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IX-22
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4. COEFFICIENTS Packet Rules for the CHEMPARAM File
If the number of coefficients specified in the CONTROL packet is
greater than zero, there must be a COEFFICIENTS packet, and it must
follow the REACTIONS packet (or the SPECIES packet, if there is no
REACTIONS packet). If there are no coefficients, this packet must be
omitted. The COEFFICIENTS packet consists of a header card, one card
for each coefficient, and a packet terminator. The contents of each card
are described in Table IX-4, and the format is shown in Exhibit IX-6.
Exhibit IX-7(a) is a worksheet that can be used to aid in the prep-
aration of the COEFFICIENTS packet. Exhibit IX-7(b) is a sample of
that worksheet filled in with typical values used for the Carbon-Bond II
Mechanism.
IX-23
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5. CPREP Sample Input and Output
Exhibit IX-8 is a listing .of an input deck used to create a
CHEMPARAM file; it contains the values from the sample worksheets
[Exhibits IX-3(b), IX-5(b), and IX-7(b)]. Exhibit IX-9 is the printout
that was generated by CPREP; the first two pages list the values on the
input cards as they are read in, and the last two show the values put
out to the CHEMPARAM file.
IX-28
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-------
B. THE SIMULATION CONTROLS FILE
The Simulation Controls (SIMCONTROL) file, generally the last to
be prepared, is the input file likely to be varied the most frequently.
As previously mentioned, this file can routinely be prepared as a sep-
arate job step within each airshed simulation run.
Figure IX-2 is an information flow diagram for use in setting up
the job control for a SIMCONTROL file creation run. The program that
creates the SIMCONTROL file is called SPREP. It requires as input a
CONTROL packet and a SIMULATION packet, which are described in detail
in the next section. The printed output from SPREP consists of input
numbers, error messages, if any, and the values written to the
SIMCONTROL file (see Section B.3 of this chapter for sample input and
output listings). The file itself is written to FORTRAN Unit 1, and
the file format is given in Chapter IX of the Systems Manual.
1. CONTROL Packet Rules for the SIMCONTROL File
An abbreviated CONTROL packet is used to create the SIMCONTROL
file. The packet names and identifies the type of file to be created,
and it must be entered before any other packet. The contents of each
card in the CONTROL packet are described in Table IX-5, and the format
is shown in Exhibit IX-10.
2. SIMULATION Packet Rules for the SIMCONTROL File
The SIMULATION packet must follow the CONTROL packet in the input
deck used to create the SIMCONTROL file. The contents of each card in
the SIMULATION packet are described in Table IX-6 and the format is
shown in Exhibit IX-11.
IX-36
-------
(6)
Printed
Values
/SIMULATION
CONTROL
(5)
SPREP
(1)
SIMCONTROL
Figure IX-2. Information Flow Diagram for Use in
Creation of the SIMCONTROL File
IX--37
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Exhibit IX-12 is a listing of an input deck used to create a
SIMCONTROL file. Exhibit IX-13 is the printout that was generated by
SPREP; it first lists the values on the input cards as they are read
in, and then shows these values put out to the SIMCONTROL file.
IX-49
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X AIRSHED SIMULATION
After all the input data files have been prepared as described in
the preceding chapters, running the Airshed Simulation Program is simply
a matter of properly assigning all the input files and arranging to save
all the desired output files. That is, running the simulation is-pri-
marily a job control function, since the bulk of the input and output
processing is performed outside of this step.
This chapter discusses job control in terms of input, scratch, and
output files; describes and presents samples of the printed output; and
discusses the error messages generated by the program. Also included is
a worksheet that can be used to keep track of files.
A. JOB CONTROL
Figure X-l shows the information flow for the Airshed Simulation
Program. (Each group of files is discussed in more detail later.) Dotted
lines indicate a possible creation of the SIMCONTROL file in a separate job
step, and a possible restart using a previously generated output INSTANT
file as an input AIRQUALITY file. Because the actual job control state-
ments required are highly dependent on a particular implementation or
computer, they are not specified here, but should be developed by the com-
puter personnel who implement the system.
Tables X-l, X-2, and X-3 show the FORTRAN unit assignments of the
Airshed Simulation Program's input, scratch, and output files, respec-
tively. Currently, these unit assignments are compiled in the program by
data statements in the subprogram BLKDAT. For instructions on changing
the assignments, see Section VII.H. of the Systems Manual. The local file
designation that corresponds to each data file should be entered in the
tables for each specific implementation:
X-l
-------
I S1«ulit1on I
1 Controls 1
i ,
J SMEP 1
r
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V V
L J
Figure X-l. Information Flow Diagran for the Airshed Simulation Program
X-2
-------
Table X-l. Input File Assignments
File Name
AIRQUALITY
BOUNDARY
DIFFBREAK
EMISSIONS
METSCALARS
PTSOURCE
REGIONTOP
ROADWAY
TEMPERATUR
TERRAIN
TOPCONC
WIND
CHEMPARAM
SIMCONTROL
Unit
No.
3
11
12
13
7
14
15
16
17
4
18
19
2
1
File Closed
Optional During
LBL Ifn* File Simulation
AIRQ
BOUND
DIFBK
EMISS
METS
POINTS
REGTOP
ROAD
TEMP
TERAIN
TOPCON
WIND
CPARAM
SIMCTL
/
/
/
/
/ /
/
/
* "Ifn" means local file name.
X-3
-------
Table X-2. Scratch File Assignments
File Name
INTERINST
BON1
BON2
CON1
CON2
CUM!
CUM2
SEG1
SEG2
Unit
No.
30
37 '
38
33
34
35
36
31
32
LBL Ifn
TAPE30
t
t
TAPE 33
TAPE 34
TAPE35
TAPE36
TAPE31
TAPE 32
Optional
File
it
*
*
*
*
File Closed
During
Simulation
* Not used for runs with only one segment.
t The LBL system utilizes large core memory instead
of these files ; UNIVAC uses extended memory.
Table X-3. Output File Assignments
File Name
AVERAGE
INSTANT
VARIATION
Execution
Trace
Unit
No.
21
22
23
6
Optional
LBL Ifn File
AVERAG /
INST /
CONVAR /
OUTPUT
File Closed
Duri ng
Simulation
X-4
-------
> For the LBL CDC 7600 system, six-character mnemonic names
are used instead of "TAPEnn."
> For the UNIVAC 1100 systems, the internal file names are
the unit numbers themselves.
> For IBM systems, the DD names are of the form "FTnnFOOl."
1. Input Files
Table X-l lists fourteen input files—twelve M.E.B. files and two con-
trol files. Four of the M.E.B. files are optional: PTSOURCE, ROADWAY,
TEMPERATUR, and TERRAIN; all other input files must be present. For
more information on selecting input file options and providing default
values for the data omitted, see the Section IX.B on preparation of the
SIMCONTROL file.
2. Scratch Files
Table X-2 shows the nine scratch files that might be used by the
simulation. The actual number of files used and the method of assigning
them are governed by the particular implementation of the system. For
example, at LBL, only seven of the files are used, and the other two
are represented by vectors in large core memory. See Section VII.B
of the Systems Manual for more detailed information on the scratch files.
3. Output Files
As shown in Table X-3, the Airshed Simulation Program can write up to
three binary data files, which are described in detail in Chapter IX of the
Systems Manual. The presence or absence of these files is determined by
parameters on the SIMCONTROL file:
X-5
-------
> AVERAGE will be written if the averaging interval is less
than 99.0 hours.
> INSTANT will be written at the beginning of the simulation,
at the instantaneous output interval, and also at the end of
each averaging interval if that time does not coincide with
an instantaneous output time. If both the instantaneous
output interval and the averaging interval are greater than
99.0 hours, INSTANT will not be written at all.
> VARIATION will be written if the concentration variation
option is TRUE and the averaging interval is less than
99.0 hours.
B. PRINTED OUTPUT
The printed output from the simulation program appears on the Execution
Trace file—ordinarily the standard print unit—and always contains at least
the following information:
> A complete display of the contents of the SIMCONTROL and
CHEMPARAM files.
> The region description as specified on the BOUNDARY file.
This description serves as the standard for the run: the
horizontal grid parameters on all other spatially varying
files and the vertical distribution parameters on all other
vertically varying files must match those of the BOUNDARY
file.
> The header information from each M.E.B. file. If the files
were uniquely identified at the times they were created,
this information completely defines all data input to the
run.
> A message when each non-time-varying file is closed.
> A message at the end of each time slice indicating elapsed
CPU time (if the host computer provides the capability).
> A message at the termination of the run.
X-6
-------
As indicated on the SIMCONTROL file, additional printed output
options are also available that are primarily useful for debugging:
> The file history printout consists of a message printed
whenever a time interval record is read from any file.
During early simulation runs, this information can help
the user follow the progress of the run.
> The storage allocation printout consists of tables list-
ing pointers to scratch storage. Each entry is the rela-
tive location of a data array in a single storage vector.
To interpret these tables, see Section VII.B of the
Systems Manual.
> Instantaneous and average concentration arrays may be
printed at the same time they are written on the files.
They are printed by segments, within each segment by
species, and within each species by vertical level.
These printouts contain values in the boundary cells
that do not necessarily represent the actual boundary
values at the time; thus, they should be used only for
program debugging or for preliminary runs for which
the binary output files are not to be saved.
Exhibit X-l is an annotated excerpt of the output from a successful Airshed
Simulation Program run that contains samples of all the normal and optional
information printed.
If the Airshed Simulation Program is unable to perform the chemistry
step successfully for any cell, it will give a "crash printout," showing
the values in all data arrays in the vicinity of the cell where the error
occurred. Also included are the values in the local vectors used by the
simulation. A sample of the crash printout is shown in Exhibit X-2.
The user should examine this printout and look for anomalous values of
X-7
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any data. Check that printed values correspond to the data expected from
the input files.
If no readily apparent errors can be found in the model inputs, then
the available input and output should be examined by someone familiar with
the technical components of the model. In undertaking the diagnosis, one
should note the cause of the failure (iteration limit exceeded or negative
concentration predicted). First, attention should be given to reaction
rate constants and stoichiometric coefficients. Next, the predicted concen-
trations should be examined. Usually, one will note predictions for one or
more pollutants that fall outside the expected nominal range of values for
the particular contaminants in question. The development of an understand-
ing of how these concentration values occurred will often suggest means for
resolving the problem. For example, a very high NO concentration prediction
may be causing the model to predict negative 03 concentrations. The user
might subsequently find that the NO emissions rate from a point source was
in error by a factor of 100. Skill in diagnosing such problems requires
some familiarity with the physical and chemical processes that take place
in the atmosphere as well as an understanding of how these processes are
treated in the model.
C. ERROR CONDITIONS
Table X-4 lists error conditions that could cause the Airshed Simulation
Program to terminate before the simulation is completed. These are situa-
tions detected by the program itself rather than by the operating system,
and the program will exit normally. Included in the table are the names of
the subroutines in which the error messages are printed.
X-31
-------
Table X-4. Airshed Simulation Program Error Conditions
Error Condition
Control file errors
File improperly named
Species or coefficient required by built-in
chemical mechanism is missing
Reactive species not listed in built-in
mechanism
Allocation errors
Space allocation exceeded—region dimensions
too large
M.E.B. file errors
File missing or improperly named
Time span on file does not encompass time
span of run
Region or segment definition does not match
that on BOUNDARY file
Time intervals on file are not contiguous
Unexpected end-of-file
Chemistry errors
Negative concentrations at minimum step
size
Nonconvergence of concentration values at
minimum step size
Nonconvergence of
iteration
Other errors
Program about to run out of time
Subroutine(s)
That Print Errors
SCREAD, CHREAD
SPECID
SPECID
ALLOC
HDRCK
HDRCK
HDRCK
FILSKP, FILCK
Any file-read
routine
STEP4
STEP4
CHEM
FINISH
X-32
-------
XI DISPLAY AND ANALYSIS
Concentration values predicted by the Airshed Simulation Program are
saved on binary files and are thus available for any display and analysis tech-
niques that might be developed. At present, there is one program available to
handle the airshed simulation output files. Currently, it can be used only for
the display of the concentration data, but analysis capabilities can be easily
added. In this chapter, the general capabilities of the display program are
discussed, followed by descriptions and examples of its input and output. A
detailed description of the program is given in the Systems Manual.
A. CAPABILITIES OF THE DISPLAY PROGRAM
The display program provides for two distinct operaing modes: prediction
and comparison. In the "prediction" mode, concentration predictions are read
from one airshed simulation run, and concentration maps and vertical concentra-
tion profiles are printed. Capabilities that could be added to the program in
this mode include contour mapping of concentration isopleths and calculation of
some simple statistics, such as hourly maximum concentrations for each species,
frequency of exceeding certain specified levels, and concentrations averaged
over time periods longer than that used by the simulation.
In the "comparison" mode, which has been provided for but not yet im-
plemented, one set of concentrations would be subtracted from another, and all
further display and analysis would be performed on the resulting array of dif-
ferences. The comparison mode could be used for validating model predictions
against observed data as well as assessing the impact of different model scen-
arios.
The display program is currently capable of processing a region of up to
30 x 30 grid cells in the horizontal plane, with a maximum of 13 chemical
species. These maximum dimensions can be changed by recompiling the program.
XI-1
-------
B. INPUT REQUIRED BY THE DISPLAY PROGRAM
As illustrated in Figure XI-1, the input to the display program con-
sists of the following:
> Card-supplied display options and print controls.
> Three data files used by the simulation program.
> One output concentration file from the simula-
tion program.
> Optionally, a second concentration data file.
This section discusses first the data files that are to be input, and then
details the contents and format of the input cards.
1. Data File Input
If concentration maps and vertical profiles are requested (currently
the only features available), the BOUNDARY, DIFFBREAK, and REGIONTOP files
used for the simulation run must be input. The BOUNDARY file describes the
segmentation layout and defines the boundary of the simulated area in the
horizontal plane. The DIFFBREAK and REGIONTOP files are used to calculate
vertical heights at selected stations. If the simulation has been performed
with more than 1 segment, it is the segmented versions of the BOUNDARY,
DIFFBREAK, and REGIONTOP files that must be provided to the display program.
One of the Airshed Simulation Program output files containing predicted
concentration values must also be input. The concentration values can be
instantaneous (INSTANT) or averaged over a time interval (AVERAGE); the
output intervals for both files are specified in the SIMCONTROL file. The
display program recognizes the file type from the header record, and formats
the output accordingly.
If a comparison run is to be made (an option not yet fully implemented),
a second concentration file must also be input. This file could contain con-
centration fields gridded from observed data using the AIRQUALITY data prepar-
ation program, or it could contain the results from another airshed simulation
run.
XI-2
-------
DUUNDARY
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Display
Program
(6)
Prediction
Output
Comparison
Output*
Error
Messages
* This option is not yet available.
Figure XI-1. Information Flow Diagram for
the Display Program
XI-3
-------
All input files must contain the same segment structure; that is, all
must be either unsegmented or segmented according to the same segment layout.
2. Card Input
The display program requires the following data to be input on cards:
> Output display options
> Names of species to be examined
> Vertical level to be considered
> Print controls
> Measurement station and landmark names and locations
> Display units conversion factors
> User comments to appear on output.
The exact structure of each data card is shown in Table XI-1; Exhibit XI-1
is a sample input deck. Consistent with assumptions used in both the data
preparation and simulation programs, the following conventions are generally
followed in specifying data fields on each card:
> Integer input is in 10-character fields, up to six per card.
> Real number input is floating point in 10-character fields,
up to six per card.
> Alphanumeric input is read and stored as one character per
machine word.
XI-4
-------
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OLE
PAR
09.01
USER COMMENT
ST. LOUIS REGION
Exhibit XI-1. Sample Input for the Display Program
XI-10
-------
C. OUTPUT PRODUCED BY THE DISPLAY PROGRAM
The display program first prints a header page, including the alpha-
numeric region description supplied in the input deck, the dimensions of
the simulated area of the grid, the input user comment, and the run iden-
tifier from the simulation run that produced the concentration predictions.
A sample of the display program header page is shown in Exhibit XI-2.
The display program, operating in prediction mode, currently produces
two types of output for each time interval on the input concentration file.
> Vertical concentration profiles. At each station location
input, the concentrations at each vertical level are printed
for each designated species. The heights of the diffusion
break (mixing depth) and top of the region are also printed
at each station. An example of vertical profile output is
shown in Exhibit XI-3.
> Ambient concentration-maps. Maps are printed of concentra-
tions in all horizontal grid cells (excluding boundary cells)
at the vertical level designated by the user. Printout is
confined to those hours and species designated by the user.
A separate map is produced for each species at each print
time. Station sites and landmarks are also printed on each
concentration map. An example of the concentration maps is
shown in Exhibit XI-4.
Operating in comparison mode, the display program would calculate re-
siduals for a designated vertical level by subtracting the concentration field
on the "comparison" file from the corresponding field on the primary concentra-
tion file. Among the statistics calculated for these residuals would be the
average value, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient. Calculation of
other statistics could be readily incorporated into the program. These sta-
tistics would be calculated for each designated species at each print time.
Maps of residuals could also be generated for each desired species at each
specified print time.
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REFERENCES
Anderson, G. E., S. R. Hayes, M. J. Hillyer, J. P. Killus, and P. V.
Mundkur. 1977. "Air Quality in the Denver Metropolitan Region:
1974-2000." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (EPA-908/1-
77-002).
Briggs, 6. A. 1975. Plume rise predictions. In Lectures on Air
Pollution and Environmental Impact Analyses. D. A. Haugen, ed.,
American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts.
Builtjes, P.J.H., K. D. van den Hout, and S. D. Reynolds. 1982.
"Evaluation of the Performance of a Photochemical Dispersion Model in
Practical Applications." Presented at the 13th International
Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, 14-
17 September 1982, lie des Embiez, France.
Deardorff, J. W. 1972. Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable
planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. SciA, 32:1794-1807.
Haney, J. L, T. W. Tesche, and 0. P. Killus. 1983. "Application of tne
Systems Applications Airshed Model to the Philadelphia Metropolitan
Area: 19 July 1979 Ozone Episode." Systems Applications, Inc., San
Rafael, CA (SYSAPP-83/057).
Hayes, S. R. 1978. "Performance Measures and Standards for Air Quality
Dispersion Models." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA
(Publication 78-93).
8«t033 R-l
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Hillyer, M. J., S. D. Reynolds, and P. M. Roth. 1979. "Procedures for
Evaluating the Performance of Air Quality Simulation Models."
Systems Applications, Inc., CA (Publication 79-25R).
Jerskey, T. N., and J. H. Seinfeld. 1976. "Continued Research in
Mesoscale Air Pollution Simulation Modeling--Volume IV: Examination
of the Feasibility of Modeling Photochemical Aerosol Dynamics."
Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (EPA-600/4-76-016d).
Oerskey, T. N., J. H. Seinfeld, F. Gelbard, and L. E. Reid. 1976.
"Continued Research in Mesoscale Air Pollution Simulation Modeliny--
Volume VII: Mathematical Modeling of Urban Aeosol Dynamics."
Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (Publication 76-144).
Killus, J. P., J. P. Meyer, D. R. Durran, G. E. Anderson, T. N. Jerskey,
G. Z. Whitten, and S. D. Reynolds. 1977. "Continued Research in
Mesoscale Air Pollution Simulation Modeling—Volume V: Refinements
in Numerical Analysis, Transport, Chemistry, and Pollutant
Removal." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (Publication
77-142).
Lamb, R. G. 1976. "Continued Research In Mesoscale Air Pollution
Simulation Model ing--Volume II: Modeling of Miscroscale
Phenomena." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (EPA-6UO/4-
76-061C).
Lamb, R. G., W. H. Chen, and J. H. Seinfeld. 1975. Numerico-empirical
analyses of atmospheric diffusion theories. J. Atmos. Sci., 32:1794-
1807.
Lamb, R. G., W. R. Shu, D. R. Durran, J. H. Seinfeld, and L. E. Reid.
1977. "Continued Research In Mesoscale Air Pollution Simulation
Modelings-Volume VI: Further Studies in the Modeling of Microscale
Phenomena." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (Publication
77-143).
R-2
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Liu, M. K., T. N. Jerskey, J. P. Meyer, d. Ames, and G. W. Lundberg.
1977. "Application of a Methodology for the Design of a Carbon
Monoxide Monitoring Network at Las Vegas." Systems Applications,
Inc., San Rafael, CA (SAI 77-16; EPA-600/4-78-053).
Liu, M. K., and J. H. Seinfeld. 1975. On the validity of grid and
trajectory models of urban air pollution. Atmos. Environ., 9:555-
574.
Liu, M. K., D. C. Whitney, S.D. Reynolds, and P. M. Roth. 1973. "Further
Development and Evaluation of a Simulation Model for Estimating
Ground Level Concentrations of Photochemical Pollutants—Volume
III: Automation of Meteorological and Air Quality Data for the SAI
Urban Airshed Model." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA
(SAI 73-32).
Liu, M. K., D. C. Whitney, and P. M. Roth. 1976b. Effects of atmospheric
parameters on the concentration of photochemical pollutants. J.
Appl. Meteorol.. 15:829-835.
Liu, M. K, D. C. Whitney, J. H. Seinfeld, and P. M. Roth. 1976a.
"Continued Research in Mesoscale Air Pollution Simulation Modeling--
Volume I: Assessment of Prior Model Evaluation Studies and Analysis
of Model Validity and Sensitivity." Systems Applications, Inc., San
Rafael, CA. (SAI 75-23; EPA-600/4-76-016a).
Reynolds, S. D. 1977. "The Systems Applications, Incorporated Urban
Airshed Model: An Overview of Recent Developmental Work."
International Conference on Photochemical Oxidant Pollution and Its
Control, Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (EPA-600/3-77-
OOlb).
81*033 R-3
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Reynolds, S, D., J. Ames, T. A. Hecht, J. P. Meyer, D. C. Whitney, and M.
A. Yocke. 1976. "Continued Research in Mesoscale Air Pollution
Simulation Modeling—Volume II: Refinements in the Treatments of
Chemistry, Meterorology, and Numerical Integration Procedures."
Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (SAI 75-24R; EPA-600/4-76-
016b).
Reynolds, S. D., J. Ames, 6. W. Lundberg, and P. V. Munkur. 1978.
"Application of the SAI Airshed Model to the Evaluation of
Alternative Population Growth Forecasts for the South Coast Air
Basin." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (Publication 78-
124).
Reynolds, S. D., H. Hogo, W. R. Oliver, and L. E. Reid. 1982.
"Application of the SAI Airshed Model to the Tulsa Metropolitan
Area. Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (SYSAPP-82/004).
Reynolds, S. D., M. K. Liu, T. A. Hecht, P. M. Roth, and J. H. Seinfeld.
1973a. "Further Development and Validation of a Simulation Model for
Estimating Ground Level Concentrations of Photochemical
Pollutants." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (Publication
73-19).
Reynolds, S. D., M. K. Liu, T. A. Hecht, P. M. Roth, and J. H. Seinfeld.
1974. Mathematical modeling of photochemical air pollution--!!!.
Evaluation of the model. Atmos. Environ., 8:563-596.
Reynolds, S. D., L. Reid, M. Hi!Iyer, J. P. Killus, T. W. Tesche, R. I.
Pollack, G. E. Anderson, and J. Ames. 1979. "Photochemical Modeling
of Transportation Control Strategies—Volume I. Model Development,
Performance Evaluation, and Strategy Assessment." Systems
Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (Publication 79-37R).
8U033 R-4
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Reynolds, S. D., P. M. Roth, and J. H. Seinfeld. 1973b. Mathematical
modeling of photochemical air pollution—I. Formulation of the
model. Atmos. Environ., 7:1033-1061.
Reynolds, S. D., and J. H. Seinfeld. 1975. Interim evaluation of
strategies for meeting ambient air quality standards for
photochemical oxidant. Environ. Sci. Technol., 9:433-447.
Roth, P. M., S. D. Reynolds, P.J.W. Roberts, J. H. Seinfeld,, T. A. Hecht,
and C. L. Nelson. 1971. "Development of A Simulation Model for
Estimating Ground Level Concentrations of Photochemical
Pollutants." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA.
Roth, P. M., S. D. Reynolds, T.W. Tesche,, P. D. Gutfreund, and C.
Seigneur. 1984. An appraisal of emissions control requirements in
the California South Coast Air Basin. Environ. Int., 9:549-571.
Roth, P. M., P.J.W. Roberts, M. K. Liu, S. D. Reynolds, and J. H.
Seinfeld. 1974. Mathematical modeling of photochemical air
pollution—II. A model and inventory of pollutant emissions. Atmos.
Environ., 8:97-130.
Seigneur, C. S., T. W. Tesche, D. A. Stewart, M. K. Liu, P. M. Roth, and
W. R. Oliver. 1983. Effect of Power Plant Emissions of MOX on Uzone
Levels in Three Different Environments." Systems Applications, Inc.,
San Rafael, CA (SYSAPP-83/023).
Souten, D. R., T. W. Tesche, and W. R. Oliver. 1981. "Use of the Airshed
Grid Model to Evaluate the Air Quality Impacts of Alternative Air
Pollution Control Policies on the South Coast Air Basin." Systems
Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (SYSAPP-80/220).
8"t033
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Stern, R., and B. Schere. 1982. "Simulation of a Photochemical Smog
Episode in the Rhine-Ruhr Area with a Three-Dimensional Grid
Model." Presented at the 13th International Technical Meeting on Air
Pollution and Its Application, 14-17 September 1982, He des Embiez,
France.
Tesche, T. W., and C. S. Burton. 1978. "Simulated Impact of Alternative
Emissions Controls Strategies on Photochemical Oxidants in Los
Angeles." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (Publication
78-22R).
Tesche, T. W., W. R. Oliver, and J. L. Haney. 1982. "Photochemical
Modeling of the SCE Ivanpah Generating Station." Systems
Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (SYSAPP-82/212).
Tesche, T. W., W. R. Oliver, H. Hogo, P. Saxena, and J. L. Haney.
1983a. "Assessment of NOX Emission Control Requirements in the
California South Coast Air Basin, Volume IV, Appendix A: Performance
Evaluation of the Systems Applications Airshed Model for the 26-27
June 1974 03 Episode in the South Coast Air Basin." Systems
Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA (SYSAPP-83/037).
Tesche T. W., W. R. Oliver, H. Hogo, P. Saxena, and J. L. Haney. 1983b.
"Assessment of NOX Emission Control Requirements in the California
South Coast Air Basin, Volume IV, Appendix B: Performance Evaluation
of the Systems Applications Airshed Model for the 7-8 November 1978
N02 Episode in the South Coast Air Basin." San Rafael, CA (SYSAPP-
83/038).
Tesche, T. W., C. Seigneur, L. E. Reid, P. M. Roth, W, R. Oliver, and J.
C. Cassmassi. 1981. "Sensitivity of Complex Photochemical Model
Estimates to Detail in Input Information." System Applications, Inc.
San Rafael, CA (SAI 81-5).
8«*033 R-6
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Whitten, 6. Z., and H. Hogo, 1977. "Mathematical Modeling of Simulated
Photochemical Smog." Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, CA
(EPA-600/3-77-001).
*
Whitten, 6. Z., H. Hogo, and J. P. Killus. 1980. The Carbon-Bond
Mechanism: A condensed kinetic mechanism for photochemical smog.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 14:690-700.
84033 R-7
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
SAI AIRSHED MODEL OPERATIONS MANUALS
Volume I — User's Manual
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J. Ames, T.C. Myers, L.E. Reid, D.C. Whitney,
S.H. Golding, S.R. Hayes, S.D. Reynolds
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
EM78-89R2
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOORESS
Systems Applications, Inc.
101 Lucas Valley Road
San Rafael, CA 94903
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
CDWA1A/01-5006 (FY-85)
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-02-2429
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory -- RTP, NC
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
(8/76 - 9/79)
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents a general view of the Systems Applications, Inc. (SAI)
Airshed Model as well as detailed operating instructions for the user. Included
are discussions of all the files needed to run the model, the data preparation
programs that produce each file, the input formats and data preparation methods,
sampl es of input and output, and information flow diagrams that illustrate the
job stream control on any computer. Chapter II presents a technical summary of
the SAI Airshed Model; Chapter III contains an overview of the model as a system
of computer programs, outlining the five main function's that must be performed
by users and programs together. Chapter IV discusses some of the concepts and
terms basic to an understanding of the system, followed in Chapter V by descrip-
tions of the job control notations that will be used throughout this manual.
Chapters VI through XI examine in detail the five main functions of the system,
providing input and output definitions and examples, and job control diagrams
for each program that must be exercised.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report>
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
20. SECURITY CLASS/Tins page,
1ITY CLASS (Tins pag
UNCLASSIFIE6
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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