two plumes (that is C = 0 and C = 0)
B - r
The WDF is the difference field weighted by the average base plume
concentration (C ).
o
N
- (
C
B N
where N includes only those points in the base field plume (defined as the
set of points in the base field with nonzero concentrations).
In addition to line printer plots of the DF, FDF, and WDF, subroutine
STAT has the ability to write these fields to the MESOFILE II direct access
109
-------
disk output file (File 25), so that Calcomp plots may be generated for these
fields.
Variation of the test parameter can substantially change the nature of
the concentration distribution in the base and test plumes; these
differences in turn determine which of the difference field representations
is appropriate for a particular analysis. The PDF field is useful in
determining the relative spatial location of the base and test plumes and
differences in the concentration distribution, and should be used when the
effect of the input parameter does not change the gross spatial distribution
of the plume. The WDF allows the differences in concentration to be
weighted by a constant factor.
Subroutine STAT also generates a set of quantitative (statistical)
measures of the differences in the base case and test case concentration
fields. Whereas the graphical output is optional, the statistical output is
always produced. Figure 12 is a sample of the statistical output. The
statistics calculated and the subsets of the grid over which the
calculations are performed are contained in Table 15 and Figure 13.
Clearly, the most meaningful statistic for a given base case-test case
comparison depends heavily on the nature of the test parameter varied and
must be determined by the user.
Figure 14 is a flowchart of subroutine STAT. The input variables are
defined in Section 3.4.9. It is assumed that the statistics for multiarray
runstreams are to be calculated on an array-by-array basis; the variable
BYONE, therefore, has a default value of 1. It is possible, however, to
logically concatenate successive arrays in a particular runstreara by
specifying BYONE = 0. For example, consider base case and test case
runstreams consisting of three 24-hour averages. If BYONE = 1,
array-by-array statistics (i.e., 3 sets of statistics, one set for each
24-hour averaged array) will be produced; BYONE - 0 will result in only one
set of statistics over the entire 72-hour period.
110
-------
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TABLE 15. STATISTICAL MEASURES CALCULATED BY SUBROUTINE STAT
Variable Grid Points
Name Included
1. Mean base plume concentration, Cg
2. Mean test (perturbed) plume
concentration, Gj
3. Mean base field concentration
4. Mean test field concentration
5. Average deviation, Cg-C^
6. Average absolute deviation,
7. Maximum local deviation,
MAX (Cg-CT)
8. Maximum base field value,
MAX (CB)
9. Maximum test field value,
MAX (CT)
10. Difference of maxima,
MAX (Cg) - MAX (CT)
11. Fractional difference of maxima,
MAX (Cj - MAX (C_)
o i
AVEBO
AVEPO
AVEB
AVEP
AD
ADI
ADO
AAD
AAD1
AADO
XMLD
XMBF
XMPF
DLM
FDLM
BP
TP
BF
TF
BFTF
BTU
BTI
BFTF
BTU
BTI
BFTF
BF
TF
DFTF
BFTF
MAX
12. Correlation coefficient,
RBA
BTU
CBCI *
cT2 - (cT)2
112
-------
TABLE 15. (Continued)
13. Average fractional deviation,
CB -
B
14. Average absolute fractional deviation
CB -
Variable Grid Points
Name Included
AFDO
BTI
AAFDO
BTI
15. Maximum absolute fractional deviation,
XMLFDO
BTI
MAX
16. Fractional deviation of the means
B
FDM
XB-BP
)L - TP
113
-------
(BP) BASE PLUME ONLY
(BF) ENTIRE BASE FIELD GRID
(TP) TEST PLUME ONLY
(TF) ENTIRE TEST FIELD GRID
(BTI) BASE-TEST PLUME
INTERSECTION
(BFTF) BASE FIELD-TEST
FIELD UNION
(BTU) BASE-TEST PLUME
UNION
Figure 13 Grid Subsets Used in Statistical Calculations
114
-------
INITIALIZE NAMELIST 'SAME' PARAMETERS TO DEFAULT VALUES
READ USER INPUTS
CHECKTHATTHE NUMBER OF ARRAYS IN
RUNSTREAM IND1 IS THE SAME AS THE
NUMBER OF ARRAYS IN RUNSTREAM IND2
NO
YES
BREAK THE USER DEFINED RUNSTREAMS
INTO SETS OF ONE-ARRAY RUNSTREAMS
READ AN INPUT ARRAY FROM THE BASE CASE
RUNSTREAM. IF REQUESTED (APE= 1), PRINT
THE INPUT ARRAY.
©
Figure 14 Flow Chart of Subroutine STAT
115
-------
NO
IS
BYONE EQUAL
T01?
YES
FROM THE SUMMED QUANTITIES, CALCULATE
AND PRINT THE COMPLETE SET OF STATISTICS
MORE
C } ^ ARRAYS LEFT
NO
FROM THE SUMMED QUANTITIES, CALCULATE
AND PRINT THE COMPLETE SET OF STATISTICS
I
RETURN
Figure 14 Continued
116
-------
READ AN INPUT ARRAY FROM THE PERTURBED (TEST) CASE RUNSTREAM.
IF REQUESTED (APE = 1), PRINT THE INPUT ARRAY.
CALCULATE THE DIFFERENCE FIELD
IF REQUESTED,
WRITE THE DIFFERENCE FIELD TO THE LINE PRINTER
WRITE THE DIFFERENCE FIELD TO DISK (FILE 25)
PLOT THE DIFFERENCE FIELD
COMPUTE THE PARTIAL SUMS FOR THE DIFFERENCE
FIELD STATISTICS
CALCULATE THE FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCE FIELD
IF REQUESTED,
WRITE THE FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCE FIELD TO THE LINE PRINTER
WRITE THE FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCE FIELD TO DISK (FILE 25)
PLOT THE FRACTIONAL DIFFERENCE FIELD
COMPUTE THE PARTIAL SUMS FOR THE FRACTIONAL
DIFFERENCE FIELD STATISTICS
IF THE WEIGHTED DIFFERENCE FIELD IS TO BE
PRINTED, PLOTTED, OR WRITTEN TO DISK, CALCULATE
THE WEIGHTED DIFFERENCE FIELD
IF REQUESTED,
WRITE THE WEIGHTED DIFFERENCE FIELD ON THE LINE PRINTER
WRITE THE WEIGHTED DIFFERENCE FIELD TO DISK (FILE 25)
PLOT THE WEIGHTED DIFFERENCE FIELD
Figure 14 Continued
117
-------
It is possible to write DF, FDF, or WDF to the MESOFILE II direct
access disk output file (File 25), although only one of these fields can be
written on a particular call to STAT.
The following are sample card inputs.
• Sample Input—Example 8
TITLE CARD
DEFN
&SAME IOUT=50,&END
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=9,NSTOP=12,&END
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=19,NSTOP=22,&END
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=28,NSTOP=32,&END
STAT
&SAME IND1=1,IND2=2,DISKD=1,PLOTD=1JNEWVD=1,&END
&DIFF THR=-100.E-6,-5.E-6,-l.E-6,-.5E-6,-l.E-15,0,l.E-l5,
E.5-6,1.E-6,5.E-6,15*0.0,N=10,&END
STAT
&SAME IND1=1,IND2=3,DISKD=1,PLOTD=1,&END
In this example, the call to subroutine DEFN requests that the disk, output
of this MESOFILE II run start at Record 50 of disk File 25. Three
runstreams are defined by calls to subroutines SEEK, each consisting of four
arrays. The first call to STAT results in four sets of statistics; each
array of Runstream 1 is compared to the corresponding array of Runstreara 2.
The fields associated with the runstream identified with IND1 are defined to
be the base case fields; IND2 defines the test case fields. The difference
fields are plotted with the user-specified contour levels in the DIFF
NAMELIST, and they are written to disk File 25 (on Records 50 to 53). The
second call to STAT will produce statistics comparing the arrays in
Runstream 1 (base case) to the arrays in Runstream 3 (test case). The
difference fields are plotted with the same contour levels as in the
118
-------
previous STAT call; when new contour levels are defined (in the DIFF
NAMELIST), they become the "default" contour levels for subsequent calls to
the plotting routine. The difference fields are written to disk File 25 on
Records 54 to 57.
3.4.8 Sample Card Inputs for Some Useful MESOFILE II Applications
• Calculate 24-hour S02 averages from hourly output of two model
runs; write results on disk
TITLE CARD
DEFN
&SAME IOUT=1,&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=120,NUNIT=10&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=120,NUNIT=11&END
AVRG
&SAME IRUN=1,AVETM=24,DISK=1,&END
AVRG
&SAME IRUN=2,AVETM=24,DISK=1,&END
• Perform statistical analysis of the 24-hour average concentrations
calculated for two model runs in example above
TITLE CARD
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=1,NSTOP=5J&END
SEEK
&SAME NSTART=6,NSTOP=10,&END
STAT
&SAME IND1=1,IND2=2,&END
• Calculate and plot sums of the hourly SO. output of two model
runs (useful for runs made with different subsets of the entire
source inventory; the resulting horizontal sum is a superposition
119
-------
of the concentration fields reflecting the effects of the sources
modeled in two runs)
TITLE CARD
DEFN
&SAME IOUT=11,&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=24)NUNIT=10&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=165,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=24,NUNIT=11&END
ADD 2
&SAME IRUN1=1,IRUN2=2,PRINT=0,PLOT=1,&END
3.4.9 MESOFILE II Run Control Parameter Descriptions
A complete description of the run control inputs to each MESOFILE
II subroutine is contained in the following pages.
120
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE DEFN
SUBROUTINE DEFN
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter Type
IPOL INTEGER
IRTYPE
IMAX
JMAX
IOUT
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
Definition
Pollutant (IPOL = 1-5 for S02,
SO", NOX, HN03 and
respectively)
Default
Receptor type (IRTYPE=1 for
gridded receptors, IRTYPE=2 for
non-gridded receptors).
Number of elements of the
concentration array in the X
direction (£40) .
Number of elements of the con-
centration array in the Y
direction (£40) .
Record number of File 25 at
which MESOFILE II disk output is
to start .
26
26
121
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE FIND
SUBROUTINE FIND
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter Type
IHOUR INTEGER
IDAY
IYEAR
IGRIDS
NUNIT
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
Definition
Ending hour of the first
concentration array of interest.
Day number of the first concen-
tration array of interest.
Year of the first concentration
array of interest.
Number of concentration arrays.
Logical unit number of
concentration data
Default
122
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE SEEK
SUBROUTINE SEEK
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter Type
NSTART INTEGER
NSTOP
INTEGER
Definition
Starting disk record number
on File 25 of the output of
interest.
Ending disk record number on
File 25 of the output of
interest.
Default
123
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE AVRG
SUBROUTINE AVRG
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter
IRUN
AVETM
PRINT
Type
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
I FORM
INTEGER
DISK
INTEGER
PLOT
INTEGER
NEWV
INTEGER
Definition
Runstreara number.
Averaging time (in terms of
number of arrays).
Line printer output control
variable. If PRINT =1, averaged
concentration arrays are printed;
If PRINT =0, averaged concen-
tration arrays are not printed.
Format control variable for line
printer output. If IFORM=1,
non-gridded receptor concentra-
tions are printed in F12.2
format. IF IFORM=2, non-gridded
receptor concentrations are printed
in E12.5 format.
Disk output control variable. If
DISK = 1, average concentration
arrays are written on disk; If
DISK a 0 averaged concentration
arrays are not written on disk.
Line printer plotting control
variable. If PLOT - 1, plots are
produced; If PLOT = 0, plots are
not produced.
Plotter contour values control
variable. If NEWV = 1, user
inputs contour values (if NEWV = 1,
user must insert a DIFF NAMELIST
card with the appropriate contour
information); If NEWV = 0, use
default contour values.
Default
124
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE AVRG (Continued)
SUBROUTINE AVRG
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter Type
APE INTEGER
a,b
REAL
Definition
Controls echo of input
(unaveraged) fields. If APE -
input fields are printed; If
APE = 0, input fields are not
printed.
Adjustment factors for the
averaged concentration field.
a = multiplicative factor,
b = additive factor,
of the form,
Default
1,
a-1,
b=0.
adj
a * C + b.
125
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO THE LINE PRINTER PLOTTING ROUTINE
NAMELIST TITLE - DIFF
(included only for line printer plots with user input contour levels)
Parameter Type Definition Default
N INTEGER Number of contour levels 9
(must be <. 25)
THR(25) REAL ARRAY Contour values* -1. x 10~10
0.1 x 10~6
0.5 x 10~6
1.0 x 10~6
2.0 x 10"6
5.0 x 10~6
10.0 x 10"6
25.0 x 10~6
50.0 x 10~6
*The first element of THR should be less than the minimum value of the field
being plotted.
126
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE ADD1
Description of Inputs to Subroutine ADD1
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter
IRUN
INIT
Type
INTEGER
INTEGER
PRINT
INTEGER
IFORM
INTEGER
DISK
INTEGER
PLOT
INTEGER
NEWV
INTEGER
Definition
Runstream number.
Determines whether the summing
array is initialized to zero; If
INIT = 1, array initialized to
zero; If INIT = 0, array is not
initialized.
Line printer output control
variable. If PRINT = 1, summed
array is printed; If PRINT = 0,
summed array is not printed.
Format variable for line printer
output. If IFORM=1, non-gridded
receptor concentrations are printed
in F12.2 format. If IFORM=2,
non-gridded receptor concentrations
are printed in E12.5 format.
Disk output control variable. If
DISK = 1, summed array is
written on disk; If DISK = 0,
summed array is not written
on disk.
Line printer plotting control
variable. If PLOT = 1, plots are
produced; If PLOT = 0, plots are
not produced.
Plotter contour values control
variable. If NEWV = 1, user
input contour values (if NEWV = 1,
user must insert a DIFF NAMELIST
card with the appropriate contour
information); If NEWV = 0, use
default contour values.
Default
127
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE ADDl (Continued)
Description of Inputs to Subroutine ADD1
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter
APE
Type
INTEGER
a,b
REAL
Definition Default
Controls echo of input fields. 0
If APE = 1, input fields are
printed; If APE = 0, input fields
are not printed.
Adjustment factors for the a = 1.
summed concentration field, b = 0.
a=multiplicative factor,
b^additive factor,
of the form,
'adj
= a * C + b.
128
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE ADD2
SUBROUTINE ADD2
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter
IRUN1
IRUN2
PRINT
Type
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
I FORM
INTEGER
DISK
INTEGER
PLOT
INTEGER
NEW
INTEGER
APE
INTEGER
Definition Default
Runstream Number 1 —
Runstrearn Number 2. —
Line printer output control 1
variable. If PRINT = 1, summed
arrays are printed; If PRINT = 0,
summed arrays are not printed.
Format variable for line printer 1
output. If IFORM=1, non-gridded
receptor concentrations are printed
in F12.2 format. If IFORM=2,
non-gridded receptor concentrations
are printed in E12.5 format.
Disk output control variable. If 0
DISK = 1, summed arrays are
written on disk; If DISK = 0, summed
arrays are not written on disk.
Line printer plotting control 0
variable. If plot = 1, plots
are produced; If plot - 0, plots
are not produced.
In NEWV = 1, user inputs 0
contour values (if NEWV = 1, user
must insert a DIFF NAMELIST card
with the appropriate contour
information); If NEWV = 0, use
default contour values.
Controls echo of input fields. 0
If APE = 1, input fields are
printed; If APE = 0, input fields
are not printed.
129
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE ADD2 (Continued)
SUBROUTINE ADD2
NAMEUST TITLE - SAME
Parameter
a,b
Type
REAL
Definition Default
Adjustment factors for the summed a=l.
concentration fields, b=0.
a=multiplicative factor
b=additive factor
of the form,
"adj
= a * C + b.
130
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE STAT
SUBROUTINE STAT
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter
IND1
IND2
BYONE
Type
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
PRINTD
INTEGER
DISKD
INTEGER
PLOTD
INTEGER
Definition Default
Base case runstream number. -
Perturbed (test) case run-
stream number.
Determines whether multi-array 1
runstreams are to be treated as
one concatenated data set (pro-
ducing one set of statistics)
or as a group of one-array run-
streams (producing a set of
statistics for each array pair)
If BYONE = 1, array by-array
statistics calculated; If
BYONE = 0, collective statistics
calculated.
Line printer output control 0
variable for the difference
fields. If PRINTD = 1, difference
fields are printed; If PRINTD = 0,
difference fields are not printed.
Disk output control variable for 0
the output fields. If DISKD = 1,
difference fields are written on
disk; If DISKD = 0, difference
fields are not written on disk.
Line printer plotting control 0
variable for the difference fields.
If PLOTD = 1, plots are produced;
If PLOTD = 0, plots are not produced.
131
-------
MESOFILE II INPUTS
CARD INPUTS TO SUBROUTINE STAT (Continued)
SUBROUTINE STAT
NAMELIST TITLE - SAME
Parameter Type
NEWVD INTEGER
PRINTF
DISKF
PLOTF
NEWVF
PRINTW
DISKW
PLOTW
NEWVW
APE
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
INTEGER
Definition
Plotter contour values control
variable. If NEWVD = 1, user
inputs contour values (if NEW = 1,
user must insert a DIFF NAMELIST
card with the appropriate contour
information). In NEWVD = 0, use
default contour values.
Same as PRINTD, except for the
fractional difference fields.
Same as DISKD, except for the
fractional difference fields.
Same as PLOTD, except for the
fractional difference fields.
Same as NEWVD, except for the
fractional difference fields.
Same as PRINTD, except for the
weighted difference fields.
Same as DISKD, except for the
weighted difference fields.
Same as PLOTD, except for the
weighted difference fields.
Same as NEWVD, except for the
weighted difference fields.
Controls echo of input fields
If APE = 1, input fields are
printed; If APE = 0, input fields
are not printed.
Default
0
0
132
-------
REFERENCES
Atkinson, R. and A.C. Lloyd, and L. Winges 1982. A New Chemical
Mechanism for Hydrocarbon/N02/S02 Photooxidations Suitable
for Inclusion in Atmospheric Simulation Models. Atmos. Environ. ,
J.6, 1341.
Benkley, C.W. and A. Bass 1979a. User's Guide to MESOPUFF (Mesoscale
PUFF Model. EPA 600/7-79-xxx, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 141 pp.
Benkley, C.W. and A. Bass 1979b. User's Guide to MESOPLUME (Mesoscale
Plume Segment) Model. EPA 600/7-79-xxx, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 124 pp.
Benkley, C.W. and A. Bass 1979c. User's Guide to MESOPAC (Mesoscale
Meteorology Package). EPA 600/7-79-xxx.U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 76 pp.
Briggs, G.A. 1975. Plume Rise Predictions. Lectures on Air
Pollution and Environmental Impact Analyses. American
Meterological Society, Boston, MA, pp 59-111.
Brost, R.A. and J.C. Wyngaard 1978. A Model Study of the Stably
Stratified Planetary Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 3_5_,
1427-1400.
Deardorff, J.W. and Willis, G.E. 1975. A Parameterization of
Diffusion into the Mixed Layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 14:1451-1458.
Draxler, R.R. 1977. A Mesoscale Transport and Diffusion Model.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech. Memo.
ERL-ARL-64, Air Resources Laboratories, Silver Springs, MD.
Draxler, R.R. 1979. Modeling the Results of Two Recent Mesoscale
Dispersion Experiments. Atmos. Environ. 13, 1523-1533.
Fisher, B.E.A. 1980. Long-range Transport and Deposition of sulfur
Oxides. CERL internal report, Central Electricity Research
Laboratories, Leatherhead, Surrey, United Kingdom.
Garland, J.A. 1978. Dry and wet removal of sulfur from the
atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., \2_t 349-362.
Gifford, F.A. 1981. Horizontal Diffusion in the Atmosphere: A
Lagrangian-Dynamical Theory. LA-8667-MS, Los Alamos Scient.
Lab., P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, 19 pp.
Gillani, N.V., S. Kohli and W.E. Wilson 1981. Gas-to-Particle
Conversion of Sulfur in Power Plant Plumes: I. Parameterization
of the Gas Phase Conversion Rates for Dry, Moderately Polluted
Ambient Conditions. Atmos. Environ., 15, 2293-2313.
133
-------
Hefter, J.L. 1965. The Variations of Horizontal Diffusion Parameters
with Time for Travel Periods of One Hour or Longer.
J. Appl. Meteor., 4_, 153-156.
Henry, R.C., D.A. Godden, G.M. Hidy, and N.J. Lordi 1980. Simulation
of Sulfur Oxide Behavior in Urban Areas. ERT Document
P-A070-200. Prepared for the American Petrolium Institute.
Henry, R.C. and G.M. Hidy 1981. Discussion of Multivariate Analysis of
Particulate Sulfate and Other Air Quality Variables, Part I.
Annual data from Los Angeles and New York. Atmos. Environ. 15,
424.
Henry, R.C. and G. M. Hidy 1982. Multivariate Analysis of Particulate
Sulfate and Other Air Quality Variables by Principle Components
II. Salt Lake City, Utah and St. Louis, Missouri. Atmos.
Environ.. 16, 929-943.
Hicks, B.B. and J.D. Shannon 1979. A Method for Modeling the
Deposition of Sulfur by Precipitation over Regional Scales.
J. Appl. Meteor.. _18, 1415-1420.
Levine, S.Z. and S.E. Schwartz 1982. In-Cloud and Below-Cloud
Scavenging of Nitric Acid Vapor. Atmos. Environ., lj>, 1725-1734.
Ludwig, F.L., L.S. Gasidrek, and R.E. Ruff 1977. Simplification of a
Gaussian Puff Model for Real-Time Minicomputer Use. Atmos.
Environ., 11, 431-436.
Maul, P.R. 1980. Atmospheric Transport of Sulfur Compound Pollutants.
Central Electricity Generating Bureau MID/SSD/80/0026/R.
Nottingham, England.
Morris, C.S., C.W. Benkley, and A. Bass 1979. User's Guide to
MESOGRID (Mesoscale Grid) Model. EPA-600/7-79-xxx. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
118 pp.
Page, S.H. 1980. National Land and Land Cover Inventory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Schulman, L.L., and J.S. Scire 1980. Buoyant Line and Point Source
(BLP) Dispersion Model User's Guide. Document P-7304B.
Environmental Research & Technology, Inc., Concord, MA.
Scire, J.S., J. Beebe, C. Benkley, and A. Bass 1979. User's Guide to
the MESOFILE Postprocessing Package. EPA-600/7-79-xxx, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
72 pp.
134
-------
Scire, J.S., F. Lurmann, A. Bass, and S. Hanna 1983. Development of
the MESOPUFF II Dispersion Model. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Scott, B.C. 1978. Parameterization of Sulfate Removal by
Precipitation. J. Appl. Meteorol. , 17_t 1375-1389.
Scott, B.C. 1981. Sulfate Washout Ratios in Winter Storms.
J. Appl. Meteor. , 20_, 619-625.
Scriven, R.A. and B.E.A. Fisher 1975. The Long-Range Transport of
Airborne Material and its Removal by Deposition and Washout.
At mo s. Environ., _9> 49-58.
Sehmel, G.A. 1980. Particle and Gas Dry Deposition - A Review.
Atmos. Environ. 14, 983-1011.
Sheih, C.M., M.L. Wesely, and B.B. Hicks 1979. Estimated Dry
Deposition Velocities of Sulfur over the Eastern United States
and Surrounding Regions. Atmos. Environ. 13 (10), 1361-1368.
Slinn, W.G., L. Hasse, B. Hicks, A. Hogan, D. Lai, P. Liss,
K. Munnich, G. Sehmel, and 0. Vittori 1978. Some Aspects of the
Transfer of Atmospheric Trace Consituents Past the Air-Sea
Interface. Atmos. Environ., 12: 2055-2087.
Smith, F.B. 1981. The Significance of Wet and Dry Synoptic Regions on
Long-range Transport of Pollution and its Deposition. Atmos.
Environ.. 15, 863-873.
Stelson, A.W. and J.H. Seinfeld 1982. Relative Humidity and
Temperature Dependence of the Ammonium Nitrate Dissociation
Constant. Atmos. Environ., 16, 983-992.
Turner, D.B. 1964. A Diffusion Model for an Urban Area. J. Applied
Meteoro., _3, 83-91.
Turner, D.B. 1970. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates.
U.S. Dept. of H.E.W., Public Health Service, Pub. 999-AP-26,
88 pp.
U.S. EPA 1978. Guideline on Air Quality Models, OAQPS Guideline
Series No. 1.2-080, EPA report No. EPA-450/2-78-027 , NTIS
No. PB288783, 84 pp.
Van Ulden, A.P. 1978. Simple estimates for vertical diffusion from
sources near the ground. Atmos. Environ., 12_, 2152-2129.
Venkatram, A. 1980a. Estimating the Monin-Obukhov Length in the Stable
Boundary Layer for Dispersion Calculations. Boundary-Layer
Meteorology 19. 481-485.
135
-------
Venkatram, A. 1980b. Estimation of Turbulence Velocity Scales in the
Stable and the Unstable Boundary Layer for Dispersion
applications. In: Eleventh NATO-CCSM International Technical
Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application 54-56.
Venkatram, A., B.E. Ley and S.Y Wong 1982. A Statistical Model to
Estimate Long-term Concentrations of Pollutants Associated with
Long-term Transport. Atmos. Environ., j.6_, 249-257.
Wang, I.I. and P.C. Chen 1980. Estimations of Heat and Momentum
Fluxes Near the Ground. Proc. 2nd Joint Conf. on Applications of
Air Poll. Meteorology, New Orleans. LA, March 24-27. pp 764-769.
Wesely, M.L., and B.B. Hicks 1977. Some Factors that Affect the
Deposition Rates of Sulfur Dioxide and Similar Gases on
Vegetation. J. Air Poll. Control Assoc. 27., pp 1110-1116.
136
-------
APPENDIX A
Table A-l. Flow Diagram for MESOPAC II
* Read User Inputs
* Write Header Record in Meteorological Output File
* Read Starting Set of Upper Air Data (00 and 12 GMT for first day)
(READS6 Format)
Enter Day Loop
* Compute Sunrise, Sunset Times, Hourly Solar
Elevation Angles
* Read 24 Hours of Precipitation Data (TD9657 Format)
| * Enter Hour Loop
* Read Hourly Surface Data (GDI44 Format)
* Convert Surface Data to Proper Units, Calculate
Precipitation Codes
* If Hour = 00 GMT, Read Next 12 GMT Sounding,
If Hour = 12 GMT, Read Next 00 GMT Sounding,
(READS6 Format)
* Calculate Surface Wind Field at Each Grid Point
* Calculate PGT Stability Class at Each Grid Point
* Calculate w' 6 ' at Each Grid Point
* Calculate u^ at Each Grid Point
* Calculate z^ at Each Grid Point
* Calculate L at Each Grid Point
* Calculate w¥ at Each Grid Point
* Calculate Lower Level Wind Field at Each Grid Point
* Calculate Upper Level Wind Field at Each Grid Point
* Write Computed Meteorological Data to Output File
End Hour Loop
End Day Loop
* Close Files, Terminate Run
137
-------
Table A-2. Flow Diagram for MESOPUFF II
* Read User Inputs, Read Meteorological Data Header Record
* Write Header Record in Concentration Output File
* Read Gridded Wind Fields for First Hour
Enter Hour Loop
* Read Meteorological Data (other than wind data) for
Current Hour
* Read Gridded Wind Fields for Next Hour
* Initialize Concentration Arrays
I * Enter Puff Loop
I
1 * If Puff is New, Initialize Puff, Compute Plume Rise
Enter Sampling Loop
* Advect Puff
— move
* Diffuse Puff (calculate new ay ,
mass in three-layer model)
* Perform Chemistry Calculations
* Perform Wet Removal Calculations
* Perform Dry Deposition Calculations
* Sample Puff (calculate concentrations at
gridded and nongridded receptors)
End Sampling Loop
End Puff Loop
* Compute Average Puff Concentrations (to use in next hour's
chemistry calculations)
* Compute 'lAVG'-Hour Averaged Concentrations
* Write Concentrations to Disk and/or to Printer (if end of
averaging period)
* Purge Old Puffs Off Computational Grid (if number of puffs
approaches limit)
End Hour Loop
* Close Files, Terminate Run
138
-------
APPENDIX B
READ56 TEST CASE INPUTS/OUTPUT
READ56 Test Case Runs
Run #1 - Salem, 111.
Run #2 - Nashville, Tenn.
READ56 Card-Image Inputs (both runs):
78 213 00 78 243 00 500
.TRUE.,.TRUE.,.TRUE.,.TRUE.
139
-------
READ56 TEST CASE OUTPUT (RUN #1)
140
-------
READ56 VERSION 1.0 LEVfL 821215
t*#*********#***************************
STARTING OATE:
ENDING DATE:
YEAR
JULIAN DAY
HOUR
78
213
0
YEAH = 76
Jt'LlAN DAY = 243
HOUR = 0
PRESSURE LEVELS EXTRACTED:
SURFACE TO 500. MB
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF HEIGHT MISSING ? T
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF TEMPERATURE MISSING ? T
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF WIND DIRECTION MISSING ? T
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF WIND SPEED MISSING ? 1
THE FOLLOWING SOUNDINGS HAVE BEEN PROCESSED:
YEAR MONTH DAY JULIAN DAY HOUR (GMT) NO. LEVELS EXTRACTED
78
78
78
78
78
76
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
/8
78
78
7ft
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
a
5
5
b
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
la
la
15
15
16
16
17
17
213
213
214
21 a
215
215
216
216
217
217
21fl
218
219
219
220
220
221
221
222
222
223
223
22a
22'4
225
225
226
226
227
?27
228
22b
229
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
19
31
21
28
21
26
26
36
25
26
27
2a
22
29
22
18
19
16
23
25
26
22
21
26
24
20
19
2n
17
19
20
29
17
25
141
-------
78
78
78
78
78
76
78
78
78
78
>_>_>MISSlf4G
>->->MlSSlNG
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
76
6
4
H
8
8
«
8
8
ft
8
OR
OH
b
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
a
8
8
A
1H
i«
19
19
20
20
21
SI
22
22
ELIMINATED
ELIMINATED
23
23
2
-------
READ56 TEST CASE OUTPUT (RUN #2)
143
-------
VERSION 1.0 LEVtL 821215
***************************************<***********************#***#*******#********
STARTING DATE:
ENDING DATE:
YEAK
JULIAN DAY
HOUR
78
213
0
YEAR
JULIAf" OAY
HOUR
78
243
0
PRESSURE LEVELS EXTRACTED:
SURFACE TO 500. KB
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF HEIGHT MISSING ? T
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF TEMPERATURE MISSING ? T
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF WIND DIRECTION MISSING ? T
DATA LEVEL ELIMINATED IF WIND SPEED MISSING ? T
THE FOLLOWING SOUNDINGS HAVE BEEN PROCESSED:
YEAR MONTH OAY JULIAN OAY HOUR (GMT) NO. LEVELS EXTRACTED
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
7B
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
<\
8
OR
B
8
8
8
8
«
8
8
fl
8
ft
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
ELIMINATED
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
)6
17
213
213
214
214
215
215
216
216
217
217
218
218
219
219
220
220
221
221
222
222
223
223
MANDATORY
224
224
225
225
226
226
227
227
?2P
22«
229
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
( 850.0 MB)
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
18
24
20
19
16
24
20
22
22
15
19
19
21
25
17
28
33
19
20
24
22
13
PRESSURE LEVEL
17
21
21
21
25
la
24
23
19
20
22
144
-------
78
78
7«
78
78
78
78
78
7S
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
ft
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
B
fl
8
8
8
a
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
17
1«
18
19
19
20
20
?1
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
2«
29
29
30
30
31
229
230
230
231
231
232
232
233
233
234
234
23S
235
236
236
237
237
238
238
239
239
240
240
241
241
242
242
243
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
19
22
28
22
19
20
24
22
19
18
16
18
21
19
15
18
28
21
25
27
25
25
29
17
19
17
24
26
145
-------
APPENDIX C
MESOPAC II TEST CASE INPUTS/OUTPUT
MESOPAC II Test Case
2 Upper Air Stations (Salem, 111; Nashville, Tenn.)
3 Surface Stations (Memphis, Tenn.; Evansville, Ind.; Nashville, Tenn.)
2 Precipitation Stations (Memphis, Tenn.; Nashville, Tenn.)
MESOPAC II Card-Image Inputs:
MESOPAC TEST CASE 25-HOUR RUN — DAY 235 (AUG. 23, 1978)
78
24
T
222
222
112
112
222
222
221
222
222
222
222
2") •?
f. £.
29 9
f. £.
21 ")
£• f.
2*5 *5
£• £.
222
111
112
112
112
112
112
224
442
442
442
222
442
222
222
235
30
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
T
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
25 3
15000.
12
222
222
222
222
222
122
122
222
222
222
222
2") O
Z Z
2") ")
f. Z
21 1
X J.
21 1
1 1
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
222
224
224
224
224
444
444
444
F
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 4
20
-------
MESOPAC II TEST CASE OUTPUT
147
-------
X
2
3
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APPENDIX D
MESOPUFF II TEST CASE INPUTS/OUTPUT
MESOPUFF II Card-Image Inputs:
MESOPUFF II
78 235
1 1
1 24
T T
T T
0000000000
15.2 11.36
15.40
16.31
16.71
15.23
14.89
14.78
14.38
15.49
15.14
14.62
15.54
16.93
19.16
19.87
19.22
19.29
19.36
18.23
19.54
18.86
19.30
18.62
18.93
19.08
10.219
10.276
10.370
10.502
10.668
10.870
11.104
11.370
11.664
11.986
12.332
12.700
13.087
13.490
13.906
14.332
14.764
15.200
15.636
16.068
16.494
16.910
17.313
17.700
18.068
18.414
18.736
19.030
19.296
19.530
19.732
- TEST CASE RUN
0 24 1 0 125 2
2 T 2. T 900
1 30 15 24 11 22 1
T T T
12 F 0 0
305. 9.45 20.0 439. 12420.7 37.3 0.
11.66 NETWORK 1 - MONITOR
12.86
12.23
11.29
10.81
11.61
12.03
10.98
11.68
11.20
11.86
12.38
17.91 NETWORK 2 - MONITOR
18.53
18.01
18.13
18.22
17.96
17.40
17.86
17.33
17.47
1
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
18
19
1
4
9
12
13
16
18
19
21
22
18.12 * 23
17.21 * 24
11.796 75 KM RING - 275 DEC
12.228 280
12.654 285
13.070 290
13.473 295
13.860 300
14.228 305
14.574 310
14.896 315
15.190 320
15.456 325
15.690 330
15.892 335
16.058 340
16.190 345
16.284 350
16.341 355
16.360 360
16.341 5
16.284 10
16.190 15
16.058 20
15.892 25
15.690 30
15.456 35
15.190 40
14 ..896 45
14.574 50
14.228 55
13.860 60
13.473 65
185
-------
19.898
20.030
20.124
20.181
20.200
7.895
7.978
8.117
8.309
8.554
8.849
9.193
9.582
10.015
10.486
10.994
11.533
12.101
12.692
13.302
13.927
14.561
15.200
15.839
16.473
17.098
17.708
18.299
18.867
19.406
19.914
20.385
20.818
21.207
21.551
21.846
22.091
22.283
22.422
22.5'05
22.533
4.574
4.695
4.897
5.177
5.533
5.962
6.462
7.029
7.658
8.344
9.082
9.867
10.692
11.552
12.439
13.348
14.270
15.200
16.130
17.052
17.961
18.848
13.070
12.654
12.228
11.796
11.360
11.999
12.633
13.258
13.868
14.459
15.027
15.566
16.074
16.545
16.978
17.367
17.711
18.006
18.251
18.443
18.582
18.665
18.693
18.665
18.582
18.443
18.251
18.006
17.711
17.367
16.978
16.545
16.074
15.566
15.027
14.459
13.868
13.258
12.633
11.999
11.360
12.290
13.212
14.121
15.008
15.868
16.693
17.478
18.216
18.902
19.531
20.098
20.598
21.027
21.383
21.663
21.865
21.986
22.027
21.986
21.865
21.663
21.383
70
75
80
85
90
110 KM RING - 275 DEG.
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
160 KM RING - 275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
5
10
15
20
186
-------
19.708
20.533
21.318
22.056
22.742
23.371
23.938
21.027
20.598
20.098
19.531
18.902
18.216
17.478
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
187
-------
MESOPUFF II TEST CASE OUTPUT
188
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APPENDIX E
MESOFILE II TEST CASE INPUTS/OUTPUT
MESOFILE II Card-Image Inputs:
MESOFILE II TEST CASE - NONGRIDDED RECEPTORS
DEFN
&SAME IPOL=2,IRTYPE=2,IOUT=49,IMAX=10,JMAX=12,&END
FIND
&SAME IYEAR=78,IDAY=235,IHOUR=1,IGRIDS=24,NUNIT=20,&END
AVRG
&SAME IRUN=l,AVETM=24,IFORM=2,PRINT=l/APE=0,5cEND
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Date
James M. Godowitch
Meteorology and Assessment Division (MD-80)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
I would like to receive future revisions
to the User's Guide for MESOPUFF II
Name
Organization
Address
City ' State Zip
Additional Information (Optional):
Phone ( ) ___ - ______
Computer System
Compiler
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
USER'S GUIDE TO THE MESOPUFF II MODEL AND RELATED
PROCESSOR PROGRAMS
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
. AUTHOR(S)
J. S. Scire, F. W. Lurmann, A. Bass, S. R. Hanna
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research & Technology, Inc.
696 Virginia Road
Concord, Massachusetts 01742
PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. _..
CDTA1D/0?-1607 CTY-84)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3733
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory-RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13.,TyPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A complete set of user instructions are provided for the MESOPUFF II regional-
scale air quality modeling package. The MESOPUFF II model is a Lagrangian variable-
trajectory puff superposition model suitable for modeling the transport, diffusion,
and removal of air pollutants from multiple point and area sources at transport
distances beyond the range of conventional straight-line Gaussian plume models
(i.e., beyond n, 10-50 km). It is an extensively modified version of the MESOscale
PUFF (MESOPUFF) model with refined and enhanced treatment of advection, vertical
dispersion, removal, and transformation processes.
The MESOPUFF II model is one element of an integrated modeling package that
also includes components for preprocessing of meteorological data (READ56, MESOPAC
II) and postprocessing of concentration data MESOFILE II). Complete user instruc-
tions and test case input/output are provided for each of these programs.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page I
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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